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\ 



^ntha^lagia darabrfttsiia, 



JOURNAL 



Carahriaa Irrjjtwilagital toritttiira. 



&, 



VOL. II. SIXTH SERIES. 



LONDON: 
CHAS. J. CLARK, 36, ESSEX STEEET, STRAND, W.O. 

1902. 



LONDON : 
BEDFORD PRESS, 20 AND 21, BEDFORDBURY, W.C. 




CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Old Farm-Houses with Round Chimneys 

near St. David's . . .J. Romilly Allen 1 

Prehistoric Interments near Cardiff . John Ward . 25 

Camps and Earthworks of the Newtown 

District . . . Ven. Archdeacon Thomas 33 

Cambrian Archaeological Association, 

Fifty-Fifth Annual Meeting . . .43 

Notes on the Older Churches in the Four 

Welsh Dioceses (continued) The late Sir Stephen R. Glynne 81 

The Oldest Parish Registers in Pembroke- 
shire ..... Rev. J. Phillips . 115 

On some Discoveries at Llangendierne 

Church, Carmarthenshire . . T. P. Clark . 128 

Church of St. Michael, Llanfihangel-Glyn- 

Myfyr Denbighshire . . Harold Hughes . 132 

Crug yr Avon : Glamorgan's Lone Sentry- 

Box ..... John Griffith . 136 

Flintshire Subsidy Roll, 1592 . .... 141 

On the Cairn and Sepulchral Cave at Gop, 

near Prestatyn . . . W. Boyd Dawkins 161 

The Chevron and its Derivatives . J. Romilly Allen 182 

The Wogans of Boulston . . Francis Green . 241 



IV CONTENTS. 



PAGE 



The Exploration of a Prehistoric Gamp 

in- Glamorganshire . . H. W. Williams . 252 

The Architectural History of the Catnedral 

Church of St.. Deiniol, Bangor . Harold Hughes . 261 

The Adventures of a Denbighshire Gentle- 
man of the Seventeenth Century in 
the Bast Indies . .A. N. Palmer . 277 

Archjjological Notices and Queries . , 68, 156, 239, 306 

Reviews and Notices op Books . . .57, 151, 239, 287 

Obituary Notices : — 

John Lloyd Griffith, M.A 302 

Frederick Lewis Lloyd- Phillips, M.A. . . 304 



^trcftaeatogta tomlrrmt^ 



SIXTH SERIES.— VOL. II, PART I 



JANUARY, 1902, 



OLD FARM-HOUSES WITH ROUND 
CHIMNEYS NEAR ST. DAVID'S. 

BY J. ROMILLY ALLEN, ESQ., F.S.A. 

Several interesting specimens of old houses with round 
chimneys in the neighbourhood of Tenby have been 
described by the Rev. E. L. Barnwell in the Archceologia 
Cambrensis 1 ; but the domestic buildings near St. 
David's, which also possess the same peculiar feature, 
have hardly received the attention they deserve. 2 The 
introduction of the round chimney into Pembrokeshire 
has been ascribed by tradition to the Flemish colony 
that settled in this part of Wales in the time of 
Henry I. The fact, however, that houses with round 
chimneys exist in the purely Welsh parts of the coun- 
try 8 seems to be rather against the theory of their 
Flemish origin. 

When I visited St. David's, in 1883, there were 
several old farm-houses with round chimneys still in 
existence within a radius of three or four miles of the 
Cathedral ; but since then they have disappeared one 
by one, so that in a few years it is probable that there 
will not be a single example left. It is desirable, 
therefore, that some record should be kept of a style 

1 3rd Ser., vol. xiii, p. 193. 

2 The brief reference to them in Jones and Freeman's Hist, of 
St. David? $ is all that has hitherto been written on the subject. 

3 In the valley of the Gwaen, near Fishguard. 

6TH 8EK., VOL. II. 1 



2 OLD FARM-HOUSES WITH ROUND CHIMNEYS 

of domestic architecture which is rapidly becoming 
obsolete. My chief regret is, that 1 did not take more 
notes and measurements of the buildings before they 
were swept away to make room for modern improve- 
ments; but I did not anticipate that the process of 
demolition, once begun, would go on so quickly as to 
prevent my ever being able to correct the observations 
I made twenty years ago. 

The old farm-houses which form the subject of this 
paper possess certain marked peculiarities of ground 
plan and construction. In nearly all cases they nave a 
central passage about 4 ft. wide, with the front door at 
one end and the back door at the other. On each side 
of the passage is a door giving access to the two prin- 
cipal rooms on the ground floor. The smaller rooms 
beyond open out of the larger ones. There are garrets 
in the roof, which are reached by a straight stone stair- 
case, built against one of the walls of the principal room 
and projecting at right angles from it. The rooms are 
from 7 ft. to 8 ft. in height. 

The most remarkable feature in the construction of 
the houses is the device adopted for increasing the 
area of the ground floor without the necessity for 
making a roof of unduly wide span. This is done by 
adding what may be termed side aisles, as in church 
architecture. The central part of the house is covered 
by a thatched roof, of from 14 ft. to 15 ft. span inside, 
and with the sides sloping, perhaps at an angle of 
45 deg. Along one or both sides of the house are a series 
of recesses 6 ft. square inside, roofed over pent-house 
fashion with large slabs of slate, covered with ordinary 
roofing slates on the outside. The roof of the side 
aisles or recesses slopes at a much less steep angle than 
that of the main roof of the central part of the house. 
The side roofs start from the eaves of the central roof. 
Some of the newer houses are roofed entirely with 
slate, but the older ones have thatch in the middle, and 
slate over the tops of the walls and pent-houses at each 
side. The most common arrangement is to have three 



NEAR ST. DAVID 8. 



recesses on one or both sides of the central area. One 
of these serves as the porch of the main entrance ; the 



next as the ingle-nook beneath the round chimney, 
and the third a sort of square bay window, in which 
stands a table with a bench on each side of it (fig. 1). 



4 OLD FARM-HOUSES WITH ROUND CHIMNEYS 

Other recesses are used to place a bed in, or as a 

scullery. 

The windows are generally very small, sometimes 
not more than 1 ft. square. The doorways are from 
2 ft. 6 ins. to 3 ft. wide, and the front doorway is in 
many cases pointed. 

The floors are paved with polygonal slabs of slate, 
which are kept scrupulously clean and outlined with 
chalk after being washed. The ceilings of the rooms on 




Fig. 2. — Round Chimney of Old Farm-House at Llaethdy. 

Scale, J in. = 1 ft. 

the ground floor are formed by the beams and flooring 
boards of the rooms above. 

The principal room, in which all the domestic work is 
done, is provided with stands against the walls about 2 ft. 
high, having dwarf wall for supports and a wide slab of 
slate forming the ledge at the top. These are used for 
placing tubs on. There are large cupboards in the thick- 
ness of the walls, with wooden doors; and also smaller 
recesses, about 1 ft. square, without any doors, in which 
various articles can be placed. Other things are hung 



NEAE ST. DAVIDS. 



up from hooks to the beams of the ceiling, or placed in 
racks made of strips of wood extending from beam to 




Fig. 3.- Plan of Old F 



7-fz 

a-Houae at Llaethdy. Scale, ^ in. 



beam. Shelves, consisting of a plain board, for keeping 
wooden bowla and platters, are supported on strong 
wooden pegs driven into the walls at right angles to 



6 OLD FARM-HOTTSK8 WITH ROUND CHIMSEYS 

the surface. Wooden spoons are kept in a special kind 
of rack, hung up on a wooden peg. Four-legged benches 
and three-legged stools serve in place of chairs. 

The chimneys (fig. 2) are very massive — about 6 ft. 
wide at the bottom and 3 ft. wide at the top, and from 
18 ft. to 20 ft. high. They are built in three stages : 
(1) at the top, which is round ; (2) in the middle, with 
a batter to two of the side-walls, so as to increase the 
width sufficiently to cover the ingle-nook below ; and 




(3) at the bottom, which is rectangular. The pent- 
house roofs of the porch and the side-aisle recesses 
abut on each side against the lowest stage of the 
chimney. The porch usually has a stone seat. 

We will now proceed to describe some of the houses 
in detail. 

Llaethdy. 

The farm-house of this name is situated two miles 

north-west of St. David's, and about three-quarters of 

a mile from the north end of Whitesand Bay. It is 



NEAR ST. DAVID 8. 



on the southern slope of Cam Llidi, at a height of 
200 ft. above the sea. 1 

It will be seen from the ground plan (fig. 3) that 
there is a passage, 4 ft. 6 ins. wide, going right through 



n OM Farm-Huuse 

the house, on one side of which are three rooms, and on 
the other two. The front doorway, inside the porch, 
has a pointed arch, and is 6 ft. 6 ins. high by 3 ft. 
wide. The outer entrance to the porch is 6 ft. high, 

Map, scale 6 ins. to the mile, 



8 OLD FARM-HOUSES WITH ROUND CHIMNEYS 

and has a flat lintel. The porch is roofed over with 
great slabs of slate, covered with ordinary small roofing 
slates (figs. 4 and 5). On one side of the porch is a 
stone seat, 4 ft. 6 ins. long, which is used both for sitting 
on, and as a convenient temporary resting-place for tubs 
and other domestic utensils. 

The two interior views of the principal living-room, 
working-room, kitchen and scullery combined, give a 
good idea of its general appearance and contents (see 
Plates opposite. In the first view will be noticed 
the ingle-nook, beneath the great round chimney, to 
the rignt of which is a recess, measuring 6 ft. wide by 
5 ft. 6 ins. deep, and roofed over in a similar manner to 
the porch. The window in the recess is very small, 
being only 1 ft. 6 ins. wide by 2 ft. 6 ins. high. On 
each side of the recess is a stone bench to sit upon at 
meal-times, when a table is placed between them. There 
are small cupboards, 1 ft. square, in the side-walls of 
the recess, and large wooden pegs for hanging things 
on. On one side of the ingle-nook is a copper boiler 
for washing clothes, and against it are built the steps 
leading to a garret above. The wood fire bums 
on an open hearth, and the cooking-pots are supported 
on an iron trivet. The sieves, kettles, pans, &c, are 
hung from the beams of the ceiling. A three-legged 
iron cooking- pot forms a prominent object in the 
foreground. The floor is paved with polygonal slabs 
of slate, except in one place, where the natural rock 
crops up. 

The view looking in the opposite direction shows 
the portion of the room set apart for a scullery. Against 
the wall, next the door, is a stone sink, 4 ft. long by 
2 ft. wide by 2 ft. high, with an open cupboard above 
it, 2 ft. 6 ins. wide by 4 ft. high, with a shelf across it. 
Beyond the sink is a recess, 6 ft. wide by 5 ft. deep, 
roofed over with slabs of slate, provided with small 
cupboards in the thickness of the wall, and lighted by 
a window 1 ft. square. On the shelves in the recess 
are piled up in confusion the wooden tubs and pails 



near st. David's. 9 

used in the work of the dairy. In one of the cup- 
boards are the wooden bowls used at meals. On the 
left side of the recess is a stone bench for supporting 
a large shallow tub, and above it is a wooden spoon- 
rack hung on a projecting peg. 

The room just described is 15 ft 6 ins. long by 13 ft. 
wide ; and it will be observed how the floor area is 
increased by the recesses ( 5 ft. deep on one side and 



Fig. 6.— Old Farm-House at Llaethdy : Exterior View. 

5 ft. 6 ins. deep on the other by 6 ft. wide.) to the 

following extent : 

Central area of room, 15 ft. 6 ins. by 13 ft. = 201 J sqnare feet. 
Two receasea, 5 ft. by 6 ft. and 5 ft. 6 ins. by 6 ft. = 63 square feet- 
Total area = 264£ square feet. 

There are two rooms opening out of the principal 
room, one 12 ft. long by 12 ft. 6 ins. wide, with two 
recesses 5 ft. wide by 6 ft. deep ; and the other 
13 ft. long by 5 ft. wide. The recesses in the first of 
these two rooms contain beds, and there is a triple cup- 
board in the thickness of the wall opposite the door, 
covered with a single slab of stone, each of the three 
divisions looking like small pigeon-holes, 1 ft. square. 



10 OLD FARM-HOUSES WITH BOUND CHIMNEYS 

The room on the opposite aide of the passage to the 
principal room has two recesses on one side. I think 
it is the parlour, and the remaining room adjoining it 
perhaps the dairy. 

The general appearance of the exterior of the hack 
of the house is shown on fig. 6, The round chimney 
is the principal feature, and abutting against it is the 
pent-house roof of slate covering the recesses. The 
roof of the central part of the house is thatched. The 
three storeys of the chimney are, respectively, 5 ft., 
7 ft. 6 ins., and 8 ft. high, beginning from the bottom. 



The middle storey is 8 ft. wide by 6 ft. thick at the 
bottom, and 4 ft. by 6 ft. at top. The round part of 
the chimney, forming the topmost storey, is about 
3 ft. in diameter at the top, and 4 ft. at the bottom. 

On the further side of the chimney (not visible in the 
sketch) is a flight of steps leading down from the back 
door, next to which is a small shed with a pent-house 
roof for the churn. 

The doors are of the type known as " ledged," and 
made of f-in. boarding. The doors are fastened by 
means of thumb-latches made entirely of wood (figs. 
7 and 8). The thumb-lever which lifts the latch does 



NEAR ST. DAVIDS- 



11 



not work on a pin, as in the iron thumb-latch, but is 
simply inserted into its hole. When the occupant 
of the house wishes to lock it up, he removes the 
thumb-lever, and puts it in his pocket, thus converting 
it temporarily into a key. 

The well is near the house, and is circular, and lined 
with a cylinder of rubble walling, which is continued 
above the surface of the ground (but with an opening 
at one side), so as to form a cover. There is a hori- 
zontal slab of slate, forming a roof at the top, and a 





Fig. 8. — Wooden Door-latch in Old Farm-House 

at Llaethdy. 



vertical slab across the lower part of the opening in the 
side of the well-head, to prevent the drawer of water 
from tumbling in. The bucket, when not in use, is 
hung up on a round wooden beam, across the inside of 
the well-head. At one side of the well-head is a large 
square block of stone, to rest the bucket on after being 
filled. There is a rude sort of pavement of irregularly- 
shaped flat stones in front of the well. The bucket is 
raised by a rope, without the aid of any pulley or 
windlass. There is a projecting peg at one side of the 
well-head for attaching the end of the rope to. 



12 



OLD FARM-HOUSES WITH ROUND CHIMNEYS 



PORTH MAWR. 

The farmhouse of this name is also situated on the 
southern slope of Cam Llidi, not quite a quarter of a 
mile west of Llaethdy. It is just at the edge of the 
border between the cultivated land and the wild tract 
of rock and heather on St. David's Head. The house 



. zo»o 



80 - - 



..100 





f> 




18 -o 



Fig. 9. — Plan of Old Farm-House at Porth Mawr. Scale, & in" = 1 ft. 

is almost exactly on a level with Llaethdy, that is, 
200 ft. above the sea. 

The arrangement of the rooms at Porth Mawr is 
clearly indicated on the accompanying ground plan 
(fig. 9). There is a central through passage, as at 
Llaethdy, but there is no porch to the main entrance, 
and the chimney is at the front instead of the back of 
the house. 



KBAR ST. DAVID S. 



The principal room is 16 ft. long by 14 ft. wide, and 
has an ingle-nook and a recess adjoining it on one side, 



14 OLD FARM- HOUSES WITH ROUND CHIMNEYS 

and a single recess on the opposite side. Next to the 
door is a stone staircase (leading to the garret above), 
projecting into the room at right angles to the wall. 
Near this is a stand for tubs. In the recess next the 
ingle-hook, which is 5 ft. 9 ins. wide by 4 ft. 3 ins. deep, 
is a wooden table and movable benches on each side. 
Against the end of the wall which divides the ingle- 
nook from the recess is a four-legged wooden stand 
with a tub on it, and above it is hung four flat rungs 
of an old ship's ladder, picked up on the shore and 
ingeniously utilised as a set of hanging shelves. The 
opposite recess is 6 ft. 3 ins. wide by 4 ft. 6 ins. deep, 
with a cheese-press standing near it. The dresser is 
against the wall facing the door. The recesses are 
roofed over with immense slabs of stone, as at Llaethdy, 
and at the outer corners two slabs are placed across at 
an angle of 45 deg., so as to form corbels for the better 
support of the transverse roofing slabs. 

On the exterior (fig. 10) the central part of the roof 
is thatched, and the recesses and the top of the walls 
are slated. The chimney is of the same kind and size 
as at Llaethdy. 

Clegyr Foia. 

Clegyr Foia 1 is a craggy eminence 200 ft. high, 
caused by an outcrop of trap rock through the slate, 
one mile south-west of St. David's. There are several 
other crags of the same kind in the neighbourhood of 
St. David's, and nestling beneath most of them is a 
whitewashed farm-house, which can be seen from a long 
distance looking like a white spot on the landscape. 
The summit of Clegyr Foia is occupied by the rudely- 
constructed fortress of the heathen Irish chieftain Boia 
(mentioned in the TAfe of St. David), from whom the 
rock takes its name. The farm-house of Clegyr Foia is 
situated on the south-east side of the rock, and is con- 

1 Marked on the Ordnance Map, scale six inches to the mile, 
Pembrokeshire sheet xx, N.E. 



near st. david's. 



V 



sequently protected by it. from the prevailing south- 
westerly winds. 



16 OLD FARM-HOUSES WITH BOUND CHIMNEYS 

The house (fig. 11) is built on the usual plan, with a 
central through passage. Both the front door and the 
back door have porches with stone seats. The massive 
round chimney is placed between the front porch and 
the recess of the principal room. The house is 46 ft, 
6 ins. long and 29 ft. wide. All the roofs are slated, 



Fig. 12.— OH Farm- House at Rhosson Uchaf : Eiterior View of Reeeas, 
Round Chimney, and Porch. 

and there is a space 2 ft. high between the eaves of the 
gabled roof over the central part of the house, and the 
pent-house roofs over the porch and recesses. At 
one corner of the house is a large boulder, which 
has been built into the wall to save the trouble of re- 
moving it. 



HEAR ST. DAVID S. 



Rhossoh TJchaf. 



The farm-house of this name is situated one and 
three-quarter miles west of St. David's, between a 
small lake or pond, called Pwll Trefaiddan, and St. 
Justinian's Chapel on the shores of Ramsey Sound. 1 
The roofs are partly of thatch and partly of slate. The 
round chimney (figs. 12 and 13) has the porch on one 
side, and a recess opening out of the principal room on 



Fig. 13.— Old Farm-House at Rhoeson Uchaf : Exterior View. 

the other side. The entrance doorway inside the porch 
has a pointed arch. On one side of the porch is a stone 
bench, which is used either as a seat or to pile up the 
one-handled milking pails, turned upside down, in a 
pyramid of three. 

Trefaiddan. 
The farm of this name is situated a mile and a-half 
west of St. David's, between Cam Trefaiddan {which 

1 Marked on the Ordnance Map, scale six inches to the mile, 
Pembrokeshire sheet xx, N.W. 



18 OLD FARM-HOUSES WITH BODND CHIMNEYS 

il! 



NEAR ST. DAVIDS. 19 

protects it from the south-westerly winds) and a marshy 
piece of waste land surrounding Pwll Trefaiddan. 1 

The house is 44 ft. long by 30 ft. wide across the 
recesses, and 21 ft. wide across the part with the 
gabled roof. The pent-house roofs of the porch, 
recesses, and the tops of the walls, are covered with 



slates, and the gabled part with thatch. The ground 
plan is on the same lines as the previously-described 
buildings, but more symmetrical. The round chimney 
(figs. 14 and 15) has the porch on one side of it, and a 
recess opening out of the principal room on the other, 

1 Marked on the Ordnance Map, scale six inches to the mile, 
Pembrokeshire sheet xx, N.W. 



20 OLD FARM-HOUSES WITH ROUND CHIMNEYS 

The back door has a pointed arch, but there is no 
porch {fig. 16). 

Gwrhtd BAch. 
The farm-house of this name is situated one and a-half 



Fig. 16. — Doorway, with Pointed Arch, in Old Farm- House at Trefaiddan. 

mile north-east of St. David's, on the west side of the 
high road to Llanrhian. 1 It lies to the north-west of 
Dowrog Pool, a piece of water surrounded by an exten- 
sive common, very like Trefaiddan pool and common 

1 Marked on the Ordnance Map, scale six inches to the mile, 
Pembrokeshire sheet srv. S.E. 



NEAR SF. DAVID B. 21 

on the other side of St, David's. The characteristic 
features of the district are waste marshy tracks with 
pools and crags (called " cams " or " clegyra "), of trap 
rock cropping up here and there, the remaining land 
being cultivated, and dotted over, here and there, with 
whitewashed farm-houses and cottages. To the north 
of Gwrhyd Bach, and adjoining the high road, is the 
site of Capel y Gwrhyd. 



The ground plan of Gwrhyd Bach farm-house is a 
rectangle, 44 ft. 3 ins. long by 30 ft. wide outside, 
having a central passage, with a room on each side of 
it. The entrance doorway, which haa a pointed arch, 
is at one end of the passage, and there is a small 
window at the other. The porch is roofed over with 
slabs of slate, but all the recesses have barrel vaulting. 
The room on the left of the passage has four recesses, 
two on each side of the room, opposite each other. The 



22 OLD FARM-HOtJSES WITH ROUND CHIMNEYS 

recesses are 7 ft. wide by 5 ft. deep by 7 ft. high. One 
contains a bed, another a table, and another shelves for 
domestic utensils (fig. 17). A door out of this room 



leads to the dairy. The room on the right Bide of the 
passage has the ingle-nook facing the door, and on the 
right of it a recess containing a churn. There are 
several cupboards in the thickness of the walls. 



near st. David's. 23 

Hendrb Eynon. 

The farm-house of this name is situated two and a- 
half miles north-east of St. David's, on the east side 
of the high road to Llanrian. 1 

The porch adjoins the round chimney. The gabled 
roof is thatched, and the pent-house roofs and the tops 
of the walls are slated (see Plate facing p. 22). Beneath 
the chimney is an ingle-nook (fig. 1 8j, with a grate at 
one side and two wooden benches at the other. This 
is a departure from the usual custom of having an 
open fire on the hearth. The cooking- pots are sus- 
pended over the fire from a massive wrought-iron crane. 
Against the wall, on the side next the grate, is a flat 
slab of slate, 1 ft. long by 3 ft. wide, resting on a rect- 
angular mass of masonry 1 ft. 10 ins. high, which serves 
as a kitchen table. Beneath the slab at one end is a 
cellar for "culm," or small coal mixed with clay. The 
floor is paved with rudely-squared slabs of slate, kept 
exquisitely clean and outlined with a chalk line. 
Against the wall opposite the ingle-nook is a slate 
table or bench, 17 ft. 6 ins. long by 2 ft. wide, supported 
on dwarf walls of masonry at intervals, which is used 
for keeping pans, tubs, kettles, and other domestic 
utensils on. The interior view (fig. 18) is from a 
drawing by Miss M. C. R. Allen, and the plate of the 
exterior from a photograph by Mr. T. Mansel Franklen. 

PWLLCAEROG. 

The farm-house of this name is situated four miles 
and a-half north-east of St. David's, on the north side 
of the road to Llanrhian, between it and the sea. The 
Plate facing p. 24 shows the general appearance of the 
exterior. The arrangement of the plan, with the 
round chimney in the middle, and the porch on one 
side and a recess on the other, is similar to that of a 
number of the examples already described. 

1 Marked on the Ordnance Map, scale six inches to the mile, 
Pembrokeshire sheet xiv, S.E. 



24 OLD FARM-HOUSES WITH ROUND CHIMNEYS. 

The illustration is drawn by Mr. Worthington Smith 
from a photograph kindly supplied by Mr. R. Burnand, 
F.S.A. The occupier of the house is Mr. John Evans. 

I have to thank the occupiers of the houses for the 
courteous way in which they, in all cases, allowed me 
free access to their dwellings, for the purpose of taking 
the interior dimensions. 



iZaU 



25 



PREHISTORIC INTERMENTS NEAR CARDIFF. 

BY JOHN WARD, F.S.A. 

Two discoveries of prehistoric interments of the same 
character and age — the one twenty-six miles north- 
north-west, and the other four miles west-north-west 
of Cardiff — were made in 1900, the particulars of 
which are well worthy of a space in this Journal. 
They belonged to an early stage of the Bronze Age, 
and were each accompanied by a typical example of 
the vessel known as the " drinking-cup." But for the 
timely appearance of the late Mr. John Storrie, of 
Cardiff, on the scene of each discovery, it is more than 
probable that the various objects found would soon 
have been destroyed, and the opportunity of obtaining 
reliable information have been lost. Such particulars 
as he could gather he forwarded to the Western Mail, 
and it is largely from that source that I draw my 
information. 

The first of these discoveries was made in March of 
that year. Mr. Morgan, of Cwm Car Farm, near 
Dolygaer, was ploughing one of his fields, situated 
about a mile south of Dolygaer Station, and five miles 
north of Merthyr Tydfil, when the ploughshare grazed 
a large stone beneath the surface. -To quote Mr. 
Storrie: "Curiosity prompted the lifting of the stone, 
which measured about 2 ft. by 4 ft., and was about 
6 ins. thick, when an oblong chamber was revealed, 
measuring inside about 26 ins. long by about 19 ins. 
wide, and formed of four stones set on edge, entirely 
untrimmed by man, and being merely boulders from 
the gravel of the locality, and still retaining glaciation 
marks. Besides glacial striae, however, the top of the 
cover-stone had markings showing that the ploughshare 
had often scraped over its upper surface. In the 



26 PBEHIST0R1C INTERMENTS NEAR CARDIFF. 

centre of this chamber, which was about 12 ins. deep, a 
cinerary urn was found, somewhat cracked, and which 
broke when handled. The urn contained only a few 
pieces of charred bone, and it was removed from the 
hole, and placed on the stone near, while the farm- 
hands went to work to deepen the hole to find the 
' pot of gold,' which I am informed has still eluded 
them. While the urn was lying on the stone, which it 
did for some days, anyone from curiosity who cared to, 
carried off a bit". 

The result, as might be expected, was that when 
Mr. Storrie appeared on the scene only a few pieces 
remained ; still, they were sufficient to give a fair idea 
of the sort of vessel they related to, and his Western 
Mail article contains a sketch of it. The fragments 
passed into the hands of Mr. B. R. S. Frost, of Merthyr, 
who kindly allowed me to examine them recently, and 
told me all he knew of the discovery. I found that 
they did not furnish a complete sequence from lip to 
foot, the middle of the bulge being unrepresented ; but 
there is little doubt that the accompanying drawing 
(Plate opposite p. 26) presents a tolerably correct restora- 
tion of it. It represents a vessel somewhat taller than 
that depicted by Mr. Storrie, i.e., 1\ ins. high, as against 
his estimate of 6^ ins. The vessel, it will be noted, is 
a typical drinking-cup of the early Bronze Age, and, 
as usual, was moulded by hand, and imperfectly fired. 
But it was more thinly built and of finer clay than 
usual ; of a brick-red colour, and the surface smoothed 
almost to glossiness in places. The decoration consisted 
of impressed dotted lines, produced from a notched or 
toothed instrument, possibly, as Mr. Storrie suggested, 
a comb. The vessel is divided into four tiers or storeys 
by horizontal double lines, the upper three tiers having 
two rows of triangular spaces (the upper inverted), 
filled with a reticulation of the impressed lines, these 
being so disposed as to leave an intervening bold zig- 
zag band of plain surface. The lowest tier has two 
dancette lines only. 



Restoration of Ancient British Vessel from 
Cwm Car, Merthyr Tydfil. 



PREHISTORIC INTERMENTS NEAR CARDIFF. 27 

It will have been noticed that Mr. Storrie described 
this vessel as a cinerary urn, and further stated that it 
contained " cremated bones ... of a person of mature 
age." As in no recorded instance had burnt human 
remains been found in a vessel of this shape, I took an 
early opportunity of calling upon him, when he told 
me that he had simply written what he was informed 
on the spot. Mr. Frost, who had also made enquiries 
on the spot, and had, indeed, first called Mr. Storrie's 
attention to the discovery, is, however, inclined to 
think that he misunderstood what was told him. 
There is no question as to the presence of burnt human 
bones, but that they were in the vessel is most im- 
probable and quite unprecedented. 

The association of " drinking-cups " with cremated 
remains is rare; but, so far as I am aware, in each 
instance (with this doubtful exception) 1 these remains 
have accompanied an unburnt interment, at the side 
of which they have generally been arranged as a little 
heap. The usual and probably correct explanation is 
that these deposits are the remains of captives or slaves 
sacrificed at the funeral, and consequently holding a 
subordinate position in the grave. The Cwm Car 
interment may be anomalous ; but it is more likely 
that it once did contain an unburnt body, and that 
this had long disappeared by natural means before the 
recent discovery. The greater susceptibility of unburnt 
bones to decay and disintegration, over calcined bones, 
is well known, and is frequently referred to in Green- 
well and Rolleston's British Barrows. The small size 
of the present cist suggests the burial of a child, and 



1 It may be urged that Rev. Canon Greenwell's discovery of a 
" drink ing-cup "in a cist containing burnt bones, but no skeleton, 
at Rudstone, Yorkshire (British Barrows, p. 233), was an 
exception. The cist, however, was at the bottom of a deep grave, 
and by its side was another and contemporary cist, containing the. 
skeletons of a man and a child, with another " drinking-cup." It 
would seem that the only departure from the rule, in this case, was 
the placing of the subsidiary deposit in a separate receptacle. 



28 PREHISTORIC INTERMENTS NEAR CARDIFF. 

the disintegration of the soft and porous bones of a 
child would be more rapid than that of an adult. In 
any case, a skeleton in a soft and pasty condition might 
easily elude the inexperienced eye. 

Mr. Frost, in searching the soil thrown out from the 
bottom of the cist, for calcined bones, found a pretty 
and neatly- trimmed barbed arrow-head of flint, unburnt, 
which is here figured (fig. 1) full size. Mr. Storrie 
noted the presence of birch-tree charcoal with the burnt 
bones ; also " a quantity of coal in all states of cinder 
and ashes, with shale burnt white, and burnt ironstone 
. . . The coal is of the ordinary outcrop quality, much 
weathered ; " and he further observed that this spot is 
" nearly six miles away from the nearest place where 
the coal outcrops." 




Fig. 1. — Flint Arrow-head found at Cwm Car. 

The second discovery was made at St. Fagan's, in 
the following June. It happened on this wise : Lord 
Windsor had arranged for St. Fagan's Castle and some 
of the adjacent farms on his estate to be supplied with 
Cardiff Corporation water. In carrying this out for 
Newhouse Farm (half a mile north west of the Castle), 
the labourers found, when cutting the trench for the 
pipe, a large block of red Radyr stone — a coarse local 
conglomerate — a few inches below the turf. This block 
being large — an irregular square some 4^- ft. each way, 
and from 4 ins. to 7 ins. thick — the men proceeded to 
ply it with a sledge-hammer, instead of attempting 
to remove it bodily. When a portion sufficiently large 
was broken off, they were surprised to find that there 
was a cavity below, and that it contained bones which 
they took to be those of a sheep or some other animal. 



PREHISTORIC INTERMENTS NEAR CARDIFF. 29 

The estate foreman, happening to come round at this 
juncture, and impelled by curiosity, had the residue of 
the stone lifted up, when two human skeletons and the 
vessel were exposed to view. He at once reported the 
circumstance at the estate office at St. Fagan's. But, 
unfortunately, during his absence, the finds received 
rough usage from the labourers in "the inevitable 
scramble for the pot of gold." And, worse : the skulls 
were taken away by some unauthorised person to 
Cardiff, but were afterwards recovered in a broken 
condition, with many pieces missing. 

Mr, Storrie soon appeared on the scene, and he found 
that the grave was a simple hole in the ground not 
more than 9 ins. in depth, and that there was no trace 
of a mound over the site. His enquiries went to show 
that the vessel was in the south-east corner of this 
depression ; and " that the head of one of the bodies 
was at the east end of the grave, while the other was 
west, the head of the one being close to the feet of 
the other." Of the skulls, however, only fragments 
remained ; but from these fragments he concluded that 
the one related to an aged person, and the other to a 
a younger person, "of the age of twenty or thereabouts." 
Nothing was found in the vessel except a piece of 
limestone. Thus far Mr. Storrie. Subsequently, Lord 
Windsor presented the vessel and the skull fragments, 
together with a pebble which had been used as a 
hammer, and which Mr. Storrie found near the grave, 
to the Cardiff Museum. 

This " drinking-cup " is 6^ ins. in height, and it 
closely resembles the Cwm Car one in shape ; but is ot 
coarser texture, and is not so smoothly finished on the 
surface, nor is its colour so bright. The decoration is 
also similar, and was produced in the same manner. 
It consists of three horizontal tiers of zigzags formed 
by doubled lines, with a sort of groundwork of parallel 
lines ; the exact character of the whole being better 
gathered from the accompanying photographic repro- 
duction (Plate opposite p. 30) than from any description. 



30 PREHISTORIC INTERMENTS NEAR CARDIFF. 

The suggestion that the impressions were made with 
a comb is not borne out by appearances. The lines 
consist of rows of oblong depressions, each averaging 
one-twelfth of an inch in length. The teeth of a comb 
would be rounded or pointed at the extremities, 
whereas the depressions are flat-bottomed ; and they 
would certainly be wider apart than the extremely 
narrow spaces between these depressions. Then the 
exact regularity of these rows is inconsistent with the 
flexibility of the teeth of a comb, and their liability to 
get strained. A more feasible explanation is that they 
were impressed from the notched edge of a plate of 
bone, wood, or other hard substance. This notched 




Fig. 2. — Supposed Method of Ornamenting Ancient British Urn. 

edge was probably convexly curved, or possibly it 
formed the periphery of a disc, like the milled edge of 
a shilling, the impression being produced by a rolling 
movement, as indicated in fig. 2 ; for if the stamp 
were straight it is difficult to understand how it could 
be accommodated to the varying curves of the vessel. 

Broken or dotted-line patterns, whether indented 
from notched stamps or from twisted rushes or thongs, 
are highly characteristic of the British pre-historic 
grave pottery, incised lines being comparatively rare. 
The twist, of course, could give only one result— a 
dotted line ; but the stamp could be cut into innume- 
rable devices, as squares, lozenges, stars, discs, crosses, 
etc. — simple forms which would more readily suggest 



Ancient British Vessel from St. Fagan's, 
Glamorganshire. 



PREHISTORIC INTERMENTS NEAR CARDIFF. 31 

themselves to the primitive workers than the broken 
line. In other words, had the decoration originated 
from the use of stamps, it must have developed on 
wider and more varied lines than we observe in fact. 
Perhaps the prevailing reticulated patterns are a 
reminiscence of an early way of making pottery. To 
prepare clay so as to possess the requisite consistency 
to maintain its shape when moulded, is an art which 
must have required time and experience to perfect ; 
and it implies an earlier stage, in which the soft clay 
was spread over or within a framework of some sort. 
Basket-work would best meet the case. If the clay 
were moulded within a framework of this sort, the 
impress left upon the surface of the vessel after the 
firing might well have initiated the style of decoration. 

Although many pieces of both skulls were missing, 
sufficient remained to enable me to reconstruct most of 
the calvarial portions. The upper and lower jaws are 
tolerably complete, but it is impossible to connect the 
former with the calvarise, in consequence of missing 
connecting-links. The restored skulls are sufficiently 
perfect for the eye to discern their characteristics, but 
not sufficiently so to render measurements of much 
value. Both are pronounced examples of the broad or 
brachy cephalic type ; and, allowing for difference of 
age, and possibly of sex, they so closely resemble one 
another as to suggest the relationship of parent and 
offspring. Both may be described as well-rounded 
and filled skulls, and they lack the rugged massiveness 
frequently observed in this type of barrow skull. 

The older person's skull shows in the side view 
a low and somewhat receding forehead, an effect 
heightened by the bold superciliary ridges ; and the 
calvarial curve has the precipitous fall at the back 
usual in brachycephalic skulls. As seen from above, 
its outline is a broad oval. The vertex is slightly 
carinated ; the sutures are still open ; and the interior 
of the skull is somewhat glossy. The face is broad. 
The lower jaw has a well-formed chin. The teeth are 



32 PREHISTORIC INTERMENTS NEAR CARDIFF. 

not so large nor so much worn as usual in this type of 
skull. From these data it is reasonable to infer that 
the owner was a man in the middle period of life, and 
was not of powerful build. 

As already stated, the juvenile skull has in many 
respects a close resemblance to its seniors. The fore- 
head is full and vertical, due to the highly-developed 
frontal eminences and the absence of superciliary 
ridges. The rear slope is less precipitous than that of 
the preceding skull. The sutures are thoroughly open, 
and the inner surface glossy. The teeth show scarcely 
any signs of wear ; the upper wisdoms are just appear- 
ing, but the lower are still out of sight. 

The approximate cephalic index of the elder skull 
is 83.9; that of the younger, 86.15. Unfortunately, 
none of the long bones of either skeleton were preserved, 
so that it is impossible to form an estimate as to 
stature. 

. . . • • 

It is hoped that Mr. Frost will follow Lord Windsor's 
example, by presenting the Cwm Car fragments to the 
Welsh Collection at Cardiff. 



33 



CAMPS AND EARTHWORKS OF THE 
NEWTOWN DISTRICT. 

BY THE VEN. ARCHDEACON THOMAS, M.A. 
{Read at Newtovm t July ZOth, 1901.) 

When Newtown had been decided upon for our 
Annual Meeting, I was asked by an active and expert 
member "What there was to be shown ?": and he added: 
" I do hope it isn't Black and White Houses, I am sick 
of them ! " Now Black and White Houses are one of 
the features of this district and county, and we rather 
pride ourselves on their picturesqueness as they nestle, 
with their quaint gables, among the trees on the hill- 
sides and in the valleys. But there are other features 
besides them ; and if I were to point to the beautiful 
remains of mediaeval carving on the screens and rood- 
lofts of the neighbourhood, such as we have seen a 
specimen of to-day at Llanwnog, I might still be con- 
fronted with the rejoinder: "Timber still; but have 
you nothing but your glorious old oak to boast of ? " 
So I turn to another prominent feature ; more common 
than either of the above, but less noticed and less 
understood : " The Camps and Earthworks of the 
District." Several such are marked on the sketch map, 
a few are down on the programme for our excursions, 
and some of them we have already seen. To some 
people, indeed, one earthwork may look like another ; 
and when they have seen two or three they have seen 
enough, and are apt to think that to visit more is rather 
a waste of time. But it is not so. 

Besides the dykes and entrenchments which form a 
class by themselves, the Camps differ from one another 
in many respects : such as situation, outline, internal 
character and object; and they raise many questions as 
to their date and builders, and recall many points of 
historic interest. 

6TH SIR., VOL. II. 3 



34 CAMPS AND EARTHWORKS OF 

I. First, then, as to the Camps. — For one important 
class indeed, the Roman station at Caersws, and the 
Gaer near Montgomery, we have the rough date of 
the Roman occupation, and they both have the distin- 
guishing features of being "square," for the greater 
convenience of the several ranks of the army, horse and 
foot ; of being placed in " the open plain," where the 
cavalry would have space and freedom for ther action, 
and " near a river," a most essential requirement ot 
their military system. But, after all, they do not help 
us much to the date of the other, or what we call the 
British, Camps. Those who attribute all our art and 
civilisation to Roman influence will no doubt assign 
them t© a later period, when we had appropriated the 
lesson they had taught us. But it is my fortune to 
look every day on the hill, where 1 believe the last 
decisive battle was fought between Ostorius Scapula 
and Caratacus ; and Tacitus, the almost contemporary 
historian of that war, tells us that the Britons had 
selected a spot for the battle where access and retreat — 
in fact, everything — were unfavourable to the Romans 
but helpful to themselves ; x that wherever access 
seemed feasible, stones were piled up by way of an agger, 
or bank of defence ; and that the Romans, by forming 
a testudo, or shield, tore down their rough and rude 
congeries of stones. Now, any one who has observed 
the strong stone ramparts that defend the approachable 
summit of the Breiddin, and the skilful arrangement of 
curtain walls by which the main entrance is guarded, 
must acknowledge that fortresses strongly placed and 
defended existed in this country before the Roman 
invasion, and that there were " fortes ante Agamem- 
non a." 

Again, describing the rising of the Iceni and their 

1 "Sumpto ad proelium loco, ut aditus, abscessus, cuncfca nobis 
inopportuna, et snis in melius essent." Montibus ardnis et si qua 
clementer accedi poterant, in modura valli saxa prostruit .... 
Posteaquam testudine facta, rudes et informes saxorum compag.es 
distractae." — Annul., vol. xii, pp. 33-35. 



THE NEWTOWN DISTRICT. 35 

allies, the same historian tells us that they chose as the 
site of battle, " a place enclosed by a rampart of earth, 
with a narrow entrance ; " l a description singularly 
appropriate to not a few of our Camps, which were 
excellent for defence, but a very death-trap if captured. 
We have, therefore, historical ground for assigning some 
of them at least to pre-Roman times. Indeed, the 
very situation of some of them, crowning as they do 
the highest points of the hills, like the Breiddin and 
Cefn Carnedd, argues of itself a great antiquity : for 
they bespeak a time when the undrained swamps of the 
valleys and the tangled brushwood of the forests were 
the haunts of wild beasts, and unsafe for the dwellings 
of men ; and the same reason holds good for those that 
stand on the hill-sides, like "Ffridd Faldwyn." The 
larger ones at least thus served as the home of the 
tribe, and from their lofty position they commanded 
the surrounding country. 2 As population increased and 
the necessity of further cultivation grew, larger clear- 
ances were made in the forest and the brushwood, and 

1 Locum pugnse delegare, septum agresti aggere et aditu angusto. 
— AnnaL, vol. xii, pp. 33-35. 

2 It is interesting to illustrate this condition of life with Mr. 
Eustace Wallace's description of the Transkei in the Daily Mail of 
July 23rd, 1901. 

" In some respects, perhaps in many, the Transkei differs materially 
from the rest of South Africa. It combines all the distinctive features 
of a Basutoland, with the racial diversities of the American West of 
the early sixties. Therein live the warriors of other days. In its 
Fingoes, its Tembues, its G'calekas, its sprinkling of Pondoes, and 
its Gaikas, with their many old-time feuds, their strange conversa- 
tion, their traditions and their languages, we have the South African 
equivalent of those characters whom Fenimore Cooper made lovable. 

" Choctaw and Sioux, Biackfoot and Mohican, they were no 
fiercer, no braver, no more terrible than the ancestors of the little 
herd-boys of the Transkei. It is a warrior's country — rugged and 
wild and grim. It is a hunter's country — rolling grass and stubble- 
grown kopje, glen and kloof eyrie. It is a farmer's country — a 
country of browsing stock and patches of green mealie fields, and of 
sheltered well-watered valleys — Rhodes said it was the garden of 
South Africa. 

" Yet at a first glance, and to the occasional traveller, it seems 
sparsely inhabited. Here and there, outlined on the crest of a 

3 a 



36 CAMPS AND EARTHWORKS OF 

fresh settlements were made on the Garths, or project- 
ing spurs. The Camp would still take its shape from 
the natural form of the hill : a deep strong bank formed 
by the soil from the fosse, and crowned with a palisade 
of stakes, would protect it from the ravages of wild 
beasts, and a double or treble dyke on the more 
accessible sides would further defend it from the 
attacks of hostile tribes ; a slightly-raised mound 
within the enclosure served the double purpose of 
an outlook, and of a beacon to give warning. The 
lower down towards the vallies that cultivation de- 
scended, the same rule would apply, but with the need 
of higher and stronger entrenchments. The trackways 
which gave communication between these settlements, 
and facilitated the intercourse and commerce of friendly 
tribes, also gave facilities to their enemies to raid and 
despoil them. Hence it became necessary to protect 
these lines with camps and moated mounds, which 
commanded the passes across the hills, and the fords 
over the rivers. In the case of conquest, these would 
be strengthened, and added to in order to retain that 
which had been won; and in times of peace, with their 
castles of timber and stone, they would be imposing 
residences for the chieftains. Of this we have fine 

swelling ridge, are groups of round, neatly-thatched huts, the ground 
about them trodden hard and well swept. 

" Tiny twisting paths lead down to the spring that supplies ihem. 
Loosely- built stone cattle-kraals are within a stone's throw, and 
perhaps an acre or so of ploughed land. 

" Most of the kraals, however, are hidden away. Some in deep 
valleys among the Kei River heights — these are all but inaccessible. 
Further to the north-east of the country, on the steep slopes of the 
Drakensberg, where roads are almost impracticable, are the towns 
of other large native communities. Or, as in the Engcobo district, 
where the roads are cut in the sides of the mountains, these wind 
for miles, with the mountain top hidden from the view of the tra- 
veller, and the fertile valley lying chequered green and brown, fallow 
and growth, hundreds of feei below. Though difficult to locate and 
hard to reach, the kraals are very numerous, and one magistrate's 
district will contain tens of thousands of natives. All — and this is 
the important feature, in view of the raid — possess cattle and horses 
in great numbers." 



THE NEWTOWN DISTRICT. 37 

specimens of further development in stone- work, in the 
cases of Dolforwyn and Montgomery. This theory 
covers the long period of time from pre-Roman days 
down to the ending of the fifteenth century. I do not, 
however, venture to assign to each case its proper date, 
for some show evident signs of restoration and enlarge- 
ment ; still less do I attempt to settle the people that 
erected them. The earliest of those within our reach 
I put down to be Cefn Carnedd and Ffridd Faldwyn, 
and among the best specimens of the latter, Hen 
Domen near Montgomery, and the Moat on Rhos 
Ddiarbed, near Caersws. Indeed, this latter one is 
among the best defined and most instructive. Situated 
in the jaws of the Cwm, through which the Romano- 
British road passes from Caersws towards Castell 
Collen, near Llandrindod, and but a short distance 
from its course, it is extremely strong, and is well 
preserved. It consists of a lofty mound rising at 
a sharp angle from a deep surrounding ditch, is 50 ft. 
to 60 ft. in height, and has a diameter at the top of 
36 ft. It commands a fine view of Caersws and the 
vale ; and, although itself partly hidden in a recess 
of the hill, it embraces in its outlook the Camps of 
Cefn Carnedd and the Gaer, of Gwynvynydd and the 
neighbouring Moat near Fronfelen. Across the ditch 
northward is the inner base-court, oblong in form, 
about 70 yards by 60 yards, and surrounded, except 
where it impinges on the ditch of the mound, by 
a bank 4 ft. 6 ins., to 5 ft. high, and forming a terrace 
of about 7 ft. wide along the top ; the entrance to it is 
on the north, the outer slope ranges from 12 to 20 ft., 
and the surrounding ditch is even now filled in good 
part with water. Still north of this, but not hitherto 
defined on the Ordnance Maps, is an extensive outer 
court, along the agger or bank of which runs the field 
hedge. The extent of this court is about 200 yards by 
130 yards, and it, too, is of oblong form ; the southern 
end has been levelled, and is occupied by the farm- 
house and buildings. This outer court is probably the 



38 CAMPS AND EARTHWORKS OF 

t 

oldest part, to which the rest has been subsequently 
added ; this would supply a refuge for the women, 
children, and cattle on occasions of great emergency. 
And this seems to have been the purpose of one at least 
of the Gwynvynydd Camps to which it corresponds, 
on the opposite side of the valley on the continuation 
of the Sarn Sws. I say "one of the Camps," because 
a second one has been brought to light through its 
casual mention by Dr. Rees, and the attention of the 
Ordnance Survey Officers being consequently drawn 
to it. 

Caersws itself is something of a puzzle as to its origin 
as wellas its name. Of course, it has been a Roman 
station, as proved by its situation and form, and by 
the remains of coins, Samian ware, and pottery ; and it 
has also been occupied by the Welsh, at all events in 
after-times. But was it originally a Roman or a 
British settlement ? While the great Roads westward 
to the Mines of Dylife, and eastward to the Gaer and 
Uriconium (Wroxeter) proclaim their Roman origin, 
the great trackway to the north, leading towards 
Deva (Chester), which carries the same name in Sarn 
" Sws," appears to bear a more British character, as 
also does its prolongation southwards towards Castell 
Collen and Brecon ; though both of these were doubt- 
less utilised and improved by the Romans. Again, the 
actual name <c Caersws," occurs' in connection with 
the Romano-British camp at Clawdd Coch, near Llany- 
mynech, where the space enclosed by the north-east 
embankments is known as a Caersws." 1 But whom or 
what the " Sws" represents is a question much pondered 
over but still unanswered. 

II. Their Situation and Relation to One Another. — 
As population increased and new colonies, if I may use 
the expression, were thrown out, communication had 
to be opened up between them, and roads cleared 
through the forest and underwood. These roads 

1 Mont. Coll., vol. xi, p. 195. 



THE NEWTOWN DISTRICT. 39 

themselves suggested further settlements ; and a care- 
ful inspection of the maps, and still more so of the 
country itself, will show how large a number of Camps 
stand in close proximity to the ancient trackways. 
But as, on the one hand they opened up communication 
with friends, so on the other they offered facilities for 
their enemies to raid and plunder; and therefore it 
was necessary to guard their most important points. 
Where fords existed over rivers, there a strong mound 
was invariably raised for their protection. Of these 
we shall see a fine specimen in the case of " Bhyd- 
wymma," the historic " Ford of Montgomery," which 
is completely dominated by the strong camp of 
Hendomen ; which thus holds the key of communi- 
cation between the east and the west banks of the 
Severn, between the Lordships of Powys and Mont- 
gomery. 

Again, where side valleys open out into the larger 
ones, there you will generally find a camp so placed 
as to guard the passage inwards. Such we shall see 
on a small scale at Welsh Pool (the Domen), the 
Luggy Brithdir, and on a larger one in Cefn Carnedd 
and Fridd Faldwin, which stand out on projecting 
mountain spurs. But it is more particularly high up 
the " Bwlchs," or mountain passes, that we shall find 
the most striking instances. Such are Ehos Ddiarbed, 
on the southern mountain road from Caersws, and the 
series of Camps on the adjacent road from Llanidloes 
towards Machynlleth, such as Penycastell, Penyclun, 
Dinas and Cefn Cloddiau ; or follow the northern 
Sarnsws, and you have not only the two Gwynfynydds 
close at hand in the Severn Valley, but the " Gawres" 
and the "Gaer" in the Valley of the Dwyriew, and 
Pentyrch in that of the Banw. 

But besides Camps there was another form of defence 
which we find adjoining to, and often drawn right 
across, the line of these main thoroughfares, viz., dykes 
and entrenchments. Thus, for instance, on Dolfor 
Hill, in the pass from the Vale of the Severn to the 



40 CAMPS AND EARTHWORKS OF 

Valley of the Teme, we have strong lines on either 
side. More eastward, on the ancient trackway along 
the Kerry Hill, and at either end of the suggestive 
name of the Saeson (or Englishman's) Bank, we meet 
with the Upper and the Lower Short Ditches. At the 
distance of five or six miles from Rhos Ddiarbed, an 
entrenchment described as the " Giant's Grave/' crosses 
the southern Sarn Sws at right angles. And if we 
followed the northern line, we come on two entrench- 
ments of similar character on the southern slope, and 
another at Brithdir, on the northern slope of " Cefn- 
Ueoer," between the upper Llanfyllin and the Moch- 
nant Valleys. Still closer home, we note a strong and 
double dyke at Aberbechan, stretching from the 
Bechan brook in a crescent to the Cloddiau, and 
cutting off the communication between the Severn 
Valley and Bettws and Tregynon. 

But besides this use of dykes or entrenchments, they 
served another purpose, that of boundaries. The great 
Dyke of Offa (locally called " Off Dytche"), extending 
from near Mold in the north to the Severn Sea in the 
south, 1 must have been formed mainly for this purpose ; 2 
and at the same time to render inroads and predatory 
incursions less easy and more liable to be overtaken. 
To guard so enormous a length was out of the question. 
Such, too, I am inclined to think, was the purpose of a 
newly-discovered dyke in this immediate neighbour- 
hood. A few weeks ago, Mr. John M. Lloyd, of Castell 
Forwyn, seeing his tenant, Mr. Anthony, of the Goitre 
in Kerry, carting soil from a largish hedgerow on to 
the field, remarked what a fine bank he had there for 
the purpose, and received the answer : " Why, Sir, it's 
Wantyn Dytche." Following up the hint, he traced 
its course, sometimes continuous and plain, at other 
times broken and indistinct, from the Goitre as far 

1 Wans Dyke, stretching from Andover in Hampshire, across 
central Wiltshire, is about fifty miles in length. 

2 Ad perpetuam regnornm Anglie et Wallie distinctionem haben- 
dam. — Higden's Polychronicon. 



THE NEWTOWN DISTRICT. 41 

as Little Cwmerl, and thought it most likely extended 
further in each direction. At his request, I met 
Corporal Crowley, of the Ordnance Survey, on the 
spot, and we had, no hesitation as to its course for the 
two miles we had time to trace it, namely, from Goitre 
to near the Pound above Gwenthrew. Beyond that 
point we could detect its direction up the sides of 
Kerry Hill toward the Lower Short Ditch ; and on our 
return to the station we were strongly of opinion that 
its line continued below Fronheulog to the wood ; but 
time did not permit of our verifying it. The name is 
preserved in a field adjoining the Newtown and Bishop's 
Castle Road, on its northern side, called u Wantyn 
Dytche Field." 

It is curious that it should have been so long lost 
sight of, and we congratulate Mr. Lloyd on bringing it 
once more to light. Like the similar case at Aber^ 
bechan, it will find its record on the revised Ordnance 
Map. Its purpose, like its neighbour Offas, must, I 
think, have been to mark a boundary; and in this case 
most likely that between the Lordships of Kerry and 
Montgomery. The encroaching advance of the Marcher 
Lords of Montgomery, upon the territories of the native 
Lords of Kerry was accompanied with frequent repri- 
sals ; and these ceased not entirely, when the Mortimers 
had displaced the descendants of Elystan Glodrudd. 
It will illustrate this purpose and its use, if we quote 
the story of the dispute between Bishop Swinfield of 
Hereford, and Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, as to 
their territorial privileges in the chase of Col wall and 
Eastnor, above Ledbury. "After much dispute, Sir 
Ralph de Hengham and Sir Walter de Helyan, the 
justices commissioned for the trial, summoned to the 
spot a jury, composed of men from the counties of 
Hereford and Worcester, who decided in favour of the 
Church (a.d. 1278), and that enormous trench of separa- 
tion between the two possessions was thrown out by 
the disappointed Earl along the ridge of the hill, where 
it remains a memorial of the contest to the present 



42 CAMPS AND EABTH WORKS. 

day" (Roll of Bishop Swinfield, xxiv). Now, in the 
year after Henry Ill's advance into Kerry, and his 
fruitless attempt to rescue the besieged English soldiers 
from Montgomery, cooped up in the .castle which Mr. 
Richard Williams has claimed to be Penycastell — or 
Hubert's Folly — the King issued a Patent (13 Hen. Ill, 
No. 37, m. 6. ) to this effect : " Know ye that we do 
hold valid and acceptable the perambulation and bounds 
made between the wood of Montgomery and the wood 
of Kerry, by our dear and faithful Henry de Aldithel 
and William Fitzwarin, then Constable of our dear and 
faithful H(ubert) de Burgh, etc., of Montgomery." 1 
Now, on the eastern side of this dyke we have the 
"Wood of Montgomery" represented in Cefn y Coed 
(the ridge of the wood), and Coed y Beren (the Beren 
Wood), and on its left the " Wood of Kerry," in Goitre 
(the forest), and Penygelli (the end of the grove). 
Again, on measuring the distances, it will be found that 
the dyke cuts across the country at right angles, 
exactly half-way between Montgomery Castle and 
Penycastell : a not-unusual way of settling quarrels in 
all times, by cutting in half the matter in dispute; and 
while it is very likely that this dyke is " the boundary 
made " on that occasion, I am inclined to think that 
the name itself may be a corruption for " Warin," one 
of the two commissioners who " made " it, and that it 
should be " Warm's " rather than t€ Wantyn Dyke ; 
such a corruption being easily accounted for by the fact 
that nearly three centuries ago a family called " Anthon" 
Occupied, if they did not own, land in the township of 
Caliber, adjoining the dyke; and that the tenant of 
Goitre, where it is most conspicuous and well-defined, 
is at the present day a Mr. Anthony. 

1 Mont. Coll.y vol. xxiii, p. 368. 



43 



Cambrian archaeological association. 



REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS 

AT THE 

FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING, 

HELD AT 

NEWTOWN, MONTGOMERYSHIRE, 

On MONDAY, JULY 29TH, 1901, 

AND FOUR FOLLOWING DAYS. 



President. 
LIEUT. -COL. E. PRYCE-JONES, M.P. 

Local Committee. 
Chairman.— HUGH LEWIS, Esq., Glanhafren, Newtown. 

Rev. S. Davies - - Dolfor Vicarage, Newtown. 

Alfred Ford, Esq. - Newtown. 

J. C. Gittens, Esq. - The Elms, Newtown. 

Rev. W. Vaughan Jones - Tregynon Rectory, Newtown. 

R. E. Jones, Esq. - - Cefn Bryntalch, Abermule. 

Richard Jones, Esq. - Pendinas, Caersws. 

W. Scott Owen, Esq. - Cefnwifed, Newtown. 

John Owens, Esq. - - Llandinam Hall, Llandinam. 

Harold Palmer, Esq. - Newtown. 

Rev. Thomas Phillips - The Moat, Kerry. 

W. P. Phillips, Esq. - Express Office, Newtown. 

Edward Powell, Esq. - Plasbryn, Newtown. 

Evan Powell, Esq. - Pennrallt Hall, Llanidloes. 

E. Davies Rees, Esq. - Caersws. 

Rev. W. Gwynne Vaughan Bettws Vicarage, Newtown. 

J. B. Willans, Esq. - Dolforgan, Kerry. 

Rev. Canon Williams - The Rectory, Newtown. 

Hon. Local Treasurer. 
J. H. Vigars, Esq. , National Provincial Bank of England, Newtown. 

Hon. Local Secretaries. 

Richard Williams, Esq. F.R.Hist.S., Celynog, Newtown. 
Pryce Wilson Jones, Esq., Gwynfa, Newtown. 

General Secretaries. 

Rev. Canon R. Trevor Owen, F.S.A., Bodelwyddan Vicarage, Rhuddlan, 

R.S.O. 
Rev. C. Chidlow, Llawhaden Vicarage, Narberth. 



44 CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 



EVENING MEETINGS. 



MONDAY, JULY 29th, 1901. 
Committee Meeting. 

A meeting of the Committee of the Association was held in the 
Public Hall, at 8.30 p.m., to receive the reports of officers, and 
transact other business. 

TUESDAY, JULY 30th, 1901. 
Public Meeting. 

A Public Meeting was held in the Victoria Hall, at 8 p.m., at 
which the President, Lieut.-Col. E. Pryce-Jones, delivered the 
following Inaugural Address : — 

Ladies and Gentlemen. — I rise to address you this evening with 
very great diffidence. When, some few months ago, your Committee 
did me the honour to invite me to become your President, the 
invitation came upon me as a genuine surprise. I am fain to con- 
fess that, in the course of a somewhat busy life, I have not been able 
to devote that attention to subjects of antiquarian interest which 
you may think appropriate in the President of your annual gather- 
ing. A glance at some of your publications has informed me that 
this office has been filled by many men of distinguished eminence — 
men who have helped to make history as well as to elucidate it. It 
is not the least of my difficulties that I succeed in the Presidential 
Chair a peer who, both on his own account and on that of his 
illustrious father, is recognised throughout Wales as a man of great 
culture and of high standing : I refer to Lord Aberdare. To attempt 
to follow predecessors of so much distinction might well inspire one 
with diffidence — a diffidence, indeed, that amounts to reluctance, 
when one remembers that amongst your own body and amongst 
your own Committee there are many whose qualifications for the 
office are far superior to any that I can possibly possess. My only 
claims to your favour are a genuine regard for the objects which 
this Association, for more than half a century, has successfully 
striven to promote ; and an ardent affection for the land which is 
common to us, and for the county to which this year you propose to 
devote your researches. 

It is, I believe, more than tweuty years ago since the Cambrian 
Archaeological Association devoted one of its annual visitations to 
the county of Montgomery. The President on that occasion was 



NEWTOWN MEETING. — REPORT. 45 

Mr. Charles Williams- Wynn, of Coedymaen, a distinguished member 
of an ancient family which, throngh many generations, has fostered 
and encouraged the study of the literature and the antiquities of 
Wales. Working in hearty co-operation with him on that occasion 
were many whose names have added lustre to the county of 
Montgomery, and whose labours have helped to enrich the record of 
the history and the literature of our native county. I need only 
refer to such names as those of Canon Williams, Mr. Morris Charles 
Jones, of Gungrog, Mr. Askew Roberts, of Oswestry, Mr. Edward 
Rowley Morris, of Newtown — a connection of my own — Mr. Abraham 
Howell, of Welshpool, the Chevalier Lloyd, of Llangurig, and the 
late Mr. Stanley Leighton, of Sweeney Hall, to remind you what 
gaps a couple of decades have made in the ranks of our local 
antiquarians. Of the old band that rallied round your Association 
in the late seventies many, I am glad to say, are still with us ; 
amongst others our esteemed friend the Venerable Archdeacon 
Thomas, of Llandrinio, and our indispensable friend and Secretary, 
Mr. Richard Williams, of Celynog. 

As it is a part of the programme of the evening that papers are 
to be read on the archaeology of the various districts which you 
propose to visit, I will not take up your time with any desultory 
remarks of my own on the topographical or antiquarian interest of 
the localities, the more especially as my knowledge — as you will 
hardly be surprised to hear — is largely derived from the admirable, 
but necessarily cursory, notes in the Gossiping Guide. It will 
suffice for me to say that the county of Montgomery presents to 
the enquiring archaeologist and antiquary as many points of in- 
terest as any other county in Wales, not even excepting the county 
of Pembroke, of which so much has been told us in late years, 
not only by your Association but by the local workers of whom that 
county is justly proud. Almost every county and district in the 
United Kingdom is at the present moment the centre of archaeo- 
logical enquiry by one or more local organisations. None of these 
organisations, I venture to say, have done more to explain and to 
illustrate local antiquities than our own Powysland Club, whose 
collections of Montgomeryshire historical and antiquarian lore are 
veritable treasure-houses for all who seek local knowledge. That 
these collections are something more than of local value need hardly 
be said in an assembly of this kind. There are innumerable 
instances at hand to show that local research is of the utmost 
importance in determining the main lines of archaeological and 
historical truth. Indeed, it has often been found that a local sur- 
vival is the only thread which indicates the line of progress along 
which national development has taken place. Every such survival 
helps to build up the temple of knowledge, and its place when 
found and determined helps towards the record of the story of the 
human race. It is the duty of all who love their kind to encourage 
and to stimulate research in all directions; and for that reason, if for 
no other, I commend to your attention the work of our local Powys- 



46 CAMBRIAN ARCHiEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 

land Club, as well as the wider work of this Association. It cer- 
tainly seems to me to be the duty of everyone who is interested in 
the mystery of our storied past, to join, as opportunity offers, in aiding 
the efforts of those amongst us who have made these antiquarian 
and historical studies the labour of their lives. 

I have already said that it is not my intention to enlarge upon 
any of the details that will come before your notice during the 
week's excursions, but before I sit down I would like to say a few 
words upon two or three general questions which appear to me to 
have a close connection with the work of your Association. The 
points to which I desire to ask your attention are : — 

1. The protection and better preservation of our national 

monuments ; 

2. The formation and the establishment of local and national 

museums; and 

3. The collection and publication of local and county 

records. 

It is hardly necessary to dwell at any length upon the need for, 
and the importance of, protecting and preserving the ancient relics 
and monuments which the hands of the doth and the ravages of 
time have still left to us. But the days have not yet come when a 
warning on this score can be deemed unnecessary, for I am afraid 
that it is still within the bounds of possibility for meini-hirion and 
even crosses to be broken up and to be built into walls, and for 
inscribed pillar-stones to be utilised as gate posts, or lintels, or even 
pig-troughs. Civilised communities have learned to recognise the 
value of the accumulated knowledge which may be derived from the 
monuments of the past, but the careless and the thoughtless — who 
are ever with us — can at any moment destroy for ever a possible 
source of invaluable information, and the utilitarian material mind 
is apt to think more of a standing shed than of a broken ruin. To 
those who have a responsibility in the matter of preserving our 
ancient monuments, be they stone crosses or dolmens, or the remains 
of ruined buildings, I would commend the good advice tendered by 
a distinguished member of this Association, Mr. Romilly Allen, in 
a paper which he read before a kindred Society some few seasons 
ago, viz., that they should take advantage of the Bill passed for the 
Preservation of Ancient Monuments, the provisions of which enable 
any owner of a monument by deed-of-hand to constitute the 
Commissioner of Works its guardian, while relinquishing no right 
which he previously possessed with regard to the monument itself, 
except that of being able to destroy it. The Commissioner of 
Works, I understand, undertakes in these circumstances to main- 
tain the monument at the expense of the Government. Local 
Archaeological Societies and the local authorities can do much to 
stimulate public interest in this matter, and I trust that Montgomery- 
shire will not be behindhand in carrying out so obvious a duty. 

The second point which I desire to mention is the desirability of 



NEWTOWN MEETING. — REPORT. 47 

encouraging the formation and establishment of local and national 
mnsenms. For reasons that are by no means clear or conclusive, 
the Government up to the present have not looked with a kindly eye 
upon the indubitable claim of Wales to a share of the public money 
that is devoted to the maintenance of museums. It behoves the 
community to act in such a manner that the Government mast 
eventually be shamed into doing what is right and just in the 
matter. Looking at the position from a practical point of view, the 
suggestion nearest to hand is that mnsenms and art galleries should 
be established in connection with the National Colleges. In the 
time to come we may, perhaps, have so far composed our local 
contentions as to be able to decide harmoniously and unitedly on 
the most suitable place for what may be termed the National 
Museum for Wales — a museum which, in its comprehensive arrange- 
ment and educational possibilities, will fully represent the continued 
development and progress of onr country. In the meantime, incal- 
culable good can be effected by establishing and fostering local 
museums, which will serve not only as a store-house where we may 
preserve precious treasures, but form also an educative agency, 
appealing not only to the awakening intelligence of our youth, but 
to the wider range of thought and ability amongst our scholars and 
experts. As a Montgomeryshire man I am glad to feel that in this 
respect also we of this county can hold our own, for in the Powys. 
land Museum and Gallery of Art, at Welshpool, we have a local 
collection that is, I believe, second to none in the Principality, both 
as regards its objects and its contents. 

Finally, I desire to say one word as to the need for collecting and 
publishing local and county records. In this matter Montgomery- 
shire can claim that it has led the way, for, apart from the many 
valuable Papers concerning the county and its antiquities which are 
to be found in the pages of the Archceologia Cambrensis, we have in 
our Powysland Magazine a collection of local and other records that 
will make the task of the county historian, when he appears, com- 
paratively light. Other counties in Wales should follow so excellent 
an example ; for the time has come when the few county histories 
which we possess, such as Meyrick's Cardiganshire and Jones's 
Brecknockshire, all require to be re-written in the light of fuller 
information, and brought up to date. As an example of what can 
be done with early county records, I need only refer you to a work 
recently carried out by one of the members of your own Committee, 
viz., The Calendar of the Quarter Sessions Papers of the County of 
Worcester, compiled by my friend Mr. Willis- Bund. By means of that 
most admirable compilation, Mr. Willis-Bund has succeeded not only 
in showing the importance of the documents with which he deals, 
but in throwing a flood of light on the daily life of the people of 
this country two and three centuries ago. Work of a similar kind 
is urgently needed in connection with documents relating to Wales, 
both locally and in the public depositories, and I earnestly commeud 
it to the attention of the Members of the Cambrian Arch©olog\ca\ 



48 CAMBRIAN ARCHiEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 

Association. In conclusion, Ladies and Gentlemen, I have to thank 
yon for your reception, and to wish yon a fruitful as well as a 
pleasant week. 

Lord Glannsk, in moving a vote of thanks to the President for 
his address, said .Colonel Pryce-Jones had disclaimed any know- 
ledge of archaeology, but he considered his address was one of no 
inconsiderable ability. Referring to the President's three principal 
points, the preservation of monuments, the formation of museums, 
and the collection of county records, his Lordship contended that, if 
every museum made a practice of collecting even such things as 
Soman coins and specimens of the geology of its neighbourhood, 
by a system of mutual exchange, a perfect museum of the archaeo- 
logy of the whole kingdom could be built up. In conclusion, he 
suggested that Col. Pryce-Jones, as a young man with many years 
of life before him, should take up the task of historian of the county 
of Montgomery. 

Mr. Edward Owen seconded the motion, and in doing so referred 
to the eminent services rendered the Association by Mr. Romilly 
Allen. Speaking with regard to the collection of county records, 
he said he thought local societies should receive State aid for this 
purpose, and he did not doubt that their President, as Member for 
the Boroughs, would use his influence in this direction. 

Afterwards Papers were read on " The Camps and Earthworks of 
the District," by the Ven. Archdeacon Thomas, F.S.A., and on 
" Dolforwyn Castle and its Lords," by Mr. Richard Williams, 
F.R.Hist.S. 

WEDNESDAY, JULY 31st, 1901. 
On this day there was no Evening Meeting. 

THURSDAY, AUGUST 1st, 1901. 

Annual General Meeting. — The Annual General Meeting of the 
Association was held in the Public Hall at 8 p.m., to receive the 
Annual Report, to elect the Officers for the ensuing year and New 
Members, and to fix upon the Place of Meeting for 1902. 

Annual Report foe 1901. 

Honours conferred upon Members of the Association. — At the 
Annual General Meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 
held November 3rd, 1900, the following members of the Association 
were elected Honorary Members. 

The Rev. S. Baring Gould. 

R. Burnard. 

J. Romilly Allen. 

Archaeological and Historical Works written by Members of the 
Association. — During the past year the following arch sbo logical 



NEWTOWN MEETING. REPORT. ' 49 

and historical works by Members of the Association have been 
published. 

Rhys (John). " Celtic Folklore, Welsh and Manx." 

Griffith (John E.) " Cromlechs of Anglesey and Carnarvonshire." 

Halliday (George E.). " LlandaflF Church Plate." 

The Journal. — The following list, classified according to periods, 
shows the nature of the papers published in the Archceologia 
Cambrensis between July 1900 and July 1901 : — 

Prehistoric Period. 
" Some Dolmens and their Contents." By J. Romilly Allen. 

Romano- British Period. 
" Two Kelto-Roman Finds in Wales." By J. Romilly Allen. 

Early Christian Period. 
" The Celtic Monasteries." By the Rev. S. Baring Gould. 

Mediceval Period. 

11 Welsh Records." By J. Pym Yeatman. 

"The Bells of the Priory Churches of Abergavenny and Brecon." By 

Edward Owen. 
" Notes on the Older Welsh Churches." By the late Sir Stephen R. Glynne. 
"Llantrisant Castle", "The Van," and " Castell-y-Mynach." By J. S. 

Corbett. 
" Llancaiach House." By C. Wilkins. 
"Ynys Seiriol," and "The Cathedral Church of St. Deiniol, Bangor." By 

Harold Hughes. 
" The Family of Jenkins." By H. F. J. Vaughan. 

The illustrations of the Journal still continue to be produced with 
the same care by Mr. Worthingfcon Gk Smith, and his son, Mr. A. 
B. Smith. The papers on " Ynys Seiriol" and " Bangor Cathedral" 
have been illustrated by means of Mr. Harold Hughes's beautiful 
and accurate drawings. The Association is greatly indebted to him 
for the gratuitous labour he has bestowed upon them. 

The Index to the volume of the Journal for 1900 has been com- 
piled by the Rev. Canon Rupert Morris, DD., F.S.A., for which the 
Association tender him their best thanks. 

Obituary. — Within the last twelve months the Association has 
had to deplore the loss of the following valued Members : — 

The Rev. Elias Owen. 
Stanley Leighton, Esq., M.P. 
The Rev. Canon Owen Jones. 
Archibald Cooper, Esq. 
W. Ansell, Esq. 
Capt. Spencer Price. 

Index to the Fifth Series of the Archceologia Cambrensis. — This 
Index is now in the press and will shortly be published. It is 
recommended that the thanks of the Association be conveyed to 
Mr. Francis Green for having presented them with the MS. of the 
Index, and for having taken a great amount of trouble in seeing it 
through the press. 

6th ser., vol. ii, 4 



50 CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 

The Funds of the Association. — The funds of the Association are 
in a satisfactory condition, the balance in the Treasurer's hands at 
the end of the financial year being (as already stated in the July 
number of the Journal) £190 0*. Id. 

Election of Officers, Members of Committee, and New Members of ifie 
Association. — The following Vice-Presidents were elected : — 

J. W. Willis-Bund, Esq., F.S.A. 
Henry Owen, Esq., D.C.L., F.S.A, 

W. R. M. Wynne, Esq., was elected a Trustee in place of the 
late Stanley Leigh ton, Esq. 

The following Member of Committee, who should retire in due 
course under Law 3, was re-elected : — 

Illtyd Nicholl, Esq. 

and the Rev. E. J. Newell was elected to fill the vacancy oaused by 
Mr. J. W. Willis-Bund being made a Vice-President. 

The Chairman and Officers for the year 1900 were re-elected for 
1901. 

Since the last Annual Meeting the nation has mourned the loss 
of a good and beloved Queen, and the Prince of Wales, who has 
been our chief Patron, has succeeded to the throne. It will be most 
gratifying, therefore, to the members of the Association to learn 
that His Majesty the King still continues to honour us with the 
patronage which he previously extended to us whilst Prince of 
Wales. 

The following New Members of the Association were elected : — 

North Wales. Proposed by 

Isaac Foulkes, Esq., 8, Paradise Street, Liverpool. Rev. J. Fisher, 

C. J. Pretorius, Esq., Ill, New King's Road, 

London, S.W. . . .J. Romilly Allen, Esq. 

Miss Thomas, Blunsdon Abbey, Highworth, Wilts. Canon Trevor Owen. 
The Hon. Claude H. Vivian . . .J. Lloyd Griffith, Esq. 

The Rev. Evan Evans, Llansadwrn Rectory, 

Menai Bridge . . . .J. Lloyd Griffith, Esq. 

The Rev. Ellis Hughes Griffith, Llangadwaladr 

Vicarage .... Professor J. Rhys. 

Edward Lloyd, Esq., Meillionen Hoole, Chester . Professor J. Rhys. 
Rev. Meredith Hughes, Brynymaen, Colwyn Bay. A. Foulkes-Roberts, Esq. 
J. Herbert Roberts, Esq., M.P., Bryngwenallt, 

Abergele . . . .A. Foulkes-Roberts, Esq. 

D. S. Davies, Esq., Castle House, Denbigh . A. Foulkes-Roberts, Esq. 
C. Richard Tayleur, Esq., Maesgwylim Cottage, 

Rhyl .... Archdeacon Thomas. 

Miss Ethel Holland - Thomas, Caer Ffynnon, 

Talsarnau . . . . Thomas Richard, Esq % 

Rev. William Owen, Llanelltyd Vicarage, Dolgelley. Rev. J. E. Davies. 

J. Bencroft Willans, Esq., Dolf organ, Kerry . Richard Williams, Esq. 

Pryce Wilson Jones, Gwynfa, Newtown . Richard Williams, Esq. 

Lady Pryce Jones, Dolerw, Newtown . . Archdeacon Thomas. 

John Henry Vigars, Esq., N. P. Bank, Newtown. Richard Williams, Esq. 

M. E. Parkes, Esq. . . . Richard Williams, Esq. 

John Owen, Esq., Llandinam . . Richard Williams, Esq. 

A. C. Nicholson, Esq., Oswestry . . Canon Trevor Owen. 

J. Parry Jones, Esq., Beechneld, Oswestry . Canon Trevor Owen. 



NEWTOWN MKETING. — REPORT. 51 

South Wales. Proposed by 

Rev. J. M. LI. Bebb, M.A., Principal of St. David's 

College, Lampeter . . . Rev. C. Chidlow. 

Edw. Powell, Esq., Water Street, Neath . T. Gray, Esq. 

Rev. W. M. Morris, The Parsonage, Abergwynfi, 

R. S. 0., Port Talbot . . . W. H. Williams, Esq. 

J. L. Wheatley, Esq., 174, Newport Road, Cardiff. Rev. C. Chidlow. 

Miss Powell, Waungrove, Whitland, R.S.O. . Rev. C. Chidlow. 

Mrs. Williams, Penralley, Rhayader . . John Jones, Esq. 

Miss C. M. Evans, Nantyderry, Abergavenny . Rev. H. Howell. 

Albert A. Williams, Esq. , Penparc, Llangibby . W. Haines, Esq. 

Resolutions Carried. — The following resolutions were proposed and 
carried : — 

(1) That the Annual Report of the Committee be adopted. 

(2) That a sum not exceeding £10 be granted annually to be used at the 

Editor's discretion for special illustrations for the Journal. 

(3) That, subject to the approval of the Treasurer, an additional sum of £100 

of the funds of the Association be invested in Consols. 

(4) That a grant of JB10 be made towards the Gelligaer Excavation Fund. 

(5) That Mr. G. E. Fox, F.S.A., be invited to visit Caersws, and advise the 

Association as to the best method of exploring the site of the Roman 
station at that place. 

Place of Meeting for 1902. — Brecon was selected as the place of 
meeting for 1902, and a resolution was proposed and carried unani- 
mously, that Lord Glanusk be asked to accept the office of President 
for next year. 

FRIDAY, AUGUST 2nd, 1901. 
Public Meeting. 

A Public Meeting was held in the Victoria Hall, at 8.30 p.m., at 
which a paper was read on " Wanten Dyke" by J. M. Lloyd, Esq. 

At the conclusion of the paper, votes of thanks were accorded to 
those who had assisted in promoting the success of the Newtown 
Meeting, including the local authorities, who placed the Victoria 
and Public Halls at the disposal of the Association ; and to the Local 
Committee, with its Chairman, Local Secretaries and Treasurer. 



52 CAMBRTAtf ARCHiEOLOGldAL ASSOCIATION. 



EXCURSIONS. 



ROUTES OF THE EXCURSIONS. 



EXCURSION NO. 1.— TUESDAY, JULY 30th. 

DOLFORWYN AND TREGYNON. 

Route. — Carriages left the Cross at 9 a.m., and took the high road 
in a north-east direction down the valley of the Severn to 
Abermule, thence turning off north-west to Tregynon, the 
point furthest away from Newtown. From Tregynon the 
journey was continued south-west to Llanwnnog, at the 
entrance of the Carno valley, and then again east through 
Caersws back to Newtown. 

Luncheon was provided at Tregynon, and in the afternoon the 
members were hospitably entertained to tea at Glanhafren by 
Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Lewis. 

The following objects of interest were visited : — 

Gro Tumps {Moated Mound). 

Dolforwyn (Mediaeval Castle in ruins). 

Aberbechan {Earthwork of uncertain date). 

Bettws Cedewen (Church, with fragments of Ancient Stained Glass, and Brass oj 
Sir John ap Meredyth ofPowys, A.D. 1531). 

Tregynon (Church of no special interest). 

Gregynog Hall (The residence of Sit James Joicey, M.P., containing some Carved 
Oak, dated 1636). 

Llanwnnog (Church with finely-carved Rood-loft and Screen, and Ancient Stained 
Glass representing St. Gwennoc, the Patron Saint). 

Maesmawr Hall (A good example of the Half-timbered Domestic Architecture of the 
district). 



EXCURSION No. 2-^JULY 31st. 

KERRY AND WELSHPOOL. 

Route. — Carriages left the Cross at 9 a.m., and drove to Kerry 
vid Abermule, returning to Newtown by the more direct road 
across the hills, in time for luncheon with Sir Pryce Jones and 
Lady Pryce Jones at Dolerw. In the afternoon, a journey to 
Welshpool and back was made by train. 

Tea was provided at the Royal Oak Hotel, Welshpool. 



NEWTOWN MEETING. — EXCURSIONS. 53 

The following objects of interest were visited : — 

Kerry (Church, with Norman Arcade ; the scene of the contest, in A.D. 1176, between 
Giraldus Cambrensis and the Bishop of St. Asaph, for the right of visitation 
and patronage. Moated Mound in the Rectory Grounds). 

Cwm-y-Ddalfa and Pen-y-Castell ( The supposed site of the capture of William de 
Breos by the Welsh, in the time of Henry III). 

Powys Castle ( The residence of Lord Powys. A Mediceval Castle, still inhabited, 
containing one of the finest Collections of Implements of the Bronze Age in Great 
Britain). 

Welshpool [Church of no great interest; Museum of the Powysland Club; and 
Moated Mound, now used as a bowling-green). 



EXCURSION No. 3.— THURSDAY, AUGUST 31. 

LLANIDLOES AND CAERSWS. 

Route. — Carriages left the Cross at 9 a.m., and took the high road, 
going in a south-west direction up the valley of the Severn, 
through Llandinam to Llanidloes, and returning the same way. 

Luncheon was provided at the Trewythen Hotel, Llanidloes. 
The following objects of interest were visited : — 

The Moat (A Moated Mound, near Moat Lane Railway Statim, to zvhich it gives 
its name). 

Llandinam (Church, Restored by G. E. Street, with Seventeenth-century Oak 
Carving of Adam and Eve, and the Symbols of the Four Evangelists). 

Llanidloes (Church, with Early English Arcade, having beautifully-carved 
Capitals). 

Cefn Carnedd (Ancient British Earthwork of oval shape, on hill overlooking the 
Severn, opposite Llandinam). 

Caersws (Roman Station, with Excavations in progress). 



EXCURSION No. 4.— AUGUST 2nd. 

CHIRBURY AND MONTGOMERY. 

Boute. — Carriages left the Cross at 9 a.m., and took the high road 
in a north-east direction, down the Valley of the Severn to 
Forden. Just beyond this, Offa's Dyke was crossed, and the 
party proceeded south-east to Chirbury, and thence west 
through Montgomery to the Severn Valley at Montgomery 
Railway Station ; the remainder of the journey back to New- 
town being along the same road as traversed previously when 
going. 

Luncheon was provided at the Dragon Hotel, Montgomery ; 
and in the afternoon the members were hospitably entertained 
to tea at Caerhowel by the President 



54 CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 

The following objects of interest were visited : — 

Newtown {Old Church in ruins), 

Rhyd Whiman {Ford across the Severn, where the English kings and Welsh 
princes used to meet for the settlement of disputes). 

Caer Flos {Rectangular Roman Camp, on east bank of the Severn, still un- 
explored). 

Nant Cribba {Moated Mound, close to Offia's Dyke, on the east side). 

Rhyd-y-Gors {At the cross-roads between Offia's Dyke and Chirbury, on the Welsh 
side of the present Border ; the scene of the defeat of the Saxons by Gruffiudd ap 
Llewelyn, in A.D. 1037). 

Chirbury, Salop {Priory Church, with Curious Font, and Library of Chained Books 
at the Rectory). 

Montgomery {Mediawal Castle, in Ruins ; and Church with two Fourteenth- 
century effigies of knights, and the Tomb of Richard Herbert, who died in 
1600). 

Ffridd Faldwyn {An Ancient British Earthwork of oval shape, occupying the summit 
of the hill above Montgomery, to the west). 

Lymore {A Good Specimen of the Black and White Half-timbered domestic 
architecture of the seventeenth century, now used as a hunting box-by Lord 
Powis). 

Hen Domen {A Moated Mound, on the east side of the Severn, near Montgomery 
Railway Station). 



NOTES ON OBJECTS OF INTEREST VISITED DURING 

THE EXCURSIONS. 

Earthworks and Camps. — The Earthworks of the district belong 
(as far as their respective ages are known) to three periods, namely : 
(1) Ancient British, or Pre-historic ; (2) Roman; and (3) post- 
Roman. Of the earliest kind, two characteristic specimens were 
seen : one at Cefn Carnedd, near Llandinam, and the other at 
Ffridd Faldwyn, dominating the eminence above Montgomery. 
These are of a well-known type of hill-fort, in which the whole of 
the summit of a more or less inaccessible hill is enclosed within a 
single, double, or sometimes even triple, rampart and ditch. The 
area thus fortified is usually of approximately oval shape, and of 
great extent, the one at Cefn Carnedd being three-eighths of a mile 
long, by one-eighth of a mile broad. Judging from the camps of 
this class which have been explored, most of them appear to belong 
to the Late-Celtic period, when the use of iron had superseded that 
of bronze in Britain. 

Two Roman Camps were inspected during the Meeting, one at 
Caersws, 6 miles west of Newtown, and the other at Caer Flos, 
9 miles north-east of Newtown. Caersws is on the north bank of 
the Severn, above Newtown, and Caen Flos on the east bank, below 
Newtown. Both are on low ground, showing the marked difference 
between the kind of situation chosen by the Roman military 
engineer, and the ancient British. The Roman Camps are rect- 
angular, with rounded corners, and of smaller extent than the hill- 
forts previously described. When the members visited Caersws, 
some excavations for the foundations of a house were in progress, 



NEWTOWN MEETING. — EXCURSIONS. 55 

just outside the Roman Camp. Mr. E. Davies Rees, of Caersws, 
exhibited a good collection of Samian ware, Roman pottery, glass, 
and objects of bronze, derived from the excavations. The Roman 
Camp at Caer Flos has been as yet untouched by the spade of the 
explorer. 

The post-Roman earthworks near Newtown consist of dykes, like 
those bearing the names of Offa and Wanten, and moated mounds, 
of which the following examples came under the observation of the 
members. 

Gro Tumps (On the south bank of the Severn, i mile west of Newtown). 

The Moat (J a mile south of Moat Lane Railway Station). 

Tomen (Close to Welshpool Railway Station). 

Nant Cribba (i^ mile north-east of Forden Railway Station). 

Hen Domen (£ mile east of Montgomery Railway Station). 

The Moat (J mile south of Kerry). 

The most prominent feature in these earthworks is a high conical 
mound, with a flat top, on which probably stood a wooden structure 
such as may be seen represented on the Bayeux Tapestry. The 
mound is surrounded by a deep ditch, which, where circumstances 
admitted of it, was filled with water ; and at the foot of the mound 
is a small horse-shoe-shaped area (usually called a base-court), 
fortified by a rampart and ditch. Moated mounds of this descrip- 
tion were at one time held to be Saxon, 1 but the more recent view is 
that they are Early Norman. 2 

Mediaeval Castles. — Only three mediaeval castles were visited, 
namely, Dolforwyn, Montgomery, and Powys. The first two of 
these were in such a ruinous condition, and the third so altered by 
modern additions, that their architectural interest was practically nil 

Churches. — The following Churches were inspected : — 

Bettws Cedewen. Newtown. 

Tregynon. Llandinam. 

Llanwnnog. Llanidloes. 

Kerry. Chirbury. 

Welshpool. Montgomery. 

The most noteworthy of these, from an architectural point of view, 
are Kerry Church, with its Norman arcade ; Llanidloes, with its Early- 
English arcade and sculptured capitals ; and Montgomery, with 
some good thirteenth-century details. The remaining churches have 
been so much altered by neglect and restoration, that it is almost 
impossible now to say what they were like originally. The chief 
feature, which remains untouched in nearly every ease, is the square 
unbuttressed western tower, with its peculiar timber structure, 
forming the top storey, just below the rooof. 

1 G. T. Clark's Mediceval Military Architecture. 

2 Mrs. Armitage, in The Reliquary for July, 1901. p. 158. 



56 CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 

The only fonts deserving of attention are those at Montgomery 
(round, plain, and possibly Norman), Chirbury (shaped like the 
peculiar stoups with ears, or handles), and Kerry (octagonal, and 
carved with the Emblems of the Passion). 

There is a finely-carved screen and rood-loft at Llanwnnog; at 
Montgomery there are two fourteenth-century effigies of knights ; 
and at Bettws Cedewen a sixteenth-century brass of a priest. 

Old Houses. — Maesmawr Hall, near Caersws, and Lymore, near 
Montgomery, exhibit the black and white effect of the half-timbered 
domestic architecture of the district to perfection. The style was 
evidently borrowed from the neighbouring border counties of 
England. 

Historic Sites. — The following places were visited, chiefly on 
account of their historical associations : — 

Cwm-y-Ddalfa {Where William de Breos was captured by the Welsh, temp. 
Henry III.). 

Kerry Church ( Where Giraldus Catnbrensis got the best of his dispute with the 
Bishop of St. Asaph, in 1176). 

Rhyd Whiman ( Where the English kings and Welsh princes used to meet for the 
settlement of disputes). 

Rhyd-y-Gors ( Where the Saxons were defeated by Gruffudd ap Llewelyn in 1037). 

Museums and Private Collections. — The Museum of the Powys- 
land Club at Welshpool is, we understand, in course of re-arrangement 
by Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins, and it certainly wants it. Amongst 
other miscellaneous objects, it contains a beautifully-ornamented 
urn of the Bronze Age ; a square plate of repousse bronze, with a 
triskele design in the Late-Celtic style upon it ; a Christian Celtic 
quadrangular ecclesiastical bell ; and a kettle-tilter, perhaps fifty 
years old. 

The collection of bronze implements at Powys Castle is one of 
the most remarkable in Wales. 



57 



Ertnctos anti Botim of Scott* 

Celtic Folklore, Welsh and Manx. By John Rhys, M.A., D. Litt., 
Hon. LL.D. of the University of Edinburgh, Professor of 
Celtic, Principal of Jesus College, Oxford. (Two volumes, 
paged consecutively.) Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1901. 

Antiquabies rarely realise how important a part of their equipment 
is a knowledge of the traditions of their country, and of the correct 
principles of interpretation of those traditions. The study of the 
material fabrics of human art and civilisation is so large a theme, 
that they seldom have either the leisure or the inclination to look 
beyond the tangible memorials of the past, unless perchance they 
betake themselves to the investigation of the pedigrees of some of 
the illustrious obscure who swarm in every county, and whose 
family history is, nine times out of ten, of no importance to anybody. 
Yet, if we consider, what is now generally admitted, that the true 
history of a people must comprise the history of its civilisation as 
well as the tale of the external events which have happened to it, it 
is obvious that nothing can with safety be overlooked that throws 
light upon the development of its intellectual and moral culture, 
and upon the affinities of its institutions and modes of thought with 
those of other peoples, whether kindred in blood or not. 

This neglect of its traditions as material of scientific value Wales 
has only shared with England. The mystical genius of the nation, 
however, and the isolation caused by its language and by distance 
from the centres of culture, have conspired to keep many of the old 
stories comparatively fresh in the memory, and to preserve customs 
and beliefs the like of which have elsewhere in South Britain died a 
natural death. But the incessant and accelerating movements of the 
last century have tended to obliterate all such old-world memorials. 
Stories, customs, and beliefs have been rapidly disappearing before 
the schoolmaster, the religious teacher, the newspaper, and the 
mixture of population in the modern industrial centres. Literary 
men were the first to perceive something, of their interest : and bard 
and story-teller and journalist have been the means of preserving 
the records of many that would have been lost Yet the records 
thus preserved are more than imperfect : they are distorted, uncer- 
tain, misleading, because preserved for literary effect, and not 
simply and solely for the sake of truth. Hence they were of little 
use for scientific purposes. It needed someone determined to set 
down the exact and literal facts, no more and no less. In Germany 
and Scandinavia this had been done. France and Italy were begin- 
ning to do it. In Scotland Mr. J. F. Campbell had led the way. 
At last there were found in Wales two men who applied the same 



58 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OP BOOKS. 

method to the collection of Welsh stories — Professor Rh^s and the 
late Rev. Elias Owen. 

Professor Rh^s' collections first appeared in the pages of Y 
Cymmrodor. The same periodical and the Transactions of the Folk- 
lore Society afterwards received some further collections from Wales 
and the Isle of Man. All these he has here reprinted, with many 
additions ; and has embodied in the work a valuable commentary. 
Probably nothing could have been written so well calculated to 
impress on his fellow-countrymen the important questions which 
underlie matters apparently so trivial as those commonly lumped 
together under the name of folklore. At the outset he tells us that 
" those who may think that the legends here recorded are childish 
and frivolous, may rest assured that they bear on questions which 
could not themselves be called either childish or frivolous. So, 
however silly a legend may be thought, let him who knows such a 
legend communicate it to somebody who will place it on record ; he 
will then probably find that it has more meaning and interest than 
he had anticipated." The entire work may be regarded as a sermon 
on this text ; and a very able and convincing sermon it is. 

Not that the present reviewer finds himself by any means always 
in agreement with the preacher in the details of his exposition. 
That would be to expect too much from the most patient listener to 
a sermon in these days. The proofs piled up in an easy, excursive, 
undogmatic fashion, that in some way or other the legends preserved 
by Welshmen and Manxmen do really embalm history, and are in 
consequence well worth studying by anyone interested in the past 
of his race, bring conviction to the mind. The beliefs and customs 
which the writer sets alongside of his stories, or draws out of them, 
are irresistible in their demonstration. There can be no doubt that 
these things belonged to the ancestors of the present composite 
Celtic peoples, and that they point back to a past as strange to the 
men and women of to-day as savagery to civilisation. The legends, 
customs, and beliefs are, in fact, fossils from long-buried strata of 
history ; and they can reveal to us of those strata precisely what 
geological fossils can tell us of the condition of things in which they 
were laid down. 

About all this there can be no dispute. As little can there be any 
denial of its supreme archaeological interest. But when the preacher 
goes further, and attempts to draw the lesson that the value — or at 
least one great value — which these fossils have for us, is that they 
disclose the racial intermingling which has gone to form the present 
populations, then I must ask leave to pause. 

Professor Rh^s thinks that there is evidence of at least two 
pre- Celtic races to be found in the folklore he here discusses : first, 
a short, swarthy folk, who probably dwelt in underground habitations; 
and, secondly, the Picts, whose "affinities appear to be Libyan." I am 
not concerned to deny that such races as these were predecessors of 
the Celts in these islands ; nor even to question that some of the 
features attributed to the fairies and other supernatural beings may 



REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 59 

be borrowed, now from one, now from the other of these races. It 
seems doubtful, however, whether the particular features traced by- 
Professor Bh^s to these sources are rightly so traced. To the lower 
of the two races he ascribes, among other things, ignorance of the 
natural process of paternity, such as even yet prevails among certain 
tribes recently discovered in Australia. And, while admitting that 
the Picts had a notion of paternity, he draws attention to the fact 
that, from their social condition, they were compelled, like many 
other peoples, to reckon kinship exclusively through females. But 
it is going a long way to make either of these peculiarities a test of 
race. The Celts were Aryans. If we concede that, in historical 
times, the Aryans were never in the stage of mother-right, as the 
reckoning of kinship exclusively through women is called, it is still 
a large demand on our complaisance to require us to assume, further, 
that they had never, in prehistoric times, passed through that stage; 
and that where, as among the Celts, we find relics of it, we must put 
them down to non- Aryan peoples incorporated by Aryan conquerors. 
On the contrary, the evolution of human ideas and institutions affords 
a presumption that the ancestors of the historical Aryan-speaking 
peoples had passed through one, if not both, of the phases appro- 
priated by Professor Rh^s to the Picts and to their dwarf fore- 
runners. We should accordingly expect to find among the Aryan- 
speaking peoples, independently of any mixture with Picts and 
dwarfs, remains of these phases embedded in their traditions, in 
custom and belief as well as in story. The remains, therefore, 
which we do actually find among the Celts are not necessarily to be 
attributed to the Picts or the dwarfs. In fact, the evidence of the 
traditions often points in a contrary direction. Take the famous 
legend of the "Lady of the Van Pool:" here, according to Professor 
Rh^s' hypothesis, the higher social organisation would be that of 
the human beings of the story, and the lower that of the super- 
natural actors. The latter would be found either in the stage of 
mother-right, or in the still lower condition when paternity was 
unknown. But what is found is the exact reverse of this. It is 
the human hero of the tale who lives with his mother : and, as 
Professor Rh^s suggests, indicates a matriarchal condition of society; 
while the "Lady of the Lake" is one of two sisters, living in the most 
Aryan way under the dominion and in the household of their father. 
It is true that some variants omit the father. But he reappears in 
others in various parts of Wales ; and it would be difficult to say 
that the fairy household was not generally conceived in the same 
terms as the human monogamic family, which has been for the last 
fifteen hundred years the custom in Wales. 

Turning to the Isle of Man and to a different subject, we come 
upon a very curious rule of inheritance. The power to charm 
belonging to certain favoured persons descends, it is said (p. 300), 
from father to daughter, and then from daughter to son, and so on. 
Professor Rh^s is naturally puzzled by this rule, and gives it as his 
impression that the families having the power to charm are com- 



60 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 

paratively few in number, and that they are descended from tne 
family physicians or Druids of some of the ancient chieftains. A 
somewhat similar rule of descent prevails among the Kwakiutl 
Indians of British Columbia; and Dr. Boas, who has carefully 
examined it, comes to the conclusion that it is an adaptation of 
mother- right by a tribe which was in the stage of father-right : that 
is, in the stage when kinship is reckoned exclusively through males. 
If we may apply this solution to the Manx case, then we shall hold 
that the Druid ancestors of the families in question were in the 
stage of father-right, and that the rule of descent in question is a 
compromise with the mother- right of the people around them, 
which was alien to their ideas. But, according to Professor Bh^s, 
Druidism was not an Aryan institution : it belonged to one or other 
of the pre- Aryan populations, to a population in any case not 
further advanced than the stage of mother-right. 

These are two samples of the difficulty of discovering racial tests 
in Celtic folklore. It may be that our knowledge of a subject so 
intricate is not yet far enough advanced to permit of our formulating 
any satisfactory tests. But I believe it will be found that folklore 
is more apt to preserve evidence of social states and stages of 
civilisation than evidence of race. For the former purpose it is 
frequently of much value; but we are not in a position, at all events 
yet, to apply it with any certainty to the latter. 

But, though I cannot accept the particular application of the 
doctrine which pervades the book, there can be no doubt that that 
doctrine is in the main sound. More than that, it is one to be 
commended to the earnest attention of antiquaries. We must 
abandon the contempt for folklore as a childish or merely dilettante 
pursuit. Studied as Professor Bhfs studies it, it will yield results 
of practical value for the right understanding of Welsh history. It 
can never, of course, be allowed to contradict the express and well- 
attested evidence of written documents, or buildings ; but it can 
often explain and confirm that evidence. And time after time it 
comes to us from a past, compared with which the past of the 
monuments or of written history is but as yesterday. It comes to 
us charged with the memories of that indefinitely distant period, 
and speaks to us of ancestors whom we have forgotten, and in a 
language which our piety to them, our patriotism, and our respect 
for truth require us to learn. 

Professor fines' book is thus not merely one of entertainment. It 
is indeed that : coming from his hands, it could not be otherwise. 
It is much more : it is an illuminating contribution to our knowledge 
of the Welsh people. 

E. Sidney Hartland. 



REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 61 



Cardiff Records: Being Materials for a History of the County 
Borough from the Earliest Times. Edited by John Hobson 
Matthews, Archivist to the Corporation of Cardiff (author of 
Borough of St. Ives, Cornwall), prepared by authority of the 
Corporation, under the direction of the Records Committee. 
Vols, ii and iii. Cardiff: Published by order of the Corpora- 
tion, and sold by Elliot Stock, 62, Paternoster Row, London, 
1900-1901. 

Since our last notice of this important work, a third volume has 
been issued from the press. The second volume deals with matter 
that will interest the extra- parochial reader. The long series of 
Calendar Rolls and Gaol Files, running from Henry VIII to 
George IV, afford some " fine confused reading." Crime, religious 
persecution, and savage reprisal, alternate with comic details, and so 
make out the mixed drama of mediaeval life. 

In 1564, two women were burnt for murder and treason. The 
murder was probably that of their husbands, a crime which was 
designated as petty treason. 

The Criminal Law of England, as revised and corrected by King 
Henry VIII, was a code that would have disgraced Benin. A theft 
of any article exceeding in value one crown was felony, punishable 
by death. Men were hanged, women were drowned ; for husband 
murder, the guilty wife was liable to be boiled instead of burned. 
High treason was, of course, a more serious offence, and carried a 
heavier penalty. The criminal was gutted alive, and then cut into 
four quarters, the joints being afterwards distributed as convenience 
suggested. Such were the arguments used by King Harry in his 
not-infrequent religious disputations, as our Archivist observes : 
"The England of the Tudors was an uncomfortable abode for 
persons placed, either by conscience or criminality, in a position of 
antagonism to the laws." 

In 1588, the Bailiffs were presented for " permitting sorcerers." 

In 1619, it incidentally appears that codfish and salmon were 
each worth 3d. apiece, not a pound. The same year William 
Morgan, of Neath, gent., was indicted for the expression of atheis- 
tical tenets. 

In 1716, certain inhabitants of Cardiff and Cowbridge were 
presented for wearing oak leaves on the birthday of the Young 
Pretender, and drinking to the " king over the water," and singing — 

" God send our king well home from Lorraine, 
And let the man have his mare again." 

Edward Purcell, shoemaker, was presented for " drinking several 
disaffected healths." 

1759. Coroner's Inquest at Cardiff, on view of the body of 
Edmund fflaharty, found that several sailors of the crew belonging 
to the ship called the Eagle Galley of Bristol, armed with pikes, 



62 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OP BOOKS. 

swords, cutlasses, pistols and muskets, had in a street in the said 
town of Cardiff, called Homanby Street, an affray with the orew of the 
Aldbrongh man-of-war, who were similarly armed, and that several 
pistols and guns were fired, and several blows and wounds given, 
and that the deceased was then shot by a person unknown. 

July, 1770. The Grand Jury present that Henry Knight, of 
Laleston, in the County of Glamorgan, Esq., challenged Thomas 
Bennet, of the same parish, Esq., to fight a duel, by writing him 
the following letter : — 

" Respect to the Company prevented my taking the proper Notice 
of the Insolence of your language yesterday at Ewenny, but it 
were Disrespect to my self not to resent it now. I therefore 
acquaint Your Self Importance that you behaved like a Fool and 
spoke like a Liar, which I am ready to make good as a Gentleman 
ought, when and wheresoever you think proper to appoint. 

" Tythegstone, Dec. 30, 1769. "Hen. Knight. 

" Send your answer by bearer." 

" Your Self Importance " is distinctly telling, but it is very clear 
that Squire Bennet was not drawn, as the Grand Jury presented 
Squire Knight seven months after date of letter. 

It would seem as if popular sentiment against the duello had 
been aroused in Glamorganshire long before the inhabitants of other 
counties in South Wales gave the matter a thought ; for instance, at 
least two duels were fought in Pembrokeshire during the forties of 
the nineteenth century. 

Again, in 1791, we find a presentation that one " Richard Griffiths, 
late of the town of Cardiff, in the county of Glamorgan, Esquire, 
being an evil disposed Person and a disturber of the peace of our 
Lord the now King, and intending to do great bodily harm and 
mischief to Wm. Lewis, late of the Parish of Whitchurch, in the 
said county of Glamorgan, Esquire, and to provoke and incite him, 
the s'd Will. Lewis, unlawfully to fight a duel." 

This is endorsed, No true Bill. 

Richard Griffiths was a surgeon and coroner, apparently somewhat 
a rowdy, for in the next year he is again presented for assaulting 
John Price, Gentleman, at Cardiff, " by beating him about the head 
with the butt-end of a large riding whip." This time the Jury 
found a " True Bill." 

Under the date April, 1794, our Archivist laments "that the 
general march of progress should involve the decay of the art of 
caligraphy, a curious and lamentable fact of which these records 
contain ample evidence. As we leave the Middle Ages and pursue 
our researches into records of later and later date, the parchment 
becomes worse, the ink fainter, and the handwriting more and more 
flimsy, confused, and difficult to decipher." 

There are certain Welsh Records in London, and from these Mr. 
Hobson Matthews has drawn. 



REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 63 

In a bundle known as Glamorgan Papers there is a curious pro- 
cedure, by which Edward Carne, High Sheriff, 1555, is challenged 
on the ground of Cosenage, that is to say, it was asserted (and 
proved by pedigree) that the High Sheriff was related to the 
opposite party. It would seem (in Wales, at all events, where 
every gentleman kept his pedigree) as if legal business was likely 
to be brought to a standstill by Cosenage. 

In the R. 0. Chantries Certificates (74), South Wales, we find 
what may be termed the the earliest Welsh Census. Besides 
enumerating the plate, vestments, bells, &c, the Commissioners, 
Sir Thomas Johns, Knyght, David Broke, Sargyant-at-Law, John 
Basset, John Bastall, and John Phillip Morgan, gentilmen, record 
the number of ** howseling people " in certain towns. Howseling 
people • were Easter communicants of both sexes. The record 
works out as follows : — 

1100 



Carmarthen . . . 


• • • 


Tenby 


900 


Newport 


660 


Chepstowe 


480 


Karly on 


400 


Llantwith Major 


360 


\J oxL • • • • • • 


350 


Cowbridge 


300 


Abergavenny 


300 



In a certain tin box in the Town Clerk's safe are a number of 
miscellaneous documents, a good many being receipted bills. 
Among them we find : — 

December 29, 1 742. 

For the use of Tom pain. 

Hat and oil case 

Fales shirt and crav vet 

Gloves and hose 

Shooes 

The Carpenter, Wood and labour 

Black ribbon 

To making the Efigi of Tom pain 

To three days serving the pubblications 





3 







2 


6 




4 


2 




7 


6 




5 










4 


1 


1 







6 





£2 


9 


6 



If the magistrates will give an order for half the above sum it 
will be very sufficient. B. Williams. 



64 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OP BOOKS. 

7br. the 4th, 94. 
Pay the Sum of one pound four shillings and 9d. to Samuel 
Philips. Henry Hollibr. 

Mr. John Evans — 
Pay Watkin William Hangman the sum of five shillings for 
Hanging Tom pain, and at last burnt him. B. Williams. 

Cardiff, February the 22nd, 1793. 

Mr. John Evans — 

The bearer, Watkin Williams, alias hangman to Tom pain, was 
promised half a guinea for the Job. You have p'd him five shillings 
in part, pay him the remainder and place it to the Corporation 
account. B. Williams. 

Watkin Williams p'd. 

Mr. John Evans, Cardiff. 

As might be expected, the Custom House Records of Cardiff 
afford some interesting items. The MSS. consist of order books 
signed by the chief officials of the Trinity House, letter-books with 
copies of letters sent from Cardiff to heads of departments, books 
recording the vessels which have harboured in Cardiff, account- 
books, &g. These were kept in a loft over the Custom House. In 
the year 1897 our Archivist employed three weeks in making 
extracts from these muniments. " My desk," says he, " was a sea- 
man's chest, my seat a roll of canvas. There was not room to 
stand up, and the services of a tallow candle were employed to give 
the required light. The books were covered with the dust 
of at least a score years, yet I never spent a more enjoyable three 
weeks." 

In 1689, the Lords of the Treasury direct Exchequer and 
Revenue officers not to refuse cracked money in payment of their 
salaries. 

Special orders were issued in 1690 for preventing the escape of 
Jacobite refugees, and similar directions were given the Customs 
officers in 1710, who were then to look out for incoming detrimentals, 
priests, Irish officers, and Papists generally, who were swarming 
over from the Continent in the interests of the Old Pretender. 

The letter-books contain frequent reports as to smugglers, and 
complaints that the Coast Guard were insufficient for the work 
they had to do. 

In 1745, the Customs officers were warned to look out for dis- 
affected persons. They reply that in Glamorgan there are no 
Papists or Nonjurors, except a few "of the meaner sort ;" but they 
draw attention to the undefended condition of the South-west coast 
of Wales. 

" What we have most reason to be afraid of here, is, the landing 
of a fforeign fforce to the Westward, the Countys of Pembroke, 
Carmarthen, and Glamorgan having not one place of any strength 
to resist their progress, besides the want of arms." 



REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 65 

Towards the end of the eighteenth century the smugglers bad it 
all their own way in the Bristol Channel. A scamp of the name 
of Knight actually seized and fortified Barry Island, defying the 
Crown. 

Mr. Hobson Mathews concludes his second volume with a Common 
Place Book, lent for this purpose by Mr. Oliver Jones, of Fonmon 
Castle. This interesting note- book was written by William Morgan, 
of Coed-y-Gouer, Esq., and his steward, 1708-1736. It consists of 
private accounts, interspersed with notes on matters of considerable 
interest, and presents a picture of the daily life of a country 
gentleman, of modest fortune but ancient lineage. 

The third instalment of Cardiff Records was issued by our 
Archivist in August, 1901. In it he deals with Charter Rolls 
indirectly affecting the municipality, though many of them are 
extremely interesting to Cardiffians. For instance, the Patent 
given at Carlisle, June 24, 1307, by King Edward I, to Master 
Henry de Lancarvan, Custodian of the Castle of Kaerdyf and 
Chancellor in the parts of Glamorgan, informing that the king had 
granted unto Ralph de Monthermer, Earl of Gloucester, the 
custody which to us belongs of all the lands in Wales, and in the 
March of Wales outside the county, which had fallen to the Crown 
by the death of Joan, widow of Gilbert de Clare, and the minority 
of her son Gilbert, and directing him to hand over the Castle to the 
aforesaid Ralph de Monthermer. 

Edward III, in 1327, states that he, before he took up the reins 
of government, in conjunction with the Lady Isabel, Queen of 
England, his most dear mother, granted to Walter Cote, Thomas 
Balcluer, Thomas de Chiselbergh, and John de Long, mariners ot 
Bristol, for their gratuitous service, the ship with all the gear 
thereof, which Hugh le Despencer the younger sailed into Cardiff, 
which grant he now confirms. 

6 Ed. Ill ordains that wool staples for Wales be held in the 
king's towns only : at Shrewsbury and Kaermardyn, and not in 
Kaerdyf, which is not one of the king's towns. 

39 Hen. VI, we find that John Derell, of Cardyft, and his son, 
were "taken prisoners on the sea by our Breton enemies," and 
detained until the son shall find a pledge for the said John, and 
that the son himself is held to bail in dire straits in prison there for 
the payment of 1,000 crowns. To relieve these unfortunates, the 
king allows them to ship " ten sarplars of wool of Welsh growth, and 
all other merchandise not belonging to the staple of Cales, in one 
ship or divers ships, once or divers times in our ports of Wareham 
Pole or Weymouth to any foreign part," as ransom. 

Apparently, English shipowners did not like the job, for in the 
following year, 1461, another permit is given, this time for a certain 
ship called the Andrewe of Seint Malowes in Brittany, of the 
burden of 50 dolia or less, whereof is master John Curteys, to 
bring Geoffrey le Cren, William lc Breton, James Tourbault, 
William le Bourcier, and Bartholomew Ouall, merchants of 
6th ser,, vol. ii. 5 



66 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 

Brittany, and their factors and attorneys, with two servants or less 
in their company, and sixteen mariners and one paget, to England 
to fetch the ransom. 

Under the head of Chancery Proceedings, 1559, there is an 
interesting case concerning Mises. 

Mises were payment of money to overlords, for privileges 
granted. 

In 1559, William, Earl of Pembroke, craves for a Subpssna to 
compel Thomas Mathewe, gentleman, and others, of Miseyn, and 
Glynrhonda which are parcels of the Lordship of Glamorgan, to 
appear before the Court of Chancery, and answer why they have 
not paid their proportion of the mise due to the said Earl at his 
succession to the said Lordship, nnder grant of the late Lord 
Edward the Sixth. 

The answer is that King Henry VIII abolished mises and other 
Marcher customs, except that the lord may levy one mise on suc- 
cession. But the seignory of Glamorgan was not granted to the 
complainant, and was vested in the crown, and is since descended to 
the Quene's Majestie our Moste dread Sou'ayne Lady that now ys, 
and yet dothe remayn in her highness ungyven or granted as these 
Defendants suppose. 

It may be a question whether the wills of dead and gone 
Cardiffians, entered into the Prerogative Court of Canterbury and 
now deposited in Somerset House, can rightly be described as 
" public records of the municipality " ; be that as it may, there is 
some interesting reading in the selection given us by Mr. George 
Frederick Matthews. These documents date from Aug. 4, 1470, to 
Aug. 19, 1778. Men and women of the present day are not so " house- 
proud " as their predecessors, and do not take such an interest in their 
individual belongings. This laudable acquisitiveness of our ancestors 
led them to introduce a list of curious odds-and-ends into their 
testaments. For instance, we find David William of Llanedun, 
1598, Oct. 25, leaves " Household stuff to daughters excepte my 
best feather bedd w'th his app'tenances, my best panne and my 
best brasen crock e." 

Edward Collins, of Cardiff, Cordiner, 1636, May 11, leaves all to 
his daughter Sissill Collins ; and for her information writes out an 
inventory, among which we find " one slice, a frying pan, one pair 
of brigons, one brandiernes, two Iron hangers for to hould the pott, 
one pott hooke, one back stone. Item in the Gog loft, one p're of 
horse potts, two old brasse pans for the curriers vse to hould tallow 
with other things." 

Anne Evans, alias Samford, of Cardiff, widow, 1650, leaves to 
James Evans " one dowst bead " chaff bed. 

Mary Bandy, widow, 1663, had a room in her house she calls 
" the Shiffleboard Chamber." 

Anne Dunne, of Bumney, widow, 1700, leaves Jenett Owen " the 
bed and bedstead and all that belongs to it in the other roome, one 
little table, one chnrne, one posnett, and one paille. To Catherine 



REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 67 

Dunne, one brass pan. To Jane, daughter of Thomas Dunne, one 
mare colt and one iron crock. I doe settle the best cow towarde my 
funeral charge." 

Jane Herberto, of "ye White ffryers, spinster, 1707, leaves the 
wife of Mr. Ho wells " one broad. Scepter piece to buy her a ring." 

Miles Williams, of Rumney, Yeoman, 1712, also leaves a piece 
of gold, com'only called a Scepter, to his son George. 

Alderman Christopher Matthews, 1716, leaves his wife 1,000 
Coraish-tiles, «his pewter alembic, his slice or fire shovel, his best 
pillion and cloth. l£is second-best periwig to his kinsman John 
Lewis, of Lantrisant; to his father-in-law his best hat and the 
mourning band about it. To Henry Williams, currier. " one old hat, 
my best light coloured coat, and one drugget waistcoat; a pair of 
leather britches, a pair of leather spatter dashes, and a kersey 
riding coat." 

To his maid servant, Sarat^ Bembrick," my old night gown and a 
pair of black gloves. To son William, a flat brass candlestick with a 
handle to it, a copper chocolate pot, a tin coffee pot, one bright 
defender or toaster, with its fork, &c, and a twigging chair, with 
three choice Baizors, all my study of books in my closebt or else- 
where, particularly Queen Ann's com'on prayer, done in her reign, 
and the large Bible bought at Bristoll." 

There can be no -question our Archivist has most thoroughly 
done his Cardiff. He concludes with the inscriptions on the grave- 
stones, and brings these down as late as 1873. 

We cannot close this Paper without drawing attention to the 
beautiful illustrations in these two volumes, which were arranged by 
Mr. John Ballinger, the very able Librarian of the Free Library. 
Mr. Thomas Henry Thomas, R.C.A., is much to be commended for 
the initials, head- and tail-pieces, some reproductions, others 
original, all good. 



archaeological jSatrs and fiurrfnt. 

Old Cardiff. — While carrying oat certain alterations at 14, 
High Street, Cardiff, for Messrs. Stevens, Ltd., some interesting 
relies of old Cardiff were brought to light. 



Figs. 1 to S. — Stoneware Jugs, etc., found at Cardiff. 

It appears that the ground beneath this particular spot has not 
been uncovered to any appreciable extent during recent years. A 
network of old walla and older foundations were unearthed ; 
amongst which was a walled pit, about 5 ft. square and 14 fib. deep, 
the bottom of the pit was filled, for some three or four feet; 
with large loose stones ; probably when its original intention was 
abandoned. Above these stones was a heterogeneous collection of 
Early green and brown glazed pottery, Early stoneware Delft, 
some fragments of what must originally have been very beantifnl 
specimens of glass — old spirit bottles, and a fairly good collection of 
old tobacco-pipes. The illustrations represent only a few of the 
most perfect pieces. 



Afcctt-fcoLoatCAt NotES Asb QtfBRtfcs. 69 

Fig. 1 is a fragment of a circular yellow and green glazed 
perforated dish, originally abont 12 in. in diameter and 3 in. high. 
The dish evidently stood on onrionsly-shaped pointed feet; above 



the remaining foot is a representation of a nun, with folded bands, 
in the act of prayer. Whether the dish, which appears to have 
had a cover, was used for charcoal or for perfume, it is difficult 
to say. 



70 ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 

Fig. 2. — A brown glazed stoneware jug, 7 ins. high; temp., 
Elizabeth. 

Figs. 3, 4, a stoneware tyg and lug. Circa, 1650. 

Fig. 5. — A white glazed pot, 2| ins. in diameter. A number of 
similar pieces have, from time to time, been fonnd in Cardiff. 

Fig. 6. — A collection of Cromwellian, Dutch, and other tobacco 
pipes ; above which are two glass spirit-bottles, a very thin glass 
bottle, and an agateware jng. 

A ballista, circular in shape, and 14 ins. in diameter, composed of 
Sutton stone, was also unearthed about 9 ft. below the street level. 
A similar specimen was found at Caerphilly Castle a few years ago. 
Sutton stone was quarried near Southerndown, Bridgend, and very 
extensively used in Glamorgan during the Norman and thirteenth- 
century periods. 

, George E. Hallidat. 



Dogs on Treadmills. — A singular — maybe cruel— custom prevails 
on small farms in Wales. It was mentioned at Carnarvon Petty 
Sessions on Saturday, when a farmer named Owen Jones was charged 
with causing a dog to be ill-treated and tortured. The dog was 
used for churning purposes, said the prosecuting solicitor. A large 
wheel was placed in a slanting position outside the house, and this, 
by means of a crank, turned a churn. The motive power was the 
dog, which had to pedal the wheel in much the same fashion as 
prisoners worked the treadmill. In the present instance a rope 
attached to the wall was passed through the dog's collar, so that 
when the animal became exhausted he could not rest, as if he slipped 
off the wheel he would have to hang on until he regained his 
position, the result being partial strangulation. 

Mr. Trevor Williams, veterinary surgeon, said the custom was a 
cruel one, and a dog could work for only a few seconds unless he 
was tied. The custom existed in Anglesey twenty or thirty years 
ago, but it had now been abandoned. 

For the defence Mr. Roberts said the custom was common among 
small farmers, and the dogs worked willingly. He produced a dog 
in court which was said to be " a hundred years old," and had done 
wheel work for years and was still in good condition. * 

Mr. Davidson, a veterinary surgeon, said he saw the dog working 
quietly for twenty minutes without a chain, and there was absolutely 
no cruelty. 

The magistrates said they would see the dog work, in order to 
decide for themselves if the practice was a cruel one. — Daily Mail, 
April 15th, 1901. 



Llandennt Parish Church, Monmouthshire. — Most of the Mon- 
mouthshire churches have, from time to time, been described^in the 
Archoeologia Cambrensis ; but so far as the writer can ascertain, no 



ARCttSOLOGICAL NOTES AHD QUERIES. 71 

notice has been given of the old church at Llandenny-by-Usk, 
dedicated to St. John. 

The fabric consists of a lofty and well-proportioned western 
tower, nave, chancel, and sonth porch. In the churchyard is one 
of the four old Lych gates still remaining to the Diocese of Llan- 
daff (fig. 1). 

The tower apparently dates from the fifteenth oentnry, and con- 
tains the unnsnal features of the turret stairway being formed of 
solid blocks of oak, about 12 ins. deep, built into the wall, and evi- 
dently forming part of the original design. Considering its age, 
the staircase is in very good repair. 

Until the recent reparation was begun, the nave appeared to be 



Fig. 1. — Lych-gate at Llan den ny. 

coeval with the tower, but on removing the internal wall plaster 
the writer found, on the north nave wall, sufficient indications to 
show that the tower and part of this wall formed an addition to an 
earlier building. This was conclusively proved by the bringing to 
light, of an Early window opening, solidly built up some 15 ft. west 
of the chancel arch (fig. 2), the external face of which was com- 
pletely masked by a comparatively Late buttress. 

Taking into consideration the position of the window, its ex- 
tremely small opening of barely 3 ins., with an internal splay of 
3 ft. 8 ins., there seems every reason to suppose that this formed 
part of a very Early church of probably pre-Norman date. The 
opening is not grooved for glass, neither has it the appearance of 
the small circular -headed Norman window frequently met with in 



72 AltCH^OLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 



MlCttMOtOCACAt NOTES AMD QUERIES. 73 



'cA. ■ '.• 

Fig. 3. — Double Recess in Llandenny Churcli. 




74 ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUHRIKS. 

Monmouthshire and Glamorgan shire. Almost below the window is 
a donble recess (fig. 3), of apparently coeval date. 

While the work was in progress, an incident occurred which 
considerably strengthens this supposition. 

About 40 years ago, a curious stone was dug up (together with a 



Fig. G. — Rood-Staircase in Llandenny Church. 

quern), in what is called the " Church field," belonging to Cayo 
Farm, situate near the church, being a handy stone 1 ft. 9 ins. long 
by 9 ins. wide. It was promptly built into the wall of an outhouse 
then in course of construction, where it remained until recently, 
when some alterations were being made, and this stone was begged 
by the Vicar, who had it moved to the church. 



ARCH^OLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 75 

This pedestal piscina — for such it undoubtedly is — takes a very 
unusual form (fig. 4). A square bowl with a chevron incised on 
each face, a square shaft with slightly rounder angles, and a square 
base with an incised semicircle, also cut on each face. 

The bowl is perforated, and the drain takes the form of a V-shaped 
incision, running down the shaft and base. Whether the bowl 
was an afterthought, as it cuts through the decoration of the base, 
and whether the pedestal was isolated or stood against a wall, is a 
matter of conjecture. It seems, however, to have formed part of 
the very early building. 

The Rood staircase is in excellent preservation (fig. 5). The 
communion cup, with its paten cover, are dated and hall-marked 
1576 ; both are in excellent repair, and are good examples of 
Elizabethan work. 

George E. Hallidat. 



Pembrokeshire Association for the Preservation of Ancient 
Monuments. — The Annual General Meeting oi the Committee of 
this Association was held at the Temperance Hall, Haverfordwest, 
on Tuesday, November 12th, 1901, with Mr. Edward Laws in the 
Chair. 

The Minutes of the previous meeting were read, and certain 
accounts were passed for payment. 

The Chairman expressed his view that the Ecclesiastical Com- 
missioners, who were the owners of the building, should repair the 
tower of Llawhaden Castle. The Rev. I. Grey Lloyd, of Bosherton, 
reported that Flimston Chapel was to be restored; and Mr. James 
Thomas, Haverfordwest, reported that Non's Well, St. David's, had 
been put into good repair by the owner. 

On the termination of the above proceedings, the Annual General 
Meeting was held. 

The Honourable the Lady Kensington, the President, took the 
Chair at 3 p.m. The following were among those present : The 
Venerable Archdeacon Williams, Rev. I. Grey Lloyd, Rev. J J 
Sewell (Wiston), Rev. James Phillips, Rev. O. D. Campbell, Rev. 
C. Harrison, Rev. C. M. Phelps, Rev. Charles Chidlow, Mr. Joseph 
Thomas, Mr. Edward Laws, Mr. James Thomas, Mr. S. Rees, Mr. 
T. L. James, Mr. A. J. Wright, Mr. D. Edward Thomas, Dr. Henry 
Owen, Mr. J. W. Phillips (secretary), Mrs. and the Misses Wilson; 
Mrs. Armstrong, Mrs. Harrison, Miss Ada Thomas, and Mr. H. W. 
Williams. 

Lady Kensington, who was cordially received on rising, said she 
felt rather out of place, because she knew so little of what had gone 
on concerning the business of the society. But she understood that 
for some years past it had rested with individuals in the county to 
take an interest in preserving the ancient buildings, preventing 
their destruction, and helping to restore and repair them. But now 
the object was to form a nucleus of all interested in that necessary 



76 ARdri^olodidAt Ndttfs Atfb QtfUftllSS. 

and important work, and if she was right that was one of the first 
meetings that had been called to draw everyone together. She 
considered it a great honour to be asked to be present, and only 
wished that she knew a little more about it. Bat she had a strong 
interest in the society, and shonld always be glad to do anything she 
could to help preserve the buildings that wfere either in danger of 
being pulled , down, or left to decay, or, worse still, repaired in an 
ignorant manner. She would say no more now, but ask for the 
report to be read. 

Mr. Edward Laws then read the following report : — 

Report of the Proceeding* of the Association for the Preservation of 
Ancient Monuments in the County of Pembroke for tJie past 
year. 

Llawhaden Castle. — The Earl Cawdor, with the Bishops of St. 
David's and Llandaff, have been asked- to use their influence with 
the Ecclesiastical Commissioners respecting this historic ruin ; but, 
unfortunately, owing to the difficulty of settling the question of the 
rent, little progress has so far been made. We have, however, 
obtained permission to cut such of the trees as are causing damage 
to the walls, under the direction of Mr. James Thomas, and the 
work will be carried out without delay. 

Roch Castled — This castle has got into good hands, and the present 
owner, J. Wynford Philipps, Esq., M.P., is with true archaeological 
spirit, under the direction of Dr. Henry Owen and other antiquaries, 
securing the building from further decay. The walls are being 
pointed, and windows, doors, &c., carefully restored. The outer 
casing of the walls in places was in a very bad state, and con- 
siderable portions of the parapet have fallen. 

Carew Castle. — The end window of the Banqueting Hall is in a 
very bad condition, and the whole window will soon come down ; 
the owner has been communicated with. He has removed the ivy 
from the walls, and keeps the castle in excellent order, but the 
restoration of the window would be a very heavy expense ; the 
work of preservation of the home of their race might well be under- 
taken by the numerous members of the Carew family in the West 
of England, in Ireland, and elsewhere. 

Haverfordwest Castle. — The Chairman of the Committee and other 
members have visited this castle with the County Surveyor. If the 
work they suggested is carried out, it is to be expected that the 
tower, which was in danger of falling, will be permanently pre- 
served. 

The Palmer Stone in St. Thomas 9 Church, Haverfordwest. — This 
monument has been removed from the pavement, and placed upright 
against the wall of the Tower. The work has been most carefully 
carried out under the direction of Mr. Henry Mathias, of Haver- 
fordwest, all expenses being defrayed by subscriptions collected 
locally. 

Noris Well, St. David's. — Under your direction the attention of 



ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 77 

the Dean and Chapter has been called to the arch of this ancient 
well, which is badly in need of repair, and they undertook last year 
to get the necessary repairs carried out. Unfortunately, the matter 
appears to have been overlooked, and further damage has been 
done, apparently by mischievous persons displacing a large stone 
and breaking off another. The Dean has now promised to have the 
work done as soon as the permission of the owner and occupier has 
been obtained. 

Erratic Block of Picrite near St. David 9 s. — Steps are being taken 
for the protection of this block from farther injury. 

The Martyr Stone. — Efforts have been made to get this memorial 
replaced in its original position, near the top of High Street, Haver- 
fordwest, but so far without success, as the present owners refuse 
to part with it. 

Haroldston Ruins. — The owners of these ruins have been com- 
municated with, with a view to the better preservation of the place, 
but no replies were received to the letter written. 

Tenby Church Yard. — Owing to the efforts of the Chairman, the 
ancient archway giving entrance to the churchyard from St. 
George Street, which was blocked up by a cobbler's shop, has been 
cleared. 

Velindre in Llysy/ran. — The Committee have recently visited a 
lately-discovered incised cross of uncommon design, on a gatepost 
in a field. Mr. Phillips, ttie occupier of the farm, is fully alive to 
the importance of this ancient relic. 

The Lady Chapel, St. DavicFi. — The Committee were much pleased 
to hear that the Lady Chapel at St. David's Cathedral m>s been 
excellently restored, under the direction of the Dean and Chapter ; 
they trust that the other roofless chapels will shortly be covered in, 
and their contents preserved, and that the ruins of St. Mary's 
College will receive the^ attention of which it is so much in need. 

The Committee have much pleasure in stating that Lady 
Kensington has consented to become President of the Association, 
and the Bishop of St. David's, Sir Owen Scourfield, Bart, J. 
Wynford Philipps, Esq*, M.P., and Captain F. L. Lloyd-Philipps, 
Vice-Presidents. 

We have to mourn that loss of two most enthusiastic members, by 
the deaths of Mr. James Phillips, of Honeyborough, and Mr. John 
James, of Haverfordwest ; both these gentlemen were keenly 
interested in the antiquities of the county, and were always ready 
to give information or assistance when required. 

It would be of great assistance if members would make known 
the objects of the Association as widely as possible : not only with a 
view to increased membership amongst persons in a position to 
join us, but amongst the farmers and labouring classes as well. 
We should • then, perhaps, have no more cromlechs destroyed, or 
historic buildings wilfully injured; and when newly- discovered 
antiquities come to light there will be some chance of their being 
preserved for future generations. 



78 ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 

Mr. Laws, commenting npon the rebort, said they would notice 
that the work had not been done by the Association, but by members 
of the Association. They would also notice that they had a respect- 
able balance in hand of £54 6s. 9d. The work could not be done 
without money, and the first thing to do was to get a good balance 
in hand, and when they had that they could undertake some con- 
siderable work. It was no good to fritter what they had away. 
They must still trust to the generosity of individual members for* 
any work that was to be done. In the Committee they had been 
talking about Llawhaden Castle, which seemed to him to be one of 
the most important things they had to attend to. From the 
octagonal tower the stones had been stolen, until it was undercut 
in such a manner that it was nothing but a bird trap, and might be 
blown down at any time. This was a very beautiful tower, and was 
the property of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. Surely, he was 
right in saying that this property was in their hands, as the trustees 
of the nation, and the antiquities were as much their trust as any 
other of the property. They had among them several of the Eccle- 
siastical Commissioners, and every one of the local members was in 
favour of the work being done. Lord Cawdor was anxious that it 
should be done. The Bishop of St. David's who was Baron 
Llawhaden — the Castle was really a possession of the See, one of 
the Ecclesiastical palaces — was naturally in favour of it ; and the 
Bishop of Llandaff, who was a near neighbour, was also most 
anxious. The three local Commissioners were not, therefore, guilty of 
neglect. He would suggest that the Bishop of St. David's, as Baron, 
should be asked to call upon the solicitors to the Commissioners, 
and see what could be done. He might say that one of their most 
active members, Dr. Henry Owen, would be delighted to accompany 
his Lordship, if that could be arranged. Even if they had the 
money, he did not think they should be called upon to repair this 
Castle. It was the duty of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and 
they should do it. With regard to Boch Castle, he was fortunate 
enough to go there with Dr. Owen, who was looking after the 
matter with Mr. Wynford Philipps, and the ladders being up, he 
went to the top of the Castle : a place he had never been to before. 
He had no idea it was in such a terrible condition. The whole of 
the mortar was eaten out, and the structure was at the mercy of the 
weather. It was most fortunate that it had fallen into the hands of 
Mr. Philipps, who, he thought, had a good man to do the work. 
Carew Castle was a more difficult question. People had scolded 
Mr. Trollope about it, but he had done as much to it as could be 
done. The worst was the Perrot ban que ting-hall. That was never 
finished. He did not think it was ever roofed ; if it was roofed it 
was never floored. Although it was, perhaps, the most beautiful 
building in the county, the work in it was not so good. It was in 
a very bad condition ; in such a state, in fact, that they could not put 
a ladder against it. The only thing to do would be to put a 
scaffolding all round it, and then take it down and rebuild it. 



ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 79 

9 

Mr. Trollope had secured with iron stays the older part, and had 
done all he could about it. He was, therefore, afraid that the 
Perrot work was doomed. As to Haverfordwest Castle, he was 
happy to say that the County Council was going to attend to it. 
The matter was before the Publio Works Committee the other day, 
and they recommended that £100 should be spent in securing the 
tower. The placing of the Palmer Stone in St. Thomas' Church 
was, he thought, satisfactory. Non's Well had been repaired. The 
block of Picrite, some: people would say, was rather a matter for 
geologists than archaeologists, but still they were all anxious that 
it should be protected. With regard to the Martyr's Stone, the 
town sold their stone for half-a-crown, he thought. 
Rev. James Phillips : " Who sold it, Mr. Laws ? " 
Mr. T. L. James: It was being taken down, and Mr. Lloyd 
Phillips asked what was going to bo done with it. He was told it 
was going to be broken up, and he said, " Give it to me, and I will 
take care of it." 

Mr. Laws : " O, that was what was done ?" Continuing, Mr. Laws 
said he did not know that anything was being done about Harolds- 
ton rains, because the gentleman would not answer their letters * 
they were put in the waste-paper basket, presumably. He did not 
know what was the matter. The stone at Llysyfran was being used 
as a gatepost, bnt he did not think it was in particular danger, and 
the occupier was certainly aware that it was worth taking care of. 
Who the owner was, they had not yet ascertained. Then, as to the 
Lady Chapel, they must all congratulate the Dean and Chapter 
upon having the roof on, and the building restored. The Dean was 
carrying out the traditions of his office. His predecessors had done 
very good work there, and the present Dean seemed anxious to 
follow in their steps. In conclusion, Mr. Laws said he was sure 
they were all obliged to Lady Kensington for coming there, and 
occupying the Chair. 

Rev. Mr. Lloyd moved the adoption of the report and accounts 
which he described as extremely satisfactory. Borne was not 
built in a day, and they could not expect to have all these restora- 
tions effected in a moment. But they had made a good start, and 
it rested with those who followed them to continue the good work 
of preserving these relics. 

Dr. Owen seconded. He did not quite agree with what his friend, 
Mr. Laws, had said as to Carew Castle. He did not think they 
should let the Perrot work fall without an effort. He had made a 
study of the Carew family, and he thought that if it were made 
known among the members of the House of Carew that it was 
tumbling down, they might get some money to do the work. It 
was worth trying. He thought the most valuable work that had 
been done was at Roch Castle. It was one of the most prominent 
and best known landmarks in the country ; and but for the Society, 
that " wretched old ruin," as it was called by the County Council 
would have tumbled down. 



80 ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 

Mr. James Thomas, Rock House, said he wished to correct an 
error in the report. Non's Well had now been put into perfectly 
good repair by the Trustees of the Estate, and it was in a satisfactory 
condition. 

Mr. Laws expressed his pleasure at receiving this information. 

The motion for the adoption of the report having been agreed to, 

Archdeacon Williams proposed a hearty vote of thanks to Lady 
Kensington for presiding. It was no ordinary kindness, because 
those of them who left home early that morning, knew what a 
terrible morning it was. It required a good deal of determination 
to get one to face the elements, and come all the distance her 
Ladyship had to traverse ; and by her doing that she hall shown the 
great interest she took in the welfare of that Association. He was 
sure that as long as they had Lady Kensington to preside over tfte 
Association, and watch the interests of the Association, it was sure 
to be very successful in saving all those historic monuments 
throughout this very interesting county, and which they all so 
earnestly desired to see handed down to generations to- come. He 
proposed a very warm vote of thanks to Lady Kensington, for her 
kindness in coming there to preside. 

Mr. Joseph Thomas said he had very great pleasure in seconding 
the vote of thanks. 

Lady Kensington thanked them all very much, because she 
considered it a great honour to be asked to be President of that 
Association. It was a subject in which for years she had taken the 
greatest possible interest, especially in relation to this county, with 
which she had been so long associated. She would always take a 
great interest in it, and should look to Dr. Owen to keep her 
informed of what was going on, so that she could help forward the 
work. She was very much afraid that morning that she would not 
have been able to come in, because they had a south-westerly gale 
on such as they only could get on that bit of coast, and she thought 
that if she was blown into town by the gale, she would not get back 
again. But happily the wind calmed down, and she was able to 
come. She hoped that would only be the first of many such 
meetings. 

The proceedings then terminated.— (From the Pembroke County 
Guardian of November 16th, 1901.) 



The Late Sir STEPHEN R. GLYNNE, Bart 



3|lrcftaeat0jgia tifomlrrfnsis. 



SIXTH SERIES.— VOL. II, PART II. 



APRIL, 1902. 

NOTES ON THE OLDER CHURCHES 

IN THE 

FOUR WELSH DIOCESES. 

BY THE LATE SIR STEPHEN R. GLYNNE, BART. 
(Continued from vol. i, p. 278.) 



MONMOUTHSHIRE. 

Abergavenny (St. Mary). 

July, 1836. 

This has been a very large cruciform church, of which 
the eastern portion, comprising the choir, central tower, 
and transepts remain unaltered, but the western 
portion has been rebuilt in a very poor modern Gothic 
style, and not in a line with the eastern part. The 
exterior even of the choir is much modernised ; the 
tower is massive and embattled, with a square turret at 
its north-west angle, the belfry windows Pointed. The 
western part alone is generally used for service, and is 
pewed and galleried in the fashionable style, and contains 
a good-sized organ. The chancel is completely excluded, 
but apparently used for the administration of the Holy 
Communion. The tower rises upon four lofty Pointed 
arches, which seem to be of simple Decorated character. 
Those on the north and south are on imposts with the 
ball-flower ; the eastern and western on corbels formed 
by heads of saints and bishops. The chancel is lofty, 
but without a clerestory ; on each side are two curious 

6th ser., vol. ii. 6 



82 NOTES ON THE OLDER CHURCHES 

straight-sided arches, springing direct from plain flat 
piers, and forming the divisions of the aisles. The roof 
of the chancel is groined in modern plaster work. The 
windows are Perpendicular ; those at the east end of the 
aisles are of live lights, with some painted glass — that 
at the east end of the chancel is of four lights — those 
in the side of the aisles are of three lights, of a plainer 
description. There is one Decorated of three lights 
on the north side ; the south transept is used as a school. 
The choir contains some elegant wood stalls and desks, 
with beautiful canopies and cornice of vine leaves ; but 
the most conspicuous feature is the abundance of fine 
sepulchral memorials in the choir and its aisles, though 
some of these are much mutilated. In the south aisle, 
beneath a window, is some elegant panelling in stone, 
with niches of ogee canopies containing tracery, upon 
which, on the sill of the window, is the recumbent effigy 
of a cross-legged knight, with a sword by his side and 
a dog at his feet, in excellent preservation. Another 
tomb is of late date, panelled with ogee canopied niches, 
painted and gilt, and containing angel figures, sur- 
mounted by an ogee canopy, and in the back of the 
arch bas-reliefs, representing figures kneeling on 
helmets and shields, and angels crowning the Virgin 
Mary. The effigy is of alabaster, representing a knight. 
Near this is a very large recumbent effigy, with head 
on pillow and an angel at the head. In the middle of 
the choir is an alabaster altar-tomb, on which are 
figures of a knight and lady beneath canopies, painted 
and gilt. On the sides of the tomb are niches con- 
taining saints. There is also another tomb in similar 
style, also with a male and female effigy, and another 
plainer and more mutilated. Another is of earlier 
date, evidently Decorated, and presents two smaller 
effigies, one at the foot of the other, a knight and a lady, 
the former having a shield charged with three fleurs- 
de-lys, and a cornice of foliage running round the tomb. 
There are some more effigies in a shattered state. In 
the south arch is a trefoiled niche with drain. The 



IN THE FOUR WELSH DIOCESES. 83 

font is Early, the bowl of cup form, with rope-moulding 
round it. 

Bassaleg (St. Basil). 

This church has a west tower, a nave with south 
aisle, south porch, and chancel of plain and coarse work, 
chiefly Perpendicular. The tower is embattled, and 
divided into three stages by stringcourses; on its 
north-east is a square turret. The west door is late 
Perpendicular ; over it is a square-headed window ; the 
other openings in the tower are rude and square- 
headed. The nave and aisle are of equal height, and 
slated externally. The tower arch is a plain Pointed 
one ; the south porch large, but quite plain. The 
nave and aisle are very wide, and divided by five 
singularly flat arches, with square piers having imposts. 
From the very remarkable shape of these arches, it 
may be doubted whether they are original ; there are, 
however, some specimens nearly similar in form in parts 
of South Wales and Monmouthshire, in which a rude 
and peculiar style certainly prevails. The windows of 
the nave and aisle are mostly deprived of their tracery ; 
but this seems to have been Perpendicular ; one at the 
west end of the aisle retains its tracery of this 
character, and at the east end is one of three lights, 
which seems to be of poor Decorated style. There is 
a projection on the north side containing a family pew. 
The pews are large, modern, and ugly. The chancel 
arch is not in the centre of the nave, and springs 
abruptly from imposts in the wall. The chancel has a 
Perpendicular east window of four lights, not very good, 
and some square-headed ones on tne south. On the 
north side is a chapel, now closed. There is a large 
modern monument in the chancel, to Lady Morgan of 
Tredegar, obiit. 1808, with portraits in sculpture of her 
seven children. The east window contains painted 
glass, executed by the daughter of the Vicar. The 
font is cup-shaped, and appears modern. On the south 
side of the church, and quite detached, is a small 



n ° 



84 NOTES ON THE OLDER CHURCHES 

Perpendicular chapel of plain character ; with the east 
window of three lights and the roof, ribbed in shape of 
arch. 

Caerwent (St. Stephen). 

This church has a west tower, a nave, and chancel ; 
the former of which has had a south aisle, the latter 
both north and south aisles. The tower is Perpen- 
dicular, of excellent masonry, but plain and without 
buttresses. It has a battlement, an octagon turret at 
the south east, and square-headed belfry window, with 
tracery and lattice-work. On the west side a plain 
door and small window ; the other openings small and 
square. There is a large north porch of two stories, 
the arch of entrance finely moulded, with small shafts 
having capitals, and one course of moulding flowered. 
The chancel is large, and about equal in length to the 
nave ; the chancel arch good Early English, having 
excellent mouldings and clustered shafts, with good 
capitals, but clogged with whitewash. The nave has 
had a south aisle, of which the foundations are seen. 
In the wall are seen two plain Pointed arches, without 
mouldings, large buttresses being inserted on the piers. 
A wretched modern window is inserted in the wall. 
The chancel was divided from its south aisle by three 
very flat arches, like those at Bassaleg, springing from 
imposts on square piers. The north chapel of the 
chancel has been long destroyed, and a square-headed 
Perpendicular window inserted in the wall of division, 
which externally has a flattened arch and good mould- 
ings. The east window is of two trefoil-headed lancets. 
On the north side of the nave is a Perpendicular 
window, with good mouldings. Near this church are 
remains of the ancient ivied walls, of the Roman Station. 

Caldicot Church. 

A handsome structure, with more good architecture 
than is usually found in this neighbourhood. It con- 
sists of a n^ve with north aisle and south porch, a 



IN THE FOUR WELSH DIOCESES. 85 

chancel, and a tower situated between the chancel and 
the nave. The features are chiefly Decorated and Per- 
pendicular. The porch is very large and fine, having 
an embattled parapet, but not quite completed ; the 
entrance by a lofty arch, with rich mouldings springing 
from shafts, and crowned by a fine ogee canopy with 
crockets and finials, and flanked by buttresses with 
crocketed pinnacles. In the space between the arch- 
head and the canopy is some elegant sculptured foliage. 
Within the porch are stone seats on each side, and a 
row of head corbels. The doorway within it has a 
depressed but well-moulded arch, near which is a 
benatura, and above it a niche, with three-foils on shafts 
containing the image of a saint, apparently Decorated 
in style. The porch is set further eastward than usual, 
and in its angle is a staircase in a turret, which was 
intended probably to conduct to an upper story. The 
west doorway is Perpendicular, of plain but good work ; 
near it is a trefoil-headed benatura on the exterior. 
The west window is of three lights, and may perhaps 
be of Decorated style. In the north aisle all the 
windows are uniform Perpendicular, of three lights. 
On the south side is one something resembling that at 
Caerwent, with square head, and rather elegant and 
singular in its. tracery, evidently Perpendicular. The 
nave is spacious, and divided from the aisle by five 
Pointed arches, springing from light lozenge piers with 
hollow mouldings and small shafts attached. The 
tower is lofty and very plain, of Perpendicular charac- 
ter, having square-headed belfry windows of two lights, 
and a moulded parapet with Pointed roof of tiles. It 
opens to the nave and chancel by two plain Pointed 
arches, springing straight from the walls. The chancel 
is Perpendicular, its east window of three lights ; on 
the south a small door, and on each side two windows ; 
one on the south has something of a castellated charac- 
ter, with a kind of flattened trefoil-head of two lights. 
The others are square-headed. The chancel has a 
coved roof, plastered. The font has an octagonal bowl 



86 NOTES ON THE OLDER CHURCHES. 

on pedestal of like form. There are a few pieces of 
stained glass. In the wall of the porch is an effigy, 
inserted in the wall but mutilated. The porch is 
superior in work to the other parts of the church. 



Christ Church. 

May 7, 1849. 

A large church, situated on a lofty eminence, and 
almost entirely Third Pointed. It comprises a nave 
and chancel, with wide aisles, a tower at the west end 
of the south aisle, and north and south porches. 
There is some trace of First Pointed work in the 
chancel ; the tower is of rude provincial character, pro- 
bably later ; but within the south porch is a Norman 
doorway, plain, but late in the style, with a chevron 
moulding, a head at the apex of the arch, and the inner 
member rising from shafts which have knobbed abaci ; 
the outer member appears to be a Third Pointed 
addition. The arcades of the nave have five bays : they 
are of Third Pointed form, frequent in the west of 
England, the piers of lozenge form with shafts attached, 
and intermediate hollow mouldings. The roofs are 
coved, with ribbed compartments. There is no cleres- 
tory. All the windows are of three lights, except the 
eastern one of five, the western of four, and a small 
lancet at the north-east of the chancel, which projects 
beyond the aisles and bay. This lancet has mouldings 
externally, and very fine ones internally, upon shafts. 
The chancel and the chancel aisles are all divided from 
the nave and its aisles by Pointed arches ; that to the 
chancel is a fine one, with good mouldings and shafts. 
The others are without shafts. The rood-door is seen 
on the south, on the last pier adjacent to the chancel 
arch. On the same pier, facing south, is a small muti- 
lated niche. The chancel and its aisles have lower 
roofs than the nave, but the general style is similar. 
On each side of the chancel the arcade consists of two 
arches and a half one (towards the west) ; the piers are 



IN THE FOUR WELSH DIOCESES. 87 

lighter and smaller than those of the nave. At the 
east end of the south aisle is some good Third Pointed 
panelling against the wall, which seems to have been a 
reredos, it nas two large octagonal projections, which 
appear to be the pedestals of niches. In the same 
aisle is also a labelled ogee piscina, with shelf. There is 
a projection externally in the north, corresponding with 
the rood-loft's place. The north porch is closed ; both 
north and south porches are large and plain. The 
west door is closed also. The tower is a very large 
one, without parapet, but a rude block cornice at the 
top. The belfry window on the north is of three 
lights, labelled ; there are several other openings in the 
tower, some mere slits, some arched, one with pierced 
quatrefoil stone lattice-work. It has no buttresses. 
The font is a plain octagonal one. There is a small 
organ, probably with barrels, and uniform pews. There 
is a piscina in the chancel. 

Dixton (St. Peter). 

September 27, 1847. 

The plan is a nave and chancel, of some length, but 
without aisles ; a north transept, north and south 
porches, and a western tower with short spire. The 
church is long and narrow, the tower is small, without 
buttresses, and appears to be First Pointed. The 
parapet is plain, the belfry window on each side a 
trefoiled lancet, under which is a string. On the west 
side is a lancet window. On the north side are some 
two-light windows, which appear to be Third Pointed ; 
the south is one which seems Middle Pointed. There 
is a trefoiled lancet on the north of the chancel, and at 
the south-west of the same a square-headed slit. The 
other chancel windows are Third Pointed. On the 
south of the chancel, externally, is a stone bench, and 
the priest's door is closed. The chancel arch is a plain, 
low, Pointed one. There is a chamber connecting the 
north porch with the transept, lighted by a slit, and 



88 NOTES ON THE OLDER CHURCHES 

now used as a vestry. The interior is neat but pewed 
the whole has been recently restored, and has a modern 
look. The crosses at the gables have been renewed. 
The porches have lancet windows. In the churchyard 
are two circular bowls, now catching water, which must 
have been fonts on stumps. That which is now in use 
has an octagonal bowl, far too small. The situation is 
lovely, close to the Wye, with enchanting view of 
woody hills, and the spire of Monmouth, not more than 
a mile distant, is a beautiful object. 

Llandilo Crossenney (St. Teilo). 

October 16, 1858. 

A fine cruciform church, with aisles to the nave; 
central tower with tall shingled spire, and a north 
aisle to the chancel ; also a large western porch. The 
cruciform plan is somewhat lost by the conversion of 
the north transept into a chapel, and extending it, un- 
divided, in the form of an aisle to the east end of the 
chancel. There are portions of all the three Pointed 
styles. There is a single lancet at the west end of the 
south aisle. The nave is lofty, with open roof and 
clerestory ; has on each side a good arcade of four tall 
Pointed arches, springing from octagonal columns with 
capitals. The clerestory windows are Perpendicular, 
square-headed, of two lights. In the aisles, the windows 
are of Decorated character, square-headed, of two lights. 
The whole church has recently been restored, in a plain 
and satisfactory manner, and put into excellent repair. 
The nave is fitted with plain open benches ; the font 
also is new, and the pulpit. The tower rises on four 
remarkably low Pointed arches, having continuous cham- 
fered arches without capitals, above which is a con- 
siderable space of walling. The northern arch is made 
double, and strengthened by the addition — evidently an 
alteration of the original plan — of a work of solid 
construction, ranging with the arcade north of the 
chancel. There is a squint through this, and at the 



IN THE FOUR WELSH DIOCESES. 89 

south-west of the chancel appear the doors that com- 
municated with the rood-loft The chancel roof is 
coved, but there are tie-beams moulded and foliated, 
and an ornamental cornice. There are varied Decora- 
ted windows on the south of the chancel, one of three 
lights, plain without foliation ; one square-headed, of 
three lights, with external label. The east window is 
modern, of three lights, imitating Decorated tracery. 
On the south is a fine piscina witf label and finial, and 
bold cinquefoil feathering. Between the chancel and 
the north chapel are two dissimilar arches. The wes- 
tern is well moulded, and rather straight-sided in the 
Herefordshire fashion, varying from Early English to 
Decorated, with good clustered shafts having capitals 
and base- mouldings. The eastern arch has been con- 
nected with a tomb, has plain continuous mouldings, 
and there is an opening through the pier. There is a 
rude oblong opening from the north chapel to the chan- 
cel, near the squint. The east window of the chapel is 
Perpendicular, of four lights ; on the north is one 
wide lancet, and one two-light Decorated. At the west 
end, a good Decorated one of three lights. The north 
chapel of the chancel is now thrown into the transept, 
probably by a subsequent alteration, as appears by the 
strengthening of the north arch of the tower. The 
south transept has no large windows, but plain ones 
of two lights, unfoliated. Below the steeple are seen 
internally strong timbers, connected with the spire for 
the purpose of strength. There are six bells. The 
west window is Perpendicular, square, of two lights, 
and set high up. The porch is very large, and without 
much feature. The font is new, as also the pulpit. In 
the churchyard is the tall shaft of a cross, and a pretty 
gravestone, in the midst of creepers, to the son of 
Colonel Clifford. 



90 notes on the older churches 

Llandogo (St. Odoceus). 

June 4, 1849. 

This church is greatly modernised, the nave wholly 
so, and having a north aisle, divided from it by a 
modern colonnade : this- aisle is probably an addition 
to the plan. The chancel is original ; has trefoil- 
headed single lancets on the north-east and south-east, 
and at the east end a double one, also with trefoil 
heads. The chancel arch is of questionable form, and 
is cut by the north wall : probably a modern alteration. 
The chancel has a priest's door on the south, and the 
south porch of the nave appears to be original, but of 
ordinary character. The churchyard is beautiful, and 
the surrounding views most lovely. 

Langua. 

1836. 

This is a verv small church, in a beautiful situation 
near the Monnow. It has only a nave and chancel, 
without a dividing arch, and a small turret over the 
west end. The windows are square-headed and Late ; 
on the north side there are none at all. The font is a 
cylindrical bowl on a shaft of like form, with square 
base. 

Llantylio Pertholey (St. Teilo). 

July, 1836. 

This church is a rude and irregular structure, com- 
prising a nave with aisles and a tower, and chapel on 
the north side, a chancel with north aisle, and a south 
chapel. The exterior is whitewashed ; the tower very 
plain, with belfry windows of two lights. There is also 
a south porch, in which is a benatura. Some windows 
are square-headed and of Late character, but there is 
one Decorated of three lights at the east of the north 
aisle. The south aisle is narrow, and divided from the 
nave by three very dissimilar arches, the first from the 



IN THE FOUR WELSH DIOCESES. 91 

west lofty, the second lower, the third very rude, and 
with scarcely any curve, the first pier octagonal, the 
others quite plain. On the north are two arches, also 
dissimilar, both Pointed, but one much wider than the 
other. The nave and north aisle have waggon-roofs, 
divided into panelled compartments. There is a chapel 
added on the north side, which opens to it by two very 
flat arches in wood, springing from an octagonal pier 
enriched with fine moulding, and panelled; and the 
arches feathered. These must be of very Late and 
almost debused period. There is a similar arch in 
wood, opening to the chapel on the south of the chancel. 
On the north of the altar is a very curious small chapel 
of irregular form, opening by a low arch, and having a 
stone vaulted roof. The font is a plain octagon. 

Llanvapley (St. Mabli). 

August, 1861. 

This church has a nave and chancel, south porch and 
west tower, and is situated in a retired churchyard, 
shaded with fine trees. It follows the Monmouthshire 
type. The chancel has on the north and south a single 
lancet window, and a double lancet at the east end, 
over which is a cinquefoiled circle. There is on the 
south an Early English piscina, with trefoil arch and 
double basin ; in the east wall two arched recesses and 
a bracket. The roof of the chancel is coved and 
ribbed. The chancel arch is Pointed, very rude and 
plain. The nave has its windows, square-headed and 
Perpendicular, of three lights. The roof of the nave 
is coved and ribbed. There is a projecting rood-turret 
on the north. The font has a circular bowl, with 
indented moulding round the upper part. The porch 
is plain, and has the openings of oilet shape. The 
tower is plain and strongly built, without either string- 
course or buttress. It has an embattled parapet, and 
plain block corbel table. The belfry windows on the 
north and east are mere slits, on the south and west 



92 NOTES ON THE OLDER CHURCHES 

they are double and Pointed. The west doorway is 
Pointed, and over it a modern window. The inner arch 
is plain rude Pointed. The roofs are covered with new 
slates, and in the churchyard is the base of a cross 
upon four high steps. The graves are covered with 
flowers. 



Llanvihangel Pont y Moile (St. Michael). 

May 8, 1849. 

A small church, prettily situated, but much moder- 
nised, and containing very little worthy of observation. 
It has only a nave and chancel, a south porch, and 
belfry over the west end. The windows are chiefly 
poor modern Gothic, but that at the east end is an 
original Third Pointed one, of three lights. The door 
within the porch has a depressed arch. The chancel 
arch is a plain Pointed one, with continuous moulding. 
The chancel has its original roof, which is coved with 
ribs and bosses. The font is old : a small circular bowl, 
having in its lower part a kind of zigzag moulding, 
below which it becomes octagonal, of which form also 
is the stem. There is a stone bench outside the south 
wall. 

Malpas. 

May 7, 1849. 

This curious small Norman church is in process of 
destruction. The nave has been unroofed and ruinated, 
but the chancel is not yet destroyed. The arch between 
the chancel and nave is rather a plain semicircular 
one, having on each side three large shafts with varied 
capitals, apparently not very early in the style ; the 
abaci ornamented as well as the caps. The east window 
is a plain single Norman one. The north-east one is 
enriched internally with shafts having chevron mould- 
ings and varied capitals, and a nail-headed hood. 
Externally, the windows are plain ; below them is a 
string. That on the north of the chabcel seems exter- 



\ \ 



IN THE FOUR WELSH DIOCESES, 



-/*-, 




Malpas Church ■ View from West mid Details. 

nally to have its arch pointed, and the stone-work 
about it is singular and very irregular as to the shapes 



94 NOTES ON THE OLDER CHURCHES 

of the stones. The original flat buttresses remain. 
The nave has a curious and ornamental south door, 
the hood with spiral mouldings ; the outer member 
with small chevrons, the inner one has a course of an 
unusual kind of ornament : each in bold relief, in form 
and general appearance not unlike a fan or shell. The 
shafts have on the capitals shallow intersecting arches. 
Under the Norman arch the door is formed into a 
double square-head, but it is doubtful whether this be 
the original arrangement. The windows are set very 
high in the wall upon strings, and all the buttresses 
are flat. Adjoining the church, on the south, are 
ancient buildings, now applied to farm purposes, which 
probably formed part of a religious hoAse. 1 The nave 
is unroofed, but the walls still stand. 

Mamhilad. 

May 8, 1849. 

A small church, prettily situated on sloping ground, 
the churchyard containing some large yew trees. It 
consists of chancel and nave only, with south and west 
porches, and a bell-gable over the west end, with two 
open arches, and a wooden cage for the bells. The 
outer walls are entirely whitewashed. The work 
appears to be wholly Third Pointed. The west porch, 
now a vestry, is an original feature, somewhat unusual. 
The chancel arch is plain and coarse, but the chancel is 
properly developed. Most of the windows are square- 
headed, of two lights, with cinquefoiled heads. The 
east window is of three lights, and has some remains 
of stained glass, amongst which may be discerned the 
figure of a saint. There is a priest's door on the south, 
and no windows on the north of the chancel. The 
chancel roof is coved, with ribs and bosses and tie- 
beams. The south porch has an open roof, of cradle 

1 " The church was the chapel of a Claniac establishment for two 
monks" (Arch, Camb., 4fch Ser., vol. x, p. 193), where J. O. West- 
wood describes and illustrates the church. 



IN THE FOUR WELSH DIOCESES. 95 

form, also ribbed. In the west gallery is some toler- 
able wood carving. There is an external stone bench 
on the south of the nave, as at Llanvihangel. 



Marshfield. 

July 12, 1858. 

A long church, consisting of a chancel, a nave with- 
out aisles, a west tower, and a south porch. The latter, 
as usual in the district, is very large, and set • further 
than usual towards the east. The outer doorway has 
good continuous mouldings, \<rith flowered ornament, 
and flanked by pinnacles. Within the porch is an 
earlier doorway, of curious character, having a cylin- 
drical moulding twined with branches, and shafts with 
capitals of foliage. Above it is a closed niche. The 
porch has stone seats. The chancel arch is Early Eng- 
lish, with two orders of shafts, having excellent foliage 
on the capitals. The other windows are mostly Per- 
pendicular, some of three lights, square-headed and 
labelled ; one on the north of the chancel is a single 
cinquefoil-headed one. The east window, of three 
lights, has lately been restored. There are two win- 
dows at the east end of the nave, set high up to light 
the rood-loft. The upper and lower rood-doors also 
remain on the north side, where there is a slight pro- 
jection. The nave has a ceiled roof, and is of great 
length ; the western part divided off. The font is 
modern. On the north of the altar is a pointed recess. 
The tower seems Perpendicular, and of a local type, 
without buttresses and with a swelling base. There 
is a battlement, and a good west doorway which has 
two orders of continuous mouldings and hood. The 
west windows, of three lights ; those of the belfry are 
of two lights, and square-headed. There is no pro- 
jecting stair-turret. The tower arch is tali and open, 
with continuous mouldings. The churchyard is of 
unusually large size. 



96 notes on the older churches 

Matherne (St. Theodoric). 

June 3, 1849. 

A handsome church, with aisles to the nave, a fair 
chancel, south porch, and west tower. The latter and 
the external walls of the nave are Third Pointed ; 
the chance] has some First Pointed features. The 
arcades of the nave are also First Pointed, but not 
quite similar. On each side are four arches. On the 
south, all segmental, the piers of clustered shafts with 
large moulded capitals. On the north, the three 
eastern arches are also segmental, but the piers are 
lower, and the capitals of the clustered shafts not so 
distinctly moulded. The west arch on this side is quite 
different ; and, indeed, the form of that adjacent to it 
is quite changed by having been adapted to it. The 
west arch is low and very plain, nearly straight-sided, 
and its pier square, with imposts. The west side of 
the next arch is quite different from the corresponding 
one, and comes down straight to the square pier. The 
windows of the aisles are all of three lights, and pretty 
uniform. On the north the hoods are returned, and 
each pier between the windows occupied by two but- 
tresses. On the south, there is only one in each pier. 
In the south-east angle there is the appearance of a 
rood-turret. There is no clerestory, the roofs sloping 
and tiled, without parapets. The chancel arch is a 
very plain Pointed one. The chancel has an east 
window of three lancets, which internally are included 
under a Pointed arch, and the window is filled with 
stained glass, in memory of the Rev. James Williams, 
late Vicar. This arch has a good cylindrical moulding. 
On the north side of the chancel is a single lancet, now 
closed, and all round the chancel is a stringcourse of the 
same character. The other windows of the chancel are 
Third Pointed, varying in character. On the south of 
the sacrariam is a wide moulded, arched recess, pro- 
bably a piscina. There are two large projecting shed- 
like buttresses, one on each side of the east end, 



IN THE FOUR WELSH DIOCESES 97 

similar to those at St. Arvan's. The font is a small, 
plain, octagonal one. The south porch has its outer 
doorway with continuous mouldings and hood; the 
interior one rather similar, but with bases to the 
mouldings. The tower is of very good masonry, and 
lofty ; of three stages, with battlement and octagonal 
turret, at the north-east. There are small crocketed 
pinnacles and corner buttresses. The west door is 
plain ; over it a small three-light window. In the next 
stage, a square-headed opening, ogeed with a shield on 
each side, charged with heraldic and other devices : in 
one appear .the Arms of the See of Llandaff. The 
belfry windows are of two lights. The churchyard is 
beautiful and retired; adjoining it is the picturesque 
ancient palace of the bishops of Llandaff, now degraded 
into a farmhouse. 



MlCHAELSTON VfiPW (St. MlCHAEL). 

July 12, 1858. 

This church has a nave and chancel, and south chapel 
or transept, western tower and south porch. The 
chancel is Early English, has on the south three lancets, 
now closed ; at the east end a fair triplet with hood- 
mouldings outside, and pedimental buttresses at the 
angles. The chancel arch is Pointed and .plain, spring- 
ing at once from the wall. The south transept wall 
is partly modern. In the transept are Late square- 
headed windows, with labels. The other windows 
are modern. The porch is, as usual, very large and 
plain. The tower is embattled, with four short pin- 
nacles, and the frequent corbel table under the parapet. 
The belfry window on each side has two trefoil-headed 
lights. The tower swells out at the base, and is 
without buttresses. The west doorway has continuous 
mouldings. 



6TH 8 BR., V0fc. II. 



98 notes on the older churches 

Mitchel Troy (St. Michael). 

October 14, 1858. 

This church has a nave, with south aisle, chancel, 
western tower, and south porch. There was formerly 
a north aisle, which is said to have been destroyed by 
the fall of the spire. The tower is very small, has a 
battlement, and a two-Mght Decorated window. The 
upper story of the tower overhangs. It opens to the 
nave by a narrow acute arch, with continuous mouldings. 
Within the nave there are arched recesses in the west 
wall, north and south of the tower arch. The nave 
has op the south a good arcade ot three lofty Pointed, 
rather straight, arches, with mouldings continued down 
the piers without capitals. The western arch is lower 
than the others. There is a similar arcade in the north, 
but only two arches, that aisle not having been con- 
tinued to the west end. The chancel arch springs 
straight from the wall. The east window is Decorated, 
of three lights. The windows north and south of the 
chancel are merely slits. The chancel is in good order. 
The altar has slate slab, with an incised representation 
of the ccena [Domini). The roof of the nave on the 
south comes low over the aisle. At the east end of 
the south aisle is a triple window, very oddly arranged, 
each light single and trefoiled, and gradually diminish- 
ing in height. In this aisle is also a rude piscina, with 
trefoil head. The churchyard is quite filled with trees 
and evergreen shrubs. 

St. Patricio (St. Patrick). 

May 19, 1864. 

A very interesting little church, from the ecclesiolo- 
gical curiosities which it contains. Its secluded but very 
beautiful position has probably been the cause of its 
having been so little disturbed. As a building it is not 
particularly remarkable, except for the curious chapel 
added to the west end, It has in great measure escaped 



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Cross in Patricio Churchyard. 



Rood Loft in Patricio Church. 



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Cross-Section of Rood Loft in Patricio Church. 



Interior of Western Chapel in. Patricio Church 
(View looking- East). 



Inscribed Font in Patricio Church 




Holy Well at Patricio. 



IN THE FOUR WELSH DIOOE8ES. 



itiiWX. U. v 



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i 



100 .NOTES ON THE OLDER CHDKUHES 

modern alteration, but no part seems to be earlier than 
the Perpendicular period. The plan is merely a nave 




and chancel, with south porch and a western chapel 
added, but not open to the nave. Over the west end 
of the nave is a wooden bell-cot, tor two bells in arches. 
The chapel, as seen from the south, seems as if it were 



IN THE FOUR WELSH DIOCESES. 



101 



a later appendage made, as is sometime the case, for a 
school.. The whole of the exterior walls are white- 
washed. There are no windows on the north, which is 
often the case in small remote churches. Those on the 
south and at the east end are square-headed and labelled, 
of two-lights (one of three), and one has been badly 
altered. There is a small window at the west of the 
nave, now mutilated and closed, and placed to the north 




Patricio Church : South Door of Chancel, as seen from the Inside. 

of the western chapel, which is not equal to the nave in 
width, but only occupies the southern portion. The 
roof is open, coved, and ribbed with bosses. The chancel 
arph is Pointed, on octagonal columns. The chancel 
has an ugly modern ceiling encroaching on the arch. 
The great ecclesiological curiosities are the rood-loft, 
with its appendages, and the two stone altars which 
stand on its west side in the angles, besides the original 
altar in the western chapel. The rood-loft and screen 



102 NOTES Otf THE OLDER CHURCHES 

are fairly complete, though, from neglect, out of repair. 
The screen has had some of its tracery broken. The 
loft has some very good open tracery and fine bands of 
foliage, and a course of Tudor flowers. The two altars 
placed against it are plain, wholly of stone, and some 
marks of the original crosses may be discerned on the 
slabs. In the north wall is a small projection, contain- 
ing the steps which lead to the loft, and are pretty 
perfect. They are approached through a Pointed door- 
way, and lighted by small slits. There is a small 
window of three lights, with square head aud label, 
giving light to the rood-loft on the south. Against the 
east wall of the chancel are two stone corbels, set low. 
The font has a circular bowl, on a low stem. The 
western chapel is about coeval with the church, and is 
entered on the south by a plain Pointed doorway. It 
has a solid wall to the east, against which is a third 
original stone altar, to the north of which, in the wall, 
is a Pointed trefoiled niche and two stone steps. On 
the south is a single-light window, trefoiled, and on the 
west side an obtuse-headed small window, closed. The 
interior is dark and dingy, with broken decayed pews, 
and is much neglected. The south porch contains a 
stoup. On the south side of the chancel, externally, 
is the plain stone ledge, seen also in Vowchurch and 
other churches of the neighbourhood. There is a 
curious old poor-box of wood. The interior flagged and 
poorly fitted up, and very dark. There is the shaft of 
a cross in the churchyard, whioh has a lych-gate. The 
situation is striking : on an eminence so steep that the 
latter part of the ascent is more like a staircase, and 
inaccessible to carriages. The view is lovely, over the 
neighbouring beautiful valley and woody hills. 1 

1 For this church, see further, Arch, Camb., 3rd Ser., vol. xi, 
p. 289 ; 3rd Ser., vol. iv, p. 145 ; 4th Ser., vol. v, p. 8 ; and for the 
inscribed font, 3rd Ser., vol. xi, p. 286. Also paper by P. R. 
Kempson in the Transactions of the Woolhope Club, 1883-5, p. 280. 
Very good photographs of the church, rood-screen, etc., can be 
obtained from Mr. J. Thirwall, 18, King Street, Hereford. 



IN THE FOUR WELSH DIOCESES. 10 



o 



Penhow (St. John). 

This church is small, but curious ; the exterior white- 
washed. It consists of a nave with south aisle, a 
tower in the centre of the south side and porch 
attached to it, and a chancel. The porch is large and 
plain. The western portion of the south aisle is 
divided by walling from the nave, the arches Pointed 
and plain, with octagonal pier, having square capital. 
There is a small Pointed arch between the tower and 
the aisle. Eastward of the tower, the aisle opens to 
the nave by two rather small Pointed arches without 
mouldings, upon a circular column which has a square 
abacus, and a capital enriched with curious foliage, 
intermixed with sculpture. The tower is low, and has 
a Pointed roof, tiled. On the north side of the. nave 
are square-headed Perpendicular windows, Late and 
poor. At the west end of the nave is a lancet window, 
and at the west end of the south, aisle another with 
trefoil head. The east window of the south aisle is 
Perpendicular and square-headed. At the east end of 
this aisle is a stone seat. The chancel is divided from 
the nave by a wall, whether ancient or more recent is 
not quite certain, but it appears to be original. In this 
is pierced a small arch, more of the proportions of a 
doorway, and on each side of it two square apertures, 
which have mouldings. The chancel is small and dark, 
has a double lancet at the east end, a single one on the 
north, and on the south a two-light window with 
tracery of doubtful character, whether Decorated or 
Perpendicular, probably the latter. In the north wall 
of the chancel is an . ogee arch, feathered, with finial, 
under which was probably a tomb. The font has a 
circular bowl upon a small cylindrical shaft, on a square 
base. In the churchyard are a fine yew tree, and the 
base of a cross. The ruins of the adjacent castle are 
highly picturesque, but ugly farm-buildings are erected 
in the midst of them, and parts, of the ancient: walls 
applied to the same, purpose. They are finely mantled 



104 NOTES ON THE OLDER CHURCHES 

in ivy. The prevailing character seems Late, but there 
is not much in a perfect state — the windows square- 
headed, and one large square tower has good bold 
machicolation. 

Peterstone (St. Peter). 

July 12, 1858. 

A fine church, but in a desolate situation, and in a 
sadly dilapidated state, being too large for the scanty 
population. The whole is Perpendicular, and has con- 
siderable affinity to those of Somersetshire, across the 
Channel. The plan comprises a nave with north and 
south aisles, chancel, west tower, and south porch. 
The south aisle is not carried quite to the west of the 
nave. The south porch is extremely large, and has, 
like the south aisle, a moulded parapet with gurgoyles. 
There is a plain niche on the south porch. The door- 
way is continuous, and there are stone seats. The 
windows are of three lights, but some are mutilated, 
and only one remains unclosed on the north. On one 
of the south piers is a canopied ogee niche. There is 
a clerestory but without windows, and a mark appears 
on the east side of the tower, which shows that the 
roof must have been lowered. The arcades are quite ot 
the Somersetshire sort, there are on each side four good 
moulded arches, with piers of closely-clustered shafts, 
having general capitals of rich foliage, but much clogged 
by whitewash. There is one arch on the north, 
narrower than the others, and the south arcade is 
frightfully out of the perpendicular. Over the piers 
are corbels, the roof very poor. The tower arch is 
Pointed, upon corbels. The chancel arch is continuous. 
There is a rood-door, and stairs on the north side of 
the chancel arch. In the south aisle a square-headed 
piscina, trefoiled, under a window, and one at the east 
end of the north aisle. There is a small space in the 
north aisle, partitioned off as a vestry. The chancel 
has been rebuilt in a very poor style. There are a few 



IN THE FOTTR WELSH DIOCESES. 105 

ancient open seats. The font has a plain octagonal 
bowl and panelled stem. The interior has a most 
desolate and dilapidated appearance. The tower is a 
fine one, having a richly-panelled battlement, the 
central piece on each side extended into a canopied 
niche, with pinnacles, and containing statues. At the 
north-east a lofty turret of octagonal form rises higher 
than the parapet, panelled with pinnacles. The belfry 
windows are each of two lights, that on the north 
having the pierced stonework so peculiar to the West ; 
the buttresses are enriched with crocketed pinnacles 
attached. The tower is of three stages. The west 
window, of three lights, has in the jamb-moulding a 
delicate band of foliage with the branch. The large 
churchyard is shaded with fine trees, but contains no 
graves. There are six bells. 

Rhymney (St. Augustine). 

This is a large church, in the rude style prevalent in 
South Wales, consisting of a plain west tower, a nave 
of considerable length without aisles, a chancel, and 
south porch. The porch, as is usual in this part of the 
country, is very large, resembling a transept, and is 
entered by a Pointed arch, moulded, near which is a 
benatura, somewhat mutilated. The tower is small in 
proportion to the length of the church, has no buttresses 
or stringcourse of division, but plain battlements, and 
four small crocketed pinnacles. On the west side is a 
doorway, with moulded semicircular arch and elegant 
clustered shafts of Early English character. The belfry 
windows are plain Perpendicular, of two lights ; the 
other openings of the tower very narrow and square- 
headed. The nave has a tiled roof, that of the chancel 
slated. The church being more spacious than required 
by the parish, the western portion of the nave is divided 
off by. a screen and not used. The interior has the 
usual naked and desolate appearance, though not out 
of repair. The tower opens to the nave by a low 



106 NOTES ON THE OLDER CHURCHES 

Pointed arch, resembling a door. The roof has plain 
ribs, forming a semicircular arch. The windows are 
few and mostly square-headed, late Perpendicular, of 
three lights ; in some are fragments of painted glass. 
At the east end. of the nave, near the chancel arch, are 
two small windows, set low in the wall, on opposite 
sides, and on the south side another set above, which 
must have been intended to light the rood-loft. The 
chancel arch is Pointed, with continuous mouldings. 
On the south side, at some elevation, is the door 
opening to the rood-loft, together with the steps. On 
the north side of the chancel arch is a bracket, having 
some of the rope and knotted ornament, apparently 
Early, but clogged with whitewash. The chancel is 
large but gloomy. The east and the north windows 
being closed up, those on the south are Late Perpen- 
dicular and brought down low, but there is no indica- 
tion of sedilia. The chancel roof is different from that 
of the nave, but plain and open, the rafters crossing. 
The font is a plain octagonal bowl. The church is 
paved with large stones for flagging. There are five 
bells. , 

Rockfield (St. Ken elm), 

September 27, 1847. 

A small church, in a pretty situation, consisting only 
of a chancel and nave, south porch, and small western 
tower. The latter is finely mantled in ivy, and has 
some plain square-headed slits. It is crowned by a 
wooden turret, with tiled roof. The east window is of 
three lights, and Third Pointed ; other windows of 
the chancel are single and square-headed, narrow and 
plain ; those of the nave are square-headed, of three 
lights, and of Third Pointed character. The chancel 
arch is pointed, without shafts. Over the east gable 
is a cross, and the roofs are flagged externally. The 
pews -are high.. Jn the churchyard is a fine cross, lately 
well restored. 



IN tftfE tfotfR Welsh brocKSisS. 10? 

St. A r van's. 

June 4, 1849. 

A very poor church, greatly modernised. It consists 
of chancel, nave, and a modern west tower of octagonal 
form. The external walls are whitewashed, and most 
of the windows modern insertions. There is the trace 
of an Early Norman doorway, now closed, on the south 
side of the chancel ; the arch is very narrow and has 
imposts, one of which is plain, the other ornamented 
with carving. The church has no north windows. 
The east window is Late and debased ; on the south 
one of two lancets, under a Pointed arch. The chancel 
arch is a modern one. On the north side of the nave 
are some large solid buttresses, resembling sheds, which 
may be original. 

St. Bride (Netherwent). 

July 13, 1858. 

Like Marshfield and Peterstone, this church is situa- 
ted on the extensive level, or marsh, which reaches to 
the Bristol Channel. It consists of a nave with short 
north aisle or chapel (now closed), chancel, west tower, 
and south porch. The whole appears Perpendicular, 
but, except the tower, does not much partake of the 
fine Somersetshire character apparent at Peterstone. 
The tower is, however, a fine and remarkable one, of 
good stone, divided by two horizontal strings, and 
having an octagonal turret at the north-east. The 
tower resembles, in many respects, that of Peterstone, 
but on its north and west sides the parapet seems to be 
left unfinished, having no battlement nor panelling, but 
rising into a pediment in the centre, both on the west 
and on the east. On these two sides the parapet has 
fine panelling, and there is a fine canopied niche occu- 
pying the central battlement on the south. There are 
corner buttresses and pinnacles, which last are small. 
The turret rises above the tower parapet, and is sur- 
mounted by fine panelling. The west window is of 



108 NOTES ON THE OLDER CHURCHES 

three lights, and below it is a doorway. The porch is, 
as usual, very large. Its inner doorway is of Tudor 
form, with label upon corbel heads ; its mouldings 
flowered. A canopied niche over the outer door has 
crockets, finial, and groining. The outer doorway is 
plain. The interior is tolerably neat, but rather 
desolate, and the long nave has been divided by a 
modern partition, the eastern part of it alone being 
sufficient for the small congregation. The roof is 
coved, with ribs on corbels, and bosses at the points 
of intersection. The north chapel, which is closed, is 
separated from the nave by two good Perpendicular 
arches, rising from a pier of clustered shafts, having 
flowered general capital, and a canopied ogee niche on; 
one of the hollows between the shafts. The windows are 
of three lights, and have Perpendicular tracery. Near 
the pulpit, in the south wall, is a stone bracket. The 
tower arch is lofty and continuous. The northern win- 
dows are closed. In the south wall of the nave is a very 
small flat ogee recess. The chancel arch is good Per- 
pendicular, of Somersetshire character, with Small 
shafts and continuous mouldings. The east window is 
is of three lights. On the south side of the chancel 
is one square-headed, of two lights, and one single. 
On the south of the altar is an old-looking shallow 
recess, in the corner of which is a small trough, like a 
piscina. The font is small octagonal, on a stem raised 
on two steps. There is a part of a cross on the south 
side. The churchyard has no graves. No burials seem 
to take place either at St. Bride's or Peterstone, per- 
haps because of the moisture of the churchyards. The 
parishioners probably bury at Coedkernew and at 
Marshfield. 

St. Mellons. 

September 10, 1843. 

• This church has nave, chancel, tower, and porch on 
the south side, a south aisle continued from the tower 
to the east end of the chancel, and a north chapel to 



IN THE FOtJR WELSH DIOCESES. 109 

the latter. This arrangement is rather complicated. 
The exterior entirely whitewashed. The porch is very 
large, its roof covered, and within it a benatura. The 
tower something like that of Rhymney, without 
buttresses and rude in workmanship ; the parapet 
■embattled, belfry windows square-headed, and other 
openings small and rude. The windows are all Per- 
pendicular, of three lights, with good tracery; some 
parts of the church may be earlier, but the character 
is rude and coarse. The interior is gloomy, and has a 
neglected appearance ; the pews are painted white, but 
only occupy a portion of the church. The roofs of the 
body and aisle are separate and tiled. The arch from 
the nave to the chancel is wide and straight-sided ; the 
chancel is not equal to the nave in breadth ; the arches 
dividing the aisle ranging with the pier of the chancel 
arch, and a small arch opening to the aisle on the north 
side of the chancel arch. The pier between these two 
is octagonal. There is a moulded arch of plain charac- 
ter between the chancel and aisle. The south aisle, 
beyond the tower, opens to the nave by two Pointed 
arches, springing from circular columns, and between 
the south aisle and the chancel is an arch with con- 
tinuous mouldings and no shafts. The roof of the 
riave has ribs forming panels, and a wood cornice. 
There are two square recesses in the south wall of the 
nave, near the west end. There was evidently an altar 
at the east end of the south aisle, which is a little 
elevated. In the wall is an elegant niche, the pedestal 
of which is enriched with foliage. One of the south 
windows has the sill extended with a small octagonal 
piscina. Over the east end of the south aisle is a 
boarded panelled roof. On the north side of the 
chancel are the steps that led to the rood-loft. There 
are several stone brackets in the chancel. The font 
has father a small moulded octagonal bowl, upon a 
panelled pedestal of Perpendicular character. The 
interior is much clogged with ugly paint. The graves 
are adorned with flowers. There are five bells. 



110 notes on the older churches 

St. Woollos (Newport). 

An interesting church, principally Norman, consist- 
ing of a nave and chancel with side aisles, a small north 
transept, south porch, a curious chapel to the west of 
the nave, forming now a vestibule, and a tower west- 
ward of it. The tower, porch, and almost all the 
windows are Perpendicular, but the main part of the 
nave is Norman. The tower is rather plain, having a 
battlement and octagonal turret at the north-east, the 
belfry window square-headed, and on the west side a 
canopied niche. The south porch is disused as an 
entrance, and applied as a vestry. The windows of the 
north aisle ^nd transepts are of four lights, some 
others are of three lights, and some square-headed. 
The roofs are tiled. The western chapel, called that of 
St. Mary, is Early English of rather plain character, 
consequently later than the Norman nave. It has 
-externally a corbel table beneath the roof, and on each 
side three lancet windows ; and within it are four 
arches in the wall for tombs, two of which on the south 
contain mutilated effigies : one of a knight apparently 
of the fifteenth century ; one earlier is cross-legged, 
with rich chain armour and shield. On the north side, 
under one of the arches, is an alabaster effigy of a 
female, with a necklace, but the head has disappeared. 
The tower arch opening to the chapel is Pointed, and 
wide with continuous mouldings. The west gable of 
the nave is crowned by a cross ; between the lady chapel 
and the nave is a very grand Norman doorway, which 
was originally the entrance to the church, though the 
chapel was added at no very distant period from the 
erection of the nave. This arch has four courses of 
moulding, containing chevron and billeted ornaments, 
rising from shafts which have curiously- sculptured 
capitals, with acanthus foliage and figures of animals. 
The nave is divided from each aisleby five semicircular 
arches, springing from large cylindrical columns, with 
the common inverted capitals and square abaci. Over 



IN THB FOUR WELSH DIOCESES. Ill 

each column a clerestory window, with semicircular 
arch of like character with the main arches, and now 
opening into the aisles, the roofs of which have been 
raised at a subsequent period. Beyond the Norman 
arches, on the north side, ie a small narrow addition or 



.. Woullos Church : JJorli 



ehapel, which opens by a moulded Pointed arch ; and 
opposite to it (on the south) is a window in the wall. 
The transept contains nothing particular, but there is 
a small arch obliquely set between the north aisle and 
the small added chapel. Near this is a small turret 



112 NOTES ON TRE OLDER CHURCHES 

with stairs that led to the rood-loft, and on the south 
side a small square-headed Perpendicular window, which 
must have given light to it. The chancel is in two 
divisions, the eastern forming a kind of sanctuary. 
The chancel arch is hidden by a gallery. On the south 
side of the chancel is , a Decorated window, of two 
lights. The east window is hidden by a huge modern 
reredos of Italian woodwork, in which a picture is 
inserted; On the south side of the altar is a large 
tomb of the debased Italian style, but mutilated. On 
the north side a plain arch in the wall, within which 
is a mutilated effigy of a female under a trefoil canopy. 
Under one of the monuments in the chancel is a real 
skull. The nave is much impaired in appearance by 
large galleries which encroach sadly upon the arches. 
In the western one is a large organ. The font has a 
square bowl. The situation of the church is elevated 
and striking, commanding a very grand and varied 
view. "j 

Skenfrith (St. Bridget). 

September 27, 1847. 

The church comprises a nave and aisles, a chancel 
with south chapel, western steeple, and south porch. 
The architectural features are mixed, and there are 
good specimens of the three Pointed styles, with some 
of the local peculiarities of the district. The aisles are 
wide, and the roofs of nave and aisles are separate and 
coved, having internally ribbed panelling. The arcade 
on each side of the nave is First Pointed. There 
are four bays, with Pointed arches, springing from low 
circular columns with moulded capitals ; those on the 
north have square, those on the south circular, bases. 
At the west end of the north aisle is a very good 
Middle Pointed window of four lights/of the Hereford-! 
shire type. The north aisle has tie-beams ; the east 
gable of the north aisle is very acute, and of good 
masonry. In the north aisle are some windows, also of 
a Herefordshire kind, of three lights, without tracery or 



IN THE FOUR WELSH DIOCESES. 113 

foils, and apparently transitional from First to Middle 
Pointed. The chancel arch is First Pointed, springing 
from octagonal shafts ; that on the south has a toothed 
capital, but much clogged with whitewash. In the 
angle north of this arch is a First Pointed bracket. 
The south aisle has Third Pointed windows ; that at the 
west of four lights. The tower arch is low, and of con- 
tracted form, with imposts. The chancel has an east 
window, like that described in the north aisle, contain- 
ing some good pieces of stained glass. The north-east 
window of the chancel is Middle Pointed, of two 
lights; the south-east window is Third Pointed, of 
three lights, and below it is a semicircular piscina with 
mouldings. The chancel has a narrow chapel in the 
south side, opening to it by a Tudor arch on octagonal 
shafts ; there is another arch, with continuous mould- 
ings, between this chapel and the south aisle of the 
nave. This chapel has Late Third Pointed windows. 
The tower is First Pointed, and has thick walls, 
with lancets on the north and south sides ; also a string- 
course and. west door, with tolerable mouldings. The 
tower is low, and surmounted by a wooden belfry, 
tiled, and resembling a dovecot. The font is an 
octagonal bowl on a circular stem, with square base 
chamfered at the angles. There is a Jacobean pulpit, 
and much pewing of the same age, and some open 
benches. There is a tomb to some members of the 
family of Morgan, with incised figures of a man and 
woman, a.d. 1587. Over the south door is. a niche. 
The porch has open square-headed windows, and in the 
angle a stoup, with mutilated trefoil-headed fenestella. 
The material is a reddish stone. 



In bringing to a close these " Notes on the Older Welsh Churches," 
it will be well to record briefly their story. The writer, Sir Stephen 
Richard Glynne, Baronet, of Hawarden Castle, the first President of 
the Cambrian Archaeological Association, was an indefatigable 
archaeologist and especially devoted to ecclesiology. Probably no 
man in the kingdom ever visited so many of the old churches of the 
land; certainly no one ever examined so large a number so 

6th 8KB., VOL. II. $ 



114 NOTES ON THE OLDER CHQROHES. 

thoroughly and intelligently, or recorded so minutely their details 
and salient features. It was his custom on these visits to note down 
very carefully all the points of interest, and afterwards to write them 
out more fully in a series of MS. note-books. From those relating to 
England there have been published already his Notes on the Churches 
of Kent 

Those Note-books, which contained the churches in Wales, were 
kindly placed by his nephew, the late Mr. William H. Gladstone, at 
my service for the pages of the Archceologia Gambrerms^ in whose 
volumes instalments have appeared for many years, and they are 
now completed. 

At first it was decided to add footnotes to the descriptions, so as 
to bring them down to date : and for those relating to the diocese of 
St Asaph I am myself responsible ; and I have to record my 
obligations to the late Dean Allen for those in the earlier portion of 
St. David's. After the Dean's death, it was thought best to omit the 
footnotes, and to print only the notes themselves ; for their value 
depended not on the subsequent additions, but on their own intrinsic 
merit as full and accurate descriptions of the churches at the time 
indicated. The "Notes" in the MS. books follow no particular 
order of time or place, but were entered according to the opportuni- 
ties of visiting the churches. In transcribing them for the press, 
they were at first put together in alphabetical order, according to 
their diocese and deanery. Subsequently, however, this plan had to be 
abandoned; but in the later dioceses of Bangor and Llandaff they 
have been arranged alphabetically in their counties. Any incon- 
venience arising from this change, however, will be obviated by the 
Index. As the " Notes' ' cover the period ranging from 1824 to 1874, 
they will be seen to include a vast number of churches which have 
been greatly altered by renovation, and some altogether rebuilt. 
This adds greatly to their value as a record, not only of the then state 
of the churches, but of much that has now ceased to exist. Besides 
which, the interest in local, and not least in parochial, history, has 
been greatly developed in the last few years, and these u Notes" will 
supply useful and reliable information on the ground they cover. 
Above all, it must not be forgotten how much the fabrics of our 
parish churches have to tell us of the periods when, as well as of the 
methods by which, revived church life expressed itself in the past. 
Indeed, our older parish churches are visible object-lessons, that tell 
us by monument and effigy and epitaph of our forbears, and illustrate, 
by capital and moulding, by arch and window, when the forefathers 
of the parish bestirred themselves, in successive generations, to 
beautify their House of Prayer. Whether the detail belong to the 
" Norman," or one of the three " Pointed" styles — for this is the 
title by which Sir Stephen marks the Early English, the Decorated, 
and the Perpendicular— or whether it be of still later date, it hands 
down to us a visible and legible illustration of the real continuity, 
under differing external conditions, of the old Mother Church of 
the land. 

February 25th, 1902. D. R. Thomas. 



115 



THE OLDEST PARISH REGISTERS IN 

PEMBROKESHIRE. 

BY THE REV. J. PHILLIPS. 

In his very interesting Paper on the Registers of 
Gumfreston, which appeared in the Archcsologia Cam- 
brensis for July, 1900, Mr. E. Laws made the follow- 
ing statement : — 

" Hitherto the Johnston Registers, 1637, were 
believed to be the oldest in the county of Pembroke, 
but one entry was made in the Gumfreston book in 
1632, thus ante-dating Johnston by five years." 

If I were a parishioner of Johnston, I should be dis- 
posed to challenge the claim of priority thus made by 
Gumfreston, on the strength of a single incomplete 
entry. The dozen words dating from 1632, are 
followed chronologically by two entries of baptisms in 
March, 1647 (1648 N. S.), and there is another hiatus 
of three years before the continuous entries begin with 
two burials in 1631. 

The point, however, is not worth discussing, because 
the honour of possessing the oldest registers in the 
county of Pembroke belongs neither to Johnston nor 
to Gumfreston, but to St. Marys, Haverfordwest. 

Prior to 1888, it would have been open to Mr. Laws 
to retort that Haverfordwest is not a part of Pembroke- 
shire, and he would have had a good precedent for 
saying so. In 1656, the Town Council contended that 
the Act of 1650, for the Propagation of the Gospel in 
Wales, did not apply to their town, because the pre- 
amble of the act named the twelve counties of Wales, 
but did not name " the county of Haverfordwest." 
Unfortunately, the Local Government Act of 1888 
merged the historic and unique " town and county " in 

8* 



116 THE OLDEST PARISH REGISTERS 

the administrative county of Pembroke ; and so St. 
Mary's, Haverfordwest, cannot be denied the distinction 
that might otherwise have been disputed by Johnston 
and Gumfreston. 

A few years ago, when examining the Corporation 
Records, I found that they included a large number of 
documents connected with the church and parish of 
St. Mary's. . . 

St. Marys was not the oldest church of the town, 
for — 

" St. Martin's bell 
Tolled many a knell 
When St. Mary's was. a furze hill." 

Yet, although the younger of the two churches 
within the town (the church of St. Thomas of Canter- 
bury was outside the walls), St. Mary's could boast of 
a respectable antiquity. The present building dates at. 
least from the years of comparative quiet for Pembroke- 
shire that followed the wars of Llewellyn the Great. 
On one side of the chancel arch may still be seen the 
sculptured portrait of William de Valence, Earl of 
Pembroke, and cousin of Edward I. 

Facing him, on the opposite side of the arch, is his 
wife, one of the co-heiresses of the vast estates of the 
Marshalls. The comely face of the countess looks down 
on the Protestant worshippers of the twentieth century, 
as she looked down on the stately Catholic ritual of the 
thirteenth century. How few of those who pass 
beneath the beautiful arch know that they are looking 
on the great-granddaughter of Strongbow, the grand- 
daughter of the great earl of Magna Charter fame, 
and the mother of Earl Aymer, who bore himself so 
bravely amid the rout of Bannockburn ! But in the 
walls of the church are incorporated fragments of a 
still older building, perhaps the church that was 
destroyed when Llewellyn " burned Haverfordwest 
up to the castle gates." If St. Mary's was of later 
date than the church of St. Martin's which rose under 
the shadow of the castle, it, or the first church that 



IN PEMBROKESHIRE. 117 

stood upon this site, uiuat Lave been built in the 
days when the houses of the burgesses who were 
attracted by the liberal charters of the first earls, were 
beginning to cover the space with the ramparts of the 
new borough. 

St. Martin's was the Castle church. St. Mary's, on 
the opposite side of the narrow valley, and standing at 
the bead of the principal thoroughfare, must have been, 
from the first, the church of the town. 

At one time it had belonged to the Augustinian 
monastery on the marsh (the monks were wholesale 
" robbers of churches"), and it had come to be known 
as the " Priory Church of St. Mary, the Virgin." 
After the dissolution of the monastery, the mayor and 
council appear as the governing body of the church, 
though they did not succeed in acquiring the advowson 
before the reign of James I. 

The Guildhall stood at the top of High Street, just 
below the churchyard wall, in the open space where 
the " three lamps" now stand. The entrance was by a 
flight of steps at the eastern or lower end. Some 
twenty yards lower down the street, at the top of the 
steps leading to Dark Street, there stood, till some 
fifty years ago, a stone pillar about 3 ft. high. This 
was known as the Martyr's Stone, for here, according to 
a well-attested tradition, William Nichol was burned 
in the reign of Queen Mary. The stone is now in the 
grounds of Dale Castle, the late Mr. Lloyd Philipps 
having rescued it, by a judicious use of " backsheesh," 
from the Corporation workmen, who were about to 
break it up. 

There is a general wish in the town that it should be 
replaced as soon as possible on the old site, and com- 
munications to this effect were recentty made to the 
present proprietor : whose absence at the time, on service 
as a Volunteer officer in South Africa, is possibly the 
reason why no further steps have been taken in the 
matter^ 
• The old council chamber stood within the church- 



118 THE OLDEST PARISH REGISTERS 

yard, having been built over the north porch of the 
church. In tlie year 1860 this old building, with no 
pretensions to architectural beauty but venerable from 
its historical associations, was purchased from the Cor- 
poration by the Church Restoration Committee, for, I 
believe, £300, which was not employed in building 
another council chamber. A large sum was expended 
that time on the repair and restoration of the fine old 
church ; but in some respects, aud in this among others, 
the zeal of the "restorers" was as usual a "zeal not 
according to knowledge/' 

But still more reprehensible was the careless stupidity 
of the Corporation of that day, in consenting to the 
demolition of the senate-house of the civic common- 
wealth, where its conscript fathers had assembled for 
centuries. One must have been utilitarian indeed to have 
witnessed without a pang the disappearance of the 
ancient chamber, and of the well-worn steps that had 
been trod by the feet of many a man who has left his 
mark in the annals of England. Down those steps had 
passed, in their scarlet robes of mayoralty, Sir John 
Perrott, the soldier-statesmen, and the benefactor of 
Haverfordwest; and his son, good Sir Thomas; and that 
other son, acknowledged though not lawfully born, Sir 
James, the Puritan patriot and Christian mystic and 
scholar, who lies iu his unmarked grave within the walls 
of the ancient sanctuary. Up those steps, in the stormy 
days that followed, passed as honoured guests of the 
town, Cromwell himself, and Bridget lreton,and Ludlow 
and Pride, and Goffe, whose father had once been the 
lecturer of St. Mary's, and Laugharne and Carbery, and 
Gerard and Stradling, and many another stout Puritan 
and loyal Cavalier. It is probable enough that to theee 
should be added Archbishop Laud, who visited the 
church at least once while he was Bishop of St. David's. 
He was already on the high road to promotion, little 
dreaming where that road should end — when the royal 
council-board and the Chair of Augustine were ex- 
changed for the prison-cell and the bloodstained scaffold. 



IN PEMBROKESHIRE. 119 

In that chamber had been received the missives of the 
Tudors, and the often less welcome rescripts of the 
Stuarts. There the magnates of the town plighted 
their allegiance with equal promptitude to King, and 
Republic, and Protector, and then had hastened to 
proffer their loyalty to the returning Charles. There 
had been read Stepney's grateful acceptance of the seat 
in the Short Parliament, which the Council had offered 
him, and his promise, in return for their courtesy, to 
serve the town in Parliament gratis. There, too, was 
read the frank and dignified letter in which Sir John 
Philipps, of Picton (the " good Sir John"), ofiered 
himself to fill the seat vacated by the sudden death of 
John Laugharne, of St. Brides, on the night of his re- 
election, in 1717. The letter, in Sir John's beautiful 
handwriting, now adorns the wall of the council chamber, 
side by side with Cromwell's peremptory order for the 
demolition of the castle, against which the Corporation 
had protested in vain. They were more fortunate next 
year, when they wrote to the " Lord General to save 
the lead roofs of St. Mary" from the fate of the cathedral, 
from which 3,000 lb. weight of lead had been carried 
off to be cast into bullets. The Lord General, who was 
then waiting at Poplar for a fair wind (or more cash) 
before he could start for Ireland, readily interposed to 
avert the spoliation. There, too, the anxious councillors 
had met to read Sir William Wogan's letters, counselling 
" Mr. Mayor and the brethren" as to the best method 
of resistance to the threatened writ of Quo Warranto, 
when James II had resolved that Haverfordwest should 
share the fate of London, and its ancient liberties be 
forfeited. All the efforts of the council, and of the 
good knight who had represented the borough in the 
last Stuart Parliament, would have been in vain but for 
the Revolution, when Sir William Wogan, as member 
for Haverfordwest, gave his vote for the change of 
dynasty. This forgotten episode would explain — if 
explanation were needed — the loyalty of the town to the 
Revolution settlement. 



120 THE OLDEST PAKISH REGISTERS 

When the town council and the Church Restoration 
Committee had completed their act of vandalism, the 
former met for a while in the room behind the modern 
market-hall. In 1871 they rented the present chamber 
from Perrott's trustees, who had originally intended the 
building for use as a public reading-room. 

As little care was taken of the old furniture as of the 
old building. Some ancient chairs found their way to 
the new infirmary. One has been brought back to the 
present council chamber, where it is pointed out as 
the " Cromwell chair," from a belief (very likely to 
be correct) that the General sat in it when he visited 
the chamber in 1648. A table, evidently of the same 
century, is now in one of the upper rooms of the 
council house. 

But I must pass on to the Registers. The situation 
of the old council chamber within the precincts of the 
church, as well as the relation in which the council 
appear to have stood to the church, will account for 
the presence among the papers of the Corporation, of 
so many ecclesiastical documents. It is fortunate 
that they did find their way there, otherwise we 
should have lost the vivid pictures left to us of the 
ecclesiastical life of the town in the days when the 
organisation of the Church had become as unstable 
and uncertain as the constitution of the State. No 
other parish in the town has preserved a fragment 
of record or register older than the eighteenth 
century. 

In this paper I shall deal only with the old Registers. 
1 was fortunate enough to find fourteen sheets. Of 
these, seven covering the period from May, 1627, to 
April, 1646, had formed part of one book, four being 
still sewn together. Six appear to have formed part 
of another book. Their entries range from 1590 to 
1599, and from 1615 to 1621. The remaining sheet 
is somewhat of a puzzle. The third and fourth pages 
are occupied by baptisms of 1614 to 1616. The second 
page is blank. The first page contains a' series of 



in Pembrokeshire! 121 

entries of marriages from May, 1647, to August, 1648. 
Above them are two almost illegible entries of burials, 
and between the burials and the marriages are these 
words, in the same bold hand as the burial entries : 



" For other burialls b ..... . 

of Mr. Holland and Mr." 

i > 

r t 

As a Holland was incumbent of St. Mary's at the 
end of the sixteenth century, it is probable that this 
refers to a book begun by him which was still in use, 
or at least available for reference in 1647, and that to 
this the six older sheets belong. 

We have thus parts of two books, one of which I shall 
call the Holland Register, and the other, the Ormond 
Register, as the twenty-eight pages are almost entirely 
in the the handwriting of William Ormond, who was 
ejected by the victorious Puritans in 1646 or 1647, 
from the living which he had held some seventeen 
years. 

The sheets are all of uniform size, the pages being 
11 in. by 5^ ins. in the Holland book. The first 
page of the fragment appears to have been the first 
page of the book. It is headed : — 

" . r . . . . St. Maries, in Haverfordwest. " 

The first entry is — 

" Thomas Lewes, clerck, was buried October ..." 

[i.e., 1590]. 

This looks like an entry of the burial of Holland's 
predecessor in the living. There are six pages of 
burials all in the same hand, arid all appearing to be 
transcripts from another record. The entries are 
^usually in Latin, but occasionally one meets with an 
English word, and the writer has not unfrequently 
strayed into English in the Christian names. 

In the summary the year& are O. S. In the 
remainder of 1590 there were six, burials, entered. * In 



122 THE OLDEST PARISH REGISTERS 

1591 there were thirty-one, and in 1592 fifteen. At 
the end of that year is the following note : — 

"The last two yeares in the ould records are very im- 
perfect." 

Then follows, at the bottom of the page, one burial 
of May 24, 1593. The next entry, at the top of page 
3, is for January, 11, 1595-6. There is, therefore, one 
leaf missing, and there is a corresponding hiatus in the 
register of baptisms. 

January to March, 1595, there were eight burials; 
in 1596, thirty-six; in 1597, fifty-seven; in 1598, 
eight; and in the first six months of 1599, five. 
There were thus only thirteen in the eighteen months, 
March, 1598, to September, 1599 ; against eighty for 
the previous eighteen months, September, 1596, to 
March, 1597-8. The high rate of mortality begins 
with the autumn of 1596. Both 1596 and 1597 were 
years of exceptionally bad harvests throughout the 
country, with the invariable accompaniment of bad 
harvests — extensive sickness and a high death-rate. 

The parish of St. Mary could not have contained 
more than a third of the population of the town, and 
since the mortality would naturally be heavier in the 
poorer districts, which lay chiefly in St. Martins 
parish, as was certainly the case in the plague of 
1651-2, we scarcely estimate the number of deaths 
in eighteen months as less than two hundred and fifty, 
or about an eighth of the population. This is a start- 
ling approximation to the plague mortality fifty years 
later. From September 5th to November 4th, 1597, 
there were twenty-four burials. 

There is, however, no reason to believe that the 
bubonic plague was then in the county. The sickness 
must have been due to the double failure of the harvest, 
and the consequent privations of the poor, and of those 
who in years of average prices would live in tolerable 
comfort. When epidemics of any kind were making 
havoc among the poorer classes, the upper classes 



IN PEMBROKESHIRE. 123 

would also suffer. Probably 1592, with its fifteen 
burials, was an average year, for the interval covered 
by the two missing pages was two years and eight 
months — from May, 1593, to January, 1595-6 — and 
the average number of entries to a page being about 
twenty-four, this would give forty-eight for the two 
and three-quarter years, or eighteen to a year. 

The high rate of 1591 may have been due to an 
epidemic of some kind. It was a year of great sickness 
in Carmarthen. Apparently the transcript closes with 
page 8. The reference to the " ould Records " at the 
end of 1592 would seem to suggest that the "copy" 
ended there, but the appearance of the other six pages 
is unmistakeably that of a transcript not of entries 
made after each burial. 

There is nothing in these lists of burials calling 
for further remark. The character of the nomen- 
clature is that of all Pembrokeshire documents of 
the Elizabethan period. The proportion of surnames 
now unknown, or very rare in the county, is greater 
than in the next century. Among Christian names the 
not unfrequent occurrence of Balthazar and Thomasine, 
and the proportion of names which are now of very 
rare occurrence, such as Hugh, Leonard, Arnold, etc., 
are indications of the continued preponderance of the 
Teutonic element. The Celtic element was sufficiently 
in evidence, but Haverfordwest was still the town of 
the Flemings. 

Another leaf which I examined some years ago, but 
.which I cannot now find among the papers, contained 
the burial entries for 1599 and 1601. These were 
obviously the original entries, not a transcript. Against 
one mans name was written " crudditer vulneratus." 
In another place was the pathetic word " Magdalena." 
A third entry, which I jotted down in my note-book, 
told how two boys, sons of Mr. Bo wen, of Llwyngwair, 
had died on the same day, and had been buried in one 
grave. Thirty years before, the Bowens were known 
as the ap Owens of Pentre Evan. 



124 THE OLDEST PARISH REGISTERS 

A detached leaf, which does not apparently belong to 
the "Holland" book, contains in pages 1 and 2 entries 
of fifteen marriages in the year 1600. 

The following are the entries on the first page, as far 
as they can be deciphered. 

1599. 

Thomas Rice & ) t •• n.- 

Elizabeth Orriell j Januan J ultim0 

...Edwards&J Februarij3 
... Thomas & | Febmarij4 

Elizabeth Joht } Februari J 18 

Henry Kendell ) Februarii 19 
Elizabeth Crunn J J 

Phillip A ckland & ),, .. .„ 
Elizabeth Hoare J ^ 

Arnold Tanke & ) T • • •„ 
AlesHiU jJ^ijxj* 

Bauldwin & 1 7 • • i * 
Jane Gibbon J •' 

John Eeede & ) A , . c 
Elizabeth... } Augusta 5 

Water Warlow } A , . oc 
Ann Barber ) Augusta 26 

William Scowrefeylde ) a , , , 
Elizabeth jSeptemb 

In the last case the bride's surname was not entered. 
On the second page the writing is still more difficult 
to decipher. 

David Keethen fc| a,, . .„ 
Alison Marchent } 
John White & 
Mawde Davids 

Henr 

Elizabeth 

• Thos:... 

Chris ■ 



IN PEMBROKESHIRE. 125 

Underneath are written three lines, of which only 
the first part of each line is even partially decipherable. 

The time (?) of other marriages 

Holland and }lr. Bynon the. . 

booke among ? 

. Below this is the following : — 

Jenkin Howell & ) married 
Elizabeth Cuny J weaver at 

one the 30th day of June 1610 

This brief list of marriages in the last year of the 
sixteenth century, imperfect as it is, is not without 
ifiterest. Those families with Pembrokeshire nomen- 
clature will note the occurrence of Scourfield, Crunn, 
and Ackland. The Tankes have vanished long since. 
The Christian name Allsen, borne by the bride of David 
Keethen, has disappeared as completely as the surname 
of the bridgegroom. 

Arnold Tanke was the holder of several municipal 
offices, having been mayor in 1607. 

The fragments of the note about the "other marriages" 
is provokingly incomplete, but it appears to confirm our 
theory of the two Registers. 

I am indebted to the courtesy of the Rev. T. G. 
Marshall, rector, of Walwyns Castle, for the following 
information regarding Mr. Holland : — 

Robert Holland, of Jesus College, Cambridge, who 
took his degree of M.A. in 1581, was a younger son of 
the well-known family of the Hollands of Conway. He 
was presented by the Picton Castle family to the 
vicarage of Llandowror, and by the Crown, in 1591, to 
the rectory of Prendergast. He married Jane, daughter 
of Robert Meyler, of Haverfordwest, and was the author 
of a poetical " Holie Historic of our Lord and Saviour 
Jesus Christ " in English, and of several prose works in 
Welsh. Resigning his former preferments, he was pre- 
sented in 1607 to the rectory of Walwyns Castle, and 
in 1612 to that of Robeston West. Both of these 



126 THE OLDEST PARISH REGISTERS 

Crown livings he held till his death in 1624. His son, 
Nicholas, became Vicar of Marloes, another Crown 
living, in 1618. His son, Nicholas, a lawyer practising 
in Haverfordwest, was married four times, his first wife 
being Dorothy, daughter of Orlandon, and his second, 
Eliza, daughter of Thomas Davids of Robleston, mayor 
of Haverfordwest in the plague year 1651-2. At the 
time of her marriage with Nicholas Holland, she was 
the widow of Thomas Cozens (a Cozens of Roosepoole), 
who was also Mayor of Haverfordwest in 1665. Cozens, 
at the time of the plague in the town, was employed in 
representing the interests of the borough in London. 

The identification of the former Rector of Prendergast, 
and future Rector of Walwyn's Castle, with the Vicar 
of St. Mary's 1600, rests on slight evidence; but it is 
strengthened by the following entry in the Register of 
Burials : — 

"Anne f. Eoberti Holland, Martij 25, 1597." 

Before dealing with the pages covering the years 
1613-1621, something more must be said about the 
years 1596 and 1597. The price of wheat had been 
rising fitfully, but none the less surely, since the 
middle pf the century. In 1495, a cheap year, it had 
been 4s. 0%d. per quarter. In 1533, a dear year, it 
was 7s. 8d. In the nine years, 1564-72, the average 
price was 12s. Id. In 1590 it was 18s. 4^cL Then 
came a succession of bad seasons ; 1594 and 1595 were 
dear years, but in 1596 wheat rose to 46s. 3d., and in 
1597 to 56s. 10^d. Oats, oatmeal, malt, and barley 
were proportionately dear. In 1597 it was a " veritable 
famine." Though the average prices for each decade 
were steady till the middle of the next century, the 
prices of 1597 were not again paralleled till 1648 or 
1649, while the high figure of 1649 was reached only 
four times in the next hundred years. 1 In all parts of 
the country there was great suffering. In the northern 

1 Thorold Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages. 



IN PEMBROKESHIRE. 127 

counties, plague followed in the wake of famine. Con- 
temporary letters speak of " want and waste" and ter- 
rible distress. The rest of the kingdom seems to have 
been free from plague, but other epidemics, especially 
famine fever, were making sad havoc. At Bristol 
wheat is quoted at the incredible figure of 20s. the 
bushel. 1 "Wheat was sold at Carmarthen at 405. 
the bushel, and barley for 26s. 8d. 9 money by Car- 
marthen measure." 2 If Carmarthen measure meant the 
" Haverford measure" of the double Winchester, i.e., 
sixteen gallons, 8 that gives us, as at Bristol, the in- 
credible figure of 20s. the bushel. It is more probable 
that it meant the " teal," or " double Haverford 
measure" of four English Winchester bushels, which 
was also current, in Upper Kernes and Cardigan. Even 
this amounts to 806*. a quarter. At this time, the 
average pay for labourers in Haverfordwest was nearer 
Ad. than 6d. a-day, and artisans rarely received the 8c?. 
a-day fixed by the magistrates in those English counties, 
which were below the average of the country. No 
wonder that the mortality here, as in some other dis- 
tricts, approximated to that of the Plague years. In 
the parish of St. Ishmael's (Ferryside), the only Car- 
marthenshire parish of which the figures are known, 
the number of deaths, which was thirteen in 1593 and 
eighteen in 1594 and 1595, rose to seventy-six in 1596: 
presumably a higher death-rate than in Haverfordwest, 
where the distribution of the high mortality over the 
eighteen months points to simple starvation, rather 
than to any epidemic, unless it were famine fever. 

It was the experiences of the two famine years that 
led to the Elizabethan poor law legislation of 1599. 

1 Creigh ton's History of Epidemics. 

2 Spurrell's History of Carmarthen. 

3 Owen's Pembrokeshire, pp. 137, 138. 

(To be continued.) 



128 



ON 

SOME DISCOVERIES AT LLANGENDIERNE 
CHURCH, CAERMARTHENSHIRE. 1 

fcY T. P. CLARK, ESQ. 

This church bears the name, Cyndierne, or Kentigern, 
of a famous ecclesiastic who, some twelve or fourteen 
centuries ago, exercised considerable influence in Britain : 
founding the North- Welsh sanctuary of St. Asaph, 
where he was bishop, and ruling in the same capacity 
the district now identified with the great manufacturing 
city of Glasgow, among others. He, no doubt, estab- 
lished in these early times a place of worship upon or 
near the site of this church, to which his name has 
descended. The building, of unusual size for a country 
church in Wales, was erected probably in the fourteenth 
century, placed upon the eastern slope of a rounded 
hillock, capped by a stratum some 5 ft. in thickness, of 
water- worn pebbles and sand, so firmly compacted 
together that its builders were satisfied with a founda- 
tion on its surface a few inches below the turf that 
covered it : they also omitted the usual " footings" or 
projecting courses at the base of its walls, as well as 
the ordinary plinths. 

Before the recent restoration the church presented a 
lamentably neglected appearance : its thirteen windows 
were constructed of wood, without a trace of stone- 
work about them, dating from the seventeenth century 
or later; roofs of a low pitch, and the meanest construc- 
tion, had taken the place of earlier structures, as marks 
where a high-pitched roof had once abutted against the 
simple but picturesque tower indicated. 

1 Ma<le during the progress of the work of restoration carried out in 1883-1888 
by the late Vicar, the Rev. David Jones, deceased. 



DISCOVERIES AT LLANGENDIERNE CHURCH. 129 

The interior had no features of interest to recommend 
it ; the walling masonry was the rudest hammer-dressed 
random rubble ; the window-openings had no rear 
arches, and there was an entire absence of cut stone- 
work of any description in piers, arches, or elsewhere. 

The piers, it is important to note, had marks upon 
them below present floor-level, showing that for a con- 
siderable time its level had coincided almost exactly 
with that of the natural surface of the ground outside, 
sloping from west to east, with a declivity of about 2 ft. 
in the length of the building. 

About the year 1676 (the late Vicar thought) the 
nave and aisle were filled with high pews, with wooden 
floors, sufficient to accommodate about a thousand 
people ; and at this time, no doubt, an attempt was 
made to level the sloping floor of the church, as excava- 
tions were made to a depth of 1 ft. 6 ins. at the west end 
of the nave and aisle, gradually tapering out and dying 
towards the middle of the building, the material thus 
removed being deposited towards the eastern half of it, 
the filling at the east end of the chancel raising its 
level some 1 ft. 6 ins., and necessitating an alteration in 
the headway of the priests' door, the arch of which 
shows traces of having been raised about 1 ft. 6 ins. 

The shallow foundations of the church walls, already 
referred to, created a difficulty in excavating in the 
nave ; and at the west end, the gravel or conglomerate 
upon which the walls rested was exposed to a depth of 
1 ft. 6 ins., cut down vertically flush with the face of 
the masonry above. The substratum below the nave 
piers was exposed in the same way, and it had to be 
remedied by underpinning at the restoration. 

At the commencement of the work the dilapidated 
pews and their decayed wood flooring were removed, to 
begin with : it was found the floor-joists rested upon 
the ground, which had been plastered with a coat of 
mortar to receive them about an inch thick. This plaster 
being taken up, the startling discovery was made that 
immediately below it lay rows of skeletons, side by side, 

6TH 8KB., VOL. II. 9 



130 DISCOVERIES AT LLANGENDIBRNE CHURCH, 

as closely as they could be packed, without any cover- 
ing of earth, although mould of the same description as 
that of the surface soil of the churchyard was filled in 
between them. The skeletons were perfect, the 
different bones holding together in their natural posi- 
tion, so that with care it was possible to raise and 
carry away each separately. 

As soon as a few had been removed, it was found, 
another similar row of skeletons lay beneath the top 
one, no earth intervening, and under this layer again, 
a third, and towards the last a fourth, and even fifth ; 
and as investigation proceeded, the extraordinary fact 
was revealed that the whole area of both nave and 
aisle, some 2,240 square feet in extent, had at some 
time been excavated to a depth of from 3 to 5 feet 
below the lowest course of the foundation of the church, 
and the space .filled with bodies closely packed, and 
lying one upon the other in tiers. 

The bodies were laid all with their heads to the east, 
the bottom layer resting on the ground on their backs, 
the next one lying on their faces upon those below 
them, the third again upon their backs, and so on 
alternately, earth or fine sand being filled in at each 
layer between the bodies, as before stated. 

In all four hundred and ninety-seven skeletons were 
removed, all those of full-grown men of average 
height, without any of either women or children, 
and all perfect: no fractured bones or cleft skulls 
appearing, as would have been the case had they 
belonged to men killed in battle. The bodies appeared 
to have been buried without any covering, a small 
strip of silk about 1 ft. 6 ins. by 3 ins., and a small 
quantity of box leaves, being the only objects found 
among them. Nothing whatever is known on the 
subject of the ancient burial of nearly five hundred 
bodies at one time together. Every fact in connection 
with it has been entirely forgotten in the neighbour- 
hood ; history makes no mention of it. 

Llangendierne Church should not be dismissed with- 



CAERMARTHENSHIRE. 131 

out some reference being made to a lady, the wife of 
the late Vicar, to whose indefatigable exertions the 
restoration of the church was mainly due. 

No less than £2,053 was spent, the greater part of 
which was collected by Mrs. Jones, in answer to episto- 
lary appeals. A memorial tablet, a brass recording the 
fact, has been fixed in the chancel to her memory. 

The entire renovation of such a large building after 
the plans of Mr. J. P. St. Aubyti, architect, was effected 
under the daily superintendance of the late Vicar, whose 
zeal and enthusiastic interest in the work contributed 
largely to its thoroughness and excellence. 



9>> 



132 



CHURCH OF ST. MICHAEL, LLANFIHANGEL- 
GLYN-MYFYR, DENBIGHSHIRE. 

BY HAROLD HUGHES, ESQ., A.R.I.B.A. 

The main road from Cerrig-y-Druidion to Ruthin 
passes within a few hundred yards of the small church 
of St. Michael, in the Vale of Myfyr. 

. The building consists of a chancel, a nave, and a 
porch on the south side. The chancel is of greater 
width than the nave. From the manner in which the 
eastern and western portions are connected, it would 
seem evident that they were erected at different 
periods. The eastern end of the nave, inside the 
church, does not extend to the western termination of 
the chancel on the exterior. Probably, therefore, the 
nave is the oldest portion, and the chancel added 
independently and joined to the older building. If 
the chancel had existed before the nave, the walls of 
the western division would doubtless have been con- 
structed of full width from the junction : that is, if they 
had not overlapped the chancel walls. Further, it is 
highly improbable that if the nave had been constructed 
after the chancel, it would have been of contracted 
width. 

Although the church is mentioned in the Taxatio of 
129 1, 1 the roof is the only ancient constructive feature 
remaining. It probably dates from the sixteenth cen- 
tury. Doubtless the side walls contain masonry of an 
earlier period, but all the ancient windows have been 
replaced by modern work. 

In 1853, the west end and the east window were 
rebuilt. 2 The small western bay is modern, and pro- 
bably the church was extended at this date. Most of 
the windows in the side walls are of the same 

1 History of the Diocese of St. Asaph, 1874, p. 552. 

2 Ibid., p. 553. 



CHURCH OF ST. MICHAEL. 133 

character as the east window. They are of mean 
design, and doubtless belong to the same period. 

The ancient roof is evidently part of one work. It 
is divided into seven bays, four belonging to the nave 
and three to the chancel. The easternmost, that of the 
sanctuary, differs from the two other bays of the chancel 
roof. There is again a slight difference between the 
latter and the roof of the nave. Until recently, the 
ancient work of the chancel roof was hidden by a 
plaster ceiling. The roof is shown in detail on the 
accompanying plate. The principals are arched, and 
have deep collars. There are internal and external 
massive wall-plates. A double row of purlins extends 
the length of the church. The ridge-piece was of the 
usual square section, set diagonally, but none of the 
original exists. The purlins of the chancel roof were 
rebated, over which the rafters were notched. The 
wind-braces under the purlins are cusped. The rafters 
were rebated, to receive the upright boarding or panel- 
ling between them. The two western bays of the 
chancel roof differed from that of the nave, in that the 
rafters were strutted from the wall-plate. The struts 
and the sides of the principals were grooved to receive 
panels. The sanctuary had a curved wooden ceiling, 
following the shape of the arched principals, divided 
vertically and horizontally by moulded ribs, on which 
curved panels rested. The sides of the principals were 
grooved to receive the panels. 

When the Rector, the Rev. Thomas James, was 
appointed to the living, a few years ago, the roof was 
in a very dilapidated state, and in 1900 he determined 
to repair it. The slating was in very poor condition, 
and, in the first instance, it was necessary to strip the 
roof. None of the original boarding remained on the 
rafters. Most of the rafters were decayed, and some 
were not original. Several of the purlins had evidently 
been renewed. The boarding of the sanctuary ceiling 
was found in position, but cracked, broken, and dilapi- 
dated. 



134 CHURCH OF ST. MICHAEL, 

In the illustrations the roof is shown as it originally 
existed. The remains of the various timbers were 
sufficient to indicate the sizes, shape, and construction 
of the various parts of the roof. r- 

The principals had spread and opened widely at the 
joints. Most of the oak pins had given way. One or 
two principal rafters were severely cracked, and had 
little power of support. In repairing the roof, no 
" restoration " was attempted. The principals were not 
taken down. The worst were cramped, tightened up, 
and bound together with iron bolts and straps. In the 
case of a badly-broken principal, new timber had to be 
placed at the side to strengthen it, but not to interfere 
with the old work. The old ribs of the chancel ceiling 
were not moved. The other ancient timbers, purlins, 
etc., were retained as far as it was practicable. It was 
necessary, however, to provide new rafters throughout. 
But the new rafters and covering are distinctly modern 
work, and not restoration. 

Of the walls, the east and the upper portion of the 
west-end with the bell-gablet, which had been rebuilt 
in 1853, had again given way, and it was found neces- 
sary to reconstruct them. Funds would not permit a 
new window and bell-gablet to be substituted for the 
wretched work of 1853. 

The north and south walls, though bulged and much 
out of the perpendicular, appeared sound. To run 
cement in from above, and to do a certain amount of 
pointing, therefore, was all that was considered 
necessary. 

Much of the internal plastering was in a very decayed 
state. It was necessary to re-plaster a large extent of 
wall surface. 

All the fittings are modern, and of poor design ;• but 
again, in this case, the question of cost prohibited any 
substitute being made. 



LLANFIHANGEL-GLYN-MYFYR, DENBIGHSHIRE. 135 

The bell in the modern gablet bears the inscription : 
" 1594 ti ag ro" (see Illustration). 

Inscription on Bell at Llanfihangel-Glyn-Myfyr. 

The sedilia consists of an oak bench, with four raised 
panels and curved arms, and has inscribed on it, in 
raised letters, "Hugh Davies's Bench. 1753." 

The entrance-door is square-headed, of oak, and is 
nail-studded. It is hung with wrought-iron hinges, 
with rudely-ornamented ends. 

The wooden balusters in front of the gallery probably 
formerly belonged to the altar-rail. Portions of old 
pews (chiefly doors) form a dado against the side walls. 
Probably they were placed in this position in 1853. 
Two old doors, fixed against the chancel walls, are 
inscribed: "17^:21." 

The church contains a massive ancient oak chest. 

The churchyard is bounded on the north side by the 
river Alwen. In 1781 a haystack is said to have been 
carried away by the river when in flood, and to have 
blocked up a bridge lower down the stream, causing the 
water to rise to a considerable height. A small slab, 
fixed in the north wall, about 8 ft. or 9 ft. above the 
floor level, marks the height to which the water rose in 
the church. Eventually, the bridge is said to have been 
swept away by the flood, but the water did not subside 
before the chancel had sustained much damage. 

Llanfihangel-Glyn-Myfyr is the birthplace of several 
celebrated men : amongst others, Owen Jones, the 
antiquary, who was born at " Tyddyn Tudur," in this 
parish, in 1741 ; Hugh Maurice, another antiquary ; and 
his son, Dr. Peter Maurice, of New College, Oxford. 1 

1 History of the Diocese of St. Asaph, p. 553. 



136 



CRUG YR AVON : GLAMORGAN'S LONE 

SENTRY-BOX. 

BY JOHN GRIFFITH, ESQ. 

Ckug yk Avon, or A van, is situate at the source of the 
river Avon, which flows into the sea at Aberavon. 
Close by, also, is the highest source of the river Ogwr, 
Ogmore. The crug also is on the boundary of Ystrad- 
yfodwg parish, occupying the western edge of the 
peat-bog which crowns Craig y Pare, Cwmpark, where 
Edward Lhwyd, two hundred years ago, discovered 
some coal and a " flint axe," the latter being probably 
the first discovery of the kind in Wales known to anti- 
quaries, and may be found, perhaps, in the Ashmolean 
Museum with the "fossils" which, the biographer of 
Lhwyd says, " he did not live to digest/' 

Crug yr Avon is 1,859 ft. above the level of the 
sea, 112 ft. lower than the place called in maps Cam 
Mosyn, the highest point in Glamorgan. But though 
the latter is higher, it is less conspicuous. I venture 
to say, though without any authority except my own 
observation, that from no other point in Glamorgan can 
such an expanse of land be seen as from Crug yr Avon. 
It was a cloudy day, with the sunlight streaming down 
through the rents in black clouds, when I first visited 
the crug. Just as I was looking around on the spot, a 
stream of light fell on Burry Inlet, disclosing the 
stacks of Llanelly ; and, further, a range of hills in the 
heart of Pembrokeshire. If I had the aid of a glass, 
I might be able to distinguish some points in Cardigan- 
shire, near Cardigan town. But, leaving the last out, 
I could distinguish seven counties: Pembroke, Car- 
marthen, Brecon, Monmouth, Somerset, Devon, and 
the whole of Glamorgan, except a portion hidden from 
view by the lower hills on the south-west side. It 



\ I 



138 CRUG- YR AVON! 

is peculiar of this crug that it commands a view from 
the Bristol Avon to Pembrokeshire, except the part 
between Porthcawl and Swansea. On the north the 
view is restricted by the Carmarthenshire Vans and the 
Brecknock Beacons. On the east side, the Sugar Loaf 
and Blorenge at Abergavenny are seen. Netherwent 
is hidden from view by the Ebbw Vale hills, and the 
hillocks which keep company with Twm Barlwm, or 
Twyn Barlwm, of Risca. 

If the crug is to be regarded from a military point 
of view, it possesses another singular feature. While 
it practically commands all entrances to the Rhondda 
on one side, it is not visible at all in the Rhondda. 
The site is certainly of strategic significance, as a 
glance at the map will show. 

The crug, or tumulus, is, measured over the whole, 
77 ft. in diameter. The height of the crug proper is 
8 ft. 3 ins., but on the southern edge is a stone tower, 
3 ft. high and 7 ft. 6 ins. diameter. The crug seems to 
be perfectly round, with a terraced outline, as if built 
in three sections, one on the top of the other. On the 
outside is a marked ditch, and at the time we secured 
a photograph of the crug it was surrounded by a ring 
of water. It is not easy to decide whether or not the 
ditch at one time was of considerable depth. Between 
the ditch and the bottom of the crug proper is a space 
of 11 ft., rising 1 ft. 6 ins. or so above the ditch. What 
fills the space seems to be dSbris fallen from the crug, 
or it may be the first section of it. But the reason I 
have for regarding this 1 1 ft. space as fallen debris is, 
that the line of the crug proper is still marked by the 
usual upright stones, to keep the stuff in, as it were. 
One nearly always finds the outer line of our Rhondda 
cairns marked by upright stones^ But these upright 
stones of Crug yr Avon are 11 ft. from the outer line, 
and they appear 2 ft. or more above the ditch. 

The line of the top section is as well marked as the 
line of the lower, with a terrace between. In the very 
top of the crug is a crater-like hole, 1 4 ft. wide at the 



_j 



Glamorgan's lone sentry-box. 139 



im 



top and 1 ft. 8 ins. deep. The edges around the hole are 
it well preserved. Though a hole, it does not appear as 

le the work of reddess grave-spoilers. Besides, the stones 

ie with which the tower on the south edge of the crater- 

af hole has been built are different from the loose stones 

it of the cairn. The former are for the most part rounded, 

e and there is good reason for believing that the supple- 

ir mentary stone towers, which crown some half-a-dozen 

Rhondda cairns are not only modern, but built also of 
t stones gathered from other places. There was the 

e feeling of superstitious reverence with which cairns 

3 were regarded. There was also a singular custom 

which appears to have been observed in this neighbour- 
i hood as late as the middle of the last century. An 

aged resident of Blaenrhondda has told me that he 
remembers the time when a farmer on the "Glamorgan 
Alps" would "get mad" at a man who would travel 
along the old road, from Hirwain to Glyncorrwg, with- 
out picking up a stone to add to one of the cairns, 
which were such useful guides along the mountain 
wilds. I have further observed — and I have seen all 
the cairns in this district which have supplementary 
towers — that an old road passes by each of them. A 
famous old road may be traced from Llangeinor to 
Blaencwm, passing Crug yr Avon. Roads from Bwlch 
y Clawdd, Cwmpark, Maesteg, and other places, meet 
i at the same spot. 

On the whole, I am inclined to regard the hole 
referred to' as a space which was once occupied by 
sentinels or watchmen. There is an exactly similar 
hole on a tumulus near Gelli, Rhondda, which com- 
mands a view of the valley up to Treherbert. I have 
the joint opinion of two experts, who merely judged 
from a written description of the crug, that it is pro- 
bably a sepulchral mound, used also as a point of 
observation. Whether such a curiously -constructed 
mound was used also for purposes of defence is a 
question that naturally occurs to the observer. I 
may say, also, that there is no sign of the crug 



140 CRUG YR AVON. 

having been broken into, except the hole on the top 
already mentioned. 

The crug is miles from everywhere. To visit it 
means half a day's tramp from the nearest centre of 
civilisation. Nantymoel, Cwmpark, Blaengwynfi, and 
Blaencwm possess about equal advantages as starting- 
points. As competent antiquaries seem to dread the 
Rhondda, my friend, Mr. E. J. Powell, of Ystrad 
Rhondda, and myself, after four visits to the crug, have 
succeeded in conveying it bodily on a piece of paper 
to this sheet, where the experts can see it and tell us 
all about it. The members of the Rhondda Naturalists' 
Society would like to know something definite about 
this lone sentry-box of Glamorgan. It has been sug- 
gested that the crug was an important repeating 
station on an ancient line of wireless telegraphy, which 
ran from London to St. David's, possibly to Ireland. 
As the crug is covered with grass, which, at the time, was 
of the same dull brown colour as the surrounding peat- 
bog, it was very difficult to obtain a good photograph ; 
but, I think, the result, after repeated efforts, is the 
best that could be obtained. 



141 



FLINTSHIRE SUBSIDY ROLL, 1592. 

Through the kindness of Colonel Howard, C.B., of 
Wigfair, St. Asaph, I am enabled to send the accom- 
panying transcript of the Subsidy Roll for the several 
Hundreds of the county of Flint, which is among the 
many deeds he has inherited from Wickwer (as it was 
formerly spelt) and Hafodunos. This particular record, 
doubtless, came through John Lloyd, of Vaenol Vawr 
and Wickwer, registrar of the diocese of St. Asaph, 
and one of the commissioners acting for the Hundreds 
of " Counssillt, Ruthllan and Prestatton." The other 
Hundreds are those of " Mould and Mallors." 

The return is of value as well as interest, in that it 
gives, under each Hundred, the parishes of which it 
consisted, and the landowners resident therein, with 
the amount of their assessed value from 20s. upwards, 
and also those tradesmen whose "goodes" were assessed 
at £3 and above. Of these there were in the whole 
county only twenty-five, and only one of them was 
above £3, viz., William Hanmer Gent., in Broughton, 
£5. The. landowners, on the other hand, were one 
hundred and sixty two. Of these the wealthiest was 
John Hanmer of Hanmer, £13 ; next to him came 
Thomas Mostin of Mostyn, and Roger Puleston of 
Emral, £10 each; John Conway, of Bodryddan, and 
William Hanmer, probably of The Fenns, followed with 
£7 each ; there was only one at £6, Roger Brereton ; 
the four next were assessed at £5, viz., Ravenscroft of 
Bretton, Mostyn of Basingwerk (Maes Glas), Griffith of 
Caerwys, and Mostin of Talacre ; while £4 represented 
the rental of Trevor of Trevalyn, Da vies of Gwysaney, 
Stanley of Ewloe, Hope of Broughton, Salusbury of 
Bachegraig, and Morgan of Golden Grove. It must, 
however, be borne in mind that this is " the second 



142 FLINTSHIRE SUBSIDY ROLL, 1592. 

payment of the second subsidie " ; but even so, and 
remembering the far greater value of money at that 
time, it does not show any overwhelmingly large pro- 
prietors, while the one hundred and twenty two put 
down at 205. or 305. show how much more generally 
and evenly lands were then held. And this is further 
illustrated by the large number of old mansions scat- 
tered all over the county, which are now simply 
tenanted as farm-houses. The rate of this subsidy 
was one shilling and fourpence in the pound on the 
" landes " and one shilling in the pound on the 
" goodes." No manufactures, no coalpits, no mines, are 
specified, and it is probable there were none, or at least 
none profitably worked ; and the picture it recalls is in 
marked contrast to the smoky and grimy aspect of 
portions of the county at the present day. 

In the whole Hundred of Rhuddlan there is not a 
single instance of " goodes " assessed, though it boasted 
a Port ; and in the adjoining Hundred of Prestatyn, 
with its Talargoch, only one, and that one not at 
Meliden but at Llanasa. The names of some of those 
assessed in their " goodes," such as Ravenscroft, Con- 
way, Eyton and Hanmer, show the higher social 
position of business in those days, when the younger 
sons of the landed gentry were brought up to follow 
some useful trade. 

With the help of Mr. A. N. Palmer and Mr. A. 
Ffoulkes Roberts, I have been able to identify and 
localise the homes of a considerable portion of the 
persons mentioned ; and they cannot fail to be useful 
for the verification of pedigrees and for tracing the 
devolution of properties long since absorbed in other 
and larger estates. Those that have not been as yet 
identified will often find their clue in the parochial 
registers, and they will all help to illustrate the social 
and economical history of their time and parish. 

D. R. Thomas. 



FLINTSHIRE SUBSIDY ROLL, 1592, 



143 



An Extracte made the xxiii th day of September, in the xxxiiij th 
• yere of the Raigne of o r most gracious Sov r aigne Ladie 
Quene Elizabeth, &c., of the Second paym* of the Second 
Subsidie graunted to her ma tie att the p'lianient holden in 
the xxxi th yere of her highnes most gracious Eaigne, Taxed 
and Sessed upon the Inhabitants of the hundred of Mould 
in the Com. of Flint, before Roger Puleston, Rob te Davies, 
and Thomas Evans, Esquiers, by vertue of her ma ties 
C'mission unto them and others directed. 



Hundred de Mould. 



Hope 



Richard Trevor 1 Esquier 


... inlandes 


urj». 


vs. iiijd. 


Richard Yonge 2 


... in landes 


xxxs. 


ijs. 


Edward ap Roger ... 


... inlandes 


xxxs. 


ijs. 


John Lloyd 


... inlandes 


xxxs. 


ijs. 


Richard Sneyde 


... in landes 


XX*. 


xvid. 


Ellice Yonge 


... in landes 


xxs. 


xvid. 


Rees ap Hoell 


... in goodes 


nja. 


m • • 

njs. 


Griffith ap Rob'te ... 


... in goodes 


• • • 7 « 

lija. 


iijs. 


Rees ap John 


... in goodes 


• ••-*• 

nja. 


• • • 

UJS. 


Rob'te Trevor 8 


... in landes 

Moulde. 


Is. 


■•• •••• 7 

ujs. inja. 


Rob'te Davies, 4 Esquiere 


... inlandes 


• • • «7 • 

lllJM. 


vs. iijd. 


Rob'te lloyde de Hertesheath . 


... inlandes 


xls. 


•• • • • 7 

us. viija. 


John Wynne de Towre 


... in landes 


xls. 


iis. viijd. 


Edward Lloyd ap Will'm 5 


... in landes 


xxs. 


xxvjd. 


Edd. ap Jeu'n ap D'd ap Rees 6 . 


... in landes 


xxs. 


xvjrf. 


Rees ap Jeu'n ap D'd ap Rees 7 . 


... in landes 


xxs. 


xvjd. 


John Eaton 


... in landes 


xxs. 


xvjc?. 


Peter Wyn 


... in landes 


XX*. 


xvid. 


Evan ap Ithell 8 


... in landes 


xxs. 


xvid. 


Evan ap John Wyn ... 


... inlandes 


xxs. 


xvjd. 


Thomas Gruffith 


... in landes 


xls. 


ijs. viid. 


Jeu'n ap John Gruff 


... in goodes 


• • • 7 • 

11J«. 


— 


John Robtes 


.in landes 

Hawarden. 


xxs. 


xvjd. 


Thomas Raven scrofte, 9 Esq. 


... in .landes 


.. vli. 


vis. viijd. 


Edward Stanley, 10 Esquier 


... in landes 


• •••■** 

Uljtt. 


vs. iiijd. 


John Hope, 11 Esquier 


... in landes 


• • • »7 • 

urjZt. 


vs. iiijd. 


Thomas Whitley 12 ... 


... in landes 


xxs. 


xvid. 


1 Of Trefalyn. 2 


Of Bryn Iorkyn. 


8 Of Plas 


Tegfc 


4 Of Gwysaney. 5 


Of Trerbeirdd. 


6 Of Rhual. 



7 Of Coedyllai. 8 Of Llwynegryn. 

9 Of Bretton, High Sheriff 1595, married Catherine Grosvenor of Eaton. 

10 Of Ewloe, was buried at Hawarden 1608-9. 

11 John Hope, Esq., of Broughton, M.P. for Flintshire, 1584-86 ; married Maud, 
daughter of Thomas Ravenscroft, Esq., of Bretton. 

Of Aston. 



12 



144 



FLINTSHIRE SUBSIDY ROLL, 1592. 



John Evance 
Peirs Whitley 
Will'm Corbyn 
Richard Browne 
Will'm ffoxe 
George Ravenscrof te 1 



Johe'8 ap Will'm ap John de 
Abthinwent per Collecto'r 



in landes 


XX*. 


xvuf. 


in landes 


XX*. 


xvid. 


in goodes 


• • •« • 

ujfo. 


• • • 

uj*. 


in goodes 


uja. 


• • • 

nj*. 


in goodes 


lljlt. 


• • • 

UJ*. 


in goodes 


• • • « • 

ujh. 


• • • 

uj*. 



Sum' pagine iiijW. iij*. iiijd. 



Roger Puleston. 3 
Rob't Davies. 8 
Tho. Evans. 4 



An Extracte made the xxv th day of September in the xxxiiij th 
yere of the Eaigne of o r most gracious Sov'aigne Lady 
Quene Elizabeth, &c. of the second paym* of the second 
subsidy granted to her ma tie att the p'liament holden the 
xxxj th yere of her Highnes Eaigne, taxed and sessed upon 
the Inhabitantes of the hundred of Cou'ssillt in the com of 
Fflint before John Conwey, Will m Mostin, John lloid, Tho. 
Evans, Esq re by vertue of her Mat* Commission unto them 
and others directed. 



Hundred de Cou'ssillt. 
Whitford. 



Thomas Mostin, Esqueir 
Roger Mostyn, Esq. 6 
Peirs Pennant 7 
David lloid ap John ap Ho'll 
John ap Res ap David ap Pell 
Thomas ap Edd ap Robte 
Peirs ap Ieu'n ap Ithell 



Will'm Mostin, Esquier 8 
Nicholas Pennant 9 ... 
Thomas ap John Gruff 
Thomas Manley 
Richard Gruff 



in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in goodes 



holliwell. 



in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in goodes 



xli. 


xuj*. liija 


iijli. 


iiij 


XX*. 


xvjrf. 


XX*. 


xvjcf. 


XX*. 


xv jd. 


XX*. 


xvjd. 


• • • * • 

urn. 


• • • 

UJ*. 


vli. 


vi*. viijd. 


XX*. 


xvjd. 


XX*. 


xvjd. 


XX8. 


xvjd. 


• • • m • 


• • • 

uj*. 



1 Of Bretton, son of Thomas Ravenscrof t. 

8 Of Emrall, M.P. for Flintshire, 1588, 1593. 

8 Of Gwysaney. 4 Of Soughton, Northop. 

6 Of Mostyn. 6 Eldest son of Thomas. 7 Of Bychton. 

8 Of Talacre and Maesglas, i.e., Greenfields (Basingwerk Abbey). 

9 Of Brtgillt. "Nicklas Pennant ap Harri Penant ap Edward Pennant ap 
Thomas Penant abad Dinas Basyn ap David Penant of Ychdan." — L. Dwnn, vol. ii, 
p. 305. 



FLINTSHI RE SU BSID Y ROLL, 1 5 9 2 . 



145 



Kilkain. 



John ffacknallt 1 
John Davies 
Christopher Hanmer 
John Gruffith de Brythdire 
Gruff ap Ithell Wyn 
PeirsWilTms 
Lewis ap John Eyton 
Evan lloid ap Richard 



in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in goodes 



xx*. 
xx*. 
xx*. 
xx*. 

XXS. 
XX*. 

• • • 7 • 



xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xv jd. 
xvjd. 

• • • 

iij*. 



Halhin. 



Thomas Jones 

John ap Ieun lloid ... 

David Gruff ap Ho'll 

John Pennant 

Richard ap Robte ap Rees and 

Thomas ap Richard 



Thomas Hanmer, 2 Esquier 
Thomas Evance, 3 Esquier 
Rob't Salusbury 4 
Richard Lewis . .,. 
Ellice Kenricke 
Edward Conwey 5 
John ap Richard 6 
John Thomas ap Ho'll 7 
Edward ap Thomas ap Morice 
Owen Hanmer 
Edd ap Thomas ap Rees 
Ieu'n ap Ithell 



Thomas ffrauncis 
Peirs Conwey 
Thomas Walker 



Ellice ap Richard ap Morice 
Peticollector. 

Tho. Evans. 8 



in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 

in landes 



Northoppe. 



in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in goodes 



fflint 



xxs. 
xxs. 

xxs. 
xxs. 

xxs. 



njw. 
iijli. 
xx*. 
xx*. 

XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 

• • • 7 • 

uja. 



xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 

xvjd. 



nrjs. 

• • • • 

Ulj*. 

xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xv jd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 

■ • * 

U]S. 



... in landes xx*. xvjd. 

... in goodes iijW. iij*. 

... in goodes iijli. iij*. 

Sm' pagine iujlu. viijs. iiijd. 

r. h. corner torn off. 
Jo. Hanmer. 8 



1 Of Ffachnallt. 
vol. iii, p. 54. 

2 Of Caervallwch. 
4 Of Leadbrook. 

6 Of Caervallough. 

7 Of Caervallough. 



He married Jane Brereton of Esclusham. — Powys Vadoy, 

3 Of Soughton. 
5 Of Soughton. 
He married Margaret, sister of Edward Conwey. 

8 Of Hanmer. 9 Of Soughton. 



6th ser.. vol. ii. 



10 



146 



FLINTSHIRE SUBSIDY ROLL, 1592. 



An Extracte made the xiiij th day of Septemb'r, in the xxxiiij th 
yere of the Eaigne of o r moste gracious Sou'aigne Ladie Quene 
Elizabeth, &c., of the second paym* of the second Subsidie 
graunted to her Ma tie att the p'liament holden in the xxxj th 
yere of her highnes most gracious Eaigne, Taxed and 
Sessed upon thinhabitants of the hu'dred of Ruthllan, in 
the Com. of fflint, before Will'm Mostin, John Uoid and 
Thomas Evans, Esquires, by vertue of her Ma ties Comission 
unto them & others directed. 

Hundred de Ruthllan. 



John Conwey, 1 Esquier 
Piers Conwey 2 
Thomas Hughes 91 
Hugh Piers ap Hugh 4 



Ruthllan. 



in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 



viiZt. 
xxs. 
xx*. 
xx*. 



lxs. mja. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 



llanelwey. 



John lloid, Esquier 5 
John Conwey," Esquier 
Thomas Humffrey 7 ... 
Ffowlke ap Roberte 8 
Rob'te Gruff : ap Ieu'n 9 
Hugh ap M'edd 
Rees Wyn ap Ho'll 10 
Piers Thomas 11 
Piers Grigor 
John ffoulkes 12 



in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 



iijK. 
xl*. 
xxs. 

XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 



U1J*. 

ij*. viijd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 



Skiuoge. 

John Hughes, 18 esquier ... ... in landes 

Will'm Jones ... ... ... in landes 

John Powell ... ... ... in landes 

Rice Wyn ap Ho'll 14 ... ... in landes 

Riceaplthell ... ... ... in landes 

Will'm ap John Thomas ... ... in landes 

Hugh ap Rees ap Ieuan ... ... in landes 

Piers ap John ... ... ... in landes 

Jane, v'ch Hugh, late wyef of John ap John in landes 

Thomas 

Rice ap John Wyn ... ... ... in landes 



xx*. 

XX*, 
XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 

XX*. 



xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 

xvjd. 



1 Of Bodryddan. 

3 Of Llewerllyd. 

5 Of Vaenol Vawr. 

7 Of Bodelwyddan. 

9 Of Pengwern. 
11 Of Gwerneigron. 
18 Of Coedybrain. 



2 Of Hendre. 

4 Of Cwybyr. 

6 Of Plas Coch. 

8 Of Vaenol. 
10 Of Bodeugan, d. 1608. 
12 Of Vaenol Vach. 
14 Of Giedlom. 



FLINTSHIRE SUBSIDY ROLL, 1592. 



147 



Cairwis. 



Peirs GruffVEsquier 
RoVte Gruff*, Esquier 
Henry Morgan 
Thomas ap John Morgan 
Harry Browne 



Thomas Wflrms ... 
Rob'te Geathin 
Will'm Thorn's Lewis 
Rob'te ap Roger 



Roger Salusbury, 2 ... 
Harry Thorn's ap d'd ap Pell 
Rob'te ap RoVte ... 
Rob'te ap Hugh ap Maddocke 



John D'd lloid 

John ap E'dd ap Rob'te 

LPen ap Hugh 

John ap John ap Rob'te 



Wffl'm ap Ithell 



Hugh ap John Wtn de\ 
Dem* chion peticollector / 



in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 



Botvarry. 



in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 



Dimerchion. 



Oombe. 



in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 



in landes 
in landes 
in landes 
in landes 



Nannercke. 



in landes 



vli. 

XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 



XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 



nija. 
xx*. 



XX*. 



XX*. 
XX*. 
XX*. 

XX*. 



XX*. 



Sum' pagine iijZt. xvij*. 
John Lloyd 8 



vi*. viijd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xv }d. 
xvjd. 



xvjd. 
xvjrf. 
xv }d. 
xvjd. 



v*. iiijd. 
xvjd. 
xvjcf. 
xvjd. 



xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjrf. 



xvjd. 
mja. 



Tho. Evans. 4 



An Extracte made the xxv th day of September in the xxxiiij th 

yere of the Eaigne (as before) 

in the Hundred of Prestaton in the Com. of fflint, before 
John Conwey, Will'm Mostin, John lloid, and WilPni 
Griffith, esqueirs, by vertue of her Ma tie .... 

Hu'dred de Prestatton. 





Llanhafaphe. 






Peirs mostin, 6 Esqueir 


••• 


... in landes 


vli. 


vi*. viijd 


Edward Morgan, 6 Esqueir 


• • • 


... in landes 


• • • • * • 

Uljfcl. 


v*. iiijd. 


Will'm Gruffith, Esq. 


♦ •• 


... in landes 


• • • j • 


• • • • 

Ul]«. 


Peirs ap Edward 


• • • 


... in landes 


XX*. 


xvjd. 


Bennet ap Thomas ... 


• • • 


... in landes 


XX*. 


xvjd. 


Hugh Lewis de Gronant 


• • • 


... in landes 


XX*. 


xyjei. 


Thomas ap Harry Vachan 


• • • 


... in landes 


XX*. 


xvjd. 


Richard ffulke 


• • • 


... in goodes 


• • •» • 

lUll. 


• • • 

uj*. 



1 Of Caerwys. See L. Dwnn, vol. ii, p. 298. 2 Of Bachegraig. 

8 Of Vaenol Vawr and Wickwer. 4 Of Soughton. 

8 Of Talacre. 6 Of Gwlgre, now Golden Grove. 

10 2 



148 



FLINTSHIRE SUBSIDY RQLL, 1592. 



Hugh Peirs 
Hugh Will'ms 



Henry Conwey 



John Wyn ap Rob'te 1 
John ap Ithell Wyn 



Diserthe. 



in landes 
in landes 



Meliden. 



in -landes 



- Relifnoide. 



xxs. 
xxs. 



XX8. 



xvjd." 
xvjd. 



xvjd. 



Rob'te ap l'lkn ap Gwyn\ 
de Relifnoide petticollector J " John Lloyd. 

Tho. Evans. 



in landes xxs. xvjd. 

in landes xxs. xvjd. 

Sum' pagine, xxxjs. 



An Extract made the iiij th day of October in the xxxiiij th yeare 
of the Eeigne of o r Sov'eigne Lady Quene Elizabethe, &c, 
of the later payment of the second subcedye granted to her 
Ma tie at the parlement holden in the xxxj th yeare of her 
heignes reigne, taxed and cessed uppon th'inhabitants of 
the hu'dred of Mallors, in the county of fflint, before John 
Hanmer and Roger Puleston, esquires, by vertue of her 
Mat* Oomission to them and others directed. 

The Hundred of Mallo's. 
Abinbury. 



John Rob' tes* 

Gruff, ap John ap edward 


... in landes 
.... ... in landes 


xls. 
xxs. 


• • • • • 7 

ijs. vujd. 
xvjd. 


i> V • © •• . •■ 


Erbistocke. 




.-• 


George Salesbury , 3 gent. 


... in landes 


xxxs. 


• • 

ij*. 


humfrey Ellis, 4 gent. 
Raffe ellis, 5 gent. 
Lewis ap Edward ... 
Roger Davis, 6 gent. . . . 
Edward Ey ton, gent. 


Bangor. 

... in landes 
... ... in landes 

... in landes 
... in landes 
... in goodes 

Ou'ten fforren. 


xls. 
xxs. 
xxs. 
xxs. 

• • • 7 • 

lrjh. 


• • • • • 7 

us. vujd 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 
xvjd. 

• • • 

11JS. 


Edward ap Richard . . , 
David lloyd mathew 
David Reece 
Richard Eyton, gent. 


... in landes 
... in landes 
... in landes 
... in goodes 


xxs. 
xxs. 

xxs. 

• • • 7 • 

11JM. 


xvjd. 
xxjd. 
xvjd. 

• • • 

ujs. 


1 Of Gop. 
. 2 Of Plas Issa, Abenbury and Abenbury Hall. , 
3 Of Erbistock Hall. 
6 Ralph ap Ellis ap Richard. 


4 Of 

6 Of 


Allrey. 
Dwngre. 



FLINTSHIRE SUBSIDY ROLL, 1592. 



149 



Ellis ap David ap Rob'te 
Edward ap David ... 



Kncmlton* 



in landes 
in landes 



xx*. 



xvjd. 
xvjd 



On 9 ton Villa. 



Thorn's Ou'ton, gent. 
Rondell Eyton 



David Edow 
John howell 
John Jennines 
Thorn's Nixon 



Roger Puleston, 1 esquire 
Rondell Broughton, 2 gent. 
Richard ap Edd. phillip 
Will'm Jenkine 
Edward Gruffithe ... 



Anne Lloyd, wydowe 

Thorn's hanm' of Penley grene .,. 

John Kinaston 



Willi'm Lloyd, 8 gent. 
Rondell Lloyd 4 
Roger Eyton 



Iscoyd. 



in landes 
in goodes 



in landes 
in landes 
in goodes 
in goodes 



Wo'thinbury. 



Penley, 



in landes 
in landes „ 
in landes 
in landes 
in goodes 



in landes 
in landes 
in landes 



Halghton. 



in landes 
in landes 
in landes 



Tybroughton. 



Roger Eddow 
Rondell Eddow 



John Hanm', esquire 
Margret Younge, wydow 
Ales Jenkin, wydowe, \ 

wiffe of Thorn's Jenkin J 



Thorn's Kinaston, gen. 
Anthony Hanm' 
Rondell Hanm' 
Edward Meredithe ... 
John Morgan 
Thorn's Willim 



... . in landes 
... in landes 



Hanmer. 



in landes 
in landes 



bettesfeld. 



xx*. 

iijli. 



XX*. 

XX*. 

• • • J • 

nj6i. 

• • • f • 

ujtt. 



xli. 

• ■ • » • 

njtt. 
xx*. 
xx*. 

• • • t • 

UJU. 



xxx*. 

XX*. 
XX*. 



xl*. 

XX*. 
XX*. 



XX*. 
XX*. 



xiij/i. 

XX*. 



in goodes iiili. 



xvjd. 

• • • 

uj«. 



xvjd. 
xv ]d. 

• • • 

nj*. 

• • • 



••• •••• f 

XUJ*. llljtt. 

iiij*. 

xvjrf. 

xvjd. 

• • • 

nj*. 



ij*. 
xv ]d. 
xvjd. 



ij*. viijd. 
xvjrf. 
xvjd. 



xvjrf. 
xv jd. 



xvijs. iiijd. 
xvjd. 

• • • 

uj*. 



in landes 


XXX*. 


• • • 

11J*. 


in landes 


XX*. 


xvjrf. 


in landes 


XX*. 


xvjd. 


in landes 


XX*. 


xv ]d. 


in landes 


XX*. 


xvjd. 


in goodes 


• • • 1 • 


iij*. 



1 Of Emral. 

3 Of Halghton Hall. 

4 Son of William Lloyd. He died in Spain. 



2 Of Broughton Hall. 



150 



FLINTSHIRE SUBSIDY ROLL, 1592. 



brougkton. 



Will'm Hanmer, 1 Esqire 
Roger Brereton, esq'. 
Will'm Harnitz, gent. 
Katherin Aldersay, wydowe 
Mathew Jenkin 


... in landes 
... in landes 
... in goodes 
... in landes 
... in goodes 

WMington. 


vijli. 

vili. 

yli. 

xxs. 

.. • . • 

nj«. 


• • • • • * 

IX*. liija. 

viij*. 

v«. 

xvjd. 

• • • 

UJ8. 


Will'm Dymocke, 2 Esq.' 
Robte Lloyd 8 
George Mathew 


... in landes 
... in landes 
... in goodes 


x/a. 

XX8. 

• • • f • 

nut. 


iis. viijd. 
xvjd. 

• « • 

11J8. 


Thomas Cowp* of \ 
iscoid petty collecto' J 


Sum'e vjli 

Jo. Hanmer. 4 
Roger Puleston.* 


, & viija. viijd. 


1 Of Fenns Hall. 


2 


Of Penley. 




3 Of Talwern or Talwrn. 4 


Of Hanmer. 





5 Of Emral. 



151 



l&etoteto* and JBottces of 3Boofes, 

Notes on the History and Text of Our Early English Bible, 
and of its Translation into Welsh. By George Leader 
Owen, of Withybnsh, in the County of Pembroke, sometime 
Scholar of Trinity Hall and Bachelor of Laws in the University 
of Cambridge. 

It is pleasant to find a layman take np such a literary quest as the 
History and ^Text of Our Early English Bible, still more so to see 
that he has derived so much pleasure, as Mr. Owen evidently has 
done from the theme ; but whether it is always necessary or wise to 
publish abroad what has been a delight to oneself, is a question upon 
which opinions will differ. 

Mr. Owen's title divides itself into two sections, the one bearing 
on our " Early English Bible," the other on the Welsh translation ; 
and " Notes" is a happily-chosen term for the information he has 
gathered together. They do not profess to go very deeply into the 
subject, but they do present the distinctive features of successive 
versions of the English Bible; and the word-illustrations of the 
growth of the language from the time of Wycliffe are both interest- 
ing and helpful. But we wish he had kept a more watchful eye over 
his proof-sheets, as there is much inconsistency in some of his dates. 
WycliftVs Bible, on p. 10, is assigned to 1382, on p. 20 to c. 1382-3, 
and on pp. 21 and 30 to 1383. Tyndale's birth was " in 1483" on 
p. 30, but, on p. 33, "about a.d. 1484;" Taverner's Bible, p. 47, is 
dated at the top of the page 1539, but at the bottom of the same 
page we read, u To the honour and prayse of God, was this Bible 
prynted and fynyshed in the year of our Lord and Saviour Jesus 
Christ, mdli." The same Codex is written as the " Alexandrine" 
on p. 6, and the "Alexandrian" on p. 10. " The Vulgate," we are 
told, " was for nearly a thousand years the parent of every version of 
the Scriptures in Western Europe," p. 8 ; but the " Old Latin" 
version was of earlier date than, and independent of, St. Jerome's, 
and was the one followed in the Scoto- Britannic Church (Haddan 
and Stubbs, vol. i, p. 170). On p. 40, again, we have the confused 
description of " the Welsh Bible, first translated by Dr. Morgan, 
Bishop of St. Asaph in 1588 ;" if this date refers to the translation 
it is not correct, for it was published in 1588, and if it means that 
Dr. Morgan was " Bishop of St. Asaph" in that year it is not correct. 
He was not made a bishop at all till 1595, and did not become 
"Bishop of St. Asaph" till 1601. 

It is, however, when we come to the second section, the Transla- 
tion of the Welsh Bible* the section with which the Archceologia 



152 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 

Gambrensis is most concerned, that we are most disappointed. What 
" fragments of the Bible were translated from the Vulgate into the 
Welsh language" in 1557, we have no idea. Can the reference be to 
the " Llith a Ban," published in 1551 ? the history to which we 
are invited begins by assigning the Act of a.d. 1563 to a.d. 1562. 
We demur altogether to the assumption on the title-page and of the 
heading of the sections, that the Welsh version is only a translation 
of the English one : " Our Early-English Bible, and its Translation 
into Welsh ;" " the Translation of the English Bible into the Ancient 
British Tongue." The evidence is all the other way. The New 
Testament of 1567 bears on its title the statement that it was " Gwedy 
ei dynnu, yd y gadei yr ancyfiaith, 'air yn ei gylydd or Groec a'r 
Llatin," i.e., was drawn word for word, as far as the idioms allowed, 
from the Greek and the Latin ; and whatever Version Morgan may 
have used as his groundwork, it certainly was not the English. 
The New Testament, we are told, on the authority of Mr. Dore, was 
printed " at the cost and charges of Humphrey Poy," but we are not 
told who Humphrey Poy was. The name was not Poy> but " Toy," 
that of a well-known family at Carmarthen ; and it is added, that it 
was " not divided into verses," which is only partially true, as the 
21st chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, and the first twelve verses 
of the 22nd chapter, are so divided ; and so is the whole of the 
remainder, from the beginning of 2nd Timothy to the end of the 
Revelation. On the next page we read that "the Dedication to the 
Queene (Elizabeth) was signed by William Salesbury, Thomas Huet, 
Chantor (should be Cantor), Menevemis, and Dr. Richard Davis 
(should be Da vies) Menevensis ; but on the following page we have 
the dedication itself, with only (and that correctly) the signature of 
William Salesbury. Dr. Davies, moreover, was not a native of 
Denbigh, either town or county, but of Gyffin, in Carnarvonshire. 
Again, we have on pp. 75 and 77 the date of Morgan's Bible given 
three times as 1558, whereas it should be 1588; and on p. 76 
" Mr. Dore says that, as in the case of Miles Coverdale's Bible, 
Bishop Morgan's assistants in the translation are unknown ; M but 
Dr. Morgan himself records his obligations to the Bishops of Bangor 
and St. Asaph, the Dean of Westminster (Gabriel Goodman), Dr. 
David Powel, and Archdeacon Edmund Prys, as well as Richard 
Vaughan, the Provost of St. John's Hospital (not the Rector of the 
parish of p. 77), Lutterworth. 

Even Bishop Parry's Bible, 1620, was not translated from the 
English, although its purpose was evidently to bring the Welsh 
into accord with the Authorised English Version of 1611 ; but if we 
may take the Revised Version as the standard, Parry's Bible was 
not nearly so accurate and faithful to the original as was that of 
. Morgan, which it claims to have amended. We are sorry, we 
cannot speak more favourably of this section of the " Notes," and 
we offer these criticisms as our contribution to a more careful and 
reliable edition at some future time. 



REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 153 



A List of those who did Homage and Fealty to the first 
English Prince of Wales, in a.d. 1301. Edited by Edward 
Owen, Barrister-at-Law. Privately printed, 1901. 

This list, is a copy, not of . the original record, but of a transcript of 
that record made iD the eighteenth year of Edward III. The 
scribes who took down the names of the homagers in 1301 no 
doubt blundered sadly over the Welsh names, and the transcriber 
of 1344 must have added to the confusion'. But Mr. Owen has 
rightly kept the form of the names as they appear in the Patent 
Boll, and restricted himself to adding foot-notes which in many 
cases are of considerable interest, and contain some most important 
identifications. 

We must not expect to find in the list the names of free Welsh- 
men whose lands lay in the great lordships such as Bromfield, 
Yale, Chirk, Powys, Rhos, Rhyfyniog, and the like, for their over- 
lords in doing homage for themselves did homage for those und6r 
them also. Nor must we look for the names of South Walians, for 
the towns at which fealty was rendered, besides Chester and other 
places in England, were in North Wales : at Flint, Ruthin, Rhuddlan, 
and Conway. Still, we find mentioned men who belonged to both 
of these classes, and the Welsh personal names amount in all to 
about six hundred. And defective and disappointing as the record 
may be in some respects, it contains, nevertheless, plenty of material 
for the student of Welsh genealogy and history. 

Tudor ap Grono, the progenitor of Owen Tudor, appears in the 
list, and his brothers David and Griffith are also named. Of 
" Griffith Vaghan filius Griffini ap Ereward, Dengleseye " [Griffith 
Vychan ap Griffith ap Iorwerth, of Anglesey], Mr. Owen promises 
us more hereafter. Meanwhile, he devotes to him a useful note. 

" Dominus Lewelinus, episcopus Assavensis " was one of the first 
Welshmen in 1301 to swear fealty, but he did not do homage, 
because he had no land. This Llewelyn is sometimes named 
Llewelyn ap Ynyr, but he must have been Llewelyn ap Llewelyn 
ap Tnyr, as was hinted in Arch. Camb. 1893, p. 275. , Accordingly, 
" Griffinus ap Lewel, f r [frater] episcopi Assavensis" is mentioned 
' in the list as one of the homagers; So, bishop Llewelyn's brother 
was Griffith ap Llewelyn, and doubtless the Griffith ap Llewelyn ap 
Ynyr whose monument is in the church of Llanarmon yn Ial. 

The list gives the name of " Ffrater Adam abbas de Berdeseye." 
This was probably a distinct person, as Mr. Owen says, from the 
Adam who was Abbot of Bardsey in 1252, In the Taxatio of 1291 
the two " portions" of the church of Hope are mentioned, and the 
rector described as elsewhere beneficed, but the name of the vicar 
is not given. Here, however, in 1301 " Kenwryk vicarius de Hope" 
is duly named. John, Earl of Warren, also renders fealty to the 
Prince as Earl of Chester, " for the land of Hope in the county of 
Chester:' 



154 REVIEWS AND NOTICES 0* BOOKS. 

While we are speaking of ecclesiastics, we may pick out the 
names of "Maddoc ap Crenwich [Cynwrig] archidiaconus Den- 
gleBeve^' David ap Plethyn clericus fFamili© episcopi de Bangor," 
and " Dauid ap Bleyny, parsone de Kirkyn " [? Cilcen], which appear 
in the list. One wonders whether " clericns ffamilire " is a loose 
Latin rendering of the Welsh " offeiriad teulu." 

In the note to " Hereward ap Ninio " Mr. Owen speaks of the 
name " Nenniau " or " Nynniau " as unusual. So it is. Tet two 
other persons bearing this same name are mentioned in the record 
of 1301, and the present writer noticed that " Jollyn ap David ap 
Nyneo " was one of the two collectors of subsidies in Worthenbury 
and Bangor [Isycoed] in a.d. 1435. The personal name " Awr" 
the writer has never encountered outside the genealogies. But it is 
here, " Ieuan ab Awr." " Traer " is another curious name — 
" Kenwick ap Traer " and " Madd' ap Traer." Perhaps it is an 
abbreviation of " Trahaiarn." 

The place-name " Youight," if a place-name it be, follows 
"Maillor Seisnek," and may possibly therefore be intended for 
" Yscoet " [Iscoed]. But this guess, for it is nothing more, is only 
suggested in defect of a better explanation. 

We have pleasure in tendering to Mr. Edward Owen our warm 
thanks for transcribing and printing this important list, and for the 
laborious and learned notes with which he has illumined it. The 
booklet is dedicated to H.R.H. the present Prince of Wales, and 
appears most opportunely (in 1901) exactly six hundred years after 
the men of 1301 swore fealty to the first English Prince. 

A. N. P. 



Portfolio of Photographs op the Cromlechs of Anglesey and 
Carnarvon. By John E. Griffith, P.L.S. (Bangor, 1900.) 

This work contains forty-three large photographs of cromlechs 
reproduced by the collotype process, with a short description of each, 
giving references to the longer accounts of the monuments to be 
found in the back volumes of the Archaeologia Cambrensis. The 
photographs have been extremely well taken by Mr. Griffith, and as 
Messrs. Bemrose and Sons, of Derby, are responsible for the repro- 
ductions, it need hardly be said that full justice is done to the 
originals. 

Most of the cromlechs are in a ruinous condition, and Mr. Griffith 
states that four of them have disappeared altogether since the year 
1830. The following passage from the Introduction throws an 
unpleasant light on the doings of the ignorant local bodies in whose 
hands power has been most injudiciously placed, by a Government 
anxious above all things to secure the popular vote at the next 
election. 

" The establishment of parish councils would seem to have added 
a new danger to their (i.e., the cromlechs') continued existence, for 



REVIEWS AtfD NOTICES OP 300&3. 155 

what one man would not dare to do alone, he does not hesitate to do 
in co-operation with others. A great item in parish expenditure 
being road-mending, it is thought that the rates can be kept down 
by making use of any stones lying about. An instance of this has 
come under my own observation. The year before last, 1 went to 
Bodavon mountain to take photographs of the cromlech that used to 
lie there. When I got there, however, I found the place absolutely 
bare, not a vestige of the cromlech remaining. On making inquiries, 
a road newly metalled was pointed out to me, and I was told that 
the cromlech bad been used for that purpose. This was done despite 
the fact that many tons of loose stone are lying on the mountain side 
close by. Thus, within the last few years, one of these interesting 
monuments has been done away with in a most ruthless manner." 

If Mr. Griffith had the commercial instinct more highly developed 
in him, he would encourage these precious village councils to destroy 
as many cromlechs as possible, for every one that was swept away 
would add to the value of his book, which would then preserve the 
only record of its existence. 

One of the finest cromlechs illustrated is that of Ty Newydd, near 
Ty Croes station. The capstone is 15 ft. long by 6 ft. wide by 

3 ft. 6 ins. thick. The cromlech at Clynnog Fawr is remarkable as 
being the only one in Wales which exhibits artificial sculpturing of 
any kind. The Plas Newydd cromlechs are perhaps the best known 
of all, as they have so frequently been illustrated. The capstone of 
the largest of the two is 12 ft. 7 ins. long by 10 ft. 11 ins. wide by 

4 ft. thick, thus rivalling the one at Ty Newydd as regards its cubic 
contents. The Bryn-celli-ddu cromlech, although perhaps the most 
interesting of the whole series as regards its ground plan, makes but 
a poor show in the photograph. 

It is very disappointing to find that so few of the cromlechs have 
been scientifically excavated. The only reference to remains of any 
kind being discovered within a cromlech is in the case of the one at 
Pant-y-saer, explored by the Rev. W. Wynn Williams in 1875, which 
yielded bones of men and animals and shells. 

We cannot help thinking that a map showing the localities of the 
cromlechs, and a few ground-plans, wonld have added greatly to the 
valne of the work. We notice that the plates are not numbered, and 
there is no list of contents. Perhaps these omissions will be made 
good in the next edition. Notwithstanding these trifling defects, 
Mr. Griffith's book has a permanent scientific value, as an absolutely 
truthful record of the present state of some of the most interesting 
pagan sepulchral monuments in the Principality. It is to be hoped 
that Mr. Griffith's good example will stimulate workers in other 
counties in Wales to undertake an equally efficient photographic 
survey of the remains of antiquity they are fortunate enough to 
possess, before the iconoclastic village councils have converted them 
all into nice smooth macadamised roads, for the benefit of the motor- 
car that killeth in the noonday and the byke that " scorches " by 
night. 



archaeological Botes ano ©ueiies. 

Llamhii.lith Chuech, Monmouth. — Llanhillith Parish Church, 
dedicated to St. Iltyd, was formerly known as Llaniddel ; its proper 



name, however, seems to be Llanilltyd. Close to the old church, 
overlooking Aberbeeg, are some ruins, called on the Ordnance Map 
"Castell Taliorum." "Tal" signifies a forehead, front, or end, but 



ARCH-SOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 157 

tbe actual derivation of the word is difficult to determine. Roman 
coins have been found near the spot from time to time, and from 



Fig. 2.— Font nt Llaoliilletli. 



Fig. 3.— Base of Crosn at Llanhillutli. 

the appearance of the ground in the immediate vicinity of the 

churchyard, it seems to have been the site of a small Roman station. 

The chnroh is famous for its yew trees. Eight are still lwing, 



158 ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 

but tradition says that within present memory eighteen trees grew 
in the churchyard. 

Another interesting feature, now in the churchyard, but which 
until recently stood in the church, is the diamond-shaped (sic) font 
(see fig. 2). The bowl is only 18 ins. on each face, and is roughly 
hewn from native stone. This was in all probability the early 
piscina, used as a font in later times. 

The base of the churchyard cross is still in situ, with a fragment 
of the cross shaft standing in its socket (see fig. 3). About 1848 
the* church was broken into, and despoiled of its plate, several other 
churches in the county faring likewise ; but, unfortunately, in this 
instance, the old plate has never been recovered. 

Llanhillith is well worth a visit, and its immediate neighbourhood 
forms as yet an unexplored field for antiquarian research. - 

G. E. Halliday, F.R.I.B.A. 



The Manian Fawr Stone, Pembrokeshire. — Last year, while 
engaged on the archaeological survey of Pembrokeshire, Mr. Edward 
Laws, Dr. Henry Owen and I visited the farm of Manian Fawr, 
near St. Dogmael's, and examined the inscribed stone to which 
my attention had been directed by Mr. Ben. Rees, of Granant. 
We found the stone doing service as a gate-post. From rubbings 
taken and sketches made by us, Miss Edwards, of Tenby, has 
figured the stone very accurately ; and I must record my gratitude 
to that lady for the accompanying sketch. Mr. Ben. Bees, writing 
to the Cardigan Advertiser in 1880, thus describes the stone, and 
gives its history so far as he was able to glean it at the time; at the 
time he wrote it lay " on the side of the road leading to the farm of 
Manian, not far from the turning in the main road to Poppit. It 
measures 7 ft. 9 in. long by 2 ft. 3 in. wide at one end, and 
2 ft. 4 in. at the other ; and is a shapely stone. There are several 
marks or inscriptions upon one side, the meaning of which I know 
not..... I obtained the following information lately from a labourer, 
who is now seventy-eight years of age : ' I came to Manian, as a 
farm servant, when nineteen years of age ; Mr. Meyler being then 
living there. L remember the stone near Poppit Road being 
removed several times from one place to another on the farm. The 
first place I saw it was on the road between Manian and Clawddcam 
farms, as a gate-post ; and it was then taken near the farmyard for 
use in the same way. But the last place where it was put up as a 
gate-post was at the entrance from Poppit Road to Manian private 
road, where it now is; but not in use at present. When I first 
went to Manian, several people were there who used to say that the 
stone in question was taken from St. Dogmael's Abbey to Manian 
by Evan Owens, who formerly lived at the place, but died before 
the year I went there. I do not remember hearing when it was 



ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 159 

taken from the Abbey, but I think it might be ninety or one hundred 
years ngo.' " 

H. W. Williams. 
Solva, May 30, 1901. 



^ 



:, with Incised Crosses, etc, at Manian Fawr, Pembrokeshire. 



Wantkn Dike. — The following rider was Bent to the Editor by 
the writer too late for insertion in the last October number, and 
should come in after fifth line on p. 289. 

Some 150 yards south of this point is a small oircnlar earthwork 



160 ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 

or redoubt, from which three branch dykes of considerably smaller 
dimensions than Wanton Dyke branch off east, west, and south. 
The eastern branch is traceable for a few yards only in the direction 
of Old Hall Domen. Probably it once extended to this Domen, and 
has been destroyed in the course of cultivation of the soil. 

T he other two branches are in good preservation, with well-defined 
though small scarp, fosse, and counterscarp. The western branch 
runs from the redoubt without a break for about 350 yards to the 
precipitous edge of Green Dingle, where it ends abruptly just 
above Lower Hill farm-house. 

The southern branch runs from the redoubt nearly due southwards, 
in alignment with the north to south course of Wanton Dyke, 
through Old Hall sheepwalk and into Keven-y-berrin sheepwalk ; 
and, except for a short disappearance or break, some 30 yards 
long, it so runs in a continuous well-developed course for about 300 
yards. Thence it takes a short right-angled turn eastwards to the 
precipitous edge of the dingle forming the eastern boundary of 
Keven-y-berrin sheepwalk, and thence trends southwards, ulti- 
mately curling westwards, and terminating at the top of Green 
Dingle. 

Returning to the elbow or right angle, turn eastwards of the 
south branch to the edge of the dingle bounding Keven-y-berrin 
sheepwalk on the east, the precipitous side, etc. 



Annual Meeting at Brecon. — The annual meeting of the Asso- 
ciation will be held on August 18th and four following days. The 
Right Hon. Lord Glanusk has accepted the office of President. 



■ i 



JlrcltHejrtfljp Camfrrenais. 



SIXTH SERIES.— VOL. II, PART III 



JULY, 1902. 



ON THE CAIRN AND SEPULCHRAL CAVE 
AT GOP, NEAR PRESTATYN. 1 

BY PROFESSOR BOYD DAWKINS, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.S.A. 



Introduction. 

1. — The Exploration of the Cairn at Gop. 

2. — The Sepulchral Cave. 

A. The Pleistocene Strata. 

B. The Prehistoric Accumulations. 

C. The Sepulchral Chamber. 

D. Cave Inhabited before Use as a Burial-place. 

E. The Pottery of Bronze Age. 

F. The Links. 

G. The Flint Flakes. 

H. The Animal Remains. 

I. The Human Remains of Iberic and Goidelic Type. 

J. The Fusion of the Two Races. 
K. The Relation of the Cairn to the Sepulchral Cave. 



Introduction. 

The cairn at Gop first to be described in the following 
pages stands in a commanding position, at an altitude 
of 820 ft., at the northern end of the picturesque line 
of hills forming the eastern boundary of the Vale of 
Clwyd. It is about two-and-a-quarter miles to the 
south-east of Prestatyn, on the London and North 
Western Railway, and about six miles to the east of 
Rhyl. It commands a magnificent view, westward over 
the Vale of Clwyd to the Snowdonian range, northward 
over the Irish Sea, and eastward over the low-lying 
plain of Cheshire, to Liverpool and beyond. It is 

1 Read June 5th, 1901, and reprinted from The Archceological 
Journal, September, 1901, vol. lviii, pp. 322-341. 

6th seo., vol. ii. 11 



y 




Limestona 

Pigs. 1, 2, and 3. —Cairn at Go[.: Plan and Sectious. (Seule, 1 in. = 100 ft.) 



ON THE CAIRN AND SEPULCHRAL CAVE AT GOP. 163 

recognised generally in the neighbourhood as a tumulus, 
and is so described in the Ordnance Maps. It is attri- 
buted in common talk to Queen Boadicea, in spite of 
the fact that there is no evidence that the famous 
Queen of the Iceni ever set foot in that region. In 
1886 Mr. Pochin, of Bodnant Hall, who had bought the 
Golden Grove estate, on which it is situated, asked me 
to undertake the examination of this conspicuous land- 
mark, at his expense. The following are the results of 
the work carried on in 1886 and 1887, which I have 
been unable to publish before, on account of the pressure 
of other work. 



1. — The Exploration of the Cairn at Gop. 

The cairn is composed of blocks of limestone, of a size 
easily carried, piled up so as to form an oval, with its 
long diameter 330 ft., pointing from north-west to 
south-east, and its short diameter 223 ft. from north- 
east to south-west (see Plan and Sections, figs. 1, 2, 3). 
It is 46 ft. high, with a truncated top, which may be 
due either to the removal of the stone for making field- 
walls, or by the giving way of a chamber in the area 
immediately beneath it. It rests on solid limestone 
rock. 

The exploration was begun by sinking a shaft (6 ft. 
6 ins. by 4 ft.) in the centre, an operation of consider- 
able difficulty on account of the instability of the lime- 
stone blocks, down to the solid rock forming the original 
surface of the ground. It was found necessary to use 
heavy timbers to allow of the work being carried on. 
The original surface was struck at a depth of 26 ft. 
(see figs. 1, 2, 3). A drift was then made, 6 ft. high 
and 4 ft. wide, in a north-westerly direction (b of figs. 
1 and 2) to a distance of 30 ft., following the original 
surface of the rock. Two other drifts were also made, 
c, c, intersecting b in the line of the Section fig. 3. 
The only remains met with were a few bones of hog, 
sheep, or goat, and ox or horse, too fragmentary to be 

ii 2 



ON THE CAIRN AND SEPULCHRAL CAVE AT OOP, 165 

accurately determined. They are, however, of the 
refuse-heap type usually found in prehistoric habitations 
and burial-places. We failed to obtain evidence of the 
archaeological age, or of the purpose to which it was 
put. If, as is usually the case, there was a central 
burial-place, we missed it. The question cannot ab- 
solutely be decided until the whole of the stones have 
been removed. The timbering necessary for our wprk 
was not only very costly, but rendered it very difficult 
to observe the condition of the interior, even in the 
small space which was excavated; 

The cairn Gop is probably sepulchral, similar to that 
in the same range of hills to the east, near Mold, used 
for years as a stone quarry, in which, in 1832, a skeleton 
was discovered lying at full length, clad in a golden 
corselet, and adorned with three hundred amber bsads. 
If it be a burial-place, its large size implies that it was 
raised in memory of some chieftain conspicuous above 
his fellows. 

2.— The Sepulchral Cave. 

While the cairn was being explored, my attention 
was attracted to a fox-earth at the base of a low scarp 
of limestone, 141, ft. to the south-west of the cairn. It 
occupied a position which I have almost iavariably 
found to indicate the presence of a cavern used by 
foxes, badgers, and rabbits as a place for shelter. I 
therefore resolved to explore this, with the assistance 
of Mr. P. G. Pochin. The fox-earth led us into a cave, 
completely blocked up at the entrance by earth and 
stones (figs. 4, 5, 6), and large masses of limestone, 
which had fallen from the ledge of rock above. This 
accumulation of debris occupied a space 19 ft. in width, 
and extended along the whole front of the cavern (see 

We began operations by cutting two driftways down 
to the surface of the rock. We then proceeded to clear 
out the whole of the interior of the cavern, which was 



166 



ON THE CAIRN AND SEPULCHRAL CAVE 



filled very nearly up to the roof with ddbris. It con- 
sists of a wide rock-shelter, passing into a narrow 
passage at the north-eastern and north-western ends. 
It faces very nearly due south. It contained deposits 
of various kinds and of widely different ages, the two 
lower being pleistocene, while the two upper yielded 
remains which prove that they belong to the prehistoric 
period. I shall consider these in some detail. 



A. — The Pleistocene Strata. 

On the rocky floor of the interior of the cave, strewn 
with large blocks of limestone, was a stiff yellow clay, 
No. 1 of Sections (figs. 5, 6), from 1 to 2 ft. thick, 
containing angular stones and pebbles, some of which 
are derived from rocks foreign to the district, and 
occurring only in the boulder clay, which lies in irregular 
patches on the hillsides in the neighbourhood. It con- 
tained neither the remains of man nor of the fossil 
mammalia found in the caves in the Vale of Clwyd. 

Above this, and also within the cave, was a layer 
of grey clay, No. 2 of Sections, containing stones, 
angular and water- worn, and some of foreign derivation 
as before. In addition to these there were water- worn, 
and in many cases perfect, remains of the following 
animals : 



Cave-hyaena 


. . . Hysena spelcea. 


Bison 


. . . Bison priacus. 


Stag 


... Cervus elaphu8. 


Eeindeer 


... C. tarandus. 


Eoedeer 


... C. capreoluA. < 


Horse 


. . . Equus caballus. 


Woolly rhinoceros . . . 


. . . Rhinoceros tichorhinus 



Some of these, and more especially the antlers of 
the reindeer, bore the teeth-marks of hysenas, and had 
evidently belonged to animals which had fallen victims 
to those bone-eating carnivores. They did not, however, 
occur in layers on the floors, occupied at successive times 



AT GOP, NEAR PRESTATYN. 



167 



o 

• 




O 



o 



o 



o 
O 

> 

O 

i— i 
« 

o 
a. 



bib 



by the hyaenas, as I have observed in other caves, such 
as Wookey Hole near Wells, and the Creswell caves near 
Worksop. They appear to have been washed out of 




1 68 ON THE CAIRN AND SEPULCHRAL CAVE 

the original hysena floors by the action of water, and to 
have been re-deposited at a time later than the occupa- 
tion of the cave by hyaenas. 

B. — The Prehistoric Accumulations. 

The upper surface of the grey clay, No. 2 of the 
Sections, figs. 5 and 6, passed insensibly into the 
accumulation above, in which the interest principally 
centres, as it marks the position of the ancient floor of 
the cave in prehistoric times. It extended nearly 
horizontally inwards, from a little beyond the entrance 
to the inner walls of the cave, composed either of 
limestone or of breccia. On this rested a mixed layer 
of red earth, broken stalactites, and stones, No. 3 of 
Sections, containing a mixture of refuse bones of pre- 
historic age, together with those of pleistocene animals 
such as reindeer and hyaena, obviously derived from 
the layer below. Pieces of charcoal were scattered 
through its mass, together with pot-boilers and frag- 
ments of pottery. These were, however, less abundant 
in the lower portion (No. 3 of Sections), which was 
about 3 ft. thick, than in the upper (No. 4 of Sections), 
where in some places there was sufficient charcoal to 
blacken the accumulation. This upper layer was about 
4 ft. thick at the entrance of the cave, shown in section 
fig. 5, where it abutted directly on a sepulchral cham- 
ber B. In the section shown in fig. 6, it was thickest 
outside, thinning away outwards to the edge of the 
talus, and inwards into the cavern. 

As we were clearing a passage inwards, along the 
line of Section No. 5, a thick layer of charcoal, marked 
A on the Plan, fig. 4, covered slabs of limestone at a 
depth of 4 ft. from the surface, and marked the site of 
an old fireplace. There were similar blackened slabs, 
at various levels, in the strata Nos. 3 and 4, in other 
parts of the area excavated. There were also numerous 
burnt and broken bones of domestic animals and frag- 
ments of coarse pottery. Intermingled with these were 



AT GOP, HEAR PRESTATYN. 




170 ON THE CAtttN AND SEttTLCHftAL CAVE 

a large quantity of human bones, of various ages, lying 
under slabs of limestone, which formed a continuous 
packing up to the roof. On removing these, a rubble 
wall became visible, regularly built of courses of lime- 
stone. This turned out to be the west wall of a rect- 
angular chamber, b of figs. 4 and 5, three outer sides 
being formed of similar rubble walls, while the fourth 
was constituted by the inner wall of the cave. They 
enclosed a space 4 ft. 6 ins. by 5 ft. by 4 ft. Inside 
was a mass of human skeletons of various ages, more 
than fourteen in number, closely packed together, and 
obviously interred at successive times. Along with 
them were the fragments of a rude hand-made pot, 
ornamented in the herring-bone pattern of the Bronze 
Age, and showing in its fractured surfaces small frag- 
ments of stone sticking out of the paste. A few white 
quartz pebbles, or "luck stones," two links of Kim- 
meridge shale, and a carefully polished flint flake were 
also found, the three last in one group. 

C. — The Interments. 

The bodies had been interred in a crouching posture, 
with arms and legs drawn together and folded. In 
several cases the long bones lay parallel to one another 
— the left humerus and left fibula, the left ulna, the 
right tibia, and the right femur, the left humerus, left 
radius and right fibula — of the same individuals. Some 
of the bones were in an oblique position, approaching 
to the vertical. It is obvious that so large a number 
of bodies as fourteen could not have been buried in so 
small a space at one time, although it is clear from the 
natural position of the bones, in one case of an ankle, 
and in the other of a spinal column, that the whole 
body had been buried. The bodies, therefore, have 
been buried at successive times, and the sepulchral 
chamber is to be looked upon as a family vault. When 
it became full of bones the area a of figs. 4 and 5 was 
used for burials, as I found to be the case with the 



AT GOP, KEA& PRESTATYN. 171 

approaches of the stone-chambered tombs on the oppo- 
site side of the valley, near Cefn, described in the 
EihnologicalJournal, 1871. 

In my opinion the access to the sepulchral chamber 
was on the west side, in the direction of a of Plan, 
fig. 4. 

■ 

D. — Cave used for Habitation, and afterwards for 

Burial. 

On clearing this portion of the cave, we found the 
section to be as follows : — 

ft. in. 

4. Dark cave earth ... ... ... ... 3 6 

3. Mixed cave earth . . 3 

2. Grey cave earth ... ... ... ... 3 

1. Stiff yellow clay ... ... ... ... 1 

The stratum No. 4 extended up to the roof of the 
cavern, and abutted directly on the sepulchral chamber, 
while No. 3 passed directly underneath it. We may, 
therefore, conclude that here, as in the sepulchral caves 
of Perthi-Chwareu and Rhos digre, near Llandegla, in 
Denbighshire, the cave was used for purposes of 
habitation before it was used for burial ; while it is an 
open question whether the accumulation No. 4 belongs 
to the time of the interments. It is probable, however, 
that the sepulchral chamber was excavated out of it. 
It is not likely that the same place would be used by 
the same tribe for habitation after it had been used a& 
a tomb. 1 

K— The Pottery. 

The fragments of pottery are of types repeatedly met 
with in interments in Britain belonging to the Bronze 
Age. All are hand-made, coarse, grey in colour, or 

1 These are two out of a group of five Caves of the Neolithic age, 
explored by me in 1869-1872, and described in Cave-Hunting, 
chap. v. 



172 ON THE CAIRN AND SEPtfLCHRAL CAVE 

black, or burnt red, and contain small fragments of 
stone imbedded in the paste. One specimen found in 
the refuse heap has a bold, overhanging rim, bevelled 
off on the outside, and adorned with herring-bone 
marks ; below this is a shoulder indented with a single 
row of circular finger marks, the body of the vessel 
being in addition ornamented with at least two hori- 
zontal lines of small triangular impressions. With the 
exception of the last feature it is of the same type as 
that figured by Hoare in Ancient Wilts,, and described 
by Thurnam in Archcsologia, vol. xliii, p. 61. 



Fig. 7.— Fragment of Urn. (Full aiae.) 

The fragments of pottery found inside the sepulchral 
chamber belong to an urn with an overhanging rim 
(fig. 7), adorned with herring-bone pattern both on the 
outside and on the inside. A small fragment of the 
same vase proves also that the body was ornamented 
with four horizontal bands of oblique lines, making two 
complete herring-bone patterns. The urn to which 
it belongs is of a type common in interments and 
refuse-heaps of the Bronze Age throughout the British 



AT GOP, NEAR PRESTATYN. 



-The Links. 



Two oval articles found close to the ground flake 
inside the sepulchral chamber, and resembling links 
(fig. 8), are made of jet or Kimmeridge coal. They are 
carefully rounded and polished, and each has a large 
oval perforation in the centre. They are of unequal 
size, and present the following measurements : — 



Length 


U 


70 


Width 


22 


29 


Height 


16 


27 


Perforation 


. 29 X 14 . 


. 33 X 15 



Fig. 8.— Link of Jet or Kimmendge Coal. (Full size.) 

In both the perforation has been formed by scraping, 
apparently with a flint flake. On neither is there any 
trace of wear. They were probably intended for dress- 
fasteners. They are of the same pattern as that figured 
by Thumam in Archceologia, vol. xliii, p. 229, fig. 206, 
from a round barrow at Thixendale, in the East Riding 
of Yorkshire, where it was found under the hip of a 
doubled-up skeleton, and practically under the same 
conditions as those under notice. It is assigned by 
Thumam to the Bronze Age. 

G.— Flint Flakes. 

Several splinters of flint, and one rough flake of 
chert, were discovered in the refuse-heap, and need no 
further notice. A flint implement, however, found 



174 



ON THE CAIRN AND SEPULCHRAL CAVE 



inside the sepulchral chamber is of a rare type (fig. 9). 
It rested close to a doubled-up human femur, tibia, and 
fibula. It is a smoothly polished flint flake, 71 mm. 
long, 14 to 19 mm. wide, and only 3 mm. thick. It has 
been made by grinding down a flake so as to preserve 
the natural curvature of the flat side, and to remove 
the rib on the back, and to give it the appearance of 
the blade of a paper knife. The edges are bevelled 
bluntly off, and the end is rounded. Similar objects 
have been met with, as Evans points out (Ancient Stone 
Implements, pp. 290, 291), in Yorkshire. Their use is 





Fig. 9.— Flint Flake. (Full size.) 

uncertain. The association of an implement of this 
type with Bronze Age pottery in this sepulchral 
chamber fixes the archaeological age of the whole 
group. 

H. — The Animal Remains. 

The remains of the animals found in the two upper 
strata, 4 and 5 of figs. 4 and 5, consist of the wild and 
domestic animals usually associated together in pre- 
historic refuse-heaps. All are more or less broken and 
burnt. The wild animals of the following list need no 
special notice. It may, however, be remarked that the 



AT GOP, NEAR PRESTATYN. 



175 



fox was an inhabitant of the cave up to the time of our 
digging, and that the remains of the horse may belong 
to a domestic and not to a wild form. 



Prehistoric Remains from Refuse-heap, 

Wild. 



Fox . . . 


Canis vulpes. 


Marten 


Must el a martes. 


Badger 


Meles taxus. 


Horse 


... Equus caballu8. 


Stag 


Oervus elaphust. 


Eoe 


G. capreolus. 


Hare 


Zejnts timidus. 




Domestic. 


Dog 


Canis familiaris 


Horse 


Equus caballus. 


Shorthorn . 


... Bos longifrons. 


Sheep 


Ovis aries. 


Goat (?) 


Gapra hircus. 


Hog 


... Sus scrofa. 



The remains of the domestic were greatly in excess 
of those of the wild animals, and the most abundant 
were those of the sheep. These, as may be seen by the 
following Table, based upon the valuable observations 
of the late General Pitt-Rivers, belong to a breed 
closely allied to that of the Romano-British villages of 
Woodcuts and Rotherley, 1 as well as to the recent 
breed of St. Kilda, the Highland, and the Heather 
Sheep. 2 They were, however, thicker in the leg. They 
are now represented by the active and slender-legged 
hill sheep. 

1 Excavations in Cranborne Chase, vol. i, Table, p. 188 ; vol. ii, 
Table, p. 225. 

2 0/>. city vol. ii, Table, Sheep, p. 209 et seq. 



-J 



176 



ON THE CAIRN AND SEPULCHRAL CAVE 



TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF LEG- BONES OF SHEEP. 



1 

* - 


* 

bo 

a 

0) 


• 

© 
o 

a 

a> 

>w 
o 

a 

o 

•FH 

8 

V 
•J 


Long Diameter of 
Proximal Articula- 
tion. 


Short Diameter of 
Proximal Articula- 
tion. 


Long Diameter of Dis- 
tal Articulation. 

i 


Vertical Measurement 
of Distal Articula- 
tion (tape). 


Metacarpals, Gop Cave 


: 137 
\ 125 
i 125 

' 112 


48 
40 
40 
40 


23 
22 
21 
20 


18 
16 
15 
13 


27 
24 
25 
22 


33 
31 
25 
25 


Average ... 


127 


42 


21 


15 


24 


28 


Metatarsals, Gop Cave 


( 126 
) 125 

) 122 
' 114 


56 
38 
33 
37 


18 
20 
20 
18 


20 
19 
18 


22 
23 
21 
22 


28 
30 
25 
25 


Average ... 


122 


36 


• 19 


19 


22 


27 





Romano- British 


















Villages. 


to Average. 


Dorset Horned 
Ram. 


0) 

K 

eo 

a 

cS 

139 


• 

a 

• f-H 

W 

• 

GO 

112 


• 

* 
73 

• 

ui ■ 
107 


• 
0> 

w- 

73 

a 

• i-H 

M 
119 


• 




• 

■** 

fl 
o 

73 
O 
O 

137 113 


1 
Rotherley. 


w 

OS 

■v 


Metacarpals : — 
Length 


137 


109 


136 


111 


Least circumference . 


39 32 


42 


44 


39 


55 


49 


36 


34 


39 


36 


Metatarsals : — 


■ 


















. • 


Length 


139 114 


126 


119 


124 


147 


150 


124 


115 


128 


116 


Least circumference . 


34 30 


32 


2*> 


31 


53 


49 


34 


32 

! 


38 


34 



The remains of the hog belong mostly to very young 
animals. The same remark applies also to the remains 
of the Shorthorn. Those of the dog were too imperfect 
to allow of any conclusion as to the breed. 

The whole group of domestic animals is identical 
with those which I have described from the Neolithic 
caves and burial-places in the district. It is also just 
such an accumulation as may be found in the refuse- 



AT GOP, NEAR PRESTATYN. 



177 



heaps, in the homesteads in those parts of Wales into 
which the larger breeds of sheep and cattle, common 
in the low country, have not yet penetrated. This fact 
establishes a continuity of farming operations in Wales, 
from the Neolithic Age through the Bronze and Iron 
Ages down to the present time. This continuity, as 
we shall presently see from the examination of the 
human remains, exists also with regard to the farmers, 
the great majority of the human remains belonging to 
a race still represented by the small dark Iberic folk of 
the secluded villages. 



I. — The Human Remains of the Two Races. 

The human remains belong to more than fourteen 
individuals. The skulls, sufficiently perfect for measure- 
ments, reveal the presence of two distinct anthropo- 
logical types : the one, as shown in the accompanying 
Table, belonging to the long-oval-headed race, proved, 
by my discoveries in the sepulchral caves and tombs, to 
have inhabited the district in the Neolithic Age. The 
chief characters observable in the skulls are the mark 
of a vertical bandage across the head from ear to ear. 
The forehead is well developed, cheek-bones incon- 
spicuous, nasals prominent, chin square and narrow, 
tending in some to a point. In one old adult the 
frontal suture is open. 





Length. 


Breadth. 


Height. 


Cephalic 
Index. 


Height 
Index. 


, 


mm. 


mm. 


mm. 


mm. 


mm. 


1 Skull, sepulchral chamber, Gop 


186 


139 


142 


.742 


.763 


^ » » » j> 


196 


135 


145 


.688 


.790 


o >> >> >> >j 


191 


137 


— 


.712 


— 


Average of 8 skulls, Perthi 












Chwareu cave 1 


180 


140 


143 


.765 


.784 


Skull from Cefn caves 1 


188 


145 


132 


.770 


.702 


Average of 4 skulls, Cefn tumu- 












1U*3 ••• • •• ••• ••• 


187 


141 


148 


.754 ' 


.791 



1 Dawkins, Cave-Hunting, " Description of Humau Remains," by 
Professor Busk, pp. 166-187. 



6th ser., vol. ii. 



12 



178 



ON THE CAIRN AND SEPULCHRAL CAVE 



The second type is represented by two fragmentary 
skulls, Nos. 3 and 6 of the following Table : — 



No. 3, Round skull, sepul- 
chral chamber, Gop 
No. 6, „ „ „ 

No. 1, Long-oval skull ... 
No. 2, 



» 



>> 



• 

1 
u 

m 


Least 

Frontal 

Breadth. 


Greatest 

Frontal 

Breadth. 


Parietal 
Breadth. 


Frontal 
Arc. 


152 


95 


113 


152 


135 


155 


107 


134 


154 


150 


139 


101 


118 


134 


127 


135 


97 


113 


145 


127 



•** el 



127 
152 
122 
117 



No. 3 belongs to a woman, and presents the facial 
characteristics of the round-headed type, being prog- 
nathous and having high cheek-bones. No. 6 is an 
adult male. Both belong to the round-headed Goidels, 
the invaders of Britain in the Bronze Age, whose tombs 
prove that they penetrated into the remotest of the 
British Isles in the western sea. Nos. 1 and 2 are 
placed in the Table for comparison. 

The skeletons present the following characters : — 
The humeri sufficiently perfect to be examined are 
thirteen in number, out of which two are peforated at 
the same point immediately behind the ulnar articula- 
tion. The seven ulnae and the four radii present no 
points of interest. Their dimensions are given in the 
following Table : — 



bo 

a 

.J 



Humerus 
Ulna 
Radius ... 



(359 
(324 

■ 1 293 
\145 

/267 
(269 



o 

a 



3 
o 
u 

O 

CO 

t 



69 
64 

46 
41 

44 
47 



s 8 • 

'at *tt «* 
& °3 

fl-P o 

§ bM 

w ' 



69 
61 



a 

o 



a 
B 

> 



69 
59 



a> 

b -« 

3 08 
S3 .2 






& 



g -*3 O 

& a<i 
w 

49 
41 



d * 
d^ 

^ 00 

• IN 



a 
o 



49 
41 



AT GOP, NEAR PRESTATYN. 



179 



The femora, twelve in number, are all carinated with 
the exception of three, and agree in every particular 
with those found in the Neolithic tomb at Cefn, and the 
Neolithic caves at Perthi Chwareu and Rhos digre {op. 
cit. % pp. 166, 187). The carination is a character which 
stands in close relation to the platycnemism which is 
presented by the associated tibiae. Their dimensions 
are as follows : — 



1 Femur right, not carinated 

2 Femur left, carinated . . . 
4 Femur right, carinated ... 

3 Femur right, carinated ... 



o 

a 

<D 

S-i 

0) 

«*-■ 

B 

3 

.§ 

o 

CO 



I I— H 

a) a 

S a 

9** » 

■Pi* 
a 



87 


96 


72 


107 


87 


— 


97 


84 




The following are the measurements of the tibiae : — 









i 

a 
<x> 

h3 


Circumference. 


Vertical Diameter of 
Shaft at 38 mra. 
below Proximal 
Articulation. 

• 


3 Diameter 
,at 38 mm. 
Proximal 
ition. 




Transversi 
of Shaft 
below '. 
Articula 


M ' 


361 


79 


36 


23 


2 






422 


89 


38 


24 


3 






422 


89 


36 


23 


4 
5 


► Platycnemic tibia ... * 




— 


— — 


32 
34 


18 
20 


6 






__ 


— 


36 


23 


7 






___ 


— 


33 


22 


8J 


\ 


— 


— 


. 33 


17 


9 


Normal tibia 




- — 


— 


28 


33 



12 



180 ON THE CAIRN AND SEPULCHBAL CAVE 

Only two out of the thirteen" tibiae examined were 
not platycnemic, and one of these belonged to a young 
individual. The flattening of the bone is of the same 
order as that presented by the Neolithic remains found 
in the caves at Perthi Chwareu and the cairn near. 
Cefn, described and figured in my work on Cave-hunting 
(pp. 167 et seq.). It consists of a prolongation of the 
shaft, sometimes in front, and at other times behind the 
long axis of the bone, and is, as Professor Busk pointed 
out in 1871 (Journal of Ethnological Society, January, 
1871), due to the free use of the feet, never trammelled 
by shoes or sandals, and therefore more prehensile than 
the normal foot of civilisation. It is not a character of 
race, being found in the Negro, in the Mongolian tribes 
of North America, and rarely in Europeans. It goes 
with bare feet. If the last two figures in the above 
Table be compared with the rest, the difference will be 
seen between the normal tibia and those which are 
flattened " en lame de sabre." 

The most perfect of the fibulae is 262 mm. long, with 
a circumference of 30 mm. 

J. — The Fusion of the Two Races. 

It is obvious from the above anthropological details 
that the great majority of the people who used the Gop 
cave as a family vault were of the same physique as the 
Iberic dwellers in the district in the Neolithic Age, and 
from the presence of the round-headed Goidelic type 
that the fusion of the Iberic with the Goidelic race had 
already begun in this district in the Bronze Age. It is 
the first observed case of the fusion of the two races 
which has been going on in Wales from that time to the 
present day. Before, however, the fusion between the 
two races became so complete as to form a people like 
the Celt-Iberian, the Brythonic invaders conquered alike 
the Goidel and the Iberian in this region, and absorbed 
them into their mass so that all became one people. 
Just as the Iberic tongue has been so completely lost in 



AT GOP, NEAR PKESTATYN. 181 

in the Goidelic that no clear trace of it is to be found 
in Wales, so the Brythonic gradually displaced the 
Goidelic with the exception of a few place and river 
names, and Welsh and not Gaelic became the speech of 
the country. It is not a little remarkable that in all 
this flux and change, ranging over an unknown series 
of centuries, the small dark Iberic aborigines of the 
Neolithic Age should have lived on with but little 
physical change, so as to be still clearly marked off 
from the races who have invaded them at successive 
times. 

K. — Relation of Cairn to Sepulchral Cave. 

Two questions naturally arise. What is the relation 
of the cairn to the sepulchral cave a short distance 
below it ? Were the cairn builders the same people 
who buried the dead in the cave ? In my opinion, it is 
most probable that the cairn marks the site of the 
burial-place, and that both belong to the Bronze Age 
and to the same people. 



182 



THE CHEVEON AND ITS DERIVATIVES : 
A Stuov in the Art op the Bronze Age. 

4 

BY J. ROMILLY ALLEN, F.S.A. 

The art of the Bronze Age in Europe is both of a 
symbolical and decorative character. The principal 
symbols employed are : — 

The Swastika. 
The Triskele. 
The Cup and Ring. 
The Ship. 
The Axe. 

It is probable that most of these were connected 
with sun worship. 1 

The chief decorative art motives which were pre- 
valent during the Bronze Age ai*e as follows : — 

The Chevron. 

The Concentric Circle. 

The Spiral. 

The Winding Band. 

The present Paper will be devoted to the con- 
sideration of the chevron and its derivatives, namely, 
the triangle, lozenge, saltire, and hexagon. Some of 
the terms used are taken from the now happily obsolete 
pseudo-science of heraldry. Their meaning will be 
understood by a reference to Fig. 1. 

It will be seen that the chevron consists of two 
straight lines or narrow bars inclined towards each 
other so as to meet in a point, the form thus produced 
being that of the letter V. Now the chevron, 

1 See J. J. A. Worsaae's Danish Aits, p. 68. 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 



183 







d. 



(a) Party per Chevron. 
(6) Party per Sal tire, 
(c) Chevron. 
((£) Saltire. 
(e) Indented. 
(/) Dancettee. 



5 NAAAA/ 



/- 



Jig. 1. 



or V, is capable of being combined in the following 
ways : — 

W. — Twq chevrons, with the points facing in the same 
direction, placed side by side. 

A. — Two chevrons, with the points facing in opposite 
directions, placed with the open sides meeting, • 

X. — Two chevrons, with the points facing in opposite 
directions, placed with the points meeting. 

By repeating the W, ^, and X, each in a horizontal 
row, the patterns shown on Fig. 2 are obtained. 



» KAAAA/ VI 



b. 




c XMXIXMa 



(a) The Triangle or Chevron 

Border. 

(b) The Lozenge Border. 

(c) The Saltire Border. 

(d) The Hexagon Border. 




Fig. 2. 



184 THE CHBVBON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

It will be noticed that the same pattern results from 
repeating a series of ^'s in a horizontal line as from 
repeating a series of X's, so that in order to distinguish 
the lozenge border from the saltire border, it is neces- 
sary to introduce a vertical line between each X. The 
hexagon border is derived from the lozenge by omit- 
ting every other X. 

It is a principle in geometrical ornament that for 
each pattern composed of lines there is a corresponding 
pattern in which bars of uniform width are substituted 
for lines. Another way of stating the same propo- 
sition is, that for each pattern composed of geometrical 
figures {squares or hexagons, for instance) there is a 
corresponding pattern produced by moving the figures 
apart in a symmetrical manner so as to leave an equal 
interspace between them. This principle is illustrated 
by Fig. 3, where a zigzag bar is substituted for the 
zigzag line of the triangle or chevron border. 



- KAAAAA7I 

' WaW/W,1 



(o) Line Chevron Bo/der. 
(ft) Bar Chevron Border, 
(c) Surface Pattern, produced 

by repeating either of 

the preceding. 



Then, again, another set of patterns may be derived 
from those composed of lines or plain bars, by shading 
alternate portions of the design as in chequer-work. 
Thus on Fig. 4 are shown three different ways of 



THE CHEVRON ArtD ITS DERIVATIVES. 185 

shading the chevron border, and on Fig. 5 the' method 
of shading the patterns on Fig. 3. 



- NAAAAA/I 



- wmfm 






Fig. 4.— (a) Line Chevroii Border. 

(6, c, and d) Different Methods of Shading (a,). 

Fig. 5. — (a) Bar Chevron Border. 

(b) The same as (a), but shaded. 

(e) Surface Pattern, produced by repeating (6). 



A few new patterns (see Fig. 6) may be produced 
by placing the chevron with the point of the V facing 
to the right or left, thus, < or > , instead of upwards 
or downwards, thus, A or V. 



{a) Chevron Border, with V's placed 
thus> >. 

(6) The same as (a), but with a hori- 
zontal line through the points 

»»»3 Kt-.^^-.*-* 



(d) The same as (i), but shaded. 



^ raaaaaa 



186 THE CHEVRON AMD ITS DERIVATIVES. 

Figs. 7 to 10 give the triangular patterns, plain and 
shaded, produced by repeating the chevron border 
(see Fig. 2, a). 



- KAAAAVVl 



■•{% 



Fig. 7. 
Fig. 7.— («) Singl 



........... , , iposed of Triangles. 

(6) Double Border, composed of Triangles, with the points of all 



the triangles meeting, 
(c) Surface Pattern, composed of Triangles, with the points of all 
the triangles meeting. 
8.— (a, b, and e) The Patterns shown on Fig. 7, shaded. 



vAXAKa/ 



NAAAA/yi 



WVAA/y 



gvwvv 



SA'A'A'AVy 



Eszvwszl 



Fig. i 



Fig.1 



Pig. V. *•*)■ '"■ 

Fig. 9. — (a) Double Border, composed of Triangles, with the points of the 

triangles in one row falling in the centres of the bases of 

triangles in the row above. 

(4) Surface Pattern, composed of Triangles, arranged i 

way as in the preceding. 

Fig. 10.— (a and 5) The Patterns shown o 



a the same 



, shade .1. 



THE CHEVBON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 



187 



The patterns derived from the lozenge are shown on 
Figs. 11 to 18. 



- IXXXXXX 




6. 



www 

AAAAAA 




c. 



^<> V <>W<> V < 



c. 



WWM^WWa 



mzm^A. 



m 







d. 



w^w^S 



Fig. U. 



Fig. 12. 



Fig. 1 1 . — (a) Lozenge Border, composed of two sets of Chevrons, with their 

points facing in opposite directions. 

(b) The same as (a), but with the Chevrons set apart. 

(c) The same as (a), but with bars substituted for lines. 

(d) The same as (6), but with bars substituted for lines. 

Fig. 12.— (a) Lozenge Border, with Triangles or Chevrons, shaded. 

(b) Lozenge Border, with Lozenges shaded. 

(c) The same as Fig. 11 (c), but shaded. 
{d) The same as Fig. 11 (d), but shaded. 



^ffl 



a. 



b. 



www 

www 



Fig. 13. 

Fig. 13. — (a) Surface Pattern, produced by repeating the Bar-Chevron 

Border, so that the points of all the Chevrons meet. 
(6) The same as (a), but with the Chevrons set apart. 



THE CHEVRON AMD ITS DERIVATIVES. 




Fig. 14.— (a) The aime as Fig- 13 (a), but shaded. 
(6) The same as Fig. 13 (a), but shaded. 




Fig. IS. — (a) Line Lattice-work Surface Pattern, produced by the repetition 
of either the Che\ "~ .. , . > . 

Border, Fig. 2 (b). 
(6) The same an (a), but shaded. 



THE CHEVKQN AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 



Hi 







Fig. 17. Fig. 18. 

Fig. 17.— (a) Bar Lat tice- work-Surface Pattern ; the same as Fig. 15 (a), but 
with diagonal bars instead of lines, 
(i) The same as (a), hut shaded. 
Fig. 13.— (a) Surface Pattern, produced by repeating Fig. 11 (<;). 
(*) The same as (o), but shaded. 

The patterns derived from the saltire are shown on 
Fig. 19. 



fXlXMXMXI 



Fig. IS. 

{a) Saltire Border Pattern, 
(i, c, d) Saltire Border Pattern, 

in different waya. 
(e) The same an (a), but with 

bars instead of lines. 



BM 



190 THE OHEVHON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

The patterns derived from the hexagon are shown on 
Figs. 20 and 21. 



E x x * 




Fig. 20. 



Fig. 21. 



Fig. 20. — (a) Hexagon Border Pattern, derived from the Lozenge Border, 
Fig. 2 (6) by leaving out every other X. 

(6) The name as (a), but with the Triangles shaded. 

(c) Tbe same as (a), but with the Hexagons shaded. 

(rf) Surface Pattern, composed of Hexagons and Triangles ; pro- 
duced by repeating (o), so that the Hexagons in one horizontal 
row adjoin the Triangles in the next. 

Fig. 21.— (a) Hexagon Surface Pattern, probably derived from Fig. 11 (1), 
by drawing straight lines between the points of each of the 
Chevrons, 
(o) The same as (a), but with bars instead of lines, and having the 
Hexagons shaded. 

Having now explained the geometrical theory of the 
construction of the ornamental patterns derived from 
the chevron, we will proceed to show how they were 
applied practically in the Bronze Age to the decoration 
of pottery, metal work, objects of stone and jet, and the 
sculptured stones used in the construction of chambered 
cairns and sepulchral cists. 



Pio. 22. Bbonzf. Age Uen fkom Lake, Wiltshire. 
(Height, 1 ft. 3± ins.) 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 191 



Pottery. 

With the exception of the Heathery Burn Cave, 1 
Yorkshire, and the small rectangular camps at Rush- 
more and Handley Hill, 2 Dorset, hardly any inhabited 
sites are known in Great Britain which can be attri- 
buted to the Bronze Age. Consequently, nearly all the 
pottery of this period to be seen in our public museums 
or private collections has been derived from the exlora- 
tion of round barrows and other sepulchral remains. 
Although vessels, which appear to have been originally 
intended to be used for culinary purposes, 8 are occasion- 
ally found with sepulchral deposits of the Bronze Age, 
their number is so small as compared with the vessels 
made specially either to hold the ashes of the deceased 
or to be buried with him, that they may be regarded 
as a quantite nggligeable. 

The chief characteristics of the pottery of the Bronze 
Age are : — 

(1) That it is hand-made and not turned on a wheel. 

(2) That the paste is often coarse and composed of clay, 

mixed with pounded stone and sand. 

(3) That it is imperfectly fired, although not sun-baked, as 

has sometimes been erroneously stated. 

(4) That it is unglazed ; but in the better class of vessels a 

smooth surface is produced by some method of 
polishing. 

(5) That the surface decoration is always rectilinear and 

geometrical. 

(6) That the ornament is produced by impressing a twisted 

cord on the moist clay, by engraving with a pointed 
implement, by stamps, and by the use of the thumb- 
nail. 

The sepulchral pottery of the Bronze Age has been 

1 Archceologia, vol. liv, p. 87. 

2 Gen. Pitfc-Kivers's Excavations in Cranbourne Chase, vol. iv, 
pp. 1 and 46. 

8 ArchcBoLogia, vol. xliii> p. 338. 



192 THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

divided by most writers on the subject into four classes, 
namely : — 

(1) Cinerary urne. (3) Food vessels. 

(2) Incense cups. (4) Drinking cups. 

The classification is a convenient one, and has been 
accepted by such high authorities as Canon W. Green- 



well and Dr. J. Thurnam, but it must be distinctly 
understood that it is the cinerary urn alone which has 
an established right to its title, on the basis of proved 
facts. The uses of the other three classes of urns are 
purely conjectural, so that when we speak of an incense 
pup, a food vessel, or a drinking cup, we merely mean 
an urn of a particular type, each of which may be 
recognised by the following special, peculiarities : — 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 193 

Cinerary Urns. — These are the largest of the sepulchral urns, 
and vary in height from 6 ins. to 2 ft. The most common kind 
has a wide mouth, a narrow base, and a deep overhanging rim, 
which is usually ornamented, both on the outside and on the 
inside round the top. Below the rim there is often a slightly 
hollowed moulding, also ornamented. The lower part of the 
urn which slopes inwards to the base is almost always left 
plain. There are other kinds, with a greater number of shallow 
mouldings and more elaborate decoration. On the other hand, 
a type of cinerary urn, found chiefly in Wilts and Dorset, is 
nearly cylindrical in shape, and ornamented in the rudest 
possible manner. The Oornish cinerary urns are nearly as 
simple in form, but they are provided with loop-handles, and 



Fig. 24.— Bruuze Age Urn from Beckham pton, Wilts. Scale, g liuear. 

have a deep band of ornament round the rim, which, however, 
does not overhang. Cinerary urns are generally, more coarsely 
made than the other classes of sepulchral vessels, and the paste 
is composed of clay mixed with pounded stone. Although 
cinerary urns, as their name implies, were made to hold the 
ashes of the deceased, yet in a few instances urns of this type, 
but not containing cremated bones, have been found with 
unburnt burials. 

Incense Cups. — These are the smallest of the sepulchral urns, 
and vary in height from 1£ ins. to 3 ins. The most common 
form is that of a small cup vith either an expanded or con- 
tracted mouth. Incense cups are often provided with perforated 
holes for suspension. They seldom have mouldings, but in 
many cases the sides are formed of openwork pierced right 
through the thickness of the vessel. A type peculiar to Wilts, 



194 THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

called the " grape cup," is decorated with a large number of 
small projecting knobs. The whole of the exterior surface of 
the incense cup is generally ornamented, including the bottom. 
Incense cups are never found except with burnt bodies. The 
vessels are placed either upon the cremated bones or amongst 
them, but scarcely ever, except accidentally, containing them. 
As often as not they occur within a large cinerary urn. 

Food Vessels.— These are smaller than the cinerary urns, and 
larger than the incense cups. They vary in height from 4 ins. 
to 5 ins. The usual shape is that of a shallow bowl, with a 
wide mouth, thick lip, and a narrow base. The diameter 
generally expands towards the middle and contracts slightly 



towards the top, but more towards the bottom. Round the part 
where the vessel is widest there is often a hollow fluted moulding, 
with small perforated projections at intervals, apparently for 
suspension by means of a cord. In some specimens the projec- 
tion has survived as a useless ornament, the perforation being 
absent The decoration of the food-vessel type of urn, which 
i3 more elaborate and beautiful, especially iu the Irish examples, 
than in the case of any other, consists of a skilful combination 
of mouldings, sinkings, and surface ornament Food vessels, 
except in a few rare instances, are exclusively the accompani- 
ment of unburnt bodies, and are placed either at the head or the 
feet of the skeleton. 

Drinking Cups. — These are taller in proportion to their width 
than food vessels, and average from 6 ins. to 9 ins. high. The 



Urn of Food Vessel Type from Kilmartin, Argyllshire. 
(Height, 5} ins.) 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 195 

shape of the drinking cup is more uniformly the same than in 
the case of the other classes of sepulchral urns. The diameter 
is contracted at about half the height of the vessel ; below this 
it bulges out into a nearly globular form, and above it expands 
outwards, so as to make the mouth wider than the base. In 
most cases the curves of the side are graceful and uniform, but 
in some instances there is a distinct angle at the point where 
the contraction of the vessel is greatest and the curve changes 
its direction. Other variations of form are produced by raising 



Fi K 27. — Bronze Age Urn from Al win ton, Northumberland. Height, 5 ins. 
Scale, J linear. ■ 

or lowering the level of the point where the greatest amount of 
contraction occurs, so as to make the urn either a low or a high 
brimmed one, Drinking cups hardly ever have mouldings, and 
the ornament usually consists of horizontal bands, chevrony 
patterns, triangular or lozengy compartments, etc., covering the 
entire exterior surface. This type of vessel has thinner sides, 
better paste, and greater finish than any other kind of sepul- 
chral pottery. Drinking cups are scarcely ever associated with 
cremated burials, and are generally found placed near the 
shoulders of an un burnt skeleton. 



196 THE CHEVKON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

The geographical distribution of the four different 
classes of sepulchral urns is as follows : — 

Cinerary urns 1 occur pretty generally throughout the whole 
of Great Britain, but in Ireland and Argyllshire they are more 
elaborately ornamented than elsewhere, and of a shape some- 
what resembling a food-vessel. 



Fig. 28. — Bronze Age Urn from Go oilman ham, Yorkshire. Scale, J linear. 

Incense cups 2 are never found except with cremated burials, 
and their geographical distribution corresponds very nearly with 
that of the cinenary urns. Canon Greenwell says that they are 
" found in tbe Orkney Islands, and from thence throughout the 

1 W. Greenwell'a British Barrows, p. 66; J. Tharnam in 

Arckceologia, vol. iliii, p. 345. 

2 W. GreenwciU's British Barrows, p. 74; J. Tharnam in 
Archmologia, vol. xliii, p. 359. 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 197 

whole of Britain, to the extreme limit on the south-west ; they 
are, however, very uncommon in Dorsetshire, and the neighbour- 
ing districts to the north and west of that county. They also 
occur in Ireland." 

Food vessels 1 are entirely absent in Wilts and Dorset ; they 
occur with greater frequency as we go northward ; in Stafford- 
shire, Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Northumberland, and Scotland 
they are common ; and in Ireland they are more common than 
anywhere else. 

Drinking cups 2, occur throughout England, Wales, and Scot- 
land, but are entirely wanting in Ireland ; they are twice as 
common in Wilts as in Staffordshire and Yorkshire, and com- 
paratively rare in Yorkshire. 

It seems probable that the drinking cups are the 
most ancient, the food vessels rather more recent, and 
the cinenary urns and incense cups the latest in point 
of age. The reasons for thinking that the drinking 
cups are the oldest are (1), that they are invariably 
associated with unburnt burials and often with imple- 
ments of flint and polished stone ; and (2), that urns 
similarly decorated and of nearly the same shape 
(except that the bottoms are more rounded and the 
curve of the sides less marked), are found in the 
dolmens of the Neolithic period in Spain, Portugal, 
Brittany and the Channel Islands. The food vessels 
are generally, but not always, found with unburnt 
burials, and therefore are not so old as the drinking 
cups, yet older than the cinerary urns and incense 
cups, which belong exclusively to the period when the 
more recent practice of cremation was superseding the 
older one of inhumation. 

For the purpose of studying the ornamental patterns 
of the Bronze Age, the drinking cups and cinenary 
urns are the most useful. The incense cups are so 
small that they do not afford much scope for ornament. 
Some of the most elaborate are those of the type of 

1 W. Greenwell's British Barrows, p. 83; J. Thurnam in 
Archceologia, vol. xliii, p 37^. 

2 W. Greenwell's British Barrows, p. 94 ; J. Thurnam in 

Archceologia, vol. xliii. p. 389. 



198 THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

the one from Aldbourne, 1 Wilts, now in the British 
Museum. The food vessels, again, rely for their 
decorative effect rather on mouldings, corrugations, 
knobbed projections, sinkings and piercings, than on 
the contrast of different geometrical patterns on an 
evenly-undulating surface. 

The variations in the practical application of the 
chevron patterns, which have been described at the 
beginning of this paper, to the decoration of the 
sepulchral pottery of the Bronze Age, are produced in 
the following ways : — 

(1) By placing the chevrons (a) horizontally, or (b) verti- 

cally. 

(2) By making the chevrons of different sizes. 

(3) By altering the angle of the chevrons, i.e., making the 

points more acute or more obtuse. 

(4) By shading some parts of the pattern whilst other parts 

are left plain. 

(5) By using different methods of shading, such as plain 

hatching, cross-hatching, dotting, &c. 

(6) By combining the chevrons with horizontal and vertical 

lines. 

(7) By arranging the patterns in horizontal bands of different 

widths. 

We will now attempt to classify the various modifi- 
cations of the chevron and its derivatives which occur 
upon the sepulchral pottery of the Bronze Age in 
Britain, arranging the patterns as nearly as possible in 
the order of their development, and giving examples 
of each. 

The Imperfect Chevron. — The most primitive kind of 
chevron ornament consists of rows of short diagonal 
lines, which point towards each other, although they 
do not actually meet. 

Examples. 

Cinerary urn from Rhinderston, Pembrokeshire {Arch. Camb., 5th Ser., 
vol. xv, p. 195). 

1 Archcaologia^ vol. lii, p. 53. 



THE CHBVKON AHD ITS DERIVATIVES. 199 

Cinerary urn from Nantglyn, Denbighshire (Arch. Camb., 3rd Ser., 
vol. xiv, p. 246). 

Cinerary urn from Penmaenmawr, Carnarvonshire (Arch. Camb, , 
6th Ser., vol. viii, p. 33). 

Single Border of Line-Chevrons placed horizontally. 
— When the chevron pattern is used thus, the chevrons 
are of large size, generally forming a border round the 
top of the urn. 

KAAAAA/1 

Examples. 
Cinerary urn from Craigenhollie (Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.). 
Cinerary urn from Kirkpark (Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxviii, p. 74). 



Incense cup from Goodmanham, Yorkshire (W. Greenwell's British 
Barrows, No. 89, p. 75). 

Etton (British Barrotcs, No. 76, p. 282). 

Incense cup from North Newbold, Yorkshire (Proc. Soc Ant. Land., 
2nd Ser., vol. vii, p. 324). 

Surface Pattern and Broad Bands of Line-Chevrons 
placed horizontally. — I have not come across an in- 
stance where the entire surface of the urn is decorated 



200 THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

thus, but it is not unusual to find bands of line-chevrons 

E laced horizontally, occupying from one-third to one- 
alf the .height of the urn. 



Examples. 

Drinking cup from Aberbechan Hall, near Newtown, Montgomeryshire 
(Mbntgom. Coll., vol. iii, p. 426, and Archaologia, vol. iliii, p. 394). 

Drinking cup from Cawdor Castle, Nairnshire (British Museum). 

Drinking cup from Buckie, Banffshire (Reliquary for 1895, p. 230). 

Drinking cup from Rudstone, Yorkshire (W. Green well's British 
Borrows, No. 62, p. 95). 

Cinerary urns from Gunwalloe, Cornwall (Jour. B. Inst. Cornwall, 
vol. liii, p. 438). 

Single Border of Line-Chevrons placed vertically.— 
This occurs very frequently in combination with other 
patterns, but hardly ever by itself. 



Examples. 

Cooking pot from Roddick Hill, near Princetown, Dartmoor (Reliquary 
for 1896, p. 226). 

Drinking cup from Canterbury, Kent (Proc. Sue, Ant. Lond., 2nd Ser., 
vol. iviii, p. 279). 

Incense cup from Skelton, Yorkshire (British Museum). 

Drinking cup from Rudstone, Yorkshire (British Borrows, No. 60, 
p. 254). 

Sepulchral urn from Cae Mickney, Anglesey {Arch. Vnmb., 4th Ser., 
vol. xiii, p. 216). 

Surface Pattern and Broad Bands of Line- Chevrons 
■placed Vertically. — -Occasionally the whole cf the 
exterior surface of the urn is covered in this way, but 
it is more common to find only a broad band round 
the top. 



Fig. 31. Bronze Age Urn from Cawdor Castle, Nairnshire. 
(Height, ejins.) 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 201 

Examples. 

Incense cup from Porth Davarch, Anglesey (Arch. Gamb., 3rd Ser., 
vol. xiv, p. 217). 

Food vessel from Lunanhead, Forfarshire (J. Anderson's Scotland in 
Pagan Times; Brwxzc and Stone Aijes, p. 54). 

Food vessel from Monikie, Forfarshire (Ibid, p. 66). 

Food vessel from Cong, co. Galway (Sir W. Wilde's Lough Corrib, 
p. 225). 

Cinerary urn from Cairngrieff, Lanarkshire (British Museum). 

Food vessel from Stanlake, Oxfordshire (British Museum). 

Cinerary urn from Storrington, Sussex (Gentleman's Magazine for 1830, 
Pt. ii, p. 18). 



Cinerary urn from Mynydd Cam Goch, Swansea, S. Wales (Arch. Camb., 
3rd Ser., vol. xiv, p. 253). 

Cinerary urn from Nantsallan Down, Cornwall (Jtnir. B. Inst. Cornwall, 
vol. x, p. 196). 

Cinerary urn from Lake, Wilts (British Museum). 

Cinerary urn from Tregaseal, Cornwall (Lukis, PI. 18). 

Drinking cup from River Thames at Kew (British Museum). 

Drinking cup with handle from Appleford, Berks (British Museum). 

Cinerary urn from Goodmanham, Yorkshire (British Barrows, No. 84, 
p. 74) 

Incense cup from Ganton, Yorkshire (Ibid., No. 21, p. 90). 

Cinerary urn from Sherburn, Yorkshire (Ibid., No. 12, p. 151). 

Food vessel from Hutton Bit eel, Yorkshire (Ibii., No. 146, p. 363). 



202 THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

Line - Chevrons arranged in Narrow Horizontal 
Bands. — This is a very common treatment for the 
decoration of drinking cups, and more rarely occurs on 
cinerary virns. The variations in the ornament are 



Fig. 33. — Finely Ornamented Sepulchral Urn from Nonnanton 

Barrow 150, Wilts. Height, S* ina. 

Scale, J linear. 

made by placing the chevrons in some of the rows 
vertical and in others horizontal ; by leaving plain 
bands at intervals, by doubling or trebling the hori- 
zontal HneB between the bands, and by filling in other 



Fig. 34. Bbonze Age Urn from Colwinston, Glamorganshire. 
(Height, 1 ft. 3 ins.) 



*HE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 203 

bands with rows of short parallel vertical or diagonal 
lines, or with lattice- work, lozenges, etc. 

Examples. 

Drinking cup from Rudstone, Yorkshire (W. Greenwell's British Bar- 
rows, No. 62, p. 241). 

Drinking cup from Goodmanham, Yorkshire (W. Greenwell's British 
Barrows, No. 99, p. 94). 

Drinking cup from Northumberland (Dr. J. Bruce's Catal. of Alnwick 
Castle Museum, pi. 11). 

Drinking cup from Leslie, Aberdeenshire (Reliquary for 1897, p. 49). 

Drinking cup from Upton Lord Barrow No. 3, Wiltshire (W. Cunnington 
and E. H. Goddard's Catal. of Stowrhead Coll. at Devizes, No. 13, p. 5.) 

Cinerary urn from Normanton, Barrow No. 156, Wiltshire (Catal. of 
Stourhead Coll., No. 280, p. 74). 

Drinking cup from Roundway Hill, Wilts (Grave Mounds and their 
Contents, p. 104). 

Drinking cup from Dairy, Aryshire (Scotland in Pagan Times, p. 77). 

Drinking cup from Parkhead, Aberdeenshire (Ibid. p. 79). 

Drinking cup from Broomhead, Aberdeenshire (Ibid. pp. 75 and 76). 

Drinking cup from Lesmurdie, Banffshire (Ibid. p. 74). 

Plain Bar- Chevron Border. — The chevrons are 
generally of considerable size, and are used in a wide 
band round the top of the urn. Sometimes the 
chevrons are in relief, and in one case the triangles 
forming the background are pierced. 



E^W^I 



Examples. 

Incense cup from South Ronaldsay, Orkney (Scotland in Pagan 
Times, p. 47). 

Food vessel from Balcalk, Forfarshire (Ibid. p. 62). 

Cinerary urn from Seam ill, Ayrshire (Ibid. p. 73). 

Cinerary urn from Colwinston, Glamorganshire (Proc. Soc. Ant. Lond., 
2nd Ser., vol. xi, p. 430). 

Incense cup from Lancing, Sussex (British Museum). 

Incense cup from Stanton Moor, Derbyshire (The Antiquary). 

Incense cup from Benachie, Aberdeenshire (Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., 
vol. v, p. 13). 

Cinerary urn from Ovingham, Northumberland, (British Barrous, 
No. 214, p. 72). 

Cinerary urn from Glenballoch, Perthshire (Scotland in Pagan Times, 
p. 112). 

Cinerary urn from Dalmore, Ross-3hire (Ibid. p. 49). 

Cinerary urn from Killicarney, Ireland (Jour. B. Hist, and A. A. of 
Ireland, 4th Ser., vol. v, p. 194). 



204 THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

The Line-Chevron Border with Central Axis, or 
Palm-Leaf Pattern. — This is comparatively rare on all 
classes of sepulchral urns. It is used both placed 
horizontally and vertically. 




Examples. 

Cinerary urn from Woodyates, Barrow No. 17, Wiltshire (Cabal, of 
Stourhead Coll., No. 253, p. 66). 

Drinking cup from Culbone, Somersetshire (Trans, of Somersetshire 
Arch Soc. , vol. xlii, p. 60). 

Incense cup from Bishop Burton, Yorkshire (Archceologia, vol. lii, 
p. 36). 

Incense cup from Broad Down, Farway, Honiton, Devonshire (Trans, 
of Devon Assoc., vol. ii, p. 636). 

Incense cup from Mynydd Carn Goch, Swansea, S. Wales (Arch. Camb., 
3rd Ser., vol xiv, p. 261). 

Incense cup from Penmaenmawr, Carnarvonshire (Arch. Camb., 5th 
Ser., vol. viii, p. 36). 

Cinerary urn from Magdalen Bridge, Midlothian (Scotland in Pagan 
Times, p. 33). 

Cinerary urn from Alloa, Clackmannanshire (Ibid. p. 63). 

Line- Chevron Border, with one set of Triangles 
shaded. — The shading generally consists of parallel 
straight lines running in a diagonal direction, but 
sometimes horizontal lines or lattice-work are also 
used. 



fffWf 



Examples. 

Cinerary urn from Dumnakilly, near Oinagh, Co. Tyrone (Jour. R. Hist, 
and A. A. of Ireland, 4th Ser., vol. ii, p. 509). 

Food vessel from Alwinton, Northumberland (British Barrows, No. 202, 
p. 86). 

Incense cup from Clifton-on-Irwell (British Museum). 

Cinerary urn from Colwinston, Glamorganshire (Arch. Camb., 5th Ser., 
vol. v, p. 85). 

Cinerary urn (?) from Cairngoan, Kirkmaiden, Ayrshire (Dr. R. Munro's 
Prehistoric Scotland, p. 322). 

Acutely-pointed Line-Chevron Border, with one set of 
Triangles shaded, or Fern- Leaf Pattern. — The lines of 
the shading are in some cases straight, and in others 
take a zigzag form. The ornament resembles a Van- 



Fig. 35. Bronze Aue Urn from Goodman-ham, Yorkshire. 
(Height, 8J inn. J 



(5> 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 205 

dyke collar, and is extremely effective when used in 
two or three broad bands alternating with narrow 
bands. 



Drinking cup from Goodmanham, Yorkshire (W. Greenwell's British 
Barrows, No. 99, p. 810). 

Drinking cup from Glenforsa, I, of Mull (J. Anderson's Scotland in 
Pagan Tirims, Ages of Stone and Bronze, p. 14). 

Drinking cup from Crawford, Lanark (Scotland in Pagan Times, p. 58). 



Fig. 36. — Bronze Age Uro from Lugongroah, co. Wieklow. Scale, J linear. 

Drinking cup from Freefield, Aberdeenshire (Ibid., p. 78). 
Drinking cup from Ganton, Northumberland (British Barrow;, No. 21, 
p. 96). 

Line-Chevron Border, with both sets of Triangles 
shaded, but in Opposite Directions.— -This is an ex- 
tremely common pattern round the top of urns. It 
appears to have been suggested by lashing, bandaging, 
grass-matting, or some other textile process. 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 



Cinerary urn from Menai Bridge, Anglesey (.4 reft. Comb., 3rd Ser., 
vol. xiv, p. 244). 

Cinerary urn from Bleasdale, Lancashire (^Reliquary for 1900, p. 258). 

Cinerary urn from Pickering, Yorkshire (E. Howarth's Oatal. of 
Bateman CoU. at Sheffield, p. 134). 

Cinerary urn from Cold Kirby (W. Greenwell'a British Barrows, 
No. 128, p. 338). 

Cinerary urn from Kirkpark, near Musselburgh, Midlothian (Proc. Soc. 
Int. Scot., vol. xxviii, p. 76). 



Fig. 37.— Bronze Age Urn from County Wicklovr. Scale, J linear. 

Cinerary urn from Harlyn Bay, Cornwall {Jour. R. Inst. Cornwall, 
vol. x, p. 200). 

Cinerary urn from Bolsterstone, Yorkshire (Reliquary for 1899, p. 147). 

Cinorary urn from Luguagroah, co. Wicklow (Sir W. Wilde's Oatal. of 
MS., R. I. A., p. 177). 

Cinerary urn from Tykillen, co. Wexford (Proc. R. I. A., 3rd Ser., 
vol. v, PI. 15). 

Cinerary urn from Greenhills, Tallaght, co. Dublin (Proc. R. I. A., 
3rd Ser., vol. v, PI. 11). 

Cinerary urn from Childrey, Berkshire {Arclueologin, vol. Hi, p. 65). 

Cinerary urn from Magdalen Bridge, Midlothian (Scotland in Pagan 
7W., ,,. Sli). 

Cinerary urn from yiiarryford, East Lothian (Ibid., p. 72). 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 207 

Round-bottomed urn from Unatan, Orkney (Scotland in Pagan Times, 
p. 298). 

Incense cup from Fylingdales, Yorkshire (Archmoloaia, vol. lii, p. 42). 

Incense cup from Benachie, Aberdeenshire (Scotland in Pagan Timet, 
p. 47). 

Incense cup from Whitby, Yorkshire (British Museum). 

Incense cup from Beedon, Berkshire (British Museum). 

Incenso cup from Mynydd Cam Guch, near Swansea, S. Wales (Arch. 
(Jamb., 3rdSer., vol. xiv, p. 261). 



Fig. 38. — Bronze Age Urn from Ganton, Yorkshire. Scale, J linear. 

Food vessel from Darwen, Derbyshire (Grave-Mounds and their 
Contents, p. 86). 

Food vessel from Hitter Kill, Derbyshire (Ibid., p. 99). 

Food vessel from Tenby (Arch. Camb., 3rd Ser., vol. xiv, p. 266). 

Food vessel from Darley Dale, Derbyshire (Ibid., p. 92). 

Border of Bar- Chevrons placed horizontally, with one 
set of Triangles shaded. — The shading generally consists 
of horizontal lines. 



208 THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

Examples. 

Cinerary urn from Bawdsey, Suffolk (British Museum). 
Drinking cup from Kilmartin, Argyllshire (British Museum). 

Border of Bar- Chevrons placed horizontally, with 
both sets of Triangles shaded. — This makes the bar- 
chevrons appear light on a dark background. 

Examples. 

Drinking cup from Ganton, Northumberland (W. GreenwelTs British 
Barrows, No. 21, p. 162). 

Drinking cup from St. Fagan's, Glamorganshire (Arch. Camb., 6th Ser., 
vol. ii, p. 30). 

Drinking cup from Goodmanham (British Barrows, No. 116, p. 101). 

Border of Bar- Chevrons placed horizontally, iviththe 
Chevrons shaded.— This makes the bar-chevrons appear 
dark on a light background. 




Example. 

Drinking cup from Goodmanham, Yorkshire (W. Green well's British 
Barrows, No. 113, p. 99). 

Border of Bar-Chevrons placed vertically, with every 
alternate Chevron shaded. — This pattern can only be 
shaded in one way. 




Examples. 

Incense cup from Aldbourne, Wiltshire (Archceologia, vol. lii, p 53) 
w\ Se C " P fr ° m Beckham P ton > Wiltshire (Archczologia, vol. 43, 

p. Ol)Oj. 

Incense cup from Camerton, Somersetshire (Trans. Somerset Arch. Soc. % 
vol. vm, p. 44). ' 

Bar- Chevron Surface Pattern, with top points of 
Chevrons in one row vertically, under top points of 



Bronze Age Urn from Lakenhkath, Suffolk. 
(Height, 7* ins.) 



Fia. 40. Bronze Agb TJrn from Fincihkldbah. 
(Height, 7J ins.) 



Chevrons 
rare. 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 209 

in the next row. — This is comparatively 



Fimber, Yorkshire (lA.Jewitt'aGrave-Mouitds and their Contents, p. 102). 



Bar-Chevron Surface Pat- 
tern, with top 'points of Chev- 
rons in one row vertically, under 
bottom points of Chevrons in the 
next row. 



Lakenheath, Suffolk. 

— ' "leldean, W" 

., p. 197). 




Triangle Border Pattern. — This is the same as the 
line-chevron border, with one set of the triangles 
shaded. 



Triangle Surface Pattern, 
with the points oj all the Tri- 
angles meeting, shaded like 
chequer - work. — This occurs 
more often on jet necklaces 
and sculptured stones than on 
pottery. 

Km tiijJt:. 



210 THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

Double Border composed of Triangles, with the points 
of the Triangles in one row, falling in the centres of the 
bases of the Triangles in the row above. — This is an 

extremely rare pattern. 



SAAAAA/1 



K'A'AA'A'AVI 



Example. 
Incense cup from Danby Moor, Yorkshire (British Museum). 

Surface Pattern, composed of Triangles, arranged 
as in the preceding, and shaded as in chequer-work — 
This is also an extremely rare pattern in pottery, and 
it is more often used for the decoration of jet necklaces 
and bronze celts. 



Incense cup from Beckhampton, Wiltshire (British Barrows, p. 76). 

Plain Line-Lozenge Border. — This consists of a single 
horizontal row of lozenges, made with incised lines and 
not shaded; It occurs generally round the tops of urns. 



^XXXXXI 



Examples. 

Cinerary urn from Tuaek, Aberdeenshire (Scotland in Pagan Times, 
p. 103). 

Cinerary urn from Cleatham, Lincolnshire (Qrave-Monnda and their 
Contents, p. 93). 

Cinerary urn from Penmaenmawr, Carnarvonshire (Arch. Camb., 
5th Ser., vol. viii, p. 33). 



Fig. 41. Bronze Aon Urn from Wilsford, Wiltshire. 
(Height, 8 ins.) 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 



211 



Plain Line-Lattice Surface Pattern. — This is an 
extension of the preceding, so as to cover a wide band 
round the top of the urn, or its whole surface, with a 
network of lozenges. 




Examples. 

Cinerary urn from To men y Mur, Carnarvonshire (Arch. Gamb., 3rd 
Ser., vol. xiv, p. 240). 

Cinerary urn from Lake, Wiltshire. 

Cinerary urn from Drumnakilly, Co. Tyrone (Jour. R.Hist. and A. A. 
of Ireland, 4th Ser., vol. ii, pp. 508 and 511). 

Cinerary urn from Drumnakilly, near Omagh, Co. Tyrone (Ibid., 4th 
Ser., vol. ii, p. 511). 

Cinerary urn from Monsal Dale, Derbyshire (Grave-Mounds and their 
Contents, p. 87). 

Cinerary urn from Ferry Friston, Yorkshire (British Barrows, No. 161, 
p. 71). 

Cinerary urn from Stobshiel, Haddingtonshire (Scotland in Pagan Times, 
p. 20). 

Cinerary urn from Magdalen Bridge, Midlothian (Ibid., p. 30). 

Cinerary urn from Balbirnie, Fifeshire (Ibid., p. 71). 

Incense cup from Hill of Culsh, Aberdeenshire (Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., 
vol. xxxv, p. 262). 

Line-Lozenge Border, shaded. — This consists of a 
horizontal row of lozenges, shaded either so as to be 
light on a dark background, or vice versd. 




Examples. 

Cinerary urn from Magdalen Bridge, Musselburgh, Midlothian (J. 
Anderson's Scotland in Pagan Times, p. 31). 

Cinerary urn from Shanwell, Kinross-shire (Scotland in Pagan Times, 

p. 37). 

14 * 



212 THE CHEVEON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

Food vessel from Ktllicarney, Co. Cavan (Jour. R.Hist. and A. A. oj 
Ireland, 4th Sor., vol. v, p. 191). 

Drinking cup from Winterboume Stoke, Wiltshire (British Museum). 

Drinking cup from Goodmanham, Yorkshire (British, Barrmes, No. 116, 
p. 101). 

Bar Lozenge Border shaded. — This is the same as 
the plain lozenge border, except that the lozenges are 
formed by intersecting bars instead of intersecting 
lines. Sometimes the lozenges on the background are 
shaded. 




Drinking cup from Pound Down, N. Wilts (Wilts Arch. Mag., vol. vi, 
1860, p. 321). 

Drinking cup from Hay Top, Derbyshire (LI. Jewitt's Grave-Mounds 
and their Contents, p. 102). 

Drinking cup from Beckhampton, Barrow No. 4, Wilts (Catal. of Stour- 
heiid Goll. at Devises, p. 78). 

Drinking cup from Bee Low, Derbyshire (Catal. of Batemam, OoU. at 
Sheffield, p. 147). 

Cinerary urn from Magdalen Bridge, Musselburgh, Midlothian (Scot- 
land in Pagan Times, p. 31). 

Drinking cup from Folkton, Yorkshire (Arckeeologia, vol. lii, p. 16). 

Incense cup from Llandyssilio, Pembrokeshire (Arch. (Jamb., 3rd Ser., 
vol. xiv, p. 257). 

Incense cup from Bryn Seiont, Carnarvonshire (Ibid.,- 3rd Ser., vol. xiv, 
p. 256). 

Bar-Lattice Surface Pattern shaded. — This is the 
same as the plain lattice surface pattern, but with the 
lattice-work formed of bars instead of lines. Some- 
times the bars are shaded, and sometimes the lozenges. 

SOTOTH 






lAK+AKi 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DEKIVAT1VES. 



213 



Examples. 

Drinking cup from Wilsford, Wilts. [Arehadtogia, vol. slii, p. 196). 
Drinking cup from Winterbourne Monkton, Wilts. (J. Thurnam's 
Crania Britannica, p. 158 ; and Wilts. Arch. Mag., vol. i, 1854, p. 303). 

The Saltire Border. — This may be made either with 
Incised lines or with bars, and be shaded or left plain. 



Fig. 42.— Bronze Age Urn from Eaat Kennet, Wilts. Height, 7 A in-. 

It is not a particularly common form of ornament on 
pottery. 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DBRIVATIVES. 



Drinking cup from East Kennet, Wilts. (Archowlogia, vol. xliii, 
p. 392). 

Drinking cup from Green Low, Alsop Moor, Derbyshire (Gatal. oj 
Bateman Volt, at Sheffield, p. 139). 

Drinking cup from Durrington, Barrow No. 93, Wilts. (Catal of 8t<mr- 
head, Coll. at Devizes, p. 12). 

Drinking cup from Porth Dafarch, Anglesey (Arch. Camb., 3rd Ser., 
vol. siv, p. 238). 

Drinking eup from Grindlow, Derbyshire (LI. Jewitt's Qrave-Mounda 
and their Contents, p. 102). 

Hexagon Border. — A very beautiful border pattern 
may be formed of hexagons and four-pointed stars, the 
hexagons being shaded. 

Hexagon Surface Pattern. — This may consist either 
entirely of hexagons, or of hexagons with bars between 
them. 



Examples. 

Drinking cup from Folkton, Yorkshire (Arch tzologia, vol. Hi, p. 11). 

Drinking cup from March, Cambridgeshire (Archazologia, vol. xliii, 
p. 397). 

Drinking cup from Pickering, Yorkshire (Bateman's Ten Years' Diggings, 
p. 204). 

Drinking cup from Rhosheirio, Anglesey (Arch. Camb., 3rd Ser., 
vol. xiv, p. 271). 



Flo. 43. Bronze Ags Urh from Durrington Barrow No. 93, 
Wilts. 



Fig. 44. Bronze Agb Urn. 



TBB CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 215 

All the patterns which have heen described are 
founded on the Chevron, and consequently are formed 
principally of diagonal lines; but there are some designs 
to be found on the pottery of the Bronze Age, where 
the lines run only horizontally and vertically, as in the 
following. 



Fig. 46.— Brome Age Urn from Polkton, Yorkshire. Scale, £ linear. 

Chequer-work Border. — This consists of rectangular 
spaces, alternately shaded with horizontal and vertical 
parallel lines. 

Examples. 

Cinerary urn from Oldbury, near Atherstone, Northamptonshire 
(M. H. Bloxham, in Paper read before Rugby School Nat. Hist. Soc, 
November 22nd, 1884). 

Cinerary urn from Kirkpark, near Musselburgh, Midlothian (Proc. the. 
Ant. Scot., vol. xxviii, p. 77). 



216 THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

Cinerary urn from Cransley, Northamptonshire (British Museum). 

Cinerary urn from Penmaenmawr, Carnarvonshire (Arch. Gamb., 
5th Set., vol. viii, p. 33). 

Cinerary urn from Hattun Buscol, Yorkshire (W. Greenwell's British 
Barrows, No. 157, p. 368). 

Drinking cup from Goodmanham, Yorkshire (Ibid., No. 116, p. 131). 

Cinerary urn from KUburn (Ibid., No. 128, p. 67). 

Cinerary urn from Ovingham, Northumberland (Ibid., No. 213, p. 70). 

Food vessel from Mackrakens, co. Tyrone (Jmir. R. Hist, and A. A. of 
Ireland, 4th Bet., vol. i, p. 29). 



Fig. 46.— Bronze Age Urn train Workington, Suffolk. 
Height, 5 ins. 

Food vessel from Forth Mountain, co. Weiford, 

Food vessel from Alnwick, Northumberland (British Museum). 

Cinerary urn from Tregaseal, Cornwall (W. C. Borlaee's Nenia Gorniubia, 
p. 242). 

Incense cup from Kirkpark, near Musselburgh, Midlothian (JVoc. Soc. 
Ant. Scut., vol. xxviu, p. 73). 

Cinerary urn from Stenton, East Lothian (Sctitland in Pagan Times, 
p. 92). 

Cinerary urn from Ballidon, Moor (Grave- Mounds and their Contents, 
p. 88). 

Food vessel from Mackrakens, eo. Tyrone (Jaw. H. H. and A. A. of 
Ireland, 4th Ser., vol. i, p. 29). 



Ancient British Urn, from Rhosbeirio, Anglesey 

(Scale, J linear). 



THE CHEVRON AtfD ITS DERIVATIVES. 21 7 

Chequer-work Surf ace Pattern} — This is like a chess- 
board, with alternate squares shaded. 

Examples. 

Drinking cup from Workington, Suffolk. 

Drinking cup from Rudstone, Yorkshire (W. GreenwelTs British 
Barrows, No. 66, p. 254). 

Metal-work. 

The classes of metal objects which exhibit Bronze- 
Age Chevron ornament are as follows : — 

Gold tumulae. 
Bronze axe-heads. 
Bronze razors. 
Bronze dagger-blades. 
Bronze spear-heads. 

The lunulse are thin plates of hammered gold, 
shaped like a crescent, ornamented with incised lines 
along both margins, and on the two horns of the 
crescent. The central portion of the crescent presents 
a plain surface of brightly-burnished gold, and the 
ornament, which is concentrated on the two horns, is 
arranged in transverse bands, the patterns on each of 
the horns being similar. These lunulas, or minus — as 
they are called in Irish — were probably used as head 
ornaments or diadems. 2 

When Sir W. Wilde compiled his Catalogue of the 
Antiquities of Gold in the Museum of the Royal Irish 
Academy, in 1862, there were fifteen specimens in that 
collection, and seventeen more have been added since, 3 
making a total of thirty-two. Besides these there are 
eleven in the British Museum, four in the National 
Museum of Antiquities of Scotland in Edinburgh, one 
in the Belfast Museum, and at least three in private 
collections. Nine more are recorded to have been 

1 This pattern occurs on a vessel from a Stone-Age burial at 
Ashogen, in Sweden (H. Hildebrand's Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 7. 

2 See Sir W. Wilde's Catalogue, p. 12. 

3 " On Gold Lunulae," by Dr. W. Frazer, in the Jour. R. Soc. 
Ant, 1 1 eland, 5th Ser., vol. vii, p. 53. 



218 THE CHEVRON AND 1T8 DERIVATIVES. 

found in different places, but have subsequently been 
destroyed or lost sight of. Nearly the whole of the 
fifty or so known specimens are from Ireland, the only 
exceptions being three from Scotland, one from North 
Wales, two from Cornwall, two from France, and one 
from Denmark. 



The decoration of the horns of the gold lunulse is 
very much alike in all cases, and usually consists of 
four or five narrow transverse bands, every other one of 
which is shaded with fine cross-thatched lines, alter- 
nating with wider bands, either having a chevron 
border along each margin, or a row of lozenges in the 
middle. Examples of the first method of treating the 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 



Fig. 48.— Ornamental Bronze Axe- Head at Soreae (Tarn], 
probably from Ireland. 

wider transverse bands may be seen on the lunula 
from the Lanfine Collection 1 in the Edinburgh Museum, 

1 Proc. Sac. Ant. Scot., vol. xxxii, p. 240. 



220 THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

and on the one from the Dawson Collection 1 in the 
Dublin Museum, Examples of the lozenge pattern on 
transverse borders occur on the lunula from Killarney, 2 
in the Dublin Museum, and in the one from Padstow, 3 
Cornwall. 

Rectilinear ornament founded on the chevron occurs 
only on the earlier class of slightly-flanged, wedge- 
shaped, bronze axe-heads, but never on the later winged, 



looped, and socketed celts. As in the case of the gold 
lunulse, almost all the best specimens of highly 
ornamented bronze axe-heads have been found in 
Ireland, so that most probably those which have turned 
up in England and France were of Irish manufacture. 
The following list shows the patterns which occur on 
bronze axe-heads, with the localities where the speci- 

1 Sir W. Wilde's Catalogue, p. 14. 

1 /Wrf.,p. 11. 

* Jour. H. Inst. Comw.dl, vol. ii, p. 142. 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 



221 



mens were found, and references to the works where 
they are described. 



Plain Chevron Border, with one set of 
triangles shaded. 

Plain Chevron Border, with both sets 
of triangles shaded. 

Bar-Chevron Surface Pattern 



Triangular Surface Pattern 
Ditto ditto 

Lozenge Border, shaded 
Ditto ditto 



Ditto 



ditto 



Saltire 

Lozenge Surface Pattern ... 



Lewes, Sussex (Sir J. Evans' Ancient 
Bronze Implements , p. 53, Fig. 4). 

Dorsetshire (British Museum, Ibid., 
p. 53). 

Ireland (Mus. R.I.A.). 

Perth {Evans, p. 60, Fig. 24). 

Ireland (Mus. R.I.A.). 

Ireland {Evans, p. 66, Fig. 35). 

Mareuil - sur - Ourcq - Oise ( Dictionnaire 
ArcMologique de la Qaule). 

Soreze (Tarn), probably from Ireland 
(E. Cartailhac's Les Ages Prehistori- 
ques de VEspagne et du Portugal, 
p. 99). 

Ireland {Evans, p. 66, Fig. 38). 

Westmoreland (British Museum). 



Bronze axe-heads with chevron and lozenge patterns 
upon them have been found in Denmark 1 and Sweden, 
but the axe-heads are hafted in an entirely different 
way from the Irish examples, having a transverse per- 
foration for the insertion of the handle, as in the 
modern iron axe. 

Bronze razors with ornament are extremely rare. 
Three specimens have been found in Scotland, 2 namely, 
at Rogart, Sutherlandshire, at Shanwell, Kinross-shire, 
and at Musselburgh, Midlothian. They are all orna- 
mented .with lozenge patterns, shaded with cross- 
hatching. 

Bronze dagger-blades and spear-heads with chevron 
patterns are hardly ever found outside Ireland. The 

1 A. P. Madson's Alfbildninger af Danske Oldsager og Mindet- 
maerker. 

2 Dr. J. Anderson's Scotland in Pagan Times, Ages of Stone and 
Bronze, pp. 24, 29, and 38. 



222 THE OHEVROH AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

patterns on these classes of objects consist almost ex- 
clusively of shaded chevrons and lozenges. 

Objects of Stone, Ambef, and Jet. 

Stone, amber, and jet were used in the Bronze Age 
for the manufacture of certain objects which were 



deposited as grave - goods in the round barrows. 
Amongst the most curious objects of stone are three 
carved chalk cylinders, shaped like a drum or a cheese, 
found in a barrow at Fotkton, 1 Yorkshire, and now in 
the British Museum. Their dimensions are : — 

1 See Mr. Green well's paper on " Recent Researches iu Barrows 
in Yorkshire, Wiltshire, &c." in the Archceologia, vol. lii, p. 16. 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 223 

No. 1. — 4$ ins. high by 5| ins. in diameter. 
No. 2. — i| ins. high by 5 ins. in diameter. 
No. 3. — 3| ins. high by 4 ins. in diameter. 

The tops of the drums are ornamented in eaoh case 
with concentric circles, and the sides with chevron and 
lozenge patterns, shaded with cross-hatching of delicate 
lines. In addition to the ornament, they also have 
highly conventionalised owl-like human faces, re- 



Fig. 51. — Slate Amulet from Caan da Maura. 

sembling those on the idols from Troy, MykenaB, 1 and the 
remarkable figures in the artificial caves found in France. 2 
Perhaps the most characteristic geometrical pattern on 
the Folkton chalk-drums is a rectangle divided by 
cross and diagonal lines into eight triangles, alternately 
plain and cross-hatched. The design is not altogether 
unlike that of the Union Jack. 

1 Schliemaim's Troy, p. 807. 

2 E. Cartailliac's La France Prekistorique, p. 242. 



224 THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

The stone wrisfc-guards and small perforated stone 
axe-hammers which so frequently accompany Bronze- 
Age burials, are hardly ever ornamented, and may 
therefore be dismissed from our consideration. 1 Before 
leaving this branch of the subject, however, it may be 
well to mention the interesting slate tablets or amulets, 
with patterns formed of chevrons and triangles, found 
in the cave of Casa da Moura, 2 at the foot of Monte 
Junto, Portugal. 



Kig. 52.— Slate Amulet from Caaa da Moura. 

The objects of jet which afford instances of Bronze- 
Age ornament, include necklaces, dress-fasteners, and a 
unique cup, referred to subsequently. The jet neck- 
laces are generally composed partly of flat plates, with 
four or five holes in them for the threads to pass through, 

1 A. perforated stone hammer found at Maesmore, near Corwen, 
North Wales, and now in the National Museum of Antiquities of 
Scotland, at Edinburgh, is highly ornamented with a lino-lattice 
pattern. 

2 E. Cartailhac's Let Ages F 'r6historiqv.es de YEspagne et daPorhu/al, 
p. 97. 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 225 

and partly of bugle-shaped beads. The plates at 
each end are triangular in shape, and the rest four- 
sided, and wider at one end than the other. The 
plates and beads come alternately, and form a sort 
of crescent, often with a pendant in the middle. 
The plates are generally ornamented with chevron 
and lozenge patterns, shaded with dots instead of 
cross - hatching. The most elaborately ornamented 
examples have been found in Scotland. The following 



Fib-. 53.— Jet Necklacn from Melfort, Argyllshire. 



list gives some of the best, with patterns, localities, 
and references : — 



Ditto ditto ... Wimile Nook «W«/. ,,f ShxfaM Mu 

Man, p. 69). 

Border of Bar-Chevrons placed verti- Asuyiit, Rom-shire (D. Wileou'e Pre- 
cally, and aliiirtdl iilt.oiri'Lt.'lv W.m:k hi«lJ,Hf An-wth ,>f Scvtlanil, vol. i, 

and white. p. 435). 



226 THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

Line- Lattice Border, shaded. .. Balcalk, Forfarshire {Scotland in Pagan 

Times, p. 43), and Proc. Soc. Ant. 
Scot., vol. xxv, p. 65). 

Ditto ditto ... Melfort, Argyllshire (see above). 

Ditto ditto ... Mount Stuart House, Bute (R. Munro's 

Prehistoric Scotland, p. 212). 

Line-Lattice Surface Pattern, shaded Arbor Low, Derbyshire (Grave-Mounds 
as in chequer- work. and their Contents, p. 177). 

Bar- Lattice Surface Pattern ... Assynt, Ross-shire (see above). 

Ditto ditto ... Helperthorpe, Yorkshire (British 

Barrows, p. 54). 

Saltire, shaded ... ... Assynt, Ross-shire (see above). 

Round jet buttons or dress-fasteners are occasionally 
found with Bronze- Age burials, and in a few cases they 
are ornamented as in those from Thuring, and 
Rudstone, Yorkshire. 1 The pattern on these consists 
of four shaded chevrons, with their points almost 
meeting in the centre of the button, so as to form a 
design resembling a cross. 

The unique cup of jet previously referred to was 
discovered in a barrow on Broad Down, 2 Devon, and has 
a chevron pattern round the rim, on the inside. 

An amber cup, similar to that from Broad Down, 
was found at Hove, Sussex, and is now in the Brighton 
Museum, but it is unornamented. A splendid amber 
necklace from Lake, Wilts., made on the same pattern 
as those of jet, is to be seen in the British Museum, but 
it also is unornamented. 

Sculptured Rocks and Stones. 

There are numerous examples in Great Britain of 
rocks and boulders sculptured with cups and rings, as 

1 W. Greenwell's British Barrows, Nos. 60 and 68, pp. 227 and 
264. 

2 See " Memoir of the Excavation of three tumuli on Broad Down, 
Farway, near Honifcon, Devon," by the Rev. R. Kirwan, in the 
Report of the International Congress of Prehistoric Archasology, field at 
Norwich in 1868. 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 227 

at Ilkley, 1 Yorkshire, Wooler, 2 Northumberland, and 
Lochgilphead, 3 Argyllshire, but on none of these do 
rectilinear figures occur. The corner and side stones 
of sepulchral cists of the Bronze Age are sometimes 
carved with rectilinear figures, as at Cairnb&n, 4 Argyll- 
shire, where there is a lozenge, and at Carnwath, 6 
Lanarkshire, where there are triangular designs. 

Much the most perfect series of sculptures in the 
Bronze Age style are to be seen at the great chambered 
tumulus at Newgrange. This monument has been so 
exhaustively describled in Mr. George Coffey's ad- 
mirable monograph on the subject, in the Transactions 
of the Royal Irish Academy (vol. xxx, 1892, p. 1), 
that all we need do here is to give a list of the various 
chevron patterns which occur there, with their position, 
and a reference to the figures in his paper. 

List of Chevron Patterns at Newgrange. 

Line -Chevron Surface Pattern ... Roofing slab of N.-E. recess (Trans. 

R.I. A., vol. 30, p. 4). 

Ditto ditto ... Upright stone, No. 17, on left side of 

passage (Ibid., PI. 1, Fig. 1). 

Bar-Chevron Border ... ... Lintel stone at back of S.-W. recess 

(Ibid., Fig. 5). 

Bar- Chevron Surface Pattern ... Upright stone, No. 20, on left side of 

passage (Ibid., Fig. 36). 

Triangular Surface Pattern ... Lintel stone over opening of passage 

into chamber (Ibid., Fig. 13). 

Ditto ditto ... Upright stone, No. 16, on S.-E. side of 

N.-E. recess (Ibid., Fig. 15). 

Ditto ditto ... Recumbent stone at base of mound 

outside, on N. side (Ibid., Fig. 34). 

1 Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc, vol. xxxv, p. 15, and vol. xxxviii, 
p. 156. 

2 G. Tate's Sculptured Rocks of Northumberland. 

3 Sir James Simpson's " Sculpturings of Caps and Rings," in 
Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. vi, PI. 21, Appendix. 

4 Ibid., PL 13. 

5 Scotland in Pagan Times, p. 88. 

15* 



228 THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 

Line-Lozenge Border, shaded ... Lintel stone at back of S.-W. recess 

{Ibid., Fig. 53). 

Ditto ditto ... S.-E. side of N.-E. • recess (Ibid, 

Fig. 14). 

Line-Lattice Surface Pattern, shaded Upright stone, No. 16, on S.-E. side of 

N.-E. recess {Ibid., Fig. 15). 

Bar- Lattice Surface Pattern . . . Recumbent stone, a, at base of mound, 

outside, on N.-W. side {Ibid,, Fig. 
35). 

Ditto ditto ... Recumbent stone, b, at the base of 

mound, outside, on N. side. 

Pattern compossed of Lozenges divided Upright stone, No. 16, on left side of 
into four Triangles by diagonals, and passage {Ibid., Fig. 16). 

shaded. 

Bar- Sal tire Border ... ... Recumbent stone above entrance to 

passage outside {Ibid., Fig. 32). 

Concluding Remarks. 

The foregoing Paper is, I believe, the first serious 
attempt that has been made to classify the rectilinear 
patterns of the Bronze Age in Britain, so as to show the 
geometrical relation they bear to each other. The 
designers of these patterns were no doubt entirely 
ignorant of the geometrical principles which underlie 
the construction of the ornament, and yet it is instruc- 
tive to notice that almost every possible arrangement 
of straight lines founded on the chevron has been hit 
upon, by continually trying to evolve new forms of 
decoration by the experimental method. It has been 
shown that the number of elementary patterns which 
can be derived from the chevron is comparatively small, 
and limited purely by the geometrical properties of 
space. Nevertheless, the mathematical theory of 
" Permutations and Combinations" demonstrates the 
possibility of combining a small number of elements in 
a practically unlimited number of ways, so that for 
purposes of decoration the changes which can be 
rung on the chevron and its derivatives are almost 
inexhaustible. 

The study of comparative ornament has been hitherto 



THE CHEVRON AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 229 

so neglected by archaeologists in this country, that the 
anxious enquirer after knowledge might search through 
the whole of the fifty and odd volumes of the Archceo- 
logia, and nearly all the Transactions of the various 
scientific societies, without being able to find any 
information whatever on the subject. Yet the import- 
ance of a knowledge of comparative ornament in afford- 
ing the most reliable clue to the probable date and 
provenance of a work of art can hardly be over-estimated. 
It has been possible (for instance, in the present Paper) 
to group together a certain number of vessels, imple- 
ments, objects and monuments, by showing that their 
decoration is identical. Now, as some of these are 
known to belong to the Bronze Age, the natural 
inference to be drawn is that all the others do also. 
Furthermore, it may be possible, by comparing the 
ornament on the group found in Britain with other 
groups presenting similar forms of decoration in Spain, 
Portugal, Denmark, Sweden and Hungary, to indicate 
the probable sources whence the culture of the Bronze 
Age was derived. This branch of the subject has been 
so ably dealt with by Mr. George Coffey, M.KI.A., in 
his " Origins of Prehistoric Ornament in Ireland," in 
the Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries oj 
Ireland (vols, iv to vii), that nothing further need be 
said about it here. 

I have the pleasure of expressing my indebtedness for 
the loan of blocks to the Society of Antiquaries and the 
Clarendon Press, and for permission to have photographs 
of ancient British urns, taken in the Devizes Museum, 
to the Wilts. Archaeological Society. The photographs 
of the urns in the British Museum were specially taken 
by Mr. H. Oldland, with the sanction of Mr. C. H. 
Bead, F.S.A. The photographs of the urns and bronze 
axe-heads in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy 
are from the series taken by Mr. W. G. Moore, of 
1 1 , Upper Sackville Street, Dublin. 



230 



NOTES ON LLANDAFF PARISH. 

BY G. E. HALLIDAY, ESQ., F.R.I.B.A. 

m 

During the last one hundred and fifty years so many 
changes have taken place in the neighbourhood of 
Whitchurch, Fairwater, Ely and Gabalva, which at 
one time formed part of Llandaff parish, and so many 
institutions and place-marks have been swept away, 
that now, in the beginning of the twentieth century, 
a short account of some of these matters may not only 
be of interest, but may be the means of preserving 
data which might otherwise be lost. 

Llandaff Fair and Market. 

Only a year or so ago, that product of recent legis- 
lation "the parish council," gave the final blow to 
one of the city's most ancient institutions, by enclosing 
the Llandaff Green, thereby putting an end to the 
Llandaff Fair. 

The Llandaff Fair and Market date from very 
ancient times. About seventy years ago, however, the 
Fair became a scene of such licence that it was a 
disgrace to the country-side. The boxing or fighting 
booths were notorious, and their probable sequence was 
the recent finding of a skeleton buried a few inches 
below the grass on Llandaff Green; and another in a 
hedge-bank near the Cathedral, also a third close to 
the Fairwater Road. 

The first mention of Llandaff Market is chronicled 
in the Liber Llandavensis, from which it seems that 
to hold a market in Llandaff was one of the privileges 
of St. Teilo, a.d. 540. 

The translation reads as follows : — 

" St. Teilo and his successors for ever have right of common- 
age of water and herbage, field and wood, for the people of the 



NOTES ON LLANDAFF PABISH. 231 

Church of St. Teilo, with a market and mint at Llandaff, with 
the approach of ships everywhere throughout the territories of 
St. Teilo, free from kings and all persons, except the Church of 
Llandaff and its Bishop." 

So far as the Market is concerned, there seems to be 
no reason to doubt this statement, but whether a mint 
ever existed at Llandaff is very dubious. In fact, the 
authorities of the British Museum go so far as to state, 
that a mint is an institution unknown in Wales, except 
at Aberystwith during the reign of Charles I. 

Coins, or more probably tokens, bearing the arms of 
the See, have been found at Llandaff from time to 
time. These, however, would probably be of com- 
paratively recent date, and may have been minted at 
Bristol. 

The next mention of Llandaff Market and Fair is 
taken from the archives of the Tower of London, viz., 
in a Charter granted on the 5th day of May (or March), 
a.d. 1206, being the seventh year of the reign of 
King John, to the Bishop of Llandaff, for the Llandaff 
Fair. The translation of this document reads : — 

" The King granted Henry, Bishop of Llandaff, that he and 
his successors should hold one fair each year for four days on 
the day after Pentecost, and for three days following, and a 
market any day through or during Lord's day at Llandaff. 
Given at Bristol this 9th day of September." 

Bishop Henry was Prior of Abergavenny, and died 
1213. 

Previous to the reign of Henry III, it was usual to 
hold markets on Sundays, but this custom gradually fell 
into disuse till the reign of Henry VI, when, in 1448, 
they were prohibited from being held on Whit Sunday, 
Trinity Sunday, and other Sundays, and on Good 
Friday. 

Browne Willis, writing in his quaint way in 1718, 
says : — 

" That to the great scandal of religion, there were near as 
many fairs held ou Good Friday as on any other day." 



NOTES ON LLANDAFF PARISH. 



The Llandaff Cross. 

It is a curious coincidence that the parish council, 
while they dealt the final blow to the fair by enclosing 
the green, carefully repaired the market, or preaching 
cross. The cross, cross-shaft and steps, are compara- 
tively modern, but the cross-base must certainly date 
prior to King John's Charter. 

It was from the cross on Llandaff Green that Arch- 
bishop Baldwin preached the Third Crusade. To quote 
Gerald us : — 

" On the following morning the 



Fig. 1. 

publicly proclaimed at Llandaff, the English standing on one 
side and the Welsh on the other, many persons on each side 
taking the cross, and we remained through the night with 
William (William de Salso Morisco), IMshop of that place, a 
discreet and good man." 

The Alms-houses. {See Fig. 1.) 
A few years since, the Llandaff Alms-houses were 
demolished. These, in the early part of the eighteenth 
century, were spoken of as being divided into nine 
compartments, which, not being endowed, were main- 
tained by the overseers of the poor. These houses 
stood at the corner of Pavement Street nearest to 




Fig. 2. 



NOTES ON LLANDAFJF PARISH. 233 

Llandaff Green. The writer remembers them very 
well ; they were one-story gabled buildings, with stone 
tiled roofs. 

The Prebendal Houses akd Tythe Barns. 

Thanks to Mr. Browne Willis, there is little difficulty 
in locating the Prebendal Houses ; but it was only by 
careful inquiry from some of the older inhabitants, a 
few years since, that the location of the Tythe Barns 
could be ascertained with any degree of accuracy. 

On the accompanying plan (see Fig. 2), the Prebendal 
Houses are indicated by letters, and the Tythe Barns 
by numerals. 

The Prebendal Houses. 

a. Site of the Prebendary of Warthacwm, reported 
by Browne Willis, in 1718, to be in sorry repair. 

B. Remains of the Treasurer's House, a gable-end, 
containing a small Late fourteenth-century window, is 
still in situ. 

c. Site of a small College, the remains of which were 
in situ till recently. 

When the mill-stream is let out, a portion of a well- 
masoned spur-base can still be seen, which evidently 
formed part of this building. 

Other Prebendal houses stood close to the Cathedral 
on the north side, viz. : 

D. Site of the Prebendary House of St. Andrew, 
which stood on the spot where the late Dean Vaughan 
is buried. Here a culvert was recently found, leading 
northward, sufficiently large for a man to crawl 
through. 

E. Site of the Prebendary House of St. Crosse, 
recently called " Cwm," which was demolished within 
present recollection, and stood where the memorial 
cross to the late Bishop Ollivant now is. 

f. The present Prebendal House, of which Browne 
Willis speaks " as having been recently rebuilt and 



234 



NOTES ON LLANDAFF PARISH. 



fitted up for the reception of the Chapter, when they 
came to audit." He also mentions a small library 
founded here by Bishop Davies. 

G. Probable site of the Archdeacon's Castle, referred 
to by Willis as follows : — 

" Towards the north-west of the Church, opposite the Jasper 
Tower, in a field called Llan-y-wrach, at about 46 yards distant, 




there is a ruined piece of a building under the brow of the hill, 
48 yards in length and 20 yards broad. It then appears to 
have been built in the form of a Castle, and is said to have 
belonged anciently to the Archdeacon of Llandaff. His dwell- 
ing was certainly once very magnificent, since (we are told that) 
the Archdeacon of that Church, in Henry II's time, entertained 
that Prince at dinner at his own house ; from thence he went to 
Cardiff, where he supp'd and lay that night, on his return to 
London from his wars in Ireland." 



NOTES ON LLANDAFF PARISH. 235 

The Archidiaconal Castle was demolished by Owen 
Glyndwrdwg at the time when he burnt the Bishop's 
Castle. The field in which it stood is still called the 
" Wrack." 

Fragments .of masonry have quite recently been 
unearthed on the spot indicated by Browne Willis. 

h. Part of a building known as " Black Hall," now 
converted into a cottage. Built in the north wall are 
the remains of two fourteenth-century traceried win- 
dows, and what was probably an almonry. The name 
implies that the building once belonged to the Black 
Friars. These remains until recently were hidden from 
view by a shed built against the wall (see Fig. 3). 

I. Indicates the site of a mediaeval building shown 
on Speed's Map, the foundations of which can still be 
traced. 

The Tythe Barns. 

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the city 
contained the remains of no fewer than nine large tythe 
barns, situate as follows (see Plan, Fig. 2) : — 

No. 1. The Cwm Barn, on the north side of the 
Cathedral. 

No. 2 was opposite the National Schools. The 
cottage now occupied by Mrs. Rees forms a part of it. 

No. 3 stood on the site of " Butcher's Arms Inn," 
in High Street. 

No. 4 stood to the west of the National Schools ; 
this barn was, until quite recently, used as a cottage, 
but is now pulled down. 

No. 5 was situate on the Cardiff Road, opposite 
the Registry ; part of the old walls are still standing. 

No. 6 was on the Ely Road, on the site of the last 
house in Cambria Terrace. 

No. 7 was opposite the " Maltster's Arms," and now 
forms two cottages. 

No. 8 was in Pavement Street ; some fragments of 
walling still remain. 



236 NOTES ON LLANDAFF PAKISH. 

No. 9, known as the College Barn, was at Llandaff 
Yard, near the College Iron Works. 

Llandaff Parish. 

Two centuries ago, the parish of Llandaff contained 
in all about two hundred and thirty-five houses. In 
the city there were one hundred and one, at Fair- 
water twenty-three, Ely twenty-four; and in thickly- 
populated Canton of to-day there were but fourteen 
houses. Gabalva was even larger, for it contained 
sixteen. 

Of Whitchurch village, which formerly belonged to 
Llandaff, Browne Willis writes : — 

" Having in it twenty-five cottages lying at a great distance 
from the Church, procured in Bishop Fields time (1619 to 
1627) about the begining of Charles I reign, a separate Chapel 
to be erected therein for the use of the inhabitants and is 
now considered distinct from Llandaff. The Cure of Llan- 
daff and Whitchurch was served by two Curates officiating 
at the Cathedral as Vicars Choral. These two, with four 
singing men or lay vicars and four singing boys, constituted the 
Choir." 

A new church has now been built. The old chapel 
certainly makes a pretence of standing, but there is 
hardly a pane of glass unbroken in either nave or 
chancel windows ; the slates are falling from the roof, 
while the roof-timbers are still trying their best to hold 
together. 

In conclusion, it may be of interest to record the 
following recent finds : — 

Fragments of Roman pottery were found when the 
new Palace Road was formed a few years ago ; at the 
same time and near the same spot a navvy unearthed 
some silver spoons, which his mate described as having 
" little idols" on the top : evidently Apostle spoons. 
The finder absconded with his treasure, and has not 
since been heard of. 



NOTES ON LLANDAFF PARISH. 



A bronze coin of more than usual interest, now in the 
writer's possession, was found near the Cathedral a short 
time ago. The piece is Byzantine, Homanus II, a.d. 



238 NOTES ON LLANDAFF PARISH. 

959 to 963. The inscription, partly in Greek and 
partly in Latin, reads as follows. On the face : — 

" Romanus King of the Romans," and on the reverse, 
" Romanus in God King of the Romans." 



Kg. 5- 

Fig. 4 is taken from a sketch made by the writer of " Old 
Llandaff Bridge," prior to its complete alteration a few years 
-since. 

Fig. 5 is a sketch of the quaint old cottages which, until quite 
recently, stood on Llandaff Green. 

Fig. 6 is taken from a photograph of Llandaff Toll-gate, now 
demolished. 



Cross-slab of Haerdur at Llanveynok, Herefordshire. 



239 



archaeological Jftotes anu ©iteries. 

Early Inscribed Cross-slab at Llanveynoe, Herefordshire. — 
Llanveynoe Church is situated close to the borders of Wales, on the 
east side of the Black Mountains, about 15 miles south-west of 
Hereford. I am indebted to Mr. C. H. Read, F.S. A., of the British 
Museum, for having first called my attention to the existence of the 
early inscribed slab here illustrated, and to Mr. G. R. Trafford, of 
New Forest, Hay, for having supplied me with a photograph of the 
stone and the particulars relating to its discovery. I have also to 
thank the Rev. G. J. Tuck, Vicar of Newton, Vrwchurch, for 
sending me the dimensions of the slab. It was dug up by some 
quarrymen about three years ago, just outside the churchyard at 
Llanveynoe, and was photographed by Mr. Trafford very soon after 
it was found. Mr. Tuck informs me that it is now carefully pre- 
served within the church. 

The slab is 2 ft 3 ins. long, by 1 ft. 3 ins. wide at the top, and 
1 ft. wide at the bottom, by 1J ins. thick. The top arm of the 
cross which has been broken off, no doubt had the letter Alpha 

upon it. On the right arm is the letter Omega, on the left the XP G 

contraction for Christos, and at the top of the shaft the Ihr con- 
traction for Iesos. On the right side of the slab is the following 
inscription, in three vertical lines of mixed minuscules and capitals, 

h<erdur fecit 

crucem 
ift«m 

" Haerdur made this cross." The most remarkable feature in 
the lettering of the inscription is the capital A placed sideways 
thus : < . 

The slab is of pre-Norman type, and possibly as early as the tenth 
century. The Alpha and Omega occur alone on two cross-slabs at 
Hartlepool, and on a cross-slab at Billingham, both in the county of 

Durham. The XP 9 abbreviation occurs alone on cross-slabs at 
Tullylease, Co. Cork, and Llanwnnws, Cardiganshire. The Alpha 

Omega in combination with the XP° or XP 9 an< ^ IHC or IHS 
abbreviations occur on cross-slabs at Pen-Arthur, St. Davids, and 
St. Edrens, all three in Pembrokeshire, and on the cross-slab of 
Bresal, at Reefert, Co. Wicklow. The Llanveynoe slab, therefore, 
belongs to the same archaeological group. For further information 
on the subject, the reader may consult J. R. Allen's Christian 
Symbolism, p. 113, and the Archoeologia Cambrensis, 4rtk Ser., 
vol. xiv, p. 262 ; 5th Ser., vol. iii, p. 43 ; and 5 th S er, » vo *' * x ' 
p. 78. 



240 ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 

Find of Bronze Implements in Wales. — The Rev. George Eyre 
Evans, the author of the excellent work Aberystwyth: Its Court Leet, 
a.d. 1690-1900, gives the following account in The Welsh Gazette, 
July 17th, 1902:— 

" Discovery of Bronze Axe-heads. — Early last month, June, 1902, 
as Mr. John Brown, of Caergog, parish of Cemmes, was cutting 
peat onTanglanau Mountain, Cwmdugold, hard by Llidiart-y- Baron, 
some 12 miles from Machynlleth, he was so fortunate as to unearth 
eighteen bronze axe - heads, of three different sizes, and all in 
excellent preservation. Two of them which I have carefully 
handled and examined, are now on view in the window of the 
drapery establishment of Mr. W. M. Jones, draper, at Machynlleth. 
The larger of the two is 7J ins. in length, with an edge of 2 J ins. ; 
the shorter one is 6 ins. long. Both have the loop, intact, where 
the blade springs from the part which entered the wooden handle. 
The cutting edges have been brought to the highest point of 
tenacity by hammering. The peculiar greenish colour was imparted 
by oxidization. At present 1 express no opinion as to the age of 
these axe-heads. Photographs of the two have been taken by Mr. 
John Jones, Dovey Studio. Is it too much to hope that Mr. Brown 
will see his way to deposit some of these historically interesting 
bronzes in the museum of U.C.W. at Aberystwyth, and Bangor, as 
well as placing one in the custody of the Governors of Machynlleth 
County School, for its collection of local finds 1 

"Geo. Eyee Evans." 

It is to be feared that most of the axe-heads have been distributed 
among private individuals, who probably have little appreciation of 
their historic value. 

Harold Hughes. 



^rcltittatoijia €mbrtni\t. 



SIXTH SERIES.— VOL. II, PART IV. 



OCTOBER, 1902. 



THE WOGANS OF BOULSTON. 

BY FRANCIS GREEN, ESQ. 

The conditions of life in bygone days are always a 
fascinating subject, but, unfortunately, the data avail- 
able in this connection for the period immediately 
succeeding the Middle Ages are but scanty, especially 
as to West Wales. That the powerful and wealthy 
fared more sumptuously than his poorer neighbour 
goes without saying, and an inspection of some of the 
fine old ruined castles and bishops' palaces in Pembroke- 
shire would lead one to suppose that rude abundance, 
at all events, prevailed in those residences. 

But what were the conditions of life of a country 
gentleman in the fifteenth century? When investi- 
gating the descent of the Wogan family, I recently 
came across three wills made by members of the 
Boulston branch, two of which throw some interesting 
light on the social life of the time, and are therefore 
worth putting on record. The first is that of Henry 
Ogan. This is but a brief document, but, being the 
earliest will of any of the family, it is interesting on 
this ground alone, especially to residents of Pembroke- 
shire. It is also important, as it suggests a con- 
nection at that date between the Pembrokeshire 
branch and Whitelackington in Somersetshire. It 
was this clue that led me to discover that a Wogan 
owned land in the latter county as early as 1311-12, 

6th sbr., vol. ii. 16 



242 THE WOGANS OP BOULSTON. 

and in all probability the descendants resided there 
until 1575. 

The name "Wogan" is spelled by the mediaeval 
scribes in various ways. Like Mr. Weller, they were 
bound by no rules of orthography, and the style 
adopted depended altogether on the taste and fancy of 
the speller. In 1285, the earliest reference I have 
discovered, the name is written " Wogan " as at present, 
and I have little doubt that the "o" was pronounced 
soft, like "ou" in French, as in 1357 the name appears 
as " Wougan." Later on we find Woogan, while in 
the will of John Wogan, who died in 1601, the 
scribe introduced a further variation in the shape of 
" Woughan." Ogan and Owghan were other forms 
adopted. 

(Home, foL F. 39.) 

Will of Henky Ogan. 

(Copy.) 

In Dei no'ie Amen. Ego Henricus Ogan compos ment's et 
sane rnemorie condo test'in in hunc modum. Imprimis lego 
an'am meam Deo omnipotenti, corpus qz meum sepeliend* in 
salia Beate Marie Virgine de Woran. Item, Lego Eccl'ie 
Sancte pred'c vjs. viijrf. It'm, lego Eccl'ie Ste David xxs. It'm, 
lego Eccl'ie de Whitlakyngton,, vjs. viijd. It'm, lego Alicie filie 
mee C.m's. Item lego Oriffitz Candas un'm togam rusetam. 
Kesid' jom'n bonorum meor'm do et lego Eicardo Ogan quern 
ordino et facio me'm executorem ut ip'e o'ia alia bona p' salute 
a'ie mee sicut melius scire poterit disponat. Dat* ultimo die 
Augusti, Anno Dom'i MilFmo CCCC nonagesimo nono et regni 
regis Henrici septi anno XV°. 

Woran is the old name for Warren, a parish in 
Pembrokeshire, and the bequests to this church and to 
the cathedral of St. Davids plainly show that the 
testator was one of the family in that county. A 
post-mortem inquisition, taken at Bridgwater in 1499, 
reveals that his son and heir was Richard, no doubt 
the Richard Wogan of Boulston, whose will runs as 
follows : — 



THE WOGANS OP BOULSTON. 243 

(Alenger, Fol. 27.) 
Rycharde Wogan, of Bulliston, Pembrokeshire. 

(Oopy) 

In the Name of God Amen. In the yeare of our Lord 
God *a thousand fy ve hundred and fourtie I Kycharde Wogan 
of Bulliston hole in mynde and soule and sycke in bodye make 
my free will and testament the xxiii daye of November in 
the yere of the raigne of Our Soveraigne Lord Kynge Henry 
the VIII, the xxxij. Furste I bequethe my soule unto Almighty 
God and to ail the holly company of Heavine and my body to 
be buried in Burton church before the highe aulter, Item, I do 
gyve to the church of Burton vjs. viijd., the one halfe to the 
Chauncell and the other halfe to the body of the church. 
Item, I geve and bequethe to my wyfe my Manor place of 
Bulliston and Hampton duringe her widowhed for the tender 
age of the childern for it is Socage tenor ; and also all goods 
and cattails that be belonging unto the saide house, that is to 
say the somme of twoo hundred shepe . . . hed of beastes, 
two boule peces of siluer with one ewer and twoo flatt peces, 
a standinge cuppe with an eure and upon the toppe of the cover 
a squirrell, another standinge cuppe of siluer with a couer and 
upon the couer a lytle boye bearinge a childe, two saltes of 
siluer with twoo couers, oon gylte and another parcell gylte, 
a taster of syluer, a poote withe a syluer bonde and a foote of 
syluer and a challes and twoo dosen of syluer spoones, a small 
couer of syluer, a napple cuppe of syluer; and also for my 
wyve's wering garments to be at her owen pleasure and 
dysposytion, that is to say, a dymsent girdell of clene golde 
with a dyamonde aud a ruby therin, and a chayne and a bullyon 
of golde with a crosse of syluer and a crosse of golde with a 
dyamonde with a dyamonde (sic) in the mydde and a ruby, one 
eury quarter, also an ooche of golde with a dyamonde in the 
myddest and also a greate parle, also a chayne of gold of the 
weight of viij duble ducketts. Item, I bequethe myne owne 
broche and it hath a garnet in the myddell as it is sette about 
with paries unto my sonne and heyre, all which premisses afore 
naymede I welde that it shulde remain to John Wogan, my 
sonne and heyre, and unto my wife Maud during her widdowhed. 
And if it happen the saide John Wogan to dye that then the 
saide goodes aforesaid shall remayne to William Wogan and 
David Wogan, my base sonnes. And also I doo confesse by 
this my testam't that Agnes Tasker have a tenement in Har- 
beston, the value of viij Nobles by the yere for ten'r of her 

16 a 



244 THE WOGANS OF BOULSTON. 

life and after her decease to remayne to myne heyre. Also 
I do confesse that I have gyvene to my sonne William Wogan 
the value of twenty Nobles by the yere for the term of his lyfe 
and after his decease to remayne to my sonne and heyre John 
Wogan. Also I doo gyve a gowne unto Jenett Dee, my nurse. 
Also I will that my twoo greate gunnes withe theire foure 
chambers shulde remayne unto the house of Bulliston with a 
greate crocke that is in the kechynne. Also I doo gyve unto 
my sonne David Wogan one quarter of my ballinger, the 
" Stemtunce/' also a quarter of my shuppe which is called the 
" Elbowe." And the residue of my ballinger and shuppe shall 
remain in manner and souruice as my other goodes afore- 
whersyde dothe. Also I geve unto Anne Phillip, my wyfe's 
mayde, four poundes yf she doo remayne withe my wyfe and 
otherwise to have but xls. Also I doo geve to Elizabeth a* 
Bowen xls. and her evydence that I have to be dely vered unto 
her. Also I do devise my house at Slebeche unto Richarde 
Myllar, my servaunte as long as he doth serve unto my wyfe 
and my sonne John Wogan. And I doo geve unto my servaunte, 
John Taylo' my house of Westfelde, lying in the east side of 
the said town'p, as long as he do dylygent serve unto my wyfe 
and my sonne, John Wogan ; and another house unto Eycharde 
Hoir, my servaunte in like manner, whiche lyeth in the' same 
town'p. And I geve unto Hugh Lloid, my servaunte, Talbrocke 
lyinge in the ffeldes of Pr'ddillgaste in like manner and to keep 
a horse. Also I will that all my detts to be paide. Also I doo 
geve unto Anne Wogan, my doughter, for her maryage two 
hundred Marks to be levied of my landes of Bepston, my 
Manner place of Crapull, Wyllamyston, Frogholl and Spittell 
and Williamyston (? ibid,) and Crasselley. And I doo assyne 
William my sonne to levye the saide twoo hundred Mks. to 
the use of my daughter and the saide money to be kepte in the 
towne comyne coffer of Hardefordewest and otherwise at the 
dyscretion of the overseers so that the twoo hundred Marks 
maye remayne and come to the use of the said Anne Wogan 
and yf the said Anne dye that then the saide twoo hundred 
Marks to remain to the use of my sonne John Wogan. Also 
I will that my sonne William Wogan shulde be balyfe and 
recy ver of all my Socage landes, that is to say, the Lordship of 
Sotton and my landes within the Burrowes of Hardft, Cronett, 
Poyston, and a Noble of rent in Houston, Mylton Lytle 
Heylershill with a tockynge mill and Wolldale and Camros, 
also a meddowe by the Freers' gardyns ; also the Bechem with 
my londes that lyeth in the Dale, excepte the southest house 
the whiche I have gyven unto Anne Tasker duringe her lyfe 



THE WOOANS OF BOULSTON. 245 

doinge no waste therto, all the landes that I have within the 
Burrowes of Saint Davys within Chayltie, all whiche townes 
and villages aforenaymed is Socage tenor, wherfore I will the 
saide William Wogan or his deputyes do levye and gather uppe 
all the rentes of the said londes pleyved and gathered and 
to give accompte to the saide overseers yerely or to twoo of 
them and that the saide money to be kepte in the comyne 
coffer of Hardforde or els at the discretion of the overseers so 
that the saide money may come to the use of my sonne John. 
Also I do gyve unto Davyd John, my servaunte, his house rent 
free duringe his lyfe so that he doo dyligent serve unto John 
Wogan mine heyre, and unto my wy fe and Anne Wogan. Also 
I doo gyve unto John Myller one tenement at Wiston with the 
londes belonginge unto the same whiche was in the handes of 
olde John Vaughan as longe as he doth serve unto my wife and 
children. Also I doo confesse that I have gyven unto Davyd 
Wogan, my sonne, my tenement with the landes therunto 
belonginge for terme of his lyfe, that in Herston and Thurston. 
Also I will that my brother John Phillips of Picton, Thomas 
Johns of Haroldstone, Esquires, Master Thomas Lloid, Chaunter 
of Sainte Davydes, and Master John Lewis, Treasurer there, 
overseers of this my testament and my wyfe. Also I will that 
this my testament shalbe written in a payre of indentures and 
the one part to remayne with my wyfe and other myne over- 
seers and the other part to be kepte in the comyn coffer of 
Haverfordwest. In witness whereof and every thinge herein 
contayned I Eicharde Wogan aforenamed have subscribed my 
name and putte my seale the yere and day above written in the 
p'ns' of my wyfe, David W. Clarcke, Rycharde Meyler, John 
Watkyn, my sonnes William Wogan and Davyd Wogan, my 
nurse, Jenett Dee, and Elizabeth Davers. Item, I doo gyve to 
Phillip Meyler, my servaunte xxs. Item I doo gyve to the 
church of Saint Davyds xxs. 

Probate was granted 29th April, 1541, to Mathilda 
Wogan, the relict. 

The spelling, it will be observed, is somewhat archaic, 
but the will is replete with interesting details. A few 
words are indecipherable, and as the original is lost 
it is impossible to ascertain what the scribe intended 
to write. 

Richard Wogan seems to have had a fair assortment 
of silver. A curious sidelight on the times is the 
bequest to the testator's wife of her wearing apparel 



246 TfiE WOGAtfS OF BOULSTOtf . 

and jewelry. The " dymysent girdle " was probably a 
Damascene belt, in other words, a metal girdle inlaid 
with gold. The " great Parle" is, of course, a large 
pearl, but the chain of gold of the weight of eight 
double ducats raises an interesting point. The ducat 
was not an English coin, but from the fact that the 
testator selects it as a weight suggests that ducats 
must have been a fairly common currency in the 
country. Whether these coins were of Venetian, 
Dutch, or other origin, it is impossible to say. The 
two " greate gunnes with theire foure chambers," it 
may fairly be assumed were ordnance for the defence 
of Boulston, and possibly for occasionally levying tolls 
on ships passing up the river. The " ballinger " and 
" shuppe" are, of course, a barge and ship. It has 
generally been supposed that the only descendant of 
David Wogan (the illegitimate son of Richard), who 
married Katherine, the daughter of Thomas Herbert 
of Monmouthshire, was a daughter Maud, who married 
Morgan Ppwell, mayor of Pembroke. I have recently 
discovered in an old deed that he had also two sons, 
Richard and Devereux. The latter was a clothworker 
and citizen of London, and after his death, w T hich 
occurred prior to 1616, his widow Magdalen married 
William Tailler, a merchant tailor and citizen of 
London. Devereux leaving no issue, his property 
descended to his wife. 

The next will is that of Sir John Wogan, the son of 
Richard. 

John Wogan of Bulston, Pembrokeshire. 

(Copy of Will) 

.... (torn) . . . ember in the yeare of our Lord God one 
thousand sixe hunderd and one, the foure and fortith year of the 
raigne of our sou'aigne .... and Ireland queene defender of 
the faith I John Woughan of Bulstone in the county of Pem- 
brocke being of good and perfect remembrance doe make and 

ordaine this and form following. First and principallie 

I comend my soule to x\lmightie God my maker and redeemer 



TfiE WOGAttS Ofl fcOtJLSTOtf. 247 

and mybodie to the earth. Item I give and bequeathe to the 

Cathederall church of St. Davids iiijd eth . . . dame 

Elizabeth Wogan alias Byrte my wedded weife w'h all her 
apparel of all sortes, all her ringes and juelles w'h alsoe six of 
my best geldinge. Item more I give and bequeath unto my 

said weife Dame Elizabeth househoulde of all sortes 

whats'uer movable and unmovable w'h I have in the house of 
Porth Rynen in and upon the lande thereunto belonginge in the 
county of Cardigan. Item also 1 give and Bequeath unto my 

said wiefe househoul4e stuffes and all other 

cattels of all sortes whats'uer I have movable or unmovable 
with all the conie both in houses, barnes, haggards or in earth 
growinge in and upon Dowege house and land thereunto 

belonginge at Llanvernache .... cauled (? Erwyon) 

alsoe I give and bequethe unto Dame Elizabeth my said wiefe 
all my goods, sheepe, cows, horses and cattle movable and 
unmovable of all sorte whats'uer I have with all the corne, books 
in house, barns, haggard corne or growinge in or upon my dowie 
house ....'. landes Sutteine in the cou'ty of Pembrocke the 
w'h lands and tenements are now in the tenure and occupation 
of Eynald Stafforde. Item alsoe my will is that my said weife 
shall have the same tenements and lands at Sutton together 
with the stocke as long as she lives and that after her decease 
the stocke of all sorte as of cows, sheepe and colts to remayne 
as yt is laye downe in the deade of gifte. Item I give and 
bequethe unto the s'd Dame Elizabeth my wedded weife all 
lande and leases of lande or mylles and all maner of cattell and 
chattle, sheepe, horses or what all of all sorte and also all maner 
of househowld stuff of all sorte such as plate or whatever the 
said Elizabeth was owner of at the day of my marriadge unto 
her the said Elizabeth w'h to me hath desended and by reight 
ought to desend frome her unto me by the said marriadge 
wherever the same may be in the countet of Pembroche, Car- 
marthen or. Cardigan or elsewhere. Item I give and bequethe 
allso unto Dame Elizabeth Wogan my weaded wiefe all my 
goods, cattle and chatties w'h the lease of the house wherein 
Griffith David . . . dwelleth being in the parish of Henlan 
Amgode in the cou'ty of Carmarthen and the lease of the mille 
cauled Molfre Dyffryne otherwise cauled Wyrgloedd in the p'ish 
of Clydey in the county of Pembrocke and all the goods and 
catties and chatties laid down in a scedual annexed to a deade 
of gifte by me made to John Stradley and John Hogwent, gent, 
to the use of Dame Elizabeth my wiefe. Item moreover alsoe 
I give and bequethe unto my said wiefe, Dame Elizabeth Wogan, 
my messuage and lande cauled Milton w'h the store of cattle 



248 THE WOGANS OP BOULSTON. 

and stuffe now in my oune handes and the tenement thereunto 
belonginge cauled Milton mylle in the Psh of Burton in the 
county of Pembrocke with all and singular the lande, waters 
and watercourses and all other appurtenances thereunto belong- 
inge or appertaininge to the said messuadge and house of Milton 
and the griste mille thereunto belonginge cauled Pilton, with 
the messuage and all maner of lands and appurtenances. I give 
and bequethe .... unto Jayne for her life. Item I give and 
bequethe Agnes Adams half a dozene siluer spoones. Item I 
give and bequethe to Elizabeth Wogan my bastard daughter 
begotten of the body of Margaret Griffith verch Jennet Webbe 
my .... of my land cauled Norchard and my stocke of cattle 
and sheepe upon the said land beinge in the occupation of David 
Webbe and the rente of fifteen pounds paid by him .... two 
oxen and four hundred sheepe of mine. I give and bequethe 
unto the said Jane and Elinor my said bastard daughters the 
ten't and messuage and lands cauled Vaynor, the rente being 
fortie shillinges, all w'h two tenements of Nortchard and the 
ten't of Eousedown are situate leinge and beinge w'h'in the p'sh 
of Bowlstone in the county of Pembroche the twoe ten'ts of 
Norkeyard are in the occupation of the said David White and 
the ten't of Rousedowne in the ten're and occupation of Thomas 
Griffith his landes w'th all and singular theire right, members 

and appurt's unto the same and my share of land 

cauled Noutchard and Rousedowne and to one or any 

of them balonginge or in anywise app'taining the share beinge 
of the yearly rente of fifteen pounds and Rousedowne fortie 
shillings to have and to houlde the saide three messuages and 
tenements of lande w'h the said rente of seventeen poundes and 
the lande thereunto belonginge w'h all and singular their rights, 
members and app'tenances to the said Jayne Wogan and Elinor 
Wogan my said bastard daughters and to their feoffees and 

dessigned by me larger and ample maner as on my 

tenants or tenant of or to the p'misses tenente or 

tenants doe perfectly occupie or enjoy the same untel the before- 
said Jayne Wogan and Elinor Wogan shall receive the rentes 
and proffitts of the said twoe ten'ts and landes and the flockes of 
sheepe and cattle thereunto belonginge out of the said twoe 
ten'ts and lande of Nortcharde and out of the one ten't and land 
of Rousedowne the summe of fortie poundes to be payd of 
lawfull Englishe mony that is to saye fortie poundes unto the 
said Jayne Wogan and fortie poundes unto the said Elinor 
Wogan for and to the advancement of every of them in 
marriadge. Item my will is that the fourtie poundes given 
unto Jayne and the other fourtie poundes given to Elinor Wogan 



THE WOGANS Of fcOtJLSTOtt. 249 

shoulde be received and set out by the advise of ray wiefe Dame 
Elizabeth Wogan and by John Standeley and Thomas Byrte, 
gent., whom I have made feoffees of truste and surge (?) as my 
saide weife, John Standeloye and Thomas Byrte shall be 

appointed unto the most gayne and may be made 

thereof. And that the interest and gayne that may come there- 
by yearly shall alsoe goe w'h the fortie pounds given unto any 
of them for the better advansement of them and of beinge in 
mariadge. Alsoe my will is that my weife Dame Elizabeth 
Wogan shall share the keepinge and bringinge up of the said 
Jayne Wogan and Elinor Wogan and after the said fortie pounds 
is payd unto every of them out of the rente and p'fitte of the 
same lande of Nortchard and Rousedowne in maner aforesaid 
then my will is yf any one of my saide bastard daughters shall 
happen to die before she showld be any tyme married then 
I give and bequethe the same fortie pounds given unto her soe 
dying unto the other bastard daughter who shalbe then livinge 
to the p'ferment in marriadge unless she shoulde be before the 
death of her sister at any time maried. Item I give and 
bequethe towarde the repayre of the church of Bowlston and 

Burton twenty sheelings Item I doe ordayne constitute 

nominate and make my sonne and heayre John Wogan of 
Myltern, Esq., to be my sole executor of this my last Will and 
testament to whom I give and bequeath the residue of all my 
lands ten'ts goods catties and chatties movable and unmovable 
not before given and bequeathed. Item yf my said sonne and 
heayre John Wogan of Milton, Esq., shall dislike or deney to be 
my executor then I doe ordaine, constitute, nominate and 
make my wellbeloved cozen Thomas Lloyd, Treasurer of the 
Cathederall Church of St. Davids to be executor of this my last 
Will and testament because he shall have sufliciente goode for 
payment of all my deptes beinge aboute some foure skore 
pounds and I owinge him less twenty pounde, Item I doe give 
and bequeth the use of all my goods, sheepe, catties and chatties 
of what kinde or sorte soever the same be movable or unmovable 
not afore given or bequethed. Item I doe nominate and apointe 
ordayne and authorise Richard Atkins, William Ouldsourte, 
Alban Stepneth, James Prodreth and John Byrte Esq'rs to be 
my overseers of this my last Will and testament giving them 
and eurie of them and to any of them or to any one of them full 
power and authoritie to deale and doe according to the confi- 
dence and truste I repose in them whom I doe praie and desire 
them both kindly and faithfullie will and shall see for to be 

donne that article and bequeste 

In witness whereof I have hereunto 

(Signed) J. Wogan. 



250 THE W0GAN8 0? SOtJLSTOtf. 

It may be that my two sonnes in Iawes will saye that I owe 
them some mariadge mony but I p'test before God I have payd 
them all the moneye I p'missed them and to one of them more 
than I p'missed them. Dated the eighth day of December 
AnnoDom' 1601m the.foure and fortith yeare of the raigne of 
our moste gratious sou'raigne Lady Elizabeth of England, 
Fraunce and Eirland, Defender of the faithe. In witness 
whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name the day and yeare 
above written. 

A note of which cattle and sheepe I shall leave my executor ; 

Imprimis of cattle upon Boulston ground, fourscore lacking one. 



The Wogan Tomb in Boulston Church. 
' (J'roin a Photograph by Captain RttiL ) 

Item of sheepe there, twoe hundred and fower. 
Besides horses, mares and coultes and besides the househould 
stuffe. 



The stock of Milton : — 

Imprimis of keyne, 
Item of sheepe, 
Imprimis of keyne, 
Item of oxen, 
Item of sheepe, . 



foreteene. 
one hundred. 

twelve. 
twoe. 

a hundred. 
(Signed) J. WOGAN. 



Witnesses hereunto : John Stanley, John Hayward, Richard 



THE WOGAtfS OF BOtTLSTOtf. 251 

Williams, Jevan Phillippe of Vaynor, Lewis Lloyd of Bowlstone, 
Wm. Rowe of the same, Morgan Harry, Ll'n Thomas and John 
Johes. 

This will is in the Probate Court at Carmarthen. 
One corner of the parchment on which it is written is 
torn ; this accounts for the blanks in the earlier portion 
of the transcript. In several places the writing is 
illegible. Dame Elizabeth Byrte was the second wife 
of the testator. She was the daughter of Robert 
Byrte, of Llwyndyris, Cardiganshire, an Alderman 
of Carmarthen, and Elizabeth, coheiress of Edward 
Ryd, of Castle Moel (Green Castle), near Carmarthen. 

The illustration is a reproduction of a photograph 
of the monument erected in Boulston Church during 
his lifetime by Sir John Wogan, the son of the last 
testator and his first wife Jane. It bears an interest- 
ing inscription, showing six generations of the family. 



252 



THE EXPLORATION OF A PREHISTORIC 
CAMP IN GLAMORGANSHIRE. 

BY H. W. WILLIAMS, ESQ., F.G.S. 

A little to the westward of Ystradyfodwg parish 
church, in the Rhondda valley, Glamorganshire, a spur 
issues for nearly a mile in a north-easterly direction 
from the hills bounding the southern side of the valley, 
and forms the dividing land between Cwmparc and 
Ton. The eastern extremity of this spur, having been 
subjected to the erosive influences of glaciers, is terraced 
to a lower level than the highest knoll of the spur upon 
which the camp is placed. Nature had thus here 
provided an admirable site for a camp. There is a 
sharp rise in the ground on approaching the camp, 
along the course of the ancient roadway known as 
Rhiw Gutto, from the eastern side ; on the north and 
north-eastern sides there are steep declivities, and on 
the southern side there is a precipitous escarpment ; 
while on the western side, before the colliery workings 
drained the land, there was a deep morass, impassable 
save along a narrow causeway. All these natural 
defences had been greatly strengthened by art, and the 
builders of the camp have left evidence of no little 
military skill in making the most of a fastness good 
fortune had given them. A strong stone wall and 
ditch at Bwlch-y-Clawdd, about one-and-a-half miles to 
the westward, completely preserved them against 
attack from the Ogmore valley, and an outpost at Cam 
Mosyn, some four miles to the north-westward, and 
within sight of the camp, would give the occupiers 
timely warning of an attack from the direction of the 
Vale of Neath ; while at other points to the southward 



PREHISTORIC CAMP IN GLAMORGANSHIRE. 



253 



and eastward (notably at Penrhiwfer, Dinas, where a 
traditional king once lived) there are evidences that 
outposts existed on those sides as well. 



MOUN TAIN . 
DECUVI.Ty-'- 



,'.' 



H 





£±m^ /ti 









o+ 



fe 







MOD6RN "^eAi^u 




NS&. 



S s 






^ 



,6 CHAINS 



Prehistoric Camp in the Rhondda Valley. 
(Surveyed by Mr. W. F. Dyke). 



The walls of the camp, following the lines shown in the 
plan, were constructed of uncoursed dry-built masonry, 
such as characterises the stone- wall camps of Dartmoor, 
Treceiri, Cam Goch, Trigarn, and other well-known 



254 EXPLORATION OP A PREHISTORIC CAMP 

camps, and the bases of the walls here average a thick- 
ness of about 8 ft. The width of the bases would 
justify the assumption that, when entire, the walls would 
be at least from 8 ft. to 10 ft. high ; but they have 
been so thoroughly robbed of stone, presumably to 
build the numerous and extensive boundary walls in 
the immediate vicinity of the camp, that but little of 
them remain. Here and there, however, the despoilers 
have left fragments of the walls resting on undis- 
turbed virgin soil, thus giving the key to their structure 
and extent. 

The builders of the camp have left us proof that they 
possessed no mean military skill and knowledge. The 
main entrance to the camp, which was placed on the 
southern side, and was naturally protected by the cliff 
referred to above, was very cleverly designed with the 
view to the discomfiture of an enemy who had gained 
the small plateau between it and the cliff. The 
entrance was covered by walls turned sharply inwards, 
so that if the enemy succeeded in carrying the gateway 
by assault they could be assailed in flank by the 
defenders, and opposed by others inside a traverse, 
which formed part of the defensive work, and probably 
be driven back before gaining entrance to the citadel. 
There is a noteworthy similarity between the construc- 
tion of this entrance and that at Caynham Camp, 
as described in Archceologia Cambrensis, 5th Ser., 
vol. xvi, p. 216. 

There was probably a second entrance on the northern 
side of the camp, but the exploration of this was not 
proceeded with. 

Although the camp stands at an altitude of nearly 
1,200 ft. above sea level it is well sheltered by the 
surrounding hills, yet dominated by none, these being 
too far distant from the site to be used for purposes of 
attack. The rock composing the spur is of Pennant 
sandstone. There is reason for believing that before 
the surrounding land was drained by the colliery 



IN GLAMORGANSHIRE. 255 

workings, the camp had an abundant water supply 
in the morass referred to, and elsewhere; and im- 
mediately outside the western wall there appears 
to have been a pond, or small lake, from which 
the defenders could have drawn water in time of 
trouble. 

In common with other prehistoric strongholds, the 
name of the camp has been lost, and, so far as I have been 
able to gather, the only local name in which reference is 
made to it as a Castell is that borne by the roadway 
(Heol y Castell) ascending to it from Ystrad Fechan, an 
approach distinct from Rhiw GvMo, referred to above. 
The suggestion that it is referred to as " the Old Castle 
upon the hill," in a grant of land of the thirteenth 
century, upon investigation does not appear to- be 
tenable. The document must refer to some other 
" castle." 

Before entering upon a detailed account of the 
exploratory work carried out in the fortnight we 
were able to devote to the research, it should be stated 
that the exploration was initiated and the expenses 
defrayed by the Rhondda Naturalists' Society (whose 
President is the Rev. Precentor Lewis, vicar of Ystrad- 
yfodwg), and my connection with the exploration was 
due to an invitation given me by the Society to 
superintend the excavations. Permission to explore 
was obtained from the agents to the Bute and Craw- 
shay-Bailey estates. 

I was greatly assisted in the superintendence of the 
work by a committee consisting of the Rev. Mr. Lewis, 
Mr. W. Parfitt (Secretary), Mr. Llew. Jones, Mr. W. 
F. Dyke (who surveyed the camp and prepared the 
plan), Mr. B. O. Eschell, Mr. W. O'Connor, F.G.S., 
Mr. Dl. Thomas, Mr. John Griffith, Mr. Thos. A. 
Thomas, Mr. A. Thompson, Mr. Morgan Williams, 
Mr. W. Leeming, and Mr. R. W. Morgan. Col. 
Morgan and Mr. C. H. Glascodine, of Swansea, repre- 
sented the Cambrian Archaeological Association. 



256 



EXPLORATION OP A PREHISTORIC CAMP 



The entire absence of any surface indications marking 
the sites of the habitations left no alternative but to 
make trenches in search of floors. It was considered 
advisable to commence work directly upon the inner 
wall on the northern side and proceed in a southerly 
direction, and accordingly, at 10 a.m. on Monday, 
July 8th, 1901, work was begun with four men. The 
result of the digging upon the wall showed that it 
had been completely destroyed ; the faces being doubt- 
ful, its width could not be accurately determined. It 
was shown, however, that the wall ruins rested on the 

subsoil. The exploration of the 
$£^ jJJ wall at this point was abandoned, 

and the trenches proper were pro- 
ceeded with. The only reward for 
the first days labour was a stone 

Wild III pounder. 

,KH Ul Finding that trench - cutting 

yielded no results, and that the 
enthusiasm was flagging, two of 
the men were put to dig at the 
circle marked a. When I visited 
the camp for the first time, in 1897, 
my impression was that this was 
the base of a cairn, but now I felt 
doubtful, and was not sure that it 
was not the site of a circular hut, 
and therefore cautiously searched 
for the wall — but no wall being 
?j^ jj | found, the outer rim was boldly 

dug into, and soon charcoal was 
found. No distinct floor was dis- 
coverable, and my first impression 
Fi g . i. regained favour ; and ultimately I 

Bronze Dagger-blade found had conclusive proof that W6 Were 
in the Rhondda Camp. -it *ii .i i n 

dealing with the base ot a cairn 
covering a place of interment. After careful search, 
Mr. R. J. B. Lewis, of Ystradyfodwg Vicarage, picked 



y ; 



> 



j 



IN GLAMORGANSHIRE. 



257 



up a fragment of a bronze weapon (Fig. 1), which 
showed a fresh fracture. Diligent search was made for 
the remainder, and ultimately another piece of the 
same weapon was found. Then followed finds of bone, 
pottery (Fig. 2), evidently portions of two urns, and 
some worked flint (Fig. 3). The next day, more 
pottery, worked flint, and a small piece of nondescript 
quartz, which had probably been worked, were picked 
up. On the third day also flint was found ; and a 
third piece of bronze, which fitted in between the two 
pieces previously discovered, was found. The pieces of 
bronze, fitted together, are figured in the accompanying 
illustration. A quantity of black ashy, organic-laden 
soil was found in two places, confirming the opinion 
that the site explored was a burial cairn ; that there 




Fig. 2. — Fragment of Bronze Age Pottery found in the 
x Rhondda Camp. 



was no present evidence of the existence of a cist or 
cists; that there had probably been two interments; 
that the urns had been broken in fragments, and that 
they and their contents had been scattered, presumably 
by the builders of the boundary walls, who robbed the 
cairn of its stones. 

When the last-described site had been thoroughly 
explored, search was made in various places for hut 
sites, with some success, and in the search distinct 
floors and dressed flint (including three well-worked 
leaf-shaped arrow heads, the two most perfect being 
figured), pot-boilers and stone pounders were found. 

At the spot marked b on the plan there appeared to 
be something more than purely military work, and 
upon this being dug into, a small cist, similar to that 



6th see., VOL. II. 



17 



258 EXPLORATION OP A PREHISTORIC CAMP 

found at Langstone Moor by the Dartmoor Exploration 
Committee, was exposed. There was an almost entire 
absence of charcoal in its vicinity, the covering stone 
(if it ever possessed one) had been removed, and the 
cist contained no perceptible organic remains of any 
kind. 

On the hut floor at c was found a quantity of char- 
coal, and two fragments of pottery, one of which proved 
interesting, as it contained a speck of local Pennant 
sandstone, showing that the pot had been made of local 
clay and burnt probably on the spot. Here also were 



Fig. 3.— Worked Flints found in the Rhondda Camp. 

found some burnt stones, which may have been used as 
pot-boilers. 

At d extensive burning operations had been carried 
on at one time, shown by a hole about 1 ft. 6 ins. deep 
and a few feet wide, nearly full of ashes, and surrounded 
by a large number of burnt stones. This may have 
been the place where the occupiers of the camp burnt 
their ware. 

At e, on the outer side of the wall, was found a 
small carved object, the use or purpose of which was 
not understood. 

One of the most interesting results of the exploration 



IN GLAMORGANSHIRE. 259 

was the uncovering of a paved way at the entrance f. 
The atones forming the pavement were not pitched, but 
firmly placed on the flat, and 
in the centre was an apparently _ 

more beaten or frequented path. 
The pavement was 9 ft. wide, 
and a length of 36 ft. was un- 
covered. 

One day was devoted to a 
visit to a cluster of hut-circles 
at Blaen-Rhondda, where two 
hut-circles were examined. No- 
thing was found beyond a little d 
charcoal, two well-used seam J 
rubbers, one of which is shown $ 
on Fig. 4, and a quantity of s 
iron slag, which, from its dis- § 
tribution and occurrence I feel J 
satisfied, after careful considers- 1 
tion, was accidentally associated ™ 
with the hut in which it was £ 
found. The absence of any later ? 
work at this place indicates that § 
the habitations belong probably ^ 
to the same period as the camp. . 



The following articles of ar- 
chaeological interest were found: 

Small bronze spear-head (or dagger- 
blade) broken accidentally 

Seventy-two pieces of plain hand- 
made pottery. 

Fifteen pieces of hand-made pot- 
tery, bearing ornamental patterns. 

A curiously carved stone, which may have been one of a pair 
of " sleeve-link" garment fasteners. 

A stone carved into the form of a cone. 



260 PREHISTORIC CAMP IN GLAMORGANSHIRE. 

Three leaf -shaped arrow heads. 
Six flint knives and scrapers. 
A number of flint cores and flakes. 
Fourteen rubbing or smoothing stones. 
Six stone pounders or mullers. 

A number of pebbles and stones, suitable for use as sling- 
stones. 

A number of whole, and portions of, " pot-boilers." 

A great quantity of charcoal and calcined, or " altered," bones. 

Conclusions. 

The exploration of the camp can only be described 
as partial, and for that reason care must be taken to 
avoid drifting to unwarranted conclusions. But with 
the evidence before us, the camp may with tolerable 
safety be called "a stone- walled camp of the Early 
Bronze Period." 

The camp has a distinguishing feature, namely, that 
here we have interments within the lines. In other 
camps which have been explored, it has been found that 
the interments were made outside, and some distance 
from the camp. However, here also are found a number 
of burial cairns on eminences some little distance from 
the home of the people who erected them. 

The position of the outworks in relation to this 
important camp indicate that the builders were a 
people who perforce had to isolate themselves from the 
inhabitants of the surrounding country. Further 
search might reveal definite ethnological data. 



261 



THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF THE 
CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF ST. DEINIOL, 

BANGOR. 

BY HAROLD HUGHES, ESQ., A.R.I.B.A. 
{Continued from 6th Ser., vol. i, p. 204.) 



Fourteenth-Century Work. 

The three eastern arms of the church had, as we have 
seen, been rebuilt before the commencement of the four- 
teenth century. There is no indication that, previous 
to this period, the Norman work of the nave had been 
disturbed. In this century, however, the whole of the 
church west of the crossing was rebuilt ; of this work 
the outer walls of the aisles still remain. The nave 
arcades are of later date. The external walls are 
divided into seven bays. The arcades were rebuilt 
in the early sixteenth century, without reference to 
the fourteenth-century spacing. 

Contained in the western respond of the south 
arcade are remains of a fourteenth-century respond in 
situ. 1 The later work extends into the nave 7 ft. to 
8 ft. in advance of the earlier. In the north-east 
angle of the south aisle, during Sir Gilbert Scott's 
restoration, the remains of an old respond were dis- 
covered in situ to the south of the existing work. 2 
According to a sketch published in Sir Gilbert's second 
report, the section appears to be identical with that of 
the built-up earlier western respond of the same arcade, 
referred to above. From the fact that the earlier 
eastern respond was south of the existing arcade, 
while the western are in one line, we may conclude 

1 The position is indicated at b on the plan of the Cathedral 
(Arch. Canib., 6th Ser., vol. i, p. 180). 

2 At D on the ground plan. 



262 THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF ST. DKlKtOT,, 

that the fourteenth-century nave inclined more to the 
south than the sixteenth. Fig. 1 shows a section of 
the mutilated remains of the western respond, together 
with that of a portion of a pier, evidently belonging to 
the same arcade. Two stones of this section may be 



seen, amongst other remains, on the floor at the west 
end of the north aisle. The piers were arranged 
diamond- wise, and consisted of four bold angle-shafts, 
with small intermediate shafts separated by shallow 
hollows. 

When excavating to level the floor in July, 1873, 



Fig. 2.— Window in South Aisle of Nave of Bangor Cathedral. 

the base of a respond was discovered at the south-west 
corner of the north aisle. 1 It may now be seen in 

1 At A on the ground plan. 



264 THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF ST. DElNtOL, 

situ above the floor level. Evidently it is a portion of 
the fourteenth-century northern arcade. Sir Gilbert 
Scott mentions that the older arcade was " some 3 ft. 
wider across from pillar to pillar than the present." 
However, he does not refer to the western respond, 
which probably was not then disclosed to view. 
I think he must have calculated that the arcades of the 
two different periods were parallel with each other. 
The extra width could not have been more than 
1 ft. 6 ins. 

Sir Gilbert mentions that fragments of pillars and 
arches of the fourteenth century, but differing from the 
eastern respond, were found while underpinning the 
foundations of the south-west pier of the crossing. 
I have not seen the fragments referred to. 

The entrance doorways, in both north and south 
aisles, are in the second bay from the west end. Each 
of the other bays contains a three-light traceried 
window. The lights have trefoiled cusping. The 
tracery consists of three quatrefoiled circles. Fig. 2 
is an interior sketch of one of the windows in the 
south aisle. Previous to the recent " restoration" all 
the windows of the north aisle, and one in the south, 
were filled with debased tracery, but the cusps of the 
old quatrefoils remained in the heads. There is a 
tradition, repeated by Mr. Longueville Jones, 1 but with- 
out any foundation, that the windows of the nave were 
brought from the ancient church of St. Mary. 

The entrance doorways have two -centred arched 
heads. The mouldings of the jambs and arches are 
continuous, and are formed of large members (see 
Fig. 3). Above the south doorway, on the outside of 
the church, is a niche with a cinquefoiled ogee arch. 

There are slight differences between the work in tho 
north and south walls. The north doorway is at a 
considerably lower level than the south. A flight of 
steps within the church leads up from the former to 

1 Arch. Camb., 2nd Ser., vol. i, p. 189. 



SangoB. 265 

the floor level. A corresponding flight descends from 
the south doorway. The south windows are at a higher 
level than the north. A string, consisting of a bold 
roll, is carried along the internal wall under the south 
windows, but is absent in the north wall. The internal 
arch of the south windows is chamfered, but that of the 
north has a square arris. The northern buttresses con- 
tain shallow niches in their heads ; the southern are 
terminated with weatherings. I think it would be safe 
to assign the aisle walls, with the remains of the cor- 



I I I 



M- EJMTR^\rs 
TO IMAXSC jl 



<VND ARCM 
IOUL-OINGS 



Fig. 3. — Mouldings of North Entrance to Nave of Eangor Cathedral. 

responding arcades, to the middle of the fourteenth 
century. 

In Mr. J. Oldrid Scott's plan, published in The 
Builder? the positions of two tombs are shown, the 
One occupying the space in the north wall of the 
chancel under the modem organ-chamber arch, the 
other the corresponding position in the south wall of 
the chancel. That in the northern wall is supposed to 
be the tomb of Bishop Anian Sais, that in the southern 
of Tudor ap Grono ap Tudor. Browne Willis informs 
us that in the Registers of Canterbury mention is made 

1 The Builder, September, 1892. 



266 'THE CATHEDRAL CHtJRCfi Of ST. DElNlOL, 

of the decease of Bishop Anian Seys, on Thursday, 
January 26th, and his burial at Bangor, on January 28th, 
1327, in a certain wall between the choir and altar. 1 
As the choir was, at this date, doubtless under the 
crossing, this position would answer the description. 
The tomb was, I suppose, removed to give place to the 
modern organ-chamber arch. 

With reference to the other tomb, Sir Gilbert Scott 
informs us, he learns, " that in 1365 (or 1367) Tudor 
ap Grono ap Tudor was buried in the wall on the right 
(or south) side of the choir/' and suggests that the 
tomb in the south wall is his resting-place. It is at a 
higher level than the noi'thern tomb. Sir Gilbert 
suggests that possibly the levels of the floors may 
have been changed between 1327 and 1365, or 
that each was placed at the level of the chapel adjoin- 
ing the respective tomb (that to the south having 
always been higher than that to the north). The latter 
suggestion is probably correct. The southern tothb is 
hidden from view, on the one side by the modern stalls, 
on the other by modern masonry. 2 

A number of tiles were discovered during the 
" restoration " under the floors of the chancel and of 
the building to the north, in the position now occupied 
by the choir vestry. The old tiles have been relaid in 
the floor at the west end of the north aisle. As to the 
original positions of the various tiles, it is difficult to 
speak with certainty. Statements by different autho- 
rities relating to the same tiles do not agree. The late 
Mr. Stephen Williams, in a former number of Archceo- 
logia Cambrensis? describes the most important speci- 
mens, and tells us it appears from a letter from Mr. 
E. C. Morgan, who was acting as clerk of works at the 
time of the restoration, that these tiles were found 



1 Browne Willis, p. 74. 

2 This masonry is shown in the sketch {Arch. Camb., 6th Ser., 
vol. i, p. 184). 

3 Arch. Camb.f 5th Ser. voL, xii, p. 107. 



BAMoa. 267 

scattered about in the earth and dSfais below the floor 
of the choir. With reference to their dates, Mr. 
Stephen Williams only remarks that a winged dragon 
on one pattern is of the type found on some of the 
Welsh monumental slabs of the thirteenth century, 
and that the foliage on others appears to be of late 
fourteenth or early fifteenth-century character. Mr. 
Williams's Paper is illustrated from drawings made by 
the late Mr. D. Griffith Davies. 

Concerning the same tiles, Mr. Barber, in his notes, 
affirms that they were discovered "under the timber 
flooring of the chapter-building." Sir Gilbert Scott, 
in his second report, writes : — " Many interesting en- 
caustic tiles have been found in the chancel, some in 
situ. These show the old levels of the chancel or 
sanctuary at three points, and prove it to have risen 
by successive steps towards the east. The tiles are 
embossed, and of one colour — a green formed by the 
glazing. Their patterns are rich and beautiful." 
Rough illustrations of two patterns are reproduced in 
the report, but are of tiles not described by Mr. Stephen 
Williams. 

From the evidence before us, it appears, therefore, 
that some of the tiles were discovered in the chancel, 
during Sir Gilbert Scott's restoration, and others in 
the chapter-house building, during the carrying out of 
the later work by Mr. J. Old rid Scott. It is not clear, 
however, as to the positions occupied by the tiles of 
the separate patterns. 

The greater number of the tiles probably belong to 
the fourteenth century, though some, judging from 
their character, might be earlier. 

A most interesting sepulchral slab, generally known 
as " the Eva slab," dating from the middle or latter 
half of the fourteenth century, was discovered in June 
1879, in connection with some of the tiles mentioned 
above, under the timber flooring of the chapter-house 
building. On the removal of the timber floor, Mr. 
Barber writes, " fragments of three successive tiled 



268 THE CATHEDRAL CHttRCH OF ST. DElNlOL, 

floors were discovered be- 
low. Under one and above 
another of these ancient 
floors appeared Eva." . . . 
(Fig. 4). 

" The slab was not tn 
situ, for one side was 
rammed against a wall 
where the inscription could 
not be read, and it had 
fallen much below the 
floor on which it had 
been placed. It was sur- 
rounded by fourteenth - 
century tiles, with smaller 
and earlier tiles filling in 
at the mutilated ends of 
the stone. The tiles are 
now judiciously laid in the 
floor, in front of the monu- 
ment." The sepulchral slab 
has been set on end, and 
fixed against the west end 
of the north aisle, with the 
tiles laid in the floor in 
front of it. A full descrip- 
tion of the slab, by Mr, 
Stephen Williams, appears 
in Archceologia Cambrensis 
for 1895. 1 The article is 
accompanied by illustra- 
tions of the slab, repro- 
duced from sketches made 
by myself. Another illus- 
„. , „ . . . „, .-„ tration, with a description, 

Kg. ■).— Sepulchral Slab of Eva in . a i i • 

Bangor Cathedral. appears in Archceologia 

Cambrensis for 1886. s It 



1 Arch. Camb., 5th Ser., vol. xii, p. 125. 
1 Arch. Camb., 5th Ser., vol. iii, p. 52. 



BANGOR. 269 

may be mentioned that the slab was found surrounded 
by burnt wood. 

Before proceeding, it may be well to enumerate the 
alterations to the cathedral carried out in the four- 
teenth century, as evidenced by the structure. We 
have a new nave with its aisles, two mural tombs, in 
the north and south walls of the chancel respectively, 
and new tiled floors in the chancel and the chapter- 
house building. 

We have little documentary evidence showing the 
existence of any effort towards the alteration or sup- 
port of the building during this century. Browne 
Willis 1 gives us the will of Bishop Ringstede, who 
died in 1365, and left £100 to his cathedral ; but stipu- 
lated that, in case his successor was a Welshman, the 
£100 given to Bangor Cathedral should be at his 
executors' discretion, whether they should pay it or 
not ; and, Browne Willis adds, " I suppose they did 
not." In 1387, Bishop Swaffham obtained a grant of 
the sinecures of Llanynys and Llanvair towards the 
repairs of the cathedral. 

Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth-Century 

Work. 

Browne Willis informs us 2 that Owain Glyndwr, who 
rose in arms in 1400, in behalf of the deposed sovereign, 
King Richard II, set fire to the Cathedrals of Bangor 
and St. Asaph, and burnt them to the ground in 1402, 
" seemingly because the bishops of those churches were 
in King Henry's interest." That Glyndwr was sup- 
ported in his revolt by certain church dignitaries 
appears evident. We are told a commission was issued, 
in June 1402, to certify the names of those who 
preached up rebellion in the two dioceses. 8 Bishop 
Byfort, apparently appointed after the destruction of 
the cathedral, the Archdeacon of Anglesey, and David 

1 Browne Willis, pp. 76-78, 217. 

* Ibid., p. 84. 3 Ibid., p. 83. 



270 THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF ST. DEINIOL, 

Daron, Dean of Bangor, are said to have been outlawed 
for taking part with Glyndwr in his conspiracy, which, 
by tradition, is reported to have been conceived in the 
Dean's house. Shakespeare, 1 however, lays the scene 
in the Archdeacons house in Bangor, those present 
being Henry Percy (Hotspur), Edward Mortimer, 
Earl of March, the Earl of Worcester, Glendwr, Lady 
Percy and Lady Mortimer. According to tradition, 
the Archdeacons house is now known as "The City 
Vaults," to all appearance a modern public-house, but 
retaining an ornamental chimney - stack, though of 
later character than that of the period referred to. It 
is situated in the High Street, a short distance to the 
south- west of the cathedral, at the corner of Lon-y- 
popty. 

After the destruction of the cathedral by Glyndwr, 
Browne Willis 2 presumes that, for the most part, it lay 
in ruins till Bishop Dean's time, at the end of the 
century. Both Sir Gilbert Scott and Mr. Barber adopt 
this view. I doubt, however, if the church was so far 
in ruins during the whole of the century as to be unfit 
for use. Indeed, Sir Gilbert Scott, in his first report, 
states that : " No doubt some temporary erection, or 
the reparation of a part of the building, enabled the 
chapter to continue the services." Bishop Cliderow, 
1423-1435, certainly seems to have taken an interest 
in his cathedral. In his will he directs that he should 
be buried at Crayford if he 'died within twelve miles of 
that place, or, if within two days' journey of Bangor, 
then in St. John's Chapel in that cathedral. Further, 
he directed that out of the sale of his goods his execu- 
tors should cover his church with shingles, and he 
leaves to the cathedral his mitre, vestments, capes, and 
other goods. 8 St. Johns Chapel Browne Willis pre- 
sumes to have been either in the north transept or the 
chapter-house buildings. It is doubtful whether the 
executors performed their part, in so far as roofing the 

1 Sliakespenre, Henry IV, Act iii, Scene 1. 

2 Browne Willis, p. 89. 3 Ibid., pp. 87, 231. 



BANGOR. 271 

church with shingles. I think we may gather from the 
will that a portion of the building, St. John's Chapel, 
was in a fit state to receive the Bishop's body, and in a 
fair state of repair, but that the church was in need of 
re-roofing. It is evident that the Bishop took thought 
for the preservation of his cathedral. It is improbable 
that he would be content to allow the building to 
stand in ruins during his lifetime, without attempting 
to repair it to a certain extent. Another Bishop, 
John Stanbury, who was transferred to Hereford, and 
died 1472-74, bequeathed " xxxl. of lawful money of 
England to this Cathedral Church of Bangor, to be 
expended ad ejus tantu modo edificationem." 1 

Bishop Henry Dean, or Denny, was elected bishop 2 in 
1496, translated to Salisbury in 1500, and made 
Archbishop of Canterbury in 1501. Browne Willis 
states that the rebuilding of the choir is said to have 
been entirely his work. On his removal he left to his 
successor at Bangor his crozier and mitre, on condition 
that he would finish the work he had begun. That 
Dean Kyffin, 1480-1502, had a hand in the work, will 
appear from evidence below. 

The choir is lighted by a large window in the east 
wall, and a large window in the south wall, between the 
stalls and the east end, lighting the sanctuary, and two 
smaller windows in each of the side walls, high up 
above the level of the stalls. The high level of the 
westernmost windows is adapted to the present position 
of the choir, which occupies the eastern arm of the 
cross. There is little doubt that Bishop Dean placed 
his choir in this position. During the Norman period, 
and the following centuries, including the fourteenth, 
the choir would probably have occupied the space 
under the crossing, the eastern arm then being given 
up to the presbytery. With the shorter early structure 
and its apsidal termination, this was natural. That 
the choir continued in its early position into the four- 

1 Browne Willis, p. 91. Ibid., p. 94. 



272 THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF ST. DEINIOL, 

teenth century would appear from the existence of the 
mural tombs and doorways, both in the northern and 
southern walls, which otherwise would be hidden by 
the stalls. The east window is of essentially a different 
character to those in the side walls. The sections and 
general details are more refined, and I am inclined to 
consider it of slightly earlier workmanship ; and, if so, 
possibly of an earlier period than that of Bishop Dean. 
Probably the greater portion of the east wall was 
rebuilt, together with the window. We know that the 
whole chancel was not rebuilt at this period, as the 
southern wall retains specimens of twelfth, early thir- 
teenth, and fourteenth-century work in situ. The east 
window consists of five lights, divided into two heights 
by a transom (Fig. 5). The head is filled with Per- 
pendicular tracery, contained under a two-centred arch. 
The heads of all the lights have cinquefoil cusping. 
The interior sketch of the church will show the general 
appearance of this window. The late Rev. H. Longue- 
ville Jones, while admiring the excellent design and 
proportion of the east window, states that "it is known 
to be of very late date, as much so as the beginning of 
the eighteenth century." 1 As he refers to Browne 
Willis alluding to its bad condition, I doubt whether 
he has further authority for his statement than may be 
argued from the knowledge that, if it was in bad con- 
dition in 1721, when Browne Willis wrote, and was in 
perfect order in 1850, when Longueville Jones penned 
his notes, it must naturally have been rebuilt some 
time between these two dates. Browne Willis, 2 in- 
deed, says that the greater portion of the design of 
the glass could not be made out, as " it is so broken 
and patched up." The jambs and arch are evidently 
ancient. The mullions and tracery are in a very per- 
fect condition. I believe the whole of the work is 
essentially ancient. 

1 Arch. Camb., 2nd Ser., vol. i, p. 192. 

2 Browne Willis, p. 16. 



The large window in the southern wall of the sanc- 
tuary contains five lights, with tracerv in the head, 



Fig. 5.— Bangor Cathedral : Interior, looking East. 

within a two-centred arch. It will be seen by refer- 
ence to. the sketch (Fig. 6) that it differs essentially 
from the east window. The tracery is not owped, and 



274 THE CATHEDRAL CHUECH OP ST. DEINIOL, 

its. character is altogether more debased. The three- 
light windows over the stalls apparently belong to the 
Bame period. 



Fig. 6. — Window in the Southern Wall of the Sanctuary of Bangor Cathedral. 

In the north wall of the chancel, east of the stalls, 
is a doorway with a two-centred arched head, which 
formerly opened into the chapter-house building. The 



BANGOR. 275 

lower part is hidden by the present floor. The section 
of jambs and arch-mouldings is a double ogee. Close 
to it in the same wall, to the west, is a wide recess, 
with a four-centred arch, which apparently opened 
into the same building, at a slightly higher level. 

From old drawings, taken before the " restoration," 
the Perpendicular tracery which filled the gable windows 
of the two transepts would appear to have been of the 
same character as that of the side windows of the 
chancel. A large portion of the two transepts was 
rebuilt during the " restoration." Referring to this 
work, Sir Gilbert Scott, writes, 1 " The dangerous con- 
dition of the walls, especially those of the south tran- 
sept, requiring considerable portions of them to be 
taken down and rebuilt." It was here that the frag- 
ments of the thirteenth-century work were discovered, 
having been re-used as mere walling material, proving 
that portions of the walls were of later date than the 
thirteenth century, and doubtless of the same period 
as the Perpendicular tracery which had been used in 
connection with the Early English sill, jambs, and 
arch-stones. The north wall of the north transept, as 
we have seen above, was of less width than that of 
the thirteenth century. Of the glass, which doubtless 
belonged to the same period as the masonry (fifteenth 
or early sixteenth century), much still remained in the 
windows when Browne Willis wrote. Now all has 
disappeared. The upper portion of the east window 
contained the figures of St. Ambrose, St. Augustine, 
and St. George, amongst others, and a crucifix. 2 The 
large window in the south wall of the chancel contained 
many figures of bishops and saints. One of the lesser 
windows contained a figure of St. Deiniol, put up by a 
certain Maurice ; 8 the other, as Browne Willis remarks, 
" two figures of she saints, viz., St. Donwenna and St. 
Katharine, and at bottom these words, Orate pro Bono 

1 Second Report. 2 Browne Willis, p. 1 6. 

8 The Archdeacon of Bangor, 1502-25, was Maurice Glynn (Ibid.^ 
p. 17). He founded a chantry in the cathedral (Ibid., p. 133). 

18 a 



276 THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF ST. DEIKIOL. 

statu Magistri Kiffin Decani qui hanc Fenestram 
fecit." 1 - 

Dean Kyffin, 1480-1502, founded a chantry "in the 
south cross isle " (south transept), in honour of St. 
Katharine. St. Donwenna was the tutelar saint of 
Llandwyn Church, Anglesey, of which he was rector. 
Dean Kyffin was buried at the entrance to the transept 
from the south aisle. Browne Willis's description of 
the position of Dean Kyffin's grave hardly coincides 
with the position shown on the plan accompanying his 
work. It is there indicated within the south transept, 
in front of the position of the modern eastern arch. 

In the windows on the north side of the chancel 
were the arms of the Griffiths' of Penrhyn. 

The north and south transept windows retained 
painted glass. The figures, however, were so patched 
up with ordinary glass, that little could be made of 
them. 

Browne Willis 2 informs us the stalls " were made 
some time after the restoration of King Charles II." 
The late Mr. D. Griffith Davies drew attention to a 
miserere, formerly in the cathedral, but now in Bangor 
Museum, in a note in Archceologia Cainbrensis, 1893. 8 
The carving is apparently of fifteenth-century work- 
manship, and represents two winged beasts devouring 
the head of a man, who appears to be an ecclesiastic. 
Mr. Griffith Davies attempts to harmonise Browne 
Willis's statement with the existing remnant. He 
infers that portions of the earlier work were introduced 
into the new work seen by Browne Willis. 

* Browne Willis, pp. 17, 18, 34, 124. 2 Ibid., p. 11. 

8 Arch. Camb., 5th Ser., vol. x, p. 343. 

{To be continued.) 



277 



THE ADVENTURES OF A DENBIGHSHIRE 

GENTLEMAN OF THE SEVENTEENTH 

CENTURY IN THE EAST INDIES. 

BY ALFRED NEOBARD PALMER, ESQ. 

The accompanying letter, and Mr. Foster's introduction 
to the same, are reprinted, by permission, from The 
Indian Antiquary, 1902, p. 132, ff. I recognised at 
once most of the "cosens" mentioned in the letter; but 
the merit of identifying the actual writer of it, of the 
" brother and sister" to whom it was addressed, and of 
two of the "cosens" named, belongs to Mr. W. M. 
Myddelton. 

The writer was Roger, the younger of the two sons 
of John Myddelton, of Gwaunynog, near Denbigh, by 
Hester his wife, daughter of Foulk Myddelton, of Bod- 
lith in Llansilin. This Roger was living at Bodlith in* 
1637, and was named in his grandmother's will in 
1643. The letter would then be addressed to Roger's 
elder brother, Foulk Myddelton, of Gwaunynog, and 
to Foulk's wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Captain Roger 
Myddelton, of Pl&s Cadwgan, near Wrexham, where 
Foulk spent the first years of his married life. Nearly 
all the allusions in the letter to kinsfolk will then 
become perfectly clear. The " Cosen Richard Myddel- 
ton," who was drowned, was doubtless, as Mr. W. M. 
Myddelton suggests, son of Thomas Myddelton, of 
Garthgynan, by his wife, Dowse, daughter of William 
Griffith, of Pont-y-llongdy, it being known that he died 
in the East India Company's service. " Cosen Peeter 
Ffoulkes" was of Ereiviatt, connected with the Myddel- 
tons through the family of Chambres of Pl&s Chambres. 
"Cozen Chain bres" was, I suppose, John Chambres of 
the last-named place, whose grandmother was Ann 
Myddelton, and himself, after wards married Mary » 
Lloyd, of Berse, a granddaughter of Roger Myddelton, 



278 ADVENTURES OF A DENBIGHSHIRE GENTLEMAN 

of Pl&s Cadwgan. The family of Chambres, of Petton, 
Shropshire, was an offshoot from that of P1&3 Chambres ; 
but I cannot identify the Mr. Chambres who succeeded 
Mr. Greenhill in the Presidency at Fort St. George in 
1659. 

The accompanying abbreviated pedigree will render 
intelligible most of the references made by the writer 
to his kinsfolk. 

MS. 147, Mostyn Collection, wherein the original 
copy of this letter was preserved, evidently belonged 
once to Gwaunynog. Tt contains the following entry : 
— "John Myddelton, Esqr., is the truw owner of this 
book ;" and the signature of " Anne Towrrbridg" (Tur- 
bridge), who married John Myddelton, of Gwaunynog, 
occurs many times. The name of " Robert Parry, 
1686," also appears; and Mr. W. M. Myddelton tells 
me that a Roger Myddelton, who married Cicely Parry, 
is mentioned in the will of John Parry, of Denbigh, 
mercer, 1653. On other pages of the MS. the names 
of John, Roger, Humphrey, ffoulke, Charles, Samuel, 
George, and Timothy Myddelton, are found (see Mr. J. 
Gwenogvryn Evans' Catalogue). These last were 
children of John and Elizabeth Myddelton, of Gwaun- 
ynog, and consequently nephews of the writer of the 
letter. 

I cannot trace the Captain Roger Edwards, and 
William Lloyd, Archdeacon Lloyd's son, named in 
Roger Myddelton's letter, nor the Ambrose Salisbury, 
one of Myddelton's fellow-passengers, whom Mr. Foster 
mentions. But it is plain that many younger sons of 
the best families of North Wales sought their fortunes 
about the middle of the seventeenth century in the 
East Indies. The date of Elihu and Thomas Yale, of 
whom we may think in this connection, is somewhat 
later. 

It only remains to acknowledge the pains taken by 
Mr. Edward Owen in copying this letter from the 
original transcript at Mostyn. The foot-notes to the 
letter are all from Mr. Foster's hands. 



IN THE EAST INDIES. 



279 



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280 ADVENTURES OF A DENBIGHSHIRE GENTLEMAN 



Introduction. 

The following letter — interesting alike for its narrative of the 
shipwreck of the Pwsia Merchant on the Maldives, and its 
account of Madras at a little-known period of its history — was 
first brought to notice by a brief entry in the report of the 
Eoyal Historical MSS. Commissioners on the Welsh MSS. pre- 
served at Mostyn Hall (Parliamentary Paper C. 8829 of 1898, 
p. 195). It occurs in the middle of a volume of miscellaneous 
Welsh poems (Mostyn MS. 147, pp. 676-9), into which it has 
been copied by some unknown (contemporary) hand, presumably 
on account of its interest to the family of Myddelton, to whom 
most of the poems refer. The copyist has mangled some of the 
names of places beyond recognition, and the folding of the paper 
has damaged a few other words ; but on the whole the loss has 
been less than might have been expected. The letter is now 
printed from a transcript recently made by Mr. Edward Owen, 
with the courteous permission of Lord Mostyn, for incorporation 
with the India Office collection of Madras Records. 

Of the writer, Captain , Roger Myddelton, little is known 
beyond what he tells us himself. He had evidently seen 
military service, probably in the Cromwellian army ; and as he 
speaks of himself as " part of mariner," he must have had some 
maritime experience as well. Our first notice of him, however, 
is on the 12th February, 1658, when the Court Minutes of the 
East India Company record his engagement as " Lieutenant," 
i.e., commander of the garrison, " of Fort St. George at £25 per 
annum." He was allowed a sum of £4 to expend in fresh pro- 
visions for the voyage, and was assigned a berth on board the 
good ship Persia Merchant , Captain Francis Johnson, bound for 
Madras. His fellow-passengers included four factors, viz., 
Jonathan Trevisa, Ambrose Salisbury, William Vassall, and 
Stephen Charlton, besides four soldiers — Roger Williams, 
Samuel Dorman, William Lloyd and Richard Myddelton (a 
cousin of his) — engaged to serve under him in the garrison. 
The vessel sailed about the middle of March, 1658, and from 
this point we may allow Myddelton himself to take up the 
story. 

A few facts about Myddelton's subsequent history may be of 
interest. We hear of him next in January, 1661, when the 
Madras authorities wrote home that he had been granted leave 
to repair to Surat, and had accordingly embarked on. the Madras 
Merchant, in February, 1660. They appear to have been glad 
to get rid of him, "being faine a little before to restraine his 



IN THE EAST INDIES. 281 

person Tipon some misdemfeanotirs. w He had been invited to 
Sur^t, it seems, with the view of utilising his services at Maskat, 
in the Persian Gulf. Sultan bin Seif had recently expelled 
the Portuguese from that city, and negotiations had been set 
on foot for the transfer thither of the English staff at Gom- 
broon. An English garrison, not to exceed one hundred 
men, was to be posted in one of the forts ; and of this body it 
was intended to .make Myddelton commandant. The scheme, 
however, came to nothing, as the Surat factors found they had 
quite enough on their hands without interfering further in 
Maskat affairs. 

In November, 1660, Myddelton was sent in the Swally 
pinnace to Danda Eajpuri, Karwar, and Goa. The authorities 
at Surat had for some time been anxious to find some spot, 
outside the Mogul's dominions, suitable for the establishment of 
a fortified dep6t, to which they could retreat should the exac- 
tions of the native officials become unendurable. This was 
shortly afterwards secured by the acquisition of Bombay ; but 
in 1660 the Portuguese were turning a deaf ear to all suggestions 
of parting with one of their ports. The factors' attention was 
then turned to Danda Eajpuri, a fort on the coast about fifty 
miles south of Bombay, held by the Janjira Sidis, nominally on 
behalf of the King of Bijapur. Myddelton was accordingly 
deputed to pay a visit to the Governor of the fort, ostensibly to 
compliment him and request his assistance to any of the 
Company's shipping in need of his help, " but our maine scope 
is that under this forme hee may take a view of the strength of 
the place, how scituated, the best way to be assailed, that if 
wee cannot fairly obtaine it, wee may forcibly per our ship- 
ping, and that lawfully, considering them as Pirats" (Surat 
Consultations, June 22nd, 1660). From Danda Eajpuri he 
was to proceed to Karwar, and survey two islands at the 
mouth of the Karwar Eiver, which were reported to be suitable 
for a settlement ; . and coming back, he was to call at Goa, 
and inquire casually regarding the possibility of obtaining 
permission to reside on "the island called the Ellephant, lying 
in Bombay." 

Nothing can be traced as to the result of this mission: but 
Myddelton was back by the 9th April, 1661, for on that date 
he witnessed two declarations at Swally (Forrest's Selections 
from Bombay Records : Home, vol. i, pp. 190, 191). 

In a commission to Eichard Craddock, proceeding to Persia, 
dated 3rd March, 1662 (ibid., p. 199), the Surat factors mention 
that Myddelton had been sent to Gombroon, apparently to seize 
the native broker and send him to Surat for punishment. This 



282 ADVENTURES OF A DENBIGHSHIRE GENTLEMAN 

is the last entry that can be found relating to him ; and it 
seems probable that, like so many of his contemporaries, he 
found a grave at that most unhealthy settlement. 

William Fostek. 



Roger Myddelton's Letter. 

Loving Brother and Sister, 

I am betwixt too opinions wheather to write unto you or not ; 
though I be silent, yet the newes of my misery will soone come to 
your eares. Five monthes 1 after our departure from England our 
shipp was cast away and many weare drownd, amongst the rest 
Cosen Richard Myddelton ; but my selfe miraculously saved 
(praysed be God of my salvacon), being sick of a feaver at that 
Instant, but had nothing about me but my shift, and of all I had in 
the shipp I saved not the worth of 2d. I can not expresse the 
miserablenesse of our condicon, the shipp beating upon a Rock 
under watter, and after four howers fell in peeces ; this in darke 
night, not knowing where to look* for Land, our boate sunck under 
the shipp side, having but it and another, into which I, being parte 
of Mariner, was admitted, but the Merchants was faine to stay 
on board that night and most of the next day. Att breake of the 
day wee saw land, at which wee conceaved noe small joy, which wee 
with much danger recovered, for the sea broake upon us and fild us 
twise with watter. Although I was sick yet I laboured to save my 
skin ; nothing but life endeavoured for. Wee went into the island 
called Ingramrudco, haveing noe living thing upon it for the use of 
man, wee haveing neither meate, drinke nor clothes, noe armes for 
defence nor anything to keepe life. Wee fitted our boate as well as 
wee could to save some men ; some they tooke up swimming upon 
broaken peeces of the shipp, which stuck fast in the Rock, amongst 
whom was Captain Roger Williams and arch deacon Lloyd son, 2 
who are both my soldiers. Thus having as many as wee could save, 
being without food, wee ranged about the Island. Wee found a well 
of watter, of which wee dranke like pigeons, lifting head and harts 
for soe greate a mercy. Thus drinkeing watter, by good providence 
wee found coker nutt trees, which is both food and rayment ; soe 
wee went by the sea side and found little shell fish and the like, but 
wanting fire wee tooke sticks and rubbed them togeather until! they 
kindled : thus wee lived heare ten or twelve dayes, not knowing 
wheather it was better for us to be seen by the Neighbouring 
Islanders, for some of the ancient seamen sayd they would cutt our 
throats. Att last there arived three of their boates full of men, 

1 August 9th, 1658, Trevisa's narrative. 

2 William Lloyd. 



IN THE EAST INDIES. 283 

which wee dreaded bat could not resist. One of oar men swam 
a board of making singes [signes ?] and signifieing oar condicon, by 
hirogliphicks they did seeme to comiserat as. Thus they did once 
or twice, and broug[ht as] Toddy to drinke and rice to eate, which 
was a greate refreshment], promising as a boat* to transport as to 
the King of Maldiv[ ], who stiles himselfe the welthiest king in 
the world ; bat they juggled with as and carried as into another 
Island called Corwmbo, where wee had fish and other good things, 
as hony and rice, on which wee fedd like farmers. Bat they lorded 
over as sadly, telling as wee were att theire mercy, takeing from ns 
what they would. Soe after a long tyme they brought a rotten 
vessell and bid as begon, marmaring against us, which created in 
us much jelouzie, fearing [for] oar lives both night and day. Att 
last two of their Vice Royes came, saying if wee would send the 
king a Regalo 1 or Piscash they would give us a vessel 1. Soe one of 
the Merchants 8 had a gold chayn and 100 d oilers. Soe wee left 
them. We sayled in this vessell towards Columbo, being a Citty in 
Zelon which the Dutch lately tooke from the Portagalls. Meeting 
a storme att sea in our tottering egshell wee were put by our port, 
being in greate danger. Wee putt into Caliputeen, 8 being a small 
harbour in the King Candies countrey, an utter enemie to all whyte 
men. Wee not knowing, for wee can not heare of any English that 
were ever in those seas, sent some of our best Merchants 4 to treat 
with them for a pilot, which they detayned, as it is thought, to a 
perpetuall imprisonment, and I scaped very hardly. Soe wee tooke 
too of their men and sayled away as fast as wee could having 
[leaving ?] behind us fifteen 5 men wandering in the woods, which 
can not possibly scape the Tirants hands. Now wee sayle towards 
the mayne Land of India, bnt theese two Rogues did pilate us upon 

1 A gift (Portuguese). 

2 Mr. Madison. 

8 Kalpitiya, or Kalpentin, about 900 miles N. of Colombo. 

4 Messrs. Vassall, Morganson and March. T re visa says ten men 
endeavoured to make their way overland to Colombo. 

5 This should be " ten," making thirteen in all left behind (see 
Trevisa's narrative). 

These unfortunate men became fellow-captives of Robert Knox, 
who often mentions them in his well-known narrative. Eleven of 
them were still living in 1670. Repeated efforts to procure their 
release proved unavailing; but two (Thomas Kirby and William 
Day) managed to make their escape in April, 1683. William 
Vassall and Thomas March wrote to Madras in March, 1691, 
that they and Richard Jelf, of the Persia Merchant's company, 
together with eight other Englishmen, were still alive, but " in 
a very miserable oondition ;" and this is the last that was heard of 
them. 



284 ADVENTURES OF A DENBIGHSHIRE: GENTLEMAN 

a bae [bar?] of sands, called by the Portnguees Adams bridge, 
fondly conseyving that once to be paradice — 1 am sure now it is the 
purgatory, for they have lost almost all their power in India by 
there pride and cowardice. Here wee sustayned a nother shipp- 
wrack, but these two doggs were either drowned or gott away in 
the dark night. My selfe was faine to swim a greate way for my 
life, but by the hands of providence I recovered shore, and, amongst 
the rest, came to Monar [Mannar], a garison of the Dutch, where 
I gott victualls enough. And from thence to the Generall my 
Lord Rickl off [Rijklof van Goens], who made much of mee, and 
his Major generall profferred mee to take Armes, but I refused, say- 
ing I would hazard an other shipp wrack before I would be enter- 
tayned in any other service then that of my honourable Masters the 
East India Company. Soe that they sent me 200 Leeagues in a. 
small open boate, and that in winter. Soe wee mistooke our port, 
and with noe small trouble and danger wee came to the Coast of 
Cormadell, to a place called Porta Nova, from whence wee travelled 
five hundred miles upon bulls; thus comeing safe to St. George, 
where I was much commiserated. The President gave me a peese 
of flowered satten to make me clothes, and many other things ; and 
findeing me inclyning to recreation he gave me a cast of brave 
falcons, which have killed many Herons sence; also greyhounds. 
I must not omitt how the foxes come to the Castle gates to kill our 
poultry. They have here good fighting Cocks, and they fight them 
with penknive blades instead of gavelocks. This is a place health- 
ful], using all kind of recreation save hounds ; all sorts of provisions 
being to cheap ; onlly sack is too deare, yet wee have other good 
drinke to remember our freinds. With all I have the absolute 
comand of the soldiers, within and without, and have divers Cap- 
taines under me, for wee have 600 men in dayly pay, viz 100 white 1 
and 500 black. This place was beseedged twise within this too 
years. But my fine boy is dead, which has been very neare the 
occason of my death, for I lay sick hopelese above a moneth and 
am not yet recovered; and to add to my griefe, my honorable 
freind the President [Henry Greenhill] is very sick and cannot live 
ten dayes, and in his stead is one Mr. Chambres, who claymes 
kindred with those [of] our country. He is worth £50,000 as I am 
credibly informed, yet a batcheler. He hath shewed me divers 
curtesies in my sickness and bids me not question but that he will 
be as "loving to me as his Predecessor. Deare Sir, I have noe more 
than my prayers for you and my good sister, with the sweet pledges 
of your Love. I shall not tempt providence soe as to say but that 
I hope I may be unto them servisable, though att present I want 

1 These probably included a large proportion of Portuguese and 
Mestizoes, or half-castes. A return of the Madras garrison, dated 
January 18th, 1658 (/. 0. Records, 0. C. 2643), gives 24 English . 
soldiers (including a sergeant, a gunner and two corporals), And 49 
" Portugalls and Mistazaes." 



IN THE BAST INDIES. 285 

the assistance of others. It is heare as in other places: "empty 
hands never catch hawlkes." I have here signified unto you mis- 
fortunes which I beleeve fow men can parallel, as my s hip p wrack 
twise in one voyage, my one sicknesse, losse of Estate and freinds, 
con tin nail feare of being murthered, soe that I need not any thing 
to add to my affliction. Now I shall begin to comfort my selfe 
with the hopes of your being all in good health, for which I shall 
ever pray. Remember me to all my freinds as if I should name 
them ; bid my Cosen J[ ] write unto me, and Roger alsoe. I 

doe not take any felicity [of or in] my life, though I live in greate 
pompe, eating and drinkeing and wearing noe worse then the best 
in this Town, yea, rather Citty, for it is built to a marvelous bigg- 
nesse in few years. Wee have a Citty of the Portugalls within three 
miles [St. ThomeJ ; but they leave that famous place, for the Moors 
have it, and they are come to us for protection against the Dutch. 
Theire is a brave Church built for them heare, and they have a 
convent of franciscans in it, very learned men. The Moors army 
are round about us ; yet wee feare them not. They have beaten 
our king out of his country ; they have gallant horses and are good 
horsemen, well armed; they have gunns, both greate and small. 
They bring up theire youth heare to Letters, fencing and dancing, 
and all sort of the Liberall Sciences, a thing I thought very strange 
att my first comeing ; exelent Astronomers. ' If I live long among 
them I shall not onely give you, but all that read English, a larger 
accompt of them. If a man have in this place but two or three 
hundred pounds he might quickly raise an Estate, but he that is 
poore lett him be «oe still. I pray lett me heare of all passages in 
the Country. Tell cosen Chambres that his namesake and I re- 
member him oftener than he doth any of us ; also Champers 
of Petten. 

[P.aS'.] The President, my noble freind, is dead, 1 and I have been 
soe busie this five dayes, that I could [not] close my letter in all that 
tyme. He hath left me tenn pounds to buy mourning, and a gonld 
Ring. Besides, this is an expensive place, and from the drunkenesse 
thereof good Lord deliver me — all gamsters and much addicted to 
venery. I lost yesterday my best ffalcon. Tell Cosen Samm 
Andrewes one Gurnay 2 remembers him, whom, with his wife, I 
also salute ; alsoe att Coddington Brumbo my good cosen Meredith 
with her family. I should write to my uncle Lloyd, but this may 
serve for an Epistle generall. Commending me to Cosen ffoulke, 
Ann, Betty, and Mall ; remember mee to Cosen Peeter ffbulkes and 
Mr. Parry and all our parisheners ; unto whom with your selfe, bed 

1 Greenhill died January 4th, 1658-59. 

* William Gurney, a factor employed in Bengal in 1644, and in 
Madras itself (as accountant) in 1652 (Hedges' Diary, vol. iii, 
pp. 182, 196). 



286 ADVENTURES OF A DENBIGHSHIRE GENTLEMAN. 

fellow, and children, be peace from God your father and the Lord 
Jesus Christ, both now and for ever. 



Brother, 



From my lodgeings in the ' Your ever loving < 

Castle within Fort ever serving 

St. George, ever praying 

12° January, 1658 [i.e., 165f|. 

Roger Myddelton. 



287 



Rebtetatf anto jQatf ce$ of Soofcef. 

The History of Friars School, Bangor. By Henry Barber and 
Henry Lewis. 1901. Bangor : Jarvis and Foster. 

This book consists of two parts. The first, " On the Coming of the 
Friars, and the Founding of the School," was delivered as a lecture 
by the late Mr. Henry Barber in 1884. 

The second, " On the History of the School," is by Mr. Henry 
Lewis, the Chairman of the Governing Body. Au Appeudix, con- 
sisting of numerous notes from materials collected by the joint- 
authors, adds greatly to the value of the work. The book is of 
special interest to those connected with the School and place. It 
will appeal to others, in that it gives them glimpses of the working 
of an ancient grammar school. 

The history of the Friars is traced from 1277, when, according to 
Tanner, they settled in Bangor. Mr. Barber does not consider they 
had any house of their own before the year 1300, when they 
obtained, from Bishop Anian, an acre of land, of the annual value 
of fourpence.- This, however, is only about a fifth of the demesne 
lands they held in Bangor, and it is uncertain when and how the 
remaining acres were obtained. The foundations of buildings 1 and 
the slabs discovered in 1898-1899 are briefly referred to in a note : 
but, considering their importance, we think they are worthy of 
more detailed description. The sepulchral slabs, mentioned by Mr. 
Barber, are dealt with at greater length. They, however, differ con- 
siderably in character, and belong to a later period than the more 
recent finds. The foundations discovered in 1898 are probably 
those of the earliest conventual buildings erected by the Friars. 
Leland's reference to the " White Freres by Bangor" (probably a 
slip of the pen for " Black"), is mentioned. It is suggested that 
the legacy bequeathed by Roger Sylle, in his will dated 1527, " to 
the Freres of St. Frauricis at Bangor," was intended for the Francis- 
cans of Llanfaes, in Anglesey. 

Of persons of note, Tudor ap Grono was interred here in 1311. 
Bishop Gervase de Castro, in his will dated 1370, bequeaths his 
body to be buried in the Choir of the Preachers at Bangor. 

A slab bears the inscription : — " Hie jacet Frater Johannes de 
Leanvaes," and another is that of a certain Griffith ap Iorwerth. 
The destruction of the Friars' House, we are informed, took place 
in 30 Henry VIII (1538-9), when the lands were valued in a 
detailed survey (given in the Appendix) at 35*. per annum. 

1 Described in Arch. Camb., 5th Ser., vol. xv, p. 196; and 5th 
Ser., vol. xvii, p. 24. 



288 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 

The following extract from a letter, in the Cotton MSS. 9 written 
by Richard Layton, Suffragan Bishop of Dover, to Thomas Crom- 
well, has special interest with reference to the Friars : — " I have 
Malkow's Ere that Peter Stroke of, as it is wrytyn and a M as 
trewe as that but the holy est rely ke in all North Walys I sende to 
you here ther may no man kysse that but he muste knele so sone 
as he se yt though yt war in the fowleest place in all the contre 
and he must kys every stone for in eche is grete pardon. After that 
he hath-kyssed yt he must pay a met of Come or a chese or a grote 
or iiijd. for yt. It was worthe to the fryeres in Bangor with 
another image the whyche I also have xx markes by yere in Corne 
Cheese Catell and Money." An inventory, procured from the 
Public Record Office, of the goods of the Black Friars at Bangor, 
which were seized to the king's use, is given in the Appendix. 

The Friars' lands became Crown property in 1538-9. In 1552-3 
Geoffrey Glynne, a brother, or half-brother, of William Glynne, 
Bishpp of Bangor, and son of John Glynn, rector of Heneglwys, 
bought the property. His will, extracted from the Principal 
Registry of Her Majesty's Court of Probate, is dated July 8th, 
1557. He bequeaths his "Frier House in Bangor," and his lands 
in North Wales and elsewhere, "to th' use of a gramerscole to be 
ever maynteyned in the said towne of Bangor for the better Educa- 
cion and bringing upp of poore mens childern," and the interest of 
£400 "to th' use of Tenne Scoters." 

The first Head Master, John Pryse, M.A., was appointed in 
1568, at a salary of £20, a house, and certain lands. 
. An insight into the method of teaching and general conduct of 
the School is obtained from the " Statutes for the Regulation of the 
School," drawn up in 1568, as it is stated, with the assistance of 
Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's. Mr. Barber obtained a copy of the 
Statutes from the State Papers. They are reproduced in the book, 
and occupy eighteen pages. By the Statutes a schoolmaster and 
usher are appointed who " shall be men without such decease as is 
infective, or which shall be any let to the due execution of their 
office." And "Also unmarried, if such may be gotten." They shall 
not "haunt any Alehouse, Tavern, or other place for unlawful 
gaming ;" " The Schoolmaster and the Husher shall be every learn- 
ing day at School by the Stroke of Seven of the Clock." " The 
Schollars are to be at School by 6 in the morning and 1 in the 
afternoon. At 11 they go to dinner and at 5 to Supper." "None 
of the Scholars shall be so handy to come to School with his head 
unkempt, his hands or face unwashed, his shoes unclean, his capp, 
hossen, or vesture filthy or rent." They are " to speak Latin as 
well without the School as within." In playtime they " shall use 
only shooting in long bows or running at Base." Dice, cards, and 
"such unlawful gaming," are prohibited "upon pain of sharp 
punishment." Licence to play is only to be given on Thursdays, in 
the afternoon. Those who offer their children to be taught, are to 
find "Sufficient Paper, ink, Pens, Books, Candles for Winter, and all 



REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 289 

other Things at any time requisite." Each child is farther to be 
provided with " a Bow, Three Shafts at the least, Bow Strings, a 
Bracer, and Shooting Glove." 

In 1561, the Dean and Chapter were incorporated as Governors 
of the School, and in 1571 the School lands were conveyed to them. 

The ten poor boys who had free board and edncation had to be 
present at the services in the Cathedral every Holy-day and half- 
holiday in their surplices. Practically, for the one hundred and 
thirty years following the establishment of the School, they occupied 
the position of choristers. 

Little of importance occurred in connection with the history of 
the School till the end of the eighteenth century. An occasional 
dispute with a Dean, and a difficulty in collecting rents during the 
Civil Wars, relieved the monotony. The scholar who, in after life, 
became most distinguished, was- Goronwy Owen, who entered the 
School in 1737. 

In 1785 we read that the School buildings were in such a ruinous 
state, that "they ought to be taken down and rebuilt." The 
advice was followed, and a new School opened in 1789. A tablet, 
dated 1 794, states that the first School and residence of the Head 
Master stood near the river. The School has again been removed 
to new premises. These are situated in another part of Bangor, and 
were completed in the year 1900. 

The book contains several references of interest relating to the 
town and cathedral. We cannot but be grateful to Mr. Lewis for 
leading us into these bye ways. 

The chief illustrations of archaeological interest are : a reproduc- 
tion of Speed's Map of Bangor, 1610; The School Buildings, 1789- 
1900; The Monumental Slab of Griffith ap Iorwerth, and two old 
seals attached to school leases. 

It would have been well if a letterpress description had accom- 
panied the illustrations of the seals. 

The paper, type, and binding reflect great credit on the local 
publishers. 

Harold Hughes. 



The Lipe and Times op Griffith Jones, sometime Rector op 
Llanddowror. By David Jones, B.A., Vicar of Penmaenmawr ; 
Editor of Wales and the Welsh Churchy Author of The Biographi- 
cal Sketch of the late Dean Edwards, The Welsh Church and 
Welsh Nationality , etc., and Editor of Y Cyfaill Eglwyrig. 
London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; Bangor: 
Jarvis and Foster, Lome House, mcmii. 

No man's services to the Welsh Church in the eighteenth century 
have been more freely acknowledged than those of Griffith Jones, 
of Llanddowror; and his name has become,- as it deserved to be, a 
household name throughout the Principality ; yet although many 
6th ser., vol. it. 19 



290 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 

have written of his great work and beneficent influence, no one has 
done so with fuller knowledge and heartier sympathy than the 
Vicar of Penmaenmawr ; and no one has enabled the reader to 
realise so vividly the difficulties he had to contend with, and the 
marvellous faith and constancy with which he overcame them. He 
has made more clear the ready sympathy and the practical support 
that made his success possible — which were rendered by that most 
venerable handmaid of the Church — the Society for Promoting 
Christian Knowledge. 

In ten chapters Mr. Jones treats of the " State of the Country at 
the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century;" " Griffith Jones' Early 
Life and Labours;" "The Welsh Circulating Schools ;" " Other 
Agencies and Movements;" "His Ministerial and Literary Labours;" 
and " The Evangelical Revival in Wales." 

To the story of " The Welsh Circulating Schools," the pre- 
eminent feature of his ministry, Mr. Jones has devoted four chapters , 
in which he has made Griffith Jones tell his own story, through 
copious extracts from the Annual Letters in which he reported upon 
them to his friends and supporters under the title of " Welsh 
Piety ;" and it forms a memorable narrative of a most beneficent 
institution. 

The system of these schools is well described in the issue for 
1742*43. " Where a Charity School is wanted and desired, or 
likely to be kindly received, no pompous preparations or costly 
buildings are thought of; but a church or chapel, or untenanted 
house of convenient situation, is fixed on ; and public notice is given 
immediately, that a Welsh School is to begin there at an appointed 
time, where all sorts that desire it are to be kindly and freely 
taught for three months (though the schools are continued for three 
months longer, or more, when needful ; and then removed to 
another place where desired). The people, having no prospect of 
such an opportunity, but for a short, limited time, commonly resort 
to them at once, and keep to them as closely and as diligently as 
they can, though some can afford to come but every other day, or in 
the night only, because the support of themselves and their families 
requires their labour. The masters are instructed, hired, and 
charged to devote all their time, and with all possible diligence, not 
only to teach the poor to read, but to instruct them daily (at least 
twice every day) in the principles and duties of religion from the 
Church Catechism, by the assistance of such explanations of it as 
they and the scholars are provided with, which they are not only to 
repeat out of book, but also to give the sense thereof in their own 
words, with a Psalm and Prayer night and morning after cate- 
chising. Every master is also obliged to keep a strict account of 
the names, ages, condition in the world, and progress in learning, 
of all the scholars ; and of the books they learn, and the time or 
number of months, weeks, and days that every one of them con- 
tinued in the school : that the masters may be paid accordingly. 
This account every master is bound to bring in writing at the end 



REVIEWS AND NOTICES OP BOOKS. 291 

ot three months, with proper certificates of the truth thereof, and of 
their own behaviour, signed by such clergymen as condescended to 
inspect them, as well as by several other creditable persons living 
near the schools." 1 

We have made this quotation in full, because it describes a move- 
ment which was memorable and historical ; not only for the great- 
ness of the actual work it accomplished, but also for the influence 
it exerted elsewhere. In Welsh Piety for 1777, the year in which 
Madam Bevan died, a statement is given " of the number of schools 
established by Griffith Jones and Mrs. Bevan, and the number of 
scholars instructed in them, from the commencement in 1737 till 
the death of that lady in 1777, a period of forty years. The total 
number of schools was 6,465, and of scholars 314,051. " It was a 
magnificent work." 2 To these schools is traced, if not the inception, 
at least the marvellous development of Sunday Schools, " which 
were set up in every place where 'the day schools had been." And 
they became also the model of the Gaelic schools, established early 
in the nineteenth century in the Highlands of Scotland, for the 
purpose of teaching the inhabitants of those parts to read their own 
language." 3 

We make no further extracts from the book ; for we hope it will 
be largely read, as it deserves to be ; but we cannot help surmising 
how different the position of the Welsh Church would have been 
to-day, if instead of the unnatural and fatal policy of excluding 
Welshmen from the Welsh Sees, and filling them persistently with 
prelates, many of whom were eminent indeed for their learning and 
piety, but hardly any of them in complete sympathy with their 
people, and none of them acquainted with their language ; if, instead 
of this, those natives who were appointed to English bishopricks 
had been promoted in their own country ; and, above all, if men 
like Griffith Jones, men of practical devotion to her best and highest 
interests, instead of being cold-shouldered, had been selected, as 
they ought to have been, for their spiritual fitness to preside over 
our dioceses, and with the fulness of authority to inspire them with 
their own zeal and practical enthusiasm. Political considerations 
in the appointment of Bishops have been the bane of the Church in 
England as well as in Wales ; but in Wales there have been the 
further peculiarities of nationality and language. 



Ewenny Priory, Monastery, and Fortress. By Colonel J. P. 
Turbervill. London : Elliot Stock, 1901. 

This little book is a pleasant account of one of the most famous ot 
South Welsh monastic establishments, which the devious course ot 
our national history has reduced from its once high estate, and 

i Welsh Piety, 1742-43, pp. 5, 6. 

2 Life and Times of Gr. Jones, p. 162. 3 Ibid., p. 165. 

19 2 



292 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 

which, after various vicissitudes, finds itself the residence of the 
gentleman who here sets forth its past history. 

Fonnded by one of the de Londres, a family established in the 
Vale of Glamorgan by the prowess of a knight of that name who 
followed the fortunes of Fitz Hamon, its history as a monastic house 
was largely decided by the influences operating at the time of its 
establishment. The disturbed condition of the Glamorgan low- 
lands, and the precarious existence of the Norman intruders in 
face of the fierce and sanguinary attempts of the Welsh to recover 
their lost ground, compelled them to lean for support upon the 
head of the great lordship of which they were members; and as 
the chief lords patronised the growingly important Benedictine 
house of Gloucester, it followed almost as a matter of course that so 
close a neighbour to Cardiff as was de Londres at Ewenny, would 
affiliate his own contribution towards his safety in another world 
to the monastic establishment favoured by his lord. Hence there 
followed certain consequences, which have not been grasped by 
Colonel Turbervill, or which, at all events, he has not remarked 
upon in his little book. The monastic churches of all Benedictine 
houses (except where special exemption had been obtained) were 
partly parochial. The churches of the Cistercian monasteries, 
which a few years later than the foundation of Ewenny began to 
spring up in Glamorgan, on the other hand were never parochial, 
though there may have been one or two exceptional instances. 
Therefore, and for this reason alone, divine service has never ceased 
at Ewenny, whilst the beautiful sanctuaries of Margam and of 
Neath have been silent and ruined for more than three centuries and 
a-half. Without any pretence to knowledge of its actual history — 
indeed, without apparently knowing or caring to which monastic 
Order it belonged — the late Professor Freeman, in one of his most 
instructive architectural and ecclesiological contributions to this 
Journal, brought out in the clearest manner this characteristic of 
Ewenny ; and it is probable that had Colonel Turbervill recognised 
this fundamental fact, and had more carefully sifted all the available 
record evidence, the continuous and unbroken existence of the 
church of Ewenny in its parochial aspect would have been more 
clearly manifested than it is in his pages. 

Not alone does the ecclesiological history of Ewenny explain the 
reason of its continued use for divine worship down to the present 
day ; its architectural features have probably much to do with the 
same result. It is, to use Mr. Freeman's words, " perhaps the best 
specimen of a fortified ecclesiastical building, of the union of castle 
and monastery in the same structure." Guarded by the tenants of 
the Priory, and supported by the neighbouring castle of the lord, it 
was a veritable fortress, able to defy the utmost efforts of the light- 
armed Welshmen. The Cistercian houses of the Yale, though not 
less advantageously situated, were not built so much for war as 
for worship, and we accordingly hear of their sufferings from 
many a Welsh raid. But Ewenny, if it did not escape entirely, 



REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 293 

passed through, the first two centuries of its existence practically 
unscathed; and thenceforward its main enemy has not been the 
rnthless hand of man, but the more gentle, though no less destructive, 
finger of time. 

In the description of the church, Colonel Turbervill has wisely 
adopted the account of Mr. Freeman, contenting himself with 
bringing the great historian's admirable sketch up to date in such 
particulars as the successive restorations and renovations of the 
past half-century have brought to light. The structural divisions 
by which the east end of the church was shut off from the western 
limb, for the purpose of conventual as distinguished from parochial 
worship, have been removed : the north side, which fell about 
the commencement of last century, has been restored ; and there 
is lacking only the north transept and a couple of transeptal 
chapels to give the building much the same appearance as it pre- 
sented in the days of its greatest glory. Some of these restora- 
tions, however, were unfortunate in that they did not follow the 
original designs. The pitch of the nave roof was lowered, and the 
nave itself was shortened. It is much to be regretted that when 
more recent changes were in progress, opportunity was not taken 
to restore the nave to its original height and length ; but for what 
has been done towards the reverent care of God's house at Ewenny, 
Colonel Turbervill's immediate predecessors, and, not less, Colonel 
Turbervill himself, are to be heartily thanked. The present 
residence and its domestic offices are built upon the site of the 
conventual buildings, and have incorporated and preserved a few of 
their ancient features ; but the essentially military character of the 
entire establishment has, of course, departed with the times which 
gave it birth. 

A good deal of Colonel Turbervill's book consists of notices of 
the owners of the Priory, from the dissolution of the monasteries to 
the present day, which, though not con6ned to their dealings with 
the property, are acceptable enough. Though the book contains 
several documents of importance, which are printed for the first 
time, we believe Colonel Turbervill would find others at the Public 
Record Office which would throw much light upon the fortunes of 
Ewenny during the Middle Ages, and would have enabled him to 
treat of the period from 1188 to .1534 at greater length than the 
four pages which he has devoted to this portion of his task. The 
.book is illustrated with a number of views of the Priory at various 
periods. There is also a ground-plan, by Mr. Harold Brakspear, 
which would have been improved had the position of the monuments 
been shown, and also the points at which the conventual buildings 
joined the church. 

Edward Owen. . 



294 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 



A History of Neath Abbey, derived from Original Documents 
preserved in the British Museum, H.M. Public Record Office, 
and at Neath, Margam, etc. ; with Some Account of the Castle 
and Town of Neath, Notices of the other Monasteries of Gla- 
morganshire, and numerous Illustrations. By Walter de Gray 
Birch, LL.D., F.S.A. Neath : John E. Richards. 1902. 

Dr. de Gray Birch is too practised a hand to write a book upon 
any historical subject that shall be altogether unsatisfactory to 
serious students, but it cannot be honestly maintained that either 
of his works upon the Welsh Monasteries of Margam (noticed in 
the Archceologia Cambrensis for July, 1898) or of Neath attains to 
that range of level excellence as to make it entirely acceptable to 
Welsh antiquaries. Much of what we said, both in praise and in 
blame, of Dr. Birch's Margam, we have to repeat of his Neath. The 
format is all that can be desired ; the style, though diffuse, is clear 
and unaffected ; and the illustrations are good and plentiful. Yet, 
as we said about the Margam, "the standard by which not only 
this, but every other work of the kind, must be content to be 
judged is, how much does it advance our knowledge of the subject 
of which it treats ?" We are not going so far as to say that 
the most erudite of our members will not find in Dr. Birch's 
History of Neath something about that Abbey or the other hetero- 
geneous subjects that are dealt with in the book, of which he 
was previously ignorant. We are not, on the other hand, going 
to assert that Dr. Birch has contented himself with telling an 
already thrice-told tale. For, truly, the tale of Neath Abbey has 
never been told at all. In so far, therefore, as Dr. Birch has 
been the first to bring within one pair of boards the various incidents 
that, cumulatively and consecutively, constitute the History of the 
Abbey, he is fairly entitled to our gratitude. But we expect — and 
rightly expect — from a gentleman of Dr. Birch's experience and 
opportunities, a great deal more than the mere stringing together 
of already accumulated material. And our complaint against him 
is, that in the work before us, there is very little else than arm-chair 
labour, and that much of even this has been badly executed. We 
will particularise. 

The book consists of fifteen chapters. Chapter I treats of the 
site of the Abbey and its foundation, and in its course the early 
sculptured stones found in the neighbourhood are referred to, 
though none can be shown to have had any connection with Neath 
Abbey. We also have the fabulous story of the winning of the lord- 
ship of Glamorgan and Morganwg related from the Cambrian 
Journal, and the speculations of Rhys Merrick given from the 
edition of Sir Thomas Phillipps, Dr. Birch being evidently quite 
unaware that, at the British Museum he had the manuscript of 
the former tale at his elbow, and that the edition of Rhys Merrick 
to quote from is that of the late Mr. James Andrew Corbett. Then 
follows a long extract from The Gwentian Chronicle, which is 



REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 295 

quoted for the events of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, 
apparently in blissful ignorance of its dubious character. Dr. Birch 
now begins to localise, and commences with some etymological 
speculations upon the word Neath, " the aboriginal Nid" " Nid or 
Nedd 9 " he thinks, " is the local nymph or goddess of the stream 
thus named' after her, worshipped by the pioneers who settled on 
the banks, and derived their greatest blessing, pure water, from the 
goddess herself inhabiting the stream, and giving her name to it." 
It may be so, and we qnite agree with Dr. Birch that the name 
Nidd of a river in the North of England seems to point to the 
word as a generic rather than a specific appellation of a river. It 
should not, however, be forgotten that there was a Bishop of Llan- 
daff'of the name of Nndd. We next come to the very early charters 
in the Book of Llandav, which Dr. Birch gives from Dr. Gwenogvryn 
Evans's edition. He has also used the translations of Dr. Evans 
and Professor Rhys. We are doing Dr. Birch no injustice in 
declaring our belief that a translation of the exceedingly difficult 
charter on p. 26 of his book is absolutely beyond his powers, and we 
therefore think that he might have acknowledged his indebtedness 
to the two Welsh scholars. He has adopted their rendering of the 
really difficult parts of the charter, and differed from them where 
difference was easy. The close of the chapter brings us to the 
foundation of the Abbey by Richard de Granavilla. From this 
point to the tenth chapter Dr. Birch pursues the history of the 
Abbey, as it is disclosed by the various charters in Mr. Clark's 
Cartas, and other published documents, to its dissolution by Henry 
VIII. This is far and away the most satisfactory part of the 
book. Dr. Birch's skill and experience serve him throughout in 
good stead ; and, although we cannot say that much fresh informa- 
tion is afforded us, the co-ordination and consecution of the large 
body of material from scattered sources enables us to realise with 
greater clearness than was previously possible the gradual rise, 
decline, and fall of one of the great monastic establishments of 
Wales. We observe that many of the charters are given in abstract 
from a new edition of the Cartce, which we understand Dr. Birch 
has undertaken, but not yet produced. Many are also taken from 
the Margam muniments, which have been catalogued by him. In 
all these, so far as, our observation has extended, he has been 
invariably successful in his readings of the place and personal names, 
and there are none of the painful distortions that generally mark 
the course of an English epigraphist through a mass of documents 
relating to Wales. On the other hand, we continually meet with 
statements that show Dr. Birch to be ignorant of the most element- 
ary critical knowledge of Welsh historical literature. Thus, in 
Chapter II, at p. 35, he observes : "The Annates Cambrice, edited by 
Rev. John Williams ab Ithel for the Master of the Rolls, from MS. 
Harl. 3,859 (tenth century), in the British Museum, states the 
foundation of Neath Abbey to be contemporary with the English 
Cistercian Abbey of Furness, in the year 1130." Putting aside as 



296 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 

a trifle the difficulty of a MS. written in the tenth century being an 
authority for an event that happened in the twelfth, Dr. Birch ought 
to have seen that, though the tenth (? late eleventh or early twelfth) 
century MS. is in the British Museum, the MS. to which he alludes 
as containing the statement respecting the foundation of Neath 
Abbey is in an altogether different depository. 

On the point whether Neath Abbey, upon its establishment as a 
Cistercian monastery, was affiliated to Savigny or to Giteaux, Dr. 
Birch is most unsatisfactory. He never troubled himself to make 
independent research into the matter ; but, after the specific state- 
ment that in 1130 an abbey was erected " under the auspices of 
Savigny Abbey," on the western bank of the river Nedd, he has 
contented himself with giving the other side a chance by quoting 
the late Mr. David Lewis (Arch. Camb., 5th Ser., iv, 108), to the 
effect that there is "nothing in the Neath Charters to show that the 
Abbey of Neath was ever subject to that of Savigny." Although he 
had himself observed, a line or two preceding, that Neath was 
erected " under the auspices of Savigny," he nevertheless quotes — 
not to confute or to correct, but with apparent approval— a remark 
which is directly intended to deny such affiliation. As a matter ot 
fact, Neath, during its early years, was subject to the Abbey of 
Savigny ; and, if Dr. Birch had bestirred himself, he would have 
found a Bull of Pope Anastatius containing the names of the 
English and Welsh monasteries affiliated to Savigny in the year 1154. 
We do not think that Dr. Birch has brought out the fact of the 
appropriation of the churches of Cilybebill and Cadoxton to the 
Abbey of Neath between 1254 and 1291, made clear by Archdeacon 
Thomas, in his paper on " The Norwich Taxation of the Diocese of 
Llandaff" (Arch. Camb., April, 1889). 

Chapter VI is devoted to the architectural description of the 
Abbey. No attempt has been made, either by Dr. Birch or by any 
of his local helpers, to clear up many of the doubtful points that 
must always exist in the case of an extensive and much-ruinated 
pile like Neath Abbey by the only process through which fresh light 
can come, namely, by excavation. But, apart from this serious 
qualification, the chapter is an interesting one, and is rendered 
doubly so by the number of sketches of the ruins at different times 
that have been reproduced for this work. In dealing with the 
armorial tiles found in the Abbey, Dr. Birch, by not checking his 
quotation from Francis, has let himself into an error in a place-name. 
He refers to "Greenfield of Rhyddgner, co. Anglesey." The correct 
form is Rhuddgaer. We should like to know its connection with 
the family of Greenfield. 

How Neath fared during and after the great pestilence of 1349 
Dr. Birch does not inform us. Indeed, the greatest economic 
catastrophe in the history of this country goes even without mention 
by him, though its effect upon the fortunes of the Abbey were pro- 
bably not less disastrous than they are known to have been else- 
where. Charters do not afford a glimpse of the internal condition 



REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 297 

of a monastic house, and no document lias come in Dr. Birch's way 
from which a picture of the actual life of the inmates of Neath 
Abbey, at any period from its foundation to its close, might have 
been constructed. Less dependence upon the printed page or the 
formal deeds at Margam, and more diligent research in neglected 
quarters, would probably have enabled him to make the attempt, 
for there exists at the Record Office a petition of one of the abbots 
which would have thrown some little light upon the condition of 
the house ; but its search and production would have led Dr. Birch 
from his easy-chair and the circle of well-known authorities whom 
he considered sufficient for his purpose. 

The three final chapters are devoted to the history of Neath 
Castle and Town ; and, as to these, we have only space to observe 
that they are a more important contribution to the history of our 
municipalities than the earlier portion of the book is to the history 
of our monastic institutions. One very funny error we cannot 
neglect to point out. The well-known Progress of the Duke of 
Beaufort through the Principality in 1684, which was written by 
an inoffensive lawyer named Thomas Dingley (or Dineley), is, upon 
page 280, attributed to a "General T. Dineley." Can this egregious 
mistake have arisen from a misapprehension of the writer's occa- 
sional signature — " T. D. gen»" (for " gentleman") ? 

Intermediate between the chapters upon Neath Abbey and those 
upon Neath Town and Castle are two long chapters dealing with 
the other religious foundations of Glamorganshire, including the 
Cathedral of Llandaff. This section of Dr. Birch's work is alto- 
gether unworthy of him and of the subject. Yet this is how he 
speaks of the labours of others : — 

" No account of Llandaff would be complete without a reference to the cele- 
brated Liber Landavensis .... This MS. forms the fountain-head from which 
late copies extant among the Cottonian Manuscripts in the British Museum, the 
Hengwrt Collection at Peniarth, the MSS. at Lambeth Archiepiscopal Library, and 
Jesus College, Oxford, take their origin. It was edited eclectically, and therefore 
not up to the date of modern scholarship, by the Rev. W. J. Rees, and published 
for the first time at Llandovery in 1840. The Second Edition was published at 
Oxford in 1893, by Mr. J. G. Evans, Hon. M.A.Oxon., with the co-operation of 
Mr. John Rhys, M.A., Professor of Celtic in the University. . . . Neither of 
these editions is satisfactory. The earlier was, indeed, on a level with the literary 
work of the time ; but the latter has not by any means plucked all the fruit from 
this prolific tree of ancient knowledge. It strives after being a palseographical 
facsimile, with lettering of special founts, rather than an edition, for there is an 
absence of grip on the subject which so important a record deserves ; and the 
want of explanatory notes, historical illustrations, and dissertations on the topo- 
graphical and biographical points contained in the pages of the MS., makes this 
new edition eminently unsatisfactory." 

We may suggest to Dr. Birch that it is impolitic for anyone 
who occupies a glass house to amuse himself by throwing stones. 

Of the necessarily brief accounts that Dr. Birch gives of the 
interesting religious houses of Glamorganshire (with the exception 
of Margam, upon which he has written a separate volume), we 
have space to notice but one, that devoted to what is frequently 



298 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 

styled the Monastery of Penrbys, situated on a slope of tbe 
Rhondda Valley. The only information respecting Penrhys in Dr. 
Birch's possession is that recorded in an article in our own Journal 
for July, 1875. It has committed Dr. Birch to the following state- 
ment : — 

" History points to the foundation of this monastery by Robert the Consul, 
about the end of the reign of Henry I, 1130-1132, and to its completion about 
1135. It was, we are told, largely endowed with adjacent lands, and it existed 
for three centuries in prosperous usefulness as a house of Franciscans, an Order 
of Friars who, in Wales, were active supporters of Owen Glyndwr. . . . The 
monastery was eventually dissolved, and its possessions sold by Henry V, about 
the year 1415, as a punishment for the crime of supporting Owen and his party. 
. . . This was a great place of pilgrimage to an image of St. Mary, which Bishop 
Latimer threw out of the west window of St. Paul's." 

It was one thing for Mr. Llewelyn to write as he did in the year 
1862, but with many qualifications and admissions that Dr. Birch 
has omitted ; it is, an altogether different matter that Dr. de Gray 
Birch, then of the British Museum, should adopt without the faintest 
attempt at verification, statements to which he was giving currency 
in a work published in the year 1902, presumably for serious students 
of history, and all of which are the widest possible departures from 
the truth. In not a single place outside Mr. Llewelyn's paper (and 
even there only in the most hesitating and tentative manner) does 
history point to the foundation of Penrbys about the end of the 
reign of Henry I. It never existed for a single day — not to speak 
of three centuries — as a house of Franciscans. Nor was it dissolved, 
and its possessions sold by Henry V, about the year 1415. The 
truth — as Dr. de Gray Birch would have found out had he done us 
the honour to keep his perusal of our pages up to date — is that 
Penrbys never was a monastery at all : never was a house of Fran- 
ciscans. The brief article of Mr. Llywarch Reynolds, in our number 
for January, 1880, and his reference to Original Documents, would, 
if followed up, have shown Dr. Birch that Penrhys was a monastic 
grange belonging to the Cistercian monastery of Llantarnam, and 
that the small church attached to the grange flourished until the 
suppression of the lesser monasteries by Henry VIII. After this, 
it hardly needs the observation that Welsh antiquaries will not 
learn from Dr. Birch much that is new, or much that is accurate, 
respecting the minor monastic foundations of Glamorganshire. 

Edward Owjbn. 

Aberystwyth, its Court- Leet, 1690-1836. With Supplemental 
Chapter to 1900. By the Rev. Geo. Eyre Evans. 

The author tells ns that he has not tried to write the history of 
Aberystwyth, but has " simply taken a bundle of dusty writings, 
and committed their main features to the safe keeping of print." 
But through some alchemy of his pen, the author makes the dusty 
writings glow with human interest, and the result of his painstaking 
and loving care is a valuable record of the past, and a worthy 
addition to this somewhat neglected department of research. The 



REVIEWS AND NOTICES OP BOOKS. 299 

original records of the Court- Leet have been placed at the author's 
disposal, and the result of his researches amongst these archives — 
those of the Cardiganshire Quarter Sessions, and other MSS. in the 
Record and other public offices — is now given to subscribers in 
printed form. The work appeared in twelve monthly parts, at 
Is. nett per copy, each part accompanied by valuable plates. 

The author's own notes are at all times an interesting feature of 
the work, and nowhere more so than in his list of subscribers, which 
is set forth in very original fashion. 

Edmund Jones. 

Old Pembroke Families in the Ancient County Palatine or Pem- 
broke. Compiled (in part from the Floyd MSS.) by Henry 
Owen, D.C.L. Oxon., F.S. A., Editor of Owen's Pembrokeshire ; 
Author of Gerald the Welshman, etc. ; High Sheriff of Pem- 
brokeshire. London : Published for the Author by Chas. J. 
Clark, 36, Essex Street, Strand. 1902. 

In the days of long, long ago, the writer knew a most intelligent 
artificer, a hedge-carpenter by trade. He was not daunted by the 
massive ponderosity of a cart ; he could adjust the delicate runners 
of a chest of drawers ; with equal ability he would turn out a 
Windsor chair, or a wheelbarrow. 

The writer once asked this artist if he did not find the strain very 
great in transferring his attention from one task to another. " No, 
no," cried the good man, "a new job is just play." 

Now as our author has been hard at work for twelve years, 
editing Owen's Pembrokeshire, he deserves the relaxation of a new 
job, and the recreation he has devised for himself is the writing of 
this book, Old Pembroke Families — not Pembrokeshire, but such as 
existed in the ancient County Palatine of Pembroke. To gain entry 
to this liber aureus, the scions of a stock must prove that they had a 
standing in the Earls' land of Pembroke, 27 Henry VII f, three 
hundred and sixty-seven years ago. As might be expected, the 
author of Gerald the Welshman puts the Barris of Manorbier at the 
head of his list. Our author has many fancies in common with the 
late Archdeacon De Barri ; for instance, the latter writes : — 

" Demetia, therefore, with its seven cantreds, is the most beautiful as well as 
the most powerful district of Wales : Penbrock the finest part of the province of 
Demetia, and the place I have just described (Manorbier) the most delightful part 
of Penbrock. It is evident, therefore, that Maenor Pirr is the pleasantest spot 
in Wales, and the author may be pardoned for having thus extolled his native 
soil, his genial territory, with a profusion of praise and admiration." 

So thought Gerald the Welshman. Transpose Haverford for 
Pembroke, and Poyston for Manorbier, and you have the views of 
our author exactly. 

One outcome of Mr. Owen's work will appeal to the general 
public, and that is the aid it gives towards the identification of 
many monumental effigies still existing in the county of Pembroke. 
For instance, we find in the church of Manorbier a knight bearing 



300 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 

the bars of Barri on his shield, a coif of mail on his head, to which 
is attached a camail (or chain tippet) ; a hauberk of mail reaches to 
the knees and finger-tips ; the legs are covered with chastons, or 
breeches of mail; the knees, elbows, and shins are protected by 
plate armour. This costume gives you a date — first quarter of the 
fourteenth century — as assuredly as a crinoline would indicate the 
middle of the nineteenth century. 

We turn to the old Pembroke families, where we find that John 
(son of David) de Barri, in 1301, granted the advowson of Penally 
to Acornbury Priory ; and that, in 1324, John de Barri was seized 
of four knights' fees at Manorbier. So there cannot be much doubt 
4jbat the effigy in Manorbier church represents John de Barri, whoso 
will gave rise to the first Pembrokeshire lawsuit recorded. Con- 
cerning this effigy, Fenton writes : — " Of the exact time he lived 
we have no memorial ; but his shield, charged with the Barri arms, 
tells us his family." 

When the author of A Historical Tour through Pembrokeshire 
arrived atCheriton, he pronounced, concerning the effigy of a knight 
preserved in that church : — u There can be no doubt of its represent- 
ing Elidur de Stackpole." Now, Elidur lived in the earlier part of 
the twelfth century, but this effigy at Cheriton is clad in armour 
worn in the early fifteenth century. There is also the effigy of a 
lady in this church : she rests on an altar-tomb, which corresponds 
to that of her male companion. This lady wears a square head- 
dress and low-cut bodice, such as were in vogue during the reign 
of Henry IV. 

At that period, Sir Richard Vernon, of Harlaston, was seized of 
Stackpole, in right of his wife Johanna, heiress of Richard de 
Stackpole, last of that name. 

So Fenton's Sir Elidur most likely represents Richard Vernon, 
and the lady is Johanna, the last of the Stackpoles of Stackpole. 

There is a well-known efB.gy in Carew Church which Fenton, on 
strength of a tradition, attributes to a Melyn ; it is rather later 
than that in Manorbier church, and John Melyn held of Aymer de 
Valence, Ham broth, in the lordship of Haverford, in 1326, and he, 
or another of his name, one fee at (Carew), Churchtown, in 1362. 

But our author is not satisfied : he thinks this effigy may repre- 
sent one of the Carews. 

Of all the families who held under the Earls of Pembroke this 
is, in many ways, the most distinguished. From the castle, built 
on the site of the Caerau, or camps, sprang the Irish Geraldines, 
Carews of Somerset, and Devon Careys and Carrows. 

Whether Carew is the same as the Castle of Little Cenarth, from 
which Owen ap Cadwgan stole Nesta and her children from her 
husband Gerald de Windsor, is not certain ; but William (who sub- 
sequently took the name of Carew) was one of the children stolen 
on that occasion. 

This William was the ancestor of the Carews ; his brother Maurice 
took the name of Fitz Gerald, and founded the Qlan of Irish 
Geraldines ; a third brother, David, became Bishop of St. David's, 



REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 301 

and a sister, Angharad, married William de Barri of Manorbier, 
and was the mother of Gerald de Barri, or, as he called himself, 
Geraldus Cambrensis. Notwithstanding the dash of Welsh blood 
in their veins, the Carews spent their time in breaking Welsh heads, 
so it is curious to find that when the Welsh took Tenby, in 1152, 
they handed it over to William Carew ; perhaps the Welsh blood 
counted for something, though it must be remembered that they 
carefully burnt the town before surrendering it. In 1301, Sir 
Nicholas de Carew signed the famous letter of the Parliament of 
Lincoln to the Pope, asserting the feudal dependence of Scotland on 
the English crown ; and in the same year was summoned by 
Edward I to the host against Scotland, whither he bore the black 
lions passant of Carew. 

In Edward Ill's days a Sir John was Lord Deputy of Ireland. 

Early in the fourteenth century, Nicholas de Carew married Joan, 
daughter and heiress of Sir Hugh Courtenay, of Haccombe, co. 
Devon. He died in 1447, leaving four sons : Thomas, Nicholas de 
Carew, of Haccombe, the ancestor of the Carew Baronets, Alexander 
of Anthony, from whom came Richard Carew, the antiquary, and 
the family of Pole Carew, and William, the ancestor of the present 
owner of Carew Castle and Crowcombe Court, Somerset. Early in 
the sixteenth century an Edward Carew mortgaged his birthright 
to Sir Rhys ap Thomas, who foreclosed. It was at Carew Castle 
that old Rhys held his famous tournament in 1507. His grandson 
was beheaded in 1531, and Carew fell to the Crown ; it was after- 
wards granted by Queen Mary to Sir John Perrot. To him and 
Sir Rhys we are indebted for the most beautiful portions of the ruin 
we know so well. 

After Perrot's attainder, Carew was held by various tenants, until 
in the reign of James I the old family came to their own again. 

We have lingered somewhat over our author's history of the 
Carew family, as it is the only one which is still in possession of the 
old nest, for its owner, the Hon. Mrs. Robert Trollope, is a 
descendant of Gerald de Windsor, who built Carew Castle eight 
hundred years ago. Mr. Owen's description of the Wogans is as 
interesting as any chapter in his book. This great name was for 
many centuries of paramount importance in what is now called 
Pembrokeshire ; the family made settlements at Wiston, Picton, 
Boulston, Milton, Stonehall, Llanstinan, and elsewhere ; also in 
Ireland, France, and England. Some of them made the name 
famous in various walks of life. They held broad acres, provided 
ten sheriffs and six Members of Parliament, one regicide, and loyal 
soldiers innumerable. The Perrots require (and have) a whole 
book to themselves. Roches, Laugharnes, and many other families, 
whose tale is told in this work, reflected their own well-deserved 
honours back on their native county. 

We must congratulate our author on having produced a work 
that will last, and be of service to all interested in the history of 
Pembrokeshire, for generations to come. Paper, print, and binding 
are good in themselves and pleasing to the eye. 



302 



©bttuarp* 



JOHN LLOYD GRIFFITH, M.A., 

Treasurer. 

As year by year our Association met for the transaction of its 
business or for the enjoyment of its Annual Meeting, we learned 
more and more to appreciate the sterling character of Mr. Lloyd 
Griffith ; but we hardly realised the manysidedness of the man, 
"teres atque rotundus," under the quiet and somewhat reserved 
exterior. As Treasurer of the Association for ten years, from 1892, 
when he succeeded Mr. R. W. Banks, we have had many oppor- 
tunities of observing the care and forethought with which ho 
watched over its financial interests; and he never missed our 
annual gathering, except under pressure of other imperative busi- 
ness, as was the case last year. When he was last with us, at 
Merthyr in 1900, many noticed that he appeared to be suffering 
from some weakness ; but we little thought it was to be our last 
reunion. He passed away on January 1st, 1902, in the sixty-first 
year of his age. 

John Lloyd Griffith was born on January 6th, 1839, at Llandry- 
garn, in Anglesey, of which his father, the Rev. Henry Griffith, was 
Vicar; and he was the grandson of the well-known Rev. Simon 
Lloyd, of Bala. Having received the earlier part of his education 
at Windermere College, he proceeded thence to Emmanuel College, 
Cambridge, where he took the high degree of thirteenth Wrangler. 
Choosing the Law for his profession, he was admitted a solicitor in 
1865, and commenced practice at Holyhead, where he continued all 
his life, attaining at the same time a considerable reputation through- 
out North Wales. For the many and varied offices which he filled 
during his career, we are indebted to the following summary in the 
North Wales Chronicle. They included those of " Perpetual Com- 
missioner, a Commissioner for the Administration of Oaths, and a 
Notary Public. He was Clerk of the Peace for the County of 
Anglesey, to which office he was appointed upwards of thirty years 
ago. When the Anglesey County Council came into existence, he 
was appointed its Clerk, and held the appointment with general 
satisfaction up to the time of his death. He was also Clerk to the 
Lieutenancy for Anglesey, and Clerk to the second magisterial 
division of the county. Some six years ago he took into partnership 
his old articled pupil, Mr. R. R. Williams, and in later years the 
firm was known as Messrs. Lloyd Griffith and Williams. Locally, 




JOHN LLOYD QRIFFITH, M.A. 

Treasurer, 1891-1901. 



OBITUARY. 303 

the deceased held the appointments of Clerk to the Holyhead Urban 
District Council, and Clerk to the Joint Burial Committee. He was 
also Honorary Secretary of the Stanley Sailors' Hospital, and for 
many years Honorary Secretary of the Stanley Sailors' Home. Mr. 
Lloyd Griffith took a keen interest in local matters; and his valuable 
counsel, fortified by his extensive legal knowledge, proved of great 
assistance to many public bodies on which he served. He took 
much interest in Poor-law matters, and was Chairman of the Holy- 
head Board of Guardians. He was also a member of the Valley Rural 
District Council. In. educational matters he took a keen interest, 
being himself possessed of high scholarly attainments, and a mem- 
ber of several antiquarian and kindred societies. He was a Life 
Governor of the North Wales University College, a member of the 
Council of that College, and one of the members of its Court of 
Governors appointed by the President of the Privy Council ; whilst 
he was also a member of the General Purposes, Finance, Statutes, 
Agricultural, Education, and other Committees of the University 
College. He was a staunch Churchman, and was undoubtedly one 
of the leading laymen in the Diocese of Bangor, of which he was 
one of the representatives in the House of Convocation. The various 
diocesan societies found in him a warm and sympathetic supporter ; 
and at the diocesan conferences he was a prominent figure, having 
contributed at various times important and interesting papers on 
subjects under discussion. We believe that he succeeded Colonel 
the Hon. W. E. Sackville West as President of the local branch of 
the English Church Union. In Holyhead Mr. Lloyd Griffith took 
great interest in Church matters, and heartily supported all move- 
ments in connection therewith, besides serving as Churchwarden for 
a number of years. He was a generous supporter of all Church and 
local charities, and indeed every deserving cause found in him a 
practical supporter. He was a true Conservative, and served the 
interests of his party honourably and well in many ways. On one 
occasion he was approached with the view of being induced to be- 
come Conservative candidate for the county ; and, although his 
immense popularity amongst all classes would have proved a great 
strength to him in such a contingency, his naturally reserved dis- 
position prevented him from accepting the invitation to enter into a 
political contest. He was a very ardent Freemason, and his services 
were continually in requisition for the more elaborate ceremonies, 
such as the installation of Master, etc. He attained a high position* 
in the Order, being a Past Assistant Director of Ceremonies of the 
Grand Lodge of England, Past Provincial Senior Warden of T^ **** 
Wales, Second Principal in the Provincial Chapter of Hortn W^ 
as well as P.Z. in several local Chapters, also a higb officer in * * 
Provincial Mark. He was Past-Master of St. Cybi (Anglesey) *** 
Royal Leek (Bangor) Lodges." .^t>^» 

Mr. Lloyd Griffith married, in 1876, Miss Ellon Young &v\&» 
daughter of Dr. Griffith, of Bangor, and was left a. widower ^7^ 
eighteen years ago. To his daughter, and only claild, Borab. \V * 



30 4 OBITUARY. 

fred Griffith, the Association placed on record, at its Meeting at 
Brecon, its hearty sympathy, combined with a deep sense of its 
own loss. 

D. R. T. 



FREDERICK LEWIS LLOYD-PHILIPPS, Esq., 

M.A., V.-P. 

When the Association held its Jubilee Meeting in 1896, at Aberyst- 
with, in commemoration of its first meeting in that town in 1847, 
it chose for its President on that occasion, both as a tribute to his 
own worth and also because he was the oldest — if not the sole — sur- 
viving member of those who then met together : and in his Presi- 
dential Address he gathered up the threads that bound together 
the origin and the development of the Association. And what an 
interesting story he unfolded, as he recalled the memories of Longue- 
ville Jones and Ab Ithel ; of Sir Stephen Glynne and Mr. W. W. E. 
Wynne ; of Basil Jones and Freeman ; of Babington, Barnwell, and 
James Allen, and of many others, quos enumerare longum est, the 
founders and upbuilders of the Cambrian Archaeological Association. 
There was, moreover, a farther appropriateness in his Presidency in 
that town and county, for Cardiganshire was the home of his ances- 
tors, and himself was born at Mabws. He was descended from the 
ancient house of Ffosybleiddiaid, which traced its pedigree back 
through Elystan, Prince of Fferlex, to Rhodri Mawr, and assumed 
the surname of Lloyd in the reign of Henry VIII. 

Frederick Lewis Lloyd-Philipps was born at Mabws on June 15th, 
1823, the younger son of James Philipps Lloyd-Philipps, of Penty 
Park in Pembrokeshire, which property had been added to that of 
Ffosybleiddiaid by the marriage of his grandfather, John Lloyd, to 
Mary, the daughter and heiress of James Philipps of that place, 
whose surname he also assumed in addition to his own. The elder 
branch of the family is represented by Mr. Lloyd-Philipps, of Mabws 
and Dale Castle. Mr. Lloyd-Philipps was educated at a private 
school, under the care of the Rev. T. Meade, near Trowbridge, 
Wilts, and afterwards at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he took 
his degrees of B.A. in 1848, and later on succeeded to his M.A. 
On the death of his brother, James Beynon Lloyd-Philipps, in 1865, 
he succeeded to the Penty Park estate, and subsequently made his 
home there ; his earlier life having been spent at Hafodneddyn, in 
Carmarthenshire. He married Elizabeth Frances, third daughter 
of John Walter Phillips, of Aberglasney, but there was no issue of 
the marriage. Her death in 1900 was a severe blow to him ; and in 
almost every subsequent letter to the writer, he mourned the blank 
and the loneliness of his life, which the many years of conjugal 
happiness had intensified. He died on June 29th, in the seventy* 
ninth year of his age. 



FREDERICK lioVD-PMILIPPS. M.A., V.P. 

President. 1896. 



OBITUARY. 305 

Active, educated, with a taste for archreology, a fluent Welsh 
speaker, with ample means and leisure, he was a typical country 
squire. When the Llandilo Company of the Carmarthenshire 
Militia was first raised, he was the Captain, and afterwards a Cap- 
tain in the Royal Carmarthen Artillery Militia. He was a Justice of 
the Peace 1 for the Counties of Cardigan, Carmarthen, and Pembroke; 
a Deputy-Lieutenant for Cardiganshire and Carmarthenshire ; and 
served as High Sheriff of Pembrokeshire in 1887. In politics, he 
was an active Conservative, and one of the chief supporters of the 
cause in his county. As a Churchman, he had the interests of the 
Church in Wales much at heart, and held the office of Chairman of 
the local branch of the English Church Union. Such good and 
useful men can ill be spared. He is succeeded in the Pent y Park 
estate by Richard Llewelyn Lloyd ; to whom, as the representative 
of the deceased, a vote of cordial sympathy was passed at the Annual 
Meeting at Brecon. 

D. R. T. 



6th ser., vol. ii. 20 



306 



Archaeological jQotes anH (Suerte*, 

Eunant Hall.— By the kindness of the Rev. John Williams, 
M.A., Vicar of Llanwddyn, and through the mediation of Mr. 
Edward Hughes, of Glyndwr, Wrexham, I present herewith a re- 
production of an old photograph of Eunant Hall, in recent times the 
residence of Sir Edmund Buckley, but afterwards pulled down, 
and the site now covered by the waters of Lake Vyrnwy. 1 

The Wynnes of Eunant are well known to students of Welsh 
genealogy. Rees Wynne (son of Edward Wynne, son of Rees 
Wynne of Eunant) married Anne, daughter of Robert* Wynn, of 
Glyn, in the parish of Llanaber in Ardudwy, and was buried May 
2nd, 1688. Rees and Anne Wynne had many daughters, of whom 
the eldest, Catherine, the heiress of Eunant, was born at Glyn, 
August 29th, 1665. The pedigree on page 366 in vol. iv of Powys 
Fadog, gives only the name of her first husband, John Hanmer, of 
Pentrepant (who died May 14th, 1694, aged thirty-eight). But, as 
Mrs. Bulkeley- Owen's excellent History of the Parish of Selattyn 
shows, this Catherine Hanmer, eldest daughter of Rees Wynne, of 
Eunant, married, for her second husband, John Lloyd, son of Richard 
Lloyd, of Llwyn y maen. 

Mr. Edward Hughes has a deed, dated June 1st, 1706, to which 
John Lloyd, of Eunant, and Catherine, his wife, eldest daughter 
of Rees Wynne, are parties, conveying the estate of Eunant to 
trustees for the natural life of them, the said John and Catherine 
Lloyd, and after their decease to John Lloyd, their elder son, and in 
default to Edward Lloyd, their second son, and so continuing with 
the usual forms of words. The recital declares that the said John 
Lloyd, before his marriage, paid various debts of the said Catherine, 
afterwards his wife, amounting to £500 and more. There were 
settled, according to the several uses of the deed of June 1st, 1706, 
not merely the capital messuage of " Eynant," with its appur- 
tenances, and messuage called Llanerch Wen, but also those other 
messuages known as " Shamber Gerrig, Rheol y Fridd, Tu alias Tir 
tan y Graig, Rhyd Onnen, Harodfidir and Lle'r hen Tu:" all in the 
parish of " Llanwothin" (Llanwddyn), in the county of Montgomery ; 
Tyddyn y Garreg, in the parish of Pennant, and various tenements, 
etc., in Llanvylling (Llanfyllin). 

Mr. Hughes has pursued the history of Eunant as far as this clue 

1 Since writing the above, Mr. Williams has informed me that Sir 
Edmund Buckley sold the Eunant estate, containing 8,668 acres, to 
R. L. P. Llewellin, Esq., who re-sold it to the Liverpool Corporation 
for £60,879. 



ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 



307 



will lead, 'and to him and to Mrs. Bulkeley-0 wen's History of 
Selattyn I owe all the information which I hare here thrown into 
the form of an abbreviated pedigree. E a riant, Mr. Hughes tells 
me, formed part of the Pentrepant estate in 1844 ; and it is onrions 
to note that, notwithstanding the deed of 1706, the Ennant estate 
returned to the representative of the family of Catherine Lloyd's first 
husband. 

When Eunant Hall was pulled down, previous to the submergence 
of its site, the Rev. John Williams recovered from the ruins an old 
stone inscribed "R W., 1599." " R. W." stands, of course, for 
" Rees Wynne." 

A. N. P. 

EUNANT. 
Rees Wynne ap Edward ap Rees Wynne,=f=Anne, dau. of Robert Wynn, of Glyn 



of Eunant ; buried May 2, 1688. 



in Ardudwy. 



(1) John Hanmer, 2nd son=pCatherine, eldest dau. ;=r(2) John Lloyd (son of 

Richard Lloyd, of 
Llwyn y maen) ; 
buried at'Llanwdd- 
yn, April 16, 1728. 



of John Hanmer, of 
Pentrepant ; buried at 
Selattyn, May 14, 1694. 



born August 29, 1665 ; 
buried at Llanfyllin, 
January 12, 1739. 



Thomas Hanmer ; 
born October 22, 
1689 ; buried at 
Selattyn, Novem- 
ber 9, 1702. 

(1) 



I 



Rice Hanmer, of Pentre-=pMary, dau. of John Phillips, 



pant ; born September 
16, 1693; married May 
23, 1719 ; buried May 5, 
1722. 

(2) 



of Dry well and Ebnal. She 
married, 2ndly, Richard 
Puleston, of Haf od y wern. 



(3) 



I I I 

John Lloyd, =r=Elizabeth Phillips, Edward Lloyd ; Meyrick Lloyd, 

* *" of Pentrago ; mar- living June 1, of Dyffryn ; 

ried January 7, 1706. buried May 25, 

1736; buried 1776. 

July 3, 1740. 



of Eunant ; 

buried Aug. 7, 

1787. 



Catherine. 



Elizabeth, born 

February 5, 1737 ; 

buried May 4, 

1737. 



I 
Catherine, 

buried 

May 4, 

1738. 



I 
Anne, baptised Septem- 
ber 4, 1739 ; 
married January 10, 
1757. 



:Wm. Humphreys, 
of Llwyn. 



Discovert at Llanwonno Church. — The interesting notes on 
certain discoveries at Llangendierne Church, Carmarthen, by Mr. 
T. P. Clarke, call to mind a very similar discovery made in 1893, 
at Llanwonno Parish Church, Glamorgan. In this instance, the 
nave floor was raised about 2 ft. 6 in. above the chancel, which was 
reached by a short flight of steps. I found that the nave, to the depth 
of the chancel level, as at Llangendierne, was filled with skeletons, 

20 a 



308 ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 

laid, as the foreman of works remarked, " like candles in a box." 
The laying or burying of these bodies was a subsequent addition 
— if I may use this expression — on account of which the nave floor 
was raised. The thin skim of original plaster whitewash followed 
the chancel level westward. Local tradition says that during the 
Civil Wars a skirmish took place in this neighbourhood, and that 
the dead were laid on the church floor, and covered over. As most 
of the church is built on the solid rock, there seems some colour for 
this supposition. Nothing however, was found to indicate their 
date of burial. 

Several vaults of later date have been cut through this layer of 
skeletons, in which burials have taken place until very recent times. 
In one interment, dating probably late seventeenth century, a some- 
what singular discovery was made : resting on the skull was a pair 
of pinee-nez, with circular lenses, round the frame of which is the 
following inscription : — 

CONRAD . WEIGEL . . . IOH : ERHARD . MAY SEEL < MAY 
SEEL ERB . PETER CONRAD WEIGEL 

The lenses are 1£ in. in diameter. Immediately under the ribs 
of this skeleton a copper bolt was found, 1£ in. long by f in. in 
diameter, from which one may suppose that the individual met his 
death probably by the discharge of a blunderbuss. 

During the reparation of the church a fragment of a pre-Norman 
cross was found built in the porch wall. The bowl of a Norman 
pedestal piscina. was built in the south wall of the porch, which 
had been used at some time as a holy- water stoup, I was fortunate 
in finding the base of this piscina about 2 ft 6 in. below the 
ground, near the church. Its reparation was then a very simple 
matter. A circular font, of unusual size, was embedded in the nave 
floor. Both vessels are identical in design, and were evidently 
masoned by the same hand. 

G. E. Hallidat. 



309 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. 



VOL. II. SIXTH SERIES. 



Abbey, St. Dogmael's, 158 

Abergavenny, St. Mary's, 81 

" Aberystwith, its Court-Leet," by 
Rev. G. E. Evans, reviewed, 
298-9 

Aborigines unchanged, Iberic, 181 

Adventures of a Denbighshire 
Gentleman of the Seven- 
teenth Century in the East 
Indies, A. N. Palmer, 277- 
286 

Aldithel, Henry de, 42 

Allen, J. Romilly, The Chevron 
and its Derivatives, a Study 
in the Art of the Bronze 
Age, 182-229 
Old Farm- Houses with Round 
Chimneys, near St. David's, 
1-24 

Alloa Urn, 204 

Allsen, a Christian name, 125 

Altar Tomb, Alabaster, 82 

Altars, Stone (Patricio), 101 

Almshouses, Llandaff, 232 

Amber Beads, 165 ; Cup (Hove), 
226- ; Necklace, 226 

Amulets, Slate, 224 

Andrew, Prebendary of St. (Llan- 
daff), 233 

Anglesey Cromlechs, Portfolio of, 
154, 155 

Anian Sais, Bishop, Tomb, 265, 287 

Archaeological Notes and Queries, 
68-80, 156-160, 239-240, 306- 
308 

Arrow-heads, Flint, 28 

Art of Bronze Age, Symbolical and 
Decorative, 182 

Arvans, St., 107 

Atkins, Richard, 242 

Axe-hammers, Stone, 224 

Axe-heads, Bronze, 220, 240 

Badger, 175 
Balbirnie Urn, 211 



Baldwin, Archbishop, preaching 
Crusade, 232 

BaUidon Urn, 216 

Ballinger, 244, 246 

Ballista of Sutton Stone, 70 

Bangor Cathedral, Architectural 
History (continued), 261-276 

Barber, Henry, and Henry Lewis, 
History of Friars' School, 
Bangor, reviewed, 287-289 

Bar Chevron Border, 184, 185, 207, 
208 209 

Bar Lattice Work, 189, 212 

Bar Lozenge, 212 

Barri, Gerald de, his mother, 301 ; 
John, 300 

Barrow Thixendale, 173 

Bassaleg (St. Basil), 83 

Battle between Ostorius Scapula 
and Caratacus, 34 

Bawdsey Urn, 208 

Benatura, 85, 90, 109 

Bettws Cedewen, Brass, 56 

Bevan Schools, Madam, 291 

Bira (Irish Chieftain), Fortress, 14 

Birch, W. de Gray, "History of 
Neath Abbey," reviewed, 
294-8 

Black Hall, 235 

Blaen Rhondda Hut-Circles, 259 

Bleasdale Urn, 206 

Block of Picrite, St. David's, 77 

Boadicea, 163 

Bodies crouching, 170 

Bolterstone Urn, 206 

Border, Bar Chevron, 184, 185, 203, 
207, 208, 209 ; Bar Lattice 
surface, 212 ; Chequer- work, 
215 ; Line Chevron, 184, 185, 
200, 202, 204, 206 ; Lozenge, 
183-187, 210, 211, 212; 
Hexagon, 214 ; Triangle, 183- 
186 (shaded), 206 

Bos Longifrons, 175 

Brass, Bettws Cedewen, 56 



310 



ALPHABETICAL iNbEX 0* CONSENTS!. 



Brecon, Annual Meeting, 160 
Bride, St., Netherwent, 107, 108 
Brithdir, 40 
Bronze Age : 

Art of, 182 

Characteristics of Pottery of, 
191 

Four-fold divisions of Pottery, 
192, 193; Farming Opera- 
tions, 177 

Goidel Invaders, 178 

Interments, 25 

Urn of, 56 
Bronze : 

Axe-heads, Discovery of 240; 
Decoration, 220, 221 

Coin (Romanus II), 237, 238 

Dagger-blade, 257 

Implements, 56, 240 

Razors, Decorated, 221 

Spear-head, 259 
Burton Church, 243 
Bwlch y Clawdd, 252 
By fort, Bishop, outlawed, 269 
Byrte, John, 249 

Robert of Llwyndyris, 251 

Thomas, 249 



Cadoxton Church appropriated to 
Neath Abbey, 296 

Caer Flos, 54 

Caersws, Origin of Name, British or 
Roman originally ? 38 

Caerwent (St. Stephen), 84 

Cairn and Sepulchral Cave at Gop, 
Professor Boyd Dawkins, 
161-181 ; Gop Cairn, Ex- 
ploration of, 163, 165 ; used 
for Habitation, afterwards for 
Burial, 171 ; Animal Re- 
mains, 166, 174 ; Remains 
of two Races, 177 

Cairngoan Urn, 204 

Caldicot Church, 84 

Camp Gwynvynydd, 37, 38, 39 

Camp in Glamorganshire, Explora- 
tion of a Prehistoric, H. W. 
Williams, 252 

Camps : 

Ancient British (Cefn Carnedd, 

Fridd Faldwyn), 54 
Roman (Caersws, Caer Flos), 54 

Camps and Earthworks : 
Classification of, 54 



Camps and Earthworks : 

Of Newtown District, Yen. 

Archdeacon Thomas, 33-42 
Capel y Gwrhyd, 21 
Caratacua and Ostorius Scapula, 

Battle between, 34 
Cardiff: 

"Houseling" people in, 67 

Old, 68 

Prehistoric Interments near, 

John Ward, 25-32 
Records, J. Hobson Matthews, 

Reviewed, 61-67 
Carew Castle, 76 ; Tournament, 301 
Carew, Nicholas de, 301 ; Richard, 

301 ; William, 300, 301 
Pole, family, 301 
Carmarthen, Census of "Houseling" 

people, 67; "Measure," 127 
Cam Mosyn, 252 
Carnarvon Cromlechs, Portfolio 

of, 154-5 
Castell Taliorum, 156 
Castle Carew, 76 ; Haverfordwest, 

76 ; Llawhaden, 76 ; Penhow, 

103 ; Roch, 77, 78 
Caves, Creswell, 167 ; Perthi- 

Chwareu, 171, 179 ; Rhos 

Digre, 171, 179 ; Gop, 165 
Cefn Carnedd, 39, 54 ; Cefn Clod- 

diau, 39 ; Cefn y Coed, 42 
Census, Early Welsh, 63 
Chalice, Elizabethan, 75 
Chalk Drums, 222, 223 
Chambres of Plas Chambres, 277, 

278 ; of Pelton, 278 
Characteristics of Pottery of Bronze 

Age, 191 
Charcoal in Gop Cave, 168 
Chequer- Work, Surface Pattern, 

217 
Chest, Old Oak, 135 
Chevron, The, and its Derivatives, 

A Study in the Art of the 

Bronze Age, J. Romilly 

Allen, 182-229 
Defined, 182 ; the Imperfect, 

198 ; Practical Application 

of Patterns, 198; Bar 

Chevrons, 184, 185, 207, 208, 

209 ; Line-Chevrons, 184, 

185, 199, 200, 202, 204, 206 
Childrey Urn, 206 
Chimney, Flemish origin of Round, 

questioned, 1 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX 0$ CONTENTS. 



311 



Chirbury Font, 56 

CilybebUl Church, appropriated to 

Neath Abbey, 296 
Circulating Schools, Welsh, 290 
Clark, T. P., On Some Discoveries 

at Llangendeirne Church, 

128-131 
Cinerary Urns and Incense Cups, 

most recent, 193 
Cornish (with loop - handles), 
* 193 
Cinerary Urns : 
Alloa 204 
Balbirnie, 211 ; Ballidon, 216 ; 

Bawdsey, 208 ; Bleasdale, 

206 ; Bolderstone, 206 
Craigenhollie, 199; Caimgoan, 

204 ; Colwinston, 203, 204 ; 

Childrey, 206 ; Cleatham, 

210 ; Coldkirby, 206 ; Crans- 

ley, 216 
Dalmore, 203 ; Drumnakilty, 

204, 209, 211 
Etton, 199 
Ferry Friston, 211 
Goodmanham, 199, 203 ; Glen- 

balloch, 203 ; Greenhills, 206 
Harlyn Bay, 206 ; Hatton 

Buscel, 216 
Kirkpark, 199, 206, 214; 

Killicarney, 203 ; Kilburn, 

216 
Lake, 203, 211 ; Lugnagroah, 

206 
Menai Bridge, 206 ; Magdalen 

Bridge, 204, 206, 211, 212 ; 

Mynydd Carngoch, 201 
Nantglyn, 199 ; Nantsallan 

Down, 203 ; Normanton, 203 
Oldbury, 216 ; Ovingham, 203, 

216 
Penmaenmawr, 199, 210, 216 ; 

Pickering, 206 
Quarryford, 206 
Rhinderston, 198 
Sherburn, 203 ; Seamill, 203 ; 

Sharnwell, 211 ; Stabshiel, 

211 ; Stenton, 216 
Trefascal, 203, 216 ; Tuack, 

210 ; Tomen y Mur, 211 
Woodyates, 204 
Cleatham Urn, 210 
Clegyr Foia Farm-house, 14 
Cliderow, Bishop, 270 *; his will, 

270, 271 



Coal, Links of Jet or Kimmeridge, 

173 
Coed-y-Beren, 42 
Coin, Bronze, 237, 238 
Coldkirby Urn, 206 
Cooking-pot, Raddick Hill, 200 
Cornish Cinerary Urns with loop- 
handles, 193 
Cozens, Thomas, Mayor of Haver- 
fordwest, 1665, 126 
Craigenhollie Cinerary Urn, 199 
Cransley Urn, 216 
Creswell Caves, 167 
Cromlechs, Anglesey and Carnarvon, 

Portfolio of, 154, 155 
Cross Llandaff, 232 ; Rockfield, 
106 ; Shaft, 89, 92, 108, 
158; Slab "Haerdur," 239; 
Slab Llanveynoe, 239 ; Pre- 
Norman, 308 
Crosse, St., Prebendary of, 233 
Crug-yr-Avon, Glamorgan's Lone 
Sentry-Box, John Griffith, 
136-140 
Cups, Drinking, 26, 29, 192, 194, 
195, 200 ; not with cremated 
burials, 195 ; wanting in 
Ireland, rare in Yorkshire, 
197 ; the most ancient, 197 
Aberbechan Hall, 200 ; Apple- 
ford, 201 
Beckhampton, 214 ; Bee Low, 
212 ; Broomhead, 203 ; Buc- 
kie 200 
Canterbury, 200 ; Cardiff, 26 ; 
Cawdor Castle, 200 ; Craw- 
ford, 205 : Culbone, 204 ; 
Cwm Car, 26 
Dairy, 203 ; Durrington, 214 
East Kennet, 214 
Folkton, 212 ; Freefield, 205 
Ganton, 205, 208; Goodman- 
ham, 203, 205, 216 ; Glen- 
f orsa, 205 ; Green Low, 214 ; 
Grindlow, 214 ; Gunwalloe, 
200 
Hay Top, 214 
Kew, 201 ; Kilmartin, 205 
Leslie, 203 ; Lesmurdie, 203 
March, 214 

Parkhead, 203 ; Pickering, 

214 ; Porth Dafarch, 214 ; 

Pound Down, 214 

Rhosbeirio, 214 ; Rudstone, 

200,217; Round way Hill, 203 



312 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. 



Cups, St. Fagan's, 29, 208 

Upton Low, 203 

Wilsford, 213 ; Winterbourne 
Stoke, 212 ; Winterbourne 
Monkton, 213 ; Workington, 
217 
Cups, Incense, 192-3 ; perforated, 
never found except with 
burnt bodies, 193 ; very un- 
common in Dorsetshire, 197 ; 
Wilts type, 194 

Aldbourne, 208 

Beedon, 207 ; Beckhampton, 
207, 210 ; Brynseiont, 212 ; 
Benachie, 203 ; Bishop Bur- 
ton, 204 ; Broad Down, 204 

Camerton, 208 ; Clifton- on- 
Irwell, 204 

Danby Moor, 210 

Ganton, 201 

Hill of Culsh, 211 

KirkDark, 216 

Llandyssilio, 212 ; Lancing, 
203 

Mynydd Cam Goch, 204, 207 

North Newbold, 199 

Penmaenmawr, 204 ; Porth 
Davarch, 201 

Skelton, 200 

Whitby, 207 
Cup, "Grape," 194; Jet, 226 
Cwm-y-Ddalfa, historic site, 56 
Cyndeirne (Kentigern), 128 



Dagger-blade, Bronze, 257 ; Deco- 
rated, 221 
Salmore Urn, 203 
aron, David (Dean of Bangor), 270 

David's (St.), John Lewis, Trea- 
surer of, 245 ; Thomas Lloid, 
Chanter, 245, 249 ; Block of 
Picrite, 77 

Davies, Bishop, Library, 234 

Dawkins, Professor Boyd, on the 
Cairn and Sepulchral Cave 
at Gop, 161-181 

Dean (Denny), Bishop of Bangor, 
271 

Dinas, 39, 252 

Discovery of Bronze Axeheads at 
Tanglanau Mountain, 240 

Dispute of Bishop Swinfield of 
Hereford with Gilbert de 
Clare, 41 



Ditches, Upper and Lower Short, 
40 

Dixton (St. Peter's), 87 

DogmaeVs (St.), Abbey, 158 

Dogs on Treadmills, 70 

Donwenna, St., 276 

Door-latch, Wooden (Pembroke- 
shire), 10, 11 

Door, Priest's, 90, 94, 129 
Rood, 86, 95, 102, 106 

Doorway, Norman, 86, 107, 110 

Drumnakilty Urn, 204, 209, 211 

Duels in Glamorganshire and Pem- 
brokeshire, 62 

Dykes in Newtown District, 40, 41 

Dyke, of Offa (Off Dytche), 40 ; 
Wans, 40 ; Warin, 42, Wan- 
ten, 159, 160 

Dymsent (Damascene) girdle, 246 

Early Welsh Census, 63 

Earthworks and Camps in Newtown 
District, 33-42 ; Classifica- 
tion, 54 ; Post-Roman (Gro 
Tumps, Moat, Moat Lane, 
Tomen, Nant Cribba, Hen 
Domen, The Moat (Kerry), 55 

Effigies, Abergavenny (St. Mary), 
82 ; St. Woollos, 110 ; Manor- 
bier, 300 ; Montgomery, 56 ; 
" Tom Pain," 63-4, 86 

Etton Cinerary Urn, 199 

"Eva" Slab, 267 

Evans, Rev. G. E., "Aberystwith, 
its Court-Leet," review, 
298-9 

Eunant Hall, 306 

"Ewenny Priory," Col. Turbervill, 
review, 291-3 

Excursions, Newtown Meeting, 52, 
56 

Exploration of a Prehistoric Camp 
in Glamorganshire, H. W. 
Williams, 252 

Eynant, 306 

Fairs on Good Friday, 231 
Farm Houses with Round Chim- 
neys, 1-24 
Farming operations continued from 
Neolithic Age through Bronze 
and Iron Ages, 177 
Ferry Friston Urn, 211 
Find of Bronze Implements in 
Wales, 240 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX OP CONTENTS. 



313 



Fitz-Gerald, Maurice, 300 

Fitzwarin, Wm., 42 

Flemish origin of Round Chimney 

questioned, 1 
Flint Flakes (Gop), 173, 260 
Flint Implement, rare (Gop), 174 
Flintshire Subsidy Roll, 1592, Ven. 
Archdeacon Thomas, 141- 
150 
Floor, Sloping, in Church, 129 
Folk- Lore, Celtic, Welsh and Manx, 
John Rhys, reviewed, 57-60 
Fonts, Montgomery, Chirbury, 

Kerry, 56 
Food Vessels, elaborate decoration, 
194 ; accompany unburnt 
bodies, 194 ; absent in Wilts 
and Dorset, 197 ; most com- 
mon in Ireland, 197 
Alnwick, 216 ; Alwinton, 204 
Balcalk, 203 
Cong, 201 

Darwen, 207 ; Darley Dale, 207 
Forth Mountain, 216 
Hitter Hill, 207 ; Hutton Bus- 
eel, 201 
Killicarney, 212 
Lunanhead, 201 
Mackrakens, 216 ; Monikie, 

201 
Stanlake, 201 ; Tenby, 207 
Friars, Black, 235 ; Friars' School, 

History, reviewed, 287-289 
Fridd Faldwyn, 35, 37, 39, 54 
fusion of Iberic and Goidelic Races, 
first observed case, 180 

Gawres, 39 

Gervase de Castro, Bishop, 287 
Giant's Grave, 40 
Glamorganshire's Lone Sentry-Box, 

136 
Duels in, 62 
Glenballoch Urn, 203 
Glyndwr, Owain, 235, 269 
Glynne, Sir S. R., Notes on the 

Older Churches of the Four 

Welsh Dioceses, 81-114 
Glynne, Geoflrey, purchases Friars' 

lands, Bangor, 288 
Glynne, William, Bishop of Bangor, 

288 
Goidels, Fusion with Iberic Race, 

180 
Invaders in Bronze Age, 178 



Goidels, Round-headed, 178 

Goodmanham Urns, 199, 203 ; 
Drinking-cups, 203, 205, 216 

Gop Cairn and Cave Exploration, 
161-181 ; Charcoal, 168 ; 
Prehistoric Accumulations, 
168-170 ; Used for Habita- 
tion and afterwards for 
Interments, 171 ; Interments 
170 ; Remains, Cave Hyeena, 
etc., 166 ; Human Remains 
of two Races, 177 ; Animal 
Remains, 174 

Granavilla, Richard de, Founder of 
Neath Abbey, 295 

Grave Goods (Drums or Cylinders), 
222-223 

Green, Francis, The Wogans of 
Boulston, 241-251 

Greenhills Urn, 206 

Gregynog Hall (Carved Oak), 52 

Griffith, John, Crug-yr-avon, Gla- 
morgan's Lone Sentry-Box, 
136-140 

Griffith, J. E., Portfolio of Photo- 
graphs of Cromlechs of 
Anglesey and Carnarvon, 
reviewed, 154-155 

Griffith, J. Lloyd, Obituary, 302-304 

Gro Tumps, 54, 55 

Gwrhyd Bach Farmhouse, 20, 21 

Gwynvynydd Camp, 37, 38, 39 

" Haerdur" Cross Slab, 239 
Halliday, G. E., Notes on Llandaff 

Parish, 230-238 
Hammer, Decorated (Maesmore), 

224 
Harlyn Bay Urn, 206 
Haroldstone, Thomas Johns of, 245 ; 
Ruins, 77 ; Arnold Tanke, 
Mayor of, 125 ; Thomas 
Cozens, Mayor of, 126 
Haverfordwest Castle, 76 
Haverfordwest, Preponderance of 
Teutonic element in, 123 
Registers, St. Mary's, 115-127 
William Ormond, Vicar of St. 
Mary's, 121 
" Haverford Measure" = " Carmar- 
then Measure" 1 127 
Helyan, Sir Walter de, 41 
" Hen Domen," 37, 39, 54, 55 
Hendre Eynon Farmhouse, 23 
Hengham, Sir Ralph de, 41 



314 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX Otf CONTENTS. 



Henry II at Llandaff, 234 ; at Car- 
diff, 234 

Heol y Castell, 255 

Hexagon Border, 183, 190 

Historic Sites, Newtown Meeting : 
Cwmy Ddalfa, Kerry Church, 
Rhyd Wimain, Rhyd y Gors, 
56 

"History of Neath Abbey," W. de 
Gray Birch, review, 294-8 

Hogwent, John, 247 

Holland, Robert, Vicar of St. 
Mary's, Haverfordwest, 121- 
125 

Holy-water Stoup, 113, 308 

Houses, Old — Maesmawr Hall, 
Lymore, 56 

Houses, Old Farm, with Round 
Chimneys, 1-24 

Hubert's Folly (Pen y Castell), 42 

Hughes, Harold, Church of St. 
Michael, Llanfihangel Glyn 
Myfyr, 132-135 : Architec- 
tural History of Cathedral 
Church of St. Deiniol, Ban- 
gor {continued), 261-276 

Hut-Circles, 259 

Hutton Buscel Urn, 216 

Iberic Aborigines, unchanged, 181 ; 
Fusion with Goidels, 180 

Implements, Bronze, Powys Castle, 
56 

Incense Cups, 192, 193 : mostly 
within a Cinerary Urn, 193 ; 
perforated, 193 ; very un- 
common in Dorsetshire, 197 ; 
Wilts Type, 194 

Interments, Prehistoric, near Car- 
diff, John Ward, 25-32 
Bronze Age, 25 

Jet Necklaces, Ornament, 209 ; 
Links of, 173 

" Jones, Griffith, Rector of Llan- 
ddowror, Life and Times of," 
review, 289-291 

Jones, Rev. D., " Life and Times 
of Griffith Jones, Rector of 
Llanddowror," 289 

Jones, Owen, Antiquary, 135 

Kerry Church, Norman Arcade, 56 ; 
Font, 56 ; Historic Site, 56 
Kew Drinking-cup, 201 
Kilburn Urn, 216 



Killicarney Urn, 203 
Kilmartin Cup, 205 
Kimmeridge Shale, 170, 173, 209 
Kirkpark Urn, 199, 206, 214; 

Incense Cup, 216 
Kyffin, Dean, 271, 276 

Lake Urn, 203, 211 

Langua, 90 

Lewis, John, ^Treasurer of St. 
David's, 245 

Library, Bishop Davies', 234 

line Lattice Work, Surface Pattern, 
188 

List of those who did Homage and 
Fealty to the First English 
Prince of Wales, edited by 
Edward Owen, reviewed, 
153-4 

Llaethdy Farmhouse, 6 

Llandaff, Notes on Parish of, 230-8 ; 
Almshouses, 232 ; Henry, 
Bishop of, 231 ; Bishop 
Field, 236 ; Wm. de Salso 
Marisco, Bishop of, 232 ; 
Palace, 97 ; Castle Arch, 234- 
235 ; Cross, 232 ; Coins with 
Arms of See, 231 ; Fair and 
Market, 230; Green, 230; 
Mint, 231 ; Prebendal 
Houses, 233 ; Toll Gate, 238 

Llandenny Church, 70-2; Lych- 
gate, 71 

Llandilo, Crossenney Church (St. 
Teilo), 88-9 

Llandogo (St. Odoceus), 90 

Llanfihangel Glynmyfyr Church, 
Harold Hughes, 132-135 

Llangendeirne Church, On Some 
Discoveries at, T. P. Clark, 
128-131 

Llanhillith Church, 156 

Llanidloes Church, Early - English 
Arcade and Sculptured 
Capitals, 55 

Llantarnam Monastery, 298 

Llantylio, Pertholey (St. Teilo), 90 

Llanvapley (St. Mabli),- 91 

Llanveynoe, Early Inscribed Cross 
Slab, 239 

Llanvihangel Pont y Moile (St. 
Michael), 92 

Llanwnnog, Rood Screen, 56 

Llanwonno Church, Discovery of 
Skeletons, 307-8 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. 



315 



Llan y wrAch, 234 

Llawhaden Castle, 76 

Lloid, Thomas, Chanter of St. 

David's, 245, 249 
Llysyfran, Velindre in, 77 
Lozenge Border, 183, 187, 210, 211, 

212 
Lugnagroah Urn, 206 
Lunula; = Minns, 217 ; Decoration 

of, 218 
Lych Gate, 102 ; Llandenny, 71 



Magdalen Bridge Urn, 204, 206, 

211, 212 
Malpas(Mon.), Norman Church, 92 
Mamhilad, 94 

Manorbier Church, Effigy, 300 
Marisco, Wm. do Salao, Bishop of 

Llandaff, 232 
Markets on Sundays, 231 
Marahfield, 95 
Marten, 175 

Matherne (St. Theodoric), 96 
Matthews, J. Hobson, Cardiff 

Records reviewed, 61-67 
Maurice, Hugh, 136 ; Dr. Peter, 

135 
Meeting, Evening, Newtown, 44-51 
Mcllons, St., 108 
Menai Bridge Urn, 206 
Metal Work, 217 

Michaelston Vedw (St. Michael), 97 
Milton Mill, 248 
Mint at Llandaff, 231 
Mitchel Troy (St. Michael), 98 
Moat, Fronfelen, 37 ; Rhos Ddiar- 

bed, 37 ; Kerry, 54 
Monastery, Llantarnam, 298 

Penrhys, 298 
Montgomery Church, 65 ; Font, 66 
Monuments, Pembroke Association 

for Preserving Ancient, 75- 

80 
Mortality in Haverfordwest, 127 
Mynydd Caer Goch Urn, 201 
Myddelton, Foulk, 277 ; John, 277 ; 

Riohard, 277 ; Roger, 277 ; 

Thomas, 277 



Names, Balthazar, Thomasine, 

common, 123 
Nantglyn Urn, 199 
Nant Cribba Earthwork, 54 



Nantsallan Down Urn, 203 

"Neaih Abbey, History of," W. 
de Gray Birch, 294-8 

Neath Abbey, Richard de Grana- 
villa, Founder, 295 

Neath, Origin of Name, 295 

Neolithic Tombs, 179 

Netherwent (St. Bride), 107, 108 

Newtown Meeting, Excursions, 52- 
56; Dykes in District, 40, 
* 41 

Nichol, William, burned, 117 

Norman Arcade (Kerry), 55 ; Arch, 
93 ; Doorway, 86, 107, 110 ; 
Font, 56 ; Nave, 110 ; Win- 
dow, 29; Malpas Church, 92 ; 
Piscina (pedestal), 308 

Norman Pre-, Cross, 308 

Normanton Urn, 203 

Notes on Older Churches of Four 
Welsh Dioceses, by lat« Sir 
S. It. Glynne, Bart., 81- 
114 

Notes on Llandaff Parish, G. E. 
HaUiday, 230-238 

Notes and Queries (Archaeological), 
68-80, 156-160, 239-240, 306- 
308 

Notes on Objects of Interest visited, 
Newtown Meeting, 54-56 

Notes on History and Text of our 
Early English Bible and of 
its Translation into Welsh, 
George L. Owen, reviewed, 
151-152 

Nudd, Bishop of Llandaff, 295 

Obituary, J. Lloyd Griffith, 302-4 ; 
F. Lloyd-Philipps, 304-5 

Ofia's Dyke (Off Dytche), 40 

Ogan, Henry, Will, 242 

Oldbury Urn, 215 

' ' Old Pembroke Families in Ancient 
County Palatine of Pem- 
broke," Henry Owen, re- 
view 299-301 

Crmond William, Vicar of St. 
Mary's, Haverfordwest, 121 

Ornament, Importance of Study of 
Comparative, 229 
Principle in Geometrical, 184 
Suggested Method of, 30, 31 

Ornaments, Jet, 224, 225 

Ouldsante, William, 249 

Ovingham Urn, 203, 216 



316 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX 0* CONTENTS. 



Owen, Edward, A List of those 
who did Homage and Fealty 
to the first English Prince 
of Wales, 1301 ; reviewed, 
153-154 
George L., N#tes on History 
and Text of our Early English 
Bible, and of its Translation 
into Welsh, reviewed, 151- 
152 

Owen Goronwy, 289 



Palace of the Bishop of Llandaff, 97 

Palmer, A. N., Adventures of a 
Denbighshire Gentleman of 
the Seventeenth Century in 
the East Indies, 277-286 

Parish Registers in Pembrokeshire, 
The Oldest, Rev. J. Phillips, 
115-127 

Patricio, S. (St. Patrick), 98; 
Stone Altars, 21, 101 

Pattern, see under " Chevron," 
"Bar-Chevron." 

"Pembroke Families, Old," 299- 
301 

Pembroke, Mayor of, 246 

Pembrokeshire and Glamorgan- 
shire, Duels in, 62 

Penhow, St. John, 103 

Penmaenmawr Urns, 199, 210, 216 

Penrhiwfer, 252 

Penrhys Monastery, 298 

Pentyrch, 39 

Pen y CasteU (Hubert's Folly), 39, 
42 

Pen y Clun, 39 

Pen y Gelli, 42 

Perrot Banqueting Hall, 78 

Perrot, Sir John, 291 

Perthi Chwareu Caves, 171, 179 

Peterstone (St. Peter), 104 

Philipps, F. Lloyd, Obituary, 304-5 

Phillips of Picton, John, 245 

Phillips, Rev. J., "The Oldest 
Parish Registers in Pem- 
brokeshire," 115-127 

"Piety, Welsh," 291 

Pipes, Old Tobacco, 68 

Piscina, 87, 89, 91, 96, 98, 104, 
108, 158 ; Norman, 308 ; 
Pedestal, 75 

Pleistocene Strata, 166-7 

Pochin, Mr. (Bodnant Hall), 163 



Poor-box (Wood), Curious, 102 

Portfolio of Photographs of the 
Cromlechs of Anglesey and 
Carnarvon, J. E. Griffith, 
reviewed, 154, 155 

Porthmawr Farm House, 12 

Pottery Old, 68 ; Roman, 236 ; in 
Gop Cave, 171 ; Blaen 
Rhondda, 259 ; Bronze Age 
(fourfold division), 192, 193 ; 
Characteristics of, 191, 192 ; 
see under Cinerary Urns, 
Drinking Cups, Incense Cups. 

Powell, Morgan, Mayor of Pem- 
broke, 246 

Powys Castle, Bronze Implements, 
56 

Powysland Museum, Welshpool, 56 

Prehistoric Camp in Glamorgan- 
shire, Exploration of, 252 
Accumulations at Gop, 168-170 
Interments near Cardiff, 25, 
32 

Pre-Norman Cross, 308 

Preponderance of Teutonic Element 
in Haverfordwest, 123 

President's Address (Lieut. -Col. 
Pryce-Jones), 44-47 

Priest's Door, 90, 94, 129 

Prodreth, James, 249 

Pulpit, Jacobean, 113 

Pwllcareg Farm House, 23 

Quarryford Urn, 206 

Rack, Wooden Spoon (Pembroke- 
shire), 9 
Razors, Bronze, Decorated, 221 
Registers, The Oldest Parish, in 

Pembrokeshire, 115-127 
Report of 55th Annual Meeting, 

43-56 
Reviews and Notices of Books, 57- 
67, 151-155, 287-301 
Aberystwith, its Court-Leet," 
298-9 
" Cardiff Records," 61-97 
" Ewenny Priory," 291-3 
"History of Friars' School, 

Bangor," 287-289 
"History of Neath Abbey," 

294-8 
"Life and Times of Grifiith 
Jones, Rector of Llan- 
ddowror," 289-291 



t 



<i 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF GONTENTS. 



317 



1 



I 



I 



Reviews and Notices of Books : 
44 Old Pembroke Families," 

299-301 
" Portfolio of Anglesey Crom- 
lechs," 154, 155 

Rhinderston Urn, 198 

Rhiw Gatto, Ancient Roadway, 
252, 255 

Rhos Ddiarbed, 39 

Digre Caves, 171, 179 

Rhosson Uchaf Farm House, 17 

Rhydwymma (Ford of Mont- 
gomery), 39 

Rhymney (St. Augustine's), 105 

Rh^s, John, Celtic Folk-Lore, 
Welsh and Manx, 57-60 

Ringstede, Bishop, Will, 269 

Roch Castle, 76, 78 

Rockneld (St. Kenelm), 106 
Cross, 106 

Roman Camps (Caersws, Caer Flos), 
54 
Coins, 157 

Rood-door, 86, 95, 102, 106 ; Loft, 
56, 89, 101, 106, 109 ; Screen, 
56, 102 ; Staircase, 75 

Round Chimneys near St. David's, 
1-24 

Ryd, Edward, of Castle Moel, 251 

Saeson Bank, 40 

Saltire Border, 183-189; see under 
"Chevron." 

Samian Ware, 54 

Sam Sws, 38, 40 

" Scepter piece of Gold," 67 

Schools, Welsh Circulating, 290 
Madam Bevan, 291 

Screen, Rood, 56, 102 

Sculptured Rocks and Stones 
(Hkley, Wooler, Lochgilp- 
head, Cairnban, Carnwath, 
New Grange), 227 

Seamill Urn, 203 

Shading, Methods of, in Ornament, 
198 

Shale, Kimmeridge, 170 

Shanwell Urn, 211 

Sherburn Urn, 203 

Skeleton with golden corslet, 165 

Skeletons, Discovery of, 307-8 

Skeletons at St. Fagan's, 29, 497 ; 
found under Nave of Llan- 
gendeirne Church, 130 

Skenfrith (St. Bridget), 112 



Skulls, Brachycephalic, found, 31, 32 
Slab "Eva," Sepulchral, 267, 268 
Slate Slab Altar, Incised, 98 
Social Life in Fifteenth Century, 

241 
Spear-heads, Decorated, 221 
Spoons, Apostle, 236 
Squint, 88 
Stabshiel Urn, 211 
Stackpole, Johanna de, 300 
Stalactites in Gop Cave, 168 
Stanbury, Bishop, 271 
Standeloye, John, 249 
Station, Roman, 157 
Statutes for Regulation of Friars' 

School, Bangor, 288 
Stenton Urn, 216 
Stepneth, Alban, 249 
Stone, Manian Fawr, 158 ; Martyr's, 

(Haverfordwest), 77, 117 ; 

Palmer, 76 
Stones, Luck, 170 
Stoup, Holy-water, 113, 308 
Stradley, John, 247 
Strata, Pleistocene, 166, 167 
Sun-worship, 182 
Surface Pattern, 184, 187, 188, 190; 

see under "Chevron." 
Swaffham, Bishop, 269 
S winfield, Bp. , Dispute with Gilbert 

de Clare, 41 
Sylle, Roger, Legacy to Freres of 

St. Francis, 287 

Table of Measurements of Leg 
Bones of Sheep (Gop), 176 

Tailler, William, 246 

Tanglanau Mountain, Bronze Axe- 
heads, 240 

Tanke, Arnold, Mayor of Haver- 
fordwest, 1607, 125 

Tasker, Agnes, 243 

Tenby Churchyard, Ancient Arch, 
77 

Teutonic Element in Haverford- 
west, 123 

Thomas, Archdeacon, Camps and 
Earthworks of Newtown 
District, 33-42 

Thomas, Sir Rhys, 301 

Thumb Lever for Door-latch, 11 

Tiles, Bangor Cathedral, 266 

Tomb Altar, Alabaster, 82 

Tombs, Neolithic, 179 

Tomen-y-Mur Urn, 211 



318 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. 



Tower, Jasper, 234 

Trefaiddan Farm House, 17 

Tregascal, 203, 216 

Triangle pattern, 182, 183 

Tuack Urn, 210 

Tudor ap Grono ap Tudor's Tomb, 

265, 266, 287 
Turbervill, Colonel, " Ewenny 

Priory," review, 291-3 
Turret (Rood), 91 
Twigging Chair, 67 
Tythe Barn, Llandaff, 233, 235 

Urn, Aldbourne, 198 ; Bronze Age, 
56 ; Geographical Distribu- 
tion, 196 ; Herringbone pat- 
tern, 172 ; see under " Cine- 
rary Urns." 

Vernon, Sir Richard, 300 
Vessels, Food, 192, 194 

Wans Dyke (Wantyn Dytche), 40 
Wantyn Dytche Field, 41 
Ward, John, Prehistoric Inter- 
ments near Cardiff, 25-32 
Warin Dyke, 42 
Warthacwm, Prebendary of, 233 



Well, Non's (St. David's), 77 

"Welsh Piety," 291 

Welshpool, Powysland Museum, 56 

Wheat, High price, 127 

Williams, H. W., Exploration of a 
Prehistoric Camp in Gla- 
morganshire, 252 

Wogan Family, 301 

Wogans (The), of Boulston, Francis 
Green, 241-251 

Wogan, Wongan, Woogan, Wong- 
ham, Ogan, Owgham, 242 

Wogan, David, 243 ; Elinor, 248 ; 
Elizabeth, 243 ; Dame Eliza- 
beth, 247 ; Jayne, 248 ; 
John, 243 ; Sir John's Will, 
246 ; Maud, 243 ; Richard's 
Will, 242-245 ; William, 243 

Wogan Tomb, 251 

Wood-carving, 52, 95 

Wood of iferry, 42 ; of Mont- 
gomery, 42 

Woodyates Urn, 204 

Wookey Hole, 167 ; St. Woollos 
(Newport), 110 

Woran (Warren), 242 

Wristguards (Stone), 224 

Wynnes of Eunant, 306 
Pedigree, 307 






I 

I 



i 



319 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



\ 



PAGE 

Old Farm-Houses with Round Chimneys near St, David's : 

Typical Ground Plan near St David's . . 3 

Round Chimney, at Llaethdy . . .4 

Plan of, at Llaethdy . . .5 

Cross- Section throngh Porch and Recess .6 

Porch and Doorway . ■ . . .7 

Interior View at Llaethdy (Two Plates) . . 8 

Exterior View at Llaethdy . , .9 

Wooden Door- Latch . . 10, 11 

Plan at Porth Mawr . . . .12 

Exterior View at Porth Mawr . . .13 

Exterior View at Clegyr Foia . . .15 

Exterior View of Recess at Rhossan Uchaf . .16 

Exterior View at Rhossan TJchaf . . .17 

Exterior View of Recess at Trefaiddan . 18, 19 

Doorway, with Pointed Arch, at Trefaiddan . . 20 

Interior View, showing Recess at Gwyrhyd Bach 21 

Interior View at Hendre Eynon . . .22 

Old Farm-House at Hendre Eynon (Plate) . . 22 

Old Farm-House at Pwlloaerog (Plate) . . 24 

Restoration of Ancient British Vessel from Owm Car, Merthyr 

Tyd61 (Plate) . . . . .26 

Ancient British Vessel from St. Fagan's, Glamorganshire (Plate) 30 

Relics of Old Cardiff . . . . 68, 69 

Llandenny Parish Church, Monmouthshire . 71-74 

Portrait of the late Sir Stephen R. Glynne, Bart. . . 81 

Malpas Church : Exterior View from West and Details . 93 

Patricio Church (Eleven Plates) . . 99-101 



320 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAGE 

St. Woollos Church : Norman Doorway . . .111 

Church of St. Michael (Two Plates) . . 132, 134 

Crug yr Avon from the West • . . .137 

Llaxihillith Church, Monmouth . . .156 

Font and Base of Cross at Llanhillith Church, Monmouth . 157 

Stone with Incised Crosses at Manian Fawr, Pembrokeshire . 159 

Cairn at Gop : Plan and Sections . . 162-174 

Diagrams of Chevron Patterns of Bronze Age • 183-190 

Bronze Age Ornament on Pottery, Metal Work, and Objects 

of Stone and Jet . . . 191-225 

The Old Almshouse, Llandaff . . .232 

Map of Llandaff . . . . .232 

Window in Black Hall, Llandaff . . . 234 

The Old Toll-House, Llandaff . . . .236 

Llandaff Bridge . . . . . 237 

The Green, Llandaff . . . . .238 

Cross-Slab of Haerdur at Llanveynoe Church, Herefordshire . 239 

The Wogan Tomb in Boulston Church . . . 250 

Prehistoric Camp in Glamorganshire . . 253-259 

Cathedral Church of St. Deiniol, Bangor . 262-274 

Portrait of John Lloyd Griffith, M. A. (Plate) . .302 

Portrait of Frederick Lewis-Lloyd-Phillips, M. A. (Plate) . 304 

Eunant, Llanwddyn, now at the bottom of Lake Yyrnwy . 306 



LONDON I 
PRINTED AT THE BEDFORD PRESS, 20 AND 21, BEDFORDBURT, W.C. 



1902. 

LIST OF MEMBERS. 



yatroitd. 
HIS MAJESTY THE KING. 

The Right Hon. the Earl of Powis 

The Right Hon. the Earl of Cawdor 

The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Llandaff (President, 1888) 

The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of St. David's 

The Right Hon. Lord Windsor (President, 1898 and 1899) 

The Right Hon. Lord Dynevor 

The Right Hon. Lord Kenyon 

The Right Hon. Lord Mostyn (Prexident,l890) 

The Right Hon. Lord Tredegar (President, 1885) 

The Right Hon. Lord Penrhyn (President, 1894) 

The Right Hon. Lord Aberdare (President, 1900) 

The Right Hon. Lord Harlech 

The Right Hon. Lord Llangattock 

The Right Hon. Lord Swansea 

The Right Hon. Lord Glanusk 

$mttent. 
Lieut. -Col. Pryce- Jones, M.P. 

$mitrent= (Elect. 
The Right Hon. Lord Glanusk 

H. R. Hughes, Esq., Lord Lieutenant of Flintshire 
Sir John Evans, D.C.L., F.R.S., Y.P.S.A. 
Sir C. E. G. Philipps, Bart. (President, 1880 and 1883) 
R. H. Wood, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.G.S. 
His Hon. Judge Wynne Ffoulkes, M.A. 
F. Lloyd-Philipps, Esq., M.A. (President, 1896) 

Sir John Talbot Dillwyn Llewelyn, Bart., M.A., M.P., F.L.S. 
(President, 1886) 



2 LIST OF MEMBERS. 

Lieut.-Col. C. S. Mainwaring (President, 1887) 

M. le Dr. de Closmadeuc (President, 1889), President de la Soci^te" 
Polymathique du Morbihan 

John Rhys, Esq., M.A., LL.D. (President, 1891), Professor of Celtic, 

and Principal of Jesus College, Oxford 
The Rev. Chancellor D. Silvan Evans, B.D. 
W. Boyd Dawkins, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., Professor of Geology, 

Owens College, Manchester 
The Rev. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D., Professor of Assyriology, Oxford 
The Rev. Hugh Prichard, M.A. 
The Ven. Archdeacon Thomas, M.A., F.S.A. 
Sir James Williams Drummond, Bart. (President, 1892) 
Sir Owkn H. P. Scourfield, Bart. (President, 1897) 
Edward Laws, Esq., F.S.A. 
The Rev. Canon Rupert Morris, D.D., F.S.A. 

Committee. 

The President, with all those who have held that office ; the Vice-Presi- 
dents ; the Treasurer ; the General and Local Secretaries ; and the 
Editorial Sub-Committee, with the following : 

Ven. Archdeacon Thomas, M.A., F.S.A., Chairman. 



A. N. Palmer, Esq. 

Egerton G. B. Phillimore,Esq.,M.A. 

Thos. Mansel Franklen, Esq. 

Illtyd Nicholl, Esq., F.S.A. 

H. Harold Hughes, Esq., A.R.I.B. A . 

J. Romilly Allen, Esq., F.S.A. 



J. Ward, Esq., F.S.A. 

J. W. Willis-Bund, Esq., F.S.A. 

Mrs. Allen 

W. H. Banks, Esq. 

Edward Owen, Esq. 

Richard Williams, Esq., F.R.Hist.S. 



IE tutor. 
J. Romilly Allen, Esq., F.S.A., 28, Great Ormond Street, W.C. 

©tutorial. g>ufe<Eommittn. 
The Rev. Chancellor D. Silvan Evans, B.D. 
Professor Rhys, M.A., LL.D. 
The Rev. Canon R. Trevor Owen, M.A., F.S.A. 

Draugljteman. 
Worthington G. Smith, Esq., F.L.S. 

Creaaum. 



Crufitees. 

F. Lloyd-Philipps, Esq., M.A. 
R. H. Wood, Esq., F.S.A. 
W. R. M. Wynne, Esq. 

General ^ecretariea. 

Rev. Canon R. Trevor Owen, M.A., F.S.A., Bodelwyddan Vicarage 
Rhuddlan (Flintshire), R.S.O. 8 * 

Rev. Charles Chidlow, M.A., Llawhaden Vicarage, Narberth 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 



Cotteapontrtng £>eeretarte*. 

France — Mons. Charles Hettier, F.S.A., Caen 

Brittany — M. de Keranflec'h Kernezne, Chateau de Quel^nec, Mur de 

Bretagne, C6tes da Nord, France 
Scotland — Joseph Anderson, Esq., LL.D., Museum of Antiquities, Edin- 
Ireland — * [burgh 

Cornwall — Edwyn Parkyn, Esq., Royal Institute, Truro 

Rev. S. Baring-Gould, Lew Trenchard Rectory, N. Devon 

&onorarg iHemberu. 

M. Alexandre de Bertrand, Paris 

Mons. Charles Hettier, F.S.A., Caen, France 



Anglesey . 

Carnarvonshire . 

Denbighshire 

Flintshire . . 
Merionethshire . 
Montgomeryshire 

Brecknockshire . 
Cardiganshire . 

Carmarthenshire 
Glamorganshire 



Pembrokeshire . 



Radnorshire . 
Monmouthshire 

The Marches 



Hocal Secretaries. 

Rev. Daniel Morgan, Llantrisant Rectory, Llanerch- 

ymedd 
Edw. Roberts, Esq., M.A., H.M.I.S., Carnarvon 
H. Harold Hughes, Esq., A.R.I.B.A., Bangor 
Rev. David Jones, M.A., The Vicarage, Abergele 
A. Foulkes-Roberts, Esq., 34, Vale Street, Denbigh 
Rev. W. LI. Nicholas, M.A., Rectory, Flint 
Rev. J. E. Davies, M.A., The Rectory, Llwyngwril 
J. H. Silvan-Evans, Esq , M.A., Llanwrin, Machyn- 
lleth 
Thomas Price, Esq., Pentreheylin, Llanymynech 
Rev. Preb. Garnons Williams, M.A., Abercamlais, 

Brecon 
Prof. Anwyl, M.A., University College of Wales, 

Aberystwyth 
Rev. D. D. Evans, B.D., Llandyfriog Vicarage, 

Newcastle Emlyn 
Alan Stepney-Gulston, Esq., Derwydd, Llandebie 
Rev. D. H. Davies, Cenarth Vicarage, Llandyssil 
D. Lleufer Thomas, Esq., Bryn Maen, Llandeilo 
Thos. Powel,Esq., M.A., University College, Cardiff 
C. Wilkins, Esq.,F.G.S., Springfield, Merthyr Tydfil 
Col. Morgan, R.E., Swansea 
Herbert J. Allen, Esq., Norton, Tenby 
H. W. Williams, Esq., F.G.S., Solva 
Rev. James Phillips, Haverfordwest 
Rev. L. H. Evans, M.A., Vicarage, Rhayader 
A. E. Bowen, Esq., Town Hall, Pontypool 
W. Haines, Esq., Y Bryn, Abergavenny 
James Davies, Esq., Gwynf a, Broomy Hill, Hereford 
Rev. C. H. Drinkwater, M.A., St. George's Vicarage, 

Shrewsbury 
Henry Taylor, Esq., F.S.A., Curzon Park, Chester 



4 LIST OF MEMBERS. 

MEMBERS.* 

ENGLISH AND FOREIGN. (78). 

His Majesty the King . . Marlborough House, S.W. 

Swansea, The Rt. Hon. Lord . 24, Motcombe Street, Belg rave Square, 

W. 

Allen, Mrs. Thomas . . . 42, Connaught Square, W. 

Allen, W. Bird, Esq., M.A. . 158, Portsdown Road, Maida Vale, W. 

Allen, J. Romilly, Esq., F.S.A. 28, Great Ormond Street, W.C. 

Allen, Rev. W. Osborn, M.A. . 83, St. George's Road, S.W. 

Asher, Messrs., and Co. . . 13, Bedford St., Covent Garden, W.C. 

Baring-Gould, Rev. S., M.A. . Lew Trenchard Rectory, Lew Down, 

N. Devon 

Burnard, R., Esq., F.S.A. . 3, Hillsborough, Plymouth 

Bibliotheque Nationale . . Paris (c/o Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, 

Triibner & Co., Paternoster House, 
Charing Cross Road, W.C.) 

Birmingham Free Library . . Birmingham (c/o A. Capel Shaw, Esq.) 

Blundell, Joseph Hight, Esq. . 157, Cheapside, E.C. 

Bridger, E. K., Esq. . . Berkeley House, Hampton-on-Thames 

Chetham Library . . . Manchester (c/o W. T. Browne, Esq.) 

Cochrane, R. H., Esq., F.S.A., 
Hon. Sec. Royal Society of 
Antiquaries, Ireland . .17, Highfield Road, Rathgar, Dublin 

Columbia University . . . New York, U.S.A. 

Cunliffe, Major J. Williams . 17, Inverness Terrace, Hyde Park, W. 

Cunnington, B. Howard, Esq., 
F.S.A. Scot Devizes 

Daw kins, W. Boyd, Esq., M.A., 

F.R.S., F.S.A. . . Woodhurst, Fallowfield, Manchester 

D'Arbois de Jubainville, M. . 84, Boulevard Mont Parnasse, Paris 

De Keranflec'h Kernezne, M. . Chateau de Quel^nec, Mur de Bre- 

tagne, C6tes du Nord, France 

Detroit Public Library . . (c/o Mr. B. F. Stevens, 4, Trafalgar 

Square, W.C.) 

Ellis, H. E., Esq. . . . Blankney, Lincoln 

*Ebblewhite, Ernest A., Esq., 1, Paper Buildings, Temple, London, 

F.S.A E.C. ; and Tintern, Christchurch 

Road, Crouch End, N. 

Evans, Sir John, F.R.S., K.C.B. Nashmills, Hemel Hempstead 

Evans, Vincent, Esq. (Hon. Sec. 
Honourable Society of Cymm- 
rodorion) . .64, Chancery Lane, W.C. 

Fryer, Alfred, Esq., Ph.D., 
M.A., F.S.A. . . . 13, Eaton Crescent, Clifton, Bristol 

* Members admitted since the Annual Meeting, 1901, have an asterisk prefixed to 
their names. 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 



Foulkes, Isaac, Esq. . 
Green, Francis, Esq. . 
Griffiths, Joseph, Esq., M.D. 
Guildhall Library, E.C. 
Hall, Rev. G. Scott . 
Harford, Miss .... 
Hartland, Ernest, Esq., M.A. 

Hartland, E. Sidney, Esq., F.S.A. 
Harvard College Library . 



Hereford Free Library 
Jackson, J., Esq. 

James, Mrs. F. 

Jesus College Library 

Jones, Rev. G. Hart well, M.A. , 

Jones, Lawrence, Esq. 

Joseph- Watkin, T. M., Esq. . 

(Portcullis) 
King's Inns' Library 
Lewis, William F., Esq. 
Liverpool Free Public Library . 
Lloyd, Alfred, Esq.,F.C.S.,F.E.S. 
London Library 
Manchester Free Library . 
Melbourne Public Library 



• • 



Morris, The Rev. Canon Rupert 

H., D.D., F.S.A. . 
Morris, T. E., Esq., LL.M. 
McClure, Rev. Edmund, M.A. . 
New York Library 

Norman, George, Esq., M.D. 
Owen, Edward, Esq. . 
Pennsylvania Historical Society 

Peter, Thurstan C, Esq. . 
Phillimore, Egerton, Esq., M.A. 

Prsetorius, C. J., Esq., F.S.A. 



8, Paradise Street, Liverpool 
Runnymede, North Finchley 
63, Trumpington Street, Cambridge 
(c/o Charles Welch, Esq., F.S.A.) 

3, Staverton Road, Oxford 
Blaise Castle, Henbury, Bristol 

Hardwick Court, Chepstow 

Highgarth, Gloucester 

Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. (c/o Messrs. 
Kegan Paul, Triibner & Co., 
Charing Cross Road, W.C.) 

Hereford 

25, Leazas Terrace, Newcastle-on- 
Tyne 

51, Canynge Road, Clifton, Bristol 

Oxford 

Nutfield Rectory, Redhill 

6, Water Street, Liverpool 

Herald's College, Queen Victoria Street, 

E.C. 

Dublin (J. Carter, Esq.) 

2109, Walnut St., Philadelphia, U.S.A. 

Liverpool (c/o Peter Cowell, Esq.) 

The Dome, Upper Bognor, Sussex 

St. James's Square, S.W. 

Manchester 

c/o Messrs. Melville & Mullen, 12, 
Ludgate Square, E.C. 

St. Gabriel's Yicarage, 4, Warwick 

Square, S.W. 

4, Brick Court, Temple, E.C. 
80, Eccleston Square, S.W. 

New York (c/o Mr. B. F. Stevens, 

Trafalgar Square, W.C.) 

12, Brock Street, Bath 

India Office, Whitehall, S.W. 

(c/o Messrs. B. F. Stevens & Brown, 
4, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross, 
W.C. 

Redruth, Cornwall 

Penrhos Arms, Cemmaes, R. S. 0. , Mont- 
gomeryshire 

111, New King's Road, London, 
S.W. ; and Llanfairynghornwy, 
Valley, R.S.O., Anglesey 



6 LIST OF MEMBERS. 

Price, Hamlyn, Esq. . . .1a, King Street, St. James's Square, 

S.W. 

Prichard, Rev. R. W., M.A. . Stoke Vicarage, Chester 

Prichard-Morgan, W., Esq. . 1, Queen Victoria Street, E.O. 

Rennes, Bibliotheque Universi- 
taire ..... Rennes, Marne, France 

Rhys, John, Esq., M.A., LL.D., 
Professor of Celtic and Princi- 
pal of Jesus College . . Jesus College, Oxford 

Sayce, Rev. A. H., LL.D., Prof, 
of Assyriology . . . Queen's College, Oxford 

Smith, Worthington G., Esq., 

F.L.S 121, High Street North, Dunstable 

Stechert, G. E., Esq. . . . Star Yard, Carey Street, Chancery 

Lane, W.C. 
Sydney Free Public Library . (c/o Mr. Young J. Pentland, 38, West 

Smithfield, E.C.) 
Taylor, W. F. Kyffin, Esq., K.C. 4, Harcourt Buildings, Temple, E.C. 
Thomas, Miss .... Blunsdon Abbey, Highworth, Wilts. 
Thomas, Rev. W. Mathew, M.A. Billingborough Vicarage, Folkingbam 
Toronto Public Library . (c/o Messrs. C. D. Cazenove & Son, 26, 

Henrietta St., Covent Garden, W.C.) 
Vaughan, H. F. J., Esq. . . 30, Edwardes Sq., Kensington, W., 

and Humphreston Hall, Salop. 

Willis-Bund, J. W., Esq., F.S. A. 15, Old Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C. 
Williams, Rob., Esq., F.R.I.B.A. 20, Northbrook Road, Lee, S.E. 
Williams, Miss M. C. L. . . 6, Sloane Gardens, S.W. 
Wyatt, J. W., Esq. . . .' East Coast, Wells, Somerset 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 



NORTH WALES. 

ANGLESEY. (13). 

Vivian, The Hon. Claud H. Plas Gwyn, Pentraeth, Menai Bridge, 

R.S.O. 

Reade, Lady .... Carreg-lwyd, The Valley, R.S.O. 

Bulkeley, Sir Richard H. 

Williams, Bart. . . . Baron Hill, Beaumaris, R.S.O. 

Meyrick, Sir George, Bart. . Bodorgan, Llangefni, R.S.O. 

Verney, Sir Edmund, Bart. Claydon House, Winslow, Bucks ; and 

Rhianva, Menai Bridge 

Adeane, Miss .... Plas Llanf awr, Holyhead 

Evans, Rev. Evan . . Llansadwrn Rectory, Menai Bridge, 

R.S.O. 

Griffith, Rev. Ellis Hughes . Llangadwaladr Vicarage, Llangefni, 

R.S.O. 

Jones, Professor J. Morris . Tycoch, Llanfair, P.G., R.S.O. 

Morgan, Rev. Daniel . . . Llantrisant Rectory, Llanerchymedd, 

R.S.O. 

Prichard, Rev. Hugh, M.A. Dinam, Gaerwen, R.S.O. [R.S.O. 

Prichard, Thomas, Esq. . . Llwydiarth Esgob, Llanerchymedd, 

Williams-Mason, Mrs. Plas Bodafon, Llanerchymedd, R.S.O. 

CARNARVONSHIRE. (23). 

Mostyn, The Lady Augusta . Gloddaeth, Llandudno 

Penrhyn, Rt. Hon. Lord . Penrhyn Castle, Bangor 

Turner, Sir Llewelyn . . Parciau, Carnarvon 

Arnold, Professor E. V., M.A. . Bryn Seiriol, Bangor 

Davids, Miss Rose . . . Greenhall, High Blantyre, N.B. ; and 

Plas Llanwnda, Carnarvon 
Davies, John Issard, Esq., M.A. Llysmeirion, Carnarvon 
Davies, J. R., Esq. . . Ceris, Bangor 

Dodson, William M., Esq. . . Bettws-y-coed, R.S.O. 
*Evans, Colonel O. LI. G. . . Broom Hall, Churlog, R.S.O. 

Griffith, J. E., Esq., F.R.A.S., 
F.L.S Bryn Dinas, Upper Bangor 

Hughes, H. Harold, Esq., 
A.R.I.B.A Arvonia Buildings, Bangor 

Jones, C. A., Esq. . . . Carnarvon 

Jones, L. D., Esq. ... 3, Edge Hill, Garth, Bangor 

Jones, Rev. Canon, M.A. . The Vicarage, Llandegai, Bangor 

Lloyd-Jones, Miss . . Penrallt, Penmaenmawr, R.S.O. 

Lloyd, John Edward, Esq., M.A. . Tanllwyn, Bangor. 



8 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 



Owen, E. H., Esq., F.S.A. 
Parry, R. Ivor, Esq. 
Roberts, E., Esq.,H.M.I.S.,M.A. 
University College Library 
Watts-Jones, Mrs. H. 
Williams, W. P., Esq. 
Williams, J. A. A., Esq. . 



Ty Coch, Carnarvon 

Pwllheli, R.S.O. 

Plas Maesincla, Carnarvon 

Bangor 

Glyn, Dwygyfylchi, Conway 

Cae'r Onnen, Bangor 

Aberglaslyn, Beddgelert, Carnarvon 



DENBIGHSHIRE. (32). 

Williams- Wynn. Dowager Lady Llangedwyn, Oswestry 

Williams - Wynn, Sir Watkin, 
Bart., Lord Lieut, of Mont- 
gomeryshire .... Wynnstay, Rhuabon 
Cunliffe, Sir Robert A., Bart. . Acton Park, Wrexham 
Barnes, Mrs The Quinta, Chirk, Rhuabon 



Berkeley, A. E. M., Esq. 
Blew, Mrs. . 
Darlington, James, Esq. 
Davies, D. S., Esq. . 
Fisher, Rev. John, B.D. . 
Fletcher, Canon W. H., M.A. 
Foulkes-Roberts, A., Esq. . 
*Halhead, Wm. B., Esq. . 
Hughes, Edward, Esq. 
fiughes, J. O., Esq. 
Hughes, Rev. Meredith J. 
Jones, A. Seymour, Esq. . 
Jones, Rev. D., M.A. 
Jones-Bateman, Rev. B., M.A. . 
Kyrke, R. Y., Esq. 
Lynch, Francis, Esq. 

McLaren, Chas. B. B., Esq., 
K.C., M.P. . . 

Mainwaring, Lieut.- Col. . 

Morris, John, Esq. 

Palmer, A. N., Esq. . 

♦Roberts, J. Herbert, Esq., 

xYX.X* • . • • • 

Roberts, Rev. C. F., M.A. . 
Sandbach, Colonel 
Trevor- Parkins, The Wor. 
Chancellor . 

Williams, Thomas, Esq. . 
Williams, William, Esq. . 
Wynne, Mrs. F. . 

Wynne- Finch, Colonel 



Gredington, Whitchurch, Salop 

Hafod, Trefnant, R.S.O. 

Black Park, Rhuabon 

Castle House, Denbigh 

Cefn Rectory, St. Asaph 

The Vicarage, Wrexham 

34, Vale Street, Denbigh 

Brynderwen, Llanrwst 

Glyndwr, Bersham Road, Wrexham 

Estate Office, Llangedwyn, Oswestry 

Brynymaen Vicarage, Colwyn Bay 

Pendwr, Wrexham 

The Vicarage, Abergele, R.S.O. 

Pentre Mawr, Abergele 

Nant-y-ffridd, Wrexham 

Glascoed, Wrexham 

B6dnant, Eglwysfach, R.S.O. 

Galltfaenan, Trefnant, R.S.O. 

Lletty Llansannan, Abergele, R.S.O. 

17, Bersham Road, Wrexham 

Bryugwenallt, Abergele, R.S.O., 
N. Wales 

Llanddulas Rectory, Abergele, R.S.O. 

Hafodunos, Abergele, R.S.O. 

Glasfryn, Gresfo.d, Wrexham 

Llywesog, Denbigh 

Ruthin 

Ystrad Cottage, Denbigh 

Voelas, Bettws-y-coed, R.S.O. 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 



FLINTSHIRE. (20). 

Hughes, Hugh R., Esq., Lord 

Lieutenant of Flintshire . Kinmel Park, Abergele, R.S.O. (Den- 
bighshire). 

Kenyon, Right Hon. Lord . Gredington, Whitchurch, Salop 

Mostyn, Lady .... Talacre/, Rhyl 
Mostyn, Right Hon. Lord . Mostyn Hall, Mostyn 

St. Asaph, Very Rev. the 

Dean of Deanery, St. Asaph 

St. Deiniol's Library, . . Ha war den, Chester 

Davies-Gooke, P. B., Esq., M. A. Gwysaney, Mold ; and Owston, Don- 
caster, Yorkshire 

Felix, Rev. J Oilcain Vicarage,' Mold 

Godsal, Philip T. , Esq. . . Iscoed Park, Whitchurch, Salop 
*Lloyd, Rev. Thomas, M.A. . Vicarage, Rhyl 

Mesham, Colonel . . . Pontruffydd,Trefnant R.S.O. (Zten&i^/i- 

shire) 

Nicholas, Rev. W. LI., M.A. . The Rectory, Flint 

Owen, Rev. Canon R. Trevor, 

M.A., F.S.A Bodelwyddan Vicarage, Rhuddlan, 

R.S.O. 

Pennant, Philip P., Esq., M.A. Nantllys, St. Asaph 

Poole-Hughes, Rev. J. P. . The Vicarage, Mold 

Roberts, L. J., Esq., H.M.I.S. . Tegfan, Russell Road, Rhyl 

Tayleur, C. Richard, Esq. . Maesgwilym Cottage, Rhyl 

Temple, Rev. R., M.A. . . The Warren, Broughton, Chester 

St. Beuno's College Library . St. Asaph 

Williams, Rev. R. O., M.A. . The Vicarage, Holywell 

MERIONETHSHIRE. (11). 

Wynne, W. R. M., Esq., Lord 

Lieutenant of Merionethshire Peniarth, Towyn, R.S.O. 

Davies, Rev. J. E., M.A. . . The Rectory, Llwyngwril, R.S.O. 

Griffith, Edward, Esq. . . Springfield, Dolgelly 

Griffith, Miss Lucy . . Arianfryn, Dolgelly 

Holland- Thomas, Miss Ethel . Cae'r Ffynnon, Talsarnau, R.S.O. 

Leigh- Taylor, John, Esq. . . Penmaen Uchaf, Dolgelly 

Oakley, William E., Esq. . . Plas Tan - y - bwlch, Tan - y - bwlch, 

R.S.O. 

Owen, Rev. William . . Llanelltyd Vicarage, Dolgelly 

Vaughan, Rev. T. H., B.A., . Glyndyfrdwy Vicarage, Llangollen 

Wynn Williams, If or O., Esq. . Bronwylfa, Llanderfel 

Wood, R. H., Esq., F.S.A., 

F.R.G.S. .... Belmont, Sidmouth, S. Devon ; and 

Pant-glas, Trawsfynydd 

B 



30 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 



MONTGOMERYSHIRE. (25). 



Po wis,The High t Hon. the Earl of, 
Lord Lieutenant of Shropshire 

*Pryce-Jones, Lady . 

Dugdale, J. Marshall, Esq., M. A. 

Evans, Rev. Chancellor D. S., 

-D«JL'» a ■ • a • 

Evans, J. H. Silvan, Esq., M.A. 
Jones, Pryce Wilson, Esq. 
Jones, R. E., Esq. . 

Leslie, Mrs 

Lewis, Hugh, Esq. 
Lloyd Verney, Mrs. . 
Lomax, J., Esq. 
Mytton, Captain 
Owen, John, Esq. 

Park, M. E., Esq. . 

Powell, Evan, Esq. 

Pryce, Thomas, Esq. 

Pughe, Mrs. Arthur 

Pughe, W. A., Esq. . 

Rees, Dr. ..... 

Thomas, Ven. Archdeacon, M.A., 

A •wJmA^Lm • • • • • 

Turner, E. R. Horsfall, Esq. . 
Yaughan- Jones, Rev. W., B.A. 
Vigars, J. H., Esq. . 

Willans, J. Bancroft, Esq. 
Williams, R., Esq., F.R.Hist.S. . 



Powis Castle, Welshpool 
Dolerw, Newtown, Mont. 
Llwyn, Llanfyllin, Oswestry 

Llanwrin Rectory, Machynlleth, R.S. O. 

Llanwrin, Machynlleth, R.S.O. 

Gwynfa, Newtown, Mont. 

Cefn Bryntalch, Abermule, R.S.O. 

Bryntanat, Llansantfraid, Oswestry 

Glan Hafren, Newtown, Mont. 

Clochfaen, Llangurig, Llanidloes 

Bodfach, Llanfyllin, Oswestry 

Garth, Welshpool 

Llandinam Hall, Uandinam, R.S.O., 
Mont. 

Newtown, Mont. 

Penrallt, Llanidloes 

Pentreheylin, Llanymynech, Oswestry 

Gwyndy, Llanfyllin, Oswestry 

The Hall, Llanfyllin, Oswestry 

Caersws, R.S.O., Mont. 

Llandrinio Rectory, Llanymynech, Os- 
westry; and The Canonry, St. Asaph 

Llys Efwg, Llanidloes, R.S.O. 

Tregynon Rectory, Newtown, Mont. 

Nat. Prov. Bank of England, Newtown, 
Mont. 

Dolforgan, Kerry, Newtown, Mont. 

Celynog, Newtown, Mont. 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 



11 



SOUTH WALES. 



BRECKNOCKSHIRE. (9). 



•Glanusk, The Rt. Hon. Lord, 
Lord Lieutenant of Breck- 
nockshire . . . . 

Bradley, Mrs 

Dawson, Mrs 



Evans, David, Esq. . 
Gwynne, Howel, Esq. 
Jenkins, Rev. J. E. . 
Powel, Hugh Powel, Esq. . 
Williams, Rev. Preb. G., M.A. 
Wood, Thomas, Esq. 



Glanusk Park, Crickhowell 
Cefn Pare, Brecon 

Hartlington, Burnsall, Yorkshire ; and 

Hay Castle, Hay, R.S.O. 
Ff rwdgrech, Brecon 
Llanelwedd Hall, Bnilth 
Vaynor Rectory, Merthyr Tydfil 
Castle Madoc, Brecon 
Abercamlais, Brecon 

Gwernyfed Park, Three Cocks Junc- 
tion, R.S.O. 



CARDIGANSHIRE. (15). 



Davies-Evans, Lieut.-Col. H., 
Lord Lieut, of Cardiganshire 

Anwyl, Professor, M.A. 

Bebb, Rev. J. M. LI., M.A. 

Davies, Rev. D. H. 

Davies, J. H., Esq., M.A. . 

Evans, Rev. D. D., B.D. 

Francis, J., Esq. 

Jones, Mrs. Basil 

Lloyd, Charles, Esq., M.A. 

Protheroe, Ven. Archdeacon, M. A. 

Roberts, T. F., Esq., M.A., Prin- 
cipal of Univ. Coll. of Wales . 

Rogers, J. E., Esq. 
St. David's Coll., Tho Librarian of 
Waddingham, T. J., Esq. . 
Williaras,Rev.Preb. David,M.A. 



Highmead, Llanybyther, R.S.O. 

Univ. Coll. of Wales, Aberystwyth 

St. David's College, Lampeter 

Cenarth Yicarage, Llandyssul 

Cwrtmawr, Aberystwyth 

Llandyf riog Vicarage, Newcastle Emlyn 

Wallog, Borth, R.S.O. 

Gwynfryn, Taliesin, R.S.O. 

2, Manilla Road, Clifton, Bristol; 

Waunifor, Maes y Crugiau, R.S.O. 
Vicarage, Aberystwyth 

Aberystwyth 

Abermeurig, Talsarn, R.S.O. 

Lampeter 

Havod, Devil's Bridge, R.S.O. 

Aberystwyth 



12 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 



CARMARTHENSHIRE. (24). 



Wttliams-Drummond,SirJ.,Bart. 
Lord Lieut, of Carmarthenshire 

Lord Bishop of St. David's, The 

Dynevor, The Bight Hon. Lord 

Stepney, Sir Arthur C, Bart. . 

Williams, Sir John, Bart., M.D. 

Barker, T. W., Esq. . 
Buckley, J. F., Esq. . 
Evans, Mrs. Colby 
Gwynne-Hughes, Colonel W. . 
Hughes, John, Esq. . 
Jones, J., Esq., M.A. . 

Johnes, Mrs 

Lloyd, H. Meuric, Esq., M.A. . 
Morgan, J. B., Esq. . 
Morris. Rev. J., M.A. 

Powell, Miss .... 
Bees, Dr. Howel 
Richardson, J. C, Esq. 
Rocke, J. Denis, Esq. 
Spurrell, Walter, Esq. 
Stepney-Gulston, Alan J., Esq. 
Thomas, D. Lleuf er, Esq. . 

Thomas, Rev. John, M.A. . 
Williams, Rev. J. A. . 



Edwinsford, Llandeilo, R.S.O. 

The Palace, Abergwilly 

Dynevor Castle, Llandeilo, R.S.O. 

The Dell, Llanelly 

63, Brook Street, G-rosvenor Sq., W. ;-. 
and Plas Llanstephan 

Diocesan Registry, Carmarthen 
Bryncaerau Castle, Llanelly 
Guildhall Square, Carmarthen 

Glancothy, Nantgaredig, R.S.O. 

Belle Vue, Llandeilo 

Penrock, Llandovery 

Dolaucothy, Llanwrda, R.S.O. 

Glanranell Park, Llanwrda, R.S.O. 

50, New Road, Llanelly 

Vicarage, Llanybyther, R.S.O. 

Waungron, Whitland, R.S.O. 

Glan Garnant, R.S.O., South Wales 

Glanbrydan, Llandeilo, R.S.O. 

Trimsarn, Kidwelly 

Carmarthen 

Derwydd, Llandebie, R.S.O. 

4, Cleveland Terrace, Swansea ; and 
Bryn Maen, Llandeilo 

Laugharne Vicarage, St. Clears, R.S.O. 

Llangathen Vicarage, Golden Grove, 
R.S.O. 



GLAMORGANSHIRE. (93). 



Windsor, The Right Hon. Lord, 
Lord Lieut, of Glamorganshire 

Llandaff, The Lord Bishop of . 
Aberdare,The Right Hon. Lord . 
Llewelyn, Sir John Talbot 

Dillwyn, Bart., M.A. 
Lewis, Sir W. T., Bart. . , . 
Llandaff, Very Rev. the Dean of 
Allen, W. E. Romilly, Esq. 
Benthall, Ernest, Esq. 
Blosse, E. F. Lynch, Esq. 



St. Fagan's Castle, Cardiff 
Bishop's Court, Llandaff 
Dyffryn, Aberdare 

Penllergare, Swansea 
Mardy, Aberdare 
Deanery, Llandaff 
Fairwell, Llandaff 
Glantwrcb, Ystalyfera, R.S.O. 
Coytrehen, Aberkenfig, R.S.O. 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 



13 



Cardiff Free Library . 
Cathedral Library 
University College Library 
Clark, Godfrey L., Esq. 
*Clarke, W., Esq. . 
Corbett, E. W. M., Esq. . 
Corbett, J. Stuart, Esq. . 
Davies, Rev. David, M.A. 
Davies, Dr. .... 

Davies, Mrs 

Davies, Rev. H. C, M.A. 
Edwards,W.,Esq.,M.A.,H.M.I.S. 
Edmondes, Yen. Arch., M.A. . 

Edmondes, Mrs 

Evans, Rev. W. F., M.A. 
Evans, W. H., Esq. . 

Evanson, Rev. Morgan, B.Sc. . 
Franklen, Thos. Mansel, Esq. . 
Glascodine, C. H., Esq. 
Gray, Thomas, Esq. . 
Griffiths, W., Esq. . 

Halliday, George E., Esq., 

F.R.I. B. A. . . . 
Hybart, F. W., Esq. . 
James, C. H., Esq. . 
James, C. R., Esq. . 

James, Frank T., Esq. 

Jones, D. W., Esq., Solicitor . 

Jones, Dr. W. W. . 

Jones, Edmund, Esq. 

Jones, Evan, Esq. 

Jones, Miss Ada 

Jones, Oliver Henry, Esq., M.A. 

Jones, Edgar, Esq., M.A. . 

*Jones, Rev. M. H. . 

Jones, W. E. Tyldesley, Esq. . 

Kirkhouse, Herbert, Esq. 
Kirkhouse, Rev. Howel, M.A. 
Knight, R. L., Esq. . 
Lawrence, Arthur, Esq. 
Leigh, Dr. .... 

Lewis, Rev. Precentor 
Lewis, Arthur, Esq. . 



Cardiff 

Llandaff 

Cardiff 

Talygarn,Llantrisant, Glam., R.S.O. 

Llandaff 

Pwll-y-pant, Cardiff 

Bute Estate Office, Cardiff 

Canton Rectory, Cardiff 

Bryn Golwg, Aberdare 

Bryntirion, Merthyr Tydfil 

St. Hilary Rectory, Cowbridge 

Courtland Terrace, Merthyr Tydfil 

Fitzhamon Court, Bridgend 

Old Hall, Cowbridge 

The School, Cowbridge 

Llanmaes House, Llantwit Major, 

Cardiff 
Merthyr Mawr Vicarage, Bridgend 
St. Hilary, Cowbridge 
Cae Pare, Swansea 
Underhill, Port Talbot, Glam. 
Pencaemawr, Merthyr Tydfil 

14, High Street, Cardiff 
Conway Road, Canton, Cardiff 
64, Park Place, Cardiff 

5, Raymond's Buildings, Gray's Inn, 
W.C. ; and Brynteg, Merthyr Tydfil 

Penydarren House, Merthyr Tydfil 

Merthyr Tydfil 

Wellington Street, Merthyr Tydfil 

The Forest, Glyn Neath, Glam. 

Ty-mawr, Aberdare 

Maindy, Ynyshir, Pontypridd 

Fonmon Castle, Cardiff 

County School, Barry 

6, Martin Terrace, Abercynon, Glam. 

Douglas Mansions, Cromwell Road, 
S.W. ; Lyndhurst, Mumbles 

Brynbedw, Tylorstown, Pontypridd 

Cyfarthfa Vicarage, Merthyr Tydfil 

Tythegston Court, Biidgend, Glum. 

Lavernock House, Penarth, Glam. 

Glynbargoed, Treharris, Glam. 

Ystrad Vicarage, Pontypridd 

Tynewydd, Llandaff 



14 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 



Lewis, Rev. Daniel . 
Lewis, Rev. David, M.A. . 
Lewis, Lieut.-CoL D. R. . 
Linton, H. P., Esq. . 
Llewellyn, R. W., Esq. 
Lloyd, Henry Morgan, Esq. 
Martin, Edw. P., Esq. 
Matthews, John Hobson, Esq. . 
Metford, Miss .... 
Moore, G. W., Esq. 
Morgan, Col. W. L., R.E. . 
Morgan, J. Llewellyn, Esq. 
Morgan, Taliesin, Esq. 
Morgan, W., Esq. 
Morris, Rev. W. M. 
Nicholl, Illtyd, Esq., F.S.A. 
Nicholl, J. I. D., Esq. 
Powel, Thomas, Esq., M.A. 
Powell, Edward, Esq., Solicitor 
Prosser, Rev. D. L., M.A. . 
Rees, T. Aneuryn, Esq. 
Rees, J. Rogers, Esq. 
Reynolds, Llywarch, Esq., M.A. 
Riley, W., Esq. 
Roberts, John, Eaq. 
Royal Institution of S. Wales . 
Ryland, C. J., Esq. . 

Stockwood, S. H., Esq., Solicitor 
Swansea Free Library 
Talbot, Miss .... 
Thomas, Rev. J. L., M.A. 
Thomas, Trevor F., Esq. . 
Traherne, G. G., Esq. 
Traherne, L. E., Esq. 
Turberville, Colonel . 
Vachell, C. T., Esq., M.D. 
Yaughan, John, Esq., Solicitor . 
Ward, John, Esq., F.S.A. . 
Watkin, Miss M. Joseph . 

Wheatley, J. L., Esq. 
Williams, J. Ignatius, Esq., M. A. 
Wilkins, Charles, Esq., F.G.S. . 



Rectory, Merthyr Tydfil 

Vicarage, Briton Ferry 

Penydarren House, Merthyr Tydfil 

Llandaff Place, Llandaff 

Baglan Cottage, Briton Ferry 

Victoria Street, Merthyr Tydfil 

Dowlais 

Town Hall, Cardiff 

Lyndhurst, Dinas-Powys, Cardiff 

Pen Illtyd, Palace Road, Llandaff 

Brynbriallu, Swansea 

Bryn Teilo, Llandaff 

Llantrisant, Glam. 

Pant, Dowlais 

The Parsonage, Abergwynfi, R.S.O. 

.The Ham, Cowbridge 

Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, Glam. 

University College, Cardiff 

Water Street, Neath 

30, Trafalgar Terrace, Swansea 

11, Courtland Terrace, Merthyr Tydfil 

Wilts and Dorset Bank, Cardiff 

48, Glebeland, Street, Merthyr Tydfil 

Newcastle House, Bridgend 

28, Fisher Street, Swansea 

Swansea 

Cardwell Chambers, Marsh Street, 
Bristol; and Clifton House, 
Southerndown 

Bridgend, Glam. 

Swansea 

Margam Park, Taibach 

Aberpergwm, Glyn Neath, Glam. 

Llandaff Place, Llandaff 

Coedriglan Park, Cardiff 

Coedriglan Park, Cardiff 

Ewenny Priory, Bridgend 

11, Park Place, Cardiff 

Merthyr Tydfil 

Public Museum, Cardiff 

5, Glentworth Road, Redland, Bristol ; 
and Y Graig, Glamorgan 

174, Newport Road, Cardiff 

Plasynllan, Whitechurch, Cardiff 

Springfield, Merthyr Tydfil 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 



15 



PEMBROKESHIRE. (28). 

Cawdor, The Right Hon. the Earl 
of, Lord Lieutenant of Pem- 
brokeshire .... Stackpole Court, Pembroke 

Lloyd, The Right Rev. John, 
D.D., Bishop Suffragan of 



Swansea 
Philipps, Sir C. E. G., Bart. 
Scourfield, Sir Owen H. P. , Bart. 
Allen, Miss Mary 



Jeffrey ston Rectory, Begelly, S. Wales 
Picton Castle, Haverfordwest 
Williamston, Neyland 
c/o C. F. Egerton Allen, Esq., Hill 
Cottage, Tenby 

Keston, Watford, Herts. ; and Norton 
Tenby 

Somerset House, Tenby 

Hamilton House, Pembroke 

St. David's, Pembroke 

Llawhaden Vicarage, Narberth 

4, Palace Yard, Gloucester ; and 
Haroldston, Haverfordwest 

8, King's Road, Mitcham, S.E. ; and 
Fishguard, Pembrokeshire 

Hilbers, Yen. Archdeacon, M. A. St. Thomas Rectory, Haverfordwest 

Brython Place, Tenby 

10, Nithdale Road, Plumstead, S.E. ; 
(Tenby and Co., News Office, Tenby) 

Lloyd-Philipps, F., Esq., M.A. . Pentypark, Clarbeston, R.S.O. 

The Court, Fishguard, R.S.O. 

Withybush, Haverfordwest 
Owen,Henry,Esq.,D.C.L.,F.S.A. 44, Oxford Terrace, Hyde Park, W.; 

and Poyston, Pembroke 

Haverfordwest 

Haverfordwest 

Scotchwell, Haverfordwest 

Cathedral Close, St. David's. 

Rock House, Haverfordwest 

Brynymor, Tenby 

c/o St. Matthew's Vicarage, Oakley 
Square, N. W. ; Fishguard, Pembroke 

Solva, Pembroke 

Normanhurst, Haverfordwest 



Allen, Herbert, Esq. 

Bancroft, J. J., Esq., H.M.I.S. 
Bo wen, Rev. David . 
Cathedral Library 
Chidlow, Rev. C, M.A. 
De Winton, W. S., Esq. . 

Fenton, Ferrar, Esq. 



Laws, Edward, Esq., F.S.A. 
Leach, A. L., Esq. 



Mortimer, Rev. T. G., M.A. 
Owen, G. L., Esq. 



Phillips, Rev. James 
Phillips, J. W., Esq., Solicitor 
Samson, Lewis, Esq., F.S.A 
Thomas, Miss 
Thomas, Mrs. James 
Vaughan, J. W., Esq. 
Wade-Evans, Rev. A. W. . 



Williams, H. W., Esq., F.G.S. 
Wright, A. J., Esq. 



16 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 



RADNORSHIRE. (6). 



Evans, Rev. L. H., M.A. . 
Jones, John, Esq. 

Sladen, Mrs 

Venables- Llewelyn, Charles, Esq. 

Williams, Mrs. 

Williams, T. Marchant, Esq., 

JXL.xl. «... 



Yicarage, Rhayader 

Ash Villa, Rhayader 

Rhydoldog, Rhayader 

Llysdinam, Newbridge-on-Wye 

Penralley, Rhayader 

Police Court, Merfchyr Tydfil, and 
Rhydfelin, Builth 



tit 



MONMOUTHSHIRE. (12). 

Tredegar, The Right Hon. Lord, 

Lord Lieut, of Monmouthshire Tredegar Park, Newport 
Llangattock, The Rt. Hon. Lord The Hendre, Monmouth 



Jackson, Sir H. M., Bart. 
Bowen, A. E., Esq. 
Evans, Miss Charlotte M. 
Evans, Pepyat W., Esq. 
Haines, W., Esq. 
Hanbury, J. Capel, Esq. 
Howell, Rev. Howell . 
Prothero, Rev. E. M. 
Rickards, R ., Esq. 
Williams, Albert A., Esq. 



Llantilio Court, Abergavenny 
The Town Hall, Pontypool 
Nantyderry, Abergavenny 
Llwynarthan, Castleton, Cardiff 
Y Bryn, Abergavenny 
Pontypool Park, Mon. 
The Rectory, Goytre, Abergavenny 
Vicarage, Llangwm, Usk 
The Priory, Usk 
Penyparc, Llangibby, Newport, Mon. 



THE MARCHES. (21). 
Harlech, The Right Hon. Lord . Brogyntyn, Oswestry 



Banks, W. H., Esq., B.A. . 
Bax, Pearce B. Ironside, Esq. . 
Bulkeley-Owen,Rev. T.M.,M.A. 
Corrie, A. Wynne, Esq. 
Davies, James, Esq. . 

Dovaston, John Freeman 
Edward, Esq. 

Drinkwater, Rev. C. H., M.A. . 

Gleadowe, T. 8., Esq., H.M.I.S. 

Grey-Edwards, Rev. A. H. 

Lloyd, Edward, Esq. 



Ridgebourne, Kington, Herefordshire 
6, Stanley Place, Chester 
Tedsmore Hall, West Felton, R.S.O. 
Park Hall, Oswestry 
Gwynva, Broomy Hill, Hereford 

West Felton, Oswestry 

St. George's Vicarage, Shrewsbury 

Alderley, Cheshire 

Lidstone, Abergavenny 

Meillionen, Hoole, Chester 



Longley, Mrs. . . . . Dinham House, Ludlow [timer, Salop 



Newell, Rev. E. J., M.A. 
Nicholson. A. C, Esq. 
Parry- Jones, J., Esq. 
Partington, S. W., Esq. . 
Pilley, Walter, Esq. . 
Sitwell, F. Hurst, Esq. 
Summers, H. H. C, Esq. . 
Taylor, Henry, Esq., F.S.A. 
Woodall, Edward, Esq. 



Neen Solars Vicarage, Cleobury Mor- 

Victoria Parade, Oswestry 

Beechfield, Oswestry 

Garthlyn, Kilmorey Park, Chester 

The Barton, Hereford 

Ferney Hall, Craven Arm?, Shropshire 

Oswestry 

12, Curzon Park, Chester 

Wingthorpe, Oswestry 



CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES. 17 

CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES. 

The Society of Antiquaries, Burlington House, London (c/o W. H # 

St. John Hope, Esq.) 
The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Queen Street Museum, Edin- 
burgh (c/o Joseph Anderson, Esq., LL.D.) 
The Royal Society of Antiquaries, Ireland (c/o R. H. Cochrane, Esq., 

F.S.A., 7, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin) 
The British Archaeological Association, 32, Sackville Street, W. (c/o S. 

Rayson, Esq.) 
The Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 20, Hanover 

Square, W. (c/o The Secretary) 
The Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries, Copenhagen 
The Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro (c/o Major T. Parkyn) 
The Cambridge Antiquarian Society, Cambridge 
The Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society (The Society's 

Library, Eastgate, Gloucester) 
The Chester Archaeological and Historical Society (c/o I. E. Ewen, Esq. 

Grosvenor Museum, Chester) 
The Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society (c/o F. 

Goyne, Esq., Shrewsbury) 
The Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian Society, Kendal 
Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne (R. Blair, Esq., F.S.A.) 
La Soci£te d'Arch£ologie de Bruxelles, Rue Ravenstein 11, Bruxelles 
The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C, U.S.A. 
The Library, Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 
Kongl. Vitterhets Historie och Antiquitets Akademien, Stockholm 

(c/o Dr. Anton Blomberg, Librarian). 
The University of Toulouse (c/o The Librarian, 2, Rue de l'Universite, 

Toulouse) 



All Members residing in South Wales and Monmouthshire are 
requested to forward their subscriptions to the Rev. Charles Chidlow 
M.A., Llawhaden Vicarage, Narberth. All other Members to the Rev 
Canon R. Trevor Owen, F.S.A., Bodelwyddan Vicarage, Rhuddlan 
Flintshire, R.S.O. 

As it is not impossible that omissions or errors may exist in the above 
list, corrections will be thankfully received by the General Secretaries. 

The Annual Subscription is One Guinea, payable in advance on the first 
day of the year. 

Members wishing to retire must give six months 9 notice previous to the 
first day of the following year, at the same time paying all arrears. 

All communications with regard to the Archoeologia Cambrensis should 
be addressed to the Editor, J. Romilly Allen, F.S. A., 28, Great Ormond 
Street, London, W.C. 



18 LAWS. 



LAWS 



OF THB 



Cambrian archaeological association* 



Established 1846, 



In order to Examine, Preserve, and Illustrate the Ancient Monuments and 

Remains of the History, Language, Manners, Customs, 

and Arts of Wales and the Marches. 



CONSTITUTION. 

1. The Association shall consist of Subscribing, Corresponding, and Hono- 

rary Members, of whom the Honorary Members must not be British 
subjects. 

ADMISSION. 

2. New members may be enrolled by the Chairman of the Committee, or by 

either of the General Secretaries ; but their election is not complete 
until it shall have been confirmed by a General Meeting of the Associa- 
tion. 

GOVERNMENT. 

3. The Government of the Association is vested in a Committee consisting 

of a President, Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, a Chairman of Committee, 
the General and Local Secretaries, and not less than twelve, nor more 
than fifteen, ordinary subscribing members, three of whom shall retire 
annually according to seniority. 

ELECTION. 

4. The Vice-Presidents shall be chosen for life, or as long as they remain 

members of the Association. The President and all other oflicers shall 
be chosen for one year, but shall be re-eligible. The oflicers and new 
members of Committee shall be elected at the Annual General Meet- 
ing. The Committee shall recommend candidates ; but it shall be 
open to any subscribing member to propose other candidates, and to 
demand a poll. All oflicers and members of the Committee shall be 
chosen from the subscribing members. 

THE CHAIE. 

5. At all meetings of the Committee the chair shall be taken by the Presi- 

dent, or, in his absence, by the Chairman of the Committee. 

CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE. 

6. The Chairman of the Committee shall superintend the business of the 

Association during the intervals between the Annual Meetings ; and 
he shall have power, with the concurrence of one of the General Secre- 
taries, to authorise proceedings not specially provided for by the laws . 
A report of his proceedings shall be laid before the Committee for their 
approval at the Annual General Meeting. 



1 
I 






LAWS. 1 9 

EDITORIAL SUB-COMMITTEE. 

7. There shall be an Editorial Sub-Committee, consisting of at least three 
members, who shall superintend the publications of the Association, and 
shall report their proceedings annually to tbe Committee. 

SUBSCRIPTION. 

8. All Subscribing Members shall pay one guinea in advance, on the 1st of 
January in each year, to the Treasurer or his banker (or to either of 
the General Secretaries). 

WITHDBAWAL. 

9. Members wishing to withdraw from the Association must give six 
months' notice to one of the General Secretaries, and must pay all 
arrears of subscriptions. 

PUBLICATIONS. 

10. All Subscribing and Honorary Members shall be entitled to receive all 
the publications of the Association issued after their election (except 
any special publication issued under its. auspices), together with a 
ticket giving free admission to the Annual Meeting. 

,SECBETABIES, 

11. The Secretaries shall forward, once a month, all subscriptions received 
by them to the Treasurer. 

TBEASUBEB. 

12. The accounts of the Treasurer shall be made up annually, to December 
31st; and as soon afterwards as may be convenient, they shall be 
audited by two subscribing members of the Association, to be appointed 
at the Annual General Meeting. A balance-sheet of the said accounts, 
certified by the Auditors, shall be printed and issued to the members. 

BILLS. 

13. The funds of the Association shall be deposited in a bank in the name 
of the Treasurer of the Association for the time being ; and all bills 
due from the Association shall be countersigned by one of the General 
Secretaries, or by the Chairman of the Committee, before they are paid 
by the Treasurer. 

COMMITTEE-MEETING. 

I 

14. The Committee shall meet at least once a year for the purpose of nomi- 
nating officers, framing rules for the government of the Association, 
and transacting any other business that may be brought before it. 

^ GENEBAL MEETING. 

15. A General Meeting shall be held annually for the transaction of the 
business of the Association, of which due notice shall be given to the 

(-,,. members by one of the General Secretaries. 

C _ SPECIAL MEETING. 

i W i^ 16. The Chairman of the Committee, with the concurrence of one of the 
')' 9 ^fe ? General Secretaries, shall have power to call a Special Meeting, of 

+i \. \ which at least three weeks' notice shall be given to each member by 

one of the General Secretaries. 

QUOBUM. 

17. At all meetings of the Committee five shall form a quorum.