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JOURNAL 


Cumbrian  lrr|(ealagiral  Issnriatian. 


^aiiw- 


ITWnHIM^l  1  'Ii8t 


VOL.   IIL      SIXTH  SERIES. 


LONDON: 
CHAS.  J.  CLARK,  65,  CHANCERY  LANE,  W.C. 

1903. 

LIBRARY 

UHIVERSITY  OP  CALIPOKMXA 

DAVIS 


LONDON : 
BBDFOBU  PRESS,  W  AND  31,  BBDPORDBURT,  W.C. 


CONTENTS.  . 


PAOK 

Rev.  S.  Baring-Gould  1 
.  F.  Haverfield  .  12 
.     B.Anwyl  .       16 


The  Exploration  of  Clegyr  Voya  . 

Roman  Forts  in  South  Wales 

The  Early  Settlers  of  Brecon 

A  Survey  of  the  Lordship  of  Haverford 

in  1577  .  .     Henry  Owen 

The  Removal   of  the  Cross  of  Iltyd   at 

Llantwit  Major,  Glamorganshire        .     G.  £.  Halliday     . 

Cambrian      Arch»ological      Association, 
Fifty-Sixth  Annual  Meeting 

Montgomeryshire    Screens     and    Rood- 

Lofts  .  Yen.  Archdeacon  Thomas 

The  Hermitage  of  Theodoric,  and  the  Site 

of  Pendar       ....     Thomas  Gray 

The  "  Golden  Grove  Book"  of  Pedigrees  .     Edward  Owen      . 

Cambrian  Archaeological  Association.      Routes  of  the  Excur- 
sions ....... 

Popular  Lectures  at  the  Annual  Meetings 

Pre>Norman  Cross-Base  at  Llangefelach, 
Glamorganshire 

History  of  the  Old  Parish  of  Gresford  in 

the  counties  of  Denbigh  and  Flint     .     A.  N.  Palmer 

Forgotten  Sanctuaries       .  Gwenllian  E.  F.  Morgan 

Note  on  a  Perforated  Stone  Axe- Hammer 

found  in  Pembrokeshire  J.  Romilly  Allen 


39 

56 

65 

85 

121 
154 

.170 
.  180 

J.  Romilly  Allen  .     181 

189 
205 

224 


Llangurig  Church,  Montgomeryshire.  Yen.  Archdeacon  Thomas    239 


IV  CONTENTS. 

PAOB 

Ancient  British  Camps,  etc,  in  Lleyn,  oo. 

Carnarvon      ....     Edward  Owen  251 

Cambrian  Archieologioal  Association*    Statement  of  Accounts, 

1901-1902 291,292 

Incised  Cross-Stone  at  rstafell-facb,  Breck- 
nockshire, and  the  Tradition  of  an 
Ancient  Town  W.  T.  Granyille  Lewis     298 

The  Oldest  Parish  Registers  in  Pembroke- 
shire .....     Rev.  J.  Phillips  .     298 

The  Early  Life  of  St.  Samson  of  Dol         .  Rev.  W.  D.  Bnshell     319 

Gileston  Church,  Glamorgan  Geo.  K  Halliday      339 

St.  Brychan, King,  Confessor.  Rev. S  Baring  Gonld  and  J.  Fisher  345 

Aboh«olooical  NonoEs  and  Queries  ,  82,  177,  272,  371 

Reviews  and  Noticbs  op  Books  ....  263 


^rchaealagia  Caiulrreiijjifi* 


SIXTH  SERIES.— VOL.  Ill,  PART  L 


JANUARY,  1903. 


THE  EXPLORATION  OF  CLEGYR  VOYA. 

BY  THE  REV.   S.  BARING-GOULD. 

CiiEGYR  VoYA  IS  an  elevation  of  igneous  rock  rising 
some  45  ft.  above  the  fields  and  the  Rhoson  Common, 
near  St.  David's. 

It  forms  a  long  parallelogram  running  north-north- 
east by  south-south-west,  and  is  tolerably  accessible  by 
grassy  slopes  on  all  sides  save  where  the  rock  rises 
precipitously.  The  north-north-east  approach  is  by  a 
narrow  grassy  slope  between  two  projecting  rocks,  that 
form  natural  defences  on  each  side,  but  a  very  steep 
slope  is  at  the  start. 

The  south-south-west  slope  is  more  open  and  less 
abrupt,  and  it  is  broken  by  a  terrace  easily  mounted 
from  the  road  leading  from  Forth  Clais.  Above  that 
are  three  horns  of  rock.  Between  the  two  on  the  left, 
as  we  ascend,  it  would  be  diflBcult  to  mount,  but  this  is 
not  the  case  between  the  central  and  the  right  hand 
horn. 

The  portion  of  the  long  side  to  the  south-east 
panillel  with  the  Alun  Valley,  and  rising  above  the 
farm-houses  crouching  below  in  shelter  from  the  gales 
from  the  sea,  is  easy  of  access  except  at  those  points, 
where  the  rocks  start  up  precipitously.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  the  north-west  side. 

6th  8KR.,  VOL.  III.  1 


2  THE  EXPLORATION  OF  CLEGYR  VOYA. 

The  entire  summit  has  been  fortified  by  a  bank  of 
stone  mingled  with  earth,  but  originally  a  wall  of  stones 
bedded  in  earth,  that  connects  the  rocky  prongs.  This 
bank,  or  rather  wall,  was  originally  faced  throi^hout 
with  large  slabs  set  on  end,  like  the  camp  of  Dinas 
Sylwy  or  Bwrdd  Arthur  in  Anglesey,  with  this  excep- 
tion, that  the  latter  is  faced  internally  as  well  as 
externally  with  slabs  set  on  end.  Most  of  these  facers 
have  been  removed  for  building  purposes,  but  on  the 
south-south-east  side  one  remains  in  situ.  On  the 
north-north-west  side  the  face  for  30  ft.  is  intact,  and 
five  other  slabs  remain  in  position.  At  the  north- 
north-east  extremity  are  six  still  in  position,  and  per- 
taining to  an  outwork  beyond,  one  slab  is  still  standing, 
and  two  others  are  fallen. 

The  fort  is  a  rudely  rectangular  parallelogram,  but 
with  an  adjunct  or  outwork  at  the  north-north-east 
extremity,  beyond  that  portion  of  the  bank  which  is 
loftiest.  Of  this  outwork,  the  two  sides  that  make  the 
continuations  of  the  camp  in  its  greatest  length  are 
formed  by  abrupt  rocks.  There  is  no  opening  in  the 
wall  to  afford  communication  between  this  outwork  and 
the  main  body  of  the  camp ;  and  those  defending  it, 
if  driven  from  their  position,  must  have  retreated  by 
passing  among  the  rocks  on  their  left. 

In  The  History  and  Antiquities  of  Saint  DavicTs,  by 
Jones  and  Freeman,  1856,  an  account  is  given  of  the 
south -south- western  end,  which  must  be  quoted,  as  it 
no  longer  applies :  the  walls  having  been  removed  by 
road-menders  and  the  builders  of  the  fences  to  the 
adjoining  fields. 

They  say  : — 

"  The  defences  at  the  west  end  are  of  a  rather  complicated 
nature,  perhaps  to  protect  the  entrance,  which  seems  to  have 
been  placed  near  the  south-western  angle.  These  stand  at 
the  very  brink  of  the  western  slope,  which,  as  has  been  said, 
is  very  open.  Accordingly,  there  are- traces  of  an  outwork  about 
half-way  down  the  hill." 

Unhappily  all  this  has  been  levelled,  and  it  is  with 


THE  EXPLORATION  OF  CLEGYR  VOYA.         3 

difficulty  that  anything  can  be  distinguished,  and  here 
nothing  can  be  planned  with  any  certainty.  The 
interior  of  both  the  main  camp  and  the  annexe  have 
been  hollowed  out  artificially,  probably  with  the  pur- 
pose of  finding  the  stone  to  serve  for  the  walls  and  for 
the  large  facing  slabs. 

The  camp  takes  its  name  from  Boya,  a  Gwyddel 
chief,  who  occupied  it  in  St.  David's  day,  and  who 
caused  him  considerable  annoyance.  When  David 
removed  from  the  "  Old  Bush" — probably  Ty  Gwyn  on 
the  slope  of  Cam  Llidi  to  the  valley  of  the  Alun — he 
lighted  a  fire.  Boyas  camp  commanded  the  ravine, 
and,  seeing  smoke  rising  from  it,  he  went  to  the  spot  to 
enquire  who  had  settled  there  without  his  permission. 

David  pacified  him  without  much  difficulty,  but 
Boya's  wife  was  inveterate  in  her  animosity,  and  she 
had  recourse  to  various  expedients  to  force  him  to 
leave. 

As  these  proved  unsuccessful,  she  made,  as  a  last 
resource,  an  appeal  to  her  gods,  and  tried  to  propitiate 
them  with  a  sacrifice. 

For  this  purpose,  she  invited  her  step-daughter, 
named  Dunawd,  one  warm  day,  to  come  into  the  hazel- 
brake  on  the  slope  of  the  Alun,  to  pick  nuts,  and  that 
she  might  dress  her  curls.  When  the  girl  laid  her 
head  in  the  woman's  lap,  she  shore  off  her  hair.  This 
was  tantamount  to  adoption,  and  then,  with  a  knife 
cut  the  child's  throat,  and  poured  out  her  blood  to  the 
gods.  This  did  not  avail,  and  the  woman,  afraid  of 
Boya's  wrath,  ran  away  and  concealed  herself.  What 
became  of  her  was  never  known.  She  probably  pro- 
posed absenting  herself  till  Boya  had  cooled  down,  but 
circumstances  occurred  that  made  a  return  impossible. 

During  the  night,  Paucant,  son  of  Liski,  another 
Irish  pirate,  entered  the  little  harbour  that  now  bears 
his  fistther's  name,  stole  in  the  dark  up  to  the  crag,  and, 
finding  the  entrance  unguarded,  burst  in  with  his  men 
and  slew  Boya  in  his  bed.  The  lAfe  of  St.  David  says 
that  fire  fell  from  Heaven  and  consumed  the  fortress. 


4  THE  EXPLORATION  OF  OLEGYR  VOYA. 

It  must  be  admitted  that  spade  and  shovel  show  no 
evidence  of  the  place  having  been  destroyed  by  fire. 
If  we  may  trust  the  ''  Life  of  St.  Teilo/'  in  the  Booh  of 
Llandaff,  David  had  so  won  on  Boya  that  he  got  the 
rude  Irish  chief  to  consent  to  be  baptized.  Supposing 
this  to  have  been  the  case,  it  explains  the  anger  of  that 
obstinate  pagan,  his  wife. 

In  the  Latin  and  Welsh  Lives  of  St.  David  it  is  said 
that  a  spring  flowed  where  the  blood  of  Dunawd  had 
fallen,  that  was  endowed  with  miraculous  healing 
powers,  and  was  called  **  Fynnon  Dunawd,"  and  the 
place  "  Merthyr  Dunawd,"  even  to  this  day.  Where 
that  spring  is  I  have  not  ascertained. 

There  is  a  reputed  well  in  the  rock  of  Clegyr  Voya 
that  is  supposed  always  to  have  water  in  it,  but  to  fill 
especially  when  the  tide  flows.  It  is  a  smaU  hollow  in 
the  igneous  rock,  from  which  a  core  or  crystal  has 
fallen,  and  is  about  large  enough  for  the  fist  to  be 
inserted.  This  "Fynnon''  is  still  in  repute,  and  its  water 
is  regarded  as  sovereign,  especially  for  sore  eyes. 

Whilst  I  was  engaged  on  the  exploration  of  Clegyr 
Voya,  I  went  several  times  a  day  to  the  reputed  spring, 
but  never  found  water  in  it,  though  the  rock  and  sedi- 
ment at  the  bottom  remained  wet. 

A  tradition  exists  that,  eighty  years  ago,  a  party  of 
men  resolved  on  treasure  seeking  in  the  camp.  The 
first  day,  they  had  hardly  begun  to  dig  before  a  pouring 
rain  came  on  which  drove  them  away.  They  went 
again,  and  next  day  a  thunderstorm  broke  over  them ; 
but  they  did  not  leave  till  they  had  uncovered  a  kettle. 
They  attempted  the  third  day  to  dig  out  the  kettle, 
but  on  reaching  the  rock  thunder  and  lightning  played 
about  it,  and  the  storm  continued  with  such  violence, 
and  so  long,  that  they  retreated  and  abandoned  the 
attempt.      The  origin  of  the  story  seems  to  be  this: — 

It  is  commonly  held  that  a  subterranean  passage 
connects  Clegyr  Voya  with  St.  David's  Cathedral,  and 
that  considerable  treasure  is  hidden  in  it. 

The  grandfather  of  the  present  Mr.  Davies,  of  the 


THE  EXPLORATION  OF  OLEGYR  VOYA.  5 

farm  under  Clegyr  Voya,  did  actually  begin  to  dig 
into  the  rampart  at  the  south-south-west  end,  between 
the  rocks,  and  sunk  a  pretty  deep  hole  :  it  may  still 
be  seen.  But,  as  he  found  nothing  at  all,  he  wearied 
of  the  attempt,  and  so  abandoned  it. 

There  is  a  second  camp  at  Penllan,  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  distant  on  the  edge  of  the  Alun  valley,  that  local 
tradition  says  was  raised  by  St.  David  as  a  protection 
against  Boya. 

Leland  speaks  of  the  "  two  castles  of  Boya,"  and 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  he  refers  to  these  two. 
Elsewhere,  he  speaks  of  "Caerboias'  Castle,  standing 
by  Alen  Ryveret,  about  a  quarter  of  a  myle  lower  than 
St.  David's  on  the  said  Ryverit"  {Itin.,  vol.  v,  p.  201); 
and  he  here  clearly  means  Penllan. 

But  this  latter  camp  is  distinctively  of  a  diflferent 
and  later  character,  and  is  essentially  a  Danish  or 
Northman  erection,  or  possibly  Saxon  ;  and  if  Boya  had 
a  fortress  here,  it  must  have  been  completely  transformed 
by  the  later  pirates.  Of  this  alteration  there  is  no 
trace.  That  the  author  of  the  Welsh  Life  of  St. 
David  meant  Clegyr  Voya  is  apparent,  for  he  makes 
Boya  stand  on  a  **  high  rock"  in  it,  and  there  is  no 
rock  at  Penllan  :  there  all  is  earth.  It  was  from  the 
high  rock  that  Boya  observed  the  smoke  from  David  s 
fire. 

The  camp  on  Clegyr  Voya  is  320  ft.  long  by  100  ft. 
broad  ;  this  is  the  measurement,  including  the  outwork 
to  the  north-north-east.  The  main  camp  measures 
265  ft.  in  length.  The  outwork,  or  annexe,  is  at  a 
somewhat  lower  level.  A  careful  and  fairly  complete 
examination  of  Clegyr  Voya  was  made  at  the  begin- 
ning of  June.  Much  gratitude  must  be  expressed  to 
Messrs.  W.  Davies,  of  Rhos-y-cribed,  and  to  Mr.  Watts 
Williams,  for  kind  and  readily-accorded  permission  to 
make  the  exploration. 

The  workmen  employed  were  William  Narberth, 
John  Williams,  Peter  Cunningham,  and  Abel  Codd, 
who  all    displayed    great   intelligence    and  eagerness, 


8  THE  EXPLORATION  OP  CLEGYR  VOYA. 

and  one  may  be  confident  that  nothing  escaped  their 
eyes. 

The  first  excavations  done  were  within  the  enclosure 
marked  l-m.  Here  a  low  ruined  wall  can  be  traced, 
describing  a  curve  from  one  mass  of  rock  to  another. 
A  trench  was  cut  from  l  to  m,  but  nothing  was  found 
except  a  little  charcoal  at  M,  and  a  flat  slab  set  on 
stones  built  up  to  support  it,  some  2  ft.  6  ins.  below 
the  surface  to  the  top  of  the  slab.  It  seemed  to  have 
served  as  a  seat,  and  was  placed  parallel  with  the 
line  L-M. 

There  is  a  sunken  space  at  G,  with  rock  faces  on  all 
sides  save  one,  and  that  was  closed  by  a  semicircular 
low  wall.  This  wall  was  traced,  and  the  space  was 
examined.  The  floor  was  of  beaten  clay,  at  a  depth  of 
3  ft.  6  ins.  below  the  turf.  Some  charcoal  was  found, 
and  numerous  water-worn  stones,  some  round,  some 
long  in  shape,  like  celts,  but  natural.  Many  of  these 
showed  signs  of  having  been  used  as  hammers  or  axes, 
and  were  bruised  and  flaked.  Here  also  was  found  a 
broken  stone  lamp,  like  that  discovered  at  Moel  Trigam. 
Numerous  sling-stones  had  fallen  over  this  portion  of 
the  camp,  some  split  by  striking  against  the  rock.  A 
little  charcoal  was  found,  but  no  definite  marks  of 
habitation.  There  were,  however,  a  good  many  bits  of 
burnt  stone  and  burnt  earth. 

Research  was  made  under  the  rock  at  n,  where  a 
hearth  was  discovered  built  up  against  the  rock  face, 
with  much  charcoal  and  ash,  but  nothing  else  except 
pebbles.  This  hearth  was  only  2  ft.  6  ins.  below  the 
surface,  and  rested  on  rock.  There  was  no  bank  to  fall 
in  and  encumber  the  ground  at  this  spot. 

Then  trial  pits  were  sunk  along  the  inside  of  the 
wall  on  the  north-north-west  side,  and  it  was  ascer- 
tained that  the  original  floor  was  4  ft.  6  ins.  below  the 
present  surface.  At  o,  a  large  hearth  was  disclosed, 
strewn  with  potsherds,  and  among  them  lay  a  stone 
celt,  partly  polished,  that  had  two  large  flakes  chipped 
ofi*  it. 


THE  EXPLORATION  OF  OLEGYR  VOYA.  9 

The  pottery  was  very  rude  and  coarse,  and  consisted 
of  the  remains  of  four  vessels,  none  of  them  with 
ornamentation  except  one  that  had  a  line  drawn  round 
it.  All  the  fragments  were  collected,  but  the  pieces 
were  so  small  that  it  was  hopeless  to  expect  to  have 
any  of  the  vessels  restored. 

At  K  was  another  hearth,  and  the  ash  lay  full  a  foot 
thick  upon  it.  Here  also  potsherds  were  found,  and  a 
flint  arrow-head. 

The  outer  portion  of  the  camp,  or  annexe,  was 
explored,  but  without  results.  Throughout  the  camp 
were  found  numerous  sling-stones,  also  pebbles  that 
seem  to  have  been  employed  as  hammers;  they  were 
long  water-worn,  smooth  stones,  most  of  which  showed 
indications  of  having  been  used. 

The  pottery  found  has  been  examined  by  Mr.  C.  H. 
Read,  of  the  British  Museum,  and  he  says : — 

"  It  is  a  perilous  thing  to  date  forty  pieces  of  rough  ware,  and 
I  can  only  do  it  in  this  case  with  all  reserve.  It  seems  to  me 
to  belong  to  the  pre-Roman  times,  and  not  to  be  so  old  as  the 
typical  Bronze  Age.  Thus  it  is  very  late  Bronze  Age,  or  early 
Iron.  .  Of  the  two  I  lean  to  the  latter.  The  little  flint  is  surely 
worked,  and  is  more  like  an  arrow-head  than  anything  else." 

Mr.  R.  Burnard,  to  whom  I  have  also  submitted  the 
pottery,  says  : — 

"  It  is  very  diflTerent  from  hut-circle  pottery.  The  pieces  are 
small,  and  I  advance  an  opinion  with  some  reserve,  but  I  think 
it  is  wheel-made,  and  I  should,  say  it  is  at  the  earliest  Late  Celtic, 
or  it  may  be  much  later.  The  sherds  are  smoothed  on  both 
sides,  and  if  the  pots  were  wheel-turned,  the  hands  were  used 
for  shaping.  This  may  account  for  the  little  lumps  and  depres- 
sions on  them.  What  we  consider  as  rude  pottery  must  have  been 
used  down  to  a  late  period.  The  fact  is,  we  have  a  lot  to  learn, 
and  we  must  dig,  dig,  and  note  all  finds  and  compare." 

I  had  already  arrived  at  the  same  conclusion.  The 
camp  at  Clegyr  Voya  is  certainly  enigmatical.  It 
bears  the  name  of  an  historical  Goidel  chief,  who 
perished  in  it  about  the  year  520,  and  yet  all  the  relics 
round  in  it  belong  to  a  much  earlier  period.     The  only 


10        THE  EXPLOKATIOK  OF  CLEGYB  VOYA. 

solution  I  can  propose  is  that  these  Gwyddel  free- 
booters, who  were  the  scourge  of  the  Welsh,  were  still 
employing  stone  weapons,  no  dotibt  at  the  same  time 
that  they  did  others  of  iron  and  bronze,  and  that  the 
potterjr  they  employed  was  rough  earthenware,  manu- 
factured on  the  spot  from  the  glacial  clay  that  lies  in 
the  wawn  of  Ehosson,  and  that  they  did  not  trouble 
themselves  to  ornament  such  coarse  stuff  as  was  used 
for  cooking.     A  broken  spindle-whorl  was  also  found. 

The  camp  had  obviously  been  attacked  from  the 
Bhosson  side,  as  the  hail  of  sling-stones  had  swept  over 
the  west  wall,  and  fallen  on  the  further  side. 

In  only  one  spot  was  there  any  face  to  the  wall 
found  on  the  inside,  and  it  proved  that  the  wall  had 
been  rudely  built  up  with  undressed  stones;  these 
stones  being  for  the  most  part  small — none  too  large 
for  a  man  to  lift — in  course  of  time  the  wall  had  fallen 
into  complete  ruin.  It  is  diflGlcult,  not  to  say  im- 
possible, to  determine  what  was  the  original  height  of 
the  wall.  But  from  the  original  surface  to  the  summit 
of  the  mound  of  raised  walling,  it  is  still  in  most  places 
from  6  ft.  to  7  ft.  high  on  the  inside. 

Pieces  of  drift  flint  and  flint  flakes  were  not  infre- 
quent, but  none  showed  signs  of  working,  except  a 
possible  thumb-scraper. 

On  the  whole,  Clegyr  Voya  .shows  no  evidence  of 
continued  occupation.  The  finds  were  singularly  few. 
The  camp  had  probably  been  resorted  to  temporarily, 
and  in  the  summer. 

But  that  it  had  been  assaulted  is  certain  from  the 
abundance  of  sling  stones  found  in  it,  scattered  every- 
where, not  collected  in  heaps  as  at  Moel  Trigam. 

There  are  in  it  none  of  those  cairns  of  stones  to  serve 
as  missiles  for  defence,  that  exist  in  so  many  other 
camps  of  a  similar  character. 

It  is  certainly  to  be  regretted  that  the  "finds"  at 
Clegyr  Voya  have  been  so  few,  but  it  was  well  that  a 
camp  so  interesting  historically  should  have  been  in- 
vestigated. 


THE  EXPLORATION  OP  CLEOYR  VOYA.  11 

The  camp  was  carefully  planned  by  Mr.  A.  Morgan, 
of  St.  David's. 

It  was  hoped  that  it  would  have  furnished  a  key  to 
the  diflScult  problem  of  the  period  when  these  stone 
camps  were  raised.  This  it  has  failed  to  do,  and  all 
we  can  say  is,  that  it  has  advanced  us  another  step  in 
the  knowledge  of  those  mysterious  camps  which  are 
found  to  exist  throughout  Wales  and  Devon,  Somerset 
and  Cornwall. 

Finally,  I  may  be  allowed  to  add  one  word  on  a 
camp  called  Tregeare  that,  in  conjunction  with  Mr. 
Robert  Burnard,  I  have  recently  been  engaged  in  dig- 
ging out,  in  Cornwall,  There  again  we  found  plenty 
of  sling-stones.  But  there  we  found  pottery  with 
what  is  generally  supposed  to  be  the  distinctive  Bronze 
Age  ornamentation ;  and  yet,  strange  to  say,  one 
sherd  had  been  riveted  with  iron.  This  shows  that 
the  Bronze  Age  ornamentation  in  zigzags  and  chevrons 
was  continued  much  later  than  has  been  supposed; 
and  we  may  also  surmise  that  stone  weapons  were  also 
in  use  long  after  the  introduction  of  metal.  The 
pottery  found  at  Clegyr  Voya  was  singularly  thick. 

I  must  say  that  I  am  loth  to  give  up  Boya — if  what 
was  found  did  actually  belong  to  his  period,  then  he 
lived  in  a  more  primitive  condition  than  we  should  have 
supposed  possible  in  the  sixth  century. 

The  Cambrian  Archaeological  Association  had  ap- 
pointed five  members  to  assist  in  the  excavation,  but 
untoward  circumstances  prevented  all  five  from  being 
present;  however,  I  was  greatly  assisted  by  Mr.  W.  H. 
Williams,  of  Solva,  who  was  with  me  most  days,  and 
whose  geological  knowledge  came  in  very  serviceable, 
and  whose  opinion  on  many  points  was  of  the  highest 
value. 

All  the  "finds"  were  sent  to  the  Tenby  Museum, 
where  they  may  now  be  seen. 


12 


ROMAN    FORTS    IN    SOUTH    WALES. 

BY  F.  HAVERFIELD,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Hon.  F.S.A.S00T. 

The  Roman  fort  at  the  Gaer,  near  Brecon,  is  often  said 
to  have  borne  in  Roman  times  the  name  Bannium,  and 
that  name  has  been  given  in  the  printed  programme  of 
the  meeting  of  the  Association  as  the  title  of  my  Paper. 
In  reality,  I  am  not  very  much  concerned  about  the 
name.  I  have  my  doubts  whether  the  Gaer  fort  was 
ever  called  Bannium.  I  suspect  that  Bannium  is  not 
a  name  at  all,  but,  as  Horsley  suggested,  a  truncated 
form  of  Gobannium,  the  name  of  a  fort  or  other  Roman 
site  at  Abergavenny.  The  document  in  which  Bannium 
occurs,  the  list  of  the  Ravenna  geographer,  is  by  no 
means  a  trustworthy  authority  on  the  exact  forms  of 
place-names,  which  not  unfrequently  appear  in  it  shorn 
of  their  initial  or  other  letters.  Thus  the  fort  of 
Braboniacum,  in  the  north  of  England,  appears  in  the 
Ravenna  list  as  Ravonia,  without  its  first  letter  and  its 
final  syllable;  and  the  town  of  Isca  Dumnoniorum 
appears  as  Scadoniorum,  equally  without  its  first  letter 
and  one  of  its  internal  syllables.  Even  if  Bannium 
were,  however,  the  correct  name  of  the  Roman  fort 
near  Brecon,  I  should  prefer  to  leave  it  on  one  side  as 
an  insignificant  item.  Our  predecessors  in  the  study  of 
Roman  Britain  have  paid  far  too  much  attention  to  the 
identification  of  names.  The  names  with  which  they 
have  had  to  deal  are,  with  hardly  an  exception,  names 
which  never  recur  except  in  the  topographical  lists  of 
Ptolemy,  or  the  Ravenna  geographer,  or  the  Antonine 
Itinerary.  Nothing  is  known  about  them  ;  nothing  is 
recorded  as  having  ever  happened  at  any  of  them  ; 
there  is  no  reference  to  them  in  literature  properly  so 
called.  Take  any  of  the  place-names  which  can  be 
reasonably  assigned  to  sites  in  the  counties  adjoining 


ROMAN  PORTS  IN  SOUTH  WALES,  13 

Brecon  :  Bravonium,  Magna,  Ariconium,  in  Hereford- 
shire; Burrium,  Blestium,  Bovium,  Nidum,  in  Mon- 
mouth and  South  Wales.  If  I  can  prove,  for  example, 
that  Bravonium  is  Leintwardine,  as  a  scholar  I  am  of 
course  bound  to  note  the  fact,  and  I  may  thereby  gain 
an  item  which,  combined  with  other  items,  will  slightly 
advance  knowledge.  But  I  should  make  more  progress 
if  I  could  dig  up  Leintwardine  and  discover  (apart  from 
all  question  of  names)  what  the  place  was  like  in 
Romano- British  days  :  whether  a  military  post,  or  a 
posting-station,  or  a  village,  whose  inhabitants  reached 
such-and-such  a  degree  of  wealth,  or  practised  such-and- 
such  an  occupation.  It  is  by  learning  these  details, 
far  DQore  than  by  studying  place-names,  that  we  may 
hope  to  recover  some  knowledge  of  the  civilisation  of 
Roman  Britain.  The  thing  is  the  important  matter,  not 
the  name. 

In  respect  to  the  Gaer,  the  ''thing"  is  to  some 
extent  plain.  We  have  before  us  a  small  permanent 
fort,  which  dominates  a  river  valley,  and  forms  the 
meeting-place  of  several  roads.  It  is  not  a  town  or  a 
village.  Very  likely,  there  was  outside  the  fol*t  a  small 
collection  of  huts,  where  a  few  women,  a  few  traders, 
and  perhaps  one  or  two  retired  soldiers,  squatted.  But 
the  spot  was  essentially  military.  Can  we  say  more 
about  it  ?  To  say  much  more  we  need  excavation. 
But  our  knowledge  of  the  Roman  military  system  will 
aid  us  a  little.  We  can  put  the  fort  into  its  proper 
place  in  that  military  system,  and  in  some  degree  form 
an  idea  of  what  it  was  ;  what  sort  of  troops  garrisoned 
it ;  what  purpose  it  served  in  this  far-off  corner  of  the 
Roman  Empire. 

For  our  present  purpose  two  facts  about  the  Roman 
army  must  be  borne  in  mind.  In  the  first  place,  that 
army  had  two  chief  divisions,  the  legions  and  the  so- 
called  auxiliaries.  The  legions  were  brigades  of  heavy 
infantry,  each  some  five  thousand  strong,  recruited  (at 
least  in  theory)  from  those  who  possessed  the  full 
Roman  citizenship  :  they  were  the  better  paid  and  the 


14  ROMAN  FORTS  IN  SOUTH  WALES. 

more  trustworthy  portions  of  the  Roman  army.  The 
auxiliaries  were  organised  in  smaller  regiments,  five 
hundred  or  one  thousand  strong,  of  infantry  (cohortes) 
and  cavalry  {aloe) :  they  were  recruited  from  the 
subjects,  not  from  the  citizens,  of  the  empire,  and 
Corresponded  to  some  extent  to  the  native  troops  in  our 
African  and  Indian  possessions. 

Secondly  the  army,  in  respect  of  both  classes,  was 
essentially  a  garrison  army.  The  legions  were  posted, 
dne  each,  in  large  fortresses  of  some  50  acres  area ; 
the  auxiliaries  were  posted  generally  in  small  forts  of 
3  to  8  acres  each.  Both  were  posted  on  or  near  the 
frontiers  and  the  disturbed  districts,  and  there  only. 
Thus  in  Britain  there  were  troops  in  Wales  and  in  the 
north,  but  very  few  in  the  Midlands,  the  south,  or  the 
east.  Posted  thus,  the  troops  were  the  garrisons  of  the 
hill  country  and  the  exposed  frontiers.  Besides  them 
there  was  no  field  army ;  if  one  was  required,  it  was 
obtained  by  withdrawing  men  from  the  garrisons.  In 
general,  however,  the  auxiliaries  were  posted  in  the 
front,  and  the  legionary  fortresses  lay  more  outside  the 
actual  area  of  danger ;  so  that  to  some  extent  their 
garrisons  were  available,  without  serious  inconvenience, 
for  service  elsewhere.  Thus  troops  from  the  Legio  II 
Augusta,  at  Caerleon,  could  be  used  more  or  less  safely 
to  act  at  need  in  Wales,  and  even  in  northern  Britain. 

The  fort  at  the  Gaer  was  one  of  the  smaller  forts 
mentioned  in  the  last  paragraph.  Probably  its  usual 
garrison  was  auxiliary ;  but  it  is  conceivable  that 
detachments  from  the  legion  at  Caerleon  may  have 
been  employed  on  occasion.  In  any  case,  it  was  a 
garrison  in  the  network  of  forts  and  roads  which  helped 
to  keep  quiet  the  unruly  Silures  and  other  hillmen  of 
South  Wales.  The  fort  at  Gellygaer,  lately  excavated 
by  the  CardiflF  Naturalists'  Society,  is  another  such  ; 
probably  there  were  similar  forts  in  other  sites  which 
yet  await  exploration.  When  they  were  established, 
and  how  long  maintained,  is  uncertain.  The  few  coins 
found  at  GeUygaer  suggest  an  occupation  from  a.d.  70 


ROMAN  FORTS  IN  SOUTH  WALES.  15 

or  80  till  A.D.  110  or  120  ;  and  the  fact  that  the  masonry 
there,  so  far  as  I  could  see,  showed  practically  no  sign 
of  repairs  or  reconstructions,  points  also  to  a  compara- 
tively brief  occupation.  And  indeed  we  may  well 
believe  that  by  a.d.  110  the  hills  of  South  Wales  were 
quiet  enough  to  allow  of  reductions  of  garrison.  The 
conquest  of  the  district,  according  to  our  ancient 
historians,  began  about  A.D.  50,  but  was  actually 
eflFected  between  about  a.d.  75  and  a.d.  80  :  forty  years 
later  the  fort  at  Gellygaer  may  have  become  superfluous. 
Excavation  alone  can  show  whether  that  was  also  the 
case  at  the  Gaer,  and,  if  so,  whether  the  buildings  were 
subsequently  squatted  in  by  others  than  military 
inhabitants.  It  is,  however,  likely  enough  that  some 
of  the  outlying  little  forts  were  held  long  after  the  first 
period  of  conquest  and  pacification.  It  was  found 
possible,  in  the  second  and  third  centuries,  to  detach 
"  vexillations"  of  the  Second  Legion  to  the  Roman 
wall  for  temporary  purposes,  and  this  suggests  that 
South  Wales  had  tnen  become  comparatively  peaceful. 
But,  even  so,  a  fort  like  that  near  Brecon  may  still 
have  been  kept  up.  How  long  it  lasted  is,  however, 
outside  our  knowledge.  The  roads  and  forts  of  the 
south  coast,  from  Cardiff  to  Carmarthen,  seem  to  have 
been,  at  least  partially,  restored  by  Constantius  Chlorus 
or  Constantino,  early  in  the  fourth  century  ;  but  it  is 
hard  to  say  exactly  what  this  restoration  was,  and  it  is 
as  yet  impossible  to  say  how  far  inland  it  extended. 
When  local  research  and  excavation  have  gone  further 
forward  we  shall  be  able  to  write  more  fully,  not  only 
the  history  of  this  single  fort,  but  of  the  system  efforts 
and  roads  to  which  it  belonged.  It  may  still  remain  a 
nameless  fort,  a  blockhouse  A.  But  it  and  its  kindred 
forts  will  illustrate  the  methods  of  an  imperial  people 
faced  by  diflScult  hills  and  stubborn  men. 

[The  insoriptions  found  at  the  Gaer  cannot  be  dated.  Some 
tiles  of  the  Second  Legion  may  belong  to  the  foundation  of  the  fort 
(compare  Tacitus,  Annals,  xii,  38.  8).  I  am  told  that  coins  have 
been  found  at  the  Gaer,  bnt  1  cannot  learn  their  dates.]  ^ 


16 


THE  EARLY  SETTLERS  OF  BRECON. 

BY  PROFESSOR   E.  ANWYL,  M.A. 

In  spite  of  the  striking  modern  developments  of 
Anthropology,  Archaeology,  Comparative  Philology  and 
Comparative  Mythology,  the  reconstruction  of  the  pre- 
historic past  of  Man  must  always  be,  at  best,  of  a  very 
tentative  character,  and  especially  when  the  evidence, 
as  in  the  case  of  Breconsnire,  is  far  from  abundant. 
What  evidence  there  is  appears  to  be  more  suggestive 
than  conclusive,  and  the  interpretation  of  it  is  by  no 
means  free  from  ambiguity.  However,  it  is  not  im- 
possible that,  in  course  of  time,  further  evidence  may 
be  found,  especially  if,  at  some  future  date,  this  and 
the  neighbouring  counties  of  England  and  Wales 
undergo  a  thorough  Archaeological  and  Anthropolo- 
gical Survey.  We  are  fortunate  in  possessing  for 
Herefordshire  an  excellent  Archaeological  Survey,  in 
the  cariying  out  of  which  Mr.  Haverfield  has  taken  a 
prominent  part.  We  have  a  most  valuable  Antiquarian 
Survey  of  East  Gower  by  Colonel  Morgan,  and  a  survey 
of  the  archaeological  remains  of  Pembrokeshire,  with 
maps  indicating  the  position  of  ancient  monuments, 
carried  out  by  several  learned  members  of  this  Associa- 
tion. It  would  be  an  excellent  thing  if  a  similar  survey 
could  be  undertaken  also  for  the  county  of  Brecon. 

As  the  evidence  relating  to  the  early  settlers  of 
Brecon  is  not  abundant,  and  any  clue  that  may  suggest 
a  possible  solution  of  the  problem  is  useful,  attention 
will  be  called  in  this  Paper  to  certain  considerations 
derived  from  the  river-names  of  the  district,  apparently 
the  most  ancient  place-names  that  we  have.  It  is 
generally  admitted  that  river-names  often  survive  great 
changes  in  the  ethnology  of  any  country,  and  Wales  is 
probably  no  exception  to  the  rule. 


THE  EARLY  SETTLERS  OP  BRECON.         17 

For  the  purpose  of  the  present  paper,  it  will  be  con- 
venient to  treat  of  the  early  settlers  of  Brecon  in  the 
order  of  the  great  stages  of  civilisation  through  which 
European  man  has  passed :  the  stage  of  stone  imple- 
ments, the  stage  of  bronze  implements,  and  the  stage 
characterised  by  the  use  of  iron.  In  dealing  with  these 
phases  of  civilisation,  it  should  never  be  forgotten  that 
they  must  have  largely  overlapped  ;  that,  for  example, 
the  use  of  stone  implements  must  have  continued  long 
after  the  introduction  of  bronze,^  and  the  use  of  bronze 
weapons  after  the  introduction  of  iron.^  Moreover, 
at  any  rate  in  the  earlier  periods  of  these  stages,  some 
parts  of  a  country  or  district  would  naturally  be  in 
possession  of  the  higher  phase  of  civilisation,  while 
others  would  still  be  in  the  lower:  The  distribution  of 
early  civilisation,  like  that  of  more  modern  times,  was 
very  largely  determined,  not  by  conquest  and  colonisa- 
tion only,  but  by  economic  considerations  of  barter  and 
exchange,  and  by  the  direction  of  the  ancient  trade- 
routes  along  which  goods  passed  by  a  system  of  inter- 
tribal barter.  Hence,  a  district  which  was  favourably 
situated  from  this  point  of  view,  could  steal  a  rapid 
march  in  civilisation  upon  another  where  the  conditions 
were  less  favourable.  Much  of  the  best  archaeological 
work  to-day — as,  for  instance,  that  of  Mr.  A.  J.  Evans — 
consists  in  a  thorough  and  painstaking  investigation 
into  the  ancient  trade-routes  of  the  world. 

Of  Palaeolithic  Man  in  Breconshire,  so  far  as  the 
writer  is  aware,  there  are  no  traces  on  record.  It 
would,  however,  be  obviously  rash  to  infer  that,  even  if 
no  Palaeolithic  flint  implements  have  been  found  in 
Breconshire,  the  men  of  that  period  in  their  hunting 
expeditions  never  set  foot  in  the  county.  Roughly- 
hewn  flint  implements,  the  most  common  remains  of 
Palaeolithic    Man,    are    naturally    most    abundant    in 

^  At  Clegyr  Foia,  the  Rev.  S.  Baring- Oonld  has  fonnd  indications 
of  the  use  of  stone  arrows,  even  in  the  *'  Iron  Age." 

^  Mr.  J.  Romilly  Allen  has  called  my  attention  to  bronze  objects 
ornamented  in  imitation  of  patterns  found  on  implements  of  iron. 

6th  8RR.,  VOL.  m.  2 


18         THE  EARLY  SETTLERS  OF  BRECON. 

districts  like  the  South  of  England,  where  flints  abound. 
Where  skulls  belonging  to  this  period  are  found,  they 
are  marked  by  an  extreme  dolichocephalism.  As  to  the 
affinities  of  the  Palaeolithic  men  of  Britain,  several  anthro- 
pologists have  suggested  that  they  were  closely  related 
to  the  Eskimo,  and  that,  as  the  ice  of  the  Glacial 
Period  or  periods  melted,  they  followed  the  receding 
fringe  of  it  to  the  North,  in  quest  of  the  Arctic  animals 
that  accompanied  it.  If  such  was  the  case,  could  not 
others,  to  whom  an  Arctic  climate  was  not  a  vital 
necessity,  have  remained  in  Britain,  and  thus  established 
a  link  of  connection  between  Palaeolithic  and  Neolithic 
Man  ?  The  investigation  of  the  Hoxne  Palaeolithic 
remains  by  Sir  John  Evans  and  others,  seems  to  lead 
to  the  conclusion  thatthey  are  Post-Glacial  in  character, 
and  so  far  tends  to  support  the  theory  of  continuity. 

The  next  great  phase  of  civilisation  is  the  "Neolithic," 
or  that  of  the  polished  Stone  Age.  Between  this  and 
the  former  there  must  have  been,  in  some  parts  of  the 
world,  a  transition  period,  and  this  has  been  called  by 
Mr.  J.  Allen  Brown ,^  the  "  Mesolithic,"  characterised 
by  flints  of  a  better  form  than  those  of  the  Palaeolithic 
period.  Much,  however,  remains  to  be  done  in  tracing 
the  continuity  of  the  Stone  Age,  on  the  Continent  as 
well  as  in  Britain.  The  chief  facts,  as  at  present  known 
regarding  early  man  in  Britain,  afford  primd  facie 
evidence  of  a  contrast  in  point  of  culture  between  the 
Palaeolithic  and  the  Neolithic  periods,^  and  this  has  not 
unnaturally  been  interpreted  as  indicating  a  difference 
of  race. 

Breconshire,  so  far  as  the  writer  can  discover,  has 
yielded  no  skull  which  can  be  assigned  to  the  Neolithic 
Period,  vast  as  that  must  have  been  in  Britain.  The 
skulls  of  this  epoch,  mostly  found  in  the  Long  Barrows, 
are,  like  those  of  Palaeolithic  Man,  remarkably  oval  and 
dolichocephalic,  the  dolichocephalism,  however,  being 
more  extreme   in  the  case  of  the   older  type.     Both 

^  Journal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute  for  1893,  p.  92. 
2  Keane,  Ethnology^  pp.  110,  111. 


THE  EARLY  SETTLERS  OP  BRECON.  19 

types  have  a  lower  average  cephalic  index  than  any 
men  in  modern  Europe,  except  the  Corsicans,  and  the 
stature  of  both  types  was  below  that  of  any  variety 
now  living  in  Britain.^  This  resemblance  of  type 
between  Palaeolithic  and  Neolithic  Man,  in  spite  of 
the  contrasts  in  culture,  warns  us  not  to  assume  too 
hastily  a  complete  difference  of  race.  The  spread  of 
culture,  even  in  prehistoric  times,  was  by  no  means 
necessarily  coincident  with  the  racial  extension.  It  is 
a  remarkable  fact  that  the  long-headed  or  dolicho- 
cephalic type  of  head  is  characteristic  of  Northern, 
Western,  and  Southern  Europe,  as  well  as  North 
Africa  ;  but  with  this  important  difference,  that  in  the 
North  it  is  combined  with  blonde  characteristics,  whereas 
in  the  other  areas  the  complexion  is,  in  varying  degrees, 
brunette.  The  prevalent  type  of  head  found  in  Central 
Europe  and  its  outlying  districts,  is,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  brachycephalic  or  broad-headed,  and  this 
type  has  now  spread  into  many  parts  of  France,  and 
even  as  far  west  as  Brittany.*  There  are  sufficient 
indications  that  Neolithic  Man  of  the  polished  Stone 
Age  inhabited  Breconshire,  and  he,  too,  doubtless  con- 
formed to  the  general  dolichocephalic  type  of  Britain. 
In  British  Neolithic  graves  this  type  of  skull  is 
generally  combined  with  short  stature.  Within  the 
large  dolichocephalic  area  above  mentioned,  where  a 
dark  complexion  prevails,  modern  research  seems  to 
establish  the  existence  of  well-marked  sub-groups.  For 
instance,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Pdrigueux,  in  France, 
the  ancient  Cro-Magnon  type  of  skull,  with  its  marked 
dolichocephalism,  but  with  an  unusually  broad  face, 
survives  conspicuously  in  the  present  population  ;  and, 
as  Ripley  points  out,  this  type  was  at  one  time  much 
more  widely  distributed  over  Europe  than  it  is  now. 
Again,  in  the  case  of  the  Berbers  of  North  Africa,  the 

»  Riplej,  The  Races  of  Europe,  p.  306. 

*  Riplej,  The  Races  of  Europe;  Deniker,  T/ie  Races  of  Man  ; 
Sergi,  The  Mediterranean  Race ;  Keane,  Ethnology,  and  Man,  Past 
and  Present,  contain  valuable  discussions  on  tliese  points. 

2'' 


20  THE  EARLY  SBTTLEBS  OF  BRECON. 

(lark  dolichocephalic  type  in  question  is  tall,  whereas 
in  Southern  Europe  and  in  the  greater  part  of  Britain 
it  is  short.  Doubtless  further  researches  and  dis- 
coveries will  bring  to  light  other  varieties,  especially 
when  the  exact  shape  of  the  skull,  as  well  as  its 
dolichocephalism  or  brachycephalism,  is  minutely  con- 
sidered on  lines  such  as  the  distinguished  Italian 
anthropologist,  Sergi,  has  already  laid  down.^  That 
great  care  is  needea  in  these  researches  is  clear  from 
the  fact  that,  within  the  limits  of  Great  Britain  itself, 
there  are  striking  differences  in  stature  in  different 
districts,  even  among  the  men  of  dark  complexion,  com- 
bined with  oval  skull.  For  example  :  while  the  dark 
type  in  South  Wales  is  usually  short  of  stature,  in 
Argyleshire  and  Inverness  it  is  talL^  Consequently, 
Ripley  goes  so  far  as  to  say  that  "  to  class  these 
Scotchmen  in  the  same  Iberian  or  Neolithic  substratum 
with  the  Welsh  and  Irish  is  manifestly  impossible." 
It  is  on  points  such  as  these  that  much  light  may  be 
expected  from  the  investigations  of  the  Ethnological 
Survey  Committee  of  the  British  Association.  Gradu- 
ally, we  may  hope  to  see  the  various  types  of  the  dark 
dolichocephalic  peoples  of  the  South  and  West  of 
Europe,  and  of  North  Africa,  carefully  distinguished. 
Until  this  is  done,  it  is  unsafe  to  indulge  in  a  hypo- 
thetical account  of  the  progress  of  this  prehistoric  type 
from  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean  to  the  British 
Isles.  As  there  are,  undoubtedly,  many  points  of 
resemblance  between  the  native  races  of  North  Africa 
and  the  men  of  the  Northern  Coast  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean (not  to  speak  of  other  European  types),  some 
anthropologists — as,  for  instance,  Eeane — ^have  held 
that  the  leading  European  varieties  (or,  at  any  rate, 
the  dark  long-headed  type),  crossed  from  Africa  into 
Europe  at  the  remote  period  when  both  these  Continents 
were  joined  by  land  bridges ;  but,  since  then,  tens  of 
thousands  of  years  have  elapsed,  and  he  would  be  a 

^  Sergi,  The  Mediterranean  Race,  e,g.,  p.  121. 
2  Riplej,  Races  of  Eurojye,  pp.  328,  329. 


THE  EARLY  SKTTLKRS  OP  BRECON.         21 

bold  man  who  would  venture  to  speculate  what  the 
exact  physical  types,  or  the  languages,  or  the  customs, 
of  these  ancient  travellers  were. 

As  the  ethnology  of  a  county  like  Breconshire  is  an 
epitome  of  the  ethnology  of  the  British  Isles,  it  might 
be  well  to  pause  a  moment  to  consider  (supposing  it 
could  be  satisfactorily  proved  that  the  men  of  the 
polished  Stone  Age  in  Breconshire  were  racially  related 
to  the  men  of  the  Mediterranean  seaboard^,  through 
what  process  they  would  arrive,  first  in  Britain,  then 
in  Breconshire.  Sometimes  we  arie  apt  to  picture  the 
races  of  early  man  as  travelling  in  caravan-like  pil- 
grimages across  Continents.  The  actual  method  of 
their  extension  must  have  been  very  different.  It 
would  be  the  overflow  of  the  race  that  would  spread 
further  and  further  away  from  each  district,  and,  in 
occupying  a  new  territory,  it  would  doubtless  combine 
very  largely  with  the  previous  inhabitants.  It  is  in 
the  highest  degree  unlikely  that,  in  the  Dordogne 
district  of  France,  for  instance,  no  descendants  of 
Palaeolithic  Man  survived,  so  that  these  would  affect 
any  race  that  passed  into  and  through  their  district. 
Hence,  the  overflow  that  would  ultimately  pass  over 
into  Britain  would  be  a  very  different  combination, 
racially,  from  that  which  first  arrived  in  Europe  from 
North  Africa;  and  even  the  British  type,  if  Palaeolithic 
Man  in  South  Britain  survived,  would  probably  have 
undergone  some  modification  before  it  arrived  in  Brecon- 
shire. 

In  view  of  the  complexity  of  the  ethnological  prob- 
lem when  carefully  considered,  it  would  be  rash  to 
speculate  as  to  the  affinities  of  the  language  of  these 
early  settlers  of  Brecon.  The  speech  which  we  call 
Celtic  (including  the  two  main  branches  of  Goidelic 
and  Brythonic),  belongs  to  the  Aryan  or  Indo-European 
family,  and  was  introduced  by  later  invaders  from  the 
Continent.  Both  Irish  and  Welsh,  however,  exhibit 
certain  features  which  distinguish  them  somewhat 
conspicuously  from  such  a  language,  for  instance,  as 


22         THE  EARLY  SETTLERS  OF  BRECON. 

Sanskrit,  perhaps  the  most  characteristic  representa- 
tive of  tne  Indo-European  family.^  One  of  these 
features  is  the  loss  of  the  original  Indo-European  '  p' ; 
existing  *  p'  in  Welsh  being  the  phonetic  derivative  of 
an  original  *  qu/  As  this  peculiarity  of  Celtic  is  found 
in  both  Welsh  and  Irish,  and,  moreover,  existed  in 
some  of  the  dialects  of  Gaul,  we  may  naturally  infer 
that  the  Celts,  who  afterwards  colonised  Britain  and 
Ireland,  had  such  a  peculiarity  before  any  of  them  left 
the  continent  of  Europe,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of 
other  peculiarities  which  Welsh  and  Irish  have  in  com- 
njon.  Such  a  curious  linguistic  change  as  the  loss  of 
Indo-European  *  p'  in  Celtic  cannot  but  create  a  strong 
suspicion  that  the  race  which  first  introduced  this 
tongue  into  Britain  had  learnt  to  speak  it,  more  or  less 
imperfectly,  from  some  race  that  spoke  an  Indo- 
European  tongue  with  which  the  Celte  had  come  in 
contact.  All  linguistic  evidence  points  to  the  fact  that 
the  form  of  Indo-European  which  the  Celts  acquired 
had  a  close  affinity  with  the  Italic  group  of  languages. 
After  the  Indo-European  language  in  question  had 
been  modified  by  the  linguistic  habits  of  the  Celts  on 
the  Continent,  it  is  not  improbable  that  the  resultant 
language  was  still  further  modified  in  Britain  itself, 
through  the  influence  of  the  language  or  languages  of 
the  Neolithic  pre-Celtic  tribes,  whom  the  incoming 
Celts  conquered ;  and  this  process  would  probably  be 
carried  a  stage  further  still  in  Ireland.  As  to  the 
characteristics  of  the  pre-Celtic  speech  of  Gaul,  as  well 
as  that  of  Britain,  as  reflected  in  the  peculiar  features 
of  Celtic  generally,  it  is  not  easy  to  speculate,  until 
the  languages  of  the  Celtic  and  the  Italic  groups  have 
been  most  minutely  compared.  Further,  it  should  be 
borne  in  mind  that  the  diflerences  between  the  lan- 
guages of  the  Italic  group  and  Greek  (not  to  speak  of 
Sanskrit),  are  such  that  even  the  former  may  not  be 
unmodified  by  the  linguistic  habits  of  non-Aryan 
tongues.     Greek,   again,  as  compared   with  8anskrit, 

^  Especially  in  its  iiidexional  sydtem  aud  its  power  of  forming 
compoands. 


THE  EARLY  SETTLERS  OF  BRECON.         23 

raises  problems  of  a  similar  kind.  It  is  unfortunate, 
for  us,  that  Etruscan,  apparently  a  non- Aryan  tongue, 
presents  no  sure  aflSnities  with  Basque,  the  only  sur- 
viving non-Aryan  tongue  of  Southern  Europe.  If  these 
two  languages  are  related,  the  task  of  discovering  the 
pre-Aryan  tongue  of  Western  Europe  will  be  much 
easier.  It  may  well  be  that,  in  the  vocabulary  of  Irish 
and  Welsh,  many  words  belonging  to  the  pre-Celtic 
language  or  languages  of  the  Continent  and  of  Britain 
still  survive,  but  it  is  not  easy  to  say  with  certainty 
which  they  are.  Probably,  too,  some  of  these  ancient 
woi-ds  still  remain  in  several  of  the  mountain  and  river 
names  of  Britain  and  of  the  Continent. 

If  we  are  thus  at  a  loss  to  discover  the  ancient 
tongue  of  Breconshire  in  Neolithic  times,  it  is  not  so 
difficult  to  form  some  estimate  of  the  civilisation  of 
that  long  period.  Remains  of  it,  substantially  the 
same  in  character,  occur  widely  distributed  in  Britain, 
over  the  West  of  France  (especially  in  Brittany),  in 
the  Iberian  peninsula,  in  Mauretania,  in  Tunis,  and  in 
Syria,  and,  sporadically,  in  the  Mediterranean  region 
generally.  The  larger  remains  consist  mainly  of  blocks 
of  stone,  sometimes  single,  sometimes  grouped,  as  in 
cromlechs,  stone  circles,  and  alignments.  A  continuous 
series  of  such  stone  monuments  has  been  traced  in  the 
West  of  Europe  from  Spain  to  Brittany;  and,  over  sea, 
this  series  seems  to  connect  on  the  one  hand  with  a 
similar  series  in  North  Africa,  on  the  other  with  the 
stone  monuments  of  Britain.  The  age  of  these  various 
stone  monuments  is  a  question  of  great  obscurity,  and 
a  Committee  of  the  British  Association  has  been  formed 
to  inquire  into  the  subject.  As  there  are  in  Brecon- 
shire several  stone  monuments  of  the  kind,  probably 
going  back  to  Neolithic  times,  it  may  not  be  unin- 
teresting to  mention  a  theory  with  regard  to  similar 
structures  elsewhere,  put  forward  by  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  of  modern  archaeologists,  Mr.  A.  J.  Evans, 
in  his  book  on  The.  Mycencean  Tree  and  Pillar  Cult. 
He  suggests  that  the  pillar  of  the  Mycenaean  worship 
had   as  its  prototype  a    monolith,    in   other  words  a 


24  THE  EARLY  SETTLEBS  OF  BRECON. 

"  maen  hir",  like  those  found  in  Wales.  With  the 
pillar  was  associated  a  tree,  which  Mr.  Evans  thinks 
was,  like  the  pillar,  regarded  as  the  abode  of  a  spirit. 
The  collocation  of  tree  and  stone,  he  remarks,  is  still 
frequent  in  India.  Similarly  he  traces  certain  group- 
ings of  stones  to  polylithic  prototypes,  not  unlike  the 
cromlechs  of  Wales.  In  reading  this  suggestive  work, 
an  idea  occurred  to  the  writer,  that  possibly  the 
ancient  Neolithic  religion  of  Britain  had  also  two  sym- 
bols in  conjunction,— the  "maen  hir"  or  the  **  crom- 
lech," and  the  sacred  tree,  the  latter  being  probably 
the  oak,  known  in  other  ways  to  have  been  regarded 
with  veneration  in  the  ancient  religion  of  the  Celts. 
It  may  also  be  mentioned  here  that  Mr.  A.  J.  Evans 
calls  attention  to  the  noticeable  connection  of  birds 
with  some  of  the  early  religions  of  the  Mediterranean 
area.  As  an  explanation,  he  suggests  that  a  spiritual 
being  was  supposed  to  descend  on  the  sacred  tree  in 
the  form  of  a  bird.  Might  it  be  that  the  proverbial 
**  Adar  Rhiannon  "  are  a  dim  and  distant  echo  of  some 
such  idea  in  the  early  religion  of  our  forefathers  ? 

In  modern  archaeology,  the  extension  of  a  form  of 
culture  is  treated  independently  of  the  spread  of  a  race 
or  of  a  language.  Sometimes,  two  or  more  of  these 
movements  coincide,  but  at  other  times  they  do  not 
In  the  case  of  Neolithic  Man  in  Britain,  who  lived  a 
pastoral  and  agricultural  life,  as  contrasted  with  that  of 
the  hunter  who  preceded  him,  the  domestic  ox,  the 
sheep,  and  the  pig,  seem  to  have  been  introduced  from 
the  Continent.  In  his  recent  work  on  the  physical 
features  of  Britain,  Mr.  Mackinder  remarks  that  some 
of  the  wild  animals  of  Britain  owed  their  origin  to 
domestic  varieties  that  had  wandered  from  control ; 
for  example,  the  wild  boar,  the  St.  Kilda  sheep,  and 
the  wild  cattle  of  Chillingham.  In  a  recent  number  of 
the  ArchcBologia  Camhrensis,  Professor  Boyd  Dawkins 
has  pointed  out  the  continuity  of  Welsh  farming  from 
Neolithic  times :  the  older  race  apparently  largely 
a*ssimihiting  those  of  the  later  Celtic  invaders. 


THE  EARLY  SETTLERS  OP  BRECON.  25 

Before  leaving  pre-Celtic  man  in  Breconshire  and 
discussing  the  traces  of  those  invaders  who  introduced 
forms  of  Celtic  speech  into  the  district,  we  may  inquire 
further  as  to  the  distribution  of  those  ancient  stone 
monuments  in  the  county,  which  have  a  primd  facie 
claim  to  be  regarded  as  going  back  to  the  Neolithic 
period ;  though,  in  the  absence  of  a  complete  and 
searching  archaBological  survey,  there  remains  consider- 
able uncertainty  with  regard  to  several  of  them, 
especially  those  called  in  the  Ordnance  Survey  *'  Stand- 
ing stones."  The  same  difficulty  arises  also  in  the  case 
of  the  various  "  carnau  ;  "  until  they  have  been  carefully 
examined,  as  was  done  with  the  "  earn  "  at  Ystradfellte, 
it  is  not  possible  to  estimate  their  antiquity.  Colonel 
Morgan  has  kindly  informed  me  that  there  are  several 
ancient  remains  in  the  county  which  are  not  marked 
on  the  Ordnance  Survey  Maps,  and  it  is  hoped  that  in 
any  future  archfleological  survey  the  sites  of  these  will 
be  carefully  indicated. 

Doubtless,  in  remote  times,  the  Neolithic  inhabitants 
occupied  most  of  the  habitable  land  outside  the  impene- 
trable forests  and  marshes  ;  and,  as  much  of  the  lower 
ground  in  earlier  times  was  so  rendered  uninhabitable, 
until  men  with  metallic  implements  could  clear  it,  we 
may  reasonably  expect  to  find  traces  of  the  earlier 
inhabitants,  who  were  mainly  herdsmen,  on  higher 
ground  than  the  bulk  of  the  present  population.  In 
very  remote  times,  too,  the  courses  of  the  streams  must 
have  been  somewhat  higher  than  they  are  at  present, 
especially  where  the  streams  are  rapid  and  the  soil 
or  rock  easily  worn  by  water.  Nor  would  it  be 
strange  if  the  Neolithic  men  buried  their  illustrious 
dead  on  conspicuous  spots,  at  a  level  considerably  higher 
than  those  of  their  own  dwellings.  This  tendency 
would  continue  into  later  times,  so  that  this  is  probably 
the  reason  why  so  many  ** carnau"  are  found  on 
mountains. 

Among  the  districts  of  Breconshire  where  there  are 
probable   Neolithic  remains,  it  seems  possible  to  dis- 


26  the:  £arly  settlbes  of  Brecon. 

tinguish  three  main  zones ;  (a)  that  of  the  Wye  Valley 
to  the  north  and  south  of  Builth  ;  (h)  that  of  the  Usk 
valley  and  its  adjacent  parts ;  (c)  that  of  the  Beacon 
range. 

The  district  of  Buallt  (Builth),  also  known  as  Buellt, 
and  in  the  Liber  Landavensis  as  Buell,  was  in  ancient 
times  a  principality  by  itself.  In  the  ninth  century 
A.D.,  the  districts  of  Gwrthrynion  and  Buellt  formed  a 
separate  kingdom,  the  rulers  of  which  traced  their 
descent  to  Pasgen,  son  of  Urien.^  "  Gwrthrynion,"  says 
Mr.  Phillimore,  **  with  Maelienydd  and  Elfael  was  once 
regarded  as  part  of  Powys,  the  traditional  boundary 
being  Rhyd  Helyg  ar  Wy,  between  Glasbury  and  Hay." 
In  both  Radnorshire  and  Herefordshire  finds  of  stone 
implements  are  few,  but  a  flint  arrowhead  has  been 
found  at  Rhayader,  and  a  polished  stone  hammer  at 
Abbey  Cwm  Hir.  Unfortunately,  we  have  no  means 
of  knowing  whether  these  go  back  to  a  period  before 
the  introduction  of  bronze.  The  Neolithic  traces  on 
the  Breconshire  side  of  the  Wye  may  perhaps  be 
represented  by  the  two  "  carnau  "  on  the  mountain  now 
called  "Cam  Gafallt"  (the  *'Carn  Cabal"  of  Nennius), 
and  also  by  the  "  carnau,"  and  the  monument  called 
"  Saith  maen,"  on  "  Y  Gamrhiw  "  and  "  Y  Drum  ddu." 
Within  this  zone  the  apparently  pre-Celtic  names 
which  call  for  notice  are  Chwefri,  the  name  of  a  brook, 
Cymrun  in  Nant  Cymrun,  and  Ganolwyn  in  Blaen 
Ganolwyn  (with  which  compare  Aber  Gynolwyn  in 
Merionethshire).  Further  south,  and  probably  to  be 
included  within  the  same  zone,  there  seem  to  be 
similar  traces  in  a  number  of  scattered  cairns,  extending 
almost  in  a  straight  line  from  west  to  east,  from  Nant 
Ystalwyn  to  Pant  maen  Uwyd,  and  southwards  to 
Penyceulan.  Near  Llanafan  Fawr  there  are  two 
"standing  stones,"  and  one  near  the  church  of 
Llanfihangel  Bryn  Pabuan,  while  there  is  also  a  stone 
called   Maen  Cam    north-west    of  Cefn   Bran.      The 

^  See  note  bj  Mr.  Egerton  Phillimore  in  Otoen'i  Pembrokeshire, 
p.  224. 


THE  KARLY  SETTLERS  OP  BRECON.         27 

most  natural  continuation  of  this  zone  seems  to  be  in 
the  direction  of  Llanwrtyd,  while  there  is  possibly  a 
minor  zone  connected  with  it  on  the  Eppynt  range, 
about  the  upper  waters  of  the  Yscir  Fechan. 

The  next  zone  of  importance  is  that  of  the  Usk 
Valley.  Here  some  of  the  megalithic  monuments  which 
have  a  primd  facie  claim  to  indicate  the  pre- Celtic 
character  of  the  district  are  situated  on  comparatively 
low  ground ;  and  this  raises  one  or  two  difficulties. 
Firstly  :  Was  there  any  desire  shown,  when  a  "  maen 
hir"  or  a  "cromlech"  was  erected,  for  a  clear  and  con- 
spicuous spot  ?  If  so,  then  secondly  :  When  and  how 
was  the  clearing  effected  ?  And  thirdly  :  Were  any 
*•  meini  hirion"  and  **  cromlechau '  set  up  after  the 
introduction  of  metals  in  imitation  of  those  of  the 
Stone  Period  ?  These  are  questions  which  await 
further  investigation.  Returning  now  to  the  Usk 
Valley  zone,  ana  advancing  along  the  Valley  from  the 
Monmouthshire  boundary,  we  find  in  succession  the 
following  megalithic  monuments  :  (1)  the  Maen  Hir  of 
Cwrt  y  Gollen ;  (2)  the  Glan  Usk  cromlech  ;  (3)  a 
Maen  Hir,  near  Llangynidr  Bridge  ;  (4)  a  Maen  Hir, 
near  Tretower ;  (5)  a  Maen  Hir,  near  Gileston ;  (6) 
the  Ty  Illtyd  cromlech  ;  (7)  a  Maen  Hir,  near  the 
latter;  (8)  a  Maen  Hir,  near  Cradoc  station  ;  (9)  a 
Maen  Hir,  a  little  south  of  Battle ;  (10)  after  a  con- 
siderable interval,  a  "  Stone  Circle*'  on  Mynydd  Tre- 
castell.  Assuming  that  some  of  these,  at  any  rate, 
belong  to  pre-Celtic  times,  they  suggest  the  existence 
of  a  flourishing  community  contemporaneous  with  them 
in  the  fertile  Usk  Valley.  Moreover,  there  are  several 
river-names  in  the  district,  which  elude  derivation  on 
sound  phonological  principles  from  any  known  Indo- 
European  roots.  This  is  not  an  isolated  phenomenon 
confined  to  this  county,  as  there  are  many  such  river- 
names  in  Wales  ;  and  the  same,  or  a  remarkably  aim  liar 
name,  is  sometimes  found  in  places  a  considerable 
distance  apart.  It  is  noticeable,  too,  that  many  of 
these    presumably   pre-Celtic    names     fall   into   types 


28  THE  £ABLY  8KTTLKRS  OF  BRECON. 

according  to  the  suffix  with  which  they  end.  Many, 
for  example,  end  in  *-wy/  which,  by  the  way,  nowhere 
occurs  in  Welsh  as  a  separate  word,  meaning  "  water," 
as  some  have  supposed.  This  suffix  in  Old  Welsh,  as 
also  in  Cornish  and  Breton,  appeared  in  some  Brythonic 
dialects  as  -ou  (ow) ;  for  example,  we  have  Conovium 
by  the  side  of  Contvy,  the  name  Monnoi*?  by  the  side  of 
Mynw;y,  just  as  we  have  the  Cornish  form  '  csxadow,' 
equivalent  to  the  Welsh  'caradit^.'  Then,  again,  many 
of  these  river-names  end  in  -i,  a  suffix  quite  distinct  from 
-wy,  but  like  -wy  widely  distributed  over  Wales. 
Another  suffix  of  the  kind  is  -ach  (though  in  some  cases 
this  might  be  Goidelic),  and  we  have  also  such  suffixes 
as  -e(  =  eu  =  ou),  -on,  -an.  It  is  the  existence  of  these 
various  suffix-forms  that  confirms  the  suspicion  that 
these  words,  if  we  only  had  the  key  to  them,  are  not 
meaningless.  In  the  Usk  Valley  zone  there  are  some 
names  belonging  to  the  classes  in  question,  as  well  as 
others,  whicn  baffle  sound  derivation  from  Indo- 
European  roots.  For  example,  there  is  the  name  of 
the  Usk  itself,  which  in  modern  Welsh  bears  the  form 
Wysg.  In  the  Liber  Landavensis  the  Welsh  forms  of 
the  name  are  Uisc,  Huisc,  Use,  and  Husc.  It  is  difficult 
to  decide  whether  the  *  h'  was  pronounced  or  not,  as  it 
was  not  unusual,  in  the  spelling  of  Old  Welsh,  to 
write  'h' — as  the  Latin  writers  of  the  period  some- 
times did — where  no  *  h'  was  pronounced.  On  the 
other  hand,  initial  *h'  has  sometimes  been  lost  in 
Welsh,  as  in  elw,  gain,  for  an  older  helw  ( =  O.  Ir. 
selb).  It  may  be  that  the  name  Wysg  is  equivalent  to 
the  Irish  uisge,  water,  and  that  it  indicates  the  ancient 
Goidelic  character  of  the  district.  It  should  be  noted, 
however,  that  the  classical  forms  of  the  name  are  ^la-xa 
in  Greek  and  Isca  in  Latin,  identical  with  the  name  of 
the  Exe,  known  as  **  Isca  Dumnoniorum.'*  In  the  form 
Isca  the  name  also  occurred  (according  to  Holder,  in  his 
Altceltische  Sjyrachschatz,  s.v.)  on  the  Continent  as  that 
of  a  stream  above  Lowen,  and  as  the  ancient  name  of 
the  Isch  in  Saargau.     Hence  it  is  not  impossible,  after 


THE  EABLY  SETTLERS  OF  BRECON.  29 

all,  that  the  name  Usk  is  a  very  ancient  pre-Celtic 
river-name.  The  following,  too,  appear  to  be  pre- 
Celtic :  the  Bidan  (of  the  -an  suffix  type),  the  Onneu 
(of  the  -eu  suffix  class),  the  Gwdi,  the  Honddu  (in  the 
Liber  Landavensis,  Hodni),  the  Senni,  the  Cilieni  (all 
of  the  -i  suffix  class),  the  Yscir,  and  the  Sgio.  With 
this  zone  is  probably  associated  that  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Talgarth,  where  we  have  the  Croeslechau 
cromlech.  Within  this  sub-zone  in  the  parish  of 
Llanelieu,  according  to  an  article  on  Breconshire  in 
Owen  Jones'  Cymru,  there  was  discovered  a  flint  spear- 
head, 7  ins.  long,  and  also  an  earthen  vessel.  Unfor- 
tunately, here  again  we  may  have  a  case  of  the  use  of 
stone  weapons  by  the  side  of  bronze,  or  even  iron : 
a  state  of  things  suggested  by  the  discovery  of  the 
pottery. 

The  third  zone  of  probable  Neolithic  remains  is  that 
of  the  Beacon  range,  the  mountainous  district  which 
forms  the  southern  hinterland  to  the  Usk  Valley. 
Probably  this  ought  to  be  regarded  as  a  portion  of  a 
wider  zone,  extending  through  the  hill  country  from 
the  Usk  to  the  Llychwr.  From  the  point  of  view  of 
Welsh  folk-lore,  this  is  a  very  interesting  district,  and 
it  has  supplied  Principal  Rhys  with  some  of  his  most 
remarkable  fairy-tales,  notably  those  referring  to  the 
fairy  aversion  to  iron.  This  district  is  also  interesting 
as  being  involved  in  the  topography  of  the  "  Twrch 
Trwyth'  narrative  in  the  story  of  Kulhwch  and  Olwen. 
Within  this  zone  some  flint  implements  have  been 
discovered,  but  under  conditions  which  appear  to 
indicate  that  the  Bronze  Age  civilisation  had  been 
introduced  into  the  vicinity.  At  Ystradfellte,  a  cairn 
was  investigated  in  1898  by  Mr.  T.  Crosbee  Cantrill, 
and  described  in  the  Archceologia  Cambrensis  for  that 
year.  In  this  cairn  there  were  discovered  about  fifty 
implements,  flakes  and  fragments  of  flint ;  twenty-one 
sherds  of  pottery  ;  some  fragments  of  calcined  bones, 
and  some  fragments  of  wood-charcoal.  Among  the 
implements  is  a  beautifully-worked  flint  knife,  which 


30         THE  EARLY  SETTLERS  OP  BRKCON. 

seems  to  have  undergone  the  action  of  fire.  The 
pottery  is  of  clay,  with  a  small  percentage  of  sand. 
Mr.  Cantrill  expresses  the  opinion  that  the  remains 
with  the  weapons  appear  to  have  been  first  cremated 
and  then  buned,  and  the  cairn  aftei-wards  constructed 
over  them.  Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  John  Ward, 
F.S.A.,  the  writer  had  the  pleasure  of  examining  the 
knife  and  some  of  the  other  fragments  in  the  CardifiF 
Museum.  The  delicacy  of  the  workmanship  of  the 
knife  seems  to  indicate  that  it  was  made  at  a  time 
when  the  workmen  had  abundant  practice  in  making 
objects  of  the  kind.  It  is  not  improbable  that,  while 
we  have  here  an  indication  of  continuity  with  Neolithic 
times,  some  of  the  practices  and  arts  of  the  Bronze 
Age  had  been  already  adopted. 

This  upland  district  has  yielded  no  specimen  of  the 
cromlech  proper,  but  several  of  stone  monuments  and 
cairns,  all  of  which,  however,  probably  do  not  go  back 
to  the  period  before  the  introduction  of  metals.  A 
little  to  the  south  of  Mynydd  Trecastell,  we  find  a 
maen  hir,  and  in  Carmarthenshire,  a  little  to  the  west 
of  this,  another.  Further  south,  near  the  river  Usk, 
we  have  a  stone  circle,  and,  to  the  south-east  of  this 
and  a  little  east  of  Llyn  y  Fan  Fawr,  there  is  a 
**  standing  stone."  Further  south  again,  near  the  river 
Tawe,  we  find  another  stone  circle,  called  Maen  Mawr, 
and  almost  direct  east  of  this  another  standing  stone, 
and  still  further  east  the  stone  called  "  Maen  Llia." 
In  the  whole  of  this  district  there  are  numerous 
"  cairns,"  but  the  period  or  periods  to  which  they  be- 
long are  uncertain. 

The  place-names  in  this  district  which  seem  to  be 
pre-Celtic  are  fairly  numerous.  In  addition  to  some 
which  have  been  mentioned  in  connection  with  the 
Usk  Valley  zone,  the  following  mav  be  noted.  Farteg 
(in  Mynydd  Farteg,  in  Monmouthshire),  Ystruth  (in 
Aberystruth,  Mon.),  the  river  Tillery  or  Teleri  (Mon.), 
the  Ebbw  (for  Ebbwy),  Sirhowy,  Rymi  (now  Rhymney), 
Tysswg,  Tarthwyni,  CoUwng,  Pen  Milan,  Seri,  Cnewr, 


THE  EARLY  SETTLERS  OP  BRECON.  31 

Crew,  Hepste  (in  the  Liber  Landavensis,  Hepstou), 
Gwrangon  (west  of  Hirwaun),  Gwerelech  (a  little  west 
of  the  Gwrangon),  the  Rhigos  (in  the  same  district), 
Nedd,  Gelli  Duchlithe  (possibly  Irish),  south  of  Ystrad- 
gynlais  Colliery,  Byfre,  a  little  north-east  of  Craig  y 
nos,  HaflFes,  north-west  of  Craig  y  nos,  Llia  (possibly 
Goidelic),  Farteg  near  Ystalyfera,  Ystalyfera  itself, 
Bowy  in  Gelli  -  fowy,  Egel,  Clydach  (pronounced 
Cleidach  =  Cleudach,  cf.  Cloutac  in  the  Liber  Landa- 
vensis)y  Bodyst,  Padest,  Eithrim,  and  Llychwr.  As 
river-names  with  similar  suffixes  occur  over  the  whole 
of  Wales,  the  whole  country,  as  might  have  been 
expected,  may  be  concluded  to  have  spoken  the  same 
language  in  pre-Celtic  times. 

In  Breconshire,  as  elsewhere,  the  use  of  bronze 
implements  was  introduced,  though  the  recorded  finds 
are  few.  The  most  interesting  are  probably  those 
found  near  the  town  of  Brecon  in  1882,  and  described 
in  the  ArcJuBologia  Cambrensis  for  1884.  These  con- 
sist of  a  knife,  knife-dagger,  two  ferrules,  and  two  celts 
or  palstaves.  The  knife  is  said  to  bear  a  close  resem- 
blance to  the  hafted  knives  found  in  Italy,  and  in  the 
lake  deposits  of  Switzerland. 

Bronze  implements  are  generally  thought  to  have 
been  first  brought  into  Britain  by  the  round-headed 
race  of  the  round-barrows,  whose  skulls  are  of  a  type 
very  rarely  found  in  the  present  population.  This 
type  of  skull,  as  Ripley,  Deniker,  and  other  anthropo- 
logists have  shown,  is  very  common  in  Central  Europe, 
and  especially  in  the  Alpine  regions.  In  the  men  of  the 
round-barrows  of  Britain  it  is  combined  with  greater 
stature  than  that  of  the  men  of  the  polished  Stone  Age. 
It  is  not  impossible,  however,  that  bronze  implements 
were  introduced  into  some  parts  of  Britain  by  traders 
from  the  Continent,  even  before  men  of  Celtic  speech 
obtained  a  footing  here  by  conquest  Indeed,  it  is 
highly  probable  that  the  conquerors  were  attracted  to 
the  island  owing  to  reports  which  merchants  brought 
to  them.     The  settlement   in   the   island   by   Celtic- 


32         THE  EARLY  SKTTLER8  OP  BBECON. 

speaking  tribes  from  tlie  Continent  was  probably  the 
result  of  deliberate  colonisation,  caused  by  the  pressure 
of  the  population  at  home.  Tribes  well-armed  with 
bronze  weapons,  and  in  close  touch  with  the  Continent, 
would  scarcely  find  it  diflBcult  to  maintain  their 
superiority  over  men  armed  mainly  with  stone.  It  may 
also  be  that  the  men  of  the  Stone  Age  were  the  more 
willing  to  submit  to  the  dominion  of  their  conquerors; 
owing  to  the  advantage  which  they  gained  from  the 
improved  supply  of  bronze  implements  for  agricultural 
and  similar  purposes.  In  the  districts  nearest  to  the 
Continent,  the  brachycephalic  conquering  tribes  may 
have  been  numerous  enough  to  intermarry  among 
themselves,  but  in  the  remoter  parts  of  the  country, 
the  adventurers  who  sought  new  settlements  probably 
formed  matrimonial  alliances,  of  greater  or  less  duration, 
with  women  of  the  older  population.  The  result  would 
be  a  population  of  mixed  race,  that  had  learnt,  with 
more  or  less  accuracy,  the  tongue  of  the  conquerors ; 
which  necessity,  and  not  improbably  inclination,  served 
to  disseminate.  The  newcomers  would,  doubtless, 
establish  themselves  securely  in  the  more  fertile 
districts,  such  as  the  alluvial  lands  of  the  river- valleys, 
and  at  all  strategic  points.  In  Breconshire,  the  con- 
quering race  doubtless  obtained  a  firm  footing  in  the 
Valley  of  the  Usk  and  its  neighbouring  districts,  as  well 
as  in  the  Breconshire  portions  of  the  Valley  of  the 
Wye.  There  may  well  have  been  a  long  time  before 
they  completely  conquered  the  pre-Celtic  population  of 
the  hills,  and  the  old  language  may  have  lingered  there 
for  a  very  long  period. 

The  question  has  been  warmly  discussed  as  to  the 
language  of  the  first  Celtic  invaders.  It  is  held  by 
some  that  the  first  Celtic-speaking  tribes  that  settled 
in  the  island  of  Britain  spoke  the  Goidelic  form  of 
Celtic,  of  which  Irish  is  the  chief  representative ; 
others  hold  that  the  Goidelic  form  of  Celtic  was  not 
carried  from  the  Continent  into  Britain  at  all,  and  that 
the   first  Celtic  language   to  be  brought  into  Great 


THB  EARLY  SETTLERS  OF  BRECON.         33 

Britain  was  the  dialect  of  Celtic  known  as  Brjthonic, 
of  which  Welsh  and  Bretonare  the  living  representatives. 
Principal  Rhys,  in  The  Welsh  People  and  in  other  writ- 
ings, advocates  the  view  that  the  first  Celtic  invaders 
were  Goidelic-speaking,  and  an  offshoot  of  what  he 
terms  the  "  Celtican  "  type  of  Continental  Celt.  The 
Brython  is  regarded  by  him  as  having  arrived  much 
later,  and  as  belonging  to  another  Continental  type, 
the  "  Galatic."  Principal  Rhys  considers  these  Goidels 
to  have  spread  throughout  Wales,  and  ultimately  to 
have  sent  out  colonies  from  the  nearer  parts  of  Britain 
to  Ireland.  Professor  Kuno  Meyer,  on  the  other 
hand,  in  an  able  and  valuable  article  in  the  Cymmrodor^ 
expresses  a  doubt  whether  the  Celts  who  first  invaded 
Ireland  went  thither  through  Britain  at  all.  Without 
entering  here  into  a  discussion  of  this  subject,  the 
present  writer,  after  a  careful  consideration  of  the 
various  factors  of  the  problem,  finds  it  difficult  to 
believe  that  Ireland  would  be  first  colonised  by  Celts 
direct  from  the  Continent,  whence  it  is  not  visible, 
rather  than  by  Celts  from  Britain,  whence  it  is.  If 
the  first  Celts  were  Goidelic-speaking,  then,  before 
waves  of  them  passed  from  South  Wales  to  Ireland, 
there  is  every  reason  for  thinking  that  they  occupied, 
among  other  places,  the  Valleys  of  the  Usk  and  Wye. 
In  which  century  B.c.  they  gained  possession  of  these 
lands  it  would  be  difficult  to  say. 

The  Welsh  language  is,  however,  Brythonic,  and  the 
question  naturally  arises,  •who  of  the  early  settlers  of 
Brecon  made  this  the  speech  of  the  district.  Welsh 
differs  from  Irish,  not  only  in  certain  points  of  phono- 
logy, but  also  in  the  relative  prominence  in  its  develop- 
ment of  certain  factors  of  linguistic  change.  Old  and 
Middle  Irish  are  distinguished  by  the  marked  way  in 
which  linguistic  change  has  operated  almost  entirely 
through  purely  phonetic  processes.  Changes  due  to 
psychological,  as  distinguished  from  physiological, 
causes,  are  relatively  unimportant.  Welsh,  on  the 
other  hand,  even  in  the  oldest  forms  in  which  we  know 
6th  sbb.,  vol.  m.  3 


34  THE  EARLY  SBTTLERS  OP  BRECON. 

it,   has   undergone   far  more   changes  due  to  mental 
causes,  in  the  break-up  of  the  old  declensions  and  of 
the  conjugations  of  the  verb,  in  the  operation  of  true 
and  false   analogies,    and   in   the   formation   of    new 
linguistic  groups  generally.    In  syntax,  as  in  accidence, 
there  are  many  points  of  similarity  between  the  two  lan- 
guages; but  Welsh  shows  a  noticeable  tendency  to  recast 
its  sentences   on  lines  similar  to  those  which  modern 
analytical  languages  generally  follow.     These  general 
characteristics  are  shared  also  by  Breton  and  Cornish, 
so  that  their  main  features  were  established  before  the 
Bretons  crossed  over  into  Brittany.    For  example,  before 
stem-endings  could   be    employed  as   plural   endings, 
irrespective  of  the  original  declension  of  a  given  noun, 
the  original  plural-endings  themselves  must  have  been 
lost.     Yet,  in  spite  of  these  differences  between  Irish 
and  Welsh,  an  analysis  of  the  Celtic  roots  which  the 
Goidelic  and  the  Brythonic  branches  have  in  common 
will  reveal  a  much  greater  closeness  in  vocabulary  be- 
tween Irish  and  Welsh  than  between  Irish  and  Breton 
or  Cornish.     It  is  not  improbable  that  Brythonic  was 
first  introduced  into  Wales  at  a  time  when  the  differ- 
ences between  it  and  Goidelic  were  obviously  dialectal 
only,  and  that   many   Goidelic   terms   (notably   some 
compound  words)  were,  by  the  slight  necessary  changes 
then   required,  turned  into  a  Brythonic  form.     This 
would  also  happen  in  place-names,  and  possibly  ex- 
plains why  it  is  that  we  have  now  so  few  undoubtedly 
Goidelic  place-names  in  the  Principality.     In  Brecon- 
shire,  for  example,  the  only  clear  instance  which  the 
writer  has  been  able  to  discover  is  the  use  of  '*  Uwch" 
(lake),  in  one  or  two  place-names  on  the  Beacon  range. 
It  is  certainly  surprising  that  the  wave   of  Goidelic 
Celts  should  not  have  left  more  traces  of  its  presence 
in  the  place-names  of  Wales.    Is  it  not,  then,  probable, 
that   the   Brythonic   Celts,    when    they   entered  the 
county  along  the  Wye  and  Usk  Valleys,  and  settled, 
at  any  rate,  in  the  more  fertile  parts,  did  so  some  time 
before  our  era  ?    It  is  not  unreasonable  to  suppose  that 


THE  ISA.RLY  SBTTLERS  OF  BRECON.  35 

the  Brythonic  tribes  were  largely  aided  in  their  con- 
quests by  their  iron  weapons.  Some  iron  agricultural 
implements  may,  indeed,  have  reached  the  Goidelic 
tribes  before  their  conquest  by  Brythons ;  but  it  is 
hardly  likely  that  the  Brythons  would  strengthen  their 
enemi^  by  selling  them  iron  weapons  of  war.  There 
is,  indeed,  no  record  of  the  discovery  of  any  prehistoric 
iron  weapon  in  Breconshire,^  but  such  finds  are 
notoriously  rare,  as  iron  so  rapidly  rusts  away  in  the 
earth.  Whether  the  "  crannog"  on  Llangors  lake  was 
the  work  of  men  who  were  acquainted  with  iron,  there 
does  not  seem  enough  evidence  to  say. 

In  Roman  times,  the  men  of  the  south-eastern 
portion  of  Wales  were  known  as  the  Silures,  but  their 
precise  boundaries  cannot  be  determined  with  cer- 
tainty. As  to  their  appearance,  the  classical  passage 
is  that  contained  in  Tacitus,  Agncola,  c.  xi ;  where  he 
calls  attention  to  the  diflferent  physical  characteristics 
of  the  inhabitants  of  different  parts  of  Britain,  and 
indicates  the  probability  that  these  differences  could  be 
accounted  for  by  a  difference  in  the  country  of  origin 
of  each  section.  The  Caledonians  resembled  the  Ger- 
mans, the  Silures  the  men  of  Spain,  and  the  inhabitants 
of  the  parts  nearest  Gaul  the  men  of  that  country. 
It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that,  in  Graeco-Roman  times, 
Spain  was  thought  to  be  much  nearer  to  western 
Bintain  than  it  really  is.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that 
Tacitus  had  observed  a  clear  difference  in  physical 
appearance  between  the  men  of  the  south-east  of 
England  and  the  Silures :  the  probable  explanation 
being  that,  in  the  case  of  the  latter,  the  bulk  of  the 
population  was  of  the  old  pre-Celtic  race.  The  oft- 
quoted  words  of  Tacitus  are  :  "  Silurum  colorati  vultus, 
torti  plerumque  crines,  et  posita  contra  Hispania  Iberos 

^  Nor  any  "  Late-Geltio"  object.  The  nearest  discoveries  of  such 
objects  are  those  of  the  gold  ornaments  of  Cerriggwjnion,  in 
Radnorshire,  on  the  one  hand,  and  those  of  Dolaacothy  on  the  otlier. 
A  ^  Late-Celtic"  collar  was  found  in  1896  at  Llandyssil,  and  is  now 
ill  the  Bristol  Mnsenm. 


36         THE  EARLY  SETTLERS  OF  BRECON. 

veteres  traiecisse  easque  sedes  occupasse  fidem  faciunt/' 
If  we  turn  to  the  AnncUs,  Bk.  xii,  31-40,  we  find  that, 
in  their  great  struggle  against  the  Romans,  the  Silures 
were  under  the  leadership  of  Caratacus  (Caradog), 
whose  name  was  thoroughly  Brythonic,  and  who  was 
evidently  himself  a  Brython.  Moreover,  the  account 
given  by  Tacitus  clearly  implies  that  Caradog  was  no 
alien  to  the  Silures,  but  was  able  to  address  them  in  a 
tongue  which  they  understood.  In  the  whole  of 
the  account  given  by  Tacitus  of  the  stubborn  and 
courageous  resistance  of  the  Silures  to  the  Romans, 
there  is  no  suggestion  that  they  were  linguistically 
diflFerent  from  the  other  tribes  of  Britain  ;  hence  we 
may  legitimately  conclude  that  their  governing  classes, 
at  any  rate,  were,  even  at  that  time,  Brythonic  in 
speech.^  This  does  not  preclude  the  possibility  that, 
in  the  hilly  country  of  the  Beacon  range,  for  example, 
and  it  may  be,  from  there  continuously  to  Gower  and 
Kidwelly,  the  ancient  Goidelic  stratum  was  still  domi- 
nant, especially  as  it  could  then  be  reinforced  from 
time  to  time  by  sea  from  Ireland.  After  the  departure 
of  the  Romans  it  is  not  improbable,  either,  that  some  of 
these  hill-tribes,  with  help  from  Ireland,  may  have 
regained  possession  of  the  Usk  Valley  and  the  neigh- 
bouring districts,  and  that  some  such  movement  is 
indicated  in  the  narrative  of  Brychan.  It  will  be 
remembered  that  the  districts  of  Gower  and  Kidwelly 
are  expressly  mentioned  by  Nennius  as  ones  in  which 
the  sons  of  Liethan  ruled,  until  they  were  expelled  by 
Cunedda  and  his  sons. 

In  discussing  the  ethnology  of  Breconshire,  the 
writer  has  not  found  it  possible,  within  the  limits  of 
this  paper,  to  enter  at  all  fully  into  the  difficult  question 
of  the  Ogam  inscriptions.  The  discovery  of  an  Ogam 
inscription  so  far  east  as  Silchester,  in  a  district  which 


1  The  ancient  name  **  Abone  '*  near  Venta  Silnram  (Caer  Went), 
seems  more  Brythonic  than  Goidelic,  the  old  Irish  form  being 
*  abann,^  river. 


THE  EAULY  SEMLERS  OP  BRECOl^.  3? 

could  hardly  have  been  Goidelic,^  makes  one  chary  of 
drawing  far-reaching  ethnological  inferences  from  two 
or  three  Ogam  inscriptions,  found,  as  they  are  in 
Breconshire,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  an  ancient  avenue 
of  communication  between  Ireland  and  parts  of  the 
west  of  England,  such  as  seems  to  have  run  through 
the  Usk  Valley.  Moreover,  as  Principal  Ehys  has 
pointed  out,  the  Latin  forms  of  the  names  found  on 
bilingual  Ogam  inscriptions  show  clearly  that  Bry thonic 
was  socially  the  dominant  Celtic  language,  though 
Goidelic  may  have  existed  in  a  position  of  inferiority. 
Nor  is  it  safe  to  assume  that  the  Ogam  script  was  never 
used  to  write  Brythonic  as  well  as  Goidelic,  especially 
as  the  use  in  Ogam  of  **tt"  for  "th,"and  "cc"for 
"  ch,'',  would  have  been  suggested,  not  by  Goidelic,  but 
by  Brythonic  usage.  It  seems  hardly  likely  that 
orthographical  ideas  would  have  been  borrowed  from 
Brythonic  to  be  used  only  in  Goidelic.^  There  is  no 
reason  for  thinking,  however,  that  any  of  the  Breconshire 
Ogams  are  written  in  Biythonic.  The  "  Moqvutreni" 
(Ogam)  and  the  '*  Maccutreni "  (Roman  script)  of  the 
Trecastell  inscription  are  unmistakably  Goidelic*  The 
Trallwng  and  Glanusk  Ogams  seem  to  be  them- 
selves Goidelic,  but  the  Latin  inscription  in  each  case, 
in  the  form  of  the  proper  names,  suggests  a  Brythonic 
influence.  Hence,  the  precise  ethnological  inference  to 
be  drawn  from  these  inscriptions  is  uncertain. 

A  line  of  enquiry  which  may  lead  in  course  of  time 
to  a  fuller  knowledge  of  the  Celtic  invasions  of  the 
district,  is  the  careful  study  of  the  ancient  "  British  " 
camps,  as  compared  with  similar  structures  elsewhere. 
These,    when   carefully  examined,  might  indicate  the 

^  See  Principal  Rhys  in  Report  of  the  Land  Commission, 
chap.  yiii.     Such  examples  in  Breconshire  are  Canoceni,  Danocati. 

2  The  nse  of  "  it "  for  "  th,"  and  "  cc  "  for  **  eh/'  is  mentioned  by 
Principal  Rhys  in  the  Report  of  the  Land  Commissioii,  cliap.  viii., 
and  by  the  Hon.  Whitley  Stokes  in  his  work  on  The  Celtic  Declension, 
in  Bezsenberger's  Beitrdge,  vol.  zi.,  p.  144 

^  Compare  also  the  Cilgerrau  Stone. 


38         THB  EARLY  SETTLERS  OF  BRECON. 

relations  of  the  early  Celtic  tribes  of  the  neighbourhood 
of  Builth,  Brecon,  and  Talgarth,  and  Crickhowell,  all 
of  which  appear  to  have  been  important  military 
centres  in  ancient  time. 

Doubtless,  considerable  light  would  also  be  thrown 
on  the  ethnology  of  the  district,  by  a  careful  comparison 
of  the  Welsh  dialect  of  Breconshire  with  those  of  the 
neighbouring  counties.  Similarly,  an  anthropological 
study  of  the  physical  types  of  the  county,  such  as  was 
commenced  by  Dr.  Beddoe  in  his  Races  of  Britain, 
would  no  doubt  yield  important  results. 

In  dealing  with  a  subject  such  as  this,  further 
advance  can  only  be  made  by  following  up  various 
clues  from  different  points  of  view.  Tne  clues  may 
often  be  slight,  and  from  the  nature  of  the  subject 
there  is  much  room  for  error,  but  the  combined  result 
of  these  different  investigations  may  lead  to  an 
approximately  correct  bo^ay  even  if  we  cannot  obtain  a 
clear  and  certain  iirtaTii/xfj,  Let  us  hope  that,  sooner 
or  later,  this  kind  of  work  may  be  done  for  the  whole 
country  by  means  of  a  thorough  Archaeological  and 
Anthropological  Survey. 


39 


A  SURVEY  OF  THE  LORDSHIP  OF  HAVER- 
FORD  IN  1577. 

BY  HENRY  OWEN,  D.C.L.Oxon.,  F.S.A. 

There  is  at  the  Public  Record  Office  {Land  Rev.  Misc. 
Book,  vol.  238)  a  survey  of  the  "  Castle  and  Lordship 
of  West  Haverford  with  the  Town  and  County  of 
Haverford,  otherwise  Haverfordwest,  late  part  of  the 
possessions  of  Jasper,  late  Duke  of  Bedford,"  taken  on 
the  14th  May,  1577,  by  Robert  Davy,^  the  deputy  of 
John  Herberte,  Esq.,  the  Queen's  Surveyor  for  South 
Wales,  together  with  the  renewal  of  divers  rents  at  the 
discretion  of  the  said  Robert  and  of  Maurice  Canon ,^ 
gentleman,  the  deputy  of  Sir  Edward  Mansell,  the 
Seneschal  of  Haverford. . 

The  survey  begins  with  the  following  memoran- 
dum : — 

Fo.  20a. — "  The  said  Castell  and  Towns  of  Haverfordwest 
are  scituate  within  the  Countie  of  Pembrooke  aforesaid  adioyning 
unto  a  Creeke  of  Milforde  wch  floweth  into  the  lande  a  quarter 
of  a  myle  above  the  said  Towne  and  Castell  being  of  such 
depth  as  at  a  spring  tyde  a  Shippe  of  xl  tonne  maie  come  harde 
to  the  Towne:  And  within  iiii  myles  of  the  said  Castell  & 
Towne  viz  at  Knapwood  Eoade^  a  Shippe  of  greatest  burthen 
maie  come  :  wch  said  Castell  and  Towne  are  xii  myles  from  the 
mowth  of  Milforde  aforesaid  v  myles  from  the  Towne  of  Pem- 
brooke and  ix  myles  from  the  Towne  of  Tinbye.* 

^  Receiver  for  South  Wales  in  1595 ;  see  Owen* a  Pembrokeshire^ 
I,  506. 

*  He  was  the  father  of  Sir  Thomas  Canon,  the  antiquary.  The 
family  owned  Cilgetty,  which  passed  to  Picton  Castle  upon  the 
marriage  of  Elizabeth  Canon  with  Edward  Philipps. 

*  Abore  Langum ;  it  is  mentioned  by  George  Owen  among  the 
thirteen  '  roades '  of  Milford  Haven. 

^  The  surveyor's  mileage  is  vague,  as  it  generally  was  until  the 
present  statute  mile  was  fixed  by  35  Eliz.,  cap.  6,  s.  8. 


40  A  SURVEY  OF 

"The  Castbll. 

"The  same  hath  bene  a  verie  proper  pyle  buylt  uppon  a 
Rocke  and  had  the  Towne  in  olde  tyme  on  the  north  side  there- 
of :  but  the  Towne  now  flourishing  is  all  wellneere  on  the  south 
side  of  it 

"  Also  the  Gatehouse  or  entraunce  therinto  is  on  the  west 
side  having  had  in  it  a  Porters  Lodge,  an  utter  gate,  and  ynner 
gate  with  ii  portcullices,  all  now  utterlie  decayed  (as  the  rest  of 
the  roomes  hereafter  touched  are).  Also  within  the  utter  gate 
and  over  the  ynner  gate  hath  bene  Theschequier,  of  xiiii  foote 
square  with  a  prison  house  under  it. 

"  Also  there  is  on  the  said  north  side  a  Tower^  sometimes 
consisting  of  divers  roomes  &  hath  adioyning  to  it  the  walles  of 

XX 

a  Stable  wch  was  iiiivi^  foote  in  length  &  x  in  bredth. 

"  Also  from  the  said  Stable  forwarde  on  that  side  standeth  a 
wall  of  xx«'  yardes  longe  with  a  Wach  Tower  in  the  myddest 
thereof,  from  thence  towardes  the  north-east  a  like  wall  compas 
wise  of  xl  yardes  longe,  wth  a  Turrett  in  the  myddest  thereof. 

"  Also  from  the  said  Gatehouse  sowthwarde,  a  short  wall  of  x 
yardes  in  length :  from  thence  towardes  the  sowthwest  a  wall  of 
C  yardes  in  length  with  a  Turret'  in  the  myddest :  without  this 
wall  a  forced  banke  borne  up  with  another  wall  &  within  that 
circuit  a  greene  walk. 

Fo,  20b. — "  Also  the  Castell  greene  before  you  come  to  the 
mayne  building  containes  half  an  Aker. 

"  Also  concernyng  the  late  inhabited  pte  of  the  Castell  being 
utterlie  decayed  as  before :  the  gatehouse  or  entrie  therinto  hath 
in  either  side  a  Lodge,  under  that  gate  is  a  vawte  wch  seemes  to 
have  bene  made  for  some  privy  waye  into  the  Towne  but  none 
dare  search  the  ende  of  it :  Uppon  the  east  side  of  the  said 
gate  a  rounde  Tower  and  from  that  a  thicke  wall  of  xxxiiii 
foote  longe :  At  the  ende  of  that  another  i*ounde  Tower  under 
which  is  a  stronge  prison  house  called  Brehinock.  The  Soomes 
within  this  mayne  building  in  brief  be  these.  A  hall  of  xlv 
foote  long  and  xx  foote  brode  with  a  Chjrmney  in  it  having 
under  it  a  lardge  roome  (wth  a  Chymney)  called  the  Coyning 
House  out  of  wch  goeth  a  stayer  into  a  walke  called  The 
Queenes  Arbour,  in  the  east  corner  whereof  is  a  rounde  Turret 
and  at  ech  ende  of  the  Hall  a  Tower.  Also  a  Chappie  of  xxiiii 
foote   longe  and  xvi  foote  brode.     A  great  Chamber  (with  a 

^  This  would  seem  to  be  the   tower  which  survives  in  Back's 
view  of  the  town. 
^  Fourscore  and  six. 


THE  LORDSHIP  OP  HAVERFORD  IN  1577.  41 

chymney)  of  xxxiiii  foote  longe,  and  xiiii  foote  brode.  One 
other  Chamber  (with  a  Chymney)  of  xx  foote  longe,  and  xiii 
foote  brode.  A  pantrey  of  xiiii  foote  square.  One  other  roome 
for  offioes  of  xii  foote  longe  &  vii  foote  brode  with  other  small 
roomes  and  a  Kitchin  with  iii  Chymneys.  Also  within  the 
circuit  of  these  buildings  is  an  ynner  Warde  or  greene  of  Ixx 
foote  square  having  a  Well  in  it. 

"  Ffinally  concerning  the  lymittes  and  boundes  of  the  said' 
Castell  I  cannot  as  yet  finde  out  the  certaintie  thereof,  unlesse 
I  should  take  it  by  reporte  of  Jurie  who  can  doe  it  but  by  con- 
jecture, and  therfore  I  deferre  the  doing  thereof  till  tyme  of 
more  leasure  to  be  had  and  better  evidence  to  be  seene :  and 
this  the  rather  for  feare  to  preiudice  her  ma'>s  Inheritaunce. 

"  Md.  within  the  said  Castell  greene  or  utter  Courte  the 
Justices  of  the  great  Sessions  doe  begin  the  same  Sessions  when- 
soever thei  be  holden  for  the  Countie  of  Pembrooke  and  all 
wan-antes  and  writtes  beare  date  there  and  iudgementes  uppon 
life  and  death  are  geven  there,  all  iudgementes  are  there  affirmed, 
all  fynes  proclaymed  and  all  adiournements  made:  Never- 
theles  the  Justices  are  forced  to  sett  iu  the  Towne  Hall  in 
default  of  a  convenient  Shire  Hall  or  Court  House^  in  ye 
Castell  wch  in  my  poore  opinion  wolde  be  made  as  well  for 
purpose,  as  for  the  keeping  of  the  Courtes  concerning  the  Lord- 
shippe." 

Then  follows  the  Customary  of  the  whole  lordship. 

"The  Custumarye  for  the  whole  Lordshippe  of 
Haverfordwest  aforesaid. 

''Ffirst  the  said  Lordshippe  hath  in  it  iii  sortes  or  kindes  of 
Tenauntes,  viz.  Ffreeholders  holding  landes  and  tentes  as  here- 
after shall  appere  (some  by  Knightes  Service,  Sute  of  Courte, 
and  Relief  with  Kente  and  some  without  Eente  and  some  others 
in  free  Socage  with  rent  and  without  rente).  Gale  Tenauntes 
termed  in  the  Recorde  Custumarie  (or  rather  Custome)  Tenauntes 
in  respect  of  divers  services  and  dueties  accustomed  to  be  done 
and  paid  by  them  (as  Sute  of  Courte  Heriotts  Collecton  of 
Rentes  and  such  like).  And  Tenauntes  by  Leases  of  which 
divers  be  of  Landes  of  late  yeres  holden  by  Gale  Tenantes  at 
Will  and  these  for  wante  of  Survey  have  their  Leases  graunted 

1  By  the  Charter  to  Haverfordwest  of  James  I,  the  Justices  of 
Great  Sessions  and  the  Sheriff  and  Justices  of  the  Peace  of  Pem- 
brokeshire were  empowered  to  hold  their  courts  at  the  Guildhall 
of  Havorfordwest :  persons  attending  at  these  courts  were  exempted 
from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  mayor  and  shetiff  of  Haverfordwest. 


42  A  StJBVBY  OP 

without  reservacon  of  such  dueties  and  services  as  are  incident 
to  their  holdinges. 

"  Also  there  are  ii  Leetes  jrerelie  kept  at  the  Castell  Gate  of 
Haverforde,  the  one  witiiin  a  moneth  after  Ester  the  other 
within  a  moneth  after  Michaelmas,  wherunto  all  the  ftreeholders 
holding  of  the  Castell  ought  to  doe  Sute:  And  all  thother 
Tenauntes  and  Besiantes^  throughout  the  said  Lordshippe  in 
respect  of  their  Beysancie  saving  the  Ffreeholders  of  Camros, 
Stainton  and  St  Ismaell's,  who  togethers  wHh  the  Gale 
Tenauntes  there  owe  sute  to  their  private  Leetes  in  those 
severall  manners  only,  holden  in  sorte  like  as  before. 

"  Also  there  is  holden  yerely  at  the  said  Castell  Gate  a  Courte 
baron  termed  Curia  forinseca  from  xv  dayes  to  xv  dales  for 
triall  of  Accdns  betwixt  ptie  and  ptie  under  xls  throughout  the 
whole  Lordshippe  wherunto  all  the  said  Tenauntes  as  well 
Ffreeholders  as  others  doe  sute,  for  toUeracon*  whereof  the 
Ffreeholders  have  used  to  make  fyne  at  the  Stewardes  pleasure. 

"  Also  before  Thordinaunce  for  Wales  there  was  used  to  be 
kept  at  the  said  Castell  Gate  a  Courte  called  Curia  For  (inseca) 
from  moneth  to  moneth,  wherein  fynes  were  leavied  and  re- 
plevies granted,  reall  and  mixte  accons  were  tryed,  wch  courte 
ever  since  hath  bene  discontinued  but  male  be  revived  forso- 
much  as  the  said  Ordinaunce  hath  not  inhibited  it. 

Fo.  21a. — **  Also  the  profites  of  all  these  Courtes  yet  in  use 
consist  of  Reliefes  of  Ffreeholders,  viz.  x«.  for  everie  plough 
lande  rising  to  c&  for  a  whole  knightes  fee  consisting  of  x 
plough  lande  and  so  ratablie  dowenwarde  according  to  ech  mans 
contentes,^  Ffines  for  offences  and  Issues  and  Amercementes  f»r 
none  apparaunce,  all  ratable  at  the  Stewardes  discrecon.  And 
also  of  Heriottes  hapning  uppon  the  death  of  the  Gale 
Tenauntes  yelding  above  vis.  viiid  Rente,  or  else  not 

''  Also  the  said  fiynes  and  Amercementes  have  not  bene  used 
to  be  afferde  by  any  Tenauntes  as  in  other  Courtes :  because 
there  are  not  any  Custumarie  Tenauntes  that  holde  their  landes 
by  Copie  of  Court  EoU  or  by  the  Rodde,  but  onlie  such  as 
before  be  menconed. 

**  Also  the  Heriott  paiable  uppon  the  death  of  everie  of  the 
said  Gale  Tenauntes  is  the  best  Beast  and  if  a  Tenaunt  hold 
divers  Teiites  he  is  to  paie  a  Heriott  for  everie  one :  This 
heriott  and  thother  Casualties  are  to  be  leavied  by  a  Baylief  for 
that  purpose  called  The  fforeine  Baylief  of  Bowse  (ats  Ballivus 

^  Residents. 

^  Redemption  ;  see  Otoen^s  Pembrokeshire,  I,  p.  314. 

^  Acreage. 


THE  LORDSHIP  OF  HAVBRFORD  IN  1577,  43 

itinerans,  Baylief  errant)  or  his  Deputie.  and  by  him  to  be 
accompted  for  yerelie.  And  this  Baylief  or  his  Deputie  is  also 
to  serve  the  said  Courtes. 

"  Also  it  hath  been  used  that  the  Steward  at  everie  Leete 
should  cause  inquirye  to  be  made  of  all  estrepement*  and  wastes 
of  bowses  and  hedges  of  the  Queenes  Gale  Teuauutes,  and  if  any 
be  founded  faltie  and  do  not  amende  the  same  by  such  days  as 
the  Stewarde  lymittes,  That  then  the  Seeves  in  the  Manners 
where  such  falte  is  founde  (and  the  said  Baylief  in  the  rest  of 
the  Lordshippe),  shall  distreine  Thoffender,  according  to  the 
value  founde  of  the  offence,  and  the  same  distresse  to  keepe  by 
the  space  of  one  moneth  :  And  if  then  it  be  not  repaired,  the 
distresse  to  be  solde  and  employed  uppon  the  renacon  by  over 
sight  of  iiii  of  the  Queenes  Tenauntes  next  inhaoiting ;  which 
use  is  thought  convenient  to  continue,  notwithstanding  the 
letting  of  the  Landes  by  Lease. 

"Md.  It  is  also  thought  convenient  that  uppon  making 
Leases  of  thinges  yet  at  Will  and  upon  renewing  of  Leases 
alredie  made  (wherin  this  is  omitted)  there  be  reserved,  besides 
the  annual  Kentes  So  newe  AUottmentes,  Sute  of  Courte  Heriott 
and  all  other  dueties  and  services  of  auncient  tyme  accustomed. 

"  Also  it  is  to  be  noted  as  touching  the  Computacon  of  the 
Akers  with  this  Lordship,^  that  the  poll  ats  the  quarter,  wher- 
with  thei  measure,  contayneth  in  length  xi  foote :  iiii  of  those 
quarters  in  length  and  one  in  bredth  doe  make  a  yarde  termed 
"virga?  terr.**  Tenne  of  those  yardes  in  length  iiii  tymes 
accounted  (wch  by  a  quadrant  accompt  is  xl  yardes)  make  a 
Boode  or  Slange,  iiii  of  these  slanges  make  an  aker :  So  as 
everie  aker  is  xl.  polles  longe  and  xvi  brode.  Also  viii  of  these 
akers  make  a  Bovate  or  Oxeland  and  viii  bovates  make  a 
Garucate  ats  a  plough  Lande.  So  as  everie  Carucate  conteynes 
Ixiiii  akers:  And  for  that  the  common  usage  of  Accompt 
for  lande  in  this  Countrie  and  likewise  in  Evidences  ronneth 
uppon  those  termes  we  have  in  this  Survey  sett  downe  the 
contentes  according  to  the  same  and  not  by  pticular  nomber  of 
akers." 

The  principal  free  tenants  v^ho  held  of  the  Queen  as 
of  her  Castle  and  Lordship  of  Westhaverford  by  knight 
service,  suit  of  court  at  the  Castle  Gate,  and  relief 
without  payment  of  rent,  are  : — 

^  Spoiling. 

*  For  the  local  land  measures,  see  OwerCs  Pembrokeshire,  I,  p.  135 
aad  p.  368. 


44 


A  SURVEY  OV 


Robert,  Earl  of  Easex^  ... 
The    same    aod    Henry 

LongueviUe^ 
Sir  John  Perrot 
Henry  Longueville 

Lady  Newport* 


Talbenny  Manor 
Ijangum  Manor 

Haroldston  Manor 
Manor  of  De  Rape,  aU. 

Roch 
Trefgam  Owen  Manor  (as 

jointure) 

WestDudweU 

East  Dunflton  Manor    ... 


The  same  

Francis  Laughame*  and 

George  Wirriot 
Francis  Laughame  Mountain  Cot    .., 

The  same  West  Dunston   .., 

Morgan  Phillips,  E^uire'*  Uzmaston  Manor 
John  Barlow,  Esquire*...  Great  Pill  Manor 
Thomas  Bo  wen,  of  Rob-       Roblinston 

linston,  gentleman 
The  same — Roblinston — Six  bovates- 


ihree  oaracates 
five  carucates 

seven  camcatcs 
five  carucates 

five  carucates 

two  carucates 
two  carucates 


half  a  camcate 
half  a  carucate 
three  carucates 
two  carucates  and  a-hal£ 
capital  messuage  and  five 
carucates 
late  of  James  Bowen. 


William  Warren,^  in  ward  of  the  Queen ~  Wolf sdale  Manor  and  two  and  a-half 

carucates 

Griffith  White,  Esquire'      Rickaston,  in  Roose      ...      two     messuages    and    a 

carucate  and  a-half. 

Also  James  Bowen,  gentleman,  held  {inter  alia)  the 
manor  and  mountain  of  Kethingston,  otherwise  Keiston, 
and  three  and  a-half  carucates  of  land  by  the  same 
services  ;  but  with  the  addition  of  a  yearly  rent  of 
forty  shillings  payable  at  Easter,  and  of  sixpence 
payable  at  Michaelmas. 

It  is  noted  that  the  sixpence  was  the  rent  formerly 
paid  by  the  Prior  of  Pill ;  the  Easter  rental  was 
probably  added  when  the  property  was  granted  afler 
the  dissolution.  William  Tankard  held  the  capital 
messuage  of  Lewelston,  and  three  and  a-half  carucates 
by  the  same  services  and  a  yearly  rent  of  sixpence 
payable  at  Michaelmas;  and  Mathias  Morse  held  a 
carucate  and  a-half  there  by  the  same  services  and  a 
rent  of  thirteen  shillings  and  four  pence  payable  at 
Lady-Day  and  Michaelmas.  Upon  this  the  surveyor 
notes  that  Morse's  rent  is  not  a  **  free  rente  "  as  shown 
by  a  comparison  of  the  areas  and  rents  of  the  holdings  of 

1  See  Old  Pembroke  Families,  p.  79. 

*  Margaret,  widow  of  Sir  Eichard  Newport,  of  High  Ercall; 
she  died  in  1598. 

*  Of  St.   Bride's,   and  his   brother-in-law,    the  last  Wirriot   of 
Orielton. 

*  Of  Picton.  »  Of  Slebech. 
«  Of  Trewern.                                      ^  Of  Henllau. 


THE  LORDSHIP  OP  HAVERFORD  IN  1577.  45 

other  Gkde  Tenants,  and  by  the  Lewelston  accounts, 
which  state  that  it  is  paid  for  customary  land.  **  Also 
this  is  paiable  at  twoe  ffeastes,  where  (whereas)  free 
rentes  are  commonly  paid  but  once  a  yeare."  He 
further  says  that  the  Lewelston  rents  are  placed 
under  the  Castle,  **  for  that  the  same  are  said  to  have 
been  sometime  parcell  of  the  demaynes  thereof." 

There  are  fifteen  other  free  tenants  of  the  lordship 

who  held  closes  of  land  in  free  socage  by  fealty  and 

suit   of  Court   without   rent.      The  noldings   are   at 

Sturmyn's  Park  in  Carsfield^  (held  by  Thomas  Revell, 

Esquire),  by  Eylard's  Hill  Bridge,'  Great  and  Little 

Lowlard  s  Mead  and  West  Pelcam. .  The  total  rental  of 

the  free  tenants  is  54s.   7d.      There  were  only  two 

leaseholders,   who   each    held    by    leases   under    the 

Great  Seal  for  twenty-one  years  as  of  the  manor  of 

Lewelston.      Alban    Stepney*    held  at    a    rental    of 

£5    6s.  8d.,  premises  of  which  a  note  says  the  true 

names  were  Anastaceslade,  Tyrrellsholme,  Churchull, 

Broademoore,  Langelande,  Todhull,  le  Pinfolde,   and 

Walslande   (otherwise   Walshlande),    '*but   the   same 

have  been  so  longe  occupied  together  without  survey 

that  none  of  the  tenauntes  doe  knowe  how  to  divide 

them  severallie,  but  being  measured  all  together  the 

same  are  founde  to  containe  five  carucates  and  two 

akers  of  lande,   now  commonlie  called   Austerslade." 

The  rental  of  Roger  Marcrofl  was  sixty  shillings,  and 

he  held  at  Agardhill,  upon  which  it  is  noted,  "  the 

premises     doe    consist   of    one   messuage   and    twoe 

carucates  of  lande,  called  Greate  Eylardes  Hill,  which 

hath  bene  rented  as  in  olde  Recorde  at  C^. ;  which  was 

belike  when  the  countrie  was  in  such  great  disorder 

that  the  tenaunt  thereof  founde  speciall  defence  by  the 

ayde  of  the  Castell  (near  which  it  lyeth)  for  himself 

and  his  goodes." 

^  Oashfield  in  St.  Martin's.  ^  Elliott's  Hill  in  Garorose. 

'  The  founder  of  the  family  of  Stepney  of  Prendergast ;  his  hold- 
bg  was  in  and  aboat  Slade,  in  St.  Martia's.  Roger  Maroroft  was 
sheriff  of  Harerford  in  1570. 


46  A  SURVEY  OF 

The  seven  tenants  at  will,  otherwise  Gale  Tenants, 
held  messuages  at  Lewelston  and  Pelcam  hy  suit  of 
Gourt,  heiiots  and  rents,  which  last  amounted  together 
to  U  188.  4A 

Under  the  heading  of  "  The  Town  and  County  of 
Haverforde,  otherwise  Haverfordwest,  and  the  mill  of 
Haverforde,"  the  surveyor  reports  : — 

Fo.  24a. — Md.  "The  said  Towue  is  scituate  as  before  is 
remembered  and  consisteth  at  this  preseut  of  three  pishes  viz 
One  of  our  Ladie  being  the  Queenes  as  impropriate  to  the  late 
Priorie  of  Haverforde.  One  other  of  St.  Martine  being  also  the 
Queenes  as  impropriate  to  the  late  Priorie  aforesaid.  And  the 
thirde  of  St.  Thomas  likewise  impropriate  and  latelie  pourchased 
by  Sr.  John  Perrot  Knyght.  The  same  is  the  best  buylt  the 
most  civill  and  quickest  occupied  Towne  in  South  Wales  but 
yet  greatlie  impayred  touchyng  Traffique  since  the  subsidie  of 
Tonnage  and  Pondage  have  bene  paid  and  other  imposicous 
sought  to  be  lea  vied. 

"  Also  it  appereth  by  olde  Charters  ratified  by  the  Queenes 
Ma^i^  that  now  is  by  her  highness  Letters  patentes  dated 
Yu9  Decembris  Anno  r^ni  sui  scdo  that  the  said  Towne  is 
incorporate  by  the  name  of  the  Towne  of  Haverforde,  and  made 
to  consist  (for  government)  of  a  Mayor  a  Shireff  ii  baylieffes 
and  burgesses  to  be  yerelie  chosen  according  to  certeine 
Ordinaunces  in  the  said  Charter  expressed. 

''  Also  it  is  made  a  Countie  of  itself  ^  by  name  of  the  Countie 
of  the  Towne  of  Haverforde,  and  exempted  from  the  Lordship  of 
Hav'forde,  wherin  sometimes  it  was  and  that  with  such 
precinctes  So  boundes  as  then  were  used  as  belonging  to  the 
same  as  well  by  lande  as  by  water :  The  Castell  of  Hav'forde 
with  the  Diches^  and  other  th'apptennces  &  rightes  therof  only 
excepted. 

jfo.  24fe.— "  Also  that  the  Shirefif  and  the  Baylieffes  should  be 
swome  before  the  ChaunceUor  of  the  said  Lordshippe  of 
Haverfordwest  and  Eowse  (or  his  deputie)  and  before  the 
Mayor  whose  othes  in  pte  are  to  yelde  a  faithfuU  Accompte 
yerelie  af  the  profites  of  their  OflBces. 

''Also  that  the  said  Mayor  shoulde  or  myght  keepe  the 

1  By  34  &  85  Hen.  YIIL,  cap.  26,  s.  124,  it  is  •nacted  that 
Havoifordwest  shall  be  a  county  in  itself,  as  it  hath  been  before 
this  time  used. 

^  The  Castle  moats,  which  seem  to  have  been  extensive. 


THE  LORDSHIP  OF  HAVBRFORD  IN  1577.  47 

Courtes  following  as  in  auncient  tyme  thei  were  kept  before  the 
Stewarde  of  the  said  Lordshippe  and  Portreve  of  the  said  Towne, 
viz  One  Courte  termed  intrinseca  as  well  from  moneth  to 
moneth  as  from  xv  dales  to  xv  dales.  Also  one  other  Courte 
de  xv^  in  xv^  called  a  Hundreth  Courte.  And  one  other  Courte 
termed  Pipowder  Court  holden  uppon  speciall  occasion  for 
dispach  of  Straungers^  with  expedicdn  or  for  contractes  in 
flEEijrer  tymes. 

"  Also  that  the  said  Mayor  shoulde  be  Coroner  within  the  said 
Towne  and  that  both  for  the  Office  of  Mayor  and  Coroner  he 
should  be  swome  before  the  said  Chauncellor  or  his  Lieutenant : 
And  that  the  said  Mayor  shoulde  be  Justice  of  Peace  to  all 
intentes  within  the  said  Towne. 

"  Also  the  said  Mayor  by  point  of  Charter  shalle  be  clerke  of 
the  market  within  the  said  Towne:  and  also  that  the  said 
Corporacon  have  yerelie  within  the  said  Towne  uppon  the  Eeven 
of  St.  Thomas  the  Martir  one  ffaire^  to  continue  for  vii  dales 
following  with  a  Courte  of  Pipowder,  as  before,  to  be  holden 
there  during  that  tyme :  »So  as  the  said  ffaire  be  not  hurtfuU  to 
the  fEiires  neere  hand  to  it. 

"  Also  that  the  Baylieffes  for  the  tyme  being  shoulde  uppon 
their  othe  before  the  Auditor  or  Auditors  yelde  a  resonable 
Accompt  of  all  and  all  manner  of  Issues,  fynes,  amercementes, 
forfaitures  &  casualties  whatsoever  hapiiing  within  the  said 
Towne.  And  if  thei  the  said  Baylieflfes  fall  to  be  insufficient 
the  whole  Towne  to  answere  for  them. 

"  Ffinally  there  is  in  the  said  Charter  a  speciall  Proviso  that 
the  same  shall  not  extende  to  graunt  from  the  Prince  the  great 
Sessions  to  be  holden  before  his  Justices  for  that  purpose  within 
the  said  Towne  and  precinct  thereof,  nor  the  profites  and 
comodities  thereof,  but  that  the  same  shoulde  be  duelie  answered 
by  the  Shireff  of  that  Towne  as  before  is  remembred. 

"  Thus  much  concerning  the  said  Charter  besides  divers  other 

^  It  was  their  civil  bosiuess,  not  the  strangers  themselves,  which 
was  despafccbed  at  this  court :  it  gradually  fell  into  disuse.  In  late 
times  if  the  mayor  could  not  settle  the  dispute,  he  put  the  Baiters 
back  in  their  original  positions :  there  seems  to  have  been  a  difficulty 
about  enforcing  the  orders  of  the  court.  The  criminal  basiness  of 
fiurs  and  markets  was  held  at  the  court  of  the  clerk  of  the  market, 
whose  principal  duty  was  to  try  weights  and  measures ;  the 
standard  was  originally  entrusted  to  a  bishop,  who  appointed  some 
derk  as  his  deputy  :  the  judge  of  the  court,  afterwards  a  layman, 
continued  to  be  called  clerk  of  the  market. 

^  It  began  on  the '7th  July;  Oeorge  Owen  calls  it  'a  great 
fiure." 


48  A  SURVEY  OP 

articles  touchyng  Liberties  and  usages  not  concerning  the 
Bevenue  and  therfore  not  thought  needfull  to  be  touched 
here. 

*' Ffurthermore  I  finde  by  the  Becorde  of  the  Ministers 
Accomptes  de  Anno  xvii**  H.  vii  (being  then  the  possessions  of 
Henrie  Duke  of  Yorke^)  that  all  his  Revenue  well  neere  within 
that  Towne,  saving  that  within  the  Chardge  of  the  Butler  and 
Customer  of  the  Porte  of  Haverforde,  were  and  had  bene 
chardged  in  iii  severall  Accomptes.  One  of  the  Baylieffes  there, 
who  were  wonte  to  accompte  for  the  Bentes  of  assise  of  all  the 
Burgesses  within  the  said  Towne  the  profites  of  Straungers  and 
Chenceries^  of  stalles  and  standinges  for  Butchers  and  others, 
the  herbage  about  the  Castell  with  divers  other  small  rentes 
amounting  then  together  as  by  the  said  Becorde  pticulerlie 
appereth  to  xxiiii  li,  xviiig.  xid.  ob.  One  other  Accompt  of  a 
Collector  of  the  profites  of  Aleprize.  And  one  other  Accompt 
of  the  Seriantes  of  the  Towne  who  did  accompte  for  the  profites 
of  the  Courtes  following,  viz.,  Curia  intrinseca  tenf  de  quindeii 
in  quindenam.  Curia  intrinseca  tenta  de  mense  in  mensem. 
Curia  Hundredor.  Curia  de  pede  pulverizat  Curia  adrairalitaf 
de  finibus  felonu  et  fugitivor.  All  which  Bentes  and  proStes 
were  that  yere  excused  in  the  said  severall  Accompts  and 
chardged  in  the  said  BailiefiTes  Accompt.'^ 

The  surveyor  then  sets  out  two  leases  for  twenty-one 
years  under  the  great  seal  to  the  mayor,  sheriff,  bailiflfe 
and  burgesses  of  the  town  of  West  Haverford ;  one  of 
the  tenements,  rents,  and  dues  in  the  town,  late  part 
of  the  hereditaments  of  Jasper,  Duke  of  Bedford,*  at  a 
rental  of  £26  125.  4j^.,  and  the  other  of  three  corn 
mills  in  the  parish  of  St.  Martin,  and  the  right  of 
fishery  there  at  a  rental  of  £10.  Whereon  the  surveyor 
remarks  : — 

"  Fo.  25a. — The  aforesaid  mylles  doe  stande  uppon  and  over- 
thwart  one  of  the  rivers  called  Doygleddy,  having  that  name  by 
reason  of  their  force  and  swiftness  by  falling  from  the  mountaynes 
in  great  aboundance  uppon  everie  rage  of  raigne  ;  and  to  prevent 
the  perill  that  might  betide  them  by  sodaine  floodes,  uppon  the 
myll  leete  about  a  flight  shorte  from  the  mylles  were  polhtiquely 
devised  a  Headweare  with  certaine  floodgates  :' 

1  Earl  of  Pembroke,  King  Henry  VIIL 

2  Tolls.  3  Earl  of  Pembroke. 


THB  LORDSHIP  OP  HAVBRPORD  IN  1577.  49 

He  goes  on  to  remark  that  the  floodgates  have  been 
of  late  neglected  and  the  banks  decayed, 

"  by  reason  that  the  under  farmer  hath  been  used  without  any 
assignementto  cut  flagges  and  turfes  in  a  meadow  of  the  Queenes 
adjojminge." 

He  further  says  : — 

Fo.  256. — "  Md.  I  find  also  in  the  former  recited  Recorde  an 
Accompt  of  the  Office  of  Customer  &  Butler  of  the  Towne  of 
Haverforde  aforesaid  who -did  accompt  for  prisage  of  wynes,^  for 
Costome  of  Wynes  and  other  marchandizes  then  due  to  the  chief 
Lorde  of  the  soyle :  but  nowe  the  said  prisage  of  Wyne  is 
claymed  by  the  Erie  of  Warwick  as  chief  Butler  of  England. 
The  Custom  of  Wynes  by  the  ffarmore  of  that  Custome  and 
impost  and  in  leu  of  thother  Custome  the  Subsidie  of  Tonnage 
and  Pondage  is  leavied  by  the  Customer  of  Millforde  with  the 
members,  wch  was  not  leavipd  when  the  Butlerage  was 
accompted  for  but  began  Anno  prime  Eliz.  Regine. 

"  Also  the  Shireff  of  this  Towne  is  accomptable  yerelie  for  the 
profites  of  the  great  Sessions  &  quarter  Sessions  holden  there 
and  for  all  other  such  like  profites  there  as  the  Shireff  of  the 
Countie  of  P^mbrook  accomptes  for  in  the  Shire. 

"  Ffinally  the  Queenes  mati^  hath  more  Revenue  within  the 
said  Towne  as  pcell  of  the  possessions  of  the  late  Priorie  of 
Haverforde :  the  Priorie  of  the  Pill,  the  Hospitall  of  St.  Jones 
of  Jerusalem/ Rees  Griffs  attainted  and  of  CoUedges,  Chauntries^ 
and  such  like."" 

Then  follow  particulars  of  certain  of  the  demesne 
lands  in  and  by  the  town,  held  by  Sir  John  Perrot  for 
terms  of  twenty-one  years  at  various  rentals.  Among 
them  are  six  acres  of  meadow  presented  "  to  lye  be- 
neth  the  bridge  and  is  called  Cathlott  Marshe  f^  marsh 

^  The  right  of  the  Crown  to  take  two  tuns  of  wine  from  certain 
flhips ;  the  duty  for  which  it  was  commuted  by  Edward  I  was  called 
**  bntlerage." 

^  The  Knights  Hospitallers,  who  had  a  Commanderj  at  Slebech  ; 
the  patron  is  more  usnallj  known  as  St  John. 

*  The  grandson  and  heir  of  Sir  Rhys  ap  Thomas;  he  was 
beheaded  on  Tower  Hill  in  1581. 

^  Cartlet ;  the  Jubilee  (hardens  oecnpy  part  of  the  old  marshy 
whither  the  townspeople  used  to  resort  to  shoot  at  the  batts. 

0TH  8BB.,  VOL.  UL  4 


50  A  8URVBT  OP 

and  herbage  by  Gwynesdich,^  the  boundaries  of  which 
are  the  lands  of  John  Vauffhan  of  Narberte,  Doctors 
Parke,  the  Queen's  lands  called  Austerslade  and  Lowles 
Meade  ;  the  Black  Meadow,  near  Austerslade,  "  above 
Bellman's  well  there ;"  "  thirtie  yardes  of  land  called 
Ffiggeshole,  otherwise  Ffroghole*  and  Gostmeade  in  the 
Queen's  high-way  leading  to  Austerslade  ;*'  the  Mill 
Meade  from  the  mill  to  the  *'  hedweare"  between,  the 
two  rivers,  "  on6  parte  thereof  called  Bounde  Meade  is 
over  the  river  next  the  lande  belonging  to  Prendergast ;" 
and  *'  three  roodes  of  lande  betwixt  the  rivers  neere 
little  Eylardes  Mill  and  Austerslade/*  It  is  noted  that 
the  new  rents  assessed  by  the  surveyor  are  to  begin  as 
to  tenants  at  will  from  Michaelmas  1579,  and  as  to 
leaseholders  from  the  expiration  of  their  leases.  The 
total  rental  of  the  castle,  town,  and  mill  of  Haverford 
is  £56  15^.  9^. 

The  survey  of  the  manor  of  Camrose  follows  :  there 
are  seven  free  tenants,  and  their  total  rent  is  46s.  6d. 
John  Wogan  of  Boulston,  Thomas  Bo  wen,  gentleman, 
John  Smyth,  and  John  Tankard  (in  Easter  DudwaH), 
held  of  the  Queen  by  knight  service,  relief,  and  suit  of 
6ourt,  the  others  in  free  socage.  William  Warren  held 
to  him  and  his  heirs  for  ever,  at  a  rent  of  two  shillings, 
the  pond  and  stream  to  his  mill  at  Wolfsdale,  then  in 
ruina  Thomas  Bo  wen,  as  son  and  heir  of  Mark  Bowen 
of  Roblinston,  held  to  him  and  his  heirs  for  ever,  by 
grant  to  his  father,  on  August  4th,  1545,  by  William 
Morrice  Gwynne,  mayor,  and  the  feoffees  of  the 
Chamberlain  s  lands,  a  ruined  house  and  nine  bovates 
of  land  by  the  cemetery  of  the  church  of  St.  Ambrose* 
at  Camrose ;  for  this  he  paid  eight  pence^  and  a  heriot 


c  '  An  older  name  was  Gondwjnes  dioh,  and  a  later  Qneen's 
Ditch. 

^  This  name  was  common  near  the  town. 
'  Camrose  Church  is  dedicated  to  St.  Ismael. 
•  *  This  rental  of  eightpence  was  bought  by  Sir  John  Perrot,  and 
included  in  his  benefaction  to  the  town. 


THE  LORDSHIP  OF  HAVERFORD  IN  1577.  51 

of  3s.  Ad.  to  the  feoflfees,  and  twenty  shillings  to  the 
lady  of  the  manor. 

There  were  three  tenants  for  years  in  Camrose,  who 
all  held  by  letters  patent  from  the  Crown  for  twenty- 
one  years.  Of  the  first,  the  surveyor  notes  that  there 
are  59  acres  short  in  the  holding,  which  he  attributes 
to  the  fact  that  '^when  the  premises  were  first  demised 
the  particuler  was  grounded  uppon  reporte,  without 
either  estimate  or  measure  made.''  Tnomas  Bo  wen 
held,  as  assignee  of  Roger  Marcroft,  five  parts  of  the 
mill  at  Camrose  (the  remaining  part  was  held  by  the 
same  man  as  the  heir  of  Walter  Wadding^ ;  the  sur- 
veyor found  by  record  that  in  ancient  time  tne  premises 
were  let  at  a  much  higher  rent,  "  when  belike  there 
were  fewe  mylles  ;*'  he  further  states  "  the  Tenaunt 
hath  used  to  doe  suite  of  Court  as  other  Tenauntes,  but 
no  fifarmers  of  mylles  doe  paie  Heriottes.*'  John 
Tankard  and  Thomas  Bowen  held  as  assignees  of 
Griffith  White  a  carucate  or  ploughland  on  Goflfermount, 
alias  Coveran  (now  Cuffem)  mountain,  said  to  be 
"but  heath  grounde  neither  good  for  pasture  nor 
come.''  As  the  mountain  had  been  claimea  by  private 
persons,  the  surveyor  sets  out  on  behalf  of  the  Crown  : 
(1)  A  survey  in  1549,  when  the  jury  presented  the 
King's  ploughland  at  Coffron  "  knowen  by  metes  and 
boundes  and  by  them  perambulated ;"  (2)  his  own 
survey  in  1565,  "for  better  evidence  when  occasion 
should  happen,"  in  which  the  metes  and  bounds  are 
fully  set  out ;  he  found  then  that  "  sondrie  lordes"  held 
other  parts  of  the  mountain,  the  principal  of  them 
being  "  Anne  Ladie  Woogan,"^  who  at  that  date  had 
granted  her  interest  to  Owen  Tankard  f  (3)  "  a  recorde 
of  aocomptes"  of  the  collector  of  Camrose  in  1314  ;  and 
(4)  a  survey  of  1560. 

There  were  ten  gale  tenants  at  Camrose ;  their  total 

^  Widow  of  Sir  Jobn  Wogan  of  WistoD,  and  daughter  and 
heiress  of  William  ap  Philip  of  Stonehall. 

'  The  Tankards  were  of  Dadwell,  in  Camrose.     Owen  Tankard 
was  the  son  of  John,  above  mentioned. 

4< 


52  A  SURVEY  OP 

rents  amounted  to  1195.  Ad.  There  are  some  good 
Pembrokeshire  names  among  them  :  Cornock,  Rennysh, 
Poyer,  Synnet,  and  Esmond.  The  place-names  include 
Broughton's  Lands,  Wethered  Ford,  Le  Parock,  and 
Calfe  Hill.  It  was  presented  that  it  was  an  ancient 
custom  of  this  manor  that  the  tenants  were  bound  to 
collect  the  rents,  and  that  they  at  the  Easter  leet  gave 
the  names  of  three  gale  tenants  to  the  steward,  one  of 
whom  he  chose  to  be  reeve  for  the  year. 

In  the  manor  of  Stainton^  with  its  members  Pill  and 
Roch,  alias  le  Wood,  there  were  eleven  free  tenanta 
Among  them  were  Robert,  Earl  of  Essex  and  Lady 
Newport,  each  of  whom  held  in  Lambston ;  Morris 
Walter  at  Rainbotteshill  f  Francis  Laughame  Esquire 
at  Barrettes  Hill ;  the  heirs  of  Richard  Bow  en*  of 
Loghmeiler,  and  James  Bowen,  gentleman,  at  Wood- 
ston  and  Terston ;  Thomas  ap  Owen  of  Trellom  at 
Terston,  Nickell,  and  Thumton ;  David  Bolton*  at 
Bolton's  Hill ;  and  Hugh  Butler,^  gentleman,  an  infant 
and  ward  of  the  Queen,  the  manor  of  Johnston,  and 
five  carucates  of  land.  David  Bolton  held  by  a  rent  of 
a  red  rose,  others  held  at  no  rent,  and  the  rent  of  the 
rest  was  nominal.  The  rental  of  the  six  "tenants 
by  indenture"  for  twenty  one  years  amounted  to 
£7  I5s.  Ad.  Among  the  place-names  are  Ymeshill*  in 
Stainton,  and  Egebegesismore,  of  which  last  the  grant 

^  The  manors  of  Stainton,  St.  Ishmael's,  and  Pill  were  part  of 
the  possessions  of  Pill  Priory. 

'  In  Boch,  Morris  was  of  a  family  of  the  name  of  Holmes,  who 
settled  at  Hayerford  and  took  the  name  of  Walter ;  from  him  were 
descended  Richard  Walter,  of  Roch  Castle,  sheriff  in  1657,  and  his 
more  famons  sister,  Lncy. 

^  His  daughter  and  heiress,  Katherine,  brought  Lochmeilir  to 
John  Sconrfield,  of  Moat. 

^  He  married  the  daughter  of  Afark  Bowen,  mentioned  above; 
his  family  had  been  at  Bolton  Hill  for  some  generations. 

*  Sheriff  in  1599  ;  Johnston  came  to  the  Butlers  by  marriage 
with  the  Tankard  heiress. 

®  Deemshill,  called  Zeimshulle  in  a  fine  of  1319;  see  OvoeiCn  Pern- 
hrokeskirey  I,  173. 


THte  LoUDSHiP  o^  haVerford  IN  1577.  53 

was  made  by  Henry,  King  of  England  and  Fi-ance, 
lord  of  Ireland  and  JHaverford,  on  the  advice  of  Sir 
Rhys  ap  Thomas,  supervisor  of  the  lordship  of  Haver- 
ford.  There  is  a  grant  of  a  coal  mine  in  Boch,  late  in 
the  tenure  of  Owen  Prendirgast.  The  surveyor  adds 
at  the  foot  **thi8  voucher  of  ye  premisses  to  be  parcell 
of  ye  manor  of  Roch  and  Pill  is  erroneous,  for  there  is 
no  such  manor."  The  fourteen  gale  tenants  paid 
£9  145.  4d. ;  one  of  the  tenants,  Tege  Ormonde,  looks 
like  an  Irishman,  the  others  are  Pembrokeshire  and 
Welsh  and  the  procurator  of  the  parish  church  of 
Stainton.  The  place-names  are  Copped  Bushe,  Annable 
PuU,  and  le  ffourde.  The  surveyor  notes  that  a  court 
was  held  at  a  place  called  Black  Stone. 

In  the  manor  of  St.  Ishmael's  there  were  eleven  free 
tenants,  none  of  whom  paid  rent.  Among  them  were 
Sir  John  Perrot,  Lady  Newport,  John  Barlow  Esquire, 
Francis  Laugharne  Esquire,  John  Wogan  of  Boulston, 
Esquire,  Griffith  Wyrriot^  gentleman,  and  John  Wylly  : 
they  held  at  Bicton,  Great  and  Little  Houghton,  le 
Hill  (in  Dale  parish),  and  at  Seavers  Hill.^  There 
were  no  leaseholders  in  this  manor.  The  nineteen  gale 
tenants  paid  between  them  £13  186'.  lid.  ;  among 
their  names  are  David  Allen,  Philip  Cocke,  David 
Leye,  Morris  Prosser,  Robert  Jordan,  Philip  Hyre,  and 
Richard  Germyn  :  they  all  held  in  St  Ishmael's.  One 
holding  is  described  as  *'  unum  toftum  edificatum 
vocatum  Censarie  or  Vowrie  Lande,"  upon  which  the 
surveyor  notes — 

**tbi8  gardioe  Plott  and  Tofte  (as  the  reste  following)  were 
sometinie  cottages  which  served  for  Chensaries  or  Vowrye  men 
termed  Advocarii  in  the  Eecorde  (which  we  commonly  call 
innemates')  and  were  Artificers  often  flitting  from  place  to 
place,  the  nomber  of  which  is  small  nowe  to  that  it  was  when 

*  Yonnger  brother  of  George  Wirriot>  mentioned  above. 
'  There  is  a  Siver  in  St.  Bride's. 

*  Inmates  were  strangers  to  whom  cottages  were  sub-let:  there 
are  many  old  statutes  against  harbouring  them ;  they  paid  a  fixed 
rent  for  the  protection  of  their  landlords. 


54  A  StTRVBY  OF 

Pilgiymages  stoode,  which  causeth  that  the  same  in  most  places 
be  utterlie  decayed.  But  in  this  Lordshippe  the  Tenaontes 
being  Tenauntes  at  will  were  forced  to  occupie  them  with  their 
Tenauntes  and  paie  th'  accustomed  Bentes  and  by  reason  thei 
dwell  neere  the  sea  and  sett  ffisher  men  aworke,  thei  have  some 
such  innemates  at  this  daye.  Wherfore  it  is  fitt  thei  shoulde 
be  letten  to  those  that  are  the  presente  Tenauntes  of  the  prin- 
cipall  landes,  but  no  fynes  to  be  rated  for  the  value  of  such." 

The  jury  present  that  there  wad  in  the  manor  "  a 
seate  where  a  Myll  hath  bene  with  a  watercourse  there- 
unto belonging,  and  that  the  same  Myll  hath  bene 
decayed  tyme  out  of  mynde/'  Also  the  surveyor  found 
by  record  "  that  there  hath  bene  a  Passage  which  I 
leame  did  decaye  by  reason  it  was  verie  dangerous, 
being  over  a  parte  of  Milforde  verie  brode  in  that 
place.'' 

In  the  manor  of  Pill,  William  Tasker  held  a 
tenement  containing  a  ploughland  called  Annabale 
Pill,  under  a  lease  for  lives. 

*'  The  dwellinge  howse*  beinge  fewer  roomes  on  a  floore  and  one 
lofte  at  the  lower  ende  of  the  said  howse,  containing  in  all  21 
copies  covered  with  thatch  and  one  little  outstall  adjoyneing  to 
the  Hall  covered  with  slate." 

There  were  several  outbuildings  all  covered  with 
thatch,  and  the  annual  value  of  the  whole  is  nil. 

The  total  rental  of  the  Castle,  Lordship,  and  Town  of 
Haverfordwest  is  stated  to  be  £111  ISs,  Z^d. 

The  outgoings  are:  the  fee  of  jC68  6s.  8d.  yearly 
for  life  to  Sir  Edward  Mansell,^  as  seneschal  of  the 
lordships  of  **Haverforde  and  Rowse,"  by  grant  of 
Philip  and  Mary,  in  1558,  and  of  £6  13s.  4d.  as 
chancellor  and  supervisor  by  the  same  grant.  The 
surveyor  notes,  that  as  the  office  of  chancellor  is  not  in 
force,  this  fee  can  be  saved  after  Sir  Edward  s  death. 
The  fee  of  Robert  Acton,  £6  128.  4d.,  as  constable  of 
the  Castle,  and  30s.  lOd.  as  jailer ;  as  the  Castle  is 

1  The  old  hoQse  of  the  De  La  Roches  on  Pill  Bhodal;  see  Old 
Pembroke  Families,  p.  74. 

2  Of  Margam. 


THB  LORDSHIP  OF  HAVERFOKD  IN  1577.  55 

"  utterly  decayed,"  the  surveyor  thinks  that  these  fees 
also  may  be  saved  after  the  life  of  the  holder.  Also, 
one  PhDip  Morgan  had  for  life  **  the  office  of  customer 
aod  butler  of  the  porte  and  creeke  of  Westhaverforde,", 
with  a  yearly  fee  of  40^.,  and  of  bailiflF  of  Haverdford- 
west  and  Rowse,  **  which  officer  collecteth  ye  casualties 
of  this  Lordshippe"  with  a  yearly  fee  of  60^.  8d.  The 
surveyor  .says,  *'  which  ffees  I  do  not  here  reprise  for 
there  is  no  value  of  any  of  the  said  casualties  in  this 
survey." 

Then  follows  a  copy  of  the  report  of  Davy  and 
Canon  as  to  their  proceedings,  which  seem  to  have  been 
conducted  with  much  fairness.  The  tenants  complain 
of  their  poverty  by  reason  of  the  heriots,  suit  of  court, 
collection  of  rents,  and  the  "  burthen  of  servauntes  and 
children."  The  surveyors  increased  the  rents  by 
£13  13s.  5d. ;  they  object  to  the  system  of  taking  fines 
on  renewal  of  leases,  and  they  add  "  it  mai  be  that 
some  which  wolde  putt  ii  or  iii  of  these  tenements  into 
one  and  make  dayries  male  afforde  to  give  greate  ffines ; 
but  then  shoulde  the  countrie  be  desolate  of  people, 
and  the  Queenes  comoditie  and  service  otherwise  much 
hindered." 

The  document  concludes  with  the  regulations  for  the 
survey  laid  down  by  Lord  Burghley,^  the  Treasurer, 
and  Sir  Walter  Mildmay,*  Chancellor. 

*  Lord  High  Treasurer,  1572-1598. 

<  Ghanoellor  9f  the  Exobeqner,  1566-1589. 


56 


THE  REMOVAL  OF  THE  CROSS  OF  ILTYD  AT 
LLANTWIT  MAJOR,  GLAMORGANSHIRK 

RV  G.  S.  HALLIDAY,  ESQ.,  F.R.I.RA. 

Tbb  faculty  for  the  reparation  of  the  Parish  Church 
at   Llantwit   Major  included    the    setting-up   of    the 


Fig.  1. — The  Iltyd  Croas,  shored  up  preparatory  to  its  remoyaL 

pre-Norman  stones  in  the  western  or  old  church. 
With  one  exception,  this  was  complied  with :  the  ex- 
ception being  the  Iltyd  Cross-shaft,  said  by  tradition 
to  be  in  situ. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Vaughan,  the  late  Vicar  of  Llantwit, 


THE  REMOVAL  Ot  THE  CHOSS  0^  iLttb. 


57 


who,  at  the  time  of  the  restoration  in  1889,  was  about 
ninety  years  of  age,  expressed  a  wish  that,  when  he 
died,  he  should  be  buried  by  the  Iltyd  stone ;  and  that 
the  stone  should  not  be  removed  to  the  church  until 
afteY  his  death.  This  request  was  complied  with  ;  but, 
as  the  stone  showed  some  fresh  signs  of  fracture,  the 
present   Vicar,    the   Rev.    Henry  Morris,  thought   it 


Fig.  2. — The  Iltyd  Crosa,  iu  procosa  of  removal. 

advisable  to  accept  the  kind  oflfer  of  Dr.  Charles  T. 
Vachell,  J.P.,  to  set  up  the  stone,  under  cover,  with 
the  other  pre-Norman  remains  (Fig.  4). 

The  Cross-shaft  of  Samson,  commonly  called  the  Iltyd 
Stone,  measures  6  ft.  from  the  ground-line  upwards, 
and  4  ft  2  ins.  from  the  ground-line  to  the  extreme 
base,  which  tapers  from  12  ins.  to  7  ins.  in  thickness 
(Fig.  5).     The  worked  portion  of  the  stone  terminates 


5S 


THE  REBIOVAL  09  THE  CROSS  OF  ILTYI> 


in.  a  picker-line,  about  |  in.  in  breadth/ a  few  inches 
below  the  ground-line— in  fact,  just  under  the  turf — 
for  about  1  ft.  6  ins.  to  2  ft.  below  this,  there  is  every 
indication  of  the  soil  having  been  disturbed ;  small 
pieces  of  crockery  and  other  miscellaneous  debris  were 
unearthed.  Below  this,  however,  the  soil  showed  no 
indication  of  having  been  moved  below  the  picker-linei 
There  are  no  signs  of  either  tooling  or  working  in  any 
form.    It  is  simply  a  glacial  boulder  turned  to  account : 


Fig.  3. — The  Dtyd  Cross,  after  being  taken  out  of  the  ground. 

on  one  side  the  surface  is  rubbed  quite  smooth,  and 
shows  very  distinct  striations. 

The  accompanying  photographs,  taken  by  Mr.  Guy 
Clarke  and  myself— when  compared  with  the  measurea 
sketch — will  give  a  far  better  idea  of  the  base  than 
any  written  description  (Figs.  3  and  5). 

The  cross-shaft  stood  from  3  ins.  to  4  ins.  above  the 
limestone  rock,  which  probably  accounts  for  its  having 
kept  its  upright  position  for  so  many  centuries  ;  but  a 
further  proof  of  the  stone  being  in  situ  was :  first,  the 


AT  LLAKTWlT  MaJOR,  aLAMOftOAKSHlRE.  59 

finding  of  bones  immediately  under  the  cross  ;  secondly, 
the  discovery  of  a  rough  stone  cist,  containing  an 
undisturbed  skeleton,  placed  within  a  few  inches  of, 
and  exactly  in  the  centre  of,  the  east  side  of  the  cross- 
shaft  (Fig.  6)  ;  from  which  it  is  conclusively  proveil 
that  both  cist  and  cross  were  put  in  at  the  same  time. 
Had  the  cross  been  fixed  after  the  cist,  the  cist  would 
have  been  disturbed :  which  it  was  not.  Had  this 
been  erected  prior  to  the  making  of  the  cist,  the  cross. 


Fig.  4. — Interior  of  the  Old  Weatern  Church  at  Llantwit  Major, 
where  the  Iltyd  Cross  uow  stauds. 

owing  to  its  great  weight,  would  have  inclined  forward. 
The  door  of  the  cist  was  about  3  ins.  above  the  exterior 
bottom  of  the  cross-base. 

The  following  notes  and  sketch-plan,  made  by  Mr. 
John  Ward,  F.S.  A.,  of  the  Museum,  Cardiff*,  will  explain 
the  position  and  condition  of  the  human  remains  found 
immediately  around  the  cross. 

"  The  whole  trunk  and  skull  of  one  of  the  skeletons,  a,  was 
exposed  on  the  south  side  of  the  excavation.  It  lay  on  its  back 
with  the  head  to  the  west,  the  upper  parts  of  the  legs  only 
appearing  in  sight.    The  head  was  slightly  inclined  to  the  right, 


60 


TfiB  REMOVAL  OJ^  THB  CttOSS  OF  iLTYt) 


Fig.  5. — Section  showing  Iltyd  Croes  before  remoYaL 

and  the  arms  were  so  folded  that  the  hands  must  have  rested  on 
the  trunk.    There  were  no  signs  of  a  coffin  of  any  sort  (Fig.  6). 
*'  The  other  skeleton,  B,  was  at  a  slightly  higher  level,  and  it 
lay  further  to  the  east,  the  head  only  appearing  in  the  excavation. 


AT  LLANTWrr  MAJOR,  QLAM0RGAN8HIRB. 


61 


This  body  had  been  placed  in  a  rude  cist,  stones  having  been 
placed  close  around  it,  and  then  roofed  in  by  larger  stones.  The 
skull,  as  I  saw  it,  was  unprotected  above ;  but  it  was  probably 


^X/ 


< 


C  I 


l>^ 


B-^^  -.J.  ^ 


^  ^^-^^  ^-^""^ 


Fig.  6. — Plan,  showing  Human  Remuns  disoovered  beneath  the  Iltyd  Cross. 


covered  with  a  stone  when  found.     The  upper  part  was  visible, 
and  it  was  somewhat  turned  to  the  left.^ 
"  Besides  these,  the  thigh  and  pelvic  bones  of  another  skeleton 

^  Mr.  Ward  had  no  opportunity  of  noting  |the  exact  position 
of  this  skeleton  with  reference  to  the  cross,  as  the  shaft  had  then 
been  removed,  and  the  excavation  widened. — G.  E.  H. 


62  THE  REMOVAL  OF  THE  CROSS  OP  ILTYD 

(c)  were  brought  to  light  at  the  west  end  of  the  excavation,  and 
they  were  at  a  somewhat  lower  level ;  and,  in  fact,  may  be  said 
to  have  passed  under  A. 

"  All  the  bones  were  in  a  condition  more  resembling  those  of 
prehistoric  than  of  ordinary  churchyard  burials.  They  were 
excessively  brittle,  throuf^fh  loss  of  the  gelatinous  matters,  and 
were  much  fractured  without  displacement,  a  bone  appearing 
to  be  sound  until  the  attempt  was  made  to  ipove  it.  There  is 
little  doubt,  therefore,  that  these  interments  were  very  ancient 


Fig.  7.— View  of  Cist  beneath  the  Iltyd  Cross. 

I  may  add  that  they  rested  upon  the  undisturbed  natural 
soiL" 

"  Skeleton  A. — I  was  unable  to  get  out  a  femur  or  any  other 
long  bone  for  measuring  purposes ;  but  it  was  obvious  that  this 
skeleton  related  to  a  tallish  person,  of  somewhat  strong  build. 
The  vertebrae  column  and  the  right  femur  had  been  pushed 
inwards — perhaps  on  the  occasion  of  the  burial  of  B  (Fig.  6).  The 
pelvic  boneis  were  much  decayed  and  broken ;  but  th6  short 
distance  of  the  undisturbed  femur  from  the  sacrum,  together 
with  the  bold,  supraciHary  ridges,  seemed  to  me  to  indicate  a 


AT  LLANTWIT  MAJOR,  OLAM0ROAN8HIRE.  63 

man.   The  sutures  of  the  skull  showed  no  signs  of  having  welded 

— at  least  on  the  outer  table.     They  were  moderately  intricate ; 

and,  in  picking  up  the  fragments,  there  was  not  the  slightest 

coherence  along  their  lines  (Fig.  8).     Further,  the  inner  side  of 

the  skull  exhibited,  to  some  extent,  the  satiny  glossiness  which 

one  associates  with  youth,  rather  than  old  age.     The  teeth,  for 

an  azlcieni:  skeleton,  were  little  worn ;  but  the  wisdom  teeth 

exhibited  about  the  same  amount  of  wear.     There  was  no  sign 

of  decayed  teeth.     All  these  conditions  led  me  to  regard,  the 


Fig.  8. — View  of  Hole  where  the  Iltyd  Cross  stood. 

skeleton  as  belonging  to  a  man,  who  died  in  not  later  than 
middle  life — perhaps  early  middle  life. 

"  Skeleton  B. — Of  this,  only  the  skull  was  available  for  exami- 
nation ;  it  was  much  crushed.  I  examined  the  upper  pieces 
only.  The  skull  looked  decidedly  youthful.  There  was  no 
question  as  to  the  open  sutures,  and  the  supraciliary  ridges  were 
very  slightly  developed. 

"  Skeletons  C. — Near  the  left  side  of  the  skull  a  was  most  of 
the  shaft  of  an  adult  femur  (a),  which  undoubtedly  belonged  to 


64  THE  REMOVAL  OF  THE  CROSS  OP  ILTYD. 

some  remains  of  pelvic  bones,  about  5  ins.  or  6  ins.  to  the  west 
of  that  skull.  Nearer  to  this  skull  was  the  femur  (c)  and  os 
innominatum  (b),  and  of  a  child,  which  seemed  to  me  to  also 
relate  to  some  interment  earlier  than  A;  its  direction  would 
indicate  that  the  body  lay,  like  the  others,  with  the  head  to  the 
west. 

''The  whole  of  the  middle  of  the  trunk  of  skeleton  a  had 
sunk  several  inches  below  the  level  of  its  upper  portion  and 
legs,  doubtless  owing  to  the  great  weight  of  St  Iltyd's  cross- 
shaft." 

Mr.  Ward  further  states  that  there  was  no  evidence 
to  show  that  this  spot  was  the  original  position  of  the 
Iltyd  Cross. 

Mr.  Ward,  however,  did  not  see  the  excavation  in 
progress  ;  and,  as  the  stone  itself  had  been  moved  prior 
to  his  visit,  hence  he  could  not  see  the  relative  position 
of  the  cist  B  to  the  cross-shaft.  This,  however,  I  care- 
fully noted  when  the  cross  was  being  removed. 


65 


Cambrian  9[rcbaeologtcal  iagsioc^atton. 


REPORT  OF  THE  PROCEEDINGS 

AT  THE 

FIFTY-SIXTH    ANNUAL    MEETING, 

HELD  AT 

BRECON, 

On  MONDAY,   AUGUST  18th,   1902, 

AND   FOUR   FOLLOWING   DAYS. 


President. 
UEUT. .COLONEL  PRYCEJONES,  M.P. 

President-Elect. 
THE  RIGHT  HON.  LORD  OLANUSK. 

Local  Committee. 
Chairman.— TKE  MAYOR  OF  BRECON  (David  Powell,  Esq.). 


Mr.  C.  W.  Best  - 

Ven.  Archdeacon  Bbvan 

Rev.  E.  L.  Bevan 

Mrs.  Bradley 

Mr.  T.  Butcher  - 

Mr.  R.  D.  Cleasby 

Rev.  J.  L.  DAvaES 

Miu  M.  Davies  - 

Mrs.  Dawson 

Mr.  John  Doyle 

Mr.  T.  A.  Davies 

Mr.  Davhd  Evans 

Rev.  Preb.    Garnons-Williams 

Miss  Garnons-Williams 

Mr.  Ivor  James  - 

Mr.  Nathan  John 

Mr.  MooRE-GwYN  (H»gh  Sheriff) 

Miss  Philip  Morgan 

Colonel  W.  L.  Morgan,  R.E      - 

Mr.  Ellis  Owen  - 

Rev.  J.  Price     - 
Mr.  R.  T.  Raikes 
Mr.  H.  C.  Rich  - 
Rev.  Chancellor  Smith    > 
Mr.  Hadlby  Watkins    - 
Colonel  Thomas  Wood    - 

6tB  8IB.,  VOL.  m. 


Penbryn,  Brecon. 

Ely  Tower,  Brecon. 

The  Vicarage,  Brecon. 

Cefn  Pare,  Brecon. 

Lion  Street,  Brecon. 

Penovre,  Brecon, 

Llanddew  Vicarage,  Brecon. 

County  School  for  Girls,  Brecon 

Hartlmgton,  Burnsall,  Yorkshire. 

Pendarren,  Crickhowell 

Brecon  County  Timeit  Office,  Brecon. 

Ffrwdgrech,  Brecon. 

Abercamlais,  Brecon. 

Old  Vicarage,  Brecon. 

County  School  for  Boys,  Brecon. 

DyflFryn,  Ystradgynlais. 

Buckingham  Place,  Brecon. 

Brynbnallu,  Swansea. 

Brecon  and  Radnor  Express  Office, 

Brecon. 
Llanveigan  Rectory,  Brecon. 
Treberfydd,  Bwlch,  R.  S.  0. 
Watton,  Brecon. 
The  Castle,  Hay. 
Watton,  Brecon. 

Gwernyfed,  Three  Cooks,  R.  S.  0. 

5 


66  CAMBRIAN  ABCHi£0L0G1CAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Hon,  Local  Treasurer. 
Mr.  H.  £.  Bbadlst,  National  Provincial  Bank  of  England,  Brecon. 

Hon.  Local  Secretariu, 
Lieut-Col.  R.  D.  Gab^tons- Williams,  Tymawr,  Brecon. 
Mr.  Gbobgb  Hay,  The  Watton,  Brecon. 

General  Secretaries  of  the  Association. 

Rev.  Canon  K  Tkeyob  Owen,  F.S.A.,  Bodelwyddan  Vicarage, 

Rhnddlan,  R.  S.  0. 
Rev.  C.  Chidlow,  M.A.,  Lawhaden  Vicarage,  Nturberth. 


BBEeON  MEETING. — REPORT.  67 


EVENING    MEETINGS. 


MONDAY,  AUGUST   18th.  1902. 

A  pnblic  reception  of  the  Members  of  the  Association  was  held  iu 
the  Parish  Hall,  at  8  p.m.,  on  behalf  of  the  Local  Committee,  by  the 
Major  of  Brecon  (Mr.  David  Powell)  and  Lieut.-Col.  E.  D.  Garnons- 
Williams. 

In  rising  to  welcome  the  members,  the  Major,  as  Chairman  of  the 
Local  Committee,  said  : — 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen. — It  has  fallen  to  mj  lot,  as  Major  of  this 
ancient  and  historic  town,  to  ofiPer  jon  a  heartj  and  cordial  welcome 
as  members  of  the  Cambrian  Archaaological  Association,  on  this,  the 
third  visit  to  the  count j  town.  Although  the  cordiality  of  our 
welcome  cannot  well  be  surpassed  as  regards  the  spirit  in  which  it 
is  offered,  I  much  regret  that  I  am  one  whose  tastes  and  studies  for 
archseologj  do  not  in  any  way  qnalifj  me  for  the  duties  which 
devolve  on  me  this  evening.  When  the  Societj  first  visited  Brecon 
in  1853,  nearly  half  a  century  ago,  it  had  been  only  a  few  years  in 
existence.  Now  it  has  attained  a  Jong  and  honourable  period  of 
existence,  during  which  time  the  aims  and  objects  of  the  Associa- 
tion have  been  fulfilled.  It  lias  endeavoured  by  personal  investi- 
gation and  inspection  to  visit  all  objects  and  scenes  of  historic 
interest.  In  this  way  a  record  of  all  objects  of  antiquity  has 
been  made,  and  this  should  form  a  basis  for  the  construction  of 
future  history.  I  think  I  may  safely  say,  without  being  unduly 
partial  to  my  own  town  and  county,  that  there  are  few  places  which 
surpass  it  for  the  natural  beauty  of  its  surroundings  or  the  historic 
interest  attached  to  its  varied  scenes.  I  can  only  express  the  hope 
that  the  weather  may  prove  favourable  for  the  tours  of  inspection, 
and  that  members  of  the  Association  on  leaving  Brecon  will  be 
favourably  impressed  by  the  purity  of  its  air,  and  the  natural  beauty 
of  its  surroundings ;  also  that  the  visit  may  prove  productive  of 
much  benefit  for  the  furtherance  of  the  objects  which  the  Associa- 
tion has  in  view.  On  behalf  of  the  Local  Committee  and  towns- 
people generally,  I  offer  you  a  most  hearty  and  cordial  welcome  to 
the  town  of  Brecon. 

Lord  Glanusk  thanked  the  Mayor  and  the  Local  Committee  for 
their  hospitality,  and  for  the  time  and  trouble  they  had  given  in 
arranging  for  the  Society  the  excursions  of  the  next  few  days — 
excursions  which  he  hoped  they  would  all  enjoy  very  much.     The 


68  CAMBRIAN  ARCH^OLOGICAL  ASSOOIATIOI^. 

Mayor  has  said  he  possessed  no  great  arohaoolo^oal  lore,  and  ho 
(the  speaker)  was  afraid  he  mast  admit  the  same  himself. 

*'  Some  men  are  wise, 
And  Bome  are  otherwise." 

He  regretted  to  inclade  himself  in  the  last  category.  He  again 
thanked  the  Mayor  for  the  welcome  he  had  extended  to  them  on 
behalf  of  one  of  the  most  ancient  bodies,  and  one  of  the  most  ancient 
boroughs — a  town  whose  walls  had  defended  it  against  attack  in 
more  tronblons  times  than  these.  On  the  walls  of  that  room  that 
night  they  saw  their  ancient  flag  with  crest  and  motto  :  *^  Y  ddraig 
goch,"  etc.,  the  red  dragon  on  this  occasion,  apparently,  with  a 
smile  on  his  face,  extending  the  right  hand  of  fellowship  for  all  who 
chose  to  grasp.  He  thanked  the  Mayor  and  the  Local  Committee 
for  the  way  in  which  they  had  greeted  the  Society,  and  trosted  that 
this  would  not  be  the  last — as  it  was  not  the  first— occasion  on 
which  they  wonld  have  the  hononr  of  receiving  the  hospitality  of 
the  ancient  town  of  Brecon. 

The  proceedings  concluded  with  a  Conversazione,  which  was 
much  enjoyed  by  the  members. 

TUESDAY,  AUGUST  19th,  1902. 

A  Public  Meeting  was  held  in  the  Parish  Hall,  at  8  p. if.,  at  which 
Lord  Glannsk  delivered  the  following  Presidential  Address  : — 

THE   PRESroENT'S  ADDRESS- 

LiDiES  AND  Gbntlbmek. — It  is  my  pleasant  duty  to  open  the 
proceedings  of  this  evening,  by  offering  on  behalf  of  the  residents  in 
the  county  of  Brecknock  a  hearty  welcome  to  the  Society  of 
Cambrian  Arcbaaologists. 

The  limitations  of  time  and  distance  must  of  necessity  prevent 
your  seeing  all  that  yon  would  wish  to  visit.  The  castle  of  Bnilth 
and  the  ancient  Slarman  Stone  are  beyond  our  reach.  The  castle 
and  walled  town  of  Hay  must  remain  unvisited.  The  castle  and 
town  of  Crickhowell  are,  I  believe,  beyond  our  compass,  while  the 
curious  church  of  Patricio,  with  its  beautiful  screen,  rood-altars 
in  situ,  and  its  font  of  the  eleventh  century,  fixing  the  date  of  ihe 
parish,  must  be  left  till  you  can  approach  them  from  a  nearer  centre. 
Still,  enough  can  be  seen  to  give  a  fair  idea  of  what  the  district  was 
before  it  became  a  county  —  of  the  warfare  of  long-forgotten 
ancestors— their  ecclesiastical  buildings,  their  domestic  habitations, 
and  much  else  worthy  of  note  to  those  who  study  the  science  of 
archsBology. 

MiLTTART  Antiquities. 

The  military  antiquities  of  Brecon  form  a  group  not  the  least 
interesting  amongst  the  curiosities  of  the  county. 

The  Dinasy  or  primssval  fortress  of  the  Britons,  was,  in  every  case 
within  the  county  of  Brecknock,  a  walled  enclosure  on  the  top  of  a 


BRECON  MEETING. — REPORT.  69 

hill,  its  size  only  limited  by  the  extent  of  the  summit,  sarrounded 
by  a  dry  wall  for  the  purpose  of  defence,  a  diagonal  wall  sometimes 
down  the  hill  forming  a  covered  way  for  entrance  or  egress,  or 
possibly  leading  to  a  spring  of  water.  At  one  end  of  the  camp, 
indications  of  a  gate  with  exterior  defences,  the  interior  filled 
with  shallow  excavations,  some  3  ft.  deep.  Here  the  spade  will 
reveal  the  dwellings  of  the  ancients  borrowed  into  the  hillside, 
probably  once  roofed  with  bonghs  of  trees.  The  tribal  residence  :  a 
place  of  protection  for  the  aged,  the  women,  and  children,  a  fold  for 
the  cattle,  a  rally ing-point  for  the  warrior. 

This  county  is  studded  with  these  rude  villages,  no  longer  clearly 
distinguishable,  and  somewhat  inaccessible  to  the  antiquary ; 
crowded,  no  doubt,  with  wonder-stricken  warriors  and  terrified 
women,  when  the  civilised 'legions  of  Rome  marched  through  the 
woodland  valleys  of  Siluria. 

Issuing  from  these  hill- forts,  and  fulling  with  sudden  rush  upon 
the  Roman  legions,  the  Britons  met  with  some  success  in  the  earlier 
years  of  Roman  invasion ;  they  had  but  little  chance  of  victory  when 
once  the  Roipans  had  organised  their  power. 

The  Rohan  Roads. 

Roads  have  been  in  all  ages  the  first  necessity  of  military  occupa- 
tion. The  English  in  the  nineteenth  century  have  advanced  their 
railway  to  the  north-west  frontier  of  India,  are  pushing  an  iron  road 
northward  through  their  new  territories  of  South  Africa  ;  while  from 
the  north  the  rail-head  on  the  bank  of  the  Nile  has  been  carried 
southward  immediately  in  the  rear  of  our  victorious  armies. 

So  the  Romans,  more  than  eighteen  centuries  ago,  joined  their 
landing-places  in  the  south  with  London,  and  from  thence  carried  a 
network  of  roads  to  the  most  distant  parts  of  Britain. 

Antonine's  Itinerary  II. — Of  these  three  only  concern  us.  The 
first  leading  from  London  to  IJriconium  (Wroxeter),  a  point  near 
Shrewsbury,  and  thence  to  Chester  and  the  north  ;  this  was  the 
highway  from  the  capital  to  North  Wales.  At  Uriconium  it  was 
joined  by  military  roads  from  South  Wales ;  and,  as  the  Roman 
legions  passed  freely  between  north  and  south,  Uriconium  became 
the  objective  of  the  northward  road  of  Brecknock. 

Iter.  VII. — To  approach  South  Wales  from  London,  the  road 
passed  Windsor  (Pontibus),  and  Reading  (Calleva),  and  was,  so  far, 
the  first  stage  of  a  road  to  Portsmouth. 

Iter.  XIII. — Beypnd  Reading  the  traveller  had  the  choice  of  two 
routes  :  one  by  Cirencester  (Durocernovium),  and  Glo'ster  (Glevum), 
Ross  (Ariconium),  Monmouth  (Blestium),  to  Usk  (Burrium)  to 
Caerleon,  where  it  joined  the  alternative  route. 

Iter.  XI V, — This  road  bifurcated  from  the  one  just  described  about 
seventeen  miles  west  of  Reading,  and  passing  Bath,  then  called 
Aque  Soils,  went  by  Bristol  to  Abone,  a  place  on  the  south  bank  of 
the  Severn,  represented  by  the  Severn  Tunnel  of  the  present  day . 


70  CAMBRIAN  AECHiEOLOOICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

CrossiDg  the  Severn  by  boat,  the  traveller  passed  oq  to  Caerleon 
(Isca),  where  the  alternative  roate  from  London  had  also  its 
terminns.  From  this  point  a  single  line  of  roate  led  to  Caer- 
marthen  (Maridnnnm),  at  which  point  oar  interest  oeases. 

From  Caerleon  and  Usk  another  ronbe  connected  Soath  and 
North  Wales,  passing  thix>agh  the  modern  ooanties  of  Hereford  and 
Salop  to  Wrozeter,  said  to  be  Wrekin  Castle,  the  Camp  of  the 
Wrekin. 

These  are  the  only  main  military  roads  it  is  necessary  to  bear  in 
mind.  Roughly,  we  may  say  they  represent  the  roates  now  followed 
by  the  Great  Western,  the  North  Western,  and  the  Hereford  and 
Shrewsbury  Railways. 

Iter,  XIL — From  Caerleon  the  coast  road  ran  through  CardiflT 
and  Neath  to  Muridunnm  (Caormarthen).  From  Muridunum  an 
important  vicinal  road  follows  the  Towy  River  to  Llandilo,  whence 
it  is  shown  in  the  Ordnance  Map  following  the  modem  road  from 
Swansea  to  Llandovery,  from  which  place  it  runs  still  northward 
into  North  Wales. 

At  or  near  Llandovery  it  was  joined  by  another  road,  the  most 
important  we  have  to  deal  with — Via  Julia  Montana ;  this  led  east 
and  west  through  the  whole  length  of  the  Vale  of  Usk,  from  the 
source  of  the  river  past  Brecon  to  Abergavenny.  It  connected  the 
camp  at  Oaerbannau  with  Caermarthen  and  Abergavenuy. 

Cardiff  to  Caerbannau, — To  approach  the  Brecon  camp  from  the 
Channel  is  a  ix)ad  which,  starting  from  Cardiff,  follows  the  course  of 
the  Taff  River  northwards.  It  bifurcates  at  a  point  called  Dolygaer 
(the  Camp  Meadow),  south  of  Pont  Twyn  Reservoir.  The  western 
road  follows  TafiP  Fechan  in  a  north-westerly  direction  ;  it  probably 
passed  west  of  the  Beacon,  down  the  Tarell  Brook  to  Caerbannan. 

The  eastern  road  can  still  be  traced.  Crossing  Glyn  Colwyn 
above,  and  to  the  east  of  the  Brecon  and  Merthyr  Railway,  it  keeps 
to  the  top  of  the  hill,  finally  descending  to  Talybont,  near  which 
place  it  probably  joined  the  Via  Julia  Montana,  already  described, 
and  may  have  been  intended  as  a  short  route  to  Abergavenny. 

Neath  to  Chewier, — The  last  road  to  be  described  is  the  Saru 
Helen,  or  Sam  Lleon,  "the  Road  of  the  Legion,"  connecting  Neath 
with  Chester,  the  camp  of  the  legion  from  which  perhaps  tiie  road 
takes  its  name. 

From  Neath  the  road  leads  along  the  ridge  of  Hir  Fynydd  ("  the 
long  mountain'')  ;  it  can  be  traced  in  places  through  Blaensenny,  at  a 
spot  a  mile  south  of  Penpont,  and  occasionally  until  it  arrives  at 
the  camp  near  Brecon. 

After  passing  the  Gaer,  the  route  leads  to  Brecon,  and  can  thence 
be  traced  northward  up  the  Valley  of  the  Honddu.  A  mile  above 
Lower  Chapel,  it  leaves  the  modem  road  to  Builth,  and  ascends  the 
mountain,  rejoining  the  road  at  the  summit  of  the  Eppynt,  by  a 
mountain  inn,  Cwm  Awen.  It  follows  the  Dihonew  Brook  to 
Maesmynis,  thence  probably  to  Builth,  crossing  the  Wye,  and  so  to 


BRECON  MEETING. — REPORT.  71 

Llanyre,  m  Badnonsbire,  where  there  is  a  camp,  from  which  the 
road  passes  again  to  the  north,  its  objective  being  probably  Wrozeter. 
Caerbannau  will  be  seen  to  be  a  spot  of  considerable  importance, 
the  junction  of  most  of  the  military  routes,  and  very  favonrable  for 
a  camp  of  permanent  occupation. 

Roman  Camps. 

Roman  camps  were  always  aiTanged  on  the  same  plan.  The 
oamp  at  Gaerlmnnan  was  constructed  to  contain  about  1,500  men. 

The  fair  day's  march  of  a  Roman  soldier  was  twenty  Roman 
miles,  eqairalent  to  about  eighteen  miles  English.  Roman  armies 
neyer  halted,  even  for  a  single  night,  without  forming  an  entrench- 
ment capable  of  receiving  the  fighting  men,  beasts  of  burden,  and 
baggage.  We  should,  therefore,  expect  to  find  on  each  approach  to 
the  camp  at  Caerbannau,  at  a  spot  regulated  by  the  exigencies  of 
mountain  travel  (but  within  eighteen  miles),  a  subsidiary  entrench- 
ment, good  enough,  perhaps,  for  a  summer  residence,  amply  sufficient 
for  a  night's  rest  while  on  the  march. 

From  Brecon  to  Gobnnnium  is  twenty-two  miles.  This  was 
BMuie  two  marches,  the  camp  being  situate  in  the  valley  of  Cwmdu, 
just  below  the  half-way  inn  of  modern  days.  Carved  stones  indicate 
that  the  camp  was  permanently  occupied.  The  farmer  at  Gaer 
told  me  that  his  father  had  ploughed  up  '*  an  old  Eoman  in  a  stone 
coffin." — What  did  he  do  with  him?  *' Ploughed  him  in  again." 
—Alas! 

In  the  opposite  direction,  towards  Caermarthen,  is  a  camp  on 
Trecastle  Hill,  about  fifteen  miles  from  Caerbannau. 

On  the  Sarn  Helen  the  journey  from  Neath  to  Brecon  was  broken 
Ht  a  camp  near  the  boundary  of  the  county,  about  sixteen  miles  from 
Brecon,  and  perhaps  twelve  miles  from  Neath. 

Northwards  we  find  a  camp  on  the  rise  of  Eppynt.  Builth 
would  have  been  an  appropriate  resting-place ;  though  the  Castle 
field,  with  its  numerous  entrenchments,  has  never  been  recognised 
as  such.  At  Llanyre,  in  Radnorshire,  a  few  miles  further,  a  Roman 
station  is  marked  on  the  Ordnance  Map,  too  distant  from  Brecon  to 
have  been  covered  in  a  single  day. 

The  last  road  from  Brecon  to  Cardiff  has  a  station  at  the  Aberdare 
Hill,  fifteen  miles  from  Brecon. 

If  the  right  cause  for  minor  entrenchments  is  that  here  assigned, 
they  fit  into  their  places  in  a  singularly  appropriate  manner. 

Castles  of  the  Tekth  Century. 

The  time  succeeding  the  departure  of  the  Romans  does  not  seem 
to  have  left  any  mark  on  the  fortifications  of  this  county.  The 
DinaSy  already  described,  was  the  habitation  of  a  tribe,  the  Roman 
Castra  the  resting-place  of  an  army. 

The  earliest  castles  are  of  more  domestic  character :  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  lord  and  his  household,  for  the  protection  of 


72  CAMBRIAN  ABCHiBOLOGlCAL  ASSOCIATION. 

his  tenants,  and  for  the  safe-keeping  in  war  time  of  their  flocks  and 
herds.  The  earh'est  of  these  works  are  said  to  date  from  the  ninth 
and  tenth  centaries.  They  were  thus  constmcted  :  first  wa^  thrown 
np  a  cone  of  earth,  from  12  ft.  to  20  ft.  in  height,  the  soil  being 
obtained  from  the  contents  of  a  circomscribing  ditch.  Connected 
with  the  mound  is  usually  an  inclosure  or  base-court,  more  or  less 
rounded.  This  inclosure  also  had  its  bank  and  ditch  on  its  outward 
face,  the  rear  resting  on  the  ditch  of  the  mound.  The  mound  and 
outer  bank  carried  palisades. 

Where  the  base-court  is  of  moderate  area,  as  at  Bnilth,  its  plat- 
form is  often  slightly  elevated  by  the  addition  of  part  of  the  contents 
of  the  ditch. 

The  mound  at  Builth  stands  on  the  edge  of  a  natural  steep  above 
the  Wye.     Here  the  ditch  is  discontinued. 

The  reason  for  placing  the  mound  at  one  side  was  to  allow  of  the 
concentration  of  lodgings  and  stable,  and  to  make  the  mound  form 
part  of  the  exterior  defences  of  the  place.  Builth  is  a  small  but 
characteristic  fortress  of  this  kind.  Mounds  may  also  be  seen  at 
Brecon,  Crickhowell,  and  Bronllys.  That  timber  was  the  usual 
building  material  is  shown  by  the  Welsh  law  that  tenants  were  to 
attend  fbr  repair  or  rebuilding,  each  with  his  axe  in  his  hand. 

NorMan  Castles. 

It  was  in  the  eleventh  century  that  the  Normans  adopted  a  more 
permanent  fortress,  and  the  old-fashioned  structure  of  timber  began 
to  be  replaced  by  walls  and  towers  of  stone.  No  military  masonry 
has  been  discovered  in  Wales  of  a  date  prior  to  the  Norman  Con- 
quest. At  first,  the  Normans  used  two  classes  of  fortress.  Where  a 
castle  was  built  in  a  new  position,  they  employed  masonry.  Where 
the  site  was  old,  they  were  content  to  repair  the  existing  works  of 
timber,  leaving  to  a  more  convenient  season  the  building  of  a  more 
permanent  structure. 

When  Bernard  de  Newmarch  entered  Brecknock,  towards  the  end 
of  the  eleventh  century,  he  found  the  earthworks  of  Brecon  and 
Huilth  already  existing,  and  occupied  them  with  fortresses  of  a 
Norman  character.  At  Brecon  he  established  his  strong  and  capa- 
cious castle,  of  which  the  mound  and  much  of  the  masonry  can 
still  be  seen.  The  country  was  parcelled  out  amongst  his  followers ; 
thirteen  castles  represent  the  number  of  his  knights.  The  essential 
feature  is  a  keep,  standing  at  one  corner  of  a  triangular  court,  with 
a  curtained  wall,  strengthened  by  bastion  towers  at  the  comers. 
The  minor  details  will  be  best  described  by  local  antiquaries  upon 
the  spot. 

Peroration. 

Such  are  the  ancient  and  mediaeval  structures  of  offence  and 
defence.  Happily,  the  necessity  for  camp  and  castle  has  passed 
away.     Tour  Society  may  journey  through  the  length  and  breadth 


BRECON  MEETING. — RKPORT.  73 

of  the  land,  encoantering  no  danger  that  need  oanse  a  flatter  in  the 
most  timid  heart  With  the  fortress  of  ancient  days  joa  will  have 
the  opportnoitj  of  comparing  the  hospitable  hearth  of  the  modem 
mansion,  and  may  be  snre  of  finding  in  each  locality  you  may  visit 
the  hearty  welcome  which  it  has  been  my  daty  this  evening  to 
offer,  in  the  name  of  the  people  of  Brecknock,  to  the  Cambrian 
ArchsBological  Society. 

Afber  the  President  had  been  cordially  thanked  for  his  Address, 
the  following  papers  were  read  : — 

"The  Early  Settlers  of  Brecon."     By  Prof.  E.  Anwyl. 

"  The  Exploration  of  Clegyr  Voia."    By  the  Rev.  S.  Baring-Gould. 

"Roman  Forts  in  South  Wales."    By  P.  Haverfield,  F.S.  A. 

WEDNESDAY,  AUGUST  20th,  1902. 
On  this  day  there  was  no  Erenicg  Meeting. 

THURSDAY,  AUGUST  21st,  1902. 

The  Annual  General  Meeting  of  the  Association  was  held  in  the 
Parish  HalL  The  following  Report  was  read  by  the  Senior  General 
Secretary. 

Annual  Report  foe  1902. 

The  Journal, — The  following  papers  have  been  pablished  in  tho 
Archa^logia  Camhrmsis^  between  July,  1901,  and  July,  1902  : — 

Prehistoric  Period, 
"  Wanten  Dyke."     By  J.  M.  E.  Lloyd. 
"  Prehittoric  Interments  near  Carditf."     By  J.  War<l. 
**  Camps  and  Earthworks  of  the  Nowtown  District."     By  D.  R.  Tlionuis. 
"  Crug-yr-Avon."    By  J.  Griffith. 

"  Cairn  and  Sepulchral  Cave  at  Gop."     By  W.  Boyd  Dawkins. 
"The  Chevron  and  its  Derivatives."     By  J.  R.  Allen. 

BomanchBrUish  Period. 
No  papers. 

Early  Christian  Period. 
No  papers. 

MeduBval  Period. 
Sir  S.  R.  Olynne's  "  Notes  on  the  Older  Welsh  Churches."  By  D.  R  Thomas. 

(Completed). 
"Dolforwyn  Castle."     By  R.  Williams. 

**  The  Oldest  Parish  Registers  in  Pembrokeshire."    By  J.  Phillips. 
*'  The  Church  of  Llanfihangel  Glyn-Myfyr."    By  Harold  Hughes. 
"  Flintshire  Subsidy  Roll,  1592."     By  D.  R.  Thomas. 
"  Old  Farm-Houses  near  St.  David's."    By  J.  R.  Allen. 
"  Discoveries  at  Llangendeime  Church."    By  T.  P.  Clark. 
"  Not«8  on  Old  Llandaff. "     By  G.  E.  Halliday. 

It  is  mnoh  to  be  regretted  that  although  discoyeries  of  Roman 
remains  of  great  importance  have  been  made  at  Gaersws,  Cardiff, 


74  CAMBUIAN  AKOHiEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Gellygaer,   and  Caerwenh,   no  aooonnt  of  them  has  been  sent  for 
pnblication  in  the  Journal, 

The  following  works  on  Welsh  history,  folk-lore»  and  antiquities. 
Lave  been  received  for  roview. 

"Celtic  Folk-lore,  Welsh  and   Manx."    By  J.   Rhys.    (Oxford,   Clarendon 

Press,  1901.) 
"  Cardiff  Records,"  vols.  iL  and  iii.     By  J.   H.  Matthews.     (London,  Elliot 

Stock,  1900-1901.) 
**  Notes  on  the   History  and  Text  of    our  Early  English   Bible  and  its 

Translation  into  Welsh.     By  G.  L.  Owen. 
"  A  List  of  those  who  did  Homage  and  Fealty  to  the  First  English  Prince  of 

Wales,  in  a.d.  1301.     By  E.  Owen.     (Privately  Printed.) 
*^  Portfolio  of  Photog^phs  of  the  Cromlechs  of  Anglesey  and  Carnarvon. 

By  J.  E.  Griffith.     (Bangor,  1900.) 
"Diocesan  Histories,   Llandaff."     By  E.  J.   NewelL      (London,   S.P.C.K., 

1902.) 
"  History  of  Neath  Abbey."    By  W.  de  G.  Birch.     (Neath,  J.  E  Richards, 

1901.) 
"  Ewenny  Priory."     By  Col.  J.  P.  TurbervilL     (Loudon,  Elliot  Stock,  1901 .) 
"  Life  and  Times  of   Griffith  Jones  of   Llanddowror."    By  David  Jones. 

(London,  S.P.C.K..  1902.) 
"  Life  and  Work  of  Bishop  Richard  Davies,  and  William  Salesbury.*'     By 

D.  R.  Thomas.     (Oswestry,  Caxton  Press,  1902.) 

Several  other  books  on  Welsh  subjects  have  been  issued  during 
the  past  year,  bnt  we  regret  that,  as  their  authors  or  publishers 
have  not  sent  review  copies  to  the  editor,  he  is  unable  to  enmxMrate 
them. 

The  '*  ArchsBological  Notes*'  in  the  Journal  might  be  made  fuDw 
and  more  interesting  if  the  Editor  were  better  snpported  by  the 
Local  Secretaries. 

Mr.  Harold  Hughes  and  Mr.  6.  £.  HalHday  have  sent  early 
information  about  recent  discoveries  and  contemplated  vandalism, 
and  thus  rendered  good  service  to  the  cause  of  Welsh  archaeology. 

The  illustrations  for  the  Journal  continue  to  I;e  satisfactorily  pro- 
duced by  Mr.  Worthington  G.  Smith  and  Mr.  A.  E.  Smith.  The 
thanks  of  the  Association  are  due  to  Mr.  Harold  Hughes,  Mr.  G.  E. 
Halliday,  and  Mr.  W.  G.  Smith,  for  gratuitous  work  in  making 
drawings  to  illustrate  papers  in  the  Journal,  A  large  number  of 
photographs  of  Bronze-Age  nms  in  the  British  Museum,  and  the 
museums  at  Devizes  and  Welshpool,  have  been  taken  by  the  aid  of 
the  Special  Hlnstration  Fund  of  £10  a  year. 

The  Index  to  the  Yolume  of  the  Journal  for  1901  has  been  com- 
piled by  the  Rev.  Canon  Rupert  Morris,  D.D.,  F.S.A.,  for  which 
gratuitous  help  the  Association  is  greatly  obligeil. 

Index  to  the  Fifth  Series  of  the  Archoeologia  Cambrensis. — Mr. 
Francis  Green's  Index  has  been  ready  for  publication  for  some 
months,  and  awaits  the  decision  of  the  General  Meeting  as  to  what 
is  to  be  done  with  it. 


BRECON   MEETING. — REPORT.  75 

Fresercatim  and  Destruction  of  Ancient  Monuments, — The  atten- 
tion of  the  members  should  be  specially  directed  to  the  good  work 
being  done  by  the  Pembrokeshire  Association  for  the  Preservation 
of  Ancient  Mono  men  ts,  as  reported  in  the  January  number  of  the 
Journal.  It  seems  desirable  that  others  should  follow  the  admir- 
able example  thus  set  by  the  premier  county  of  the  Principality. 

It  18  satisfactory  to  learn  that  the  Gross-shaft  of  Samson  Iltyd 
and  Ebisar,  at  Llantwit  Major,  has  now  been  placed  with  all  the 
other  pre-Norman  inscribed  and  sculptured  stones  inside  the  old 
western  church,  where  thef  no  longer  run  any  risk  of  damage  fram 
the  effects  of  the  weather  or  ignorant  vandalism.  A  full  account 
of  the  removal,  by  Mr.  G.  E.  Halliday,  F.R.I.B.A.,  appears  in 
the  present  number  of  the  Journal, 

Mr.  John  Ward,  F.S.A.,  informs  us  that  the  series  of  casts  of 
pre-Norman  crosses  and  inscribed  stones  of  Wales,  being  made 
under  his  direction  by  Mr.  Clarke,  of  Llandaff,  for  the  Cardiff 
Museum,  is  nearly  complete  as  regards  Glamorganshire  and 
Pembrokeshire.  When  this  work  is  concluded,  in  the  course  of  a 
year  or  two,  Cardiff  will  possess  a  gallery  of  early  Welsh  sculpture 
of  national  importance,  which  will  be  a  fitting  climax  to  the  labours 
of  the  late  Prof.  J.  0.  Westwood  in  the  past,  and  Principal  John 
Rh^s  in  the  present. 

No  very  flagrant  example  ot  the  destruction  of  ancient  remains 
in  Wales  during  the  past  year  has  come  under  notice,  but  Basing- 
werk  Abbey  appears  to  be  falling  into  ruin  through  neglect. 

Eeeeni  Discoveries, — The  finding  of  a  hoard  of  eighteen  bronze 
axe-heads  on  the  Tanyglanau  Mountain,  Montgomeryshire,  in  June 
lasty  and  the  subsequent  dispersal  of  the  specimens,  calls  attention 
to  the  necessity  of  devising  some  means  for  preventing  such  objects 
from  falling  into  the  hands  of  persons  who  do  not  understand  their 
true  scientific  value.  Two  of  the  axe-heads  in  question  were 
exhibited  in  the  window  of  a  draper's  shop  in  Machynlleth, 
belonging  to  Mr.  W.  M.  Jones. 

The  Llantwit  Major  hoard  of  bronze  implements  is,  we  understand, 
still  in  private  hands,  and  the  specimens  have  been  nicely  polished 
up  80  as  to  produce  a  better  decoratiye  effect. 

The  Limoges  Enamel  from  Penmon, — The  following  letter,  from 
the  Rev.  H.  M.  Ellis,  has  been  received  by  the  Committee  : 

**  Exbury  Rectory,  Southampton, 

"June  13th,  1902. 
*'  Dear  Sir, — I  have  in  my  possessiun  a  Limoges  Enamel,  found 
at  the  restoration  of  Penmon  Church,  by  my  father,  the  late  Rev.  P. 
Constable  Ellis.  I  desire  to  present  it  to  Penmon  through  your 
Society,  if  your  Society  will  undertake  for  its  being  put  in  a  case  or 
frame  and  fixed  in  Penmon  Church,  and  will  also  make  a  not«  of 


76  CAMBRIAN  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

the  matter  in  tbe  Society's  Journal,  with  a  view  to  preventing  its 
disappearance  through  carelessness. 

"  I  am,  yours  truly, 

"  H.  M.  Ellis." 

The  enamelled  plaque,  which  has  been  described  and  illustrated 
in  the  Archceologia  Camhrensis,  Ser.  Ill,  vol.  i,  p.  42,  is  about  two 
incl:es  square.  It  has  been  handed  over  to  the  Editor  temporarily 
by  the  Rev.  H.  M.  Ellis.  We  recommend  that,  with  the  assent  of 
the  Eecter  of  Penmon,  Mr.  Ellis's  kind  offer  should  be  accepted,  and 
that  Mr.  Harold  Hughes  be  asked  to  design  a  suitable  frame  for 
the  relic,  and  superintend  its  fixing  in  the  church. 

Preservation  of  Trt  Ceiri,  Carnarvonshire, —  On  the  7th  May, 
I90I,  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  for  the  preservation  of  Tre 
Geiri  was  held  in  the  rooms  of  the  Honourable  Society  of 
Cymmrodorion,  Chancery  Lane,  London. 

The  following  resolution  was  proposed  by  Mr.  Romilly  Allen, 
seconded  by  Colonel  Morgan,  and  carried  unanimously : — *'  That  the 
plan  of  Tre  Ceiri  be  completed  by  Mr.  Harold  Hughes,  with  the 
additions  of  sections  and  photographs ;  that  these  should  be  pub* 
lished,  and  the  attention  of  the  British  Government  and  of  the 
Welsh  people  be  called  to  the  desirability  of  providing  funds  for 
preserving  Tre  Ceiri  as  a  National  monument" 

The  survey  was  proceeded  with  last  summer,  attention  being 
chiefly  given  to  the  ground  outside  the  south-west  entrance. 

It  is  intended  to  continue  the  work  this  autumn. 

It  would  be  a  great  thing  if  the  site  were  sufficiently  explored  to 
ascertain  the  age  of  the  remains.  There  is  no  reason  that  work  of 
this  nature  should  be  delayed  till  the  survey  is  completed. 

The  Funds  of  (he  Association, — The  unexpected  death  of  our  late 
excellent  Treasurer,  Mr.  Lloyd  Griffith,  last  Christmas,  locked  up 
the  funds  of  the  Association  for  twelve  mouths  ;  but  as  the  Senior 
General  Secretary  had  some  subscriptions  in  hand,  and  others 
would  soon  be  due,  he  was  asked  to  undertake  the  Treasurership  for 
the  interval,  until  a  new  one  was  appointed.  To  this  he  readily 
acceded,  and  by  that  means  the  liabilitiea  of  the  Association  have 
been  met  without  any  further  inconvenience.  He  will  submit  hia 
Statement  of  Accounts  to  your  consideration. 

The  careful  and  satisfactory  management  of  the  funds,  by  the 
late  Treasurer,  for  so  many  vears,  claims  the  grateful  acknowledg- 
ment of  the  Association,  and  the  Committee  have  expressed  to  Ins 
orphan  daughter  their  sense  of  his  good  services  and  their  own  loss, 
and  their  hearty  sympathy  with  her  in  her  bereavement. 

Excavations  in  Wales. — Mr.  Baring-Gould  having  obtained  per- 
mission  to  explore  the  site  of  Ty  Gwyn,  near  St.  David's,  and 
pubsequently  tiiat  of  Clegyr  Voia  also,  applied  for  tbe  sanction  of 
the  Association  to  undertake  it ;    and  requested  that  some  of  our 


BRECON  MEETING. — REPORT.  77 

members  should  be  nominated  to  cooperate  with  him,  and  also 
hoped  that  a  grant  woald  be  made  for  the  fartherance  of  the  work. 

The  Dean  of  St.  David's,  the  Canon  in  residence,  Mr.  Edward 
Tjaws,  and  Mr.  Chidlo  w  were  named  on  the  committee,  and  consented 
to  act ;  bat  were  nnable  to  do  so  at  the  time  required. 

The  Chairman  of  Committee  had  previously  replied  to  Mr. 
Baring-(jould  that  he  had  little  doubt  the  Association  would  make 
him  a  grant  for  the  purpose  specified.  He  has  completed  the 
work,  and  will  give  an  account  of  the  exploration.  The  sam  ho 
asks  for  is  only  £S  10s.,  and  we  recommend  that  the  General 
Meeting  shall  allow  the  same. 

The  New  Treasurer. — Your  Committee  recommend  that  Col. 
Morgan  be  asked  to  accept  the  office  of  Treasurer,  in  succession  to 
Mr.  Lloyd  Griffith. 

Losses  of  the  Association  through  Death, — The  Association  has  to 
regret  the  loss  through  death  of  one  of  its  earliest  members ;  one 
who  had  filled  for  a  short  time  the  office  of  General  Secretary  for 
South  Wales,  had  often  helped  the  Association  with  his  purse,  was 
honoured  as  a  Vice-President,  and  had  been  chosen  for  the  Presi- 
dential Chair  during  the  Jubilee  Meeting  of  the  Association,  held  at 
Aberystwith  in  September,  1896,  Mr.  Frederick  Lloyd- Phi lipps. 

SirS.  Glynne's  ''Welsh  Churches''.— -Sir  Stephen  Glynne's  **Notes  on 
the  Earlier  Welsh  Churches"  have  now  been  completed.  Fifty 
extra  copies  have  been  printed  in  consecutive  form  for  separate 
publication,  and  these  are  now  offered  to  the  Association  by  Arch- 
deacon Thomas,  on  the  condition  that  he  is  refunded  the  six  guineas 
paid  by  him  to  redeem  them,  and  four  guineas  for  postage  and  other 
expenses:   ten  guineas  in  all. 

Election  of  Officers,  Members  of  Committee,  and  Members. — Tlie 
Committee  propose  that  the  Rev.  Preb.  Garnons- Williams,  and  the 
Rev.  S.  Baring- Gould,  be  made  Vice-Presidents  of  the  Association. 

The  retiring  Members  of  Committee  are  A.  N.  Palmer,  Esq., 
Egerton  G.  B.  Phillimore,  Esq.,  and  Thos.  Mansel  Franklen,  Esq. 
The  Committee  propose  the  re-election  of  A.  N.  Palmer,  Esq.,  and 
Thos.  Mansel  Franklen,  Esq.,  and  also  the  election  of  the  Rev. 
John  Fisher,  B.D.,  and  the  Uev.  E.  J.  Newell,  M.A. 

The  following  is  the  list  of  Members  who  have  joined  the  Associa- 
tion since  the  issue  of  the  last  Report,  and  who  now  await  the  formal 
confirmation  of  their  election. 

England.  Proposed  by 

Oeorge  fiehren«,  Esq.,  Fallowfield,  Manchester   .  Mrs.  Johnes. 

F.  B.  Bond,  Eaq.,  St  Augustine's  Parade,  Bristol  Rev.  S.  Baring- Gould. 
Eraest    A.   Ebblewhite,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,    1,  Paper 

Buildings,  Temple,  Loncfon  .  .  Canon  R.  Trevor  Owen. 

Miss  Jones,  Welsh  Qirls'  School,  Ashford,  Kent  .  Eev.  C.  Chidlow. 


78  CAMBRIAN  ABCHiBOLoblCAL  ASSOCIATION. 

North  Walis.  Prapoted  b$ 

CoL   O.  LL  Q.  Eyans,    Broom    Hall,    Chwilog, 

R.S.O.  ....     Canon  R.  Trevor  Owen. 

William  B.  Halhed,  Esq.,  Biynderwyn,  Llanrwst. 
J.  Herbert  Roberts,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Bryngwenallt, 

Abei^gele  .  .  .  .A.  Foulket  Roberts,  Esq. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Lloyd,  The  Vicarage,  Rhjl       .    L.  S.  Roberts,  Esq. 
T^ie  Rev.  T.  H.  Vaughan,  Glyndyfrdwy  Vicarage, 

Llangollen  .  .     L.  S.  Roberts,  Esq. 

E.  Morris,  Esq.,  H.M.LS.,  Wrexham  .  .     L.  a  Roberts,  Esq. 

W.  A.  Foster,  Esq.,  Glyn  Menai,  Bangor 

South  Wales. 
Brectmshire  : 

Charles  W.  Best,  Esq.,  Penbryn,  Brecon.  Rev.  Preb.  Garnona- Williams. 

J.  A.  Jebb,  Esq.,  Watton  Mount,  Brecon  .     Rev.  C.  Chidlow. 

Rev.    P.  W.     Green.    B.A.,     Llywel    Vicarage, 

IVecastle         ....     Rev.  C.  Chidlow. 
Miss  Philip  Morgan,  Buckingham  House,  Brecon.     Lord  Glanusk. 
Gamons  -  Williams,   Lieut.  -  Colonel,    R.D.,    Ty 

Mawr,  Brecon  Rev.  Preb.  Gamons-WiUiams. 

Rev.    John   Price,    M.A.,    Llanfeigan    Rectory, 

Brecon  ....     Rev.  H.  Rirkhouse. 

Hadley  Watkins,  Esq.,  33,  The  Watton.  Brecon   .     H.  W.  Williams,  Esq. 

Cardiganthirc  : 

The  Rev.  H.  Meredith  Williams,  Lledrod  Vicarage. 

Carmarihenthire : 

Shipley  Lewis,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Llandilo  .     J.  F.  Hughes,  Esq. 

Birch  Jones,  Esq.,  Llandilo   .  .  .     J.  F.  Hughes,  Esq. 

Olamoryanthire : 

.  W.  D.  James,  Esq.,  The  Linden,  Cardiff 

Rev.  M.  B.  Jones,  6,  Martin  Terrace,  Abercynon .  Edgar  Jones,  Esq. 

Mrs.  Wayne  Moigan,  Maesycoed,  Pontypridd        .  Herbert  Kirkhouse,  Esq. 

Rev.  W.  M.  Morris,  The  Parsonage,  Abei-gwynfi  .  H.  W.  Williams,  Esq. 
T.  Aneuryn  Rees,  Esq.,  11,  Courtland  Terrace, 

Merthyr  Tydfil  .  .  C.  Wilkins,  Esq. 

John  E.  Richanls,  Esq.,  Journalist,  Neath  .  Rev.  C.  Chidlow. 

H.  M.  Thompson,  Esq.,  Whitley  Batch,  Llandaff .  Rev.  C.  Chidlow. 

J.  L.  Wheatiey.  Esq.,  Town  Clerk,  Cardiff  .  Rev.  C.  Chidlow. 

Pembrokeshire : 

Arthur  H.    Thomas,   Esq.,  A.R.I.B.A.,   Haver- 
fordwest .     H.  W.  Williams,  Em). 

Radnorshire : 

George    Griffiths,  Esq.,  Standard    Office,  Llan- 

drindod  ....     Rev.  C.  H.  X>rinkwater. 

Place  of  Meeting  for  1903. — The  Committee  recommend  that 
Portmadoc  be  chosen  as  the  place  of  meeting  for  1903. 

The  adoption  of  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Association  was  pro- 
posed by  Mr.  Alfred  Lloyd,  F.R.C.S.,  seconded  by  Mr.  H.  W. 
Williams,  and  carried  nnanimonsly. 


BRECON   MEETING. — RBFORT.  79 


FRroAY,  AUGUST  22nd,  1902. 

A  public  meeting  was  held  in  the  Parish  Hall,   at  which  the 
following  papers  were  read. 

"  Biychan  Brycheiniog."    By  the  Rev.  J.   Fiaher,  B.D.,  and  the  Rev.    S. 

Bariog-Qould. 
"  Brecon  Castle."    By  Mr.  John  Lloyd. 
"The  Forgotten  Sanctuaries  of  Brecon."    By  Miss  Philip  Morgan. 

The  President  moved  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  to  all  who  had 
been  so  kind  as  to  read  or  to  write  papers  for  discussion  dunng  the 
week.  His  lordship  made  special  mention  of  the  two  ladies — Mrs. 
Dawson  who  had  attended  all  the  excursions,  and  whose  great 
knowledge  had  imparted  to  them  most  interesting  information  ;  and 
Miss  Philip  Morgan,  to  whose  charming  paper  and  speech,  delivered 
in  most  musical  tones,  he  had  listened  with  the  greatest  admira- 
tion. She  had  given  him  "  a  dig ''  in  what  she  had  said  as  to  the 
vanished  cross  from  the  hedge  on  the  Greenway  side  of  the  road 
by  Peterstone ;  but  he  must  saj,  in  his  own  behalf,  that  he  never 
saw  that  cross,  and  did  not  even  know  where  it  stood.  With 
regard  to  what  Miss  Philip  Morgan  had  said  as  to  the  preservation 
of  these  ancient  monuments,  he  was  glad  to  say  that  the  present 
Bishop  of  St.  David's  had  requested  the  churchwardens  to  make  a 
list  of  this  and  other  ecclesiastical  property  in  their  several 
parishes,  which  would  doubtless  protect  them  against  loss  in  future. 
In  the  course  of  their  wanderings  the  last  few  days  they  had  found 
more  than  one  instance  of  what  he  must  call  absolute  vandalism, 
where  ancient  monuments  and  buildings  of  the  county  had  been 
destroyed  for  purposes  as  trivial  as  the  mind  of  man  could  con- 
ceive. This,  however,  was  now  made  a  question  of  politics,  the 
Government  from  time  to  time  making  provision  for  the  pre- 
servation of  public  property ;  and  he  believed  it  to  be  the  duty 
not  only  of  the  nation,  but  of  every  individual,  to  preserve  the 
monuments  handed  down  to  us  by  our  forefathers. 

Mr.  Romilly  Allen,  in  seconding,  said  the  papers  on  the  present 
occasion  had  risen  decidedly  above  the  ordinary  average,  and  he 
desired  to  express  his  great  appreciation  of  Miss  Philip  Morgan's 
paper. 

The  motion  was  warmly  adopted. 

A  resolution  of  condolence  with  the  representatives  of  the  late 
Mr.  Lloyd  Philipps,  Vice-President  of  the  Society,  was  passed  on  the 
motion  of  Archdeacon  Thomas,  seconded  by  Col.  Gwynne  Hughes 
(Glancothy). 

Mr.  R.  H.  Wood,  F.S.A.,  said  he  was  sure  that  it  would  bo  the 
wish  and  desire  of  the  members  of  the  Society  and  their  friends 
who  had  joined  in  the  week's  excursions  to  acknowledge  the  ser- 
Tioes  of,  and  thank,  the  local  secretaries  to  whom  they  were  so 
deeply  indebted.     The  thorough  knowledge  of  the  locality  possessed 


80  CAMBRIAN  ARCHiBOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

by  Colonel  Ghtrnons-WiUiams  had  enabled  him  to  take  them  moat 
beantifal  driYes  through  this  charming  conntrj,  whioh  all  had  so 
mnch  enjoyed,  whilst  his  knowledge  of  antiquities  had  made  their 
Tisifcs  to  the  various  churches  and  places  of  very  great  interest. 

Mr.  Edward  Owen  seconded,  and  the  resolution  was  passed  with 
acclamation. 

Colonel  B.  D.  Gamons- Williams,  in  reply,  remarked  that  he  was 
very  much  better  at  organising  than  at  speaking ;  but  he  should 
like  to  say  that  all  the  thanks  were  certainly  not  due  to  himself  or 
to  his  co-secretary,  Mr.  Hay,  though  they  had,  of  course,  takea 
their  share  ot  the  work.  The  committee  whom  they  represented 
had  taken  a  great  deal  of  trouble  in  working  out  the  programme 
and  in  carrying  out  the  arrangements  ;  and  he  assumed  that  it  was 
as  representatives  of  the  committee  that  he  and  his  co-secretary 
received  this  vote  of  thanks.  He  was  very  glad  that  the  arrange- 
ments had  proved  satisfactory,  and  that  the  meeting  had  been  suc- 
cessful from  that  point  of  view.  It  could  not  help  being  successful 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  objects  of  interest  to  be  seen,  for 
this  county,  as  they  knew,  was  full  of  such  objects ;  while  those  who 
had  been  asked  to  contribute  papers  responded  with  alacrity  at 
short  notice,  and  their  services  had  been  most  useful  and  valuable. 
The  work  of  the  secretaries  had  been  quite  free  from  difficulty. 
Wherever  they  had  gone  to  ask  for  hospitality,  or  for  papers,  they 
had  been  received  with  open  arms— everybody  seemed  ready  to 
welcome  them,  and  to  do  everything  they  could  to  make  the  visit 
a  pleasant  one.  It  was  a  great  pleasure  to  all  of  them  to  know  that 
their  efforts  had  been  successful.  He  felt  that  there  was  a  great  deal 
more  for  the  Society  to  see  in  this  district,  and  he  hoped  it  would 
not  be  another  thirty  years  before  they  came  back  to  Brecon.  In 
concladiug  his  remarks.  Colonel  Gamons- Williams  thanked  Mr. 
Best  for  kindly  conducting  the  excarsion  on  Wednesday,  when  he 
was  called  away. 

It  was  proposed  by  Mr.  Mearic  Lloyd,  duly  seconded,  and  re- 
solved with  great  cordiality,  that  the  best  thanks  of  the  Society  be 
given  to  those  who  had  so  liberally  dispensed  hospitality  during  the 
visit.  The  speaker  affirmed  that  the  members  nerver  had  experienced 
greater  kindness,  and  the  hospitality  was  the  more  appreciated  from 
the  entertainers  having  been  at  such  pains  to  make  everybody  feel 
thoroughly  at  home. 

Lady  Hille-Johnes  moved  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  Vicar  of  Brecon 
for  the  free  use  of  the  Parish  Hall,  and  to  the  ladies  of  the  Church 
House  County  Club,  for  placing  their  rooms  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Society. 

The  motion  was  seconded  by  the  General  Secretary,  and  carried 
unanimously. 

Archdeacon  Thomas  proposed  the  cordial  thanks  of  the  Associa- 
tion to  the  Pi*esident     As  rather  an  old  member  of  the  Association 


BRECON   MEETING. — REPORT.  81 

it  had  been  his  privilege,  he  said,  to  see  many  president's  oconpy 
that  hononred  onair,  bnt  he  did  not  think  they  had  ever  been 
favoured  with  one  who  had  taken  so  high  interest  in  their  work  and 
excursions,  in  their  arrangements  and  in  the  saccess  of  their  meet- 
ings :  one  who  himself  was  well  stored  not  only  with  general  know- 
ledge, bnt  with  local  knowledge  of  the  most  serviceable  kind,  and 
who,  occapyine  the  highest  position  in  this  county,  would  be  a 
guarantee  for  the  preservation  ot  the  great  monuments  it  had  been 
their  privilege  to  see. 

The  resolution  was  duly  seconded,  and  adopted  with  acclamation. 

The  President  returned  thanks.  He  said  that  personally  he  had 
been  put  to  no  trouble  whatever,  as  the  whole  thing  had  been  taken 
out  of  his  hands  by  Colonel  G^mons-Willia'ms,  and  those  who  acted 
with  him.  He  (Lord  Olanusk)  concurred  in  every  word  that  had 
been  said  as  to  their  and  the  local  committee's  efforts,  and  among 
other  people  to  whom  he  should  like  to  express  his  thanks  was  the 
contractor  for  the  conveyances.  He  did  not  suppose  that  a  hundred 
people,  taken  about  the  country,  had  ever  been  better  served  than 
the  Society  on  this  occasion  by  Mr.  Dix,  of  Merthyr,  whose  horses 
were  exceedingly  good,  and  the  drivers  uniformly  civil  and  obliging. 

The  President  announced  that  the  Association  had  elected  two 
new  Vice-Presidents — Mr.  Baring-Gould,  the  well-known  archaeo- 
logist, and  a  man  of  great  learning ;  and  their  old  friend,  the  Bev. 
Prebendary  Gamons-Williams.  By  the  election  of  Mr.  Gamons- 
Williams  a  great  compliment  and  honour  had  been  paid  to  the 
coonty. 

Lord  Glannsk  made  use  of  these  parting  words :  '*  We  have  had 
a  most  enjoyable  week.  We  have  listended  to  many  words  of 
wisdom  from  persons  of  great  knowledge,  and  you  leave  me  with  a 
greater  interest  in  the  county  in  which  1  live  than  I  have  ever 
had  before." 


6tb  sis.,  vol.  m. 


82 


Srcbaeological  Botest  anti  ^mrioi. 

TsTRAD  Yw :  Its  Original  Situation.  —  Of  the  cantrefs  and 
commotes  of  Wales  some  take  their  names  from  leading  physical 
characteristics,  such  as  Arfon,  Nant  Conwy,  Dyffryn  Clwyd,  Ystrad 
Alnn,  Denddwr,  Dengleddyf,  and  Glyn  Rhondda.  A  large  number 
are  clearly  derived  from  personal  names,  such  as  Meirionydd, 
Bhnfoniog,  Gwynllwg,  Cydweh'  (Oadwal),  Catheiniog  (Cathen), 
Gwerthrynion  (Gwrtheym),  and  Edeymion.  There  is  a  third  class, 
which  can  only  be  explained  on  the  supposition  that  the  district 
took  its  title  from  some  principal  centre  within  it,  which  was  either 
the  residence  of  the  chief  or  the  meeting-place  of  the  community. 
To  this  class  belong  not  only  such  obvious  instances  as  the  cantrefs 
of  Mon  (Aber£fraw,  Cemais,  Rhosyr)  and  the  commot«s  of  Tegeingl 
(Rhuddlan,  Prestatyn,  Cownsillt),  but  others  also,  in  which  the  facts 
are  obscured  through  the  disappearance  of  the  name  in  its  original 
application.  It  cannot  be  doubted  that  Cemais  in  Dyfed,  Geneu'r 
Glyn  and  Pennardd  in  Ceredigion,  Caer  Einion,  Rhiwlallt,  Tin- 
daethwy,  Ystum  Anner,  were,  first  of  all,  names  of  places  before  they 
were  used  to  designate  fairly  large  districts ;  and  if  the  place  so 
styled  could  be  in  each  case  identiOed,  something  would  be  done  to 
elucidate  the  early  history  of  the  Welsh  territorial  divisions. 

One  of  the  names  of  this  class  is  Ystrad  Yw.  At  first  sight  it 
i4}pears  to  belong  to  the  first  group  mentioned,  that  of  names  which 
are  at  once  explained  on  consideration  of  the  natural  features  of  the 
district.  But  the  resemblance  to  such  forms  as  Ystrad  Tywi  and 
Ystrad  Alun  is  deceptive.  In  this  south-eastern  comer  of  Breck- 
nock, the  only  valley  important  enough  to  give  its  name  to  the  whole 
region  is  that  of  the  Usk,  and  Ystrad  Wysg  is  a  form  nowhere  to  be 
found.  Nor  may  we  follow  Theophilus  Jones  in  his  bold  alteration 
of  Ystrad  Yw  into  Ystrad  Wy,  "  the  vale  of  waters, "^  for  this  form 
also  is  entirely  without  authority.  Hence  what  we  have  to  look 
for  is  some  spot  within  the  limits  of  the  historical  Ystrad  Yw, 
where  the  name  finds  ready  explanation,  and  where  a  primitive 
centre  may  be  supposed  to  have  stood. 

It  is  perhaps  as  well  to  say  that  in  this  enquiry  we  need  not  con- 
cern ourselves  about  Roman  roads.  Ystrad  cannot  be  derived  from 
the  Latin  Stratum  or  StratOy  which  in  modem  Welsh  would  yield 
"  Ystrod,"  but  is  from  a  cognate  Celtic  root  which  has  the  vowel 
short,  and  denotes,  not  the  levelled  road,  but  the  level  *'  Strath,"  or 
valley-bottom. 2  A  tract  of  alluvial  land,  such  as  is  to  be  found  at 
Ystrad,. near  Denbigh,  Ystrad  Gynlais,  and  Ystrad  Meurig,  is  what 
must  be  kept  in  the  mind's  eye  in  our  endeavour  to  trace  Ystrad  Yw 
to  its  origin. 

*  Hutory  of  Breconshirt,  p.  878  of  the  reprint  of  1898. 

*  Whitley  Stokes,  Vrhdti$eh»r  Spracluchatz,  p.  313  ;  Loth,  Mott  LcUim  dantUs 
Langues  BrittoniqueSj  p.  217  ;  Phillimore,  T  Cymmrodor,  vol.  xi,  p.  150. 


AKCHJSOLOGICAL  NOTES  AND  QtfiKtfiS.  83 

Ajb  to  the  bounds  of  the  district  so  called  (which  was  probably  at 
one  time  a  cantref,  thongh  it  is  nowhere  explicitly  described  as 
sncb),  they  offer  no  special  difiBcnlty.  It  was  one  of  the  districts 
claimed  in  the  twelfth  centnry  for  the  diocese  of  Llanclaff,  and  the 
limits  of  the  diocese  as  enlarged  by  this  and  other  claims  ai*e  so 
described  in  the  Liber  Landavensis  (pp.  42  and  134  of  the  edition  of 
1893),  as  to  show  that  Tstrad  Yw  was  parted  from  the  rest  of 
Brycheiniog  by  the  river  Crawnon,  Bnckland  Hill,  and  a  line  which 
ran  thence  to  the  source  of  the  Grwyne.  It  was,  in  fact,  identical 
with  the  modem  hnndred  of  Crickhowel,  which  was  in  Leland's 
time  the  hnndred  of  "  Estradewe,"^  and  which  includes  the  eight 
parishes  of  Llanfibangel  Cwm  Dn,  Llangynidr,  Llangattock,  Crick- 
bowel,  Llanelly,  Llangenen,  Llanbedr  Ystrad  Yw  and  Partrishow.' 
At  an  early  period,  perhaps  before  the  time  of  the  Norman  occupa- 
tion of  Brycheiniog,  Ystrad  Yw  was  divided  into  two  commotes  or 
lordships,  sometimes  known  as  Ystrad  Yw  Uchaf  and  Ystrad  Yw 
Isaf,'  but  also  as  Eglwys  lail  and  Crng  Hy  wel,*  from  two  well- 
known  places  within  them  ;  well  known,  that  is  to  say,  at  the  time, 
for  the  site  of  Eglwys  lail  has  not  been  satisfactorily  determined.^ 
Henceforth,  there  is  a  disposition  to  limit  the  name  Ystrad  Yw  to 
the  western  division,  which  was  held  of  the  lord  of  Brecknock  by 
Picard  and  his  descendants* ;  but  the  name  Llanbedr  Ystrad  Yw, 
and  the  inclusion  by  the  Liher  Landavends  in  **Istratyu,"  not  only 
of  "  lannpetyr,"  but  also  of  "  merthir  issiu,*'  t.e.,  Partrishow  (p.  279), 
leaves  no  doubt  as  to  the  extent  of  the  original  district. 

The  key  to  the  name  is  to  be  found,  I  believe,  in  that  of  a  farm, 
situated  about  half  a  mile  south  of  Bwlch,  on  the  main  road  from 
Breeon  to  Crickhowel.  In  the  new  1-in.  Ordnance  Map  (Sheet  214) 
it  appears  as  Llygadwy  ;  but  Theophilus  Jones,  in  a  passing 
reference  (p.  417),  calls  it  Llygadyw,  and  on  the  occasion  of  our 
Association's  visit  to  the  district  in  August  last,  I  ascertained,  by  a 
wayside  enquiry,  that  the  local  pronunciation  is  Llygad  Yw.  The 
information  was  all  the  more  valuable  in  that  it  was  followed  by  a 
little  amateur   etymology,  connecting   the  name  with  "  ywen,    a 

^  Janes,  BrewnMrt,  p.  382. 

'  These  parishes  also  form  the  joint  manor  of  Tretower  and  Crickhowel 
(Appendix  M  to  Report  of  Welsh  Land  Commission). 

*  Peoiarth  MS.  147,  as  printed  in  voL  i,  Pt.  ii,  of  Mr.  Gwenogvryn  Evans's 
Report  on  MSS.  in  the  Welsh  Language. 

*  See  the  lists  of  cantrefs  and  commotes  in  the  Myvyrian  Archaiology,  The  JRed 
Book  ofHergett  (ed.  Evans,  vol.  ii,  p.  410);  Hengwrt  MS.  34  (C^mwrorfor,  vol.  ix, 
p.  330) ;  and  Leland's  Itinerary  (v.  19). 

*  Jones  (BreconshirCf  p.  424)  says  that  the  brook  which  flows  past  Llangynidr 
Church  is  called  lail,  and  he  fixes  Eglwys  lail  accordingly  here.  But  in 
Peniarth  MS.  147  (RepoH,  p.  918)  "  Llan  Fair  a  Chynydr"  and  **  Eglwys  lail"  are 
aeparately  mentioned  ;  and  this  appears  to  be  also  the  case  in  the  *'  Taxatio"  of 
Pope  Nicholas,  though  "  Sco  Kened"  may  possibly  be  Aberysgir. 

*  Picard  was  one  of  the  original  donors  to  Brecon  Priory  ;  see  the  charter  of 
1104  to  1106  in  Archaologia  Cambrenne,  4th  Ser.,  vol.  xiv,  pp.  142,  148.  A 
charter  of  his  grandson,  John  Picard  (ibid,,  p.  168),  shows  that  the  gitt  was  of 
Und  and  tithes  in  "  StradewL" 


84  AROHJBOLOGICAL  NOTES    AND   QUERIES. 

yew  tree,  and  tlias  satisfying  me  that  there  had  been  no  attempt  to 
alter  it  to  its  present  form  in  the  interests  of  a  oonneotion  with 
Ystrad  Tw.  Now,  at  LijgsA  Yw  a  little  stream  takes  its  rise, 
whioh  flows  east  for  abont  two  miles  over  level  ooantry,  and  finally 
faUs  into  the  Bhiangoll,  in  a  tme  ^'  strath*'  or  "  ystrad,**  close  to  the 
castle  and  village  of  Tretower.  Its  name  is  given  by  Theophilos 
Jones  as  '*  Ewyn"  (pp.  416,  417),  which  looks  like  an  attempt  to 
improve  npon  "  Yw,"  and  at  any  rate  requires  confirmation  before 
it  can  be  accepted  as  the  ancient  name  of  the  streamlet.  My  infor- 
mant could  not  give  me  any  distinctive  name  of  the  brook :  a  kind  of 
ignorance  which,  unhappily  for  antiquaries,  is  not  uncommon. 

The  use  of  "  llygad"  (eye)  to  denote  the  source  of  a  stream  is  by 
by  no  means  uncommon.  The  Rheidol  takes  its  rise  in  Llyn  Llygad 
Rheidol,  beneath  the  crags  of  Plynlimmon.  "  Licat  arganhell*' 
appears  in  the  Liber Landavensis  (p.  173),  "arganhell"  being  shown 
by  another  passage  (p.  75)  to  be  the  name  of  a  stream.  In  the 
Mirdbilia  of  Nennius  (p.  217  of  Mommsen's  edition),  rererence  is 
made  to  "  fontem  qui  cognominatur  Licat  Anir,"  and  as  the  place  is 
said  to  be  in  "  Ercing"  (Archenfield),  and  the  texts  seem  to  allow 
us  to  read  "  Amir,"  we  have  probably  to  do  with  the  source  of  the 
Ghimber  ("  Gamber  Head"  in  modern  maps),  which  is  often  "  Amir" 
in  the  Idber  Landaventis,  Llygad  Yw  itself  is  mentioned,  though 
not  by  that  name,  in  a  document  drawn  up  in  1234,  included  in  the 
Cartulary  of  Brecon  Priory,  and  printed  in  Archcsologia  Camhrensis, 
4th  Ser.,  vol.  xiii,  p.  283.  The  situation  of  the  land  of  Bernard 
Fychan  is  indicated,  and  mention  is  made  of  a  brook  which  *'  descend- 
it  A/onte  iuht^is  BogfUek  versus  villam  de  Straddewy."  This  brook 
can  be  none  other  than  the  Yw  or  Ewyn,  for  "  Boghlek,"  or  to  give 
the  better  form  found  on  p.  285,  "Bochelet,"  is  Buckland,  first 
found  in  the  Liber  LandavensU  (pp.  42,  134)  in  the  name  '*  Llech 
Bychlyd."! 

Thus  the  original  Ystrad  Yw  is  the  little  vale  in  which  stands  the 
Boman  fort  of  Y  Guer,  and  which  merges  into  that  of  the  Rhiangoll 
at  Tretower.  It  will  thus  seem  quite  natural  that  Llanfihang«l 
Cwm  Du  should  figure  in  the  "  Taxatio"  of  Pope  Nicholas  (p.  273)  as 
"  eoclesia  de  Stratden**  ( =  Stratdeu),  and  that  Tretower  should  in 
the  older  records  be  "  villa  Stradewi."^  But  whether  the  Welsh 
lords  of  the  district  had  a  fortress  at  Tretower  itself,  bearing  the 
name  Ystrad  Yw,  or  whether  their  home  was  in  a  different  quarter 
of  the  valley,  must  be  left  for  the  present  an  open  question. 

^  The  west  gate  of  Tretower  waa  known  as  Forth  Bychlyd :  see  a  charter  ci. 
Roger  Pichard  the  second  in  ArchcBologia  GambrensiSy  4th  Ser.,  voL  xiv,  p.  221 — 
**  quamdam  partem  terre  mee  apud  Stretdewi  iuxta  portam  oocidentalem  qne 
dicitur Porto  Boket,'*  - 

*  The  charters  in  the  Brecon  cartulary  invariably  have  this  parasitic  t  at  the 
end  of  the  name,  but  no  inference  need  be  drawn  from  this,  save  that  nen- Welsh 
clerks,  having  once  got  hold  of  a  Welsh  name  by  the  wrong  end,  were,  as  in  the 
classical  instance  of  "  Gannoc"  for  Degannwy,  exceedingly  slow  to  give  up  their 
error. 

J.  B.  liLOTD. 


'^vthudU^h  Cambrtnats. 


SIJCTH  SERIES.— VOL.  IV,  PART  11. 


APRIL,  1903. 


MONTGOMERYSHIRE    SCREENS    AND 
ROOD-LOFTS, 

BY  ARCHDEACON   THOMAS,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 


{Reprinted  by  permission  from  the  "  MorUgwneryshire  Collections,^^) 

One  of  the  duties  of  an  archdeacon  being  to  inspect 
periodically  the  fabrics  and  the  furniture  of  the  churches 
and  their  records,  I  have,  in  the  course  of  my  visits, 
met  with  many  beautiful  remains  of  screens  and  rood- 
lofts,  and  witn  occasional  notices  of  the  removal  of 
others.  As  some  of  them  are  marvels  of  skill  in  design 
and  execution,  and  yet  their  history  is  little  known,  it 
will  not  be  uninteresting  to  recall  briefly  their  purpose 
and  history,  and  to  place  on  permanent  record  some 
account  of  those  at  least  within  the  county. 

Their  Origin. — In  the  ordinary  division  of  our  parish 
churches  into  nave  and  chancel,  we  are  reminded  that 
the  chancel  derives  its  name  from  the  Cancel! i,  lattices 
or  balusters,  that  marked  off*  the  portion  where  the 
divine  offices  were  celebrated  from  the  body  of  the 
church  where  the  people  joined  in  the  worship.  For 
the  first  three  centuries,  indeed,  of  the  Christian  era,  we 
find  no  record  of  any  such  partition ;  but  if  we  may 
argue  from  analogy,  it  is  most  probable  that  something 
of  the  kind  did  exist.     For,  just  as  the  great  festivals 

6th  aiB.,  VOL.  m.  7 


86         MONTGOMKRYSHIRB  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS. 

and  the  sacraments  of  the  Christian  Church  were  the 
evangelical  development  of  those  of  the  Jewish  Church, 
so  it  is  most  likely  that  in  the  arrangement  of  the 
fabric,  the  divine  pattern  followed  in  the  Tabernacle 
and  the  Temple  would  influence  that  of  the  Ecclesia. 
And  we  do  find,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  that  from  the 
early  part  of  the  fourth  century,  that  is,  "  after  the 
time  of  Constantino,  tapestry,  a  veil,  curtain,  or  balus- 
trade, like  an  altar-rail,  was  employed,  like  the  modem 
Greek  *  iconostasis,'  as  a  screen  to  mark  the  division."^ 
These  screens,  mentioned  by  St  Augustine,  St.  Gregory 
Nazianzen,Theodoret,  Sozomen,  Synesius,  St  German  us, 
St  Paulinus,  St.  Gregory  of  Tours,  and  the  Council  of 
Chalcedon,  had  three  doors  ;  one  facing  the  altar,  a 
second  fronting  the  Gospel  side,  and  a  third  the  Epistle 
side.  Before  them  veils  were  dropped  at  the  consecra- 
tion. In  their  construction  more  substantial  and 
permanent  materials  were  early  employed.  The  screen 
of  the  Apostles  at  Constantinople  was  a  lattice  of  gilt 
brass ;  that  of  Tyre,  erected  by  Paulinus,  of  carved 
wood  ;  and  one  of  stone,  c.  340,  remains  at  Tepekerman. 
In  England,  the  earliest  form  appears  to  have  been 
that,  not  of  screen  work,  but  of  curtains  drawn  across 
the  narrow  chancel  arch  of  our  pre-Norman  (and  early 
Norman)  churches,  and  is  alluded  to  in  an  early  Anglo- 
Saxon  Pontifical  as  "  Extenso  velo  inter  eos  et  popu- 
lum  ;'*  and,  later  on,  by  Durandus  in  the  thirteenth 
century :  "  interponatur  velum  aut  murus  inter  clerum 
et  populum."* 

The  earliest  wooden  screen  work  known  to  Mr. 
Bloxam  in  this  country  is  a  loft  in  the  Norman  church 
of  St.  Nicholas,  at  Compton,  in  Surrey  ;  and  almost 
the  only  one  of  the  thirteenth  century  he  had  met  with 
was  at  Thurcaston,  in  Leicestershire.  Specimens  of 
screen  work  of  the  fourteenth  century  are  more 
numerous,  but  still  rare,  while  those  of  the  fifteenth 
and  early  sixteenth  centuries  are  frequent 

^  Walcot.t's  Sacred  Arclupology. 

^  Bloxaoi,  Gothic  Ecclesiastical  Architecture,  vol.  ii,  p.  35. 


MONTGOMERYSHIRE  8CKEENS  AND  ROOD-LOFl^S.        87 

Form. — They  occur  under  several  forms  :  earliest  as 
simple  screens ;  later,  but  still  early,  as  rood  screens, 
that  is,  screens  with  a  figure  of  our  Lord  on  the  Cross 
and  the  Virgin  Mother  and  St.  John  on  either  side. 
Sometimes  ttiey  have  a  lofb  above  them,  upon  which 
was  also  a  rood :  and  occasionally  the  rood  was  placed  on 
a  beam,  more  or  less  carved,  and  extending  across  the 
nave  at  the  chancel  arch. 

In  Wales,  we  have  mention  of  roods  as  early  as 
A.D.  935,  when  in  the  Dimetian  Code  of  the  Laws  of 
Howel  Dda  it  was  enacted  that "  one  of  the  three  places 
where  a  person  is  not  to  give  the  oath  of  an  absolver, 
is  at  the  church  door  ;^  for  the  *  Pater  is  there  to  be 
chanted  before  the  rood"  (canys  canu  y  Pader  adyly 
[dyn]  yna  roc  bron  y  groc).  Although  comparatively 
few  now  remain  in  our  churches,  it  is  evident  that  they 
were  at  one  time  general.  Small  windows  high  up  in 
the  church  wall,  which  lighted  them,  corbels  on  wnich 
their  beams  rested,  the  remains  of  the  stair  and  the 
doorway  by  which  they  were  approached,  and  occa- 
sionally fragments  of  the  screen  itself,  attest  their 
former  existence. 

Use. — It  will  be  asked  what  was  their  use  and  pur- 
pose :  were  they  simply  ornamental,  or  had  they  a  ritual 
and  liturgical  use  ?  At  first  they  appear  to  have  been 
simply  a  low  partition  to  divide  the  nave  from  the  choir 
or  cmancel.  The  next  stage  was  the  introduction  of  a 
beam  above  it,  extending  across  the  arch  and  supported 
by  a  row  of  columns.  Then  followed  the  graidual 
elaboration  of  these  several  parts.  A  simple  cross 
placed  over  the  centre  gave  prominence  to  the  prime 
doctrine  of  the  Atonement  and  its  bearing  on  the 
Christian  life.  "  God  forbid  that  I  should  glory  save 
in  the  cross  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  through  which 
(or  whom)  the  world  hath  been  crucified  unto  me  and 
I  unto  the  worW  (Gal.  vi,  14).  Between  the  support- 
ing pillars  a  little  tracery  was  introduced.     Then  came 

1  Bj  the  chnrob  door  appears  to  be  meant  here  the  screen  door 
from  the  nave  into  the  chancel. 

7» 


8^8         MONTGOMBIRYSHIKB  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS. 

the  transition  from  the  symbolic  to  the  realistic,  and 
the  substitution  of  the  Crucifix  for  the  Cross.  "  For  I 
determined  not  to  know  anything  among  you,  save 
Jesus  Christ  and  Him  crucified"  (I  Cor.  ii,  2).  The 
awe  and  reverence  which  the-,  sacred  Figure  called 
forth  in  those  "  before  whose  eyes  Jesus  Christ  was 
opeply  set  forth  crucified"  (Gal.  iii,  1),  expressed  itself 
in  the  more  elaborate  ornamentation  of  |dl  the.  sur* 
roundings,  and  the  figures  of  St.  John  and  the  Mother 
were  added  on  either  side.  The  prominent  position 
thus  given  to  the  Virgin  Mother  and  St.  John  must 
have  tended  greatly  to  promote  the  cultus  of  Hagio- 
logy,  which  spread  so  rapidly  }n  the  thirteenth  and 
fourteenth  centuries.  And  when  the  rood  screen  came 
to  be  enlarged  into  a  rood  loft,  the  crocketed  niches 
were  filled  with  statuettes,  and  the  panels  sometimes 
painted  with  pictures  of  the  saints. 

The  Epistles  and  Gospels,  which  were  read  at  first 
from  **Ambons,"  raised  desks  or  pulpits,  and  after- 
wards from  the  screen,  were  now  read  from  the  rood 
loft,  as  also  wer^  certain  public  notices,  as  Letters  of 
Communion,  Bishops'  Pastorals,  the  proclamation  of 
Treaties  and  Actsof  Couticils.  From  it,  too,  penitents 
were  absolved,  the  benediction  of  the  bishop  was  pro- 
nounced, and  elect  abbots  were  presented  to  the 
people.  Sometimes  the  lofts  contained  an  altar ;  more 
often  altars  were  placed  under  them  at  the  west  side, 
and  were  thence  called  "  rood  altars."*  In  later 
times  they  were  used  as  organ  lofts  and  singing 
galleries.  . 

Being  used  for  so  many  purposes,  and  occupying  so 

■   .     ■,      ;   • 

1  '^Besides  the  altars  at  Petercbnrch  (in  Herefordshire),  tbe  only 
rood-loft  altars  I  have  met  with  yet  existing  in  this  coi^ntry  are 
two  beneath  the  rood  loft  in  the  little  church  of  Patricio,  near 
Crickhowel,  South  Wales  :  one  placed  on  each  side  of  the  entrance 
into  the  chancel,  westward,  and  against  the  screen  supporting  the 
rood  loft.  Both  of  these  altars  are  of  plain  masonry,  with  the 
usual  thick,  projecting,  covering  slabs  and  altar-stones,  each  marked 
with  the  five  crosses,  and  the  under  part  of  each  chamfered.'* 
(Bloxam,  vol.  ii,  p.  140). 


M0KTG0MERY8H1BE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS.        89 

important  a  position,  they  were  richly  ornamented. 
The  vaulting,  which  curved  out  from  the  traceried 
screen  and  projected  on  either  side,  was  ornamented 
with  elaborate  designs ;  the  sides  of  the  loft  were 
pierced  with  graceful  open  tracery ;  the  junction  of  the 
panels  was  set  off  with  delicate  icanopy  work,  and  the 
horizontal  bands  were  enriched  with  beautiful  vine, 
oak,  and  other  patterns ;  and  the  whole  was  in  some 
cases  adorned  with,  rich  colouring  in  vermilion,  blue, 
and  gold.  The  images  themselves  were  enriched  with 
gold  and  jewels.  Thus  Gruffydd  ap  Meredydd  ap 
Dafydd  says  of  the  famous  Rood  of  Chester : — 

*'  Llun  ei  oren  mab  llawn  aar  a  main.^" 

When  we  think  of  the  havoc  and  destruction  with 
which  they  were  visited  by  the  Reformers  and  their 
successors,  we  cannot  but  ask  why  they  were  so 
grievously  maltreated,  and  what  could  have  led  to  the 
determined  and  wholesale  ruin  that  overtook  such 
beautiful  specimens  of  ecclesiastical  art,  such  marvels 
of  delicate  design  and  workmanship,  as  made  them  the 
chiefest  ornaments  of  our  Pre- Reformation  Churches. 
The  answer  must  be,  the  abuses  which  sometimes  ac- 
companied them.  And  when  it  was  determined  to  do 
away  with  the  abuse,  small  consideration  was  given  to 
distinctions  and  exceptions,  "  De  minimis  non  curat 
lex."  The  desire  to  instruct  an  ignorant  and  impression- 
able people  through"ur*-eye,  for  everywhere  **  Segnius 
irritant  animos  demi^sa  per  aures,  Quam  qusa  sunt  oculis 
subjecta  fidelibus,''  led  to  the  introduction  of  devices 
and  tricks,  by  means  of  which,  as  in  miracle  plays  and 
puppet  shows,  a  greater  realism  was  produced,  and 
deeper  emotions  excited  of  pity,  awe,  and  devotion. 
Mr.  Walcott  quotes  the  statement  that  *'  many  super- 
stitions were  connected  with  Roods  *  with  rolling  eyes 
and  sweating  brows,  with  speaking  mouth  and  walking 
feet'.''* 

1  Myv,  Arch,,  p.  308. 
^  Sacred  Archceology. 


"90        M0KT001ilSRYdfliRl£  SCUBBKS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS. 

The  abuses  laid  against  them,  though  often  interested 
and  exaggerated,  were  no  mere  invention  ;  and  their 
influence  on  the  unreasoning  popular  mind  was  great. 
The  miraculous  image  of  the  Virgin  at  Penrys,  in 
Glamorganshire,  is  thus  described  by  contemporary 
poets,  and  it  is  hard  to  imagine  greater  credulity  : — 

**  Delw  Veir  nid  dilaynrach 
Na  Mair  o'r  nef  am  roi'n  iach." 

RisiART  AP  Rts  1480—1520. 

**  Mae  nawnef  mewn  nn  ynjs 
Mae  hjn  o  rad  jm  henn  Kjs 
Mae  djDion  jrma  dynnir 
Mair  o'th  wyrth  hyd  mor  a  thir 
Yna  i  daethost  veadith  fawr 
I*r  He  hwn  o'r  nef  i'r  llawr 
Dj  ddelw  bob  dydd  a  welynt 
Yn  yyw'  a  gad  o  nef  gy^t-^** 

Lewts  Morganwq. 

"  O  daw  lief  y  dall  y vydd 
E  wyl  y  dall  olau  dydd 
O  daw  angall  an  dynged 
E  ddaw  gras  iddaw  oi  gred 
O  daw  byddar  at  arall 
E  glyw  lief  o  glwyf  y  llal 
Vae  glaf  ar  vaglau  ovwy 
O  gor  Mair  ny  ddygir  mwy 
Ych  delw  i  iachan  dolnr 
Chwi  a  iachewch  dolor  a  char." 

Ibid. 

And  in  the  same  spirit.  Gruff,  ap  Mered.  ap  Dafydd, 
in  his  poem  "  I'r  Grog  o  Gaer  "  (The  Rood  of  Chester), 
already  quoted,  after  praising  "  Delw  fyw  f  Arglwydd 
eurlliw,"  declares : 

'*  I  ddelw  unmab  Mair  ydd  addolaf 
O  ddilys  araith  gwaith  gwerthforaf." 

The  Nemesis  came  at  last,  though  not  all  at  once. 
In  1  Edward  VI  (1547),  by  the  Kings  injunctions,  all 
images  which  had  been,  or  were,  abused  with  pilgrimage 

1  The  Day  of  "  Y  Ddelw  fyw"  was  September  9th. 


MONtfiOMEllYSHtRE  SOtlEEKS  AND  R00l>L0PTS.        91 

or  offerings  ot  fifcnything*  made  thereunto  were  ordered 
to  be  taken  down  and  destroyed  ;  by  ecclesiastical 
authority,  however,  and  not  **  by  that  of  any  private 
person/'  (Bloxam,  vol.  iii,  p.  90).  On  the  1 7th  November 
that  year,  "  at  nyghte  was  puUyd  downe  the  Rode  in 
Powlles  with  Mary  and  John,  with  all  the  images  in 
the  churche.  Item  also,  at  that  same  tyme  was  pullyd 
downe  throrrow  alle  the  Kynges  domynion  in  every 
churche  alle  Roddes  (Roods)  with  alle  images  and  every 
precher  preched  in  their  sermons  agayne  alle  images." 
(Ibid).  From  that  time  forth  Archbishops  and  Bishops 
in  their  visitations  made  inquiries  whether  the  Act 
had  been  carried  out.  Thus  in  1576,  Archbishop 
Grindal  enquired  "  Whether  your  roodlofts  be  taken 
down  and  altered,  so  that  the  upper  part  thereof  with 
the  soller  or  loft  be  quite  taken  down  unto  the  cross 
beam,  and  that  the  said  beam  have  some  convenient 
crest  put  upon  the  same."  A  lingering  affection, 
however,  ^till  clung  to  them  for  their  beauty  and  their 
ancient  use ;  and  not  a  few  have  survived  to  our  own 
day,  and  many  more  would  have  remained  had  it  not 
been  for,  the  vandalism,  indifference,  and  utilitarianism 
of  later  generations.  Of  many  of  them  we  find  still 
some  fragments,  even  in  our  restored  churches,  and  of 
the  destruction  of  others  we  have  written  memoranda. 
Thus,  to  take  the  Archdeaconry  of  Montgomery  alone, 
we  have  in  Cedewain  Deanery  not  only  the  beautiful 
remains  of  the  Newtown  Screen  (of  which  presently), 
but  also  fragments  found  on  the  wall-plate  at  Kerry, 
from  which  the  new  screen  in  that  church  has  been 
reconstructed.  At  Llanmerewig,  a  portion  of  the  old 
screen  remained  in  situ,  and  other  portions  were  re- 
produced by  the  Rev.  John  Parker  (Vicar  1827-44) 
in  the  altar-rails,  in  the  pulpit  and  desk,  and  in  the 
front  of  the  gallery ;  and  tnese  have  been  reconstructed 
in  the  restored  screen.  At  Llandyssil,  so  late  as 
17.98 — 1802,  "  the  parishioners  removed  the  old  rood- 
loffc."   ; 

In  Pool  Deanery,  at  Buttington,  the  rood  beam  and 


92       MOKTQOMBfiTSHlRfi  SCttBltNS  AttD  fiOoD-LOfTS. 

isome  remains  of  the  screen  are  left.  At  Guilsfield,  al- 
though the  old  rood-loft  is  gone,  there  still  remains  the 
doorway  and  the  staircase  tibat  led  up  to  it,  as  well  as 
some  of  the  tracery  of  the  side  screens ;  but  at  Welshpool, 
a  petition  to  the  Bishop  for  its  removal  (1 728-38)  alleged 
that  *'  a  great  number  of  the  very  common  sorte  of 
people  sit  in  it  (under  pretence  of  psalm  singing),  who 
run  up  and  down  there ;  some  of  them  spitting  upon 
people's  heads  below." 

In  Caereinion  Deanery,  a  beautiful  screen  still  stands 
in  its  place  at  Llangynyw;  and  at  Llanllugan  the  rood- 
beam  remains  ;  but  at  Manafon  and  Meifod  fragments 
only  survive.  At  Llanerfvl,  the  minutes  of  Vestry 
inform  us  that  on  the  15th  July,  1675,  the  rood-loft 
was  ordered  to  be  taken  down,  except  the  door  under 
it,  which  was  to  be  left  to  make  a  distinction  betwixt 
the  nave  and  chancel,  and  that  with  the  timber,  seats 
by  way  of  a  gallery  were  to  be  erected  below  the  font. 
A  fragment  of  it,  presented  by  the  Rev.  J.  Mc'Intosh, 
Rector,  may  be  seen  in  the  Powysland  Museum.  A 
richly-carved  shrine,  however,  has  escaped  destruction. 
In  Llanfyllin  Deanery,  in  the  old  church  of  Llan- 
fihangel,  there  were  portions  of  a  screen  of  very 
graceful  character.  At  Pennant  Melangell,  affixed  to 
the  front  of  the  west  gallery,  are  considerable  remains, 
representing  the  legend  of  St.  Melangell  and  the  hare. 
At  Llanrhaiadr  the  Rural  Dean,  in  1791,  ^'ordered  that 
y**  old  cancelli  be  removed  \'  but  some  portion  was  pre- 
served on  the  ends  of  two  benches  in  the  chancel,  and 
'*  the  footframe  is  still  in  the  floor,  and  marks,  where  it 
was  inserted  *in  the  walls,  are  still  to  be  seen  on  both 
sides.  Fragments  of  its  carved  portions,  corresponding 
in  style  and  workmanship  with  that  at  Pennant 
Melangell,  are  still  to  be  found  forming  supports  under 
the  benches"  {Mont.  Coll.,  1872,  p.  307).  At  Llan- 
gedwyn,  the  Rural  Dean  reported  in  1749  that  the 
rood-loft  had  been  converted  into  a  gallery  for  Sir  W. 
Williams'  family,  who  had  a  seat  adjoining  to  the 
chapel.     At  Llanwddyn,  some  bands  of  carv^  foliage 


MOKTCOMERYSHlRE  SCBEENS  AND  BOOD-LOFTS.        93 

that  formed  the  cornice  of  the  rood-loft  in  the  old 
church,  and  some  of  the  bosses  from  its  undervaulting, 
are  fixed  in  front  of  the  choir  stalls  in  the  new  church. 
In  the  adjoining  deanery  of  Oswestry,  within  our 
Powysland,  though  not  in  Montgomeryshire,  a  finely 
wrought  screen  has  survived  at  Llanyblodwel.  At 
Whittington,  in  1753,  the  loft  was  transformed  into 
a  pewed  gallery,  the  entrance  being  by  an  external 
staircase.  At  Selattyn,  in  1751,  it  was  "ordered 
that  the  cancelli  between  the  church  and  chancel 
should  be  taken  away,"  and  the  only  relic  was  a 
small  band  of  the  tracery  on  one  of  the  supporting 
beams  of  the  gallery,  now  preserved  in  the  restored 
church. 

Returning  to  the  churches  of  Montgomeryshire,  but 
outside  the  diocese  of  St.  Asaph,  we  find  in  the  adjoin- 
ing deanery  of  Arwystli,  and  diocese  of  Bangor,  the 
very  fine  rood-loft  at  Llanwnog,  which  has  escaped  the 
fate  of  the  one  at  Llangurig,  which  was  taken  down 
and  appropriated  piecemeal  during  some  repairs  in  1836, 
but  had  fortunately  been  sketched  and  described  by 
the  Rev.  John  Parker  some  eight  years  before ;  and 
that  at  Llanidloes  with  its  exquisite  tracery,  which  was 
taken  down  in  1816,  and  no  trace  of  it  left. 

In  the  deanery  of  Cyfeiliog,  we  find  at  Cemmaes, 
over  the  altar,  a  band  of  beautifully  carved  vine-leaf 
cornice  ;  at  Llanbrynmair,  now  on  the  pulpit  "  a  frag- 
ment of  somewhat  rude  carving,  probably  from  an 
ancient  rood-screen'*  {Mont.  Colly  vol.  xix,  p.  308),  and 
at  Llanwrin  the  screen  itself,  with  ogee  cinquefoiled 
tracery  in  the  compartments. 

The  fine  rood-loft  and  screen  at  Montgomery,  in 
the  neighbouring  diocese  of  Hereford,  have  happily 
survived  the  gauntlet  of  the  past ;  and  at  Trelystan,  in 
the  same  diocese,  a  portion  of  the  arcading  with  its 
tracery  remains. 

At  Uananno,  just  across  the  border  in  Radnorshire, 
is  a  beautiful  rood-loft,  which  has  been  described  and 
figured  in  the  Arch.  Camb.,  4th  Ser.,  vol.  v,  p.  45. 


94        MOiftGO^IfiRYSHIkK  SCfeEENS  AND  ROOD-LOPTS. 

The  Rev.  John  Parker's  drawings  include  other  neigh- 
bouring screens,  at  Llanbadarn  Fjnjdd,  Bugeildy,  and 
Bettws,  near  Clun. 

It  will  be  both  appropriate  and  interesting  here  to 
quote  the  statement  of  the  late  Mr.  Matthew  H. 
^oloxam  with  regard  to  rood-loft  images,  and  to  give 
his  description  at  large,  especially  as  it  relates  to  this 
diocese,  though  not  to  this  county  : — 

"  Of  the  rood-loft  images,  out  of  the  general  destruction  by 
authority  in  the  reigns  of  Edward  VI  and  Elizabeth,  I  know  of 
one  set  only  that  has  escaped.     This  is  in  the  little  church  of 


Carved  Wooden  Paoel  from  Rood  Loft  in  Bettwn  Owerfyl  Goch  Church. 

Bettws  Gwerfyl  Goch,  near  Corwen  (diocese  of  St.  Asaph),  where 
ihe  image  of  the  Crucifix  of  St.  Mary  and  St.  John,  rudely  carved 
on  a  wooden  panel  in  low  relief,  and  formerly  affixed  to  or  in 
front  of  the  rood-loft,  are  still  preserved  and  placed  as  a  reredos 
over  the  holy  table.  The  panel,  4  ft  3  ins.  wide  by  2  ft  3  ins. 
in  height,  is  divided  into  five  compartments,  each  from  7 J  ins.  to 
8  ins.  wide.  The  central  compartment  contains  a  rude  re- 
presentation, in  low  relief,  of  the  Crucifix,  the  figure  of  which  is 
very  indistinct ;  on  the  sides  of  the  head  of  the  cross  are  the 
words  *  Ecce  Homo  ;'  on  the  compailraent  on  the  one  side  next 
to  the  Crucifix,  rudely  carved  in  low  relief,  is  tlie  figure  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin,  in  a  veiled  head-dress,  a  nimbus  over  the  head, 
and  the  hands  folded  on  the  breast ;  by  her  side,  in  the  outward 
compartment,  are  represented  the  pincers,  thorns,  and  nails. 
In  the  compartment  on  the  other  side  of  the  Crucifix,  St.  John 
is  represented  holding  his  right  hand  to  his  head,  and  in  th^ 


MOJ^tGOMERYSHtRtl  SCREJRNS  AND  R00l)-t.0BT$.        95 


compartment  beyond  this  are  carved  the  hatnmer,  the  reed,  with 
hyssop,  like  a  club  and  spear.  The  whole  is  a  specimen  of  very 
rude  carved  work  of  the  fifteenth,  or  early  part  of  the  sixteenth, 
century"^  (voL  ii,  p.  42). 

If  this  panel  was  ever  placed  above  the  screen,  it 
was  a  very  an  usual  form  of  the  rood,  the  figures  of 
which  stood  out  clear  to  the  eye,  the  figure  of  the 


Carred  Images  of  the  Bleased  Virgin  and  Our  Lord  from  Mochdre  Church. 
{Photograph  by  Mr,  Jones,) 

Saviour  on  the  Cross  being  also  on  a  larger  scale  than 

^  A  cbaracieristic  distinction  between  screen  work  of  an  earlier 
date  than  the  Gfteenth  centary  and  screen  work  of  that  period,  will 
he  fonnd  to  consist  in  the  slender  cjlindrical  shafts  (often  aunnlated) 
with  monlded  bases,  and  capitals  which  pertain  to  the  early  work  of 
the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centnries,  with  the  mallion-like  and 
angular  edged  bars,  often  faced  with  small  bat  tresses,  which  form 
the  principal  vertical  divisions  in  that  of  the  fifteenth  centary 
{Ibid.,  1,  260). 


d  6        MONt(k)MERTSHtRE  SCttKEKS  AiTD  fiOOb-LoPTS. 

the  others ;  and  if,  on  the  other  hand,  it  was  affixed  to 
the  screen,  it  was  a  very  uncommon  position  for  it. 

There  are,  however,  in  the  Powysland  Museum  two 
figures,  the  one  of  Our  Lord,  and  the  other  of  the 
Virgin  Mother,  from  Mochdre  Church,  presented  by  a 
former  vicar,  F.  W.  Parker  (1863-1870),  which  were 
undoubtedly  parts  of  the  rood,  and  stood  upon  the 
screen  ;  the  third  figure,  St.  John,  is  missing.  We  do 
not  know  when  they  were  removed  from  their  proper 
position ;  but  perhaps  it  was  in  1789,  when  the  vestry 
"Agreed  to  build  a  new  gallery  from  the  singing 
gallery  across  the  church,  to  join  the  old  gallery; 
perhaps  earlier.  At  all  events,  they  had  be^n  stowed 
away  on  the  top  of  the  wall-plate,  and  found  there 
during  the  restoration  of  the  church  in  1867.  The 
Cross  to  which  the  figure  of  Our  Lord  was  attached  is 
gone,  and  the  figure  itself  ip  somewhat  mutilated  and 
decayed.  The  height  of  the  figure  is  19  ins.  ;  the 
arms  and  feet  are  gone.  The  head,  with  its  crown  of 
thorns,  is  bent  forward ;  the  hair  full,  the  brow  deeply 
furrowed,  and  an  expression  of  pain  rests  upon  the  face. 
The  carving  is  roughly  executed,  but  the  general  effect 
is  expressive  and  sad.  The  figure  of  the  Virgin  is  1  ft. 
3^  ins.  high,  and  stands  on  a  pedestal  Ij  ins.  She 
is  represented  in  a  long  flowing  robe,  with  a  long  veil 
falling  down  her  back,  and  at  cloak  gathered  round  the 
shoulders.  She  appears  to  have  worn  a  crown,  but 
the  wood  is  much  worm-eaten  and  decayed,  and  the 
hands  and  nose  are  gone.  The  whole  shows  remains  of 
colouring  in  white,  gold,  and  vermilion. 

Having  now  traced  the  general  history  of  these 
gems  of  ecclesiastical  art,  and  seen  the  vicissitudes  and 
perils  to  which  they  have  been  subjected,  we  are  in  a 
better  position  to  appreciate  their  value,  and,  I  hope, 
will  be  more  keen  to  admire  the  beauty  of  their  design 
and  the  extreme  delicacy  of  their  workmanship.  We 
in  this  neighbourhood  are  fortunate  in  having  preserved 
to  us  some  excellent  specimens,  such  as  those  of 
Montgomery,   Llanwnog,  Newtown,  Llangynyw,   and 


MONTGOMERYSHIRE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS.        97 

Pennant  Melangell ;  and  I  propose  now  to  treat  of 
them  individually  and  in  detail.  And  it  may  be  as 
well  to  say  at  the  outset  that  of  the  two  faces  of  the 
rood-lofty  the  one  looking  east  towards  the  altar  is,  as 
a  rule,  more  elaborate  than  the  one  facing  the  nave  ; 
and  to  add  that  the  geqeral  tradition  of  their  transfer 
from  some  dissolved  monastic  church  is  not  borne  out 
by  their  own  story  (except  in  that  of  Montgomery); 
nor  is  it  likely  that  they  who  destroyed  them  in  the 
one  place,  would  go  to  the  great  cost  of  transferring 
them  to  another  church.  The  true  solution  would 
appear  to  be  that  the  skilled  artists  who  produced 
them  were  members,  conversi  or  lay  brethren,  of  some 
neighbouring  abbey,  such  as  Strata  Marcella,  Cwm 
Hir,  or  Strata  Florida,  and  that  in  that  sense  they  may 
have  come  from  thence. 

Llanwnog. 

The  earliest  reference  I  have  found  to  this  rood-loft 
is  a  brief  record  in  the  Rev.  Walter  Davies's  "  History 
of  the  Parish,"  which  appeared  first  in  the  Cambrian 
Quarterly  Magazine,  1829  (and  was  reprinted  in  vol.  iii 
oiGwaith  Gwallter  Mechain,  1868),  which  states  that 
"the  church  contains  an  ancient  relic  in  a  most 
exquisitely  carved  rood-loft"  (p.  76).  In  1830,  the 
Rev.  John  Parker,  then  vicar  of  Llanmerewig,  visited 
the  church  and  made  a  most  careful  and  artistic  draw- 
ing of  this  rood-loft  and  its  details,  as  well  as  of  the 
painted  glass  figure  of  St.  Gwynog ;  which  drawings, 
through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  Stanley  Leighton,  his 
nephew,  -were  reproduced,  by  photo-lithography,  to 
illustrate  Mr.  D.  Walker's  account  in  the  Collections 
for  1871.  The  present  illustrations  are  from  excellent 
photographs  by  Mr.  John  Owen,  of  Newtown. 

Lewis's  Topographical  Dictionary,  1833,  gives  a 
somewhat  fuller  note : — 

"The  church  ....  contain^  some  beautiful  specimens  of 
ancient  sculpture:  the  screen  and  rood-loft  are  exquisitely 
carved,. and  in  a  state  of  excellent  preservation;  the  chancel 


95        MONTGOMERYSHIRE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS. 

window  is  embellished  with  stained  glass,  in  which  the  Patron 
Saint  is  represented  in  episcopal  vestments,  with  a  mitre  on 
bis  head  and  a  crosier  in  his  hand,  and  underneath  the  figure 
is  the  inscription, '  Sanctus  Gwyuocus  cujus  animse  propitietur 
I)eu3.    Amen,'" 

This  glass,  which  has  been  removed  from  the  east 
window  to  one  on  the  rood-loft  stair^  in  the  north 
Wall,  is  not  described  quite  accurately.     The  name  is 


.i>i 


Rood  Screen  and  Loft  in  Ll&nwnog  Church :  West  Side. 
{Photograph  by]  Mr.  J.  Owen,) 

not  given  in  the  nominative  but  in  the  vocative  case  : 
''See  (Sancte)  Gwinnoc  (e),"and  the  invocation,  "cujus 
animsB  propitietur  Deus'*  must  have  belonged  to  some 
other  figure,  now  lost.  The  figure  of  the  Saint  stands 
within  a  crocketed  canopy  of  tabernacle  work  ;  and  he 
is  vested  in  an  alb,  over  which  is  a  stole  with  fringed 
orphrey,  a  chasuble  and  cope.  The  head  is  encircled 
with  an  aureole,  the  right  tiand  is  raised  in  blessing, 

^  The  steps  are  formed  of  rade  sqaare  blocks  of  wood. 


MONTGOMEKYSHIBE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS.        99 

and  the  left  holds  a  pastoral  staff,  richly  ornamented, 
and  with  the  crook  turned  inwards. 

Sir  Stephen  Glynne,^  who  visited  the  church  in 
1855, mentioned  as  "its  great  feature  the  fine  rood-loft 
in  fair  condition,  of  Late  Perpendicular  character,  with 
much  panelling  and  open  work  to  the  rood-loft  itself;" 
adding  that  it  "somewhat  resembled  that  at  Llananno, 
in  Radnorshire ;"  and  again  in  1866,  after  the  partial 
restoration  of  the  church,  he  added  that  "the  rood-loft 
and  screen  remain  complete,  though  rather  rickety. 
The  loft  has  the  usual  vine-leaf  cornices  with  Tudor 
flower,  and  has  panelling,  alternately  plain  and  sculp- 
tured ;  below  the  loft  is  open  tracery,  and  the  qudsi 
roof  with  ribs  and  bosses,  the  latter  have  letters.  The 
overlapping  cornice  is  supported  on  wood  posts  ;  in  the 
centre  is  the  door  with  pierced  spandrels.  The  west 
side  is  the  richest,  but  the  east  has  also  panelling.*' 

Still  later,  in  1871,  Mr.  David  Walker,  of  Liverpool, 
contributed  to  the  fourth  volume  of  the  Montgomery- 
shire Collections  an  elaborate  account,  with  illustrations, 
from  which  I  make  the  following  extract : — 

"  The  position  of  the  screen,  which  extends  the  entire  width 
of  the  nave,  is  at  the  distance  of  about  one-third  the  length  of 
the  church,  from  the  east  end,  and  is  placed  so  as  effectually 
to  mark  the  line  of  demarcation  between  the  nave  and  the 
chancel ;  a  rude  stair,  formed  within  the  thickness  of  the  north 
wall,  on  the  west  side  of  the  screen,  leads  to  the  rood-loft, 
formerly  occupied  by  the  choir,  the  internal  dimensions  of 
which  are  24  ft.  by  7  ft.  wide. 

"  The  eastern  face  indicates  an  entirely  different  treatment  in 
several  details  to  the  other  face  ;  for  instance,  the  front  of  the 
loft  is  spaced  for  panels  of  a  different  degree  of  richness  and 
character  to  those  on  the  west  front,  and  the  details  of  the 
cornices  generally  are  dissimilar,  although  all  have  undoubtedly 
been  executed  by  the  same  hand,  with  the  exception  of  the 
panels  on  the  west  front  of  the  rood-loft,  which  are  an  unfor- 
tunate modem  innovation,  without  an  approach  to  the  style 
of  the  old  work.  Admirable  in  treatment  and  spirited  in 
execution   as  this    rood-screen    undoubtedly   is,  its   denuded 

'  Notes  OTj  Old  Ghnrcbes  {Arch.  Camh.y  6th  Ser.,  vol.  i,  p.  145). 


E 


! 


^ 


6 

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2 

o 

1 


M0NTG0MERY8BIRE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS.      101 

state  leads  one  to  feel  regret  that  those  who  were  responsible 
for  its  preservation  in  time  past  should  have  so  far  forsaken 
their  trust  as  to  huve  allowed  much  of  the  very  beautiful 
detail  that  adorned  it  to  be  removed,  leaving  what  was  once 
rich  and  varied  in  outline  now  little  else  than  skeleton  framing. 
.  .  ,  Owing,  in  all  pri:ji>abiUty,  to  a  constructional  defect  in  the 
suuth  wall  of  the  navo,  the  effect  of  the  screen  on  the  west 
front  is  somewhat  marred  by  a  deflection  in  the  longitudinal 
beam. 

**  By  comparing  the  details  of  Llanwnog  Screen  with  those  of 
the  Newtown  Screen,  it  will  at  once  be  observed  what  a  strong 
resemblance  they  bear  to  each  other.  The  treatment  of  the 
foliage  and  enriched  i>ortions  generally  is  unquestionably  the 
work  of  the  same  craftsman,  and  too  much  cannot  be  said  in 
pmise  of  the  singularly  conscientious  style  in  which  the  work 
has  been  executed ;  tiie  thoroughgoing  crispness  and  vitality 
given  to  multitudinous  complex  geometric  forms,  combined 
with  perfectly  harnioniotis  treatment,  render  these  screens  of 
paramount  excellence.  What,  for  instance,  can  excel  the 
cornices  from  the  Newtown  Screen,  or  the  openwork  ornament 
which  ori^^inRlly  must  have  crowned  the  rood-loft  ?  The 
delicacy  with  which  tliey  are  carved  is  no  less  striking  than 
the  skill  in  which  the  requisite  light  and  shade  are  maintained." 

If,  however,  the  treatment  of  the  foliage  and  enriched 
portions  generally  is  unquestionably  the  work  of  the 
same  craftsman  us  the  Newtown  Screen,  as  Mr. 
Walker  mentlonR,  then  the  presence  here  of  the  Tudor 
flower  and  the  rose,  and  the  perpendicular  openings  on 
the  eastern  face  of  this  loft,  show  conclusively  that  the 
Newtown  Screen  could  not  be  of  the  early  date  to 
which  he  assigns  It.  The  width  of  the  rood-loft  is 
HiXt  not  seven,  feet,  and  the  flooring  is  altogether  gone, 
and  shows  the  tracery  and  ribs  of  the  vaulted  panelling 
beneath.  The  bosses  at  the  intersections  of  this  panel- 
ling are  formed,  some  of  foliage  and  some  of  letters, 
most  of  which  appear  to  be  repetitions  of  I.H.S.  ;  M. 
(? Maria);  and  W, 

Two  semi'dragons  are  carved  on  the  lowest  band  of 
tnwery,  one  holding  in  its  mouth  the  stem  of  a  vine 
branch,  the  other  bending  its  head  on  its  breast.  The 
panels  of  the  undervaulting  are  in  two  patterns :  the 

6th  ssb.,  tol.  iil  S 


102   MONTGOMERYSHIRE  SCREENS  AND  ROOb-LOM^. 

upper  consisting  of  a  number  of  foliated  circles,  the 
lower  of  a  network  of  vesicas  relieved  with  inner  cusps. 

Newtown. 

This  rood-loft  stood  in  the  old  charch  until  the 
church  was  taken  down  in  1856,  and  it  extended 
across  both  the  nave  and  the  aisle.  The  Terrier  of 
1791  describes  it  as  the  "  partition  between  the  church 
and  chancel,  faced  with  various  old  carved  work 
in  wood,  painted  and  guilt  {sic)y  said  to  have  been 
brought  from  the  Monastery  of  Abbey  Cwmhir,  in 
Radnorshire,  at  its  dissolution." 

The  Rev.  John  Parker,  c.  1830,  made  some  beautiful 
drawings  of  its  exquisite  details,  but  unfortunately 
did  not  make  a  sketch  of  the  whole  as  it  then  stood — 
as  he  did  in  so  many  other  cases  —so  that  we  cannot 
tell  exactly  what  it  looked  like.  But,  happily,  Mr.  W. 
Basil  Jones^  saw  it  in  position,  and  thus  described  it  in 
the  ArchcBologia  Camhrenns,  1854,  2nd  Sen,  vol.  v. :  — 

"  This  is  an  extremely  elaborate  specimen  of  its  class,  rich  with 
carving  and  with  gold  and  colour.  It  runs  across  both  nave 
and  aisle,  and  is  divided  into  two  compartments  by  one  of  the 
wooden  piers.  The  projecting  arched  canopy,  which  formed 
the  rood-loft,  is  not  so  divided,  but  forms  a  single  piece.  It  is 
now  set  upright  on  the  top  of  the  screen,  and  the  open  parapet, 
which  originally  surmounted  it,  is  now  fixed  behind  and 
concealed  by  it.  The  whole  is  of  the  Latest  Perpendicular,  but 
bears  no  marks  of  cinquecento." 

From  this  it  is  evident  that  the  loft  had  been 
previously  tampered  with,  and  its  form  altered  ;  and 
when  it  was  removed  from  the  old  to  the  new  church, 
further  mutilation  took  place.  The  lower  portion  below 
the  open  arcade  has  disappeared  altogether;  and  in 
order  to  fit  it  in  as  a  reredos  and  sort  of  dado  on  the 
three  walls  of  the  small  apsidal  chancel  in  the  new 
church,  the  supporting  pillars  were  shortened,  so  that  it 
should  not  interfere  with   the  east  window,  and  the 

1  Afterwards  Bishop  of  St.  David's,  1874-1897. 


MONTGOMBRYSHIRE  SCREENS  ANt)  ROOD-LOFTS.     l03 

central  opening  widened,  so  as  to  enclose  the  Holy 
Table.  The  record  of  its  removal  was  inscribed  on  a 
brass  plate  attached  to  it  in  its  new  position  '} — "  This 
screen  was  removed  from  the  old  Parish  Church,  and 
restored,  and  put  up  in  its  present  form,  at  the  expense 
and  under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  J.  P.  Drew,  of 
Milford,  by  the  skill  and  labour  of  John  Jones,  Carver, 
Parker's  Lane,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord,  1856.  John 
Edwards,  M.A.,  Rector;  J.  P.  Drew,  W.  A.  Cooper, 
Churchwardens."     In  this  position  it  stood  in  1870, 


Portion  of  Carved  Rood  Screen  formerly  in  Newtown  Church. 
{Drawn  by  Rev,  John  Parker,         Photograph  by  Mr.   T.  Pryce.) 


when  Mr.  David  Walker,  Architect,  of  Liverpool,  made 
a  careful  drawing  and  description  of  it  for  the  Mont- 
ffomeryshire  Collections  of  that  year  : — 

"  The  length  of  the  screen,  as  now  fixed,  is  32  ft.  4  ins., 
being  about  ten  feet  less  than  when  in  its  original  position  across 
the  nave  (and  aisle)  of  the  old  church.  The  moulded  supports 
under  the  lower  cornice  have  also  been  reduced  almost  four 
feet  in  height.  The  upper  portions  remain  unaltered.  The 
carving  and  panels  are  in  an  excellent  state  of  preservation  ; 


^  Nothing  is  now  known  of  this  plate. 


b  - 


104     MONTGOMERYSHIRE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS. 

and,  although  dark  with  age,  still  bear  the  tool-marks  as  fresh 
as  when  cut.  The  enriched  and  interlaced  cornices  have  traces 
of  colour — vermilion  and  gold — with  which  it  was  at  one  time 
decorated,  the  effect  of  which,  when  standing  as  a  rood,  most 
have  been  considerably  heightened  by  the  light  through  the 
perforations  of  the  exceedingly  rich  and  varied  panelling.  The 
cornices  are  carved  in  a  remarkably  free  and  characteristic 
manner;  the  top  cornice  represents  a  conventional  treatment 
of  the  leek,  the  middle  cornice  the  vine,  and  the  lower  entwined 
palm  leaves ;  the  execution  of  the  work  is  such  that  deep  relief 
is  obtained,  whilst  the  tendrils  and  stems  are  delicate  and  well 
under-cut.  The  variety  of  the  panels  is  very  curious,  some  of 
the  designs  being  particularly  quaint  and  very  few  alike ;  the 
hand  of  the  artist  is  apparent  in  every  line,  and  it  is  gratifying 
to  find  that  so  excellent  and  interesting  a  monumental  remain 
has  escaped  mutilation ;  the  date  of  the  work  is  evidently  that 
of  the  first  half  of  the  fourteenth  century."^ 

This  date  differs  by  more  than  a  hundred  years  from 
that  of  Mr.  Basil  Jones,  and,  of  course,  involves  a  much 
earlier  style  ;  but  we  ourselves,  judging  from  some 
features  of  the  design,  and  from  evidence  supplied  by 
comparison  with  Llanwnog,  think  that  Mr.  Basil  Jones 
was  right ;  and  we  rather  wonder  at  Mr.  Walker  s 
satisfaction  with  the  non-mutilation — unless,  of  course, 
he  meant  it  by  contrast  with  what  might  have  been. 

When,  in  1875,  the  small  apse  was,  in  its  turn,  taken 
down  to  make  way  for  the  present  chancel,  the  rood- 
loft  was  once  more  removed,  and  this  time  the  uprights 
disappeared  ;  and  it  has  not  been  replaced.  It  now 
lies  in  the  cellars  at  the  rectory,  where  all  that  can  be 
said  for  it  is  that  it  is  in  safe  keeping  from  wind  and 
weather.  Mr.  Fish  bourne,  when  rector,  had  some  hope 
of  replacing  what  was  missing,  and  putting  it  up  again 
in  the  church ;  and  a  meeting  of  the  parishioners  was 
held  to  consider  the  matter,  when  it  was  decided  to 
obtain  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Kempson,  Architect,  of 
Llandaff  and  Hereford,  the  designer  of  the  beautiful 
new  reredos  at  Berriew.  Mr.  Fishbourne,  however,  was 
himself  removed  soon  afterwards  to  Gresford,  and  the 

1  Mont.  Coll.,  1870,  vol.  iii,  p.  212. 


MONTGOMERYSHIRE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS.     105 

purpose  remains  in  abeyance.     But  Mr.  Kempson  has 
prepared  a  plan  for  its  restoration,  the  cost  of  which 
is  said  to  be  £600.   What  an  opportunity  for  a  memorial, . 
that  would  at  the  same  time  beautify  the  church  and 
perpetuate  the  munificence  of  the  restorer ! 

Montgomery. 

This  is  curious,  as  it  combines  two  screens  with  the 
rood-loft  :  one  on  the  west  side  facing  the  nave, 
with  five  open  arcades  on  each  side  of  the  doorway, 
and  on  the  east  side  another  screen,  with  four  return 
miserere  stalls  on  each  side.  Between  the  two,  at 
the  base,  is  an  open  space,  now  occupied  as  a  ladies' 
choir,  but  formerly  appropriated  as  pews.  The  western 
screen  appears  to  occupy  its  original  position,  and  may 
have  had  no  loft.  The  spandrels  of  the  arcade  are 
all  filled  with  tracery  of  the  same  pattern,  that  of 
the  entrance  being  a  little  wider  and  more  elaborate. 
The  lower  portion  is  concealed  by  the  woodwork  of 
the  old  pews,  used  as  a  casing,  but  has  some  orna- 
mentation of  Jacobean  character  inside.  Above  it,  if 
ever  there  existed  a  mooding,  or  curved  roof  of  panel- 
work  and  tracery,  it  has  disappeared,  and  the  space  is 
now  filled  with  almost  plain  panelling.  But  above  it, 
fonning  the  western  face  of  the  rood-loft,  is  a  series  of 
twenty-four  canopies,  ogee  cinquefoiled,  terminating 
in  slender  crocketed  tinials.  These  are  divided  from 
each  other  by  buttresses,  which  are  carried  up  to  the 
hollow  moulding  of  the  beam.  The  upper  part  above 
the  canopies  is  occupied  by  two  rows  of  open  panels, 
the  upper  square  -  headed,  the  lower  with  pointed 
arcading.  This,  however,  difiers  in  character  from  the 
screen  below  it,  but  corresponds  with  the  flat  canopy 
work  of  the  stalls  on  the  north-western  wall  of  the 
chancel.  A  close  inspection  shows  that  the  western 
face  has  been  curtailed  at  the  north  end,  in  order  to 
fit  the  width  of  the  chancel,  and  the  beam  on  the 
eastern  side  lengthened  at  the  south  end  for  the  same 


106     MONTGOMERYSHIRE  8CRKENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS. 

purpose.  The  tradition  is — and  it  is  likely  to  be  true — 
that  this  screen  and  its  rood-loft  were  brought  hither 
from  Chirbury  Priory,  some  time  after  its  dissolution. 
The  arcade,  now  open,  has  evidently  been  filled  with 
boarding^  and  tracery-panels,  for  the  grooves  remain, 
similar  to  that  preserved  on  the  north  wall.^  Whether 
the  western  face  ever  stood  on  the  east  side  of  the  loft 
or  not,  I  cannot  say ;  but,  in  any  case,  one  of  the  faces 
of  the  loft  is  missing.     Of  late,   some  plain  panelled 


Rooil  Screen  and  Loft  in  Montgomery  Church  ;  West  Side. 

boarding  supplied  its  place,  and  an  inscription  on  one 
of  the  pieces  tells  when  and  by  whom  it  was  put  vip. 

BlT  .  BY  .  MO'  .  RECtR  .  J  AN  VARY  .  1718  .» 

^  The  purpose  of  this  was  to  exclude  draughts ;  one  effect  of  it, 
according  to  Darandus,  was  to  prevent  the  laity  in  the  nave  joining 
with  the  clergy  and  choir  in  the  singing. 

2  Mr.  Parker,  in  his  drawing  of  this  side  of  the  screen,  here  by 
kind  permission  reproduced,  has  replaced  the  tracery,  to  restore  its 
original  appearance. 

3  Maurice  Owen  was  curate  from  1670-1678,  and  afterwards 
rector  for  forty-three  years ;  he  died  in  1721. 


MONTGOMERYSHIRE  SCRKENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS.      t07 

On   either   side  ot   the   entrance   were  winofs  with 


I? 
Il 


a  5 

o  ♦ 

.3  I*. 

II 

If 


panels  of  open  Tudor  tracery  ;  some  of  which  have 
been  worked  into  the  front  of  the  new  choir-benches. 
The  thick  coating  of  pale  drab  paint  which  encases  the 


108     MONTGOMERYSHIRE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS. 

whole  work  eflfectually  prevents  seeing  whether  it  was 
originally  set  off  with  colour. 

The  rood-loft  rests  on  a  plain  stone  corbel  on  the 
south  side,  and  is  approached  by  a  naiTOw  stone  stair- 
case, leading  from  the  Pointed  door  in  the  south  wall  of 
the  chancel,  in  the  thickness  of  the  wall,  which,  how- 
ever, projects  slightly  on  the  outside. 

This  constructive  feature  appears  to  indicate  that 
there  was  a  rood-loft  here  as  early  as  the  erection  of 
the  chancel ;  and,  I  take  it,  of  earlier  date  than  the 
western  screen  :  but  who  transported  the  Chirbury 
Screen  hither?  We  have  no  documentary  evidence 
whereby  to  answer  this  question  ;  but  the  principal 
family  in  the  parish  in  the  latter  half  of  the  sixteenth 
and  the  first  half  of  the  seventeenth  centuries  was 
undoubtedly  the  Herberts,  who  were  the  Governors  of 
the  Castle,  and  it  may  be  that  George  Herbert  has  a 
covert  allusion  to  this  in  the  opening  stanza  of  his  poem 
on  "  The  Cross.'' 

'*  What  is  this  strange  and  nnconth  thing 
To  make  me  sigh,  and  seek,  and  faint  and  die, 
Until  I  had  some  place  where  1  might  sing, 

And  serve  Thee ;  and  not  only  I 
Bat  all  my  wealth  and  family  might  combine 
To  set  Thy  honour  up,  as  oar  design." 

In  support  of  this  it  may  be  noted  that  on  either 
side  of  the  western  entrance  is  an  angel  bearing  a 
shield,  which  in  the  one  case  is  blank,  but  in  the  other 
bears  a  sheaf  of  arrows — the  Herbert  crest. 

And  it  is  still  more  likely  that  what  he  may  so  often 
have  looked  upon  with  reverence  as  a  boy — on  the 
rood  of  his  parish  church — may  have  suggested  those 
other  pathetic  stanzas  on  "  The  Church." 

"  *0  all  ye  who  pass  by,  behold  and  see  !  * 

Man  stole  the  fraifc,  but  I  mast  climb  the  tree;  — 
The  tree  of  life  to  all,  but  only  me. 

Was  ever  grief  like  mine  t 
"  Lo  !  here  I  hang,  charged  with  a  world  of  sin  :     ' 
The  greater  world  o'  the  two ;  for  that  came  in 
By  words,  but  this  by  sorrow  I  must  win. — 
Was  ever  grief  like  mine  f* 


MONTGOMERYSHIRE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS.      109 


Pennant  Melangell. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  last  century,  that  observant 
traveller,  Thomas  Pennant,  records  that  he  paid  a  visit 
to  "  the  Shrine  of  St.  Monacella,  or,  as  the  Welsh  style 
her,  Melangeir': — 

"  Her  legend  relates  that  she  was  the  daughter  of  an  Irish 
monarch,  who  had  determined  to  marry  her  to  a  nobleman  of 
his  court.  The  princess  had  vowed  celibacy.  She  fled  from 
her  father's  dominions  and  took  refuge  in  this  place,  where  she 
lived  fifteen  years  without  seeing  the  face  of  a  man.  Brochwel 
Yscythrog,  Prince  of  Powys,  being  one  day  a  hare  hunting, 
pursued  his  game  till  he  came  to  a  great  thicket ;  when  he  was 
amazed  to  find  a  virgin  of  surpassing  beauty,  engaged  in  deep 
devotion,  with  the  hare  he  had  been  pui*suing  under  her  robe, 
boldly  facing  the  dogs,  who  retired  to  a  distance  howling,  not- 
withstanding all  the  efforts  of  the  sportsmen  to  make  them 
seize  their  prey.  Even  when  the  huntsman  blew  his  horn,  it 
stuck  to  his  lips.  Brochwel  heard  her  story,  and  gave  to  God 
and  her  a  parcel  of  lands,  to  be  a  sanctuary  to  all  that  fled 
there.  He  desired  her  to  found  an  abbey  on  the  spot.  She 
did  so,  and  died  abbess  at  a  good  old  age.  She  was  buried 
in  the  neighbouring  church,  called  Pennant,  and  from  her 
distinguished  by  the  addition  of  Melangell.  Her  hard  bed 
is  shown  in  the  cleft  of  a  neighbouring  rock.  Her  tomb 
was  in  a  little  chapel,  or  oratory,  adjoining  to  the  church, 
and  now  used  as  a  vestry  room.  This  room  is  still  called 
*  Cell-y-bedd,*  or  the  Cell  of  the  Grave.  Her  reliques  as  well 
as  her  image  have  been  long  since  removed ;  but  I  think  the 
last  is  still  to  be  seen  in  the  churchyard.  The  legend  is  per- 
petuated by  some  rude  wooden  carving  of  the  Saint,  with 
numbers  of  hares  scuttling  to  her  for  protection.  She  properly 
became  their  Patroness.  They  were  called  'Wyn  Melangell' 
(St.  Monacella's  Lambs.)i" 

Portions  of  the  carved  stone  shrine  still  exist  in  the 
wall  of  the  church  and  the  lych-gate. 

Her  popularity  is  attested,  not  only  by  the  Large 
offerings  made  at  her  shrine  in  pre-Reformation  days 
(**  Oblaciones  ad  rcliquias/'  £2  I65.  8cZ.),  but  by  many 
more  recent  pilgrimages  to  this  most  beautiful  spot, 

1  Tour  in  Wales,  vol.  iii,  p.  173  (ed.  1810). 


110     MONTGOMBBYSBIBB  SCREBN8  AND  ROOD-LOFTS. 

which  has  been  apostrophised  with  its  story  in  the 
following  descriptive  lines  copied  from  Mr.  Parkers 
**Book  of  Drawings  f' — 

The  Vali  of  Peknaht. 

''  A  Vale  in  the  heathclad  hills 
Concealed  in  the  moors  of  Berwjn ; 
A  Yale  among  Celtic  deserts 
In  the  border  of  Powysland ; 
A  Vale  of  Retreat  from  the  world, 
Yet  lovely  with  waving  bowers  : 
This  was  thine  abode,  0  Melangell  ! 
Tbj  cloister,  0  Maid  of  the  North  ! 

"  A  Chnrch  in  the  secret  vale, 
A  secret  and  solemn  refuge, 
Where  the  foe  dropp'd  the  sword  of  warfare 
And  remembered  the  fear  of  the  Lord  ; 
A  tomb  in  the  hallowed  ground, 
A  grave  in  the  woodland  Valley ; 
This  was  thy  bed,  O  Yorwerth ! 
Thou  first  born  of  Owen  Gwyneth. 

'*  A  stream  in  the  highland  Vale, 
A  foaming  and  roaring  torrent. 
That  falls  down  the  cavom'd  rocks 
From  the  height  of  the  mountain  above. 
0,  beaatifal  Vale  of  Pennant ! 
This  is  thy  Cathedral  Service, 
Pi-ide  of  the  north  western  Valleys, 
Hotli  music  and  poem  to  thee.** 

In  another  tone,  we  find,  in  the  Selections  from  the 
Letters  of  Robert  Southey,  by  his  son-in-law,  a  playful 
and  amusing  letter  in  rhyme,  addressed  to  his  little 
daughter,  Edith  May,  on  April  25th,  1820,  after  one 
of  his  many  visits  to  his  friend,  the  Right  Hon.  C.  W. 
Williams- Wynn,  at  Llangedwyn  :  — 

*'  I  was  obliged  to  stay  |  at  Llangedwyn  till  to-day ;  |  though 
I  wished  to  come  away,  |  Wynn  would  make  me  delay  |  my 
departure  yesterday  |  in  order  that  he  |  and  I  might  go  and 
see  I  a  place  whereof  he  |  once  sent  a  drawing  to  me.  |  And 
now  1*11  tell  you  why  |  it  was  proper  that  1  |  should  go  thither 
to  espy  I  the  place  with  my  own  eye.  |  Tis  a  church  in  a  vale  | 


MONTGOMERYSHIRE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOYTS.      Ill 

whereby  hangs  a  tale,  |  how  a  hare  being  pressed  |  by  the 
dogs  and  much  distressed  |  the  hunters  coming  nigh  |  and  the 
dogs  in  full  cry  |  look'd  about  for  someone  to  defend  her  |  and 
saw  just  in  time  |  as  it  now  comes  pat  in  rhyme  |  a  Saint  of 
the  feminine  gender.     And  so  on/' 

Again,  ten  years  later,  in  a  poem  on  the  "  Portrait  ot 
Bishop  Heber,"  he  recounted  an  excursion  from  Llan- 
gedwyn,  in  which  they 

"  Together  sought  Melangel's  lonely  church 
Saw  the  dark  yews,  majestic  in  decay, 
Which  in  their  flowering  strength 

Cyfeiliog  might  have  seen ; 
Letter  by  letter  traced  the  lines 

On  lorwerth's  fabled  tomb ; 
And  curiously  observed  what  vestiges, 

Mouldering  and  mutilate, 
Of  Monacella's  legend  there  are  left 
A  tale  humane,  itself 
Well  nigh  forgotten  now." 

To  the  facile  and  skilful  pen  of  the  Rev.  John  Parker, 
so  often  already  alluded  to,  we  owe  both  an  excellent 
drawing  and  the  detailed  description,  contributed  in 
1848  to  the  Third  volume  of  the  Archceologia  Cam- 
hrensis  : — 

**  The  original  situation  of  this  curious  fragment  is  uncertain. 
At  present,  it  is  fixed  in  the  front  of  the  west  gallery  ;  but  al- 
though it  is  not  easy  to  point  out  any  place  that  would  exactly 
suit  it,  I  imagine  it  must  have  been  a  part  of  the  western  side 
of  the  rood-loft,  or  of  a  gallery  above  the  screen. 

"  Within  the  branch  work  of  a  running  border,  such  as  is 
frequent  in  chancel  screens,  and  enclosed  in  casement  mould- 
ings, the  legend  of  St.  Melangell,  or  Monacella,  is  represented. 
The  cleverness  and  ingenuity  with  which  the  story  is  told,  in 
spite  of  the  trammels  imposed  upon  the  artist  by  the  require- 
ments of  the  running  border,  are  deserving  of  remark.  The 
various  figures,  although  carved  in  equally  strong  relief,  and 
occupying  equal  intervals  of  the  branch  work  and  foliage  in  the 
runnia<»  border,  are  nevertheless  at  five  several  distances  in 
point  of  size.  There  is  no  grouping.  The  workmanship  is 
minute,  but  rather  grotesque ;  and  the  different  animals  are  all, 
more  or  less,  out  of  drawing.   They  are  painted  in  red  and  pink 


112     MONTGOMERYSHIHE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS. 

and  white ;  the  tracery  panels  under  them,  alternately  red  and 
blue ;  the  leading  members  of  some  pale  colour.  The  branch- 
work  and  the  foliage  are  also  of  light  colours ;  but  the  chro- 
matic decorations  are  much  faded,  and  there  is  not  light  enough 
to  ascertain  them. 

"  I. — ^First  compartment.  Brochwel  Yscythrog,  Prince  of 
Powys,  on  horseback  ;  his  bridle  tied  on  the  mane  of  the  horse ; 
both  arms  extended ;  in  his  right  hand  a  sword  which  he  is 
brandishing.  He  wears  long  hair  under  a  flat  cap ;  a  close- 
fitting  coat  and  girdle,  both  painted  red,  and  sits  in  the  high 
saddle  of  the  Middle  Ages.  He  is  the  most  distant  figure  of 
the  series. 

**  II. — The  second  compartment  is  partly  damaged  in  the 
branch-work,  but  the  figure  is  entire.  The  huntsman,  half- 
kneeling,  tries  in  vain  to  remove  the  horn,  which  he  was  raising 
to  his  lips  for  the  purpose  of  blowing  it,  when  it  remained  fast 
and  could  not  be  sounded. 

*'  III. — In  the  third,  St.  Melangell,  or  Monacella,  is  represented 
as  an  abbess;  her  right  hand  slightly  raised;  her  left  hand 
grasping  a  foliated  crozier ;  a  veil  upon  her  head.  The  figure, 
seated  on  a  red  cushion,  is  larger  than  that  of  Brochwel,  and 
smaller  than  that  of  the  huntsman. 

"  IV. — A  hunted  hare,  crouching  or  scuttling  towards  the 
figure  of  the  Saint.    The  hare  is  painted  red. 

"  V. — A  greyhound  in  pursuit ;  the  legs,  entangled  among  the 
branches  of  the  running  border,  can  hardly  be  distinguished 
from  them.     The  dog  is  painted  of  a  pale  colour. 

"  VI. — A  nondescript  animal,  intended,  I  suppose,  for  a  dog. 
In  this  and  the  Y^  compartment  the  hounds  are  supposed  to  be 
further  from  the  eye  than  the  hare,  which  is  the  largest  figure 
in  the  whole  range. 

"One  tracery  panel  has  its  gouge-work  painted  red;  the 
gouge-work  of  the  next  is  blue ;  that  of  the  next  is  red ;  and  so 
on  alternately." 

The  screen  itself,  on  the  rood-loft  of  which  the  above 
formed  a  cornice  or  frieze,  still  remains  in  its  position 
between  the  chancel  and  the  nave.  It  comprises  four 
compartments  on  each  side  of  the  doorway,  or  entrance, 
which  is  just  double  the  width  of  the  side  divisions  ; 
the  spandrels  are  filled  with  tracery  of  the  same  design, 
and  of  fourteenth-century  character. 


MONTGOMERYSHIRE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS.     113 


i 


114     MONTGOMERYSHIRE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOPTS. 


Llanyblodwel, 

Although  Llany bled wel  is  not  actually  in  the  county, 
a  part  of  it  was  in  early  times  the  property  of  the 
Lord  of  Pennant  Melangell,  who  was  also  Lord  of  Bryn, 
and  of  Ruytdn  of  the  Eleven  Towns.  There  was, 
moreover,  an  ecclesiastical  as  well  as  a  civil  tie  between 
the  two  places  ;  for  the  township  of  Bryn  paid  a  portion 
of  its  tithes  to  the  vicar  of  Pennant.  This  church,  too, 
like  Pennant,  has  its  screen,  though  it  has  not  its 
legend ;  and  it  still  remains  to  mark  the  division 
between  the  nave  and  north  aisle,  and  their  chancel 
and  chantry  respectively.  Along  the  western  face  of 
the  beam  runs  a  band  of  tracery,  in  which,  as  there, 
animal  carvings  are  found  amid  the  entwining  foliage, 
and  there  is  a  further  correspondence  in  the  fragment 
of  an  ancient  coffin-lid  in  the  churchyard,  with  its 
hunting  legend,  forming,  it  may  be,  the  connecting 
link  with  the  donor  of  the  screen. 

This  screen,  mentioned  by  Vicar  Worthington  in 
1736,  in  connection  with  a  dispute  concerning  a  seat, 
extends  across  the  nave  and  north  aisle,  and  contains 
arcading  of  eighteen  bays,  with  similar  traceiy  in  each 
compartment,  that  is,  two  arches  with  an  ogee  crocketed 
finial  within  each.  It  was  considerably  repaired  and 
renovated  through  the  care  of  Mr.  John  Parker,  the 
vicar  from  1844  to  1860. 

Llangurig. 

Tn  the  History  of  the  Pansh  oj  Llangurig,  by  Mr. 
Edward  Hamer  and  Mr.  Howell  W.  Lloyd,  1875,  we 
have  this  account : — 

"  On  the  north  side  of  the  chaucel  are  to  be  seen  traces  of  a 
narrow  winding  stone  staircase,  which  formerly  led  to  the  rood- 
loft,  which  existed  in  the  church  previous  to  the  year  1836. 
Remains  of  *  an  elaborately -carved  screen  and  rood-loft  are  still 
preserved/  is  the  statement  made  in  Lewis's  Topographical 
Dictionary,  published  in  1833.  Three  years  later,  when  the 
church  was  repaired,  the  screen  and  loft  were  taken  down,  and 


MONTGOMEKySHlRB  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS.      115 

the  churchwardens,  who  must  have  been  ignorant  of  its  value, 
allowed  anyone  who  expressed  a  desire  to  become  possessed  of 
samples  of  the  tracery  to  carry  away  specimens,  so  that  literally, 
bit  by  bit,  it  disappeared,  and  not  a  vestige  of  it  was  left  when 
Mr.  Evans,  the  present  vicar,  was  appointed  to  the  living  in 
1852.  It  was,  undoubtedly,  the  principal  object  of  interest  in 
the  church,  and  its  fate  is  a  sad  example  of  the  shameful  neglect 
and  utter  indifference  through  which  so  many  similar  relics 
have  disappeared  from  the  churches  of  the  neighbourhood. 
Fortunately  the  late  Rev.  John  Parker,  of  Llanyblodwel,  visited 
the  church  in  the  summer  of  1828,  and  his  artistic  and  accurate 
pencil  has  preserved  for  us  admirable  drawings  of  the  screen, 
which,  through  the  kindness  of  Sir  Baldwin  Leightou,  we  are 
able  to  reproduce." 


^^^^H^^^BIS^oQ^B^HHRHv^^^Hvi^f^^^ullllH' 

Portion  of  Kood  Screen  in  Llaugurig  Church. 
{Dranm  hy  Rev.  /.  Parker,     Photograph  hy  Mr,  T,  Pryce.) 

When  Sir  Stephen  Glynne  saw^  it  about  the  year 
1829,  "  a  large  portion  of  the  rood-loft  screen  remained, 
having  pretty  good  carved  wood-work  and  vine-leaf 
cornice."^ 

In  "  A  Description  of  the  Church/'  by  Col.  Lloyd- 
Verney  of  Clochfaen,  1892,  Mr.  Arthur  Baker,  who 
superintended  the  restoration  of  the  church  under 
Sir  Gilbert  Scott,  R.A.,  in  1878,  assigns  the  rood  screen 
to  the  last  quarter  of  the  fifteenth  century,  c.  1475,  and 
states  that  the  only  relic  found  remaining  was  a  frag- 

^  Notes  on  Old  Ghnrches,  in  Archceologia  CamhrensU,  1901. 


116     MONTGOMERYSHIRE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS. 

nient  of  the  carved  cornice,  which  had  been  replaced  in 
its  original  position,  and  notes  that  in  general  design 
the  screen  is  similar  to  many  others  in  Montgomery- 
shire and  other  parts  of  Wales  ;  the  centre  arch  being 
of  a  characteristic  local  type,  and  like  one  at  Gyffylliog, 
near  Ruthin,  and  one  at  the  church  (Llangynyw),  near 
Meifod. 

Llangynyw. 

This   screen    remains  in  situ,  and    consists  of  five 
bays   on   either    side    of    the    entrance;     but    most 


Rood  Screen  in  Llangynyw  Church. 
(Drawn  by  Rev.  J.  Parker.     Photograph  by  Mr.  T.  Pryee.) 

of  the  supporting  pillars  have  been  cut  off  just 
below  the  tracery.  The  designs  of  the  tracery  are 
worked  out  in  six  patterns  of  much  beauty,  and  that 
above  the  entrance  is  heraldic,  and  may  give  the  clue 
to  the  donor.  On  either  side  of  an  impaled  shield  a 
lion  guardant  passant  stands  as  a  supporter,  and  in 
the  spandrels  above,  within  foliated  circles,  a  winged 
dragon.  At  the  west  end,  under  the  gallery,  is  a 
corresponding  piece,  with  the  shield  and  supporters 
above  and  the  dragons  below ;  a  graceful  cresting 
finishes  ofi^  the  bottom.     The  beam  is  cased  with  a  rich 


MONTGOMERYSmaB  SCREE!iS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS.      117 

band  of  the  pomegranate  pattern  on  the  chancel  side ; 
but  on  the  west  it  is  of  plainer  character,  of  alternate 
ragule  and  inclined  ribbon  patterns,  similar  to  one  of 
the  bands  on  the  Llanwnog  loft,  except  above  the 
entrance,  which  has  a  piece  of  vine-carving  affixed. 
This  fact,  combined  with  the  second  spandrel,  seems  to 
show  that  there  must  have  been  a  canopy  of  some  kind 


Rood  Screen  in  Llangynyw  Church. 
(Draton  by  Rev,  J.  Parker,      Photograph  by  Mr.  T.  Prycc.) 

over  this  portion.  Probably  the  screen  was  surmounted 
at  one  time  by  a  rood-loft,  and  when  that  was  taken 
down,  in  accordance  with  Archbishop  Grindal's  enquiry, 
a  band  of  the  carved  work  was  placed  on  the  east  side 
of  the  beam,  and  the  ruder  carving  on  the  west  added, 
and  the  whole  surmounted  with  a  "  convenient  crest." 
The  heraldic  device  may  point  to  the  ''  Red  Dragon" 
of  Powys  and  the  "  Lion"  of  the  Lords  of  Powys  of  the 

Oth  BBS.,  VOL.  ra.  9 


trS     MONTGOMERYSHIRE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS. 

House  of  CSrnvyn,  to  whom  Mathrafal,  with    most  of 
the  parish,  oelonged. 

The  illustration  has  been  photographed  by  Mr.  Pryce, 
of  Pentreheylin,  from  one  of  the  beautiful  sketches 
made  by  the  Rev.  John  Parker,  and  kindly  placed  at 
our  service  by  Mr.  Stanley  Leigh  ton,  M.P. 


Modern. 

There  are  some  modern  screens  and  lofts,  put  up 
within  the  last  few  years,  which  deserve  honourable 
mention.  Although  for  elaboration  and  richness  of 
detail  they  cannot  be  compared  with  those  of 
Llanwnog  and  Newtown,  they  are,  all  of  them,  speci- 
mens of  excellent  workmanship,  and  great  ornaments 
to  their  churches. 

1.  Ghdlsjidd. — The  compartments  of  the  open  screen 
are  broad  and  high,  and  the  spandrels  filled  with 
geometrical  tracery,  which  may  be  best  described  as  of 
the  rose  character.  It  has  the  vaulted  overhanging 
canopy,  but  no  loft,  properly  so  called.  It  was  designed 
by  Mr.  Street. 

2.  Llansantffraidy  like  Guilsfield,  has  the  vaulted 
canopy  and  no  loft ;  and  its  pointed  arcading  is  filled 
with  decorated  tracery  of  more  varied  and  graceful 
character.  It  was  designed  by  Mr.  J.  0.  Scott,  and  is 
a  memorial  to  Mrs.  Hayhurst,  of  Melyniog,  and  late  of 
Ystymcolwyn. 

Manafon. — This  screen  consists  of  one  narrow  com- 
partment and  two  wide  ones  on  each  side  of  a  very 
wide  entrance.  The  tracery  is  Perpendicular,  and 
formed  of  adjoining  foliated  spaces.  The  cresting  is  of 
an  uncommon  form.  The  design  was  by  Messrs. 
Douglas  and  Fordham,  and  the  screen  was  presented 
by  Mrs.  Williams,  of  Henllys  and  of  Barmouth. 

Llanfechain  screen  consists  of  three  equal  compart- 
ments on  each  side  of  the  entrance,  having  the  heads 
filled    with    Perpendicular,    varied    with    geometrical 


MONTaOMERYSHTRE  SCREENS  AND  ROOD-LOFTS.      119 

tracery.  It  is  surmounted  by  a  Tudor  cresting,  and 
has  over  the  centre  a  Calvary  Cross.  It  was  designed 
by  Mr.  Douglas  of  Chester. 


When  we  turn  from  screens  and  rood-lofts  to  the 
cognate  subject  of  churchyard  and  wayside  crosses,  it 
is  remarkable  that  there  is  not,  as  far  as  I  know,  a 
single  instance  of  the  survival  of  either  the  one  or  the 
other  in  the  county  ;  and  this  notwithstanding  the  far 
more  durable  material  of  which  they  were  made ;  nor  can  I 
recall  to  mind  more  than  one  place-name  that  seems  to 
hand  them  down:  that  of  "  Gungrog"  (Cefn  Grog)  near 
Welshpool.     The  adjoining  Abbey  of  Strata  Marcella, 
with  its  township  of  Tirymy nech  (Monksland),  would 
readily  explain  the  name,  were  it  not  that  it  appears 
to  be  of   much  earlier  date  than  the  Abbey.     It  is 
not,  I  believe,  because  they  never  existed  ;  the  bases  of 
some  of  them  may  still  be  doing  duty  for  sundials  ; 
yet  we  have  no  record  of  their  demolition.     Their  non- 
existence now,  however,  is  the  more  noticeable  by  way 
of  contrast  to  the  adjoining  counties.     Thus  in  Merion- 
ethshire we  have  the  extremely  early  Cadfan  Stone  at 
Towyn,  and  all  but  the  head  of  the  cross  at  Cor  wen. 
In   Flintshire   we   find   the   Celtic    crosses   of    Maen 
Achwyfan  and  Dyserth,  with  the  mediaeval  crosses  of 
Hanmer  and  Newmarket,  and  in  Denbighshire  Elisor's 
Pillar  (the  head  of  the  cross  is  lost),  of  the  ninth 
century,  and  the  fourteenth-century  cross  in  the  Church- 
yard of  Derwen.     This  last  is  the  more  significant, 
because  it  controverts  the  plea  that  where  there  was  a 
rood  within   the   church   a    cross   outside   would   be 
superfluous,  and  that  vice  versd,  a  churchyard  cross 
would  render  an  inside  rood  unnecessary ;  for  here  at 
Derwen  both  evidently  co-existed.     The  four  faces  of 
the  cross  bear  sculptured  representations  of  the  Holy 
Trinity,  the  Judgment,  the  Virgin  and  Child,  and  the 
Crucifixion  with  the  Virgin  and  St.  John  at  the  foot ; 
but  this  last   is   the    rood.     In    the   church,   and   in 

9  = 


120      M0NTG0MEBY8HIRB  SCREENS  AND  ROOb-LOFTS. 

excellent  preservation,  is  a  fine  roodloft,  with  sixteen 
panek  ornamented  with  tracery,  and  having  a  band  of 
the  vine  pattern  as  a  cornice.  In  the  top  of  the  western 
beam  and  at  its  central  point  is  a  socket,  or  mortise,  to 
receive  the  foot  of  the  rood,  which  would  face  the 
congregation.  This,  indeed,  is  no  longer  there,  but  its 
witness  remains.  It  is  worthy  of  mention  that  this 
parish  adjoins  that  of  Bettws ;  and  their  two  churches, 
which  are  only  about  five  miles  apart,  are  both  of  them 
noteworthy  for  their  rare  ecclesiastical  remains.^ 


Mem. — This  article  was  written  in  the  first  instance 
for,  and  read  in  part  before,  the  Newtown  Clerical 
Association  ;  and  nas  subsequently  been  enlarged  and 
illustrated  for  its  present  use. 

1  Swpra,  p.  94. 


121 


THE    HERMITAGE    OF    THEODORIC,  AND 
THE  SITU  OF  PENDAR 

BY   THOMAS  GRAY,  ESQ.,  M.  INST.  C.E. 


I. 

Befohb  January,  1894,  I  was  unaware  of  a  hermitage 
having  existed  in  these  parts.  At  this  date,  Miss 
Talbot  kindly  sent  me  volume  i  of  the  Margam  and 
Penrice  MSS.y  by  Dr.  W.  de  Gray  Birch ;  and  in  it 
I  found  that  a  mile  or  so  from  where  I  live  in  the 
parish  of  Margam,  there  existed  as  far  back,  and 
probably  before  the  year  a.d.  1147,  the  Hermitage  of 
Theodoricus;  but  where  was  it  situated?  No  ruins 
existed  to  mark  its  site,  no  tradition  survived  about  it, 
and  the  building  had  disappeared  completely. 

In  the  earliest  charters  of  Margam  Abbey  we  find 
mentioned  as  a  landmark  the  Hermitage  of  Theodoric  ; 
but  as  no  ruins  indicated  its  position,  it  was  not 
possible  to  fix  its  site.  The  original  charter  founding 
the  Abbey  of  Margam  is  not  extant ;  but  its  text  is 
found  in  an  Inspeximus  by  Edward  le  Despenser,  Lord 
of  Glamorgan  and  Morgan,  dated  July  13th,  1358,,  of 
an  Inspeximus  by  Hugh  le  Despenser,  dated  Oct.  9th, 
1338.  In  this  document  the  Earl  William  notifies  to 
the  Bishop  Nicholas^  and  others  concerned,  that  he  has 
confirmed  the  gift  which  Robert*  his  father  gave  to  the 
monks  of  Clairvaux  :  **  That  is  to  say  all  the  lands 
which  extend  between  Kenfig  and   the  further  bank 

»  A.D.  1149-1183. 

^  Bobert  of  CaeD,  natural  son  of  Henry  I,  King  of  England, 
ConBol  or  Earl  of  Gloncester.  He  became  possessed  of  these  lands  hj 
his  marriage  with  Mabilia,  the  heiress  of  Bobert  Fitzhamon,  the 
leader  of  the  Norman  knights,  who  retained  Kenfig  and  district  in 
addition  to  Cardiff  as  his  share  of  the  conquest 


122 


THE  HERMITAGB  OF  THEODORIC, 


of  the  water  of  the  further  Afan,  which  is  to  the 
west  of  the  Hermitage  of  Theodoricus  as  the  water 
aforesaid  descends  from  the  mountains.  All  this  land 
I  grant  to  the  monks  as  it  goes  through  the  mountains, 


ft    c 


Fig.  1. — Map  of  Lands  given  to  the  Monks  of  Clairvanx,  and  Orants  of  Land 
by  Caradoc  Uerbeia  to  Pendar,  etc 


namely,  from  the  source  of  Kenefeg  water  between  the 
source  of  Rudelf  (Ffrwdwyllt)  and  Gelli-fret  (Gellivrith) 
on  to  Red-Kewelthi  (Rhyd  Gyfylchi),  that  is  the  ford 
of  Kewelthi,  into  Aven  (Afan  river)  in  wood  and  in 


AND  THE  SITE  OF  PENDAB. 


123 


plain,  in  fields  and  in  pastures  and  waters,  in  moors 
and  marshes,  also  all  the  fisheries  of  Aven,  that  no  one 
may  interfere  with  them  on  the  other  side,  nor  put 
their  hand  to  fishing  in  the  whole  of  Aven  except  by 
their  consent." 

This  certainly  points  to  the  site  of  the  Hermitage  as 
being  near  the  river  Afan,  where  it  falls  into  the  sea, 
and  just  to  the  east  of  it. 

In  the  midst  of  the  lonely  sand-dunes  near  the  old 
mouth  of  the  River  Afan  (in  1836-38  it  was  diverted, 
and  is  now  further  west),  some  fifteen  or  sixteen  years 


Fig.  2. — Ridge  and  Flat  Green -Glazed  Tiles,  and  Fragments  of  Earthenware 
Vessels  from  the  Hermitage  of  Theodoric. 


ago,  I  picked  up  a  tile-stone  having  a  neatly-made  nail- 
hole  at  the  top  part ;  and  later  I  discovered  part  of  a 
wall ;  still  later  I  found  some  green  glazed  earthenware 
tiles,  ridge  and  flat,^  and  several  pennant-atone  tiles, 
similar  to  the  first  one  I  found.  Three  years  ago  I  had 
the  sand  cleared  off  around  a  pile  of  stones,  and  found 
a  building  about  85  ft.  in  length,  which  is  here  shown 
in  elevation  and  plan  :  water  then  prevented  further 
clearing  of  the  ruins.     I  have  recently  (in  this  year) 

1  See  p.  149,  No.  66,  Arch.  Camb.,  April,  1900,  illustrations  of 
similar  old  ridge-tiles  fonnd  in  Llantwit  Major  Church. 


124 


TUB  BEKMITAGE  OF  THfiODORIC, 


■  1 


I 


■'.     5 


T    ^ , 


u 


j^^k.  I 


II 


•liu 


i| 


1 


II 


1^ 


.-Tlli: 


I 

I 
s 


s 


AND  THE  SITE  OF  PENDAR. 


125 


discovered  among  the  nuns  part  of  a  piscina  or  holy- 
water  stoup. 

The  three  upper  story  windows  were  dormer  windows. 
The  stone  work  of  the  centre  one,  under  the  seat-like 
slabs,  is  of  dressed  green  CoUwn  or  Quarella  stone,  the 


f — •""""^ 

o 


IMCHE>IZ,      J^       L,       3,  ^O ^1    f=00T. 

Fig.  3.— Roof- tiles  of  Pennant  Stone  from  the  Hermitage  of  Theodoric. 


other  two  are  in  rubble  masonry.  The  quoins,  jambs 
of  the  windows,  and  muUion  of  the  easternmost  window, 
and  the  long  slab  and  base  of  a  pillar,  are  of  the  same 
green  stone,  with  the  exception  of  three  Sutton  stones 
in  the  jambs  of  the  westernmost  window. 
The  iron  stanchions  and  saddle-bars  in  the  western- 


126 


THE  dEKMITAOE  OF  TH^ODORlC, 


most  window  and  in  the  small  centre  window  are  well 
preserved,  as  also  are  the  shutter-hooks  still  remaining 
inside  the  easternmost  window.  The  key  is  simply 
rust,  being  completely  oxidised. 

I  consioor  the  fact  of  the  iron-work  being  so  little 
wasted  somewhat  of  a  proof  of  the  rapid  be-sanding  of 
the  ruins,  which  covered  up  the  iron-work  and  pre- 
served it  from  the  action  of  the  salt  sea  air,  so 
injurious  to  iron. 

The  small  window   west  of  the  doorway  is  10  ins. 


Fig.  4.— Base  of  Pillar,  Oreen 
CollwD  Stone,  from  the 
Hermitage  of  Theodoric 


Fig.  5. — Key  found  in  the 
Ruins  of  the  Hermitage 
of  Theodoric. 


wide  by  7  ins.  high ;  it  has  three  iron  stanchions  and 
one  saddle-bar. 

The  stoup  or  piscina  was  found  in  the  sand  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  building,  indicating  clearly  the 
position  of  the  chapel.  The  stoup  is  carved  in  Sutton 
stone. 

Through  the  top  step  on  the  left  side  in  descending 
is  a  hole,  5  ins.  square,  which  continues  through  the 
block  of  masonry  ;  it  probably  held  the  upper  part 
of  a  hand-rail.     The   narrowness  of  the  steps,   7  ins. 


ANi>  THE  SITE  OF  PtlNDAR.  1  2? 

tread  and  7  ins.  rise,  would  necesisitate  the  use  of  a 
band-rail. 

The  remains  of  walls  at  a  considerable  distance  from 
the  main  building  shows  the  establishment  was  an 
extensive  one.  The  true  meridian  is  marked  on  the 
plan,  and  shows  the  orientation  of  the  chapel  to  be 
12  deg.  north  of  east. 

No  part  of  the  north  walls  of  the  building  have  been 
uncovered  ;  they  lie  under  a  high  hill  of  sand. 


Fig.  6.— The  Holy- Water  Stoup,  found  among  the  Ruins  of  the  Hermitage 
of  Theodoric. 


On  referring  to  the  paper  on  Llantwit  Major 
Church,  in  the  April  (1900)  number  of  the  Archceologia 
CambretisiSy  by  Mr.  G.  E.  Halliday,  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  green  glazed  ridge-tiles  found  in  the  church 
are  veiy  similar  to  those  found  at  the  Hermitage. 
Similar  tiles  were  found  in  Nicholaston  Church,  Gower 
(Davies'  West  Gower,  vol.  iv,  Plate  opposite  p.  496). 
It  is  stated  (p.  403)  that  similar  ridge-cresting  has 
recently  been  found  at  Cardiff  Castle. 

Finding  these  ancient  ruins  exactly  where  the 
charters    indicated  the  Hermitage,  or  Grange  of  the 


128 


THE  HERMITAGE  OF  THEODORIC, 


Hermitage,  to  be,  I  came  to  the  conclusion  I  had  dis- 
covered the  ruins  of  it.     The  discovery  of  the  stoup  or 


M^ 

^Sk^- 

If                 ^^^^^^F 

if  . 

I 


piscina  shows  a  chapel  was  attached  to  the  Grange,  and 
I  have  no  doubt  if  further  clearing  were  undertaken  the 
small  chapel  would  be  found  :  it  seems  probable  that 
the  flat,  and  one  of  the  three  kinds  of  ridge  or  crest 


AND  THE  SITE  OP  PENDAR. 


129 


tiles,  came  from  the  chapel.     With  regard  to  the  stoup 
or  piscina,  the  eminent  architect  and  antiquary,  Mr. 


Fig.  8.— East  Window  of  Cryke  Chapel  (Crugwallt). 


J.  T.  Micklethwaite,  F.S.A.,  writes  me  :  **  The  fragment 
you  have  found  may  belong  either  to  a  holy- water  stoup 
or  to  a  piscina.    Very  likely,  the  circle  of  the  bowl  was 


130 


THB  HERMITAQE  OP  THBODORIC, 


Fig.  9.— West  Wiudow  of  the  Chapel  of  Cryke  (Crugwallt). 

completed  under  a  niche  in  the  wall.  There  is  no 
detail  to  fix  the  date  exactly,  but  I  think  it  not  earlier 
than  the  thirteenth  century,  and  it  may  well   be  the 


AND  THE  SITE  OK  PEKDAR. 


131 


fourteenth/'   The  Hermitat]fe  itself  apparently  gave  way 
to  the  Grange  upon  the  Abbey  becqmhig  established  ; 


and  as  the  farms  were  worked  by  the  convenn,  or  lay 
brethren,  chapels  for  their  use  w^ere  attached  to  the 
granges,  aja  in  this  instance.  Thus  Bishop  EHas  gave 
permission   to  the  Abbot   and  Convent   of  Margam   to 


3 

I 


132         THE  HERMITAGE  OF  THEODORIC, 

celebrate    services     in    their   **Graiigia    de     Melis,*^ 
A.D.  1239. 

We  find  chapels  were  attached  to  the  Court  Farm 
(the  "Grangia  de  Melis")  at  Port  Talbot  Station, 
probably  the  Chapel  of  St.  Thomas  ;  this  chapel  is  still 
in  existence.*  Penhydd  Waelod,  near  Bryn  ;  Hafod : 
the  Chapel  of  this  Farm,  stood  until  recently.     Crug- 

1  "  The  OraDgia  de  Melia."  So  named  from  the  word  "  meljs," 
sweet ;  the  land  which  is  occasionally  covered  by  the  tidal  waters, 
and  the  grass  thereby  made  sweet  for  sheep,  which  thrive  well  npon 
it.  Meols,  in  Wirral,  on  the  Cheshire  coast,  has  a  similar  meaning 
(Dr.  Birch,  History  oj  Mar  gam  Abbey), 

*  Professor  Westwood  says  the  Port  Talbot  Stone,  near  Court 
Farm,  was  evidently  intended  to  commemorate  the  St  Thomas  to 
whom  the  neighbonring,  bnt  now  long-destroyed,  Capel  St.  Thoma 
was  dedicated.  I  believe  St.  Thomas's  Chapel  is  the  bailding  in  the 
Conrt  Farm  known  as  "  Yr  Hen  Gapel."  The  locating  of  the  site 
of  the  Chapel  of  St  Thomas  at  the  Conrt  Farm,  the  ''  Grangia  de 
Melis,"  may  not  be  readily  accepted,  by  reason  of  Professor  West- 
wood's  qnotation  which  follows :  "  the  stone  evidently  intended  to 
commemorate  the  neighbonring  bnt  now  long-destroyed"  Capell  S. 
Thomae  in  terr&  qnam  W.  Comes  Gloncestriae  dedit  Willelmus 
filio  Henrici  inter  aquas  de  Avene  et  Neth  (italics  are  mine).  From 
a  charter  of  confirmation  by  Nicholas,  Bishop  of  Llandaff. 

A  Harley  Charter  75c.  36 ;  Clark,  dcccxxviii,  proves  that  the 
Chapel  of  St.  Thomas  stood  to  the  east  of  the  river  Afan,  and  not 
between  the  waters  of  Afan  and  Neath.  In  the  deed  Leissan^  and 
Avein,*  sons  of  Morgan,  promise  the  monks  of  Margam  not  to  dig 
or  plough  the  land  between  the  Walda  of  the  English  "  Gwal 
Saeson"  and  Meles  in  Avene  Marsh  (see  Note  1),  for  they  and  their 
father  have  given  the  pasture  of  all  the  lands,  arable  and  not  arable, 
in  *'  Melis,"  in  moor  and  in  marshy  to  the  monks,  between  Avene 
and  the  Chapel  of  St.  Thomas. 

The  ''  Gwal  Saeson"  is  a  stone  wall  which  originally  extended 
from  the  River  Afan  to  the  River  Ffrwdwyllt,  passing  jnst  sonth  of 
the  Conrt  Farm  along  its  fields.  At  the  point  where  the  wall  joined 
the  Afan  the  river  runs  at  right  angles  to  it,  bnt  afber  continniDg 
abont  430  yards  in  a  sonth-westerly  direction,  the  river  turns  to  the 
south-east  and  runs  parallel  with  the  wall  at  about  430  to  450 
yards  distance  from  it 

The  greater  part  of  the  wall  is  in  existence,  and  is  still  known  as 
the  "  Ghwal  Saeson" ;  it  and  the  River  Afan  (as  it  ran  then)  and  the 
Ffrwdwyllt  River  enclosed  a  parallelogram  of  about  1500  yards  by 

♦  Occur  in  A.D.  1200-1205. 


AND  THE  SITE  OP  PENDAR.  133 

wallt ;  Trisant,^  the  chapel  probably  called  in  the  Abbey 
deeds  the  Chapel  of  Hafodheulog ;  Eglwysnunyd,^ 
Stormy,  Cornell,  Resolven,  near  Neath  ;  Llangewydd, 
Tre-y-gedd,  Baidden,  Llanfeithun,  and  at  the  Grange 
of  Theodoricus. 

I  was  inclined  to  think  the  name  implied  the  dedica- 
tion of  the  Chapel  of  the  Grange  to  St.  Theodoric, 
but  since  reading  in  Dr.  de  Gray  Birch's  Neath  Ahhey 
that  Sir  Richard  de  Grandvilla  had  two  nephews, 
Giraldus  and  Theodoricus,*  I  think  with  Dr.  Birch  that 
the  latter  probably  founded  the  Hermitage.  Had  the 
dedication  been  to  St.  Theodoric,  the  motiks  would 
have  been  careful  to  call  it  the  Grange  of  the 
Hermitage  of  St.  Theodoricus.  In  the  Bull  of  Pope 
Urban  HI,  referred  to  elsewhere,  he  names  it  the 
Grange  of  Theodoric's  Hermitage.  The  Pope  would 
have  been  careful  to  name  it  by  its  dedication ;   the 

430,  or  1400  acres ;  the  most  of  it  is  now  covered  by  the  water  of 
the  Float 

This  deed,  and  the  sepulchral  stone  to  St.  Thomas  found  near  the 
Court  Farm,  proves  clearly  that  the  "  Capell  St.  Thomae,"  was,  and 
probably  is,  at  that  farm. 

^  Capel  Trisant. 

*  Eglwysnnnyd  ;  Nanydd  is  probably  a  later  form,  as  *'  dd'*  was 
not  in  use  at  the  time  the  chapel  was  bailt,  the  '^  dd"  only  coming 
into  ase  after  the  fonrteenth  centnry  (see  Stephens'  Lit.  of  the 
Kymry),  Doubtless  Nynyd  is  the  Welsh  adaptation  of  Non,  or 
Nonnita,  or  Nonna.  "  Egloose  Nuuney*'  it  is  called  in  the  Crown 
Sale  to  Sir  R  Manxell,  Knt.,  a.d.  1543,  and  hero  we  have  phoneti- 
cally the  key  to  the  ancient  spelling  of  the  modern  Nunydd; 
Nunney  indicating  Nynyd  or  Nonna.  The  Norman  scribes  and 
their  successors,  in  compiling  deeds  relating  to  the  Abbey,  wrote 
phonetically  words  they  could  not  spell :  Gyfylchu  they  write 
Kewelthi;  Rheanell  Brook,  Ranel,  called  to  this  day  Ranallt, 
although  named  on  Ordnance  Maps  Arnallt.  Breton  legends  state 
that  the  miracle  play  of  St.  Nonna  was  performed  at  Dirinon,  a 
parish  in  Brittany  (Baring-Gould's  Welsh  Saints,  pp.  189,  190,  and 
Arch,  Camb.j  3rd  Ser.,  vol.  iii,  p.  251). 

^  Rice  Merrick,  in  his  Book  of  Olamorganshire  Antiquities, 
wys:  "Hee  ("Sir  R.  de  Granavilla)  had  also  a  brother  named 
William  and  two  nephewes,  the  one  named  Giraldus,  the  other  named 
Theodoricus." 

6th  sbr.,  vol.  III.  10 


134         THE  HERMITAGE  OP  THEODORIO, 

farm   of  Llaumihangel   he  names   as   the   Grange  of 
St.  IViichael  in  the  same  Bull. 

It  seems  to  me  most  probable  that  the  young  man  of 
noble  birth,  Theodoricus,  founded  the  hermitage  after- 
wards known  by  his  name.  It  is  a  name  met  with  but 
once  in  all  the  charters  of  Neath  and  Margam,  and  on 
that  occasion  we  find  it  as  a  witness  to  Sir  Richard  de 
Granavilla's  pious  dedication  of  his  lands  to  the  service 
of  God.  In  this  charter  Sir  Richard  de  Granavilla 
gives  to  God  and  to  the  Holy  Trinity  of  Neeth  (after- 
wards the  dedication  was  to  St.  Mary)  and  to  the 
monks  serving  God  therein,  according  to  the  rules 
of  Savigny,  in  France,  for  the  health  of  the  souls  of 
his  lord  Robert  (natural)  son  of  the  glorious  King 
(Henry  I)  and  of  his  wife  Mabel,  daughter  and  heir  ot 
Sir  Robert  Fitz-Hamon,  and  of  his  children,  and  for  the 
health  of  the  souk  of  himself,  the  grantor,  and  of 
his  ancestors,  and  of  his  wife  Constance,  various  lands 
at  Neath  and  in  Devonshire. 

As  I  mention  before,  one  of  the  witnesses  to  this 
deed  was  Theodoricus,  the  nephew  of  the  grantor. 

The  family  of  Granavilla  is  traced  to  RoUo,  first 
Scandinavian  conqueror  of  Normandy.  Sir  Richard  de 
Granavilla  was  a  brother  of  Sir  Robert  Fitz-Hamon, 
Prince  of  Glamorgan,  Count  of  Corbeil,  Baron  of 
Thorigny  and  Granville.  Their  father  was  Hamo 
Dentatus,  sixth  Earl  of  Corbeil.  Thomas  Fuller,  D.D./ 
states  that  Sir  Richard  Grenville,  Knt.,  "lived  and 
was  richly  landed  at  Bideford  ....  This  Sir  Richard 
would  have  none  make  him  rich  .  .  .  this  knight  •  .  . 
according  to  the  devotion  of  those  darker  days,  gave 
aJl  to  God,  erecting  and  endowing  a  monastery  dedi- 
cated to  the  Virgin  Mary  at  Neath  for  Cistercians. 
This  having  finished,  he  returned  ...  to  Bediford." 

One  writer^  states,  '*  Sir  Richard  .  .  .  then  took  the 
Signe  of  the  Crosse,  and  (as  the  superstitious  manner 

1  «  History  of  the  Worthies  of  England."  —  Dr.  Birch,  Ifeatk 
Abbey, 

2  Rice  Merrick's  Book  of  Glamorganshire  Antiquities,  a.d.  1578. 


AND  THE  SITE  OF  PBNDAR.  135 

was  in  those  days)  went  towards  Jerusalem,  in  which 
journey  hee  dyed." 

There  is  no  direct  evidence  that  the  nephew  founded 
the  Hermitage  of  Theodoricus,  but  I  think  it  exceed- 
ingly probable.  There  is  but  one  Theodoricus  men- 
tioned in  all  the  numerous  MSS.  of  Margam  and  Neath 
Abbeys,  and  the  Hermitage  is  named  after  a  person 
called  Theodoricus. 

Theodoric  may  have  been  dedicated  to  God  from  his 
infancy  by  his  parents,  who  regarded  him  as  "  given  of 
God/'  and  named  him  Theodoric  accordingly.  Or  the 
young  man,  whatever  his  motives  may  have  been, 
whether  disappointed  and  tired  of  the  world,  or  fired 
with  zeal  for  his  Master's  service,  or,  it  may  be,  in 
emulation  of  his  uncle's  pious  example,  determined  to 
offer  himself  to  God,  and  to  found  a  hermitage  in 
which  he  and  others,  weary  of  the  world,  might  lead 
the  contemplative  life,  and  pass  their  span  of  time  in 
prayer  and  thanksgiving,  imitating  the  monks  in  this, 
but  living  a  harder  and  more  austere  life.  Lewis 
Morganwg,  in  his  ode  to  Leision  Thomas,  last  Abbot 
of  Neath,  says  : — "  The  bells,  the  benedictions,  and  the 
peaceful  songs  of  praise,  proclaim  the  frequent  thanks- 
givings of  the  White  Monks." 

The  hermits  sought  more  desolate  places  for  their 
dwelling  than  did  the  monks;  and  renouncing  all 
worldly  things  and  loving  poverty ;  living  at  a  distance 
from  the  world,  and  united  to  God  alone ;  and,  leading 
the  life  described  in  the  Liber  Landavensis^  as  "  vitam 
sanctam,  vitam  gloriosam,  vitam  castam  et  cum  raro 
pane,  tenui  veste,  macerate  facie,"  carried  out  their 
ideal  of  service  to  God. 

The  family  of  the  Fitz-Hamons  and  de  Granavillas 
evidentlv  had  strong  religious  zeal.  Sir  Richard  de 
Granavilla,  as  we  have  seen,  founded  Neath  Abbey, 
and  took   "  the   Sign   of  the   Crosse,"  and   went   to 

^  Liber  Landaveiuis,  p.  2. 

10  9 


136  THE  HBRMITAaE  OP  THBQDORIC, 

Palestine  like  the  Crusader  of  whom  Spencer  writes  in 
his  poem,  the  Faerie  Queene  : — 

"  Upon  his  breast  a  bloody  cross  he  bore 
The  dear  remembrance  of  bis  dying  Lord. 
For  whose  sweet  sake  that  glorious  badge  he  bore 
And  dead  as  living  Him  adored ; 
Upon  his  shield  the  like  was  also  scored 
For  Sovereign  hope  which  is  His  help  he  had.*' 

Sir  Robert  Fitz-Hamon,  Sir  Richard's  brother,  bad 
four  daughters :  Theodoric's  cousins,  two  of  whom  em- 
braced the  religious  life  ;  and  another,  Mabilia  or 
Mabel,  with  her  husband,  Robert,  Earl  of  Gloucester, 
gave  her  dower  lands  to  Margam  Abbey. 

There  is,  I  think,  every  probability  that  Theodoric, 
sprung  from  a  family  given  to  good  deeds,  should 
desire  to  devote  his  life  to  God  in  his  way ;  and  to  that 
end  founded  the  Hermitage,  which  was  the  forerunner 
in  the  monastic  life  in  Margam  of  the  great  Abbey. 

As  I  have  remarked,  we  have  reason  to  believe  the 
hermits  lived  together  as  a  conventual  body.  We  have 
handed  down  to  us  the  names  of  three,  who  were 
probably  contemporaneous  :  Theodoric,  Meiler,  and 
Coch.  The  Hermitage  of  Theodoric  may  have  been 
a  considerable  establishment,  having  several  hermits 
dwelling  in  it. 

In  some  way,  the  fact  of  the  existence  of  the  Hermit- 
age, standing  as  it  did  within  the  lands  of  Theodoric^s 
cousin  Mabilia,  Theodoric  being  its  founder,  may  have 
given  rise  in  Mabilia's  mind  to  the  idea  of  dedicating 
these  lands,  which  she  inherited,  to  a  much  larger 
retreat  for  men  serving  God  in  the  contemplative  life, 
and  one  more  in  accordance  with  the  ideas  of  the  day 
regarding  the  monastic  life. 

"The  Cistercian  Order,  established  at  Neath  in*  the  early 
years  of  the  twelfth  century,  had  arisen  in  France  at  the  close 
of  the  preceding  century,  by  the  institution  of  a  few  Benedictine 
monks  of  Molesme  in  Burgundy,  who  desired  to  correct  the 
want  of  discipline  among  the  Benedictines,  and  for  this  object 
retired  to  a  secluded  site  in  the  diocese  of  Chalons,  and  there  set 


AND  THE  81TB  OF  PBN0AR.  137 

up,  under  the  protection  of  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  the  Convent 
of  Citeaux,  or  Cisterciupa,  in  a.d.  1098,  where  they  lived  under 
a  new  and  stricter  rule  modelled  on  that  of  the  Order  they  had 
quitted."! 

Here,  then,  was  a  strict  and  austere  Order,  which 
Brother  Meiler,  the  hermit,  and  the  Brethren  of  Pendar 
had  become  menobers  of,  which  appeared  fitted  to  suc- 
ceed the  hermits,  whose  lives  were  still  more  severe  and 
ascetic,  but  whose  rule  was  not  suited  to  the  times  and 
was  passing  avf^ay ;  and  thus  it  probably  appealed  to 
the  mind  of  Mabilia  and  her  husband,  and  maybe  the 
idea  was  fostered  and  encouraged  by  Theodoric  himself. 

To  quote  again  from  Dr.  Birch,  in  his  Neath  Abbey, 
he  says : — 

"  An  eloquent  writer^  has  declared  that  our  monasteries  (and 
he  might  have  added  the  hermitages  of  an  earlier  period)  were 
the  refuge  formerly  for  those  who  felt  their  incapacity  for  the 
struggle  after  virtuous  happiness  in  the  business  of  life.  Their 
chief  glory  was,  however,  not  so  much  in  being  in  retreats — a 
mere  practical  end — but  in  the  exalted  idea  which  they  gave  to 
the  laity,  the  general  people,  and  the  gay  world.  The  spectacle 
of  men,  separated  from  vanity  and  devoted  to  heaven,  tended  to 
exalt  and  ennoble  the  human  mind." 

The  echo,  as  it  were,  of  the  name  Theodoricus, 
reaches  us  but  faintly  through  the  long  centuries  which 
have  gone  their  way  ;  but  how  vividly  does  it  recall  to 
us  in  Margam  a  beloved  and  venerated  name  ?  When- 
ever the  name  is  mentioned,  we  have  at  once  in  our 
thoughts  another  young  man  of  noble  birth  and  ancient 
lineage,  bearing  the  same  name — a  name  which  seem- 
ingly thanks  God  for  a  good  life  given  to  us — short 
tma  one,  it  is  true,  but  one  which  has  left  a  lasting 
monument. 

Heir  to  the  estate  in  which  the  Hermit  dwelt  in 
far-off  times,  and  whose  relatives  once  possessed  it ; 
descended  from  ancestors  who,  like  those  of  Theodoricus, 
came  from  Normandy  to  this  land  under  the  banner  of 

1  Dr.  Birch's  J^eath  Ahhty,  p.  89. 

2  "Prince  Metternich."— iTi-a^A  Abbey,  p.  29. 


138        THB  HBRMITAGB  OF  THBODOBIC, 

William  the  Conqueror,  he,  like  Theodoricus,  dedicated 
his  life  to  his  Lord  and  Master.  "  I  only  live  for  God's 
Glory,"  are  his  recorded  words.* 

"  A  young  layman,  who  takes  so  active  a  part  in  a  Church  of 
extreme  ritual  as  to  walk  himself  in  a  Church  service  at  the 
head  of  a  guild  or  club  of  young  men  as  their  warden,  with  the 
emblem  of  the  Cross  attached  to  the  collar  of  the  Order,  would 
seem  to  many  to  be  a  religious  enthusiast,  or  even  a  fanatia 
But  for  the  aforesaid  ordinary  mind  to  understand  that  this 
young  master  of  hounds  and  this  young  layman  is  one  and  the 
same  person,  would  seem  an  incredible  mytL  Yet,  so  it  was  in 
the  case  of  Theodore  Talbot"^ 

Both  of  these  young  men  were  brave  servants  of  our 
blessed  Lord  :  the  one,  in  the  dim  and  far-distant  days 
of  seven-and-a-half  centuries  ago,  gave  up  the  pui-suits 
and  pleasures  of  the  world,  and  bore  tne  solitude  of 
the  lonely  dwelling  by  the  shore  of  the  Severn  Sea,  to 
pass  his  time  in  praise  and  thanksgiving.  The  other, 
in  our  days,  unmindful  of  the  scoffing  world,  also  gave 
himself  to  God's  service. 

When  Elgar,  the  Hermit,  was  visited  by  Teacher 
Caradog,  who  wished  to  see  if  he  were  alive  or  dead, 
he,  to  his  joy,  found  him  alive. 

"  Caradog,  descended  from  a  noble  family,  with  bended  knees 
begged  £lgar  to  give  him  an  account  of  his  life.  Elgar  told 
him  that,  through  the  bounty  and  goodness  of  God,  holy  spirits 
administered  to  him,  and  declared  to  him  what  is  true  and 
always  promise  what  is  right ;  describing  to  me  the  present  life 
to  be  as  a  flower  of  the  field,  and  the  future  as  the  odour  of 
balm,  comforting  me  that  I  might  not  faint  in  the  way,  who, 
having  vanquished  the  enemy,  should  be  rewarded  with  a 
heavenly  crown/** 

This  was  the  reward  both  young  men  sought — each 
in  his  own  way. 

Miss  Talbot  has  recently  built  a  beautiful  church,  of 
Early  English  architecture,  at  Port  Talbot,  dedicated 
to   St.   Theodore,    distant   only   two   miles  from    the 

1  RtcolUctioM  ofT.  M.  Talbot,  by  Sir  Baldwyn  Leighton,  Bart. 

2  "Elgar,  the  Hermit."— ZiA<rr  Landavftisis,  p.  281. 


AND  THE  8IT£  OF  PENDAB.  139 

Hermitage.  It  was  built  in  memory  of  Mr.  Theodore 
Talbot,  and  his  sister,  Miss  Olive  Talbot. 

By  whom  was  the  Hermitage  occupied  ?  By  a 
solitary  hermit — a  recluse — as  we  to-dav  think  the 
inmate  of  a  hermitage  was  ?  I  believe  this  hermitage 
was  occupied  by  a  conventual  body  of  hermits.  It 
seems  probable  that  Meiler,  the  hermity  from  the  in- 
terest ne  takes  in  Margam  Abbey,  was  at  one  time  an 
inmate  of  the  Hermitage  before  the  dawn  of  the  Abbey 
days.  The  Hermitage  was  in  existence  before  the 
founding  of  the  Abbey  of  Margam,  as  it  is  mentioned, 
as  we  have  seen,  in  the  foundation  charter.  The  Abbey 
was  founded  in  1147,  according  to  the  Annales  ae 
Margan  :  "  a.d.  1147,  Fundata  est  ahhatia  nostra  quce 
dicitur  Margan^ 

As  showing  the  difBculty  of  ascertaining  at  the 
present  day  what  a  hermitage  really  was,  I  mention 
here  a  grant  to  Margam  Abbey,  by  William  Camerarius/ 
of  the  Hermitage  of  St.  Milburga  (note  the  dedication 
to  a  saint  is  preserved,  as  it  would  have  been,  doubt- 
less, in  the  case  of  Theodoricus),  at  Bristol,  with  its 
chapel,  appurtenances  and  liberties,  meadow,  pastures, 
waters,  cultures  and  easements ;  the  Abbey  providing 
a  religious — i.e.,  regular  or  monastic — chaplain,  unless 
the  grantor  excuses  the  provision  of  the  same.  This 
hermitage  was  clearly  not  the  small  cell  of  a  recluse, 
and  the  provision  of  a  religious  chaplain  would  seem  to 
indicate  that  the  hermits  were  lay  brethren  similar 
to  the  Cistercian  conversi. 

The  brethren  of  Theodoric's  Hermitage  doubtless 
farmed  the  adjacent  land,  and  perhaps  fished ;  and,  like 
the  monks  of  St.  Anthony  in  Cornwall,  who  acted  as 
pilots  to  ships  passing  to  Falmouth,  may  have  served 
as  pilots  for  the  Abbey  ships,*  and  others  coming  into 
the  harbour  of  the  Avan. 

*  Or  Chamberlain. 

*  Mr.  Clark,  in  the  Land  of  Morgan,  records  an  amnesty  in  which 
the  men  of  Bristol,  among  other  matters,  were  to  give  np  the  Abbot 
of  Margam's  ship  to  the  cellarer  of  that  hoase.    Gimldas  Cambrensis 


140        THB  HERMITAGE  OF  THEODOBIC, 

The  gift  which  Griffin  ab  Ivor,  Lord  of  Seinghennydd,* 
made  to  the  Abbey  of  Margam,  clearly  shows  that 
a  hermitage  stood  very  much  on  the  same  footing  as  an 
abbey  (see  B  on  Map,  Fig.  1).  In  one  of  the  earliest  of 
Margam  Abbey  deeds,  this  gift  is  mentioned  : — 

"  William,  Earl  of  Gloucester,  son  of  Robert  of  Caen,  notifies 
to  his  steward,  barons,  and  all  his  men — French,  English,  and 
Welsh — that  he  has  confirmed  the  gift  which  Griffin  ab  Ivor 
has  made  to  the  Abbey  of  Margam,  by  Brother  Meiler,  Awenet, 
for  making  a  hermitage  or  abbey,  if  possible,  viz.,  upon  the 
water  of  Taf,  all  the  land  called  Stratvaga,'  and  all  Brenkeiru 
(Bryn-cyriawg),  and  from  Berkehu-taf  (Bargoed  TafiQ  to  Bargau 
Remni  (Bargoed  Rumney),  and  all  Karpdawardmenet  (?  Cae'r- 
bedw-ar-y-mynydd),  and  all  Maislette,  and  from  MauhanLshead 
(?  Maes-ynys)  to  Taf  and  fisheries  in  Taf,  and  all  the  land  of  St 
Gladus  (Capel  Gwladus  district),  with  its  pastures,  as  far  as 
Brohru-caru  (Vochrhiw) ;  and  on  the  other  side  of  St  Gladus, 
as  far  as  Hen-glau  (Hen-glawdd),  as  far  as  the  water  called 
Eidliha  (Nant  Cylla),  and* all  the  lands  of  Masmawan  (Maes- 
mafon)." 

It  seems  to  me  that  all  these  possessions  indicate 
that  if  a  hermitage  were  established  on  the  lands,  it 
would  be  an  extensive  one,  and  inhabited  by  a  con- 
ventual body  of  hermits. 

In  the  far-off  days  when  the  Hermitage  is  first  men- 
tioned to  us  in  the  charter  founding  the  ancient  Abbey 
of  Margam,  its  situation  must  have  been  in  winter 
desolate  and  weird  in  the  extreme ;  isolated,  and 
difficult  of  access,  and  in  stormy  winter  days  the  roar 
of  the  tide  on  either  side  and  the  hoarse  cry  of  the  sea 
birds  made  it  a  truly  fitting  spot  for  a  dwelling  for 
persons  who  wished  to  live  far  from  their  fellows,  and 
to  be  alone  with  Nature  and  with  their  Maker.     Twice 

tells  as  that  in  the  twelfth  century  the  Monks  of  Margam,  when  the 
county  was  snATering  from  a  scarcity  of  food,  sent  a  ship  to  Bristol 
for  com  ;  but  the  winds  were  contrary  and  the  ship  was  delayed, 
when,  lo  !  a  field  of  corn  belonging  to  the  Abbey  suddenly  ripened 
a  month  or  more  before  its  time. 

^  He  married  Mabel,  daughter  of  Earl  Robert  of  Oaen. 

2  ?  Ystrad  Vargocd. 


AND  THE  SITE  OF  PENDAR.  141 

a  day  at  high  tide — ^the  Hermitage,  standing  near  the 
head  of  a  long  narrow  strip  of  land,  having  the  sea  on 
one  side,  and  on  the  other  an  estuary,  up  which  the 
tide  flowed  for  two  miles  to  two  miles  and  thre^- 
quarters,  according  to  the  height  of  the  tide — would 
almost  appear  as  if  it  stood  on  an  island.  To  reach  the 
Hermitage  from  where  Taibach  now  stands,  a  mile  and 
a-half  to  the  north,  the  traveller  would  have  to  go  nearly 
as  far  as  Morfa  Bach,  and  then  back  along  the  narrow 
strip  of  land  a  total  distance  of  six  and  a-half  miles, 
the  tide  being  full  in ;  and,  even  at  low  tide,  the 
muddy  pills  and  creeks  in  the  estuary  would  probably 
prevent  a  short  cut  being  made  from  the  main  land. 

In  the  Beaufort  Progress ^  a.d.  1684,  mention  is 
made  of  this  strip  of  land,  and  gives  us  a  picture  of  it 
at  high  tide  and  in  summer  : — 

"  Margham  is  a  very  noble  seat  ....  Its  scituation  is  among 
excellent  springs  ....  at  the  foot  of  prodigious  high  hilles  of 
Woods,  shelter  for  ye  Deer,  about  a  mile  distant  from  an  arm 
of  the  sea,  parting  this  shore  and  the  County  of  Cornwall,  below 
which,  and  washed  almost  round  with  the  salt  water,  is  a  Marsh, 
whereto  the  Deer  (ye  tide  being  low)  resort  much  by  swimming, 
and  thrive  to  such  an  extraordinary  weight  and  fatness  as  I 
never  saw  the  like  . .  . ." 

The  tide  is  now  shut  out  by  sea  walls. 

Several  charters  mention  the  Hermitage  of  Theo- 
doricus  in  describing  the  boundaries  of  the  Abbey 
lands.  In  a  Bull  of  Pope  Urban  III,  directed  to 
the  Abbot  and  Brethren  of  Margam  Abbey,  in  response 
to  their  request,  taking  them  under  the  protection 
of  St  Peter  and  the  Pope,  and  confirming  the  several 

Cnts  made  to  them,  we  find  the  Hermitage  at  this 
e  (November  18th,  1186)  had  become  the  Grange  of 
Theodoricus'  Hermitage ;  so  that,  thirty-nine  years 
after  the  founding  of  the  Abbey,  the  Hermitage  had 
given  way  to  the  farm.  The  latest  charter  mentioning 
the  Hermitage  is  one  by  Richard,  Earl  of  Gloucester, 
between  a.d.  1246  and  a.d.  1249.  After  this  date,  no 
fiirther  mention  is  found  of  it ;  and,  judging  from  a 


142  THE  HBKMITAOB  OF  THIBODOUC, 

detailed  account  of  the  Abbey  Granges  which  the  Abbot 
drew  up  in  a.d.  1326  for  the  Abl^t  of  Clairvaux,  in 
obedience  to  the  mandates  of  the  Apostolic  See,  and  of 
Clairvaux,  followed  by  complaints  of  losses  caused  by 
mortality,  wars,  nearness  to  the  high  road,  and  that  no 
small  part  of  the  land  adjacent  to  the  shore  is  subject 
to  inundation  of  sand,  I  conclude  that  the  Hermitage 
was  overwhelmed  by  sand-storms,  and  lost  to  human 
ken  from  about  a.d.  1300  to  A.D.  1898,  a  period  of  five 
hundred  and  ninety-eight  years.  A  Bull  of  Pope 
Urban  YI,  addressed  to  the  Bishop  of  Llandaff,  sanctions 
the  appropiiation  of  the  patronage  of  the  Church  of 
Aberavon  (Aven)  by  the  Abbey,  because,  among  other 
things,  the  Abbey  lands  and  possessions  adjacent  to 
the  sea  shore  had  become  unfruitful,  owing  to  inroads 
of  the  sea  (probably  sand  is  meant);  dated  July  17th, 
A.D.  1383.  In  the  Patent  Rolls  of  the  eighth  year  of 
King  Richard  II,  October  28th  1384,  it  is  set  forth 
that  the  Abbot  had  delivered  a  petition  showing  how 
Edward  le  Despencer,  out  of  consideration  for  the  losses 
which  the  sand-storms  had  inflicted  on  the  Abbey,  had 
bestowed  on  it  the  advowson  of  Aberavon  Church. 
Pope  Urban  VI,  by  a  deed,  dated  at  Naples,  April  29th, 
1384,  allowed  the  Abbey  to  apprbpriate  the  Church  of 
Penllyn  for  the  same  cause. 

After  seeing  the  plan  of  so  much  of  the  Grange  of 
the  Hermitage  as  I  was  able  to  unearth,  Mr.  J.  T. 
Micklethwaite  wrote  to  me,  on  February  24th,  1902  : — 

"  The  building  you  have  unearthed  seems  to  be  an  interestiDg 
one ;  and,  so  far  as  I  can  judge  from  the  drawings,  it  may  be 
the  first  half  of  the  fourteenth  century.  It  is  not  a  hermitage 
in  the  usual  sense  of  the  word,  but  it  seems  to  have  been  a 
dwelling-house  of  some  sort,  and  may  have  belonged  to  a  grange, 
or  a  cell  of  the  smaller  sort." 

In  writing  to  Mr.  Micklethwaite,  I  should  have  called 
the  building  the  Grange  of  Theodoric's  Hermitage,  as  it 
is  termed  in  the  Papal  Bull.  I  am  inclined — ^if  it  is  not 
presumptuous  in  me  after  the  above  opinion — to  place 
the  date  as  1227,  solely  for  this  reason  :  we  find  from 


AND  THE  SITE  OF  PlSNDAR.  143 

the  Annales  de  Margan  that,  in  1227  a.d.  the  Welsh 
cleared  the  Grange  of  Theodore,  burned  several  horses 
and  great  flocks  of  sheep ;  and  it  seems  probable  from 
this  that  the  buildings  were  also  destroyed,  to  be 
rebuilt  at  that  time,  or  perhaps  somewhat  later. 

It  is  interesting  to  discuss  the  question  of  the  over- 
whelming of  the  Duilding  by  the  sand-storms.  Were 
they  covered  slowly,  or  at  once  ?  When  I  discovered 
the  ruins,  I  was  puzzled  to  know  what  part  we  were 
iD,  and  I  later  found  we  were  in  the  upper  story. 
Dividing  two  of  the  rooms,  I  found  a  clay  partition 
3  ins.  thick,  plastered  with  mortar  on  each  side,  still 
standing,  supported  by  the  sand,  although  the  floor 
had  disappeared.  This  seems  to  me  to  prove  that  the 
sand  enveloped  the  building  quickly ;  otherwise,  if  the 
sand  took  a  considerable  time  to  reach  the  upper 
story,  this  fragile  partition  would  have  crumbled  and 
fallen  by  the  action  of  the  wind  and  rain,  to  which 
it  would  soon  be  exposed  after  the  buildings  were 
abandoned. 

It  is  also  interesting  to  note  here,  on  this  subject,  as 
confirming  in  some  degree  the  date  I  have  assigned 
to  the  overwhelming  by  sand  of  the  Hermitage,  the 
tradition  which  is  mentioned  in  Davies's  West  Gower^ 
Pt  IV.  In  a  grant,  dated  June,  a.d.  1317,  by  Sir 
William  de  Breos,  Lord  of  the  seigniory  of  Gower,  to 
his  huntsman,  William,  and  Joan  his  wife,  he  gives 
liberty  to  them  to  take  hares  and  rabbits,  foxes,  and 
other  animals,  in  the  sand-burrows  of  Penard.  Mr. 
Davies  remarks  on  this  : — 

"  Here,  then,  we  have  indisputable  evidence,  that  in  1317  A.D., 
Penard  burrows  existed  as  a  fact.  The  tradition  is,  that  it 
was  formed  by  a  terrible  storm  all  in  one  night,  and  ....  the 
conclusion  is  almost  irresistible  that  both  these  burrows^  were 
formed  at  the  same  time,  and  the  church  and  village  of  Sted- 
woriango  were  overwhelmed  when  the  sand-storm  occurred,  and 
consequently  the  be-sanding  of  these  two  churches  (Penard 
and  Penmaen)  must  have  taken  place  previous  to  A.D.  1317/' 

*  The  other  burrows  being  Penmaen. 


144         THE  HERMITAGE  OF  THEODOBIC, 

Seeing  the  short  distance  between  the  Hermitage 
and  Pennard  (only  thirteen  miles),  it  seems  probable 
that  the  same  terrible  storm  covered  up  the  Hermitaga 

The  approximate  dateof  a.d.  1300  for  the  be-sanding 
of  the  Hermitage  is  also,  to  some  extent,  incidentally 
corroborated  by  a  Margam  Abbey  deed.  St.  James  s 
Church,  at  Kenfig,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Hermit- 
age, was  covered  by  sand,  and  in  this  deed  we  find  a 
new  church  mentioned.  It  is  a  demise,  by  Fr.  Thomas, 
Abbot  of  Margam,  to  John  le  Younge,  burgess  of 
Kenfig  for  his  life,  of  land  formerly  belonging  to  the 
Office  of  the  Master  of  the  Works  of  the  New  Church. 

Dated  at  the  Monastery  of  Margam,  Sunday  before 
St.  James's  Day,  July  25th,  a.d.  1307. 

This  seems  to  point  to  the  recent  erection  of  the  new 
church,  some  time  prior  to  a.d.  1807.  I  am  not  cer- 
tain, however,  that  the  new  church  referred  to  may  not 
be  the  Early  English  part  of  Margam  Abbey  church. 

In  the  deed  of  Pope  Urban  VI,  dated  at  Naples,  May 
29th,  1384,  before  referred  to,  one  of  the  clauses  refen* 
to  the  heavy  debts  of  the  Abbev,  which  made  it  im- 

Eossible  for  it  to  repair  its  builaings,  now  dilapidated 
y  the  ** Horrida  ventorum  intempeines"  dreadful  and 
unseasonable  gales,  which  had  thrown  down  or  rendered 
insecure  the  greater  part  of  them.  Here  we  have 
evidence  of  dreadful  gales  actually  overthrowing  the 
Abbey  buildings  at  the  same  time  as  the  inundations 
of  the  sea  are  mentioned  as  having  occurred.  It  cer- 
tainly seems  that  at  that  time  (prooably  about  1300),  a 
fearful  and  unusual  storm  must  have  raged — in  fact,  a 
catastrophe. 

Pendar. 

In  the  Abbey  deeds,  in  a  late  twelfth  -  century 
charter,  is  a  grant  by  Philip,  son  of  Griffin,  and 
Morgan,  his  son,  and  his  wife,  to  the  Cistercian  Order 
and  to  Margam  Abbey,  by  the  hands  of  Brother  Meiler 
of  certain  lands,  apparently  near  Cymmer,  and  adjacent 


AND  TBB  SITE  OP  PBNDAR.  145 

to  the  River  Taf,^  and  to  Brother  Meiler  and  the  house 
of  Pendar  all  the  pasturage  in  his  land  except  culti- 
vated lands  and  meadows.  GriflSth,  or  Griffin,  ab  Ivor 
was  the  Lord  of  Seioghennydd. 

Another  charter,  by  which  William,  Earl  of  Glour 
caster,  confirms  a  gift  which  Griffin  ab  Ivor  made  to 
the  Abbey  of  Margam  by  the  hand  of  Brother  Meiler' 
Awenet,  of  lands  east  of  the  Taf,  in  the  neighbourhoods 
of  Ystradmynach,  Stratvaga,  and  of  Capel  Gvvladq^, 
for  building  there  a  hermitage  or  an  abbey. 

In  another  charter*  is  recorded  a  grant  of  land  by 
Gunilda,  wife  of  GeoflFrey  Sturmi  (after  whom  Stormy,, 
Pyle,  is  named)  to  Margam  Abbey.  One  of  the 
witnesses  is  Brother  Meiler  the  hermit. 

And  yet  another  charter*  is  also  witnessed  by  Brother 
Meiler  the  hermit :  it  is  a  grant  of  land  by  Chenewtbur 
and  his  brothers  Blethin,  William,  Cbenwrec,  and 
Riderec,  in  perpetual  almoign  to  the  Abbey  of  Margam ; 
this  land  is  situated  near  Llangewydd. 

It  is  strange  that  we  find  writers  who  say  that 
Margam  was  called  at  one  time  Pendar.  Cliffe,  in  his 
Book  of  South  Wales,  1848,  says  :  "  Margam  once  called 
Pen-dar,"  and  Mr.  Clark,  describing  a  deed  from  the 
Penrice  MSS.,  a.d.  1155,  in  his  Cartw,  calls  it  a  "Grant 
by  Caradoc  Uerbeis  to  Brother  Meiler  and  the  Brethren 
of  Pendar,  otherwise  Margam."  David  Morgan,  in  his 
Hanes  Morganwg,  p.  392,  says :  "  Historians  say  the 
original  name  of  Margam  was  Pendar,  on  account  of  the 
number  of  oaks  growing  there,  then  as  now."  However 
the  tradition  arose  that  Margam  was  once  called  Pendar, 
it  is  dispelled  by  the  words  of  the  charter  before  men- 
tioned, by  which  Philip,  son  of  Griffin,  and  Morgan  his 
son,  gave  to  Margam  Abbey  certain  lands  near  Cymmer 
and  the  Taf,  and  also  give  to  Brother  Meiler  and  the 
house  of  Pendar  the  pasturage  in  his,  Philip's,  lands. 
This  certainly  shows  that  Margam  and  Pendar  were 

1  Talbot  MSS,,  10,  C.  D.  IV  (Glarks). 

2  T,  11;  MCCCCVII  (Clark's).    ■ 
^  Harley  Charter  75b. 


146  THE  HBRlflTAQB  OF  THBODOBIC, 

existing  contemporaneously.  It  seems  clear,  however, 
that  Brother  Meiler  was  in  some  way  closely  connected 
with  Margam  Abbey  (probably  for  the  reason  I  give  on 
page  139)^  and  I  had  thought  that  I  might  have  been 
able  to  locate  Pendar  as  being  at  any  rate  in  Margam, 
and  possibly  as  being  the  site  of  the  Hermitage  of 
Theodoricus,  neeing  that  Brother  Meiler  is  called  in  two 
deeds  "  the  hermit,"  and  that  a  Brother  Meiler  was 
evidently  the  ruler  of  the  house  of  Pendar. 

I  have  reluctantly,  however,  been  forced  to  abandon 
this  idea  and  to  seek  for  Pendar  elsewhere;  and,  further 
on,  I  give  my  reasons  for  the  location  I  give  to  it 
I  may  be  wrong ;  nevertheless,  one  of  the  objects  of 
these  notes  is  that  it  may  induce  others  to  investigate 
the  subject. 

It  is  a  curious  but  puzzling  fact  that  there  appear  to 
have  been  two  Brother  Meilers,  distinguished  fortu- 
nately for  us  by  the  description  added  to  each  :  one^ 
Brother  Meiler  the  hermit,  the  other  Brother  Meiler 
Awenet  (Awenydd,  as  I  think). 

We  find  from  Giraldus  Cambrensis  that  in  his  time 
there  was  a  notable  man  living  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  the  City  of  the  Legions,  or  Caerleon,  a  certain  man  of 
Wales  called  Mailer,  a  diviner  of  the  future  and  having 
knowledge  of  secret  things.  This  I  believe  is  the 
Meiler  Awenydd^  or,  as  the  Norman  scribe  writes  it  in 
the  deed  of  GriflSn  ab  Ivor,  as  near  phonetically  as  he 
is  able  to,  Awenet :  the  lands  given  by  the  hand  of 
Meiler  Awenydd  being  those  of  the  Lord  of  Seing- 
hennydd,  are  near  the  abode  of  Meiler,  Caerleon. 
I  thmk  this  is  the  only  occasion  in  which  Meiler 
Awenydd  occurs,  and  nothing  seems  to  have  come  of 
the  project  of  forming  a  hermitage  or  abbey. 

^  ^'  Awenydd,"  a  poet,  a  genins,  one  inspired.  '^  Notandam  antem 
quod  in  bis  nrbis  Legionnm  partibas  fait  diebns  nostris  yir 
qnidam  Cambrensis,  cni  nomen  MaUeras,  fatomm  parter  et 
occnltomm  scientiam  babens."  Giraldus  Cambrensis,  qnoted  bj 
Leland,  wbo  adds :  '^  Mira  snnt  immo  inoredibiKa  refeH  de  hoe 
Meilero''  (Heame's  Leland^i  Collectanea), 


AND  THE  SITE  OP  PENDAR.  147 

That  Griffin,  son  of  Ivor,  Lord  of  Seinghennydd,  was 
a  benefactor  of  Margam  Abbey,  is  clear ;  the  Abbey 
Roll  represents  a  grant  by  him  to  the  Abbey  of  100 
acres  of  arable,  12  of  meadow,  and  common  of  pasture 
land  at  Lecwithe,  the  fisheries  of  Helei  (Ely  river),  and 
common  of  pasture  of  Seinhei  (Seinghennydd),  etc. 
His  body,  and  that  of  his  mother  Nesta,  to  be  buried 
at  Margam. 

Having  no  direct  evidence  as  to  the  site  of  Pendar 
much  must  be  left  to  conjecture.  I  have  no  doubt  it 
is  not  in  Margam,  and  certainly  not  the  site  of  the 
Hermitage ;  but  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  Brother 
Meiler  the  hermit  was  its  ruler,  and  not  Meiler  Awenydd. 
I  have  no  doubt  it  was  situated  in  or  near  the  land  of 
the  Lord  of  Seinghenydd,  with  whom  Meiler,  the  ruler 
of  Pendar,  seems  to  have  had  much  influence. 

I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  Pendar  is  Cefn 
Pennar.  We  have  several  examples  of  a  letter  being 
dropped  in  Welsh  place-names — perhaps  for  the  sake 
of  euphony :  thus,  Cefn  Pennar  is  easier  for  colloquial 
use  than  Cefn  Pendar — so,  probably,  Pendar  became 
Pennar.  Thus  Pengarth  becomes  Penarth,  and  in  Gower 
Penard. 

Professor  Rhys  gives  an  example  in  his  Lectures 
on  Welsh  Philology^  p.  361,  in  Llanol,  the  name  of  a 
farm  in  Anglesey,  which,  he  says,  is  probably  the  name 
of  an  extinct  church  or  chapel,  and  that  it  may  be 
supposed  to  stand  for  Llanfol  or  Llanbol.  Here  the 
"  f "  or  "b"  is  dropped,  and  the  word  becomes  Llanol. 
The  neighbouring  house  is  Pembol.  The  accent  in 
each — Pendar,  Pennar,  Penarth,  Llanol,  is  on  the  last 
syllable.  I  am  helped  to  this  conclusion  by  the 
situation  of  the  land  given  to  Brother  Meiler  and  the 
Brethren  of  Pendar^  by  Caradoc  Uerbeis.  I  was  able, 
when  Dr.  Birch  wrote  asking  me  if  I  knew  its  situa- 
tion, to  locate  it  as  being  in  Llanwonno  parish,  and 
between  the  three  stream^,  the  Ffrwd,  the   Clydach 

*  Talbot  MS8.  No.  54. 


148         THR  HERMITAGE  OP  TBBODORIC, 

(Ynis-y-bwl  district),  and  Llysnant,  which  joins  the 
Clydach  at  Felin  Gelly.  These  lands  are  just  two 
miles  south  of  Cwm  Pennar,  and  it  is  probable  that  the 
lands  belonging  to  Pendar  joined  them  (see  Plan, 
Fig.  1,  lands  marked  a).  On  this  land,  some  1,200 
to  1,500  acres,  we  find  on  the  Ordnance  Map,  north 
of  the  Ffrwd,  the  ruins  marked  "  Mynachdy,"  on 
supposed  site  of  monastery  (see  6-in.  Ordnance  Sur- 
vey Sheet,  XIX  and  XXVIII) ;  and  Capel  Fynach- 
log  is  also  marked  and  near  by  Glyn  Mynachesau  ;  also 
there  is  Gelli  Fynaches.  Dr.  Birch,  in  his  History  oj 
Margam  Abbey,  places  the  date  of  this  deed  as  certainly 
anterior  to  a.d.  1147,  which,  being  the  date  of  the 
foundation  of  Margam  Abbey,  shows  that  the  house  of 
Pendar  was  founded  first 

The  ruins  of  a  monastery  on  lands  given  to  the 
Brethren  of  PendAr  suggest  either  the  removal  from 
PendS^r  or  Pennar  to  the  new  site,  or  the  establishment 
there  of  a  branch  house ;  these  lands  being  so  near 
Cefn  or  Cwm  Pennar  strongly  suggest  to  me  that 
Pend4r  and  Pennar  are  one  and  the  same  place. 

The  grant  is  by  Caradoc  Uerbeis,  in  perpetual 
almoign  to  God  and  St.  Mary,  and  to  the  Cistercian 
Order  and  Brother  Meiler  and  the  Brethren  of  Pendir, 
of  all  his  land  between  the  three  waters,  Frutsanant, 
Cleudac,  and  Nantclokenig,  in  wood  and  plain,  which 
wood  is  called  Hlowenroperdeit,  with  concession  of 
Margam,  Caduwalan,  and  Meriedoc,  sons  of  Caradoc, 
in  whose  fee  the  land  stood,  and  of  the  grantors 
brothers,  Joaf,  Grunu,  and  Meuric,  his  son,  and  his 
wife  Gwladys,  for  20  sh,  (see  a  on  Map,  Fig.  1). 

We  have  yet  another  deed  suggesting  the  site  of 
Pendar  as  being  Cwm  Pennar,  or  Cefn  Pennar.  This 
is  the  grant  by  Philip,  son  of  Griffin,  referred  to  on 
page  144.  It  gives  to  Margam  Abbey  by  the  hands  of 
Brother  Meiler  of  all  the  land  of  Eniseleueu,^  viz., 
from  Pistilcoleu  (Pistyll-goleu  on  the  Clydach)  to 
Charamaru  (Cymmer),  and  as  the  road  lies  from  Cham- 

^  Probably  Ynys-oleu. 


,    AND  THE  SITE  OP  PENDAR  149 

maru  to  Killecheireh/  over  the  nearest  hill  next 
Luhmeneh,'  stretching  as  far  as  the  road  leading  to 
Frutroulin,'  and  from  Frutreulin  to  Pistilcoleu  and  on 
to  the  river  Taf ;  and  to  Brother  Meiler  and  the  house  of 
Pendar,  all  the  pasturage  in  his  land  except  cultivated 
lands  and  meadows,  for  2  ^A.,  and  reception  of  the 
grantor  into  the  fraternity  of  Margam.  The  pasturages 
thus  granted  are  all  in  the  vicinity  of  Cefn  Pennar, 
convenient  for  the  grazing  of  the  cattle  of  the  house, 
and,  therefore,  to  some  extent  it  points  to  the  site  of 
Pendar  being  Cefn  Pennar  (see  o  on  Map,  Fig.  1). 

With  reference  to  the  question  of  hermits  and  their 
rule  of  life,  we  find  in  a  Harley  Charter,  dated  a.d. 
1205  {Talbot  MSS.,  288-10),  recorded  the  confirmation 
to  Margam  Abbey  by  Morgan,  the  son  of  Caradoc,  of  a 
meadow  which  had  belonged  tx)  the  Hermit  Coh,  or 
Goch,  in  the  Marsh  of  Avene.  This  gives  us  the  name 
of  another  hermit,  of  probably  the  time  of,  and  living 
perhaps  with  Meiler  the  hermit,  at  Theodoricus' 
Hermitage,  and  possessing  land  near  by.  I  mention 
this  as  somewhat  strengthening  my  idea  of  the  hermits 
living  as  a  conventual  body. 

I  have  said  the  sand  dunes  are  lonely ;  the  vast  waste  of  sand 
is  lonely  at  all  times,  but  more  especially  so  when  the  wind 
soughs  through  the  rushes,^  as  if  couiplaining  because  they 
hinder  it  from  carrying  the  sand  with  it  for  company  on  its  way. 
After  a  storm  you  see  traced  on  the  smooth  sand  perfect  semi- 
circles, sometimes  complete  circles;  these  are  made  by  the 
points  of  the  rushes,  bent  and  circled  around  by  the  wind,  as  if 
to  mark  their  protest  at  the  rough  treatment.  In  winter  the 
rushes,  for  very  dulness,  put  on  their  gray  garb,  reserving  the 
green  for  the  promise  of  spring. 

But  it  is  at  night,  when  the  sad  silent  moon  lights  up  the 
dunes  and  tints  them  cold  and  silvery,  that  they  seem  the  more 
desolate,  and  the  moan  of  the  restless  tide  which  hovers  over 
the  waste  adds  to  the  feeling  of  solitude  which  comes  over  you. 
In  summer  time  the  dunes  have  some  beauty.     Now  and  again 

1  (?)  CSl-y-oeirw.  2  (p)  Lli-j-mjuydi 

*  Pfrwd-rhiw-veleuv 

*  ProperLj  sea  sedge  {Ammophila  arundtnacea) 

«TH  SIB.,  you  m.  11 


150         THE  HERMIT AQE  OF  THEODOBIC, 

you  come  across  a  bright  orange-red  flower^  in  some  of  the 
hollows,  contrasting  pleasingly  with  the  greenish-gray  of  the 
rushes.  In  some  parts,  too,  on  the  landward  margin  of  the 
dunes,  are  tiny  wild  dwarf-roses  (Burnet  or  Scotch-rose, 
Bosa  spinosissima),  with  pale-pink  blossoms,  which  scatter  their 
fragrance  around,  and  nestle  close  to  the  sand  for  fear  of  the 
winds;  small  wild  pansies  (Viola  tricolor)  keep  them  company. 
Mingling  with  them  is  found  the  delicious  dewberry  {Rvhug 
caesius).  The  sea  spurge  (Euphorbia  paraJias)  is  very  abundant 
on  the  sands. 

As  you  approach  the  beach,  and  the  sun  shines  brightly, 
occasional  glimpes  arc  had  of  the  bright  blue  of  sea  between  the 
golden-coloured  hills,  and  you  are  glad  at  a  beantiful  bit  of 
scenery  with  such  line  difference  of  colour.  These  peeps  of  the 
sea  tell  you  the  sands  are  not  limitless — an  idea  which  comes 
over  you  as  you  pass  hillock  after  hillock  of  the  same  yellow 
sand,  with  tufts  of  rushes  which  never  vary  in  colour — and  that 
you  are  not  shut  out  entirely  from  the  world  of  life  and  stir. 

You  are  wrong  in  thinkinj:^  there  is  no  life  in  such  a  dreary 
waste.  Sit  quietly  on  a  hillock,  and  soon  a  rabbit  will  come 
and  look  out  from  a  hole  higli  up  in  the  face  of  a  steep  sloping 
bank  of  sand  in  front  of  you  ;  if  you  move  you  just  catch  sight 
of  the  little  white  "  scut,'*  as  bunny  retreats  to  warn  his  family. 
If  you  sit  on,  your  approach  is  forgotten — you  had  not  come 
along  without  bunny  scouts  seeing  you — and  you  will  presently 
see  rabbits  come  from  their  holes  in  all  directions.  Some  scamper 
aimlessly  off,  others  sit  up  for  very  joy  of  living,  and  for  delight 
in  having  such  a  paradise  for  their  own,  with  rich  feeding-ground 
close  at  hand  in  the  fields.  But,  if  it  happens  to  be  windy,  and 
you  feel  the  driven  sand  sting  you  sharply  in  the  face,  as  it  will 
then,  never  a  rabbit  will  you  see  ;  he  hears  the  roar  of  the  wind 
outside  his  burrow,  and  lies  close,  perhaps  by  reason  of  thinking 
that  in  such  a  din  his  foe — man,  stoat,  or  weasel — may  steal  a 
march  on  him.  Hares  speed  past  you,  and  the  whirr  of  the 
pheasant  is  not  absent  You  may  be  so  fortunate  as  to  see  a 
Shellduck^  bringing  her  brood  out  of  a  deserted  rabbit-hole,  their 
home ;  she  is  taking  the  ducklings  for  a  bathe  and  a  swim  in 
the  sea.  Watch  them  waddle  across  the  beach,  and  you  will 
soon  see  the  little  family,  with  the  mother,  tossing  about  in  the 
tumbling  waters.  Sir  Ralph  Payne-Gallwey,  in  Shooting,  writes 
of  the  Shellduck  (Shellduck  or  Shelldrake) :  "  We  have  seen  a 
Shellduck,  when  the  tide  was  low,  unable  to  lead  her  brood  to  the 

^  One  of  the  Iris  species;  it  has  sharp-edged  and  sword-like 
leaves.  It  may  be  Iris  fcetidissima,  although  the  blossom  is  not 
of  the  usual  colour.  ^  Tadoma  comut(i. 


AND  THE  SITE  OP  PENDAR.  151 

sea,  cany  them  on  her  back,  each  duckling  holding  on  by  a 
feather,  having,  while  she  lay  down,  climbed  up  and  ensconced 
themselves  with  the  greatest  ease." 

You  will  often  startle  a  partridge  with  her  little  brood ;  and 
very  pretty  they  are  as  they  scurry  off  to  hide  in  the  rushes. 

The  solemn  white  owl  loves  the  dunes,  and  a  species  of  hawk 
hovers  generally  on  the  sea-side  fringe  of  the  dunes.  I  once 
had  two  from  the  dunes,  and  kept  them  for  years :  they  became 
quite  tame.  The  buzzard  likes  the  dunes  when  small  rabbits 
are  about. 

Of  course,  the  green  plover,  the  "  peewit"  is  there,  flying  in 
circles  over  your  head  with  plaintive  cry,  at  times  approaching 
quite  close — so  close  that  you  hear  the  fan-like  hum  of  the 
wings,  and  so  like  a  fan  that  the  French  name  the  bird 
"  Vanneau."  Here  and  there  you  come  across  a  flat  stone,  with 
a  little  heap  of  broken  shells  by  it.  It  is  one  of  the  slaughter- 
stones  on  which  blackbird  or  thi^ush  has  cracked  the  shells  of 
snails  to  get  at  the  succulent  food  insida 

In  the  winter,  when  the  sun  is  bright — as  it  is  at  times  even 
in  this  land — and  there  is  a  bite  of  frost  in  the  air,  a  walk 
among  the  dunes  is  pleasant ;  but  you  have  to  walk  with  half- 
closed  eyes,  the  sand,  with  the  rime  on  it,  glistens  and  dazzles 
so.  At  this  time  you  hear  the  "  honck-honck"  of  the  grey 
geese,  chiefly  the  "  white-fronted."'  and,  I  think,  the  "  greyleg,*'^ 
which  visit  us  from  icy  northern  lands,  as  they  fly  high  in  the 
air  overhead  in  their  well-known  wedge-like  flight.  I  wish 
I  could  tell  of  all  the  birds  we  find  there,  but  I  do  not  know 
them  by  name. 

The  beach,  too,  has  somewhat  of  sadness  about  it,  for  up  in  the 
sand-hills,  at  its  margin,  partly  embedded  in  the  sand,  are  piled 
the  wreckage  of  days  gone  by ;  and  as  you  walk  along  it  you 
come  across  spars  or  parts  of  hulls  that  tell  of  recent  wrecks  and 
human  suflFering.  If  you  are  laggard,  and  evening  still  finds  you 
there,  the  sea  looks  black  and  the  sand  hills  assume  weird 
shapes ;  then  it  becomes  uncanny,  and  you  are  glad  to  hasten 
your  steps  homeward  ;  the  only  sound  of  life  is  a  quick  rustling 
of  the  rushes,  now  and  again  as  a  rabbit  starts  off  frightened  at 
your  footsteps. 

Such,  then,  is  the  scene  amid  which  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Grange  have  remained  so  long  hidden.  The  ruins,  as  you  look 
upon  them,  add  in  your  thoughts  to  the  desolateness  of  the 
place.  You  wonder  what  catastrophe  could  have  piled  up  moun- 
tains of  sand  over  and  around  them,  and  driven  the  brethren 
back  to  the  Abbey  home.    The  catastrophe  happened  so  long 

^  Ansfr  alhifrons,  ^  Ansa*  dnereus. 


152  THE  HBRinTAOB  OF  THEODORIO, 

ago,  that  it  is  difficult  to  realise  that  six  hundred  years  well- 
nigh  had  passed  since  faces  had  looked  out  from  those  dormer 
windows,  and  since  people  had  passed  in  and  out  of  the  dwelling, 
and  went  up  the  same  steps  we  can  go  up  to-day. 

The  dwellers  there  thought,  when  the  fierce  Welshmen  from 
the  hills  came  and  destroyed  their  cattle,  that  worse  could  not 
befall  them.  But  worse  still  was  to  come :  the  blinding,  irresis- 
tible sand  enemy  came  like  an  avalanche,  to  drive  them  away, 
and  to  hide  for  so  long  and  so  completely  their  home,  that  even 
the  name  of  the  Grange  was  no  more  to  be  seen  in  the  Abbey 
Charters  as  of  old ;  and  the  monks  wondered,  as  they  wandered 
over  the  desolate  waste,  where  its  position  had  been. 

It  is  long  since  the  brethren,  hearing  cries  from  the  ship- 
wrecked, used  to  hasten  to  the  rescue ;  and  it  is  long  since  the 
cry  for  help  came  wailing  to  the  Grange  from  Susannah  and  her 
companions  in  their  ill-&ted  voyage.  No  brethren  hastened  to 
their  help  while  they  battled  for  life  in  the  furious  surf,  for  even 
before  this  they  had  gone,  driven  away  by  a  ruthless  enemy,  and 
the  Grange  lay  hidden  under  its  winding-sheet  of  sand,  and  the 
cries  were  unheeded. 

Close  upon  six  hundred  years  have  passed  since  then,  and  yet 
we  know  the  names  of  those  who  perished.  They  were  Philip 
Filias,  Thomas  de  Wallare,  John  le  Kede,  John  de  Chorchehey, 
Thomas  de  Penmark,  Henry  le  Glovare,  and  a  girl  named 
Susannah. 

The  Abbot  and  Lord  William  La  Zousche,Lord  of  Glamorgan, 
fought  ever  the  wreck,  and  the  case  was  tried  in  the  County 
Court,  at  Cardiff,  on  January  18th,  1333.  The  Abbot  won,  for 
the  jury  found  that  he  had  the  right  of  wreck, ''  a  tempore  quo 
non  extat  memoria." 

The  great  Abbot,  probably  John  de  Cantelo,  became  the 
owner  of  the  boat,  valued  at  40«.,  three  bales  of  wool,  60^.,  a 
small  box,  and  a  cask  worth  8d}  He  was  glad  of  even  this 
windfall,  so  much  had  the  sand  impoverished  him. 

The  rush  which  grows  on  the  sand  is  the  arundo  arenaria  ;^ 
planting  it  is  the  only  means  of  stopping  the  drifting  of  the 
sand.  It  grows  freely,  throwing  out  in  all  directions  long 
underground  stems  or  rhizomes,  which  bind  and  hold  fast  the 
hillocks,  which  would  otherwise  only  too  gladly  accompany 
the  wild  winds  from  the  sea. 

For  some  reason,  the  planting  of  this  rush  was  abandoned  for 
years,  and,  in  consequence,  hundreds  of  acres  of  land  were 

^  To  arrive  at  the  value  of  these  sums  to-day  we  should  mnltiplj 
tbom  by  ten  or  fifteen. 

^  Linnaend.     Now  called  Ammophtla  arundinacea. 


AND  THE  SITE  OP  PEKDAR.  153 

covered  by  sand.  The  late  Mr.  Talbot  tried  hedges  of  brushwood 
in  lines  along  the  sands ;  but  the  sand  made  light  of  them,  and, 
Uke  boys  who  wishing  to  reach  their  prey  over  a  wall,  cause 
some  to  bend  against  it,  as  in  leap-frog,  then  others  to  mount 
and  over,  piled  itself  against  the  obstruction,  and  soon  enabled 
the  later-coming  sand  to  pass  over  and  on  in  its  career  of 
destruction.  Planting  was  afterwards  resumed  and  the  sands 
anchored. 

I  here  offer  my  grateful  thanks  to  Miss  Talbot  for 
her  assistance  in  enabling  me  to  uncover  the  ruins,  and 
to  Dr.  de  Gray  Birch  for  allowing  me  to  draw  so  freely 
as  I  have  from  his  Histories  of  Margam  and  Neatn 
Abbey ;  and  1  also  beg  to  thank  Mr.  J.  T.  Mickle- 
thwaite  for  his  valuable  information,  and  Mr.  Edward 
Roberts,  Swansea,  for  his  help  in  elucidating  the  mean- 
ing of  place-names — in  this  ne  is  a  master. 

These  fragmentary  notes  are  compiled  in  the  hope 
that  they  may  lead  to  the  discovery  of  the  actual 
site  of  Pendar.  I  had  hoped  to  keep  Pendar  for 
Margam,  but  so  far  I  have  been  unsuccessful 

I  head  these  notes  as  First  Part,  hoping  I  may  some 
day  be  able  to  give  Part  Two. 


154 


THE  GOLDEN  GROVE  BOOK  OF  PEDIGREES. 

BY  EDWAKD  OWEN,  ESQ. 

CoNSiDERABLK  attention  has  recently  been  directed  to 
what  is  perhaps  the  best  known  collection  of  Welsh 
pedigrees  still  remaining  in  manuscript,  the  Golden 
Grove  Book  (in  four  volumes),  now  the  property  of  the 
earl  of  Cawdor ;  and  there  appears  to  be  fair  hope  of 
settling  jsonie  of  the  questions  to  which  it  has  given 
rise — questions  relating  to  its  authorship  and  its 
authority. 

In  the  number  of  our  Journal  for  October,  1898 
(5th  Ser.,  vol.  xv,  p.  377),  Mr.  Stepney-Gulston  drew 
attention  to  "  this  extremely  interesting  manuscript," 
gave  a  brief  account  of  its  arrangement,  of  its  supp<ied 
compiler,  of  its  past  possessors  and  present  owners ;  and 
suggested  **that  if  any  enterprismg  person,  society, 
or  firm  of  publishers,  obtaining  permission,  could  sec 
their  way  to  the  reproduction  of  the  said  Golden  Grove 
Book  in  a  printed  fonn,  it  would  undoubtedly  prove 
of  inestimable  value  to  all  those  interested  in  the 
genealogical  history  of  Wales." 

In  the  next  volume  but  one  of  our  Journal  (5th  Ser., 
voL  xvii,  p.  277,  October,  1900),  in  the  course  of  an 
article  under  the  somewhat  misleading  title,  "  Welsh 
Records/'  Mr.  J.  Pym  Yeatman  dealt  with  the  author- 
ship of  the  Golden  Grove  Book;  and,  whatever  maybe 
thought  of  that  gentleman's  argument,  or  of  his  con- 
clusions, it  must  be  admitted  that  his  was  the  first 
real  attempt  to  grapple  with  the  important  and  funda- 
mental questions  of  its  source,  date,  and  authorship. 

"Take,"  says  Mr.  Yeatman  (p.  279),  "the 
Golden  Grove  Book,  almost  the  latest  of  the  great 
[Welsh  pedigree]  authorities;  that  is  obviously 
drawn  from  many  sources,  and  a  list  is  given  to 


THE  "GOLDEN  OROVB  BOOK*'  OF  PEDIGREES.    155 

distinguish  some  of  them  (since  they  are  only 
quoted  in  the  body  of  the  book  by  initials),  but 
this  list  curiously  omits  the  two  leading  lights 
which  inspired  it,  William  Lewis  and  David  Ed- 
wards, whose  notes  are  passim ;  both  of  them  are 
constantly  referred  to,  and  generally  by  name,  so 
that  it  was  unnecessary  to  mention  them  amongst 
the  list  of  the  initialed.  It  is  well  known  to  Welsh- 
men that  William  Lewis,  of  Llwynderw,  *  copied 
Edwards'  works  and  arranged  them  on  a  new 
method,  setting  the  one  under  the  different  chief- 
tains, and  the  others  together  in  a  separate  volume/ 
This  is  stated  by  Edward  Prothero,  junior,  under 
date  August  12th,  1842,  in  a  series  of  letters,  to 
be  found  with  the  volumes  now  in  the  Bodleian 
Library,  under  Additional  C,  177.  Now  this  is 
precisely  the  arrangement  of  the  Golden  Grove 
Bookf  so  that  it  is  obvious  that  the  writer,  as 
he  acknowledges,  had  access  to  Edwards,  though 
possibly  through  his  copyist  Lewis/' 

Mr.  Yeatman  next  traces  the  fortunes  of  the  genealo- 
gical manuscripts  of  David  Edwards,  of  Rhyd-y-gors, 
satisfactorily  proving  that  several  of  the  volumes  now 
in  the  Heralds'  College,  called  the  Prothero  MSS. 
(because  they  were  purchased  from  Mr.  Edward 
Prothero),  and  certain  others  in  the  Bodleian  at  Oxford, 
catalogued  as  Additional  C  177-179,  at  one  time  con- 
stituted one  complete  and  connected  collection,  which 
had  been  formed  by  Mr.  Edwards,  of  Rhyd-y-gors,  in 
the  county  of  Carmarthen,  who  towards  the  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century  had  acted  as  deputy  to  one  of  the 
OflBcers  of  Arms.  Mr.  Yeatman,  after  exposing  the 
ignorance  of  the  Heralds*  College  authorities  of  the 
Golden  Grove  Book,  as  well  as  of  their  own  volumes, 
observes : — 

"  A  visit   to  the  Bodleian  resulted  in  finding 
Edwards'   five^   volumes   there,    with   Prothero's 

^  Qucei'e  three. 


1 56  THE  ^'  GOLBEK  OBOVE  BOOK'* 

account  of  his  sale  of  the  others  to  Heralds' 
College.  That  Prothero's  not  very  positive  beliet 
that  the  whole  of  the  volumes  in  both  collections 
were  the  work  of  David  Edwards,  was  accurate, 
has  been  proved  by  the  aid  of  photography,  the 
University  authorities  (unlike  some  Welsh  owners 
of  MSS.)  having  very  generously  permitted  photo- 
graphs to  be  made  of  parts  of  these  books,  which 
prove  that  they  formed  part  of  the  collection  at 
Heralds'  College,  and  were  in  the  same  hand- 
writing/' 

Mr.  Yeatman  then  proceeds  to  deal  with  the  con- 
nection, which  he  had  already  shown  to  exist,  between 
David  Edwards's  volumes  and  the  Golden  Grove  Book. 
Prothero  (according  to  Mr.  Yeatman's  rather  confused 
account)  seems  to  have  thought  Edwards's  volumes  to 
have  been  *'  only  rough  copies  of  some  better  books," 
and  to  have  considered  the  Golden  Grove  Book  to  be 
the,  or  **  some"  of  the,  **  better  books."  Mr.  Yeatman's 
conclusion  is  different.  He  adduces  **  ample  evidence 
to  show  a  common  origin  between  the  Golden  Grove 
Book  and  David  Edwards ;  or,  rather,  that  Edwards 
was  the  groundwork  of  the  other,  and  that  he  made 
his  book  up  from  the  older  authorities,  probably  pre- 
sented to  him  through  William  Lewis." 

I  now  leave  Mr.  Yeatman  for  a  brief  space,  in  order 
to  draw  attention  to  the  latest  pronouncement  upon 
the  Golden  Grove  Book,  contained  in  an  article  in  ITie 
Ancestor  (No.  4,  January  1903),  upon  "The  Value 
of  Welsh  Pedigrees,"  by  Mr.  H.  J.  T.  Wood.  The 
object  of  this  writer  is  thus  stated  in  his  own  words : — 
"At  first  sight  it  is  undoubtedly  an  astounding  proposi- 
tion that  an  eighteenth-century  MS.  such  as  the  Golden 
Grove,  should  be  a  good  authority  for  eleventh-  and 
twelfth-century  pedigrees;  yet  that  there  are  good 
primd  facie  reasons  for  such  being  the  case,  I  hope 
to  show  in  the  present  article."  How  far  Mr.  Wood 
has  succeeded  in  demonstrating  his  highly  hazardous 


OF  PBDIGRBBS.  157 

proposition,  I  will  not  stay  at  this  moment  to  inquire.^ 
What  he  has  to  say  concerning  the  Golden  Grove  Book, 
is  as  follows  : — 

"  This  is  the  latest  and  tnost  accessible  of  the 
general  collections  of  Welsh  pedigrees  ;^  it  appears 
to  have  been  compiled  in  the  years  1752-65,  and 
contains  some  later  additions,  chiefly  in  the  hand- 
writing of  Theophilus  Jones,  who  used  it  for  his 
History  of  Breconsldre,  published  in  1805,  and 
states  in  effect  that  it  is  the  book  of  the  Arwydd- 
feirdd  (Chief  Bard),'*  taken  by  command  of  the 
Earl  of  Carberry/  Mr.  Pym  Yeatman  names 
Evan  Evans  as  the  compiler/  It  is  certainly  not 
by  Hugh  Thomas,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Horwooa,*  for 

^  As  indicating  Mr.  Wood's  competence  for  his  task,  and  know- 
ledge of  WoIkIi  historical  anthorities,  I  qaote  the  following  remark : 
**It  is  possible  that  the  arguments  advanced  with  respect  to  the 
later  ones  [t.^.,  to  Welsh  pedigrees  of  later  date  than  the  '  passing' 
of  the  Uiws  of  Howell  Dda]  are  applicable  to  them  [t.e.,  those  earlier 
than  that  period],  at  all  events  for  some  time  previous  to  this  date 
[i.D.  942]  ;  since  the  laws  of  Howell  Dda  are  known  to  have  been 
founded  on  those  of  Djfnwal  Moelmud,  who  probablj  flourished 
about  A.O.  400,  though  there  was  another  chieftain  of  the  same 
name,  who  is  said  to  have  lived  about  eight  hundred  years  earlier." 
And  Mr.  Wood  calmlj  proceeds  to  quote  as  from  documents  ''of  an 
earl  J  date  and  considerable  authority,"  the  late  sixteenth-  or  early 
seventeenth-century  forgeries,  known  as  the  Moelmutian  Triads. 
As  for  two  Dyfnwal  Moelmuds,  one  living  B.C.  400,  the  other 
A.O.  400,  even  if  we  admit  the  existence  of  one,  there  is  not  the 
slightest  justification  for  Mr.  Wood's  adoption  of  the  bipartient 
methods  of  Solomon. 

'  It  is,  of  course,  not  more  accessible  than  any  of  the  British 
Museum  collections. 

'  This  shows  that  knowledge  of  Welsh,  in  which  language  all  the 
early  collections  of  our  pedigrees  are  written  {vide  Dr.  Gwenogvryn 
Evans's  Catalogue  of  the  Peniarth  Library)^  is  not  amongst  the 
qualifications  of  Mr.  Wood  for  estimating  ''the  Value  of  Welsh 
Pedigrees." 

*  (NoU  by  Mr.  Wood).  Vol.  ii,  p.  140,  and  cp.  p.  139  with  the 
Golden  Grove,  G.  1080. 

*  {NoU  by  Mr.  Wood).  NoUs  and  Queries,  Ser.  9,  v.  359.  [Mr. 
Wood  is  evidently  ignorant  of  Mr.  Yeatman's  later  and  more 
elaborate  article  in  this  Journal.] 

*  {IfoU  by  Mr.  Wood).  Second  RepoH  of  the  Historical  MSS.  Com- 
mission.  Appendix,  p.  31. 


158  THE  "golden  oeovb  book*' 

he  died  in  1720  ;  but  it  is  possible  that  some 
of  his  MSS.  are  now  bound  up  with  it/  On  going 
through  the  pedigrees,  it  will  be  seen  that  certain 
dates  in  the  seventeenth  century  constantly  occur. 
In  the  case  of  Breconshire  these  are  1644  and 
1686,  the  dates  at  which  the  collections  of  pedigrees 
of  Richard  Williams,  of  Llywel,  sometimes  known 
as  Dick  Howell  Williams,  and  David  Edwards, 
ot  Rhyd  y  gors,  are  known  to  have  been  made,*  so 
that  it  would  seem  that  the  immediate  source  of 
the  Golden  Grove  was,  as  regards  Breconshire,  the 
work  of  these  two  genealogists.  A  similar  state 
of  affairs  is  found  in  regard  to  the  other  counties,' 
the  conclusions  being  that  the  Golden  Grove  is  a 
copy  and  continuation  of  pedigrees  drawn  up  in 
the  seventeenth  century.  Going  further  back, 
references  will  be  found  to  various  other  pedigree 
writers  under  their  initials  (a  list  of  thirty  has 
been  insei*ted  by  Jones  at  the  beginning  of  the 
fii-st  volume)  ;*  so  that  it  would  appear  that  the 
book,  in  its  present  form,  contains  a  continuous 
series  of  additions  made  to  existing  pedigrees, 
each  addition  being  within  the  reasonable  know- 
ledge of  its  author,  and  is  not  a  collection  of  pedi- 
grees made  at  a  late  date,  and  therefore  of  little 
value." 
Mr.  Wood  does  not  carry  us  much  further  than  Mr. 

Yeatman  had  already  taken  us,  and  we  will  accordingly 

return  to  the  latter  gentleman. 

^  This  is  not  the  case. 

2  It  would  be  interesting  to  know  Mr.  Wood's  anthority  for  this 
statement  The  dates  are,  no  doabt,  approximately,  if  not  actually, 
correct ;  but  it  would  be  well  to  substantiate  the  point. 

*  Not  of  North  Wales.  The  families  of  Gwynedd  are  summed 
up  very  briefly,  and  the  careless  manner  in  which,  this  part  has  been 
written  betokens  either  a  summary  closure  of  the  scribe's  labours, 
or  lack  of  interest  on  the  part  of  the  writer  he  was  copying  from  in 
families  of  whom  he  knew  nothing. 

^  This  list  of  '*  authorities  "  is  not  in  the  hand  of  Theophilus  Jones, 
but  in  that  of  the  individual  whose  initials  ''  K  E."  are  at  the  foot 
of  the  same  folio. 


OF  PEDIGREES.  15& 

Nowhere  in  his  paper  does  Mr.  Yeatman  give  the 
date  at  which  William  Lewis  (or  "  Lewes,"  which  was 
the  spelling  he  most  frequently  affected)  flourished.  Of 
David  Edwards,  he  says  that  he  was  appointed  deputy 
to  Sir  Henry  St.  George,  Clarencieux,  on  August  1st, 
1684,  "and  it  was  probably  not  his  first  appointment ; 
he  appears  to  have  ceased  to  act  in  1686,  the  later 
pedigrees  [in  his  volumes  in  the  Heralds'  College  and 
Bodleian]  not  being  his  work."  But  it  is  clear  that  for 
present  purposes  Mr.  William  Lewes  is  the  more  impor- 
tant personage,  and  upon  him,  therefore,  we  will  con- 
centrate our  attention.  Now,  scattered  amongst  the 
collections  of  Hugh  Thomas,  the  Breconshire  herald 
and  antiquary,  in  the  British  Museum,  are  several 
letters  of  William  Lewes,  written  to  his  friend  and 
fellow  genealogist,  Hugh  Thomas,  then  living  in  London. 
The  volume,  entitled  Harleian  6831,  is  thus  described 
in  the  Museum  Catalogue  :  **  A  large  folio  containing 
Mr.  Hugh  Thomas's  Genealogical  History  of  the 
Ancient  Nobility  and  Gentry  of  Wales,  and  of  several 
families  descended  thence  now  living  in  England  ;"  and 
this  is  followed  by  another  title,  which  has  nothing  to 
do  with  the  volume  to  which  it  is  presumed  to  refer. 
Of  any  attempt  to  set  forth  its  actual  contents  there 
has  hitherto  been  none,  though  it  has  been  dipped  into 
by  many  historical  workers  and  pedigree-hunters.  In 
the  course  of  compiling  A  Catalogue  of  the  Manuscnpts 
relating  to  Wales  in  the  British  Museum  for  the  Honour- 
able Society  of  Cymmrodorion,  I  have  just  finished  an 
exhaustive  calendar  of  its  contents ;  and,  as  directly 
bearing  upon  the  matter  in  hand,  I  quote  the  following 
passage  irom  a  letter  written  to  Hugh  Thomas  by 
Mr.  William  Lewes,  of  Llwynderw,  which  will  be  found 
at  folio  307.     The  date  is  January  19th,  1709-10  :— 

'*You  will  receive  herein  an  extract  of  the 
pedegree  you  desir'd  taken  out  of  the  rough 
drawght  of  Mr.  Edward's  out  of  Mr.  Rich'd  W'ms 
booke.     If  I  have   bin   any   way  short  in   it  be 


160  THE  **CK)LDEN  GROVE  BOOk'* 

f  leased  to  communicate  y'r  further  thoughts,  and 
shall  endeavour  y'r  satisfac  on.  I  am  weary  long 
since  of  these  unprofitable  studies,  w'ch  the  bad 
disposition  of  the  times  and  the  prodigious  ignor- 
anse  of  most  of  the  gentry  in  these  parts  have  so 
much  decry 'd  and  undervalued  that  it  were  almost 
madness  in  any  man  to  concern  himself  in  such  an 
affair.  I  had  it  in  my  thoughts  heretofore  to 
transcribe  all  ye  genealogies  that  I  have  dispersed 
confusedly  in  severall  oookes  into  one  or  two 
volumes  in  another  method  then  [than]  Mr. 
Edwards  or  those  before  him  have  done  ;  that  is, 
to  put  all  ye  descendants  of  a  patriarch  in  the 
same  booke,  viz.,  for  instance,  the  descendants  of 
Kradoc  Vreichvras,  as  Bledhin  ap  Maynarch,  Drym 
panog,  Woogans,  Griff.  Gwyr,  &c.,  in  one  continued 
series,  and  the  title  in  every  page  thereof  to  be 
inscribed  Kradoc  Vreichvras.  But  res  angusta 
domi  obstructed  that  design,  tho'  I  have  made  a 
considerable  progress  in  it,  being  not  enabFd  to 
keep  an  amanuensis  or  to  travell  forreign  counties 
for  further  knowledge  therein.'* 

It  will  be  observed  that  this  letter  contains  practi- 
cally the  same  passage  as  that  which  Mr.  Yeatman  has 
already  quoted  from  a  letter  of  Mr.  Edward  Prothero, 
junior.  It  is  therefore  clear  that  either  Lewes  had 
written  an  identical  letter  to  some  other  of  his  corres- 
pondents, which  letter  came  into  Prothero's  hands,  or 
(which  is  the  more  probable)  that  Frothere  had  seen 
the  letter  in  the  Harleian  volume,  and  had  made  a 
copy  or  an  abstract  of  it.  Now  I  quite  agree  with 
Mr.  Yeatman  that  the  arrangement  of  pedi^ees  here 
described  is  the  arrangement  of  the  Golaen  Grave 
Book,  and  that  the  author  of  that  book  must  have 
drawn  his  material  from  either  Edwards  or  Lewes. 
The  letter  of  Mr.  William  Lewes,  however,  carries  us 
much  beyond  the  point  at  which  we  had  arrived  with 
Mr.  Yeatman.     In  the  first  place,  we  find  that  Mr. 


OF  PEDIGREES. 


161 


Edwards  had  not  thought  of  such  an  arrangement,  and 
that  the  order  and  sequence  of  the  pedigrees  in  the 
Golden  Grove  volumes  are  due  to  Lewes  alone,  who,  by 
the  end  of  1 709,  had  "  made  a  considerable  progress" 
with  his  new  method.  Secondly,  we  learn  that  Mr. 
Lewefs  had  come  into  possession  of  some  of  Edwards's 
"rough  drawghts;"  and,  thirdly,  that  these  in  turn 
hiid  been  taken  from  the  book,  or  books,  of  Mr. 
Richard  Williams,  of  Lly wel,  co.  Brecon.  In  several  of 
his  letters  to  Hugh  Thomas,  William  Lewes  refers  to  the 
genealogical  work  of  Richard  Williams,  and  it  is  evident 
that  he  placed  considerable  confidence  in  his  pedigrees.^ 
Mr.  Lewes  had  also  other  authorities ;  for,  in  a  post- 
script to  the  letter  from  which  I  have  quoted,  he 
observes  :  "  I  can't  find  in  all  ye  bookes  I  have,  neither 
in  a  transcript  of  M'r  Ro.  Vaughan's  Ludlow  booke,  nor 
in  Mr.  Edwards'  booke  of  Norman  adventurers  any 
armes  assigned  to  S'r  Hugh  Surd  wall,  kt.,  lord  of 
Aberuske." 


^  Hugh  Thomas  (Harleian  4181, 
this  Bichard  Williams  as  follows : — 


f.  1006)  gives  the  descent  of 


David  Goch  of  Baylie  in  Trayan  Qla8=FQwoDllian  dau.    of    Jenldn    David    ap 


in  Lhyuel. 


_L 


Jevan,  etc. 


I 


Jonet  dau.  of  Roger =Tbo.  David    Jenkin  D'd= 
Jenkin  Rbys  Qooh         Qoch,  of  Qoch. 

ap  Jenkin  Prichard,        Baylie. 
of  Aberyskir. 


Angharad,  dau.  of  Jeukin= 
Jevan  dby. 


T 


WiUiam=^Angharad  dau. 


David 
Ooch. 


Thomas 
Jenkin. 


of  Jenkin  D'd 
PoeL 


Hoel  William  of  Llywel ; 
living  1644. 


Jenkin  Thomas. 

Margaret, = Thomas 
dau.  of        Jenkin, 
Griffith      of  Devy- 
Boweo,  of      nog,  a 
Dcvynog.      tailor. 


I 
Richard  Williams,  of  Lhywel,  attorney-at-law,  and  a 
great  Berald,  often  mentioned  by  the  letters,  Mr. 
R.  W.,  of  Lhandhew,  and  by  the  letters,  D.  fl.  W., 
that  is,  Dick  Hoel  Williams.  He  was  a  most  notori- 
ous adulterer,  and  a  most  subtill  lawyer.  He  mar- 
ried Nest,  dau.  to  Thomas  Sevan  of 


Gwenllian,  sole  heiress  of  Lhanthew,=:  Thomas  Gones 
which  her  father  purchased  and        (?  Jones  or 
left  her.  Games). 


162  THE  "aOLDBN  OROVB  BOOK^ 

It  is  pretty  well   agreed   by  those   who   have  ex- 
amined  the  Golden  Grove  Book,  that   it  is  no  more 
than  a  copy,  and   probably  a  slavish  copy,  of  some 
other  collection ;  and  I  think  it  will  be  allowed  that 
the  evidence  is  strongly  in  favour  of  the  paternity  of 
Mr.  Lewes's  work.    It  is  obvious  that  this  point  cannot 
be  absolutely  settled  until  Mr.  Lewes's  "  one  or  two 
volumes,"  arranged  according  to  "  another  method  than 
Mr.  Edwards  or  those  before  him,"  are  discovered  ;  and 
the  question  therefore  arises.  What  has  become  of  the 
Llwynderw   manuscripts  ?      An  excellent  little  work 
entitled  Hanes  Plwyfi  Llangeler  a  Phenhoyr  (1899), 
written  by  Mr.  Daniel  E.  Jones,  Llandyssul,  gives  some 
information  on  the  subject.    It  is  there  stated — Llwyn- 
derw being  a   farmstead  within  the  former  parish — 
that  Mr.  William  Lewes  flourished  from  about   1680 
to   1760.      He   was   the   fourth  son  of  John  Lewes, 
of  Llysnewydd,  and  married  Cecily,  the  daughter  of 
leuan  David  Lloyd,  M.  A.,  of  Llandyssul,  and  owner  of 
Llwynderw,  of  which  place  Lewes  became  leaseholder. 
Duriug    his  residence   there   he   brought   together  a 
number   of  books   and   manuscripts  which   the   Rev. 
Theophilus  Evans,  the  author  oi  Drych  y  Prif  Oesoeddy 
characterised  as  the  finest  collection  within  his  know- 
ledge.    He  died  childless.     The  greater  part  of  the 
manuscripts,  together  with  the  printed  books,  found 
their   way,    according    to    the    author    of    the    work 
just   mentioned,  into   the  British  Museum.      This,  I 
think,  must  be  an  error — at  any  rate,  so  far  as  concerns 
the  manuscripts.     It  is  also  said  that  Dr.  Gwenogvryn 
Evans,  in  1897,  came  across  several  of  the  Lewes  MSS. 
at  the  Heralds'  College  amongst  the  Prothero  collection, 
and  this  statement  there  need  be  no  hesitation  in  ac- 
cepting as  absolutely  accurate.     One  thick  manuscript 
volume  {cyfrol  drwchus)  of  pedigrees  is  at  present  in 
the  possession  of  Lieut. -Col.   Lewes,   of  Llysnewydd. 
It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  Mr.  Lewes  never  was 
an  Officer  of  Arms;  so  that  his  work,  however  dis- 
tinguished it  may  be,  has  not  the  cachet  which  attaches 


OP  PEDIGREES.  163 

to   the   infinitely   less   valuable   collections   of   Hugh 
Thomas.^ 

We  next  come  to  the  point,  Who  was  the  copyist 
of  the  Golden  Grove  Book  ?  The  volumes  have  been 
ascribed  to  the  hand  of  Hugh  Thomas,  a  conjecture 
which  Mr.  Yeatman  has  shown  to  be  impossible.* 
That  gentleman,  the  only  critic  who  has  not  rested 
content  with  the  imaginings  of  others,  thinks  the 
writer  was  the  Rev.  Evan  Evans,  distinguished 
amongst  his  contemporaries  by  the  bardic  title  **  leuan 
Brydydd  Hir."  "It  is  of  his  period,  dated  1751-1771, 
and  is  initialed  as  the  work  of  E.  E.''  It  is  truo,  as  Mr. 
Yeatman  observes,  that  some  of  the  pedigrees  are 
brought  down  to  the  second  half  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  and  that  this  is  just  the  period  of  the  Rev. 
Evan  Evans.  But  Mr.  Yeatman  appears  to  have 
hit  upon  the  unfortunate  Prydydd  Hir  only  because 
he  could  not  find  another  *'  E.  E."  of  that  period  to 
whom,  with  any  degree  of  probability,  he  could  ascribe 
the  writing  of  t\\Q  Book.  Yet  Evan  Evans,  the  poet, 
is  not  known  to  have  had  any  taste  for  pedigrees  ;  not 
a  word  referring  to  the  considerable  labour  that  the 
copying  of  the  four  volumes  would  necessarily  entail 
can  be  found  in  his  letters,  or  in  those  of  his  contem- 
poraries. His  handwriting  is  also  very  different  to  that 
of  the  Golden  Grove  Book.  I  have,  therefore,  been 
unable  to  accept  Mr.  Yeatman's  identification.*     There 

^  It  is  Qsaally  assumed  that  Hugh  Thomas's  province  as  Deputy- 
Herald  comprised  the  whole  of  South  Wales.  This  was  not  so ;  the 
coanties  of  Cardigan  and  Radnor  were  outside  his  jurisdiction. 

^  Mr.  Stepney-Gulston  {Arch,  Camb.,  loc.  ciL)  states  that  p.  1372 
of  the  Golden  Qrove  Book  ends  with  the  note  :  **  23  Nov.  1760,  com- 
piled by  Hugh  Thomas,  Deputy  Garter  King  of  Arms  1703."  No 
8Qch  note  appears  upon  that  page,  nor  have  I  been  able  to  discover 
it.  It  can,  of  course,  be  no  more  than  a  reference  to  a  pedigree 
drawn  up  by  Hugh  Thomas  in  the  year  1 703. 

*  My  friend,  Mr.  J.  H.  Da  vies,  barrister-at-law,  points  out  to  me 
that  it  will  not  do  to  dismiss  the  claims  of  the  Hev.  Evan  Evans 
too  cavalierly.  The  poet  can  be  proved  from  his  correspondenoe  to 
have  been  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Llwynderw  during  the  summer 
of  1765 ;  but  he  was  back  at  Llanfair  Talhaiarn,  in  Denbighshire, 


164  THB  '^GOLDEN  GROTS  BOOK** 

is,  however,  little  doubt  that  the  copyist  was  a  person 
bearing  the  initials  "  K  E.**  He  has  written  at  the 
foot  of  the  first  leaf  of  the  work,  **  Carmarthen,  July 
1765,  E.  E.,"  which  evidently  commemorates  the  day 
upon  which  he  commenced  or  ended  his  labours. 
Now,  this  is  not  long  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Lewes, 
the  exact  date  of  whose  decease  is  unknown,  the  parish 
registers  of  the  period  1755-1760  being  wanting.  It 
has  already  been  stated  that  Mr.  Lewes  married  Cecily 
Lloyd,  who  died  childless.  He  next  married  Catharine 
Pryce,  of  Rhydybenau,  which  union  also  proving  fruit- 
less, he  adopted  a  niece,  Ann  Beynon,  the  daughter  of 
John  Beynon,  of  Trewern.  She  survived  him,  and  in  1762 
married  the  Rev.  Richard  Thomas,  rector  of  Llanfyrnacb, 
who  took  up  his  residence  at  Llwynderw.  No  children 
having  blessed  their  union,  the  pair  adopted  a  nephew, 
John  Beynon,  afterwards  a  successful  lawyer,  and  a 
niece,  Elizabeth  Beynon.  The  latter  married  Walter 
Pryce,  of  Rhydybenau,  on  November  15th,  1764.  The 
entry  in  the  parish  register  relating  to  their  marriage 
is  given  in  Jones's  Hanes  Plmyji  Idangeler  a  Phenboyr, 
p.  128.  The  witnesses  signing  the  register  are  William 
Beynon  and  Emanuel  Evans.  In  tne  latter  I  would 
recognise  the  copyist  of  the  Golden  Grove  Book 

A  letter  of  inquiry  addressed  to  the  local  historian, 
Mr.  Daniel  E,  tJones,  was  returned  to  me  with  the 
notification  that  he  had  left  the  neighbourhood.  A 
second  communication  to  the  Rev.  W.  Williams,  vicar 
of  Llangeler,  brought  a  courteous  reply  to  the  effect 
that  the  signatures  of  the  two  witnesses  were  almost 

by  the  end  of  September,  after  a  detention  for  a  whole  month  at 
Bala  by  reason  of  illness.  It  is  cnrions  that  in  the  letter  to 
Mr.  Richard  Morris,  from  which  the  above  partionlars  have  been 
gathered,  the  poet  shonld  end  his  epistle  with  the  words :  '*  I  con- 
tinue still  at  my  leisure  honrs  to  transcribe  old  MSS.,  and  hate 
collected  a  great  many  notes  to  illustrate  Jfenniut^  which,  please 
Ood  I  lire  and  be  well,  shall  be  one  day  or  other  published*'  {Gwaitk 
Jeuan  Brydydd  JBir,  p.  200).  But  not  a  word  about  having  in  hand, 
or  in  anticipation,  the  transcription  of  Mr.  William  Lewes's  new 
arrangement  of  pedigrees. 


OV  P£l)IGRfi£S.  165 

certainly  written  by  them  respectively,  and  a  rough 
tracing  of  that  of  Emanuel  Evans.  After  careful  com- 
parison with  the  Golden  Grove  Book,  I  have  no  doubt 
of  the  identity  of  the  hands.  The  circumstances 
which  led  to  the  writing  of  the  volumes  may  well 
have  been  the  following  :  —  Both  David  Edwards, 
of  Rhyd-y-gors,  and  William  Lewes,  of  Llwynderw, 
died  without  issue.  The  manuscripts  of  the  former 
were  speedily  dispersed,  a  number  of  volumes  going 
into  the  possession  of  Mr.  Lloyd,  of  AUtyrodyn  (spelt 
"  AUtyncfine"  by  Mr.  Yeatman),  in  the  parish  of  Llan- 
dyssil,  CO.  Cardigan,  from  a  descendant  of  which  family 
they  were  purchased  by  Mr.  Edward  Prothero,  to  be 
again  sold  by  him  to  the  Heralds*  College.  Three 
volumes  (Mr.  Yeatman  says  five)  are  in  the  Bodleian 
Library  at  Oxford.  Several  volumes  remained  in  the 
Edwards'  family,  according  to  the  account  of  Mr. 
Prothero,  quoted  by  Mr.  Yeatman.  Others,  perhaps 
the  major  share,  came  to  Mr.  Lewes.  The  Lewes  col- 
lection, in  its  turn,  was  scattered  far  and  wide  in  a  few 
years  after  the  death  of  its  patient  collector  and  com- 

f>iler.  But  it  is  most  likely  that  this  did  not  take  place 
at  any  rate,  so  far  as  relates  to  the  "one  or  two 
volumes"  which  Mr.  Lewes  had  written  in  1709-10  **in 
another  method")  until  after  they  had  been  copied  by 
"E.  E."in  1765. 

Of  this  *'E,  E.,"  or  Emanuel  Evans,  as  I  take  him  to 
be,  I  have  been  able  to  discover  nothing  certain.  I  think 
he  was  of  the  family  of  Pensingrug,  in  the  parish  of  Llan- 
geler.^  This  is,  however,  no  more  than  conjecture,  which 
I  hope  one  of  our  Carmarthenshire  members  will  either 
substantiate  or  demolish.    One  thing  is  certain,  namely, 

^  An  extraordiDary  attempt  of  some  members  of  tbis  family  to 
claim  descent  from  Sir  Walter  Havard,  *'  a  Norman  knight,  who 
came  from  Havre  de  Chrace,  in  France,  in  1056/'  and  from  **  Roderick 
the  Great,  about  the  ninth  century,"  fortified  by  references  to  the 
Lewes'  MSS.,  is  exposed  in  Jones's  Uanes  Plufyfi  Llangeler  a  Fhenhoyr, 
p.  137.  The  family  of  Pensingrug,  during  the  eighteenth  centnry, 
delighted  in  a  peculiar  selection  of  truly  ** Christian"  names; 
Meuosalem,  Luther,  and  Joshua  occur. 

Ora  BBB.,  VOL.  ni.  12 


166  THE  ''golden  grovb  book" 

that  Emanuel  Evans  was  intimately  acquainted  with  the 
Llwynderw  family,  for  he  witnesses  to  the  marriage  of 
Elizabeth  Beynoii,  great-niece  to  Mr.  William  Lewes, 
about  four  years  after  the  death  of  the  genealogist. 
Nothing  would  be  more  natural  than  that  he  should 
have  taken  a  copy  of  Mr.  Lewes's  magnum  opus — the 
value  and  originality  of  which  must  have  been  well 
known^-either  upon  his  own  account,  or  for  a  wealthy 
patron.  It  is  hardly  likely  that  this  patron  was  the 
Earl  of  Carberry,  as  suggested  by  Theophilus  Jones — a 
suggestion  apparently  accepted  by  Mr.  Wood — inas- 
much as  that  earldom  had  become  extinct  in  1712.*  It 
is,  of  course,  possible  that  the  copy  may  have  been  made 
several  years  prior  to  the  date  which  it  bears,  but 
against  such  a  contention  is  the  fact  that  the  rest  of 
the  volumes  appear  to  be  strictly  contemporary  with 
the  date  "July,  1765,''  written  on  the  first  page; 
and  if  the  transcript  had  been  executed  during  the 
lifetime  of  Mr.  Lewes,  it  would  almost  certainly  bear 
traces  of  his  amendments  or  additions. 

Of  its  fortunes,  until  it  came  into  the  possession  of 
the  house  of  Cawdor,  I  am  entirely  ignorant,  nor  am  I 
able  to  improve  upon  the  speculations  of  Mr.  Yeatman 
on  the  courae  it  may  have  run.  It  may  not  be  amiss  to 
add  to  his  suggestions  a  connection  between  Rhyd-y-gors 
and  Stackpole  Court  created  by  the  marriage  of  one 
of  the  collateral  descendants  of  David  Edwards,  the 
herald,  with  a  member  of  the  family  of  CampbelL* 

^  It  should  be  observed,  on  behalf  of  Tbeophilos  Jones,  thai  he 
does  not,  even  "  in  effect",  say  that  the  book  "  taken  by  command  of 
the  Earl  of  Carberry*'  was  the  one  now  known  as  Th<  Golden  Grove 
Book,  although  I  am  disposed  to  agree  with  Mr.  Wood  that  this  is 
what  he  meant  What  he  actually  does  say  (dealing  with  the 
pedigree  of  Wilkins  of  Lanqaian,  Hisf.  of  Brecknockshire,  old  ed.  ii, 
139-40;  new  ed.,  238)  is  :— "  A  MS.  in  the  handwriting  of  Mr. 
Thomas  Wilkins,  Rector  of  St  Mary's  Charch,  differs  from  the  etHy 
part  of  this  pedigree,  as  does  Spencer's  Survey,  but  I  copy  the  MS. 
from  the  broks  of  the  Arwydd-feirdd,"  taken  by  command  of  the 
Earl  of  Carberry,which  I  have  generally  found  correct." 

^  I  have  appended  a  pedigree  of  the  family  of  Bhyd-y-gors,  which, 
with  its  ramifications,  should  be  of  interest  to  Carmarthenshbre  i 
It  ought  to  be  easy  to  bring  it  up  to  date. 


OF  PBDiaRBES.  167 

It  is,  perhaps,  too  soon  to  attempt  to  estimate  the 
authority  to  be  attached  to  The  Golden  Grove  Book  as 
a  collection  ©f  pedigrees.  We  know  too  little  of  the 
great  mediaeval  collections  of  the  true  Arwydd-feirdd, 
upon  which  it  and  most  of  the  other  late  collections  pro- 
fess to  be  founded.  We  do  not  know  how  closely  David 
Edwards,  Richard  Williams,  and  William  Lewes  followed 
their  predecessors,  or  how  far  they  were  amenable  to 
those  influences  that  render  much  of  the  work  of  the 
regular  Officers  of  Arms  of  the  second  half  of  the  six- 
teenth, and  first  half  of  the  seventeenth,  centuries, 
absolutely  unreliable.  Of  original  authority  it  has 
not  a  scrap,  apart  from  the  additions  to  many  of  the 
pedigrees  which  its  copyist,  or  Theophilus  Jones  (to 
whom  it  was  lent  for  many  years),  were  enabled  to 
supply  from  their  personal  knowledge.  As  one  who 
knows  the  Welsh  pedigree  manuscripts  at  the  British 
Museum  pretty  thoroughly,  I  may  be  permitted  the 
remark  that  I  am  inclined  to  rate  The  Golden  Grove 
Book  rather  low,  though  decidedly  higher  than  the 
pedigree  collections  of  Hugh  Thomas.  While  echoing 
Mr.  Stepney-Gulston's  longing  to  have  it  in  print,  I  am 
bound  to  say  that  I  do  not  think  it  would  satisfy  the 
desire  of  those  who  wish  to  see  Welsh  heraldry  and 
genealogy  fixed  upon  a  true  historic  basis.  This  will 
never  be  until  we  have  a  scientifically-edited  version, 
or,  better  still,  a  facsimile,  of  one  of  the  magnificent 
collections  of  pedigrees  formed  before  the  genealogically- 
*  spacious'  days  of  Elizabeth,  of  which  there  are  several 
volumes  in  the  great  library  at  Peniarth. 

In  placing  the  volumes  in  the  Public  Record  Office, 
and  in  permitting  them  to  be  freely  examined  there,  the 
late  and  present  noble  owners  have  conferred  a  great 
boon  upon  Welsh  genealogists ;  but  I  cordially  agree 
with  Mr.  Yeatman  in  thinking  that  if  Lord  Cawdor 
would  transfer  them  to  the  British  Museum,  upon  the 
same  liberal  conditions,  their  value  to  students  would 
be  immensely  enhanced,  because  of  the  opportunities  of 
comparison  with  other  collections  which  the  great 
Bloomsbury  institution  alone  affords. 


168 


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REPORT  OF  THE   BRECON   MEETING. 

( Continued  from  page  8 1 . ) 


ROUTES   OF  THE   EXCURSIONS. 


EX0TJB8I0K  KO.  1.— TUBSDAY,  AUGUST  19th. 

Y  GAER  {BANNIUM)  AND  BRECON. 

Boute. — Carriages  left  the  Bulwark  at  9  a.m.,  and  took  the  road, 
which  goes  in  a  westerly  direction  up  the  valley  of  the  Usk, 
along  the  south  bank,  through  Llanfaes  and  Llanspyddyd,  as  far 
as  Penpont,  where  the  river  was  crossed  in  order  to  reach 
Trallwng,  the  point  furthest  away  from  Brecon.  The  return 
journey  from  Trallwng  was  made  in  an  easterly  direction, 
along  the  north  bank  of  the  Usk  to  Y  Gaer  {Banniutn\  thence 
turning  north-east  by  Penoyre  to  Llandefaelog-fach,  and  back 
to  Brecon.  Pen-y-crug  was  visited  on  foot  from  Penoyre.  In 
the  afternoon,  the  churches  of  Brecon  were  visited  on  foot 

Luncheon  was  provided  at  Penoyre,  by  invitation  of  R.  D. 
Cleasby,  Esq. 

The  following  objects  of  interest  were  visited : — 

Llanspyddyd  [Church  and  early  Crossed  Stone). 

Aberbran  {Ancient  Mansion,  belonging  formerly  to  the  Game  family). 

Trallwng  (Church  and  Ogam  Inscribed  Stone), 

Y  Gaer  {Roman  Station  of  Bannium  and  Afaen-y-Morwynion). 

Battle  {Maenhir), 

Penoyre  (Residence  of  R,  D.  Cleasby,  Esq,,  and  Roman  Inscribed  Stone). 

Pen-y-Crug  (Ancient  British  Camp), 

Llandefaelog-fach  (Church  and  erect  Cross-Slab  of  Briamail), 

Brecon  (St,  John's  Priory  Church). 

Btecon  St.  Mary's  Parish  Church), 


EXOUESIOK  KO.  2.— WEDNESDAY,  AUGUST  20th. 

TALGARTH   AND   LLANGORSE. 

Boute. — Carriages  left  the  Bulwark  at  9  a.m.,  proceeding  by  road 
north-east  to  Talgarth,  thence  south  to  Llangorse,  and  west 
back  to  Brecon. 


BRECON   MEETING. — EXCURSIONS.  171 

Luncheon  was  provided  at  Gwernyfed,  by  invitation  of  Col.  T. 
Wood ;  and  Tea  at  Llangorse,  by  invitation  of  Col.  R.  D.  Garnons- 
Williams. 

The  following  objects  of  interest  were  Visited  : — 

Uanddew  (Church  and  Mtdiaval  Inscribed  Cross-Slab). 

Llanvillo  {Unrestored   Churchy   with    Rood-left   and   Norman   Doorway,  with 

Sculptured  Lintel), 
Biynllys  {Castle  and  Church), 
Talgarth  (Church), 

Gwernyfed  (Mansion  of  seventeenth  century), 
Llangorse  (Church  with  Inscribed  Stones  and  Crannog). 


EXCTTBSION  NO.  3.— THXTBSDAT,  ATTGITST  2l8t. 

LLANFIHANGEL   CWM-DU   AND   GLANUSK   PARK. 

Boute. — Carriages  left  the  Bulwark  at  9  A.M.,  taking  the  high  road 
down  the  Usk  valley  in  a  south-easterly  direction  to  Glanusk 
Park,  and  making  a  slight  detour  to  reach  Llanfihangel 
CwM-DU  and  Tretower.  The  return  journey  from  Glanusk 
Park  to  Brecon  was  made  along  the  road  on  the  opposite 
bank  of  the  Usk,  through  Llanthetty  and  Llanfrynach. 

Luncheon  was  provided  at  Glanusk  Park,  by  invitation  of  the 
President. 

The  following  objects  of  interest  were  visited  : — 

Uanhamlach  (Church  and  Inscribed  Stone  of  Moridic), 

Scelhrog  (**  I'ictorinus'*  Inscribed  Stone). 

Llansantfifread  (Church  and  Grave  of  Henry  Vau^han^  the  Silurist). 

Pen-y-gaer  (Roman  (f)  Camp), 

Llanfihangel  Cwm-d(i  (Church,  with  Rood-screen,  and  Inscribed  Stone  of  Catacus, 

the  son  of  Tegemacus), 
Tretower  {Church,  Castle,  fortified  Mansion,  and  Roman  Inscribed  Stones). 
Glanusk  Park  (the  residence  of  the  Rt,  Hon,  Lord  Glanusk;  Ogam  Inscribed 

Stone). 
Llanthetty  (Church  and  Inscribed  Stone  of  Gurdon  the  Priest), 
Pencelli  (Remains  of  Castle), 
Llanfiynach  (Church  and  Inscribed  Stone), 


EXOUBSION  NO.  4.— FBIDAT,  ATTGITST  22nd. 

LLYWEL    AND   BRECON. 

Bonte. — The  members  assembled  at  the  Railway  Station  at  8.10  a.m., 
and  were  conveyed  by  train  in  a  westerly  direction  up  the 
valley  of  the  Usk  to  DevvNock,  and  thence  by  carriage  further 
west  to  Llvwel.     The  return  journey  was  made  by  the  same 


172  CAM^RIAl^  ARC R^OLOGICAL  ASSOClATlOK. 


"^^"t?  *^.      9.  .  .^.  ..:>...  1^ 


ir>ar 


Erect  Cross-slab  of  Moridic  at  Llanharolach* 


ftHfiCOlf  l4EfthNa— EXClTRStOKS.  173 

route.     In  the  afternoon,  the  remaining  antiquities  of  Brecon, 
besides  the  churches,  were  visited  on  foot. 

LuNCHBON  was  provided  at  Ffrwdgrech,  by  invitation  of  David 
Evans,  Esq. 

The  following  objects  of  interest  were  visited  : — 

Devynock  (Ckutrk  and  Inscribed  Stone), 

Trecastle  {Earthworks  (f  Norman  Castle), 

Llywd  {Church), 

Ffrwdgrech  ( The  residence  of  David  Evans,  Esq.  ;  collection  of  Roman  Antiqui- 
ties from  Bannium), 

Brecon  {Remains   of  Castle  and  Town    Walls,    Newton    House,  and  Christs 
College), 

NOTES  ON  OBJECTS  OF  INTEREST  VISITED  DURING 
THE  EXCURSIONS. 

Prehistoric  Eemains. — The  prehistoric  antiquities  seen  during 
the  excursions  were  inferior,  both  in  quantity  and  quality,  to  those  in 
other  parts  of  Wales  where  the  meetings  of  the  Association  have 
been  held  It  is  not  altogether  easy  to  explain  this ;  certainly,  it 
would  be  unsafe  to  assume  that  all  the  important  monuments  have  been 
destroyed.  The  prehistoric  remains  visited  on  the  first  day  com- 
prised only  a  maenhir,  or  standing  stone,  near  Battle,  and  an  ancient 
British  hill-fort  of  the  usual  type,  called  the  CrOg,  lying  two  miles 
north-west  of  Brecon.  On  the  second  day  the  site  of  the  crannog, 
or  lake-dwelling,  discovered  on  a  small  island  near  the  shore  of 
Llangorse  Lake,  by  the  Rev.  E.  N.  Dumbleton,  in  1869,  was 
examined.  It  is  interesting  as  being  almost  the  only  example  in 
Wales  of  a  kind  of  pile  structure  which  is  common  in  Ireland, 
Scotland,  and  Switzerland.  All  that  can  now  be  seen  is  a  row  of 
piles  sticking  up  above  the  surface  of  the  water.  On  the  same  day, 
had  time  permitted,  the  party  should  have  seen  the  remains  of  a 
chambered  cairn  on  Manest  Farm,  a  mile  south-west  of  Tal-y  Llyn 
Junction,  known  as  Ty-Iltyd — that  is  to  say,  the  House  of  Iltyd. 
The  chamber  has  been  denuded  of  the  cairn  which  once  covered  it, 
exposing  the  large  flat  slabs  of  stone  forming  the  sides  and  roof. 
The  chamber  was  very  possibly  used  as  a  hermit's  cell  at  one  time, 
and  there  are  several  small  incised  crosses  carved  on  the  slabs,  either 
during  the  period  of  its  occupation,  or  by  pious  pilgrims  to  the  spot 
after  the  cell  had  been  deserted.  Iltyd  was  a  contemporary  of 
St  David  and  St  Samson,  and  gives  his  name  to  Llantwit  Fawr,  in 
Glamorganshire.  A  large  number  of  churches  are  dedicated  to  him 
in  South  Wales.  A  parallel  case  of  the  probable  use  of  a  NeoHthic 
burial  chamber  as  a  dwelling-place  at  a  much  later  period  is  Wayland 
Smith's  cave,  in  Berkshure,  which  is  mentioned  in  a  Saxon  document 
of  the  eighth  or  ninth  century. 

0TH  8KB.,  VOL.  m.  13 


174  CAMBRIAN  ARCHifiOLOQICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

Bomano-Britiflh  Bemains. — The  Roman  station  of  Bannium,  now 
called  the  Gaer,  which  was  seen  on  the  first  day's  excursion,  is 
situated  three  miles  west  of  Brecon,  in  a  strong  position  formed  by 
the  junction  of  the  river  Yscir  and  the  Usk.     Extensive  masses  of 
masonry  are  still  visible  above  the  ground,  and  the  plan  of  the 
fortification  can  easily  be  traced.      From  time  to  time   Roman 
antiquities  are  found  on  the  site,  consisting  chiefly  of  Samian  ware, 
various  other  kinds  of  pottery,  blue  glass  beads,  coinsj  bricks,  and 
tiles.     Some  of  the  tiles  are  stamped  "  LEG  II  AVG,"  showing  that 
the  station  was  occupied  by  the  Second  Legion  (Augusta),  the  head- 
quarters of  which  was  at  Caerleon-on-Usk.     Most  of  the  relics  found 
here  were  shown  to  the  members   on   Friday,  when  they  visited 
Ffrwdgrech,  near  Brecon,  the  residence  of  Mr.  David  Evans,  the 
proprietor  of  the  Gaer.    If  the  site  were  to  be  systematically  explored, 
it  would  doubtless  yield  a  plentiful  harvest  of  antiquities ;  and,  in 
laying   bare  the  plan  of   the  buildings    and  perhaps  discovering 
inscribed  objects,  the  excavators  would  certainly  throw  much  light 
on  the  Roman  occupation  of  Wales.     At  present,  although  most  of 
the  finds  are  preserved,  no  record  seems  to  be  kept  of  the  exact 
spots  where  the  antiquities  were  dug  up.     Near  the  Roman  station 
of  Bannium  is  a  sepulchural  monument,  sculptured  with  the  figures 
of  a  Roman  soldier  and  his  wife,  known  as  the  Maen-y-Morwynnion, 
or  "  Maiden  Stone."      It  bears  an  inscription,  now  nearly  obliterated. 
There  is  another  "  Maiden  Stone"  near  Benachie,  Aberdeenshire; 
but  this  is  an  early  Christian  monument,  with  interlaced  ornament 
upon  it.     Then  there  is  the  "  Maiden  Castle,"  near  Dorchester,  and 
many  other  instances  of  the  use  of  the  word  might  be  cited.    Between 
the  Gaer  and  Brecon  there  is  an  ancient  paved  trackway,  which  is 
called  Roman,  but  may  be  of  almost  any  age,  from  the  prehistoric 
period  down  to  the  time  of  Bernard  Newmarch,  the  conqueror  of 
Brecknockshire.      Mr.   F.  Haverfield  read  a   valuable    paper  on 
Bannium  at  the  Evening  Meeting  on  Tuesday.     He  said  that,  as  far 
as  outward  appearances  went,  there  had  been   no  reconstruction 
of  the  walls,  and  that  consequently  the  place  had  been  occupied  for 
a  comparatively  short  period.     To  judge  from  the  evidence  of  the 
coins  found  on  the  site,  the  period  of  occupation  would  be  from 
about  A.D.  70  to  A.D.  120.    After  that  time,  the  country  was  no  doubt 
subdued,  and  a  strong  garrison  would  be  unnecessary.     Mr.  Haver- 
field strongly  advocated  the  use  of  the  spade,  as  the  speediest  method 
of  solving  the  various  archaeological  problems  connected  with  the 
struggle  between  the  stubborn  Silures,  fighting  for  freedom  amongst 
the  fastnesses  of  the  Brecknockshire  hills,  against  the  might  of 
Imperial  Rome.     At  Penoyre  House,  the  residence  of  Mr.  R.  D. 
Cleasby,  near  the  Gaer,  the  party  had  an  opportunity  of  examining 
one  of  the  most  beautifully-cut  Roman  sepulchral  inscriptions  in 
Wales.     Unfortunately  the  slab  is  broken  in  half,  so  that  the  ends  of 
all  the  lines  are  missing,  thus  affording  the  assembled  antiquaries  an 
endless  field  for  speculation.    The  stone  was  found  a  few  years  ago 


BRECON.  MEETING. — EXCOBSIONS. 


175 


at  Battie,  near  Penoyre,  and  also  not  far  from 
the  Gaer.  Other  Romaa  inscriptions  of  in- 
ferior interest  were  seen  during  Thursday's 
excursion  at  Tretower  and  Scethrog. 

Early  Christian  BemainB. — The  valley  of 
the  Usk,  between  Devynock  and  Crickhowel, 
contains  an  unrivalled  series  of  inscribed  and 
sculptured  stones  of  the  early  Christian  period, 
dating  from  about  a.d.  500  to  a.d.  iooo.     In 
fact,   no  district  in  Wales  affords  a    better 
opportunity  for  the  study  of  the  development 
of  monuments  of  this  class.     The  series  com- 
mences with  the  rude  pillar-stones,  the  inscrip- 
tions on  which  are  simply  debased  copies  of 
Roman  epitaphs,  differing  from  them  in  two 
respects:  (i)  that  the  letters  are  very  ill-formed; 
and  (2)  the  lines,  instead  of  reading  horizontally 
from  left  to  right,  read  vertically  upwards  from 
bottom  to  top.     It  is  true  that  there  are  about 
a  dozen  pillar-stones  in  Great  Britain  with  in- 
scriptions cut  horizontally,  after  the  Roman 
fashion,  but  these  are  exceptions  of  very  early 
date,  as  three  of  them  have  the  Chi-Rho  mono- 
gram, and  two  contain  the  Roman  formula 
"Vixit  annos  .  .  ."      The  Celtic  fashion  of 
making  the  debased  Latin  inscriptions  read 
vertically  upwards  instead  of  horizontally,  pro- 
bably arose   from   the   fact  that  the   Ogam 
inscriptions  must  read  vertically  because  they 
are  cut  on  the  angle  of  the  stone;  and  as 
many  of  the  monuments  are   both  bi-literal 
and  bi-lingual,  it  would  never  do  to  have  the 
Ogam  inscription  reading  one  way  and  the 
debased  Latin  inscription  another.     An  ex- 
ample of  a  pillar-stone,  with  a  debased  Latin 
inscription  entirely  in  capitals,  was  seen  on 
Friday's  excursion  at  Devynock.     The  mem- 
bers had  an  opportunity  of  examining  speci- 
mens of  the  bi-literal  and  bi-lingual  inscriptions 
at  Trallwng  on  Tuesday  and  at  Glanusk  Park 
on  Thursday.     The  most  interesting  feature 
of  the  Glanusk  inscription  is  that  it  gives  the 
rare  Ogam  letter  X  as  the  equivalent  for  the 
Latin  P.    The  inscribed  stone  at  Llanfihangel 
Cwni-du  (seen  on  Thursday)  is  a  good  instance 
of  the  transitional  type  in  which  several  mi- 
nuscule, or  small  letters,  are  mixed  with  the 


|b/^?QTTiatl 


Erect  Cross-slab  of 

Briamail  at 
Llandefaelog-fach. 


1 76  CAMBRIAN  ARCHJaOLOQlOiX  ASSOCtATlON. 

capitals.  The  inscription  means:  "Here  lies  Cattoc,  son  of 
Teyrnoc."  Somewhere  about  the  year  a.d.  700,  the  capital  letters 
ceased  to  be  used,  and  the  inscriptions  were  afterwards  entirely  in 
minuscules.  Ogams  also  became  obsolete,  and  as  there  was  no 
further  reason  for  continuing  to  make  the  Latin  inscription  parallel 
with  the  Ogam  inscription,  or  vertical,  the  old  Roman  custom  of 
cutting  the  letters  in  horizontal  lines  was  reverted  to.  At  the  same 
time  Celtic  ornament  and  figure  sculpture  begins  to  make  its  appear- 
ance on  the  monuments.  The  best  example  near  Brecon  is  the 
well-known  cross-slab  of  Briamail,  at  Uandefailog-fach  (seen  on 
Tuesday). 

Ifedisdval  Bemains — With  the  exception  of  Brecon  Priory  Church, 
which  is  too  well  known  to  need  description  here,  the  ecclesiastical 
architecture  of  the  district  is  somewhat  poor.  Most  of  the  churches 
have  been  either  over-restored  or  rebuilt,  so  that  very  few  old  features 
now  remain.  Of  the  smaller  village  churches,  that  at  Llanvillo,  with 
its  finely-carved  rood-screen,  and  a  doorway  having  a  highly  orna- 
mented lintel,  was  distinctly  the  best  worth  seeing.  Mediaeval 
military  architecture  was  represented  by  the  round  keeps  of  Brynllys 
and  Tretower,  which  are  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and  are  built  on 
the  same  plan  as  those  at  Pembroke,  Coningsborough  in  Yorkshire, 
and  Coucy  in  France.  At  Tretower  there  is  also  a  fortified  mansion 
of  the  fourteenth  century,  built  round  a  courtyard,  and  having  an 
interesting  gateway  and  hall,  with  a  massive  timber  roof. 

We  are  indebted  to  Dr.  Geoige  Norman,  of  Bath,  for  kindly 
allowing  us  to  reproduce  his  excellent  photographs  as  illustrations  to 
this  report.  The  Pentre  Poeth  Ogam  stone,  one  of  the  most 
interesting  of  the  group  of  inscribed  monuments  in  the  upper  valley 
of  the  Usk,  is  now  in  the  British  Museum,  and  therefore  it  could  not 
be  seen  on  the  Friday's  excursion  when  a  visit  was  paid  to  Devynock, 
which  is  not  far  from  the  site  where  the  stone  originally  stood. 


Balance  Sheet  of  Accounts — As,  up  to  the  time  of  going  to  press, 
the  Editor  had  not  received  the  Balance  Sheet  of  Accounts,  it  does 
not  appear  in  the  present  number  of  the  Journal. 


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The  Pentre  Poeth  Ogam  Stone  (Back). 


Inscribed  Stone  at  Llanfihanoel  Cwivt-dO. 
{From  a  Photograph  by  Dr.  Oeorge  Norman,) 


Erect^Ceoss-Slab  of  Briamail  at  Llandefaelog-fach, 

Brecknockshire. 

{From  a  Photoyraph  by  Dr.  Ottonje  Norman.) 


Font  in  Llanvillo  Church,  Brecknockshire. 
(Frwn  a  Photograph  by  Dr,  George  Norman,) 


Font  in  Brynllys  Church,  Brecknockshire. 
{From  a  Photograph  by  I)r,  Oeorge  Noi'man.) 


St.  Mary's  Church,  Brecon.     Eauly  English  Piscina. 
{From  a  Flwtograpk  by  Dr,  George  Norman.) 


Tketowek  Court,  Breuknockjshike.     Exterior  of  Entrance 
Gateway. 

(From  a  Photoyraph  by  Dr.  George  Norman.) 


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177 


9rc|)aeotog(ral  Jl^otes  ann  (Brntiti. 

Encaustic  Tiles  in  St.  David's  Cathedral.  —  It  would  appear 
that  the  presbytery,  the  choir,  and  the  darU  before  the  rood-screen 
in  St.  David's  Cathedral  were  originally  laid  with  encaustic  tiles. 
"  There  has  been  a  good  deal  of  disturbance,  both  in  front  of  the 
altar  and  near  St^.  David's  shrine,"  writes  the  learned  authors  of  the 
History  and  Antiq^iities  of  St.  David's  ;^  "  but,  in  the  former  position 


Encaustic  Tile  Pavement  in  St.  David's  Cathedral. 


at  least,  there  are  signs  that  the  prevailing  arrangement  was  inter- 
rupted by  a  border  of  tiles  laid  parallel  to  the  wall.  Between  the 
parclose  and  the  lowest  step  a  central  passage,  equal  in  width  to  the 
doorway  of  the  parclose,  is  marked  off  by  borders  running  parallel 
to  the  walls.  West  of  the  parclose  the  tiles  are  set  square,  and  a. 
line  of  flagstones  is  laid  down  the  centre  of  the  choir,  an  arrange- 
ment wliich  may  or  may  not  be  original."  The  tiles  in  the  dais 
were  set  diagonally,  bnt  they  were  replaced  by  new  ones  in  1848, 
as  the  ancient  ones  were  completely  worn  out. 

The  tiles  in  the  presbytery  are  excellent  representations  of 
fifteenth-century  encaustic  work.  Some  few  are  modern,  and  they 
are  good  copies  of  ancient  ones. 


0th  8BB.,  VOL.  in. 


1  See  p.  128. 


14 


178  ARCHiBOLOGICAL  NOTES   AND   QUERIES. 

Tradition  assigns  the  oonstmction  of  the  present  throne  to  Bishop 
John  Morgan  (1496-1504),  and  his  arms  remained  upon  it  UDtU 
near  the  time  of  Browne  Willis.^  The  erection  of  the  throne  neces- 
sitated the  removal  of  the  parclose  further  eastward,  and  it  would 
appear  that  the  choir  and  presbytery  were  laid  with  tiles  about  this 
date. 

They  are  set  diagonally,  and  some  of  the  larger  patterns  contain 
as  many  as  sixteen  tiles.  It  seems  not  unlikely  that  they  came  from 
the  celebrated  manufactory  at  Malvern,  as  the  arms  of  the  Berkeley 
family  are  found  on  many  of  them.  The  patterns  are  principally 
enclosed   in    plain   borders  of  yellow  and  purple,   and  these  are 


Encaustic  Tile^Payement  in  St.  David*8  CathedraL 

also  set  diagonally.  Some  designs  represent  vine-Ieayea  and 
grapes,  and  the  Tudor  rose  is  also  a  notable  feature  on  many  of 
these  tiles.  The  arms  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  the  Beauohamp 
family,  as  well  as  freqaent  representations  of  the  Berkeley  arms, 
are  to  be  met  with.  Only  one  tile  is  depicted  with  the  sacred 
monogram  i .  H  .  c.  upon  it,  and  some  of  the  mutilated  inscriptions 
have  the  words  Deo  gratiat  upon  them.  In  the  chancel  of  the 
church  at  Carew,  in  the  same  county,  we  find  the  arms  of  Sir  Rhys 
ap  Thomas,  the  See  of  St  David's,  and  the  Berkeley  coat,  with  the 
legend  Adjuva  nos  Domine ;  and  many  of  the  patterns  in  this  Pem- 
brokeshire charch  may  be  found  in  St.  David's  Cathedral.  We  are 
reminded  that  these  tiles  in  Carew  Church  were  probably  placed 

1  Browne  Willia,  p.  8 ;  Men,  Sac,,  voL  i,  p.  23. 


AROHiBOLOaiOAL  NOTES   AND   QUERIES. 


179 


there  when  Sir  Rhys  ap  Thomas  Held  posseBsion  of  the  neighbouring 
casUe.^  He  was  born  a  year  later  than  Bishop  Morgan,  who  pro- 
bably laid  down  the  encanstic  tiles  in  St.  David's  Cathedral ;  and 
he  died  twenty  years  after  him.  So  that  the  date  of  the  tiles  in 
Garew  Chnrch  is,  doubtless,  the  same  as  may  be  assigned  to  those 
in  the  Cathedral  Charch  of  St  David's. 

In  the  well-known  Hiitory  of  St,  David's  the  authors  mention 
that  '*  between  St  Darid's  shrine  and  the  Earl  of  Richmond's  tomb, 
there  are  one  or  two  broken  tiles  shown  as  the  footprints  of 
Cromwell's  horse;"  and,  they  add,  "the  tradition   has  obtained 


Encaustic  Tile  Pavement  in  St.  David's  Cathedral. 

such  credence  as  makes  it  uncourteous,  and  scarcely  safe,  to  criti- 
cise it"« 

Alfred  C.  Fbteb. 


An  Epitaph  on  a  Tombstone  to  be  found  amongst  the  Ruins  of 
Llamfihangel  Trefheltgen  Church,  near  Llandtfriog,  Cardigan- 
SHf  BEL — "  Here  Lieth  the  body  of  the  Reverend  David  Da  vies,  late 
Vicar  of  Kenarth  ;  and  of  his  son  James.     The  father  died  Jaly  the 

^  Sir  Rhys  (or  Rice)  ap  Thomas  (1449*1525)  played  an  important  part  in  the 
revolution  which  placed  Henry  VII  on  the  throne ;  and  Fuller  remarks  that, 
**  well  might  he  g^ve  him  a  Garter  by  whose  efifectual  help  he  had  recovered 
a  Crown"  (Worthies,  1662). 

*  See  History  and  Antiquities  of  St,  David's,  by  Jones  and  Freeman,  p.  129. 


180  ilrcujbologioal  notes  and  quiries. 

20th,  aged  forty-six  years ;  the  son  Angnst  1st,  aged  nineteen  years, 
and  both  in  the  year  1768. 

**  The  ritual  stone  the  wife  doth  lay 
O'er  thy  respected  dust,' 
Only  proclaim  the  mournful  day, 
When  she  a  husband  lost. 
In  life  to  copy  thee  I'll  strive, 
And  when  I  shall  resign, 
May  some  goodnatured  friend  survive 
To  lay  my  bones  with  thine." 

The  above  was  copied  about  sixty  years  ago  by  Mr.  J.  Dl  Jones, 
of  Hawen  Hall,  who  happened  to  be  passing  the  churchyard,  which 
was  very  fortunate,  as  the  little  song  is  now  nearly  obliterated, 
with  the  exception  of  the  names.  I  find,  through  the  kindness 
of  Mr.  Barker,  the  Diocesan  Registrar,  that  the  above-mentioned 
succeeded  the  Rev.  Richard  Davies  in  1749,  and  held  the  living 
until  his  death  in  1763,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  John 
Davies.  It  is  regrettable  that  the  memoi*ial  stones  are  allowed  to 
decay  without  an  attempt  being  made  to  preserve  them. 

Cenarth  Vicarage.  D,  H.  Davies. 


POPULAR  LECTURES  AT  THE  ANNUAL  MEETINGS. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  "  Archceologia  Camhrensia.^ 

S(B, — A  much  wider  interest  is  now  taken  in  archsBological 
knowledge  than  was  formerly  the  case  in  days  gone  by,  and  it  is 
pleasant  to  find  that  many  artizans  take  an  intelligent  interest  in  the 
history  of  their  country  and  the  story  of  the  past.  I  venture  to 
hope  that  the  Cambrian  Archceological  Association  may  bo  able  to 
stimulate  and  direct  this  zeal  for  knowledge  and  guide  it  into  a  right 
direction.  Some  learned  societies  give  popular  lectures  at  their 
Annual  Conferences.  For  example,  the  British  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  always  deputes  a  member  to  deliver  a  popular 
lecture,  illustrated  with  lantern  slides,  to  the  working  men  of  the 
city  they  are  visiting.  These  lectures  are  very  highly  appreciated, 
and  after  the  British  Association  had  visited  Bristol,  several  working 
men  told  me  how  much  they  had  enjoyed  the  lecture  delivered  to 
them.  Could  not  our  Association  undertake  a  similar  duty  for 
Welsh  Archaeology  at  our  Annual  Meetings  ?  Many  of  our  members 
are  pre-eminently  well  qualified  to  deliver  such  lectures,  and  I  am 
sure  they  would  be  appreciated  by  the  people  of  the  town  we  visit. 

I  am,  Sir,  yours  very  faithfully, 

Alfred  C.  Fbter. 
13,  Eaton  Crescent,  Clifton,  Bristol, 
February  20th,  1903. 


SIXTH  SERIES.— VOL.  Ill,  PART  III. 


JULY,  1903. 


PRE-NORMAN   CROSS-BASE   AT   LLANGE- 
FELACH,  GLAMORGANSHIRE. 

BY  J.    ROMILLT  ALLBN,  ESQ.,   F.S.A. 

The  village  of  Llangefelach  is  situated  four  miles  north 
of  Swansea,  on  the  high  ground  between  the  valley  of 
the  Llwchwr  and  the  Swansea  valley.  The  nearest 
railway  station  is  Morriston,  from  which  it  is  two  miles 
distant  to  the  westward.  The  walk  from  the  station 
to  the  village  is  uphill  the  whole  way. 

The  tower  of  the  old  church  of  Llangefelach  still 
stands  on  the  south  side  of  the  churchyard,  but  the  old 
nave  and  chancel  have  been  pulled  down  and  rebuilt  on 
the  north  side  of  the  churchyard.  There  are  two  paths 
across  the  churchyard,  one  going  from  east  to  west 
across  the  middle  of  it,  and  the  other  going  in  a  north- 
westerly direction  from  a  gateway  in  the  south 
boundary  wall  to  the  new  church,  which  lies  at  a  much 
lower  level.  The  ancient  cross-base  stands  to  the  west 
of  the  last-mentioned  pathway,  and  between  the  tower 
of  the  old  church  and  the  south  wall  of  the  church- 
yard. 

The  cross-base  is  of  millstone  grit,  and  measures  3  ft. 
9  ins.  long  by  2  ft.  2  ins.  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  3  ft. 

6th  sbb.,  vol.  m.  15 


182       PHfi-NOEAiAN  CK03S-BASB  AT  LLANGEF£LACfl, 

3  ins.  long  by  2  ft.  wide  at  the  top,  by  2  ft.  2  ins.  high. 
The  socket  for  the  shaft  of  the  cross  is  1  ft.  7  ins.  long  by 
1  ft.  wide  by  I  ft.  1  in,  deep.  The  batter  or  slope  of  tlw 
four  &ces  is  not  the  same,  the  west  &ce  sloping  very  much 
more  than  the  three  others.  There  is  a  moulding  on  the 
top  of  the  base  on  the  west  side,  but  not  on  the  other  sides. 
The  cross-base  has  two  serious  cracks,  forming  irr^alar 


«NCHE^    ,iz     ,9       ,6 


2F€€T 


F^.  1. — Croes-Base  at  UaDgefekch :  Plan. 
Scale,  ^linear. 


mitre-joints  at  the  north-east  and  north-west  corners. 
These  may  have  been  produced  by  the  freezing  of  the 
water  which  collects  in  the  socket.  If  a  hole  were  to 
be  bored  in  the  bottom  of  the  socket  to  allow  the  water 
to  escape,  all  danger  of  further  damage  would  be 
avoided.  The  marks  of  the  pick  used  by  the  sculptor 
for  dressing  the  stone  can  still  be  very  clearly  seen, 
showing  that  there  has  been   hardly  any  weatiiering 


GLAMORGANSHIRE. 


183 


during  the   centuries  which   have   elapsed   since   the 
monument  was  erected. 

The  cross-base  is  sculptured  in  relief  on  four  faces, 
thus  : — 

Norik  Face, — ^A  five-cord  plait,  with  round  pellets  in  the  meshes 
of  the  plait. 

S(yu!bh  Face, — On  the  left  a  diaper  key-pattern,  and  on  the  right  a 
triangnlar  key-pattern. 


Fig.  2. — Cross-Base  at  Uangefelach  :  Section  showing  Socket  for  Shaft. 
Scale,  ^  linear. 


Fust  Face, — Interlaced  work,  composed  of  Stafford  knots  and 
loops. 

Wesi  Face, — A  triangnlar  key-pattern. 

It  appears,  then,  that  only  two  kinds  of  ornament 
are  used  on  the  Llangefelach  cross-base,  namely,  inter- 
laced work  and  key-patterns.  The  filling  in  of  the 
meshes  of  the  plait-work  on  the  north  face  with  round 
pellets  is  a  peculiar  feature  which  does  not  occur  except 

15  « 


184       PRE-NORMAN  CROSS- BASE  AT  LLANGEFBLACH, 

in  South  Wales.  When  the  number  of  cords  in  a  plait 
is  uneven,  the  ends  cannot  be  joined  together  so  as  to 
complete  the  pattern.  In  this  case,  the  plait  being 
made  with  five  cords,  it  will  be  noticed  that  there  are 
two  loose  ends.  It  would  have  been  possible  to  com- 
plete the  design  by  carrying  a  cord  right  round  the 
top  of  the  plait  and  thus  joining  the  two  loose  ends ; 
but  this  way  out  of  the  difficulty  does  not  seem  to  have 
occurred  to  the  sculptor  of  the  monument.  The  Stafford 


Fig.  8. — Cro88-Baae  at  Llangefelach :  North  Fftoe. 
Scale,  ^  linear. 


knot-pattern  on  the  east  face  is  a  very  common  one  in 
Celtic  art ;  and  the  only  remark  to  be  made  about  it  is 
that  the  sculptor  has  made  a  mistake  in  the  interlace- 
ments at  the  left-hand  lower  corner  of  the  panel,  which 
are  incorrectly  executed. 

The  triangular  key-pattern  on  the  west  face  is  not  of 
unusual  occurrence  in  South  Wales,  and  reaches  its 
highest  development  on  the  cross  of  Houelt,  son  of  Res, 
at  Llantwit  Major.  A  similar  triangular  key-pattern 
is  to  be  seen  on  the  south  face,  combined  with  a  diaper 


c«5 


PC 
o 


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pq 

o 
Pi 


OLAMOBGANSHIRE. 


185 


key-pattern  (at  the  left-hand  lower  corner),  of  which 
there  are  other  instances  on  the  cross-base  now  used  as 
a  font  at  Penmon  in  Anglesey,  and  on  the  crosses  at 
Termonfechin,  co.  Louth  ;  St.  Brecan's,  Aran  Island  ; 
Kilfeuora,  co.  Clare ;  St.  Andrew's,  Fifeshire ;  and 
Winwick,  Lancashire. 

The  reason  why  the  small  square  of  diaper  key- 
pattern  is  introduced  at  the  left  side  of  the  south  face 
is  because  the  left-hand  upper  corner  of  the  cross-base 


Fig.  4. — Cross-Base  at  Llaogefelach  :  South  Face. 
Scale,  iV  linear. 


was  broken  oft,  either  before  the  stone  was  shaped  or 
during  the  process  of  dressing,  so  that  the  triangular 
key-pattern  (which  is  of  greater  depth)  could  not  be 
continued  right  to  the  end.  Perhaps  this  defect  in  the 
block  of  stone  may  also  explain  why  the  batter  of  the 
west  face  is  so  much  greater  than  that  of  the  other 
three  faces.  We  have  here  a  good  instance  of  the 
difference  in  the  methods  of  work  adopted  by  the 
modem  stonemason  and  his  predecessor  in  pre-Norman 
times.  A  modern  mason  would  undoubtedly  have 
wasted  his  time  and  material  in  removing  the  portion 


186       PBB-NOBMAN  CIlOSS-BASifi  AT  LLANGEFELACH» 

of  the  stone  where  the  flaw  occurred,  so  as  to  make 
the  cross-base  perfectly  symmetrical.  The  old  Welsh 
mason,  on  the  other  hand,  **  uses  his  head  to  save  his 
heels"  by  ingeniously  adapting  his  ornament  so  as  to 
conceal  the  defects  in  the  stone.  Another  striking 
instance  of  the  same  method  of  utilising  a  defective 
piece  of  granite  occurs  in  the  case  of  the  Maiden  Stone 
in  Aberdeenshire.  As  an  instance  of  the  opposite 
method,  we  have  the  grinding  away  of  a  large  propor- 


Fig.  5. — Crofls-Base  at  Llangefelach :  East  Face. 
Scale,  ^  linear. 


tion    of  the    Koh-i-noor  diamond   to   make     it    suit 
European  ideas  of  symmetry. 

Crosses  with  socket-stones  or  bases  are  the  rule  in 

Ireland,  but  the  exception   in    other  parts  of  Great 

Britain.     The  following  is  a  list  of  the  cross-bases  still 
existing  in  Wales  : — 

Penmon  (cross,  standing  id  field  near  charch). 
Penmon  (now  used  as  font  in  charch). 


< 


9       V 


5    r 


5    s 


OLAMOROANSHIRK.  187 

Glamorgan$hire. 
Coychurch  (cross  of  Bbisar), 
Llangefelaoh, 

Llandoagh  (cross  of  Irbic). 
Margam  (great- wheel  cross  of  Conbelin). 

The  usual  method  of  erecting  a  cross  in  pre-Norman 
times  was  to  dig  a  hole  in  the  ground  and  place  the 
lower  part  of  the  shaft,  which  was  left  rough,  in  the 
hole,  and  fill  in  the  earth  round  it.     This  was  very 


Pig.  6.— CroM-Baae  at  Llangefelach :  Wept  Pace. 
Scale,  1^  linear. 

clearly  shown  in  the  case  of  St.  Iltyd's  cross  at  Llantwit 
Major,  recently  removed. 

It  is  stated  in  the  Life  of  St.  David  that  he  built  a 
church  at  a  place  called  Llangevelach  in  Gower.  It  is 
also  referred  to  as  a  monastery  in  the  district  of  Gower, 
at  a  place  called  Llangevelach,  in  which  he  afterwards 
placed  the  altar  sent  by  Pepian,  with  which  he  had 
cured  the  blind  king  Erging  by  restoring  sight  to 
his  eyes. 

Judging  from  the  dimensions  of  the  socket-stone  at 


188       PRB-KORMAK  0R088-BA8E  AT  LLANGBFKLACU. 

Llangefelach  the  cross  must  have  been  one  of  consider- 
able size,  probably  not  less  than  8  ft.  or  10  ft.  high. 
It  is  to  be  noped  that  if  the  shaft  and  head  of  the  cross 
have  not  been  destroyed,  they  may  some  day  be  re- 
covered. A  thorough  search  in  the  churchyard  might 
lead  to  the  discovery  of  some  of  the  missing  portions 
of  what  must  have  been,  when  perfect,  one  of  the  finest 
monuments  of  the  kind  in  Wales. 

We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  T.  Mansel  Franklen  for 
kindly  allowing  us  to  reproduce  his  admirable  photo- 
graphs to  illustrate  this  paper. 


189 


A    HISTORY    OF    THE    OLD    PARISH   OF 

GRESFORD  IN  THE  COUNTIES  OF 

DENBIGH   AND   FLINT. 

BY    ALFRED    NEOBARD    PALMER,  ESQ. 


Introduction. 

The  old  parish  of  Gresford  contained,  besides  the 
chapelry  of  Holt,  with  its  sub-chapelry  of  Isycoed 
(containing  the  town  and  liberties  of  Holt  and  the 
townships  of  Sutton,  Dutton  Diffaeth,  Dutton  y  brain, 
Caeca  Dutton  and  Ridley),  the  townships  of  Gresford, 
Burton,  Llai,  Gwersyllt,  AUington,  Marford,  Hoseley, 
Burras  RiflFri,  Erlas,  and  Erddig. 

The  parish,  therefore,  was  of  enormous  extent,  con- 
taining, with  Holt  and  Isycoed,  19,572.551  statute 
acres,  and  without  those  chapelries,  now  distinct 
parishes,  13,427.070  acres. 

With  Holt  and  Isycoed  I  have  here  no  concern. 
Erddig,  Erlas,  and  Burras  RiflFri  were  not  only  quite 
distinct  from  each  other,  but  touched  at  no  point  the 
main  body  of  the  parish.  Erddig  and  Erlas  were,  in 
1851,  transferred  to  Wrexham  in  exchange  tor  Burras 
Hovah.  I  have  dealt  with  Erddig,  Erlas,  Burras 
Rifl&i,  and  Burras  Hovah  elsewhere  (see  my  "  History 
of  the  Country  Townships  of  the  Old  Parish  of 
Wrexham^').  What,  therefore,  I  propose  to  describe  as 
"  the  old  parish  of  Gresford"  in  this  essay  is  the  area 
surrounding  the  parish  church  of  Gresford,  comprising 
the  townships  of  Gresford,  Burton,  Llai,  Gwersyllt, 
AUington,  Marford,  and  Hoseley — an  area  containing 
12,063.715  acres. 

Llai,  treated  as  a  township  at  least  as  early  a^  1660, 
was,  in  Norden's  Survey  {a.i>,  1620)  spoken  of  as  a 
hamlet  of  Burton.       Hunkley,   treated   in   the   same 


190       A  HISTORY  07  THE  OLD  PARISH  07  QRES70RD 

Survey  as  another  hamlet  of  BurtoD,  had,  by  1600,  lost 
that  status,  and  become  a  mere  district.     At  an  earlier 
date  (in  1435)  it  was  put  on  the  same  level  as  Llai, 
Burton,  and  Allington,  and  treated  as  a  township. 
Gresford,  Burton,  Llai,  Burras  Riffri,  and  the  greater 

girt  of  Allington  were  in  the  mediaeval  manor  of 
urton  ;  Gwersyllt  and  Erddig,  in  the  manor  of  Eglw- 
ysegl ;  and  Erlas  was  in  the  manor  of  Isycoed.  Hem, 
in  Allington,  formed  a  manor  by  itself,  and  another 
portion  of  Allington — Cobham  Aimer — was  part  of 
the  manor  of  Cobham  Aimer  and  Cobham  Isycoed 
All  these  are  in  Denbighshire,  and  their  courts  have 
long  ceased  to  be  held.  But  Marford  and  Hoseley, 
which  are  in  Flintshire,  form  a  manor  even  now, 
the  courts  whereof  are  still  held,  though  at  irregular 
intervals. 

The  whole  of  the  parish  of  Gresford,  except  Marford 
and  Hoseley,  has  been  for  centuries  in  the  lordship, 
commote,  or  hundred  of  Bromfield  or  Maelor  Gymra^ 
(  Welsh  Maelor).  But  this  was  not  always  so.  Domes- 
day Booky  for  example,  describes  Gresford,  Allington, 
and  Hoseley  as  in  Exestan,  or  Estyn,  hundred — that  is, 
in  Hopedale,  and  in  the  county  of  Chester.  Afterwards 
the  Welsh  acquired  possession  of  all  this  district, 
which  they  formed,  with  other  townships,  into  the 
commote  of  Merford,  the  town  and  parish  of  Hope,  or 
Estyn,  being,  however,  not  included,  as  remaining 
more  or  less  in  English  hands.  Then  came  the  times 
of  the  Anglo-Norman  lords  of  Bromfield,  who  made  that 
lordship  co-extensive  with  its  present  area,  taking  into 
it — that  is  to  say — all  the  townships  which  lay  within 
the  parish  of  Gresford.  But,  in  1415-16,  a  writ  was 
issued  to  the  escheator  of  the  county  of  Flint,  com- 
manding him  to  take  a  moiety  of  the  town  of  Trefalyn 
(  =  Allington)  into  the  king's  hands,  the  same  together 
with  the  free  chapel  of  St.  Leonard  having  been  found 
by  inquisition  to  be  parcel  of  the  lordship  of  Hopedale 
(see  Thirty-Seventh  Report  of  Deputy-Keeper  oj  Public 
Records).      Spite  of  this,  the  Earl  of  Arundel,  lord 


IN  THE  COUNTIES  OF  DENBIGH  AND  FLINT.  191 

of  Bromfield,  seems  to  have  retained  the  townships  in 
question  ;  and  in  1435  there  was  a  suit  concerning 
them,  wherein  the  Queen,  as  lady  of  Hopedale,  re- 
covered them  from  the  Earls  heirs,  the  jury  on  the 
assize  saying  that  the  towns  of  Llay,  Burton,  Hunkley, 
and  Trefalun  were,  from  time  immemorial,  parcel 
of  the  lordship  of  Hope  and  Hopedale,  which  lordship 
was  wholly  within  the  county  of  Flint  (see  the  same 
Report).  Five  years  later,  however,  we  learn  inci- 
dentally that  the  widow  of  the  last  Earl  of  Arundel 
enjoyed  as  part  of  her  dower,  not  merely  the  bailiwick 
of  Almore  and  the  park  9f  Merseley  (both  within 
AUington),  but  also  the  provostry  of  Marford,  which 
last  is  still  a  part  of  Flintshire. 

All  this  is  very  puzzling.  But  it  is  perhaps  possible 
to  put  one's  finger  on  the  key  to  tne  explanation. 
I  find  that,  in  the  seventh  year  of  Edward  IV,  the 
lordship  of  Bromfield  was  divided  into  two  rhaglotries, 
representing  two  earlier  Welsh  commotes :  the  rhag- 
lotry  of  Wrexham,  which  included  Wrexham  Regis, 
Acton,  Esclusham,  Minora,  Cristionydd,  Ruabon,  March- 
wiel,  etc.  ;  and  the  rhaglotry  of  Merford,  which  took 
in  Merford,  Burton,  Gwersyllt,  Cobham  Aimer,  Holt 
(or  the  district  around  it),  and  Sesswick.  Gresford  and 
Allington  almost  certainly  belonged  to  this  last-named 
rhaglotry,  as  did  also  Sutton  and  Eyton.  In  a  copy 
of  a  deed  of  about  the  same  time,  which  I  have  seen, 
"Dytton  DiflPeth"  is  described  as  being  "in  com, 
Fflynt,'\and  was,  therefore,  doubtless  in  the  same 
rhaglotry.  Although  the  courts  for  these  two  rhag- 
lotnes  were  held  at  Holt  Castle,  they  were  nevertheless 
held  separately.  Now,  it  will  be  perceived,  as  I  shall 
show  more  fully  hereafter,  that  the  rhaglotry  of  Mer- 
ford would  have  been  identical  with  the  Domesday 
himdred  of  Exestan,  if  only  it  had  included  Exestan 
(that  is,  Estyn,  Easton,  or  Hope)  itself.  We  can 
therefore  understand  how  the  holder  of  the  lordship 
of  Hope  might  lay  claim  to  the  whole  rhaglotry 
of  Merford,  and,  by  ignoring  actual  arrangements  and 


192       A  HISTORY  OF  THE  OLD  PARISH  OP  GRE8F0RD 

making  an  appeal  to  Domesday  Book,  might  get 
judgment  in  his  favour.  For,  in  all  questions  of 
"  ancient  demesne,"  as  well  as  in  other  questions,  such 
as  mills,  fisheries,  and  the  like,  the  evidence  of  Domes- 
day Booh  was  long  considered  conclusive.  This  is  how 
I  explain  the  temporary  success  of  the  attempt  of  the 
owner  of  Hopedale  to  get  hold  of  a  large  part  of  the 
old  rhaglotry  of  Merford.  This  claim,  so  far  as  the 
greater  portion  of  the  district  claimed,  must  have  been 
afterwards  set  aside,  probably  on  the  ground  of  pre- 
scription ;  but  it  was  successful  so  far  as  the  Lower 
Merford  Mill  and  the  head  or  caput  of  the  rhaglotry 
was  concerned,  for  Merford  and  Hoseley  are  still  parts 
of  Flintshire,  and  Merford  Lower  MUl  was  not  severed 
from  that  county  until  1884.  The  courts  of  the  two 
rhaglotries  have  long  ceased  to  be  held,  for  the  courts 
of  Merford  which  still  persist  represent  only  the  two 
servile  townships  of  Merford  and  Hoseley,  just  as  the 
courts  of  Wrexham  Regis,  which  still  persist,  represent 
the  township  only,  and  not  the  rhaglotry,  of  which  it 
was  the  centre  and  caput. 

Before  I  leave  this  discussion,  I  will  copy  from  the 
facsimile  of  Domesday  Book  all  the  entries  relating  to 
the  parish  of  Gresford  which  occur  in  it : — 

**  Hugo  &  Osbns  &  Rainalds  ten  geetford  .  in  extan  hd . 
Thoret  tenuit  ut  lib.  ho  .  Ibi  xm  hide  geld  .  Tra  e  xii  car.  huge 
ht  V  hid  .  Osbns  yi  hid  &  dim  .  Rainalds  i  hid  &  dimid  .  In 
dnio  e  i  car  &  dimid  .  Eccla  &  pbr  ibi  &  vii  uilli  &  xn  bord .  & 
un  francig  .  Int^.  oms  hnt  ii  car  &  dimid  .  In  toto  m .  Silua  nn 
leuu  Ig  &  n  lat  &  n  aire  acciptr  .  Osbn*  ht  molin  annona  sue 
curie  molente  .  Tot  T  .  R  .  e  uuast  erat  &  uuast  recep  .  Mode 
ual  LXV  sol  .  De  hac  tra  hui^  m  iacuit  I  hida  T  .  R  .  E  in  eccla  S. 
Cedde  dimid  in  chespuic  &  dimid  in  Kadeuoure  .  hoc  testat^ 
comitate  sed  nescit  quom^  eccla  pdiderit." 

That  is  :— 

"  Hugh,  Osbem,  and  Kainald  hold  Gretford  in  Extau  hundred. 
Thoret  held  it  as  a  free  man.  There  are  thirteen  hides  at  geld. 
There  is  land  for  twelve  teams.  Hugh  has  five  hides,  Osbern 
six  and  a  half,  and  Kainald  one  hide  and  a  hal£  A  church  and 
priest  are  there,  and  seven  villans  and  twelve  bordars  and  one 


IN  THE  COUNTIES  OF  DENBIGH  AND  FLINT.  193 

Frenchman.  Between  them  all  they  have  two  and  a  half  teams. 
In  the  whole  manor  there  are  a  wood  four  leagues  long  and  two 
broad,  and  two  eyries  of  hawks.  Osbern  has  a  mill  grinding  for 
his  own  court.  The  whole  in  the  time  of  King  Edward  was 
waste,  and  waste  they  [Hugh,  Osbern,  and  Rainald]  found  it. 
Now  it  is  worth  sixty-five  shillings.  Of  the  land  of  this  manor 
one  hide  in  the  time  of  King  Edward  belonged  to  the  church 
of  S.  Chad,  half  in  Ghespuic  and  half  in  Badenoure.  This  the 
county  testifies,  but  is  ignorant  how  the  church  lost  it." 

Thus  we  see  that  in  the  time  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor, a  free  Englishman,  Thoret,  held  the  manor 
of  Gresford,  which,  however,  was  then  waste.  Then, 
at  th^  time  of  Domesday  Survey,  instead  of  Thoret, 
were  Hugh,  Osbern  (probably  Osbern  fitz  Tezzo),  and 
Rainald  (probably  Rainaldus  Venator) — all  Normans, 
and  there  was  one  resident  Frenchman.  A  church, 
served  by  its  priest,  was  in  existence,  and  Osbern  had 
his  own  mill — perhaps  on  the  site  of  Gresford  Mill. 
Note  how  extensive  the  manor  was,  for  it  included 
Ghespuic  and  Radenoure,  in  each  of  which  places  the 
church  of  St.  Chad  had  formerly  half  a  hide  of  land. 
The  "  church  of  St.  Chad "  denotes  the  bishopric 
of  Lichfield  and  Chester.  **  Ghespuic"  is,  undoubtedly, 
Sesswick,  in  the  parish  of  Bangor  is  y  coed.  But  where 
was  "Radenoure''?  Mr.  William  Beamont  identified 
it  with  Radnor  in  Somerford  by  Congleton.  However, 
it  was  in  the  manor  of  Gresford,  and,  I  believe,  on  the 
western  side  of  Dee,  as  Sesswick  is.  Mr.  Egerton 
Phillimore  most  ingeniously  conjectures  that  "Rade- 
noure" stands  for  "  Rhedynvre,"  a  translation  into 
Welsh  of  the  English  name  "  Farndon.''  The  church 
of  Famdon  was  dedicated  to  St.  Chad,  who  is  called  in 
a  late  Welsh  Bonedd^  "  Siatt  Rhedynfre."  Moreover, 
in  1087,  the  Bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Chester  actually 
had  a  part  of  Famdon.  However,  Farndon,  in  its  two 
portions,  is  fully  described  in  the  Survey^  under  the 
name  "  Ferentone."  I  doubt,  indeed,  whether  the 
Domesday  manor  of  Gresford  extended  to  the  Dee,  and 
feel  certain  that  it  did  not  stretch  beyond  the  river. 
"  Radenoure,*'  it  would  seem,  is  to  be  sought  in  that 


194        A  HISTORY  OF  THE  OLD  PARISH  OK  GRKSKoRD 

southern  extension  of  the  Domesday  manor  which  in- 
cluded Sesswick.  "  Radenoure""  is  to  be  read  "  Radnor," 
and  designates  a  hamlet,  the  old  name  of  which  has 
been  lost. 

Now  I  resume  my  extracts  from  Domesday : — 

"  Toret  lib  ho  tenuit  alentvne  .  Ibi  in  hide  geld  .  in  exestan 
hd.  In  Eitone  tenuit  s  .  cedde  i  hid  in  svtone  i  hid  geld 
tenuit  isd  .  scs  .  Hos  iii  m  qdo  hugo  comes  recep  .  erant  Wasta . 
Modo  ten  Hugo  f  Osbni  de  eo  .  &  ht  dimid  car  in  dnio  &  iii 
seruos  &  vn  uill  &  v  bord  &,  ii  francig  .  Int^  oms  hnt  j  car  & 
dimid  .  Ibi  mohn  de  iiii  sol .  &  dimid  piscaria  &  iiii  ac  pte . 
Silua  n  leuu  Ig  &  dimid  lat  .  Ibi  n  haie  .  val  xxx  sol .  Ibi  iiii 
car  plus  possent  ee  .  T  .  k  .  E  uall  xx  solid/* 

That  is:— 

"  Toret,  a  free  man,  held  AlHngton.  Three  hides  are  there  at 
geld.  In  Exestan  hundred.  In  Eyton  St.  Chad  held  one  hide, 
and  in  Sutton  the  same  saint  held  one  hide  at  geld.  When  Earl 
Hugh  received  these  three  manors  they  were  waste.  Now 
Hugh  fitz  Osbem  holds  them  of  him,  and  has  half  a  plough 
team  in  demesne,  and  three  serfs  and  seven  villans,  and  five 
bordars,  and  two  Frenchmen.  Among  them  all  they  have  one 
plough  team  and  a  half.  There  are  a  mill  yielding  four  shillings, 
and  half  a  fishery,  and  four  acres  of  meadow.  The  wood  is  two 
leagues  long  and  half  a  league  broad.  There  are  two  hays.  It 
[the  manor]  is  worth  thirty  shillings.  There  could  be  four 
plough  teams  more.  In  the  time  of  King  Edward  it  was  worth 
twenty  shillings." 

From  this  we  see  that  Toret,  or  Thoret  [Thurold], 
the  same  free  Englishman  who  held  Gresford,  held 
AUington  also.  If  the  mill  mentioned  was  in  Allington, 
we  may  be  certain  it  was  one  of  the  two  Rossett  Mills. 
If  not,  it  was  probably  Fickhill  Mill,  or  some  other 
mill  on  the  Cly  wedog.  As  to  the  wood,  we  have  still 
some  reminiscences  of  it  in  the  names  '*  Holt,"  "  Com- 
mon Wood,"  and  "  Isycoed"  (Below  the  Wood),  As  to 
the  two  "  hays,^'  or  spaces  enclosed  with  a  hedge  for 
sporting  purposes,  we  may  with  some  confidence 
identify  them  with  Mei-sley  Park  and  Eyton  Park, 
which  were  not  disparked  and  tilled  until  about  three 


IN  THE  COUNTIES  OF  DENBIGH  AND  FLINT.  195 

hundred  years  ago,  and  belonged  to  the  Lord  of  Brom- 
field. 

There  is  one  other  entry  in  Domesday  Book  relating 
to  Eyton,  which  is  interesting  enough  to  quote  : — 

"  Scs  Cedde  tenuit  Eitvne  t  .  R  .  E  .  Ibi  i  hida  .  in  exastan 
hvnd  In  Eitvne  ht  isd  .  scs  un  uillm  &  dimid  piscaria  &  dimid 
acra  pH  &  ii  ac  silue  .  Valuit  v  solid  .  Eex  E.  ded  regi  Grifino 
tota  tra  que  iacebat  trans  aqua  de  uocatur  .  Sed  postq  .  ipse 
Grifin  forisfecit  ei :  abstulit  ab  eo  banc  tra  &  reddit  ep6  de 
Cestre  &  omib}  suis  hoibs  qui  antea  ipsa  tenebant." 

That  is  :— 

"  St.  Chad  held  Eyton  in  the  time  of  King  Edward.  There 
is  one  hide  there.  In  Eyton  has  the  same  saint  one  villan  and 
half  a  fishery,  and  half  an  acre  of  meadow,  and  two  acres  of 
wood.  It  was  worth  five  shillings.  King  Edward  gave  King 
GriflBn  [Grufifydd  ap  Llewelyn]  all  the  land  which  lay  across  the 
water  which  is  called  Dee.  But  afterwards  the  same  Griffin 
forfeited  it,  and  [King  Edward]  took  froni  him  this  land,  and 
returned  it  to  the  Bishop  of  Chester,  and  all  hi^  men  who  before 
held  the  same." 

I  complete  the  series  of  extracts  from  Domesday 
Booh  by  quoting  the  following  entry  concerning 
Hoseley : — 

"  Ipsa  eccla  tenuit  &  ten  odeslei  .  Ibi  dimid  hida  geld  .  Tra.e 
i  car .  Ibi  e  uns  uills  redd  viii  denar  .  Val.  m  solid  .  Wast 
fuit ." 

That  is:— 

'*  The  same  church  [of  St.  Werburgh,  Chester]  held  and  holds 
Odeslei.  There  is  one  hide  at  geld.  There  is  land^  for  one 
plough  team.  There  is  one  villan,  rendering  eightpence.  It  is 
worth  three  shillings.    It  was  waste." 

Of  Hoseley  I  shall  speak  hereafter.  But  the  frequent 
occurrence  of  the  word  **  waste"  points  to  the  border 
feuds  that  were  continually  going  on.  The  Welsh,  in 
short,  were  steadily  pressing  on  the  English  in  the 
eleventh  century.     Edward  the  Confessor  would  not 

^  I  Bhall  hereafter  show  that  the  "  terra,"  the  land  under  onlti- 
vatioii,  iu  Gresford,  Allington,  Hoseley,  and  Sesswick,  can  oven  now 
be  traced. 


196       A  HISTORY  OF  THB  OLD  PAJasH  OF  GRE8F0BD 

have  given  the  land  of  Eyton  to  Gruffith  if  the  Wekh 
prince  had  not  already  wasted  it ;  and  we  have  no 
difficulty  in  understanding  how  St.  Chad  lost  his 
possessions  in  Eyton,  Sesswick,  Radnor,  Sutton,  and 
^ettesfield. 

Of  the  information-  furnished  by  the  Domesday 
Survey  we  must  make  much,  because  for  two  hundred 
years  and  more  after  the  date  of  it,  a  dark  veil  rests  on 
the  parish  and  district ;  and  when  it  is  raised  we  find 
not  only  the  mass  of  the  population  but  all  the  lords  of 
land  are  Welsh-speaking.  The  English  have  either 
been  driven  out,  or  have  been  absorbed  and  assimilated. 
Such  absorption  and  assimilation  would  be  easy  to 
understand  if  we  assume,  as  we  may  fairly  do,  that  in 
**  the  first  English  epoch"  the  underlying  servile  part 
of  the  people  remained  Welsh-speaking.  Welsh,  in 
any  case,  the  district  became,  for  we  know  as  a  fact, 
that  at  some  date  after  the  taking  of  the  Domesday 
Survey,  the  parish  of  Greaford  and  the  rest  of  Bromfield 
became  severed  from  the  county  of  Chester  and  sub- 
jected to  the  Prince  of  Powys  Fadog ;  and  although 
after  the  passing  of  Bromfield  and  Hopedale  (Maelor 
Gymraeg  and  i  r  H6b)  into  the  possession  of  Anglo- 
Norman  overlords  in  the  time  of  Edward  I,  the  Angli- 
cising of  the  parish  went  gradually  on,  we  see  how 
slow  this  development  was,  not  merely  by  an  examina- 
tion of  various  local  deeds,  but  more  clearly  and  fully 
by  an  inspection  of  Norden's  Survey  of  the  Manor  of 
Burton  taken  in  1620,  when  most  of  the  inhabitants, 
and  nearly  all  the  fields  and  farmsteads,  bore  Welsh 
names.  After  this  date,  however,  and  especially  after 
the  great  Civil  War,  the  eastern  and  central  parts  of 
the  parish  became  rapidly  Anglicised,  and  at  a  Vestry, 
held  on  June  3rd,  1764,  "the  Welsh  Testam.  and 
Common  Prayer"  were  ordered  to  "  be  lock'd  up  in 
church  chest  and  not  to  be  used  any  longer  till  ordered 
by  the  Bishop." 

Here  are  the  names  of  the  townships  and  districts  in 
the  central  and  eastern  parts  of  the  old  and  undivided 


IN  THK  COUNTIES  OP  DENBIGH  AND  FLINT.  197 

parish  of  Gresford :  Burton.  Hunkley,  Llai,  Gresford, 
Allington,  Lavister,  Hem,  Aimer,  Horseley,  Merford, 
Hoseiey,  Burras,  Hewlington,  Holt,  Sutton,  Cobham, 
Dutton,  Ridley, and  Erlisham.  They  are  all,  save  perhaps 
Llai  and  Burras,  English,  and  can  be  traced  back  either 
to  the  time  of  the  Domesday  Survey,  or  to  the  time  two 
or  three  hundred  years  afterwards,  when  all  the  inhabi- 
tants spoke  Welsh.  They  could  not  have  been  named 
— or  only  Holt  could  have  been  named — during  this 
"second  Welsh  epoch,"  as  we  may  call  it,  and  could 
only  have  received  their  appellations  in  the  "  first 
English  epoch"  which  preceded  it. 

Now  is  there  anything  to  show  under  what  circum- 
stances this  large  district  ceased  to  be  English  in  any 
form,  and  became  again  predominantly  and  almost 
exclusively  Welsh  ?  How  was  "  the  second  Welsh 
epoch"  ushered  in  ? 

First  of  all,  as  I  have  hinted,  the  mass  of  the  popula- 
tion, even  during  the  first  English  epoch,  probably 
remained  Welsh-speaking,  so  that  the  bulk  of  the 
inhabitants  were  quite  ready  to  accept  Welsh  overlords. 

But  is  there  any  evidence  for  the  supposition  of  a 
Welsh  conquest  of  the  district  from  the  English,  of  a 
substitution  of  Welsh  for  Anglo-Norman  overlords  ? 

Harleian  MS.,  No.  1969  (British  Museum),  one  of 
the  third  Randle  Holmes'  MSS.,^  contains  the  following 
paragraphs  :-r- 

"  Eynydh,  one  of  the  15  Tribes,  he  was  the  sonne  of  Morien, 
the  Sonne  of  Morgenav  ap  Elystan  ap  Gwaethvoed.  Aliter,  he 
was  the  sonne  of  Gwerugwy  ap  Gwaethgar  or  Gwaedhvawr. 
His  mother  was  Gwenllian  vz  Rees  ap  Marchan  of  Kuthyn  Land. 

"  This  Eynydh  lived  in  the  time  of  David  ap  Oweu  Gwynedd, 
Prince  of  Northwales  [1170-1203,  A.  N.  P.].  He  came  to 
Bromfield  in  the  time  of  Blethyn  ap  Kynvyn,  Prince  of  Powys 
[died  1073  A.  N.  P.]  &  warred  vnder  him  against  the  English. 

^  The  third  Randle  Holmes  was  born  in  1627  and  died  in  1700. 
He  quotes  his  authorities:  E.  P.  [Edward  Paleston],  E.  R.  [Edward 
RobertsJ,  R.  M.  [R.  Matthews  of  Blodwell],  S.  V.  [Simwnt  Vychan] 
and  S.  1.,  or  S.  C. 

6th  seb.,  vol.  m,  16 


198        A  HISTORY  OK  THE  OLD  PARISH  OF  GKKSPORD 

The  Prince  ^ve  him  the  Townshipps  of  Alington  and  Gresfori 
He  married  EUena  f.  h.  Llewelyn  ap  Dolphyn." 

Eunydd  is  represented  as  having  two  sons,  Ithel  and 
Heilin.     MS.  1969  continues  thus  : — 

**  Ithell  ap  Evnydh.  he  had  for  his  part  Alington  &  Gresford 
&  Lleprok  vawr  &  Lleprock  vechan  and  nant  in  Englfield. 
He  =  Gwlady8  f.  h.  Griflf.  ap  Meilir  ap  Eees  Sais." 

Scores  of  Welsh  pedigrees  represent  Ithel  ap  Eunydd 
as  inheriting  AUington  and  Gresford  from  his  father, 
and  Lewys  Dwnn  declares  "  Eynydd''  to  have  been  lord 
of  Dyffryh  Clwyd,  '*  Trevalyn^'  ( =  Allington),  aod 
**  Gressfort,"  and  to  have  been  the  son  of  "  Morien  ap 
Morgeney  ap  Gorestan  ap  Gwaethvoed,  lord  of  all 
Powys." 

The  tradition,  hereafter  to  be  more  fully  discussed, 
that  the  sons  of  Ithel  ap  Eunydd  gave  land  on  which 
to  build  the  church  of  Gresford,  may  here  also  be 
mentioned. 

New,  not  to  point  out  how  impossible  it  was  for  one 
who  fought  with  Bleddyn  ap  Cynfyn  to  have  been  con- 
temporary with  David  ap  Owen  Gwynedd,  we  have  the 
fact  that  at  the  time  when  Eunydd,  or  his  son  Ithel,  is 
represented  to  have  been  in  possession  of  Gresford  and 
AUington,  the  Domesday  Survey  was  taken,  and  this 
Survey  knows  nothing  of  either  father  or  son.  Nor 
could  Bleddyn  have  aftenvards  conquered  the  two 
townships  and  given  them  to  Eunydd,  for  Bleddyn 
died  thirteen  years  before  the  great  Survey. 

What,  then,  are  we  to  say  to  this  story  ?  In  its 
present  form  it  cannot  be  accepted,  yet  it  is  probable 
that  it  represents  a  distorted  version  of  a  series  of 
events  which  actually  happened.  For,  when  we  next 
get  to  settled  ground,  we  find  most  of  the  landownei-s, 
or  liheri  tenentes,  of  Gresford  and  AUington,  belonging 
to  a  great  Welsh  cenedl,  or  clan,  claiming  to  he  descended 
from  one  or  other  of  the  sons  of  Ithel  ap  Eunydd,  from 
Trahaiarn  ap  Ithel  and  Einion  ap  Ithel  mainly.  If 
Eunydd  was  a  historical  person  at  aU — as  I  believe  he 


IN  THE  COUN  ritS  OF  DENBIGH  AND  FLINT.  199 

was^ — it  may  even  be  that  he  was  associated  with 
Bleddyn  ap  Cynfyn,  who  promised  him  all  the  land  in 
the  Marches  that  he  could  win  from  the  English  ;  and 
although  neither  Eunydd  nor  Ithel  could  have  won 
Gresford  and  AUington  during  Bleddyn  s  life,  Ithel  may 
have  done  so  afterwards,  or,  at  any  rate,  the  sons  ot 
Ithel  may  have  done  so.  I  have  elsewhere  given 
reason  for  believing  that  about  the  time  of  Domesday 
Survey  the  Welsh  m  this  district  were  steadily  pressing 
on  the  English  settlements  east  of  Offa's  and  Wat's 
Dykes,  and  it  is  certain  that  not  long  after  1087  all  the 
eastern  part  of  Denbighshire,  mentioned  in  the  Survey 
as  a  part  of  Cheshire,  fell  into  Welsh  hands.  Domesday 
Book  itself  does  not  mention  by  name  a  single  township 
or  district  in  the  central  or  western  parts  of  Bromfield  : 
a  sure  proof  to  me  that  these  two  parts  were  not  then 
under  direct  Norman  rule.  It  does  not  even  mention 
the  three  western  townships  of  Gresford  parish : 
Gwersyllt,  Burton,  and  Llai. 

Gwersyllt,  in  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
was  mainly  in  the  hands  of  David  ap  David  ap  Morgan 
Sutton,  who  is  said  to  have  obtained  it  by  marriage 
with  Marsli,  daughter  of  Howel  ap  David  Llwyd, 
derived  from  Sanddef  Hardd,  or  Sanddef  the  Fair. 
As  to  the  two  other  townships  just  named,  these  may 
not  have  been  mentioned  in  Domesday  Book,  because 
they  were  already  in  the  possession  of  this  Sanddef 
Hardd,  from  whom  most  of  the  landowners  of  the  two 
townships,  as  well  as  some  in  AUington^  claimed 
descent,  for  example,  the  Santheys,  Lewyses,  and 
Burtons  of  Burton,  the  Powells  of  Horsley,  and,  in  the 
female  line,  the  Trevors  of  Trefalyn  Hall.  To  these 
may  be  added  the  Matheys  of  Hopedale. 

Most  of  the  great  families  of  Allington,  on  the  other 
handy  claimed  the  abovenamed  Ithel  ap  Eunydd  as 
their  stock-father — the  Lloyds  of  Yr  Orsedd  Goch,  the 

^  Id  1620  there  was  a  qnillet  in  the  fields  of  Allington  called 
"  Erw  Eunydd,"  that  is,  Eunydd*$  erw,  or  acre.  Now  Ennydd  is  a 
Fery  nniisiial  name,  and  not  to  be  confoauded  with  Ednyfed. 

16  =* 


200        A  HISTORY*  OF  THK  OLD  PARISH  OP  GRESFORD 

Aimers  of  Aimer,  the  AUingtons  of  AUington  and 
Gwersyllt,  the  Griffithses,  the  Trevalyns,  the  Davieses, 
the  Merediths,  and  others.  The  rowells  were  also 
descended,  in  the  female  line,  from  Ithel  ap  Eunydd ; 
while  the  Langfords  of  Trevalyn  House  were  descended, 
on  the  female  side,  both  from  Ithel  ap  Eunydd  and 
Sanddef  Hardd,  or  at  least  from  the  two  families  of 
which  Ithel  ap  Eunydd  and  Sanddef  Hardd  were  the 
mythical  founders. 

When  we  come  to  the  southern  part  of  the  undivided 
parish,  our  attention  is  called  to  the  Suttons  of  Sutton 
(from  whom  the  Suttons  and  Lewyses  of  Gwersyllt 
sprung),  the  Erlases  of  Erlas,  and  the  great  family  of 
Burras  and  elsewhere,  represented  by  two  mediaeval 
tombs  still  standing  in  Gresford  Church.  All  these 
claimed  to  hold  their  lands  by  descent  from  Elidur  ap 
Rhys  Sais,  which  Rhys  Sais  is  believed  to  be  the 
"  Rees"  who,  according  to  Domesday  Book,  held  Erbis- 
tock  in  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor  as  "  a  free 
man."  It  does  certainly  look  as  though  the  children 
of  Rhys  Sais  became  after  the  time  of  Domesday 
Survey,  the  lords  of  land  in  the  manors  of  Erbistock, 
Eyton,  Sesswick  and  Sutton,  instead  of  those  named 
in  the  Survey. 

The  Welsh  pedigrees  are  not  wholly  trustworthy, 
but  they  cannot  be  ignored.  And  if  we  remember  that 
the  title  to  land  of  Welsh  freemen  was  derived  by  the 
fact  of  their  descent  from  a  common  ancestor,  and  that 
the  line  of  this  descent  was  formerly  indicated  by  the 
possessors'  names — names  often,  therefore,  of  an  inordi- 
nate length — we  cannot  afford  to  neglect  the  Welsh 
genealogies,  although  these  were  nearly  all  written 
down,  in  systematic  form,  at  a  comparatively  late  data 
We  are  bound  to  criticise  those  pedigrees,  and  we  can- 
not always  accept  the  early  portions  of  them  ;  but  if  we 
deal  with  them  in  a  rational  spirit,  they  will  generally 
be  found  to  yield  a  substantial  historical  result. 

I  bring  forward  these  pedigrees,  therefore,  as  evi- 
dence of  the  conquest  by  three  great  Welsh  clans  of  the 


JN  THE  COUNTIES  OP  DKNBIGH  AND  FLINT.  iiOl 

greater  part  of  the  old  undivided  parish  of  Gresford. 
Assuming  this  to  have  happened,  we  understand, 
firstly,  the  predominantly  Welsh  character  of  the 
parish  in  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century ;  and 
we  understand,  secondly,  the  fact  of  most  of  the  free 
tenants  belonging  to  one  or  other  of  three  families,  and 
bearing  arms  attributed  to  Ithel  ap  Eunydd,  Sanddef 
Hardd,  or  Elidur  ap  Rhys  Sais. 

This  is  the  best  account  I  can  give  of  the  dark  era 
of  Gresford  history,  extending  from  the  end  of  the 
eleventh  to  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

I  may  as  well  copy  here  Edward  Lhuyd's  description 
of  the  bridges  in  the  parish  of  Gresford  over  the 
Alyn  ("  Y  Pynt  ar  Alyn"),  as  they  were  about  the 
year  1699  : — 

"(1)  Pont  y  Kyuydhion  [HuntsmerCs  Bridge]  dhwy  vilhdir 
vyclian  odhiwrthy  Ihan"  [two  short  miles  from  the  church  or 
village].      This   must    be    that   we    now   know   as  "  Gwastad 
Bridge."    (2)  Pont  vradley  yn  is ;  that  is,  Bradley  Bridge,  lower. 
(3)  "Pont  wersylht  qwarter  yn  Is   etto;"    that  is,   Gwersyllt 
Bridge,  a  quarter  [of  a  mile]  lower  still.     This  must  be  now 
represented  by  the  foot-bridge  at  Gwei-syllt  Mill,  or  the  stone 
bridge  at  the  Wilderness  Mill,     (4)  Pont  y  Capel  keen,  milhdir 
yn  U ;  that  is.  Bridge  of  the  old  Chapel,  a  mile  lower.    (5)  "  Pont 
Resford  agos  i  banner  milhdir  yn  is  etto;"  that  is,  Gresford 
Bridge,  near  half  a  mile  lower  still.     (6)  "  Bont  issa,  led  day 
goitie  yn  is ;'  that  is,  "  The  Lower  Bridge,  the  breadth  of  two 
fields  lower."     (7)  "Pont  yr  Orsedh,  vilhdir  yn  is  na'r  Bont 
issa ;"  that  is.  The  Orsedd  [or  Rosset]  Bridge,  a  mile  lower  than 
Pont  Issa.     (8)  "  Pont  Allington,  vilhdir  yn  is ;"  that  is.  Ailing- 
ton,    a   mile    lowf^r.       This    is   now   called   **  Cock's    Bridge." 
(9)  "Pont  Ehyd  Ithel,  banner  milhdir  yn  ts;"  that  is,  Bridge 
of  ItheUs  Ford,  a  half  mile  lower.      It  is  now  simply  called 
"  Pont  Ithel,"  and  is  merely  a/oo^  bridge. 

Edward  Lhuyd  also  mentions  "  Pont  Pulford,"  or 
Pulford  Bridge,  over  the  Pulford  brook,  and  **  Ware 
hooks  Bridge '  over  the  Dee.  There  is  now  no  bridge 
over  the  Dee  within  the  limits  of  the  old  parish 
of  Gresford ;  but  a  piece  of  land  called  **  the  Weare- 
hookes,"  containing  about  one  hundred  acres,  '*  parcel 


202        A  HISTORY  OF  THK  OLD  PARISH  OF  GKESFOKD 

of  the  manor  of  Hem,"  is  mentioned  in  1649,  so  tbat 
the  bridge  miLst  have  been  near  Aimer. 

In  Norden's  Survey,  another  bridge  is  mentioned,  as 
being  in  the  manor  of  Burton,  and  therefore  in  the 
parish  of  Gresford — **the  Receiiuo"  Bridge  upon  deuen," 
The  Devon,  I  believe,  was  a  mere  brooklet  running 
through  Merslej  Park,  adjoining  upon  the  liberties 
of  Holt ;  and  in  Pl^  Defon,  just  over  the  Holt  border, 
we  have  a  reminiscence  of  its  name. 

Samuel  Lewis  says,  in  his  Topographical  Dictionary 
of  Wales,  published  in  1833: — "Fairs  for  cattle  are 
held  [at  Gresford]  on  the  second  Monday  in  April,  the 
bust  Monday  in  August,  Easter  Monday,  June  24th, 
August  2l8t,  and  October  22nd" — six  in  the  year.  I 
noticed  also  the  following  entry  in  the  parish  register: 
**The  Fairs  began  at  Gresford  4th  Decemb',  1752." 
The  4th  of  December,  it  will  be  observed,  does  not 
coincide  with  any  of  the  dates  in  the  year  given  by 
Lewis. 

Finally,  Edward  Lhuyd  says :  "  Their  Wakes  the 
Sunday  after  All  Saints.' 

I  shall  now  proceed  to  treat  of  the  several  townships 
which  make  up  the  old  parish,  as  above  defined.  I 
have  reason  to  hope  that  Mr.  Chancellor  Trevor 
Parkins  will  contribute  a  separate  paper  on  the  history 
of  the  parish  church  of  Gresford. 


APPENDIX   TO   INTRODUCTION. 

27  Nov.,  1448,  Llay,  Burton,  and  Hunkele,  inspeximus  and 
confirmation  at  the  instance  of  John  Donne,  armiger,  of  the 
tenor  and  record  of  a  plea  which  was  before  John  de  Holland, 
justice  of  Chester,  in  his  session  at  Flint,  on  Monday  the 
morrow  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  7  Ric.  2,  between  Eichard,  Earl  of 
Arundel,  and  the  said  King,  on  which  the  towns  of  Llay,  Burton, 
and  Hunkele,  and  a  moiety  of  the  town  of  Trefalen  were  ad- 
judged to  the  King,  in  which  record  it  is  set  forth  that  the  said 
towns  were  parcel  of  the  lordship  of  Hopedale,  which  lordship 
extended  longitudinally  from  the  towns  of  Pulford,  Dodleston, 
and  Pulton,  to  a  certain  stream  called  Redalok  [Rhyd  Talog], 


IN  THE  COUNTIES  OF  DENBIGH  AND  FLINT.  208 

running  between  Tale  and  Hopedale,  and  going  round  by  the 
metes  and  bounds  then  known  between  Yale  and  Hopedale,  to 
Hanothelyk  [Hafod  Helyg  ?],  and  thence  following  the  stream 
called  Nantoryvoyle  [Nant  y  forwal  ?],  to  the  stream  called 
Kegydok  [Cegidog],  and  thence  following  the  Kegydok  to  the 
stream  called  Alyn,  and  thence  following  the  Alyn  to  the  Dee, 
on  the  north  part,  and  from  the  Eedalok,  following  on  the  south 
the  bounds  and  metes  of  the  lordships  of  Mohald  and  Hawardyn 
to  the  aforesaid  town  of  Pulford ;  that  the  said  lordship  came 
into  the  hands  of  Edward,  King  of  England,  conqueror  of  Wales, 
by  the  forfeiture  of  David  ap  Gruff',  brother  of  Llewellyn  ap 
Gruff',  late  Prince  of  Wales ;  that  the  said  King  gave  the  said 
lordship  to  Eleanor  his  Queen  for  life,  who  demised  the  same  to 
John,  then  Earl  of  -Warenne,  for  a  term  of  years ;  that  the  said 
Earl  illegally  annexed  a  certain  portion  of  the  said  lordship,  to 
wit,  the  towns  of  Llaye,  Burton,  and  Hunkele,  and  a  moiety  of 
the  town  of  Trefhalen,  to  his  lordship  of  Bromfeld  and  Yale ; 
that  the  same  towns  descended  consecutively  as  parts  of  the 
said  lordship,  to  John  his  son,  John  his  son,  Eichard,  Earl  of 
Arundel,  and  Richard  his  son.  Also  inspeximus  and  confirma- 
tion of  the  tenor  of  the  record  and  process  of  an  assize  of  novel 
disseisin,  which  John  Earl  of  Huntingdon  arraigned  in  the 
court  of  Katharine,  Queen  of  England,  at  Flint,  on  the  feast  of 
St.  Hilary,  1435,  against  John,  Duke  of  Norfolk  ;  Roland 
Lentale,  Kt. ;  Edward  Nevile,  and  Elizabeth  his  wife,  touching 
his  freehold  in  Llaye,  Burton,  Hunkele,  and  Trefaleyn,  whereon 
the  said  Earl  recovered  against  the  said  defendants  200  mes- 
suages, 100  tofts,  two  mills,  two  thousand  acres  of  land,  100  acres 
of  meadow,  200  acres  of  pasture,  a  hundred  acres  of  wood,  and 
a  hundred  acres  of  turbary.  The  jury  on  the  assize  say  that  the 
towns  of  Llay,  Burton,  Hunkeley,  and  Trefalen  were  from  time 
immemorial  parcel  of  the  lordship  of  Hope  and  Hopedale,  which 
lordship  was  wholly  within  the  county  of  Flint,  and  within  the 
bounds  of  which  lordship  the  lands  set  forth  in  the  plaint  were, 
being  portions  of  the  said  towns;  that  the  said  lordship  ex- 
tended longitudinally  from  the  towns  of  Pulford,  Dodleston, 
and  Pulton,  in  the  county  of  Chester,  to  a  stream  called 
Eedealok,  running  between  Yale  and  Hopedale,  and  going  round 
hy  the  bounds  and  metes  of  Yale  and  Hopedale  to  Hanothelik, 
thence  following  the  stream  Nantorevongull  to  the  stream 
Kekidok,  thence  following  that  stream  to  the  stream  Alyn, 
thence  following  that  stream  to  the  Dee,  running  between 
the  county  and  [so!]  Chester  and  Hopedale  on  the  north, 
and  from  the  lower  part  of  the  Redealok  to  the  valley  be- 
tween Le  Roslwre  and  Kilirwa,  and  following  the  valley  of 


204      A  HISTORY  OF  THE  OLD  PARISH  OF  GRESFORD. 

the  Kekidog,  thence  following  that  stream  to  the  stream 
Anondwy  [Afon  ddu],  in  Ughmynyth  [Uwch  y  mynydd],  and 
so  by  the  old  bounds  to  Redemore  [Redmoor],  crossing  from 
thence  to  the  stream  Merebrok,  viz.,  to  the  spot  where  of  old  it 
WHS  accustomed  to  run,  and  so  following  it  to  the  Alyn  on  the 
south  and  following  the  Alyn  to  a  place  where  of  old  the 
stream  Anonduy  in  Hopewen  [Hope  Owen]  used  to  run  to  the 
water  Alyn,  and  following  the  Anonduy  to  PontebenehuU,  and 
thence  to  a  ditch  called  Clauth  myssh,  thence  to  Le  Maynvry- 
nion  [Meini  Gwynion],  thence  by  the  old  bounds  Nantererard, 
thence  to  Perthyvellin,  thence  to  Kynarton  Bridge  on  the 
south,  80  following  the  old  bounds  to  Fomonforwell  [Ffynnon 
Forwel]  bridge,  thence  to  Pulford  bridge,  thence  by  the  known 
metes  to  the  Dee  on  the  east     [27  and  28  Hen.  5,  m.  2  (12).] 

Oct.  20,  1448.  John,  Duke  of  Exeter.  An  inquisition  taken 
at  Northope  on  Thursday,  the  Feast  of  St  Thomas  the  Apostle 
last  past,  finding  that  the  said  Duke  died  seized  in  his  demesne, 
as  of  fee  tail,  of  the  towns  of  Llay,  Burton,  and  Hunkelay,  a 
moiety  of  the  town  of  Trefalyn,  together  with  the  free  chapel  of 
St  Leonard,  and  two  mills,  parcel  of  the  lordship  and  manor  of 
Hope  and  Hopedale  ;  that  the  same  descended  on  the  death 
of  the  said  Duke  to  Henry  his  son ;  that  the  said  Duke  died  on 
the  fifth  day  of  August  1447 ;  and  that  the  said  Henry  was 
seventeen  years  of  age  on  the  said  fifth  day  of  August :  the 
sheriff  is  commanded  to  take  the  said  lauds  eta,  into  the  King's 
hands.     [27  and  28  Hen.  6,  m.  4  (1).] 

From  Thirty- Seventh  Annual  Report  of  the  Deputy- Keeper 
of  the  Public  Records,  pp.  271  and  469. 


{To  be  continued,) 


205 


FORGOTTEN   SANCTUARIES  : 

BEING   SOME   THOUGHTS    ON    THE    VANISHED    CROSSES    AND 
CHAPELS    IN    ST.    JOHN's    PARISH,    BRECON. 

BY   GWENLLIAN   E.  F.  MORGAN. 


**  How  is  the  gold  become  dim  !     how  is  the  most  fine  gold  changed  ! 
the  stones  of  the  sanctuary  are  poured  out  in  the  top  of  every  street." 

LamentcUionSy  iv,  1. 

When  the  Cambrian  ArchsBological  Association  visited 
Brecon  for  the  first  time,  nearly  fifty  years  ago,  the 
occasion  was  made  for  ever  memorable  to  the  town  by 
the  Paper  read  by  Mr.  Freeman  on  *'  The  Churches  of 
Brecon,"  in  the  course  of  which  he  made  use  of  the 
following  sentence  :  *'  I  know  of  no  English  town  of 
the  same  size  which  presents  greater  attractions  to  the 
architectural  enquirer,  than  this  of  Brecon."  He,  of 
course,  referred  to  the  splendid  churches  at  the  Priory 
and  Christ  College,  and  to  the  then  interesting  Chapel 
of  St.  Mary,  which  remain  to  us  of  the  extensive 
ecclesiastical  buildings  erected  in  Brecon  during 
mediaeval  times,  and  which,  by  their  grandeur,  suggest 
what  we  may  have  lost  in  the  monasteries,  chapels 
and  crosses,  which  have  disappeared  so  completely, 
that  their  very  existence  is  forgotten  even  by  the 
oldest  inhabitants. 

It  is  not,  however,  unreasonable  to  suppose  that 
those,  who  built  the  noble  churches  we  still  possess, 
must  have  erected  crosses  and  chapels  not  unworthy 
of  the  sense  of  beauty  and  reverent  devotion  with 
which  their  minds  were  inspired. 

There  are  consecrated  pieces  of  ground  in  this 
parish,  on  which  buildings  once  stood,  where  our  fore- 
fathers worshipped  in  the  days  of  old,  and  in  which 
the   Divine   Service  was    celebrated,   that  are   now 


206  FORGOTTKN  SANCTUARIES. 

desolate,  or  used  for  secular  purposes ;  and  there  are 
spots  in  our  streets  where  crosses  rose  of  which  no 
trace  remains,  and  hardly  a  memory  lingers,  though 
closely  connected  with  the  religious  and  civic  life  of 
the  borough.  But  though  these  have  perished,  and 
their  builders  have  passed  away,  the  parish  church, 
which  was  their  glory  and  pride,  as  it  is  ours,  still 
watches  over  the  town  they  created,  **  the  only  witness, 
perhaps,  that  remains  to  us  of  their  faith  and  fear." 

The  Vanished  Crosses  of  Brecon. 

In  mediaeval  times  Wales  was  particularly  rich  in 
the  number  and  the  form  of  its  stone  crosses  ;  the  few 
crosses  that  remain  show  a  surprising  variety  of  design, 
and  by  their  beauty  suggest  how  much  we  have  losf. 
There  were  market  crosses  and  preaching  crosses, 
churchyard  crosses  and  weeping  crosses.  Crosses  of 
every  kind  were  placed  by  the  wayside,  on  hig^hways, 
on  lonely  moors  and  mountains,  and  sometimes  at 
cross-roads  and  other  places  suitable  for  funerals  to 
rest.  For  in  those  far-off  days  of  reverent  faith,  it  was 
not  thought  strange  or  superstitious  to  consecrate  the 
commonest  matters  of  every- day  life,  by  placing  the 
emblem  of  the  Christian  religion  wherever  men 
gathered  together,  so  that  their  thoughts  might  be 
raised  from  the  things  of  earth  to  those  of  Heaven. 
In  the  words  of  a  fifteenth-century  writer : — 

"  For  this  reason  ben  crosses  by  ye  waye,  that  when  folke 
passinge  see  the  crosses,  they  sholde  thynke  on  Hym,  that  dyed 
on  the  crosse,  and  worshyppe  Hym  above  all  thynge. — Dives  et 
Pauper  :  "  Printed  by  Wynken  de  Worde,  1496." 

All  varieties  of  crosses  may  have  been  represented 
in  mediaeval  Brecon,  the  town  of  which  we  known  so 
little  as  it  then  appeared ;  but  there  are  only  three  of 
the  position  and  use  of  which  we  are  certain.  Of  their 
form  we  know  nothing.  In  1292,  John  de  Bello 
(Battle  Abbey),  mason,  designed  the  Eleanor  crosses 


FORGOTTEN  SANCTUARIKS.  207 

of  Northampton,  Stratford,  St.  Albans,  Woburn  and 
Dunstable ;  these  were  the  most  beautiful  memorial 
crosses  in  Europe.  In  1260,  Reginald,  Prior  of  Brecon, 
was  elected  Abbot  of  Battle,  and  there  was  also  con- 
stant communication  between  the  two  places.  Brecon 
Priory,  as  a  cell  of  Battle  Abbey,  was  bound  to 
entertain  the  Abbot  and  his  suite  for  two  days  at 
his  annual  visitation.  The  influence  of  John  the 
Mason's  beautiful  designs  may  have  affected  the  Brecon 
crosses. 

It  will  be  interesting  to  consider  the  purpose  and 
object  of  these  crosses,  as  far  as  we  can  realise  the  same 
from  the  positions  in  which  they  were  placed  by  our 
forefathers,  as  shown  in  Speed's  maps  of  the  town  of 
Brecon,  published  iu  1610.  These  maps  are  only 
bird's-eye  views,,  and  yet  in  some  of  the  details  we  can 
verify  to-day,  they  are  so  extraordinarily  accurate, 
that  we  may  safely  conclude  the  crosses  were  actually 
standing  at  that  time,  as  shown,  more  especially  as 
they  are  placed  exactly  where  we  should  expect  to  find 
them,  from  other  evidence  that  is  available. 

The  Market  Cross  was  in  front  of  Mrs.  Hughes' 
shop  in  High  Street  Inferior,  and  its  memory  is  still 
preserved  in  the  name  of  Butter  Lane,  which  clings  to 
the  adjacent  street.  These  market  crosses  were  also 
called  Butter  crosses  ;  they  were  generally  covered 
with  a  roof  (surmounted  by  a  cross)  to  shelter  the 
market  people  from  the  rain,  the  sides  being  open,  and 
they  originated  in  towns  where  there  were  monastic 
establishments,  as  in  Brecon,  where  the  Benedictines 
at  the  Priory  probably  sent  a  monk  on  market  days  to 
preach  to  the  assembled  country-folk,  that  they  should 
be  true  and  just  in  all  their  dealings.  The  market 
cross  also  gave  the  religious  house — in  our  case  the 
monks  at  tbe  Priory — a  central  point  to  collect  the 
tolls  paid  by  the  farmers,  etc.,  for  the  privilege  of 
selhng  in  the  town. 

That  market  crosses  were  common  in  Wales  is 
suggestf^d  by  a  line  in  Canwyll  y   Cymi^,  published 


208  FORGOTTKN  SANOTXTARIKS. 

early  in   the   seventeenth   century.      Vicar  Prichard 
says : — 

"  Be  thy  ooDdnct  in  each  lonely  scene 
The  same,  as  if  thoa  on  the  cross  wert  placed." 

The  Rev.  W.  Evans,  Vicar  of  Lawhaden,  whose 
translation  of  1815  is  used,  has  a  note  to  the  effect 
that  the  market  cross  is  meant.  This  seems  to  show 
that  in  the  good  vicar's  time  it  was  so  general  a  thing 
for  the  business  of  the  mart  to  be  transacted  beneath 
the  shadow  of  the  cross  that  no  explanation  was 
necessary,  as  was  the  case  in  1815,  when  crosses 
had  disappeared  from  Llandovery,  Brecon  and  else- 
where. 

The  Preaching  Cross  stood  on  the  Bulwark,  to  the 
east  of  the  little  Norman  chapel  of  St.  Mary,  to  the 
west  of  the  yew-tree  shown  in  one  of  Speed's  maps. 
Preaching  crosses  were  connected  with  the  coming  of 
the  Friars,  who  specially  used  them  for  open-air 
services,  and  for  preaching  to  larger  congregations 
than  the  smaller  churches — such  as  St.  Mary  s  then 
was — could  contain.  The  Dominican  Friars  arrived 
in  England  in  1222.  In  Brecon  they  built  the  great 
church  and  monastery  of  Blackfriars,  now  Christ 
College,  which,  in  the  latter  days  of  Queen  Elizabeth's 
reign,  was  still  called  by  their  name;  and  we  can 
imagine  one  of  them  standing  on  the  steps  of  the  cross, 
the  open  space  of  the  Bulwark  crowded  with  people, 
whilst  the  Friar  preached  of  Repentance  and  the 
Judgment  to  come. 

In  the  eighteenth  century  John  Wesley  also  preached 
on  the  Bulwark,  which  recalls  a  similar  coincidence  in 
his  career  mentioned  by  Miss  Florence  Peacock  : — 

"  There  was  a  Preaching  Cross  at  Massingham,  in  Lincoln- 
shire :  until  about  thirty  years  ago  there  stood  a  sycamore  tree 
in  the  village  street.  It  was  named  "  The  Cross  Tree,"  and  no 
doubt  occupied  the  place  where  the  cross  once  stood.  Did  John 
Wesley  realise,  as  standing  beneath  it  he  preached  to  the  crowds 
that  flocked  to  hear  him,  that  as  the  shadow  of  the  sycamore 
fell  upon  him,  so  on  that  very  spot  had  the  shadow  of  the  cn>ss 


PORGOTTJeN  SANCTUARIES.  209 

fallen,  centuries  before,  upon  those  who  then  spoke  to  the 
ancestors  of  the  men  and  women  listening  to  him  of  things 
spiritual  and  the  life  eternal  ?" 

The  High  Cross  was  the  most  important  of  all  the 
crosses  in  Brecon,  and  was  placed  in  High  Street, 
where  Games'  fountain  now  stands  ;  at  its  foot  pubUc 
meetings  were  held,  proclamations  were  made,  and 
much  civil  business  was  transacted.  The  old  stocks, 
which  are  still  preserved  in  the  Guildhall,  probably 
stood  in  front  of  the  High  Cross.  On  July  4th,  1645, 
Capt.  Richard  Symonds,  an  oflficer  of  King  Charles  I's 
army,  journeyed  from  Cardiff  to  Brecon  on  the  King's 
business,  and,  in  those  days  of  war  and  strife,  yet  found 
time  on  his  arrival  here  to  make  the  following  note  in 
his  Diary  : — 

"  Almost  in  every  parish  the  crosse,  or  sometimes  two  or  three 
crosses,  perfect  in  Brecknockshire  and  Glamorganshire." 

We  may  conclude  that  the  crosses  in  the  town  of 
Brecon  were  then  untouched,  but  by  March,  1650,  the 
High  Cross  had  been  shattered,  though  it  still  remained 
in  its  place. 

Henry  Vaughan,  Silurist,  has  left  us  a  description  of 
the  Assizes  held  in  "  our  Metropolis"  on  that  snowy 
March  day,  the  pomp  and  circumstance  of  which  he 
watched  in  bitterness  of  heart,  contrasting  the  gay 
gathering  in  High  Street  in  front  of  John  AbeUs 
timbered  Town  Hall  [whose  sundial,  bearing  its  words 
of  ancient  wisdom  :  Soles  nobis  pereunt  et  imputantur 
("  Our  days  perish,  and  are  laid  to  our  account") 
looked  down  upon  the  scene],  he  says  : 

"  'Midst  these  the  cross  looks  sad." 

That  dial  has  long  "  ceased  to  mark  the  drawing  nearer 
of  Eternity,"  and  has  vanished,  with  much  else  that 
was  precious,  we  know  not  where. 

We  may  feel  sure  that  the  High  Cross  was  destroyed 
mider  the  Act  passed  for  the  demolition  of  crosses 
everywhere.     The  name  lingered  on  into  the  latter 


210  FOKGOTTEH  6A^0TUAK1ES. 

part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  long  after  a  conduit 

fiven  to  the  town  by  one  of  the  Jeffreyses  of  the 
^riory,  had  taken  its  place,  being  known  as  "The  Cross" 
in  the  old  Book  of  Orders.  It  may  be  noticed  that  the 
High  Cross,  like  the  Preaching  Cross,  commanded  an 
open  space.  All  traces  of  the  three  crosses  were 
probably  removed  when  the  Act  of  1776  came  into 
force,  and  Brecon  was  "  improved"  by  the  removal  of 
the  gates  and  other  relics  of  its  not-inglorious,  though 
in  those  days  unappreciated,  past.  What  fanaticism 
in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  the  fury  of  the  Civil  War 
in  the  seventeenth  century,  luid  begun,  ignorance  and 
indifference  completed  in  the  eighteenth.  In  the  words 
of  Mr.  Buskin : 

"  The  feudal  and  monastic  buildings  of  Europe,  and  still  more 
the  streets  of  her  ancient  cities,  are  vanishing  like  dreams ;  and 
it  is  difficult  to  imagine  the  mingled  envy  and  contempt  with 
which  future  generations  will  look  back  to  us,  who  still  possessed 
such  things,  yet  made  no  effort  to  preserve,  and  scarcely  any  to 
delineate,  them." 


The  Lost  Chapels  of  Brecon. 

There  were  five  chapels  in  various  parts  of  the 
parish  of  which  records  remain  ;  there  may  have  been 
others,  such  as  the  oratories  in  private  houses,  but  we 
do  not  know  of  them. 

The  Prisoners  Chapel. — There  was  a  chapel  near  the 
Borough  Gaol,  close  to  the  Struct  Gate,  in  which  the 
prisoners  heard  Mass.  This  is  mentioned  in  an  In- 
denture in  the  Corporation  Chest  dated  1519.  We 
do  not  know  to  whom  it  was  dedicated ;  might  this 
have  been  a  Brecon  St,  Peter  ad  Vincula  f 

Benni  Chapel. — About  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  William  de  Burchell,  with  the  consent  of  his 
wife  Edith,  gave  to  the  Church  of  St.  John  at  Brecon, 
five  acres  of  his  land  at  Benni,  which  extend  as  far  as 
a  certain  maish  or  moor  below  the  high  road  leading 
from  "  Breken"  to  Aberyskir.    This  William  Burchell 


FORGOTl'EK  SANCTUAKlKS.  211 

styles  himself  Lord  of  Benni,  and  states  that  at  the 
petition  of  himself  and  friends  the  Prior  of  Brecon  had 
given  William's  chaplain  leave  to  officiate  and  say 
Mass  for  the  souls  of  the  deceased  in  his  Chapel  of 
Benni. 

St.  Nicholas'  Chapel. — The  chapel  within  the  Castle 
of  Brecon  was  dedicated  to  St.  Nicholas,  a  favourite 
patron  of  castle'  chapels,  who  was  also  chosen  as  their 
patron  saint  by  the  Dominican  Friars,  when  they  built 
their  church  on  the  other  side  of  the  Usk,  of  which 
the  chancel  alone  remains  entire.  The  exact  site  of  the 
chapel  in  the  castle  is  unknown,  but  it  is  possible  that 
the  windows  in  the  ruined  fragment  that  remains  may 
have  belonged  to  it.  Divine  Service  was  performed 
here,  and  the  Mass  sung  by  the  monks  of  St.  John's. 
In  1410,  Morgan  ap  Rhys,  Vicar  of  Brecon,  was 
nominated  by  John,  Prior  of  Brecon,  and  the  convent 
there,  to  be  Chaplain  of  the  free  Chapel  of  St.  Nicholas 
within  the  walls  of  Brecon  Castle.  Though  no  grants 
to  this  chapel  are  preserved,  we  learn  from  Dugdale 
and  Giraldus  Cambrensis  that  there  formerly  were 
territorial  possessions  belonging  to  it,  for  the  latter 
tells  us  that  William  de  Breos  detained  certain  lands 
which  had  been  given  to  the  Chapel  of  St.  Nicholas  at 
Aberhodne,  when  the  priest  serving  there,  whose  name 
was  Hugh,  saw  in  a  vision  a  reverend  person  assisting 
him,  and  heard  him  speak  these  words  :  '*  Go  tell  thy 
lord,  William  de  Breos,  who  presumeth  to  hold  those 
possessions,  which  were  anciently  given  to  thy  Chapel 
in  pure  alms,  this  saying  : 

"  JEToe  aufert  jiscus  quod  non  accipit  Christies.  Dabis  impio 
miliii  quod  non  vis  dare  sacerdoti." 

["  The  public  treasury  taketh  what  Christ  getteth  not  I  Thou 
wilt,  then,  give  to  an  ungodly  soldier  what  thou  wouldst  not 
give  to  a  priest ! "] 

Thereupon  the  priest  went  to  the  Archdeacon  at 
Uanddew,  and  relating  what  he  had  seen  and  heard, 
the  Archdeacon  told  him  they  were  the  words  of  St. 


2 1  2  FORGOTTKN  SaNCTUARIKS. 

Augustine,  and  showed  him  where,  adding  that  "  the 
detinue  of  tythes  should  be  improsperous." 

In  this  chapel  Masses  must  have  been  said  fo^  the 
souls  of  the  ill-fated  Staffords  of  successive  generations, 
the  last  being  for  Edward,  Duke  of  Buckingham. 

St.  CoUharine's  Chapel. — Another  forgotten  sanctuary 
in  the  parish  is  the  Hospital  of  St.  Catharine,  the 
name  of  which  at  least  is  kept  in  remembrance  by  the 
designation  which  has  clung  to  it.  The  Spital  Barn 
stands  near  the  site  of  St.  Catharine's  Chapel  in  the 
Watton,  nearly  opposite  the  Barracks,  and  this  also  is 
holy  ground. 

This  Hospital  seems  to  have  been  independent  of  the 
Priory,  and  was  probably  raised  at  the  expense  and  for 
the  convenience  of  the  bailiff  and  burgesses  of  Brecon, 
though  undoubtedly  with  the  permission  of  one  of  the 
early  priors.  It  may  have  been  a  house  of  entertain- 
ment for  the  pilgrims  on  their  way  to  St.  David's 
Cathedral,  and  for  the  large  throngs  who  came  on 
pilgrimage  to  present  their  offerings  at  the  shrine  of 
St.  Alud  on  the  hill  above,  the  Hospitium  being  on 
the  high  road  from  Abergavenny  and  outside  the  walls 
of  the  town. 

The  first  time  we  find  St.  Catharine's  mentioned  is 
in  a  deed  dated  May  6th,  1475,  which  Hugh  Thomas 
saw  in  the  Corporation  Chest  at  Brecon,  by  which 
**  Wm.  Vaughan,  Esq.,  Bailiff,  and  the  Burgesses  of 
Brecknocke,  grant  a  lease  of  the  lazar  or  hospital  of 
St.  Catharine  in  the  suburbs  of  the  said  towne  to 
Wm.  Goldsmyth  and  Wm.  Perpoynt,  Burgesses." 

There  is  an  indenture,  dated  April  22nd,  1515, 
between  the  municipal  ofiicers  of  Brecknock  (amongst 
whom  is  Rhys  y  Cigwr,  father  of  Hugh  Price,  ttie 
founder  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford),  and  Sir  Thomas  ap 
Hoell,  Chapellan,  of  the  same  town,  which 

**  witnesseth  that  for  very  love  confidence  and  aifection,  and  for 
the  good  and  valuable  conversation,  service  and  benevolence  that 
the  said  Sir  Thomas  hath  heretofore  done  and  hereafter  intendeth 
to  doe  during  his  life  to  the  said  town,  they  give  and  graunte 


PORGOTTEK  SANCTtJAlllJBS.  213 

unto  him  the  Chappell  of  Saint  Cateryne,  sitting  and  lying 
without  the  subburbes  of  the  said  towne,  with  all  other  houses, 
landes,  orchers,  garden,  &c.,  belonging  to  the  saide  Chappell, 
relickes  or  pardonners  that  goeth  unto  the  couutrey  in  the 
behalfe  of  the  saide  Chappell  with  the  commodities  almouse 
deeds  of  charitie,  or  anything  that  shall  be  given  or  bequeauen 
to  the  sayd  Chappell  ....  The  saide  Sir  Thomas  doynge  for 
the  premises  this  observances  following  :  first,  he  shall  keep  his 
Hall  secundary  in  the  quere  Sundaies  and  holydaies  at  matens, 
mass  and  evensong  within  the  Chappell  of  our  Ladie,  within  the 
saide  towne  of  Brecknocke,  and  also  kepe  our  ladies  mass  daily, 
having  sufficient  company  with  him,  with  pricked  songe,  else  to 
be  excused,  also  kepe  the  organs,  and  teach  two  children 
liinitted  by  the  bailie  their  pricked  songe  and  plaine  songe  upon 
his  own  cost  and  charge  dureing  the  said  tyme,  and  also  to  sing 
mass  at  the  Chappell  of  Saint  Kaireine  when  he  is  disposed." 

This  Sir  Thomas  ap  Hoell  became  Vicar  of  Brecon 
a  few  years  later,  when  he  succeeded  Sir  Thomas  ap 
leuan,  the  vicar  who  signed  the  agreement,  dated 
1520,  with  Robert  Salder,  last  Prior  of  the  Priory  of 
St.  John  the  Evangelist.  In  the  changes  which 
followed  the  departure  of  the  monks  and  the  aliena- 
tion of  Church  property,  St.  Catherine's  Hospital,  and 
the  lands  belonging  to  it,  were  diverted  to  secular  uses. 
The  Mass  was  no  longer  sung  before  its  altar;  no 
priest  was  set  apart  for  ministering  to  the  sick  and 
dying  who  worshipped  within  its  walls.  The  Borough 
being  in  debt  to  Edward  Games,  Esq.,  of  Newton 
(first  Recorder  of  Brecon,  and  Member  of  Parliament 
for  both  shire  and  town,  who  lies  buried  under  the 
high  altar  in  St.  John's  Church),  the  grateful  bailiff 
and  twenty-four  councillors  "  elected  and  chosen  by  all 
the  hole  towne  and  commonalitie  of  the  same  of  their 
assent  and  consent  to  order  and  governe  the  same," 
gave  the  Hospital,  and  all  the  lands  belonging  to  it,  to 
him  and  his  family,  in  reward  for  the  good  services  he 
had  rendered  the  ancient  borough. 

Hugh  Thomas,  in  his  MS.,  1698,  says  : — 

"  Within  less  than  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  town  gate  in 
the  Watton  ward  stands  a  great  barn,  called  the  Spital,of  which 
6th  bkr.,  vou  in.  17 


214  foUGOlTEN  SANCTUARIES. 

there  is  a  traditiou  and  generally  believed,  that  it  was  once  a 
hospital  and  chapel  that  belonged  to  the  noble  family  of  the 

Gameses  of  Newton St.  Catherine's  is  no  where  now  to 

be  found,  therefore  I  presume  it  must  needs  be  this  Spital,  as 
further  appeareth  by  the  font  now  to  be  seen  there,  and  pair  of 
stairs  that  lead  up  to  a  pulpit,  as  also  a  piece  of  ground  adjoining 
to  the  Spital  is  to  this  day  called  the  churchyard ;  in  which 
piece  of  ground  there  has  been  seen  standing  several  yew  trees 
l>y  persons  now  living  in  the  town,  and  within  these  ten  years 
sculls  and  other  bones  of  dead  bodies  have  been  taken  up 
here." 

There  is  yet  another  reference  to  the  Hospital  in  a 
deed,  which  was  in  the  possession  of  the  late  Rev. 
Prebendary  Herbert  Williams,  dated  November  30th, 
1749,  in  which  Sir  Humphrey  Ho warth,  of  Maeslough, 
in  the  county  of  Radnor,  Knight,  conveyed  to  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Williams,  Vicar  of  Brecon, 

"the  tithes  of  com  and  grain  arising,  growing  and  becoming  due 
within  the  Liberty,  Hamlett  and  precints  of  the  Watton, 
commonly  called  the  Spittle  or  Spital  Tythes." 

In  a  letter  written  lately  to  the  Breco7i  County  Times, 
an  "  Old  Inhabitant"  says  : 

"  That  seventy  years  ago  she  remembers  St  Catharine's  Chapel 
as  a  wheelwright's  shop.  It  had  a  very  high-pitched  roof, 
which  was  rapidly  falling  into  decay ;  there  were  steps  at  one 
end,  which,  the  wheelright  used  to  say,  led  up  to  a  pulpit  in 
old  times,  when  it  was  a  chapel.  In  a  cottage  close  by,  a  holy- 
water  stoup  was  used  as  a  hearthstone  to  receive  the  ashes. 
Behind  the  cottages  (which  from  their  high-pitched  roofs  and 
walls,  nearly  a  yard  thick,  must  have  belonged  to  the  Hospital), 
a  large  arched  well  stood  in  a  yard  (it  was  a  very  deep  one, 
and  a  workman  tried  to  tind  the  depth,  but  faQed).  It  was 
then  filled  up  with  rubbish,  the  old  barn-Uke  building  taken 
down,  and  cottages  built  on  the  site/*  * 

St.  Alud's  Chapel. — Of  the  vanished  chapels  in  this 
parish  dependent  on  the  Mother  Church  of  St  John 
the  Evangelist,  the  most  interesting  was  that  built  on 
Slwch  Tump,  to  commemorate  the  martyrdom  of  the 
Christian  Saint,  Alud,  by  a  pagan  Saxon  Prince  in  the 
fifth  century. 


POKGOITKX  SANCTUARIKS.  215 

St.  Alud  was  one  of  Brychan  Brecheiniog's  daughters 
—the  twenty-third — and  lived  at.  Ruthin,  in  Gla- 
morganshire;  this  may  have  been  Roath  or  Ruderi. 
The  chapel  stood  to  the  north  of  the  British  Camp  on 
Pencefnygaer,  about  a  mile  east  of  Brecon,  and  not  far 
from  Slwch  farmhouse. 

In  the  British  Museum  is  a  MS.^  account  by  Hugh 
Thomas,  the  Breconshire  Herald,  written  about  the 
end  of  the  seventh  century,  of  the  legends  connected 
with  the  life  of  this  saint,  which  has  not  been  pub- 
lished. Hugh  Thomas  came  of  an  old  Breconshire 
family  descended  from  Brychan.  He  was  a  Catholic, 
a  fact  which  has  nowhere  else  been  recorded  excepting 
in  this  MS.,  and  in  his  boyhood  he  passed  some  time  in 
Brecon  under  the  care  of  two  Catholic  ladies,  his 
kinswomen,  from  whom  he  learned  the  traditions 
handed  down  through  successive  generations  since  the 
departure  of  the  monks  one  hundred  and  fifty  years 
before. 

The  MS.  (in  his  quaint  but  pleasant  style)  opens  as 
follows : — 

[Only  the  spelling  has  been  altered,  and  the  punctua- 
tion— of  which  there  was  none — added.] 

"S.  Lhud,  that  is  Anger ;  she  is  commouly  called  S.  Alud  or 
Aled,  but  Giraldus  Cambrensis  calls  her  Alraedha,  who  is  the 
only  author  that  makes  any  mention  of  her ;  his  words  are 
these : — 

"  *  There  are  dispersed  through  several  provinces  of  Cambria 
many  churches  illustrated  by  the  names  of  the  children  of 
Brychan;  of  these  there  is  one  seated  on  the  top  of  a  certain 
hill  in  the  region  of  Brecknock,  not  far  from  the  principal  castle 
of  Aberhonddu,  which  is  called  the  Church  of  Saint  Almedha, 
who,  rejecting  the  marriage  of  an  earthly  prince,  and  espousing 
herself  to  the  Eternal  King,  consummated  her  life  by  a 
triumphant  martyrdom.* " 

"  But  gives  no  further  account  of  the  matter,  to  supply  which 
defect  the  country  thereabouts  gives  us  all  the  particulars, 
which  will  not  be  amiss  to  subjoin  in  this  place,  as  a  testimony 

1  Harl  MS.  4181,  Ff.  141-143. 

17 » 


216  FoROOWEN  SANCTtTAKlKS. 

of  God*s  Providence  to  preserve  the  memory  of  His  servants, 
and  the  undeniable  credit  of  the  traditions  of  the  innocent 
country  people,  which  is  thus  briefly  and  obscurely  touched  by 
authors. 

"  It  seems,  that  having  from  her  infancy  dedicated  herself 
wholly  to  the  service  of  God,  in  her  riper  years  being  violently 
pressed  by  a  young  Prince  to  marriage,  to  free  herself  from  his 
solicitations  and  those  of  her  family,  she  secretly  stole  away 
from  her  father's  house  in  a  disguise,  resolving  for  a  time  to 
conceal  herself  in  the  neighbouring  villages,  not  doubting  that 
God,  for  whose  sake  she  had  renounced  the  world,  would 
support  her.  But  behold  the  great  patience  and  victory  of  the 
lioly,  royal  maid !  All  bowels  of  human  goodness  were  shut  up 
against  her,  so  that  her  name,  Lhud  or  Anger,  seems  to  have 
been  given  her  by  Divine  inspiration  (as  well  as  those  of  all  her 
brothers  and  sisters),  anger  being  poured  out  against  her  like  a 
flood,  weight  added  to  weight,  and  burthen  to  burthen,  till  her 
life  was  taken  away  with  great  violence. 

"  The  first  place  she  retired  to  was  the  village  of  Llanddew, 
or  Trinity  Church,  about  a  mile  from  Brecknock"  [in  the  seven- 
teenth century  the  Welsh  system  of  mileage  was  still  in  use,  one 
mile  being  equal  to  two  English  of  the  present  day], "  where  she 
was  so  ill-treated,  that  fleeing  from  hence,  she  retired  to  a  village 
called  Llanfillo,  three  miles  farther,  to  live  in  greater  obscurity, 
which,  joined  with  her  poverty,  beauty  in  rags,  was  the  cause 
she  was  treated  as  a  common  thief,  who  despised  human  good  or 
riches,  but  sought  Heaven,  or  rather  God.  From  hence,  fleeing 
back  again  to  another  village  called  Llechfaen,  within  a  mile  of 
Brecknock,  where  the  former  scandals  had  reached  before  her, 
she  was  treated  with  such  scorn  and  contempt  that  nobody 
would  receive  her,  but  forced  her  to  lie  in  the  street  and  the 
liigh  road,  which  ever  since  is  called  of  her  name  in  Welsh, 
Heol  S.  Alud.  After  which  she  resolved  to  retire  to  some 
solitude,  never  more  to  converse  with  mortals;  and  such  a 
solitude  she  found  upon  a  hill  called  the  Slwch,  now  Penginger 
Wall  (a  corruption  of  Pencefhygaer),  near  the  town  of  Brecknock, 
which  W61S  then  overgrown  with  wood.  Here,  that  she  might 
receive  no  further  insults,  she  desired  the  Lord  of  the  Manor  to 
give  her  leave  to  dwell,  which  was  very  courteously  granted, 
with  a  promise  of  other  charity,  upon  which  she  there  built 
her  a  little  cell  or  oratory,  and  was  used  often  to  go  down  to 
the  Castle  of  the  Slwch,  to  beg  her  bread,  where  she  was  very 
hospitably  relieved,  for  which  she  prayed  that  the  Blessing  of 
God  and  plenty  might  always  be  there. 

"  When  her  thoughts  were  settled  in  a  little  tranquility  after 


if 


POROOTT EN  SANCTUARIES.  217 

all  these  storms,  by  way  of  prophecy  she  said :  That  by  the 
secret  judgment  of  God  a  chastisement  would  rest  on  the  village 
of  Llanddew  for  the  injuries  done  to  her ;  that  the  village  of 
Uanfillo  should  be  plagued  with  thieves,  as  they  are  to  this  day 
above  all  others,  and  the  village  of  Llechfaen  with  envy,  as 
indeed  they  are  almost  continually  in  contention  and  law  with 
one  another. 

"  But  this  sweetness  did  not  last  long,  nor  could  any  place 
give  her  security  from  the  persecutions  of  our  common  enemy, 
the  Devil,  for  the  fame  of  her  great  patience  and  piety  beginning 
to  be  reported  in  the  neighbourhood,  her  importunate  lover, 
impatient  to  know  if  it  were  his  lost  mistress,  went  to  her 
retirement  to  see,  where,  finding  her  alone  at  prayers,  a  violent 
fear  surprised  her  soul  at  the  danger  of  the  place  and  person,  so 
that  she  thought  to  flee  down  to  the  Lord's  house  at  the  bottom 
[of  the  hill],  which  the  young  Prince  perceiving,  mad  with  rage 
and  despair,  pursues  her,  and  cuts  off  her  head,  which,  rolling  a 
little  down  the  hill,  a  clear  spring  of  water  issued  out  of  the 
rock,  where  it  rested.  This  being  presently  known,  she  was 
taken  up  and  buried  in  her  own  little  cottage,  which  was  there- 
upon turned  into  a  chapel,  and  the  secret  history  of  her  life  by 
this  cruel  death  revealed  to  the  whole  world,  and  her  innocency 
made  to  outshine  the  sun,  God  working  many  miracles  by  her 
intercessions,  in  testimony  of  His  great  favour  for  her,  in  the 
eyes  of  all  those  who  so  much  injured  her.  I  take  the  following 
account  from  Giraldus  : — 

" '  The  day  of  her  solemnity  is  every  year  celebrated  in  the 
same  place  the  first  of  August ;  whereto  great  numbers  of  devout 
people  from  far  distant  parts  use  to  assemble,  and  by  the  merits 
of  that  holy  virgin  receive  their  desired  health  from  divers 
infirmities.  One  special  thing  usually  happening  on  the  solem- 
nity of  this  blessed  virgin,  seems  to  me  very  remarkable,  for  you 
may  often  see  there  young  men  and  maids,  sometimes  in  the 
church,  sometimes  in  the  churchyard,  and  sometimes  while  they 
are  dancing  in  an  even  ground  encompassing  it,  fall  down  on  a 
sudden  to  the  ground.  At  first  they  lie  quiet,  as  if  they  were 
rapt  in  an  ecstasy,  but  presently  they  will  leap  up,  as  if  posses- 
sed with  a  frenzy,  and  both  with  their  hands  and  feet  before  the 
people  they  will  represent  whatsoever  servile  works  they  unlaw- 
fully performed  upon  Feast  days  of  the  Church.  One  will  walk 
as  if  he  were  holding  the  plough,  another  as  if  he  were  driving 
the  oxen  with  a  goad,  and  both  of  them  in  the  meantime  singing 
some  rude  tune,  as  if  to  ease  their  toil.  One  will  act  the  trade 
of  a  shoemaker,  another  of  a  tanner,  a  third  of  one  that  is 
spinning.    Here  you   may  see  a  maid  busily  weaving,  and 


218  PORGOTTEN  SANCTHAKIKS. 

expressing  all  the  postures  usual  in  that  work.  After  which  all 
being  brought  with  offerings  unto  the  altar,  you  would  be 
astonished  to  see  how  suddenly  they  will  return  to  their  senses 
again. 

"  *  Hereby  through  God's  mercy,  who  rejoices  rather  in  the 
conversion  than  destruction  of  sinners,  it  is  certain  that  very 
many  have  been  corrected,  and  induced  to  observe  the  holy 
Feasts  with  great  devotion/  *' 

Giraldus  Cambrensis,  Archdeacon  of  Brecon/  was 
residing  at  this  time  at  Llanddew,  and  wrote  as  an 
eye-witness  of  the  miracles  he  records.  Hugh  Thomas 
was  not  correct  in  saying  Giraldus  was  the  only  author 
who  makes  any  mention  of  St.  Alud,  for  William  of 
Worcester,  a  fifteenth-century  antiquary  [B.  1415], 
has  an  entry  in  his  Itinerary  of  which  the  following  is 
a  translation  : — 

"  S.  Alud^  Vii^in  and  Martyr,  one  of  the  24  daughters  of  the 
Ruler  of  Brecknock  in  Wales  at  24  miles  west  of  Hereford, 
sleeps  in  the  church  of  cloistered  virgins  in  the  town  of  Usk, 
and  was  martyred  on  a  mound  at  one  mile  from  Brecknock, 
whence  a  spring  [or  well]  arose,  and  the  stone  where  she  was 
beheaded  there  remains  ;  and  as  often  as  anyone  in  honour  of 
GOD  and  the  said  Saint  shall  say  the  Lord's  Prayer,  or  shall 
drink  of  the  water  of  said  fount,  he  shall  find  at  his  will  a 
woman's  hair  of  the  said  Saint  upon  the  stone  by  a  huge 
miracle. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  she  was  buried  here  on 
the  spot  where  she  was  martyred,  and  not  at  Usk. 

This  legend  bears  a  remarkable  resemblance  to  the 
story  of  St.  Winifred's  life ;  but  our  saint  cannot  be 
accused  of  plagiarism,  as  she  suffered  two  hundred 
years  before  the  North- Welsh  saint. 

The  infuriated  lover,  the  beheading,  the  spring  of 
water  bursting  forth  where  the  saint's  head  rested,  are 
all  similar  ;  but  St.  Alud's  end  was  final,  whilst  St. 
Winifred,  by  a  miracle,  lived  for  fifteen  years  after 
her  decapitation. 

Canon   Jessop   tells   us   that,    "  in   the   thirteenth 

1  B.  1146— D.  1223. 


FORGOTTEN  SANCTUARIES.  219 

century  the  Lives  of  the  Saints  became  very  different 
in  tone  from  what  they  had  been  in  the  earlier  ages  ; 
they  were  overloaded  with  fabulous  stories  and  in- 
credible incidents,  which  were  not  for  edification/' 

The  earliest  mention  we  find  of  St.  Alud's  "  little 
chapel"  is  in  a  grant  made  by  Bernard,  the  Norman 
Bishop  of  St.  David's  1116-1149,  to  the  Prior  and 
Convent  of  Brecon,  of  *'  The  Chapel  of  Saint  Haellide 
ex  nostra  proprio  dono'^  (of  our  own  gift,  a  free-will 
offering). 

In  a  document,  dated  July  5th,  1152,  David  Fitz- 
gerald, Bishop  of  St.  David's,  at  the  petition  of  Ralph 
the  Prior  and  the  whole  Convent,  confirms  to  them 
the  Church  of  St.  Aissilde  granted  them  by  his 
predecessor. 

In  the  agreement  between  the  last  Prior,  Robert 
Salder,  and  the  Vicar  of  Brecon,  Sir  Thomas  ap  leuan, 
in  1520,  whilst  the  parish  church  and  other  chapels 
belonging  to  it  were  made  over  to  the  Vicar,  the 
Prior  excepted  the  "  Chapel  of  Saint  Eylet  with  all  the 
tythes,  offerings^  and  emoluments  belonging  to  it,"  on 
the  condition,  that  the  said  Prior  and  Convent  and 
their  successors  should  cause  all  Sacraments  and 
Sacramentals  to  be  administered  within  the  aforesaid 
Chapel.  It  appears  from  the  care  taken  to  confirm 
the  possession  of  this  Chapel,  that  it  was  of  some 
importance.  The  Welsh  Princess  was  evidently  a 
popular  Saint,  and  the  miracles  attracted  the  pilgrims, 
who  brought  their  gifts  and  offerings  to  leave  before 
the  altar. 

In  the  Augmentation  Office,  in  a  roll  of  the  "Surveys 
of  the  possessions^  in  Breconshire  of  the  religious 
houses  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  forfeited  to  the 
Crown,"  the  following  occurs  :  '*  Possessions  on  the 
Dissolution The  Curate's  stipend  for  cele- 
brating Divine  Service  in  the  Chapel  of  St.  Alice  in 
the  parish  of  Brecknock."  Theophilus  Jones  was  of 
opinion  that  this  was  the  same  building  as  St.  Alud's 
dhapeL 


220  FORGOTTEN  SANCTUARIKS. 

In  the  Inquisitio  post-mortem  of  Thomas  James, 
Lord  of  Slwch,  1551,  his  manor  is  described  as  Slwch 
and  Saint  Aylett,  or  Haylett. 

From  the  site  of  the  chapel,  at  a  short  distance, 
can  be  seen  Alexanderstone  farm,  which  Theophilus 
Jones  suggests  (vol.  ii,  p.  151)  may  be  a  corruption  of 
Alud  or  Alyned-stone ;  in  that  case  it  may,  before  the 
Reformation,  have  belonged  to  this  chapel. 

The  Saint's  name  is  variously  written  AJud,  Aled, 
and  Elyned ;  but  Hugh  Thomas  doubtless  gives  the 
local  pronunciation  of  his  time  when  he  says  :  "  A 
Chapel  of  Ease  called  by  the  people  thereabouts 
St.  Taylad."  This  is  an  interesting  instance  of  the 
final  •*  t"  of  saint  being  joined  to  a  name  beginning 
with  a  vowel,  as  it  marks  the  same  corrupt  usage 
which  has  made  such  words  as  "  tawdry*'  and  "  Tooley 
Street"  so  familiar  in  English  annals.  These  words 
sprang,  of  course,  from  "  Saint  Audrey"  [Etheldreda 
of  Ely],  and  from  ''  Saint  Olave,"  or  Olaf  the  Dane, 
by  a  process  of  popular  elision  exactly  similiar. 

To  return  to  Hugh  Thomas'  (who  believed  as  firmly 
in  the  "Fate  of  Sacrilege"  as  ever  did  Sir  Henry 
Spelman)  MS. : 

"  But  since  this  general  profanation  of  all  holy  Feasts,  and 
the  destruction  of  her  Church  and  Altar,  where  she  relieved 
those,  whom  she  chastised,  this  miracle  has  cea3ed,  but  not  her 
indignation  or  anger ;  for  Mr.  James  Thomas,  now  Lord  of  the 
Slwch,  who  gave  me  this  tradition  of  the  Saint's  safFerings  and 
martyrdom,  told  me  this  Church  was  under  the  protection  of 
the  monks  of  the  Priory  of  Brecknock,  and  that  there  was 
settled  upon  a  Priest,  for  saying  Divine  Service  there,  two 
meadows  adjoining  to  the  north  side  of  the  Churchyard,  and  his 
dinner  every  Sunday  at  the  Priory  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist, 
and  a  can  of  beer  every  day.  When  Religion  went  to  rack,  and 
the  land  of  the  Priory  sold  in  the  time  of  King  Henry  VIII, 
this  went  off  amongst  the  rest,  and  the  Church  stript  of  all  its 
Ornaments  and  Pastor,  and  left  to  tumble  to  the  ground. 
Therefore  in  the  time  of  the  Parliament's  Rebellion  against 
King  Charles  I,  his  father,  Thomas  James,  of  Slwch,  made  it  a 
bam,  and  built  a  beast-house  at  the  end  of  it,  till  he  found 
himself  almost  ruined  by  an  insensible  decay  of  fortune  {or  the 


F0K60TTEN  SANCTUARIBS.  221 

panishment  of  his  sacrilege,  and  that  the  family  had  never 
prospered  since ;  that  therefore  he  cleaned  it  out,  and  left  it 
empty,  pulled  down  the  beast-house,  and  often  promised  to 
repair  the  Chapel,  but  the  top  is  now  quite  fallen  to  the 
ground,  and  the  walls  will  shortly  follow  it.  To  this  place  the 
young  people  of  the  town  did  use  to  come  every  May  Day,  and 
have  many  sports  and  diversions,  I  suppose  from  an  abuse  of  a 
devout  custom  of  visiting  the  Church  in  former  times,  but  this 
is  now  quite  laid  aside.  The  laud,  for  maintaining  a  Priest  to 
say  Mass  in  it,  is  now  in  the  possession  of  Sir  Edward  Williams, 
Knt.,  of  Gwernyfed." 

It  was  a  common  belief  that  a  curse  fell  on  those 
who  touched  Church  property.  When  Stukeley 
visited  Glastonbury  in  1776,  he  says  '}  '*  I  observed 
frequent  instances  of  the  townsmen  being  generally 
afraid  to  make  such  purchases  [of  stone  from  the  ruins  J, 
as  thinking  an  unlucky  fate  attends  the  family  where 
these  materials  are  used,  and  they  told  me  many 
stories  and  particular  instances  of  it." 

In  an  old  map  in  the  writer's  possession  (of  a 
property  belonging  to  her  in  the  parish  of  Llanham- 
lach).  one  field  is  called  '*  Close  S.  Ailed."  This  may 
have  been  land  given  towards  the  maintenance  of  the 
chapel,  or  it  may  have  been  the  place  to  which  the 
saint  fled  on  being  refused  shelter  at  Llechfaen.  No 
Heol  S.  Alud  can  be  traced  at  the  present  time.  The 
chapel  once  standing  at  Llechfaen  may  have  been 
dedicated  to  her. 

A  charming  sonnet  on  St.  Elyned  was  written  by 
the  late  Mr.  John  Lloyd  of  Dinas :  a  poet  who  was 
worthy  of  the  wider  fame  which  he  has  missed. 

Elyned. 

<'  Fair  Elyned,  this  window  doth  coramand 
A  low  flat  hill,  whereon  tradition  says 
Thy  life  was  freely  rendered,  in  the  days 
When  yet  the  cross  on  this  benighted  land 
Had  feeble  hold,  by  persecntion's  hand 
Fiercely  assailed  :  oh  !  while  secure  we  raise 
Temple  and  altar,  well  becomes  as  praise, 
And  reoolleotions  of  the  martyr  band  : 

^  Itinerarium  Curiosum^  Iter.  VI » 


222  FORGOTTEN  SANCTUARIBS. 

Nor  least  of  thee,  for  of  a  prinoely  race, 

And  sex  ill-form 'd  snch  pang  to  undergo, 

That  thoQ  hast  won  in  history  a  place 

Is  proof  thy  spirit  qnaii'd  not  from  the  blow. 

Would  that  the  conquerors  of  the  earth  could  trace 

Such  proud  escutcheon,  such  desert  might  shew.*' 

John  Lloyd,  of  Dinas. 

St.  Alud's  Chapel  is  a  little  more  than  one  mile 
from  the  town  of  Brecon,  and  is  reached  by  Cerrig- 
cochion  Lane,  which,  as  its  name  suggests,  is  a  rugged 
walk  cut  in  the  red  rock,  overhung  with  oaks  and 
hazels,  bordered  with  blackberry  brambles  and  ferns 
and  harebells.  This  ancient  "  Pilgrims'  Way"  leads  to 
the  site  of  the  chapel,  and  was  the  "  St.  EUan  Layne" 
mentioned  in  an  account  of  the  revenue  of  the  Priory, 
28  Hen.  VIII.  It  was  the  direct  route  from  St.  Alud's, 
by  what  is  now  Wellington  Place  and  King  Street 
to  the  Monastery.  The  land  now  belongs  to  Lord 
Tredegar,  and  on  the  Ordnance  Map  is  marked  as 
'*site  of  St.  Elyned's  Chapel."  Sir  Richard  Colt 
Hoare  visited  the  spot  one  hundred  years  ago,  and 
was  able  to  trace  some  small  vestiges  of  the  building. 

To-day  the  spot  may  be  identified  by  a  fine  old  yew 
tree,  about  6  ft.  in  diameter,  spreading  its  branches 
over  a  well,  now  almost  choked  by  mud  and  weeds. 
The  following  is,  an  account  of  a  visit  paid  to  the 
Saint's  shrine  a  few  years  ago,  by  Mr.  Butcher  and 
Mr.  Greorge  Hay,  of  this  town  : — 

<'  On  ascending  from  the  well  to  the  hedge  there  is  a  small 
mound,  and  on  its  summit  may  clearly  be  traced  an  oblong 
square,  on  which  "  Capel  St.  Alud"  once  stood.  The  spot  is  now 
completely  grass-covered,  and  not  even  a  solitary  stone  appears 
above  the  surface.  At  a  short  distance  is  what  might  have  been 
the  churchyard ;  there  are  clusters  of  plants  growing  in  it  at 
irregular  intervals,  with  leaves  resembling  the  common  sorel, 
and  these,  according  to  tradition,  mark  out  the  graves  of  those 
who  were  buried  here.  On  leaving  the  field,  and  taking  the 
lane  in  the  direction  of  Slwch  farm-house,  we  noticed  that  many 
of  the  stones,  forming  a  wall  on  the  right  side  of  the  lane, 
were  dressed,  and  we  were  informed  that  these  had  been  taken 
from  the  ruins  of  the  adjoining  church     Mr.  Geoi^ge  Hay  hers 


FOKGOTl'EN  SANOTQARIES.  223 

discovered  two  very  interesting  stones,  one  in  which  a  groove 
was  cut  for  fastening  the  hinge  of  a  door.  On  reaching  Slwch 
farm-house,  a  dressed  stone  that  had  been  removed  from  the 
wall  in  the  lane,  and  now  used  as  a  curb-stone  for  the  fold-yard, 
was  pointed  out  to  ns.  It  was  originally  the  ciU-stone  of  a 
window,  neatly  chamfered,  and  formed  the  base  of  the  muUion. 

If  some  of  our  local  antiquaries  could  be  persuaded  to 

undertake  the  work  of  making  excavations  on  the  site  of  St 
Elyned's,  some  interesting  information  might  be  obtained." 

So,  to-day,  not  one  stone  is  left  upon  another  to  tell 
us  of  the  faith  and  devotion  of  a  past  age.  A  yew- 
tree  alone  marks  the  spot  where  the  sainted  martyr 
gave  her  soul  to  Grod  ;  a  green  mound  alone  recalls  the 
memory  of  the  chants  of  praise  and  prayer,  which, 
ascending  to  Heaven  through  the  long  centuries, 
broke  the  silence  of  that  lonely  height. 

Priest  and  chapel,  and  the  local  veneration  of  the 
Saint,  have  passed  away ;  but,  standing  on  this  holy 
ground,  we  may  lift  our  eyes  to  the  eternal  hills  and 
remember,  that  the  Faith  once  delivered  to  the  saints 
is  still  ours,  and  is  of  the  things  which  abide  for  ever. 


224 


NOTE  ON 

A    PERFORATED    STONE    AXE -HAMMER 
FOUND  IN  PEMBROKESHIRE. 

BY  J.  ROMILLY  ALLEN,  ESQ.,  F.8.A. 

My  attention  was  first  called  to  the  existence  of  the 
perforated  stone  axe-hammer  which  forms  the  subject 
of  the  following  note,  by  Mr.  Edward  Laws,  F.S.A., 
the  learned  author  of  Little  England  beyond  Wales. 
In  the  work  just  referred  to,  Mr.  Laws  describes  the 


Fig.  1. — Perforated  Stone  Axe- Hammer  from  Llamrhian,  Pembrokeshire. 
Scale,  \  linear. 

axe-hammer  in  question  as  having  been  found  near  the 
Longhouse  cromlech  in  North  Pembrokeshire.  When 
the  members  of  the  Cambrian  Archaeological  Associa- 
tion visited  the  Longhouse  cromlech  during  the  Fish- 
guard Meeting  in  1883,  the  possessor  of  the  axe- 
hammer,  who  lived  in  the  neighbourhood,  exhibited 
it  at  the  cromlech,  and  Mr.  Worthington  G.  Smith 
made  a  drawing  of  it  which  is  now  in  the  volumes 
of  his  sketches^  in  the  Shrewsbury  Museum  and 
Library.  After  this,  it  appears  to  have  been  lost 
sight  of,  and  it  was  not  until  the  end  of  last  year 
(1902)  that  I  ascertained  its  whereabouts.     The  axe- 

1  Vol.  V,  p.  205. 


PERFOKATED  stone  AXE-HAMliJKH. 


225 


hammer  is  Daw  in  the  possession  of  Mrs.  MarycHurch, 
of  Cardiff;  and  it  is  my  pleasant  duty  now  to  thank 
her,  in  the  name  of  the  Association,  for  her  kindness  in 
allowing  this  remarkably  beautiful  little  object  to  be 
illustrated  in  the  ArchcBologia  Camhrensis, 


Fig.  2.— Perforated  Stone  Axe-Hammer  from  Llanrhian,  Pembrokeshire. 
Scale,  \  linear. 

Whilst  the  axe-hammer  was  temporarily  lent  to  me 
to  be  photographed,  I  took  it  to  the  Museum  of  Practical 
Geology,  in  Jermyn  Street,  London,  to  find  out  what 
material  it  was  made  of.  The  courteous  Curator,  after 
submitting   it   for  inspection  to  his  petrologist  (who 


Fig.  8. — Perforated  Stone  Axe  Hammer  from  Llanrhian,  Pembrokeshire. 
Scale,  }  linear. 

kindly  refrained  from  knocking  a  chip  off  it),  informed 
me  that  it  was  of  diorite,  a  very  hard  volcanic  rock 
composed  of  hornblende  and  feldspar;  or,  in  other 
words,  granite  without  any  quartz  in  it. 

The  hammer-axe  is  3  ins.  long  by  1^  in.  wide  by 
1^  in.  deep  at  the  axe  end,  1^  in.  deep  at  the  hammer 
end,  and  |  in.  deep  at  the  socket,  which  is  not  in  the 


226 


PBRPORATkD  STOiNK  aXE-HAMMEK 


middle  of  the  length.  The  socket-hole  for  the  handle 
is  f  in.  in  diameter  at  the  top,  f  in.  in  diameter  at 
the  bottom,  and  ^  in.  in  diameter  at  the  narrowest 
part. 

The  surface  is  beautifully  polished,  and  feels  smooth 


Fig.  4* — Perforated  Stone  Axe- Hammer  from  Llanrhian,  Pembrokeshire. 
Scale,  { linear. 

and  almost  greasy  to  the  touch.  The  mottled  colour 
is  produced  by  the  black  grains  of  hornblende  and  the 
yellowish- white  grains  of  feldspar. 

The  description  of  the  object  given  in  Mr.  Edward 


Fig.  5. — Perforated  Stone  Axe- Hammer  from  Llanrhian,  Pembrokeshire. 
{Drawn  by  Miss  Katherine  QmoaU  in  1884.) 

Laws's   Little  England  beyond   Wales   (p.    17),  is  as 
follows : — 

"This  is  an  exceedingly  pretty  diabase  perforated  axe,  so 
small  and  so  beautiful  that  it  almost  looks  as  if  it  had  been  an 
ornamental  appendage.  It  was  found  in  a  stone  coffin  (or  cist), 
which,  is  not  very  clear.  It  was  accompanied  by  a  coin  of  some 
sort,  and  of  course  it  was  only  placed  as  a  charm  or  what-not  in 


FOtJNt)  IN  PteMBROKlESHlKl!).  227 

a  comparatively  recent  grave.     This  tomb  was  near  the  great 
cromlech  of  Long  Housa" 

Mr.  Laws  appears  to  have  been  misinformed,  for  the 
present  possessor  of  the  object,  Mrs.  Marychurch, 
assured  me  in  a  letter  dated  September  13th,  1902, 
that— 

"  The  hammer  I  have  was  not  found  near  the  Long  House 
cromlech,  but  in  a  stone  coffin  dug  up  from  the  land  of  my 
grandfather,  Mr.  John  Williams,  of  Trearched  in  Llanrhian 
parish." 

I  wrote  again  to  Mrs.  Marychurch,  asking  her 
whether  the  stone  coffin  in  question  was  the  one  dis- 
covered by  R.  Fenton,  the  historian  of  Pembrokeshire, 


Fig.  6. — Perforated  Stone  Axe-Hammer  from  Llanrhian,  Pembrokeshire. 
{Reproduced  from  R.  Fenton  s  "History  of  Pembrokeshire") 

in   the    Beacon    tumulus    in    1805,   and    received   the 
following  reply  : — 

"  I  think  you  are  quite  right  in  your  surmise.  1  have  just 
had  a  conversation  with  my  cousin,  who  is  a  contemporary  of 
mine,  and  she  well  remembers,  as  I  do,  the  legend  connected  with 
the  hammer.  It  was  found  about  the  date  mentioned  (1805), 
in  a  stone  coffin.  My  grandfather  had  been  blasting  the  rock 
you  mention  (The  Beacon),  for  the  purpose  of  getting  stones  for 
repairing  the  hedges,  etc.  There  was  no  body  in  the  coffin,  but 
the  little  hammer  was  there,  and  a  coin,  which  I  think  was  a 
sort  of  penny.  I  think  my  sister  has  it.  I  will  make  inquiries, 
but  I  am  quite  certain  in  my  own  mind  that  the  little  hammer- 
axe  is  the  one  referred  to  by  Mr.  Fenton.  There  has  never 
been  one  found  near  the  Long  House  cromlech." 

Next  we  have  the  account  of  the  opening   of  the 


228  PKUFORATBD  STONB  AXK-HAMMI£R 

Beucoij   tumulus,  given  by  Fenton  in  his  History  oj 
Pembrokeshire,  pp.  32  to  34. 

"  More  westward,  at  the  back  of  a  farm  called  Tref  Ednyfed, 
there  is  an  earth  work  known  by  the  name  of  Castell  Hafod,  or 
the  caxtle  of  the  summer  residence,  which,  from  its  form  and 
site  facing  the  north,  I  am  inclined  to  think  was  a  Gadru,m 
cBstivum  of  the  Romans ;  the  Roman  road  from  Loventium  to 
Menapia,  however  obscured,  and  by  some  disputed,  from  being 
miscalled,  and  variously  called,  by  the  names  of  Via  Flandrica, 
Hen  fordd,  or  the  old  way  ;  Fordd  y  Lladron,  the  thieves*  way ; 
and  Fordd  Helen,  being  in  several  places  to  be  traced,  not  above 
two  miles  to  the  south  of  this  encampment.  In  a  small  field 
above  it  are  many  of  those  stone  enclosures  denominated  CSst- 
,  vaen  ;^  and,  still  more  southward,  is  an  ancient  tumulus,  or,  as 
the  country  people  erroneously  term  it,  a  beacon,  which,  in 
company  with  my  friends,  Major  and  Captain  Harries,  of  Cry- 
gl&s,  who  politely  contributed  evQvy  assistance  to  give  fadhty 
to  my  researches,  I  opened  on  Saturday,  August  3rd,  1805. 
Over  the  centre  of  the  tumulus  ran  a  boundary  hedge,  to  make 
which,  much  of  the  height  had  been  lowered,  and  its  shape 
rendered  very  irregular.  We  made  our  opening  as  near  the 
middle  as  the  hedge  would  admit  of ;  and,  after  taking  away 
the  earth  and  the  sods  on  the  surface,  found  large  stones  placed 
round  in  form  of  a  cone ;  some  loads  of  which  removed,  we 
came  to  the  natural  soil,  having  discovered  nothing  indicative 
of  interment  but  a  few  bits  of  charcoal.  There  was  a  great  deal 
of  blueish  clay  intermixed  with  the  stones,  that  must  have  been 
brought  from  some  distance,  the  soil  here  being  of  an  opposite 
quality — very  light  and  dry.  However,  not  discouraged  by  our 
ill  success  on  one  side  of  the  hedge,  we  began  our  operations  on 
the  other ;  proceeding  but  slowly,  as  we  came  to  an  immense 
stone,  visibly  extending  in  length  six  feet,  and  lost  under  the 
hedge.  It  seemed  plaistered,  and,  as  it  were,  cemented  to  the 
stones  it  covered,  with  the  same  kind  of  clay  we  found  on 
the  opposite  side.     The  gentleman  farmer,  on  whose  ground  it 

^  '^CistvaeD,  Englished,  literally  a  stone  cheat;  whenever  it  oocors 
in  the  following  pages,  is  intended  to  signify  that  simple  species 
of  sepulchre,  consisting  of  an  oblong  enclosure,  formed  of  coarse 
side  and  end  flag^  with  an  incumbent  stone  of  great  weight  by 
way  of  lid.  Yarioas  are  the  uses  which  autiqaariee  ascribe  to 
them,  merely  on  the  ground  of  conjecture ;  bnt  I  presume  I  may 
boldly  pronounce  them  all  sepulchral,  having  opened  many  of  the 
most  perfect  ones,  and  found  them,  from  their  contents,  invariably 
of  that  character." 


FOUND  IN  PEMBROKESHIRE.  229 

was,  lent  his  assistance,  and  the  work  went  on  for  a  little  time 
more  spiritedly;  yet,  night  coming  on,  obliged  us  to  desist. 
On  Monday  morning  the  operations  were  renewed  with  addi- 
tional powers,  and  the  obstacle  to  our  discovery  got  rid  of : 
namely,  the  incumbent  stone  eight  feet  ten  inches  long  and 
Yery  thick,  covering  a  Cistvaen  four  feet  and  a-half  long,  two 
feet  four  inches  broad,  and  two  feet  deep,  containing  nothing 
but  the  finest  dry  mould,  interspersed — as  an  ingenious  medical 
gentleman  then  present  fancied  —  with  some  very  minute 
particles  of  a  substance  like  bone.  The  sides  of  this  primitive 
sarcophagus  were  formed  of  two  large  clegyr^  stones,  un- 
conscious of  any  tool,  only  with  their  inner  faces  naturally 
rather  smooth,  the  ends  of  two  large  coarse  flags,  and  the 
bottom  paved  with  smaller  of  the  same  kind.  Adhering  to  the 
clay  amongst  the  earth — thrown  out  some  days  after — were 
discovered  a  small  stone  hatchet  of  the  same  shape  and  size  as 
that  represented  (Plate  I,  No.  3  of  *  Antiquities'),,  and  a  small 
circular  stone,  of  a  species  easily  hewn,  with  a  hole  in  the 
centre,  and  a  few  marks  on  one  side  something  like  numerals. 
The  hatchet,  though  perforated  to  admit  of  a  handle,  was  too 
small,  and  the  edge  too  blunt  to  be  used  as  a  warlike  weapon, 
and  was  most  likely  worn  as  an  amulet  or  an  ornament,  being 
composed  of  a  species  of  marble  or  inferior  gem,  known  by  the 
name  of  Lapis  nephriticits  Oermanorum^  clouded  with  different 
colours,  and  interspersed  with  small  black  specks  of  a  metallic 
substance,  with  its  surface — though  smooth — incapable  of  a 
bright  polish,  from  an  inherent  oiliness  it  possesses.  The 
circular  stone — several  of  which  I  have  in  my  possession  of 
different  sizes — is  found  all  over  the  country,  and,  seemingly, 
the  general  concomitant  of  sepulchral  rites." 

To  make  the  extracts  we  have  given  intelligible  to 
the  reader,  it  may  be  as  well  to  explain  exactly  where 

^  "  Clegyr,  in  the  Welsh  language,  is  a  rock ;  but,  in  Pembroke- 
flliire,  almost  generally,  yet  chiefly  in  the  English  parts  of  it,  it  is 
used  as  an  adjanct  to  describe  any  large  fragment  of  coarse  stone 
which  has  not  been  wrought  into  form  by  the  art  of  man." 

^  '^  This  is  a  stone  foand  in  several  parts  of  Germany,  particularly 
Bohemia ;  but  it  abounds  in  South  America,  which  the  Indians 
work  into  various  forms,  as  those  of  little  pillars,  fish,  heads  and 
beaks  of  birds — always  perforated.  The  Brasilians  suspend  them 
bj  their  lips.  Boot,  in  his  book,  De  Gemmis^  gives  a  description 
of  this  stone,  agreeing  with  the  appearance  of  that  which  this  little 
hatchet  is  composed  of:  '  Plernmque  ex  viridi,  albo,  csaruleo  et 
nigro  oolore  mixtio  est — semperenim  superficies  pingas  quasi  oleo 
innncta  esset  videtur.' " 

6fH  BkB.,  VOL.  U(.  18 


230  PBUFORATED  STOKB  AXE-HAMMER 

the  different  localities  are  situated  relatively  to  Llan- 
rbian,  near  which  they  all  lie.  Llanrhian  is  on  the 
road  from  St.  David's  to  Fishguard,  and  is  seven  miles 
north-east  of  the  former  place.  It  is  a  mile  from  the 
north  coast  of  Pembrokeshire,  and  the  Via  Flandrica 
runs  within  a  mile  of  it  to  the  southward. 

The  Beacon  is  marked  on  the  Ordnance  Map  (scale 
1  in.  to  the  mile,  Old  Survey,  Sheet  40  N.W.),  at  a 
point  1  mile  east  of  Llanrhian.  It  is  also  shown  on  the 
Ordnance  Map  (scale  6  ins.  to  the  mile,  Pembrokeshire, 
Sheet  15  N.W.)  on  the  division  between  two  fields,  as 
described  by  Fenton,  immediately  south  of  the  road 
from  Llanrhian  to  Mathry.  The  word  " Beacon"  does  not 
appear  on  the  6-in.  Ordnance  Map,  but  the  name  seems 
to  survive  in  Bickny,  a  house  close  to  the  tumulus  to 
the  westward.  It  is  on  high  ground,  being  300  ft. 
above  the  sea,  although  only  a  mile  from  the  coast. 

Treyarched  Farm,  where  Mrs.  Marychurch  s  grand- 
father (from  whom  she  inherited  the  stone  axe-hammer) 
lived,  is  half  a  mile  south  of  the  Beacon,  and  a  mile 
south-east  of  Llanrhian. 

The  Long  House  cromlech^  is  two  and  a-half  miles 
north-east  of  Llanrhian,  and  about  two  miles  north-east 
of  the  Beacon. 

Tref  Ednyfed,  mentioned  by  Fenton,  is  close  to 
Llanrhian  on  the  east,  and  on  the  way  to  the  Beacon, 
but  the  earthwork  called  Castell-Hafoa  does  not  appear 
to  be  marked  either  on  the  1-in.  or  the  6-in.  Ordnance 
Map. 

From  what  has  now  been  said  there  can  be  no 
reasonable  doubt  that  the  hammer-axe  belonging  to 
Mrs.  Marychurch  is  the  one  described  by  Fenton  as 
having  been  found  in  the  earth  taken  from  inside  the 
cist  under  the  Beacon  tumulus.  It  is  highly  improb- 
able that  two  axe-hammers,  so  nearly  corresponding  in 
size  and  character  as  the  one  illustrated  and  described 
by   Fenton    and   the  one   now   in   the   possession  of 

^  Described  and  illostrated  in  ArckcBologia  CambrensiSy  4th  Ser^ 
▼ol.  iii,  p.  140. 


FOUND  IN  PEMBROKRSHIRE.  231 

Mrs.  Marychurch,  should  have  been  discovered  within 
two  or  three  miles  of  each  other.  The  illustration 
made  for  Fenton  by  J.  Basire,  and  published  in  1809, 
is  evidently  drawn  the  same  size  as  the  original,  and 
corresponds  exactly,  both  in  size  and  shape,  with 
Mra.  Marychurch's  axe-hammer. 

Sir  William  Wilde,  in  his  Catalogue  of  the  Antiqui- 
ties in  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy^  p.  79, 
divides  the  perforated  stone  hammers  and  hammer-axes 
found  in  Ireland  into  the  following  five  classes  : — 

(1)  Celt-shaped,  with  a  cutting  edge  at  one  end  and  rounded 
at  the  other  end,  and  having  the  hole  for  the  handle  nearer  one 
end  than  the  other. 

(2)  Like  the  first  variety,  but  narrower,  and  with  the  hole  in 
the  centre. 

(3)  Egg-shaped,  with  both  ends  rounded  and  the  hole  in 
the  centre. 

(4)  Maul-shaped,  with  the  hole  nearly  in  the  centre. 

(5)  Stone  battle-axes  or  axe-hammers,  with  a  cutting  edge  at 
one  end  and  the  other  end  rounded ;  deeper  at  the  ends  than  in 
the  centre,  and  having  the  hole  nearer  one  end  than  the  other. 

The  stone  axe-hammer  from  the  Beacon  tumulus 
belongs  to  the  last  of  these  classes. 

The  following  list  shows  the  number  of  instances  in 
which  perforated  stone  axe-hammers  have  been  found 
with  sepulchral  remains. 

List  of  Pkbfobatbd  Stone  Axe-Hammers  found  in  Barrows  in 
Great  Britain. 

Shetland. 
Locality  not  given.     (4  ins.  long,  found  in  a  barrow) — J.  Anderson's  Scotland  in 
Pagan  Ttmei  ;  Bronze  ana  Stone  AgeSy  p.  309. 

Orkney, 
Whitehall,  Stronsay  (found  in  barrow) — Scotland  in  Pagan  Times  ;  Bronze  and 
Stone  Agesy'p.  807. 

Caithness. 
Ormiegill,  Ulbeter.     (4  ins.  long  ;  found  in  a  homed  cairn  with  Neolithic  imple- 
ments)— Scotland  in  Pagan  Times;  Bronze  and  Stone  Ages^  p.  246. 
Breckingo,  Thrumster.    (5  ins.  long  ;  found  whilst  demolishing  chambered  cairn  ; 
no  burial  recorded) — Proe.  Soe.  Ant,  Scot.^  vol.  xxix,  p.  6. 

Aberdeenshire. 
Crichie,  Inverurie.     (4^  ins.  long ;  found  with  burnt  burial) — Scotland  in  Pagan 
Times ;  Bronze  and  Stone  Ages^  p.  106. 

18  » 


232  PBRFOBATED  STONB  AXE-HAMMER 

KineardineMkirt, 
Cletigfa«ad,  Glenberrie.    (8{  ini.  l<mg)^8coUand  in  Pagan  Time* ;  Bronze  S9d 
SUme  Agei,  p.  820. 

Perthshire. 
Doune.     (2}  int.  long ;  found  with  urn  of  food-venel  tjpe) — ScoUand  is  Pagta 
Tknee,  p.  83. 

StiriingBhire, 
Craigengolt.     (Particulan  not  given) — Baron  A.  de  Bonstetten'i  Eseod  $wr  In 
Dolmens,  pL  4,  fig.  1. 

ByUshire. 
Island  of  Aran.     (8$  ins.  long ;  kind  of  burial  uncertain)— Proc  Soc  Ant.  ScoL, 
vol.  xxxvi,  p.  100. 

Ayrshire, 
CHiapelton  Farm,  West  KUbride.      (4  ins.  long ;  found  with  burnt  burial  under 
inverted  urn)— R.  Munro^s  Prehistoric  Scodand,  p.  149. 

Norihvtmberland, 
Seghill,  near  Newcastle.     (6^  ins.  long  ;  found  in  a  cist  without  any  remaim  of 
bones) — Proc.  Soc,  Ant,  LoncL,  Ser.  2,  voL  iv,  p.  60. 

Yorkshire. 
Weaverthorpe.     (4§  ins.  long ;   found  with  unbumt  burial) — Proc  8oe.  AnL 

Lend.,  Ser.  2,  voL  iv,  p.  460. 
Oanton,  No.  xviii.     (5  ins.  long ;  found  with  burnt  burial)— W.  Oreenwell's 

British  Barrows,  p.  158. 
Ganton,  No.  zxxi     (8^  ins.  long  and  broken,  found  with  burnt  burial)— jSri^ 

Barrows,  p.  179. 
Cowlam,  No.  IviiL     (4^  ins.  long;  found  in  barrow  unocmnected  with  any  boriil) 

^British  Barrows,  p.  222. 
Rudstone,  No.  IxviiL     (5i  ins.   long,  found  with  unbumt  burial  and   bronie 

dagger-blade) — British  Barrows,  p.  266. 
Qoodmanham,  No.   Izxxix.      (4  ins.   long;   found  with  burnt  burial) — Briti^ 

Barrows,  pp.  86  and  298. 
Pickering  (5  ins.  long ;  found  in  a  field  in  which  there  is  a  barrow)— T.  Bate- 
man's  Ten  Tears*  Diggings,  p.  237.    * 
Robin  Hood's  Bay.      (4  ins.    long ;    found  on  site  of    mutilated  barrow)— E. 

Howarth's  Catalogue  of  Sheffield  Museum,  p.  10. 
Broughton  in  Craven  (6  ins.  long ;  found  in  an  urn  with  burnt  burial  and  bronze 

dagger-blade)— ^nc»en^  Stone  Implements,  p.  208. 
Skelton  Moor  (4}  ins.  long ;   found  with  burnt  burial  inside  cineraiy  urn)— 

Ancient  Stone  Imptem^mts,  p.  211. 
Danby  Moor.     (4^  ins.  long ;  found  with  burnt  burial)— .^ncteni  Stone  Imple- 

ments,  p.  211. 
Westerdale  Moor.   (Found  with  burnt  burial  inside  cinerary  urn) — Ancient  SUme 

Implements,  p.  21 1. 
Sledmere.     (Size  not  given  ;  found  with  burnt  burial)— Troiu.  B.  Biding  AnL 

Soe.,  voL  ii,  p.  21. 
Huggate  Pasture.     (5}  ins.  long  ;  kind  of  burial  not  Tecorded)^Unpublished. 

Lancashire. 
Winwick.     (5  ins.  long  ;  found  with  burnt  burial  and  bronze  spear-head  inside 

cinerary  nm)— Trans,  of  Hist.  Soc  of  Lane,  and  Cheshire,  voL  xii  (I860), 

p.  190. 
Glaughton  Hall,  Garstang.     (Size  not  given  ;  found  in  wooden  case  with  borat 

burial,  and   pair   of    Scandinavian    bowl -shaped    brooches) — Archaological 

Journal,  vol.  vi,  p.  74  ;  AncieM  Stone  Implements,  p.  210. 


FOUND  IN  PEMBBOKESHIRB.  233 

Derbyshire. 
Borrowash.     (6  ins.  long ;  found  with  unburnt  burial) — E.  Howarth'i  Catalogue 

qf  Sheffield  Muaeumy  p.  4. 
Carder  Low,  Hartin^n.     (3  j  ins.  long  ;  found  with  unburnt  burial  and  bronze 

dagger-blade) — T.  Bdteman's  Vettiges  of  the  ArUiquitie$  of  Derbyahire,  p.  63. 
Parcelly  Hay,  Hartington.     (4  ins.  lonjr ;  found  with  unburnt  burial  and  bronze 

dagger-blade) — T.  Bateman's  Ten  Years'  Diggings^  p.  24. 
Kenalow,  Middleton-by-Youlgrave.     (Broken  and  imperfect ;  found  with  unburnt 

burial  and  bronze  dagger-blade) — Vestiges  of  the  Antiquities  of  Derbyshire, 

p.  28. 
Stand  Low.    (5]  ins.  long  ;  found  with  burnt  burial  and  bronze  dagger-blade.) 

Warvjickshire. 
Hartshill  Common.     (Size  not  given  ;  found  in  a  tumulus  in  1773,  but  particulars 
of  kind    of    burial    not    stated) — Bibliotheca    Topographica    Britannica, 
vol.  ix,  p.  16. 

Stc^ffbrdshire. 
Tbrowley.     (4^  ins.  long ;  found  in  urn  with  burnt  burial) — Ten  Tears'  Diggings^ 
p.  165. 

Suffolh. 
Wflton  Heath,  Brandon.     (4g  ins.  long ;  found  with  urn) — Ancient  Stone  Imple- 
ments, p.  193. 

Sussex. 

Hove.    (5  ins.  long ;  found  with  burnt  burial  (?),  amber  cup,  and  bronze  dagger- 
blade)— iStiwea:  Archaol,  CoU.,  vol.  ix,  p.  120. 

BerJdshirf, 
Lamboume.    (8^  ins.  long  ;  found  with  burnt  burial  and  bronze  knife) — Archao- 
logicL,  voL  lu,  p.  60. 

Gloucestershire. 
SDowsbill.     (6}  ins.  long  ;  found  with  unburnt  burial,  two  bronze  dagger-blades, 
.   -      and  bronze  pin) — ArchoBologiay  vol.  lii,  p.  72. 

WUtshire. 
Upton  Lovel,  No.  4.     (4|  ins.  long  ;  found  with  unburnt  burial  and  implements 

of  bone  and  stone)— ^ir  R.  Colt  Hoare's  Ancient  Wilts.,  p.  76. 
Ashton  Valley,  No.  6.      (3}  ins.  long ;   found  under  cinerary  urn  with  burnt 

huriBX)— Ancient  WUts.,  p.  79. 
Ashton  Valley,  No.    8.       (4J  ins.   long ;    found   with   burnt  burial) — Ancient 

WUU.,  p.  79. 
Rollestone.     (3^  ins.  long;  found  with  unburnt  burial) — Ancient  Wilts.,  p.  174. 
Normanton,  Bush  Barrow,  No.  168.    (Dimensions  not  given  ;  found  with  unburnt 

burial  and  bronze  and  gold  objects) — Ancient  Wilts.  ^  p.  204. 
East  Rennet.     (6|  ins.  long  ;  found  with  unburnt  burial) — Archo&ologia,  vol.  xliii, 

p.  410. 
Wilsford.    (1  in.  long;  found  with  unburnt  burial) — Ancient  Stone  Implements, 

p.  213. 
Stonehenge.    (9  ins.  long ;  kind  of  burial  not  recorded) — Archceologia,  vol.  xliii, 

p.  411. 
Stonehenge.     (7  ins.  long  ;  kind  of  burial  not  recorded)— A rchteologia,  vol.  xliii, 

p.  411. 
Windmill   Hill,   Avebury.     (6  ins.    long ;    found   with  incense  cup  and  seven 

skeletons) — Salisbury  Volume  of  Memoirs  of  Meetings  of  R.  Arckoeol.  Inst.^ 

1849,  p.  110. 
Selwnod,  Stonrton.    (51  ins.  long  ;  found  with  burnt  burial  and  bronze  dagger- 
blade)— -4ncic?i<  Storu  Implements,  p.  211. 
Bulford  Down.      (5i  ins.  long  ;  found  in  cist  with  unburnt  burial)—  Uvpvhlhhed. 


234 


PERFORATED  STONE  AXE-HAMMEK 


DcneUhArt, 
Winterbounie  Steepleton.      (4  ins.   long;   found  with  burnt  burial) — Amdad 
Stone  ImplemenU,  p.  210. 

DevonMre, 
Locality  not  givtn.    AnderU  Stone  Implements,  p.  195. 

Cornwall, 
TreTelgue.     (4  ins.  long ;   found  with  unburnt  burial) — W.  C.  Borlase'i  Kenia 
ComubicBf  p.  87. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  Table  that,  so  far  as 
Great  Britain  is  concerned,  perforated  stone  axe- 
hammers  are  characteristic  of  the  Bronze  Age  and  not 
of  the  Stone  Age,  except  in  a  few  cases  in  Scotland.   In 


-*>Vi»^il^^^^B&^B5^H^j^  >  -.-T: 


Fig.  7.  -Perforated  Stone  AxeHammer8  and  Uriia  from  Stone- Age  Burials 

in  Denmark.     Scale,  |  linear. 
{Reproduced  from  the  "  Mcnioiree  de  la  Socuft^  des  AntiquaireM  du  Nord,'*) 

Scandinavia,  however,  exactly  the  reverse  is  the  case,  as 
such  objects  are  there  very  frequently  found  accom- 
panying Stone- Age  burials  in  dolmens  and  graves.  A 
large  number  of  beautiful  specimens  are  illustrated 
in  A.  P.  Madsen's  Gravh0Je^  and  in  his  Paper  on  "  Une 
Centaine  de  Tombeaux  de  I'Age  de  Pierre"  in  the 
Memoires  de  la  Societe  des  Antiquaires  du  Nord  for 
1891. 

1  From   Dolmens   at  St.  Rorboek,  Udby,  and  Gnndestrnp  (see 
Plates  8,  16,  and  18). 


Stone  Axe-Hammers  ForM>  in  Den31ark. 

{After  A.  P.   Madgen.) 


Stone  Axe-Hammers  Found  in  Denmark. 
{After  A.  P,  Madsen.) 


#OtjNb  IN  PEMBROKESHillfi. 


235 


There  are  three  reasons  which  may  be  suggested  to 
explain  why  stone  axe-hammers  are  so  frequently  found 
associated  with  burials  of  the  Stone  Age  in  Denmark, 
and  with  burials  of  the  Bronze  Age  in  Great  Britain  : 
namely,  (1)  that  they  were  objects  prized  by  the 
deceased  during  his  lifetime  ;  (2)  that  he  would  require 
weapons  in  a  future  state  of  existence  ;  and  (3)  that 
the  axe  was  a  symbol  associated  with  the  worship  of 
some  deity.     There  is  ample  evidence  that  the  cult  of 


Fig.  8. — Perforated  Stone  Axe-Hammers  and  Urns  from  Stone- Age  Burials 

in  Denmark.     Scale,  ^  linear. 
[Reproduced  from  the  "  Mhnoire»  de  la  SocUU  des  ArUiquairea  dii  Nord") 

the  axe  was  widely  spread  in  both  the  Stone  and  the 
Bronze  Ages. 

AlS  instances  of  the  cult  of  the  axe  in  the  Stone  Age, 
we  have  the  remarkable  series  of  sculptures  of  stone- 
axes  on  the  dolmens  of  the  Morbihan^  in  Brittany,  and 
the  not  less  remarkable  figures,  with  owl-like  heads 
and  stone  axes,  on  the  walls  of  the  artificial  sepulchral 

*  See  Report  of  Brittany  Meeting  of  C.  A.  A.,  in  Archceologia  Cam- 
hrtntiB^  5th  Ser.,  vol.  yii,  p.  43. 


236 


PEHFOBATED  STONE  AKE-BAMMER 


caves  in  the  Department  of  la  Mame^  in  France,  ex- 
plored by  Baron  de  Baye.  The  stone  aze-heads  on  the 
dolmens  of  Brittany  are  represented  in  some  cases 
without  any  handle,  and  in  others  hafted  according  to 
the  method  practised  by  the  Neolithic  inhabitants  of 
France.  The  best  sculptures  of  this  kind  occur  on  the 
sides  of  the  passage  leading  to  the  chamber  in  the 
great  tumulus  on  Gavr'  Inis,  on  the  roofing  slabs  of  the 


Fig.  9. — Perforated  Stone  Hammer- Azee  from  Stoue-Age  BuHaLb  in 

Denmark.     Scale,  ^  linear. 

{Reproduced  from  the  "  MSmciree  de  la  SocidU  de»  Antiquairet  du  Nord.**) 

chambers  of  the  Dol-ar-Marchand  and  the  Kercado 
tumulus,  and  on  a  stele  found  in  the  chambered  cairn 
of  Man^-er-H'roeg.  The  axes  are  associated  with 
symbols  of  unknown  meaning,  but  not  with  human 
figures. 

The  artificial  caves  in  the  Department  of  la  Mame 

.1  Ulastrated  in  E.  Cartailbac's  La  France  PrekUiorxquey  p.  241 ; 
and  Baron  de  Baje'g  Archdologie  Prihistorique, 


FOUND  IN  PEMBROKfiSHlBE.  237 

are  excavated  in  the  chalk,  and  contain  burials  of  the 
Neolithic  period.  On  the  walls  of  the  Grotte  du 
Courieonnet  is  sculptured  an  owl-headed  deity  (forcibly 
recalling  similar  representations  in  Mycenaean  art),  with 
a  complete  stone  ^xe  in  its  handle  on  the  lower  part  of 
the  figure.  In  another  grotto,  at  Eazet  k  Croizard,  the 
same  owl-headed  deity  appears  with  the  breasts  of  a 
female,  but  without  the  axe. 

Another  proof  of  the  prevalence  of  the  cult  of  the 
axe  during  the  later  Stone  Age  in  Europe  is  furnished 
by  necklaces  of  stone  and  and  amber,  having  perforated 
pendants  in  the  shape  of  axes  and  also  of  hammers. 
In  France^  such  pendants  have  been  found  in  the 
Dolmen  de  Rogarte  at  Carnac,  in  Brittany,  and  the 
AU^e  Couverte  de  la  Justice  (Oise). 

In  Scandinavia  they  have  been  found  in  the  dolmen 
of  Stege,  Denmark,*  and  in  Bornholm  and  Bohuslan, 
Sweden;^  and  in  Ireland*  in  one  of  the  chambered 
cairns  at  Sliabh-na-Caillige,  co.  Meath. 

Coming  next  to  the  Bronze  Age  we  have  evidence  of 
the  continued  existence  of  the  cult  of  the  axe  in  the 
sculptures  on  the  cist  at  Kilmartin,^  Argyllshire,  and  on 
the  rocks  of  Bohuslan,®  Sweden.  Stone  pendants  in 
the  shape  of  an  axe  have  been  found  in  a  Bronze  Age 
cist  at  Strypes,^  Elginshire,  and  miniature  bronze  celts, 
intended  for  use  as  pendants,  have  been  found  at 
Glasserton,®  Wigtonshire,  and  Arras,®  Yorkshire. 

The  recent  discoveries  made  in  Crete  by  Dr.  A.  J. 
Evans,  at  Knossos,^®  and  Mr.  D.  G.  Hogarth,  in  the 


^  Arch,  Camb,,  6th  Ser.,  vol.  xvii,  pp.  805  and  308. 

'  J.  J.  A.  Worssae's  Industrial  Arts  of  Denmark,  p.  31. 

^  O.  Montelins'  Les  Temps  Frehistoriques  en  SuMe^  pp.  24  and  39. 

*  Transctetions  R.  /.  A,,  vol.  xxxi,  p.  32. 

*  Jour.  Brit,  ArcJi.  Assoc,  vol.  xxxvi,  p.  146. 

•  A.  Holmberg,  Skandinaviens  Hcdlristningar, 
7  Reliquary  for  1897,  p.  46. 

®  R.  Mnnro's  Prehistoric  Scotland,  p.  186. 

•  In  the  York  Mnseum. 

^^  Jour.  R.  Inst.  Brit.  Architects,  3rd  Ser.,  vol.  x,  p.  97. 


238  PBRPORATfiD  STONE  AXE-HAMBlMft. 

Birth  Cave  of  Zeus^  in  Dicte,  show  that  the  double- 
edged  axe  was  the  universally-accepted  symbol  of  Zeus 
ill  the  Mycensean  age.  The  hammer  of  Thor,*  the 
Scandinavian  god  of  thunder,  is  a  symbol  of  the  same 
kind  which  was  used  as  a  charm  in  the  Iron  Age. 

The  last  survival  of  the  cult  of  the  axe  is  the  use 
of  stone  celts  as  amulets,  and  for  protection  against 
lightning.' 

The  cult  of  the  axe  is,  in  fact,  spread  over  nearly  the 
whole  world.  A  Hittite  sculpture,  in  the  Royal  Museum 
at  Berlin,*  shows  a  divinity  holding  an  axe  in  one  hand 
and  a  trident  in  the  other ;  and  in  quite  recent  times 
the  ceremonial  stone  axes  of  the  Pacific  Islands  were 
objects  of  reverence  if  not  of  worship.  When  we  reflect 
upon  the  part  played  in  human  progress  by  the  axe, 
which  enabled  the  first  clearing  in  the  primaeval  forest 
to  be  made  and  the  first  dug-out  canoe  to  be  built,  thus 
paving  the  way  to  migration  of  races  of  men  by  land 
and  sea,  it  is  not  surprising  that  an  implement  of  such 
might  should  be  considered  as  the  most  fitting  to  place 
in  the  right  hand  of  a  god. 

1  have  to  thank  Mr.  Reginald  A.  Smith,  F.S.A., 
of  the  Department  of  British  and  Mediaeval  Antiquities 
in  the  British  Museum,  for  particulars  about  the  stone 
axe-hammers  in  the  national  collection. 

Mr.  Edward  Laws  begs  me  to  say  that  his  informa- 
tion about  the  finding  of  the  stone  axe-hammer  near 
the  Longhouse  cromlech  was  derived  from  the  same 
source  as  mine,  namely,  from  Mrs.  Marychurch. 

^  Monthly  Review  (Jobn  Marray)  for  January,  1901. 
'^  MonacUblad  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Antiqaaries  of  Stockholm 
for  April,  1872,  and  March,  1875. 

^  Sir  John  Evans*  Ancient  Stone  Implements^  p.  61. 

*  EepoH  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  for  1896,  Plate  28. 


239 


LLANGURIG  CHURCH,  MONTGOMERYSHIRE. 

BY  THE  YEN.   ARCHDEACON  THOMAS,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

When  the  late  Sir  Stephen  R.  Glynne,  Bart.,  visited 
this  church  about  the  year  1830,  and  described  it  in 
minute  and  faithful  detail  as  it  then  was,^  he  declared 
it  to  be  upon  the  whole  *'  singular  from  its  rudeness." 
Since  then,  thanks  to  the  unstinted  munificence  of  the 
late  Chevalier  Lloyd,  K.S.G.,  of  Clochfaen,  and  the 
master-hand  of  the  late  Sir  Gilbert  Scott,  it  has  under- 
gone a  thorough  restoration  and  adornment,  and  may 
now  be  fitly  described  as  singular  in  its  massive 
simplicity  and  enrichment.  No  attempt  has  been  made 
to  interfere  with  the  lines  of  the  edifice,  nor  even  to 
enlarge  the  north  aisle  to  its  former  size;  but  no 
expense  has  been  spared  to  secure  excellence  in  material 
and  workmanship,  and  to  render  it  worthy  of  its 
sacred  purpose.  A  series  of  richly-painted  windows 
depicts  the  legendary  story  of  its  foundation,  while  a 
number  of  historic  personages  and  heraldic  shields 
portray  the  line  of  the  chieftains  of  Clochfaen,  the 
ancestors  of  the  restorer.  The  sum  expended  by  the 
Chevalier  on  the  memorial  was  £11,000. 

The  legend  of  the  foundation  is  curious  and  instruc- 
tive, and  although  it  became  overladen  with  later  and 
foreign  matter,  it  bears  the  stamp  of  consistence  and 
probability.  The  founder,  Curig  Lwyd  (Curig,  the 
Blessed,  or  Holy),  was  one  of  that  large  body  of 
Armorican  refugees  who,  having  been  forced  to  quit 
Brittany  in  the  sixth  and  seventh  centuries,  rounded 
the  Land's  End,  and  coasting  northwards,  finally  landed 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Ystwith,  where  Padam  had  already 
settled,  and  had  made  the  evangelisation  of  Powys,  or 
Mid  Wales,  his  special  aim.     As  Cadvan  and  Tydecho, 

1  Areh.  (Jamb.,  6th  Ser.,  vol.  i,  p.  144. 


240  LLANGURIG  CHURCH,  MONTGOMERY^SHIBB. 

and  Sullen  and  Trinio  and  others,  had  already  advanced 
north-eastwards,  so  Curig,  either  from  choice  or  under 
direction,  proceeded  eastwards  along  the  trackway  that 
led  up  the  ravines  of  the  Rheidol,  and  across  the  bleak 
moorlands  of  Plinlimmon  towards  Kerry  and  Elvael, 
where  indeed  Padarn  had  already  preceded  him,  as  we 
may  infer  from  the  foundation  of  Llanbadam  Fynydd, 
Llanbadarn  Fawr,  and  Llanbadam  y  Gareg.  After 
resting  on  the  eastern  brow  of  Plinlimmon,  at  a  spot 
thence,  and  still  called  after  him  Eisteddfa  Gurig 
(Curig's  Seat),  and  having  taken  a  survey  of  the  wilds 
of  southern  Arwystli,  stretched  out  before  him,  he 
continued  his  course  along  the  main  trackway  till  he 
reached  the  point  on  the  banks  of  the  Afon  Gwy  (The 
Wye),  where  the  road  bifurcated  in  two  directions,  one 
trenaing  north-eastwards  towards  Cedewen  and  Kerry, 
the  other  south-eastwards  towards  Gwarthrenion  and 
Elvael  (Radnorshire).  In  this  lonely  and  wild  but 
beautiful  spot  he  raised  his  primitive  oratory,  that  he 
might  from  it,  as  a  centre,  carry  his  mission  of  glad 
tidings  to  the  surrounding  district,  and  at  the  same 
time  provide  shelter  and  guidance  to  travellers  acroiss 
that  mountainous  waste.  The  typical  story  of  the 
opposition  and  miraculous  conversion  of  K.  Maelgwn 
is  a  counterpart  of  the  legends  of  St.  Tydecho  and 
St.  Cyndeyrn,  and  represents  the  conflict  between 
Paganism  and  Christianity,  with  some  of  the  material 
changes  which  the  latter  introduced.  The  sanction  at 
last  extended  to  the  new  comers  was  wise  and  politic ; 
for  it  inaugurated  a  new  epoch  in  the  people  s  life  :  for 
the  yoking  of  wild  beasts  to  the  plough  typified  the 
change  trom  hunting  to  agriculture,  from  the  precarious 
prey  of  the  chase  to  the  settled  cultivation  of  the  land. 
An  institution  so  benevolent,  useful,  and  Christian 
must  soon  have  attracted  others,  both  men  and  women, 
to  join  it ;  for  the  genesis  of  the  Celtic  Church  was 
tribal  and  familiar,  rather  than  monastic  or  heremitical. 
It  was  probably  to  this  trait  that  Huw  Arwystli 
alluded  when  he  sang  : — 


LLANGURIG  CHURCH,  MONTGOMERYSHIRE.  241 


"Da  fyd  fu  ar  d^  feadwy 
A'i  leian  gynt  ar  Ian  Q-wy. 


And  the  local  name  of  a  part  of  the  village  may  be  the 
tradition,  in  this  particular  instance,  of  this  founder's 
original  home,  FrankwelL  Later  on,  Curig  appears  to 
have  been  made  a  bishop,  probably  of  Llanbadarn,  or  at 
least  in  the  district  of  which  Llanbadarn  was  the 
ecclesiastical  head,  and  his  "  staff"  continued  long 
afterwards  to  be  treated  with  great  veneration  at  the 
neighbouring  church  of  St.  Harmon's.  With  his  repu- 
tation for  sanctity  there  grew  also  an  ascription  ot 
miraculous  powers  and  an  increasing  cultus  : — 

"  Nerthwr  'n  yw'r  gwr  a  garwyd 
Gwych  iawn  ao  a  ohwyr  addolwyd.'*  * 

Huw  Cae  Llwtd. 

Nor  were  these  powers  confined  to  himself  personally ; 
they  were  extended  to  his  "  staff"  also,  and  Giraldus 
Cambrensis  tells  an  amusing  story  of  the  strictly 
business  terms  on  which  they  were  put  into  operation. 

"  In  this  same  pro\dnce  of  Warthrenion  and  in  the  church  of 
St.  Germanus  there  is  a  (reputed)  staff  of  St.  Curig*  covered  on 
all  sides  with  gold  and  silver,  and  resembling  in  its  upper  part 
the  form  of  a  cross ;  its  efficacy  has  been  proved  in  many  cases, 
but  particularly  in  the  removal  of  glandular  and  strumous 
swellings,  insomuch  that  all  persons  afflicted  with  these  com. 
plaints,  on  a  devout  application  to  the  staff,  with  the  oblation  of 
one  penny,  are  restored  to  health.  But  it  happened  in  these 
our  days,  that  a  strumous  patient  on  presenting  one  halfpenny 
to  the  staff,  the  humour  subsided  only  in  the  middle ;  but  when 
the  oblation  was  completed  by  the  other  halfpenny,  an  entire 
cure  was  accomplished.  Another  person  also  coming  to  the  staff 
with  the  promise  of  a  penny  was  cured ;  but  not  fulfilling  his 
engagement  on  the  day  appointed,  he  relapsed  into  his  former 
disorder ;  in  order,  however,  to  obtain  pardon  for  his  offence  he 

^  Prosperity  rested  oa  the  house  of  the  hermit  and  the  nuD  on  the 
banks  of  the  Wye. 

'  Onr  protector  is  the  man  beloved  •  •  and  honoured  with  waxen 
tapers. 

*  '^Bacnlns,  qui  sancti  Cyrici  dicitar."     Editio  1685,  p.  67. 


242  LLANGURIG  CHURCB,  M0NTG0MKKY8HIRB. 

tripled  the  oflfering  by  presenting  three  pence,  and  thus  obtained 
a  complete  cure."^ 

This  staff  continued  in  great  repute  until  the  Refor- 
mation, when  it  was  committed  to  the  flames  and 
destroyed.* 

Long,  however,  before  this,  an  element  of  much 
confusion  had  been  introduced  through  the  adoption  of 
the  legend  of  another  Curig,  the  child-martyr  of  Tarsus, 
and  his  mother,  Julitta,  This  probably  took  place  at 
some  renovation  of  the  church  ;  for  it  was  the  custom 
of  the  Normans  to  re-dedicate  edifices  built  under  the 
British  rule ;  and  it  was  no  d(yubt  due  to  the  influence 
of  Crusaders,  who  in  their  travels  abroad  had  become 
acquainted  with  the  story  of  the  youthful  martyr  and 
his  widespread  cultits.  The  effect  of  it  was  to  mix  up 
the  two  stories,  and,  regardless  of  chronology,  to  treat 
them  as  one ;  and  the  endeavour  to  combine  them  in 
the  painted  windows  tends  to  perpetuate  the  confusion 
and  to  stereotype  their  inconsistency.  We  will  now  take 
the  windows  in  detail,  beginning  with  the  east  window, 
and  following  the  order  and  substance  of  the  late 
Col.  Lloyd- Vemey's  Handbook.*  The  east  window,  a 
Perpendicular  of  three  lights,  has  in  the  head  of  the 
tracery  "  figures  representing  KingMaelgwn  Gwynedd 
handing  to  the  nun  Julia  a  box  containing  the  deeds  of 
the  land  which  he  devoted  to  the  Church."  That  is  to 
say.  King  Maelgwn,  sixth  century,  is  made  contem- 
porary with  the  child  martyr  of  the  fourth  century,  and 
the  donation  is  made  in  the  manner  of  far  later  centuries. 
On  each  side  are  angels  bearing  scrolls,  from  the 
Te  Deum  :  "  Te  martyrum  candidatus  laudat  exercitus.'** 
On  the  left  is  depicted  the  martyrdom  of  the  boy,  and 
beneath  it  a  representation  of  Julitta,  also  martyred, 
with  the  inscription  "  Beatu^  Julitta  martyrio  corona- 

^  Giraldns  GambreDsis,  Itinerary  (Bohn,  p.  335). 

*  History  of  Radnorshire^  p.  548. 

*  A  Description  of  the  Parish  Church  oj  Llangurigy  Mimtgomery- 
shirey  by  Col.  Lloyd- Verney,  of  Cloohfaen.     LoDdon,  1892. 

*  "  Thee  the  white-robed  army  of  martyrs  praiseth." 


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LLANGURIO  CHURCH,  MONTGOMERYSHIBE.  243 

tur/'  The  central  figure  in  the  window  is  that  of  the 
other  St.  Curig,  represented  as  a  bishop,  with  a  pastoral 
staff  or  crook  turned  outwards,  which,  however,  is  not 
in  accord  with  the  description  of  the  real  one  seen  and 
described  by  Giraldus  Cambrensis  as  a  crozier  :  "  In 
hac  eadem  prouincia  de  Warthrenion  in  ecclesia  vide- 
licet Sancti  German  i,  Baculus  qui  Sancti  Cyrici  dicitur 
inuenitur  ;  superius  in  crucis  modum paulisper  utrinque 
protensiis,  auro  et  argente  undiq.  contectus."^ 

To  the  right  is  a  representation  of  his  landing  at 
Abei-ystwith  :  '*  Beatus  Cyricus  Ystwyth  fluvii  ostio 
navem  appellat ;"  and,  below,  another  of  his  building 
the  church  at  Llangurig :  "  Sancta  Cyricus  ecclesiarn 
©dificat,*'  betraying  an  unhappy  transposition,  by  the 
workman,  of  the  adjectives  in  this  and  the  martyrdom 
of  Julitta. 

At  the  base  of  the  window  are  the  representations  of 
the  four  brothers  of  Llangurig,  leuan,  Owain,  Siencyn, 
and  Gwilym,  and  their  (eldest)  sister  Elen  ;  all  of  whom 
are  subjects  either  of  complimentary  poems  or  of  elegies, 
by  Huw  Cae  Llwyd  and  Huw  Arwystli. 

Of  the  five  windows  on  the  south  side  all  but  the 
third  contain  armorial  shields  of  ancestors  of  the  house 
of  Clochfaen,  from  Madog  Danwr  (Madoc  the  Fire- 
bearer),  who  in  1197  received  from  Prince  Gwenwyn- 
wyn  for  his  services  in  the  field,  Llangurig,  Aberhafesp, 
and  Dolfachwen,  down  to  Rhys  Lloyd,  1699  to  1737, 
with  their  matrimonial  alliances.  The  third  window 
has  a  representation  of  St.  Michael,  with  scales  and 
sword  weighing  the  dead  ;  and  in  allusion  to  the  good 
works  of  the  three  ladies  commemorated  the  seven 
corporal  works  of  Mercy,  plus  that  of  burying  the  dead : 
"  Pan  cteddit  yn  claddu'r  meerw  yr  oeddwn  i  gyda  thi 
hefyd"  {Tobit,  xii,  12,  13). 

The  centre  of  the  fourth  window  is  a  representation 
of  Dunawd  or  Dinothus,  first  bishop  of  the  celebrated 

1  Itin,  Camhr.  1585,  67.  "  The  staff  is  extended  just  a  little  on 
each  side  after  the  manner  of  a  cross,  and  is  covered  all  over  with 
gold  and  silver.** 


244  LLANOURIG  CHURCH,  MONTGOMERYSHIBE. 

college  or  monastery  of  Bangor  Iscoed,  but  with  the 
arms  of  the  See  of  Bangor,  in  Carnarvonshire  :  perhaps 
an  allusion  to  the  foundation  of  that  See  by  his  son 
Deiniol. 

In  the  fifth  window  is  a  representation  of  (1)  St. 
Elidan  holding  a  spear  in  one  hand  and  the  model  of  a 
church  in  the  other,  in  allusion  to  the  legend  of  Julitta 
making  waxen  images  of  him  ;  and  (2)  of  St.  Maurice, 
the  patron  of  soldiers  :  "  Militum  pat  ran  us"  {sic)y  the 
Commander  of  the  "Theban  Legion." 

In  the  west  window  the  central  figure  is  that  of  St. 
David,  and  on  either  side  of  him  the  arms  surmounted 
by  a  crown  of  six  of  the  Welsh  kings,  viz.,  Trahaiaro 
ap  Caradawc,  Gruftydd  ap  Cynan,  Howel  ap  leuaf, 
Rhys  ap  Gruffydd,  Gwenwynwyn  ap  Owain  Cyfeiliog, 
and  Gruflfydd  ap  Wenwynwyn. 

On  the  north  side  the  first  window  from  the  west 
represents  in  the  first  light  King  Maelgwn  in  full 
armour  (of  the  fifteenth  century),  surrounded  by  his 
attendants,  with  the  river  Wye  in  the  background. 
"  Maelgwn  F.  Rhysevelauni  (should  be  Cassivelauni) 
Arwyslise  Rex  ;"  in  the  second,  Julia,  or  Julitta,  is  seen 
making  wax  images  of  St.  Elidan  at  her  shrine  on 
the  banks  of  the  Wye :  **  Virgo  sanctiraonialis  Vagae 
fluminus  ripis  cereas  S^  Elidani  imagines  fingit." 

In  the  third-light,  King  Maelgwn,  overcome  by  reli- 
gious fervour,  oflTers  a  deed  with  a  red  seal  attached,  of 
the  church  lands  of  Llangurig,  to  an  image  of  the  infant 
St.  Curig,  his  white  horse  running  away  and  the  Castle 
(or  Court)  of  Clochfaen  embedded  in  the  lands  under 
the  hills ;  the  background  of  the  whole  represents  the 
view  seen  from  the  north  above  the  church :  "  S** 
Cyriacus  a  Maelguno  Rege  tribus  agri  portionibus 
donatum^'  (for  donatur). 

In  the  second  north  window  the  central  figure  is  the 
Blessed  Virgin,  with  the  Infant  Saviour  on  her  knee 
and  Angels  holding  a  crown  above  her  head«  In  ihe 
lights  on  each  side  are  two  figures  with  their  coat- 
armour.      On   her  right  are  Trahaiarn  ap  Caradawc, 


LLANGUBIO  OHURCS,  MONTGOMBRYSHIBE.  245 

who  was  slain  on  Carno  Mountain  :  "  Trahai?*n  Vene- 
dotiae  et  Provisiae  (should  be  Povisiae)  Rex  occisus  est 
1080;"  and  Howel  ap  leuaf,  who  succeeded  him  as 
Lord  of  Arwystli ;  "  Howel  filius  leuan  Arust^ise  (sic) 
Dominus,  qui  obiit  a.d.  1186."  On  her  left  Meilir, 
who,  with  his  brother  Gruffydd,  was  slain  in  the  same 
battle  of  Carno  ;  **  Meilir  qui  cum  fratre  ejus  Griffudd 
occisus  est  1080;  and  below  him  Merinedd,  daughter 
of  Gruffydd  ap  Cynan,  who  brought  Arwystli  as  her 
dower  to  her  husband,  Howell :  **  Merinedd  Howelis 
uxor,  Griffini  Regis  filia." 

A  brass  on  this  window  bears  the  following  additional 
Latin  inscription  : 

"  Trahaiarn  F.  Caradoci  Venedotia  Povositeque  Rex  Dominus 
Arwystliae  et  Meilir  F.  Ilhiwallawn  F.  Cynwyn  Princeps  Qui  in 
pmelzs  apud  Carnaw  Montem  in  Uimetia  commisso  Eheu  occisi 
sunt  Ano  1080.  Merinedd  Howel  F.  leuav  uxor  Domina 
Arwystliae  Quam  provinciam  Pater  ipsius  Griffinus  Conani  filius 
Rex  Venedotiae  ei  concessit.  Idem  Howel  F.  leuav  Arwybtliaj 
Dominus  qui  obiit  An^  1185.  Quorum  animabibus  (sic) 
Propitietur  Deus.     Amen." 

The  third  window  has  for  its  central  subject  St. 
Michael,  and  on  one  side  of  him  Prince  Gwenwynwyn, 
"  Gwinwynwyn  Povosiae  Princeps ;"  and  on  the  other 
Madoc  Danwr,  the  Fire-bearer  :"  "  Madocius  Ignifer 
Donoinus  de  Llangurig." 

A  brass  beneath  the  window  bears  this  further 
explanatory  inscription  : — 

"In  Memoriam  Gwenwynwyn  Provisiae  Principis  Anno 
Salutis  Mccxviii  vita  defuncti  qui  Militi  suo  Comitique  fideli 
Madoco  Ignifero  terras  omnes  apud  Dominium  de  Llangurig 
maneriaj  de  Aber  Havesp  atque  Dol  Vachwen  magnamque 
Parochiae  de  Llanidloes  partem  dono  concessit  Arwystle  anno 
Mcxcvn  post  Xp*™°  subacta  Quorum  animabus  propitietur 
Deus.    Amen." 

*  In  briefly  reviewing  this  series  of  painted  windows 
we  are  struck,  in  the  first  place,  with  their  predomin- 
antly local  bearing,  each  person,  scene,  and  event 
depicted  being  connected,  or  believed  to  be  connected, 

tfTH  8KB.,  VOL.  III.  19 


246  LLANGURTG  CHQRCH,  MONTGOMERYSHIRE. 

with  the  district,  and  helping  in  some  way  to  illustrate 
and  reproduce  its  ancient  story.  In  the  next  place,  we 
note  the  novelty  of  the  subject-matter,  and  the  skill 
with  which  the  designs  have  been  worked  out.  But, 
when  we  remember  the  lavish  outlay  so  ungrudgingly 
made  by  the  donor,  we  cannot  but  regret  that  so  little 
care  was  exercised  over  the  wording  of  the  inscriptions, 
alike  on  the  windows  themselves  and  on  the  brasses 
beneath.* 

The  most  interesting  individual  feature  in  the  interior 
is  the  restored  rood-screen.  Originally  there  was  a  loft 
above  it ;  but  in  the  year  1836  the  whole  was  taken 
down,  and  the  vicar  and  churchwardens  appear  to  have 
allowed  anyone  to  help  themselves  to  the  remains;  so 
that  only  a  small  fragment  was  left,  and  that  has  been 
replaced  in  its  original  position  on  the  new  one.  When 
Sir  Stephen  Glynne  visited  the  church  he  found  "a 
large  portion  of  the  rood-loft  screen  remaining,  having 
pretty  good  carved  woodwork  and  vine-leaf  cornices  ;'** 
and,  fortunately,  in  the  previous  summer  the  Rev. 
John  Parker,  Vicar  of  Llanmerewig,  had  made  most 
accurate  sketches  of  the  interior  of  the  church  and  of 
the  details  of  the  screen.^  With  the  aid  of  these 
sketches  and  the  fragment  the  new  screen  reproduces 
the  old  one  exactly,  save  that  the  loft  is  omitted  here. 
The  style  is  late-fifteenth  century,  and  the  execution  is 
excellent. 

The  font  is  of  Perpendicular  character,  an  octagonal 
basin  upon  similar  stem  and  moulded  base.  Each  face 
of  the  basin  is  ornamented  with  a  double  panel  of 
arcading,  with  foliated  heads  and  spandrela  The 
upper  part  is  much  broken  and  mutilated,  probably 
during  the  Commonwealth,  for  it  is  evident  that  a 
change  was  then  eflFected  in  the  ancient  loyalty  of  the 

^  The  whole  of  the  windows  were  desigDod  from  Mr.  J.  T.  W. 
Lloyd  8  instractions,  and  exeoated  bj  Messrs.  Barlison  and  GrjHs, 
London. 

^  Arch  Camb,y  6th  Ser.,  vol.  i,  p.  144. 

•^  Montgomeryshire  Coliecitons,  vol.  ii,  p.  31  ;  and  ffistory  of  the 
Parish  of  Llangnrig,  p.  31, 


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LLANGURIG  CHURCH,  MONtGOMERYSHlRE.  247 

parish,  "  a  place  formerly  of  very  strong  fame,  but  now 
pointed  at  as  the  Puritans  and  Roundheads  of  Wales."^ 
The  name  and  the  date  cut  upon  its  side  mark  the 
Restoration  of  the  old  order  and  the  joy  of  the  inscriber 
in  1661. 

The  brass-eagle  lectern  stands  upon  couchant  lions, 
and  is  very  handsome — and  a  most  rare  thing  in  such  a 
situation — the  church  is  illuminated  by  acetylene  gas. 
An  organ  occupies  the  north  chamber  of  the  chancel, 
and  the  pulpit  stands  in  the  south-east  angle  of  the  nave. 

The  roof  is  of  the  hammer-bea,m  type,  and  in  the 
chancel  the  angels  bear  on  their  shields  the  implements 
of  the  Passion,  and  are  copied  from  the  old  church  of 
Cilcain,  in  Flintshire.  In  the  nave  the  shields  have 
instruments  of  music,  the  harp,  horn,  lyre,  pipe  and 
flute,  dulcimer  and  triangle.  The  stone  corbels  that 
carry  the  principal  rafters  are  carved  to  represent  the 
ruin  of  St.  Curig,  the  Bishop  St.  Curig,  the  arms  of 
Madoc  Danwr  and  King  Maelgwn — Maelgwn  himself, 
and  a  bunch  of  lilies  (purity). 

Externally  a  great  improvement  has  been  wrought  by 
the  rebuilding  of  the  south  wall  and  the  porch,  and  by 
raising  the  tower  and  superimposing  upon  it  a  loftier 
steeple.  In  the  south  wall  the  priest's  door  into  the 
chancel  has  been  omitted,  and  two  windows,  with 
double-foiled  lights  inserted.  On  the  tower  a  corbel 
table  supports  a  battlemented  parapet,  and  the  newel 
stair  at  the  north-east  angle  has  been  similarly  treated, 
80  as  to  raise  it  some  feet  above  the  tower,  upon  which 
a  picturesque  spire,  the  lower  portion  square  and  the 
upper  octagonal,  has  been  erected  of  timber  covered 
with  sheet  lead ;  the  height  of  the  tower  is  48  ft.,  and 
that  of  the  spire  and  vane  16  ft.  This  tower  is  very 
massive,  and  has  some  noteworthy  features  ;  its  base 
is  formed  of  huge  undressed  boulder-stones,  and  the 
western  door,  at  one  time  the  main  entrance,  has  a 
broad  elliptical  arch  formed  of  only  two  stones. 

^  History  of  Prottstant  Noncunfoiviity  in  Walts^  2nd  ed.,  p.  71. 

19- 


248  LLANGURIG  CHXTROB,  MONTGOMERYSHIRE. 

The  Church  having  been  early  appropriated^  to  the 
Abbey  of  Strata  Florida,  occurs  in  the  Norwich  Taxa- 
tioTif  A.D.  1253,  as  "Cist'  Ord'is — Ec  cia  Lanberit  que  est 
monachor'  cist'  ord'is  1 1 .  mVd."  This  tenth  of  two  maits 
(265.  8rf.)  rose  in  the  next  forty  years  to  thirty-two 
shilHngs,  for  in  the  Lincoln,  or  P.  Nicholas  TaxcUion, 
A.D.  1291,  we  find  "  Beneficia  Abb'is  de  Strata  Florida 
Cycester'  ordinis  £16  dec.  £1  125."  The  n>onks  were 
probably  good  friends  of  the  fabric  ;  but  it  was  more 
fortunate  in  the  munificence  of  the  local  lords  of  Cloch- 
faen,  to  whom  respectively  the  rebuilding  in  stone,  the 
font,  the  arcade,  the  tower  and  the  rood-loft  are  attri- 
buted. In  1535  the  Valor  Ecclesiasticus  of  Henry  VIII 
returns  the  gross  value  of  the  Vicarial  Income  as 
£10  25.,  net  £9  95.   \Qd. 

The  sources  of  this  income  were  : — 


£    s. 

rf. 

Tithe  of  corn  and  haj     . 

, 

1     6 

8 

Tithe  of  wool  and  lambs 

, 

4    0 

0 

Offerings  at  the  four  seasons 

, 

4  13 

4 

Glebe  land       . 

• 

0     2 

0 

10     2 

0 

Dednctions : — 

Procuration  to  Bishop 

.     10 

0 

„           at  Visitation 

.       2 

2 

0  12 

2 

£t 

9    9 

10 

Tenths 

0  19 

0 

In  the  last  century  the  Commuted  Value  was 

returned  at                    .                 .                 .  177  0  0 

To  which  were  added  from  Llanidloes                 .  106  0  0 

„                   „               Trefeglwys               .  18  0  0 


Commuted  Value  of  Vicar's  Income,  T.  R.  C.     301     0    0 


The  Rectorial  Tithes  were  returned  26  Henry  VIII, 
i.6.,  1534,  as  worth  24  marks,  i.e.,  the  same  as  in  1291. 

^  Mr.  S.  W.  Williams,  F.S.A.,  suggests  with  great  probability 
that  the  grant  was  made  by  Howcl  ap  leuaf,  the  first  of  the  Lords 
of  Arwystli,  buried  in  the  Abbey,  1 184. 


LLAKGtJRtG  CHtJllCH,  MONtGOMEHYSHlRB.  249 

In  1547  (l  Edw.  VI)  they  were  in  the  hands  of  Sir 
Richard  Devereux,  Receiver-General  of  the  Abbey 
property,  to  whom  they  were  leased.  In  1577  they 
were  leased  for  twenty-one  years  to  Robert,  Earl  of 
Essex ;  in  44  Elizabeth  (1601-2)  to  Sir  Henry  Lindley 
for  a  similar  period  ;  but,  in  1605,  James  1  restored 
them  to  the  young  Earl  of  Essex.  Subsequently  they 
passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Steadmans  (who  had  like- 
wise possession  of  Strata  Florida),  and  thence  to  the 
Powells  of  Nanteos,  who  held  them  in  1722  ;  but 
before  1762  they  were  sold  by  Dr.  Powell  to  Sir  Watkin 
Williams  Wynn,  Bart,  in  whose  family  they  still 
remain. 

In  the  '•  History  of  the  Parish,"  by  Edward  Hamer 
and  H.  W.  Lloyd,  published  in  1875,  it  is  stated  that 
"at  present  only  two  volumes  of  registers  are  in 
existence.  A  third  volume,  which  existed  thirty  years 
ago,  was  accidentally  destroyed  through  the  wilful 
carelessness  of  the  Parish  Clerk,"^  and  the  same  state- 
ment is  repeated  in  the  **  Handbook,"  p.  12.  But,  on  the 
occasion  of  my  visit,  I  made  particular  inquiry  about 
the  missing  volume,  or  any  fragments  that  might  have 
survived,  and  Mr.  Hughes,  the  Vicar,  brought  down 
from  a  shelf  in  the  vestry  cupboard  a  bundle  oi  leaves 
of  most  dilapidated  entries,  eaten  into  and  worn  away 
by  damp  and  decay,  and  in  an  apparefitly  hopeless 
condition  of  confusion.  Entrusted  with  the  care  of  the 
papers  I  have  succeeded  in  arranging  them  in  complete 
consecutive  order,  as  follows:  baptisms,  1686-1758; 
marriages,  1683-1754  ;  burials,  1686-1756.  They  are 
too  seriously  injured  to  make  out  the  register  complete, 
but  there  is  enough  left  to  set  out  in  order  the  bulk  of 
the  names  and  a  large  proportion  of  the  dates.  The 
binding  will  require  the  greatest  care  and  skill,  as  each 
page,  or  fraction  of  a  page,  will  have  to  be  laid  out 
most  tenderly  and  gummed  on  transparent  sheets, 
through  which  it  can  be  read.  I  am  now,  at  the  request 
of  the  vicar    and    churchwardens,    arranging   for   its 

1  P.  34. 


250        llakgUrio  cHtJKoa,  MoxtooMfttiYsHme. 

binding,  and,  if  successful,  it  will  be  a  notable  rescue  of 
a  lost  and  valuable  record.^  This  register  is  on  paper, 
not  parchment,  and,  as  so  often  the  case,  has  sundry 
forms  and  memoranda  on  the  outer  leaves  :  a  Certificate 
of  Character,  Form  of  Certificate  for  Burial  in  Woollen, 
and  the  names  of  those  that  were  excommunicated. 

The  second  volume  contains  the  baptisms  and  burials 
from  1758  to  1812;  the  corresponding  marriages  are 
missing. 

From  these  and  other  sources  we  are  able  to  present 
the  following  list  of  the  Vicars  of  Llangurig  : — 

1561.  Lloyd,  D(om)  Thomas,  Priest,  resident  and  kepeth 
house.2 

1572.  Gwyn,  John,  M.A.,  4th  son  of  Owain  Gwyn  of 
Llanidloes.* 

158-.  Lewis,  David.* 

[1668.  J  .  .  .,  Relicta  Thoma  Harding,  Clici  nnper  Vicarii  de 
Llangirricke.     Sep.  18°  Junii.] — Trefeglwys  Register, 

1683.  Wilson,  Hugh,  Vr.  of  Trefeglwys,  1674 (Tho.  Williams, 
Curate). 

1689.  Williams,  William  (Tho.  Williams,  Curate). 

1698.  Jones,  William,  B.A. 

1700.  Ingram,  Thomas,  LL.B.  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford; 
Canon  of  Bangor  1703-1711. 

1712.  Pritcbard,  Thomas,  B.A.,  1758,  John  Jones,  Curate. 

1765.  Price,  Edmund. 

1788.  Lewiss  Thomas,  M.A. 

1805.  Anwyl,  Maurice,  B.A. 

183  ?  James,  James. 

1841.  James,  Evan,  Curate  from  1831. 

1852.  Evans,  John,  J.P.^ 

1876.  Griffith,  Griffith  Williams,  Rector,  Llanfihangel  Ysceie- 
fiog,  1883. 

1883.  James,  Evan. 

1892.  Hughes,  Thomas  Henry,  Association  Secretary  C.P.A.S-, 
1879  to  1891. 

^  This  has  now  been  very  succch'sfuliy  carried  out.     May,  1903. 
2  Bishop  Mejrick's  Return.     Browne-Willises  Bangor,  p.  267. 
5*  Povni$  Fadog,  vol.  ii,  p.  292.  <  Add,  MS.  9865. 

^  Bailt  Plas  yn  llan  as  a  residence,  which  was  boaght  bj 
Mr.  J.  y.  W.  Lloyd. 


251 


ANCTENT  BRITISH  CAMPS,  ETC.,   IN  LLEYN, 
Co.  CARNARVON. 

Transcribed  by  Edward  Owen,  Esq.,  from  the  British  Museum 
Additional  MSS.  No.  28,800.^ 

Folio  5.  Castell  Odo,  on  Mynydd  Ystum,  in  the 
parish  of  Aberdaron  ;  with  a  special  enclosure  in  the 
centre  for  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  district,  with 
a  high  moniid  in  the  upper  part  of  the  oval,  either  for 
erecting  the  beacon  lights — their  mode  of  telegraphing 
— or  for  the  flagstaff.      There  are  two  huts   for  the 

\}  This  is  a  small  maiinsoript  volume,  written  in  the  year  1871  bj 
Mr.  J.  G.  Williams,  of  Penlljn,  Pwllheli,  a  gentleman  who,  I  believe, 
has  been  for  some  years  deceased.  He  had  manifestly  taken  great 
interest  in  the  prehistoric  remains  of  his  neighboarhood  ;  and  as  some 
of  these  (not  strictly  within  the  district  of  Lleyn)  will  be  visited  by 
the  Association  daring  the  forthcoming  meeting  at  Portmadoc,  the 
descriptions  of  a  careful  observer,  penned  over  thirty-five  years  ago, 
cannot  bnt  be  of  value  to  those  members  who  attend.  They  will  be 
80  good  as  to  remember  that  the  remarks  in  the  present  tense  refer 
to  the  year  1871  or  thereabonts.  The  account  of  each  camp  is 
accompanied  by  a  plan,  and  in  view  of  the  changes  that  many  of 
these  structures  are  undergoing  it  is  desirable  to  reproduce  these ; 
bat  1  understand  from  the  Editor  that  there  are  difficulties  in  the 
way.  I  have  omitted  some  passages  which  are  in  the  nature  of 
speculations  rather  than  records  of  direct  observation,  but  I  have 
otherwise  adhered  closely  to  the  manuscript,  except  in  the  matter  of 
punctuation,  as  to  which  the  writer  seems  to  have  had  pecnliar 
ideas.  The  opinions  occasionally  expressed  may  not  commend 
themselves  to  modern  antiquaries.  It  should,  however,  be  borne  in 
mind  that  the  manuscript  is  published  for  its  author's  facts  and  not 
for  his  fancies,  and  that  had  he  lived  to  pnblish  it  himself  he  would 
possibly  have  modified  and  improved  it  in  various  directions. 
I  have  reproduced  his  remarks  upon  the  scandalous  neglect  of  local 
history  in  our  elementary  schools,  as  they  are  not  without  interest 
in  view  of  the  forthcoming  changes  in  our  educational  system.  Any 
additions  of  my  own  are  placed  within  square  brackets.  It  would 
appear  that  the  author  had  written  a  larger  work  upon  the  Moated 
Mounds  of  Wales,  which  the  publication  of  the  present  work  may 
bring  to  light — Edward  Owen.] 


252  AI^CIENT  BaiTlSH  CAMPS,  EtC,  IN  LLfiYN, 

sentries.      Said  to  be  in  a  fair  state  of  preservation. 
(With  plan.) 

Fo.  6.  Castell  Caeron,  —  The  remains  of  an  oval 
British  camp  called  Castell  Caeron,  in  the  parish  of 
Bryncroes.  This  is  nearly  destroyed,  but  the  original 
form  can  be  distinctly  traced.     (VV^ith  plan.) 

Fo.  7.  Castell  Llanengan. — An  oval  British  camp 
on  the  farm  of  Ty  newydd,  in  the  parish  of  Llanen- 
gan. This  camp  commands  the  mines  at  Penrhyu 
du,  and  communicates  with  Castell  Odo  and  Castell 
Caeron.  The  powder  magazine  for  the  use  of  the 
Tanrallt  mines  is  erected  in  the  upper  part  of  this 
camp.     In  a  fair  state  of  preservation.     (With  plan.) 

Fo.  8.  Castell  Cilan, — A  circular  British  camp  on 
the  farm  of  Cilan,  in  the  parish  of  Llanengan,  near  the 
Penrhyn  du  mines.  This  is  in  a  fair  state  of  preserva- 
tion.     (With  plan.) 

Fo.  9.  Cccstell  Yscuhorhin.  —  A  British  camp,  with 
moat,  on  the  farm  of  Yscuborhin,  in  the  parish  of 
Llanengan,  near  the  Penrhyn  du  mines.  The  precipice 
overhanging  the  sea  is  too  steep  to  continue  the 
rampart.  The  farmer  is  now  carrying  away  the  soil 
from  the  rampart  as  top-dressing  for  his  farm.  It  is 
also  being  undermined  by  the  miners,  who  are  working 
the  antient  mine  here,  so  in  a  few  years  this  camp  will 
be  lost.     (With  plan.) 

Fo.  10.  Pen  y  Gaer. — A  British  oval  camp  on  the 
hill  above  the  village  of  Llangian.  This  is  nearly 
destroyed  by  the  farmers,  and  the  miners  working 
the  ironstone  quarries  on  the  north  and  south  of  the 
camp.     The  form  is  distinctly  visible.     (With  plan.) 

Fo.  11.  Castell  Abersoch. — The  remains  of  an  oval 
British  camp  near  Abersoch.  This  commands  St. 
Tudwell's  Roads,  the  mines  at  Penrhyn'  du,  and  the 
confluence,  or  aber,  of  the  two  rivers.  This  camp  is 
nearly  destroyed.      The  above  form  [referring  to  the 


CO.  CARNARVON.  253 

plan]  was  pointed  out  to  me  by  the  present  tenant, 
whose  father-in-law  held  the  farm  when  the  present 
turnpike  road  was  made,  when  a  number  of  stone 
hammers  were  found,  which  he  described.  [The  plan 
shows  the  turnpike  road  from  Pwllheli  to  Abersoch 
running  almost  through  the  centre  of  the  camp.  (With 
plan.)] 

Fo.  12.  Castell  March. — A  circular  British  camp 
in  the  sand-hills,  on  the  farm  of  Castellmarch,  in  the 
parish  of  Llangian.  This  is  well  placed  for  strategy, 
being  out  of  sight,  yet  it  commands,  through  the 
opening  of  the  sand-hills  on  the  sea  shore,  the  St. 
Tudwells  Roads  and  the  mines  of  Penrhyn  du.  (With 
plan.) 

Fo.  13.  The  Camp  on  Rhos  Bottwnog. — The  remains 
of  a  group  of  cyttiau  gwersyllt,  or  huts  in  the  encamp- 
ment, on  the  farms  of  Ffrid  and  Cefn  y  Gaer,  on  Rhos 
Bottwnog,  in  the  parish  of  Llaniestyn.  There  appears 
to  have  been  a  large  camp  on  this  plain,  as  there  are 
several  distinct  remains  of  circular  huts  here.  Mr. 
Pritchard,  the  farm  bailiff  to  Robert  Lloyd  Edwards, 
Esq.,  Nanhoron,  informed  me  he  has  destroyed  many 
of  them  last  year  in  cultivating  the  land  hitherto  lying 
waste,  and  these  will  also  be  destroyed,  as  all  the  land 
about  here  is  to  be  brought  into  cultivation. 

The  distance  between  the  two  ovals  is  about 
100  yards,  and  about  20  yards  between  each  of  the 
others.  N.B. — I  look  upon  these  [the  above]  nine 
camps  as  the  mine-protecting  camps,  the  same  as  those 
in  Cardiganshire.  (With  plan,  showing  five  hut- 
circles.) 

Fo.  14.  Tomen  Faivr. — A  circular  British  camp  on 
the  farm  of  Glanllynan,  in  the  parish  of  Llanystumdwy, 
near  the  Afonwen  Station  on  the  Cambrian  Railway. 
This  is  in  a  fair  state  of  preservation.  The  tenant  in- 
formed me  that  about  twenty  years  ago,  when  his 
father  was  carting  away  the  soil  from  the  south  part 
of  the  rampart,  he  found  a  cannon  ball  of  from  three 


254  ANCIENT  bRlTlSfi  CAMPS,  lEtC.,  Ill  LLEYN, 

to  four  pounds  in  weight,  which  shews  that  this  camp 
was  occupied  by  soldiers  when  Criccieth  Castle  was 
besieged,  and  tnat  it  was  bombarded  from  the  sea. 
(With  plan  of  a  circular  camp  and  moat.) 

Fo.  15.  Tomen  Pendorlan. — The  remains  of  a  British 
camp  near  the  Afonwen  Station  on  the  Cambrian 
Kailway.  This  is  now  very  imperfect.  The  north  part 
of  the  rampart  and  part  of  the  moat  is  intact.  Near 
this  camp,  in  the  adjoining  field,  were  the  remains  of 
an  old  house  called  Llys  Einion,  which  was  entirely 
destroyed  in  1870.  This  is  supposed  to  have  been  the 
residence  of  Captain  Einion,  the  brave  governor  of 
Harlech  Castle,  who  being  compelled  to  surrender 
from  starvation,  erected  this  house  in  view  of  the  old 
castle.  This  house  was  also  heavily  bombarded  from 
the  sea ;  as  I  was  informed  by  the  old  woman  who  was 
the  last  tenant,  that  when  she  and  her  husband  wanted 
weights  to  keep  down  their  fishing-nets  in  the  sea,  they 
had  only  to  go  to  their  garden,  to  dig  up  cannon  balls 
which  weighed  about  four  pounds.  (With  plan  of  a 
circular  camp  and  moat,  very  greatly  ruinated.) 

Fo.  16.  Castell  Gwgan. — The  remains  of  a  British 
camp  on  the  farm  called  Castell  Gwgan,  in  the  parish 
of  Llangybi.  The  moat  and  rampart  have  been 
destroyed,  but  the  original  form  can  be  distinctly 
traced.  (With  plan,  showing  a  house  built  upon  the 
exact  site  of  the  camp.) 

Fo.  17.  Ancient  Fortress  at  Nevin. — The  remains  ot 
a  British  camp  on  the  promontory  at  Porthdinllaen,  in 
the  parish  of  Nevin.     (With  plan.) 

Fo.  18.  Graig  y  Dinas,  Pistyll. — A  British  camp 
on  the  farm  of  Graig  y  Dinas,  in  the  parish  of  Pistyll. 
Great  importance,  in  a  strategical  point  of  view,  must 
have  been  attached  to  this  camp,  being  situate  on  the 
brow  of  the  hill  fronting  the  south-east,  and  out  of 
sight  of  the  enemy  landing  on  the  shore  immediately 
underneath.  This  being,  in  a  manner,  a  double  camp, 
the  enemy  would  be  surprised  by  a  superior  force.  This 


CO.  cArKarA^oK.  '256 

camp  hIso  commands  the  entrance  to  the  pass  through 
the  Eifl  mountains,  so  that  the  enemy  coming  through 
them  would  also  be  taken  by  surprise  at  their  exit,  in- 
telligence of  whose  movements  would  be  conveyed  to 
the  camp  from  either  Tre'r  Ceiri  or  Caer  Cribin,  on  the 
summit  of  which  the  late  Government  erected  a  beacon 
to  communicate  with  Ireland  during  the  late  rebellion. 
(With  plan  of  three  adjoining  enclosures.) 

Fo.  19.  Castell  Gwrtheyrn. — A  double  camp  in  Nant 
Gwrtheyrn,  otherwise  Vortigern's  Valley,  in  the  parish 
of  Llanelhaiarn.  This  is  a  suitable  retreat  for  such  a 
tyrant.     (With  plan  of  a  double  camp.) 

Fo.  20.  Tomen  Gwindu. — The  remains  of  a  British 
camp  on  the  farm  of  Gwindu,  in  the  parish  of  Dolben- 
maen.  This  was  destroyed  by  the  present  owner  of 
the  property  in  1869,  but  the  original  form  can  be 
distinctly  traced.  It  is  now  part  of  a  gorse  field. 
(With  plan.) 

Fo.  21.  Camp  y  Foel — A  British  camp  on  the  farm 
of  Y  Foel,  in  the  parish  of  Clynnog.  This  is  in  a  good 
state  of  preservation,  and  communicates  with  Dinas 
Dinlle.     (With  plan.) 

Fo.  22.  Dinas  Dinlle. — Plan  of  a  British  camp  on 
the  farm  of  Tan  Dinas,  in  the  parish  of  Llandwrog. 
This  camp  shows  considerable  military  skill  in  the 
formation  of  a  curtain  or  blind.  The  same  mound  is 
here,  as  in  the  other  Dinases,  as  a  station  for  the  com- 
mander-in-chief    (With  plan.) 

Fo.  23.  Pen  y  Gaer. — A  British  camp  on  the  hill 
called  Pen  y  Gaer,  in  the  parish  of  Llangybi.  The 
rampart  was  only  formed  on  the  west  and  south,  the 
east  part  being  too  steep  and  rocky  to  continue  it. 
This  camp  commands  the  pass  leading  by  Llanelhaiarn 
to  the  sea,  as  well  as  the  narrow  vale  leading  through 
the  vale  of  Dolbenmaen  to  the  sea  at  Purtmadoc. 
(With  plan.) 

Fo.  24.  Caer  Engan. — The  remains  of  a  Britibh  camp 


256  ANCtfilJT  tolttStt  CAMPS,  ETC,  tN  LLEW, 

on  the  farm  of  Caer  Engan,  in  the  parish  of  Llanllyfni. 
It  is  nearly  all  destroyed,  but  the  remains  of  the  ram- 
part are  distinctly  visible.     (With  plan.) 

Fo.  25.  Dinas  Criccieth. — The  present  castle  erected 
by  Edward  I  occupies  the  ancient  British  camp,  as  the 
name  **  Dinas"  implies.  That  term  is  always  used  by 
the  natives  when  referring  to  the  hill  on  which  the 
Castle  stands. 

Fo.  26.  The  Camp  on  Llys  din  isa. — The  remains  of 
a  camp  on  the  farm  of  Llys  din  isa,  near  the  Brynkir 
Station  on  the  Carnarvon  and  Avonwen  line  of  rail- 
way. The  mounds  of  the  huts  are  distinct ;  some  of 
them  are  now  about  2  ft.  in  height.  The  oval  indicates 
the  quarters  of  the  commander.  I  was  informed  by 
the  tenant  that  he  has  destroyed  a  great  many  of 
the  huts  within  the  last  few  years,  when  cultivating 
the  fields  hitherto  lying  waste,  but  never  found  any 
relics.  The  space  between  the  oval  and  the  circular 
huts  may  be  about  20  yards,  and  between  the  circular 
hut^  about  five  yards.  (With  elaborate  plan,  showing 
the  arrangement  of  the  hut-circles.) 

Fo.  27.  Section  of  the  Ramparts.  —  Shewing  the 
formation  of  the  earthworks  of  the  early  British 
camps  formed  previous  to  the  invasion  of  Britain 
by  the  Romans,  shewing  the  first  military  period.  The 
second  [period]  shews  the  camps  are  all  made  on  the 
type  of  the  e.nly  British,  but  during  the  period  of,  or 
after,  the  Ronjan  invasion,  as  all  the  ramparts  are 
formed  of  stone  instead  of  earth.  (With  plan,  showing 
section  of  rampart  formed  of  earth  capped  with  stone.) 

Fo.  28.  The  second  military  period,  or  stone  ram- 
parts : — 

Graig  y  Dina^. — A  British  camp  on  the  farm  of 
Lluar  Bach,  in  the  parish  of  Clynnog.  The  great 
peculiarity  of  this  camp  is  that  it  has  three  ramparts 
formed  of  large  stones  quarried  out  of  the  moats  on 
the  north  side,  fronting  the  sea,  the  south  being  too 
steep  to  continue  the  ramparts.     The  same  mound  is 


CO.  CARNARVON.  257 

formed  here  iis  in  the  other  Dinas,  for  planting  the 
standard,  or  for  the  commander-in-chief.  (Plan  of 
triple- walled  camp.) 

Fo.  29.  Dinas  ddu. — A  British  camp  on  the  rock 
above  the  turnpike  road  leading  from  Portmadoc  to 
Beddgelert.  This  is  worthy  of  its  name  and  situation, 
being  almost  impregnable.  It  also  commands  a  view 
of  the  sea  at  Portmadoc,  which  formerly  flowed  to  the 
base  of  this  rock  ;  also  the  Pass  of  Aberglasllyn.  This 
Dinas,  like  the  others,  has  its  prominent  mound,  or 
high  rock  within  the  camp.     (With  plan.) 

Fo.  30.  Dinas  Emrvjs. — A  British  camp  on  a  high 
rock  above  the  road  leading  from  Beddgelert  to  Llan- 
beris,  which  Pass  it  commands.  There  are  the  founda- 
tions of  eight  cyttiau  gwersyllt,  or  huts,  in  the  camp. 
This  camp  is  well  placed  for  strategy,  being  difficult 
from  the  adjoining  rocks,  and  surrounded  with  oak 
trees.  (With  plan  of  the  camp,  showing  the  sites 
of  the  hut-circles.) 

Fo.  31.  Cam  Pentyrch. — A  British  camp  on  the 
hill  called  Carn  Pentyrch,  in  the  parish  of  Llangybi. 
The  loose  stones  inside  the  camp  appear  to  have  been 
thrown  up  out  of  the  moat.  The  south  part  of  the 
camp,  being  too  rocky,  was  formed  as  a  terrace,  which 
is  distinctly  visible.  There  are  the  foundations  of  five 
stone-built  cyttiau  gwersyllt,  or  huts,  within  the  camp. 
(With  plan,  showing  the  hut-circles.) 

Fo.  32.  Cam  Bodean. — A  British  camp  on  the  hill 
called  Carn  Bodean,  in  the  parish  of  Nevin,  shewing 
the  foundation  of  eight  cyttiau  gwersyllt,  or  soldiers' 
huts,  within  the  camp.  (With  plan,  displaying  the 
hut-circles.) 

Fo.  33.  Cam  Madryn  (not  examined). 

Fo.  34.  2VeV  ceiri. — The  plan  of  TreV  ceiri,  as 
copied  from  Arch.  Gamh.  for  1855. 

[In  a  lengthy  description,  which  seems  to  be  based 
on  the  account  of  Sir  T,  L.  D.  Jones- Parry,  the 
writer  dissents  from  the  Rev.  E.  L.  Barnwell's  view 


258  ANCIENT  BRITISH  CAMPS,  ETC.,  IN  LLEYN, 

that  TreV  ceiri  was  earlier  than  the  time  of  Cunedda, 
and  one  of  the  last  refuges  of  the  Gael.  Contends 
that  it  was  erected  entirely  by  the  later  Britons,  or 
after  the  Roman  invasion.] 

Under  this  section  the  author  observes  :  — 
"  In  examining  all  the  camps  in  this  district  along  the  coast 
from  Dinas  Diulle  to  Aberdaron  on  the  west,  and  on  the  south 
to  Moel  y  Gest,  or  Portmadoe,  then  in  the  east  to  Dirias  Emrys, 
or  Beddgelert,  then  along  a  north  line  to  Dinas  Dinlle,  there  are 
no  less  than  twenty-four  camps  formed  of  earthen  ramparts,  and 
are  either  circular  or  oval,  some  witli  a  moat,  others  without, 
some  of  them  with  only  one  entrance,  others  with  two,  there 
are  no  appearances  whatever  of  anything  approaching  a  stone 
wall — in  fact,  nothing  but  pure  mother  earth  and  travel 
Therefore  these  camps  were  all  formed  by  the  Antient  Britons 
upon  one  model,  long  before  the  Eomans  invaded  this  island,  or 
there  would  have  been  some  variation  in  form  ^nd  make." 

Fo.  38.  Tomen  Nevin. — The  Tomen  or  judicial  mound 
near  the  town  of  Nevin.  This  is  225  ft.  in  circum- 
ference at  the  base,  and  from  18  to  20  ft  in  per- 
{)endicular  height.  It  is  now  used  by  the  sailors  as  a 
ook-out  station,  who  have  erected  a  tower  on  the 
sunorait.     (With  plan.) 

Fo.  39.  Tomen  Dolbenmaen. — The  Tomen  or  mound 
of  judicature  in  the  village  of  Dolbenmaen.  This  is 
360  ft.  in  circumference  at  the  base  inside  the  moat, 
and  about  20  ft.  in  perpendicular  height.    (With  plan.) 

Fo.  396.  Camp  cU  Tomen  y  MAr. — A  British  camp  near 
Tomen  y  MAr  or  Mons  Hiriri,  in  the  parish  of  Traws- 
fynydd.  According  to  Pennant  it  had  two  entrances, 
through  which  the  tramway  is  now  made.  It  is  nearly 
destroyed.  I  have  seen  this  camp  described  by  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Barnwell  as  a  Roman  amphitheatre.  (With 
plan,  which  shows  an  almost  perfect  oval  formation.) 

Fo.  40.  Toinen  y  MAr. — Plan  of  the  Tomen  or  mound 
of  judicature  at  Mons  Hiriri,  in  the  parish  of  Traws- 
fynydd.  The  circumference  at  the  base  inside  the 
moat  is  381  ft.,  and  about  36  ft.  in  perpendicular 
height.     (With  plan.) 


CO.   CARNARVON.  259 

Fo.  41.  The  Tymvald  Mound,  Isle  of  Man.'— This 
mound  is  246  ft.  in  circumference,  and  18  ft.  in  per- 
pendicular height,  with  three  terraces.     (With  plan.) 

Fo.  42.-4  Short  Histoi^y  of  these  Mounds  as  Places 
of  Judicature. — These  mounds  were  all  made  after  the 
model   of  those   erected   by  Moses,  and  adopted   by 

the  great  Welsh  law-giver,  Dyffnmal  Moelmud 

The  Romans  were  more  civilised  than  the  modern 
Frenchmen,  for  they  respected  the  monuments  erected 
bv  the  people  whom  they  conquered,  as  in  this  instance, 
the  Judicial  Mound  at  Tomen  y  MAr  is  left  intact,  also 
the  oval  camp  near  it,  against  which  they  must  have 
fought  to  have  gained  possession  of  the  place.  For 
they  erected  or  formed  tneir  camp  of  masonry,  bricks 
and  stones,  on  the  plain  to  the  south  of  the  mound,  as 
no  buildings  of  any  kind  had  been  discovered  on  the 
north,  east,  or  west,  according  to  the  testimony  of  the 
present  tenant,  who  was  born  and  bred  in  the  farm  ; 
and  it  is  only  during  the  last  century  the  mound  has 
been  so  injured  in  the  summit.  The  same  with  the 
mound  at  Dolbenmaen  ;  the  summit  was  scooped  out 
in  the  first  instance  to  form  a  cockpit,  about  sixty 
years  ago  ;  afterwards  an  attempt  was  made  to  sink  a 
shaft  in  hopes  of  finding  treasure.  Instead  of  which, 
as  I  was  informed  by  an  old  man  of  the  village  who 
was  one  of  the  workmen,  they  found  nothing  but  soil — 
not  a  stone  larger  than  his  fist. 

About  the  year  1840,  a  similar  mound  to  these  had 
to  be  removed,  to  make  way  for  extending  the  ore- 
dressing  floors  at  the  Goginan  lead  mines,  near  Aberyst- 
wyth. This  was  done  under  the  superintendence  of 
the  late  Geo.  Fawcett,  Esq.,  the  head  manager  of  the 
extensive  mines  worked  by  John  Taylor  and  Sons. 
Being  determined  to  ascertain  whether  this  was  a 
sepulchral  mound  or  not,  he  caused  two  levels  to  be 
driven   right   through   it,  under   his   own  immediate 

]}  Introduced,  without  doubt,  for  purposes  of  comparison  with  the 
toinennan  previously  described.] 


260 


ANCIENT  BRITISH  CAMPS,  ETC.,  IN  LLETN, 


direction,  as  now  described  to  me  by  one  of  the  miners 
who  worked  in  one  of  the  levels.  He  says  the  whole 
mound  was  composed  entirely  of  earth,  scarcely  a  stone 
a  pound  in  weight,  and  [they]  were  Siidly  disappointed 

at  not  tinding  any  relics  of  the  supposed  dead 

If  these  mounds,  and  others  of  a  similar  type,  as  well 
as  the  oval  and  circular  camps  in  England  and  Wales, 
were  examined  by  an  Indian  officer  accustomed  to  hill- 
forts,  and  not  by  non-military  men  who  are  too  fond  of 
writing  on  military  subjects,  fewer  mistakes  would  be 
made.  It  would  also  tend  to  enhance  the  value  of  the 
early  history  of  our  country.  He  would  then  separate 
the  Early  British  from  the  Roman,  instead  of,  as  at 
present,  Romanising  everything  in  Wales.  During 
ray  search  in  this  district  of  Carnarvonshire,  i.e.,  from 
Beddgelert  on  the  east  to  Aberdaron  on  the  west,  I 
have  not  found  a  footprint  of  the  Romans  in  hill  or 
dale. — Note :  The  above  is  an  extract  from  my  larger 
work  on  the  Tomens  of  Wales  in  MSS. 

Fo.  49.   Cromlechs  (Table  of).^ 


Parish. 


1.  Rhiw 


Site. 


Rhiw 
Rhiw 
Rhiw 


Rhiw 


5.  Penllech 


I  Plas  jn 

Tyn  y  Muria  . 
Tyn  y  Muria  . 
Tyn  y  Muria  . 

Fridd  Coch  ... 


6.  Abererch    Cromlech 

7.  Dolben-      Ystuni    Cegid 

maen      i       >)acli 


Beudy    Crom- 
lech 
Penrhiawn    ... 
Bach  wen 


Preaent  Condition. 


8. 

Dolben- 

9. 
10. 

maen 
Clynnog 
Clynnog 

Down  ;  supports  and  capstone  perfect. 
I  These  three  are  in  a  line,  north  and  south,  aboat 
I      20  yds.  from  each  other.     They  are  partially 
I      down  ;  the  capstones  are  perfect.    The  upper 
'      one  is  now  used  as  a  sheep-fold. 
In  a  good  state  of  preservation,  and  protected 

by  the  landlord. 
Two  of  the  supports  are  down  ;  the  capstone 

perfect,  reclining  on  the  third. 
The  capstone  was  thrown 'down  in  1863  by  the 
tenant  for  the  sake  of  one  of  the  uprights  to 
be  used  as  a  lintel  for  his  new  buildings  on 
the  farm ;  but  he  was  disappointed,  as  it  fell 
in  such  a  position  under  the  capstone  as  not 
to  be  removed. 
This  is  perfect,  and  protected  by  the  tenant 


Ditto 
Ditto 


ditto 
ditto 


[^  Some  of  these  are  figured  in  Mr.  J.  E.  GriflSths's  beantifal  Port* 
folio  of  Photographs  oj  the  Cromlechs  of  Anglesey  and  Carnarvonshire.^ 


CO.  CARNARVON.  261 

Note. — I  have  searched  the  parish  registers  of  Aber- 
erch  for  the  word  **  Cromlech, '  as  there  is  a  farm  in 
the  parish  of  that  name  with  a  cromlech  (No.  6  in  the 
above  list),  but  the  earliest  entry  records  the  death  of 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Roberts,  Cromlaech,  in  1783.  I  assume 
this  district  all  went  under  one  general  name  of  "  Llys 
Patric,"  as  there  are  several  entries  of  births,  deaths, 
and  marriages  from  1679,  made  in  the  presence  of  a 
justice  of  the  peace  from  Llys  Patric,  but  when  the 
district  became  enclosed,  and  divided  into  farms,  this 
was  then  called  *  Cromlaech,'  from  the  cromlaech  being 
on  it,  to  distinguish  it  from  Llys  Patric. 

Fo.  52,  Meini  Hirion, — Two  meini  hirion,  about 
200  yards  apart,  in  a  field  on  the  farm  of  Pemprys,  in 
the  parish  of  Llanor.  No.  1  is  7  ft.  high  and  11  ft. 
in  circumference.  No.  2  is  8^  ft.  high,  and  1 1  ft.  in 
circumference.     (With  sketch.) 

Fo.  53.  Maen  hir  in  the  farmyard  at  Plasdu,  in  the 
parish  of  Llanarmon.  This  is  10  ft.  2  in.  in  height, 
and  10  ft.  3  in.  in  circumference.     (With  sketch.) 

Fo.  54.  Maen  hir  on  the  farm  of  Penybont,  in  the 
parish  of  Llangwnadle.  This  is  9  ft.  in  height,  and 
2  ft.  1  in.  in  the  square.  This,  like  the  others,  is 
well  protected  by  the  tenants.     (With  sketch.) 

Fo.  55.  Note. — ^I  have  prepared  a  history,  in  the  form 
of  questions  and  answers,  of  the  parishes  comprised  in 
the  Union  of  Pwllheli,  for  presentation  to  the  public 
schools  here,  but  find  the  schoolmasters  cannot  use 
them,  as  being  contrary  to  the  orders  of  the  Council  of 
Education  in  London,  they  being  specially  confined  to 
the  books  sanctioned  by  them,  which  are  non-historical. 
For  I  find  by  an  examination  of  the  boys  who  have  left 
these  and  other  schools,  they  are  as  ignorant  of  the  past 
or  present  history  of  their  own  country  as  a  babe.  In 
reference  to  these  monuments  of  the  past,  I  refer  to 
them  in  the  following  familiar  way  : — 

Q.  Should  these  monuments  or  memorials  of  our 
forefathers  be  destroyed  or  preserved  ? 

Cth  ser.,  vol.  in.  20 


262  ANCIENT  BRITISH  CAMPS,  ETC.,  IN  LLEYN. 

A.  They  should  be  preserved,  and  every  care  taken 
of  them  ;  they  should  be  looked  upon  in  the  same  light 
as  gravestones  are  in  a  church-  or  chapel-yard. 

Q.  What  are  the  cromlechs  supposed  to  represent  ? 

A.  Little  doubt  now  exists  but  that  the  same  idea 
has  been  carried  down  with  respect  to  the  cromlechs  as 
with  the  judicial  mounds  from  the  time  of  Moses :  as 
the  cromlechs  represent  the  ark  in  a  rough  way,  the 
same  as  the  open  chests  over  the  graves  in  our  church- 
yards do  the  cromlechs. 

Q.  What  do  the  Meini  Hirion  represent  ? 

A.  Headstones  over  the  grave  of  sooie  distinguished 
person,  other  than  a  Druid  or  a  soldier. 

Q.  What  is  the  diflFerence  in  sepulture  between  these 
three  pei-sons,  so  as  to  distinguish  the  one  from  the 
other  ? 

A.  The  chief  Druids,  or  high  priests,  are  supposed 
to  have  been  buried  under  the  cromlechs,  as  represent- 
ing the  sacred  ark.  The  soldier,  or  commander-in-chief, 
when  he  falls  in  battle,  is  buried  under  a  'earn';  stones 
are  thrown  over  the  grave  by  passers-by,  so  that  in 
time  a  large  earn  is  formed  as  a  monument.  The 
civilian  of  eminence  is  buried  with  a  large  stone  at  the 
head  of  the  grave,  now  called  Maen  Hir,  some  of 
which  bear  inscriptions,  others  do  not,  according  to  the 
period  of  time  when  they  were  erected. 


263 


laetotetDS  anH  BaUtta  of  Soo&s. 

Thb  Life  and  Work  op  Bishop  Davibs  and  William  Salesbdrt, 
with  an  Account  of  sbme  Early  Translations  into  Welsh  of  the 
Holy  Scriptures  and  the  Prayer  Book,  together  with  a  Tran- 
script of  the  Bishop's  Version  of  the  Pastoral  Epistles  of  St. 
Paal,  etc.  With  Illastrations  and  Facsimiles.  By  the  Ven. 
D.  R.  Thomas,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Archdeacon  of  Montgomery. 
Oswestry  :  The  Caxton  Press.     1902. 

This  book  will  be  welcomed  by  all  students  of  Welsh  History  and 
Literature.  It  is  the  first  scientific  attempt  to  give  a  succinct  account 
of  the  movement  which  led  up  to  the  printing  of  the  Bible  and 
other  books  in  the  Welsh  language.  It  differs  from  the  earlier 
works  of  the  Bev.  W.  Hughes  and  Charles  Ashton,  in  that  the 
author  has  gathered  together  a  &:reat  amount  of  additional  material, 
and  that  he  has  thoroughly  sifted  his  facts.  The  book  shows  on 
every  page  evidence  of  careful  and  painstaking  research,  and  in  this 
respect  forms  a  striking  contrast  to  the  usual  class  of  book  on 
Welsh  literary  subjects. 

Archdeacon  Thomas  deals  with  the  early  versions  of  Holy 
Scripture,  as  found  in  the  New  Testament  and  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  He  traces  the  origin  of  each  version,  and  brings  out 
clearly  the  efforts  that  wore  made  by  Bishop  Davies  and  William 
Salesbury  to  perfect  the  translation.  He  also  brings  together,  in 
the  form  of  memoirs,  all  that  is  known  of  Davies  and  Salesbury. 
Apparently,  the  Archdeacon  was  led  into  this  study  by  his  discovery, 
in  1891,  of  the  original  manuscript  of  Bishop  Davies's  translation 
of  the  Pastoral  Epistles  of  St.  Paul.  The  circumstances  under 
which  this  discover  was  made  are  interesting.  It  appears  that  an 
exhibition  of  Ecclesiastical  Art  was  held  in  connection  with  the 
Rhyl  Church  Congress  of  1891.  In  the  Catalogue  of  Loans  appeared 
the  item.  **  Lent  by  P.  B.  Davies-Cooke,  Esq.,  of  Gwysaney,  Mold  : 
91.  MS.  in  Welsh,  Epistles  of  St.  Paul,  etc."  This  was  quite  suffi- 
cient to  excite  the  curiosity  of  the  Archdeacon,  and,  on  an  inspection 
of  the  document,  he  discovered  that  the  MS.  was  in  the  autograph 
of  Bishop  Richard  Davies. 

The  owners  of  the  Gwysaney  collection  have  always  allowed 
students  the  use  of  their  manuscripts,  and  for  this  reason  the  con- 
tents of  the  library  were  supposed  to  be  well  known.  The  discovery 
of  such  an  intensely  interesting  document  came  as  a  surprise,  and 
suggests  the  existence  in  other  less-known  libraries  of  valuable  MSS. 
relating  to  Welsh  Histo^. 

Bound  up  with  the  Gwysaney  MSS.  was  a  Draft  Petition  and  a 
Bond  on  parchment.     The  Petition,  of  which  only  a  fragment  re* 

20  « 


264  RETIBWS  AND  NOTICIS  OF  BOOKS. 

mains,  was  addressed  to  ''Tour  good  Lordships" — apparentlj  the 
Welsh  Bishops.  It  asks  them  ''  to  wyll  and  require  and  commaoiid 
the  learned  men  to  tradoete  the  boke  of  the  Lordes  Testament  into 
the  Tnlgare  Welsh  tong." 

XTnfortnnatelj,  there  is  no  cine  as  to  the  identity  of  the  peti- 
tioner or  petitioners,  though  it  has  been  suggested  that  ibis 
might  be  the  Petition  which  lolo  Morganwg  mentions.  lolo  states, 
on  the  authority  of  the  Bey.  Eyan  Eyans  (leuan  Brydydd  Hir), 
that  such  a  petition,  addressed  by  Thomas  Llewelyn  of  Begoes  in 
Glamorganshire  to  Bishop  Dayies,  was  proseryed  in  the  Llyfr  Gwjb 
Bhydderch  at  Gloddaeth. 

Archdeaoon  Thomas  is  inclined  to  doubt  that  this  is  the  petition 
referred  to.  We  agree  that  it  is  unlikely  to  be  Thomas  Llewelyn's 
petition,  but  we  think  that  lolo  may  haye  misstated  the  information 
giyen  him  by  Eyan  Eyans.  The  latter  was  the  last  man  in  the 
world  to  make  the  mistake  of  referring  to  Llyfr  Gwyn  Bhydderch, 
one  of  the  treasures  of  the  Hengwrt  Collection,  as  a  Gloddaeth 
manuscript  He  was  well  acquainted  with  both  libraries,  as  his 
letters  and  transcripts  proye.  There  is  at  Gloddaeth  (now  in- 
corporated in  the  Mostyu  Collection)  no  MS.  known  as  Llyfr  Gwyn 
Bhydderch.  Bat  it  is  quite  likely  that  Eyan  Eyans  did  inform  lolo 
that  he  had  seen  a  petition  presented  to  the  Welsh  Bishops,  asking 
for  a  translation  of  the  Bible  into  Welsh. 

A  reference  to  Evans's  Letters  shows  that  he  was  allowed  access 
not  only  to  the  Gloddaeth  Collection,  but  also  to  that  at  Gwysaoey. 
He  appears  to  haye  borrowed  a  large  number  of  MSS.  from  the 
latter  collection,  and  it  is  therefore  almost  certain  that  he  did  seethe 
petition  now  printed  in  the  book  before  us.  He  may  haye  informed 
lolo  of  this,  but  the  addition  of  Thomas  Llewelyn's  name  is  so 
characteristic  of  Iolo*s  welUknown  mania  for  attributing  eyoy 
honour  to  his  natiye  county  of  Glamorgan,  that  we  cannot  help 
suspecting  its  genuineness.  We  think  that  the  Archdeacon's  sug- 
gestion that  the  petition  emanated  from  William  Salesbury  is 
plausible,  and  a  certain  amount  of  confirmation  is  found  in  the 
eyidence  quoted  from  his  other  works. 

The  bond  which  accompanies  the  petition  is  in  the  common  form 
of  those  days.  It  was  usual,  on  the  purchase  or  mortgage  of  Utod, 
for  the  yendor  to  enter  into  a  separate  bond  to  maintain  the  usual 
ooyenants.  The  bond  refers  to  a  *'  payr  of  Indentures  of  bargeyne 
and  sale  made  betwyne  the  said  William  Salesbury  on*thone  parte, 
and  the  aboye  named  Thomas  ap  Byce  Wyn  on  thother  parte.^ 
We  should  be  inclined  to  say  that,  this  being  a  oonyeyance  hj 
"  bargain  and  sale,"  must  refer  not  to  money  borrowed  from  Thomas 
ap  Byce  Wyn,  but  to  land  bought  by  the  latter  from  Salesbury. 
There  is  no  eyidence  that  any  connection  exists  betwe^i  this  hood 
and  the  money  required  for  printing  the  Welsh  Testament ;  but  if 
there  was  any  connection,  then  it  is  reasonable  to  assume  that 
Salesbnry  actually  sold  his  land  to  raise  money  to  pay  for  printing 
his  book. 


REVIEWS  AND  NOTICIS  OP  BOOKS.         265 

Deeds  of  bargam  and  sale  were  supposed  to  be  enrolled  either  at 
Westminster  or  in  the  Courts  of  Great  Session,  and  a  searoh  at  the 
Record  Office  might  bring  this  deed  to  light. 

Perhaps  the  most  yalnable  chapter  in  the  book  is  that  deToted  to 
the  life  of  Bishop  Richard  Davies.  It  contains  a  mass  of  fresh 
material,  and  puts  the  Bishop  in  quite  a  new  light — as  far,  at  any 
rate,  as  the  administration  of  his  diocese  is  concerned.  Bishop  Dayies 
was  accused  of  being  a  *'  great  impoverisher  of  his  See,  and  that  his 
sacoessor  complained  that  all  bis  Lands,  even  to  his  very  doors, 
were  on  Lease  bj  his  Predecessor;  and  that  all  his  houses,  excepting 
one,  were  down  to  the  ground,  and  in  great  ruin."  To  this  the 
author  replies,  that  the  houses  were  in  a  state  of  dilapidation  before 
ever  he  saw  his  See,  and  that  he  had  probably  no  option  but  to  lease 
his  lauds.  Judging  from  the  bequests  in  the  Bishop's  will,  he  cer- 
tainly did  not  die  a  rich  man.  He  left  his  wife  a  water-corn  mill  at 
Pontargothi,  with  two  parcels  of  land  adjoining,  also  tenements  and 
lands  at  Abergwili  and  Llanpnmpsaint.  His  son  Richard  got  eight 
score  sheep  and  lambs,  eight  kyne,  and  two  oxen.  His  daughter 
Margaret  got  the  sheep  and  cattle  at  Llawhaden,  and  the  sum  of 
£20.  His  son-in-law,  Hagh  Batler,  was  allowed  to  choose  either 
*'  the  graye  geldinge  called  Llanllochayme,  or  the  baye  holland,'*  with 
saddle,  bridle,  and  furniture,  and  also  the  **  Abridgements  of  the 
Statutes  of  England."  His  other  sons  got  his  books,  but  the  whole 
estate  appears  to  have  been  small.  Unless  it  can  be  shown  that  he 
was  prodigal  or  thriftless,  we  think  the  will  affords  clear  proof 
that  he  was  not  successful  in  enriching  himself  at  the  expense 
of  the  See. 

Thoagh  the  Bishop  was  nominally  in  the  possession  of  the  estates 
of  the  See,  the  Archdeacon  shows  that  his  actual  revenue  was  very 
small.  It  was  stated  in  the  year  1888,  that  of  the  tithe  in  the 
diocese  of  St.  David's  amounting  to  X35,000  per  annum,  only  some 
£9,000  found  its  way  into  the  coffers  of  the  Church. 

The  fact  is,  that  this  diocese,  as  well  as  the  other  Welsh  dioceses, 
suffered  severely  after  the  Dissolution  of  the  Monasteries.  The 
Court  favourites  got  the  major  share  of  the  lands  and  possessions 
of  the  Church ;  and,  not  content  with  the  property  thus  obtained, 
they  continually  harassed  Bishop  Davies  and  his  predecessors.  The 
Bishop,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  documents  printed  in  this  book, 
waged  incessant  warfare  with  the  lay  impropriators,  and  threw 
down  the  gauge  to  such  powerful  noblemen  as  the  Earls  of  Pem- 
broke, Leicester,  and  Arundel. 

Corroborative  evidence  of  this  will  also  be  found  in  the  preface  to 
Dr.  David  Powell's  edition  of  GercUcPs  Itinerary,  It  would  be 
tedious  to  enter  into  the  details  of  these  disputes ;  but  the  facts 
garnered  by  Archdeacon  Thomas  from  the  Record  Office  and  other 
sources  have  done  much  to  retrieve  the  Bishop's  character  from  the 
aspersions  cast  upon  it  with  regard  to  his  conduct  and  adminis- 
tration of  the  affairs  of  the  See. 

The  Archdeacon  has  not  been  able  to  throw  much  additional  light 


%66  REVIEWS  AKD  NOtlCifcS  OF  BOOKS. 

upon  the  hintorj  of  William  Salesbury.  The  dates  of  his  birth  and 
death  still  remain  a  matter  for  conjecture.  He  was  certainly  bom 
at  Llansannan,  if  the  copy  of  his  work  on  Botany,  now  at  the  Welsh 
Library  of  Aberystwyth  College,  is  genuine. 

In  that  work,  which  is  an  eighteenth-century  copy  of  a  lost  origi- 
nal written  by  Salesbury,  the  following  words  occur  : — "  I  saw  it  (a 
plant)  growing  in  the  meadow  below  the  Hall  ap  Meredydd  ap 
Qronow,  in  Llansannan,  the  parish  in  which  I  was  Iwrn." 

Local  tradition  places  his  birthplace  at  Cae-Du  ;  but  the  Arch- 
deacon inclines  to  think  that  a  ruined  house  near  Hendre  Aled,  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  further  south,  was  the  actual  spot.  We  do  Dot 
know  whether  the  remains  of  a  terraced  garden  at  Cae-Da  was 
pointed  out  to  the  Archdeacon  ;  but,  some  years  ago,  whoi  we 
visited  the  place,  the  form  of  the  old  garden  could  still  be  distin- 
guished, and  we  were  told  that  many  rare  and  curious  plants  grew 
on  the  spot.  This  may  be  some  corroboration  of  the  theory  that 
Cae-Du  was  the  dwelling-place,  if  not  the  birthplace,  of  Salesbury; 
and,  in  a  matter  of  this  kind,  it  is  perhaps  safer  to  follow  local  tradi- 
tion. Judging  from  the  present  appearance  of  the  house,  too,  it 
must  have  been  a  place  of  some  consequence  many  years  ago — the 
home,  at  any  rate,  of  a  prosperous  yeoman. 

We  cannot  agree  with  Archdeacon  Thomas,  even  though  he  is 
backed  by  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Gwenogvryn  Evans,  that  the  Book 
of  Proverbs  published  by  Salesbury  has  any  claim  to  be  considered 
the  first  book  ever  printed  in  Welsh.  Dr.  Evans  has  set  forth  bis 
reasons  in  the  lucid  and  bright  preface  to  the  reprint  of  the  Ixx^ 
The  case  stands  thus :  Sir  John  Price,  of  Brecon,  brought  oat  his 
Primer  in  1546,  which  date  appears  on  its  title-page.  William 
Salesbury,  about  this  time,  also  published  a  Book  of  Proverbs, 
known  as  Oil  Synnwyr  Pen  Kembero ;  but  this  book  b  not  dated. 
It  was  printed  by  Nicholas  Hill,  or  Hyll,  who  is  known  to  have 
printed  other  books  between  the  years  1546  and  1558.  Apparently, 
only  one  book  printed  by  Hill  in  1546,  has  survived;  no  book 
printed  by  him  in  1547  is  known  ;  but  there  exists  one  book  printed 
in  1548.  All  his  other  books  were  printed  between  1550  and  1553. 
Two  books  printed  by  Hill  bear  no  date. 

From  internal  evidence  it  appears  that  Oil  Synnwyr  Pen  could 
not  have  been  printed  before  154j6,  as  the  author  refers  to  John 
Hey  wood's  Collection  of  Proverbs  first  printed  in  that  year. 

In  any  case,  therefore,  Salesbury's  book  cannot  claim  precedence 
in  point  of  time  over  the  Primer;  at  best,  it  may  have  b^n  printed 
in  the  same  year. 

Dr.  Evans,  in  support  of  his  opinion  that  it  was  printed  in  the 
same  year,  relies  upon  certain  peculiarities  of  orthography  found  in 
the  Oil  Synnivyr  Pen  and  in  Salesbury 's  Dictionary  of  1547,  but  not 
in  his  other  works.  But  these  peouHanties  of  orthography,  though 
they  might  be  of  importance  in  considering  the  case  of  other  writen, 
are  beside  the  point  when  we  deal  with  William  Salesbury,  because. 


ttEVlfeWS  AKD  NO'riCES  OF  BOOJLS.  267 

as  his  sabseqaent  books  show,  he  was  continaally  changing  his 
orthography. 

Dr.  Evans's  argument  may  also  be  nsed  to  prove  the  exaot 
opposite  of  that  which  he  wishes  to  demonstrate,  for  Salesbary,  in 
the  Synnwyr  Petiy  uses  forms  not  to  be  fonnd  at  all  in  his  Dictionary 
of  1547,  but  which  are  the  prevalent  forms  in  the  books  published 
hy  him  in  1550  and  1551. 

In  the  Preface  to  Oil  Synnwyr  Pen  Salesbnry  says  : — **  If  some 
of  my  country  had  been  so  good  as  to  leave  me  my  own,  I  should, 
it  may  be,  have  done  as  much  benefit  and  general  good,  in  snch 
matters  as  lay  within  ray  power,  as  any  other  Welshman.  Bnt  now 
that  they  have  so  utterly  plundered  and  despoiled  me  ;  well,  instead 
of  doing,  I  can  only  wish,  my  country  a  good  turn,  and  pray  God  to 
pot  a  better  spirit  in  the  hearts  of  ray  opponents." 

Archd'eacon  Thomas  thinks  that  the  occasion  of  the  wrong  re- 
ferred to  here  wan  the  abolition  of  the  Welsh  custom  of  gavel- 
kind in  1543^  by  means  of  which  Salesbary  lost  his  claim  to  certain 
lands. 

Dr.  Evans  disagrees  with  this  view,  and  attributes  the  trouble  to 
differences  of  opinion  between  Salesbnry  and  his  father  caused  by 
the  former's  adherence  to  the  Protestant  faith.  We  do  not  know 
what  evidence  there  is  for  the  statement  that  Salesbury's  father 
quarrelled  with  his  son.  On  the  other  hand,  there  is  some  evidence 
that  Salesbnry  fell  out  with  his  nieces,  the  daughters  of  his  brother 
Robert,  over  the  partition  of  some  lands.  This  is  referred  to  by  the 
old  genealogist,  John  Griffiths,  of  Gae  Cyriog,  and  a  petition  sent 
hy  William  Salesbnry  to  the  Court  of  Star  Chamber  affords  some 
confirmatory  evidence  of  the  fact. 

In  this  petition  Salesbnry  states  that,  as  he  was  going  to  London 
''  fh>m  hys  sayd  ountree  abought  hys  necessare  affayers,"  having  in 
his  possession  a  certain  box  of  evidence  concerning  diverse  lands 
of  inheritance,  *'on  21  'Jan.  last  past  [no  year  is  given],  about 
7  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  in  the  highway  betwixt  Wrexham  and 
Holt,  certain  persons :  that  is  to  say,  Ellys  Price,  Doctor  of  Lawes ; 
John  Lloyd,  Esquier;  Richard  ap  John,  and  Kydwaladr  ap  John 
Wyn,  with  one  other  whose  name  as  yet  is  unknown,  made  an 
assault  and  affraye  upon  the  said  William  Salesbnry,  and  violently 

g lucked  him  beside  his  horse,  putting  kim  in  fear  and  danger  of  his 
fe.  Then  and  there  they  feloniously  took  from  him  the  said  box 
of  evidence,  and  one  wallet  of  canvas  wherein  was  certain  things 
and  stuff  to  the  value  of  20  shillings  and  above,  and  they  still  keep 
the  same.  And  for  further  accomplishment  of  the  same  their  evil 
and  mischievous  purpose,  they  procured  ye  same  Richard  ap  John 
to  pursue  and  dog  ye  said  William  Salesbnry  by  the  space  of  thirty 
miles,  till  he  came  to  the  place  aforesaid,  where  they  accomplished 
their  said  purpose.  And,  as  your  poor  orator  is  bnt  '  a  very  pore 
gentylman  havyng  ffewe  ffrynds  in  the  ountree,'  he  asks  his 
Itajesly  that  letters  of  privy  seal  be  directed  to  Ellis  Price  and  John 


268  REVIEWS  AND  NOTIOBS  Of  BOOKS. 

Lloyd,  directing  them  to  appear  in  iAie  Star  Chamber  at  West- 
minster."^ 

From  this  petition  it  appears  that  Salesbary's  qoarrel  laj  with 
Dr.  Ellis  Prioe  and  John  Lloyd,  Esqaire,  the  former  of  whom  was 
the  nnole  and  the  latter  the  hnsband  of  one  of  Salesbary's  nieces. 

Archdeacon  Thomas  says  that  Salesbnry  "  has  been  aoonsed 
of  usurping  possession  of  Plas  Isa,  and  depriving  his  brother's 
daughters  of  their  inheritance,  and  of  even  trpng  to  do  more^  hat 
that  he  was  prevented  by  Dr.  Ellis  Prys."  We  see,  therefore,  that 
there  is  some  ground  £(k  the  statement  that  Salesbary's  troubles 
arose  out  of  litigation  as  to  the  rights  of  his  nieoes  in  certain  lands. 

The  suggestion  that  the  change  in  the  law  of  gavelkind  had 
something  to  do  with  this  litigation  is  very  plausible ;  but  Ardi- 
deacon  Thomas,  following  other  writers,  is  mistaken  as  to  the  nature 
of  this  change. 

On  the  death  of  the  father,  according  to  the  Welsh  laws, 
his  land  was  partible  among  his  sons;  but,  in  the  event  of  his 
having  no  sons,  the  daughters  did  not  inherit.  The  SUUtUum 
WcUliae  of  1284,  though  it  preserved  the  old  Welsh  laws,  neverthe- 
less made  manv  changes  in  them,  so  as  to  bring  them  more  into 
consonance  with  Engl^h  law.  One  of  these  changes  was  to  make 
land  partible  among  daughters,  if  there  were  no  sons.  This  hsd 
always  been  ihe  rule  with  regard  to  gavelkind  in  England.  By  the 
Statute  34  and  35  Henry  YIII,  o.  26,  all  gavelkind  lands  in  Wales 
were  made  descendible  to  the  heir,  according  to  the  common  law 
of  England. 

Applying  these  principles  to  the  case  of  Salesbnry,  we  find  that 
his  brother  Robert,  having  died  in  1540,  before  the  new  Act  was 
passed,  his  lands  would  be  divided  among  his  daughters. 

But  when  Foulk  Salesbnry,  William  s  father,  died  in  1546  or 
thereabouts,  Wilh'am,  by  reason  of  the  Act  passed  in  1543,  and  not 
Bobert  Salesbary's  daughters,  would  inherit  the  land.  This  may 
have  been  the  cause  of  the  dispute,  or,* it  may  be  that  William 
claimed  the  lands  left  by  his  brother  Bobert ;  but  we  fail  to  see 
what  legal  claim  he  had  in  1540  to  his  brother's  lands,  seeing  that 
Foulk  Salesbnry,  his  f&ther,  was  alive. 

We  disagree  with  the  Archdeacon's  remarks  about  the  aatho^ 
ship  of  the  H^elsh  Primer  of  1546.  He  thinks  that  the  cost  of  pahli- 
cation  was  borne  by  Sir  John  Price,  and  that  he  employed  **  his 
friend  and  fellow -student,"  Salesbnry,  to  do  the  editorial  work. 
Apart  from  the  fact  that  there  is  no  evidence  that  Sir  John  and 
Salesbnry  knew  one  another,  and  that  it  is  most  unlikely  that  they 
were  fellow-students,  we  do  not  think  he  has  sufficient  grounds  on 
which  to  base  his  opinion.  It  is  said  that  the  pre&ce  to  the  Primer 
is  similar  in  its  phraseology,  its  purport,  and  its  tone  to  other 
Prefaces  and  Dedications  by  Salesbnry.  On  the  question  of  phrase- 
ology, we  join  issue,  and  the  purport  and  tone  of  prefaces  written  to 

»  Star  Chamber  Proceedingg,  Bundle  29,  No.  178. 


RBTIEWS  AND  NOTICES  OF  BOOKS.  269 

religious  works  of  this  cbaraoter  are  always  apt  to  ran  in  the  same 
grooTe. 

Besides,  it  is  inconceivable  that  the  man  who  wrote  the  Primer 
of  1546  also  wrote  the  Dictionary  of  1547,  because  not  only  the 
orthography  bnt  the  lingnistio  system  of  the  two  are  diametrically 
oppo«9d.  In  both  of  the  books,  for  instance,  the  Welsh  alphabet  is 
printed.     In  the  Primer  it  is  given  as  follows : — 

a,  6,  c,  d,  d,  e,  ff,  /,  g,  A,  t,  k,  I,  Ih,  m,  n,  o,  p,  r,  rh,  », «,  u,  v,  y,  w. 

In  the  Dictionary  it  appears  as : — 
a,  6,  c,  ch,  d,  dd,  «,  /,  /,  g,  gh,  k,  t,  k,  I,  II,  m,  w,  o,  p,  r,  «,  m,  st, 

But,  apart  from  this,  it  is,  we  think,  clear  that  the  author  of  the 
Primer  was  a  native  of  South  Wales ;  for  not  only  does  he  use 
words  which  do  not  occur  in  the  North  Wales  dialects,  but  he 
spells  other  words  as  they  were,  and  are,  prononuced  in  Sonth 
Wales.  We  do  not  get  the  North  Wales  plurals ;  the  anthor  writes 
pynckeu^  not  pynckieu.  It  would  be  easy  to  point  out  many  of  the 
distinctions  of  the  South  Wales  dialects  iu  the  book. 

Salesbnry  himself,  in  his  preface  to  the  Ledionary  of  1551,  says : 
— "One  more  cantion  I  add:  that  I  be  not  made  snbjeot  to  the 
judgment  of  the  men  of  Dyfed  alone ;  for,  as  a  native  of  Gwynedd, 
unfilled  in  the  dialect  of  Dyfed^  I  may  perchance  have  employed, 
not  only  some  terms,  bnt  even  sentences  (for  we  differ  in  both 
respects),  which  may  sound  in  their  ears  somewhat  ridiculous,  inapt, 
or  irreverent ;"  so  it  is  quite  clear  that  he  did  not  write  the  prefi^ce 
or  any  part  of  the  Primer. 

Moreover,  we  have  the  direct  testimony  of  Bishop  Davies  that 
Sir  John  Price  was  the  anthor  of  the  book,  and  we  think  his  testi- 
mony should  alone  be  sufficient  to  decide  the  question. 

There  are  other  interesting  questions  raised  by  the  account  of 
William  Salesbnry ;  whether,  for  instance,  there  is  any  substance  in 
the  story  that  the  Salesbnrys  were  descended  from  one  Adam  de 
Saltzbnrg.  We  were  under  the  impression  that  the  Rev.  John 
Williams  (Glanmor),  in  his  Records  of  Denbigh^  had  successively 
demonstrated  the  origin  and  source  of  this  myth.  Salesbury's 
Bojoum  at  Oxford  has  never,  we  believe,  been  proved,  though  it  has 
been  generally  accepted  as  a  fact 

Many  intricate  questions  arise  out  of  the  different  renderings  of 
parts  of  the  Bible,  of  which  the  Archdeacon  gives  us  specimens. 
Apparently,  Salesbnry  made  use  of  the  older  versions  when  they 
were  accessible  to  him,  but  his  translation  is  always  more  faithful  to 
the  original,  and  he  did  not  hesitate  to  sacrifice  style  in  order  to 
convey  the  exact  meaning. 

Archdeacon  Thomas  thinks  that  the  version  of  the  Pastoral 
Epistles  in  the  Gmjsaney  MS.  is  a  late  revision  of  the  printed  text 
of  1567.  Apart  from  a  comparison  of  the  two  versions,  there  is  no 
means  at  present  of  testing  the  truth  of  this  statement     Besides, 


270  lifiviisws  AND  jtoncES  oi'  Boolcs. 

the  &ot  that  one  version  is  more  Bnished  than  the  other  does  not 
really  prove  anything,  because  it  is  clear  that  Salesbary  himself 
translated  the  printed  version  of  1567,  while  it  is  equally  clear  that 
the  Owytaney  M8S.  text  was  the  work  of  Bishop  Davies. 

It  is  idle,  therefore,  to  form  conjectures  on  this  point,  and 
Archdeacon  Thomas  has  wisely  refrained  from  discussing  the  ques- 
tion at  length.  Nevertheless,  we  are  not  sure  but  that  the  unearth- 
ing of  this  particular  MSS.  may  not  help  us  to  solve  another  v^ 
perplexing  question. 

Wo  refer  to  the  translation  of  the  Bible  and  the  Apocrypha  into 
Welsh  by  Bishop  Morgan.  It  has  always  been  a  mystery  how  the 
learned  Bishop  succeeded  in  completing  his  difficult  task  within  so 
short  a  space  of  time.  He  was  only  forty-seven  years  old  when  it 
was  published.  Is  it  probable  that  one  man  unaided  succeeded  in 
carrying  through  this  immense  task  within  a  space  of  not  more  than 
twenty  years? 

Sir  John  Wynne  tells  us  that  Bishop  Davies  and  Salesbury  were 
busily  engaged  for  two  years  in  translating  books  into  the  Welsh 
language ;  and  the  Bishop  himself,  in  the  Epistles  to  the  Welsh 
People  which  precedes  the  New  Testament  of  15t>7,  states  that  they 
were  working  upon  the  translation  of  the  Old  Testament 

The  existence  of  the  Gwysaney  MSS.^  though  it  points  more 
directly  to  a  recension  of  the  1567  version  of  the  New  Testament, 
may  in  the  face  of  the  above  facts,  have  been  part  of  an 
attempt  by  Bishop  Davies  to  translate  the  whole  Bible.  It  is  not 
merely  that  Bishop  Morgan  succeeded  in  carrying  through  his  great 
undertaking  within  so  short  a  space  of  time,  but  we  must  also 
consider  the  excellence  of  the  translation  and  the  purity  of  the 
language. 

In  spite  of  the  introductiou  by  Morgan  of  many  idioms  foreign  to 
Welsh,  his  translation  of  the  Bible  is  admitted  on  all  sides  to  be  a 
masterly  example  of  pure  and  idiomatic  Welsh. 

This  leads  us  to  ask  whether  Morgan  had  the  aid  of  Bishop 
Davies's  MSS.  translation  of  the  Old  Testament.  At  present  there 
is  no  evidence  that  he  ever  saw  Davies's  MSS.  translation,  but  it  is 
within  the  range  of  probability  that  this  MSS.  may  some  day  be 
discovered,  and  we  shall  then  be  able  to  apportionate  the  credit  to 
the  two  men,  or  to  continue  to  marvel  at  the  industry  and  ability  of 
Bishop  Morgan. 

Archdeacon  Thomas  has  done  a  distinct  service  to  Welsh  litera- 
ture by  bringing  together  in  his  book  all  that  is  at  present  known  of 
the  first  translators.  The  book  is  well  printed,  and  its  get*up 
reflects  great  credit  on  the  printers :  The  Caxton  Press  Co.,  of 
Oswestry. 

J.  H.  Davik. 


'REVIEWS  AND  NOTICES  OF  BOOKS.  271 

Abertstwtth,  Its  Coubt  Lbet,  ktc,  1690-1900.    By  Georoi  Etke 
Evans,  Welsh  Gazette  Office,  Aberystwyth. 

This  handsome  and  beantifally-printed  work  reflects  great  credit 
upon  the  author  and  upon  the  publisher.  Mr.  Evans  has  edited  the 
various  docaments  embodied  in  the  work  with  most  commendable 
care  and  accuracy.  From  the  lists  which  he  gives,  together  with  his 
annotations,  it  is  possible  to  construct  a  very  satisfactory  history  of 
the  town  of  Aberystwyth  during  the  last  two  centuries.  Moreover, 
we  obtain,  especially  with  the  aid  of  a  description  of  Aberystwyth 
Castle  by  Mr.  Harold  Hughes,  a  valuable  insight  into  the  mediaoval 
condition  of  the  town  and  neighbourhood.  One  of  the  most  valuable 
lists  in  the  book  is  that  giving  an  account  of  the  books  printed  from 
time  to  time  at  Aberystwyth.  There  is  also  a  list  of  the  chief  events 
connected  with  Aberystwyth  in  the  nineteenth  century;  but  this 
list  is  not  so  uniformly  complete  as  it  might  have  been.  The  work 
contains  much  interesting  information,  as,  for  instance,  that  Lewis 
Morris  (Llewelyn  Ddu  o  Fob),  of  Penbryn  was  presented  as  a 
bargess  in  1760.  We  learn  also  that  in  1799  eleven  jurymen  were 
unable  to  write  their  names.  The  valuable  revenue  which  Aberys- 
twyth derives  from  its  leases  is  traced  to  the  foresight  of  a  Mr.  Job 
Sheldon,  a  Scotchman,  who  became  Mayor  of  the  Borough.  Those 
interested  in  apparent  references  to  Irishmen  in  Welsh  place-names 
will  welcome  the  name  Wig  y  Gwyddyl,  given  in  a  map  by  Lewis 
Morris  to  a  part  of  Aberystwyth  Beach,  opposite  the  Queen's 
Hotel.  There  is  also  an  interesting  account  of  the  "  Corpse  Bell" 
rang  by  the  bellman  through  the  streets  of  the  town  before  funerals, 
a  cnstom  still  existfng  in  Machynlleth,  and  also,  until  lately,  found 
at  Carnarvon.  Mr.  Evans  duly  chronicles  the  visits  of  distinguished 
men,  such  as  Edward  Irving,  Keble  and  Tennyson,  to  Aberystwyth. 
Among  the  most  interesting  sections  of  the  work  are  the  accounts 
of  punishments  now  obsolete,  and  the  history  of  religious  movements 
in  the  borough.  The  work  appears  to  be  singularly  free  from 
inaccuracies,  but  a  few  minor  blemishes  occur  hero  and  there.  For 
example,  in  a  note  on  p.  62,  Lithfaen  should  be  Llithfaen,  while 
*  Meylltyrn-yn-Lleyn'  has  apparently  been  taken  to  be  the  full  name 
of  a  farm  :  the  name  of  the  farm  is  simply  Meylltyrn,  or  Meillteym, 
and  the  words  should  read  "  Meylltyrn  in  Lleyn."  Capel  y  Groes 
should  be  given  as  "  The  Chapel  of  the  Cross'*  not  **  The  Chapel  of 
Cross."  On  p.  75,  **homiletic**  is  wrongly  written  as  "homeletic,"  and 
on  p.  102  '*  flagelators''  is  given  for  '*flagellators."  "Mawddwy**  is 
also  given  as  '*  Mawddy."  **  Clorianneu  Eur"  should  be  rendered 
**  Golden  Scales."  In  the  list  of  subscribers  the  name  "  J.  Mortimore 
An^s"  should  read  ''  J.  Mortimer  Angus."  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
Mr.  G.  Eyre  Evans  will  continue  his  investigations  into  the  history 
of  Aberystwyth  and  the  neighbouring  districts,  and  that  others  will 
follow  his  example  in  publishing  records  of  other  towns  and  districts 
which  are  still  unedited. 

E.  Anwyu 


272 


SLrcfiaeologtcal  iBotes  anH  (Bvitms. 

Thb  Inscuibbd  Pillar  of  Samson  at  Llantwit  Major,  Glamob- 
OANSHIRB. — The  diyiding  of  tbe  words  of  the  inscription  on  this 
stone,  given  by  Mr.  Westwood  and  Messrs.  Haddan  and  Stnbbs, 
leaves  two  words  in  it  quite  meaningless,  and  also  destroys  the  oon- 
straction  of  the  words  immediately  preceding  them. 

Mr.  Westwood  reads  it  thns : — 

"In  nomine  Di  snmmi  incipit  crax  Salvatoris  qnae  preparavit 
Samsoni  apati  pro  auima  sua  et  pro  anima  Inthahelo  rex  et  pro 
Artmali  teoan  (?)." 

Messrs.  Haddan  and  Stnbbs  have  read  it  in  the  same  way,  except 
that  they  have  correctly  left  oat  the  word  pro  before  Artmali,  follow- 
ing the  inscription,  and  have  made  the  last  word  tecain.  By 
reading  the  whole  sentence,  which  on  the  stone  runs  on  thronghoat 
without  any  spaces  between  the  words,  in  the  way  suggested  below, 
a  better  sense  is  made  out  of  it,  and  the  meaning  of  two  words  in  it 
is  shown,  which,  according  to  the  other  dividing,  have  no  sense  at 
all.     I  therefore  believe  it  should  thus  be  read : — 

"  In  nomine  Di  summi  incipit  crux  Salvatoris  quae  preparavit 
Samson  i  apati  pro  anima  sua  et  pro  anima  Inthahelo  rex  et  Artmal 
t  tecaon.** 

The  words  put  in  italics,  in  this  suggested  reading  of  the  inscrip- 
tion are,  I  believe,  exactly  the  Early  Welsh  words,  i  apcUy  for  the 
Modem  Welsh  Tr  abad  (the  abbot),  and  i  tecaoK,  Y  deacwi  (the 
deacon),  which  we  would  expect  to  see  used  in  Samson's  time,  in 
the  ninth  century.  It  may  be  objected  to  the  last  words  i  tecatm 
(the  deacon),  that  the  i  should  belong  to  Artmal  to  mark  its 
oblique  case.  I  cannot  see  that  any  of  the  proper  names  in  the 
inscription  has  the  terminal  sign  of  oblique  case,  and  the  nomina- 
tive farm  of  the  word  rex  joined  to  luthaAelo,  goes  for  to  prove  the 
entire  disregard  of  this  in  the  inscription.  With  this  suggested 
dividing  of  the  inscription,  I  would  read  it  thus  in  English  : — 

"  In  the  name  of  the  Most  High  God,  the  Cross  of  the  Saviour 
was  begun,  which  Samson  the  abbot,  /or  his  soul  prepared,  and  for 
the  soul  of  Inthahelo  the  king,  and  Artmal  the  deacon." 

The  word  for,  put  into  italics  in  my  translation  of  it,  is  put  on  the 
stone  twice,  evidently  through  the  negligence  of  the  carver,  by  i  in 
Welsh,  and  pix>  in  Latin. 

John  Davibs. 


Excavations  Proposed  to  be  carried  out  at  Abbrtstwtth  Gastlb. 
— In  July  last,  on  the  advice  of  Dr.  Henry  Owen,  I  had  the  honour 
of  being  invited  to  insp>ect  the  Castle  at  Aberystwyth,  with  the  view 
of  reporting  to  the  Mayor  and  Corporation  as  to  the  advisability 


AROH^OLOGICAL   NOTES   AND   QUERIES.  273 

of  carrying  out  ezoavations,  the  general  linee  to  be  followed,  and  the 
added  interest  in  the  buildings  to  be  expected  therefrom. 

With  my  report  I  submitted  a  plan  (here  reproduced).  The 
walls  visible  above  the  ground  are  indicated  in  block.  The  pro- 
bable positions  of  the  remaining  portions  are  drawn  with  hatched 
lines. 

The  following,  taken  from  my  report,  dated  July  22nd,  1902,  will 
give  an  idea  of  the  work  at  present  visible,  and  my  recommendations 
with  regard  to  the  question  of  carrying  out  excavations. 

*'The  Castle  consisted  of  an  inner  ward  contained  within  an 
outer.  The  containing  walls  of  each  ward  formed  a  slightly  irregu- 
lar four-sided  lozenge-shaped  figure,  the  longest  diameter  lying  north 
and  south.  At  the  north,  west,  and  south  angles  of  the  inner  ward 
were  drum  towers,  probably  three-quarters  exposed  on  the  outside. 
The  great  gatehouse  occupied  the  eastern  angle.  The-  gatehouse  and 
towers  were  connected  by  curtain  walls.  On  the  north-west  and 
south-west  sides  were  intermediate  towers,  the  former  containing  a 
small  second  gatehouse.  Of  the  large  gatehouse,  much  is  visible.  The 
buildings  on  the  north  side  of  the  entrance- way  have  been  excavated 
to  a  great  extent,  probably  in  1845.  On  the  southern  side,  however, 
large  portions  of  the  walls  are  covered  over,  and  the  interior  is 
filled  up  with  dSbria.  The  northern  and  southern  buildings  of  the 
gatehouse  each  contains  the  remains  of  a  turret  staircase.  The 
work  in  situ  shows  that  the  gateway  was  defended  on  the  outside 
by  a  portcullis  and  doors,  and  on  the  inside  by  doors.  The  gate- 
house in  the  north-west  wall  still  exists  with  indications  of  a  three- 
fold defence  —  a  loop  extending  vertically,  the  full  width  of  the 
passage,  to  the  working  chamber  of  the  portcullis  above,  the  port- 
cullis itself,  and  the  inner  doors.  Of  the  other  towers,  only  a  small 
portion  of  the  western  is  visible  in  situ.  There  are,  however, 
numerous  large  masses  of  masonry  scattered  around,  which  prove, 
with  a  certainty,  the  existence  formerly  of  towers  in  the  positions 
I  have  indicated.  The  appearance  of  these  masses  is  quite  in 
harmony  with  the  statement  that  the  Castle  was  blown  up  by  the 
Parliamentary  forces  about  the  year  1646.  I  will  briefly  enumerate 
the  data  proving  the  existence  of  the  various  towers  and  curtain 
walls.  Around  the  position  1  have  indicated  for  the  northern 
tower  are  numerous  masses  of  masonry.  To  the  north  of  the  tower 
is  a  large  block  with  the  outer  face  worked  to  a  curve,  the  inner 
faces  being  straight-sided.  This  evidently  formed  a  portion  of  an 
outer  wall  of  a  tower.  To  the  north-west  is  another  large  mass  with 
inner  and  outer  faces  straight,  the  angles  apparently  being  those 
of  an  octagonal  figure.  Within  the  mass  is  contained  a  portion 
of  a  circular  staircase.  Besides  the  small  portion  of  the  western 
tower  visible  in  situ,  on  the  east  is  a  mass  containing  a  fragment 
of  a  circular  staircase.  A  mass  in  the  centre  of  the  tower  combines 
the  fragment  of  the  well  of  a  staircase  with  the  internal  and 
external  faces  of  a  tower ;  while  a  mass  to  the  west  evidently  forms 
a  portion  of  the  same  structure,  though  its  exact  position  is  not 


-*Ja^^^_ 


PE.E.X.  lOO  50  O 


ioope.&-r: 


Plan  of  AbeiTstwyth  Gastls. 


ARCH^OLOGICAL  NOTES   AND   QUERIES.  275 

qoite  dear.  Of  the  intermediate  tower  in  the  sonth-west  onrtain, 
two  masses  indicate :  one,  the  onrved  external  face  of  a  tower  with 
internal  straight  sides ;  the  other,  the  fragment  of  the  well  of  a 
circnlar  staircase.  Aronnd  the  position  I  have  indicated  for  the 
Boathem  tower  are  nnmerons  large  fragments  of  masonry,  though, 
for  the  most  part,  they  do  not  contain  sufficient  data  to  indicate  the 
shape  or  size  of  the  tower.  A  mass,  however,  combines  a  portion 
of  a  staircase  well  with  the  internal  straight  sides  of  a  tower. 

"The  position  of  the  curtain  walls  are  fairly  well  defined  by  the 
mounds  and  fragments  which  follow  their  course.  The  plan  I  have 
shown  can  only  be  taken  as  approximately  correct.  The  exact 
positions  of  the  towers  and  walls  must  remain  hidden,  till  revealed 
by  the  pick  and  shovel.  Of  the  exact  position  of  the  junction  of  the 
curtain  walls  with  the  gatehouse  towers  I  am  uncertain. 

"Of  the  outer  ward,  drum  towers,  three-quarters  of  their  cir- 
cumference exposed  on  the  outside,  exist,  to  a  great  extent,  at 
the  northern  and  southern  angles.  The  outer  gatehouse  occupies 
the  eastern  angle.  Of  the  western  angle  nothing  is  visible. 
Probably,  any  tower  which  occupied  this  position  has  disappeared 
with  the  cliff  on  which  it  stood.  Opposite  the  gateway,  in  the 
inner  north-west  wall,  are  the  remains  of  an  outer  gateway  be- 
tween the  two  bastions.  In  the  south-east  wall  are  the  remains 
of  a  small  bastion.  The  towers  were  connected  by  curtain  walls. 
A  large  extent  of  the  outer  face  of  the  north-west  curtain,  between 
the  gateway  and  the  northern  tower,  is  visible.  The  starting  of  the 
wall  to  the  south-east  of  the  gateway  is  to  be  seen.  Of  the  south- 
west wall  the  work  of  excavating,  carried  on  lately  by  your 
Surveyor,  has  opened  up  the  outer  face  for  the  extent  of  about 
53  ft,  measuring  from  the  southern  tower.  Further  portions  are 
again  visible  about  the  centre  of  the  wall.  Of  the  north-western 
portion,  I  fear  all  remains  will  have  disappeared,  together  with  the 
cliff  which  supported  it.  The  outer  face  of  the  south-eastern  wall, 
between  the  south  tower  and  the  bastion,  is  in  a  very  perfect  condi- 
tion, though  the  upper  part  has  been  destroyed.  There  are  indica- 
tions of  the  wall  starting  again  on  the  north  side  of  the  bastion, 
though  the  exact  line-  it  took  is  entirely  conjectural.  The  starting 
of  the  north-eastern  wall  from  the  northern  tower  is  visible  for  the 
length  of  about  35  ft.  The  position  in  which  it  terminated  at  the 
other  end  remains  to  be  discovered. 

"Of  outer  defences  we  have  the  remains  of  a  ditch  (probably  dry) 
on  all  sides,  with  the  exception  of  a  portion  of  the  south-west.  The 
steepness  of  the  cliff  probably  rendered  it  unnecessary  in  this 
position.  It  would  appear  that  the  ditch  continued  till  it  opened 
out  on  the  ground  sloping  towards  the  sea  beyond  the  northern 
tower,  and  on  the  cliff  on  the  south-west  side. 

*'The  general  scheme  of  the  defences,  I  believe,  is  incompre- 
hensible to  most  of  those  who  visit  the  ruins.  It  would,  un- 
doubtedly, be  of  great  historical  interest  to  trace  accurately  the 
positions  of  the  various  towers  and  walls.     There  should  be  little 


276  ABOH^OLOGICAL   NOTES   AND   QUERIES. 

diffionltj  in  tracing  tboRe  of  the  inner  ward.  The  approximate 
positions  of  the  ancient  towers  is  an  ascertained  fact.  The  inner 
and  onter  faces  of  the  remaining  walls  shonld  be  laid  bare.  I  would 
further  recommend  that  the  soathem  gateway  bnilding  be  excayated 
in  a  manner  similar  to  the  northern.  By  lowering  the  groand 
slightly,  it  might  be  possible  to  bring  to  light  the  fonndations 
of  the  eastern  wall  of  the  northern  gateway  bnilding.  It  would  be 
of  great  interest  to  discover  the  manner  in  which  the  curtain  walls 
were  connected  with  the  gateway  building.  There  appears  to  be 
some  foundations  of  buildings,  at  a  a  on  Plan,  at  the  south  end 
of  the  inner  ward.  It  would  be  well  to  cut  a  trench  in  this  position. 
With  reference  to  the  outer  ward,  the  work  your  Surveyor  has  com- 
menced in  reopening  the  ditch  on  the  south-west  side  might  be 
continued  with  advantage.  It  would  be  well  to  ascertain  if  the 
south-west  wall  takes  a  turn  inwards  beyond  the  last  point  where 
it  is  visible;  but,  as  I  mentioned  above,  I  fear  the  remainder 
of  this  wall  has  entirely  disappeared.  The  bastions  and  portion 
of  the  north-west  wall,  not  at  present  visible,  can  easily  be  broaght 
to  light.  I  further  recommend  that  the  ditch  be  opened  in  front 
of  the  bastion  gateway,  and  a  simple  light  wooden  bridge  be  con- 
structed across  it.  The  manner  in  which  the  eastern  walls  termi- 
nated each  side  the  great  gateway  is  a  point  of  much  interest 
South  of  the  gateway  the  ground  has  been  so  much  disturbed  for 
pathways,  etc,  that  it  may  not  be  easy  to  trace  the  foundations 
of  the  wall.  To  the  north,  however,  the  entire  length  of  the  wall 
could  be  traced.  Possibly  there  may  have  been  a  small  bastion 
projecting  from  this  wall.  Of  the  outer  gateway,  it  would  be  well 
to  clear  out  the  southern  building  in  a  manner  similar  to  the 
northern.  By  lowering  the  ground  slightly  at  the  entrance,  it  might 
be  possible  to  come  across  signs  of  a  drawbridge. 

"  With  reference  to  the  mounds  without  the  walls,  I  feel  strongly 
against  the  removal  of  either  that  to  the  north-east,  or  that  in  front 
of  the  entrance.  These  mounds  probably  were  connected  originally, 
and  formed  the  outer  work  of  the  ditch. 

"  Of  other  works,  it  would  be  of  interest  to  open  up  the  well. 
A  parapet  wall,  about  3  ft.  in  height,  might  be  built  around  the  top, 
and  the  well  protected  by  a  simple  wrought-iron  grid.  The  interior 
of  the  northern  tower  of  the  outer  ward  might  be  cleaned  oat  The 
rubbish  should  be  removed  from  the  so-called  *  dungeon'  of  ^ 
outer  gateway.  Certain  heaps  of  rubbish  should  be  cleared  away 
from  the  grounds,  and  the  buildings  should  be  treated  with  that 
reverence  their  historic  and  artistic  associations  demand. 

"  I  trust  you  will  allow  me  to  emphasise  one  point,  namely,  that 
all  works  of  excavation  should  be  carried  on  with  greatest  care  not 
to  damage  old  work,  and  that  rubbish  excavated  should  be  carefully 
examined  ;  and,  if  any  articles,  even  fragments,  be  found,  they  be 
carefully  kept,  and  their  exact  position  be  noted— auch  fragments 
may  include  portions  of  old  broken  bottles,  clay  smoking-pipes* 
coins,  etc.,  not  to  mention  objects  of  greater  interest." 


ARCH^OLOGICAL   NOTES    AND   QUBRIES.  277 

Shonid  excavations  be  carried  out,  I  hope,  at  a  later  date,  to  have 
an  opportunity  of  describing  the  resalt  in  the  pages  of  Arctweologia 
CamhrendB, 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  note  the  various  vicissitudes  through 
which  the  structure  of  the  Castle  has  passed.  I  have  to  thank  Mr. 
George  Eyre  Evans  for  the  following  data.^ 

Of  the  early  Castle  of  Aberystwyth  and  its  successors,  which 
stood  on  the  hill  above  Tan-y-Castell  Farm,  the  other  side  of  the  river 
Ystwyth,  we  have  no  concern.  In  1277,  at  "  the  feast  of  St.  James 
the  Apostle,  Edmund,  the  King's  (Edward  I)  brother,  came  with 
an  army  to  Llanbadarn,  and  began  to  build  a  castle  at  Aberyst- 
wyth.^ It  is  with  the  remains  of  the  Edwardian  castle  we  are  at 
present  interested.  In  1282,  at  "the  feast  of  St.  Mary  of  the 
Equinox,  Graffndd,  Sou  of  Maredudd,  Son  of  Owain,  Son  of  Gruffad, 
Son  of  Lord  Rhys,  and  Rhys,  Son  of  Maelgwn,  Son  of  the  Lord 
Rhys,  possessed  themselves  of  the  Town  and  Castle  of  Aberystwyth  ; 
and  they  burned  the  Town  and  Castle,  and  destroyed  the  Rampart 
that  was  round  the  Castle  and  the  Town,  sparing  the  lives  of  the 
Garrison  because  the  days  of  the  Passion  were  near."* 

Within  a  year  or  two,  Mr.  Evans  informs  us,  the  Castle  was 
repaired  by  King  Edward. 

In  1404,  the  Castle  was  taken  by  Owen  Glyndwr,  and  retained 
till  1407,  when  it  was  retaken  by  Prince  Henry  (afterwards 
Heniy  V).  The  same  year,  however,  it  was  again  taken  by  Owen 
Glyndwr,  but  retaken  again  by  Prince  Henry  in  1408. 

In  1637,  Charles  I  ordered  a  mint  to  be  erected  within  the  Castle. 
The  mint  was  removed  to  Oxford  in  1642. 

In  1644,  "  some  thirty  men  of  the  King's  Garrison  in  the  Castle, 
thinking  to  surprise  fifty  of  the  Parliamentary  Forces  then  at 
Llanbadern,  were  repulsed,  and  thii*teen  of  them  drowned  in  the 
Pond  or  Leet  near  the  Town,  which  supplied  water  to  our  Lady's 
Mill ;  Lieutenant  Powell  was  one." 

About  the  beginning  of  November,  in  the  following  year,  1645, 
Parliamentarians,  consisting  of  Cardiganshire  men,  laid  siege  to  the 
Castle.  On  April  I4th,  1646,  Colonel  Whiteley  delivered  the 
Castle  to  the  besiegers.  Probably  it  was  in  this  year  that  the  Castle 
was  mined  and  blown  up  by  the  Parliamentary  forces. 

From  the  Court  Leet  presentments  we  gather,  that  in  1739 
stones  were  being  pulled  down  and  carried  away  from  the  towers 
and  Castle  walls;  and,  in  1742  and  1743,  the  large  tower  was  being 
undermined. 

In  1835,  the  ruins  were  generally  repaired  and  propped  up. 

In  1845,  certain  excavations  were  made ;  the  eastern  gateway  and 
entrance  cleared ;  a  so-called  dungeon  discovered  in  a  tower  on  the 
north  side  of  the  gateway ;  the  well  was  opened.  We  are  informed 
that  it  was  filled  to  the  top  with  stones  and  other  portions  of  ruins, 

*  George  Eyre  Evans,  Aberystmjth:  Its  Court  Lcct,  a.d.  1690-1900,  pp.  91-96. 
'  Brut  y  Ttfvrysogum,  Rolls  Edition,  p.  368. 
'  Ibid.,  p.  372. 
6th  seb.,  vol.  m.  21 


278 


ARCHiEOLOGICAL    NOTES   AND   QUBRIBS. 


inolnding  fragments  of  hewn  freestone,  and  that  it  was  cleared  oot 
to  the  bottom,  a  depth  of  60  fb. 

In  1901,  the  extension  of  the  marine  promenade  round  the  Castle 
point  was  commenced.  Harold  Huohbs. 


Small  Brohzb  Spbab-Hiad  found  at  Trbgaron,  Cardioanshiri.— 
This  object  is  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Rev.  D.  L.  Davies,  Vicar 


O  y 

Small  Bronze  Spear- Head 

found  at  Tregaron, 

Cardiganshire. 

Scale,  f  linear. 


Lower  Portion  of  Pre-Normin 

Gross-Slab  at  St.  lamael's, 

Pembrokeshire. 

Scale,  ^  linear. 


of  Talgarth,  Brecknockshire,  and  was  exhibited  bj  him  on  the 
occasion  of  the  visit  of  the  Association  to  Talgarth,  during  iht 
Brecon  Meeting  in  1902. 


ARCH^OLOGICAL   NOTES    AND    QUERIES.  279 

Pbb-Norman  Gross-Slab  at  St.  Ismael's,  Pbmbrokeshire. — The 
illnstratdon  here  given  o^  the  lower  portion  of  a  pre-Norman  cross- 
slab  at  St.  Ismaers,  Pembrokeshire,  is  taken  from  a  rubbing 
snpplied  by  Mr.  Henry  Edwards,  of  Priory  Street,  Mil  ford  Haven. 
It  was  fonnd  about  the  year  1884,  half  bnried  in  rnbbish  and  grass, 
when  the  cbnrch  was  being  restored,  and  is  now  on  the  north  side 
of  the  tower.  The  slab  is  3  ft.  8  ins.  long,  by  1  ft.  6  ins.  wide.  In 
the  centre  of  the  slab  is  the  shaft  of  a  cross  with  a  foar-cord  plait, 
having  horizontal  breaks  at  regular  intervals  on  each  side  of  it. 
We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Edward  Laws,  F.S.A.,  for  communicating 
the  above  account. 


The  "Golden  Grove  Book"  of  Pedigbees. 
To  the   Editor  of  the  ^^  Archceologia    Camhrensis.'* 

Sir, — With  reference  to  Mr.  Edward  Owen's  paper  in  your  April 
namber,  it  may  be  worth  while  to  note  that  Theophilus  Jones,  in  a 
letter  dated  April  8th,  1810,  writes  "  .  .  .  .  I  wish  to  continue  the 
pedigrees  in  the  books  given  me  by  my  late  respected  friend 
Mr.  Vaughan,  of  Golden  Grove,  down  to  the  present  day  .  .  .  The 
books  I  have  just  alluded  to  I  have  undertaken  by  Mr.  V.'s  direction, 
to  place  at  my  death,  either  in  the  Bodleian,  the  Heralds'  College,  or 
Borae  other  pablic  literary  dep6t ** 

The  first  Lord  Cawdor  acqaired  Golden  Grove  from  the  Mr. 
Vaaghan  above  mentioned. 

Your  obedient  servant,  E.  A. 


WgLSH    Iksoription   in  the  Churghtard    of   Llanoatoc   Fbibion 

AfEL,  MONMOUTHSHfRE. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  **  Archceologia  Gambrensis,** 

Sir, — Last  Good  Friday  I  paid  a  visit  to  the  above  church,  which 
is  five  miles  west  from  the  town  of  Monmouth.  In  the  churchyard, 
immediately  east  of  the  south  porch,  I  found  a  Welsh  inscription  on 
a  freestone  slab  Ijring  flat  on  the  ground.  I  took  a  copy  of  the 
lettering,  and  checked  it  on  a  subsequent  visit  ten  days  later.  In 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  Welsh  was  the  vernacular,  even  in  the  streets 
of  Monmouth ;  but  it  died  out  very  considerably  in  the  immediate 
neighbourhood  of  the  county  town  before  the  Civil  War,  and  has 
now  retreated  west  of  the  river  tJsk.  Hence  it  is  interesting  to 
find  a  Welsh  tombstone  inscription  so  far  east,  at  such  a  late  date. 
The  question  is  as  to  the  true  reading  of  the  words.  So  far  as  I 
have  been  able  to  decipher  them,  they  run  as  follows  : — 

'*HEARE  VNDER  LYETH  /  THE  BODIE  OF  lAMES  /  WATER  DECEASED  / 
THE  18  PAY  OF  APRIL  /  ANNO  DO^HNI  1690  /  (JWEDDIVN  BAWB 
AR  /  Y  lESV  HWN  DDYC  /  ON  YN  HAWDDNHE  /  VY  ADANdOS  YNNI  / 
aWIR   O   LEVNlPNYn  /  DI>E   Y   OWIWION    YN  /  UWELY    W   H  " 

21  • 


280  ARCHiBOLOGICAL    NOTES    AND    QUBRIE8. 

which  in  modern  spelling  wonid  perhaps  be  "  Hereunder  lidh  the 
bod  If  of  James  Walters,  deceased  the  ISth  day  of  April  Anno  Domini 
1690.  Gwedihwn  haiob  ar  yr  lesu  hwn  ddigon  yu  hawdd  adnahu 
a  davgos  %  ni  gwir  nteuni  pryd  y  ddaw  y  gwiwion  xw  gwely.  IF.  H!" 
The  Welsh  of  this  would  mean  :  '*  Let  as  all  pray  to  this  Jesns  (that 
He  will)  suflSciently  plainly  manifest  and  show  to  us  true  light 
when  the  worthy  ones  come  to  their  bed."  The  reading  presents, 
however,  certain  difficulties,  and  my  interpretation  is  merely  tenta- 
tive. I  hope  some  Welsh  scholar  will  throw  a  better  light  on  the 
subject  So  far  as  I  can  ascertain,  the  existence  of  this  interesting 
inscription  is  at  present  unknown  to  anyone  but  myself.  This  i« 
hardly  surprising,  since  the  letterinj^  is  very  much  worn  by  the 
boots  of  the  village  boys,  who  make  a  Sunday  playground  of  tliis 
part  of  the  churchyard.  I  should  add  that  the  stone  has  a  debased 
wheel-cross  carved  at  top,  and  several  crosses  in  the  top  margin. 
Until  some  clear  and  satisfactory  interpretation  of  this  inscription 
is  forthcoming,  it  will  almost  rank  with  the  Welsh  cryptograms  at 
Usk  and  Peterston-super-Ely.  Can  there  have  been  a  desire  to 
puzzle  posterity,  or  why  all  this  mystery  in  the  wording  of  epitaphs? 

Yours  faithfully, 

John  Hobson  Matthews. 
Stanley  Lodge,  Monmouth,  May  7th,  1908. 


"The  fiLEDWiGAN  Thresher.*' 
To  Vie  Editor  of  tJie  **  Arch/Eolngia  Cambrensis.** 

Sir, — Would  you  kindly  insert,  in  one  of  your  issues,  the  following 
correction  of  an  error  which  has  appeared  for  many  years,  from  time 
to  time,  in  different  periodicals  and  books,  such  as  Camhro- Briton^ 
vol.  i,  p.  264  ;  Catherall's  Historij  of  North  Wales,  p.  53  ;  Hatus  y 
Cymry,  by  Rev.  O.  Jones,  vol.  i,  p.  305 ;  and  several  others,  under 
the  heading  "The  Lledwigan  Thresher"  {Hen  Ddyrnurr  Liedwigan). 

Lledwigan  is  a  farm  in  the  parish  of  Llangristiolus,  near  Llan- 
gefni, Anglesey,  and  Morys  Lloyd  is  said  to  be  the  well-to-do 
occupier  of  the  farm  at  the  time  of  the  rebellion,  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  the  First.  A  party  of  the  Parliamentarian  soldiers,  abont 
thirty  in  number,  according  to  tradition,  visited  Morys  Lloyd's  farm, 
and  found  him  in  the  barn  threshing.  They  demanded  a  large  som 
of  money  of  the  farmer,  or  his  life  in  case  of  refusal.  He  instantly 
replied  that  he  would  only  yield  the  one  with  the  other,  and  partially 
closed  the  barn  door,  so  that  his  assailants  could  only  enter  one  by 
one.  He  then  attacked  them  as  they  appeared  with  his  flail,  and 
managed  to  kill  eight  or  ten  of  them,  and  would  probably  have 
killed  more,  had  not  the  thongs  which  connected  the  two  parts  of 
the  flail  accidentally  got  broken.  The  party  soon  overpowered  the 
defenceless  man,  and  they  showed  him  no  mercy. 

Probablv  the  tradition  is  well  founded,  as  far  as  the  incident  is  in 
question,  but  the  topography  is  certainly  at  fault.    All  local  evidence 


ARCH^OLOGICAL  NOTES  AND  QUERIES.  281 

tends  to  show  that  this  happened,  not  at  Lledwigan,  bat  at  a  farm 
three  miles  from  Lledwigan,  called  Plas  Bach,  in  the  parish  of 
Cerrigceinwen.  Morys  Lloyd  was  bnried  by  the  chnrch  of  Cerrig- 
ceinwen,  and  his  tombstone  was  removed  from  the  churchyard,  and 
used  for  many  years  as  a  flagstone  in  the  floor  of  the  chnrch. 
Fortunately,  it  had  been  placed  face  downwards,  and  the  inscription 
was  preserved  from  injury. 

In  making  certain  alterations  in  the  church,  the  stone  was  dis- 
covered, and  the  matter  was  reported  to  Mr.  John  Williams,  of 
Lledwigan,  who  was  then  churchwarden,  who  took  care  of  the 
precious  relic,  and  placed  it  beyond  the  reach  of  further  desecration. 
Whether  Mr.  Williams's  share  in  restoring  the  stone  is  accountable 
for  the  error  of  locating  the  incident  at  Lledwigan  I  cannot  say. 

I  have  in  my  possession  an  old  MS.  in  which  the  incident  is 
related  as  having  happened  at  Plas  Bach,  and  a  well-established 
tradition  points  to  a  mound  near  this  farmhouse  as  the  place  where 
the  soldiers  were  buried. 

The  other  day,  while  searching  old  wills  in  the  Bangor  Probate 
Court,  I  came  across  the  will  of  Morys  Lloyd,  where  it  is  distinctly 
stated  that  he  lived  in  the  parish  of  Cerrigceinwen,  and  not  in  that 
of  Llangristiolus. 

I  beg  to  enclose  a  photograph  of  the  inscription  on  the  tomb- 
stone, which  is  now  secured  in  the  wall  of  the  chnrch.  In  all 
the  transcriptions  I  have  seen  the  **X"  after  the  word  "  Dros**  is 
omitted.  Its  use  in  the  sentence  is  not  very  evident,  bat  as  X  is 
equivalent  to  CA,  I  am  inclined  to  the  opinion  that  it  stands  for 
Charles,  and,  if  1  am  right,  the  sentence  will  read  as  I  represent  it 
in  the  translation  below. 

DYl^  AYR-LLEYDAYARWYD  MO 
LLOYD  YiO  HyOREF!6'MH\)(^N 
AYMDRECHGDDYMDRCCHDEG  DROSX-l- 
FRENIN  AIWLAD'WRTHIYSTLYS-I-- 
CLADDWYD  1-ASSEN-EF-lANE 
REESG\)(^£NYN  CV WLYYt  o  DAC-HWEDD 
16  5  3 

The  inscription  is  interesting  from  the  fact  that  it  is  in  Welsh ; 
those  of  sach  an  early  date  are  almost  invariably  Latin  or  English 
(Literal  Translation.) 

This  is  the  spot  in  which  Mo(rys)  Lloyd  was  interred  on  the 
third  day  of  October,  1647,  after  having  fought  a  good  fight  for 
Charles  his  King  and  his  country.  By  his  side  was  buried  his  rib, 
Jane  Rees  Owen,  as  bedfellow,  for  him  the  fourth  November,  1G53. 

Bryn  Dinas,  Bangor.  J.  K.  Qkifpith,  F.L.S. 


282  ARCH^OLOGICAL   NOTES    AND    QUERIES. 

A  Note  upon  Muriau'r  Dre  (Trk'r  Qwtddelod),  CARNARvoKSHiRr. 
— Muriau'r  Dre  is  a  collection  of  hut-circles  and  walls,  upon  a 
marshy  piece  of  land  belonging  to  Gwastad  Annas  farm  in  Nant 
Gwynen.     It  is  exactly  one  mile  below  the  Pen  y  Gwrbyd  Hotel. 

Six  hut-circles  of  small  stones  yet  stand  1  ft.  or  18  ins.  abore  the 
ground  :  these  are  lettered  A,  B,  c,  E,  F  and  O  in  the  accompanying 
plan.  Two  other  circles,  d  and  H,  are  complete  in  outline  only. 
Foundations  of  walls,  always  curved  in  plan,  sometimes  almost 
"  scalloped,"  cross  and  recross  the  site  in  the  most  bewildering  way. 
One  can  only  suppose  that  the  town  was  inhabited  for  a  considerable 
time,  and  that  the  six  larger  circles  are  the  newest,  and  are  mainly 
built  ont  of  the  superstructure  of  older  dwellings — <lwelling8  whose 
foundations  were  left  because  the  builders  were  too  lazy  to  remove 
them.  But  even  this  theory  does  not  fully  explain  what  is  found  at 
T.  and  M,  unless  one  also  assumes  that  the  huts  in  the  earliest  viUnge 
were  joined,  each  to  the  next,  by  a  piece  of  wall,  so  that  huts  and 
joining  walls  together  form  an  enclosure.  So  purposeless  did  these 
foundations  appear^  until  they  were  planned,  that  really  the  sugges- 
tion of  the  Oosstping  Chiide  that  they  were  *'  dry  paths  for  use  in 
wet  weather,"  seemed  not  improbable.  At  K  on  the  plan  is  an  indica- 
tion of  a  dam  to  form  a  lodge  for  water.  N  is  the  only  rectangular 
structure  on  the  site :  from  the  fact  that  a  streamlet  flows  throogh 
it  one  may  conjecture  it  to  be  a  house,  but  its  connection  with  the 
long  foundations  is  puzzling.  Upon  the  opposite  site  of  Nant 
Cynnyd  is  an  acre  or  two  of  those  tiny  angular  fields  which  mark 
ancient  culture.  Along  the  very  brook  lies  an  ancient  trackway. 
There  is  a  ruined  cromlech  about  300  ft.  to  the  south ;  and  some 
standing  stones,  which  may  be  artificial,  are  found  between  the 
cromlech  and  the  river. 

The  town  has  never  been  properly  explored ;  but,  apparently 
many  years  ago,  a  hole  3  ft.  deep  was  made  in  the  centre  of  circle  0, 
holes  1  ft.  deep  in  A,  E  and  F,  and  circle  C  has  been  pecked  at.  All 
else  is  untouched. 

The  bibliography  of  the  site  is  scanty  in  the  extreme.  The 
25-in.  Ordnance  Map  marks  the  huts  "old  sheep-folds."  Prof. 
Rhys  quotes  in  **  Celtic  Folklore,*'  p.  632,  from  the  ArckcBologia 
Cambrensis  for  1862,  a  remark  based  upon  a  note  from  Charles 
Reed,  Esq.,  communicated  in  1860  to  the  Proceedings  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  Ser.  li,  vol.  i,  p.  161,  whicb  states  that  "  within 
half  a  mile  of  Llyn  Llydaw  there  are  the  remains  of  a  British  town 
not  marked  on  the  Ordnance  Map,  comprising  the  foundations  of 
numerous  circular  dwellings.  In  some  of  them  quantities  of  the 
refuse  of  copper  smeltings  were  found.'*  There  is  no  British  town 
within  half  a  mile  of  Llyn  Llydaw,  but  Muriau*r  Dre  is  only  just 
over  one  mile  away.  Though  a  brief  inspection  last  summer 
revealed  only  charcoal  and  no  copper  slag,  yet  the  existence  ot 
excavations,  which  that  casual  explorer  of  forty  years  ago  did  not 
trouble  to  fill  up,  is  conclusive  as  to  the  identity  of  the  site. 

There  is  some  rustic  folklore  relating  to  the  site  in  Jenkin's  Bedd 


r 


MimiAU'R  DrE  IK 

Nant  Gwtoent. 

dSP- 


284  ARCHifiOLOGlCAL    NOTES    ANl)   QUERIKS. 

Gelert  (Portmadoc,  1899),  which  Prof.  Rhjs  discusses  in  the  work 
raentioaed  above. 

Doubtless  the  modern  roadway  to  Cwm  Dyli  has  swallowed  up  a 
good  many  huts  and  walls.  A  mischievous  boy,  if  the  idea  occnrred 
to  him,  could  easily  perplex  beyond  all  understanding  the  fonnda^ 
tions  which  still  remain.  It  is  greatly  to  be  hoped  that,  when  the 
Association  meets  this  summer  at  Portmadoc,  some  competent 
antiquarians  will  visit  and  investigate  this  promising  site. 

Rev.  G.  C.  Chambrer. 

Restoration  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  Haverfordwest.  —  We 
gladly  publish  the  following  appeal  for  help  to  repair  one  of  the 
finest  churches  in  South  Wales  : — 

**  We  beg  to  solicit  your  kind  interest  and  help  in  connection  with 
the  above  work,  which  we  hope  to  take  in  hand  at  once.  It 
practically  means  the  completion  of  the  Restoration  of  this  ancient 
and  historic  building,  parts  of  which  (the  north  aisle  and  chancel) 
were  finished  some  years  ago.  A  great  deal,  however,  still  remains 
to  be  accomplished,  some  of  the  work  being  of  absolute  urgency ; 
especially  on  the  tower,  where  the  bells  and  town  clock  are  situated, 
and  in  the  nave,  the  roof  of  which  is  in  a  very  bad  state  and  part  not 
even  watertight. 

"  Plans  and  specifications  are  being  prepared  by  Mr.  W.  D.  Caroe 
(the  architect  to  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners),  but,  as  the  sum 
required  will  not  be  less  than  £3,000,  we  fell  that  it  is  a  task 
beyond  the  hope  of  local  effort  to  accomplish ;  but,  considering  the 
very  important  and  in  some  respects  unique  position  which  the 
church  occupies,  as  mentioned  in  the  brief  details  given  on  the 
annexed  page),  we  consider  it  has  a  special  claim  far  beyond  the 
limits  of  its  own  surroundings  or  of  its  own  congregation,  and  we 
feel  confident  that  an  appeal  made  on  its  behalf  to  all  interested  in 
Pembrokeshire  will  not  be  in  vain.  We,  therefore,  venture  to  place 
these  details  before  you  and  to  solicit  your  kind  help,  either  by  a 
subscription  or  donation,  or  in  any  other  form  you  prefer. 

*'  Trusting  to  receive  a  favourable  response  to  our  appeal, 
"  We  are,  yours  faithfully, 
C.  E.  G.  Philipps,  Bart., 
Lord  Lieutenant  of  the  Town  and  County  of  Haverfordwest. 
J.  H.  Davies,  M.A.,  Vicar. 
F.  R.  Greknish,  Mus.  Doc.  (Oxon)  )  Church - 
Herbert  J.  E.  Price  j  wardens. 

**  Subscriptions  may  be  sent  to  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Davies,  M.A., 
St.  Mary's  Vicarage,  Haverfordwest. 


Wooden  Fiourb  found  at  Strata  Florida,  Cardiganshirk.— Tiie 
I  remarkable   carved  wooden  figure  here  illustrated  belongs  to  the 

Rev.  D.  L.  Davies,  Vicar  of  Talgarth,  and   was  exhibited  by  him 
when  the  Association  visited  his  church  during  the  Brecon  Meeting 


AKCH^OLOOICAL   NOTES    AND   QUERIES. 


286 


Wooden  Figure  fuiiud  at  Strata  Florida, 
Cardigaushire.     Scale,  {  linear. 


VV^ooden  Figure  found  at  Strata  Florida, 
Cardiganshire.      Scale,  |  linear. 


286 


AllCfi^OLOGICAL   KOtBS   AKt>  QtJERtES. 


in  1902.  It  is  stated  to  have  been  found  at  Strata  Florida, 
Cardiganshire.  Mr.  C.  H.  Read,  F.S.A.,  of  tbe  British  Mnsevm, 
to  whom  the  fignre  has  been  shown,  expresses  an  opinion  that  it  is 
of  foreign  origin,  probably  North  American. 


Two  Fodbteinth-Centubt  Inscriptions  at  Pwllcrochan,  Pem- 
BROKBsuiBE. — There  are  in  Pwllcrochan  Church,  Pembrokeshire, 
two  fonrteenth-centurj  inscriptions  in  Lorn  bardic  capitals  which, 
althouflfh  of  considerable  interest,  have  never  been  previonslj  illus- 
trated. The  first  is  built  into  the  corner  of  the  north  aisle  outside, 
and  the  second  into  the  sonth  wall  of  the  nave  inside.  The  photo- 
graphs were  taken  by  Mr.  Gauntlett  Thomas,  son  of  the  Bector. 


Fig.  1. — Inacription  No.  1  in  Pwllcrochan  Church,  Pembrokeshire. 


The  readings  are  as  follows : — 

No.  1. 

ANNO  :  DNI  :  M  i  III  :  XL 

ERAT  :  IftA  :  ECCA  i  COftRVCTA 

CV  i  CAPELLA  :  IfTA  i  PER  i  DNM 

RADLM  :  BENEGER  ;  CODA 

RECTORl  :  HVIVS  i  ECCE  i  q 

REXIT  :  ECCAM  •  P  i  ANNOS 


II 

DE     NOVO 


ARCH^OLOGiCAt   NOTES    AND    QUKRIBS.  28? 

"  In  the  year  of  Oup  Lord,  1342, 
was  this  church  constructed  anew 
with  this  chapel  by  Sir 
Ralph  Beneger,  sometime 
Rector  of  this  chnroh,  who 
held  the  living  for  —  years." 


m 


idi 


^Jk 


Fig.  2. — Inscription  No.  2  in  Vwllcrochan  Church,  Pembrokeshire. 

No.  2. 
QVI  i  TRANSIS  :  PER  :  EVM  j  SEPE 
PRECARE  i  DEVM  i  VT  i  SIBl  \  SACTO 
RVM  :  DET  i  GAVOIASVMA  i  PO 
LORVM  i  ECCAM  :  REXIT 
CONSTRVXIT  i  ET  •  HANC 
BENE  i  7  EXIT  i  AC  i  ALIAS 
EDES  :  IN  i  CELIS  i  SIT  \  SIBl  i  SE 
DES  :  AMEN  i  PATER  j  NR 

**  Who  passes  over  him  often 
let  him  pray  God  that  He 
may  give  to  him  the  highest  joys 
of  the  Saints  of  Heaven  He  ruled  over 
this  chnrch  built  it  and 
well  covered  it  and  other 
buildings.     May  his  seat  be  in  Heaven. 
Amen.     Our  Father." 


288  ARCH^OLOGICAL    NOTES   AND    QtKRlBS. 

We  are  indebted  to  Dr.  Henry  Owen,  P.S.A.,  and  the  Rev.  David 
Bowen,  Vicar  of  Monktou,  for  directing  attention  to  these  inscrip- 
tions, and  supplying  photographs  of  them. 

An  account  of  the  Benegers  will  be  foand  in  Dr.  Henry  Oweu*s 
Old  Pembroke  Families,  p.  65.  Pwllcrochan  Chnrch  is  described  by 
Sir  Stephen  Glynne,  in  the  Arch.  Camh,,  5th  Ser.,  vol.  v,  p.  127. 
It  was  visited  daring  the  Pembroke  Meeting  of  the  Association  in 
1880  (see  "Report"  in  Arch,  Camb,,  4th  Ser.,  vol.  xi,  p.  343). 


Inscribed  Stonb  at  Lltsdikgwyn,  Carkarvonshirb. — The  monu- 
ment here  illustrated  has  been  recently  discovered,  and  will  be 
visited  during  the  forthcoming  Meeting  of  the  Association  at  Port- 
madoc,  in  August.  Llysdingwyu  is  situated  three-quarters  of  a  mile 
north-east  of  Brynkir  railway  station,  on  the  line  from  Carnarvon 
to  Pwllheli.  The  inscription  is  in  debased  Roman  capitals,  in  three 
horizontal  lines  near  the  top  of  the  stone  at  the  right-hand  side. 
It  reads 

ICORI   FILIVf 

POTENTI 

Nl 

We  are  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  J.  Allen  Jones,  High 
Street,  Criccieth,  for  allowing  us  to  reproduce  his  photograph  of  the 
stone. 


Old  Swokd  and  Cannon-Ball  found  at  Rhtd  Llydan,  Radnor- 
shire.— The  sword  and  cannon-ball,  of  which  we  give  an  illustra- 
tion, were  dug  up  some  years  ago  at  Rhyd  Llydan,  in  the  parish  of 
Llanbedr  Painscastle,  Radnorshire.  Rhyd  Llydan  is  situated  on  the 
Bach  Nowey,  and  is  the  ford  below  the  eminence  crowned  by  the 
site  of  the  famous  fortress  of  Painscastle,  where  many  a  sanguinary 
battle  was  fought  in  days  gone  by.  To  those  who  care  to  read 
between  the  lines,  what  a  tale  of  tragedy  these  ancient  relics  unfold ! 
We  seem  to  see  the  warrior  girding  on  his  sword,  and  bidding  an 
unconscious  last  farewell  to  his  home  and  family,  and  setting  out  to 
the  attack  of  the  famous  castle.  But  the  ford  which  guards  the 
approach  is  fiercely  defended  ;  we  hear  the  din  of  battle  and  the  shouts 
of  the  leaders,  mingled  with  the  roar  of  the  cannon ;  our  warrior 
uses  his  sword  well,  but  against  the  cannon  it  is  useless ;  the  fatal 
ball  strikes  him,  he  falls  to  rise  no  more,  and  finds  a  grave  on  the 
spot  where  he  fell. 

The  sword  and  cannon-ball  are  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Ljke, 
of  Rhyd  Llydan,  to  whom  we  are  much  indebted  for  his  kindness  in 
allowing  them  to  be  photographed,  and  bringing  them  down  to  Hay 
for  that  purpose.  M.  L,  Dawsok. 


Inscribed    Stonb    at    Llysdingwyn,    Carnarvonshire. 
{From  a  Photograph  by  J,  Allen  Jones,  Ifiyk  Street^  Criccieth.) 


Old  Sword  and  Cannon-Ball  found  at  Khyd  Llydan, 
Kadnorshire 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL    NOTES    AND    QUERIES.  289 

Proposed  Reparation  of  St.  Illtyd's  Chukch,  at  Llantwit 
Major,  Glamorganshire. — Mr.  G.  E.Hallidaj,F.B.I.B. A.,  Diocesan 
Sorveyor  and  Reparation  Architect,  reports  on  the  condition  of  the 
Tower  thus  : — "  Evidently  this  crushing  of  the  columns" — on  which 
the  Tower  rests — "and  the  gradual  thrusting  outwards  of  the 
arches,  more  particularly  to  the  east  and  west,  has  been  going  on 
for  a  very  considerable  time,  and  at  some  period  beyond  present 
recollection  it  must  have  been  of  a  very  serious  nature,  as  we  find 
the  early  carved  caps  have  in  some  cases  been  replaced  with  roughly- 
masoned  stones,  and  without  any  regard  to  the  original  intention  of 
their  corresponding  shafts.  These  and  other  precautions,  such  as 
placing  two  buttresses  in  the  western  church  to  receive  the  thrust 
of  the  arches,  have  answerrd  a  purpose  for  some  time,  but  of  late 
years  the  Tower  has  been,  and  is  still,  moving  in  a  south-westerly 
direction.  It  is  impossible  to  say  exactly  how  long  this  gradual 
subsidence  may  continue  without  doing  serious  damage ;  but  it  is 
certain  that  the  matter  most  be  faced  at  an  early  date,  as  the 
western  piers  are  now  3  in.  out  of  perpendicular  in  their  height  of 
6  ft.  3  in.,  and  the  eastern  piers  are  2^  in.  out  of  perpendicular,  all 
inclining  the  south-western  pier.  When  this  pier  is  unable  to  with- 
stand this  combined  pressure,  the  Tower  will  fall." 

As  fully  a  third  of  the  floor  of  the  Eastern  Church  will  be  taken 
np  for  the  Tower  reparation,  it  is  proposed  to  lower  the  whole  to 
its  original  level— a  work  which,  through  lack  of  funds,  was  deferred 
when  the  Western  Church  was  restored  in  1899.  During  the  past 
thirteen  years,  £2,300  has  been  expended  on  the  Church,  and  the 
parishioners  are  organising  a  bazaar  to  help  the  present  venture. 
The  resources  of  the  neighbourhood  being  totally  inadequate,  an 
appeal  is  hereby  made  to  the  liberality  of  all  interested  in  the  pre- 
servation of  the  ancient  monuments  and  church  of  Llantwit  Major. 

Subscriptions  may  be  forwarded  to  I.  B.  Nichol,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
The  Ham,  Cowbridge. 


CORBEOTIONS  IN  "  ARCHiBOLOOrA  CaMBRENSIS"  FOR  ApRIL,  1903: — 

Excursion  I, — Page  170,  line  4,  for  "  Penpont"  read  "  Aberbran." 
Tea  at  Brecon  was  provided  by  H.  O.  Avolyne  Maybery,  Esq., 
The  Priory. 

Excursion  11. — Page  171.  Tea  at  Llangorsewas  Twt  provided  by 
Col.  Gamons  Williams,  but  by  **  Mrs.  Bradley,  Cefn  Pare." 

Excursion  III, — Page  171.  Tea  at  Llunfrynach  was  provided  by 
Lt.-Col.  R.  D.  Gramons  Williams,  Tymawr. 

Excursion  IV, — Pages  171  and  172.  Route,  lines  4  and  5.  The 
return  journey  was  not  made  by  the  "same  route,*'  but  by  carriages 
all  the  way  to  Ffrwdgrech,  Tea  was  provided  at  Brecon  by  J.  A. 
Jebb,  Esq.,  Watton  Mount. 


290  ARCH^OLOGICAL    NOTES    AND    QUERIES. 

"  Thb  Hbrmitaqb  0?  Thkodobio." 
To  the  Editor  oj  the  ^^  Archceologia  Cambrenais,** 

Sir, — ^In  the  Plan  and  Elevation  of  the  "  Hermitage  of  Theo- 
doricos"  a  blander  has  been  made :  I  never  thought  of  looking  at 
the  scales. 

Now  in  the  Plan  I  sent  np  there  are  two  scales  given  :  the  one 
for  Plan  and  Elevation,  4  fb.  =  1  in. ;  scale  for  details  }-in.  to  the  foot 

In  the  print  one  scale  is  given,  2  feet  to  an  inch,  which  is  nothing 
to  the  Plan  or  details. 

The  Plan  and  Elevation  should  be  m^irked:  scale  14  ft.  to  an  inch; 
scale  for  details,  |^-in.  to  a  foot. 

I  give  in  the  letterpress  the  length  of  the  bailding  :  85  ft. ;  by  the 
scale  it  works  out,  12  ft. ;  the  slab,  5  ft.  by  the  scale,  10  ins.  ako ! 

Perhaps  yon  will  correct  this  in  next  Nnmber  otArc^  Camb. 

Tours  truly, 

Thomas  Grit. 
Underbill,  Port  Talbot,  April  26  th,  1903. 


SCQLPTURJSD  CaPITALB   IN   St.  MaRT's   ChURCH,    HAVJBRrORDWB8T.— 

The  four  plates  of  sculptured  capitals  are  from  photographs  kindly 
supplied  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Phillips,  of  Haverfordwest.  They  are  the 
most  remarkable  specimens  of  thirteenth-century  figure-sculpture 
in  Wales.  The  monkey  will  appeal  to  our  young  friends  who 
believe  in  the  now-discredited  doctrines  of  evolution. 


Mbibtino  of  thb  Assooiation  at  Poktmadoc. — The  Annual  Meeting 
of  the  Association  for  this  year  will  take  place  at  Portmadoc, 
Merionethshire,  on  the  17th  of  August  and  four  following  days. 
The  President-Elect  is  R.  H.  Wood,  Esq.,  P.S.A. 


ScTUTUKEU  Capital  of  Arcade  in  St.  Mary's  Church,  Haverfordwest. 


S<'i'LPTiREi»  Capital  of  Akcade  in  St.  Mary's  Chirch,  Haverfordwest. 


•Sci'LprrKED  Capital  of  Arcade  in  St.  Mary's  Church,  Haverfordwest. 


ScuLPTUBEp  Capital  of  Ajrcape  in  St.  Maby's  Church,  Haverfordwest. 


0» 
CO 

i-i 


Q  •-.• 


I 


©  o  o  o 


00    t0   O    09 


|lrchaeal0jgia  Camtr^ufiis. 


SIXTH  SERIES.— VOL.  Ill,  PART  IV, 


OCTOBER,  1903. 


INCISED  CROSS-STONE  AT  YSTAFELL-FACH, 

BRECKNOCKSHIRE,  AND  THE  TRADITION 

OF  AN  ANCIENT  TOWN. 

BY  W.  T.  GRANVILLE  LEWIS,  BARRISTER-AT-LAW. 

Canon  Liddon  well  said,  *'  The  veneration  for  anti- 
quity, especially  antiquity  in  association  with  human 
history,  is  a  natural  and  a  legitimate  sentiment ;  indeed, 
not  to  feel  it  is  to  lack  some  of  the  finer  elements  of  a 
well-balanced  mind.''  With  this  leading  thought  before 
me,  I  will  endeavour  to  describe  the  circumstances 
attending  the  discovery  of  the  stone  which  forms  the 
subject  of  this  account,  as  well  as  an  ancient  tradition 
connected  with  the  locality,  and  which,  I  trust,  may 

£rove  interesting  to  the  readers  of  the  Archceologia  Cam- 
rensis. 
It  appears  that  in  1897  the  County  Council  of 
Breconshire  required  a  quantity  of  stones  for  highway 
and  other  purposes  in  this  district,  and  one  of  its 
employes,  named  Daniel  Jones,  was  engaged,  on 
March  26th  of  that  year,  in  getting  them  from  a  dis- 
mantled cottage  called  Ystafell-fach.  It  is  situate  on 
the  farm  known  as  Llawdre.  On  the  following  day 
these  stones  were  removed  to  the  main  road  between 
Llanwrtyd    and    Llandovery,   and   at  a   point  about 

6th  8BB.,  VOL.  III.  22 


294  INCISED  CROSS-STONE  AT  YSTAPELL-FACH, 

li^  mile  from  the  former  town.  Subsequently,  Ernest 
Davies,  a  rural  postman  of  Llanwrtyd,  while  speaking 
to  Daniel  Jones,  chanced  to  observe  amongst  them 
one  with,  to  him,  some  strange  incisions  upon  it, 
and  thereupon  asked  him  to  place  it  on  the  side  of  the 
road  for  preservation.     It  was  accordingly  put  in  an 


stone  with  Incised  Cross  at  Yptafell-fach,  Brecknockshire. 

erect  position  near  the  end  ot  Berthddu  Bridge,  which 
spans  the  brook  known  as  Nant-cae-fach,  that  is,  the 
Brook  of  the  Little  Field.  Doubtless  many  persons 
must  have  seen  the  stone,  but  no  particular  notice 
seems  to  have  been  taken  of  it  till  Mr.  Robert  Lloyd 
Williams,  solicitor,  Grays,  Essex,  who,  while   paying  a 


Brecknockshire.  295 

visit  to  Llanwrtyd,  evinced  much  interest  in  this  object 
of  antiquity,  which  resulted  in  his  writing  a  letter  to 
the  chairnoan  of  the  Llanwrtyd  Parish  Council  as 
follows  : — "  I  assure  you  and  all  your  Council  the  stone 
is  almost  of  incalculable  value  to  archaeologists,  and 
your  Council  ought  to  take  the  greatest  care  that  It  is 
not  taken  away  and  placed  in  some  museum,  where  but 
few  would  journey  to  see  it.  I  must  tell  you  also  that 
such  stones  are  so  rare  that  I  believe  there  are  not 
more  than  two  others  existing  in  Wales,  and  three  in 
the  Isle  of  Man,  where  they  have  been  placed  in  the 
churchyard  at  Onchan  for  preservation,  and  jealously 
taken  care  of.  They  are  termed  Runic  stones.  I  do 
not  know  of  one  in  England.  The  stone  must  be  to 
the  memory  of  some  Welsh  chieftain  or  prince,  who 
lived  at  least  2,000  years  ago,  before  an  alphabet  was 
in  use.  It  is  claimed  by  no  one,  but  is  now  in  such  a 
position  that  I  am  astonished  that  it  has  not  ere  this 
Dean  irretrievably  defaced."  A  copy  of  this  letter 
appeared  in  The  Brecon  and  Radnor  Express  of  the 
6th  November,  1902. 

No  further  steps  were  apparently  taken  to  gather 
a  few  facts  as  to  the  history  of  this  stone,  until  the 
present  writer  called  upon  the  Vicar  of  Llanwrtyd,  the 
Rev.  W.  Tudor  Thomas,  who  manifested  such  a  kindly 
interest  in  the  matter  as  to  promise  me  his  valuable 
assistance.  We  accordingly  sallied  forth  to  view  the 
stone,  and  with  the  said  Daniel  Jones  as  our  guide,  we 
were  conducted  to  Ystafellfach.  This  cottage  would 
seem  to  have  been  made  such  out  of  what  was  once 
apparently  a  large  house  or  building.  And  now  we 
may  ask:  Does  the  name  "  Ystafell"  shed  any  light 
upon  the  history  of  this  spot  ?  The  word  "  ystafell " 
may  generally  be  rendered  chamber,  upper  room,  or 
stable.  Philologically,  however,  "ystafell"  is  imme- 
diately borrowed  from  the  Latin  "stabulum,"  which  has 
the  various  meanings  of  standing-place,  abode,  habita- 
tion, dweUing,  cottage,  hut,  but  especially  a  staU,  stable, 
or  inclosure.     Without  entering  at  great  length  into 

22  2 


296  INCISED  CROSS-STONE  AT  YSTAFELL-FACfl, 

the  question  as  to  how  **  stabulum  "  in  Latin  became, 
after  passings  through  its  several  phonetic  and  other 
changes,  ''ystafell"  in  Cymraeg,  the  statement  will,  I 
think,  be  generally  accepted.     '*  Stabulum,"  like  many 
Latin  words  that  may  be  cited,  passed,  as  the  result  of 
the  Roman  occupation  of  Britain,  into  the  Welsh  lan- 
guage.    I  am    inclined  to  think,  then,  that    in    this 
name,  "  Ystafell,"  we  are  carried  back  to  Roman  times. 
Again,  we  ask  for  evidence.    I  have  already  mentioned 
that  this  stone  was  found  on  Llawdre  Farm.     This  is 
the  local  pronunciation  of  the  name,  but  I  think  it  is 
simply  a  corruption  of  Llawr-dref,  that  is,  Town-Area, 
But  what  evidence  do  we  possess  that  this  was  at  any 
time  the  site  of  a  town  ?     We  made  careful  inquiries, 
and  found  a  tradition  still  existing  among  the  people 
of  this  locality  that  there  was  a  town,  to  quote  the 
words  of  our  informant,  ''yn  amser  y  Rhufeiniaid,"  i.e., 
in  the  time  of  the  Romans ;  and  in  proof  of  this  we. 
were  told  that  on  Llawr-dref  Farm,  over  an  area  of 
about  three  or  four  acres,  large  stones  weighing  from 
three  to  five  tons  have  been  unearthed.     It  is  some- 
what strange  that  these  stones,  which  in  byegone  ages 
formed  the  foundation  of  what  was  probably  an  ancient 
ecclesiastical  edifice,  were  used  in  our  modern  times  in 
the  laying  of  the  London  and  North- Western  Railway 
which  runs  hard  by.     Furthermore,  on  this  same  farm 
is  a  field  known  as  "  Cae'r-groes,"  that  is,  "  field  of  the 
cross."   And  here  I  may  remark  that  the  word  "croes," 
a  '*  cross,"  is  met  with  in  the  names  of  a  few  fields  in 
this  neighbourhood,  one  of  which,  called  "  Bon-y-groes," 
i.e.y  "  base  of  the  cross,"  is  near  the  parish  church.    Mr. 
Jones,  Ty'nypant  Farm,  Llanwrtyd,  who  is  well  versed 
in  local  antiquities,  is  of  opinion  that  a  town  existed 
there  in  ancient  times.    He  showed  me  at  his  house  an 
incised  cross-stone,  rather  similar  to  the  one  found  at 
Ystafell-fach.     He  also  informed  me  that  two  or  three 
similar  stones  might  be  seen  in  the  vicinity.    Whether 
this  stone  was  erected   to  the  memory  of  a  member 
of  the  Ancient  British  Church,  or  served  some  other 


BRECKKOCKSFIBB. 


297 


purpose,  18  a  problem  which  will  receive  a  proper 
solution  at  the  hands  of  the  learned  readers  of  this 
Journal. 

The  photograph  here  given  of  this  stone  was  kindly 
taken  by  Mr.  Hugh  Mortimer,  of  Messrs.  Mortimer 
and  Sons,  photographers,  Llanwrtyd.  They  have  a 
number  of  mounted  photographs  of  it  for  disposal,  price 
one  shilling  each. 

The  greatest  length  of  the  stone  is  3  ft.  3^  ins.,  and 
its  greatest  breadth  is  1 1  f  ins. 

It  was  removed  on  2 1st  January  to  the  parish  church 
of  St.  David. 


298 


THE  OLDEST  PARISH  REGISTERS   IN 
PEMBROKESHIRE. 


BY   THE   REV.  J.   PHILLIPS. 


11. 

My  friend,  Mr.  C.  F.  Egerton  Allen,  has  kindly  pointed 
to  me  a  slip  of  the  pen  in  my  former  Paper,  which 
I  hasten  to  correct.  It  was,  of  course,  not  John 
Laugharne,  of  St.  Bride's,  but  his  successor,  William 
Barlow,  whose  death  called  forth  Sir  John  Philipps's 
characteristic  letter  to  the  Council,  offering  to  re- 
present Haverfordwest  in  the  second  Parliament  of 
George  I. 

My  references  to  Robert  Holland,  Rector  of  Prender- 
gast  in  1591,  and  of  Walwyn's  Castle  in  1607,  have 
led  to  an  interesting  correspondence  with  his  descen- 
dant, Thomas  Erskine  Holland,  K.C.,  Chichele  Professor 
of  International  Law  at  Oxford.  Professor  Holland  is 
unable  to  accept  the  statement  that  his  ancestor  was  at 
one  time  Vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  Haverfordwest  No 
direct  evidence  that  he  held  the  living  has  come  to 
light,  and  there  is  a  strong  presumption  that  if  he  had 
actually  done  so,  there  would  have  been  some  indication 
of  the  fact  in  the  family  papers  in  the  possession  of  the 
Professor.  But  if  he  never  was  the  incumbent  of  St. 
Mary's,  his  connection  with  the  parish  has  to  be 
accounted  for.  His  name  appears  at  least  twice  in  the 
fragments  of  the  Registers,  bracketed  with  that  of 
*'  Mr.  Eynon."  One  of  these  instances  I  have  given  on 
p.  125  of  the  Arch.  Camh.  for  April,  1902;  the  other 
will  be  found  on  p.  121,  where  the  extract  given  should 
be  read  "  of  Mr.  Holland  and  Mr.  Eynon,"  as  I  have  at 


PARISH  RfiOISTERS  IN  PEMBR0KS8HIKE.  299 

last  been  able  to  decipher  **  Ey/'  Now  "John  Eynon, 
Clerk,"  died  in  September,  1612.  It  was  natural  to 
regard  hira  as  Robert  Holland  s  successor.  This  view 
is,  however,  scarcely  borne  out  by  the  evidence. 

Possibly  an  examination  of  the  Diocesan  Registry 
archives  at  Carmarthen  would  throw  some  light  on 
what  must  be  left  for  the  present  an  open  question. 

The  problem  is  further  complicated  by  the  way  in 
which  Robert  Holland's  name  first  appears  in  the  parish 
papers. 

In  the  Churchwarden's  account  for  1588,  the  receipts 
are  given  as  follows  : — 

Tbo  hole  booke  w'ch  was  then  rated  for  the  preestes 

wages  and  the  Preacher  amounted  unto  .    xziij2&.  iij«. 

Whereof  I  have  receaved  as  foUoweth  : 

Imprimis,  receaved  for  the  preestes  wages  and  the 

Preacher  the  sum  of  .  .  .  xviijZ6.  8*.  8d. 

Item,  more  1  re'd  for  burialls  and  lead  the  some 

of       .  .  .  .  .      jfl».  iijc?. 

Item,  more  I  receaved  for  offring  the  some  of      .       xxxiiij«. 

It.,  more  I  re'  of  M'r  W'j  Walter,  merchante, 

the  some  of        .  .  .  .  x^. 

The  hole  some  of  my  chardge  what  I  have  receaved 

amonnteth  unto     ....  xxjlb.  xujs.  jV. 

Then  come,  "as  disbursements": — 

Imprimis,  paid   unto  Mr.   Holland,   by   M'r  T. 

Walter  ....    xxxij*.  iijc?. 

Item,    more   p'd   unto   M'r   Parrie   at  the   first 

entringe  ....       xxxvj^. 

Item,   more   paid   unto   Parrie  the  22  of  myd- 

som'    .....  iij76.  vJ5.viij(i. 
Item,  more  paid  unto  Middleton  for  Michaelmas 

quarter  .  .  .  .  iiij/6.vj».  viijf?. 

Item,  more  paid  unto  the  clerke  for  his  hole  yeares 

wages  ....  i\jlh.  vjs.  viijrf. 

Item,  more  paid  unto  M'r  Kinner         .  .       ij76.  xs. 

The  account  is  unusually  lengthy,  and  with  some 
other  churchwarden's  accounts  of  the  last  quarter  of 


300  THE  OLDEST  PARISH  REGISTERS 

the  sixteenth  century  will,  I  hope,  be  dealt  with  in 
another  article. 

If  it  were  not  for  the  express  mention  of  the  "preeste, 
one  would  take  it  for  granted  that  the  payments  to 
Messrs.  Holland,  Parrie,  and  Middleton  were  made  to 
them  as  "  Preachers"  for  the  time  being — ^and  this 
seems  to  me  the  more  probable  explanation.  But  what 
about  the  "  preest"  ?  Was  the  living  vacant  for  the 
whole  year  ?  or  was  the  Vicar  under  suspension  ?  Un- 
fortunately, the  Churchwarden's  accounts  for  1587, 
1589,  and  1590,  are  missing. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  first  entry  in  the 
"  Holland"  Register  was  the  burial  of  "  Thomas  Lewes, 
Clark."  The  position  of  this  entry  at  the  beginning  of  a 
new  book  suggested  the  double  inference  that  it 
marked  the  beginning  of  a  new  incumbency,  and  that 
the  new  incumbent  was  Robert  Holland.  The  former 
inference  was,  in  all  probability,  correct ;  the  latter 
was  probably  incorrect.  On  this  point  the  Church- 
warden's account  for  1588  throws  no  light,  but  it 
shows  that  Holland  was  in  Haverfordwest  three  years 
before  he  obtained  the  Rectory  of  Prendergast,  on  the 
opposite  bank  of  the  Cleddau. 

At  one  time  he  lived  in  Dew  Street.  The  house  is  not 
known,  but  it  could  not  have  been  many  yards  from 
that  in  which  I  am  now  writing.  This  fact,  known 
from  some  old  deeds,  has  been  confirmed  by  the  dis- 
covery of  the  account  of  the  "  Rate  to  pay  the  preestes 
and  clarkes  wages"  in  1591.  Robert  Hollands  name 
appears  amongst  the  Dew  Street  occupiers,  but  with 
no  sum  entered  against  it.  This  exemption  is  easily 
understood  if  he  was  himself  the  "  preeste ;"  or  if, 
as  is  much  more  probable,  he  simply  took  part  of 
the  duty  in  which  he  was  a  resident.  Perhaps  John 
Eynon  was  himself  a  non-resident  pluralist.  At  any 
rate,  his  name  has  not  been  found  in  any  rate-book 
of  the  period  as  an  occupier. 

Since   the   appearance   of  my   first  article   on  the 
Registers,  I  have  succeeded  in  deciphering  some  dates 


IN  PEMBROKBSHIRE.  301 

which  had  sorely  puzzled  me.  I  have  thus  ascertained 
that  the  "  Holland  Register"  and  the  '*  Ormond  Regis- 
ter" were  originally  parts  of  one  book.  The  last  entry 
in  the  former  is  a  baptism  on  April  20th,  1627  ;  and 
the  first  entry  in  the  latter  is  a  baptism  on  May  7th  of 
the  same  year. 

I  have  also  been  able  to  add  another  sheet  to  those 
previously  examined.     There  are  thus  sixteen  in  all. 

The  sixteen  sheets  range  over  fifty-eight  years  — 
1590  to  1648  :— 

Buriah. 
1690,  October— 1599,  September. 
1612,  September— 1615,  July  22nd. 

Marriages. 
1599—1600. 
1613—1614. 

1627,  March— 1646,  November  12tb. 
1647,  May  20th— 1648,  August  20th. 

Baptisms. 
1614,  January  (O.S.)— 1643,  December. 

There  is  an  hiatus  from  December,  1621,  to  Septem- 
ber, 1624.  The  two  missing  pages  correspond  to  the 
liiatiLS  in  the  Burials  Register  from  May,  1593,  to 
January,  1595  (O.S.). 

The  older  portions,  dating  from  Queen  Elizabeth's 
reign,  have  been  dealt  with  already.  The  Burials 
Registers  for  the  reigns  of  James  I  and  Cliarles  I  have 
been  lost,  except  for  one  period  of  two  years  and  ten 
months — September,  1612,  to  July,  1615. 

The  first  entry  is  : — 

"John  Eynon,  Clerk,  was  buried  Septem." 

Above  this  entry  a  few  letters  are  faintly  trace- 
able : — 

"  es  Heverfordwest 
mond  olerok 

1612.'' 

It  may  safely  be  assumed  that  this  marks  the  com- 


302  THE  OLDEST  PARrSH  REGISTERS 

mencement  of  the  incumbency  of  William  Ormond,  the 
successor  of  John  Eynon.  William  Ormond  died  in 
1666.  If  he  was  eighty  at  the  time  of  his  death,  he 
would  have  been  twenty-seven  when  he  became  Vicar 
of  St.  Mary's.  His  advanced  years  explain  his  not 
having  been  reinstated  at  the  Restoration  in  the  living 
from  which  he  had  been  ejected  fifteen  years  before, 
and  which  appears  to  have  become  vacant  in  1660  by 
the  retirement  of  Adam  Hawkin,  the  Puritan  incum- 
bent. At  any  rate,  there  was  an  Episcopalian  clergy- 
man in  the  living  long  before  the  great  ejectment — the 
Black  Bartholomew — of  1662,  when  Hawkin  had  to 
quit  St.  Ishmaels.  This  living,  on  the  northern  shore 
of  Milford  Haven,  some  ten  miles  from  Haverfordwest, 
he  had  held  together  with  St.  Mary's.  Nominally, 
Hawkin  was  a  "  bloated  pluralist" — nominally  only — 
for  though  he  was  appointed  in  1657  to  the  charge,  not 
only  of  St.  Mary's,  but  of  the  other  two  town  parishes 
and  of  Prendergast  as  well,  his  income  was  a  very  un- 
certain quantity.  He  was  supposed  to  receive  £100 
a-year  from  his  Haverfordwest  parishes  ;  but  it  was 
principally  charged  on  the  revenues  of  the  Cathedral, 
the  tithes  of  some  parishes  being  allotted  for  the 
purpose.  Now,  the  North  Pembrokeshire  farmers 
were  quite  as  unwilling  to  pay  tithes  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  as  they  were  in  the  last  quarter  of  the 
nineteenth  century ;  and  poor  Hawkin,  with  his  four 
town  parishes,  and  St.  Ishmael's  to  boot,  was  often  in 
sad  straits  for  cash.  His  correspondence  —  begging 
letters  included — may  enliven  the  sober  pages  of  the 
Arch.  Camb,  at  some  future  time.  If  Adam  Hawkin 
held  St.  Ishmaers  with  St.  Mary's,  William  Ormond 
had  similarly  held  Walton  West  It  must  be  confessed 
that  the  combination  is  not  quite  so  outrageous  in  the 
case  of  the  Episcopalian;  for  Walton  West— not  six 
and  a-half  miles  away — could  be  served  with  much  less 
difl&culty.  When  I  was  a  boy,  the  Rector  of  Walton 
West,  an  eccentric  old  man  named  Brown,  lived  in 
Haverfordwest,  at  the  foot  of  Prendergast  Hill,  and 


IN  PEMBROKESHIRE.  303 

kept  a  school,  which  turned  out  some  very  respectable 
scholars.  When  the  troublous  days  of  the  Puritan  rule 
were  over,  this  quiet  country  parish  would  oflFer  the  old 
man  a  calm  retreat,  while  his  former  parishioners  in 
the  town  were  handed  over  to  the  care  of  a  younger 
clergyman. 

I  am  not  quite  sure  that  William  Ormond  had  not 
other  cures  besides  St.  Mary's  and  Walton  West.  We 
shall  see  that  entries  from  other  parishes  found  their 
way  occasionally  into  the  registers  of  the  town  parish ; 
while  the  connection  with  Walton  West  was  only 
brought  to  light  by  the  accidental  discovery  of  an 
entry  in  a  book  in  the  Diocesan  Registry. 

He  could  not  have  boen  exactly  a  model  parish 
priest ;  for  the  parishioners  (acting  through  the  cor- 
poration) sometimes,  if  not  regularly,  engaged  another 
clergyman  to  do  the  preaching. 

One  of  these  ''  lecturers" — as  they  were  usually  called 
— was  Stephen  Goflfe,  the  father  of  the  three  brothers 
of  that  name,  who  played  more  or  less  important  rdles 
in  the  ecclesijistical  and  political  turmoils  of  the  Civil 
Wars  and  the  Protectorate.  Another — a  man  of  a 
different  ilk — appears  as  the  Preacher  in  St.  Mary's 
during  the  first  Civil  War.  He  was  paid  £7  10^. 
a  quarter.  He  is  called  "  Dean  Warren  f  he  signed 
his  receipts  "Edw'd  Warren."  Now,  who  can  tell 
where  this  Dean  came  from  ?  There  was  no  Dean  at 
St.  David's  then,  nor  for  two  hundred  years  after. 
Was  he  an  Irish  refugee  ?  He  was  certainly  a  Eoyalist. 
But  it  is  time  to  return  to  our  Registers. 

These  four  pages  contain  the  burials  for  two  years 
and  nearly  eleven  months — September  Ist,  1612,  to 
July  22nd,  1615.  The  total  number  is  164,  an  average 
of  about  55  per  annum.  The  monthly  summary  is  as 
follows.     The  years  are  O.S.  throughout : — 

1612. 
September — February  ...  ...     10 

March     ...  ...  ...  ...       4 

—     14 


304 


THE  OLDEST  PARISH  REGISTESS 


1613. 

1614. 

1615. 

March  ... 

2 

2 

5 

April     ... 
May      ... 
June 

4 
4 
2 

1 
4 
2 

2 

4 
4 

July      ... 
August 
September 
October 

4 

5 
11 
17 

3 
5 
1 
1 

2 

November 

17 

3 

— 

December 

11 

2 



January 
February 
March  ... 

7 
6 
6 

6 
2 
5 

— 

Totals 

96 

.       37 

17 

The  contrast  becomes  even  more  striking  when  the 
figures  for  the  earlier  period  are  anal3rsed. 

On  the  entries  from  1590-2,  no  stress  can  be  kid, 
for  *'  the  last  two  yeares  in  the  ould  record  are  vary 
unperfecte."  There  is,  however,  no  reason  to  distrust 
the  record  from  January  1595,  to  September  1599. 
For  these  three  years  and  seven  months  we  have  114 
burials — an  average  of  30.4  per  annum.  This,  however, 
includes  the  heavy  death-rate  from  September  1596, 
to  March,  1597,  when  there  were  82  burials  in  about 
eighteen  months  :  24  of  them  in  two  months.  September 
5th  to  November  4th,  1597.  In  the  previous  eight 
months,  January  1595,  to  August  1596,  there  were 
19  burials  :  six  of  them  being  in  the  first  three  weeks. 
In  the  last  eighteen  months  of  the  period,  April  1598, 
to  September  1599,  there  were  only  13.  Thus  there 
were  32  burials  in  twenty-six  months,  or,  excluding 
three  weeks  of  January,  1595,  26  in  twenty -four 
months. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  missing  leaf— of  two 
pages — covered  the  two  years  and  eight  months :  May 
1593,  to  January  1596  ;  which,  with  the  average  num- 
ber of  entries  to  a  page — twenty-four — would  give  an 
average  of  18  burials  a  year. 

The  fewness  of  the  burials  in  1598  and  1599  is  most 


m  PEMBROKESHIRE.  305 

remarkable.  One  expects  an  epidemic,  in  a  time  of 
extreme  sickness  and  heavy  mortality,  to  be  followed 
by  a  low  death-rate  for  the  next  year,  or  year  and  a- 
half ;  but  even  this  would  not  account  adequately  for 
the  fact  that  there  were  only  eight  burials  in  1598, 
and  only  five  in  the  first  six  months  of  1599. 

Was  there  any  other  burial-ground  used  by  the 
parishioners  ? 

There  is  a  well-attested  tradition  that,  for  some 
generations  after  the  suppression  of  the  monasteries, 
the  burial-ground  attached  to  the  Dominican  house  in 
Bridge  Street  was  used  as  a  town  cemetery.  This 
ground  was  in  St.  Martin's  parish,  and  burials  there 
would  not  be  entered  in  the  Register  of  St.  Mary's. 
Thus,  if  people  from  St.  Mary's  Parish  were  occasionally 
buried  there,  it  would  help  to  explain  the  extra- 
ordinarily low  death  -  rate  indicated  by  the  Burial 
Registers  for  the  last  decade  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
Doubtless,  there  were  not  a  few  still  living  who 
cherished  a  secret  reverence  for  the  faith  of  their 
fathers,  and  of  whom  some  would  desire  that  their 
dust  should  rest  beneath  the  walls  of  the  desecrated 
shrine.  It  is  deeply  to  be  regretted  that  all  traces 
of  the  ecclesiastical  buildings  have  been  ruthlessly 
swept  away.  The  monuments  and  eflSgies  of  the  dead 
were  wantonly  destroyed,  and  the  very  graves  were 
plundered.  Within  the  memory  of  some  who  are  not  yet 
old,  there  were  lead  coffins  broken  up  and  sold.  Ground 
was  never  so  valuable  in  Haverfordwest  that  there 
could  have  been  any  urgent  necessity  for  the  profana- 
tion of  the  old  "God's  Acre"  that  lay  between  the 
town  wall  and  the  banks  of  the  Cleddau. 

I  give  this  conjecture  for  what  it  may  be  worth. 
For  my  own  part,  I  regard  it  as  offering  the  most 
probable  explanation  of  the  fewness  of  the  burials 
registered  in  1598,  and  also  of  the  very  low  death-rate 
which  the  registers  indicate  for  the  other  years,  when 
neither  plague  nor  famine  swelled  the  tables  of  mor- 
tality. 


306  Tfifi  OLDICST  PAtttSH  tlRGISTBltS 

Some  explanation  is  certainly  needed,  for  we  have 
other  means  of  testing  the  accuracy  and  completeness 
of  the  record,  and  of  estimating  the  probable  death-rate 
of  the  Parish. 

The  Baptismal  Register  is  practically  complete  from 
January,  1614,  to  December,  1621  ;  and  from  Septem- 
ber, 1624,  to  December,  1643.  In  the  years  1630- 
1634,  inclusive,  though  none  of  the  leaves  are  missing, 
there  is  so  much  that  is  wholly  or  partially  illegible, 
that  no  reliable  figures  can  be  given.  In  1615  and 
1616,  the  number  of  baptisms  was  37  and  41.  For 
the  four  years  1617-1620,  the  average  was  31.5;  for 
the  five  years  1625-1629,  it  was  33.2.  For  the  eight 
years  1635-1642,  it  was  35.1 — the  highest  number 
being  42  and  the  lowest  28. 

The  steady  increase  in  the  annual  average  of  chris- 
tenings was,  no  doubt,  due  to  a  corresponding  increase 
in  the  population  of  the  Parish.  A  document  of  the 
year  1574,  recently  unearthed  by  Dr.  Henry  Owen, 
throws  a  little  light  on  this.  This  document,  the 
report  of  a  Royal  Commission  on  the  Lordship  of 
Heverford,  out  of  which  the  borough  was  carved,  states 
that  originally  the  town  lay  more  to  the  north  of  the 
castle  than  it  did  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  time.  This 
statement  becomes  more  significant  when  we  remember 
that,  in  1405,  old  Haverford  was  burned  by  the  French 
allies  of  Owen  Glendower.  The  only  building  within 
the  walls  which  we  know  to  havo  escaped  this  destruc- 
tion, and  to  have  survived  to  our  own  day,  is  the 
Church  of  St.  Mary.  It  is  not  improbable,  but  by 
no  means  certain,  that  St.  Martin's  was  equally  for- 
tunate. Standing  in  the  centre  of  the  doomed  Castle- 
town, its  peril  would  be  greater.  St  Thomas's,  as 
well  as  the  Dominican  House  by  the  river-side,  layout- 
side  the  walls.  The  stately  pile  of  the  Augustinian 
Canons  was  still  farther  removed  from  the  perils  of  the 
siege. . 

The  town  was  not  rebuilt  exactly  ou  its  old  site,  but 
more  to  the  south  and  south-west.     In   the  sixteenth 


IN  t^wMBftOKfiSHmR.  307 

century,  the  centre  of  its  civic  life  was  the  Church  of 
St.  Mary.  Close  under  the  shelter  of  the  church  stood 
the  Guildhall.  The  Council  Chamber  stood  above  the 
north  porch.  The  other  Municipal  buildings  were  in 
the  inomediate  vicinity.  Around  the  churchyard  walls 
and  in  the  burial-ground  itself  were  held  the  Saturday 
market,  the  largest  and  most  important  of  the  then 
principal  markets  of  the  county.  The  expansion  of  an 
English  provincial  town  in  the  sixteenth  century  was  a 
slow  process,  though  the  capital  was  growing  at  a  rate 
which  already  awakened  the  anxiety  of  the  Govern- 
ment, and  which  led  to  enactments  for  the  arrest  of  its 
growth  that  proved  to  be  worse  than  futile.  Such 
expansion  as  Haverfordwest  was  capable  of  achieving 
would  be  for  the  most  part  in  St.  Mary's  parish.  The 
position  of  Bridge  Street  would  secure  to  it  a  good  share 
of  any  increase  of  the  trade  of  the  town ;  but  the  arrested 
development  of  the  other  parts  of  St.  Martin's  parish  is 
curiously  attested  by  what  we  know  of  City  Road  and 
Barn  Street.  City  Road  was  known  in  old  time  as 
Cokey  Street,  being  the  road  to  Cokey  Grange,  the  old 
mansion  which  figures  in  thirteenth-century  lawsuits, 
and  which  is  now  represented  by  the  substantial  farm- 
house of  Cuckoo  Grove.  It  figures  in  the  municipal 
papers  of  the  seventeenth  century.  Here,  in  1652, 
was  the  "  house  of  recouerie",  or  convalescent  home  for 
those  plague  patients  whose  strength  of  constitution, 
aided  by  the  kind  nursing  of  the  "  strange  woman,"  had 
enabled  them  to  survive  the  attacks  of  this  terrible 
pestilence,  in  spite  of  the  appalling  nostrums  which 
were  prescribea  for  them  by  **  Mr.  Benjamin  Price, 
Apothecary."  It  was  always  one  of  the  principal 
thoroughfares  for  the  rural  traflfic  upon  which  then,  as 
now,  the  prosperity,  and  even  the  existence  of  the  town 
depended,  for  through  it  must  have  passed  the  greater 

?art  of  the  trade  of  St.  David's  and  Western  Dewisland. 
'et  it  scarcely  extended  beyond  the  present  site  of 
Rock  Cottage,  above  the  Crescent,  unless  the  few  cottages 
on  the  bank  immediately  beyond  Rock  Cottage  may 


308 


THE  OLDEST  PARISH  REGISTERS 


be  regarded  as  representing  the  furthest  limit  of  the 
old  street.^  The  Terrace  and  the  rows  of  cottages  that 
make  it  one  of  the  most  respectable  artisan  quarters  in 
the  town,  were  all  built  in  the  nineteenth  century. 

Barn  Street,  too,  was  one  of  the  old  streets.  Its 
name  is  so  old  that  no  reliable  tradition  of  its  meaning 
has  been  preserved.  Yet,  above  the  localities  now 
known  as  Spring  Grardens  and  Kensington  Gardens, 
there  were  at  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century  only  a 
few  cottages.  Kensington  Terrace,  Perrott  s  Terrace, 
and  Lloyd's  Terrace,  were  all  built  within  my  own 
recollection.  The  row  of  smaller  houses  adjoining 
Kensington  Terrace  can  scarcely  be  older  than  the 
beginning  of  the  last  century. 

That  half  of  the  population  of  the  town  in  the  time 
of  James  I  lived  in  St.  Martin  s  parish,  may  be  regarded 
as  certain  ;  but  the  bulk  of  them  were  very  poor.  For 
this  we  have  conclusive  evidence  in  the  accounts  of  the 
collectors  for  the  Army  Assessments  under  the  Long 
Parliament.  One  paper  will  be  sufficient  to  quote.  It 
is  the  account  for  the  autumn  quarter  of  1647.  The 
total  amount  was  £30  7^.  6cZ.  The  following  is  the 
summary  :  — 

£  8.  d.      £  s,  d. 
High  Street  Ward  ...  ...     5  15  10 


Market  Street 

St.  Maryes  Ward     ... 

Landholders 

Bridge  Street  Ward 
Ship  Streetward    ... 
St.  Marty  n's  Ward... 
Landholders 

St  Thomas  Ward  ... 
Dew  Street  Ward  ... 
Landholders 


4  1 
2  U 
1   19 


i  16 

8 

1     7 

2 

3    4 

0 

1     0 

6 

2     8 

10 

1  12 

0 

1     7 

6 

U  10  10 


10    8    4 


5     8    4 


^  In  a  field  jnst  behind  those  cottages,  tradition  locates  the  burial- 
ground  of  the  victims  of  the  Plague.  The  "  pest-house"  was  some- 
where in  North  Gate.  No  doubt,  like  the  '*  House  of  Reooverie,"  it 
was  outside  the  town  wall. 


IN  PEMBROKESHIRE.  309 

The  collectors'  districts  not  being  id«ntical  with 
the  parishes,  the  £4  7s.  6d.  under  the  head  of 
"  Landholders''  can  only  approximately  be  divided  be- 
tween them  ;  but  more  than  half  is  certainly  charged 
on  St.  Mary's.  The  figures  show  that,  apart  from 
the  Landholders'  payments,  St.  Mary's  Parish  paid 
£15  105.  6d.;  St.  Martin's,  £8  Os.  8ct. ;  St.  Thomas's, 
£2  8s.  lOd, 

The  thinness  of  the  population  of  St.  Thomas  in  the 
last  quarter  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  the  com- 
parative poverty  of  the  parish  at  that  time,  is  shown 
by  a  fragment  of  paper  which  came  into  my  hands 
some  years  ago  :  apparently  the  only  parochial  paper  of 
that  century  which  had  escaped  destruction. 

In  1578,  the  rate  for  the  relief  of  the  poor  for  St. 
Thomas's  Parish  amounted  to  £2  17^.  id.,  of  which 
£1  2s.  Sd.  was  contributed  by  fifteen  persons  in 
quarterly  payments,  and  £1  14s.  8d.  by  five  persons  in 
weekly  payments.  The  recipients  of  the  relief  were 
three  in  number,  each  of  whom  received  id.  per  week. 
The  names  of  the  three  are  worth  preserving :  Thomas 
Cathlott,  Elnor  Batho,  and  Irysh  Ellen. 

Poor  Ellen  may  well  have  been  a  survivor  of  the 
immigration  from  the  Sister  Isle  which  was  bitterly 
complained  of  in  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.     Batho  is 
an   old  Pembrokeshire  name,  which  had  not  become 
extinct  in  the  last  quarter  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
for  the   Bathas  of  Deem's   Hill,  by   Steynton,  were 
among    the   early   Pembrokeshire    followers    of    John 
Wesley.       Possibly  "  Elnor"  was   a  relation  of  John 
Batho,  the  last  Prior  of  the  Augustinian  Canons  of 
Haverford,  who  cut  such  a  sorry  figure  in  the  Star- 
Chainber  trial  about  the  Priory  lands  in  1560.     Cath- 
lott is  to  me  the  most  interesting  name  of  all.     It  is 
the  old  form  of  Cartlett ;  and  this,  as  far  as  my  obser- 
vation goes,  is  its  only  appearance  in  the  Haverfordwest 
papers. 

It  is  high  time  to  return  to  the  study  of  our  Regis- 
ters ;  but,  I  hope  that  no  apology  will  be  needed  for 

•th  beb.,  vol.  m.  23 


310  THE  OLDEST  PARISH  REGISTERS 

this  lengthy,  yet  I  venture  to  think,  not  uninteresting, 
digression. 

In  King  James's  day,  the  Baptismal  Register  of  an 
urban  parish  like  St.  Mary's  would  be  practically  equi- 
valent to  a  Register  of  Births.  One  consideration, 
however,  must  not  be  overlooked.  As  St  Mary's 
Parish  was  the  wealthiest  and  most  important  of  the 
three  town  parishes,  though  not  the  most  populous,  so 
its  church  was  the  fashionable  church  of  the  town — it 
was,  in  fact,  the  town  churchy  and  the  Baptismal 
Registers  would  frequently  include  names  of  children, 
bom  in  other  parishes,  but  brought  to  St.  Mary's  to  be 
christened :  because  their  parents  had  been  christened 
there,  or  because  their  relatives  attended  service  at  St 
Mary's,  or  because  it  was  fashionable  to  have  one's 
children  christened  there.  Some  deduction  must  there- 
fore be  made  from  the  numbers  on  the  Baptisnaal 
Register  if  we  would  ascertain  the  birth-average  of  the 
parish.  In  1615  and  1616  there  were  more  christen- 
ings than  usual — 37  and  39 ;  and  there  had  been 
12  in  the  last  eleven  weeks  of  1614.  There  were 
probably  some  local  circumstances  to  account  for  this, 
rossibly  the  zeal  of  Stephen  Goffe,  the  newly-appointed 
**  Preacher,"  helped  the  young  Vicar  to  ferret  out 
parents  who  haa  been  negligent  of  that  which  both 
ruritan  and  Anglican  regarded  as  a  sacred  duty  :  the 
presentation  of  their  children  for  the  initiatory  rite  of 
the  Christian  fellowship. 

Making  due  allowance  for  the  christening  of  the 
children  of  non-parishioners  in  St.  Mary's,  the  126 
Baptisms  registered  for  the  four  years,  1617-1620,  will 
indicate  an  annual  average  of  rather  fewer  than  30 
births.  This  would  represent  a  population  in  the 
parish  of  between  eight  and  nine  hundred — about  one- 
third  of  the  population  of  the  borough  —a  result  which 
agrees  with  the  conclusion  arrived  at  in  my  former 
paper.  The  proportion  of  births  to  deaths  in  London 
in  1583,  a  year  comparatively  free  from  plague,  was  29 
to  23.     This  proportion  holds  good  even  if  we  hesitate 


IN  PEMBROKESHIRE.  311 

to  accept  Dr.  Creighton's  low  estimate  of  the  death- 
rate  of  that  year,  which  he  puts  at  23  per  1000.  In 
the  absence  of  any  data  to  the  contrary,  we  should  not 
be  prepared  to  find  the  death-rate  of  the  overcrowded 
capital  exceeded  by  Haverfordwest — a  rural  town,  with 
every  advantage  in  its  facilities  for  natural  drainage, 
and  with  a  water  supply  which  was  fully  adequate  to 
the  requirements  of  the  population.  If  we  assume  an 
annual  birth-average  of  30,  and  an  annual  death-average 
of  25,  we  shall  certainly  not  be  putting  the  latter 
figure  too  low.  It  would  mean  a  death-rate  of  30  per 
1000.  In  1613  there  were  96  deaths — more  than  one- 
tenth  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  parish.  There  is  no 
conceivable  local  reason  that  the  mortality  should  have 
been  heavier  in  St.  Mary's  than  among  the  poorer, 
and  at  least  equally  crowded,  population  of  St.  Martin's. 
Of  these  96  burials,  56  took  place  in  four  months — 
September  to  December. 

The  proportion  of  burials  to  christenings — to  the 
annual  average  of  christenings — was  much  greater  than 
that  in  London  in  the  plague  year,  1636.  In  London, 
in  that  year,  the  proportion  was  25  burials  to  10  chris- 
tenings. In  Haverfordwest  it  was  at  least  three  to  one. 
Dr.  Creighton  calls  the  London  Plague  of  1636  ''  one  of 
the  second  degree. '*  In  1625  the  mortality  from  plague 
had  been  more  than  three  times  as  great ;  and  the  pro- 
portion of  burials  to  christenings  nearly  eight  to  one. 
But  no  other  year  between  1625  and  1665  witnessed  a 
mortality  in  London  approaching  that  of  1636. 

The  mortality  in  Haverfordwest  in  1613  thus  ex- 
ceeded the  death-rate  of  a  plague  year  "  of  the  second 
degree"  in  the  capital. 

But  was  the  plague  in  Haverfordwest  in  1613  ?  No 
evidence  to  that  effect  has  yet  been  discovered.  There 
was  "a  great  plague  at  Carmarthen*'  in  1604,  and 
again  in  1606.  In  both  years  the  Great  Sessions  had 
been  held  at  Golden  Grove.  The  plague  was  there 
again  in  1611,  when  an  ex-Mayor,  Evan  Long, — Mayor 
in  1606 — was  among  the  victims;  but  Spurrells  ^iV 

g8> 


312  THE  OLDEST  PARISH  REGISTERS 

tory  contains  no  further  reference  to  the  plague  before 
the  terrible  year  1651.  Unfortunately,  the  Register 
of  Burials  for  our  parish  for  the  years  1601-1611  has 
disappeared. 

In  1613  the  Mayor  of  Carmarthen,  Edward  Atkins, 
died  within  a  fortnight  of  his  election  ;  but  neither  in 
the  list  of  mayors,  nor  on  the  inscription  on  his  tomb- 
atone  in  St.  Peter's,  is  there  any  reference  to  the  plague. 

The  internal  evidence  of  the  Register  is  not  decisive. 
The  heavy  mortality  in  the  autumn  had  its  parallel  in 
the  London  Plague  of  1636  ;  and  other  instances  mi^ht 
be  quoted  from  the  Notes  on  the  Plague  in  Lancashire, 
which  we  owe  to  the  indefatigable  industry  of  Mr. 
W.  E.  Axten.  There  was  not,  however,  the  wholesale 
sweeping  away  of  families,  which  was  a  usual  feature  of 
the  plague  mortality,  and  which  is  clearly  traceable  in 
the  records  of  the  Haverfordwest  plague  of  1652. 

Prices  of  wheat  and  other  grain  ruled  high  in  1612 
and  1613,  but  they  were  not  so  high  as  to  suggest 
anything  like  the  veritable  famine  of  1596. 

Apart  from  the  heavy  death-rate  which  it  reveals, 
and  of  which  as  yet  I  have  not  been  able  to  discover 
any  explanation,  this  fragment  of  Burials  Register  con- 
tains comparatively  little  of  interest  The  nomen- 
clature calls  for  no  special  remark.  The  only  **  Ap"  is 
Jenkin  ap  Jevan,  who  died  in  November,  1613,  when 
the  sickness  was  at  its  height.  "  Housewife''  occurs  as 
a  surname,  "  Woogan"  turns  up  more  than  once,  and 
Margaret  Barlow  was  buried  August  20th,  1613 ;  but 
there  is  nothing  decipherable  to  connect  the  wearers  of 
these  names  with  the  influential  families  of  Wiston  and 
Slebech.  The  exceptional  mortality,  whatever  its 
cause,  had  its  victims  among  the  well-to-do,  for  there 
were  several  interments  in  the  church  and  some  in  the 
"  Chauncell,"  both  of  which,  and  especially  the  latter, 
were  reserved  for  the  burial  of  members  of  the  "  Upper 
Ten/'  Jenken  Vawer  was  buried  in  the  church  on 
January  29th,  1614.  He  was  the  brother  of  the 
William  Vawer,  of  Bristol,  who  founded  the  **Blackcoat 


IN  PBMBROKKftHIRE.  313 

Charity,"  out  of  which  twelve  or  thirteen  **  decayed 
burgesses''  of  Haverfordwest  receive  an  allowance  of  5^. 
per  week.  I  had  almost  forgotten  the  first  appearance 
of  one  surname,  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  a 
variant  of  the  old  Pembrokeshire  name  of  Carew  = 
Caerau.  On  November  8th,  1614,  Jane  Powell  and 
Marie  Carrow  ''  were  buried  in  one  grave/'  Such 
double  interments  in  the  same  narrow  bed  are  not 
infrequent  in  these  pages.  George  Carrow  was  buried 
"Decembris  prime/  One  lengthy  entry,  which  has 
become  tantalisingly  incomplete,  records  the  burial  in 
the  church  on  December  18th,  1613,  of  somebody  from 
Bristol,  and  the  first  letter  of  the  Christian  name  was 
**  J  ";  the  rest  of  the  name  is  illegible.  But  the  visitor 
from  Bristol  must  have  been  a  person  of  some  impor- 
tance, to  have  been  buried  in  the  chancel. 

Among  the  burials  in  the  gloomy  autumn  of  1613 
were  "  a  little  beggar  boy  of  the  Almshouse,"  and, 
again,  "  a  little  boy  out  of  the  Almshouse/'  The  pastor 
of  the  parish  evidently  did  not  take  the  trouble  to 
find  out  the  names  of  these  little  waifs.  Perchance 
the  "  Chief  Shepherd"  gave  them  a  more  cordial  wel- 
come! 

"  Henry  Smith,  Freemason,"  was  buried  "  July  16th, 
1613." 

A  hundred  years  later,  or  even  fifty  years  later,  there 
would  be  nothing  very  remarkable  in  such  an  entry. 
Its  occurrence  in  the  time  when  James  I  was  king  is 
somewhat  startling. 

One  only  remains  to  be  noted  : 

*'  William, G win  of  Moilgrove,  whose  corpse  was  seized  for  debt 
dae  to  Edmond  Packer  for  his  diett  daringe  the  time  of  his 
im  prison  men  t — he  was  buried  in  the  north  [aisjle  before  Mistresse 
Scourefejlde's  seat  on  fryday,  Januarij  14,  1613." 

Under  the  third  window  of  the  north  aisle,  nearly 
opposite  the  pulpit,  a  stone  in  the  wall  bears  the 
following  inscription : — 


314  THE  OLDEST  PABISH  BEGI8TEBS 

''  Here  lieih  under  this  place 

the  body  of  James  Scoarfield  gent, 

who  died  ye  2  day  of  March  1614. 

Also  Margaret  his  wife  who 

died  the  28  day  of  September 

1627." 

James  Scourfield  was  buried  on  March  5th,  1614. 
The  day  and  the  year  of  his  wife's  death  are  difficult  to 
read. 

Not  far  from  this  stone  the  inpecunious  gentleman 
from  Moilgrove  found  his  last  lodgings.  Presumably, 
he  was  a  kinsman  either  of  Mistress  Scourfield  or  of 
her  husband.  One  is  tempted  to  identify  him  with  the 
William  Gwynne  who,  twenty-five  or  thirty  years 
before  had  been  the  principal  defendant  in  the  law- 
suits brought  before  the  Privy  Council  by  George  Owen 
against  the  men  who,  to  gratify  the  spite  of  their 
master,  Sir  John  Perrott,  or  their  own,  had  on  his 
showing  treated  him  with  cruel  indignity.^ 

On  January  9th,  1614,  eight  weeks  before  the  funeral 
of  Mr.  Scourfield,  Edmond  Packer  was  buried  in  the 
same  church. 

This  fragment  of  the  Burial  Register,  the  latest 
exta,nt,*  ends  with  the  burial  of  "  Thomas  Tanner,  an 
apprentice  to  Arthur  Harris,  smyth,  July  22nd,  1615.'' 

The  Churchwardens'  account  for  the  year  enables  us 
to  add  a  few  names  to  the  list.  It  contains  an  unusual 
feature. 

**  A  note  of  the  bnrialls  in  this  year  1615." 

Imprimis,  John  Phillipes  daughter  was  bnried  in 

the  bell  house  on  Whitsondaie  .  .     iij«.  iiiji. 

Arthur  Harris  fether  was  bnried  in  the  bell  honse 

the  8  of  Julie,  1615  .  .  .     iij«.  iiij<^ 

The  first  of  these  was  "  Johan  Phillips,  May  28," 
but  old  Harris  does  not  appear  in  the  Register  unless 
there  is  an  error  somewhere  in  the  date,  and  he  is  the 
"  Richard  Harries,  Janij  30." 

^  See  Owen's  Pembrokeskirey  voL  ii. 
^  See  note  at  the  end  of  the  article. 


IN  PEMBROKESHIRE.  315 

Four  other  items  follow. 

P'd  22».  liijU  p'd.   The  22  of  november,  1615,  MV 

Came  was  buried  in  the  channcell  and  the  bell  y's     xxs,  y8. 
Rec*  The  24  of  November  John  David's  wieffe  was 

buried  in  the  bell  house        .  .  .      iijf.  Ad. 

Beo'  The  2  December  Catterin  Lloyd's  child  was 

buried  in  the  Ohurch  path  ...         vjs. 

The  22'M'ch  1615,  Matthew  Sjnnet  was  buried 
in  the  Channcell,  the  bells  vs.     xxs.  .       zzv«. 

Becejyed  of  Mr.  Adams  for  the  bells        .  ys. 

'  The  explanation  of  these  entries  is  furnished  by  the 
"  Order  of  Burialls"  and  the  "  Order  of  the  Bells," 
which  appear  at  the  end  of  some  of  the  Churchwardens' 
accounts.  The  copies  which  follow  are  taken  from  the 
Churchwardens'  account  for  1633 — the  earliest  I  have 
been  able  to  find,  but  they  are  evidently  transcripts 
of  much  older  documents. 

Order  of  Burialls. 

For  as  much  as  in  the  Church  of  St.  Maries  .  of  the  towne 
and  County  of  Haverfordwest  and  in  the  chauncell  of  the  same 
much  disorder  hath  bin  heretofore  suflfered  and  used  .  touch- 
ing the  burialls  in  allowinge  soe  many  of  the  meener  sorte  .  as 
well  strangers  .  as  townes  men  and  women  .  to  be  buried  in  the 
sayd  church  an  chauncell  soe  as  by  the  meaues  thereof  there 
is  little  or  .  no  .  Eoome  left  for  the  buriall  of  those  who  are 
of  the  auncient  sorte  of  people  and  such  as  have  borne  the 
chieffe  places  of  office  within  this  towne  as  other  gent'  of 
quallitie  .  and  worth  that  may  happen  to  dy  within  the  same 
for  redresse  whereof  wee  the  maior  Justices  of  peace  Alder- 
men and  SherifTe  of  the  sayd  towne  and  county  and  the  church- 
wardens and  others  of  the  parish  of  St.  Maries  whose  names  are 
subscribed  beinge  now  .  assembled  &  mett  to  gether  for  Con- 
ference there  aboute  and  of  other  conceminge  the  repayre  of  the 
steeple  and  spire  and  other  decaies  of  the  sayd  Church  doe  fully 
agree  and  order  from  henceforth  no  manner  of  person  or  per- 
sons whatsoever  either  stranger  or  freeman  women  or  children 
shal  be  admitted  to  be  buried  within  any  p'te  of  the  body  of 
the  sayd  Church  Chauncell  or  Isles  thereof .  savinge  such  as 
have  beene  Aldermen  of  this  towne  or  ther  wives  and  for  everie 
such  as  shall  be  there  biuried  ther  shall  be  payd  unto  the 
Churchwarden  for  the  time  beinge  before  the  grave  be  opened 


316  THE  OLDEST  P^lRISH  EblOISTERS 

the  some  of  twenty  shilliugs  towards  the  rcpayer  of  the  sayd 
Church  &  chancell  &  other  good  uses  of  the  sayd  Church  and 
likewise  between  that  there  shall  be  none  buried  heereafter  in 
the  north  side  of  the  Church  as  far  as  the  Chancell  extendeth 
against  but  such  as  have  beene  on  of  the  Comen  Councell  of 
the  Towne  or  ther  wives  and  for  every  such  as  shal  be  ther 
buried  to  be  payd  as  aforesayd  the  some  of  thirteene  shillings 
iiijd.  and  there  shal  be  none  buried  within  the  body  of  the 
sayd  Church  above  Church  doors  of  either  side  of  the  sayd 
Church  but  such  as  ther  shal  be  payd  for  them  the  some  of  six 
shilling  viijrf.  And  such  as  shal  be  buried  beneath  the  Churdi 
doores  to  pay  for  everysuch  buriall  the  some  of  three  shillings 
iiijd.  And  for  every  on  that  shal  be  buried  in  either  of  the 
Church  porches  of  the  sayd  Church  the  some  of  two  shillings 
and  a  faire  stone  to  be  layed  on  evrie  of  these  buriaUs 
and  that  ther  shall  be  a  due  and  fitt  difference  held  of  the 
persons  so  allowed  to  be  buried  in  these  places  that  it  may  be 
done  accordinge  to  their  Antiquity  and  Qualitie  .  And  allso 
it  is  agreed  that  if  ther  happen  any  stranger  of  note  and 
worth  to  die  within  ther  towne  who  desireth  to  be  buried  in 
any  of  the  places  aflforesayd  that  yet  notwithstandinge  ther 
shalbe  noe  such  buried  before  the  maior  and  two  or  more  of  the 
cheefest  of  the  brethren  shall  assent  there  unto  &  to  paye  doble 
the  Eate  for  his  so  admittance  to  be  buried  within  the  sayd 
Chauncell  lies  or  .  bodie  of  the  sayd  Church  before  the  grave  be 
opened  and  to  be  at  the  charge  of  a  fayre  stone  to  be  layed  uppon 
him  accordinge  to  this  order. 

Order  of  the  Bells. 

For  as  much  as  upon  consideracion  had  by  the  mayor  and 
Comon  Counsell  of  this  towne  and  County  of  the  state  of  the 
bells  of  the  p'rish  of  St.  Maries  within  this  towne  &  County 
which  are  greatly  decayed  and  of  the  ill  usage .  of  the  sayd  belb 
in  ringeinge  of  them  at  the  death  of  every  one  whereby  no 
benefit  comes  to  the  parish.  Therefore  it  is  at  this  time  by  the 
sayd  Mayor  and  comon  counsell  Churchwardens  and  others  the 
parishioners  of  the  sayd  p'rishe  of  St  Maries  ordered  and  decreed 
that  if  any  p'rson  shall  desire  to  have  all  the  bells  Rung  after 
the  death  of  any  person  beinge  a  burgesse  of  this  towne  a 
burgesse  wiffe  or  a  burgesse  childe  that  then  they  shall  paye  for 
the  same  Yiijs.  and  after  the  death  of  any  Foreiner  or  stranger 
xvj«.  And  allsoe  if  any  p'rson  shall  desire  to  have  but  on  bell 
ringed  after  the  death  of  any  such  p'sons  beinge  burgesses . 
theire  wives  and  children  that  they  shall  pay.  for  every,  day 


IN  PEMBROKESHIRE.  317 

that  they  shall  have  the  sayd  bell  ringed  ij«.  vid.  and  after 
the  death  of  any  forenier  or  stranger  vs.  and  that  the  church- 
wardens of  the  sayd  p'rishe  for  the  time  beinge  doe  take  order 
for  the  payment  of  those  somes  by  them  that  shall  soe  desire  it 
before  such  time  that  any  bell  be  ringed  the  third  bell  for  the 
burriall  only  excepted  and  all  such  somes  the  sayd  Church- 
wardens shall  soe  receive  aforesayd  to  be  by  them  accompted 
for  to  the  p'rish  in  theire  accompt  of  Church wardenshipp  at 
th'end  of  theire  yeare. 

Mr.  Synnet  had  been  Mayor  in  1615,  and  was  thus 
ex-Mayor  when  he  died  in  March  1615  (O.  S.).  The 
account  contains  another  entry  relating  to  the  funeral. 

Paid  George  Carrow  when  Mr.  Synnet  was  buried  for 
mending  the  great  olapp  of  the  great  bell  by  the 
appointment  of  the  mayor  .  .  .      ijtf. 

Also 

More  paid  for  gloves  to  the  ringers  .     iij«. 

Opposite  to  the  Order  of  Burial  in  the  1633  account 
IS  the  following  : — 

The  some  of  zzij^  viijtf.  viijcf.  is  Rated  on  the  inhabitants  of 
St.  Maries  which  is  to  be  disbursed  as  foUoweth 

For  the  minister  for  bis  yeeres  wages  which 

is  to  be  paid  quarterly  .  ziij^.  vj«.  viijcf. 

To  the  Clarke  for  his  yeeres  wages  which  is 

to  be  paid  quarterly    .  v/6. 

Moore  to  the  said  Clarke  for  keeping  the  clocke 

for  waahinge  the  surplesses  &  table  clotbes 

&  oyle  for  the  clocke  &  broomes  for  the 

Church  is  to  be  paid  quarterly   .  .  ilb. 

Also  it  is  agreed  that  the  churchwarden  shall 

from  tyme  to  tyme  see  the  leads  cleaned  and 

to  get  one  to  oleene  them  to  whom  he  is  to 

paye  six  pennies  to  the  pece  x8, 

Som'a         xxlb.  xyjb.  viijdL 
Ethelred  Wogan 
John  Pryn,  Churchwardou.  William  Bowen. 

John  Gibbon  William  Baetmau. 

William  Williams  W.  Morgan. 

Morgan  Walter  Rice  Yaughan. 

Of  the  Signatories  to  this  account,  Ethelred  Wogan 
had  been  Mayor  in    1629,  and   was    again   in    1639. 


318  PAEI8H  REOlsreHg  IN  PKMBROICSSHnUB. 

William  Williams  was  then  Mayor,  and  filled  the  same 
office  in  1641  and  in  1649.  William  Bo  wen  had  been 
Mayor  in  1627,  and  was  probably  William  Williams's 
successor  after  his  third  mayoralty.  William  Bateman 
had  also  been  Mayor  twice,  in  1627  and  1631.  Rice 
Vanghan  reached  the  chair  in  1645,  and  John  Pryn 
in  1648. 

William  Bowen  is  one  of  the  few  worthies  of  that 
day  whose  sepulchral  monuments  have  escaped  the 
vandalism  of  eighteenth-century  churchwardens  and 
nineteenth-century  church  restorers. 

He  has,  in  fact,  two  monuments.  The  older  contains 
the  names,  eta,  of  himself  and  wife  and  his  son  Thomas, 
also  an  Alderman,  and  his  wife.  The  second  monu- 
mental stone,  erected  by  his  grandson,  William  Bowen, 
in  memory  of  his  wife,  also  records  the  names  of  his 
grandfather  and  father,  and  their  wives.  William 
Bowen,  senior,  died  in  1656,  at  the  age  of  70.  BUs 
grandson,  born  in  1657,  died  in  1731.  All  three  were 
Aldermen  of  Haverfordwest. 

N.B. — Since  this  article  was  sent  to  the  press 
another  fragment  of  four  pages  has  been  discovered. 
It  contains  marriii^es  of  1595  and  1596,  and  burials  of 
1618  and  1619.     It  is  very  much  torn. 

{To  be  ecntinued,) 


319 


THE  EARLY  LIFE  OF  ST.  SAMSON  OF  DOL. 

BY   THE   REV.  W.  DONE  BUSHELL, 
LATE  FELLOW  OF  ST.  JOHN's  COLLEGE,  CAMBRIDGE. 

{A  Leeturt  ddivered  at  Caldey  Priory,  December  18«A,  1901.) 


475.— Birth  of  St.  Dubric. 

491.— Birth  of  King  Arthur. 

517. — St.     Dubric     crowns     King 

Arthur. 
525. — Birth  of  St.  Samson  and  St. 

Teilo. 
530. — St.  Samson  goea  to  Llautwit. 
550. — St.   Samson  goes  to  Caldey 

Island. 


552.— St.  Samson  leaves  Caldey 
Island. 

555. — St.  Samson  crosses  to  Brit- 
tany. 

1^57.^ — St.  Samson  at  the  Council 
of  Paris. 

560.— Death  of  St.  Dubric. 

580.— Death  of  St.  Teilo. 

598.— Death  of  St.  Samson. 


Kanged  round  the  centre  of  the  great  reading-rooni  in 
Russell  Square  is  what  is  perhaps  the  largest  book  in 
the  world.  At  all  events  the  British  Museum  has  no 
other  which  can  rival  it.  It  is  not  yet  complete,  but 
it  consists  already  of  some  seventy  folio  volumes,  each 
containing  six  or  seven  hundred  closely-printed  pages. 
It  is  the  Acta  Sanctorum^  the  Lives  of  the  Saints,  the 
tales,  that  is,  which  once  upon  a  time  were  told  by  many 
a  Calefactory  fire,  as 

**  Each  in  tarn  essayed  to  paint 
The  rival  merits  of  their  saint," 

or  which  were  read  in  the  Refectory,  what  time  the 
silent  monks  consumed  their  frugal  meal.  A  treasure 
indeed,  if  it  were  but  authentic  history  !  We  find, 
however,  that  in  almost  every  case  some  centuries 
elapsed  between  the  death  of  the  saint  and  the  com- 
piling of  the  legends  of  his  life  ;  so  that  although  the 
Acta  show  us  what  wjis  thought  about  these  holy  men 
in  later  days,  and  therefore  have  in  any  case  their 
value,  yet  they  in  general  show  us  little  more.     There 


^  This  date  only  is  trustworthy, 
jectnral,  and,  at  best,  approximate. 


The  others  are  merely  con- 


320  THE  EA^LY  LIFE  OF  ST.  SAMSOK  OF  DOL. 

18  however  for  the  most  part  an  historical  substratum, 
much  as  it  may  have  been  idealised,  and  there  are  just 
a  few  of  the  Lives,  some  five  or  six,  perhaps,  although, 
alas !  no  more,  which  are  in  tJie  main  trustworUiy 
narratives. 

And  such  a  one  is  the  life  of  St.  Samson,  Prior  of 
Caldey,  Abbot  of  Llantwit,  and  in  later  life  Arch- 
bishop of  Dol.  It  is  true  that  it  was  not  compiled,  as 
we  now  have  it,  for  many  years  after  the  Archbishop's 
death ;  it  however  follows  very  closely  a  much  older 
life,  written  by  one  Enoch,  whose  uncle  was  a  kinsman 
of  the  saint,  and  who  had  conversed  with  Anne, 
St.  Samson's  mother.  And  of  this  life  there  are  happily 
three  texts,  the  French,  the  Breton,  and  the  English, 
as  they  have  been  called,  which  are  represented  by  the 
Acta,  by  a  life  which  has  been  edited  by  one  Dom 
Plaine  in  the  Analecta  Bollandiana,  and  by  the  Liber 
Landavensis ;  and  all  alike  are  founded  upon  Enoch's 
Life,  and  follow  it  very  closely,  so  that  it  is  possible  to 
reconstruct  the  original  account  with  very  considerable 
success. 

In  dealing,  therefore,  with  St.  Samson's  life  we  are  on 
historic  ground.  There  may,  indeed,  be  miracles  re- 
corded which  are  only  due  to  the  devout  imagination 
of  the  writer  ;  but  they  are  few,  and  they  are  not 
grotesque,  as  when  we  read  elsewhere  of  some  decapi- 
tated Cornish  saint,  who  carries  his  own  head  under 
his  arm,  or  crosses  from  Armorica  upon  a  paving-stone. 
They  are  rather,  when  they  do  occur,  devout  imaginings 
of  pious  souls,  to  whom  the  eternal  world  seemed  very 
near,  and  angel  ministry  a  fact  of  everyday  occurrence. 

The  life  of  St.  Samson  will  divide  itself  most  readily 
into  two  parts,  the  first  extending  from  his  birth, 
about  the  year  525,  to  the  year  555,  when  at  the  age 
of  thirty  he  crossed  to  Brittany,  the  second  covering  the 
remainaer  of  his  life.  It  is  with  the  first  part  only  I 
propose  to  deal ;  the  years,  that  is,which  Samson  spent 
at  Llantwit  and  on  Caldey  Island,  and  in  the  neigh- 
bouring districts  of  South  Wales. 


THE  EARLY  LIFE  OF  ST.  SAMSON  OF  DOL.  321 

Not  far  from  Cowbridge,  in  that  fertile  tract  of  land 
which  separates  the  uplands  of  Glamorgan  from  the 
sea,  there  lies  a  little  village  known  to-day  as  Llantwit 
Major.  It  lies  to  the  south  of  the  great  coal-basin  of 
South  Wales.  The  Vale  of  Glamorgan,  which  is  the 
name  the  district  bears,  has  little  in  common  with  the 
hill  country  to  the  north.  The  one  is  agricultural  and 
peaceful,  and  the  other  mercantile  and  busy.  The 
northern  carboniferous  districts  tell  of  modern  life; 
the  Vale  suggests  the  spirit  of  an  older  world,  eccle- 
siastical and  feudal,  whicn  indeed  has  long  since  passed 
away,  but  which  is  represented  there  by  many  a  ruined 
castle,  many  an  ancient  church  or  desecrated  priory, 
and,  in  the  little  village  of  Llantwit,  by  the  remains  of 
what  was  fourteen  hundred  years  ago,  and  for  many 
centuries  to  follow,  a  thriving  University.  And  though 
the  sympathies  of  some  may  rather  turn  to  the  teeming 
valleys  full  of  hope  and  industry,  the  sources  as  they 
are  of  that  sea  power  on  which  the  Empire  must 
depend,  yet  there  are  others  to  be  found  who  take  a 
very  different  view  ;  the  Ahh6  Duine,  for  example,  who 
has  done  so  much  for  the  saints  of  Brittany,  writes  as 
follows :  **  When  I  had  thus,''  he  says,  "  seen  Cardiff, 
the  modern  town,  the  material  town ;  when  I  had 
breathed  the  fog  of  the  coal-carrying  pity,  it  was 
delicious  to  escape  to  Llantwit,  village  of  peace,  with 
air  so  pure,  so  mild,  where  life  itself  is  hushed  to 
silence,  motionless,  and  lulled  to  sleep  by  the  magic 
rays  of  the  bright  August  sun !  Place,''  he  goes  on 
to  say,  "  before  your  eyes  a  very  modest  row  of  houses, 
small,  with  old  thatched  roofs,  walls  red  or  yellow,  or 
white  with  lime,  the  doors  bright  green ;  within  the 
windows,  flowers  ;  upon  the  window-sill  a  cat,  her  paws 
tucked  in,  as  solemn  as  a  sphinx !  All  that  one  saw 
was  smiling,  child-like,  primitive." 

Doubtless  the  Abb^  Duine  has  his  share  of  the 
romantic  spirit  of  his  race.  His  words  are  those  of 
sentiment ;  but  a  more    balanced  and   prosaic  writer 


822     THE  EARLY  LIFE  OF  ST.  SAMSON  OF  DOL. 

bears  a  similar  witness :  the  late  Professor  Freeman 
writes  as  follows ; 

"  The  whole  series  of  buildings  at  Llantwit  Major  is  one  of  the 
most  striking  in  the  kingdom.  Through  a  succession  of  civil 
and  domestic  structures  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth 
centuries,  the  traveller  gradually  approaches  the  grand  group 
composed  of  the  church  and  the  buildings  attached  to  it;  lying 
as  they  do  in  a  deep  valley  below  the  town,  they  present  a 
miniature  representation  of  the  unequalled  assemblage  at 
St  David's." 

And  no  doubt  the  Professor  is  quite  justified  in  what 
he  says.  The  church  itself  is  most  remarkable,  and  in 
the  churchyard  there  are  relics  witnessing  to  a  far 
distant  past.  There  is  a  cylindiical  pillar,  described 
by  Mr.  J.  Romilly  Allen  in  tne  Archceologia  Camhrenm 
for  1899  ;  there  is  a  fragment  of  a  cross,  erected,  as  its 
legend  tells  us,  by  one  Abbot  Samson — not  our  saint— 
for  his  soul's  weal,  and  for  the  souls  of  King  Juthael, 
and  Arthmael  the  Dean  ;  there  is  a  cross,  long  buried 
out  of  sight,  but  found  and  re-erected  in  1793;  and 
there  is  yet  another  monument,  which  bears  the  inscrip- 
tion :  "  Samson  placed  this  cross  for  his  soul." 

There  was  also  an  ancient  tithe-bam  to  be  seen  until 
quite  recently.  It  was  a  structure  of  huge  size,  which 
dated  from  the  thirteenth  century.  And  there  were 
other  buildings  which  have  disappeared.  And  we  still 
have  a  fragment  of  the  mediaeval  monastery,  and  a  dove- 
cot of  the  thirteenth  century,  cylindrical  in  shape,  and 
covered  by  a  domical  vault,  such  as  we  find  at  Angle 
and  at  Manorbier  in  Pembrokeshire. 

And  to  this  secluded  spot  there  came,  in  the  sixth 
century,  one  Iltyd,  called  the  Knight.  He  was  a  native 
of  Armorica,  which  we  to-day  call  Brittany,  and  was 
great-nephew  of  Germanus  of  Auxerre,  who  had  in  his 
time,  with  his  companion  Lupus,  come  to  Wales  to 
combat  the  Pelagian  heresy  ;  and  he  was  also  pupil  of 
St.  Cadoc,  Cadoc-Doeth,  the  famous  Abbot  of  Llan- 
carvan,  five  miles  north  of  Cowbridge,  who,  with  a  more 
than  princely  hospitality,  was  wont,  it  is  said,  to  feed 


THE  EARLY  LIFE  OF  ST.  BAMSON  OF  BOL.     323 

each  day  one  hundred  clergy,  and  one  hundred  workmen, 
and  one  hundred  men-at-arms,  as  well  as  one  hundred 
wid9W8  and  one  hundred  poor,  together  with  servants, 
squires,  and  guests  almost  innumerable. 

But  Iltyd,  Iltyd  "  Farchog,"  or  the  ''  Knight,"  pre- 
ferring poverty  and  self-denial  to  a  rough  soldier's  life, 
established  in  this  sequestered  spot  a  monastic  College, 
erecting,  not  of  course  a  noble  pile  of  buildings  such  as 
we  find  to-day  at  Oxford  or  at  Cambridge,  but,  as  the 
manner  was,  a  square  enclosure  with  a  mound  and 
palisades,  and  in  the  enclosure  bee-hive  huts  for  his 
monks,  and  seven  churches,  which  are  said  to  have  been 
built  of  stone,  though  this,  in  the  sixth  century,  appears 
incredible. 

And  by  degrees  this  quiet  and  remote  community 
became  a  school  for  learning,  nay,  a  University,  which 
lasted,  little  as  men  now  remember  it,  for  certainly  not 
less  than  a  thousand  years.  And  amongst  St.  Iltyd's 
early  pupils  were  David,  patron  saint  of  Wales,  Paulinus, 
Gildas,  Padern,  Teilo  and  Oudoceus,  famous  men  each 
one  of  them,  and  last,  not  least,  St.  Paul  de  L6on,  whose 
tapering  spire  is  now  the  glory  of  the  north  of  Brittany. 

And  to  this  seat  of  learning  and  of  prayer  there  was 
attached  an  island  known  as  Ynys-y-pyr,^  an  island  to 
whose  shores,  the  wind  being  fair,  one  tide  would  take 

*  This  island  mast  be  certainly  identified  with  Caldey.  Arch- 
bishop Usher  did  indeed  suggest  that  it  coincided  with  a  part  of 
the  present  town  of  Llanellj,  called  Machjnnis,  formerly  an  island  ; 
and,  as  the  matter  seemed  of  little  importance,  the  suggestion  was, 
until  quite  recently,  accepted  without  question.  It  was,  however, 
only  an  obiter  dictum,  resting  on  no  eyidence ;  whilst,  on  the  other 
hand,  not  only  do  we  find  in  Cald^  Island  a  site  more  easy  of  access 
for  the  Llantwit  monks,  and  with  clear  evidence  upon  it  of  early 
ecclesiastical  occnpation,  but,  in  the  Life  of  St.  Paul  de  L6on, 
written  by  one  Wromac  '*  moine  de  TAbbaye  de  Landavensis,*'  in  the 
year  884,  we  are  expressly  told  that  there  was  a  certain  island,  Pyr 
by  name,  within,  it  is  said,  the  border  of  Demetia,  in  which  St.  Iltyd 
spent  much  of  his  time,  and  where  he  was  associated  with,  amongst 
others,  St.  Paul  de  L^n,  St.  David,  St.  Gildas,  and  St.  Samson. 
And  this  decides  the  matter,  for  Pyr  (see  Dugdale's  Mouasticon, 
Camden,  Leland,  and  others)  was  most  indubitably  the  former  name 
of  Caldey. 


324     THE  BARLY  LIFE  OF  ST.  SAMSON  OF  DOL. 

the  hardy  and  fearless  sailor  monks  from  their  own 
little  harbour. 

And,  one  day,  in  the  early  part  of  the  sixth  century, 
there  came  to  the  monastery  gates  a  certain  Amon, 
with  Anna  his  wife,  a  daughter  of  King  Meurig  of 
Glamorgan,  bringing  with  them  a  little  lad  of  five  years 
old,  as  Hannah  and  Elkanah  brought  of  old  the  infant 
Samuel  to  Shiloh.  Like  Samuel,  he  was  also  a  child  of 
miracle.  With  prayer  and  fasting  Amon  and  Anna 
had  asked  a  child  of  God.  No  child,  however,  had 
been  vouchsafed  to  them  until,  at  the  advice  of 
St.  Dubricius — "  Dubric  the  high  saint" — they  resorted 
to  a  certain  wise  and  holy  man^  who  instructed  Amon 
to  make  a  silver  rod,  whose  height  should  equal  that  of 
his  wife,  and  give  it  to  the  poor.  He,  nothing  loth, 
made  three  rods,  not  one  only  as  prescribed,  and  with 
the  desired  effect ;  for  on  the  following  night  an  angel 
came  to  Anna  in  a  dream,  and  said  ;  *'  Thou  shalt  bear 
a  son,  and  call  his  name  Samson,  and  he  shall  be  seven 
times  whiter  than  that  silver  which  thy  husband  gave 
for  thee  to  God."  And  so,  obedient  to  the  heavenly 
messenger,  St.  Iltyd  at  the  sacred  font  gave  to  the 
child  the  name  of  Samson. 

And  now  five  years  have  passed  away,  and  Amon, 
resolutely  putting  from  him  what  must  certainly  have 
been  the  very  strong  temptation  to  retain  his  son,  and 
make  of  him  a  leader  of  men,  brings  him  to  Llantwit, 
and  he  is  made  a  neophyte ;  and  in  due  time  becomes  a 
student  and  a  monk,  a  priest,  an  abbot,  an  ai*chbishop. 
He  was,  it  is  said,  instructed  in  the  Old  and  the  New 
Testaments,  and  in  all  manner  of  philosophy,  to  wit, 
geometry,  and  rhetoric,  and  grammar,  and  arithmetic, 
and  all  the  arts  then  known  in  Britain.  Indeed,  so  apt 
a  scholar  was  he,  that  on  one  and  the  same  day  he  learnt 
the  alphabet,^  and  also  the  digits  such  as  were  then  in 
use,  and  in  a  single  week  the  mysteries  of  syntax ; 
whilst  in  the  interpretation  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  he 
surpassed  his  master. 

^  Stib  una  eodemque  die  viceruu  elem^  Ussarcuque  offtumt  iotas, — 
AcUi  SS,  Julii,  vi,  576. 


THE  EARLY  LIFE  OF  ST.  SAMSON  OF  DOL.  325 

And  there  are  charming  legends  told  of  him,  which 
possibly  may  not  be  true,  but  which  at  least  bear 
witness,  and  with  no  uncertain  voice,  to  the  simple 
healthful  lives  lived  by  these  monks,  their  fondness  for 
the  animals  of  whom  they  saw  so  much,  and  for  the 
open  air  in  which  their  lives  were  spent.  Indeed,  in 
reading  of  the  Celtic  monks,  we  seem  to  live  beneath 
the  open  sky  ;  we  breathe  the  air  of  the  Book  of  Ruth ; 
we  are  with  David  on  the  hillside,  or  with  Abraham  at 
his  tent  door  ;  nay,  even  with  One  Greater,  as  He 
walks  and  teaches  amidst  the  wayside  flowers  of 
Galilee. 

For  instance,  all  the  boys  are  one  day  in  a  field 
engaged  in  winnowing  corn,  when  suddenly  an  adder 
darts  out  of  a  bush  and  strikes  one  of  the  monks. 
*'  Run,  one  of  you  boys,  tell  Father  Iltyd,''  cries  the 
steward.  And  Samson  runs,  and  asks  with  tears  for 
leave  to  attempt  the  cure  himself.  And,  Iltyd  having 
given  him  leave,  he  runs  back  quickly,  rubs  the  bite 
with  oil,  and  by  God's  blessing  cures  the  monk. 

Again,  we  read  how  the  boys  would  take  it  in  turn 
to  scare  the  sparrows  from  the  barley,  and  how,  when 
it  came  to  Samson's  turn,  he  gathered  them  all  together 
like  a  flock  of  sheep  and  drove  them  into  a  barn,  and 
then  lay  down  himself  in  the  field  and  went  to  sleep  ; 
and  how  the  other  boys,  who  had  little  love  for  him, 
surprised  him  in  his  sleep,  and,  being  glad  that  they 
haa  found  him  thus  neglectful  of  his  duty,  went  to  the 
master,  saying :  '*  Master,  him  whom  thou  lovest  we 
have  found  sleeping,  disobedient,  lazy" ;  and  how, 
when  Iltyd  came,  the  boy  said  quietly,  "  I  found  the 

Elunderers  in  the  corn,  and,  with  the  aid  of  God,  I 
eep  them  in  prison  for  the  common  weal."  And  this 
appears  to  have  been  St.  Samson's  way,  for,  when  an 
old  man,  and  Archbishop  of  Dol,  he  treated^  in  like 
manner  the   wild   birds  of  Brittany,    collecting   them 

1  This  is,  of  oourse,  a  very  oommon  monastic  legend.     A  similar 
tale  is  told,  for  example,  of  the  hermit  Sigar,  of  Northaw,  near 
St.  Albans  {Ge$ta  Abbatum,  vol.  i,  97-105),  and  of  many  more. 
6th  skb.,  vol.  m.  24 


826  THE  BARLT  UFE  OP  ST.  SAMSON  OF  DOL. 

together  in  the  monastery  court,  and  there  imposing 
silence  on  them  till  the  morning,  lest  they  should 
disturb  the  prayers  of  the  monks. 

Of  course  we  need  not  take  these  legends  for  more 
than  they  are  worth ;  but  when  we  find  such  tales  told 
over  and  over  again,  as  of  St.  Jerome  and  his  lion,  or 
St.  Hugh  of  Lincoln  and  his  swan,  and  very  many  others, 
we  understand  that  they  imply  a  simple,  quiet  mode 
of  living  on  the  part  of  the  monks,  which  did  not  scare, 
still  less  do  any  harm  to  the  timid  denizens  of  wood 
and  mere.  Their  dumb  companions  recognised  the 
saints  and  hermits  for  their  friends,  and  kindness 
generated  trust.  In  fact,  the  old  monk  understood,  as 
the  modern  tripper  now  seems  powerless  to  understand, 
the  sanctity  of  animal  life,  and  of  them  the  words  of 
Coleridge  had  come  true  a  thousand  years  and  more 
before  the  Ancient  Mariner  was  penned ; 

"  He  prajeth  best  who  loveth  best 
All  things  both  great  and  small." 

But  now  the  time  had  come  for  Samson  to  be  made 
a  deacon  ;  and  the  Archbishop  Dubric  coming  one  day 
unexpectedly  to  Llantwit,  Utyd  and  the  brethren 
prayed  him  that  he  would  confer  this  dignity  upon  the 
youthful  scholar.  Their  prayer  was  granted  ;  and  to 
the  eyes  of  the  Archbishop  and  the  Abbot,  and  of  the 
Deacon  who  was  serving  at  the  Holy  Sacrifice,  die 
eyes  perchance  of  the  soul  to  which  the  things  of  the 
spirit  are  more  real  than  those  of  which  the  senses  may 
take  cognizance,  it  seemed  as  though  a  dove  descended 
visibly  and  rested  on  his  shoulder,  there  remaining  till 
the  mass  was  at  an  end. 

And,  after  this,  St.  Samson  seems  to  have  redoubled 
those  austerities  which  had  already  evoked  his  masters 
protest.  We  are  told  of  abstinence  in  food  and  drink, 
of  fasting,  cold,  and  nakedness  ;  how  in  the  summer- 
time he  avoided  shade,  and  in  the  winter-time  declined 
to  use  the  second  garment  which  was  customary  in  the 
monastery ;   how  his  one  garment  served  him  night 


THB  EARLY  LIFE  OF  ST.  SAMSON  OF  DOL.     827 

and  day ;  how  he  refused  to  eat  all  flesh ;  and  how,  it 
IS  quaintly  added — and  what  a  flood  of  light  this  throws 
upon  the  habits  of  the  Celtic  monks ! — no  one  ever  saw 
him  tipsy,  or  unable  to  speak  plain. 

But  all  were  not  as  Samson  was.  There  was  at 
Llantwit  no  immunity  from  jealousy  and  bickerings,  or 
from  that  struggle  for  preferment  which,  from  the  time 
when  the  mother  of  James  and  John  asked  that  her  sons 
might  sit  on  the  Saviour's  right  hand  and  his  left,  has 
never  left  the  Church,  still  less  the  world  :  and  certain 
nephews  of  St.  Iltyd,  who  were  afraid  that  Samson's 
merits  might  secure  for  him  the  post  of  Abbot,  which 
in  the  Celtic  church  was  more  or  less  hereditary,  and 
might  therefore  be  expected  to  descend  at  St.  Iltyd's 
death  to  one  of  them,  were  not  content  with  ordinary 
measures,  but  even  tried  to  remove  their  rival  by  the 
use  of  poison.  Their  agent  was  the  monastery  baker. 
He  was  forgiven  by  Samson  ;  but  he  did  not  repent, 
and,  on  presuming  to  receive  the  consecrated  cup  at 
Samson's  hand,  was  seized  and  torn  by  the  evil 
spirit,  and  only  rescued  by  the  prayers  of  the  saint. 

And  now  St.  Samson  had  been  made  a  priest,  the 
Heavenly  Dove  appearing  at  his  ordination  as  before, 
and  by  this  time  he  must  have  become  of  some  impor- 
tance in  the  Brotherhood.  He  probably,  however,  felt 
that  such  an  atmosphere  of  strife  and  jealousy  was  bad 
for  all  concerned ;  and  it  was  therefore  no  doubt  much 
to  his  satisfaction  that  he  received  one  day  an  intima- 
tion from  his  master,  Iltyd,  that  in  the  night  the 
Abbot  had  seen  a  vision,  and  had  been  bidden  to  ask 
him  whither  he  desired  to  go,  and  to  speed  him  on  his 
way.  St.  Samson  felt  but  little  hesitation  as  to  what 
reply  to  make.  There  was,  as  we  have  seen,  not  far  from 
Llantwit  an  island  monastery,  lately  founded  by  an 
"  excellent  and  holy  priest"  called  Pyro,  and  it  appears 
that  Samson  had  long  wished  to  join  him  there,  but 
had  refrained  from  taking  any  action  in  the  matter  lest 
he  should  offend  St.  Iltyd.  His  opportunity  had  now, 
however,  come.     He  told  the  Abbot  of  his  wish,  and 

24« 


328  THE  EARLY  LIFE  OF  ST.  SAMSON  OF  DOL. 

Iltyd,  though  in  great  distress,  and  beating,  it  is  said, 
upon  his  breast,  and  counting  it  as  though  his  very 
soul  were  being  torn  from  liim,  was  yet  obedient  to  the 
heavenly  vision,  and  forwarded  the  youthful  Samson  on 
his  way. 

And  so  St.  Samson  came  to  Caldey,  then  called 
Tnys-y-Pyr,  Pyr's  Island.  There  is  a  neighbouring 
village  on  the  mainland,  which  is  now  called  Manorbier, 
but  which  was  probably  then  known  as  Maen-y-Pyr, 
Pyr  8  Stone ;  the  stone,  a  cromlech,  is  there  still. 
These  two  names  have  been  not  improbably  derived 
from  Peredur,  of  whom  the  Mabinogion  has  so  much  to 
say,  but  possibly  were  due  to  this  same  Pyro,  **  excellent 
and  holy  priest."  But,  be  this  as  it  may,  upon  this 
island  he  renewed,  and  certainly  with  better  oppor- 
tunity than  he  had  hitherto  enjoyed  at  Llantwit,  his 
accustomed  life  of  quietness  and  prayer,  and  even  some- 
thing more  than  his  old  austerities ;  though  whether 
more  were  possible  we  may  well  doubt ;  for,  in  addition 
to  what  has  been  above  recorded,  we  are  told  that  from 
the  time  of  his  diaconate  he  had  never  used  a  bed,  but, 
when  compelled  by  natui-al  weariness,  had  learned  to 
lean  himself  against  the  wal  V  ^nd  so  to  snatch  a  little 
sleep.  To  some  of  us  such  stories  seem,  perhaps,  to  be 
alike  unedifying  and  incredible ;  but  we  must  not 
forget  that  Samson,  whether  in  Ireland  or  in  Wales,  in 
Cornwall  or  in  Brittany,  did,  under  these  austere  condi- 
tions, missionary  work  which  might  have  taxed  the 
powers  of  a  Selwyn  or  a  Patterson ;  and  not,  I  think, 
incredible  ;  for  those  who  have  seen  the  little  chapel  of 
St.  Gowan,  planted  in  its  rocky  gorge,  on  the  wild 
coast  of  Pembrokeshire,  will  not  forget  a  sort  of  niche 
in  the  rock,  of  which  foolish  things  are  said  by  August 
trippers,  but  which  is  probably  the  place  where  one  of 
these  old  hermit  monks  was  wont,  instead  of  lying 
down,  to  take,  as  Samson  did,  the  little  rest  which  he 

^  *^  Qnod  si,  ut  homo,  opus  haberet  pro  camali  fragiliiate  qnies- 
cendi,  seipsnm  parieii,  ant  alicajns  rei  durae  firmamento  iccIinaDS, 
nnnqnam  in  leoto  dormitabat" — Acta  SS.  JtUii,  vi,  579. 


THE  EARLY  LIFE  OF  ST.  SAMSON  OF  DOL.  329 

allowed  hiiriself ;  believing,  as  did  Samson,  that  the 
sufferings  of  this  present  time  were  not  worthy  to  be 
compared  with  the  glory  which  should  be  revealed  in 
him  ;  and  that  through  suffering  came  detachment  from 
things  earthly,  and  through  detachment  knowledge 
of  God. 

But  Samson  was  not  destined  long  to  enjoy  the  quiet 
and  secluded  life  which  was  so  dear  to  him.  One  day, 
as  the  monks  were  going  forth  to  their  daily  labour  in 
the  fields,  they  found  at  the  monastery  gate  some 
strangers  who  had  spent  the  night  in  the  Guest-house, 
and  who  asked  to  see  St.  Samson.  St.  Samson's  many 
austerities  do  not  seem  to  have  deprived  him  of  some 
sense  of  humour,  so  he  asked  them  what  their  business 
was,  and  when  they  said  it  was  for  Samson's  private 
ear,  "  Unless,"  he  said,  "  you  state  here  in  my  presence 
what  is  the  object  of  your  journey,  you  shall  not  see 
Samson  as  you  desire  to  do."  And  Pyro  seems  to  have 
been  mightily  amused, — perhaps  it  did  not  take  much 
to  amuse  a  monk, — but,  thinking  that  the  joke  had 
been  carried  far  enough,  explained  to  the  strangers 
who  the  young  man  was ;  on  which,  we  are  told,  they 
fell  on  his  neck,  and  told  him  of  their  errand.  That 
errand  was  a  sad  one :  Amon,  Samson's  father,  was 
very  ill,  and  he  desired  to  see  his  son  once  more  before 
his  death.  And  here  we  find  an  instance  of  that 
strange  detachment,  as  it  seems  to  us,  from  the  re- 
lationships of  human  life,  which  was  and  is  so  charac- 
teristic of  monastic  life.  Christ  had  said,  '*He  that 
loveth  father  or  mother  more  than  Me,  is  not  worthy 
of  Me ;"  and  this  St.  Samson  characteristically  held  to 
mean  that  it  was  wrong  for  him  to  go  to  his  father's 
bedside  even  at  such  a  time.  **  I  have  come  out 
of  Egypt,"  he  said,  **  and  it  is  not  for  me  to  return  to 
it,  for  God  is  able  Himself  to  heal  the  sick  ;"  and,  say- 
ing this,  he  turned  away,  and  went  off  swiftly  to  his 
work.  But  Pyro  seems  to  have  had  more  of  the  milk 
of  human  kindness,  or,  as  the  biographer  very  justly 
says,  a  truer  guidance  of  the  Holy  Spirit.     He  laid  no 


330  THE  EARLY  LIFE  OP  ST.  SAMSON  OP  DOL. 

istress,  indeed,  upon  the  duty  of  a  son ;  but  lie  recalled 
St.  Samson,  and  ne  gently  urged  him  not  to  neglect  his 
duty  to  a  departing  soul.  "  It  might  be  God  would 
grant  to  him  to  sow  the  seeds  of  spiritual  life."  He 
clearly  knew  what  arguments  were  likely  to  prevail. 
And  he  was  right.     St.  Samson  says  at  once 


such  indeed  be  the  will  of  God !  I  am  prepared  to 
suffer  all  things  for  His  sake,  and  that  I  may  win 
souls  ;"  and,  turning  to  the  messengers,  he  adds  :  *'  Go 
back,  and  on  the  mon-ow  I  will  follow."  So  in  the 
in  the  morning  he  commenced  his  journey,  in  company 
with  a  young  man  who  was  a  deacon,  ana  on  the  third 
day  came  to  Amon.  Yet  not  without  adventure  bj 
the  way.  The  Celtic  monks  were  sailors,  and  the  dense 
and  awful  forests  which  then  clothed  the  land  were  to 
them  full  of  witchcraft,  and  of  evil  powers,  of  serpents, 
and  of  unclean  things.  They  passed  into  the  sombre 
depths,  as  Stanley  did  into  the  forests  of  the  Pigmies, 
and  the  oppression  and  the  gloom  weighed  hard  upon 
them.  So  we  are  not  surprised  to  find  that  Samson 
found  "a  homed  and  hairy  witch/' who,  with  eight  sisters 
and  a  mother,  dwelt  in  the  darkness  of  the  forest,  and 
whom  he  slew  in  the  name  of  Jesus  Christ ;  or  that,  on 
his  return,  in  company  with  Amon,  whom  he  had 
healed  of  his  disease,  and  with  his  uncle  Umbrafel,  he 
met  and  slew  a  serpent  of  prodigious  size. 

He  left  behind,  apparently  upon  the  western  border 
of  Glamorgan,  his  mother  Anna  and  her  sister  Afrella, 
well  and  carefully  provided  for ;  and,  with  his  father 
and  his  uncle  and  the  deacon,  came  back  to  the  island, 
where  they  again  found  Dubric  the  high  Saint,  whose 
custom^  it  was  to  spend  his  Lents  upon  it. 

St.  Samson's  troubles  were,  however,  not  yet  at  an 
end.  It  is  said,  in  the  life  of  St.  Dubricius,  in  the 
Liber  Landavensis^  that  he  was  wont*  to  visit  in  the 

^  **  Mos  erat  illi  episcopo  totam  pene  paschae  quadragesimam  in 
eadem  ducere  insula." — Ada  SS.  Julii,  vi,  581. 

*  "  Vir  beat89  memoriae  Dabrioias  visitavit  locum  beat!  Dduti, 
tempore  quadragesimali,  ut  quae  emendanda  erant  corrigerei)  et 


THE  EARLY  LIFE  OF  ST.  SAMSON  OF  DOL.  331 

season  of  Lent  a  place  belonging  to  St.  Iltyd — which 
was  no  doubt  Caldey  Island — '*  that  he  might  correct 
what  wanted  amendment,  and  might  confirm  such 
practices  as  might  deserve  to  be  retained ;  for,"  it  is 
added,  "  there  lived  there  many  very  holy  men,  but 
also  many  who  were  led  astray  by  jealousy."  This 
estimate  of  the  community  on  Inys-y-pyr  is  certainly 
abundantly  confirmed  by  what  is  found  in  St.  Samson  s 
life.  St.  Dubric  had  received,  we  are  told,  from  the 
deacon  who  accompanied  St.  Samson,  a  full  account  of 
the  journey.  He  had  told  the  Archbishop  of  the  witch 
and  of  the  serpent,  and  of  Amon's  cure,  of  all,  in  fact, 
that  had  befallen,  not  concealing  his  own  cowardice ; 
and  Dubric  had,  in  consequence,  promoted  Samson  to 
the  post  of  cellarer,  an  office  of  much  importance  in  a 
monastery,  but  one  whose  duties  were,  we  should  have 
supposed,  not  much  in  accordance  with  the  young 
monk's  austerity  and  other- worldlinees.  And  so  it 
proved  to  be  the  case.  Complaint  was  made  by  the 
disappointed  candidate  that  the  new  cellarer  wasted 
the  mead ;  and  the  Archbishop  and  St.  Samson  went 
together  to  the  cellar  to  investigate.  Nor  does  it 
appear  that  Samson  was  absolved  from  the  charge 
of  over-liberality ;  though,  as  it  was  believed,  the 
miracle  of  Cana  was  repeated,^  and  the  cellarer's  bounty 
thus  received  Divine  approval. 

But  Samson  soon  received  promotion.  The  Abbot, 
Pyro,  "  excellent  and  holy  priest,"  was  himself  perhaps 
not  always  sober  ;  and  one  dark  night,  returning  to  the 
monastery,  he  fell  headlong  into  a  well,  which,  from 
the  permanence  of  geological  conditions,  could  not  be 
far  from  that  which  still  supplies  the  island  with  its 
pure  and  abundant  streams.*   His  cry — he  only  uttered 

servaoda  con  soli  dare  t.  Ibidem  enim  mulfci  sanctissimi  viri  conver- 
sabantur,  mnlti  qnadain  livore  decepti,  inter  quos  frater  Samson 
morabatur  filius  Amon." — Lib,  Lan»  Vita  s.  Dubric,  p.  78. 

^  "  Lantemis  signnm  crncis  imposuifc;  et  dum  episcopus  vonit 
plena  omnia  et  perf^ta  reperta  sunt." — Acta  SS*  Julii,  vi,  582. 

^  "  Idem  Piro  in  tenebrosa  nocta,  at,  quod  est  gravius,  ut  aiunt, 
per  ineptam  ebrietatem  in  claustra  monasterii  deambulans,  solus  in 


332     THE  EARLY  LIFE  OF  ST.  SAMSON  OF  IX)L. 

one — was  heard  by  the  brothers,  who  drew  him  from 
the  water  in  an  almost  dying  state.  Their  help,  how- 
ever, had  come  too  late.  Poor  Pyro  died  in  the  course 
of  the  night.  The  Archbishop  held  a  chapter  after 
matins  ;  and  the  monks  with  one  accord  elected 
Samson  as  their  Abbot.  He  ruled  his  little  flock  for  a 
year  and  a  half,  and  set  to  the  brothers — some  of  whom 
perhaps  had  walked  in  Pyro's  footsteps — an  example  of 
moderation,  and  something  more,  in  food  and  drink  and 
sleep.  And  such  an  example  was  perhaps  much  needed, 
for  we  must  not  think  of  these  Celtic  monks  as  being 
strict  ascetics.  On  Caldey,  at  least,  the  food  was 
plentiful,  the  cups  were  overflowing  with  mead.  But 
hunger  and  thirst,  not  meat  and  drink,  rejoiced  the 
Abbot  s  heart ;  nor,  as  we  have  said,  did  he  ever  rest 
upon  a  couch.  He  lived,  whatever  others  round  about 
him  may  have  done,  the  spiritual  life ;  and  we  are 
therefore  not  surprised  to  read  that  as  from  time  to 
time  he  offered  the  Holy  Sacrifice  his  eyes  were  opened, 
and  he  saw  the  angels  worshipping  the  Sacred  Presence. 
But,  at  the  end  of  the  year  and  a  half,  there  came  to 
Caldey  certain  Irishmen  on  their  way  home  from  Rome; 
and,  for  some  reason,  Samson,  with  the  leave  of  the 
Archbishop,  went  with  them  ;  and  as  he  went  from 
place  to  place,  the  blind,  we  are  told,  received  their 
sight,  the  lepers  were  cleansed,  the  evil  spirits  were 
cast  out,  and  many  were  converted  from  the  error  of 
their  ways.  How  long  he  remained  in  Ireland  does 
not  appear ;  but  in  those  days,  although  all  journeying 
by  land  was  difficult  and  perilous,  yet  was  the  sea  as 
easily  sailed  as  it  is  now ;  and  so  we  find  St.  Samson 
now  in  Wales,  and  now  in  Ireland  ;  now  giving  a  name 
to  a  Cornish  church,  or  to  an  island  in  the  far-off 
Scillies ;  now  ruling  as  Archbishop  of  Dol,  and  now 
awaiting  in  the  Channel  Islands  opportunity  for  a  suc- 
cessful expedition.     The  fact  is,  Ireland,  Wales,  Com- 

putenm  valde  yastnm  se  pradcipitarit,  atque  nnnm  clamorem  nln- 
latas  emittens,  a  fratribus  fere  mortnus  a  laon  abetraotua  est,  ei  oh 
boc  ea  nocte  obiit." — Acta  S8.  Julii,  yi,  582. 


THE  BAELY  LIFE  OB  6T.  SAMSON  Of  DOL.     333 

wall  and  Armorica  were  nearer  to  each  other  than 
St.  Davids,  for  example,  was  to  Lichfield.  So,  when 
the  time  was  come,  St.  Samson — not,  however,  without 
something  like  a  mutiny  on  the  part  of  his  crew,  which 
he  quelled  easily  enough  with  the  Divine  assistance — 
came  back  to  the  island,  reaching  it,  as  it  is  said,  the 
wind  being  favourable,  upon  the  second  day. 

On  Caldey  he  finds  his  father,  Amon,  and  also  his 
uncle,  Umbrafel,  whom  he  sends  back  to  Ireland,  there 
to  fill  the  place  of  an  Abbot,  from  whom  he  had  cast  out 
a  devil.  But  he  has  convinced  himself,  and  he  is  prob- 
ably right,  that  God  is  calling  him  to  live  a  life  of  more 
austerity  than  can  be  lived  amidst  his  monks.  And  so 
he  "  passes  into  the  silent  life."  He  takes  with  him 
his  father,  Amon,  and  the  aforesaid  Abbot,  and  a  brother 
who  was  a  priest,  and,  crossing  to  the  main  land,  goes 
out  into  the  **  wilderness,"  not  far  away,  however,  from 
the  sea.  They  probably  went  westwards  into  the 
peninsula  which  lies  between  the  "  Severn  Sea'*'  and 
Milford  Haven,  now  called  Castle  Martin  Hundred; 
and,  as  it  happens,  there  is  still  to  be  seen  near  Stack- 
pole,  at  Rock  Point,  a  cave  which  satisfies  the  main 
conditions  of  the  narrative,  whilst  in  the  immediate 
neighbourhood  there  is  a  farm,  which,  for  whatever 
reason,  bears  the  name  of  Sampsons  Farm.  But, 
whether  at  Stackpole  or  elsewhere,  he  found  an  appro- 
priate place,  where,  in  an  enclosure,  was  a  fountain  of 
delicious  water ;  and  there  he  left  the  three  who  were 
with  him,  left  them,  if  we  may  dare  to  parallel  the 
solemn  scene  within  the  Garden  of  Gethsemane,  to 
watch,  whi^pt  he  went  on  to  pray.  For  himself  he 
found  a  cave  "  whose  mouth  was  towards  the  east." 
We  all  have  read  of  the  cave  in  Shakespeare's  Cymbeline, 
six  miles  from  Milford  Haven,  where  the  lowness  of 
the  roof  compelled  the  old  Belarius  and  the  two  sons 
of  Cymbeline  to  stoop  and  say  their  morning  orisons  ; 
and  it  was  in  some  such  cave,  at  Kock  Point  or  else- 
where, that  Samson  spent  his  quiet  days,  accustomed, 
it  is  said,  to  the  discourse  of  angels,  through  whom  he 


934  THE  EARLY  LIFE  OF  ST.  SAMSON  OF  DOL. 

commended  himself  to  the  Most  High.  The  brethren 
brought  to  him  one  loaf  every  month,  a  large  one,  we 
may  hope,  and  every  Sabbath  day  he  went  to  com- 
mune with  them,  and  they  joined  together  in  the 
breaking  of  the  Holy  Bread. 

And  here  at  last  he  had  found  seclusion  and  repose. 
But  he  could  not  long  be  hid.  St.  Iltyd  had  apparently 
retired  from  Llantwit.  The  mother -house  was  in 
want  of  an  Abbot ;  and  the  retreat  of  Samson  having 
been  betrayed  to  the  sacred  synod,  they  came  and 
lovingly  compelled  him,  much  against  his  will,  to  under- 
take the  duties  of  Abbot  of  the  *  Monastery  founded 
by  St.  Germanus.'^ 

It  was  the  custom  in  the  Celtic  Church,  not  only 
that  three  Bishops  should  unite  in  ordination,  but  also 
that  three  Bishops  should  be  ordained  together ;  and 
Dubric,  coming  one  day  to  the  "  Monastery  of  St 
Germanus," — Llantwit,  as  we  may  presume — brought 
with  him  but  two  candidates  for  the  episcopate,  and 
therefore  needs  must  have  a  third.  Why  not  St 
Samson  ?  Others,  however,  greater  than  St.  Dubric 
had  preceded  the  Archbishop,  for,  as  St.  Samson 
waited  his  arrival,  he  had  seen  in  a  vision  three  Bishops 
crowned  with  golden  crowns,  who  told  him  that  they 
were  Peter  the  Apostle  of  Christ,  and  James,  the 
brother  of  the  Lord,  and  John  the  Evangelist.  And  so 
St.  Dubric,  knowing  of  the  vision  by  the  revelation  of 
an  angel,  doubted  much  if  he  might  dare  to  consecrate 
again  a  Bishop  who  had  thus  been  consecrated  by  the 
Chief  Apostles  ;  his  doubts,  however,  were  overruled, 
the  sacred  number  three  being  thus  completed  to  the 
honour  of  the  Holy  Trinity.  And  at  this  time  not  only 
Dubric,  Iltyd,  and  the  Deacon,  as  before,  but  all  who 
stood  by  saw  the  Heavenly  Dove,  which  rested  on 
St.  Samson's  shoulder;  and  to  St.  Dubric  and  the 
monks,  who,  like  Sir  Galahad  or  Sir  Percival  had  power 
to  gaze  on  heavenly  things,  there  seemed  to  flow  from 

^  "  Abbatem  earn  nolentem  in  monasterium  qaod  ut  ItioDt  a 
Bancto  Germano  fuerat  constructum  constitnenint." — ActaSS.  Julii, 
vi,  583. 


THE  EARLY  LIFR  OF  ST.  SAMSON  OF  DDL.  333 

St.  Samson's  mouth  a  stream  of  fire  as  he  rehearsed  the 
sacred  canon  of  the  Mass. 

But  we  are  near  the  end.  St.  Samson's  work  was 
henceforth  to  be  done  in  Brittany,  and  not  in  Wales ; 
and  on  a  certain  Easter  Eve,  when,  as  his  manner  was, 
he  had  prayed  all  night  before  the  altar,  there  stood 
by  him  a  man  in  shining  raiment,  who  admonished  him 
to  play  the  man,  and  to  depart  out  of  his  native  land 
and  from  his  kinsfolk,  and  to  serve  God  beyond  the 
seas.  Nor  was  he  disobedient  to  the  heavenly  vision. 
He  put  the  matter  before  St.Dubric,who  could  not  resist 
the  will  of  God,  but,  with  St.  Iltyd,  gave  to  him  his 
blessing.  And  when  he  had  ended  the  solemnities  of 
Easter  he  set  sail,  and  coasted,  eastwards  as  it  would 
appear,  along  the  shore  of  what  is  now  the  Bristol 
Channel,  until  he  came  to  a  monastery  called  Docunni, 
or  Dochor  ;^  visiting  by  the  way  his  mother,  who 
was,  as  we  may  remember,  daughter  of  the  King  of 
Glamorgan. 

Arrived  at  Dochor,  he  was  induced  by  a  certain 
monk  called  Winnian  to  travel  on  by  land,  that  on  his 
way  *'  he  might  destroy  the  works  of  the  devil."  And 
so,  by  way  apparently  of  Gwent,  Morgan  wg  and 
Demetia,  or  what  is  now  South  Wales,  he  passes  on  to 
the  *  Auferrean  Sea,'  which  washes  the  south-west  coast 
of  Pembrokeshire,  that,  in  obedience  to  the  heavenly 
voice,  he  may  cross  to  Brittany.  And  legend  gathers 
thickly  round  his  retreating  steps.^     He  overthrows  an 

^  Clark,  in  his  Charters,  Dowlais,  1885,  identifies  this  Dochor, 
or  Docunni,  with  Llandoagh,  called  also  Llan  Doch,  or  Llan-Doch- 
Penarth,  near  Cardiflf.  To  many  of  the  charters  in  the  Liber 
Landaventis  we  find  appended  the  names  of  the  Abbots  of  Lancarvan, 
Llantwit,  and  Docunni.  They  were  clearly  the  three  leading  abbots 
of  the  diocese.  Docwin,  who  gave  his  name  to  the  Abbey  of 
Docunni,  was  the  same  as  Cyngar  of  Somerset,  son  of  Geraint, 
who,  after  founding  Badg worth  and  Congresbury,  returned  to 
Wales,  and  founded  there  the  Abbey  of  Llangenys  and  **  Llandoc.'* 
(See  Capgrave,  Vita  Cungari,  and  Usher's  Ant.,  pp.  4-73,  1117, 
4th  ed.). 

*  These  miracles  are  usually  located  in  Cornwall.  If,  however, 
Dochor  was  Llandoagh,  and  it  is  difficult  fo  resist  the  identification, 


336     tHB  EARLY  LtFE  OP  ST.  SAMSON  OF  IX)L. 

idol,  slays  a  serpent,  raises  a  dead  man  to  life,  brings 
water  out  of  the  living  rock.  And  it  is  said  that  aa 
he  went  a  company  of  monks  preceded  him  with  psalms 
and  hymns ;  then  came  the  Saint  alone,  engaged  in 
constant  prayer  by  night  and  day,  and  then  another 
company  of  monks  sang  their  recessional.  These  are 
of  course  but  legends,  but  they  are  legends  which  were 
written  down,  unlike  most  legends  of  the  saints,  almost 
within  the  lifetime  of  the  holy  man,  and  therefore 
show  to  us  at  least  the  estimate  then  entertained 
of  him.  Nor  are  they  indeed,  in  the  highest  sense, 
untrue,  for  they  are  but  the  expression  in  material 
terms  of  heavenly  things.  There  were  spiritual  giante 
in  those  days  :  a  Boniface,  an  Aidan,  aColumba,  would 
go  forth  in  prayer,  and  in  their  inmost  selves  alone 
with  God,  and  kingdom  after  kingdom  would  be  won 
for  Christ ;  whilst  meaner  men  would  be  companions  of 
these  master  spirits,  near  to  and  yet  apart  from  them ; 
and  so  it  was  the  victories  of  Christianity  were  won. 
But  here  we  end.  Of  Samson's  work  in  Brittany  we 
may  not  speak  ;  but  here  in  Wales,  at  Llantwit,  on  the 
Isle  of  Caldey,  and  in  the  Cave  at  Rock  Point  or 
elsewhere,  his  character  was  formed  ;  and  it  is  pleasant 
to  remember  that,  some  thirteen  centuries  ago,  there 
went  out  from  amongst  us  one  whose  life  indeed  was 
moulded  in  a  very  different  form  from  what  to-day  is 
possible,  or  even  much  to  be  desired,  but  who  had 
surely  a  sevenfold  measure  of  that  spirit  of  self- 
surrender  which  is  the  only  force  by  which  great 
things  are  done. 

the  land  joumej  mast  almost  of  necessity  have  been  from  tbence  to 
Pembrokeshire ;  a  journey  undertaken  possibly  with  the  aid  of 
St.  Samson's  Irish  horses,  which  we  afterwards  find  in  Armorica,  and 
which  would  have  joined  him  from  Llantwit.  From  Pembrokeshire 
he  would  have  crossed  the  **  Auferrean  Sea"  to  Padstow,  on  his  way 
to  Brittany. 


the  early  life  of  st.  samson  of  dol.        337 

Suggested  Identification  of  St.  Samson's 
Cave. 

On  leaving  Caldey  with  his  four  companions, 
St.  Samson  made  his  way,  as  his  biographer  informs 
us,  to  a  most  lonely  desert  {vastissimam  eremum)} 
Now,  a  glance  at  the  map  will  show  that  on  crossing  to 
the  mainland  he  had  two  lines  of  country,  and  two 
only,  open  to  him,  one  towards  the  north,  and  the  other 
towards  the  west.  But  towards  the  north  he  would 
soon  have  come  to  Narberth  and  the  important  Abbey 
of  Whitland  ;  whilst  on  the  other  hand,  towards  the 
west  there  lies  a  district,  now  the  Castle  Martin 
Hundred,  which  has,  even  at  this  day,  comparatively  few 
inhabitants,  and  which  in  St.  Samson's  time  was  prob- 
ably a  very  lonely  desert  indeed.  It  is  to  the  west, 
then,  that  we  may  assume  him  to  have  bent  his  steps. 
And  presently  he  finds  a  **fort,"  and  in  it  a  spring  of 
water,  near  the  River  Severn,  which  was  the  name 
then  borne  by  the  whole  of  the  Bristol  Channel,  and 
further  on  a  cave,^  which  is  described  as  being  under- 
ground and  facing  to  the  east,  and  which  is  said  to  be 
planissimus  and  secretissimus.  And  there  soon  after- 
wards he  brings  to  light  a  pleasant  spring,  fons  dulcis 
aquae. 

Now  what  planissimus  may  mean  is  doubtful ;  but 
all  the  other  conditions  of  the  problem  are  sufficiently 
well  satisfied  by  a  cave,  which  is  sometimes  called 
"Rock-shelter,"  and  which  is  to  be  found  near  Bosheston, 
in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  Stackpole  Court. 
It  does  not  face,  indeed,  directly  to  the  east,  but  rather 
somewhat  east  of  south.  The  biographer,  however,  was 
not  writing  for  an  Ordnance  Survey,  and   doubtless 

^  Vastissimam  eremnm  {sic)  adire  fecit,  ac  juxta  Abrinum  (sc. 
Sabrinnm)  flnmen  castellam  admodam  delicatum  reperiens,  atqne 
in  eo  fontem  daloissimum  inveniens,  habitaculnm  suis  fratribns  in  eo 
&cere  cogitavit. — Acta  SS,  Julii,  vi,  582. 

'  Qaodam  die  silvam  perambnians,  reperit  planissimum  atqne 
secretisflimnm  specnm,  ostinmqne  ejns  ad  Orientem  sitnra. — Acta 
S8.  Julii,  vi,  582. 


a38:  THE  EARLY  LIFE  OF  ST.  SAMSON  OF  DOL. 

south-south-east,  is  near  enough.  And  it  is  a  cave  which 
very  properly  would  be  described  as  "  most  secluded," 
and,  as  JPlaine's  biographer  puts  it,  "  underground" 
{suh  terra).  It  is  situated  on  a  tongue  of  elevated  land 
known  as  Rock  Point ;  and  on  another  hill  which  faces 
it  towards  the  west,  but  which  is  separated  from  it  bj 
the  Bosheston  Mere,  are  traces  of  an  ancient  camp,  at 
a  distance  from  the  "  Severn  Sea"  of  something  over  a 
mile.  The  country  also  in  the  immediate  neighbour- 
hood is  exceptionally  well- watered  and  well- wooded. 
The  cave  and  camp  are  at  no  great  distance  from  each 
other  as  the  crow  flies,  but  it  requires  a  very  consider- 
able detour  to  cross  the  Mere,  which  lies  between  them. 
The  cave,  which  is  not  a  large  one,  was  explored  some 
years  ago  by  Mr.  Laws  and  others,  and  there  were 
found  in  it  some  unburnt  human  bones,  and  a  portion 
of  the  handle  of  a  sword.  These  objects  are  now  in  the 
Tenby  Museum. 

A  mile  to  the  north  of  the  camp  and  cave  we  find 
"  Sampson's  Farm,"  "Sampson's  Cross,"  and  "  Sampson's 
Bridge,"  but  no  tradition  of  St.  Samson  now  remains 
upon  the  country-side.  The  farm  {see  Fenton)  has 
been  Sampson's  Farm  for  at  least  one  century,  and 
probably  for  many  more.  Again,  a  mile  to  the  north 
of  Sampson's  Farm  we  have  St.  Petrox  Church, 
which  bears  the  name  of  St.  Petroc,  Samson's  contem- 
porary. The  cave  is  now  both  small  and  low,  but  the 
configuration  of  the  ground  suggests  that  it  may  at  one 
time  have  been  larger.  There  are  in  the  immediate 
neighbourhood  menhirs  and  other  primitive  remabs, 
but  they  are  of  no  great  size  or  importance. 

The  Caldey  Stone. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  having  regard  to  the 
close  connection  of  Dubricius  {Dyfng)  with  the  island, 
the  Ogam  inscription  "  Mail  Dubr"  on  the  well-known 
Caldey  Stone  may  possibly  refer  to  him,  and  be  taken 
to  mean  **  The  (tonsured)  servant  of  Dubricius," 


,  339 


GILESTON  CHURCH,   GLAMORGAN. 

BY  GEO.  ELEY  HALLIDAY,  ESQ.,  F.R.LB.A. 

The  church  of  St.  Giles,  at  Gileston,  stands  within  a 
few  feet  of  the  manor  house,  the  old  churchyard,  with 
its  cross  and  yew  trees,  forming  part  of  the  lawn,  and 
combine  in  the  making  of  so  picturesque  an  old-world 
group  rarely  met  with  in  these  days. 

The  church  and  manor  overlook  the  Severn,  near 
Aberthaw,  and  command  a  splendid  view  of  the 
Channel,  with  the  Somersetshire  hills  in  the  far  dis- 
tance. 

The  quaint  little  church,  only  50  ft.  from  east  to  west, 
is  full  of  archaeological  interest.  Within  a  few  feet  of 
one  another  are  the  well-preserved  remains  of  each 
period  of  architecture,  from  Norman  to  the  fifteenth 
century.  It  is,  however,  to  the  latter  period  that  the 
church  more  particularly  owes  its  distinction  :  first, 
perhaps,  to  its  curiously  embattled  and  corbelled  belfry, 
but  more  especially  to  the  almost  unique  south  door, 
which  has  remained  for  some  four  hundred  and  fifty 
years  in  an  almost  perfect  state  of  preservation.  The 
wrought-iron  hinges  are  as  when  first  attached  to  the 
oak ;  so  is  the  drop-handle,  although  the  plate,  with 
its  cloth  backing,  is  somewhat  damaged  ;  yet,  strange  to 
say,  the  lock  and  key  are  coeval  with  the  door  itself. 
Tne  latter  assertion  is  on  the  authority  of  Mr.  John 
Acutt,  expert  to  Messrs.  Chubb  and  Co.,  who  is  a  very 
able  authority  in  matters  connected  with  locks  and 
keys,  both  old  and  new.  The  coat -armour  and 
foliage  carved  between  the  ribs  in  the  upper  portion 
of  the  door  is  not  cut  in  the  solid,  but  is  planted  on 
and  rebated  into  the  frame  and  ribs.  It  is  wonderfully 
preserved,  even  to  the  powdering  on  the  shields,  which 
is  quite  distinct. 


340 


GILBSTQN  CHURCH,  GLAMORGAN. 


Fig.  2.— Gileston  Church  :  South  Door.     Drawn  to  inch  scale. 


GiLESTON  Church. —  South  Door. 
From  a  photograph  by  Gny  Clarke. 


OTLESTON  CHURCH,  GLAMORGAN. 


341 


I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Iltyd  Nicholl,  of  The  Ham, 
Llantvvit  Major,  for  the  following  information  respect- 
ing the  six  carved  shields  : — 


Fig.  3.  — Coats  of  Arms  on  South  Door  of  Gileston  Church. 


No.  1. — "  (Ermine)  a  bend  (gules),  a  mullet  for  difference. 
"  Probably  the  arms  of  the  Walsh  family,  who  held  half  the 
manor  of  West  Orchard  in  St.  Athan,  adjacent  to  Gileston,  and 


6th  sek.,  vol.  ui. 


25 


342  OILESTON  CHURCH,  GLAMORGAN. 

also  the  Lordship  of  St.  Mary  Church,  near  Cowbridge. 
Elizabeth  Welsh,  heiress  of  the  elder  line,  married  John  de 
Anne,  tivip.  Henry  VI,  and  so  conveyed  those  manors  with 
Llandoiigh  Castle  to  the  Anne  (alias  Van)  family,  by  whom  they 
were  subsequently  sold. 

No.  2.—"  Umfreville,  Lords  of  Penmark  1104-1350. 

"  There  were  several  families  of  this  name,  the  most  impor- 
tant being  the  Earls  of  Angus.  The  various  branches  were 
distinguished  by  differences  in  their  shields,  but  in  all  the  chief 
charge  was  one  or  more  cinquefoils.  The  heiress  of  Umfreville 
married  St.  John,  but  an  heiress  of  a  junior  line  married 
Cantelupe  of  Cantelupestone  (now  Candleston),  in  Merthyr- 
Mawr. 

No.  3. — "  A  hand  couped,  holding  a  sword,  was  the  crest  used 
by  Giles  (see  monument  in  Gileston  Church). 

No.  4. — "  (Sable)  a  cross-crosslet  in  saltire  (argent). 

"  This  was  the  arms  of  the  Giles  family,  who  held  Gileston  in 
1262,  and  probably  earlier,  and  who  continued  to  reside  there 
until  the  failure  of  the  direct  male  line  at  the  latter  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  A  younger  branch  acquired  Nash  Manor 
before  1377 ;  their  coheir  married  Came,  and  the  crosslet  or 
cross  '  Julian'  of  Juel  appears  among  the  Came  quarterings  ou 
monuments  in  Cowbridge  Church  and  Ewenny  Priory. 

No.  5. — "  As  carved  on  church  door  at  Gileston,  and  on  the 
Giles  slab  in  the  church  ;  appears  as  a  *  chevron  between  three 
coronets,  out  of  each  issuing  two  feathers.' 

"  These  same  arms,  impaled  by  Boteler,  are  to  be  seen  on  a 
carved  stone  over  the  porch  at  Binham  House,  co.  Somerset, 
which  was  the  property  of  Robert  Boteler,  who  married  Anne, 
sister  of  Mathew  Giles,  of  Gileston,  who  died  1618.  It  would 
therefore  at  first  sight  appear  that  this  coat-of-arms  was  con- 
sidered by  Boteler  to  be  the  arms  of  Giles.  But  I  have  reasons 
to  believe  that  this  coat  is  intended  for  the  arms  of  Cantelupe, 
and  should  be  correctly :  '  a  chevron  between  three  leopards' 
heads,  jessant  de  liz.'  This  might  easily,  by  inaccurate  or  by 
careless  copyists,  be  altered  in  the  course  of  time  to  an  appear- 
ance of  crowns  and  feathers.  This  coat  is  also  to  be  seen  in  the 
Came  shields  at  Cowbridge  and  Ewenny. 

"  The  earlier  part  of  the  pedigree  of  the  Giles  family,  pre- 
served in  old  genealogies,  and  to  some  extent  corroborated  by 
references  in  contemporary  charters,  is  deficient  in  details  as  to 
the  families  with  whom  the  Giles'  intermarried  ;  but  it  is  not 


GILESTON  CHURCH,  GLAMORGAN.  343 

improbable  that  they  were  descended  from  Walsh,  Cantelupe, 
and  Umfreville,  as  were  so  many  other  families  in  that  part  of 
Glamorgan. 

No.  6. — *'  A  boar's  head :  may  be  a  crest,  or  denote  a  connec- 
tion with  the  Cradoc  family. 

"  Sir  Matthew  Cmdoc  bore  three  boars*  heads,  as  on  his  fine 
altar-tomb  at  Swansea,  1531.  Jennet  Cradock,  of  the  same 
family,  was  the  first  wife  of  John  Giles,  of  Gileston ;  she  died 
before  1529.  Assuming  that  the  door  of  Gileston  Church  is  of 
the  date  circa  1510,  though  from  its  style  it  might  be  earlier, 
that  marriage  would  account  for  the  boar*s  head." 

The  writer  quite  agrees  with  Mr.  Nicholl  "that  from 
its  style  it  might  be  earlier,"  and  that  the  whole 
appearance  of  the  door,  taken  with  its  ironwork,  mould- 
ings and  carving,  point  to  an  earUer  date,  probably 
between  1450  and  1480.  If  this  is  so,  the  "  boar's 
head,"  as  connected  with  the  Cradock  family  in  1510, 
would  surely  be  a  coincidence.  It  appears  to  the  writer 
that  the  door  is  coeval  with  the  old  roof-timbers,  which 
have  only  been  exposed  to  view  during  the  last  few 
weeks  ;  they  were  formerly  hidden  by  a  plaster  ceiling. 

This  roof  is  certainly  earlier  than  1510.  The  cornice, 
moulded  principals,  stopped  for  bosses  at  their  inter- 
sections with  the  longitudinal  tie,  speak  for  themselves. 

Again,  the  door  to  the  rood-stairs,  although  some- 
what patched,  still  retains  a  portion  of  the  iron  plate 
once  attached  to  the  drop-handle,  of  similar  character 
to  the  south  door. 

The  rood-staircase  is  in  excellent  preservation,  and 
gives  an  example  of  the  disregard  paid  during  the 
fifteenth  century  to  the  remains  of  an  earlier  period. 
In  this  instance  a  portion  of  the  stairway  is  roofed  by 
a  late  thirteenth-century  sepulchral  slab. 

In  the  neighbouring  church  of  Llantwit  Major,  this 
fifteenth-century  desecration  is  even  more  apparent ; 
there  these  early  stones  were  used  for  window-sills, 
steps,  and  in  fact  wherever  a  large  stone  was  wanted. 

The  Manor  House  is  not  without  its  interest,  although 
most  of  it  is  comparatively  modern.     The  porch  and 

26- 


344  GILESTON  CHURCH,  GLAMORGAN. 

fine  oak  staircase  are  said  to  have  been  designed  by 
Inigo  Jones,  but  a  few  of  the  early  oak  principals  and 
moulded  purlins  may  still  be  seen  re-used  in  the  roof. 

In  conclusion,  the  writer  would  like  to  draw  attention 
to  the  great  similarity  existing  between  Gileston  Church 
and  Nicholaston  Church,  in  Gower.  Both  these  churches 
overlook  the  sea  :  their  internal  dimensions  are  identical, 
viz.,  47  ft.  The  fonts  are  practically  of  the  same 
design,  the  former  composed  of  Sutton  stone  and  the 
latter  of  stalagmite.  The  holy-water  stoup  at  Giles- 
ton  is  similar  in  shape  to  the  piscina  at  Nicholaston  : 
the  one  church  has  a  pedestal  piscina  and  the  other  a 
pedestal  stoup,  and  in  both  cases  the  chancel  arch  is  of 
rubble  masonry  and  of  very  similar  outline. 


345 


ST.   BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR. 

BY  S.  BARING-GOULD,  M.A.,  and  J.  FISHER,  B.D. 

This  great  father  of  a  saintly  family  is  most  difficult  to 
treat  of  satisfactorily.  He  was  not  inaptly  described 
by  Skene  as  **  the  mysterious  Brychan."^  The  short 
Latin  tract  generally  known  as  the  Cognatio  de 
Brychan  is  almost  our  sole  authority  for  his  legend. 
There  are  two  versions  of  it.  The  older  one  occurs  in 
the  Cottonian  Collection,  Vespasian  A,  xiv,  entitled 
**  De  situ  Brecheniauc/'  and  was  written  in  the  late 
twelfth  or  early  thirteenth  century,  but  evidently  copied 
from  a  MS.  probably  a  couple  of  centuries  earlier.  It 
has  been  printed  by  Rees  in  the  Cambro-British 
Saints,^  **  with  the  greatest  inaccuracy  ;"^  but  a  list  of 
Corrigenda  will  be  found  in  Y  Cymmrodor.*  The  other 
version  also  occurs  in  the  Cottonian  Collection,  J)om\tm\i  i 
(at  the  end),  but  differs  widely  from  the  previous  one. 
This  was  written  about  1650,  but  the  copyist  had 
before  him  a  MS.  of  probably  the  thirteenth  century, 
which  he  was  not  always  able  to  read.  It  has  been 
printed,  with  many  inaccuracies,  by  Theophilus  Jones 
in  his  History  of  the  County  of  Brecknock}  Both 
documents  give  the  list  of  Brychan's  children  in  nearly 
the  same  order. 

According  to  the  legend,  there  was  a  King  Tewdrig 
of  Garthmadryn,  who  came  to  live  at  a  place  called 
Bran  Coyn,  near  Llanfaes.  This  was  supposed  by 
Theophilus  Jones  to  be  a  field  called  Bryn  Gwyn,  near 

1  Four  Ancient  Books  of  Wales,  vol.  i,  p.  43. 

>  Pp.  272-275. 

•  Mr.  Egerton  Phillimore,  in  T  Cymmrodor,  vol.  vii,  p.  106, 
farther  remarks  that  the  original  copyist  clearly  did  not  understand 
Welsh. 

4  Vol.  xiii,  pp.  93-95.  ^  Vol.  i,  pp.  342,  343. 


346  ST.  bkychan,  king,  confessor. 

Llanfaes,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Brecon.  Tewdrig 
had  a  daughter  named  Marchell.  He  said  to  her: 
*'  The  sharpness  of  the  cold  weather  doth  greatly  affect 
thee  ;  wherefore  it  is  well  to  procure  for  thee  a  fur 
garment.  I  will  send  thee  to  Ireland,  along  with  three 
hundred  men,  to  Anlach,  son  of  Coronac,  King  of  that 
country,  who  will  marry  thee."  Then  Marchell  de- 
parted with  her  retinue,  and  arrived  at  Lansemin  on 
the  first  night,  and  there  a  hundred  of  the  men  died 
of  cold.  There  are  to-day  two  places  called  Glansefin, 
on  the  brook  Sefin,  near  Llangadog,  in  Carmarthenshire. 
On  the  second  night  she  reached  Metbrum,  which 
has  been  supposed  to  be  Meidrim,  in  Carmarthenshire, 
and  there  a  second  hundred  died.  The  third  night  was 
spent  at  Porthmawr,  a  warmer  place,  by  St.  David's 
Head.^  Thence  she  sailed,  with  the  hundred  men  left, 
to  Ireland,  and  arrived  safely,  along  with  her  attend- 
ants, at  the  court  of  Anlach,  who  received  her  with 
dancing  and  joy,  and  made  her  his  wife.  Aflerwaids 
Marchell  brought  forth  a  son,  who  was  called  Brachan, 
later  Brychan.*  *'  And  Anlach  returned  with  Queen 
Marchell,  and  the  boy  Brychan,"  and  several  captains 
to  Wales.  Brychan  was  born  at  Benni,  the  ancient 
Bannium,  near  Brecon,  and  was  sent  to  be  fostered  by 
one  Drichan.  *'  And  in  his  seventh  year,  Drichan  said 
to  Brychan,  *  Bring  my  lance  to  me.'  And  Drichan 
in  the  latter  part  of  his  life  became  blind ;  and  whilst 
he  lay  watching,  a  certain  boar  came  from  the  wood, 
and  stood  by  the  banks  of  the  river  Yscir  ;  and  there 
was  a  stag  behind  him  in  the  river,  and  also  a  fish 
under  the  belly  of  the  stag,  which  then  portended  that 
Brychan   should   be   happy  in  abundance   of  wealth. 

^  Caerfarchell,  near  Solva,  is  supposed  to  take  its  name  from  her. 

^  The  name  firocagni  ( =  Broccagni)  occarred  on  a  stone,  now 
lost,  which  is  said  to  have  been  at  Gapel  Mair,  near  Llandjssol, 
South  Wales.  We  have  here  the  early  form  of  Brychan,  in  Irish 
Brocdln  (Prof.  Rhys,  Welsh  Philology^  p.  393).  Brychan,  as  a  comnion 
noun,  means  in  Welsh  a  coarse  kind  of  home-made  cloth,  a  tartan 
or  plaid,  and  is  a  derivative  from  the  adjective  brych  (Irish,  6rec^, 
variegated  or  speckled. 


ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR.  347 

Likewise  there  was  a  beech-tree  standing  on  the  side 
of  the  aforesaid  river,  in  which  bees  made  honey,  and 
Drichan  said  to  his  pupil  Brychan,  *Lo,  I  give  thee 
this  tree  full  of  bees  and  honey,  and  also  of  gold  and 
silver  ;  and  may  the  grace  of  God,  and  His  love,  remain 
with  thee  here  and  hereafter ." . 

After  that  Anlach  gave  Brychan  as  hostage  to  the 
King  of  Powys ;  "  and  in  process  of  time  Brychan 
violated  Banadlinet,  the  daughter  of  Benadel  (the 
King),  and  she  became  pregnant,  and  brought  forth  a 
son  named  Cynog."^ 

The  Cognatio  goes  on  to  give  the  names  of  the  wives 
and  sons  and  daughters  of  Brychan,  and  adds  that  he 
was  buried  in  Ynys  Brychan,  near  Man  {Mannia), 
apparently  in  Scotland.* 

The  grave  of  Anlach  his  father  '*  is  before  the  door  of 
the  Church  of  Llanspyddid,''  where  there  is  also  to  be 
seen  in  the  churchyard,  on  the  south  side  of  the  church, 
a  stone  with  crosses  and  circles,  popularly  called  the 
"  Cross  of  Brychan  Brycheiniog."^  Llanspyddid  is 
usually  said  to  be  dedicated  to  a  reputed  son  of 
Brychan,  St.  Cadog. 

The  first  diflficulty  we  have  to  surmount  is  the 
identification  of  Brychan's  father. 

In  Cognatio  Vesp.  he  is  given  as  Anlac  and  Anlach, 
the  son  of  Coronac ;  in  Cognatio  Dom.  as  Aulach,  the 
son  of  Gornuc  ;  and  in  Jesus  College  (Oxon.)  MS.  20 
(first  half  of  the  fifteenth  century),  as  Chormuc,  the 
son  of  Eurbre  the  Goidel.  The  later  genealogists 
generally  have  fallen  into  two  mistakes  as  regards 
Brychan's  fathers  name.  One  is  to  give  his  grand- 
fathers name  as  that  of  his  father,*  and  the  other  to 

1  "  Banbadlwedd,  daughter  of  Banhadle  of  Banhadla  in  Powys," 
Peniarth  MS.  127  (circay  1510),  Myv.  Arch.,  p.  421. 

2  In  Cognatio  Dom.  he  is  said  to  have  been  bnried  "  in  Mjnav  in 
valle  qne  dicitur  vail  Brchan"  {nic), 

3  Figured  in  Westwood,  Lapidarium  WallicBj  p.  70. 

*  Korvmawo  (Peniarth  MS.  74),  Korvniawc  (Peniarth  MS.  75), 
Korinwj  (Peniarth  MS.  137),  all  three  of  sixteenth  centurj; 
Korinawg  (Cambro-British  Saints,  p.  270). 


348  8T.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFBSSOB. 

treat  his  grandfather  s  name  as  a  mere  epithet  of  his 
father,  meaning  '*  crowned"  or  "  tonsured."^  They 
describe  him  as  "  King  of  Ireland,"  and  **  King  in 
Ireland." 

Several  theories  have  been  proposed  for  the  location 
of  Anlach — 

1.  That  Anlach  or  Aulach  stands  for  Hua  Lagh,  sons 
of  Lugh,  a  Leinster  family. 

2.  That  Anlach  is  CaellDadh,  who  had  a  son  Braccan, 
and  was  King  of  Ulster .  for  one  year,  and  was  slain 
in  358. 

3.  That  Anlach  stands  for  Amalgaidh  (now  pro- 
nounced Awley). 

Amalgaidh  was  son  of  Fiachra  of  the  Flowing  Locks, 
brother  of  Dathi,  who  succeeded  Niall  of  the  Nine 
Hostages  as  King  of  Ireland  in  405,  whereupon  Dathi 
surrendered  to  Amalgaidh  the  crown  of  Con  naught 
He  reigned  till  449,  and  had  at  the  least  three  wives, 
and  twenty-one  sons  are  attributed  to  him  besides 
daughters. 

4.  That  the  *'Chormuc,  son  of  Eurbre  the  Goidel,  of 
Ireland,"  whose  son  Brychan  is  said  to  have  been,  in 
the  Jesus  College  MS.,  is  Cormac  Caoch,  son  of 
Cairbre,  younger  son  of  Niall  of  the  Nine  Hostages, 
son  of  Eochaidh  by  Carthan  Casduff,  daughter  of  the 
King  of  Britain. 

Cormac's  wife,  Marchell,  was  sole  daughter  of  Tewdrig 
by  an  Irishwoman,  a  daughter  of  Eochaidh  Muigh- 
medhuin.  This  is  the  identification  proposed  by 
Mr.  Henry  F.  J.  Vaughan  in  Y  Cymmrodor} 

Shearman,  in  his  Z(?caPa^ric{ana(Geneal.  Table  VHl), 
gives  a  pedigree  of  Brychan  from  Caelbadh,  King  of 
Ulster.  He  makes  Caelbadh  father  of  Braccan,  who  is 
father  of  Braccanoc,  the  husband  of  Marchell,  daughter 

1  Anllech  corvnawc  {Peniarth  MS.  127,  circa  1510);  Anllech 
Goronawc  {lolo  MSS.,  pp.  118,  140;  Myv.  Arch.,  p.  418);  Aflech 
Goronawg  {lolo  MSS.,  p.  78) ;  Enllech  Goronawc  {Mo  MSS.,  p.  Ill) ; 
Afallach  ap  Corinwc  {Peniarth  MS.  132);  Enllech  ab  Hjdwn 
{lolo  MSS.,  p.  109)  ;  Anlach,  son  of  Urbf  ( Vita  S.  Cadoci). 

2  Vol.  X,  p.  86. 


ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR. 


349 


of  Tewdyr  ap  Tudwall ;  and  Braccanoc  and  Marchell 
are  parents  of  Brychan,  who  marries  Dwynwas  or  Dina, 
daughter  of  the  King  of  Powys.  As  his  authority  he 
refers  to  the  Naemsenchas,  Leabhar  Breac.  The  Bol- 
landists,  relying  on  Shearman,  have  adopted  this  pedi- 
gree. But  the  Naemsenchas  in  the  Leabhar  Breac 
gives  no  such  pedigree,  which  seems  to  have  been 
entirely  drawn  out  of  Mr.  Shearman's  imagination. 
Nor  does  Duald  MacFirbiss,  in  his  great  work  on 
genealogies,  the  Leabhar  Genealach,  give  any  coun- 
tenance to  this  derivation  of  Brychan.  It  must  be 
dismissed  into  the  limbo  of  fantastic  pedigrees. 

The  conjecture  of  Mr.  Vaughan  is  unsupported  by 
Irish  authorities.     The  pedigree  was  as  follows  : — 

Eochaidh  Muighmedhuin  =  Mongfinn  and  Carina  (a  Saxon). 
358-378  (or  356-366). 


Brian  (by  M.). 


I 


Duach    Teanghamba,       Eochaidh 
King  of  Counaught ;      Tirmcharna. 
d.  504. 


I 
Niall   of   the   Nine 
Hostages  (by  C), 
378-405. 

I 


Oiliol 
(by   M.). 


Fiachra 
(by  M.). 
I 


Dathi,^        Amalgaidh,  King  of 
405-428.     Connaught,   438-449. 


Laogbaire,  Cairbre.  Amalghaid.     Maine. 
428-458.  I 

Lnghaide,     Cormac  Caoch. 
479-503.  I 

Tuathal  Maelgarbh,  533-544. 


Conall  Cremthan,    Enua.    Conall  Gul- 
died  475.  ban,  d.  464. 


Fergus. 
Dermot,  644-558. 


Eochaid,  d. 
465. 

Murtogh. 


I 
Murtogh  MacErca,  503-527. 


Duald  MacFirbiss  says,  in  his  Leabhar  Genealach,^ 
"Cairbre,  son  of  Nial,  left  10  sons: — Cormac  Caoch 

(the  blind) This  Cormac  Caoch  had  two  sons, 

viz. :  Ainmire  and  Tuathal  Maolgarbh,  King  of  Eire.'' 

The  first  of  the  proposed  identifications  is  the  most 

1  Dathi  was  father  of  Oiliol  Molt,  459-478. 
«  P.  167. 


350  ST.  BRYCHAN,  KINO,  CONFESSOR. 

satisfactory.  Marchell  crossed  from  Porthmawr  to 
Leinster  ;  and  it  is  precisely  in  Leinster  that  several  of 
the  children  of  Brychan  have  left  their  names  as 
founders. 

That  a  migration  should  take  place  from  Ulster  or 
from  Connaught  to  South  Wales  is  improbable.  The 
set  from  Ulster  was  to  Alba,  and  in  Connaught  the 
Milesians  obtained  as  much  land  as  they  required,  by 
exterminating  or  expelling  the  native  Tuatha  De 
Danann. 

The  name  of  Brychan,  or  Braccan,  is  somewhat 
suspicious,  signifying  the  "Speckled"  or  "Tartan- 
clothed  ;"  and  it  looks  much  as  though  he  to  whom  it 
was  applied  was  an  eponym  for  that  clan  of  the  Irish 
Goidels  who  certainly  did  invade  and  occupy  Car- 
marthen, Pembroke,  and  Brecknock.  We  know  that 
these  invasions  and  colonisations  were  frequent,  and 
that  for  a  time  Britain  was  subject  to  the  Irish  Goidels, 
and  obliged  to  pay  tax  to  them.  It  was  after  the 
reign  of  Dathi,  who  died  in  428,  that  the  Irish  hold 
upon  Britain  came  to  an  end,  or  was  gradually  relaxed. 

Rees  conjectured^  that  Brychan's  father  was  captain 
of  one  of  these  Irish  invading  bands,  a  supposition  that 
is  supported  by  a  passage  in  the  lolo  MSS.,^  wherein 
three  invasions  {gormesion)  of  Wales  by  the  Irish  are 
mentioned,  one  of  which  "  was  that  of  Aflech  Goronawg, 
who  took  possession  of  Garth  Mathrin  by  invasion; 
but,  having  married  Marchell,  the  daughter  of  Tewdrig, 
King  of  that  country,  he  won  the  good  will  of  the 
inhabitants,  and  obtained  it  as  his  dominion  in  virtue 
of  the  marriage ;  and  there  his  tribe  still  remains, 
intermixed  with  the  Welsh." 

Garthmadryn,  according  to  the  lolo  MSS.,^  had  at 
one  time  been  part  of  the  district  called  Morganwg, 
but  was  severed  in  Brychan's  time.  His  grandfather, 
''Tewdrig  the  Blessed,"  is  there  described  as  being 
"  King  of  Morganwg,  Gwent,  and  Garthmadryn.'** 

1   Welsh  Saints,  p.  112.  ^  P.  78. 

3  P.  111.  *  P.  118  ;  cf.  pp.  140,  147. 


ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR.  351 

Old  Brycheiniog  was  commensurate  with  the  present 
county  of  Brecknock,  less  the  Hundred  of  Buallt  or 
Builth.^  The  name  Garthmadryn  gave  way  to  one 
derived  from  its  new  regulus,  who  was  called  Brychan 
Brycheiniog,  with  which  compare  Rhufon  Rhufoniog 
and  other  similar  formations.  In  the  Book  ofLlandav 
the  district  is  called  regio  Brachani,  and  the  people 
Brachanii} 

The  Goidel  invasion  came  probably  from  one  of  the 
harbours  of  Pembrokeshire  or  Carmarthenshire,  and 
the  Irish  niade  their  way  up  the  valley  of  the  Towy. 
Perhaps  to  them  may  be  attributed  the  stone  camp 
at  Garn  Goch,  on  an  isolated  rock  commanding  the 
river.  Beneath  it  lies  Llys  Brychan.  Then,  push- 
ing up  to  Llandovery,  where  the  old  Roman  town 
of  Loventium  lay  in  ruins,  they  struck  the  Roman 
paved  road,  the  Via  Julia,  that  led  over  the  pass 
of  Mynydd  Myddfai,  above  the  River  Gwydderig,  to 
the  Roman  camp  of  the  Pigwn ;  and  so  tramping  on 
upon  the  road  straight  as  a  bow-line,  looked  down 
on  the  broad,  richly- wooded  basin  of  the  Usk.  Cross- 
ing the  little  stream  Nant  Bran,  they  halted  in  the 
walled  city  of  Bannium,  with  its  stone  gateways  still 
standing,  among  the  ruins  of  Roman  villas  and  baths, 
and  made  that  their  headquarters.  Here  it  was  that 
Brychan  was  bom ;  and  a  little  further  down  the  Usk, 
at  Llanspyddid,  before  the  doorway  of  the  church, 
Anlach  was  buried. 

These  Irish  invaders  had  entered  on  a  fair  land,  well 
watered,  the  rocks  of  old  red  sandstone,  crumbling 
down  into  the  richest  soil  conceivable ;  and  here  they 
were  well  content  to  settle,  and  to  bring  into  subjection 

^  In  the  beginning  of  the  ninth  century,  Baallt  and  Gwrthejrnion 
(in  modern  Radnorshire)  formed  a  kingdom  by  themselves  (see 
Owen's  Pembrokeshire,  p.  203). 

2  Pp.  219,  256.  In  a  Bonedd  y  Saint  (which  contains  a  list  of  his 
children)  in  the  late  eighteenth-century  MS.  known  as  Y Piser  Hir^ 
pp.  294-296,  in  the  Swansea  Public  Library,  Bryohan,  we  are  told, 
was  "  Lord  of  Brecknock,  Earl  of  Chester,  and  J^ron  of  Stafford !'' 


352  ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR 

the  natives,  who  probably  offered  little  resistaoce.  To 
the  South  shot  up  the  purple  Brecknock  Beacons;  away 
to  the  East  the  range  of  the  Black  Mountiiins,  abniptly 
dying  down,  and  forming  a  mighty  portal  through 
which,  many  centuries  later,  the  Normans  would  pour 
and  make  Brecon  their  own. 

To  the  North  were  only  wooded  hills,  stretching 
away  to  the  Epynt  range  :  a  fair  enclosed  land,  some 
twelve  miles  across,  a  happy  valley  as  that  of  Rasselas, 
to  all  appearance,  but  one  to  be  battled  for  from  gene- 
ration to  generation  :  so  rich,  so  lovely,  that  it  was 
coveted  by  all  who  looked  upon  it. 

That  Anlach  was  a  Christian  we  must  suppose,  but 
of  a  rude  quality.  His  wife  was  one,  certainly,  and 
his  son  Brychan  was  brought  up  in  the  Christian 
faith. 

Within  the  walls  of  Bannium,  now  Y  Guer,  on  a  hot 
summer,  the  grass  burns  up  over  the  foundations  of 
a  villa,  and  reveals  the  plan,  with  atrium  and  senii- 
circular  tablinum  opening  out  of  it,  and  chambers  to 
which  access  was  obtained  from  the  atrium.  It  was 
the  most  notable  building  in  Bannium — perhaps  in  the 
fifth  century  not  wholly  ruinous.  And  in  it  Anlach 
may  well  have  dwelt ;  and  in  one  of  those  chambers 
now  under  the  sod,  Brychan,  who  was  to  give  his 
name  to  all  that  country,  may  well  also  have  been 
born. 

Of  the  life  of  Brychan  we  know  nothing,  save  only 
what  has  been  already  related :  how  he  was  instructed 
by  the  Christian  sage  Drichan,  and  how  he  was  sent 
hostage  to  the  King  of  Powys. 

The  following  represent  the  principal  printed  Welsh 
lists  of  Brychan's  children.  There  are,  needless  to  say, 
more  still  in  various  MSS. 

1.  The    Cognatio  of  Cott.,   Vesp.   A.,   xiv   (late   twelfth  or 

early  thirteenth  century) :  eleven  sons  and  twenty-five 
daugliters. 

2.  The  Cognatio  of  Cott.,  Dom.  i  {drca  1650):  thirteen  sods 

and  twenty-four  daughters. 


ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR.  353 

3.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  MS.  20,  known  as  Llyfr  Llewelyn 

Offeiriad  (first  half  of  the  fifteenth  century) :  eleven 
sons  and  twenty- four  daughters. 

4.  The  Achau  compiled  by  Lewis    Dwnn,  a  Welsh  herald, 

tem'p.  Queen  Elizabeth,  printed  in  the  Heraldic  Visita- 
tions of  Wales,  vol.  ii,  p.  14,  1846,  edited  by  Sir  S.  li. 
Meyrick :  fourteen  sons  and  twenty-two  daughters. 

5.  Myvyrian   Archceology,   p.   419,   from   an    Anglesey   MS., 

written  in  1579:  twenty-three  sons  and  twenty-five 
daughters. 

6.  lolo  MSS.y  p.  Ill,  from  a  Coychurch  MS.,  written  circa 

1670  :  twenty-four  sons  and  twenty-six  daughters. 

7.  lolo  MSS.y  pp.  119-121,  from  a  Llansannor  MS.:  twenty- 

five  sons  and  twenty-six  daughters. 

8.  lolo  MSS.y  p.  140,  from  a  Cardiff  MS. :  twenty-five  sons 

and  twenty-eight  daughters. 

To  these  must  be  added  : — 

9.  The    list    given    by  Nicolas  Eoscarrock,  the  friend  of 

Camden,  in  his  MS.  Lives  of  the  SaintSy  now  in  the 
University  Library,  Cambridge.  He  was  assisted  by 
Edward  Powell,  a  Welsh  priest,  who  had  in  his 
possession  a  number  of  Welsh  pedigrees  and  calendars. 
Thirty-two  sons  and  thirty-one  daughters — sixty-three 
in  all — the  most  liberal  allowance  given  him,  we 
believe,  in  any  list  extant 

10.  The  list  in  the  tract  on  "  the  Mothers  of  the  Saints"  in 

Ireland,  attributed  to  Oengus  the  Culdee  :  twelve  sons 
in  all. 

11.  The  list  given  by  William  of  Worcester :   twenty-four 

children. 

12.  The  list  given  by  Leland  :  also  twenty-four  children. 

Giraldus  Cambrensis,  who  speaks  of  Brychan  as  *'  a 
powerful  and  noble  personage,"  says  that  **the  British 
nistories  testified  that  he  had  four  -  and  -  twenty 
daughters,  all  of  whom,  dedicated  from  their  youth  to 
religious  observances,  happily  ended  their  lives  in 
sanctity.^  No  doubt  Fuller  had  this  passage  before 
him  when  he  wrote,  in  his  Worthies^  of  Brychan  : — 

^  Itin.  Kamh.j  Bk.  i,  chap.  ii. 


354  ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR. 

'*  This  King  had  four-and-twenty  daughters,  a  jolly 
number ;  and  all  of  them  asaints,  a  greater  happiness/*^ 
He  had,  of  course,  no  other  conception  of  saintship 
than  that  of  the  Latin  Church. 

Caw,  the  founder  of  one  of  the  Three  Saintly  Clans, 
is  also  credited  with  having  been  the  father  of  a  nume- 
rous family — twenty-six  sons  and  five  daughter ;  but 
some  of  his  sons  followed  a  warlike  life. 

The  following  is  an  alphabetical  list  of  Brychan's 
children,  as  given  in  the  Cognatio  of  Cott.,  Vesp.  A,xiv, 
by  much  our  earliest  authority,  with  identifications 
from  the  later  lists  : — 

Sans: 

1.  Arthen. 

2.  Berwin  (Berwyn,  Gerwyn). 

3.  Clytguin  (Cledwyn). 

4.  Chybliuer  (Cyflefyr  or  Cyflewyr) ;  son  of  Dingad  in  the 

Jesus  MS. 

5.  Kynauc  (Cynog). 

6.  Kynon  (Cynon) ;  son  of  Arthen  in  Cogti.  Dom. 

7.  Dynigat  (Dingad). 

8.  Papay  (Pabiali). 

9.  Paschen  (Pasgen) ;  son  of  Dingad  in  CogtL  Dom.,  and  the 

Jesus  MS. 

10.  Rein  (Rhun  or  Rhun  Dremrudd). 

11.  Rydoch  or  ludoc  (Cadog). 

Married  daughters : 

1.  Aran  wen  (Arian  wen),  wife  of  lorwerth  Hirflawd,  King  of 

Powys. 

2.  Kehingayr  (Rhiengar),  mother  of  St.  Cynidr. 

3.  Gladis  (Gwladus),  wife  of  Gwynllyw  Filwr,  and  mother  of 

St.  Catwg  or  Cadog. 

4.  Guaur  (Gwawr),  wife  of   Elidr  Lydanwyn,  and  mother 

of  Llywarch  Hen. 

5.  Gurycon  Godheu  (Gwrgon).  wife  of  Cadrod  Calchfynydd. 

6.  Hunyd  (Nefydd),  wife  of  Tudwal  Befr. 

7.  Luan  (Lleian),  wife  of  Gafran,  and  mother  of  Aidan  or 

Aeddan  Fradog. 

8.  Marchel  (Mechell),  wife  of  Gwrin  Farfdrwch  of  Meirionydd. 

I  Vol.  iii,  p  5L4,  ed.  1840. 


ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR.  355 

9.  Meleri  (Eleri),  wife  of  Ceredig,  and  grandmother  of  St. 
David. 

10.  Nyuein  (Nefyn),  wife  of   Cynfarch  Gul,  and  mother  of 

Urien  Eheged. 

11.  Tutglid  (in  quite  the  later  lists  Tudful  and  Tanglwst  ai*e 

confounded  with  her),  wife  of  Cyngen,  and  mother 
of  Brochwel  Ysgythrog. 

Daughters  not  mentioned  as  being  married  : 

12.  Bclyau  (possibly  Felis  of  the  Jesus  MS.,  and  Tydieu  of  the 

other  lists). 

13.  Bethan  (unidentified). 

14.  Kein  (Ceinwen). 

15.  Keneython  (Cyneiddon). 

1 6.  Kerdych  (Ceindrych). 

17.  Clydei  (Clydai). 

18.  Duyn  (Dwynwen). 

19.  Eiliueth  (Eluned). 

20.  Goleu  (Goleuddydd). 

21.  Guen(Gwen). 

22.  Ilud  (the  Llud  of  the  Jesus  MS.). 

23.  Tibyei  (Tybie). 
24  Tudeuel  (Tudfil). 

25.  Tudhistil  (Tangwystl,  otherwise  called  Tanglwst). 

We  now  give  them  as  they  occur  in  the  various  later 
lists : — 

Sons: 

1.  Arthen.     Attlien  in  the  Jesus  MS. 

2.  Cadog.     He  is  the  Eydoch  or  ludoc  in  Cogn.  Vesp. ;  Ridoc 

in  Cogn,  Dom. ;   Reidoc  in  the  Jesus  MS. ;  Eadoc  in 
the  Achau  (No.  4). 

3.  Cai. 

4  Cledwyn  or  Clydwyn. 

5.  Clydog  or  Cledog.     The  son  of  Clydwyn  according  to  the 

Cognatio. 

6.  Cyflefyr  or  Cyflewyr. 

7.  Oynbryd. 

8.  Cynfran. 

9.  Cynin.      No   doubt   Cunin    Cof,   the    son   of    Brychan*s 

daughter  Huuyd  (Nefydd),  by  Tudwal  Befr. 


356  ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR. 

10.  Cynog.     By  Banadlined,  daughter  of  a  King  of  Powys. 

11.  Cynon,  in  the  Jesus  MS.      Gogn.  Vesp.,  has  "Kynon  qui 

sanctus  est  in  occidentali  parte  predicte  Manuie;"  Cog%. 
Dom.,  "  Eun  ipse  sanctus  ycallet  {sic)  in  Manan ;"  the 
Jesus  MS.,  "  Eunan  yssyd  yny  (He)  a  elwir  Manaw." 

12.  Dingad. 

13.  Dogfan,  Dogwan,  or  Doewan. 

14.  Dyftian.     Probably  the  Dustnon  of  Achau, 

15.  Dyfrig.     By  Eurbrawst  (Tolo  MSS.,  p.  119).     He  must  not 

be  taken  for  the  well-known  Dubricius  or  Dyfrig, 
who  as  we  know  from  his  Vita  was  the  son  of  Efrddyl 
or  Eurddil,  the  daughter  of  Pepiau  or  Peipiau,  King  of 
Erging,  but  his  father's  name  is  not  mentioned. 

16.  Gerwyn  or  Berwyn. 

17.  Hychan. 

18.  Llecheu. 

19.  Mathaiam.     Marthaerun  in  Cogn.  Dom. ;  Marcharairjun  or 

Marcharanhun  in  the  Jesus  MS. ;  and  Matheym  in 
Achau, 

20.  Nefydd. 

21.  Neffei.     Possibly  the  Dedyu  or  Dettu,  given  in  the  Gognaiio 

as  son  of  Clydwyn.  In  lolo  MSS.,  p.  119,  he  is  said 
to  have  been  a  son  by  Proistri,  his  Spanish  wife. 

22.  Pabiali.      Papai    in    the    Jesus   MS.      Son   by    Proistri 

(lolo  MSS.,  p.  119). 

23.  Pasgen.     Son  probably  by  Proistri  (lolo  M8S.,  p.  119). 

24.  Ehaint  or  Ehain. 

25.  Ehawin. 

26.  Ehun    or    Ehun    Dremrudd.      Drem  Dremrud    in   the 

Jesus  MS. ;  Ehevn  in  Achau.  Succeeded  his  father  as 
King,  according  to  Cogn.  Dom. 

27.  Syredigon.     In  Achau  only. 

28.  a  Valath  (sic).     In  Achau  only. 

Daughters : 

1.  Anna.    lolo  MSS.,  p.  140,  only. 

2.  Arianwen.     The  Wrgrgen  of  the  Jesus  MS.  is  a  misscript 

for  this  saint's  name. 

3.  Bechan.     Cogn,  Dom. ;  the  Bethan  of  Cogn,  Vesp. ;  in  none 

of  the  other  lists. 

4.  Ceindrych.     Kerdech  in  Cogn,  Dom.  and  the  Jesus  MS. 

5.  Ceinwen. 

6.  Cenedlon. 

7.  Clydai. 

8.  Cymorth  or  Corth. 


ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR.  357 

9.  Cyneiddon.     Only  in  Cogn.  Dom.  as  Koneidon,  and  the 
Jesus  MS.  as  Byneidon. 

10.  Dwynwen. 

11.  Eleri  (properly  Meleri,  unrubrlcated).      Meleri  in   Cogn, 

Dom.  and  the  Jesus  MS;  Elen  in  Achuu.  Daughter 
by  Eurbrawst  (Lends  Damn,  vol.  ii,  p.  64). 

12.  Eluned,  Elined,  or  Elyned.    As  Eliweet  in  Achau.    The 

Almedha  of  Giraldus  Gambrensis. 

13.  Enfail.     Of  Merthyr  Enfail.     Her  name  has  probably  been 

evolved  out  of  the  Merthir  Euineil  of  Gogn.  Vesp., 
a  misscript  for  Tutuul,  z.e.,  the  Tudful  of  Merthyr 
Tydfil. 

14.  Goleu.     Only  in  Gogn,  Dom.  as  Gloy v,  and  Achau  as  Gole. 

The  same  as  Goleuddydd. 

15.  Goleuddydd. 

16.  Gwawr. 

17.  Gwawrddydi 

18.  Gwen. 

19.  Gwenddydd. 

20.  Gwenfrewi.     Only  in  lolo  HfSS.,  p.  140,  and  Achau. 

21.  Gwladus. 

22.  Gwrgon.     Grucon  Guedu  in  Gogn.  Dom.,  and  Grugon  in 

the  Jesus  MS. 

23.  HawystL 

24.  Lleian. 

25.  Lludd.     In  the  Jesus  MS.  only. 

26.  Mechell.    As  Marchell  in  Gogn,  Dom.,  the  Jesus  MS.,  and 

Achau. 

27.  Kefydd.     In  My  v.  Arch.,  p.  419 ;    Hunyd  in  Gogn,  Vesp. ; 

Nunidis  in  Gogn.  Dom. ;  Goleuddydd  in  the  Jesus 
MS. 

28.  Nefyn.    The  Nyuen  of  Gogn.  Dom. 

29.  Khiengar  or  Rhiengan.     Keyngair  in  Gogn,  Dom.,  Kingar 

in  the  Jesus  MS.,  and  Kyngar  in  Achau. 

30.  Tanglwst  or  Tangwystl.     Taghwystyl  in  the  Jesus  MS. ; 

probably  the  Tutbistyl  of  Gogn.  Dom. 

31.  TudfyL     The  Tuglit  of  ^Gogn.  Dom.,  and  Gutuyl  of  the 

Jesus  MS. 

32.  Tybleu  or  Tybie. 

33.  l^di®!!  or  Tydeu. 

Nicolas  Roscarrock,  in  his  MS.  Lives  of  the  Saints, 
on  the  authority  of  MSS.  possessed  by  Edward  Powell, 
priest,  gives  another  list  as  follows  : — 

Oth  sbb.,  T0&.  xn.  26 


358  ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR. 

SoTis: 

1.  Cenawcus,  Martyr.     The  Cynog  of  the  Cognatio, 

2.  Gladwin,    and    (3)    Cledwin,    "  whoe    conquered    South 

Wales,   and   had   a  great  saint  to   his   son,  named 
Clydocus."     He  duplicates  Cledwyn,  the  Clytguiii  of 
Cogn,  Vesp. 
4  Cifliver.     The  Chybliuer  or  Cyflewyr  of  the  other  lists. 

5.  Berwin.     This  is  Berwyn  or  Gerwyn.  the  son  of  Brynach 

Wyddel  and  grandson  of  Brychan. 

6.  Maethiam.    Occurs  in  Cogn.  Dom.     A  saint  of  Cardigan- 

shire. 

7.  Cinan.     The  Cynon  of  Cogn,  Vesp.,  and  sou  of  Artben  in 

Cogn,  Dom. 

8.  Kembrit.    The  Cynbryd  of  the  later  lists.     A  martyr  at 

Bwlch  Cynbryd,  Llauddulas. 

9.  Cimfram.     In  the  later  lists  Cynfran,  founder  of  Llysfaen, 

Denbighshire. 

10.  Hichan.    In  the  later  lists.    The  saint  of  Uanychan  in  the 

Vale  of  Clwyd. 

11.  Dififrig.     In  the  later  lists. 

12.  Cain,  a  Martyr.     This  is  the  Cai  of  the  lolo  MSS.  pedi- 

grees. 

13.  Allecheu.     The  Uecheu  of  the  later  lists.     Of  Llanllecheu 

in  Ewyas. 

14.  Dingad.     Cogn.  Vesp.     He  vfas  father  of  Pasgen  according 

to  Cogn,  Dom. 

15.  Cadocus,  the  Rydoch  of  Cogn.  Vesp. 

16.  Eawn   or  Rohun.     The   Rein  of  Cogn.   Vesp.,  otherwise 

called    Rhun  Dremrudd.      Succeeded   his  father  as 
King.     See  also  25. 

17.  Arthen.  (Cogn.  Vesp.).     Father  of  Cynon. 

18.  Difnan.    In  the  later  lists.    Founder  of  Llanddyfnan  in 

Anglesey. 

19.  Anewi.     Possibly  Neffei. 

20.  Paball.      In  Cogn.  Vesp.  and  Dom.  Papay ;  in  the  later 

lists  Pabiali. 

21.  Ridorch,  and  (22)   Rodorch,  the  same    duplicated,  the 

Rydoch  of  Cogn.  Vesp. 
2-^.  Caradocus.     This  is   Caradog  Freichfras,  great-grandson 
of    Brychan,   by  his  granddaughter  Gwen  of  Tal- 
garth. 

24.  Helim,  the  Helye   or  Helic  of  Leland   and  William  of 

Worcester. 

25.  Run.     The  same  as  Rawn,  No.  16. 

26.  Japan.     Not  recorded  elsewhere. 


ST.  BRVCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR.  359 

27.  Doguan.    The   Dogfan  of  the  later  lists.     A   martyr  at 

Merthyr  Dogfan,  in  Pembrokeshire ;  founder  of  Llan- 
rhaiadr  yn  Mochnant. 

28.  Auallach.     A  mistake  of  Roscarrock,  who  has  inserted  the 

father  of  Brychan  among  his  sons. 

29.  Lhoiau.     Possibly  the  Lleclieu  of  the  later  lists. 

30.  Pashen.     Paschen  in  Cogn.  Vesp.     Son  of  Dingad,  accord- 

mg  to  Cogn.  Dom. 

31.  Idia.     Not  found  elsewhere. 

32.  lo.     The   lona  or  loannes  of    Leland    and  William    of 

Worcester. 

Datbghters : 

1.  Gladus,  i.e,,  Gwladys,  in  all  lists.     Wife  of  Gwynllyw  and 

mother  of  Catwg. 

2.  Gwawr.      In   all  lists.      Wife   of  Elidr   Lydanwyn   and 

mother  of  Llywarch  Hen. 

3.  Eleri.     The  Moleri  of  Cogn.,  but  Eleri  in  later  lists ;  wife 

of  Ceredig. 

4.  Arianwen.     In  all  lists. 

5.  Triduael.    The  Tudeuel  of  Cogn,  Vesp.   Martyr  at  Merthyr 

Tydiil. 

6.  Winifred, "  called  in   some  coppies  Gurgon."     The  Gwen- 

frewi  of  one  list  of   Brychan's  daughters,  in  which 
Gwrgon  also  occurs  (lolo  MSS.,  p.  140). 

7.  Gindreth,  "  of  some  Mechel,"  ie.,  Marchell  or  Mechell,  wife 

of  Gwrin  Farfdrwch  (Cogn.  Vesp.).     Her  name,  how- 
ever, matches  Ceindrych  of  the  later  lists. 

8.  Newin,  i.e.,  Nyuein  or  Nefyn,  wife  of  Cyiifarch  Gul,  and 

mother  of  Urien  Rheged. 

9.  Neuidh,  the  Hunyd  or  Nunidis  of  Cogn.,  wife  of  Tudwal 

Befr,  and  mother  of  Cynin. 
10.  Gleian,  i.e.,  Luan  or  Lleian,  wife  of  Gafran,  and  mother  of 

Aeddan  Fradog. 
11  Macella.     See  7. 

12.  Roscarrock  omits    this   name;    was   probably  unable  to 

read  it 

13.  Gweadhydh,  **  in  some  coppies  Gwawardhydh,  the  mother 

of  Kenedir."   The  Gwenddydd  of  the  later  list.     The 
mother  of  Cynidr  was  Cein<^air  (Rhiengar). 

14.  Goliudhed.      The  Goleu  or  Goleuddydd  ot  the  other  lists. 

15.  Meldrada,  "mother  of  Cinfinn,"  not  identified. 

16.  Keingir,  "  mother  of  St.  Kenedar."    The  Ceingair  (Rhien- 

gar) of  the  other  lists. 

261 


360  8T.  BBYOHAN,  KING,  C0NF£SSOB. 

17.  Gwen,  "  mother  of  Sannan,  the  wife  of  Malgo  Venedoti- 

cus."  Gwen  of  Talgarth  was  granddaughter  of  Bry- 
chan,  and  wife  of  Llyr  Merini  Goffn.  Vesp.  gives 
Sanan  as  daughter  of  Tudglid,  wife  of  Cyngen. 

18.  Cenelin.    The  Cyneiddon  or  Cenedlon  of  the  lists. 

19.  Clodfaith,  probably  Clydai     Clotfaith  occurs  once  in  the 

Welsh  lists  {Myv.  Arck,,  p.  426),  where  she  is  confused 
with  Gwen  of  Talgarth. 

20.  Hawistle,  and  (30)  Hudwistle,  reduplications  of   HawysU 

or  Tangwystl  and  Tutbistyl  (Gogn.  Dom.). 

21.  Towen.     A  blunder  for  Gwen. 

22.  Tibies,  i.e.,  Tybieu.     Martyr  at  Llandebie. 

23.  Enuael.    The  Enfail  of  the  later  lists.    Probably  a  mistake 

for  Tudful  (Tydfil). 

24.  Elinedh,  "  whom  Giraldus  calleth  Almedha." 

25.  Elida,  the  Ilud  of  Cogn.  Vesp.  and  Llud  of  the  Jesus  MS, 

She  is  called  Juliana  by  Leland  and  William  of  Wor- 
cester. 

26.  Tideu.     The  Tydeu  or  Tydieu  of  the  later  lists. 

27.  Diganwen,  and  (28)  Dwinwen,  "July  13,"  are  Dwynwen. 

January  25tii  is  Festival  of  St.  Dwynwen  ;  July  13th, 
of  St.  Dogfan  or  Doewan. 

29.  Conoin,  no  other  than  Geinwen,  or  Cain,  the  celebrated 

S.  Keyne. 

30.  See  20. 

31.  Malken.     Probably  Mechell  or  MarchelL 

There  is  a  "  Life  of  St.  Ninnocha,"  or  Gwengastle,  a 
saint  of  Brittany,  contained  in  the  Cartulary  of 
QuimperlSf  that  states  she  was  a  daughter  of  Brychan, 
and  that  her  mother's  name  was  Meneduc : — 

"  Quidam  vir  nobilis  f uit  in  Combronensia  r^one,  Brochan 
nomine,  ex  genere  Gurthiemi,  rex  honorabilis  valde  in  totam 
Britanniam  .  . .  Ipse  Brochanus  accepit  uxorem  ex  genere  Scot- 
torum,  filiam  Constantini  regis,  ex  stirpe  Juliani  Gaesaris, 
Meneduc  nomine." 

The  "  Life"  was  written  in  1130,  but  is  of  little  value. 
It  teems  with  blunders.  The  regio  Combronensia  is 
probably  Cambria,  and  not  Cumbria  or  Cumberland,  as 
Mr.  Egerton  Phillimore  supposes.^  The  Gurthiem  to 
whom  Brochan  is  akin  is  described  in  the  *'  Life**  of 
that  saint,  in  the  same  Cartulary^  as  son  of  Bonus, 

1  T  GymmrodoTf  vol  xi,  p.  100. 


ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR.  361 

son  of  Glou  (Gly wys),  and  traced  it  back  to  Outham 
(Eudaf  ?),  son  of  Maximian  (Macsen  Wledigj. 

The  wife  from  the  Scots,  or  Irish,  is  a  aaughter  of 
Constantino.  The  writer  of  the  **  Life"  lived  in  the 
twelfth  century,  when  it  was  forgotten  that  Scot  signified 
Irish  :  and,  as  he  knew  that  there  had  been  a  Con- 
stantino of  Scotland,  he  made  Brychan  marry  a 
daughter  of  the  King  of  Alba  of  that  name.  In  the 
"  Life,"  St.  Patrick  sends  Germanus  to  the  court  of 
Brochan,  but  he  is  also  visited  by  St.  Columcill  from 
Hy.  The  Germanus  who  did  go  to  Wales  died  Bishop 
of  Man  in  474  (not  he  of  Auxerre,  who  died  448),  and 
St.  Columcill  in  598.  Brychan  can  hardly  have  lived 
later  than  500  ;  consequently,  we  have  here  a  pretty 
confusion.  Brychan's  wife  Meneduc,  and  his  daughter 
Gwengastle,  or  Ninnocha,  are  unknown  to  the  Welsh. 

These  various  lists  by  no  means  exhaust  the  number 
of  children  attributed  to  Brychan  by  the  Welsh,  6.gr., 
in  the  Calendar  printed  in  Y  Greal^  four  more  are 
mentioned  :  two  sons,  Gwynan  and  Gwynws ;  and  two 
daughters,  Callwen  and  Gwenfyl.* 

Brychan  is  said  to  have  had  three  wives.  In  Cogn. 
Vesp.  their  names  are  given  as  Prawst,*  Rhibrawst, 
and  Proistri ;  and  in  Cogn.  Dom.  as  Eurbrawst,  Rhy- 
brawst,  and  Proestri.  The  last-named  is  elsewhere 
given  as  Peresgri  and  Prosori/  It  is  stated  in  the 
lolo  MSS.f^  that  Rhybrawst,  his  first  wife,  was  his 
cousin,  being  the  daughter  of  Meurig  ab  Tewdrig. 
Eurbrawst  was  "  a  daughter  of  a  prince  of  Cornwall" 

*  P.  288  (1806).   There  are  several  copies  of  it,  differing  slightly. 
^  Among   other  names   and  forms  occurring  in  Peniarth  MSS, 

74iy  75,  and  178,  are  the  following :  Sons — Avallach,  Kaian,  Kain, 
Heilin,  Lloyan,  Llonio,  Pabal,  Rydderch ;  Daughters  —  Keindec, 
Glodfaith,  Oolenvedd,  Gwenllian,  Tudwystl.  In  the  Calendars  in 
Peniarth  MS,  187  and  Llyftr  Plygain^  1618,  against  November  2nd, 
we  have  another  daughter,  Gwenrhiw. 

*  Another  Prawst  was  wife  of  Einion  Yrth,  the  son  of  Cunedda. 
Another  compound,  Onbrawst,  occurs. 

*  Myv.  Arch.,  p.  418  ;  lolo  MSS.,  pp.  118,  119. 

^  P.  147 ;  on  p.  119  she  is  said  to  have  been  Eorbrawsti 


»62  ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR. 

by  "  an  emperor  of  Rome."*  Proistri,  his  third  wife, 
was  a  Spaniard.* 

According  to  Welsh  hagiology,  Brychan  s  family  forms 
one  of  the  Three  Saintly  Clans  of  Britain,  the  other 
two  being  those  of  Cunedda  and  Caw.  The  most 
powerful  and  influential  of  the  three  was  Cuneddas, 
and  Brychan  s  next.  His  was  the  most  Goidelic.  One 
of  the  Triads  credits  him  with  having  "  given  his 
children  and  grandchildren  a  liberal  education,  so  that 
they  might  be  able  to  show  the  Faith  in  Christ  to  the 
Nation  of  the  Welsh,  wherever  they  were  without  the 
Faith."*  This  IViad  has  been  adduced  to  show  how 
the  names  of  some  of  the  grandchildren  have  crept  into 
the  lists.  '*  The  sons  of  Brychan  were  Saints  in  the 
C6rau  of  Garmon  and  Illtyd  ;  and  they  afterwards 
formed  a  C6r  with  Bishop  Dyfrig  in  the  Wig  on  the 
Wye,"*  that  is,  Hentland,  in  Herefordshire,  the  founda- 
tion of  which  is  ascribed  to  Brychan.*  Brynach  the 
Goidel,  who  married  his  daughter  Cymorth,  or  Corth, 
is  said  to  have  come  over  with  him  to  this  Island,  and 
to  have  been  his  confessor  (periglavrr).^ 

Welsh  tradition  does  not  strictly  confine  Brychan 's 
children  to  Wales.  We  are  told  that  Neffei,  Pabiali, 
and  Pasgen,  his  sons  by  his  Spanish  wife,  went  to 
Spain.  Cadog  was  buried  in  France,  an(l  Dyfnan  in 
Ireland.  Berwyn,  or  Gerwyn,  founded  a  church  in 
Cornwall.  Nefydd  was  a  Bishop  in  the  North,  and 
Cynon  went  to  Manaw. 

Mr.  Copeland  Borlase  is  too  sweeping  when  he  says 
that  the  children  of  Brych^m  were  merely  natives  of  the 
country  over  which  Brychan  once  ruled,  and  that  they 
might  be  regarded  in  much  the  same  way  as  when  we 
speak  of  the  Children  of  Israel  f  and  we  believe  the 
Cognatio  de  Brychan  to  be  too  early  and  trustworthy 

^  Dwnn,  Heraldic  Visitations^  vol.  ii,  p.  (>4. 

2  loloMSS.,  p.  119. 

»  Myv.  Arch.,  p.  402.  *  lolo  MSS.,  p.  120. 

^  Ibid.,  p.  121.  «  Ibid.,  pp.  121,  140. 

'^  Age  of  the  Saints,  p.  147. 


ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR.  365 

a  document  to  enable  us  to  quite  dismiss  the  whole 
family  as  a  "  mythical  progeny."^  Drayton,  whilst  not 
denying  the  existence  of  twenty-four  daughters  to 
Brychan,  says  that  they  all  underwent  metamorphosis 
by  becoming  so  many  rivers.  He  is  very  probably 
incorporating  some  tradition,  now  lost.     He  says : — 

**  For  Brecan  was  a  Prioce  once  fortunate  and  great 
(Who,  dying,  lent  his  name  to  that  his  nobler  seafc) 
Witli  twice  twelue  daughters  blest,  by  one  and  onely  wife  : 
Who  for  their  beauties  rare,  and  sanctitie  of  life. 
To  Riuers  were  transformed  ;  whose  pureness  doth  declare 
How  excellent  they  were,  by  beeing  what  they  are : 
Who  dying  virgins  nil,  and  Riners  now  by  Fate, 
To  tell  their  former  lone  to  the  vnmaried  state. 
To  Senerne  shape  their  course,  which  now  their  forme  doth 

beare ; 
Ere  shee  was  made  a  flood,  a  virgiue  as  they  were. 
And  from  the  Irish  seas  with  feare  they  still  doe  flie  : 
So  much  thoy  yet  delight  in  mayden  companie."^ 

It  cannot  be  believed  that  the  reputed  children  of 
Brychan  were  all  really  his.  Welsh  hagiology,  as  in 
the  case  of  Cunedda  and  Caw,  designates  them  his 
gwelygwdd^  a  term  which  means  in  the  Welsh  Laws 
a  tribe  derived  from  one  common  ancestor ;  and  in  the 
Welsh  Tribal  System  the  gwely  was  the  family-group, 
embracing  sons,  grandsons,  and  great-grandsons.  Some 
of  those  reputed  to  be  sons  of  Brychan  are  known  to 
have  been  grandchildren ;  and  allowance  must  also  be 
made  for  duplications,  of  which  there  are  clearly  some, 
as  also  for  blunders  on  the  part  of  copyists.  This  will 
considerably  reduce  the  number  of  his  progeny,  as  they 
appear  in,  especially,  the  later  lists. 

In  any  enumeration,  however,  of  the  children  of 
Brychan,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  there  were 
several  pernons  of  the  name  known  to  Celtic  hagiology. 
A  King  Brychan,  with  many  children,  who  all,  or  nearly 
all,  became  saints,  figures  in  Cornish,  Breton,  and  Irish, 
as  well  as  Welsh,  hagiology.     Mr.  Egerton  Phillimore 

1  Prof.  Hugh  Williams,  Gildaa,  p.  27. 
«  Polyolbion,  Second  Part,  p.  57,  ed.  1622. 


364  ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR. 

has  endeavoured  to  show^  that  the  best  authenticated 
children  in  the  Welsh  lists  are  pretty  clearly  the 
children  of  at  least  two  distinct  Brychans  :  one  belong- 
ing to  Breconshire,  the  other  to  what  is  now  Southern 
Scotland.  The  Breton  Brychan  he  traces  to  Scotland,* 
and  thinks  that  he  admits  of  being  plausibly  identified 
with  one  of  the  Brychans  who  together  made  up  the 
composite  Brychan  of  Welsh  hagiology.  The  names  of 
his  children  are  mostly  not  preserv^f  to  us ;  but  Mr. 
Phillimore  assigns  to  him  the  children  who  are  in  the 
Cognatio  said  to  be  connected  with  Cumbria  or  its  neigh- 
bourhood. These  are  (l)  his  sons  Cynon,  Rhun,  and 
Arthen,  and  his  daughter  Bethan,  or  Bechan,  all  said 
to  be  commemorated  or  buried  in  Mannia  or  Manaw 
(no  doubt  Manaw  Gododin,  stretching  all  along  both 
sides  of  the  Forth  below  Stirling)  ;  and  (2)  his  four 
daughters  who  are  said  to  have  married  Northern 
princes,  viz.,  Gwrygon,  Gwawr,  Nyfain,  and  Lluan.  The 
statement  respecting  Brychan 's  burial,  he  thinks,  must 
needs  also  refer  to  a  Northern,  not  to  a  strictly  Welsh, 
Brychan.  To  this  it  might  be  added  that  there  is 
some  evidence  of  a  Brycheiniog  also  in,  apparently, 
Southern  Scotland.' 

The  tract  on  the  "  Mothers  of  the  Saints"  in  Ireland, 
attributed  to  Oengus  the  Culdee,  but  actually  by 
MacFirbiss,  says  of  Cynog,  whom  it  calls  Canoe  :  "  Dina 
was  his  mother,  daughter  of  a  Saxon  King.  She  was 
the  mother  of  ten  sons  of  Bracan,  King  of  Britain,  son 
of  Bracha  Meoc  :  to  wit,  St.  Mogor6c  of  Struthuir ; 
St.  Mochon6c  the  Pilgrim  of  Cill-Mucraisse  and  of 
Gelinnia,  in  the  region  of  Delbhna  E^thra ;  Dirad  of 
Edardruim  ;  Duban  of  Rinn-dubhain  alithir ;  Carennia 
of  Cill-Chairinne  ;  Cairpre  the  Pilgrim  of  Cill-Cairpre, 

^  Y  Cymmrodor,  vol.  xi,  pp.  100,  101,  125.  The  Brychan  ab 
Gwyngon  mentioned  in  the  note  in  Camhro-British  Saints,  p.  606,  is 
a  misreading  for  Bricon,  son  of  Guincon  {Book  of  Llandav,  p.  203). 

2  The  only  authority  for  this  is  the  Vita  Sice  I^innochce ;  but  it 
does  not  state  this,  and  is  a  most  unreliable  document.  See  what 
baa  already  been  said  thereon. 

*  Skene,  Four  Ancient  Books,  vol.  ii,  p.  150. 


ST.  BRYOHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR.  365 

Isiol  Farannan ;  lust  in  Slemnach  Albaniae  ;  EUoc  of 
Cill-Moelloc  juxta  Loch  Garman  ;  Planus  of  Cill-Phian 
in  Ossory;  Coeman  the  Pilgrim  in  Cill-Coemain  in 
regione  Gesille  and  elsewhere.  And  she  was  also  the 
mother  of  Mobeoc  of  Gleann  Geirf ;  for  he  also  was  the 
son  of  Brachan,  son  of  Bracha  Meoc.'*^ 

We  will  now  give  the  list  of  the  sons  and  daughters 
of  Brychan  who  were  reputed  to  have  settled  in  East 
Cornwall. 

William  of  Worcester,  in  1478,  visited  Cornwall,  and 
extracted  the  following  from  the  "Acts  of  St.  Nectan," 
in  a  MS.  he  saw  on  St.  Michaers  Mount.  It  has  been 
printed  by  Nasmith,  but  not  correctly.  We  have  been 
able  to  collate  it  with  the  original  MS.  preserved  in 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  and  we  give  the 
revised  extract : — ^ 

"  Brokanus  in  partibus  Walliariim  regulus,  fide  et  morum  &c. 
per  Glade wysam  uxorem  ejus  genuit  24  filios  et  filias,  et  hiis 
nominibus  vocabantur:  (1)  Nectanus,  (2)  Johannes,  (3)  Endeli- 
ent,  (4)  Menefrede,  (5)  Uelyan,  (6)  Tetha,  (7)  Maben,  (8)  Wentu, 
(9)  Wensent,  (10)  Marwenna,  (11)  Wenna,  (12)  Juliana,  (13) 
Yse,  (14)  Morwenna,  (15)  Wynip,  (16)  Kerhuder,  (17)  Cleder, 
(18)  Kery,  (19)  Joua,  (20)  Helye,  (21)  Canauc,  (22)  Kenheuder, 
(23)  Adwen,  (24)  Tamalanc.  Ouines  isti  filii  et  filise  postea 
fuerunt  Sancti  et  Martires  vel  Confessores,  et  in  Devonia,  vel 
Comubia,  heremeticam  vitam  ducentes ;  sicut  enim  inter  omnes 
quorum  vitse  mentis  et  virtutum  rairaculis  Cornubiensis  vel 
Devoniensis  irradiatus  ecclesia,  beatus  Nectanus  primo  genitus 

1  Colgan,  Acta  SS,  Hib.,  vol.  i,  p.  311.  Of  these  the  Martyrology 
of  Donegal  gives  "  Dnbhau,  son  of  Brachan,  King  of  Britain,  by 
Din,  daughter  of  the  King  of  Saxon-land,"  and  "  Moghorog,  son  of 
Brachan,  King  of  Britain,  son  of  Brachaineoc  by  Dina,  who  was 
also  mother  of  nine  other  saints.''  Shearman  got  his  Brachaineoc 
from  this.  Bat  the  martyrologist  misunderstood  the  title  Brychan 
Brycheiniog  for  Brychan,  son  of  Brycheiuiog,  instead  of  Prince  of 
that  territory. 

2  William  of  Worcester  wrote  a  most  atrocious  hand,  and  scribbled 
in  his  note-book  as  lie  saw  anything  that  struck  him.  He  probably 
intended  to  have  made  a  fair  copy,  but  never  did  this.  Nicolas 
Roscarrock  had  a  transcript  sent  him  from  the  MS.  of  such  portions 
as  concerned  the  Cornish  Saints,  and  we  are  able  to  check  off  our 
reading  of  the  names  by  the  reading  sent  to  him. 


36G  .ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  OONFESSOK. 

fuit,  ita  cseteris  ODjriibus  honeatate  vitae  major  fuit,  et  prodi- 
giorum  choruscitate  excelleutior  extitit. 

"  Fuit  in  ultimis  Walliarum  partibus  vir  dignitate  regulus, 
fide  et  morum  hpnestate  praeclarus,  nomine  Brokannus,  a  quo 
provincia  ipsa  noraen  sortita  nuncupatur  Brokannok  usque  in 
praesentem  diem  ;  hie  itaque  Brokannus,  antequam  ex  uxoresufi, 
Gladewysa  filium  vel  tiliara  genuisset,  in  Hiberniam  profectus 
est,  uxorem  suam  et  omnia  sua  relinquens  ;  timuerat  enim  ne  si 
cum  uxore  suA  remaneret,  generacionem  ex  ek  procrearet,  qu4 
impediretur  ne  libere  Domino  servire  potuisset.  Mansit  igitur 
in  HiberniA  24  annis,  bonis  operibus  intendens ;  postea  autem 
visitare  patriam  suam  volens,  rediit  in  Walliam,  ubi  uxorem 
suam  adhuc  viventem  invenit.  Post  aliquantulum  autem 
temporis  sicut  Deus  preordinaverat,  licet  ipse  homo  non  propo- 
suisset,  uxorem  suam  cognovit,  ex  qu&  postea  24  filios  et  filias 
genuit.  Vidcns  Dei  virtutero  cui  nemo  resistere  potest,  ait, 
'  Jam  Deus  in  me  vindicavit  quod  contra  disposicionem  volun- 
tatis ejus  venire  frustra  disposui ;  quia  enim  24  annis  ab  uxore 
me&  ne  sobolem  procrearem  illicite  effiigi,deditmihiproquolibet 
anno  illicitae  continentiae  sobolem  unam  quia  jam  24  filios  et 
filias  post  24  annos  ab  e&dem  uxore  suscepi.'  Pnedicti  autem 
24  filii  et  filiae,  quos  praedictus  Brokanus  ex  uxore  Gladewysa 
genuit  his  nominibus  vocabantur,  Nectanrs  et  caetera," 

Gwladys  was  not  the  name  of  any  wife  ascribed  to 
Brychan  in  the  Welsh  accounts,  but  she  was  his 
daughter,  and  the  most  eminent  of  all.  She  became 
the  wife  of  Gwynlly w  Filwr,  and  mother  of  St.  Catwg. 
The  account  given  by  William  of  Worcester  supplies  an 
omission  in  the  Welsh  Cognatio.  It  shows  us  that 
Brychan  did  visit  Ireland,  though  probably  for  a  very 
different  reason  from  that  assigned  by  the  monkish 
writer.  He  went  either  to  assert  his  rights  in  Ireland, 
or  to  collect  more  Irishmen  to  surround  him,  and  to 
extend  his  kingdom  in  Wales. 

Leland,  in  his  Collectanea  (vol.  iv,  p.  153),  gives  a 
list  of  the  children  of  Brychan  from  a  legend  of  St. 
Nectan,  which  he  found  at  Hartland.  His  list  is  this : 
(1)  Nectan,  (2)  Joannes,  (3)  Endelient,  (4)  Menfre, 
(5)  Dilic,  (6)  Tedda,  (7)  Maben,  (8)  Weneu,  (9)  Wen- 
sent,  (10)  Merewenna,  (11)  Wenna,  (12)  Juliana,  (13) 
Yse,  (1 4)  Morwenna,  (15)  Wymp,  (16)  Wenheder,  (17) 
Cleder,  (18)  Keri,   (19)  Jona,  (20)   Kanauc,  (21)  Ker- 


ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR.  367 

bender  (Kenheuder),  (22)  Ad  wen,  (23)  Helic,  (24) 
Tamhmc. 

We  will  now  concern  ourselves  only  with  those 
children  or  grandchildren  of  Brychan  who  are  named 
in  the  lists  of  William  of  Worcester  and  Leland,  both 
of  which  we  have  quoted. 

We  will  take  the  latter  list  as  our  basis  : — 

1.  Nectan  is  the  Saint  of  Hartlaud.     He  is  not  included  in 

the  Welsh  lists. 

2.  Joannes  and  (19)  Jona  are  clearly  the  same.     This  is'the 

Ive  of  St.  Ive ;  his  settlement  there  is  in  connection 
with  those  of  his  cousins,  St.  Cleer  (Clether)  and 
St.  Keyne. 

3.  Endelieut.     This  is  misprinted  or  miswritten  by  Nasmith 

in  his  William  of  Worcester  list  as  Sudbrent.  She  is 
Cenedlon  in  the  Welsh  lists.  Her  foundation  is 
St  Endelion. 

4.  Menfre  or  Menefrida,  the  foundress  of  St.  Minver,  is  pro- 

bably Mwynfriw,  and  may  be  Mwynen,  the  daughter 
of  Brynach  the  Goidel,  and  Cymorth  or  Corth,  the 
daughter  of  Brychan. 

5.  Dilic  is  given  by  William  of  Worcester  as  Delyan,  and  is 

possibly  the  same  as  (3)  Endelion. 

6.  Tedda  in  William  of  Worcester.     Tetha  is  St.  Teath,  pro- 

nounced Teth.  She  is  actually  St.  Itha,  but  may  be 
Tydieu. 

7.  Maben  is  St.  Mabenna  of  St.  Mabyn,  also  unknown  to. the 

Welsh. 

8.  Weneu  or  Wentu  is  the  same  as  (11)  Wenna.     This  is 

Gwen.  Gwen  of  Talgarth  was  a  daughter  or  grand- 
daughter of  Brychan,  who  married  Llyr  Merini,  and 
was  the  mother  of  Caradog  Freichfras,  who  certainly 
was  in  Cornwall,  in  the  Callington  district. 

9.  Wensent  cannot  now  be  traced ;   probably  same  as  (8)  and 

(11)  ;  Wen-sant,  or  St.  Wenn. 

10.  Merewenua  and  (14)  Morwenna  are  doubtless  the  same, 

patroness  of  Marhamchurch  and  of  Morwenstow.  Not 
known  to  the  Welsh. 

11.  (See  8  and  9). 

12.  Juliana  is  the  Juliot  of  North  Cornwall ;  her  name  probably 

occurs  as  Ilud  in  the  Cognatio, 


368  ST.  BRYCHAN,  KING,  CONFESSOR 

13.  Yse,  clearly  the  patron  of  St.  Issey.     This  is  no  doubt  a 

mistake  of  the  legend  writer.  The  Episcopal  Kegisters 
gave  St.  Itha  as  patroness  of  St.  Issey,  and  she  was  an 
Irish  saint.  Her  cult  may  have  been  introduced  by 
the  Brychan  family. 

14.  (See  10). 

15.  Wymp  is  St.  Wenappa,  the  Gwenabwy  or  Gwenaf wy  of  the 

Welsh  lists,  a  daughter  of  Caw.  Patroness  of  Gwennap 
(see  16). 

16.  Wenhederis  the  same  as  Wenappa  (see  15). 

17.  Cleder  is  possibly  Clydog,  who  was  grandson  of  Brychan 

and  son  of  Clydwyn.  He  is  St.  Clether  in  Cornwall, 
probably  also  St  Cleer. 

18.  Keri  is  clearly  intended  for  Curig,  patron  of  Egloskerry. 

His  ancestry  is  unknown,  but  as  he  settled  in 
the  Brecon  colony  he  was  reckoned  as  a  son  of 
Brychan. 

19.  (See  2). 

20.  Kanauc.   By  this  Leland  means  Cynog.   HewasBrychan's 

illegitimate  sou  by  the  daughter  of  the  Prince  of 
Powys.  He  was  killed  at  Merthyr  Cynog,  in  Breck- 
nockshire.    Probably  patron  of  St.  Pinnock. 

21.  Kerhender  in  William  of  Worcester   is   Kasmith's    mis- 

reading for  Kenheuder,  i.e.,  Cynidr,  St.  Enoder,  who 
was  the  son  of  one  of  Brychan*s  daughters. 

22.  Adwen  or  St.  Athewenna  is  probably  Dwyn  or  Dwynwen, 

a  virgin,  daughter  of  Brychan. 

23.  Helic  or  Helye.     The  patron  of  Egloshayle  is  intended. 

24.  Tamlanc  is  given  by  William  of  Worcester  as  Tamalanc 

The  patroness  of  Talland  is  St  Elen.  This  may  be 
the  Elined  or  Almedha  of  the  Welsh  lists,  and  the 
MSS.  may  have  had  "Elena  cujus  ecclesia  in  Tamlanc," 
and  both  transcribers  may  have  committed  the  same 
careless  blunder  of  taking  the  name  of  the  place  for 
that  of  the  patron.  Talland  =  (Sain)tEline(d),  as 
Awdry  became  Tawdry. 

We  have  accordingly  been  able  to  account  for  about 
seventeen  persons  out  of  the  twenty-four  names. 

Nicolas  Roscarrock  gives  April  6th  as  the  day  of 
St.  Brychan.  The  saint  is  represented  in  fifteenth- 
century  glass,  with  a  lap  full  of  children,  at  St.  Neot, 
Cornwall. 


ST.  BRTCHAK,  KINO,  00NFB88OR. 


369 


St.  Brychan,  from  Stained  Qlaas  Window  in  Church  of  St.  Neot,  Cornwall. 


87ft  ST.  BRTCHAN,  KINO,  C0NPES80B. 

In  the  lolo  MSS}  he  is  said  to  have  founded  the 
church  of  Gwenfo  or  Wenvoe,  now  dedicated  to 
St.  Mary,  in  Glamorganshire. 

There  is  a  place  called  Llys  Brychan  (his  Court),  near 
the  site  of  the  ruined  church  of  Llangunnock,  or  Llan- 
gynog,  near  Llansoy,  Monmouthshire,  and  also  another 
under  Garn  Goch,  in  Carmarthenshire,  as  already 
mentioned. 

Dafydd  ab  Gwilym,  the  contemporary  of  Chaucer,  in 
his  well-known  poem  addressed  to  St.  Dwynwen,  im- 
plores her  to  grant  him  his  request  "  for  the  sake  of 
the  soul  of  Brychan  Yrth  with  the  mighty  arma'** 

We  fear  that  we  have  been  able  to  throw  but  little 
light  on  a  peculiarly  obscure  topic,  but  it  may  be  of 
some  avail  to  have  collected  together  all  that  is  recorded 
relative  to  this  most  shadowy  but  prolific  father  of  a 
saintly  family. 

1  P.  221. 

2  Poems,  Ed.  1789,  p.  156.  The  epithet  Oyrth  fieems  to  mean 
"  toached"  or  "stricken";  cf.  Einion  Yrth,  son  of  Canedda,  whose 
name  oocnrs  as  Enniaun  Girt  in  the  very  early  pedigrees  in 
Uarleian  MS.  3859. 


371 


9rcf)aeologiral  il^otes  ann  (Bntvitsi. 

PoRTMADOC  Meeting. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  '^  Archceologia  Cambrenaia," 

Sib, — May  I  offer  a  sD^gesfcion  for  the  consideration  of  those  who 
organise  expeditions  for  the  Association  in  fatare  P 

At  Portroadoc  the  nnmbor  of  members  was  nnnsnally  large.  The 
carriages  were  unastially  small  and  numerous.  The  first  contained 
the  officials  of  the  Association ;  it  stopped  when  it  reached  a  point 
of  interest  to  be  visited,  and  the  occupants  descended,  and  began 
their  survey  on  the  spot.  No.  2  drove  ap  shortly,  and  its  occupants 
quickly  followed  those  of  No.  1,  having  but  a  very  little  distance  to 
walk.  But  when  it  came  to  No.  10,  and  to  No.  15,  each  one  being 
a  little  later  than  the  one  in  front,  and  the  passengers  in  it  having  a 
little  farther  to  walk,  the  time  lost  before  the  vehicle  stopped,  and 
in  walking  to  the  object  to  be  seen,  was  not  inconsiderable.  So  it 
happened  that  the  whistle  sounded  almost  as  soon  as  the  last  had 
reached  the  place  they  wanted  to  see.  There  was  soreness  on  the 
part  of  those  who  felt  themselves  unduly  hurried,  on  the  part  of  our 
excellent  conductor,  and  on  the  part  of  our  no  less  excellent  officials  ; 
who,  having  seen  all  there  was  to  see  with  a  minimum  of  labour 
and  a  maximum  of  comfort,  and  ensconced  themselves  again  in 
vehicle  No.  I,  close  at  hand,  cried  out :  "  Why  won't  those  people 
get  in  to  their  seats  ?  *' 

I  beg  to  suggest  that  in  future  the  officials  get  into  the  middle 
carriage,  not  the  first;  that  it  shall  stop  as  soon  as  it  reaches  the 
place  to  be  visited,  those  in  front  going  on  a  little  farther,  so  that 
those  behind  may  get  somewhat  nearer ;  and  that  thus  the  delay 
consequent  on  leaving  the  last  a  long  way  behind  may  be  obviated. 

Chwaren  tefr  \  bawb. 

Yours  truly, 

Charles  Henry  Glascodine. 

Cae  Pare,  Swansea,  6th  October,  1903. 


Life  of  the  Late  Richard  Fenton,  K.C.,  F.A.S. — Messrs.  Edwin 
Dayies  and  Co.,  publishers,  Brecon,  have  in  the  press  a  life  of  the 
late  Richard  Fenton,  K.C.,  F.A.S.,  by  his  grandson,  Ferrar  Fenton, 
F.R.A.S.,  to  precede  a  new  edition  of  Fenton*s  Historical  Tour 
through  Pembrokeshire,  the  well-known  County  History.  To  this 
work  will  bo  made  important  additions  from  the  papers  left  for  that 


372  AROHiEOLOGICAL   NOTBS   AND   QUEBIBS. 

pnrpose  by  Riohard  Fenton  and  his  son  John  Fenton,  and  which 
are  being  edited  by  Ferrar  Fenton  for  the  new  issne.  The  added 
drawings  include  ogam  and  other  lithic  monuments,  plans  of  addi- 
tional explorations  of  prehistoric  camps  and  tnmnli,  as  well  as 
church  monuments,  by  the  pencil  of  J.  Fenton.  Mr.  B.  Quaritch,  of 
Piccadilly,  is  the  London  publisher. 


Pembbokishirb  Ancient  Monumbnts. — ^A  meeting  of  the  com 
mittee  of  the  Pembrokeshire  Association  for  the  Preservation  of 
Ancient  Monuments  was  held  at  the  Temperance  Hall,  Haverford- 
west, on  Saturday  afternoon.  Mr.  Edward  Laws  presided^  there 
being  also  present :  The  Yen.  Archdeacon  Williams,  Dr.  Henry 
Owen,  Mr.  1\  L.  James  (Mayor  of  Haverfordwest),  Mr.  James 
Thomas  (Rock  Hoose),  Mr.  H.  W.  Williams  (Solva),  and  the  Hon. 
Sec.  (Mr.  J.  W.  Phillips). 

On  the  reading  of  the  minutes,  a  question  was  asked  as  to  the 
ownership  of  the  Cam  Fawr  Gamp,  and  the  Secretary  said  he  had 
been  unable  to  ascertain  who  was  the  owner. 

Mr.  James  Thomas  seemed  to  think  that  the  Ecclesiastical  Com- 
missioners were  the  ground  landlords,  and  it  was  understood  that  he 
would  make  enquiries. 

ANNUAL    BEPOKT,    1903. 

Llawhaden  Castle, — Since  the  last  report  was  issued  your  com- 
mittee have  again  endeavoured  to  obtain  permission  from  the  tenant 
to  cut  the  trees  which  are  causing  such  damage  to  the  walls,  and  to 
do  the  urgently-needed  repairs  to  the  octagonal  tower ;  bat  per- 
mission has  been  persistently  refused,  although  we  undertook  to  make 
good  any  damage  which  the  tenant  might  have  sustained.  At 
Michaelmas  the  Association  will  become  tenants  of  the  Castle  and 
moat,  and  it  is  our  intention  to  proceed  with  the  repairs,  etc^  at 
once. 

Jlaverjordtcest  Castle. — It  would  greatly  add  to  the  appearance  of 
this  building  if  the  northern  curtain  were  opened  out ;  it  would  also 
be  of  great  interest  to  excavate  the  central  courtyard,  where  under- 
ground passages  and  at  least  three  dungeons  are  known  to  exist. 

Eoch  Castle. — This  Castle  is  still  under  restoration,  the  roof  has 
been  put  on,  and  the  tower  made  weatherproof.  The  work  so  far 
reflects  great  credit  upon  those  concerned  in  it.  The  additional 
building  has  been  adapted  to  its  surroundings  with  much  skilL 

St.  Mary's  Church,  Tenby. — In  the  chancel  of  this  church  are  five 
plain  flat-headed  clerestory  windows,  which  were  closed,  in  the  last 
decade  of  the  fifteenth  century  by  Dr.  John  Smith,  Archdeacon  of 
St.  David's  and  Hector  of  Tenby,  when  he  put  up  the  very  handsome 
carved-oak  ceiling.  This  was  an  extraordinary  proceeding  *on  his 
part,  as  now  that  they  have  been  reopened  (without  in  any  way  in- 


ARCHJ50L0GICAL   NOTES   AND   QUBRrBS.  378 

terfering  with  the  carved  work),  thej  reader  visibfe  this  fine  ^eih'ng, 
which  formerly  was  quite  obseored. 

Teviby  Castle.— The  little  keep  of  Tenby  Castle  hill  has  for  many 
years  been  in  the  hands  of  the  Admiralty,  and  was  in  a  sadly  dilapi- 
dated and  degraded  condition.  The  Corporation  of  Tenby  have  of 
late  reaeqaired  possession  of  this  interesting  turret,  probably  one  6f 
the  oldest  bits  of  masonry  in  the  county  of  Pembroke ;  and  that  body 
are  to  be  congratulaeed  in  that  they  immediately  took  steps  to  repair 
the  building,  and  then  handed  it  over  to  the  managers  of  the  local 
Museum,  who  carried  out  such  further  repairs  as  they  deemed 
necessary  for  the  security  of  the  structure.  It  is  now  open  to  the 
public. 

Destruction  of  an  Old  Building  at  Tenby, — Visitors  to  Tenby  may 
remember  a  little  buildins^  nearly  opposite  to  the  south-west  gateway, 
used  of  late  as  a  bleicksmith's  shop,  in  which  were  some  curious 
arches,  and  one  of  those  huge  stone  chimneys  formerly  attributed  to 
the  Flemish  colonists.  This  building  was  known  of  late  years  as  the 
''Leper  House,"  though  there  is  no  reason  for  believing  that  it  was 
ever  used  as  a  hospital ;  we  know  that  it  did  serve  as  an  outwork  in 
the  Civil  Wars,  and  was  probably  erected  for  that  purpose.  It  is 
much  to  be  regretted  that  the  owner  has  destroyed  the  features  of 
this  building,  by  pulling  out  the  doorway  and  substituting  a  shop 
window.  This  arched  doorway  has  been  secured,  and  is  to  be  placed 
in  the  tower  on  Black  Rock,  Penally,  and  this  is  perhaps  making 
the  best  of  a  bad  job.  The  Black  Bock  Tower  mentioned  in  Fenton 
(page  445)  seems  to  have  lost  its  door-arch  in  his  time ;  and  now, 
probably  owing  to  the  percussion  of  the  constant  explosions  in  an 
adjoining  quarry,  shows  signs  of  movement,  so  that  it  has  become 
absolutely  necessary  to  replace  the  arch  in  order  to  preserve  the 
building.  As  the  Tenby  doorway  is  composed  of  two  arched  pieces 
of  limestone,  it  represents  no  period,  and  will  not  be  out  of  place  in 
the  little  tower,  which  is  without  any  architectural  detail. 

Llcmumwr  Cross. — This  cross  has  been  removed  from  the  passage 
where  it  was  found,  and  will  shortly  be  fixed  in  a  safe  position  in 
front  of  the  house,  the  lessee,  Mr.  W.  B.  Thomas,  having  kindly 
undertaken  to  have  this  done. 

St,  Man' if  s  Churchy  Haverfordwest, — Your  committee  has  much 
pleasure  in  reporting  that  the  much-needed  restoration  of  this  church 
is  being  pushed  forward  as  rapidly  as  possible.  The  work  of 
restoring  the  first  bay  of  the  nave  roof  has  been  placed  in  the  hands 
of  Messrs.  Cornish  and  Quimler,  of  London,  a  firm  of  great  experi- 
ence in  church  restoration,  and  we  believe  the  work  will  be  strictly 
carried  out  in  accordance  with  the  original  design.  A  large  amount 
of  deal  work  has  unfortunately  been  inserted  in  the  carved  ceiling, 
which  will  all  have  to  be  replaced  by  oak ;  this  work  is  necsssarily 
very  expensive,  and  money  is  much  needed.  The  tender  for  the 
restoration  of  the  tower  has  been  let,  and  the  work  will  be  com- 
menced at  once. 

6th  sbb.,  VOL.  in.  27 


374 


AEOHiBOLOGIOAL  NOTIS   AND   QUERIia 


ErraUe  Block  of  PieriU  near  St  DavicTs^ — The  ironwork  proteoi- 
ing  this  block  has  been  well  painted,  and  the  stone  is  now  si^e  from 
further  damage. 

Cam  Faun'  Camp, — Great  damage  has  been  done  to  this  camp,  the 
road  contractor  having  remored  the  better  part  of  abont  70  yards  of 
the  third  line  of  walla  from  the  east  side.  Strong  representations 
hare  been  made  to  the  Haverfordwest  Rnral  District  Conncil  on  the 
matter,  and  the  surveyors  have  been  warned  against  removing  any 
more  stone  from  the  spot. 

We  wonld  again  appeal  to  members  to  find  oat  and  note  the 
antiquities  which  exist  m  their  own  immediate  neighbonrhood,  and 
to  inform  the  Hon.  Sec.  at  once  of  any  damage  being  done  or  in 
contemplation* 


Account  of  Bccdpts  and  Payment*  to  September  26^,  1908. 

Patmskts. 


RsoEnTs. 

£,    <.  d. 

By  Balance  from  last  Ac- 
count       ...  ...    63    8    8 

,,   further     Subscriptions 

July  1st,  1902         ...     11     1     0 

n  Subscriptions  due  July 

Ist,  1908 14  11     0 


je89    0    8 
Balance  brought  down  JBSd  15  10 


£    $,  d. 
To  Mr.   T.   J.  Morris  for 

Printing   ...  ...       0    7    6 

„    Mr.    H.    W.   T^lliams 

for  Printing  ...       0  12    0 

„  Mr.  J.  W.  Phillips  for 

Postages,  etc.  ...       15    4 

Balanoe  at  Bank  ...    86  15  10 


£89    0    8 


Will  op  Sib  John  db  la  Boohb. — In  Arch.  Comb.,  2nd  Ser., 
vol.  iii,  p.  266,  there  is  given  what  parports  to  be  a  transcript  of  the 
original  will  of  Sir  John  de  la  Roche,  of  Roch  Castle,  in  the  connty 
of  Pembroke,  in  which  there  is  a  beqnest  of  a  bpok  called  the  SirculuSy 
which  has  perplexed  me. 

The  original  will  has  recently  come  into  my  possession  from  the 
Middlehill  Library.  The  words  of  the  beqnest  are  :  ille  liber  riih- 
m4xrum  qui  vacatur  Firenbras, 

This  wonld  seem  to  mean  the  poem  of  Syr  FerumbrcUy  the  old 
English  version  of  FierabraSy  the  most  popular  of  all  the  chamom 
of  the  Charlemagne  cycle. 

As  the  will  is  dated  17th  May,  1314,  the  notice  of  the  poem  is 
early  and  interesting. 

Poyston.  Hbhbt  Owbh. 


375 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  OF   CONTENTS. 

VOL.  m.     SIXTH  SERIES, 


Aber  Ganolwyn,  26 
Abersooh,  Castell,  252 
Aberystwith,  30 

"  Aberystwith,    its    Court    Leet," 
1690-1900,  GeorgeE.  Evans," 
reviewed,  271 
Aberystwith      Castle,     burnt    by 
Gruffiidd  ap  Meredudd,  277  ; 
delivered     up    by    Colonel 
Whiteley,  277 ;  proposed  Ex- 
cavations, 272-278 
Job  Sheldon,  Mayor,  271 
Mint,  277 
Abone  (0.  Irish  Abaun),  36 
Accounts,  Statement  of,  1901-1902, 

291,292 
Adar  Rhiannon,  24 
Address,  Lord  Glanusk's,  67 
Advocarii  (Vowrye  men),  63 
Airella,  sister  of  Samson,  330 
Allen,    J.    Bomilly,    Pre-Norman 
Cross    Base,     Llangefelach, 
Glamorganshire,  181-188 
Perforated     Stone      Hammer 
found     in     Pembrokeshire, 
224-238 
Alud  (S.  Almedha),  Legend  of,  215 
Alud's  Chapel  (Emied,  Alice,  Ay- 
lett,  Eylet,  Haellide,  Tallad), 
214,  219 
Alyn,  Edward  Lhuyd's  Description 

of  Bridges  over,  201 
Ainbons,  Their  Use,  88 
Amon,  father  of  Samson,  324,  329 
Amulets,  Stone  Celts  as,  238 
Ancient    Monuments,    Pembroke- 
shire, 372 
Ancient  Pottery,  9,  11 
Animal  Life,   Monks'  Regard  for, 

326 
Anlach  (Anlac,  AulachX  346,  347 ; 
Theories,    348 ;    buried    at 
Llanspyddid,  351 
Anwylf  Professor,  Early  Settlers  of 
Brecon,  16-38 


Apostles'  Screen,  Constantinople,  86 

Archaeological  Notes  and  Queries, 
82-84,  177-180,  272-290,  371 

Army,  Roman,  Divisions,  13 

Arrow-head,  Flint,  9,  26 

Arthur,  Bwrdd,  2 

Atkins,  Edward,  Mayor  of  Car- 
marthen, 312 

Auferrean  Sea,  335 

Augusta  Legion  (Second),  174 

*'  Auxiliaries  "  garrisoning  Military 
Station,  14 

Avem,  132 

*'Awenydd,"146 

Axe,  Cult  of  the,  widely  spread, 
235 ;  Ceremonial  Use  in 
Pacific  Islands,  238;  Owl- 
headed  Deity  with,  237 

Axe-heads,  Stone,  on  Dolmens  in 
Brittany,  236 ;  Llanrhian, 
224-226  ;  List  of  Perforated 
Stone  Hammers  and  Axes 
found  in  Barrows  in  Great 
Britain,  231-234 ;  Sir  William 
Wilde's  Classification,  231 

Banadlinet  (Banhadlwedd),  347 
Bannium  (Gaer),  12,  174,  351,  352 
Baring-Gould,    Rev.    S.,    Explora- 
tion of   Clegyr-Voia,    1-11 ; 
St.    Brychan,    King,     Con- 
fessor, 345-370 
Barrows,  Long,  wkulls  found,  Doli- 

cho-cephalic,  18 
Bateman,  William,  Mayor  of  Haver- 
fordwest, 318 
Batho,  Elnor,  309 ;  John,  last  Prior 
of  Augustinians  of   Haver- 
fordwest, 309 
Battle  Abbey,  John  de  Bello  de- 
signed Eleanor  Crosses,  207 
Battle  Maenhir,  173 
Beacon  Tumulus,  227,  228 
**  BeU  House,"  313 ;  "  Order  of  the 
Bells,"  315,  316 

27  « 


376 


ALPHABBTICAL  INpEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


Bell,  Corpse,  271 

Benadel  (Banhadle),  347 

Beneger,  Ralph,  Rector  of  PwU- 
crochan,  286 

Benni  Chapel,  213 

Boya,  a  Gwyddel  Chief,  3 

Bernard,  Biahop  of  St.  David's, 
219 

Bettws  (near  Clun)  Screen,  94 

BettwsQwerfyl  Croch,  Rood  Images, 
94 

Bible,  Bishop  Morgan's  Welsh 
Translation,  270 

Bickny,  230 

Bidan,  Pre-Celtic  River-name,  29 

Biliteral  and  Bilingual  Inscriptions 
(Trallwng),  175 

"Black-Coat  Charity,"  founded  by 
William  Vawer,  of  Bristol, 
312 

Blaen  Gkmolwyn,  26 

Bleddyn  ap  Cynfyn,  198 

Bodean,  Cam,  257 

Bodyst,  31 

Books,  Reviews  and  Notices  of, 
263-271 

Boteler,  Robert,  342 

Bowen,  William,  Mayor  of  Haver- 
fordwest, 318 

Braboniacum  =  **Ravonia,"  12 

Brachy-cephalic  Skulls  in  Central 
Europe,  19 

•*  Bran  Coyn  "  (Bryn  Gwyn),  346 

Brecan,  363 

Bicecon,  William  Vaughan,  Bailiff 
of,  212  ;  Vicars  of :  Morgan 
ap  Rhys,  211 ;  Thomas  ap 
Uoell,  212  ;  Edward  Games, 
213;  Priors:  John,  211; 
Ralph,  219;  Robert  Sadler, 
last,  213 ;  Priory,  a  Cell  of 
Battle  Abbey,  207  ;  Regi- 
nald, Prior  of,  elected  Abbot 
of  Battle,  207 ;  John  Wesley 
at,  208  ;  Vanished  Crosses 
of,  206-210;  Lost  Chapels, 
210  ;  Ogams  in,  37 

Brecon,  Chapels  in  St.  John's, 
Gwenllian  E.  Morgan,  210 

Brecon  Meeting,  Report,  65-81, 
170-176 

Brecon,  Early  Settlers  of,  by  Pro- 
fessor Anwyl,  16-38;  their 
Language,  21-23 


Breconshire,  Stone  Monuments  not 
all    recorded    in    Ordnance 
Survey,  25 
Military  Antiquities,  68-69 
Roman  Roads,  69,  70 
Paleolithic  Man,  no  Trace,  17 
Bronze  Implements,  Few,  31 
Herald,   Hugh   Thomas,   159, 
163,  215 

Breos,  Sir  William  de.  Grant,  143, 
211 

Briamail,  Cross-Slab  of,  Uande- 
faelog-fach,  176 

British  Hill-fort  (Crtkg),  173 

Britons,  Tacitus  on  Physical  Char- 
acteristics, 35' 

Brocagni,  346 

Brochwel  Ysgythrog,  112 

Bromfield  Lordship,  divided  into 
two  Rhaglotries,  191 

Bronze  Age  in  Great  Britain,  Per- 
forated Stone  Hammers, 
Characteristic  of,  234 

Bronze  Implements  in  Breconshire, 
Few,  31 
Introduction  of,  31,  32 
Spear-head  found  at  Tregaron, 
278 

Brychan,  Saint,  Eong,  Confessor,  S. 
Baring-Gould  and  J.  Fisher, 
345-370;  =  "Speckled  or 
Tartan-dothed,"  360;  His 
Story,  346-347;  Pedigree, 
348;  Wives,  361;  My^dcal 
Progeny,  362;  Children,  362, 
363 ;  Alphabetical  List, 
with  Identifications,  354-360 ; 
Children  Settled  in  £.  Com- 
waU,  365,  366;  Fifteenth- 
Century  Stained  Glass, '  with 
Lap  fiJl  of  Children,"  368; 
Other  Brychans,  363,  364; 
Brychan  Yrth,  370;  Cross, 
347 

Brycheiniog  defined,  351 

Brynach,  362 

Brynllys  Keep,  176 

Brythonic,  the  Dominant  Celtic 
Language,  37  ;  Welsh  Lan- 
guage, 33,  37 

Buallt,  Buellt,  Buell,  26 

Bugeildy  Screen,  94 

Burial  in  Church  Porches,  315 

"  Burials,  Order  of,"  314 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


arr 


Barrows,  Penard,  mentioned  1317, 

143 
Burton  Manor,  Welsh  Names,  1620, 

196 
Bushell,  Rev.  W.  D.,  Early  Life  of 

S.  Samson  of  Dol,  319-338 
Bultington  Screen,  92 
Bwrdd  Arthur,  2 
Byfre,  31 

Cadoc  Doeth,  Abbot  of  Llancarvan, 
322 

Oaerboia's  Castle,  6 

Cairn,  Chambered,  Ty  Iltyd,  used 
as  Hermit's  Cell,  173 

Camerarius,  William,  grants  to 
Margam  Abbey  Hermitage 
of  S.  Milburga,  139 

'*  Camps,  Ancient  British,  in 
Lleyn,"  transcribed  by  E. 
Owen,  251-262;  Value  of 
Study  of,  37  ;  MS.  Descrip- 
tion by  J.  G.  Williams,  Pen- 
llyn,  251 ;  Roooan,  71 

Camp,  Danish,  5 ;  Llys  din  isa,  256 ; 
Penllan,  5;  Porthdinllaen, 
254 ;  Tregeare,  11 ;  Y  Foel, 
265 

Caer  Engan,  255 

Cancelli,  85 

Cannon  Ball  and  Sword  found, 
Rhyd  Lydan,  Radnorshire, 
288 

Cantelo,  John  de,  Abbot  of  Mar- 
gam,  152 

Capitals,  Sculptured,  S.  Mary's, 
Haverfordwest,  290 

Caradoc,  Uerbeis,  148 

Caradog  visits  Hermit  Elgar,  138 ; 
a  Brython,  36 

Carew  Church  Tiles,  179 

Carmarthen,  Edward  Atkins,  Mayor 
of,  312;  Plague  at,  1604, 
1606,  1611,  1651,  311 

Cam  Bodran,  257  ;  Gafallt  (Cabal), 
26;  Madryn,  257  ;  Pentyrch, 
257 

Camau,  Neolithic,  26 ;  on  high 
^ouud,  Why,  25 

Came  Quarterings,  342 

Castell  Abersoch,  252 ;  Caeron  (oval 
British),  252;  Cilan,  252; 
Gwgan,  254 ;  Gwrbheym, 
255 ;  Llanengan,  252 ;  March, 
253 ;  Odo,  251 ;  Rhos  Bottw- 


nog,  255  ;  Yscuborhin  (with 

moat),  252 
Castle,  Aberystwith,  277 ;  Haver- 
fordwest, 39,  40  ;  Holt,  191 
Castles,   Norman,    72 ;    of   Tenth 

Century,  71 
Catherine's  (St.)  Chapel,  212,  214 
Cathlott  (Cartlett),  Thomas,  309 
Caw,  one  of  "  Three  Saintly  Clans 

of  Britain,"  362 
Cefn  Grog  (Gungrog),  119 
CeU  y  bedd,  109 
Celt,  8 

Celts,  Stone,  used  as  Amulets,  238 
Celtic  Art,  Stafford  Knot  Pattern 

common  in,  184 ;  Late  Celtic 

collar,  35  ;  Articles,  35 
Celtic  Colonisation  of  Ireland,  33 
Celtic  Invaders,  Language  of  first, 

32 
Celtic    Language,     Brythonic    the 

dominant,  37 
Cemmaes  Screen,  93 
Cerrig  gwynion.  Gold  Ornaments,  35 
Chancel,  Derivation  of,  85 
Chanceries  (Chensaries),  48,  53 
Chespuic  =  Sesswick,  193 
'*  Chester,  Rood  of,"  89 
Chirbury  Priory,  106 
Chorchchey,  John  de,  152 
Chormuc  (Korvmawc,   Korvniawc, 

Korinwy),  347 
Chwefri,  26 

Cilieni,  Pre-Celtic  River-name,  29 
Clairvaux,  Lands  given  to  Monks 

of,  122 
Clans  of    Britain,    Three    Saintly 

(Cunedda,    Brychan,    Caw), 

362 
Cleder  (Clydog,   St.   Clether,    St. 

aeer),  368 
Clegyr  Stones,  229 
Clegyr  Voia,  Exploration  of,  1-11 ; 

Stone  Arrows,  17 
Clydach  (Cleudach),  31 
Cnewr,  30 

Cocks  Bridge  (Pont  Allingcon),  201 
Coh,  or  Goch,  Hermit,  149 
Cokey  Grange  (Cuckoo  Grove),  307 
Cokey  Street,  Haverfordwest,  307 
CoUwng,  30 

Compton,  S.  Nicholas,  86 
Conbelin  Wheel  Cross,  187 
Constantine  in  S.  Wales,  15 
Oonstantius  Chlorus  in  S.  Wales,  15 


378 


ALrHABETICAL  INDEX  OF  CONTENTS, 


Conventual  Body  of  Hermits,  139 

Corpse  Bell,  271 ;  seized  for  debt, 
313 

Corrections,  289 

Cradoc,  Sir  Matthew,  343 

Cradock,  Jennet,  343 

Crannog,  Llangorse,  173 

Crew,  31 

Criccieth,  Dinas,  256 

Cro-Magnon  Skull,  19 

Cromlaech,  261 

Cromlech,  or  Maenhir,  Association 
of  with  Sacred  Tree  in  Neo- 
lithic Period,  24 

Cromlech,  Longhouse,  230;  Glan- 
usk,  27  ;  Croeslechau,  29  ; 
Table  of  Cromlechs,  60 

Cromwell's  Horse,  Footprints  of, 
179 

Cr^,  British  Hill-fort,  173 

Cross,  Brychan  Brycheiniog,  307 ; 
Derwen,  119  ;  Ebisar,  187  ; 
Iltyd  (Removal),  56  -  64  ; 
Irbic,  187 ;  St.  Ismael's 
(Pre-Norman),  279;  Samp- 
son's, 338 

Cross  -  base,  Llangefelach  (Fhre- 
Norman),  181-188 ;  Penmon, 
187 

Cross-bases  in  Wales,  List  of,  186- 
187 

Cross-shaft,  Samson,  57 

Cross -slab  of  Briamail,  Llande- 
faelog-Fach,  176 

Cross  of  Houelt,  Llantwit  Major, 
Triangular  Key-pattern,  184 

Cross  (Wheel),  Conbelin,  187 

Crosses  of  Brecon,  The  Vanished, 
206-210 

Crosses,  Butter,  207 ;  High,  209 ; 
Market,  207  ;  with  Socket- 
stones,  rule  in  Ireland,  186 

Curig,  Giraldus'  Story  of  Staff,  241 ; 
Second  Legend  (Tarsus),  242 

Curig  Lwyd,  Legend  of,  239,  240 

Curse  for  touching  Church  property, 
221 

Curtains  for  Screen,  86 

Custumary  of  Haverfordwest  Lord- 
ship, 41 

Cynog  (Canoe),  347,  364 

Cyttiau  Gwersyllt,  121,  257 

Dafydd  ap  Dafydd  ap  Morgan 
Sutton,  199 


Dafydd  ap  Ghnlym,  poem  to  St. 

Dwynwen,  370 
David's,  St.,   Bernard,  Bishop  of, 

219 
David  Fitzgerald,  Bishop  of, 

219 
John  Morgan,  Bishop  of,  178, 

179 
Cathedral,  Encaustic  Tiles,  177- 

179 ;   Subterranean  Passage 

to,  4 
"Davies,  Bishop."  '*  Life  and  Work, 

by    Archdeacon     Thomas." 

Reviewed,  263-270 
Davies,  David,  Vicar  of  Eenarth, 

179,  180 
Davy,  Robert,  39 

Denmark  and  Britain  Stone  Ham- 
mers, Reason  for  difference, 

235 
Derwen  Cross,  119 ;  Rood-loft,  120 
Descent  of  Salesburys  from  Adam 

de  Saltzburg,  269 
Devereux,  Sir  Richard,  249 
Devynock  Inscribed   Pillar-Stone, 

175 
Dinas  ddu,  257  ;  Dinlle,  255 ;  Em- 

15^  257  ;  Sylwy,  2 
Dochor^)ocunni)= ?lJandoagh,  335 
Docwin,  335 

Dolbenmaen  Tomen,  258 
Dolicho-cephalic  Skull,  characteria- 

tic  of  Northern,  West,  and 

Southern  Europe  and  North 

Africa,  19 ;  in  long  barrows^ 

18 
Drayton's    "  Polyolbion"    quoted, 

363 
Drew,  Rev.  J.  P.,  103 
Drum  (y)  ddu,  26 
Dubricius,  S.,  330,  331 
Dumnoniorum,  Isca = Scadoniorum, 

12 
Dnnawd  (Dinothus),  3»  343  ;  Ffyn- 

non,  4 


Early  Chnstian  Remains  num^oas 

in  Usk  Valley,  175 
Early  Life  of  Samson  of  DoL    Rev. 

W.  D.  Bushell,  319-338 
Early  Settlers  of  Brecon.  Professor 

Anwyl,  16-38 
Ebbw  (EbbwyX  30 
Ebisar  Cross,  187 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  OP  CONTENTS. 


379 


Edmund,  brother  of  Edward  I,  at 
Llanbadarii,  277 

Edward  VI,  Injunctions  about 
Images,  91 

Edwards,  David,  of  Rhyd-y-gors 
(Deputy  to  Clarencieuz),  and 
the  **Gk)lden  Grove  Book," 
156,156;  Pedigree,  168, 169; 
John,  Rector  of  Newtown, 
103 

Egel,  31 

Eglwys  newyd(Egloo8e  Nimny),  133 

Emion  Llys,  254  ;  Captain  (Gover- 
nor of  Harlech  Castle),  254 

Eisteddfa  Gurig,  240 

Eithrin,  31 

Eleanor  Crosses,  designed  by  John 
de  Bello  (Battle  Abbey),  207 

Elidan,  St.,  244 ;  EUan,  St.,  222 

Elyned's  Chapel,  222 

Encaustic  Tiles,  St.  David's  Cathe- 
dral, 177179 

English  Names  of  Townships  in 
Gresford,  197 

Epitaph  on  Tombstone,  Llanfihangel 
Tref-helygen,  179 

Erw  Eunydd,  199 

Essex,  Robert,  Earl  of,  249 

Evans,  George  Eyre,  '^Aberystwith, 
its  Court  Leet,  1690-1900," 
271 
Evan,  leuan  Brydydd  Hir,  163 

Eunydd,  Ithel  ap,  198  ;  Erw,  199 

Eurbrawst  (Prawst),  361 

Euroh's  Life  of  S.  Samson,  320 

Excavations  at  Aberystwith  Castle, 
272-278 

Exploration  of  Clegyr-Voia,  Rev. 
S.  Barine-Gould,  1-11 

Eynon,  John,  Vicar  of  St.  Mary's, 
Haverfordwest,  301 

Famdon  =  ?Radenoure,  Redynore, 
193 

Fenton,  Richard,  Life  of,  371 

Ff ynnon  Dunawd,  4 

Fifiae,  Philip,  152 

Fisher,  Rev.  J. ,  and  Rev.  S.  Baring- 
Gould,  '*  St.  Brychan,  King, 
Confessor,"  345-370 

Fitzgerald,  David,  Bishop  of  St. 
David's,  219 

Fitz-Hamcm,  Sir  Robert,  134,  136 

Flint  Arrowhead,  9,  26 ;  imple- 
ments, 29 ;  knife,  30 


Forgotten  Sanctuaries  and  Vanished 

Crosses,  Thoughts  on,  205 
Frankwell,  241 

Gaer,  near  Brecon,  13 

Games,  Edward,  213 

Gamrhiw  (y),  26 

Gam  Goch,  351 

Garrisons,  Roman,  in  hill-country 

and  exposed  frontiers,  14 
in  S.  Wales,  reduced  by  a.d. 

110,  15 
Garthmadryn,  350 
Gelli  Duchlittre,  31  ;  Fowy,  31 
G^llygaer,    Roman    fort,  occupied 

A.D.  70-120,  14 
Geoflfrey  Sturmi  (cf ,  Stormy,  PyleX 

145 
Geographer,     Trustworthiness     of 

Ravenna,  12 
Germanus,  Bishop  of  Man,  361 
GUes,  Matthew,  342 
Gileston  Church,  339-344  ;  Unique 

S.  Door,  339 
Coats  of  Arms,  341 
Giraldus'  Story  of  Curig's  Staff,  241 
Glamorgan,  Meurig,  Kmg  of,  324 
Glanusk  (Lord),  Address,  67 
Glanusk  Park,  Bihteral  and  Bilin- 
gual Inscription,  175 
Glovare,  Henry  le,  152 
Gloucester,  Richard,  Earl  of,  141 ; 

William,  Earl,  121,  140,  145 
Gobannium,  12 
Goffe,  Stephen,  302,  310 
Goidel  invasion.  Cause  of,  351 
Gold  ornaments,    Cerrig-gwynion, 

35  ;  Dolau-cothi,  35 
*  *  Golden  Grove  Book  of  Pedigrees, " 

Edward  Owen,  154-169,  279 
David    Edwards    of    Rhyd-y- 

Gors,  155,  156 
Graig  y  Dinas,  254,  256 
GranaviUa,  Family  of,  134 
Grandvilla,  Sir  Richard  de,  133 
Grangia  de  Melis,  132 
Gray,  Thomas,  Hermitage  of  Theo- 

doric  and  the  Site  of  Pendar, 

121-153 
Gresford,  History  of  Old  Parish  of, 

A.  N.  Palmer,  189-204 ;  Welsh 

Conquest  from  English,  197; 

Anglicised  after  Civil  War, 

196 ;      English     names     in 

Townships,     197  j    Theret, 


S90 


ALPHABETICAL  l^DEX  OF  CONTENTS, 


Lord  of  Manor,  193  ;  Walls, 
201 

Grufiudd  ap  Meredudd  ap  Dafydd, 

'Tr  Grog  o  Gaer,"  90;  bums 
Aberystwith  town  and  castle, 
277 

Gailsfield,  screen  and  stairway,  92 
118,  119 

Gwal  Saeson,  132 

Gwdi,  Pre-Celtic  Riyer-name,  29 

Gwenfo  (Wenvoe)  Church,  369 

Gwengastle  (St.  Ninnocha  of  Brit- 
tany), 360 

Gwerelech,  31 

Gwlenwynwyn,  Prince,  246 

Gwladys,  daughter  of  Brychan,  366 

Gwrangon,  31 

Gwrthrynion,  26 

Gwyddyl,  Wig  of,  271 

Gwynne,  Morrice,  Mayor  of  Haver- 
fordwest, 60 

Gwynog,  St.,  Painted  Glass,  97 

Gyfylchi  =  **Kewelthi"  (Norman 
spelling),  133 

*♦  H"  pronounced  or  not  ?  28 

Haberte,  John,  39 

Haffes,  31 

Halliday,  G.  E.,  Gileston  Church, 

Glamorgan,  399-344 
Removal  of  Cross  of  Iltyd  at 

Llantwit  Major,  66-64 
Hammer  of  Thor,  238 
Hammers,  Stone,  in  Scandinavia, 

of  Stone  Age,  234  (see  under 

Axes) 
Hamo  Dentatus,  134 
Hare8=  "  Wyn  Melangell,"  109 
Harlech   Castle,    Captain    Einion, 

Governor  of,  264 
Haverfield,  F.,  Roman  Forts  in  S. 

Wales,  12-16 
Haverfordwest,  Survey  of  Lordship 

of,  in  1677 ;   Henry  Owen, 

39-56 
St.  Mary's,    Sculptured  Capi- 
tals, 290 ;  Restoration,  284  ; 

Vicars  :    John  Eynon,  301 ; 

William Ormond,  302  ;  Adam 

Hawkin  (Puritan),  302 
last    Prior    of    Augustinians, 

John  Batho,  309 
Sir  Ed.    Mansell,    Seneschall, 

39  ;  Mayors  :  Wm.  Bateman, 

318;     Wm.    Bowen,     318; 


W.  Morrice  Gwynne,  50; 
John  Pryn,  318 ;  Rice 
Yaughan,  318 ;  Ethelred 
Wogan,  317;  Wm.  Williams, 
318;  Castle,  39,  40;  Cus- 
tumary  of  Lordship,  41  ; 
Great  Fair,  47 

Hawkin,  Adam,  Puritan  Vicar  of 
St.  Mary's,  Haverfordwest, 
302 

Hepete  (Hepstone),  31 

Herbert,  George,  108 

Hermitage  of  Theodoric  and  Site^f 
Pendar,  Thos.  Gray,  121-163; 
290;  situation,  140,  141; 
overwhelmed  by  sand-storm, 
1300-1898,  142 

Hermitage  of  St.  Milborga,  granted 
by  Wm.  Camerarius  to  Mar- 
gam  Abbey,  139 

Hermits :  Theodoric,  Meiler,  Coh 
or  Coch,  136,  149;  Con- 
ventual body,  139;  EJgar 
visited  by  Caradog,  138 ;  Ty 
nityd  (Chambered  Cairn), 
used  as  cell,  173 

Historical  Value  of  Welsh  Pedi- 
grees, 200 

History  of  Mounds  as  Places  of 
Judicatiure,  269 

History  of  Old  Parish  of  Gresford, 
A.  N.  Pahner,  189-204 

Holt  Castle,  191 

Honddu,  Pre-Celtic  River-name,  29 

Hoseley(Odeslei),  196 

^^  Hospitall  of  St.  Jones  of  Jerusa- 
lem," 49 

**  House  of  Recoverie,"  307,  308 

Howarth,  Sir  Humphrey,  214 

Howel  ap  leuaf,  2& 

Hunkley,  189 

Huntsmen's  Bridge  (Pont  y  Kynyd- 
dion),  201 

Hut  Circles,  263,  267 

Huw  Cae  Llwyd  quoted,  241 

Huw  Arwystli  quoted,  241 

**Icori"  Stone,  288 

Dtyd  Farchog  (the  Knight),  great- 
nephew  of  Germanus,  322 ; 
Pupils,  323 

Dtyd,  St.,  Church,  proposed  repa- 
ration, 289  ;  Cross  Shaft,  67 

Image,  Virgin's  miraculous,  at 
Pttorys,  90 


ALPHABBTIOAL  INDEX  OP  CONTEMTS. 


$81 


Images,  Edward  YI's  Injunctions, 
91 ;  Mochdre,  96 ;  Rood- 
loft,  94 

Incised  Cross  Stone,  Ystafell  Faoh, 
and  Tradition  of  an  Ancient 
Town,  W.  T.  GranviUeLewis, 
293-297 

"  Inmates,"  53 

Inscribed  Stone,  Devynnock,  175  ; 
Uantwit  Major  (Samson), 
272  ;  Llanfihangel  Cwm  Dii, 
176 ;  Lljrsdinffwyn,  288 

Inscriptions,  Biliteral  and  Bilingual, 
Glanusk  Park,  176;  four- 
teenth century,  PwUcrochan, 
286,  287  ;  Welsh,  Llangatoc 
Feibion  Afel,  279,  280 

Irbic  Cross,  187 

Isca  (Exe,  Isch),  28 

Isca  Dumnoniorum  =  Soadoniorum, 
12 

Ismael's,  St.,  Pembrokeshire,  Pre- 
Norman  Cross,  279 

Ithel  ap  Eunydd,  198 

Ivor,  Griffin  ap,  gift  to  Margam 
Abbey,  140 

Jenken  Vawer,  312 
John  le  Rede,  152 
Jones,  Inigo,  Staircase,  344 
Julitta,  mother  of  Curig,  242 

Kenarth,  David  Davies,  Vicar  of, 

179,  180 
Kenfig,  St.  James's  Church,  covered 

by  sand,  144 
Kerry  Screen,  91 
Knapwood  Road,  39 
Kynyddiou,  Pont  y  (Huntsmen's 

Bridge),  201 

Lamp  Stone,  8 

Language  of  first  Celtic  Invaders, 
32 ;  Barly  Settlers  in  Brecon, 
21-23 ;  Brythonic= dominant 
Celtic,  33,  37 

Lectures  at  Annual  Meeting,  Popu- 
lar, 180 

Legend,  St.  Melangell  and  Hare, 
92,  109  ;  St.  Samson,  325 ; 
Monks  of  Margam,  140  n. 

Leissan,  132 

Lewis,  W.  T.  Granville,  Incised 
Cross  Stone,  Ystafell  Each, 
293-297 


Lewis,  Wm.,  of  Llwynderw,  166, 
162 

Lhuyd's,  Edward,  Description  of 
Bridges  over  the  Alyn,  201 

Lindley,  Sir  Henry,  219 

Llai,  189 

Llanatino,  Rood-loft,  93 

Llanbadam,  Edmund,  brother  of 
Edward's,  at,  277 

Llanbadam  Fynydd  Screen,  94 

Llanbrynmair  Screen,  93 

Llaucarvan,  Cadoc  Doeth,  Abbot 
of,  322 

Llandaff,  Bishop  of,  Nicholas,  132 

Llandefaelog-fach,  Cross  Slab  of 
Briamael,  176 

Landough=Dochor  (Docunni),  335 

Llandyssil  Screen,  91 

Llanerfyl,  Screen  and  Rood-loft,  92 

Llanfihangel,  Screen,  92 

Cwm  du  Inscribed  Stone,  176 
Trefhelygen,  Epitaph  on  Tomb- 
stone, 179 

Llangatoc  Feibion  Afel,  Welsh  in- 
scription, 279,  280 

Llangedwyn,  Rood-loft,  92 

Llangefelach,  Pre-Norman  Cross- 
base,  J.  Romilly  Allen,  181- 
188 

Llangorse  Crannog,  173 

Llangurig  Church,  Ven.  Arch- 
deacon Thomas,  239-250 ; 
Li^t  of  Vicars,  250 ;  Screen 
and  Loft,  92,  93,  114,  115, 
246  ;  appropriated  to  Strata 
Florida,  248 

Llangynidr  MaenHir,  27 

Llangynyw,  Screen,  92,  116-118 

Llamdloes,  Screen,  93 

Llanllugan,  Rood-beam,  92 

Llarmierewig,  Screen,  91 

Llanrhaiadr,  Screen,  92 

Llanrhian,  Axe-hammer,  224-226 

Llantwit  Major  described,  321, 322 ; 
Inscribed  Pillar  of  Samson, 
272 

Llanvillo,  Rood-screen,  176 

Llanwddyn,  Screen,  92 

Llanwnog,  Screen  and  Rood-loft, 
93,  97,  101 

Llanwrin,  Screen,  93 

Llanyblodwel,  Screen,  93,  114 

**  Lledwigan  Thresher,"  280,  281 

Llia,  31 ;  Maen  Llia,  30 

Llychwr,  31 


382 


ALPHABBTICAL  INDEX  OP  CONTENTS. 


Llys  Brychan,  351,  370 ;  *'  Einion," 

254 ;  Patric,  261 
Llysdingwyn,  Inscribed  Stone,  288 
Lock  and  Key,  ancient,  339 
Long,  Evan,  Mayor  of  Carmarthen, 

311 

Mabilia,  daughter  of  Sir  Robert 
Fitz  Hamon,  136 

Madoc  Danwr,  243,  245 

Maelgwn  Gwynedd,  242 

Maen  Cam,  26 

Maen  Hir,  Battle,  27, 173  ;  Cradoc, 
27;    Cwrt   y   Gk)Uen,    27; 
Gileston,   27  ;     Llangynidr, ' 
27  ;  Penybont,  261 ;  Pbs  du, 
261 ;  Tretower,  27 

Maen  Mawr,  30 

Maen  y  Momjmion,  174 

Maen  y  pyr,  328 

Mailer = a  Diviner,  146 

Malvern,  Tile  Manufactory,  178 

Manafon,  Screen,  92 

Mansell,  Sir  Edward,  Seneschal  of 
Haverfordwest,  39 

Manufactory  of  Tiles,  Malvern,  178 

Maurice,  St.,  244  ;  Canon,  39 

Marchell's  marriage.  Story  of,  346 

Marcrof  t,  Roger,  45 

Margam  Abbiy  Charter,  121 ;  once 
called  Pendar,  145;  Griffin 
ap  Ivor's  gift  to,  140 ;  Her- 
mitage of  St.  Milburga 
granted  to,  139  ;  Legends  of 
Monks,  140  n. 

Marsli,  daughter  of  Howel  ap  David 
Llwyd,  199 

Mediaeval  Remains,  Brecon,  176 

Meetings,  Lectures,  180 ;  Port- 
madoc,  290 

Meilir,  245;  Meilir,  Brother,  (1) 
the  Hermit ;  (2)  Awenet,  146 

Meif  od  Screen,  92 

Meini  Hirion,  261 

Meirinedd,  daughter  of  Grufiydd  ap 
Cynan,  Sib 

Melangell,  S.,  and  Hare  Legend, 
92,  109 ;  Southey's  reference 
to,  111 ;  see  Monacella. 

*'Meol8"and  **Mely8,"  sweet,  132 

Merford,  Rhaglotry  of,  191 

Mesolithic  Period,  18 

Meurig,  King  of  Glamorgan,  324 

Milburga,  S.,  Hermitage  granted  to 
Margam  Abbey,  1^ 


Military  Antiquities,  Brecon,  68,  68 
Mint  at  Aberystwith,  277 
Minuscules  mixed  with  Capitals,  175 
Mochdre  Images,  96 
Monacella,  S.  (Melangell),  Shrine, 

109  ;  Southey's  referenoe  to 

Legend,  111 
Monks  of  Margam,  Legends  of,  140 
Montgomeryshire      Screens      and 

Rood-lofts,  Yen.  Archdeacon 

Thomas,  85.120 
Montgomery  Rood-loft  and  Screen, 

93,  105-108 
Monuments,     Ancient,    Questions 

and  Answers  on,  261,  262 
Morgan,*Bishop,  Welsh  Translation 

of  Bible,  270 
Morgan,  Gwenllian  E.  F.,  Chapel 

in  St.  John's,  Brecon,  210 
Morris.Lewis,  of  Penboyr(Llewelyn 

Ddu  o  FonX  271 
Mounds,  A  History  of,  as  Places  oi 

Judicature,  259 
Muriau'r  Dre  (Tre'r  Gwydelod),  282 
Mynydd  Farteg,  30 ;  Trecast^  27, 

30 :  Tstum,  251 

Names  of  Rivers,  suffixes  -wy,  -on, 
-i,  -ach,  -e,  -on,  -an,  ^ 
Phonetic  Spelling  of   Welsh, 

133 
Pre-Celtio^  29 
Nant  Cymrun,  26 
Neath  Abbey,  founder  of,  133 
Nedd,  31 

Neolithic  Remains,  Three  ZcHies,  26 
Nevin,  Tomen,  258 
Newtown  Screen,  91.  101,  102-105 

Rector,  John  Edwards,  108 
Ninnocha,  S.  (Gwengastle),  of  Brit- 
tany, 360 
Norman  Cfhurch,  86,  339 

Scribes,  Phonetic  Spelling  of 
Welsh  Names,  133 
Notes  and  Queries  (ArchseologicalX 
82-84,  177-180,  272-290,  371 

Ogam,    Pentrepoeth,    176;    Rare 
Letter  X  for  Latin  P,  175 
in  Breconshire,  37 

Oldest  Parish  Registers  in  Pem- 
brokeshire, Kev.  J.  Phillips, 
298-318 

"  OU  Synwyr  Pwi,"  266,  267 

Onneu,  Pre-Celtic  River-name  29 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  OP  CONTENTS. 


383 


Origin  of  Screens  and  Rood-lofts,  86 
Ormond,  William,  V.  St.  Mary's, 

Haverfordwest,  302 
Owen,  Edward,  "The  Golden  Grove 
Pedigrees,"  154-169 
**  Ancient  British    Gamps   in 
Lleyn,"  transcribed  by,  251- 
262 
Glyndwr,  277 

Henry,  Survey  of  Lordship  of 
Haverfordwest,  1577,  39-55 
Maurice,     Rector    of    Mont- 
gomery, 66 

"P"and*'Qu,"22 

Padam,  240 

Padest,  31 

Pakeolithic    Man,    no    Traces    in 

Breconshire,  17 
Palmer,  A.  Neobard,  History  of  Old 

Parish  of  Gresford,  189-204 
Pancant,  Son  of  Liski,  3 
Parish  Registers,  Oldest  in  Pem- 
brokeshire, Rev.  J.  Phillips, 

298-318 
Parish  of  Gresford,  189-204 
Parker,  Rev.  John,  Drawings,  93, 

94,  97,  102,  115,  246 
Pasgen,  Son  of  Urien,  26 
Patricio  Church,  88 
Pol  de  Leon,  St.,  323 
Pedigree,  Edwards,  Rhyd  y  Gors, 

168,  169 
Pedigrees,  "Gk)lden  Grove  Book," 

154-169;  Historical  Value  of 

Welsh,  200 
Pembrokeshire     Ancient     Monu- 
ments, 372 
Pembrokeshire,      Oldest      Parish 

Registers  in,  298-318 
Penard  Burrows  mentioned,  1317, 

143 
Pendar  =  Cefn  Pennar,  147 ;  Site 

of,  121-153,  144 
Pendorlan,  Tomen,  254 
Penmark,  Thos.  de,  152 
Pen  Milan,  30 
Penmon  Cross-base,  187 
Pennant    Melangell,    Screen    and 

Rood-loft,  92, 109-113 
Penoyr,  Roman  Sepulchral  Liscrip- 

tion,  174 
Penrhys,      Virgin's       Miraculous 

Image,  90 
Pentrepoedi  Ogam,  176 


Pen  y  Gaer,  252,  255 

Pepian  (Peipian),  187,  356 

Phillips,  Rev.  J.,  Oldest  Parish 
Registers  in  Pembrokeshire, 
298-318 

Peterchurch  Rood  Altar,  88 

Piscina,  126,  129 

**  Riser  Hiry,"  351 

Plague  at  Carmarthen,  1604,  1606, 
1611,  1651,  311 

Pont  Pulf ord,  201 ;  Resford  (Gres- 
ford), 201;  Rhyd  Ithel, 
201 ;  Vradley,  201 ;  Wersyllt 
(Gwersyllt),  201;  Y  Capel 
hen,  201 ;  Y  Kynyddion, 
201;  Yr  Orsedd  (Rosset), 
201 

Portmadoc  Meeting,  220 

Pottery,  Ancient,  9, 11 

Prawst  (Eurbrawst),  361 

Prayer  Book  and  Welsh  Testament 
locked  up  by  order  of  Vestry, 
196 

Pre-Celtic  River-names,  29 ;  Words 
siurviving  in  Names  of  Moun- 
tains and  Rivers,  23 

Pre-historic  Remains,  Breconshire, 
173 

Pre-Norman    Cross-base,    Uange- 
felach,    J.    Romilly    Allen, 
181-188 
Cross,    St.    Ishmael's,     Pem- 
brokeshire, 279 

Primer  of  1546,  Welsh,  268 

Prisoners'  Chapel,  210 

Proestri  (Proistri,  Peresgri,  Pro- 
sori),  361 

Prothero  MSS.,  155 

Piyn,  John,  Mayor  of  Haverford- 
west, 318 

Pwllcrochan,  Fourteenth  -  century 
Inscription,  286,  287 

Pyro,  327-329  ;  his  death,  332 

I^t  (y)  yr  Alyn,  201 

Queen's  Arbour,  a  walk,  40 

Ravenna  Geographer,  Trustworthi- 
ness of,  12 

Registers  in  Pembrokeshire,  Oldest 
Parish,  293-318 

Reviews  and  Notices  of  Books, 
263-271 

Rhaglotry  of  Wrexham,  191 

Rhibrawst,  361 ;  Rhigos,  31 


384 


ALPHABKTICAL  INDBX  OP  CONTENTS. 


Rhoeon  Oommot,  1 

Rhyd  Helyg  ar  Wy,  26 

Rhys  ap  Maelgwn,  277  ;  Sais,  200  ; 
y  Cigwr,  212 

River-names,  suffixes  of  28 ;  the 
most  anoient,  16  ;  Pro-Celtic, 
219 

Roads,  Roman,  in  Breconshire,  69, 
70  ;  Via  Julia,  351 

Robert  of  Caen,  121,  140 

Roche,  Sir  John  de  la,  Will  of, 
374 

*^Rode  in  Po wiles"  and  elsewhere 
pulled  down,  91 

Rood  Altar,  Peterchurch,  88 ;  of 
Chester,  89 ;  Images,  Gwerfil 
Goch,  Mochdre,  96;  Bet- 
tws,  94 

Roods  in  Wales,  35,  87  ;  Super- 
stitious use,  89 ;  Staircase, 
343 

Rood-beam,  Llanllugan,  92 

Rood-loft,  Derwen,  120  ;  Llananno, 
93  ;  Llangedwyn,  92 ;  Llan- 
wnog,  93 ;  Montgomery, 
93,  105-108;  Pennant  Mel- 
angell,  109-113;  Whitting- 
ton,  93 

Rood-lofts    and     Screens,    Mont- 
gomeryshire,    Ven.     Arch- 
deacon Thomas,  86-120 
Form  and  Use,  87 ;  origin  of, 
86  ;  Visitation  inquiries,  91 

Romano- British  Remains,  174 

Roman    Forts    in    S.    Wales,    F. 
Haverfield,  12-15 
Roads,     Bioconshire,     69-70 ; 

TUes,  15,  174 
Sepulchral    Inscription  (Pen- 
oyr),  174 

Rymi  (Rhymney),  30 

Sadler,  Robert,  Prior,  213 

Saith  Maen,  26 

**Salesbury,    William,     Life     and 

Work,"  by  Ven.  Archdeacon 

Thomas,  Reviewed,  263-270 
Salesburys,  Descent  of,  from  Adam 

de  Saltzburg,  2()9 
Saltzburg,  Adam  do,  269 
Sampson's  Bridge,  338  ;  Cross,  338 ; 

Farm,  333 
Samson,  St.,   of  Dol,  Early   Life, 

Rev.    W.  D.   BusheU,   319- 

338 


Samson,  St.,  of  Dol,  Eurch's  Life, 
320  ;  Cave,  identification, 
337,  338  ;  L^ends,  325 
and  Sparrows  in  the  Barley 
Field,  325  ;  in  Brittany,  325; 
Inscribed  Pillar,  272 

Sanctuaries,  Forgotten,  205 

Sand  covers  Sc.  James,  Eenfig, 
144 

Sanddef  Hardd,  199 

ScadoDiorum  =  Isca  Damnooio- 
rum,  12 

Sculptured  Capitals  in  St  Mary's, 
Haverfordwest,  290 

Screens  and  Rood-lofts,  Mont- 
gomeryshire, Ven.  Arch- 
deacon Thomas,  85  •  120  ; 
Origin  of,  85 ;  Remains  of, 

91  ;  Use,  87  ;  Curtains  for, 
86 ;  Earliest  Wooden,  86 

Screen,  Bettws,  near  Clun,  94; 
Bugeildy,   94;    Buttington, 

92  ;  Cemmaes,  93 ;  Goils- 
field  (and  Stairway),  92 ; 
Kerry,  91 ;  Llanbadarn  Fyn- 
ydd,  94  ;  Llanbrynmair,  93  ; 
Llandyssil,  91  ;  Uanerfyl 
(and  Loft),  92 ;  lianfihangel, 
92  ;  Llangurig,  93, 114,  116, 
246;  Llangyuyw,  92, 116-118 ; 
Llanidloes,  93 ;  Llanmere- 
wig,  91 ;  Llanrhaiadr,  92  ; 
Llanvillo,  176;  Uanwddyn, 
92 ;  Llanwnog  (and  LoftX 
97,  101  ;  Ltonwrin,  93 ; 
Llanyblodwel,  93,  114 ; 
Manafon,  92 ;  Meifod,  92  ; 
Montgomery  (and  Loft),  93, 
105- 108;  Newtown,  91, 101, 
102-105  ;  Pennant  Melangell 
(and  Loft),  92,  109-113; 
Selattyn,  93 ;  Thurcaston 
(thirteenth  century),  86 ; 
Trelystan,  93;  Welshpool,  92 

Screens,  Modem,  Guilsfield,  Uan- 
santfl^id,  Manafon,  Llan- 
fechain,  118,  119 

Selattyu,  Screen,  93 

Senni,  Pre-Celtic  River-name,  29 

Sepulchral  Inscription,  Roman,  174 

Seri,  30 

Sgio,  Pre-Celtic  River- name,  29 

Sheldon,  Job,  Mayor  of  Aberyst- 
with,  271 

Shrine  of  St.  Monaoella   109 


ALPHABBTIGAL  TNDBX  OP  CONTENTS. 


S85 


Sigar  (HermitX  325 

Silures,  35,  36 

Sirhowy,  30 

Skull,  Brachy-cephalio,  in  Central 

Europe,    19 ;    Cro-Magnon, 

19 ;  Dolicho-cephalic,  chiEiiac- 

teristic  of  N.,    W.   and  S. 

Europe  and  K.  Africa,  19 ; 

Dolicho-cephalic     in     Long 

Barrows,  18 
Sling-stones,  11 
Slanse,  43 
SouiJiey  8  reference  to  Monacella's 

Legend,  111 ;  Letters,  110 
Spindle-whorl,  10 
Spital  Bar,  214 
Stafford-Knot  pattern,  common  in 

Celtic  Art,  184 
Stained     Glass    of     St.    Brychan 

(Bfteenth  century),  368 
Standing  Stones,  26,  30  (see  "Maen 

nil") 
Statutum   WaUice    of     1284,    and 

Changes  in  Welsh  Laws,  268 
Stepney,  Alban,  45 
Stocks,  209 
Stone  Arrows,  Clegyr  Voia,  17 

Axes  and  Hammers  found  in 

Barrows    in  Great  Britain, 

231-234 
Sir  W.   Wilde's  Classification 

of  Stone  Axes  and  Hammers, 

231 
Circle,  Mynydd  Trecastell,  27, 

30 
Inscribed,  LlanOhangcl  Cwm- 

dd,  175;  Llysdingwyn,  288; 

Lamp,  8 
Monuments  in  Breconshirp,  23 ; 

not  all  recorded  in  Ordnance 

Survey,  25 
Stone  Hammer,  Perforated,  found 

in  Pembrokeshire,  J.  Romilly 

Allen,  224-238 
Stone  Hammers,  26  ;  Sir  W.Wilde's 

Classification,  231 ;   list  of, 

found  in  Barrows,  231-234  ; 

Characteristic  of  Bronze  Age 

in  Great  Britain,  234  ;  Dis- 
tinction between    Denmark 

and  Britain,  235 
Stones,  Sling,  11 ;  Method  of  using 

Defective,  Ancient   v.   Mo- 
dem, 186 
Stoup,  126,  129,  344 


Strata    Florida,    Wooden    Figure 
found,  284 ;  Llangurig  Church 
appropriated  to,  248 
Strath,  connected  with  Ystrad,  82 
Strat-Vaga=?Ystrad  Vargoed,  140 
Subterranean  Passage  to  St.  David's 

Cathedral,  4 
Survey  of  Lordship  of  Haverford- 
west in  1577,  Henry  Owen, 
39-55 
Symonds,  Captain  Kichard,  209 

Tacitus  on  Physical  Characteristics 

of  Britons,  35 
Talbot,  Theodore,  138 
Tallaud=  St.  EUned,  368 
Tarthwyni,  30 

Tedda  (S.  Teath,  S.  Itha),  367 
Tepekerman,  86 
Tewdrig,  Kiug,  345 
Theodoric,  Hermitage  of,  and  Site 

of  Pendar,  Thos.  Gray,  121- 

153 
Hermitage,  290 
Theodoricus,  133,  134 
Thomas,  Ven.  Archdeacon,  Mont- 

fomeryshire     Screen     and 
tood-lofts,  85-120 
Llangwrig  Church,  239-250 
**Life  and  Work  of    Bishop 
Davies  and  Wm.  Salesbury, 
reviewed,  263-270 
Thomas  ap  leuan,  213 

Hugh,     Breconshire     Herald, 

159,  163,  215 
Sir  Rhys  ap,  179 
Thoret,  Owner  of  Gresford  Manor, 

193 
**  Three  Saintly  Clans  of  Britain," 

362 
"Thresher,  The  Lledwigan,"  280, 

281 
Thumbscraper,  10 
Thurcaston     Screen,      Thirteenth- 
Century,  86 
Tiles,    Carew    Church,    179 ;    En- 
caustic,   St.  David's  Cathe- 
dral, 177-179  ;  manufactory, 
Malvern,  178;   Roman,  15, 
174 
Tillery  (Teleri),  30 
Tomen   Dolbenmaen,    258 ;   Fawr, 
253  ;  Gwindu,  255  ;  Nevin, 
258;     Pendorlan,    254;    Y 
Mur,  258 ;  Camp,  258 


386 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


Trahaiam  ap  Caradawo,  244 
Tr€^UN)ii,  Bronze  Spear-head  found, 

278 
Trelystan  Screen,  93 
Tretower  Keep  (fortified  manaion), 

176  ;  Maen  hir,  27 
Tre*r  Ceiri,  267 
Tre'r  Gwyddelod  (MuriauV  Dre), 

282 
Tumulus,  Beacon,  227-229 
Ty  ntyd  (chambered  cairn),  used  as 

hermit'fi  cell,  173 
Tynwald  Mound,  259 
T^swg,  30 

Umbrafel,  uncle  of  Samson,  333 
Umfreyille,  Lords  of  Penmark,  342 
U8k=Wy8g,  Uisc,  Huisc,  Husc,  28 
Usk,     Early     Christian    Remains 
numerous  in  Valley  of,  174 

Vanished  Crosses  of  Brecon,  their 
variety  and  beauty,  206-210 

Vaughan,  Rice,  Mayor  of  Haver- 
fordwest, 318 
William,  Bailiff  of  Brecon,  212 

Vawer,  William,  of  Bristol,  founded 
*'  Black-coat  Charity, ".312 

Via  Julia,  361 

Vourye  men  (**  Advocarii "),  63 

Wallace,  Thomas  de,  162 

Walter,  Lucy,  62 

Ware  hooks,  201 

Warren,  Edward,  302 

Welsh,  Elizabeth,  342 

Welsh  Names  in  Burton  Manor, 

1620,  196 
Phonetic  Spelling  by  Norman 

Scribes,  133 


Welth  and  Lrish  Names  compared, 
33,34 

Welshpool  Screen,  92 

Wesley,  John,  at  Brecon,  206 

Westhaverforde,  66 

Whiteley,  Colonel,  Aberystwith 
Castle  delivered  up  by,  277 

'*WigyGwyddyl,"271 

Williams,  J.  G.,  Penllyn,  Pwllheli, 
author  of  MS.  Description  of 
British  Camps,  261 ;  Richard 
of  Llywel,  161  ;  William, 
Mayor  of  Haverfordwest,  318 

Winnian,  335 

Wogan,  Ethelred,  Mayor  of  Haver- 
fordwest, 317 

Wood,  H.  J.  T.,  Value  of  Welsh 
Pedigrees,  157,  158 

Wrexham  Rhaglotry,  191 

Wyn  Melangell  =  Hares,  109 


Ynys  y  pyr,  323 

Ysdr,  a  Pre-Celtic  River-name,  29 

Tstafell     Each,     Loscribed    Cross 

Stone,  W.  T.  Granville  Lewis, 

293-297 
Ystalyf era,  31 

Ystrad  connected  with  Strath,  82 
Ystradfellte  Cairn,    Flint   Instm- 

Lnplements,  29 
Ystrad  Vargoed  =  Strat-vaga,  140 
Ystrad  Yw,  its  original  aitoation, 

82-84 
Ystum,  Mynydd,  261 


Zones  of  Neolithic  Remains,  Three 

26 
Zousche,  Lord  William  la,  162 


387 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Surrey  of  Clegyr  Voia  Bock    • 

Removal  of  the  Cross  of  Htyd,  Llantwit  Major : 
Shored-up  for  Removal     • 
In  process  of  Removal 
Being  taken  out  of  the  Ground     • 
Old  Western  Church  where  Cross  now  stands 
Section,  showing  Cross  before  Removal    . 
Plan,  showing  Human  Remains  beneath  the  Cross 
View  of  Cist  beneath  the  Cross     . 
View  of  Hole  where  the  Cross  stood 

Montgomeryshire  Screens  and  Rood-Lofts 

The  Hermitage  of  Theodorio  : 

Map  of  Lands  given  to  the  Monks  of  Clairvaux 

Ridge  and  Flat  Green-Glazed  Tiles 

Elevation  and  Plan 

Roof-Tiles  of  Pennant  Stone 

Base  of  Pillar  and  Key  found  in  the  Ruins 

The  Holy- Water  Stoup     . 

The  Chapel  of  Cryke  (Crugwallt) 

East  and  West  Windows  of  the  Chapel  of  Cryki 

wallt)  .... 

Interior  of  the  Chapel  of  Cryke  (Crugwallt) 

Erect  Cross-Slab  of  Moridic  at  Llanhamlach    . 


PAOB 

6,7 

56 
57 
68 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 

94-117 

122 
123 
124 
125 
126 
127 
128 


(CruK 
129 


l;30 
131 

172 


Erect  Cross-Slab  of  Briamail  at  Llandefailog-fach       .  .     175 

Objects  of  interest  seen  during  Brecon  Meeting  (15  Plates)   176, 1 77 
Encaustic  Tile  Pavement  in  St.  David's  Cathedral  177-179 

Pr^Norman  Cross-Base  at  Llangefelacht  Plan  and  Sections   182-187 


388  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAGE 

Crogs-Base  at  Llangefelach  (Two  Plates)        .  .  184,  186 

Perforated  Stone  Axe-Hammers  and  Tims  foand  in   Pemb- 

brokeshire  .....  224-236 

Stone  Axe-Hammers  found  in  Denmark  (Two  Plates)  234, 235 

Ground  Plan  of  Llan^jrurig  Church  (Plate)       .  .240 

Llangurig  Church,  Montgomeryshire  (Two  Plates)      .  242,  246 

Plan  of  Aberystwith  Castle      .             .                          .  .274 

Bronze  Spear-Head  found  at  Tregaron,  Cardiganshire  278 

Pre-Norman  Cross-Slab  at  St  Israael's,  Pembrokeshire  .     278 

Plan  of  MuriauV  dre  in  Nant  Gwynen              .             .  .283 

Wooden  Figures  found  at  Strata  Florida,  Cardiganshire  .     285 

Inscription  in  Pwllcrochan  Church,  Pembrokeshire     .  286,  287 

Inscribed  Stone  at  Llysdingwyn,  Carnarvonshire  (Plate)  .     288 

Old  Sword  and  Cannon-Ball  found  at  Rhyd  Llydan,  Radnor- 
shire (Plate)  .  .  .  .  .  .288 

Sculptured   Capitals  in  St.    Mary's  Church,  Haverfordwest 

(Four  Plates)        ......     290 

Stone  with  Incised  Cro^  at  Ystafell-Pach,  Brecknockshire  294 

Gileston  Church  :  South  Door  (Plate)  .  .         340,  342 

GHleston  Church  :  Coats  of  Arms  on  South  Door        .  .341 

St.  Brychan,  fiom  Stained- Glass  Window  in  Church  of  St.  Neot, 

Cornwall  ......     369 


London: 

nUKTB»  AT  TBI  WKDfOtD  PKBM,  20  AKB  21«  BISIOKMVRT,  W.C 


INDEX 


OF 


ARCH^OLOGICAL 
PAPERS 

PUBLISHED 

IN 
I9OI 


[being  the  eleventh  issue  of  the  series  and  completing  thk 

INDEX   FOR  'the   PERIOD    1891-1901] 


Compiled  by 
GEORGE  LAURENCE   GOMME,  F.S.A 


PUBLISHED   BY 

ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  &  COMPANY  Ltd 

2  WHITEHALL  GARDENS,   WESTMINSTER 

UNDER    THE    DIRECTION    OF    THE     CONGRESS     OF 

ARCHiEOLOGICAL   SOCIETIES    IN   UNION   WITH 

THE   SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES 

1902 


Butler  &  Tanner, 

The  Sblwood  Printing  Works, 

Frome,  and  London. 


CONTENTS 


[ITioM  Transetctiom  marked  with  an  aaterisk*  are  for  the  first  time  included 
in  the  indeXf  the  others  are  continuations  from  the  indexes  of  1891-98. 
Transactions  included  for  the  first  time  are  indeoces  from  1891  onvoards.] 


Anthropological  Institute,  Journal,  N.S.  vol.  iii.  pt.  2 ;  iv.  pts.  1  and  2. 

Antiquaries,  London,  Proceedings  of  the  Society,  2nd  S.  vol.  xviii.  pt.  2. 

Antiquaries,  Ireland,  Proceedings  of  Boyal  Society  of,  5th  S.  vol.  xi.  pts.  1-3. 

Antiquaries,  Scotland,  Proceedings  of  the  Society,  vol.  xxxv. 

Archseologia,  voL  Ivii  pt.  2. 

Archffiologia  Cantiana,  voL  xxv. 

Archffiologia  ^liana,  vol.  xxiii.  pt.  1. 

Arcbseologia  Gambrensis,  6th  ser.  vol.  i. 

Archseologica]  Journal,  vol.  Iviii. 

Associated  Architectural  Societies,  Transactions,  vol.  xxv.  pt.  2. 

Berks,  Bucks,  and  Oxfordshire  Archeaological  Journal,  vol.  vL  pt.  4,  and  vii. 

pts.  1,  2,  8. 
Biblical  Archfieology,  Society  of,  Transactions,  vol.  xxiii. 
Bristol  and  Gloucestershire  Archadological  Society,  Transactions,  vol.  xxiii. 
British  Archseological  Association,  Journal,  N.S.,  vol.  vii. 
Buckinghamshire,  Becords  of,  vol.  viii.  pt.  4. 
Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society,  Transactions,  vol.  x.  pts.  1,  2. 
Cornwall,  Boyal  Institute  of,  Proceedings,  vol.  xiv.  pt.  2. 
Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  Archaeological  Society,  Transactions,  N.S. 

vol.  L 
Devonshire  Association,  Transactions,  vol.  xxxiii. 
East  Herts  Archaeological  Society,  Transactions,  vol.  L  pt.  8. 
East  Biding  Antiquarian  Society,  Transactions,  vol.  viii. 
Essex  Aroh»ological  Society,  Transactions,  N.S.  vol.  viii.  pts.  2  and  8. 

8 


4  GONTBNTS 

Folklore,  Proceedings  of  the  Folklore  Society,  toI.  xii. 

Gaelic  Society  of  Inverness,  voL  xx.  xxi.  xxiL 

Glasgow  Arch»ologioal  Society,  Transactions,  NJ3.,  voL  iv.  pt.  2. 

Hampetead  Antiquarian  and  Historical  Society,  1900. 

Hellenic  Studies,  Journal  of,  vol.  zx.  and  xxi. 

Huguenot  Society,  Transactions,  vol.  vi.  pt.  8. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Antiquarian  Society,  Transactions,  voL  xvL 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Historic  Society,  Transactions,  4th  ser.  vol.  xvi. 

Leicestershire  Architectural  and  Archaeological  Society,  Transactions,  vol. 

ix.  pt.  2. 
Monumental  Brass  Society,  Transactions,  vol.  iv.  pts.  8  and  4. 
Numismatic  Chronicle,  4th  ser.  vol.  L 
Boyal  Historical  Society,  Transactions,  N.S.  vol.  xv. 
Boyal  Irish  Academy,  Transactions,  8rd  ser.  vol.  vi.  pts.  2, 8. 
Boyal  Society  of  Literature,  Transactions,  vol.  xxiL  and  xxiii  pt.  1. 
St.  Paul's  EcclesiologicaJ  Society,  Transactions,  vol.  v.  pt  1. 
Shropshire  Archseological  and  Natural  History  Society,  Transactions,  2nd 

S.  vol.  xii.  pt.  8 ;  8rd  ser.  vol.  i.  pts.  1, 2,  8. 
Somersetshire  Archaeological  and  Natiiral  History  Society,  Transactions,  vol. 

xlvii. 
Suffolk  Archaeological  Institute,  vol.  xi.  pt.  1. 
Surrey  Archaeological  Society,  Collections,  vol.  xvi. 
Sussex  Archaeological  Collections,  vol.  xliiL  and  xliv. 
Thoresby  Society,  vol.  x.  pt.  8,  and  xi.  pt.  L 
Wiltshire  Archaeological  Journal,  voL  xxxL  pts.  8  and  4. 
Yorkshire  Archaeological  and  Topographical  Journal,  voL  xvi  pt.  8. 


NOTE 

This  Index  was  began  under  the  auspices  of  the  Congress  of  Archseological 
Societies  in  union  with  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.  Its  success  being  assured 
the  Congress  have  placed  it  in  the  hands  of  the  publishers  to  continue 
yearly. 

The  value  of  the  Index  to  aroheeologists  is  now  recognised.  Every  effort 
is  made  to  keep  its  contents  up  to  date  and  continuous,  but  it  is  obvious  that 
the  difficulties  are  great  unless  the  assistance  of  the  societies  is  obtained.  If 
for  any  reason  the  papers  of  a  society  are  not  indexed  in  the  year  to  which 
they  properly  belong,  the  plan  is  to  include  them  in  the  following  year ;  and 
whenever  the  papers  of  societies  are  brought  into  the  Index  for  the  first  time 
they  are  then  indexed  from  the  year  1891. 

By  this  plan  it  will  be  seen  that  the  year  1891  is  treated  as  the  commenc- 
ing year  for  the  Index,  and  that  all  transactions  published  in  and  since 
that  year  will  find  their  place  in  the  series. 

To  make  this  work  complete  an  index  of  the  transactions  from  the  begin- 
ning of  archaeological  societies  down  to  the  year  1890  is  needed.  This  work 
is  now  going  through  the  press. 

Societies  will  greatly  oblige  by  communicating  any  omissions  or  sugges- 
tions to  the  editor,  Laubbncb  Gommb,  F.S.A.,  24,  Dorset  Square,  London,  N.W. 

Single  copies  of  the  yearly  Index  from  1891  may  be  obtained.  The 
subscription  list  for  the  complete  Index  up  to  1891  is  still  open,  and  intending 
subscribers  should  apply  at  once  to  Messrs.  Abchibald  Cohstablb  &  Co.  Many 
of  the  Societies  in  union  with  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  take  a  sufficient 
number  of  copies  of  the  yearly  Index  to  issue  with  their  transactions  to 
each  of  their  members.  The  more  this  plan  is  extended  the  less  will  be  the 
cost  of  the  Index  to  each  society. 


INDEX   OF  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PAPERS 
PUBLISHED  IN    1901 

Abbrcrombt  (Hon.  John).    Notice  of  the  discovery  of  urns,  at  the 

Hill  of  Colsh,  New  Deer,  Aberdeenshire.    80c.  Antiq,  Scot  xxxv. 

26S-266. 
Adams  (Maxwell).    An  index  to  the  printed  literature  relating  to 

the  antiquities,  history,  and  topography  of  Exeter.    Dev.  Assoc, 

xxxiii.  270-308. 
Adamson  (Horatio  A.).  Tynemouth  priory  to  the  dissolution  in  1539 

with  notes  of  Tynemouth  castle.     Arch,  .^iana,  xxiii.  22-42. 
Addy  (S.  0.).    Head  of  a  corpse  between  the  thighs.     Folklore^  xii 

101-102. 
The  mill  of  the  twelve  apostles.    Folklore^  xii.  218. 

Garland  day  at  Castleton.     Folklore^  xii.  394-428. 

Alford  (Rev.  D.  P.).    Alfred  at  Athielny.      Somersetshire   Arch, 

Soc.  xlvii.  71-79. 
Allen  (J.  Romilly).      Two  Kelto-Roman  finds  in  Wales.     Arch, 
Comb.  6th  S.  i.  20-44. 

Some  carved  wooden  spoons  made  in  Wales.    Arch,  Carrib, 

6th  S.  i.  166-172. 

The  early  Christian  monuments  of  Zona ;  with  some  sug- 


gestions for  their  better  preservation.     Soc  Antiq,  Scot,  xxxv. 
79-93. 

The  early  Christian  monuments  of  the  Glasgow  district. 


Glasgow  Arch,  Soc,  N.S.  iv.  394-406. 
Ameby  (P.  F.  S.).  Eighteenth  report  of  the  committee  on  Devonshire 

folklore.    Dev.  Assoc,  xxxiii.  123-128. 
Anderson  (Joseph).     Notices  of  nine  brochs  along  the  Caithness 

coast  from  Keiss  Bay  to  Skirza  Head,  excavated  by  Sir  Francis 

Tress  Barry,  Bart.,  of  Keiss  Castle,  Caithness.    Soc,  Antiq,  Scot, 

xxxv.  112-148. 
Notice  of  a  hoard  of  bronze  implements,  and  ornaments, 

and  buttons  of  jet  found  at  Migdale,  on  the  estate  of  Skibo, 

7 


8  TNDKX    OF   ARCH-fiOLOGICAL   PAPEBS 

Sutherland,  exhibited  to  the  society  by  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie  of 
Skibo.     8oc,  Antiq,  Scot  xxxv.  266-275. 

Anderson  (Joseph).  Notice  of  the  pottery,  bronze,  and  other  objects 
found  at  the  Roman  station  of  Camelon,  near  Falkirk,  Stirling- 
shire, excavated  by  the  society  in  1900.  Soc.  Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv. 
380417. 

Anderson  (J.  G.  C).    Pontica.     Hellenic  StvdieSj  xx.  151-158. 

A  new  Hittite  inscription.     Hellenic  Studies,  xxi.  322- 

324. 

Andrew    (Samuel).      The    Roman  camp  at    Gastleshaw  and  the 

antiquities  of  the  Saddleworth  district.     Lane,  and    Chesh. 

Antiq.  Soc.  xvi.  83-101. 
Andrew  (W.  J.).    A  numismatic  history  of  the  reign  of  Henry  I. 

Num.  Chron.  4th  S.  i.  1-515. 
Andrews  (R.  T.).    Ancient  buildings  at  Ware.    East  Herts  Arch. 

Soc.  i.  265-272. 
Andrews  (R.  T.)  and  W.  B.  Gerish.     The  leper  hospital,  Hoddes- 

don.     East  Herts  Arch.  Soc.  i.  299-303. 
ANDRfi  (J.   Lewis).     Female  head-dresses  exemplified  by  Surrey 

brasses.     Surrey  Arch.  Soc.  xvi.  35-54. 

Chapel  attached  to  an  inn.     Surrey  Arch.  Soc.  xvi.  250. 

Two  farm  houses  at  Wamham.     Sussex  Arch.  Coll.  xliiL 

44-50. 

Halnaker  house.     Sussex  Arch.  Coll.  xliiL  201-213. 

Fonts  in  Sussex  churches.     Sussex  Arch.  CoU.  xliv.  28- 


44,  211. 
Arnold  (Rev.  F.  H.).    Extracts  from  the  churchwardens'  accounts 

of  St.  Peter's  the  Less,  Chichester.    Sussex  Arch.  CoU.  xliv. 

167-177. 
AsHBY  (Thomas)  and  A.  T.  Martin.      Excavations  at  Caerwent, 

Monmouthshire,  on  the  site  of  the  Roman  city  of  Venta  Silurum, 

in  1899  and  1900.     Arch.  Ivii.  295-310. 
AsHTON  ( W.  G.).    The  Japanese  Gohei  and  Ainu  Inaa  Anthrop.  Inst. 

N.S.  iv.  131-136. 
AsTLEY   (Rev.  H.  J.   Dukinfield).    Medi»val  Colchester;    town, 

castle  and  abbey,  from  MSS.  in  the  British  museum.     Essex 

Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viU.  117-138. 
Two    Norfolk    villages.     Brit.    Arch.    Assoc.    N.S.  vii 

103-142. 
Some    resemblances  between    the  religious  and    magical 

ideas  of  modern  savage  peoples  and  those  of  the  pre-historic 


INDEX   OF   ABCHiBOLOGIOAL  PAPERS  9 

non-Celtic  races  of  Europe.    Brit.  Arch,  Assoc,    N.S.  vii.  227-257. 
Atchley  (E.  G.  Cuthbert).    Some  doonments  relating  to  the  parish 
church  of  All  Saints,  Bristol.    Arch,  Journ.  Iviii.  147-181. 

Some  notes  on  harvest  thanksgivings  and  certain  other 

votive  offices.    8t  PauVs  Eccles,  Soc,  v.  68-76. 

Atkinson  (T.  D.).    The  seals  of  the  commonalty  and  of  the  mayor 

of  Cambridge.     Cambridge  Antiq,  Soc,  x.  12S-128. 
Attree  (Lieut.-Col.  F.  W.  T.).    Notes  on  the  family  of  Chaloner  of 

Cuckfield.    Sussex  Arch,  CoU.  xliv.  116-139. 
AuDEN  (H.  M.).    Dedications  to  Celtic  saints.    Shropshire  Arch,  Soc, 

3rd  S.  i.  284r-286. 
AuDEN  (Miss)  and  W.  K.  Boyd.     Inventories  of  the  church  goods  of 

Shropshire  temp,  Edward  VI.     Shropshire  Arch,  Soc,  2nd  S.  xii. 

299-^56. 
AuDEN  (Rev.  T.).    The  rebellion  of  Eobert  de  Belesme.    Shropshire 

Arch,  Soc.  3rd  S.  i.  107-118. 

Where  was  Fethanleag.     Shropshire  Arch,  Soc,  3rd  S.  i. 

147-149,  282. 

Austin  (Stanley).  St.  Lawrence's  church,  Wormley.  E(Mt  Herts 
Arch,  Soc,  i.  317-320. 

AwDRY  (H.).  A  new  historical  aspect  of  the  Pylos  and  Sphacteria 
incidents.    Hellenic  Studies j  xx.  14-19. 

Axon  (William  E.  A.).  Etienne  Dolet,  the  martyr  of  the  renais- 
sance.   Roy,  Soc,  Liter,  xxii.  211-229. 

The  machinery  of  the  "  Bape  of  the  Lock  "  :  Pope,  Villars 

and  Borri.     Roy,  Soc,  Liter,  xxii.  231-238. 

Baddeley  (St.  Clair).    A  brief  account  of  the  stained  and  painted 

16th  and  17th  century  glass  at  Toddington  house.     Bristol  and 

Olouc,  Arch.  Soc,  xxiii.  162-192. 
The  holy  blood  of  Hayles.     Bristol  and  Olouc,  Arch,  Soc, 

xxiii.  276-284. 
Baildon  (W.  Paley).    The  family  of  Leathley  or  Lelay.     Thoresby 

Soc.  xi.  1-36. 
Ball  (Francis  Elrington).    Loughlinstown  and  its  history.    Roy, 

Soc,  Antiq,  Ireland,  5th  S.  xi.  68-84. 
The  Castle  of  Carrickmines  and  its  history.     Roy,  Soc, 

Antiq.  Ireland,  5th  S.  xi.  195-203. 
Ball  (T.  Stanley).    Church  plate  in  Manchester  Cathedral  and  the 

parish  churches  of  Preston  and  Lymm.     Lane,  and  Chesh.  Hist, 

Soc.  N.S.  xvi.  93-110. 


10  INDEX  OF  ARCHiBOLOOIOAL  PAPBB8 

BARiNG-Gk)ULD  (Rev.  S.).  A  catalogue  of  saints  connected  with 
Cornwall,  with  an  epitome  of  their  lives  and  list  of  chorcheB  and 
chapels  dedicated  to  them.    Boy.  Inst,  ComtcaU,  xiv.  260-313. 

Seventh  report  of  the  Dartmoor  exploration  c(»nmittee. 

Dev.  Assoc,  xxxiii.  129-138. 

Barker  (W.  E.).  Part  of  a  late  Celtic  bronse  collar  found  at 
Llandyssil,  Cardiganshire.     Arch,  Camb,  6th  S.  i.  83-84. 

Remains  of  a  Roman  villa  discovered  at  Brislington,  Bris- 
tol, December,  1899.  Bristol  and  Olouc.  Arch.  Soc.  xxiiL  289- 
308. 

Barnes  (Henrt,  M.D.).    On  Roman  medicine  and  Roman  medical 

practitioners.     Cumb.  and  Westm.  Arch.  Soc.,  N.S.  i.  52-74. 
Barnes  (Dr.  H.)  and  Sir  William  Turner.    On  the  bones  from 

Grayson-lands  tumulus,  Q-lassonby.     Cumb.  and  Westm.  Arch. 

Soc.  N.S.  i.  300-302. 
Barrow-in-Furness    (Bishop    of).      Bishop    Nicolson's    diaries. 

Cumb.  and  Westm.  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  i.  1-61. 
Bates  (Rev.  E.  H.).     An  inventory  of  church  plate  in  Somerset. 

Somerset.  Arch.  Soc.  xlvii.  149-174 
Bax  (Alfred  Ridley).     Preparations  by  the  county  of  Surrey  to 

resist  the  Spanish  Armada.     Surrey  Arch.  Soc.  xvi.  137-167, 

249-260. 
Beaumont  (G.  F.).    Nevenden  church.    Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N£.  viiL 

231-233. 
South  Bemfleet  church.      Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viiL  236- 

238. 
Bellairs  (Colonel).    Roman  roads  in  Leicestershire.    Brit.  Arch. 

Assoc.  N.S.  vii.  269-275. 
Berry   (Henry  F.).    The  Goldsmiths'  Company  of  Dublin.    Boy. 

Soc.  Antiq.  Ireland,  6th  S.  xi.  119-133. 
Bevan  (E.  R.).    a  note  on  Antiochos  Epiphanes.    Hellenic  Studies^ 

XX.  26-30. 
Bingham  (Rev.  W.  P.  S.).    Modus  for  the  parish  of  Kenton  con- 
firmed at  the  castle  of  Exeter,  a.d.  1606.    Dev.  Assoc,  xxxiii. 

632-534. 
BooER  (James  J.  C).    The  play  acted  by  the  Tipteers  at  West 

Wittering,  Chichester.     Sussex  Arch.  CoU.  xliv.  178-183. 
BoissiER  (Alfred).    Documents  Assyriens  relatifs  k  la  magie.    Soc. 

Bibl.  Arch.  xxiiL  114-131. 
Bolton  (William).     The  poet  Cowper  and  his  surroundings.    Boy. 

Soc.  Liter,  xxii.  133-164. 


INDEX  OP  ABCHJBOLOaiOAL  PAPBRS  11 

B08ANQUBT  (R.  C).    ArchsBology  in  Greece,  1899-1900,  1900-1901. 

Hellenic  Studies,  xx.  167-181 ;  xxi.  334r-362. 
Bourse  (Ven.  Archdeacon  Cecil.  F.  J.).    Notes  on  place-name 

endings  in  Bucks.     Records  Bucks,  viii.  327-341. 
Bower  (Rev.  Canon).      On  a  brass  found  in  Arthuret    church. 

Cumb.  and  Westm,  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  i.  114-115. 
Boyle  (David).    The  paganism  of  the  civilized  Iroquois  of  Ontario. 

Anthrop.  Inst.  N.S.  iii.  263-274. 
BoYSON  (Ambrose  P.).    On  some  encaustic  tiles  and  other  objects 

recently  discovered  at  Lewes  priory.    Sussex  Arch.  Coll.  xliii. 

214-219. 
Bradbrook  (William).    Armorial  ceiling  at  Fenny  Stratford  church. 

Records  Bv^cks,  viii.  374-402. 
Braitmaier  (Madi).     Cutting  oflf  the  head  of  a  corpse.     Folklore, 

xii.  214. 
Brakspear  (Harold).    The  church  of  Hayles  Abbey.     Arch.  Journ. 

Ivui.  350-357. 
Breach  (Wilijam  Powell).     Wm.  Holland,  alderman  of  Cuckfield, 

and  the  Steyning  Grammar  School.     Sussex  Arch.  Coll.  xliii. 

59-83. 
Breasted  (James  Henry).    The  Wadi  Haifa  Stela  of  Senwosret  I. 

Soc.  Bib.  Arch,  xxiii.  230-235. 

Varia.     Soc.  Bib.  Arch,  xxiii.  236-243. 

Brent  '(Francis).    On  the  occurrence  of  flint  flakes  and  small  stone 

implements  in  Cornwall.    Roy.  Inst.  Cornwall,  xiv.  417-419. 
Brereton  (R.  p.).     Remarks  on  some  characteristics  of  the  north 

Northamptonshire  churches.     Archil.  Soc.  xxv.  602-618. 
Brook  (Alexander  J.  S.).    Notice   of  a  bracket  timepiece  which 

belonged  to  Archbishop  Sharp,  and  other  articles  bequeathed  to 

the  Society  by  Miss  MacLaurin ;  and  also  of  three  timepieces  in 

the  University  Library,  St.  Andrews.     Soc.  Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv. 

418-430. 
Brooke    (Sir  Thomas).     Castle  Hill,  Almondbury.      Yorks  Arch. 

Journ.  xvi.  241-247. 
Brooking-Rowe  (J.).     Twenty-second  report  of  the  committee  on 

scientific  memoranda :   numismatics,  archaeology.     Dev.  Assoc. 

xxxiii.  113-116. 
Tenth  report  of  the  committee   on   Devonshire  records. 

Dev.  Assoc,  xxxiii.  139-186. 
Brooks  (E.  W.)  Arabic  lists  of  the  Byzantine  Themes.    Hellenic 

Studies,  X2d.  67-77. 


12  INDBX   OF   ABXmMOUOQICAJj  PAPBBS 

Bbown  (J.  A.).    Hospice  of  the  Knights  Hospitallers  at  Standon. 

East  Herts  Arch.  Soc.  i.  289^291. 
Brown  (Robert,  Junr.).    A  Greek  circle  of  late  times  showing 

Euphratean  influence.     Soc,  Bib.  Arch,  zziii.  255-257. 
Brown    (William).     An  eighteenth   centniy  absolntion.      Yorks 

Arch.  Journ.  xvi.  256-257. 
Brownb  (Charles  B.).    Ethnography  of  Cama  and  Mweenish  in  the 

parish  of  Moymss,  Gonnemara.     Boy.  Irish  Acad.  3rd  S.  yi. 

503-534. 
Browne  (Dominick).    Inscription  on  tomb  of  the  Moore  Family  of 

Brize  Castle,  Mayo.    Boy.  Soc.  Antiq.  Ireland,  5th  S.  xi.  88. 
Browning  (Oscar).    John  Keats.    Boy.  Soc.  Liter,  xxii.  239-263. 
Brunskill  (Bev.  J.).    Ormshed  and  its  church.    Cumb.  and  Westm. 

Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  i.  155-166. 
Brushfeeld  (T.  N.,  M.D.).      The  financial  diary  of  a  citizen  of 

Exeter  1631-43.    Dev.  Assoc,  xxxiii.  187-269. 
Brtdall  (Robert).     Notices  of  an  inscribed  sepulchral  slab  at 

Ardchattan  priory ;  and  of  three  carved  slabs  at  Taynuilt,  Ar- 
gyllshire.   Soc.  Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv.  94r-97. 
Notes    on  Scottish  costume    in    the    fifteenth    century. 

Glasgow  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  iv.  226-261. 
Buchanan  (Mungo).    Description  of  the  plans  and  sections  of  the 

Eoman  station  of  Oamelon,  near  Falkirk,  Stirlingshire,  excavated 

by  the  Society  in  1900.    Soc.  Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv.  350-379. 
Buckinghamshire  notes.      Mon.  Brass  Soc.  iv.  165-176. 
BuiCK  (Bjev.  G.  R.).    Report  on  the  ogams  recently  discovered  near 

Connor,  co.  Antrim.     Boy.  Irish  Acad.  3rd  S.  vi.  265-271. 
Bullock-Hall  (W.  H.).    On  the  Icknield  Way.    Cambridge  Antiq. 

Soc.  X.  69-82. 
BuRNE    (Charlotte    S.).      Blacksmiths'  festival.      Folklore^  xiL 

217-218. 

Customs  relating  to  iron.    Folklore,  joL  474-475. 

Butler  (Alfred  J.).    On  the  identity  of  "  Al  Mukaukis  "  of  E^ypt 

Soc.  Bill.  Arch,  xxiii.  275-290. 

Caldeoott  (J.  Barton).  Insignia  and  plate  of  the  Hertford  cor- 
poration.   East  Herts  Arch.  Soc.  i.  353-361. 

Coin  of  Decentius  found  at  Welwyn.     East  Herts  Arch. 

Soc.  i.  364. 

Calvert  (E.).  Will  of  William  Fitzherberd  of  Tong,  1451.  Shrop- 
shire Arch.  Soc.  3id  S.  i.  407-409. 


INDBX  OF   ABOHAOLOGIOAL   PAPEB8  13 

Gambridoeshibb  brasses.    Mon.  Brass  8oc.  iv.  176-182. 

Cameron  (Mabt  Lovett).    A  survival  o£  tree  worship.     Folklore^ 

xii.  45&-4B6. 
Cameron    (Rev.    C.    Lovett).    Mortimer  in  olden  time.     Berks, 

Bticks,  and  Oxon  Arch,  Journ,  N.S.  vii.  71-78. 
Campbell  (Duncan).    Giraldus  Cambrensis.     Gaelic  Soc,  Inverness, 

XX.  151-167. 
The  exchequer  rolls  of  Scotland.     Oaelic  Soc.  Inverness, 

xxii.  210-233. 
Caret  (Edith  F.).    The  bumble-bee  in  magic.    Folklore,  xii.  103. 
Carrington  (W.   a.).     The    early    lords  of  Belvoir.      Brit  Arch. 

Assoc.  N.S.  vii.  299-326. 
Carson    (Katherine).     Customs  relating  to  iron.     Folklore,  xii. 

473-474. 
Chadwick  (Edward  Marion).    The  armiger!    Arch.  Journ.  Iviii. 

306-321. 
Chadwiok  (S.  J.).      Kirklees  priory.      Torks  Arch.  Journ.  xvi. 

319-368. 
Chambrier  (Baronne  Alexandre  de).     Projet  de  Colonisation  en 

Irelande  par  les  r6fugi6s  franijais,  1692-1693.    Huguenot  Soc. 

vi.  369-432. 
Chervin  (Dr.).    The  power  of  speech.    Folklore,  xii.  353. 
Cheshire  (Frederic  J.).     Rainbow  magic.     Folklore,  xii.  479- 

480. 
Christison  (Dr.  David).    Excavation  of  earthworks  adjoining  the 

Roman  road  between  Ardoch  and  Dupplin,  Perthshire.     Soc. 

Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv.  16-43. 
History  and  general  description  of  the  Roman  station  of 

Camelon,  near  Falkirk,  Stirlingshire,  excavated  by  the  Society 

in  1900.    Soc.  Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv.  329-360. 

and    Joseph   Anderson.     Excavations   of   the  Roman 


camp  at  Lyne,  Peeblesshire,  undertaken  by  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries of  Scotland  in  1901,  with  notes  on  the  relics.  Soc. 
Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv.  164-186. 

Christy  Miller).  Discovery  of  Roman  coins  at  Little  Waltham. 
Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viii.  229-230. 

and  W.  W.  Portbous.    Some  interesting  Essex  brasses. 

Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viii.  249-286. 

Church  (Rev.  C.  M.).  Notes  on  the  buildings,  books,  and  benefac- 
tors of  the  library  of  the  dean  and  chapter  of  the  cathedral 
church  of  Wells.    Arch.  Ivii.  201-228. 


14  IKDBX  OF   ABOHiBOLOaiOAL   PAPERS 

Clark  (J.  W.).  On  the  Vatican  library  of  Sixtus  IV.  Camib,  Antiq. 
Soc.  X.  11-61. 

Clark  (Prop.  E.  C).  On  an  alleged  law  of  Noma.  Proc.  Soc, 
Antiq.  2nd  S.  xviii.  392-409. 

Clark  (Rev.  J.  G.).  On  a  denarina  of  the  Emperor  Plotina. 
Camb,  Antiq.  Soc.  x.  9-10. 

Clarke  (Somers).  Report  from  Egypt.  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  2nd  S. 
xviii.  326-330. 

Close  (Rev.  Maxwell  H.).  Hipparchus  and  the  precession  of  the 
equinoxes.    Roy.  Irish  Acad.  3rd  S.  vi.  460-456. 

Remarks  on  a  cosmographical  tractate  in  the  Irish  lan- 
guage in  the  library  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy.  Boy.  Irish 
Acad.  3rd  S.  vi.  467-464. 

Cocks  (Alfred  Heneaoe).  The  intramural  monuments  of  Turville 
church.     Records' Bucks,  viii.  360-373.  \ 

Coffey  (George).  Irish  copper  celts.  Anthrop.  Inst.  N.S.  iv. 
265-279. 

Cole  (R.  E.  G.).  Notes  on  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  the  deanery 
of  Graffoe  during  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries. 
Archit.  Soc.  xxv.  263-309. 

Coleman  (I.  J.).  Note  on  a  bronze  spearhead  of  unusual  size  found 
near  Croydon.    Proc  Soc.  Antiq.  2nd  S.  xviii.  362-363. 

Coleman  (Prebendary).  The  prebend  and  prebendaries  of  War- 
minster alias  LuxviU  in  the  cathedral  church  of  Wells. 
Somerset  Arch.  Soc.  xlvii.  189-216, 

Coleridge  (Christabel).  Whitsuntide  fate  and  mock  burials, 
Folklore,  xii.  361-352. 

Coles  (Fred  R.).  Report  of  the  stone  circles  of  the  north-east  of 
Scotland,  Inverurie  district,  obtained  under  the  Gunning 
fellowship,  with  measured  plans  and  drawings.  Soc.  Antiq. 
Scot.  XXXV.  187-248. 

Collier  (Rev.  C.  V.).  Gleanings  from  Old  Burlington.  East  Rid- 
ing Antiq.  Soc.  viii.  36-39. 

CoLUNGWooD  (W.  G.).  Excavation  of  the  tumulus  at  Glassonby 
near  Kirkoswald,  Cumberland ;  pre-Norman  cross-shaft  at  Great 
Clifton,  near  Workington;  two  minor  pre-Norman  fragments. 
Proc.  Antiq.  Soc.  2nd  S.  xviii.  321-326. 

Pre-Norman  cross  fragment  from  Glassonby.     Cumb.  and 

Westm.  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  i.  289-291. 

Fragments  of  an  early   cross    at    the    abbey,    Carlisle. 


Cumb.  and  Westm.  Arch.  Soc.  N^.  i.  292-294. 


INDEX   OF    ABOHiBOLOaiOAL   PAPERS  15 

Ck)LLiNGW00D  (W.  Gt.).  Tumulus  at  (Jraysonlands,  Gkssonby,  Cum- 
berland.   Cumb.  and  Westm,  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  i.  296-299. 

CoMPTON  (C.  H.).  The  abbey  of  St.  Mary  de  Pratis,  Leicester. 
Brit  Arch  Assoc.  N.S.  vii.  98-102. 

CoNTBEARE  (Frbd  C).  The  paganism  of  the  ancient  Prussians. 
Folklore,  xii.  293-302. 

Cook  (A.  B.).    lostephanos.     Hellenic  Studies,  xx.  1-13. 

Cooke  (John).    Irish  burial  custom.    Folklore,  xii.  104. 

Cooke  (Richard).  Nineteenth  century  restorations  at  Stockbury 
church.     Arch.  Cant.  xxv.  244r-260. 

Cooper  (Rev.  Canon  J.  H.).  Cuckfield  families.  Sussex  Arch. 
CoU.  xliii.  1-43,  279-280. 

Pre-reformation  vicars  of  Cuckfield.     Sussex  Arch.  Coll. 

xliii.  51-68 ;  xHv.  9-27,  208. 

A  Chichester  psalter.     Sussex    Arch.    Soc.    xliii.    280- 


281. 
—  Some  notes  on  the  life  of  Saint  Richard  of  Chichester. 


Sussex  Arch.  Coll.  xliv.  184-203. 

MSS.  relating  to  the  see  of  Chichester  in  Corpus  Christi 


College  Library,  Cambridge.  Sussex  Arch.  Coll.  xliv.  208- 
209. 

Cooper  (Rev.  T.  S.).  The  church  plate  of  Surrey.  Surrey  Arch. 
Soc.  xvi.  197-246. 

Cope  (Mrs.  J.  H.).  Index  to  Berkshire  marriage  registers.  Berks, 
Bucks,  and  Qxon  Arch.  Journ.  N.S.  vii.  26-27,  51-54. 

Corbett  (John  Stuart).  Llantrissant  castle.  Arch.  Camb.  6th 
S.  i.  1-7. 

The  Van.    Arch.  Camb.  6th  S.  i.  8-11. 

Castell-y-Mynach.     Arch.  Camb.  6th  S.  i.  12-13. 

Corner  (W.).  On  the  ruins  and  remains  at  Mitla,  state  of  Oaxaca, 
Mexico.     Cambridge  Antiq.  Soc.  x.  62-63. 

C06GRAVE  (E.  MaoDowel).  "  Swift's  house,"  Dorset  Street.  Roy. 
Soc.  Antiq.  Ireland,  8th  S.  xi.  86-87. 

Cotton  (Charles).  The  church  of  St.  John  the  baptist,  Margate. 
Arch.  Cant.  xxv.  64-74. 

Cotton  (R.  W.).  Ford  and  its  associations.  Dev.  Assoc,  xxxiii. 
693-713. 

CowPER  (H.  SwAiNSON).  An  early  settlement  in  Kentmere,  West- 
morland ;  primitive  quadrangular  structures ;  discoveries  of  the 
Roman  road  near  Ambleside ;  Roman  finds ;  a  sword  found  at 
Witherslack ;  Comer  hall  an  unnoticed  pele ;  an  oak  chest  from 


16  INDEX   OF   ABCHJBOLOGIGAli   PAPEBS 

Whalley ;  relics  of  the  1746  rebellion.    Proc,  8oc.  Antiq,  2iid  S. 
xviii.  266-276. 
CowpEB  (H.  SwAmsoN).    Cawmire  or  Comer  hall.   Cumb.  and  Westm, 
Arch.  Soc,  N.S.  i.  119-128. 

Primitive  qnadrangolar  structures  ;  the  sod  hut,  an  archaic 

survival.     Cumb,  and  Westm,  Arch,  Soc,  N.S.  i.  12^143. 

Cozens  (William).  Notes  on  the  Roman  occupation  of  Little  Wit- 
tenham,  Oxon.  Berks,  BiLcks,  and  Oxon  Arch.  Joum.  N.S. 
vi.  122. 

Cox  (Rev.  J.  Charles,  LL.D.).  The  parish  churches  of  Northamp- 
tonshire, illustrated  by  wills  temp.  Henry  Vm.  Arch.  Joum. 
Iviii.  lia-182. 

Croft  (Ricjhard  B.).  A  note  on  the  Ermine  Street  East  Herts 
Arch.  Soc.  i.  260-264. 

Croffon  (Rev.  W.  D'A.).  Standon.  East  Herts  Arch.  Soc.  i. 
27a-288. 

Cropper  (James).  Kentmere  hall.  Cumb.  and  Westm.  Arch.  Soc. 
N.S.  i.  280-284. 

Crowfoot  (J.  W.).  Some  portraits  of  the  Flavian  age.  Hellenic 
Studies,  XX.  31-43. 

The  Lions  of  Kybele.    Hellenic  Studies,  xx.  118-127. 

Survivals  among  the  Eappadokian  Kizilbash.     Anthrop. 

Inst,  N.S.  iii.  305-320. 

Crump  (Rev.  J.  A.).    Trephining  in  the  South  Seas.    Anthrop.  Inst. 

N.S.  iv.  167-172. 
CuRRAN  (M.  B.).    The  correspondence  of  an  English  diplomatic  agent 

in  Paris,  1669-1677.    Boy.  Hist^Soc,  N.S.  xv.  131-160. 
CuRWEN  (John  F,).    Some  notes  respecting  Kentmere  hall.     Cumb, 

and  Westm,  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  i.  286-288. 
CusT  (Lionel  H.).    Notes  on  a  plaster  head  and  bronze  medallion  of 

Sir  Thomas  Lovell,  K.G.   Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  2nd  S.  xviii.  280-284. 

Dalton  (0.  M.).  Note  on  some  bronze  vessels  from  Spain  with 
Christian  inscriptions  of  the  Visigoth  period.  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq. 
2nd  S.  xviii.  362-366. 

Note  on  a  Byzantine  cameo  with  a  remarkable  type  of  the 

annunciation.     Proc,  Soc.  Antiq.  2nd  S.  xviii.  366-370. 

The  gilded  glasses  of  the  catacombs.    Arch.  Joum.  Iviii. 


226-263. 

Davet  (Samuel).    The  study  of  familiar  letters  as  an  aid  to  history 
and  biography.    Boy.  Soc.  Liter.  2nd  ser.  xxii.  1-31. 


INDEX   OP  AR0H.«OLOGI0AIi   PAPERS  17 

Davey  (Samuel).    The   letters  of   Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu. 

Roy,  Soc.  Liter,  2nd  ser.  xxii.  265-298. 
The  letters  and  prose  writings  of  Eoberfc  Bums.     Roy  Soc 

Liter,  2nd  S.  xxiii.  19-41. 
Da  vies  (Rev.  J.  Silvester).    The  manor  and  church  of  Great  Chal- 

field.     Bristol  and  Glouc.  Arch.  Soc.  xxiii.  193-261. 
Da  VIES  (W.).     Notes  on  Kingsbridge  documents,  etc.     Dev,  Assoc 

xxxiii.  651-656. 
Davis  (Cecil  T.).    Zoology  on  brasses  chieHy  from  Gloucestershire 

examples.     Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  N.S.  vii.  189-204. 
Dawkins  (Prof.  Boyd).     On  the  cairn  and  sepulchral  cave  at  Gop, 

near  Prestatyn.     Arch.  Journ.  Iviii.  322-341. 
Dawson  (Charles).    The  service  of  the  barons  of  the  cinque  ports 

at   the  coronation   of   the  kings   and   queens  of  England  and 

the  presidency   of   Hastings   port.      Sussex  Arch,   Coll    xliv 

45-54. 
■—  Note  on  two  objects  of  the  bronze  age  found  in  Sussex. 

Proc,  Soc.  Antiq.  2nd  S.  xviii.  409-411. 
Dean  (John).    The  ancient  lords  of  Middleton.     Lane,  and  Chesh, 

Antiq.  Soc.  xvi.  102-133. 
Delattre  (A.  J.).     Quelques  lettres  Assyriennes.     Soc,  Bibl,  Arch. 

xxiii.  50-71,  331-359. 
Dickinson  (Eev.  F.  B.).    The  early  register  of  the  parish  of  Fen 

Ottery,  1596-1680.     Dev.  Assoc,  ixxiii.  336-362. 
DiTCHPiELD  (Eev.  P.  H.).     History  of  Faringdon.     Berks   Bucks 

and  Oxon.  Arch,  Journ,  N.S.  vii.  78-82. 
Drew  (Sir  Thomas).    Discoveries  at  St.  Patrick's  cathedral.    Roy. 

Soc,  Antiq,  Ireland,  5th  S.  xi.  293-296. 
Drinkwater  (Rev.   C.   H.),     A  fourteenth  century  roll  of  names 

preserved  among  the  Shrewsbury  gild  merchant  rolls.     Shrop- 
shire Arch,  Soc,  3rd  S.  i.  119-124. 
Two  Shrewsbury  burgess  rolls  temp,  Henry  III.     Shrop- 
shire Arch.  Soc,  3rd  S.  i.  125-134. 
A  glossary  of  some  difficult  or  obsolete  words  found  in  the 

first  series.     Shropshire  Arch,  Soc,  3rd  S.  i.  373-406. 
Drummond  (R.  J.,  M.D.).     The  rice  harvest  in  Ceylon.     Folklore 

xii.  457-458.  ' 

Duncan    (James    Dalrymple).       The    chateau    of    St.    Fargeau. 

Olasgoto  Arch,  Soc,  N.S.  iv.  406-439. 
DuTT  (  Professor  Romesh).   Ramayana :  the  odyssey  of  ancient  India. 

Roy.  Soc,  Liter,  xxii.  95-132. 


18  INDEX  OF   ABOHJBOLOOIGAL  PAPBBS 

Dymond  (C.  W.).    The  Roman  fort  on  Hardknott.    Cumb,  and  Westm. 
Arch.  Soc,  N.S.  i.  3(^-306. 

Edmonds  (C.  D.).    The  tumulus  of  Pil&f-Tep^.    Hellenic  Studies^ 

XX.  20-25. 
Edwards  (John).      The  temple   barony  of   Maryculter.     Olasgow 

Arch,  Soc.  N.S.  iv.  195-206. 
Elliot  (E.  A.  S.).    On  some  earthworks  in  the  South  Hams  |HX)bably 

concerned  in  the  Irishmen's  raid  and  others  in  the  immediate 

neighbourhood  belonging  to  Judhel  de  Totnais.     Dev.  Assoc. 

xxxiii.  475-483. 
Ellis   (Frederick).     An   ancient  bronze  figure   from   Aust  Cliff, 

Gloucestershire.     Bristol  and  Olouc,  Arch,  Soc,  xxiii.  3^-325. 
Elworthy  (F.  T.).     On  the  needle  and  thread  at  Langford  Budville. 

Somersetshire  Arch,  Soc.  xlvii.  138-148. 
Emslie  (J.  P.).     Weathercocks.     Folklore,  xii.  99-100. 
Erskine-Risk  (Rev.  J.).      Apprenticeship  indentures  from  Stock- 

leigh-English  parish  chest.     Dev.  Assoc,  xxxiii.  484-494. 
Evans  (A.  J.).     Mycenaean  Cyprus  as   illustrated  in  the  British 

museum  excavations.     Anthrop.  Inst,  N.S.  iii.  199-220. 
Mycenaean  tree  and  pillar  cult  and  its  Mediterranean  re- 
lations.    Hellenic  StvdieSj  xxi.  99-204. 
Evans  (Lewis).    On  a  portable  sundial  of  gilt  brass  made  for  Cardinal 

Wolsey.     Arch.  Ivii.  331-334. 

F.  (R.).     Tiptree  priory  and  the  coronation.     Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N.S. 

viii.  334-335. 
Fahey  (Very  Rev.  Jerome).     Some  antiquities  in  the  neighbourhood 

of    Oranmore  and  Kilcolgan,  co.    Galway.      Boy.  Soc.  Antiq, 

Ireland,  5th  S.  xi.  228-235. 
The  shrines  of  Inis-an-Ghoill,  Lough  Corrib.     Roy.  Soc. 

Antiq,  Ireland,  5th  S.  xi.  236-245. 
Fairbank    (F.    R.).      The  velum  quadragesimale,  or  lenten  veil. 

Archit.  Soc.  xxv.  545-548. 
Falkiner  (C.  Lttfon).    The  Phosnix  park,  its  origin  and  early  his- 
tory, with  some  notices  of  its  royal  and  vice-regal  residences. 

Roy.  Irish  Acad.  3rd  S.  vi.  465-488. 
Fallow  (T.  M.).    Note  on  the  finding  of  a  fragment  of  a  monumfintal 

effigy  of  a  knight  at  Ormesby,  Yorkshire.     Proc.  Soc.  Antiq. 

2nd  S.  xviii.  232-233. 
Farrer  (E.).    Bell  lore.    Folklore,  xii.  480. 


INDEX   OF   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   PAPERS  19 

Farbeb  (William).  Notes  on  the  Domesday  survey  of  the  land  be- 
tween Ribble  and  Mersey.     Lane,  and  Chesh.  Antiq,  Soc.  xvi. 

Fergusson  (Charles).  Sketches  of  the  early  history,  legends  and 
traditions  of  Strathardle  and  its  glens.  Gaelic  Soc.  Inverness^ 
XX.  248-274 ;  xxi.  69-106,  326-368. 

Ffrench  (J.  F.  M.).  Ryland  castle.  Roy.  Soc.  Antiq.  Ireland^ 
5th  S.  xi.  87-88. 

Inscription  at  Crosspatrick.     Roy.  Soc.  Antiq.  Ireland^ 

5th  S.  xi.  296-297. 

PiRTH  (C.  H.).  The  later  history  of  the  Ironsides.  Roy.  Hist.  Soc. 
N.S.  XV.  1-46. 

Fletcher  (Rev.  W.  G.  D.).  The  churchwardens*  accounts  of 
Uffington,  1627-1693.  Shropshire  Arch.  Soc.  2nd  S.  xii.  357- 
369. 

Some  petitions  to  the  bailiffs  of  Shrewsbury.     Shropshire 

Arch.  Soc.  3rd  S.  i.  135-146. 

Institutions  of  Shropshire  incumbents.     Shropshire  Arch. 

Soc.  3rd  S.  i.  257-266. 

Discovery  of  a  leaden  bulla  at  Haughmond  abbey,  Shrop- 
shire Arch.  Soc.  3rd  S.  i.  283-284. 

Shropshire  recusants  temp.  Elizabeth.    Shropshire  Arch, 

Soc.  3rd  S.  i.  412-413. 

FoAT  (F.  W,  G.).      On  old  Greek  tachygraphy.     Hellenic  Studies, 

xxi.  238-267. 
Forbes  (S.  Russell).    The  regia.    Arch.  Journ.  Iviii.  133-146. 
Ford  (John  Rawlinson).    Plan  of  Leeds,  1806.      Thoresby  Soc.  xi. 

130-136. 
Forsyth  (W.  A.).    An  account  of  the  church  of  St.  Mary  at  Tur- 

ville,  Bucks,  and  of  its  recent  restoration  and  enlargement.    Re- 
cords BtickSj  viii.  342-359. 
Foster  (Rev.  A.  F.).    A  tour  through  Buckinghamshire.     Berks, 

Bticks,  and  Oxon.  Arch.  Journ.  N.S.  vii.  47-50,  83-89. 
Foster  (Rev.  C.  W.).      Institutions  to  benefices  in  the  diocese  of 

Lincoln,  1547-1670;  calendar  No.  iv.  Nos.  832-1327.    Archit. 

Soc.  XXV.  459-644. 
Foster  (R.  H.).    Some  notes  on  Hadrian's  wall.    Brit.  Arch.  Assoc. 

N.S.  vii.  69-75. 
Fowler  (Rev.  Canon  J.  T.).    Note  on  the  inscribed  west  doorway 

of  Yarburgh  church,  Lincolnshire,     Proc,  Soc,  Antiq,  2iid  S. 

xviii.  228-230, 


20  INDEX    OF    ARCHiBOLOGICAL   PAPEBS 

Fox   (F.  F.).     Roods  and   rood-lofts.      Bristol  and   Olouc.    Arch. 

Soc.  xxiii.  79-94  . 
Fox  (George  E.)  and  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope.    Excavations  on  the 

site  of  the  Roman  city  at  Silchester,  Hants,  in  1900.    Arch.  Ivii. 

229-251. 
Frampton  (Rev.  T.  Shipdem).     St.  Mary's  church,  Minster,  Isle  of 

Thanet :  list  of  vicars.     Arch.  Cant.  xxv.  97-112. 
The  chantry  of  John   Denys  in  Ickham  church.     Arch. 

Cant.  xxv.  207-221. 
Fraser-Mackintosh  (Charles).    Minor  Highland  families.     Gaelic 

Soc.  Inverness,  xx.  29-47;    xxi.   10-21,  289-306;    xxii.  140- 

152. 
Frazer  (J.  G.).     New  year  customs  in  Herefordshire.     Folklore,  xii. 

349-351. 
Fry  (Edward  Alexander).     On  the  inquisitiones  post  mortem  for 

Somerset,  from  Henry  VII.  to  Charles  I.  (1485-1649).     Somer- 
setshire Arch.  Soc.  xlvii.  1-122. 
Fry  (Edward  W.).    Roman  remains  foxmd  at  Walmer,  Kent.    Brit. 

Arch.  Assoc.  N.S.  vii.  258-262. 
Fryer  (Alfred  C).    A  group  of  transitional-Norman  fonts,    Brit. 

Arch.  Assoc.  N.S.  vii.  215-218. 
Furtwangler    (A.).      Ancient  sculptures    at    Chat8wcn1;h    house. 

Hellenic  Studies,  xxi.  209-228. 

Gardner  (Ernest).    The  Greek  house.    Hellenic  Studies,  xxi.  29^ 

305. 
Gardner  (Percy).    A  new  Pandora  vase.     Hellenic  Studies,  xxi. 

1-9. 
Garnett  (Dr.  Richard).    Dickens's  "old  curiosity  shop"  and  Parlia- 
ment hill.     Hampstead  Antiq.  and  Hist.  Soc.  1900,  85-92. 
Garson  (J.  G.).     The  metric  system  of  identification  of  criminals. 

Anthrop.  Inst.  N.S.  iii.  161-198. 
Garstang  (John).     On  some  features  of  Roman  military  defensive 

works.     Lane,  and  Chesh.  Hist.  Soc.  N.S.  xvi.  111-126. 
On  the  Rigodunum  of  Ptolemy.     Lane,  and  Chesh.  Hist. 

Soc.  N.S.  xvi.  217-220. 
Gaster  (M.).     King  Solomon  and  the  blacksmith.      Folklore,  xii. 

475-476. 
Gatty  (Rev.  Reginald  A.).     Notes  on  a  collection  of  very  minute 

flint   implements  from   Scunthorpe,   Lincolnshire.     Soc.  Antiq. 

Scot.  XXXV.  98-101. 


INDEX   OF   ARCafiOLOGICAL    PAPERS  21 

Gerish  (W.  B.).     Roman  tile  and  fibula^  and  coin  of  Elizabeth  found 

at  Hoddesdon.     East  Herts  Arch,  Soc.  i.  363-364. 
Thirteenth  century  padlock  found  at  Welwyn.    East  Herts 

Arch,  Soc,  i.  365. 
Roydon  whipping-posts  and   stocks.      Essex   Arch,  Soc, 

N.S.  viii.  230. 

A  Hertfordshire  St.   George.      Folklore,  xii.  303-307. 

Gibson  (Mrs.).     On   two  Hebrew  documents  of  the  eleventh   and 

twelfth  centuries.     Cambridge  Antiq,  Soc,  x.  1-5. 
Glynne  (Sir  Stephen  R.,  Bart.).    Notes  on  the  older  churches  in 

the  four  Welsh  dioceses.      Arch,   Carrib,  6th   S.   i.    133-147, 

245-278. 
Gk)LDNEY  (F.  B.).    Antiquities  of  the  bronze,   Roman   and   Saxon 

periods,  found  near  Canterbury.     Proc,  Soc,  Antiq,  2nd  S.  xviii. 

279-280. 
Goodrich-Freer  (Miss).     Second  sight  in  the  Highlands.     Gaelic 

Soc,  Inverness  J  xxi.  105-115. 
GoiOfE    (Alice   B.).     A  Berwickshire   kirn-dolly.       Folklore,   xii. 

215-216. 
GoTCH  (J.  A.).     Wollaton  and  Hard  wick  halls.     Arch,  Journ,  Iviii. 

•     435-442, 46a-470. 
Kirby  Muxloe  castle.     Brit.  Arch,  Assoc,  N.S.  vii.  149- 

156. 
Gould  (I.  Chalkley).     Early  defensive  earthworks.     Brit,  Arch. 

Assoc.  N.S.  vii.  15-38. 
• Notes  on  Groby  hall  and  castle.    Brit,  Arch,  Assoc,  N.S. 

vii.  54r-56. 
Wallbury  camp.  Great  Hallingbury.       Essex  Arch,  Soc. 

N.S.  viii.  139-140. 
Great  Easton  mount.      Essex  Arch.  Soc,  N.S.  viii.  324- 


326. 

Stukeley's  "temple"  at  Navestock.      Essex  Arch.   Soc. 


N.S.  viii.  327-328. 
Latton  Hill  mound,  Harlow.    Essex  Arch.  Soc,  N.S.  viii. 


239-241. 
Gk)ULDiNG  (Rev.  W.).    Martin  Lister,  M.D.,  F.R.S.   Archit,  Soc,  xxv. 

329-370. 
GtowERS  (Sir  W.  R.,  M.D.).     The  flint-work  in^pription  on  Blyth- 

burgh  church.     Suffolk  Inst,  Arch,  xi.  51-58. 
GowLAND   (WiLiiiAM).      The  early  metallurgy  of  silver  and  lead: 

Arch,  Ivii.  359-422. 


22  INDEX    OF   AROH.BOLOGIOAI1   PAPERS 

Grainger  (Francis).    The  Chambers  family  of  Raby  Cote.     Cumb. 

and  Westm,  Arch.  Soc,  N.S.  i.  194-232. 
Gray  (H.  St.  George).    A  memoir  of  General  Pitt-Rivers.     Somer- 
setshire Arch.  Soc.  xlvii.  123-137. 
Bronze  sword  found  on  Pitney  moor,  Somerset.     Somerset- 

shire  Arch.  Soc,  xlvii.  230-233. 
Gray  (J.).     Cephalometric   instruments  and    cephalograms.      An- 

throp.  Inst.  N.S.  iv.  111-116. 
Measurements  of  Papuan  skulls.      Anthrop.  Inst.  N.S.  iv. 

261-264. 
Green  (Emanuel).   Nottingham  castle.    Arch.  Journ.  Iviii.  365-397. 
Green  (Rev.  E.  K.).      Lawford  church.     Essex  Arch.  Soc.   N.S. 

viii.  286-291. 
Greswell  (Rev.  W.).    Ancient  Dumnonia.      Somersetshire  Arch. 

Soc.  xlvii.  176-188. 
Griffith   (F.  Ll.).     Notes    on  demotic  philology:    the  Khamwas 

stories.     Soc.  Bibl.  Arch,  xxiii.  16-18. 
Chronological  value  of  Egyptian  words  found  in  the  Bible. 

Soc.  Bibl.  Arch,  xxiii.  72-78. 

The  Fraser  scarabs.     Soc.  Bibl.  Arch,  xxiii.  137^139. 

A  sale  of  land  in  the  reign  of  Philopator.     Soc.  Bibl.  Arch. 


xxiii.  294-302. 
Grove  (Florence).    Horses'  heads.    Folklore^  xii.  348-349. 

Haddon  (A.  C).     A  classification  of  the  stone  clubs  of  British  New 

Guinea.     Anthrop.  Inst.  N.S.  iii.  221-250. 
Hall   (Hamilton).      Gundrada  de  Warenne:    a  legend.       Yorks 

Arch.  Journ.  xvi.  305-318. 
Stigund,  Bishop  of  Chichester,  a  note  of  the  date  at  which 

the  seat  of  the  Sussex  diocese  was  removed  from  Selaey  to 

Chichester.     Sussex  Arch.  Coll.  xliii.  88-104. 
Halliday  (George  E.).      Lych  gates  in  the  diocese  of  Llandaff. 

Arch.  Camb.  6th  S.  i.  149-151. 
Hardy  (W.  J.).       Hampstead  church  house.      Hampstead  Antiq. 

and  Hist.  Soc.  1900,  94-96. 
Harley  (John,   M.D.).      An    early   burial   place    at    Pulborough. 

Sussex  Arch.  Coll.  xliii.  84-87. 
Harrison    (Jane    E.).      Pandora's    box.      Hellenic   Studies^    X2c 

99-114. 
Hartland    (E.    Sidney).       Presidential    address  to    the    folklore 

society.     Folklore,  xiL  15-40. 


IKDBX   OF    ABCHiBOLOGIGAL   PAPERS  23 

Habtland  (E.  Sydney).     Husband  and  wife  story.     Folklore^  xii. 

213. 
Hartopp  (Henry).     The  parish  registers  of  Ratby,  co.  Leicester, 

1695-1710.     Assoc,  Archit  Soc,  xxv.  405-418. 
The  parish  registers  of  Hough ton-on- the-Hill,  co.  Leicester, 

A.D.  1582-1639.     Assoc.  Archit  8oc.  xxv.  419-430. 
Some  unpublished  documents  relating  to  Noseley,  co.  Lei- 
cester.    Assoc.  Archit.  Sac.  xxv.  431-458. 
Leicestershire    wills    and    administrations.      Ijcicesters. 

Architect.  Soc.  ix.  73-108. 
Hartshorns  (Albert).    Notes  on   the  monumental  effigy  of  Sir 

Oliver  de  Cervington  in  Whatley  church,  Somerset.     Proc.  Soc. 

Antiq.  2nd  S.  xviii.  389-392. 
Haverfield  {¥,).    Excavations  at  Chesters  in   September,   1900. 

Arch,  ^lianaj  xxiii.  9-21. 
Report  of  the  Cumberland  excavation  committee.     Cunib, 

a. id  Westm.  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  i.  75-92. 
On  a  hoard  of  Roman  coins  found  near  Eastbourne.   Sussex 

Arch.  Coll.  xliv.  1-8. 
Hawkesbury  (Lord).    The  heraldry  on  the  gateway  at  Kirkham 

abbey.     East  Hiding  Antiq.  Soc.  viii.  1-9. 
Hawtrey  (Seymour  H.  C).     The  Lengua  Indians  of  the  Para- 
guayan Chaco.     Anthrop.  Inst.  N.S.  iv.  280-299. 
Herries  (Lord).    The  constable  of  Elamborough.      East  Riding 

Antiq.  Soc.  viii.  51-69. 
Hervey  (Rev.  Sydenham  A.  H.).    Ickworth.    Suffolk  Inst.  Arch. 

xi.  65-68. 
HiGGiNS  (T.  W.  E.).     Blacksmiths'  festival.      Folklore,  xii.  344- 

346. 
Hill   (Rev.   A.   D.).      Some  ancient    carved    stones  in  Calverton 

church,  Notts.     Arch.  Journ.  Iviii.  459-461. 
Hodgson  (Mrs.).    On  some  surviving  fairies.     Cuinb.  and  Westm, 

Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  i.  116-118. 
Hodgson  (Rev.  J.  F.)    On  low  side  windows.    Arch,  .^iana,  xxiii. 

43-200. 
Hodgson  (T.  H.).    Note  on  armorial  stones  at  Raby  Cote.     Cumb, 

and  Westm.  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  i.  232-234. 
HoDSON  (T.  C).    The  native  tribes  of   Manipur.     Anthrop.   Inst. 

N.S.  iv.  300-309. 
Hogarth  (D.  G.)  and  F.  B.  Welch.    Primitive  painted  pottery  in 

Crete.     Hellenic  Studies,  xxi.  78-98. 


24  INDBX  OF  ARCHJSOLOGICAL  PAPBB8 

HoLLis  (A.   C).     Notes  on   the  history    of  Vumha,  East  Africa. 

Anthrop.  Inst.  N.S.  iii.  275-298. 
Hope-Edwardes   (E.    C).      Sequestration    papers  of    Sir  Thomas 

Edwardes,  Baronet.     Shropshire  Arch.  Soc.  3rd  S.  i.  321-372. 
Hope  (W.  H.  St.  John).      Excavations  at  Warter  priory.     East 

Riding  Antiq.  Soc,  viii.  40-60. 
—  Watton  priory,  Yorkshire.     East  Riding  Antiq.  Soc.  viii. 

70-107. 
Excavations  at    St.  Austin's    abbey,    Canterbury  :    the 

chapel  of  St.  Pancras.     Arch.  Cant.  xxv.  222-237. 
Boxgrove  church  and  monastery.     Sussex  Arch.  Coll.  xliii. 

168-165. 
The  arms  of  Colchester  and  Nottingham.     Arch.  Journ. 

Iviii.  398^01. 
The  Gilbertine  priory  of  Watton  in  the  East  Biding  of 

Yorkshire.     Arch.  Journ.  Iviii.  1-34. 
Hope  (W.  H.  St.  John)  and  George  E.  Fox.     Excavations  on  the 

site  of  the  Roman  city  at  Silchester,  Hants,  in  1900.     Arch. 

Ivii.  229-251. 
Hose  (Charles)  and  W.  McDougall.    The  relations  between  men 

and  animals  in  Sarawak.     Anthrop.  Inst.  N.S.  iv.  173-213. 
Howard  (Eliot).    Colchester  bays,  says  and  perpetuanas.     Essex 

Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viii.  223-226. 
Howorth  (Daniel  F.).    The  coinage  of  the  Isle  of  Man.      Lane. 

and  Chesh.  Antiq.  Soc.  xvi.  68-74. 
Howorth  (Sir  Henry  H.).      Some  unconventional  views  on  the 

text  of  the  Bible.     Soc.  Bibl.  Arch,  xxiii.  147-159,  305-330. 
HuDD  (Alfred  E.).     Notes  on  the  animal  and  other  remains  found 

in  the  excavations  at  Caerwent,   Monmouthshire,   1899-1900. 

Arch.  Ivii.  311-316. 
Note  on   a  discovery  of   bronze   implements  at  Coombe 

Dingle,  Westbury-upon-Trym.     Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  2nd  S.  xviii. 

237-240. 
Hudson  (Rev.  William).    The  manor  of  Eastbourne,  its  early  his- 
tory, with  'some  notes  about  the  honours  of  Mortain  and  Aquila. 

Essex  Arch.  Coll.  xHii.  166-200. 
Hughes  (Harold),    Ynys  Seiriol.     Arch.  Catnb.  6th  S.  i.  85-108. 
The  architectural  history  of  the  cathedral  church  of  St. 

Deiniol,  Bangor.     Arch.  Cainb.  6th  S.  i.  179-204. 
Hughes  (T.  M'Kenny).    Amber.     Arch.  Journ.  Iviii.  35-46. 
.  On  the  natural  forms  which  have  suggested  some  of  the 


INDEX   OF   AROHiEOLOGIOAL   PAPERS  25 

commonest  implements  of  stone,  bone  and  wood.    Arch,  Journ, 

Iviii.  199-213. 
Hughes  (T.  M^Kenny).    On  excavations  at  Hunstanton.    Proc.  Soc. 

Antiq.  2nd  S.  xviii.  310-321. 
On    a   tumulus   in   Buckenham  fields,   Norfolk,  explored 

August,  1900,  by  Lord  Amherst  of  Hackney.     Brit,  Arch.  Assoc. 

N.S.  vii.  183-188. 
Hughes  (T.  Cann).     Discoveries  at  Bleasdale,  Lancashire.     Brit, 

Arch.  Assoc.  N.S.  vii.  171-172. 
Hull  (Eleanor).     Old  Irish  tabus,  or  geasa.     Folklore^  xii.  41-66. 
The  silver  bough  in  Irish    legend.      Folklore^  xii.  431- 

445. 
HussEY  (Arthur).     Visitations  of  the  Archdeacon  of  Canterbury. 

Arch.  Cant.  xxv.  11-66. 
HuTCHESON  (Alexander).    Notice  of  the  discovery  of   a  series  of 

cairns  and  cists,  and  urns  of  the  bronze  age,  at  Battle  Law, 

Naughton,  Fifeshire,  the  property  of  Mrs.  C.  H.  A.  Anstruther 

Duncan.     Soc.  Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv.  301-309. 
HuTTON  (Rev.  F.  R.  C).     Witherslack  church  and  manor.     Cumb. 

ajid  Westm.  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  i  186-193. 
Hyde  (Henry  Barry).    The  Denchworth  missal.     Bei*ks,  Bticks, 

and  Oxon.  Arch.  Journ.  N.S.  vii.  5^-62. 

Im  Thurn  (Everard  F.).  Games  of  the  red  men  of  Guiana.  Folk- 
lore, xii.  132-161. 

Irvine  (Wm.  Fergusson).  Lancashire  hearth  taxes.  Lane,  and 
Chesh.  Hist.  Soc.  N.S.  xvi.  127-138. 

The  origin  of  the  Irelands  of  Hale.    Lane,  and  Chesh.  Hist. 

Soc.  N.S.  xvi.  139-146. 

James  (Dr.).  On  two  series  of  paintings  formerly  at  Worcester 
priory.     Carrib.  Antiq.  Soc.  x.  99-115. 

On  the  sculptures  on  the  south  portal  of  the  abbey  church 

of  Malmesbury.     Camb.  Antiq.  Soc.  x.  136-147. 

Sculptures  at  Lincoln  cathedral.     Camb.  Antiq.  Soc,  x. 

14a-152. 

James'(F.  v.).     Leeds  castle.     Arch.  Cant.  xxv.  pp.  xlix.-liii. 

Janvier  (Catharine  A.).  Vine-grafting  in  southern  France.  Folk- 
lore, xii.  194-197. 

Jensen  (Rev.  0.).  The  "  denarius  sancti  Petri "  in  England.  Boy. 
Hist,  Soc.  N.S.  XV.  171-247. 


26  INDEX   OF    A.RCH«0L0<3HCAL    PAPERS 

Jewers  (Arthur  J.).    The  churches  of  Colyton  and  Shute  and  the 

Pole  monuments  there.     Dev.  Assoc,  xxxiii.  714-741. 
Jewitt  (W.  Henry).    Custom  in  the  building   trade.      FoUdarej 

xii.  104. 
Johnston  (M.  F.).     Whitsuntide  fate  and  mock  burials.    Folklore, 

xii.  361. 
Johnston  (Philip  Mainwaring).    Hardham  church  and  its  early 

paintings.     Arch,  Journ.  Iviii.  62-92  ;   Sussex  Arch.  Coll.  xliv. 

73-115. 
Mural  paintings  in  Sussex  churches.     Sussex  Arch.  CoU. 

xliii.  220-251  ;  xUv.  204-206. 
Ford  and  its  church.     Sussex  Arch.  Coll.  xliii.  106-157  : 


xliv.  206-208. 

Note  on  an  early  map  of  Atherington  manor  with  some 

remarks  upon   the  ancient  chapel  attached    to  Bailie's  court, 
Sussex  Arch.  Coll.  xliv.  147-166. 

Send  church  and  the  chapel  of  Ripley.     Surrey  Arch.  Soc. 


xvi.  168-196. 
Johnston  (S\vift  P.).    Supposed  autograph  letter  of  Bishop  Berkeley 

in  the  library  of  Roy.  Irish  Acad.     Roy  Irish  Acad.  3rd  S.  vi. 

272-278. 
Jokes  (Lady).    Grateful  Fr^jus.    Folklore,  xii.  307-315. 
Jones  (L.   D.).    Notes  on  Yr  Eglwys  Wen  or  the  white  church 

[North  Wales.]     Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  N.S.  vii.  66-68. 
Jones  (Prof.  T.  Rupert).    History  of  the  Sarsens.    Berks,  Bucks, 

and  Oxon.  Arch.  Journ.  N.S.  vii.  54-59. 
Jones  (Rev.  G.  Hartwell).     Some  parallels  between  Celtic  and 

Indian  institutions.     Arch.  Camb.  6th  S.  i.  109-125. 
Jordan  (W.  F.  C).     The  adventures  of  the  Ann  of  the  port  of 

Exeter  1803  to  1806.     Dev.  Assoc,  xxxiii.  332-335. 
JossELYN  (Col.   J.  H.).      A  Suflfolk  captain  of  the  time  of  Queen 

Elizabeth.     Suffolk  Inst.  Arch.  xi.  47-49. 

Kabbadias  (P.).  The  recent  finds  oflf  Cythera.  Hellenic  Studies, 
xxi.  205-208. 

Kay  (Thomas).  Account  of  visit  to  the  Picts'  eirde,  or  earth- 
houses  of  Strathdon.  Lane,  and  Chesh.  Antiq.  Soc.  xvi.  177- 
179. 

Keary  (Alice  A.).  Whitsuntide  fate  and  mock  burials.  Folk- 
lore,  xii.  352. 

Kelly  (Richard  J.).    The  manor  courts  of  the  county  of  Gal  way, 


INDEX    OF    A RCHiEO LOGICAL    PAPERS  27 

their  jurisdiction.     Roy.  Soc.  Antiq,  Ireland^  5th  S.  xi.  297- 

298. 
Kempthorne  (Q.  a.).     The  devirs  highway  between  Bagshot  and 

Silchester.     BerkSj  Bticks,  and  Oxon.  Arch.  Journ.  N.S.  vii. 

74-77. 
Kennedy  (Eev.  John).    Arran  Gaelic  dialect.     Gaelic  Soc.  Inver- 
ness, XX.  126-141. 
Some  unpublished  Gaelic  ballads  from  the  Maclagan  MSS. 

Gaelic  Soc.  Inverness,  xxi.  214-229. 
Poems  from  the  Maclagan  MSS.     Gaelic  Soc.  Inverness, 

xxii.  168-192. 
Kenyon  (R.  Lloyd).    Manor  of  Euyton-of-the-eleven-towns.   Shrops. 

Arch.  Soc.  3rd  S.  i.  33-106,  213-250. 
Kent  Arch^ologioal  Society  :  descriptive  catalogue  of  documents 

belonging  to.     Arch.  Cant.  xxv.  256-298. 
Keyser  (C.  E.).     On  recently  discovered  mural  paintings   in  our 

English  churches.     Arch.  Journ.  Iviii.  47-61. 
KiDSON  (Frank).    The  air  "  Rowty  Tow."    Folklore,  xii.  429-430. 
King  (H.  W.)  and  Col.  Frank  Landon.    Brentwood  chapel.    Essex 

Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viii.  338-342. 
KiRBY  (T.  F.).     Charters  of  the  manor  of  Meonstoke.     Arch.  Ivii. 

285-294. 
Knowles  (W.  J.).     Fourth  report  on  the  prehistoric  remains  from 

the  sandhills  on  the  coast  of  Ireland.     Roy.  Irish  Acad.  3rd  S. 

vi.  331-389. 
Stirrups  used  by  Duke  of  Schomberg  at  the  battle  of  the 

Boyne.     Roy.  Soc.  Antiq.  Ireland,  5th  S.  xi.  181-182. 
Knox  (H.  T.).    The  early  tribes  of  Connaught.    Roy.  Soc.  Antiq. 

Ireland,  5th  S.  xi.  109-118. 
Identification  of  places  named  in  Tirechan's  collections. 

Roy.  Soc.  Antiq.  Ireland,  5th  S.  xi.  24r-39. 

Lach-Szyrma  (Rev.  W.  S.).    The  site  of  London  beyond  the  border 
a  thousand  years  ago.     Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  N.S.  vii.  39-46. 

Wycliflfe.    Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  N.S.  vii.  219-226. 

Chaucer,  as  illustrating   English  mediseval  life.     Brit . 

Arch.  Assoc.  N.S.  vii.  276-284. 

Lambert  (F.  A.  H.).     Notes  on  the  manor  and  parish  of  Wood- 

mansterne.     Surrey  Arch,  Soc.  xvi.  1-27. 
Lang  (A.).     Spectral  lights.    Folklore,  xii.  343-344. 
The  fire-walk  ceremouy  iu  Tahiti.     Folklore,  xii.  452-454. 


28  IKDEX  OF  ABCHJBOLOaiCAL  PAPEBS 

Langley  (S.  p.).     The   fire-walk  ceremony    in    Tahiti.     Folklore, 

xii.  44G-452. 
Latimer  (John).     Clifton  in  1746.     Bristol  and  Olouc.  Arch.  Soc. 

xxiii.  312-322. 
Latimer  (Rev.  William  T.).    The  old  session  book  of  Templepatrick 

Presbyterian  church,  co.    Antrim.     Roy.  Sac.  Antiq.  Ireland, 

5th  S.  xi.  162-175,  259-272. 

Discovery  of  relics  in  co.  Tyrone.     Hoy.  Soc,  Antiq.  Ir eland, 

5th  S.  xi.  29&-299. 

Layer  (Henry).  Bemfleetcamp.  i;««cj7  ^rc^. /Soc.  N.S.viii.  233-236. 

The  castle  of  Stansted  Montfitchet.     Essex  Arch.  Soc.  NJS. 

viii.  141-144. 

Lawlor  (Hugh  Jackson).    Primate  Usaher's  library  before  1641. 

Roy.  Irish  Acad.  3rd  S.  vL  216-264. 
Laws  (Edward).    Archspological  survey  of  Wales,  Pembrokeshire 

section.     Arch.  Camb.  6th  S.  i.  156-160. 
Lay  Subsidies,  co.  York,  West  Riding,  anno  1545.     Thoresby  Soc. 

xi.  101-129. 
La  YARD  (Ida  H.).     A  vanished  castle,  or  the  fortunes  of  the  Chateau 

de  Coutras.     Huguenot  Soc.  vi.  236-267. 

A    short    story    of    three  brothers.      Huguenot  Soc,  vL 

356-368. 

Leadman  (Alex.  D.  H.).    Five  East  Riding  churches :  Bumby, 

Nunbumholme,    Kilnwick   Percy,    Millington,    and    Gwendale 

Magna.     Yorks  Arch.  Joum.  xvi.  25&-304. 
Lega-Weekes  (Ethel).     Neighbours  of  North  Wyke.     Dev.  Assoc. 

xxxiii.  399-468. 
Lego  (J.   Wickham).     Some  local  reforms  of   the    divine    service 

attempted  on  the  continent  in  the  sixteenth  century.     St.  Baulks 

Eccles.  Soc.  V.  17-42. 
Legge  (F.).     The  names  of  demons  in  the  magic  papyri.     Soc.  Bibl. 

Arch,  xxiii.  41-49. 
Lemke  (E.).     Stone-catching  game.     Folklore,  xii.  106. 
Le  Strange  (Hamon).    On  excavations  at  Hunstanton.     Proc.  Soc. 

Antiq.  2nd  S.  xviii.  310. 
Lewis  (A.  L.).    The  stone  circles  of  Cornwall  and  of  Scotland.    Roy. 

Inst.  Cornwall,  xiv.  378-383. 
Lewis  (Prof.  Bunnell).    Roman   antiquities  in  south  G^ermany. 

Arch.  Joum.  Iviii.  254-304. 
Lighthall  (W.  D.).     Hiawatha  the  Great     Roy.  Soc.  Liter.  2Kd  S. 

xxiii.  1-18. 


INDEX   OF   AROH^OLOGICAL    PAPERS  29 

Linn  (Richard).  Extracts  from  the  diary  of  Lieutenant  David 
Thomas  Powell,  14th  Light  Dragoons,  1790-1795.  Roy,  Soc. 
Antiq.  Ireland^  5th  S.  xi.  65-67. 

Lloyd  (John  Maurice  Edward).  Wanten  or  Wanton  dyke,  with 
some  remarks  on  upper  and  lower  short  dykes.  Arch,  Cainb. 
6th  S.  i.  279-298. 

IjOtt  (W.  G.).  Report  on  the  painting  in  St.  Stephen's  church, 
Winsham,  Somerset.  Bristol  and  Glouc.  Arch.  Soc,  xxiii. 
94-95. 

LovETT  (E.).  The  ancient  and  modern  game  of  astragals.  Folk- 
lore, xii.  280-293. 

Lucas  (Geoffrey).  The  church  of  St.  Mary,  Hitchin.  East  Herts 
Arch.  Soc.  i.  225-252. 

LUMB  (G.  D.).     Leeds  parish  registers.     Thoresby  Soc.  x.  321-435. 

Testamenta  Leodiensia,  extracted  from  the  probate  registry 

at  York.     Thoresby  Soc,  xi.  37-68. 

Justice's  note-book  of  Captain  John  Pickering,  1656-60. 


Thoresby  Soc.  xi.  69-100. 
LuMBY  (J.  H.).     The  domesday  survey  of  south  Lancashire.     Lane. 

and  Chesh.  Hist.  Soc.  N.S.  xvi.  53-76. 
Lynam  (Charles).     St.   Nicholas   church,  Leicester.     Brit.  Arch. 

Assoc,  N.S.  vii.  285-298 ;  Leicesters,  Archit,  Soc,  ix.  126-138. 
Lyons  (Andrew  W.).     The  painted  ceiling  in  the  Montgomery  aisle 

of  the  old  church  at  Largs,  Ayrshire.     Soc,  Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv. 

109-111. 

MacBain  (Alex).    The  old  Gaelic  system  of  personal  names.    Gatdic 

Soc,  Inverness^  xx.  279-315. 
Mr.  Skene  versus  Dr.  Skene.     Gaelic  Soc,  Inverness,  xxi. 

191-214. 

Some  (Jaelic  words  and  etymologies.     Gaelic  Soc,  Inver- 


ness, xxi.  306-326. 
Early  Highland  personal  names.     Gaelic  Soc,  Inverness, 

xxii.  152-168. 
Macbean  (L.).     The  mission  of  the  Celt.      Gaelic  Soc,  Inverness, 

xxi.  56-69. 
MacDonald    (Alex).     Scraps  of  unpublished  poetry  and  folklore 

from  Glenmoriston.     Gaelic  Soc,  Inverness,  xxi.  22-36. 
MacDonald   (Rev.  D.  J.).      Jottings  legendary,  antiquarian   and 

topographical,  from  west  Kintyre.     Gaelic  Soc,  Inverness,  xx. 

58-66. 


30  INDEX   OK   ABCHJBOLOOICAL   PAPERS 

MacDonald  (Rev.  Jaices).    Fauns  and  fairies.     Oaelic  8oc.  Inver- 
ness^ xxi.  265-289. 
McDouGALL  (W.)  and  Charles  Hose.    The  relations  between  men 

and  animals  in  Sarawak.     Anthrop.  Inst,  N.S.  iv.  173-213. 
Mackay  (John).    Sutherland  place  names.     Gaelic  Soc.  Inverness, 

XX.  103-125,  316-332. 
Mackay  (Rev.  Neil).    The  influence  of  the  Norse  invasion  on  the 

language  and  literature  of  the  Scottish  Highlands.     Gaelic  Soc, 

Inverness  J  xx.  78-103. 
Mackenzie  (Alexander).    Mairi  Nighean  Alastair,  Rory  Mor's  cup 

and  horn  and  unpublished  Macleod  traditions.     Gaelic  Soc,  In- 

vernesSy  xxii.  43-67. 
Mackenzie  (Rev.  J.  B.).    Notice  of  two  stone  axes,  one  ornamented 

with  an  incised  interlaced  pattern^  found  at  B^lnahannait,  Loch 

Tay.     Soc.  Antiq,  Scot.  xxxv.  310-313. 
MacKinley  (William   E.  W.).     Memorandum   on   the   languages 

of  the  Philippines.     Arthrop.  Inst.  N.S.  iv.  214-218. 
Macleod  (Neil).    Beagan  DhuiJleag  bho  Sheann  Bhitrdachd  Eilean- 

a'-che6.     Gaelic  Soc.  Inverness^  xxi.  171-186. 
Macnamara  (Dr.  Geo.   U.).      Inchiquin,  co.  Clare.      Royal   Soc. 

Antiq.  Ireland,  6th  S.  xi.  204r-227. 
Macpherson  (Alex).     Gleanings  from  the  charter  chest  at  Cluny 

castle.     Gaelic  Soc.  Inverness,  xx.  201-248 ;  xxi.  391-452. 
Macritchie     (David).       Mound-dwellings    and    mound-dwellers. 

Glasgoxo  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  iv.  179-194. 
An  additional  note  on   St.  Patrick's    purgatory.       Roy. 

Soc.  Antiq.  Ireland,  5th  S.  xi.  85-86. 
Macrury  (Rev.  John).    Briathran  nan  daoine  'dh'  fhalbh.     Cfaeiic 

Soc.  Inverness,  xx.  141-151. 
Seana  Bheachdan  agus  Seana  Ghleachdaidhean.     Gaelic 

Soc.  Inverness,  xxi.  369-379 ;  xxii.  125-140, 
Maddock  (Rev.  Canon  H.  E.).    Court  rolls  of  Patrington  manors. 

East  Riding  Antiq.  Soc.  viii.  10-35. 
Malden  (H.  E.).    The  shell  keep  at  Ghiildford  castle.    Surrey  Arch. 

Soc.  xvi.  28-34. 
Manley  (Rev.  F.  H.).    Notes  on  the  history  of  Great  Somerf(»nd. 

Wilts  Arch,  and  Nat.  Hist.  Mag.  xxxi.  283-330. 
Manning  (Percy).      New  Ross  fair.      Roy.  Soc.  Antiq.  Ireland, 

5th  S.  xi.  179. 
March  (H.  Colley).     Customs  relating  to  iron.     Folklore,  xii.  340- 

341. 


INDEX   OF   ABCHJEOLOQICAL   PAPERS  31 

March  (H.  Colley).  Report  of  excavations  on  Eggardun,  Dorset- 
shire.   Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  2n(i  S.  xviii.  258-262. 

Martin  (Alfred  Trice).  The  Roman  road  on  Durdham  Down. 
Bristol  and  Olouc.  Arch.  Soc.  xxiii.  309-311. 

Martin  (A.  T.)  and  Thomas  Ashby.  Excavations  at  Caerwent, 
Monmouthshire,  on  the  site  of  the  Roman  city  of  Venta  Silurum, 
in  1899  and  1900.     Arch.  Ivii.  295-310. 

Martindale  (J.  A.).  An  ancient  British  village  in  Kentmere. 
Cumb.  and  Westm.  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  i.  175-185. 

Maurice  (C.  E.).  Abbe  Moral  and  the  Holly  Place  chapel.  Hamp- 
stead  Antiq.  and  Hint.  Soc.  1900,  32-40. 

May  (Thomas).  Excavations  on  the  site  of  the  Romano-British 
"civitas  "  at  Wilderspool  1899-1900.  iMnc.  and  Chesh.  Hist. 
Soc.  N.S.  xvi.  1-52. 

Medland  (M.  H.).  St.  Nicholas'  church,  Gloucester.  Bristol  and 
Glouc.  Arch.  Soc.  xxiii.  109-128. 

Merrick  (W.  Percy).     Blacksmiths'  festival.     Folklore,  xii.  34(>. 

Millard  (Walter).  The  church  of  St.  Marys,  Hitchin.  East 
Herts  Arch.  Soc.  i.  253-259. 

Mills  (James).  Peter  Lewys,  his  work  and  workmen.  Roy.  Soc. 
Antiq.  Ireland,  5th  S.  xi.  99-108. 

Mills  (Rev.  W.).  St.  Peter's  church,  Bennington.  East  Herts 
Arch.  Soc.  i.  347-351. 

Milne  (F.  A.).    Stone-catching  games.    Folklore,  xii.  215. 

Border  marriages     Folklore,  xii.  352. 

Milne  (J.  Q.).  Greek  inscriptions  from  Egypt.  Hellenic  Studies, 
xxi.  275-292. 

Minchin  (Rev.  H.  H.).  The  churches  of  Great  and  Little  Bromley. 
Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viii.  292-294. 

Mitchell  (Sir  Arthur).  The  Hanuca  lamp;  a  multiple  cruisie, 
eight  lights,  used  by  the  Jews  at  the  feast  of  the  dedication. 
Soc.  Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv.  254-257. 

A.  list  of  travels,  tours,  journeys,  voyages,  cruises,  excur- 
sions, wanderings,  rambles,  visits,  etc.,  relating  to  Scotland. 
Soc.  Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv.  431-638. 

Morgan  (Prof.  C.  Lloyd).  Burwalls  and  Stokeleigh  camps. 
Somerset  Arch.  Soc.  xlvii.  217-229. 

Morgan  (W.  Ll.).  Bronze  implements  found  at  Penwylt,  Breck- 
nockshire.    Arch.  Camb.  6th  S.  i.  162-164. 

MOENS  (W.  J.  C).  Recent  discoveries  in  Romsey  abbey  church, 
Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  2nd  S.  xviii.  246-249. 


32  INDEX   OF   ABCHiBOLOGICAL   PAPEKS 

MoiR  (J.  Paxtox).      Stone  implements  from  Tasmania.      Antkrop, 

Inst,  N.S.  iii.  267-262. 
Moore  (Courtenay).      Metal  stirrups  and  silver  cup.      Roy.  Soc. 

Antiq.  Ireland,  5th  S.  xi.  180-181. 
Morris  (Joseph).    The  provosts  and  bailiffs  of  Shrewsbury.    Shrops. 

Arch,  8oe.  3rd  S.  i.  1-^2,  153-184,  289-320. 
Munich  (C.  J.).     A  short  history  of  St.  Mary's,  Holly  Place.     Hamp- 

stead  Antiq.  and  Hist  Soc.  1900,  40-43. 
MuNRO  (J.  Arthur  R.).    Some  Pontic  milestones.    Hellenic  StudieSy 

XX.  159-166. 
—  Roads  in  Pontus,  royal    and  Roman.     Hellenic  Studies, 

xxi.  62-66. 
Gleanings    from    Mysia.      Hellenic    Studies,    xxi.    229- 

237. 
MuNRO  (Robert,  M.D.).     Isolated  finds  in  Scotland  ;  excavations  on 

Roman  stations;   hill  fort  near  Abemethy;  a  Romano-British 

crannog  at  Hyndford;  the  hill  fort  of  Danbuie  and  its  remarkable 

remains ;  the  Dumbuck  crannog.     Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  2nd  S.  xviii. 

370-386. 
—  Notice  of  an  ancient  kitchen-midden  near  Largs  Bay,  Fife, 

excavated  by  W.  Baird,  Esq.,  of  Elie.     Soc.  Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv. 

281-299. 
Myers  (C.    S.).      Stories  from  upper  Egypt.     Folklore,  xiL  329- 

330. 
Mtres  (J.  L.).      A  primitive  figurine  from  Adalia.     Anthrop.  In^. 

N.S.  iii.  251-256, 
'-  On  the  plan  of  the  Homeric  house,  with  special  reference 

to  Mykenaian  analogies.     Hellenic  Studies,  xx.  128-150. 

Notes  on  some  examples  of  Senams  in  Algeria.     Proc.  Soc. 


Antiq.  2nd  S.  xviii.  242-246. 

Napper  (H.  F.).     St.  Martha  on  the  hill  and  the  PQgrim's  Way 
Surrey  Arch.  Soc.  xvi.  248. 

Nash  (W.  L.).    The  tomb  of  Mentuhetep  I.  at  D^r-el-Bahri,  Thebes. 
Soc.  Blbl.  Arch,  xxiii.  291-293. 

The  tomb  of  Pa-shedu  at  D^r  El  Medinet,  Thebes.     Soc. 

Bibl.  Arch,  xxiii.  360-361. 

Neilson  (George).     "Huchown  of  the  awle  Ryale,"  the  allitera- 
tive poet.     Qlasgow  Arch.  Spc.  N.S.  iv.  252-393. 

Newberry  (Percy  E.).      Extracts  from  my  notebooks.    Soc  Bibl. 
Arch,  xxiii.  218-224. 


INDEX  OP  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PAPERS  33 

Nei^^man  (Philip  H.).     Primal  instinct  and  culture  in  art.    Roy, 

Soc.  Liter,  xxii.  165-209. 
NiLSSON  (Martin  P.).     The    Sx^fta   Tptatmys  in    the  Erechtheion. 

Hellenic  StitdieSy  xxi.  325-333. 
Norman  (Philip).    Sir  John  de  Pulteney  and  his  two  residences  in 

London,  Cold  Harbour,  and  the  Manor  of  the  Rose,  together  with 

a  few  remarks  on  the  parish  of  St.  Laurence,  Poultney.     Arch, 

Ivii.  257-284. 
On  an  allegorical  painting  in  miniature,  by  Joris  Hoefnagel, 

and  on  some  other  works  by  this  artist.     Arclu  Ivii.  321-330. 
The  accounts  of  the  overseers  of  the  poor  of  Paris  Garden, 


South wark,  17  May,  1608,  to  30  September,  1671.  Surrey 
Arch,  Soc.  xvi.  55-136. 

NuTT  (Alfred).  Alphabet  used  in  consecrating  a  church.  Folk- 
lore, xii.  100-101. 

History,   ti-adition,   and    historic   myths.      Folklm'e,   xii. 

336-339. 

Offord  (Joseph).  Arza  and  Aziza,  and  other  archaeological  notes. 
Soc.  Bibl.  Arch,  xxiii.  244-247. 

and  E.  Gilbert  Highton.      The  "de  duabus   viis,"  a 

new  Latin  version  of  the  first  six  chapters  of  the  "  Didache ''  or 
AIAAXH-TONAHAEKA  AnOZTOAXlN.  Soc.  Bibl. 
Arch,  xxiii.  132-137. 

Oliver  (Andrew).  Notes  on  some  heraldic  monuments  in  St. 
Martin's  church,  Leicester.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc  N.S.  vii.  158- 
160. 

O'Reilly  (Joseph  P.).  On  the  mode  of  ringing  or  sounding  bells 
in  the  early  churches  of  northern  Spain  and  of  Ireland.  Roy, 
Irish  Acad.  3rd  S.  vi.  489-502. 

O'Reilly  (Patrick  J.).  The  Christian  sepulchral  leacs  and  free- 
standing crosses  of  the  Dublin  half-barony  of  Rathdown.  Roy, 
Soc,  Antiq,  Ireland,  5th  S.  xi.  134-161,  246-258. 

Palmer  (Alfred  Neobard).  A  destroyed  Tudor  building  in  Wrex- 
ham.    Arch.  Cainb.  6th  S.  i.  173-178. 

Parker  (F.  H.  M.).  The  forgotten  dedication  of  Great  Orton  church, 
Cumberland.     Cumb,  and  Westm.  Arch,  Soc.  N.S.  i.  144-146. 

The  pedigree  of  Wastell,  of  Was  tell  Head,  with  a  memoir 

of  General  Honywood,  of  Howgill  castle.  Cumb.  and  Westm, 
Arch,  Soc,  N.S.  i.  147-154. 


34  INDBX   OF   ABCH^OLOGICAL   PAPERS 

Paton  (W.  R.).     Folktales  from  the  -Egean.     Folklore^  xii.  84-97, 

197-208,  317-325. 
' Husband  and  wife  story.    Folklore^  xii.  101. 

Cropping  animals'  ears.    Folklore^  xii.  208-209. 

Rain  charm  in  Asia  Minor.     Folklore^  xiL  210. 

Sites  in  east  Karia  and  south  Lydia.     Hellenic  Studies^ 

XX.  57-80. 

Patrick  (Geo.).    Notes  on  Ulvescroft  priory.    Brit  Arch,  Assoc. 
N.S.  vii.  56-61. 

Lutterworth.    Brit  Arch.  Assoc.  N.S.  viL  205-214 

Paul  (Roland  W.).    Some  notes  on  heraldic  glass  in  Great  Malvern 

priory  church.     Arch.  Ivii.  353-358. 
Payne  (George).    Researches  and  discoveries  in  Kent,  1900-1901. 

Arch.  Cant  xxv.  pp.  lix.-lxxii. 
Peac50CK  (Edward).   Spectral  light  in  Corsica.    Folklore^  xii.  105-106. 

Sacrifice  at  York,  1648.     Folklore,  xii.  217. 

Supernatural  changes  of  sites.     Folklore,  xii.  464-466. 

PevVCOCK  (Mabel).  The  folklore  of  Lincolnshire.  Folklore,  xii.  161-180. 

Customs  relating  to  iron.     Folklore,  xii.  472-473. 

Peac.x^k  (Matthew  H.).     Certificates  of  alleged  cures  of  lunacy  by 

John  Smith,  of  Wakefield,  in  1615.      Yorks  Arch.  Journ.  xvL 

248-255. 
Peers  (C.  R.).     Recent  discoveries  in  Romsey  abbey  church.     Arch. 

Ivii.  317-320. 
On  Saxon  churches  of  the  St.  Pancras  type.     Arch.  Journ. 

Iviii.  402-434. 
Pen  FOLD   (J.  W.).     The   presbyterian  congregation   at    Kingston- 

upon-Thames.     Surrey  Arch.  Soc.  xvi.  246-248. 
Peter  (Thurstan  C).     Notes  on  the  churches  of  St.  Mylor  and 

ifabe.     Roy.  Inst.  Cornwall,  xiv.  394-416. 
Petrie  (W.  M.  Fld^ders).     The  races  of  early  Egypt     Anthrop. 

Inst.  N.S.  iv.  248-255. 
Phelps  (J.  J.).     Vale  Royal  abbey.    Lanes,  and  Chesh.  Antiq.  Soc. 

xvi.  75-82. 
Phexe  (Dr.).     Influence  of  Chaucer  upon  the  language  and  litera- 
ture of  England.     Boy.  Soc.  Liter,  xxii.  33-93. 
Phillips  (William).    The  sequestration  papers  of  Sir  John  Weld, 

senior,  and  Sir  John  Weld,  junior,  knights  of  WiUey.     Shrop- 

shire  Arch.  Soc.  3rd  S.  i.  185-212. 
Francis   Throgmorton,    a  prisoner   in   Shrewsbury,  anno 

1557-8.     Shropshire  Arch.  Soc.  3rd  S.  i.  267-280, 


INDEX    OF   ARCHiEOLOGICAL  PAPERS  35 

Phillips  (William).    The  fire  at  Shifnal  and  the  Earl  of  Shrews- 
bury, anno  1591.     Shropshire  Arch.  Soc.  3rd  S.  i.  281-282. 

The  demolition  of  Fitz  trunulus.     Shropshire  Arch,  Soc. 

3rd  S.  i.  286-287. 

Salop  house  of  correction  and  provision  of  the  poor,  anno 


1598.     Shropshire  Arch.  Soc.  3rd  S.  i.  409^411. 
PiLCHER  (E.  J.).    A  cylinder  seal  bearing  the  name  "  Qehazi,"    Soc. 

Bibl.  Arch,  xxiii.  362. 
Pinches  (Thbophilus  G.).     Assyriological  gleanings.     Soc.  Bibl. 

Arch,  xxiii.  188-210. 
Platt  (E.  M.).     Sir  Thomas  Johnson.    Lane,  and  Chesh.  Hist.  Soc. 

N.S.  xvi.  147-164. 
Plunket  (Hon.  E.  M.).     The  Chinese  calendar,  with  some  remarks 

with  reference  to  that  of  the  Chaldeans.     Soc.  Bibl.  Arch,  xxiii. 

367-377. 
PoLSON  (A.).     Highland  folklore  of  luck.      Gaelic  Soc.  InvemesSy 

xxii.  67-73. 
PoNTiNG  (C.  E.).     The  churches  of  Sherston,  Corston,  and  Nether- 

avon.     Wilts  Arch,  and  Nat.  Hist.  Mag.  xxxi.  343-357. 
Poole  (Margaret    Ellen).      The  Poole  family  of  Poole  hall  in 

Wirral.    Lane,  and  Chesh.  Hist.  Soc.  N.S.  xvi.  165-216. 
Potter  (W.  F.).     The  etymology  of  Carshalton.     Surrey  Arch.  Soc. 

xvi.  252. 
Powell    (John    U.).       Folklore   notes    from    south-west    Wilts. 

Folklore,  xii.  71-83. 
Pre5=;tage  p.,  S.J.).     The  Kraal  family  system  among  the  Amanda- 

bele.     Folklore,  xii.  326-329. 
Prevost  (A.).     Notes  on  a  quantity  of   mediaeval  and  other  pottery 

found  under  the  Bank  of  England  in  May,  1900.     Proc.  Soc. 

Antiq.  2nd  S.  xviii.  355-358. 
Price  (F.  G.  Hilton).     Notes  upon  clay  tobacco  pipes  of  the  seven- 
teenth century   found   in   Bristol.      Arch.   Journ.   Iviii.   342- 

349. 
Prickman  (J.  D.).     Fragmentary  notes  of  the  French  prisoners  in  the 

west  of  England  and  other  places  in  the  early  part  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.     Dev.  Assoc,  xxxiii.  309-321. 
A  chapter  in  the  history  of  the  chapel  of  St.  James,  in  the 

borough  of  Okehampton.     Dev.  Assoc,  xxxiii.  640-650. 
Primrose  (Rev.  James).    Ancient  graves  recently  discovered  on  the 

farm  of   Wyndford,  in  Uphall  parish.     Soc.  Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv. 

325-328. 


36  INDEX  OF   ARCBUEOLOGICAL   PAPERS 

Prttchard  (John  E.).  Bristol  archaeological  notes  for  1900. 
Bristol  and  Olouc,  Arch,  Soc.  xxiii.  262-275. 

Prowse  (Arthur  B.,  M.D.).  The  antiquities  of  Ockery  and  E^und- 
hill,  Dartmoor.     Dev,  Assoc,  xxxiii.  495-499. 

A  hitherto  nndescribed  gigantic  cross  on  the  Abbot's  way^ 

Dartmoor.     Dev,  Assoc,  xxxiii.  552-553. 

Purser  (L.  C).  Notes  on  Cicero's  con-espondence  dxiring  his  pro- 
consulate.    Hoy,  Irish  Acad.  3rd  S.  vi.  390-414. 

PURTON  (Rev.  R.  C).  Historical  notes  relating  to  the  parish  of 
Kempsey.     Archit.  Soc.  xxv.  592-601. 

Radford  (Mrs.  G.  H.).      Edmund  and  Richard  Tremayne.     Dev. 

Assoc,  xxxiii.  322-331. 
Ray  (Sidney  H.).     Stories  from  the  southern  New  Hebrides,  with 

introduction  and  notes.     Anfhrop,  Inst,  N.S.  iv.  147-154. 
Read  (C.  H.).     Observations  on  objects  of  the  bronze  age  found  in 

High   Down   camp,   Sussex.      Proc.   Soc,  Antiq,  2nd  S.   xviii. 

386-388. 
Read  (F.  W.)  and  A.  C.  Bryant.    A  mythological  text  from  Mem- 
phis.    Soc.  Bibl,  Arch,  xxii.  160-187. 
Reddaway  (W.  F.).     The  advent  of  the  Great  Elector.     Roy.  Ilisf. 

Soc,  N.S.  XV.  151-170. 
Reichel    (Rev.   Oswald    J.).     The  Devonshire  domesday.      Dev, 

Assoc,  xxxiii.  554-639. 
Reid  (Clement).     Notes  on  the  plant-remains  of  Roman  Silchester. 

Arch.  Ivii.  252-256. 
Renaud  (F.).     Biddulph  manor  and  church.      Lane,  and  Chesh. 

Antiq.  Soc.  xvi.  62-67. 
Rhys  (Dr.  J.).     The  Pentre  Poeth  inscribed  stone.      Arch.  Canib^ 

6th  S.  i.  240-244. 
Report  on  the  island  ogam  at  Bracklaghboy,  near  Bally- 

haunis.     Roy,  Irish  Acad.  3rd  S.  vi.  279-282. 

The  Gigha   ogam.     Roy,  Soc.   Antiq.  Ireland,  5th  S.  xi. 


18-23. 
The  TuUaghane  ogam-stone,  co.  Mayo.     Roy.  Soc.  Antiq^ 

Ireland,  5th  S.  xi.  176-178. 
Ricci  (Seymour  de).    Inscriptions  concerning  Diana  of  the  Ephe- 

sians.     Soc.  Bibl.  Arch,  xxiii.  396-409. 
Rice  (R.  Garraway).     Excavations  of  a  Roman  site  at  Pulborough ; 

Treyford  and  Elsted  churches  ;  leaden  vessel,  probably  the  lining 

of  a  font  now  at  Ch:^atham ;  palimpsest  brass  at  'VSTilUngdon ; 


INDEX   OF  AECaEOLOGICAL  PAPEBS  37 

treatment  of  wall  paintings  in  Hardham  church  ;  miscellaneous 
items  from  Sussex ;  Chichester  market  cross.  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq, 
2ud  S.  xviii.  294-303. 

EiCE  (R.  Garraway).    a  temer  for  the  vicaraoje  of  West  Dean  with 
Binderton  annexed,  1615.     Sussex  Arch,  Coll,  xliv.  144-146. 

■  Presentment  of  the  churchwardens  of  Woollavington,  1681, 

Sussex  Arch.  Coll.  xliv.  209-210. 

• Poll  for  the  election  of  two  barons  to  represent  the  town 

and  port  of  Seaford,  March  25,  1751.  Sussex  Arch.  Coll.  xliv. 
210-211. 

Richardson  (A.  B.).    Notice  of  the  find  of  coins  at  Closeburn,  Dum- 
friesshire.    Soc,  Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv.  639-659. 

Rrv^ERS  (W.  H.  R.).    Primitive  orientation.     Folklore,  xii.  210-212. 

The  colour^vision  of  the  natives  of  upper  Egypt.    Anthrop. 

Inst.  N.S.  iv.  229-247. 

RoBARTS  (N.  F.).     Notes  on  a  bronze  hoard  and  other  antiquities 
lately  found  in  Surre3\     Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  2nd  S.  xviii.  285-287. 

Robert   (C).      A    collection  of    Roman  sarcophagi   at  Clieveden. 
Hellenic  Stttdics,  xx.  81-98. 

Roberts  (L.  M.).     The  negotiations  preceding  the  peace  of  Lun6- 
ville.     Eoij.  Hist,  Soc,  N.S.  xv.  47-130. 

Roberts  (W.  Rhys).    Aristophanes  and  Agathon.    Hellenic  Studies, 
XX.  44-56. 

Robertson  (Rev.  Charles  M.).    Arran  Gaelic  dialect.     Gaelic  Soc. 
Inverness,  xxi.  229-265. 

The  peculiarities  of  Gaelic  as  spoken  in  the  writer's  dis- 
trict.    Gaelic  Soc.  Inverness,  xxii.  4-42. 

Topography  and  traditions  of  Eigg.     Gaelic  Soc,  Inver- 


ness, xxii.  193-210. 

Robertson  (J.  L.).  The  sources  of  Scottish  Gaelic.  Gaelic  Soc. 
Inverness,  xxi.  379-391. 

Ossianic    heroic    poetry.      Gaelic    Soc,    Inverness,   xxii. 

257-325. 

Robertson  (Canon  Scott).  Maid8t:)ne  church.  Arch,  Cant. 
XXV.  pp.  xlii.-xlix. 

Robertson  (T.  S.).  Notes  from  Kirkwall.  Soc.  Antiq.  Scot,  xxxv. 
313-315. 

Robinson  (Rev.  N.  F.).  The  pileus  quad  rat  us:  an  enquiry  into 
the  relation  of  the  priest's  square  cap  to  the  common  aca- 
demical catercap  and  to  the  judicial  corner  cap.  St,  PauVs 
Eccles.  Soc.  v.  1-16. 


OO  INDEX  OP  AHCH-BOLOGICAL  PAPEBS 

RoscoE  (Rev.  John).    Notes  on  the  manners  and  customs  of  the 

Baganda.     Anthrop.  Inst.  N.S.  iv.  117-130. 
RosENHAiN  (Walter).     Notes  on  Malay  metal-work.     Anthrop.  Inst. 

N.S.  iv.  161-166. 
Ross  (Thomas).     The  sculptures   in  St.   Mirren's  chapel,  Paisley 

abbey,  representing  the  acts  and  miracles  of  St    Mirin ;  also 

incised  sepulchral  slabs  recently  discovered jn  the  abbey  church, 

Paisley.     Soc.  Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv.  44-66. 
Roth  (H.  Ling).     Maori  Tatu  and  Moko.     Anthrop.  Inst.  N.S.  iv. 

29-64 
Round  (J.  H.).    The  order  of  the  hospital  in  Essex.    Essex  Arch. 

Soc.  N.S.  viii.  182-186. 
HeHon  of  Helion's  Bumpstead.   Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viii- 

187-191. 

The  manor  of  Colne  Engaine.     Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viiL 


192-198. 

Creffeild  family.     Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viii.  226. 

An  early  Essex  will.     Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viiL  227. 

The  churches  of  High  Ongar,  Stanford  Rivers,  Langenhoe, 


and  Little  Laver.     Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viii.  227-228. 

The  wardstaff.     Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viii.  229. 

A  charter  of  Alice  of  Essex.     Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viii. 


329-380. 

Tregoz  of  Tolleshunt  Tregoz.     Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viii. 

830-332. 

Wethersfield,  Pleshey  and  Plesingho.     Essex  Arch.  Soc. 


N.S.  viii.  332-334 

Note  on  the  Sussex  domesday.     Sicssex  Arch.  Coll.  xliv. 


140-143. 
Rouse  (W.  H.  D.).     Sacrifice  to  avert  shipwreck.   Folklore^  xii.  105. 

The  luck  of  Mycenae.     Folklore^  xii.  847-848. 

History  tradition  and '  historic  myth.     Folklore^  xii.  467- 

"    468. 

The  double  axe  and  the  labyrinth.     Hellenic  StvdieSy  xxi. 


268-274. 

Routledge  (Rev.  C.  F.).  Excavations  at  St.  Austin's  abbe}% 
Canterbury :  the  church  of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul.  Arch.  Cant. 
XXV.  23S-248. 

Ruck  (Major).  The  Antonine  lines  as  a  defensive  design :  a  com- 
parison in  ancient  and  modem  principles  of  fortification.  Glas^ 
gow  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  iv.  440-474. 


INDEX  OP  ARCHJSOLOGICAL  PAPEES  39 

Ruddle  (Rev.  C.  S.).    Notes  on  Dorringtoii.     Wilts  Arch,  and  Nat 

Hist,  Mag.  xxxi.  331-342. 
RUNDLE  (Rev.  S.),     Cornish  chairs.     Eoy,  Inst,  Cornwallj  xiv.  384- 

393. 

St.  Clair  (George).  Pasht  and  the  sed  festival.  Soc,  Bihl.  Arch. 
xxiii.  225-229. 

Salkield  (T.).  John  Loudon  McAdam,  the  great  roadmaker.  East 
Herts  Arch,  Soc,  i,  305-316. 

Salwey  (Rev.  J.).  The  parish  of  Broxbourne.  East  Herts  Arch. 
Soc,  i,  293-297. 

Sands  (Harold).  An  old  map  of  Canterbury.  Arch,  Cant,  xxv. 
250-254. 

Sayce  (Prof.  A.  H.).  Notes  on  (i.)  The  Hyksos,  (ii.)  the  Hittite  in- 
scriptions, (iii.)  the  Arzawa  letters,  (iv.)  Kandaules  of  Lydia, 
Soc,  Bibl,  Arch,  xxiii.  95-113. 

Greek  ostraka  from  Egypt.    Soc,  Bibl,  Arch,  xxiii.  211-217. 

Saye  and  Sele  (Lord).    Notes  on  Broughton  castle.    Berks ^  Bucks, 

and  Oxon,  Arch.  Journ,    N.S.  vii.  23-25. 
Sayle  (C.  E.).     a  tinderbox  attributed  to  Shakespeare.     Cambridge 

Antiq,  Soc,  x.  119-123. 
ScHiCKLER  (Baron  Fernaud  de).     Un  chapitre  de  Thistoire  des 

6glises  du  refuge  de  langue  fran^ais  en    Angleterre  apr^s  la 

revocation  de  TMit  de  Nantes ;   les  deux  patentes.     Huguenot 

Soc,  vi.  268-294. 
Searle  (Rev.  W.  G.).     On  a  medal  of  Justinian  I.     Cambridge 

Antiq.  Soc.  x,  129-136. 
Shaw  (George  T.).    Henry  Brown :    a  Liverpool   attorney   of  the 

eighteenth  century.     Lane,  and   Chesh,  Hist,  Soc,   N.S.  xvL 

77-92. 
Shaw    (William  A.).      The  Irish    pensioners   of   William  III.'s 

huguenot  regiments.     Huguenot  Soc.  vi.  295-326. 
Shelfx)rd  (R.).     A  provisional  classification  of  the  swords  of  the 

Sarawak  tribes.     Anthrop,  Inst,  N.S.  iv.  219-228. 
Sherwood  (G.   F.   T.).      Early  Berkshire    wills  from  the  P.C.C. 

Berks,  Bucks,  and  Oxon,  Arch,  Journ,  N.S.  vi.  119-120;  vii, 

28-30. 

County    collections    for    Berkshire.     Berks,   Bucks,  and 

Oxon,  Arch,  Journ,  N.S.  vii.  90-93.. 

Shropshire  wills  (list  of)  at  Somerset  House,  London,  from  1641- 
1660.     Shropshire  Arch,  Soc,  3rd  S.  i.  251-256. 


40  INDEX   OF   ARCaBOLOOICAL   PAPERS 

Shrubsall  (F.  C).     Notes  on  crania  from  the  Nile-welle  water- 
shed.    Anthrop.  Inst.  N.S.  iv.  250-260. 
Sinclair  (Rev.  A.  Maclean).   Unpublished  Graelic  songs  with  notes. 

Gaelic  Soc,  Inverness,  xx.  9~28. 
SiNTON  (Rev.  Thomas).    Snatches  of   song  collected  in  Badenoch, 

Gaelic  Soc,  InvemesSj  xx.  168-200 ;  xxii.  233-256. 
Smith  (A.  H.).     Gavin  Hamilton's  letters  to  Charles  Townley.     Hel- 
lenic Studies,  xxi.  306-321. 
Smith  (R.  A.).     Notes  on  excavations  on  early  sites  near  Leather- 
head   and   Shamley   Green,   Surrey.     Proc,  Soc.  Antiq,  2nd  S. 

xviii.  251-258. 
SoMERViLLE  (Rev.  J.  E.).     Notice  of  cup-and-ring-marked  rocks  on 

the  Stronach  Ridge,  near  Bi*odick,  in  Arran.     Soc,  Antiq,  Scot. 

XXXV.  315-324 
SouTHAM  (Herbert  R.  H.).     Inventory  of  the  effects  of  Elizabeth 

Perkes   of  Westhood,  Oldbury,    1688.     Shropshire  Arch.  Soc, 

3rd  8.  i.  413-414 
Sparke  (Archibald).     Roman   sepulchral  slab  from  old  Carlisle. 

Cuiiib,  and  West  in.  Arch.  Soc,  N.S.  i.  93. 
Speakman  (Jean  Carlyle  Graham).     Midsummer  in  the  Pyrenees. 

Folklore,  xii.  315-317. 
Spiegelberg   (Wilhelm).      Contribution    to    the    second    tale    of 

Khamuas.     Soc.  Bibl,  Arch,  xxiii.  252-254. 
Statham  (Rev.  S.  P.  H.).     Dover  chamberlain's  accounts,  1365-67. 

Arch.  Cant.  xxv.  75-87. 
Stephenson  (Mill).    A  list  of  palimpsest  brasses.    Mon.  Brass  Soc, 

iv.  97-135,  141-164. 
Stopes  (H.).     Unclassified  worked  flints.     Anthrop,  Inst.  N.S.  iii. 

299-304. 
Story  (Very  Rev.  Principal).     Letters  from  Darien.     Glasgow 

Arch.  Soc,  N.S.  iv.  207-225. 
Stqart  (W.  G.).     Strathspey  raid  to  Elgin  in  1820.     Gaelic  Soc. 

Inverness,  xxi.  36-56. 
Suffolk.      The  condition    of    the  archdeaconries    of    Suffolk  and 

Sudbury  in  the  year  1603.     Suffolk  Inst.  Arch.  xi.  1-46. 
SCMNER  (W.   G.).      The    Yakuts.      Anthrop,    Inst.    N.S.   iv.   65- 

110. 
Sussex.    Inventories  of  goods  of  the  smaller  monasteries  and  friaries 

in,  at  the  time  of  their  dissolution.     Sussex  Arch.   Coll,  xliv. 

55-72. 
Sutton  (Arthur  F.).    A  description  of  ths  churches  visited  in  the 


INDEX   OF   ARCHiEOLOGICAL   PAPERS  41 

excursion  from  Peterborough,  July  3rd  and  4th,  1903.     Archit. 

Soc,  XXV.  310-328. 
SwoRDER  (Clara  E.).    Little  Munden.    East  Herts  Arch,  Soc,  i. 

325-332. 
Sykes  (Ella  C).     Persian  folklore.    Folklore,  xii.  261-280. 
Sympson  (Dr.  Mansel).     Notes  on  the  pulpitum  or  choir  screen  in 

Tattershall  church.     Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  2nd  S.  xviii.  289-293. 

Tarn  ( W.  W.).    Patrocles  and  the  Oxo-caspian  trade  route.    Hellenic 

Studies,  xxi.  10-29. 
Taylor  (Henry).     The  ancient  crosses  of  Lancashire.     Lane,  and 

CJiesh.  Antiq,  Soc,  xvi.  39-61. 
Taylor  (Rev.  C.  S.).     Bath,  Mercian  and  West  Saxon.     Bristol  and 

GloucArch.  Soc.  xxiii.  129-161. 
Thomas  (Dr.  G.  Danford).    The  office  of  coroner,  past  and  present ; 

with  the  account  of  a  remarkable  inquest.     Hamj)stead  Antiq. 

and  Hist.  Soc,  1900,  80-82. 
Thomas  (N.  W.).      Note  on  some  American  parallels  to  European 

agricultural  customs.     Antliro}}.  Inst.  N.S.  iv.  155-156. 

A  Buddhist   wheel  of  life   from  Japan.       Folklore,  xii. 

67-69. 

Stray  notes  on  Japanese  folklore.    Folklore,  xii.  69-71, 214. 

Cropping  animals'  ears.     Folklore,  xii.  97,  208. 

Animal  superstitions.     Folkloi'e,  xii.  189-194. 

Sun  charms.     Folklore,  xii.  216. 

The  transition  from  totemism  to  animal  worship.     Folk- 


lore, xii.  341-343. 

The  ethnological  significance  of  bui'ial  and  cremation.  Folk- 
lore, xii.  46&-469. 

Ship  processions.     Folklore,  xii.  476. 

Thompson  (Edward  P.).  Roman  urns  and  lamp  found  near  Whit- 
church.    Shropshire  Arch.  Soc.  3rd  S.  i.  149-150. 

Thomson  (Basil).  Note  upon  the  natives  of  Savage  Island  or  Nin6. 
Anthrop.  Inst.  N.S.  iv.  137-146. 

Thornley  (Rev.  Canon).  Children's  games  at  Kirkoswald.  Cumh. 
and  Westm.  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  i.  268-279. 

ToLLiN  (Dr.).  Concerning  the  name  "Huguenot."  Huguenot  Soc. 
vi.  327-355. 

Traquair  (R.  H.).  Notes  on  the  bones  collected  by  Dr.  Munro 
from  the  kitchen-midden  at  Elie.  Soc.  Antiq.  Scot.  xxxv.  299- 
300. 


42  INDEX   OF   AECHJEOLOGlCAIi   PAPEKS 

Treoear  (E.).      The  spirit  of  vegetation.     Anthrop.  Inst,  N.S.  iv. 

157-159. 
Troup  (Mrs.  Frances  B.).    Notes  on  the  district  probate  registry  at 

Exeter.     Dev.  Assoc.  xxxiiL  510-516. 
Tuck  (Rev.  A.  J.).    Great  Munden  church.    East  Herts  Arch.  Soc. 

i.  321-323. 
Tydeman  (Joseph).    The  Eleanor  cross  at  Waltham  and  its  sister 

crosses.     East  Herts  Arch.  Soc.  i.  333-346. 

Urwick  (Rev.  W.).  Notes  on  Jack  Straw ;  and  the  commonwealth 
ministers  of  Hampstead.  Hampstead  Antiq.  and  Hist.  Soc.^ 
1900,  20-29. 

Vane  (Hon.  and  Rev.  Gilbert  H.  F.).  On  two  rectors  of  Whit- 
church.    Shropshire  Arch.  Soc.  2nd  S.  xiL  283^298. 

Vaughan  (H.  F.  J.).  The  family  of  Jenkins.  Arch.  Camb.  6th  S. 
i.  205-226. 

Venkataswami  (M.  N.).  Rhymes  English  and  Hindu.  Folklore^ 
xii.  330-335. 

Verrall  (A.  W.).  The  name  Anthesteria.  Hellenic  Studies^  xx. 
115-117. 

Vigors  (Philip  D.).  Extracts  from  the  old  corporation  books  of 
New  Ross,  CO.  Wexford.  Boy.  Soc.  Antiq.  Ireland,  5th  S.  xi, 
48^34. 

Wade-Evans  (A.  W.).    Inscribed  stone  at  Fishguard.    Arch.  Camb. 

6th  S.  i.  318. 
Waldstein  (Charles).    The  Argive  Hera  of  Polycleitus.    Hellenic 

Studies,  xxi.  30-44. 
Waller  (J.  G.).     Early  rambles  on  Hampstead  Heath.     Hampstead 

Antiq.  and  Hist.  Soc.,  1900,  54-64. 
Waller  (William  Chapman).    An  extinct  county  family:  Wroth 

of  Loughton  hall.     Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viii.  145-181. 

Essex  field  names.     Essex  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  viiL  199-222, 

294r-323. 

Worked  flint  found  at  Loughton  halL     Essex  Arch.  Soc. 

N.S.  viii.  229. 

Early     Huguenot     friendly     societies.      Huffxietwt    Soc. 

vi.  201-233. 

Walters  (H.  B.).    The  church  bells  of  Worcestershire ;  the  medi»- 

val  period.     Archit.  Soc.  xxv.  549-591. 
Ward  (John).   Cardiflf castle:  its  Roman  origin.   -4rc/i. Ivii 335-352. 


INDEX   OF   ARCHiEOLOGICAL   PAPERS  43 

Ward  (John).    Collection  of  scarabs.    Soc,  Bibl.  Arch,  xxiii.  19-34, 

79-92. 
Wardell  (John).     Extracts  from  old  Dublin  newspapers.     Roy,  Soc^ 

Antiq,  Ireland^  5th  S.  xi.  179-180. 
Warren  (F.  E.).     Gild  of  S.  Peter  in  Bardwell ;    churchwardens' 

accounts  in  connexion  with  the  churches  SS.  Peter  and  Paul  in 

Bardwell  and  townwardens'  accounts  of  Bardwell.    Suffolk  Inst. 

Arch,  xi.  81-147. 
Warren  (Robert  Hall).    The  seals  of  Tewkesbury  abbey.     Bristol 

and  Glouc,  Arch.  Soc.  xxiii.  285-288. 
Watson  (George).    Gerard  Lowther's  house,  Penrith  (Two  Lions 

inn),  its  purchase  by  him,  descent  and  social  life  associated  with 

its  subsequent  owners.     Cumb.  and  Westm,  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  i. 

94-103. 
The  Nelsons  of  Penrith,     Cunib,  and  Westm,  Arch.  Soc. 

N.S.  i.  104-113. 
Weeks  (Rev.  J.   H.).     Stories   and  other  notes    from  the  upper 

Congo.     Folklore,  xii.  181-189, 458-464. 
Weigall  (Arthur  E.).    Egyptian  notes.     Soc.  Bibl.  Arch.  xxiiL 

10-15. 
An  inscribed  disk  of  the  22nd  dynasty.     Soc.  Bibl.  Arch. 

xxiii.  259-260. 
Some  Egyptian  weights  in  Prof.  Petrie's  collection.     Soc. 

Bibl.  Aixh.  xxiii.  37S-395. 
Weld  (Agnes  G.).     Egyptian  funeral  customs  and  beliefs  as  illus- 
trated  by   the  collection   in   the   Ashmolean   museum,  Oxford. 

Berks,  Bucks,  and  Oxon.  Arch.  Journ.  N.S.  vii.  18-22. 
Wells  (E.  J.).      Note  on  a  brass  at  Goodnestone-next-Wingham^ 

Kent.    Hon.  Brass  Soc,  iv.  183-184. 
Were  (F.).     Heraldry.     Bristol  and  Glouc,  Arch,  Soc,  xxiii.  96- 

108. 
Werge  (John).     Two  eminent  occupants  of  Golders  Hill.     Hamp- 

stead  Antiq.  and  Hist.  Soc.  1900,  44-52. 
Weston  (Jessie  L.).    The  golden  bough :   moab  or  Edom.    Folk- 
lore, xii.  347. 
Westropp  (Thomas  J.).    The  Cahers  of   co.  Clare:    their  names, 

features,  and  bibliography.     Boy.  Irish  Acad.  3rd  S.  vi.  415-449. 
Prehistoric  remains  in   north-western  Clare.     Boy,  Soc. 

Antiq,  Ireland,  6th  S.  xi  1-17  ;  273-292. 

Fassaroe  and  Tully  ci^osses.     Boy,  Soc,  Antiq,  Ireland,  5th 


S.  xi. : 


44  INDEX    OF    ARCHLfiOLOGICAL   PAPERS 

Westropf  (Thomas  J.).    The  name  "  Buttevant."    Roy.  Soc.  Antiq. 

Ireland,  5th  S.  xi.  87. 
.Whale  (Rev.  T.  W.).     Extracts  from  the  Red  Book  and  notes  on 

the  Pipe  Rolls  of  Henry  II.     Dev.  Assoc,  xxxiii.  3G3-398. 
AVhite  (Franklin).      On  the  ruins  of  Dhlo-Dhlo,  in  Rhodesia. 

Anthrop,  Inst.  N.S.  iv.  21-28. 
AVhiteside  (Rev.  J.).     A  letter  of  1745.     Cunib.  and  Westm.  Arch. 

Soc.  N.S.  i.  167-170. 
Little  Strickland  chapel.     Cumb,  and  Wcstm.  Arch.  Soc. 

N.S.  i.  171-174. 
Matterdale  church  and  school.     Cumb.  and  Westm.  Arch. 

Soc.  N.S.  i.  235-255. 

Swindale  chapel.     Cunib.  and   Westm.  Arch.  Soc.  N.S.  L 


25G-2G7. 
Whiteway  (A.  R.).     The  Pyrenean  neighbour  or  the  vicinal  system 

of  the  western  PjTcnees.     Arch.  Journ.  Iviii.  182-198. 
AVhyte  (E.  Towry).     Wooden  palette,  Egyptian.     Soc.  Bibl.  Arch. 

xxiii.  257-258. 
Wiedemann   (A.).     Egyptian   notes.      Soc.  Bill.  Arch,  xxiii.  248- 

251. 
Bronze  circles  and  purification  vessels  in  Egyptian  temples. 

Soc.  BibJ.  Arch,  xxiii.  203-274. 
WiLLETT  (Edgar).     On  a  collection  of  palaeolithic  implements  from 

Savemake.     Anthrop.  Inst.  N.S.  iv.  310-315. 
WiLKiNs  (Charles).     Llancaiach  house.     Arch.  Camb.     6tli  S.  L 

14-19. 

Gwladys,  sister  of  Tydvil.    Arch.  Camb.  6th  S.  i.  151-153. 

Williams  (Richard).    Dolforwyn  castle  and  its  lords.    Arch.  Cantb. 

6th  S.  i.  299-317. 
WiLi^iAMs  t^ Stephen  W.).    Mediaeval  domestic  mortars  used  as  holy 

water  stoups  in  churches.     Arch.  Canib.  6th  S.  i.  153-155. 
WiMBERLEY  (Capt.  D.).     Selections  from  the  family  papers  of  the 

Mackays  of  Bighouse,  consisting  mainly  of  letters  addressed  to 

John  Campbell  of  Barcaldine,  sometime  one  of  the  government 

factors  on  the  forfeited  estates  after  the  '45.    Gaelic  Soc.  Inver^ 

nesSj  xxi.  120-171. 
Selections  from  the  family  papers  of  the  Mackajrs  of  Big- 
house.     Gaelic  Soc.  Inverness,  xxii.  74-117. 
WiNCKLEY  (Rev.  S.  Thorold).      Royalist  papers  relating  to  the 

sequestration  of  the  estates  of  Sir  Lewis  Watson,  knight  and 

baronet,  afterwards  first   Baron  Rockingham,  of  Rockingham 


INDEX   OF    ARCH^OLOGICAL   PAPERS  45 

castle,  during  the  civil  wars  in  England.     Archit   8oc,  xxv* 

371-404. 
WiNDEATT  (Edward).    Totnes:  its  mayors  and  mayoralties.     Dev, 

Assoc,  xxxiii.  535-561. 
WiNDLE  (Prof.).     A  tentative  list  of  objects  of  prehistoric  and  early 

historic  interest  in  the  counties  of  Berks,  Bucks  and  Oxford. 

Berks,  Bucks,  and  Oxon,  Arch,  Journ,  N.S.  vii.  43-47. 
Woodruff  (Cumberlaxd  H.).    Romano-British  interments  at  Lower 

Walmer.     Arch,  Cant,  xxv.  1-10. 
Thirteenth  century  wall  painting  at   Upchurch.      Arch, 

Cant  xxv.  88-96. 
Woodruff  (Rev.  C.  E.).    Dent-de-lion  gatehouse,  Margate,   with  a 

pedigree  of  the  family  of  Pettit.     Arch,  Cant,  xxv.  57-63. 

Church  plate  in  Kent.     Arch,  Cant,  xxv.  113-197. 

WoRSPOLD  (T.  Cato).     Porta-Nigra :  the  treasure  of  Treves.     Brit. 

Arch,  Assoc,  N.S.  vii.  143-148. 
Worth  (E.  H.).     Twentieth  report  of  the  barrow  committee.     Dev,. 

Assoc,  xxxiii.  117-122. 
Worth  (R.  N.).    The  Romans  in  Cornwall.     Roy,  Inst,  Cormcally 

xiv.  365-369. 
Wright  (A.  R.).     The  divining  rod  in  U.S.A.     Folklore,  xii.  102^ 

103. 
Wright  (Edward  Perceval).     Notes  on  some  Irish  antiquities 

deposited  with  the  academy.     Boy,  Irish,  Acad,  3rd  S.  vi.  283- 

288. 
Notes  on  the  cross  of  Cong.     Boy.  Soc,  Antiq,  Ireland,  5th 

S.  xi.  40-47. 

Yeatman  (John  Pym).    Welsh  records.    Arch,  Cainb,  6th  S.  i.  126- 

132. 
Young  (Sir  George,  Bart.).    Cookham  church.    Berks,  Bucks,  and 

Oxon,  Arch,  Journ.  N.S.  vi.  107-118 ;  vii.  5-17. 
Two  notes  on  Sophocles.     Hellenic  Studies,  xxi.  45-51. 


INDEX 


Abbeys :    Compfon^     Fletcher^    Hope, 

Moentj    Phelpt,    Sots,    RovUedge, 

Warren. 
Aberdeenshire  :  Abercromhy. 
Accounts  (parish) :  Norman. 
Accounts  (private) :  Bruihjield. 
Africa:      HoUis.      Myres^     JRoBcoe, 

Shruhsall,  mUe. 
Alfred  the  Great :  Afford, 
Almond  bury  :  Brooke, 
Amber:  Hughes, 
American  Indians  :  Bogle,    Hawtrey, 

Im  Thurn, 
Antrim  :  J^uick. 
Apprenticeship  :  Erskine-Risk, 
Armada :  Box, 
Arran  :  SomervilU, 
Arthuret :  Bower, 
Assyriology:     Boissier,     DelaUre, 

Finchet. 
Atherington  :  Johnston, 
Aust  Cliff:  Ellis. 

Bangor:  Hughes, 

Bard  well  :  Warren. 

Bath  :  Taylor. 

Battles :  Bcuc,  Knovoles. 

Bells  (church) :  O'ReUlg,  Walters. 

Bel  voir  :  Carrington. 

Bemfleet  (South^  :  Beaunionlj  Later. 

Bennington  :  Mills. 

Berkshire :  Cope,  Shertoood,  Windle, 
See  "  Cookham,"  "  Bench  worth," 
"  Farringdon,"  "  Mortimer." 

Biddulph  :  Senaud, 

Binderton :  Rice. 

Bleasdale  :  Hughes. 

Blythburgh  :  Oowers, 

Boxgrove :  Hope, 

Brasses  :  See  "  Monuments." 

Brentwood :  King, 

Bristol  :  AtcMey,  Barker^  Price, 
Pritchard, 

Bromley:  Minchin, 


Bronze  period,  remains :  Hutekesom, 

collar :  Barker. 

implements :    Anderson^     Ckffejf 
Coleman,  Hudd,  Morgan, 

objects :  JDawson,  Ellis,  GeHdmey^ 
Read,  Robaris. 

urns  :  Huteheson, 

sword  :  Gray, 
Brouffhton  :  Saye  and  Sele, 
Broxburne :  Salwey, 
Buckenham  :  Hughes. 
Bucks  :     Bourke,     Buckinghamshire^ 

Foster,      Windle,      See     "Fenny 

Stratford,"  «  Turville." 
Bornby  :  Lendman. 

Caerwent :  Ashhy,  Hudd. 

Caithness :  Anderson, 

Calendars  :  Ptunket, 

Calverton  :  Hill^ 

Cambridge  :  Atkinson, 

Cambridgeshire  :  Cambridgeshire^ 
Lloyd, 

Cam^,  mounds,  entrenchments : 
nrooke,  Christison,  Cowper,  JsSUioL, 
Oould,  Laver,  Lloyd,  MacRitM^, 
March,  Morgan,  Read,  Rmek, 

Canterbury :  Ooldney,  Hope,  Romt- 
ledge.  Sands, 

Cardiff:  Ward. 

Cardiganshire :  Barker, 

Carlisle :  CoUingwood, 

Carshalton :  Potter, 

Castles  :  Adctmson^  Ball,  Carrington^ 
CorheU,  F/rench,  Ootch,  Qould^ 
Crreen,  James,  Laver,  Laytsrd, 
Maiden,  Saye  and  Sele,  Ward, 
WiUiams, 

Castleton  :  Addy, 

Celtic  history  and  antiquities : 
Auden,  Barker,  MacBean, 

Chaldea  :  PlunkeL 

Chalfield  (Great) :  Davies, 

Cheshire  :  See  "  Lymm,"  ^  Wirral.'' 


46 


INDEX 


47 


Chichester  :  Arnold ^  Boger,  Cooper ^ 
Hall,  Bice, 

Chinese  :  PlunkeL 

Christian  (early)  monuments :  Allen, 

Churches  :  Andri,  Austin^  Beaumont^ 
BrereUm,  BrunskUl^  Cooke,  Cotton, 
Cox,  Davies,  Forsyth,  Fox,  Framp- 
ion,  Olynne,  Oowere,  Qreen,  HUl, 
Hodgson,  Hope,  Jewers,  Johnston, 
Keyser,  Leadman,  Lotf,  Lucas, 
Lynam,  Lyons,  Mealand,  Millard, 
MUls,  Mittchin,  Oliver,  O^BeUly, 
Peers,  Peter,  Ponting,  Prickman, 
Benaud,  Bice,  Bobertson,  Boutledge, 
Sutton,  Sympson,  Tuck,  WUliams, 
Young, 

Church  plate :  Ball,  Bates,  Cooper, 
Woodruff, 

Churchwardens'  accounts :  Arnold, 
Fletcher,  Warren, 

Cicero :  Purser, 

Cinque  Ports:  Daioson, 

Clare  :  Weatropp, 

Clifton  :  Latinier, 

Clocks:  Brook, 

Closeburn  :  Bichardson, 

Cluny:  MacPherson. 

Colchester  :  Antley,  Hope,  Howard, 

Colne  Engaine :  Bound. 

Colytou  :  Jewers, 

Comer  Hall  :  Cowper, 

Connau^^ht :  Knox, 

Connemara:  Browne, 

Cookham  :  Young. 

Cornwall  :  Baring  -  Oould,  Brent, 
Lewis,  Bundle,  Worth,  See 
"Mabe,""St.Mylor." 

Coronation  :  Dawson,  F, 

Coroners:  Thomas, 

Corston  :  Ponting. 

Costume:  AndrA, Brydall, 

Crosses :  Collingwood,O^BeillyJF^rowse, 
Bice,  Taylor,  Tydeman,  Westropp, 
WHght. 

Cuckfield  :  Attree,  Breach,  Cooper. 

Cumberland  :  Haverjield,  See  "  Art- 
huret,"  "Carlisle,"  "  Glassonby," 
"  Matterdale,"  "Orton  (Great)," 
"  Penrith." 

Cup  and  ring  marks  :  Somerville. 

Cyprus  :  JEvans. 

Darien  ;  Story, 

Dartmoor  :  Baring-Gould,  Prowse, 
Denchworth  :  Hyde, 
"Derbyshire  :  See  "  Castleton." 
Devonshire  :      Amery,      Brooking- 
Bowe,    QresweU,   Beidiel,   WhtUe, 


Worth.  See  "  Colyton,"  "Dart- 
moor," "Exeter,"  "FenOttery," 
"  Ford,"  "  Kenton,"  "  Kings- 
bridge,"  "Okehampton,"  "Shule," 
"  Stockleigh  English,"  "  Totnes." 

Dialect :  Drinkwater,  Kennedy,  MaC" 
hain,  Bobertson. 

Diaries :  Barrow-in-Furness,  Brush' 
field,  Linn,  Lumb, 

Domesday  survey  :  Farrer,  Lumby, 
Beichel,  Bound, 

Dorsetshire  :  March. 

Dover  :  Statham, 

Dublin :  Berry,  Cosgrave,  Drew, 
Falkiner,  O'Beilly,  Wardell, 

Darrington  :  Buddie, 

Eastbourne  :  Haverfield,  Hudson. 

Ecclesiology  :  Brown,  Legg,  Robinson. 

Egypt :  Breasted,  Butler,  Clarke, 
Griffith,  Myers,  Nanh,  Petrie, 
Rivers,  Sayce,  Ward,  Weigall, 
Weld,  Whyte,  Wiedemann. 

Eig^ :  Bobertson, 

Elgin  :  Stuart, 

Elsted  :  Rice. 

Elie:  Traquair, 

Essex :  Christy^  Gouhl,  Round,  Waller, 
See  "  Bemfleet  (South),"  "  Brent- 
wood," "  Bromley,"  "  Colchester," 
"  Colne  Engaine,"  "  Hallingbury 
Great,"  "  Harlow,"  "  Helions 
Bumpstead,"  "  High  Ongar," 
"  Langenhoe,"  "Lawford,"  "  Lit- 
tie  Laver,"  "  Loughton,"  "  Nave- 
stock,"  "Nevenden,"  "Pleshey," 
"Plesingho,"  "  Roy  don,"  "Stan- 
ford Rivers,"  "Stansted  Mont- 
fichet,"  "Tiptrie,"  "  Tolleshunt 
Tregoz,"  "Waltham,"  "  Waltham 
(Little),"  "  Wethersfield." 

Exeter  :  Adams,  Brushfield,  Troup, 

Faringdon  :  DitcJtfield, 

Feat  hen  leag  :  Auden, 

Fen  Ottery  :  Dickinson. 

Fenny  Stratfonl :  Bradbrook, 

Field  names :  Waller, 

Fifeshire  :  Hutcheson, 

Fishguard  :   Wade-Evans. 

Fitz:  Phillips, 

Flamborough  :  Berries, 

Folklore  :  Addy,  Amery,  Astley,  Atch' 
ley,  Auden,  Soger,  Boissier,  Boyle, 
Braitmaier,  Bume,  Cameron, 
Carey^  Carson,  Chervin,  Cheshire, 
Coleridge,  Conybeare,  Cooke,  Drum" 
mond,  Dutt,  Emslie,  Evans,  Farrer, 
Fergusson,  Frazer^  Gaster,  Oerish, 


48 


INDEX 


Goodrich-Freerj  Gomme^  Groves j 
Sarlland,  Hig{fin$^  Hodgson  ^ 
Hiillj  Janvier,  Jewitt,  Johnsfcn, 
Jones,  Keary,  Kennedy,  Kidson, 
Lang,  Lanyley.  Lemke,  Legge, 
Lighthall,  Lovett,  MacDonald  {A.), 
MacDonald  (Z>.  J.^,  MacDonald 
(J.),  Mackenzie,  MacHitckie,  March, 
Merrick,  Milne,  Mitchell,  Myers, 
Sutt,  Palon,  Peacock  (E.),  Peacock 
(M.),  Poison,  Powell,  rresLage,  Ray, 
Pead,  Rivers,  Rnlertson,  Rouse, 
Sitf^lair,  Sintott,  Sjfeakman,  Sykes, 
Thomas,  Thoriiley,  Tregear,  Ven- 
katamcami.  Weeks,  Weld,  YVeston, 
Wright. 

Font8  :  Andr^,  Pfh^r,  Rice, 

Ford  (Devon)  :  Cotton, 

Ford  (Sussex) :  Johnston. 

France :  Duncan, 

Galway:  Kelly, 

Genealogy  and  family  history  : 
Attree,  Daildon,  Cooper,  Cust, 
Fraze r -  Mackintosh ,  Grainger, 
Grai/,  Irvine,  Lega-  Weekes^Parker, 
Phillips,  Piatt,  Poole,  Radford, 
Round,  Vaughon,  Waller,  Watson, 
Westropp,  Wilkins,  Wimherley^ 
Winckley. 

Giraldus  Cambrensis  :  Campbell, 

Glasgow  :  Allen, 

(ilassonby  ;  Barnes,  Collingtcood, 

Gloucester  :  Medlond, 

Gloucestershii-e  :  Davis,  Martin.  See 
"Aust  Cliff,"  "Bristol,"  "Clif- 
ton," "  Gloucester,"  "  Tewkes- 
bury," "Toddington,"  "West- 
bury-upon-Trym." 

Goodnestone  :  Wells. 

Grammar  schools  ;  Breach, 

Great  Clifton  :  Collingtcood, 

Great  Munden  :  Tuck, 

Greatham :  Rice, 

Greek  antiquities  :  Anderson,  Ancdry, 
Bevan,  Bosawiuet,  Brooks,  Brovm, 
Cook,  Crowfoot,  Pdnwnds,  Foot, 
Fwiwangler,  Gardner  {E.),  Gard' 
ner  (P,),  Harrisoti,  Hogarth, 
Kabbadiasy  Munro,  Milne,  Myres, 
Nilsson,Paton,  Roberts,  Rouse,  Tarn, 
Verrall,  Walclstein,  Young, 

Groby :  Gould. 

Guildford  :  Maiden. 

Gundrada  de  Warenne  :  Hall, 

Gwendale  magna :  Leadman. 

Hale  :  Irvine, 


Hallingbury  (Great) :  Gould. 

Hampshire:  See  "  Meonstoke,"  "Bom- 
sey,"  "  Silchest^." 

Hard  bam  :  Johnston,  Rice, 

Hardwick  Hall  :  Gotch, 

Harlow  :  Gould. 

Hastings  :  Datoson, 

Haughmond  :  Fletcher, 

Hayles  Abbey  :  Brakspear, 

Helion's  Bumpstead  :  Romnd, 

Henry  I. :  Andrew. 

Heraldry :  Bradbrook,  Hawkciiburyy 
Oliver,  Paul,  Were. 

Herefordshire  :  Frazer, 

Hertford  :  Caldecctt, 

Hertfordshire  :  Gerish,  See  "  Ben- 
nington," "  Brox  bourne,'"  "Great 
Munden,""  Hertford," '-Hitchin," 
"  Hoddesdon,"  "  Little  Munden," 
"  Standon,"  «*  Ware,"  "  Welwyn,*^ 
"  Wormley." 

High  Ongar :  Round. 

Hitchin :  Lucas,  Millard, 

Hittite  remains  :  Andersc-n^  Sayce. 

Hoddesdon  :  Andrews,  Gerish, 

Houses :  Andrf,  Baddeley, Gotch,  Gould  ^ 
Wilkins, 

Houghton- on-the-Hill  :  Hartopp, 

Hunstanton  :  Hughes,  Le  Strange. 

Ickham  :  Frampfon, 

Ickworth:  Hervey, 

Inchiquin  :  Macnamara. 

India :  Dutt,  Hodsvn, 

Inns  :  Andr4, 

Inscriptions :   Ffrench,  Hicci,    Wade- 
Evans, 
Greek  :  Milne, 
Hittite :  Andersen, 
Ogam  :  Buick,  Rhys. 

Inventories  :  Auden^  Southam,  Sussex. 

lona  :  Allen. 

Ireland:  Chamhrier,  Cojffey,  Faley, 
Ffrench,  Hull,  Knoules,  Knox^ 
Latimer,  Wright,  See  "  Antrim," 
« Clare,"  "Connaugbt,"  "Con- 
nemara,"  "Dublin,"  "Galway,^ 
"Inchiquin,"  "  New  Boss." 

Japan  :  Ashicn, 

Kempsey :  Purton, 

Kent  :  Payne,  Woodruff,  See 
"Goodnestone,"  "Ickham," 
"  Leeds,"  "  Maidstone,"  "  Mar- 
gate," "Minstey,"  "  Stcckburv,'" 
"  Upchurch,"  "  Walmer." 

Kent  mere:  Covo%er,  Cropper,  Curvem^ 
Martindale, 


INDEX 


49 


Kenton  :  Bingham. 
Kilnwick  Percy  :  Leadman, 
Kingsbridge  :  Daoies. 
Kingston-on-Thames :  Pen/old, 
Kintyre  :  Iliac  Donald, 
Kirbv  Muxloe  :  Ghdch, 
Kirkham  :  Hawkesbury. 
Kirklees  :  Chadwick. 
Kirkoswald  :  CoUingtoood,  ThornUy, 
Kirkwall  :  Robertson. 
Knights  Hospitallers  :  Broum. 

Lancashire:  Iroine,  Lumby^  Taylor. 
See  "  Bleasdale,"  "  Hale,"  "  Liver- 
pool," "Manchester,"  "Middle- 
ton,"  "  Preston."  "  Vale   Royal." 

Langenhoe:  Round. 

Langford  Badville :  Elworthy. 

Largs:  Lyons. 

Lawford:  Green, 

Leatherhead:  Smith, 

Leeds  (Kent):  James. 

Leeds  ( Yorlw) :  Ford.  Lumb. 

Leicester :  Compion.  Lynam,  Oliver. 

Leicestershire :  Bellairsy  Hartopp. 
See  "  Groby,"  "  Houghton  on  the 
Hill," "Kirby  Muxloe,"  "Leices- 
ter," "Lutterworth,"  "  Noseley," 
"  Batby,"  "  Ul  vescroft." 

Leper-hospitals:  Andrews, 

Lewes:  Boyson. 

Lincoln:  James. 

Lincolnshire:  jPVwter.  -Sm  " Lincoln," 
"Scunthorpe,"  "  Tattershall." 

Libraries:  Churchy  Clarky  Close, 
Cooper,  Johnston,  Latolor, 

Literary  history:  Axon,  BoUon, 
Browning,  Davey,  Howorth,  Lack' 
Szyrma,  Neilson,  Fheni. 

Little  Laver:  Round, 

Little  Munden :  Sworder, 

Liverpool:  Shato. 

Llandaff:  Halliday. 

Llantrissant :  Corbett. 

London:  Oarnett,  Hardy,  Lach- Szyr- 
ma, Maurice,  Munich,  Norman, 
Prevost,  Urwich,  Waller,  Werge. 

Loughlinstown  :  Ball. 

Loughton:   Waller. 

Lun6ville,  peace  of :  Roberts, 

Lutterworth:  Patrick, 

Lych  gates :  ffcUliday, 

Lymm:  Ball. 

Mabe :  Peter. 
Maidstone  :  Robertson. 
Malmesbnry:  James. 
Malvern  (Great):  Paul. 


Man^Isleof):  Howorth. 

Mancnester:  Ball. 

Manor  courts:  Kdly,  Kirby,  Mad' 
dock. 

Maori:  Roth. 

Margate :  Cotton,  Woodruff. 

Maryculter :  Eilwards. 

Matterdale  :   Whiteside. 

Meonstoke:  Kirby, 

Metallurgy :  Gowland,  Rosenhain. 

Mexico :  Comer. 

Middleton;  Dean, 

Military  history:  Firth,  Oould, 
Knowles,  Linn,  Ruck. 

Millington:   Leadman. 

Minster:  Frampton. 

Monmouthshire:  See  "Caerwent." 

Monuments,  inscriptions,  brasses, 
etc.:  Andri,  Bower,  Browne, 
Brydall,  Buckinghamshire,  Cam- 
bridgeshire, Christy,  Cocks,  Daois, 
Fallow,  Hartiihorn,  Jewers,  Rice, 
Sfsphenson,  Weils, 

Mortimer:  Cameron. 

Municipal  antiquities :  Atkinson, 
Berry,  Caldecott,  Drinkwater, 
Hope,  Morris,  Statham,  Vigors, 
Windeatt, 

Names  :  Mac  Bain, 

Navestock:  Gould. 

Net  her  a  von  :  Ponting. 

Nevenden:  Beaumont. 

New  Guinea:  Haddon. 

New  Boss  :  Manning,  Vigors. 

Norfolk:  Astley.    See  "Buckenham," 

"Hunstanton." 
Norse  invasion :  Mackay. 
Northamptonshire :  Brereton,  Cox. 
Northumoerland :     Haverfield.      See 

"  Tynemouth." 
Noseley:  Hartopp. 
Nottingham :  Green,  Hope. 
Nottinghamshire:     See  "Calverton," 

"  Nottingham." 
Numismatics:  Brooking-Rowe,  Rich- 
ardson. 

Elizabeth :  Gerish. 

Henry  I  :  Andrew, 

Justinian  I. :  Searle. 

Manx:  Howorth. 

Koman :    Caldecott,  Christy,   Clark, 
Haverfield. 
Nunburnholm :  Leadman. 

Okehamption:  Prickman. 
Oldbury :  Southam. 
Ormesby:  Fallow. 


BO 


INDEX 


Ormshed:  BrutukUL 
Orton  (Great):  Parker. 
Oxfordshire:  Windle.    See  "Brongh- 
ton/'  "  Wittenham  (LittleX* 

Paisley:  Bo$9. 

Parish  registers :  Dickivson^  Hartopp, 

Lumb, 
Patrington:  Maddock, 
Peles  :  Cowper. 
Penrith :  IVatson. 
Phillippines:  MacKinUi/, 
Pitney  Moor:  Gray. 
Place-names  :  Bomrke,  Mackay^  Poster, 
Pleshey :  Bound, 
Plesingho:  Bound, 
Poor,  provision  for :  Phillipe, 
Pottery:  PrevoeL 

Prehistoric  remains:    Knotoletj    Wes- 
tropp,  Willettj  Windfe. 

Brochs:  Anderson, 

Grannogs:  Munro. 

Cave:  IJatckins, 

Earth  houses :  Kay. 

Graves:  Primroee. 

Implements :   Brent^  Gatty^  Hughes^ 
Mackensie^  Moir,  Stope*^  Wtdier. 

Quadrangular  structures:  Co%cper. 

Kitchen  midden:  Munro,  Traquair. 

Stone  circles :  Colee,  Letcie. 

Urns:  Abercromby. 

Tillage:  Martindale. 
Presbyterian  church  history  :    Lati- 
mer, Pen/old. 
Preston :  Ball. 
Priories :  Adamson,  Boy  eon,  Chadtcick, 

Hope,  James,  Patrick. 
Prisoners  in  England :  Phillips,  Prick- 
man. 
Pulborough :  Harley,  Bice, 

Raby  Cote :  Grainger,  Hodgson, 
Katby:  Bartopp. 

Richard  (St.)  of  Chichester :  Cooper. 
Roadways :      Bellairs,     Kempthome, 

Napper,  Salkuid, 
Robert  of  Belesme  :  Auden, 
Roman  remains  :  Allen,  Fry,  Gantang^ 
Geriah,  Goldney,  Sparke, 

Caerwent:  Ashby,  Martin. 

Camps:  Andrew,  Chrisiison. 

Cardiff  Castle:   Ward. 

Cornwall :  Worth. 

Germany  (South) :  Lewis, 

Hadrian's  wall :  Foster, 

Hardknott:  Dymond. 

Interments :  Woodruff. 

Law  :  Clark, 


Medicine:  Barnes, 

Pulborough :  Bice. 

Pyrenees:  Whitetcay. 

Roads  :  Bdlairs,  Bulloek-Hall,  Cow- 
per, Croft,  Martin. 

Rome:  Forbes. 

Sarcophagi  :  Bobert 

Silchester :  Fox,  Hope,  Beid. 

Stations :       Anderson,      Buchanan, 
Chrisiison, 

Urns  and  lamp :  Thompson, 

Villas:  Barker, 

Wilderspool :  May. 

Wittenham  (Little):  Cozens, 
See  "  Numismatics.^* 
Romsey :  Moens,  Peers. 
Roy  den :  Gerish. 

Ruyton-of-the-eleven-towns :  Kenyom. 
Ryland :  Ffrench. 

Saddleworth :  Andrew. 

St.  Mylor :  Peter. 

St.  Patrick^  Purgatory  :  MacBUehie. 

Saints :  Auden,  Baring-Gomld. 

Sarawak :  Hose,  Shel/ord. 

Savemake:  WWetL 

Saxon  antiquities  :  Goldney,  Hughes, 
Peers. 

Scotland  :  BrydaU.  Campbell,  Coles, 
Lewis,  Maekay,  MacBitchie^ 
Mitchell, Munro.  See  "Aberdeen- 
shire,'' "Arran,"  « Caithneae.'^ 
"*iigg»"  "ElgiDr''  "Pifeshiie," 
"Glasgow,"  "Laraw,"  '^Paisley;* 
"  Stirlingshire,"  **  Sutherland^ 

Scunthorpe:  GaUy. 

Seaford  :  Bice. 

Seals:  Atkinson,  Warren. 

Send  and  Ripley  :  Johnston, 

Shakespeare:  Sayle. 

Sherston:  PosUing, 

Shifnal  :  thillips, 

Shrewsbury :  Drinkwaier,  Fleicher. 
Morris,  Phillipe, 

Shropshire :  Auden,  DrinkwaUr, 
Fletcher,  Hope-Edwards,  Phillips, 
Shropshire.  See  "  FitE,"  "  Haugh- 
mond,"  "Oldbury,"  "Ruyton,** 
"  Shrewsbury,"  "  Shifnal,''  " Uff- 
ington,"  "Whitchurch;'  "  Wil- 
ley." 

Shute:  Jewers. 

Silchester :  Fox,  Hofe,  Beid. 

Somerford  (^GreatJ :  Manley. 

Somersetshire :  Bates,  Fry,  Morgmm. 
i5««"Batb,''  "LangfordBudviller 
"  PitneyMoor,"  "  Wells,'"  What- 
ley,"  "  Winsbam." 


INDEX 


51 


Spain :  Dcdton. 

Spoons  (wooden) :  Allen, 

Staffordshire:  5««"Biddulph." 

Standon :  Broun,  Crofton, 

Stanford  Rivers :  Round. 

Stansted  Montfichet :  Later. 

Stirlingshire :    Andersen. 

Stockbury :  Cooke. 

Stockleigh  English  ;  Erskine-Rxsk, 

Stone  implenlents :  /?««"  Prehistoric.'' 

Strickland:    Whiteeide. 

Suffolk:  Suffi^k.  See  "  Bard  well,'* 
**  Blythburgh,"  "  Ickworth.'' 

Sundials :  Evans. 

Surrey :  Andri^  Bax^  Cooper ,  Xapper^ 
Roharte.  See  **  Carshalton," 
"  Guildford,"  "  Kingston  -  on  - 
Thames,"  " Leatherhead,"  "Send 
and  Ripley,"  "  Woodmansterne." 

Sussex  :  Andri  Datcson,  HcUl,  Haver- 
fields  Johnston,  Bead,  Rice,  Round, 
Sussex.  See  "  Atherington,"  "  Bin- 
derton,"  "Boxgrove,"  "Chiches- 
ter," "  Cuckfield,"  "Eastbourne,-' 
"Elsted,"  "Ford,"  "Hardham," 
" Hastings,"  "Lewes,"  "  Pul - 
borough,"' "  Seaford,"  "  Trey  ford," 
"Warnham,"  "West  Dean," 
" Willingdon,"  "Woollaving- 
ton." 

Sutherland :   Anderson  Mackat,', 

Tasmania:  Moir, 

Tattershall:  Sympson. 

Templepatrick :  Latimer. 

TewkesDury:  Way^en. 

Tiptree:  F. 

Tooacco  pipes :  Price. 

Toddington :  Baddeley. 

Tolleshunt  Tregoz:  Round. 

Tong:  Calvert. 

Totnes:   Windeatt. 

Trephining :  Crump. 

Treyford :  Rice, 

Tumuli,  Barrows  :    Barnes,    ColJivg- 

wood,  Hughes,  Worth, 
Turville :  Cocks,  Forsyth. 
Tynemouth:  Adamson. 

Uffington:  Fletcher. 
Ulvescroft:  Patrick. 
tfpchurch:  Woodruff. 
Uphall:  Primrose. 

Vale  Royal :  Phelps. 


Wakefield :  Peacock. 

Wales:    Allen,   Laves,    Yeatman,      Ste 

"Cardiff,"  "Cardiganshire," 

"Fishguard,"        "Llandaff," 

"Llantrissant." 
Walmer:  Fry,  Woodruff. 
Waltham:  Tydeman. 
Walthani  (Little) :   Christy. 
Ware :  Andrews. 
Warnham  :  Andr^. 
Warter:  Hope. 
Watton  :  Hope, 
Wells :  Church,  Coleman. 
W>lwyn  :  Calderott,GeHsh. 
West  Dean :  Rice. 
Westbury-upon-Trym :  Hudd. 
Westmorland:     <Sce  "Comer    Hall," 

"Kentmere,"   "Strickland,' 

"  Witherslack." 
Wethersfield :  Round. 
What  ley:  Hartshome. 
Whitchurch:  Thompson,  Vane. 
Wilderspool :  May. 
Willey  :  Phillips. 
Willingdon:  Rice, 
Wills:     Calvert,     Round,     Sherwood, 

Shropshire. 
Wiltshire:    Powell.     See    "  Chalfield 

(Great)"  "Corston,"    "Durring- 

ton,"  "  Malmesbury,"    "  Nether- 

avon,"  "  Savernake,'"  "  Sherston,' 

«  Somerford  (Great)." 
Winsham  :  Lott. 
Wirral:  Pool. 
Witherslack :  Hutton. 
Witten ham  (Little):  Cozens. 
Wollaton :  Ootch, 
Wolsey (Cardinal):  Evans. 
Woodmansteme :  Lambert. 
Woollavington :  Rice. 
Worcester:  James. 
Worcestershire:  Walters.  «Se«"Kemi>- 

sey,"  "Malvern  (Great)/' 
Wormley:  Austin, 
Wrexham:  Palmer. 

Yarbur^h :  Fowler. 

Yorkshire :  Lay,  See  "  Bumby," 
"  Flamborough,"  "Gwendale 
Magna,"  "Kilnwick  Percy," 
"Kirkham,""  Kirklees,"  "Leeds," 
"  Millington,"  "  Nunbumholme," 
"  Ormesby,"  "  Patrington,"  "  Sad- 
dleworth,"  "  Wakefield,"  "  War- 
ter," "  Watton." 


Duller  &  Tanner,  The  Selwood  Printing  Works,  Frome,  and  London. 


1903. 

LIST  OF  MEMBERS. 


HIS  MAJESTY  THE  KING. 

The  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Powis 

The  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  op  Cawdor 

The  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  op  Llandapp  (President,  1888) 

The  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  op  St.  David's 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Windsor  (President,  1898  and  1899) 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Dyneyor 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Eenyon 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Mostyn  (President,lSdO) 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Tredegar  (President,  1885) 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Penrhyn  (President,  1894) 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Aberdare  (President,  1900) 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Harlech 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Llamoattock 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Swansea 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Glanusk  (President,  1902) 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Glanusk 

R.  H.  Wood,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  F.R.G.S. 

Vitt^n%i\stnH. 
H.  R.  Hughes,  Esq.,  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Flintshire 
Sir  John  Evans,  D.C.L.,  F.R.8.,  V.P.S.A. 
Sir  C.  E.  G.  Philipps,  Bart.  (President,  1880  and  1883) 
R.  H.  Wood,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  F.R.G.S. 
His  Hon.  Jndge  Wyhhe  Ffoulkes,  M.A. 
Sir  John  Talbot   Dillwyn  Llewelyn,    Bart.,  M.A^  M.P^  F.L.S. 

(President,  1886) 
Lient.-GoL  C.  S.  Mainwaring  (President,  1887) 


1  LIST   OF   MEMBERS. 

M.  le  Dr.  de  Closmadeuc  (President^  1889),  Pr^ident  de  la  Soci^t^ 

Poljmathiqne  dn  Morbihan 
John  Rhys,  Esq.,  M.A.,  LL.D.  (President,  1891),  Profesflor  of  Celtic, 

and  PiiDcipal  of  Jeans  College,  Oxford 
The  Rev.  Chancellor  D.  Silvan  Evans,  B.D. 
W.  Boyd  Dawkins,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  Professor  of  Geology, 

Owens  College,  Mancheater 
The  Rev.  A.  H.  Sayce,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  Professor  of  Assyriology,  Oxford 
The  Rev.  Hugh  Prichabd,  M.A. 
The  Yen.  Archdeacon  Thomas,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 
Sir  Jambs  Williams  Drummond,  Bart.  (Presidenty  1892) 
Sir  Owen  H.  P.  Scourfiild,  Bart.  (Presidenty  1897) 
Edward  Laws,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
The  Rev.  Canon  Rupert  Morris,  D.D.,  F.S.A. 
J.  W.  Willis-Bund,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
Henry  Owen,  D.C.L.,  F.S.A. 
The' Rev.  Prebendary  Garnons-Wiluams,  M.A. 
Col.  Prycb-Jones,  M.P.  {President,  1901) 
The  Rev.  8.  Baring-Gould,  M.A. 

Cotmittee. 
The  President,  with  all  those  who  have  held  that  office  ;  the  Vice-Presi- 
dents ;  the  Treasurer  ;  the  General  and  Local  Secretaries  ;  and  the 
Editorial  Snb-Committee,  with  the  following  : 

Ven.  Archdeacon  Thomas,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Chairman, 


rtyd  NichoU,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
H.  Harold  Huffhe9,Esq.,  A.R.LB.A. 
J.  RomiUv  Allen,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
J.  Ward,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
J.  W.  Willis-Bnnd,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Mrs.  Allen  i  Rev.  John  Fisher. 

Rev.  E.  J.  Newell. 


W.  H.  Banks,  Esq. 

Edward  Owen,  Esq. 

Richard  Williams,  Esq.,  F.RHist.S. 

A.  N.  Palmer,  Esq. 

Thos.  Mansel  Franklen,  Esq. 


lEHttor. 
J.  Romilly  Allen,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  28,  Great  Ormond  Street,  W.C. 

^littoTtal  J^ub^Committee. 
The  Rev.  Chancellor  D.  Silvan  Evans,  B.D. 
Professor  Rhys,  M.  A.,  LL.D. 
The  Rev.  Canon  R.  Trevor  Owen,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Braug^tsman. 
Worthington  G.  Smith,  Esq.,  F.L.S. 

Crrafurrr. 
Col.  W.  L.  Morgan,  R.E.,  Brynbriallu,  Swansea. 

irtuftrrs. 
R.  H.Wood,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
W.  R.  M    Wynne.  Esq. 
Colonel  W.  Gwynne- Hughes 


LIST  OV  MEMBERS. 


3 


Rev.  Canon  R  Trevor  Owen,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Bodelwyddan  Vicarage, 

Rhuddlan  (Flintshire),  R.S.O. 
Rev.  Charles  Chidlow,  M. A.,  Llawhaden  Vicarage,  Narberth 

(ETorredponDing  ^tttttavUfi. 

France — Mons.  Charles  HettieTj  F.S.A.,  Caen 

Brittany — M.  de  Keranflec'h  Kernezne,  Chateau  de  Qa^l^nec,  Mar  de 
Bretagne,  Cdtes  du  Nord,  France  [burgh 

Scotland — Joseph  Anderson,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  Museum  of  Antiquities,  Edin- 
Ireland—R.  Cochrane,  Esq.,  F.S.  A.,  17,  Highfield  Road,  Rathgar,  Dublin 
Cornwall — Edwyn  Parkyn,  Esq.,  Royal  Institute,  Truro 

Rev.  S.  Baring-Gould,  Lew  Trenchard  Rectory,  N.  Devon 

illonorari?  iBembeni. 

M.  Alexandre  de  Bertrand,  Paris 

Mons.  Charles  Hettier,  F.S.A.,  Caen,  France 


Anglesey  . 

(Jamarvonshire 

Denbighshire 

Flintshire 

Merionethshire 

Montgomeryshire 

Brecknockshire 

Cardiganshire 

Carmarthenshire 
Glamorganshire 
Pembrokeshire  . 


Radnorshire  .  . 
Monmouthshire  . 
The  Marches 


J.  E.  Griffith,  Esq.,  F.R.C.S.,  F.L.S.,  Bryn  Dinas, 

Upper  Bangor 
Ed w.  Roberts,  Esq.,  M.A.,  H.M.I.S.,  Carnarvon 
H.  Harold  Hughes,  Esq.,  A.R.I.B.A.,  Bangor 
Rev.  David  JoneF,  M.A.,  The  Vicarage,  Abergele 
A.  Foulkes-Roberts,  Esq.,  34,  Vale  Street,  Denbigh 
Rev.  W.  LI.  Nicholas,  M.A.,  Rectory,  Flint 
L.  J.  Roberts,  Esq.,  H.M.LS.,  Rhyl 
Rev.  J.  E.  Da  vies,  M.A.,  The  Rectory,  Llwyngwril 
Thomas  Price,  Esq.,  Pentreheylin,  Llanymynech 
Lieut. -Col.    R.   D.   Grarnons- Williams,    Ty  Mawr, 

Brecon 
Prof.  Anwyl,  M.A.,  University  College  of  Wales, 

Aberystwyth 
Rev.   D.  D.  Bvans,   B.D.,  Llandyfriog  Vicarage, 

Newcastle  Emlyn 
Alan  Stepney-GuUton,  Esq.,  Derwydd,  Llandebie 
Rev.  D.  H.  Davies,  Cenarth  Vicarage,  Llandyssil 
D.  Lleufer  Thomas,  Esq.,  Bryn  Maen,  Llandeilo 
Thos.  Powel,Esq.,  M.A.,  University  College,  Cardiff 
C.WUkins,Esq.,F.G.S.,Sprinfi:field,  Merthyr  Tydfil 
C.  H.  Glascodine,  Esq.,  Cae  Pare,  Swansea 
Herbert  J.  Allen,  Esq.,  Norton,  Tenby 
H.  W.  Williams,  Esq.,  F.G.S.,  Solva 
Rev.  James  Phillips,  Haverfordwest 
Rev.  L.  H.  Evans,  M.A.,  Vicarage,  Rhayader 
A.  E.  Bo  wen,  Esq.,  Town  Hall,  Pontypool 
James  Davies,  Esq.,  Gwynfa,  Brooray  Hill,  Hereford 
Rev.  C.  H.  Drinkwater,  M.A.,  St.  George's  Vicarage, 

Shrewsbury 
Henry  Taylor,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Curzon  Park,  Chester 


UST   OF   MEMBBBS. 


MEMBERS.'' 


ENGLISH 

His  Majssty  ths  Kino    . 
Swansea,  The  Rt.  Hon.  Lord 
Allen,  Mrs.  Thomas    . 
Allen,  W.  Bird,  Esq.,  M.A. 
Allen,  J.  Romilly,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
Allen,  Rev.  W.  Osborn,  M.A,    . 
Asher,  Messrs.,  and  Co. 
Baring-Gould,  Rev.  S.,  M.A.     . 

Behrens,  George,  Esq. 
Bumard,  R.,  Bsq.,  F.S.A.  . 
Biblioth^ae  Nationale 


Birmingham  Free  Library  . 
Blnndell,  Joseph  Hight,  Esq. 
Bond,  F.  Bligh,  Esq. 
Bridger,  E.  K.,  Esq. 
♦Chambers,  Rev.  G.  C.      . 
Chetham  Library 
Cochrane,   R.  H.,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 

Hon.   Sec.  Royal    Sclciety  of 

Antiqoaries,  Ireland 
Colmnbia  University . 
Conlif^e,  Major  J.  Williams 
Cunnington,  B.  Howard,  Esq., 

F.aA.Scot 

Dawkins,  W.  Boyd,  Esq.,  M.A., 

F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
D'Arbois  de  Jnbainville,  M. 
De  Keranflec'h  Kemezne,  M. 


AND   FOREIGN.    (82) 

.     Buckingham  Palace,  S.W. 

24,  Motcombe  St. ,  Belgra  ve  Square,  W. 
.     42,  Connanght  Square,  W. 
.     158,  Portsdown  Road,  Maida  Vale,  W. 

28,  Great  Ormond  Street,  W.C. 

83,  St.  George's  Road,  S.W. 

13,  Bedford  St.,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 

Lew  Trenchard  Rectory,  Lew  Down, 
N.  Devon 

Fallowfield,  Manchester 

3,  Hillsborough,  Plymouth 

Paris  (0/0  Messrs.  Kegan  Paul,  Trench, 
TrUbner  St  Co.,  Paternoster  House, 
Charing  Cross  Road,  W.C.) 

Birmingham  (c/o  A.  Capel  Shaw,  Esq.) 

157,  Cheapside,  E.G. 

St.  Augustine's  Pftrade,  Bristol 

Berkeley  House,  Hampton-on-Thames 

Grammar  School,  Wigan 

Manchester  (c/o  W.  T.  Browne,  Esq.) 


17,  Highfield  Road,  Rathgar,  Dublin 

New  York,  U.S.  A. 

17,  Livemess  Terrace,  Hyde  Park,  W. 

Devizes 


Woodhnrst,  Fallowfield,  Manchester 
84,  Boulevard  Mont  Pamasse,  Paris 
Chftteau  de  Qu^l^nec,  Mur  de   Bre- 

tagne,  Cdtes  du  Nord,  France 
(c/o  Mr.  B.  F.  Stevens,  4,  Trafalgar 
Square,  W.C.) 
Ellis,  H.  E.,  Esq.       .        .        .     Blankney,  Lincoln 
Ebblewhite,    Ernest    A.,    Esq.,     1,  Paper  Buildings,  Temple,  London, 

E.C.  ;   and   Tintem,    Christchurch 
Road,  Crouch  End,  N. 
Nashmills,  Hemel  Hempstead 


Detroit  Public  Library 


F.S.A. 


Evans,  Sir  John,  F.R.8.,  K.C.B. 

Evans,  Vincent,  Esq.  (Hon.  Sec. 
Honourable  Society  of  Cymm- 
rodorion)        .... 

Fryer,  Alfred,  Esq.,  Ph.D., 
M.A.,  F.S.A. 


64,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C. 

13,  Eaton  Crescent,  Clifton,  Brisiol 


*  Members  admitted  since  the  Anniial  Meeting,  1902,  have  an  asteriak  prefixed  to 
their  namea. 


UST  OF  MEMBIERS. 


Foulkes,  Isaac,  Esq.  . 
Green,  Francis,  Esq. . 
Griffiths,  Joseph,  Esq.,  M. 
Guildhall  Library,  E.G. 
Hall,  Rev.  G.  Scott   . 
Harford,  Miss 
Hartland,  Ernest,    Esq., 

F.S.A.    . 
Hartland,  E.  Sidney,  Esq., 
Harvard  College  Library 


Hereford  Free  Library 
Jackson,  J.,  Esq. 
James,  Mrs.  F. 
Jesus  College  Library 
*Jone6,  E.  Alfred,  Esq. 


M.A., 
F.S.A. 


Jones,  Rev.  G.  Hart  well,  M.A. . 
Jones,  Lawrence,  Esq. 
♦Jones,  Robert,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S. 
Joseph- Watkin,   T.   M.,   Esq.    . 

(Portcullis) 
King*s  Inns'  Library 
Lewis,  William  F.,  Esq.      . 
Liverpool  Free  Public  Library  . 
Lloyd,  Alfred,  Esq.,F.C.S.,F.E.S. 
London  Library 
Manchester  Free  Library   . 
Melbourne  Public  Library 

Morris,  The  Rev.  Canon  Rupert 

H.,  D.D.,  F.S.A.      .        . 
Morris,  T.  E.,  Esq.,  LL.M. 
McClure,  Rev.  Edmund,  M.A.    . 
New  York  Library 

Norman,  George,  Esq.,  M.D. 
Owen,  Edward,  Esq.  . 
Pennsylvania  Historical  Society 

Peter,  Thurstan  C,  Esq.     . 
PrsBtorius,  C.  J.,   Esq.,  F.S.A. 
Price,  Hamlyn,  Esq.  . 


8,  Paradise  Street,  Liverpool 
Runnymede,  North  Finchley 
63,  Trumpington  Street,  Cambridge 
(c/o  Charles  Welch,  Esq.,  F.S.A.) 
3,  Staverton  Road,  Oxford 
Blaise  Castle,  Henbury,  Bristol 

Hardwick  Court,  Chepstow 

Highgarth,  Gloucester 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  U.S.A.  (c/o  Messrs. 
Kegan  Paul,  Trfibner  &  Co., 
Charing  Cross  Road,  W.C.) 

Hereford 

25,Leazas  Terrace,  Newcastle-on-Tyne 

61,  Canynge  Road,  Clifton,  Bristol 

Oxford 

Hampden  Residential  Club,   Phoenix 

Street,  N.W. 
Nutfield  Rectory,  RedhiU 
6,  Water  Street,  Liverpool 
Claybury,  Woodford,  Essex 
Herald's  College,  QueenVictoria  Street, 

E.C. 
Dublin  (J.  Carter,  Esq.) 
2109,  Walnut  St.,  Philadelphia,  U.S.A. 
Liverpool  (c/o  Peter  Co  well,  Esq.) 
The  Dome,  Upper  Bognor,  Sussex 
St.  James's  Square,  S.W. 
Manchester 

c/o   Messrs.  Melville   &   Mullen,    12, 

Ludgate  Square,  E.C. 
St.   Gabriel's   Vicarage,   4,  Warwick 

Square,  S.W. 
8,  Fig-Tree  Court,  Temple,  E.C. 
80,  Eccleston  Square,  S.W. 
New   York  (c/o  Mr.  B.  F.  Stevens, 

Trafalgar  Square,  W.C.) 
12,  Brock  Street,  Bath 
India  Office,  Whitehall,  S.W. 
(c/o  Messrs.  B.  F.  Stevens  &  Brown, 

4,  Trafalgar  Square,  Charing  Cross, 

W.C. 
Redruth,  Cornwall 

111,  New  King's  Road,  London,  S.W. 
Ic,  King  Street,  St.  James's  Square, 

S.W. 


6 


LIST  OF  MEMBBftS. 


Prichard,  Rev.  R.  W.,  M.A. 

Prichard-Morgan,  W.,  Esq. 

RenneB,  Biblioth^que  Universi- 
taire 

Rhys,  John,  Esq.,  M.A.,  LL.D., 
Professor  of  Celtic  and  Princi- 
pal of  Jesus  College 

Sayce,  Rev.  A.  H.,  LL.D.,  Prot 
of  Assyriology 

Smith,  Worthington  G.,  Esq., 
F.L.S 

Stechert,  G.  E.,  Esq.  . 

Sydney  Free  Public  Library 

Taylor,  W.  F.  Kyffin,  Esq.,  K.C. 
Thomas,  Miss  .... 
Thomas,  Rev.  W.  Mathew,  M.A. 
Toronto  Publie  Library 

Yaughan,  H.  F.  J.,  Esq.      . 

Willis-Bund,  J.  W.,  Esq.,  F.S.  A. 

Williams,  Miss  M.  C.  L.     . 

*  Williams,  W.  Llewelyn,   Esq., 

M.A 

Wyatt,  J.  W.,  Esq.  . 


Stoke  Vicarage,  Chester 

1,  Queen  Victoria  Street,  B.C. 

Rennes,  Mame,  France 


Jesus  College,  Oxford 

Queen's  College,  Oxford 

121.  High  Street  North,  Dunstable 
Star    Yard,    Carey  Street,  Chancery 

Lane,  W.C. 
Cc/o  Mr.  Young  J.  Pentland,  38,  West 

Smithfield,  E.C.) 
4,  Harcourt  Buildings,  Temple,  E.C. 
Blunsdon  Abbey,  Highworth,  Wilts. 
Billingborough  Vicarage,  Folkingbam 
(c/o  Messrs.  C.  D.  Cazenove  &  Son,  26, 
Henrietta  St.,  Covent  Garden, W.C.) 
30,   Edwardes  Sq.,    Kensington,  \V., 

and  Humphreston  Hall,  Salop. 
15,  Old  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 
6,  Sloane  Gardens,  S.W. 

Lamb's  Buildings,  Temple,  E.C. 
East  Coast,  Wells,  Somerset 


ttSt  OF  MEMBEtlS. 


NORTH    WALES. 


ANGLESEY,    (ii) 


Reade,  Lady 

Bolkeley,      Sir     Richard 

Williams,  Bart. 
Mejrrick,  Sir  George,  Bart. 
Verney,  Sir  Edmond,  Bart. 

Adeane,  Miss 
Evans,  Rev.  Evan 

Griffith,  Rev.  Ellis  Hughes 

Jones,  Professor  J.  Morris 
Prichard,  Rev.  Hugh,  M.A. 
Prichard,  Thomas,  Esq. 
Williams-Mason,  Mrs. 


H. 


Carreg-lwyd,  The  Yalley,  R.S.O. 

Baron  Hill,  Beaumaris,  R.S.O. 
Bodorgan,  Llangefni,  R.S.O. 
Claydon  House,  Winslow,  Bucks ;  and 

Rhianva,  Menai  Bridge 
Plas  Llanfawr,  Holyhead 
Llansadwm   Rectory,   Menai  Bridge, 

R.S.O. 
Llangadwaladr    Vicarage,    Llangefni, 

R.S.O. 
Tycoch,  Llanfair,  P.G.,  R.S.O. 
Dinam,  Gaerwen,  R.S.O.  [R.S.O. 

Llwydiarth    Esgob,    Llanerchymedd, 
Plas  Bodafon,  Llanerchymedd,  R.S.O. 


CARNARVONSHIRE.    (24) 


Mostyn,  The  Lady  Aug  us  la 
Penrhyn,  Rt.  Hon.  Lord     . 
Turner,  Sir  Llewelyn 
Arnold,  Professor  E.  V.,  M.A.   . 
Davids,  Miss  Rose 

Davies,  John  Issard,  Esq.,  M.A. 
Davies,  J.  R.,  Esq. 
Dodson,  William  M.,  Esq.  . 
Evans,  Colonel  O.  LI.  G.    . 
♦Foster,  W.  A.,  Esq. 
Griffith,  J.  E.,  Esq.,  F.R.A.S., 

F.L.8 

Hughes.      H.      Harold,     Esq., 

A.R.tB.A 

Jones,  C.  A.,  Esq. 

Jones,  L.  D.,  Esq.     . 

Jones,  Rev.  Canon,  M.A.  . 

Lloyd-Jones,  Miss 

Lloyd,  John  Edward,  Esq.,  M.A. . 

Owpn,  E.  H.,  Esq.,  F.R.A. 


Gloddaeth,  Llandudno 
Penrhyn  Castle,  Bangor 
Parciau,  Carnarvon 
Bryn  Seiriol,  Bangor 
Greenhall,  High  Blantyre,  N.B. 

Plas  Llanwnda,  Carnarvon 
Llysmeirion,  Carnarvon 
Ceris,  Bangor 
Bettws-y-coed,  R.S.O. 
Broom  Hall,  Chwilog,  R.S.O. 
Glyn  Menai,  Bangor 

Bryn  Dinas,  Upper  Bangor 

Arvonia  Buildings,  Bangor 

Carnarvon 

3,  Edge  HUl,  Garth,  Bangor 

The  Yicarage,  Llandegai,  Bangor 

Penrallt,  Penmaenmawr,  R.S.O. 

T.inllwyn,  Bangor. 

Tv  Coch,  Carnarvon 


and 


8 


LtST   Of  ^rtMBKRS. 


Parry,  R.  Ivor,  Esq. 
Roberts,  E.,E8q.,  H.M.I.S.,M.A. 
University  College  Library 
Watts-Jones,  Mrs.  H. 
Williams,  W.  P.,  Esq. 
Williams,  J.  A.  A.,  Esq.    . 


Pwllheli,  R.8.0. 

Plas  Maesincla,  Camanron 

Bangor 

Glyn,  Dwygyfylchi,  Conway 

Cae'r  Onnen,  Bangor 

Aberglaslyn,  Beddgelert,  CamarYon 


Williams- Wynn.  Dowager  Lady 
Williams -Wynn,    Sir    Watkin, 

Bart.,    C.B.,  Lord   Lieut,    of 

Montgomeryshire 
Canliffe,  Sir  Robert  A.,  Bart.    . 
McLaren,  Sir  Chas.  B.  B.,  Bart., 

KC,  M.P 


DENBIGHSHIRE.    (33) 

Llangedwyn,  Oswestry 


Wynnstay,  Rhnabon 
Acton  Park,  Wrexham 

Badnant,  Eglwysfach,  R.S.O. 


Barnes,  Mrs The  Quinta,  Chirk,  Rhnabon 


Berkeley,  A.  E.  M.,  Esq. 
Blew,  Mrs. 

Darlington,  James,  Esq. 
Davies,  D.  S.,  Esq.  . 
Fisher,  Rev.  John,  B.D. 
Fletcher,  Canon  W.  H.,  M.A. 
Fonlkes-Roberts,  A.,  Esq. 
*Halhead,  Wm.  B.,  Esq. 
Haghes,  Edward,  Esq. 
Hughes,  J.  O.,  Esq. 
Hughes,  Rev.  Meredith  J 
Jones,  A.  Seymour,  Esq 
Jones,  Rev.  D.,  M.A. 
Jones-Bateman,  Rev.  B.,  M.A. 
Kyrke,  R.  V.,  Esq.  . 
Lynch,  Francis,  Esq. 
Main  waring,  Lieut.- Col. 
♦Morris,  E.,  Esq.,  M.A. 
Morris,  John,  Esq. 
Palmer,  A.  N.,  Esq.  . 
Roberts,     J.     Herbert, 

M.P.      . 
Roberts,  Rev.  C.  F.,  M.A. 
Sandbach,  Colonel 
Trevor  -  Parkins,      The 

Chancellor 
Williams,  Thomas,  Esq. 
Williams,  William,  Esq. 


Wor. 


Gredington,  Whitchurch,  Salop 

Hafod,  Trefnant,  R.S.O. 

Bkck  Park,  Rhnabon 

Castle  House,  Denbigh 

Cefn  Rectory,  St.  Asaph 

The  Vicarage,  Wrexham 

34,  Vale  Street,  Denbigh 

Brynderwen,  Llanrwst 

Glyndwr,  Bersham  Road,  Wrexham 

Estate  Office,  Llangedwyn,  Oswestry 

Brynymaen  Vicarage,  Colwyn  Bay 

Pendwr,  Wrexham 

The  Vicarage,  Abergele,  R.S.O. 

Pentre  Mawr,  Abergele 

Nant-y-flWdd,  Wrexham 

Glascoed,  Wrexham 

Galltfaenan,  Trefnant,  RS.O. 

Walmer  Villa,  Wrexham 

Lletty  Llansannan,  Abergele,  R.S.O. 

17,  Bersham  Road,  Wrexham 

Bryngwenallt,      Abergele,      RS.O., 

Llanddolas  Rectory,  Abergele,  R.&O. 
Hafodnnos,  Abergele,  RS.O. 

Glaafryn,  Gresford,  Wrexham 
Llywesog,  Denbigh 
Ruthin 


Wynne,  Mrs.  F.  ...    Ystrad  Cottage,  Denbigh 

Wynne-Finch,  Colonel       .        .    Voelas,  Bettws-y-coed,  R.S.O. 


LIST   OP  MEMBERS. 


9 


FLINTSHIRE.    (24) 
Hughes,   Hugh    R.,  Esq.,  Lord 

Lieutenant  of  Flintshire        .    Kinmel  Park,  Abergele,  R.S.O.  (Den- 
bighshire), 
Kenyon,  Right  Hon.  Lord  .    Gredington,  Whitchurch,  Salop 

Mostyn,  Lady    ....     Talacre,  Rhyl 
Mostyn,  Right  Hon.  Lord  .    Mostyn  Hall,  Mostyn 

St.    Asaph,     Very    Rev.    the 

Dean  of Deanery,  St.  Asaph 

St.  Deiniors  Library,         .        .     Hawarden,  Chester 
♦Davies,  Rev.  W.  J.,  B.A.        .    Bath  Street,  Rhyl 
Davies-Cooke,  P.  B.,  Esq.,  M. A.    Gwysaney,  Mold  ;  and  Owston,  Don- 
caster,  Yorkshire 
County  School,  Rhyl 
Cilcain  Vicarage,  Mold 
Iscoed  Park,  Whitchurch,  Salop 
County  School,  Rhyl 
Vicarage,  Rhyl 
Pontruffydd,  Tref  nant  R.S.O.  {Denbigh- 


♦Edwards,  J.  M.,  Esq.,  M.A.     . 

Felix,  Rev.  J 

Godsal,  Philip  T.,  Esq.  . 
♦Lewis,  W.  A.,  Esq.,  M.A. 
Lloyd,  Rev.  Thomas,  M.A. 
Mesham,  Colonel 
Nicholas,  Rev.  W.  LI.,  M.A.  . 
Owen,  Rev.  Canon  R.  Trevor, 
M.A.,  F.S.A 


The  Rectory,  Flint  [shire) 

Bodelwyddan     Vicarage,     Rhuddlan, 
R.S.O. 


Pennant,  Philip   P.,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Poole-Hughes,  Rev.  J.  P. 

Roberts,  L.  J.,  Esq.,  H.M.LS. 

Tayleur,  C.  Richard,  Esq. 

Temple,  Miss    .... 

St.  Beuno's  College  Library 

VaughanJones,  Rev.  W.,  M.A.     Mostyn  Vicarage 

Williams,  Rev,  R.  O.,  M.A.        .    The  Vicarage,  Holywell 

MERIONETHSHIRE,    (xo) 

Wynne,  W.  R.  M.,    Esq.,  Lord 
Lieutenant  of  Merionethshire    Peniarth,  Towyn,  R.S.O. 


Nantllys,  St.  Asaph 

The  Vicarage,  Mold 

Tegfan,  Russell  Road,  Rhyl 

Maesgwilym  Cottage,  Rhyl 

The  Warren,  Broughton,  Chester 

St.  Asaph 


Davies,  Rev.  J.  E.,  M.A.     . 
Griffith,  Edward,  Esq. 
Griffith,  Miss  Lucy    . 
Leigh-Taylor,  John,  Esq.   . 
Oakley,  William  E.,  Esq.    . 

Owen,  Rev.  William 
Vaughan,  Rev.  T.  H.,  B.A.,     . 
Wynn  Williams,  If  or  O.,  Esq.    . 
Wood,    R.    H.,    Esq.,    F.S.A., 
F.R.G.S 


The  Rectory,  Llwyngwril,  R.S.O. 

Springfield,  Dolgelly 

Arianfryn,  Dolgelly 

Penmaen  Uchaf ,  Dolgelly 

Plas   Tan  -  y  -  bwlch,   Tan  -  y  -  bwlch, 

R.S.O. 
Llanelltyd  Vicarage,  Dolgelly 
Glyndyfrdwy  Vicarage,  Llangollen 
Bronwylfa,  Llanderfel 

Belmont,   Sidmouth,  S.   Devon  ;  and 
Pant-glas,  Trawsfynydd 


10 


LIST  OF  MBBCBERS. 


Powifl  Castle,  Welshpool 
Dolerw,  Newtown,  Mont. 
Llwyn,  Llanfyllin,  Oswestry 


MONTGOMERYSHIRE.    (2X) 

Powii,TheRightHon.the£arlo£, 
■  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Shro{>8hire 
Ptyoe-Jones,  Lady    . 
Dngdale,  J.  Marshall,  Esq.,  M. A. 
Evans,   Rev.  ChanceUor  D.  S., 

B.D Lknwrin  Rectory,  Machynlleth,  B.S.O. 

Jones,  Plryoe  Wilson,  Esq.  Gwynfa,  Newtown,  Mont. 

Jones,  R.  E.,  Esq.  .  Cefn  Bryntalch,  Abermnle,  R.S.O. 

Leslie,  Mrs.        ....  Bryntanat,  Llanaantfraid,  Oswestry 

Lewis,  Hugh,  Esq.  Glan  Hafren,  Newtown,  Mont. 

Lloyd  Yemey,  Mrs.  .  Clochfaen,  Llangorig,  Llanidloes 

Lomax,  J.,  Esq.  Bodfaoh,  Llanfyllin,  Oswestry 


Mytton,  Captain 
Powell,  Bvaoi,  Esq.    . 
Pryoe,  Thomas,  Esq. 
Pughe,  Mrs.  Arthur 
Pnghe,  W.  A.,  Esq.    . 

Rest,  Dr 

Thomas,  Yen.  Archdeacon,  M.A 

F.S.A 

Tomer,  E.  R.  Horsfall,  Esq.     . 
Yigars,  J.  EL,  Esq.  . 

WillaDfl,  J.  Bancroft,  Esq. 
Williams,  R.,  Esq.,  F.R.Hist.S. . 


Garth,  Welshpool 
Talardy,  St.  Asaph,  R.S.O.,  N.  Wales 
Pentreheylin,  Llanymynech,  Oswestry 
Gwyndy,  Llanfyllin,  Oswestry 
The  Hall,  Llanfyllin,  Oswestry 

aersws,  R.S.O.,  Mont. 
Llandrinio  Rectory,  Llanymynech,  Os- 
westry; and  The  Canonry,  St.  Asaph 
Llys  Efrog,  Llanidloes,  R.S.O. 
Nat.  Prov.  Bank  of  England,  Newtown^ 

Mont. 
Dolforgan,  Kerry,  Newtown,  Mont. 
Celynog,  Newtown,  Mont. 


LIST  OF  MEMBERS. 


11 


SOUTH   WALES. 

BRECKNOCKSHIRE.    (17) 
Glanusk,  The  Rt.  Hon.  Lord, 
Lord  Lieutenant    of    Breck- 
nockshire        ....  Glanusk  Park,  Crickhowell 
Best,  0.  W.,  Esq.      .        .        .  Penbryn,  Brecon 

Bradley,  Mrs Cefn  Pare,  Brecon 

Dawson,  Mrs Hartlington,  Bumsall,  Yorkshire  ;  and 

Hay  Castle,  Hay,  R.S.O. 

Evans,  David,  Esq.     .  .  Ffrwdgrech,  Brecon 

Gktmons- Williams,  Lt.-CoL  R.D.  Tymawr,  Brecon 

G Wynne,  Howel,  Esq.  .        .  Llanelwedd  Hall,  Builth 

Jebb,  J.  A.,  Esq.        .        .        .  Watton  Mount,  Brecon 

Jenkins,  Rev.  J.  E.     .        .         .  Vaynor  Rectory,  Merthyr  Tydfil 

♦Miers,  A.  H.,  Esq.  .        .     Gileston,   Talybont-on-Usk,    Brecon- 

shire 
Morgan,  Miss  Philip  .        .        .     Buckingham  House,  Brecon 
Powel,  Hugh  Powel,  Esq.  .        .     Castle  Madoc,  Brecon 
Price,  Rev.  John,  M.A.     .        .    Llanfeigan  Rectory,  Brecon 
Watkins,  Hadley,  Esq.       .        .     33,  The  Watton,  Brecon 
Williams,  Rev.  Preb.  G.,  M.A.    Abercamlais,  Brecon 
♦Williams,  Miss         .        .  Penpont,  Brecon 

Wood,  Thomas,  Esq.  .        .    Gwemyfed  Park,  Three  Cocks  Junc- 

tion, R.S.O. 

CARDIGANSHIRE.    (17) 
Davies-Evans,    Lieut.-Col.    H., 

Lord  Lieut,  of   Cardiganshire  Highmead,  Llanybyther,  R.S.O. 

Anwyl,  Professor,  M.A.      .        .  Univ.  Coll.  of  Wales,  Aberystwyth 

Bebb,  Rev.  J.  M.  LI.,  M.A.      .  St.  David's  College,  Lampeter 

Da  vies,  Rev.  D.  H.      .        .        .  Cenarth  Vicarage,  Llandyssul 

Davies,  J.  H.,  Esq.,  M.A.    .        .  Cwrtmawr,  Aberystwyth 

Evans,  Rev.  D.  D.,  B.D.      .        .  Llandyfriog  Vicarage,  Newcastle Emlyn 

♦Evans,  Rev.  George  Eyre         .  Tanybryn,      Llanbadam      Road, 

Aberystwyth 

♦Footman,  Rev.  W.  LL,  M.A.  .  The  College  School,  Lampeter 

Francis,  J.,  Esq.  .        .  Wallog,  Borth,  R.S.O. 

Hughes,  Joshua,  Esq.        .  Rhosygadair  Newydd,  Cardigan 

Jones,  Mrs.  Basil       .        .        .  Gwynfryn,  Taliesin,  R.S.O. 

Lloyd,  Charles,  Esq.,  M.A.         .  Waunifor,  Maes  y  Crugiau,  R.S.O. 
Roberts,  T.  F.,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Prin- 

eipal  of  Univ.  CoU.  of  Wales  .  Aberystwyth 

Rogers,  J.  E.,  Esq.     .  .  Abermeurig,  Talsam,  R.S.O. 

St.  David's  Coll. ,  The  Librarian  of  Lampeter 

Waddingham,  T.  J.,  Esq.  .        .  Havod,  Devil's  Bridge,  R.S.O. 

Williams, Ven.  A rchdeaoon,  M. A.  Aberystwyth 


12 


UST  OF  MEMBERS. 


CARMARTHENSHIRE. 

WilUams-Drummond,  Sir  J. , Bart. 
Lord  Lieut,  of  Carmartheoshire 
Lord  Bishop  of  St.  David's,  The 
Dynevor,  The  Eight  Hon.  Lord 
Stepney,  Sir  Arthur  C,  Bart.  . 
Williams,  Sir  John,  Bart.,  M.D. 


(27) 


Barker,  T.  W.,  Esq.  . 
"^Bishop,  His  Honour  Judge 
Buckley,  J.  F.,  Esq.    . 
Evans,  Mrs.  Colby 
Gwynne-Hughes,  Colonel  W. 
Hughes,  John,  Esq.     . 
Jones,  J.,  Esq.,  M.A. 


Edwinsford,  Llandeilo  B.S.O. 

The  Palace,  Abergwilly 

Dynevor  Castle,  Llandeilo,  R.S.O. 

The  Dell,  Llanelly 

63,  Brook  Street,  Grosvenor  Sq.,  W. 

and  Plas  Llanstephan 
Diocesan  Registry,  Carmarthen 
Dolygarr^,  Llandovery 
Bryncaerau  Castle,  LlaneUy 
Guildhall  Square,  Carmarthen 
Glancothy,  Nantgaredig,  RS.O. 
Belle  Yue,  Llandeilo 
Penrock,  Llandovery 


Johnes,  Mrs Dolaucothy,  Llanwrda,  R.S.O. 


Iiewis,  Shipley,  Esq.,  Solicitor 
Lloyd,  H.  Menric,  Esq.,  M.A.     . 
Morgan,  J.  B.,  Esq.  . 
Morris.  Rev.  J.,  M.A. 
♦Poole-Hughes,  Rev.  W.  W.,  M.A. 
Rees,  Dr.  Howel 
Richardson,  J.  C,  Esq. 
Rocke,  J.  Denis,  Esq. 
Spurrell,  Walter,  Esq. 
Stepney-Gulston,  Alan  J.,  Esq. 
Thomas,  D.  Lleuf  er,  Esq.   . 

Thomas,  Rev.  John,  M.A. . 
Williams,  Rev.  J.  A.  . 
♦Williams,  Rev.  R.,  M.A.  . 


Llandeilo 

Glanranell  Park,  Llanwrda,  R.S.O. 

50,  New  Road,  Llanelly 

Vicarage,  Llanybyther,  RS.O. 

The  Collie,  Llandovery 

Glan  Gamant,  R.S.O.,  South  Wales 

Glanbrydan,  Llandeilo,  R.S.O. 

Trimsam,  Kidwelly 

Carmarthen 

Derwydd,  Llandebie,  R.S.O. 

4,  Cleveland  Terrace,  Swansea  ;  and 

Bryn  Maen,  Llandeilo 
Langhame  Yicarage,  St.  Clears,  R.S.O. 
Llangathen   Vicarage,  Golden  Grove, 
Vicarage,  Llandeilo  [R.S.O. 


GLAMORGANSHIRE.    (94) 


Windsor,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord, 
Lord  Lieut,  of  Glamorganshire 

Llandaff,  The  Lord  Bishop  of   . 

Aberdare,The  Right  Hon.  Lord  . 

Llewelyn,  Sir  John  Talbot 
Dillwyn,  Bart.,  M.A.      . 

Lewis,  Sir  W.  T.,  Bart.      . 

LlftpHiifP,  Very  Rev.  the  Dean  of 

Allen,  W.  K  Romilly,  Esq. 

BenthaU,  Ernest,  Esq. 

BloMe,  E.  F.  Lynch,  Esq. 

Cardiff  Free  Library . 


St.  Pagan's  Castle,  Cardiff 
Bishop's  Court,  Llandaff 
Dyffryn,  Aberdare 

Penllergare,  Swansea 
Mardy,  Aberdare 
Deanery,  Llandaff 
Fairwdl,  Llandaff 
Glantwrch,  Ystalyfera,  R.S.O. 
Coytrehen,  Aberkenfig,  RS.O. 
Cardiff 


LtST  OV  MSM6KttS. 


13 


Cathedral  Idbrary 
University  College  Library 
Clark,  Godfrey  L.,  Esq. 
Clarke,  W.,  Esq. 
Corbett,  E.  W.  M.,  Esq.   . 
Corbett,  J.  Stuart,  Esq.     . 
Daviea,  Rev.  David,  M.A. 

Davies,  Dr 

Davies,  Mrs 

Davies,  Rev.  H.  C,  M.A. 
Edwards,  W.,E8q.,M.A.,H.M.I.S. 
Edmondes,  Yen.  Arcb.,  M.A.     . 

Edmondes,  Mrs 

Edwards,  Mrs. 
♦Evans,  Rev.  A.  F.,  M.A. 
Evans,  Rev.  W.  F.,  M.A. 
Evans,  W.  H.,  Esq.  . 

Evanson,  Rev.  Morgan,  B.Sc.    . 
Franklen,  Thos.  Mansel,  Esq.     . 
Glascodine,  C.  H.,  Esq. 
Gray,  Thomas,  Esq.  . 
Griffiths,  W.,  Esq.      . 
Halliday,G.E.,E8q.,  F.R.I.B.A. 
Hybart,  F.  W.,  Esq.    . 
James,  C.  H.,  Esq.    . 
James,  C.  R.,  Esq,     . 

James,  Frank  T.,  Esq. 

Jones,  D.  W.,  Esq.,  Solicitor    . 

Jones,  Dr.  W.  W.      . 

Jones,  Edmund,  Esq. 

Jones,  Evan,  Esq. 

Jones,  Miss  Ada 

Jones,  Oliver  Henry,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Jones,  Edgar,  Esq.,  M.A.  . 

Jones,  Rev.  M.  H.     . 

Jones,  W.  E.  Tyldesley,  Esq.    . 

Kirkhouse,  Herbert,  Esq. 
Kirkhoase,   Rev.  Howel,   M.A. 
Knight,  R.  L.,  Esq.    . 
Lawrence,  Arthur,  Esq. 
Leigh,  Dr. 

Lewis,  Rev.  Precentor 
Lewis,  Arthur,  Esq.  . 
Lewis,  Rev.  Daniel     . 


Llandaff 

Cardiff 

Talygarn,Llantrisant,  Glam.,  R.S.O. 

Llandaff 

Pwll-y-pant,  Cardiff 

Bute  Estate  Office,  Cardiff 

Canton  Rectory,  Cardiff 

Bryn  Golwg,  Aberdare 

Bryntirion,  Merthyr  Tydfil 

St.  Hilary  Rectory,  Cowbridge 

Courtland  Terrace,  Merthyr  Tydfil 

Fitzbamon  Court,  Bridgend 

Old  Hall,  Cowbridge 

Vedwhir,  Aberdare 

Vicarage,  Neath 

The  School,  Cowbridge 

Llanmaes     House,    Llantwit    Major, 

Cardiff 
Merthyr  Mawr  Yicarage,  Bridgend 
St.  Hilary,  Cowbridge 
Cae  Pare,  Swansea 
Underbill,  Port  Talbot,  Gkm. 
Pencaemawr,  Merthyr  Tydfil 
14,  High  Street,  Cardiff 
Conway  Road,  Canton,  Cardiff 
64,  Park  Place,  Cardiff 

5,  Raymond's  Buildings,  Gray*s  Inn, 
W.C. ;  and  Brynteg,  Merthyr  Tydfil 

Penydarren  House,  Merthyr  Tydfil 
Merthyr  Ty^^fil 

Wellington  Street,  Merthyr  Tydfil 
The  Forest,  Glyn  Neath,  Glam. 
Ty-mawr,  Aberdare 
Maindy,  Ynyshir,  Pontypridd 
Fonmon  Castle,  Cardiff 
County  School,  Barry 

6,  Martin  Terrace,  Abercynon,  Glam. 
Doufflas    Mansions,    Cromwell    Road, 

S.  W.  ;  Lyndhurst,  Mumbles 
Brynbedw,  Tylorstown,  Pontypridd 
Cyfarthfa  Yicarage,  Merthyr  Tydfil 
Tythegston  Court,  Bridgend,  Glam. 
Lavemock  House,  Penarth,  Glam. 
Glynbargoed,  Treharris,  Glam. 
Ystrad  Yicarage,  Pontypridd 
Tynewydd,  Tilandaff 
Rectory,  Merthyr  Tydfil 


14 


tISt  OF  MEMtoBftS. 


Lewis,  Lieat.-Golonel  D.  R. 
Linton,  H.  P.,  Esq.    . 
Llewellyn,  R.  W.,  Esq.      . 
Martin,  Edw.  P.,  Esq. 
Matthews,  John  Hobson,  Esq.    . 
Metford,  Miss     .... 
Moore,  G.  W.,  Esq. 
Moore-Gwyn,  J.,  Esq. 
Morgan,  Colonel  W.  L.,  R.E.     . 
Morgan,  J.  Llewellyn,  Esq. 
Morgan,  Taliesin,  Esq. 
Morgan,  Mrs.  Wayne 
NichoU,  lUtyd,  Esq.,  F.8.A. 
Nicholl,  J.  L  D.,  Esq. 
Powel,  Thomas,  Esq.,  M.A. 
Powell,  Edward,  Esq.,  Solicitor 
Prosser,  Rev.  D.  L.,  M.A.  . 
Rees,  T.  Aneuryn,  Esq. 
Rees,  J.  Rogers,  Esq. 
Reynolds,  Llywarch,  Esq.,  M.A. 
Richards,  J.  C,  Esq.,  Journalist 
RUey,  W.,  Esq. 
Roberts,  John,  Esq. 
Royal  Institution  of  S.  Wales    . 
Ryland,  C.  J.,  Esq.     . 

Seaborne,  Greorge,  Esq. 
Stockwood,  S.  H.,  Esq.,  Solicitor 
Swansea  Free  Library 
Talbot,  Miss        .        .        .        . 
Thomas,  Rev.  J.  L.,  M.A. 
Thomas,  Trevor  F.,  Esq.    . 
Thompson,  Herbert  M. 
Traheme,  Capt.  G.  G. 
Traheme,  L.  E.,  Esq. 
Turberville,  Colonel  . 
Yachell,  C.  T.,  Esq.,  M.D. 
Ward,  John,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  . 
Wheatley,  J.  L.,  Esq. 
Williams,  J.  Ignatius,  Esq.,  M.A. 
Wilkins,  Charles,  Esq.,  F.G.S.    . 


Penydarren  Honse,  Merthyr  Tydfil 
Tilandaif  Place,  Iilandaff 
Baglan  Cottage,  Briton  Ferry 
Dowlais 

Town  Hall,  Cardiff 
Glasfryn,  Dinas-Fowys,  Cardiff 
Pen  nityd,  Palace  Road,  Llandaff 
DyffiTn,  Neath 
BrynbriaUu,  Swansea 
Bryn  Teilo,  Llandaff 
Llantrisant,  Glam. 
Maesycoed,  Pontypridd 
The  Ham,  Cowbridge 
Merthyr  Mawr,  Bridgend,  Glam. 
University  College,  Cardiff 
Water  Street,  Neath 
30,  Trafalgar  Terrace,  Swansea 
11,  Courtland  Terrace,  Merthyr  Tydfil 
Wilts  and  Dorset  Bank,  Cardiff 
48,  Glebeland,  Street,  Merthyr  Tydfil 
Neath 

Newcastle  House,  Bridgend 
28,  Fisher  Street,  Swansea 
Swansea 
Cardwell    Chambers,    Marsh    Street, 

Bristol;     and       Clifton      House, 

Southerndown 
Brynheulog,  Hengoed,  Cardiff 
Bridgend,  Glam. 
Swansea 

Margam  Park,  Taibaoh 
Aberpergwm,  Glyn  Neath,  Qhmu 
Llandaff  Place,  Llandaff 
Whitley  Batch,  Lkndaff 
Coedriglan  Park,  Cardiff 
Coedriglan  Park,  Cardiff 
Ewenny  Priory,  Bridgend 
11,  Park  Place,  Cardiff 
Public  Museum,  Cardiff 
174,  Newport  Road,  Cardiff 
Plasynllan,  Wbitechurch,  Cardiff 
Springfield,  Merthyr  Tydfil 


LIST  OP  MIMBB^ 


15 


PEMBROKESHIRE.    (27) 


Cawdor,  The  Right  Hon.  the  Earl 
of,  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Pem- 
brokeshire       .... 

Lloyd,  The  Right  Rev.  John, 
D.D.,  Bishop  Suffragan  of 
Swansea  .... 

Philipps,  Sir  C.  E.  G.,  Bart. 

Scourfield,SirOwenH.P.,Bart. 

Alien,  Miss  Mary 

Allen,  Herbert,  Esq. 

Bancroft,  J.  J.,  Esq.,  H.M.I.S.  . 
Bo  wen,  Rev.  David     . 
Cathedral  Library 
Chidlow,  Rev.  C,  M.A.       . 
De  Winton,  W.  S.,  Esq.      . 

Fenton,  Ferrar,  Esq. 

Hilbers,  Ven.  Archdeacon, M.A. 
Laws,  Edward,  Esq.,  F.8.A. 
Leach,  A.  L.,  Esq.     . 

Mortimer,  Rev.  T.  G.,  M.A.      . 
Owen,  G.  L.,  Esq.      . 
Owen,Henry,Esq.,D.C.L.,F.S.A. 

Phillips,  Rev.  James 
Phillips,  J.  W.,  Esq.,  Solicitor 
Samson,  Louis,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
Thomas,  A.  H.,  Esq.,  AR.LB.A. 

Thomas,  Miss     .... 
Thomas,  Mrs.  James 
Wade-Evans,  Rev.  A.  W.  . 

Williams,  H.  W.,  Esq.,  F.G.S.    . 
Wright,  A.  J.,  Esq. 


Stackpole  Court,  Pembroke 


Jeffreyston  Rectory,  Begelly,  S.  Wales 
Picton  Castle,  Haverfordwest 
Williamston,  Neyland 
c/o  C.  F.  Egerton  Allen,  Esq.,  Hill 

Cottage,  Tenby 
Keston,  Watford,  Herts.  ;  and  Norton 

Tenby 
Somerset  House,  Tenby 
Hamilton  House,  Pembroke 
St,  David's,  Pembroke 
Llawhaden  Vicarage,  Narberth 
4,     Palace    Yard,     Gloucester  ;     and 

Haroldston,  Haverfordwest 
8,  King's  Road,  Mitcham,  S.E.  ;   and 

Fishguard,  Pembrokeshire 
St.  Thomas  Rectory,  Haverfordwest 
Brython  Place,  Tenby 
10,   Nithdale  Road,  Plumstead,  S.E.  ; 
(Tenby  and  Co.,  News  Office,  Tenby) 
The  Court,  Fishguard,  R.S.O. 
Withybush,  Haverfordwest 
44,  Oxford  Terrace,  Hyde  Park,  W.; 

and  Poyston,  Pembroke 
Haverfordwest 
Haverfordwest 
Scotch  well,  Haverfordwest 
County  Surveyor's  Office,  Haverford- 
west 
Cathedral  Close,  St.  David's. 
Rock  House,  Haverfordwest 
c/o  St.   Matthew's  Vicarage,   Oakley 
Square,  N.W. ;  Fishguard,  Pembroke 
Solva,  Pembroke 
Normanhurst,  Haverfordwest 


1^5 


LIST  0^  MEMBERS. 


RADNORSHIRE.    (8) 
Evans,  Bev.  L.  H.,  M.A.    .  Vicarage,  Rhayader 

Griffiths,  George,  Esq.  Standard  Office,  Llandrindod 

Jones,  John,  Esq.       .         .         .     Ash  Villa,  Rhajrader 
♦Morgan,  Rev.  David  .     Llanstephan      Vicarage,      Llyswen, 

R.S.O.,  Radnor 

Sladen,  Mrs Rhydoldog,  Rhayader 

Venables-Lle welyn,  Charles,  Esq.     Uysdinam,  Newbridge-on-Wye 
Williams,  Mrs.  .  Penralley,  Rhayader 

♦Williams,  Rev.  Preb.  T.,  M.A.     Llowes  Rectory,  Radnor 

MONMOUTHSHIRE.    (9) 


Tredegar,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord, 
Lord  Lieut,  of  Monmouthshire 
Llangattock,  The  Rt.  Hon.  Lord 
Jackson,  Sir  H.  M.,  Bart.  . 
Bowen,  A.  E.,  Esq.      . 
Evans,  Miss  Charlotte  M. 
Evans,  Pepyat  W.,  Esq.     . 
Hanbury,  J.  Capel,  Esq. 
Rickards,  R.,  Esq. 
Williams,  Albert  A.,  Esq. 


Tredegar  Park,  Newport 
The  Hendre,  Monmouth 
Llantilio  Court,  Abergavenny 
The  Town  Hall,  Pontypool 
Nantyderry,  Abergavenny 
Llwynarthan,  Castleton,  Cardiff 
Pontypool  Park,  Mon. 
The  Priory,  Usk 
Penyparc,  Llangibby,  Newport,  Mon. 


THE   MARCHES.    (22) 
Harlech,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord  .     Brogyntyn,  Oswestry 


Banks,  W.  H.,  Esq.,  B.A.  . 
Bax,  Pearce  B.  Ironside,  Esq.    . 
Balkeley-O  wen,Rev.  T.  M.,  M.A. 
Corrie,  A.  Wynne,  Esq.    .  . 
Davies,  James,  Esq.    . 
Dovaston,  J.  F.  E.,  Esq.    . 
Drinkwater,  Rev.  C.  H.,  M.A.   . 
Gleadowe,  T.  S.,  Esq.,  H.M.LS. 
Grey-Edwards,  Rev.  A.  H. 
Lloyd,  Edward,  Esq. 


Hergest  Croft,  Elington,  Herefordshire 

6,  Stanley  Place,  Chester 

Tedsmore  HaU,  West  Felton,  R.S.O. 

Park  Hall,  Oswestry 

Gwynva,  Broomy  Hill,  Hereford 

West  Felton,  Oswestry 

St.  George's  Vicarage,  Shrewsbury 

Alderley,  Cheshire 

Lidstone,  Abergavenny 

Meillionen,  Hoole,  Chester 


Longley,  Mrs Dinham  House,  Ludlow     [timer,  Salop 


Newell,  Rev.  E.  J.,  M.A. 
Nicholson.  A.  C,  Esq. 
Owen,  John,  Esq. 
Parry- Jones,  J.,  Esq. 
Partington,  S.  W.,  Esq.     . 
Pilley,  Walter,  Esq.    . 
Sitwell,  F.  Hurst,  Esq.       . 
Summers,  H.  H.  C,  Esq. . 
Taylor,  Henry,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
Woodall,  Edward,  Esq. 


Neen  Solars  Vicarage,  Cleobury  Mor- 

Victoria  Parade,  Oswestiy 

Tawelan,  Newton  Lane,  Chester 

Beechfield,  Oswestry 

Garthlyn,  Kilmorey  Park,  Chester 

The  Barton,  Hereford 

Ferney  Hall,  Craven  Arms,  Shropshire 

Picton  Villa,  Oswestry 

12,  Curzon  Park,  Chester 

Wingthorpe,  Oswestry 


CORRKSPONDING    SOCIETIES.  17 

CORRESPONDING   SOCIETIES. 

The  Society   of   Antiquaries,  Burlington   House,  London  (c/o  W.  H. 

St.  John  Hope,  Esq.) 
The  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  Queen  Stieet  Museum,   Edin- 
burgh (c/o  Joseph  Anderson,  Esq.,  LL.D.) 
The  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries,  Ii^land  (c/o  R.  H.  Cochrane,  Esq., 

F.S.A.,  6,  St.  Stephen's  Green,  Dublin) 
The  British  Archsaological  Association,  32,  Sackville  Street,  W.  (c/o  S. 

Ray  son,  Esq.) 
The  Archsaological  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  20,  Hanover 

Square,  W.  (c/o  The  Secretary) 
The  Royal  Society  of  Northern  Antiquaries,  Copenhagen 
The  Royal  Institution  of  Cornwall,  Truro  (c/o  Major  T.  Parky n) 
The  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society,  Cambridge 
The  Bristol  and  Gloucestershire  Archaeological  Society  (The  Society's 

Library,  Eastgate,  Gloucester) 
The  Chester  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society  (c/o  I.  E.  Ewen,  Esq., 

Grosvenor  Museum,  Chester) 
The  Shropshire   Archaeological   and  Natural  History  Society  (c/o   F. 

Goyne,  Esq.,  Shrewsbury) 
The  Cumberland  and  Westmorland  Antiquarian  Society,  Kendal 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne  (R.  Blair,  Esq.,  F.S.A.) 
La  Soci^t4  d'Arch^ologie  de  Bruxelles,  Rue  Ravenstein  11,  Bruxelles 
The  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.  C,  U.S.A. 
The  Library,  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  Washington,  D.C.,  U.S.A. 
KoDgl.  Yitterhets    Historic    och    Antiquitets    Akademien,   Stockholm 

(c/o  Dr.  Anton  Blomberg,  Librarian). 
The  University  of  Toulouse  (c/o  The  Librarian,  2,  Rue  de  I'Universit^, 

Toulouse) 

All  Members  residing  in  South  Wales  and  Monmouthshire  are 
requested  to  forward  their  subscriptions  to  the  Rev.  Charles  Chidlow, 
M.A.,  Llawhaden  Vicarage,  Narberth.  All  other  Members  to  the  Rev. 
Canon  R.  Trevor  Owen,  F.S.A.,  Bodelwyddan  Vicarage,  RhuddUn, 
Flintehire,  R.S.O. 

As  it  is  not  impossible  that  omissions  or  errors  may  exist  in  the  above 
list,  corrections  will  be  thankfully  received  by  the  General  Secretaries. 

The  Annual  Subscription  is  One  Guinea,  payable  in  advance  on  the  first 
day  of  the  year. 

Members  wishing  to  retire  must  give  six  months^  notice  previous  to  the 
first  day  of  the  following  year,  at  the  same  time  paying  all  arrears. 

All  oommunications  with  regard  to  the  Archctdogia  Oambrensis  should 
be  addressed  to  the  Editor,  J.  Romelly  Allen,  F.S.  A.,  28,  Great  Ormond 
Street,  London,  W.C. 


18  LAWS. 

LAWS 

OF  TUB 

Cambrian    9rcI)aeologtcal   Sgsoctatton. 


Established  1846, 


In  order  to  Examine,  Preserve,  cmd  Ultistrate  the  Ancient  Monuments  and 

Remains  of  the  History ,  Language,  Manners,  Customs, 

and  Arts  of  Wales  and  the  Marches. 


CONSTITUTION. 

1.  The  AsBooiation  shall  consist  of  Subscribing,  Corresponding,  and  Hono- 

rary Members,  of  whom  the  Honorary  Members  most  not  be  British 
subjects. 

ADMISSION. 

2.  New  members  may  be  enrolled  by  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee,  or  by 

either  of  the  General  Secretaries ;  but  their  election  is  not  complete 
until  it  shall  have  been  confirmed  by  a  General  Meeting  of  the  Associa- 
tion. 

OOVEBNMENT. 

3.  The  Government  of  the  Association  is  vested  in  a  Committee  consisting 

of  a  President,  Vice-Presidents,  a  Treasurer,  a  Chairman  of  Committee, 
the  General  and  Local  Secretaries,  and  not  less  than  twelve,  nor  more 
than  fifteen,  ordinary  subscribing  members,  three  of  whom  shall  retire 
annually  according  to  seniority. 

ELECTION. 

4.  The  Vice-Presidents  shall  be  chosen  for  life,  or  as  long  as  they  remain 

members  of  the  Association.  The  President  and  all  other  officers  shall 
be  chosen  for  one  year,  but  shall  be  re-eli^ble.  The  officers  and  new 
members  of  Committee  shall  be  elected  at  the  Annual  General  Meet- 
ing. The  Committee  shall  recommend  candidates;  but  it  shall  be 
open  to  any  subscribing  member  to  propose  other  candidates,  and  to 
demand  a  poll.  All  officers  and  members  of  the  Committee  shall  be 
chosen  from  the  subscribing  members. 

THE  CHAIR. 

5.  At  all  meetings  of  the  Committee  the  chair  shall  be  taken  by  the  Presi- 

dent, or,  in  his  absence,  by  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee. 

CHAIRMAN  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

6.  The  Chairman  of  the  Committee  phall  superintend  the  business  of  the 

Association  during  the  intervals  between  the  Annual  Meetings  ;  and 
he  shall  have  power,  with  the  concurrence  of  one  of  the  General  Secre- 
taries, to  authorise  proceedings  not  specially  provided  for  by  the  laws . 
A  report  of  his  proceedings  shall  be  laid  before  the  Committee  for  their 
approval  at  the  Annual  General  Meeting. 


LAWS.  19 

EDITORIAL  SUB-COMHITTBB. 

7.  There  shall  be  an  Editorial  Snb-Committee,  oonsisting  of  at  least  three 

members,  who  sliall  superintend  the  publications  of  the  Association,  and 
shall  report  their  proceedings  annually  to  tbe  Committee. 

SUBSCSIPTION. 

8.  Ail  Subscribing  Members  shall  pay  one  guinea  in  advance,  on  the  1st  of 

January  in  each  year,  to  the  Treasurer  or  his  banker  (or  to  either  of 
the  General  Secretaries). 

WITHDRAWAL. 

9.  Members  wishing  to  withdraw  from  the  Association    must  give  six 

months'  notice  to  one  of  the  General  Secretaries,  and  must  pay  all 
arrears  of  subscriptions. 

PUBLICATIONS. 

10.  All  Subscribing  and  Honorary  Members  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  all 

the  publications  of  the  Association  issued  after  their  election  (except 
any  special  publication  issued  under  its  auspices),  together  with  a 
Idcket  giving  free  admission  to  the  Annual  Meeting. 

SEOBBTABIBS. 

11.  The  Secretaries  shall  forward,  once  a  month,  all  subscriptions  received 

by  them  to  the  Treasurer. 

TREASUBEB. 

12.  The  accounts  of  the  Treasurer  shall  be  made  up  annually,  to  December 

31st;  and  as  soon  afterwards  as  may  be  oonvenient,  they  shall  be 
audited  by  two  subscribing  members  of  the  Association,  to  be  appointed 
at  the  Annual  General  Meeting.  A  balance-sheet  of  the  said  accounts, 
certified  by  the  Auditors,  shall  be  printed  and  issued  to  the  members. 

BILLS. 

13.  The  funds  of  the  Association  shall  be  deposited  in  a  bank  in  the  name 

of  the  Treasurer  of  the  Association  for  the  time  being ;  and  all  bills 
due  from  the  Association  shall  be  countersigned  by  one  of  the  General 
Secretaries,  or  by  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee,  before  they  are  paid 
by  the  Treasurer. 

COMMITTEE-MEETING. 

14.  The  Committee  shall  meet  at  least  once  a  year  for  the  purpose  of  nomi- 

nating officers,  framing  rules  for  the  government  of  the  Association, 
and  transacting  any  ot^er  business  that  may  be  brought  before  it. 

GENBBAL  MEETING. 

15.  A  General  Meeting  shall  be  held  annually  for  the  transaction  of  the 

business  of  the  Association,  of  which  due  notice  shall  be  given  to  the 
members  by  one  of  the  General  Secretaries. 

SPECIAL  MEETING. 

16.  The  Chairman  of  the  Committee,  with  the  concurrence  of  one  of  the 

General  Secretaries,  shall  have  power  to  call  a  Special  Meeting,  of 
which  at  least  three  weeks'  notice  shall  be  given  to  each  member  by 
one  of  the  General  Secretaries. 

QUOBUM. 

1 7.  At  all  meetings  of  the  Committee  five  shall  form  a  quorum. 


20  LAWS. 

CHAIRMAN. 

18.  At  the  Annual  Meeting'  the  President,  or,  in  his  absence,  one  of  tha 

Vice-Presidents,  or  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee,  shall  take  the 
chair ;  or,  in  their  absence,  the  Committee  may  appoint  a  chairman. 

CASTING  VOTE. 

19.  At  all  meetings  of  the  Association  or  its  Committee,  the  Chairman  shall 

have  an  independent  as  well  as  a  casting  rote. 

BBPORT. 

20.  The  Treasurer  and  other  officers  shall  report  their  proceedings  to  the 

G^eneral  Committee  for  approval,  and  the  General  Committee  shall 
report  to  the  Annual  General  Meeting  of  Subscribing  Members. 

TICKETS. 

21.  At  the  Annual  Meeting,  tickets  admitting  to  excursionfl,  exhibitions, 

and  evening  meetings,  shall  be  issued  to  Subscribing  and  Honorary 
Members  gratuitously,  and  to  corresponding  Members  at  such  rates  aa 
may  be  fixed  by  the  officers. 

ANNUAL  MEETING. 

22.  The  superintendence  of  the  arrangements  for  the  Annual  Meeting  sbaii 

be  under  the  direction  of  one  of  the  General  Secretaries  in  conjunctiozi 
with  one  of  the  Local  Secretaries  of  the  Association  for  the  distdct, 
and  a  Local  Committee  to  be  approved  of  by  such  G^eneral  Secretary. 

LOCAL  EXPENSES. 

23.  All  funds  subscribed  towards  the  local  expenses  of  an  Annual  Meeting 

shall  be  paid  to  the  Joint  account  of  the  General  Secretary  acting  for 
that  Meeting  and  a  Local  Secretary  ;  and  the  Association  shall  not  be 
liable  for  any  expense  incurred  without  the  sanction  of  such  Ckneral 
Secretary. 

AUDIT  OP  LOCAL   EXPENSES. 

24.  The  accounts  of  each  Annual  Meeting  shall  be  audited  by  the  Chairman 

of  the  Local  Committee,  and  the  balance  of  receipts  and  expenses  on 
each  occasion  be  received,  or  paid,  by  tiie  Treasurer  of  the  Association, 
such  audited  accounts  being  sent  to  him  as  soon  after  the  meeting  as 
possible. 

ALTERATIONS  IN  THE  RULES. 

25.  Any  Subscribing  Member  may  propose  alterations  in  the  Bules  of  the 

AASociation ;  but  such  alteration  must  be  notified  to  one  of  the  Gaieral 
Secretaries  at  least  one  month  before  the  Annual  Meeting,  and  he  shall 
lay  it  before  the  Committee ;  and  if  approved  by  the  Committee,  it 
shall  be  submitted  for  confirmation  at  the  next  Meeting. 

(Signed)        C.  C.  Babington, 

August  17th,  1«76.  Chairman  of  the  Committee. 


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DA700 
Archaealogia  Cambrensis.   A6 

1903 


LIfiRARy 

UNtVEHSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

DAVIS 


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