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THE CASTLE. OF BUILTH.

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FOURTH SERIES.— No. XVIL

JANUARY, 1874.

THE CASTLE OF BUILTH.

The name of Builth, borne at this time by a consider*
able town, and a Hundred of the county of Brecknock,
is very ancient. As, like Brecon, the town is placed in
an open valley, accessible without much difficulty to an
enemy from the east, it has suflfered from invasion from
a very early period, and to these and similar attacks are
to be attributed the various strongholds bpth of earth
and masonry, of which the remains are so abundant
upon the marches of England and Wales, and in such
tracts of the latter territory as either Saxon or Norman,
having overrun, thought it worth while to retain.

The construction of Offia's Dyke in the eighth century
must have been preceded by many years of conquest,
and the establishment of many English stron^nolds
throughout the annexed district, cmd probably ako be^
yond it. Nothing short of a present inability to rise,,
would have kept the Welsh quiet during the construc-
tion of such a work, or have forced them to accept, even
passively, a limit which cut off a large part of their
fairest territoiy. The fortresses of Bmlth and Brecon,
which resemble in general character those of known
English origin elsewhere, were probably advanced posts
thrown up either during the wars which preceded the
dyke, or to aid the aggressions which followed it. Anar
logy drawn from the plan of construction leads rather

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. / ', ?

2 THE CASTLE OP BUILTH.

to the latter conclusion, and would attribute these works
to the ninth or early part of the tenth century.

However this may be, it is certain that when Ber-
nard Newmarch invaded Brecknock towards the end of
the eleventh century, he found the earthworks of Brecon
and Builth alreadv existing, and occupied them, as was
usual, by works of a Norman character. Whether these
were palisades and defences of timber is not known.
Probably they were, for a structure of masonry required
time and peace, and generally tradition has imputed
the oldest Norman miUtary buildiugs in Wales to the
immediate successors of the conquerors, rather than to
the conquerors themselves. Where the age can be safely
inferred either from the design of the building or from
its ornament, it is generally foimd to be of very late
Norman, verging upon the Early English period.

Newmarch was succeeded by MUo Fitz Walter, who
married his daughter. He was created Earl of Here-
ford by the Empress Maud in 1140, and received from
her the moat, or more probably the " mote" and castle
of that citv. His sons cued childless, Mahel, the last of
them, havmg been killed by the falling of a stone from
Bronllys tower. Builth was inherited by his sister
Bertha, who married Philip de Braose, who indeed is
said already to have possessed himself of that territory,
and to have married its lawful heiress, as Newmarch
had married the Welsh Nest, by way of precaution.

Their son, William de Braose, also a powerful baron
in Devon, flourished in the reigns of Henry II, Richard,
and John, and died in exile in 1 2 1 0. His son Giles, Bishop
of Hereford, succeeded, and dying in 1215 was followed
by his brother Reginald. In his time occurs the earliest
mention of the castle. In 1219, 4 Henry III, the
Sheriff of Gloucestershire is directed to give immediate
aid to Reginald de Braose " ad castrum suum de Buetto
firmandum et fossatum et trencheyas ibidem faciendas
contra inimicos nostros." Also 12 Sept. 1223, 7 Henry
III, the king directs all the sheriffs of England, ex-
cepting those of Stafford, Salop, Worcester, Gloucester,

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THE CASTLE OF BUILTH. 3

and Hereford, who probably bad ahready, being near,
discharged their duty, to raise men and march to
Gloucester, the reason being the king s sure informa-
tion that Reynold de Braose was besieged in his castle
of Builth by Llewelyn and a multitude of armed men.
What the result was, is unknown, but some years later,
in July 1260, after De Braose's death, when the castle
was in charge of Roger de Mortimer, it was besieged
and taken by Llewelyn. Roger was in London, and as
it was his duty to have been at his post he had a regu-
lar remission in form, stating that he was attending
Parliament by special precept. It is stated therein
that he held the castle " ex baUio" by deputation from
Prince Edward. In August, Llewelyn was still in pos-
session, and there remains a precept on the subject,
directed to Richard de Clare and oliers.

Reginald de Braose, who was lord during the siege
of 1223, is generally stated to have died in 1221, which
seems disproved by Rymer's record He died, how-
ever, about that tune, and was followed by William
his son, who in 1229 was hanged, according to the
Welsh, by Llewelyn. On his death leaving only daugh-
ters, the crown took the castles, and they were granted
to Prince Edward, who held them in 1254, when his
father renewed the grant.

5 Edward I some question arose about certain tvthes
held by the prior and convent of Brecon imder William,
William his son,... and Reginald de Braose, Lords of
Builth, and it appears from a later entry, 13 Edward
I, that it was their duty to find a chapel or chantry
within the castle, then called "the King's Castle."
25 Edward I John Giffard was custos, and his allow-
ance was reduced by the treasury because it was more
than was usual.

1 7 Edward II, 1324, a survey was taken of the castle
for the Crown. The castle yard and curtilage were
worth per annum 12d., and there were 40 acres in
demesne of arable at 3d. per acre, total 105. Also 10
acres of meadow at 12d, total 105. Also the ''com-

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4 THE CASTLE OF BUILTH,

mmiitas patrise/' hangers on outside the vill, paid the
king every second year, for all services ana annual
rents, 10 cows or 20 marcs in mon^ at the lord's plea-
sure, that is, Gs. 8d. for each cow, its money value at
that time. Rents of assize in Lanveir 70^., probably
from 75 burgesses. A ferry 4*. per annum. The land
of Talevan, m the king's hands, 2$. The land of Tyr
Maukyn, 2^. Pannage of hogs, 20^. The king had
there four mills, each at 10s. No villenage there. All
pleas and perquisites of the court merchaiit in Lanveir
67s. per annxmi. Pleas and payments of the courts
" patriae," 175. Ammobrages, 135. 4d No royalties,
villenage, demesne, or other outgoings. No profits ac-
cruing to the king in Builth save the above.

Ll^air ym Muallt is St. Mary's in Builth, the Welsh
name of the town. Ammobrage is thought by Spel-
man to be the same with CJhevage, a poU-tax paid by
villeins to their lord. Jones, the Brecknock historian^
gives it a Welsh etymology, and makes it a sort of
excise.

The importance of these firontier castles naturally
ceased after the settlement of Wales by 3 Edward I,
and the Crown no longer cared to retain them. 9 Ed-
ward III, Builth Castle was vested in Eubolo le
Strange and Alesia his wife, and 14 Edward III Thos*
de Brtidestan, Banneret^ had " Thlanver" Castle, pro-
bably " Blaenlleveny," and the Lordship of Builth.

16 Edward III, 1342-3, Gilbert Talbot, Justiciary
of South Wales, was directed to raise levies in the
divisions of Builth, Ewias-Iiicy, and Ewias-Harold, and
dmilar precepts were issued in 1367.

34 Edward III, 1360-1, Roger de Mortimer held the
castle and cantred of Builth, and 5 Bichard II, Edward
Earl of March and Philippa his wife held Bewolthe or
Beult Castle, as did Earl Rog6r, their successor, 22
Richard II. On the attainder of the Mortimers the
castle fell to the crown, and so remained tiU granted
away by Charles 11, since which it has passed through
many hands.

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THE CASTLE OF BTJILTH, 6

' The Oafitle, of which mention has been made, was a
Norman fortress, constructed and held by the Norman
Lords of Brecknock, and regard being had to its posi-
tion upon an expos^ and very dangerous firontier, its
walls and towers must have been planned with some
skill, and executed with great passive strength* But
of these works in masonry, scarce a trace now remains
aJx)ve ground, and the site of a fortress which could
hold Llewelyn and his armed Welshmen in check, pro-
bably for several weeks, is now indicated by heaps of
earth of a rather remarkable character, and which from
their position and size make a feature in the outline of
the town from whatever point beheld

Moreover these earthworks, which have survived the
masonry that for so many centuries crowned their sum-
mits, are, it is evident, of far earlier date than the Nor-
man work, and have only in these latter times re-
sumed much of the appearance which they originally
presented.

For they resemble in their general features and in
their details, those earthworks nearer to, or within the
English border, as Wigmore, Richard's Castle, Kilpeck,
and Ewias-Harold, which again resemble those of War-
wick, Leicester, Bedford, and Towcester, the dates and
authors of which are on record, and all of which, wher-
evOT situated, are quite unlike the grand hill-camps so
common on the border, and usually attributed to the
British.

Hence a peculiar interest attaches to works such as
these at Builth. Not only as regards the English part
of the community is there the presumption, amountinjg
to demonstration, that they were the work of their
proper ancestors, but, what is of interest to all, it is
possible to fix an approximate date to their construc-
tion, which is by no means the case with the larger and
probably older hQl-camps.

. The town of Builth stands in the north-eastern
quarter of Brecknock, in the Hundred of its name, just
upon a bold curve of the Wye, which escaping from the

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6 THE CASTLE OF BUILTH.

deep valley in which it descends from Rhayader Gwy,
and about to plunge into that by which it reaches tne
more open country near Glasbury and Hay, here tra-
verses a broad expanse of mead overlooked by the town,
and to which it not improbably gave origin.

On the eastern edge of the town, and like it a hun-
dred yards above and as many distant from the river,
is placed the castle. It commands a considerable
view towards the north, and was within an easy ride of
Payn s Castle and other fortresses upon the middle
Wye and the Usk. It stands upon a bank falling
steeply towards the north of the river, and though
higher on all sides than the adjacent ground, is ap-
proached by an easy ascent from the south, on which
side was its entrance.

The castle occupied a plot of ground nearly circular,
being about 180 yards north and south, by 190 yards
east and west. Its principal feature is a conical mound,
table-topped, wholly artificial, 60 feet diameter at the
top, 200 feet diameter from the centre of the circum-
scribing ditch, and from the bottom of that ditch 60
feet high. The ditch is carried all round from 100 to
120 feet broad, being narrowest towards the north, the
side naturally strong. For about four-fifths of its cir-
cumference to the south, the mound is covered by two
curved platforms, convex towards the field, and con-
cave towards the rear. That on the south-east is the
larger, and from 60 to 90 feet broad and 400 feet long.
That on the west is 30 to 35 feet broad and 200 feet long.
They are separated by a deep trench about 100 feet
broad, which connects the inner with the outer ditch.
At their other or northern extremities they end more
gradually, but leave the northern front of the moimd
imcovered. These platforms are in their rear about 30
feet above the bottom of the ditch of which they form
the counterscarp, and consequently about 30 feet below
the top of the mound. They slope gently outwards.
The western platform has along its inner edge a narrow
steep bank about 6 feet high. This could scarcely have

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THE CASTLE OF BUILTH. 7

carried a palisade^ there being no space for a walk be-
hind it. it looks more as though it had been thrown
up dining a siege, to cover those who proposed to storm
the mound.

Outside and in front of these platforms is a ditch
of from 70 to 100 feet broad, and 15 to 25 feet deep.
It covers the southern foinr-fifths of the work, but to-
wards the north, where the platforms cease, it is con-
tinued into and forms part of the inner ditch.

Finally, encircling the whole, is a bank upon the
edge of the outer ditch, of variable height and thick-
ness, sometimes narrow and from 5 to 6 feet high, in
other parts expanded into a platform of from 12 to 20
feet. This bank subsides into the nat\u:al slope of the
ground, which is very steep towards the north only.

Although but one small fragment of masonry remains
above ground, there are traces of walls where the foun-
dations have been dug up, and here and there are heaps
which probably cover the remains of towers. There
was evidently a central tower or keep, circular or many-
sided, covering the top of the mound, and probably, like
Bronllys, of earlv English or late Norman date. The
north slope of the mound, covered only by the ditch
and bank, formed part of the enceinte, as at Berkhamp-
sted, and from the keep descended eastwards a curtain,
of which a part remains, which crossed the ditch, and
evidently was carried along the platform so as to include
it. There are upon it two small mounds, which seem
to have been towers flanking the entrance. How this
curtain was continued, whether it was confined to the
east platform or whether it traversed the cross ditch,
and mcluded the west platform, is uncertain. In either
case it must have finally turned inwards, crossed the
inner ditch, and reascended the mound to abut upon the
keep tower. The castle seems to have been composed
of a keep and a single ward, and probably owed much
of its strength against a sudden attack to its contracted
area. The ditches are far above any soinrce of water from
adjacent ground. They seem, however, to have been

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6 TmB ofltmcH or er. patkicio.

more or less wet, probably from ponds or the rain
water. The cross ditch and adjacent parts of the
ditches are still boggy, and would form a small pool,
but for a drain whicm has been cut in the outer bajak.

The approach seems to have lain through the town
of Builtn along an existing road, and to have reached
the outer barrier where the ditcii is partially filled up
on the eastern side; thence crossing the platform,
where there seems to have been a causeway across the
inner ditch, and no doubt from it a flight of steps up
the motmd. G. T. O.

1878.

THE CHURCH OF ST. PATRICIO.

(lUad <U the Knighton Meeting,)

The little mountain church of St. Patricio, about four
or five miles fix)m Crickhowel, is not a church of great
antiquity ; perhaps not earlier than the latter part of
the fifteenth century, or reign of Henry VII. It con-
sists of a nave and chancel only, the former 56 feet in
length internally, by 1 7 feet in width ; the latter 25 feet
8 inches in length by 16 feet in width. The south
porch contains a stoup on the east side. The arch of
the door is obtusely pointed with a plain, hollow archi-
trave moulding. The south wall of the nave contains
a square-headed window of three semicircular-headed
lights with a square hood-mould over, and a little win-
dow lighting the rood-loft. The north wall of the nave
is externally covered with plaster and whitewash. No
appearance of windows or a doorway is exhibited on this
side. At the west end of the nave, on the north side,
is a square-headed window. The walls are without
buttresses. At the west end of the nave is a bell-cot.
On the south side of the chancel is an obtuse*arch
doorway and two square-headed windows without hood-
mouldings. The east window consists of two plain,
pointed lights with an obtuse-arched hood-momding

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THE CHURCH OP ST. PATRICIO. 9

over, with square returns ; the one carved with a four-
leafed flower, the other with a rose. The north wall of
the chancel has no window ; but in a projection, 2 feet
3^ inches wide externally, containing the stairs of the
rood-loft, is a small window to light them.

Bude, and of the most unpretending character as to
its external features, the church is internally most
interesting. The font is of a circular, cup-like shape,
on a short, cylindrical shaft on a circular base. This
font, apparently of the thirteenth century, is the relic
of a pre-existing church, perhaps the one from which
Archbishop Baldwin started on his preaching in aid of
the Crusades. The roof of the nave is a wiiggon or
cradle-framed roof.

The doorway to the steps is a plain four-centred arch-
doorway with a hollow architrave moulding. The rood-
loft, elaborately carved in front, is 4 feet in width ; but
the flooring is out of repair. Under the rood-loft are
two ancient altars of stone, the only rood-loft altars I
have found in dtu} That on the north side is 4 feet
4 inches in length, by 1 foot 7 inches in width. The
altar-slab is supported on a mass of plain masonry, and
two of the five crosses are plainly visible. The altar on
the south side is 5 feet 6 mches by 2 feet 4 inches in
width.

The chancel has an under-drawn plaster ceUing, and
contains the old altar-rails of circa 1640. Two plain
brackets for images project from the east wall of the
chancel. These are only 14 inches from the pavement.
The Commandments are painted on one of the walls, in
black-letter characters.

There is a most singular adjunct to this little church,
at the west end, — a structure apparently more ancient
than the present church which it adjoins. This struc-

^ The only other rood-loft altars I have met with, are two in front
of the rood-loft in the chnrch of St. Jacqnes, Antwerp. These are
of wood ; and from the sculptured foHage in front, I think they are
not earlier than the commencement of the eighteenth century, or
6iroa A.D. 1700.

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10 PEKFORATED STONE

tiire, I imagine, was a reclttsorium, or domus inclusiy the
residence of a recluse or anchorite. Internally it mea-
sures, from east to west, 18 feet ; from north to south,
10 feet 4 inches. At the south-east end is an altar,
6 feet long by 2 feet 4 inches in width. The slab is
supported on a mass of masonry. Above this altar is a
window looking into the nave of the chiuxjL North of
this altar, in the east wall, is a cinquefoil-headed recess
for an image. This structure has a plain but good
wooden roof. At the east end of the south wall is a
window, apparently of the fourteenth century ; and at
the west end is a window of a single light, simply
pointed, of the fifteenth centiuy. At the west end is
now a modem fireplace. Whether this superseded a
more ancient fireplace I cannot say.

This Uttle church with its recltcsoriuniy domus incltm,
or anchorite's cell (for such I take the appendage at the
west end to be), exhibits no less than three stone altars,
two of them being the only instances I have met with,
except those I have alluded to in a note, of the rood-
loft altars.

Math. H. Bloxam.

A PERFORATED STONE FOUND IN ANGLESEY.

In a former notice of early British habitations on the
banks of the Gwna, a small brook in the county of
Anglesey, I had occasion to state that along its course a
few hut-remains still exist, not so traceable and strongly
marked as those at Dindryfal, yet in some instances
easily recognised by their depressed interiors encom-
passed by Tow banks of earth and stones grassed over,
out of which occasionalTy peeps a grey boulder or two,
more clearly indicating their presence. These vestiges
are rapidly disappearing, and the farmer of the present
day points to places on his meadows whence remnants
of walls have been carted ofi', and where the levelled

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POUND IN ANGLESEY. 11

soil conceals beneath its surfece hut-floors which, accord-
ing to his statement, have not been broken or dis-
turbed.

Whilst digging up the remains of one of these dwell-
ings, higher up the stream than Dindryfal, on a farm
called Bodrwyn, in the parish of Cerrig Ceinwen, the
workmen came upon the perforated stone represented
in the annexed engraving, which, owing to iiie uncer-
tainty of its use, has been thought worthy of a descrip-
tion. When discovered it was lying horizontally within
the hut, near to its wall, embedded in ordinary brown
soil, and turfed over. It appears to have been shaped
out of a slab of coarse freestone, six inches thick, the
faces of which have been very sparingly and partially
touched with a pointed instrument. Six inches of its
base, or broader end, have been left in their primitive
roughness, as if the chiseler's design was to insert it so
deep in masonry or in the ground, leaving eighteen
inches of its upper part exposed. Its sides have been
more carefully reduced to their present form with the
same pointed tool, the markings of which correspond
with those seen on stone mortaHay and other chiseled
specimens of the hut^period. It measures twenty-four
inches in length, and weighs sixty pounds. It is ten
inches wide at its base, and five inches wide at top.
The holes have been countersunk, or wrought from op-
posite sides, the borings meeting roughly, with no great
precision, in the centre. Its top has imfortunately
been broken off, — an accident which may have occurred
during the operation of piercing, because, curiously
enough, at this part of the stone a cup two inches deep
has been sunk in each face, as if with the intention that
the two should meet centrally and complete the per-
foration. At present they are short of being united by
three quarters of an inch. It is far from clear, how-
ever, that the fracture was cxjcasioned by an effort to
penetrate the remaining partition of stone. The holes,
which are not splayed, are unequal in size, the two
lower ones measuring respectively three inches and two

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12 PERFORATED STONE

inches in diameter ; the cups, or upper holes, having a
diameter of two inches and a quarter.

I have been thus minute in my description in order
that the reader may form his own opinion of the pro-
bable use of this curious object. Unable myself to offer
a satisfactory conjecture, I gladly resign speculation to
others, observing only that the smallness of its size, and
the place where it was found, are opposed to the idea of
its being a sepulchral or monumental slab, such as the
perforated stones of Cornwall are supposed to have been ;
described by Mr. Blight in the October number of our
Journal for the year 1864. Williin the same circle were
found shells, a rail-sized stone mortar, and a large spe-
cimen of the glain neidr class of beads, broken under
the pick, indicating by their presence that the place of
its discovery was of a domestic character, and not one
of sepulture.

"Wlien first looked at, the stone might strike the
observer as contrived for the support of iron bars, say
one side of a primitive fire-dog, or for a grating of some
kind, — a supposition which, if entertained, would in-
volve the necessity of a corresponding sustainer, not
yet met with.

The small cupped stone which next appears in the
engraving is one of several of the kind foimd during
similar clearances, and was picked up in the same hut as
the object just described. Afellow specimen was obtained
at Caerleb. The use of this and of its companion stones
is obscure ; the shallowness and width of its hollow,
only ODe inch in depth, and barely three inches across
its orifice, rendering it unsuitable for the purposes of a
mortar. The greatest diameter of the stone itself is not
more than eight inches. For want of a better conjec-
ture, I may say that if fixed surface-deep in the ground,
it might have answered the purpose of a hinge or lower
support of a wicket or door, its cup being the receptacle
of tne wooden pivot on which the wicket turned. This
pivot-method of swinging gates was common in Koman
times, and in the present day is often adopted in this
county.

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fi FEET

Ko.L

No. ».
PERFORATKD STONES FOUND IN ANOLMBT.

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FOUND IN ANGLESEY. 13

The abcr^e objects were discovered near to the main
course of the Gwna, where it forms the north-western
boundary of Bodrwyn Farm. The celt represented in
the next Plate was picked up on the south-eastern side
of the same land^ near to a brook recognised as the
boundary between the parishes of Cerrig Ceinwen and
Uangristiolus. A few years ago this watercourse, where
it crosses the public road, intersected a plot of ground
encumbered with stones and Cyclopean remains, the
object of which was unintelligible to my informant; but
which, from his description, I infer, marked the site of
a British settlement of some kind, the extent of which
is tmknown. About four years ago these obstacles to
tillage were removed, during the clearance of which the
single curiosity noticed by the workmen was a small
cist of stones containing ashes described as hard and
slaggy. When the fieU was subsequently harrowed,
the celt came to view ; and until lately was cherished
by its finder as an implement of gold, to the great
detriment of its oxide coating. A reference to the
engraving will show that, with the exception of the
side-loop, which is wanting, it is an. ordinary example
of that class of weapons known as paalstabs. A bronze
implement precisely similar in pattern was found on
Pendinas Hill, near to Aberystwith, and is figured in
Sir Sw R. Meyrick's Hiatchry of Cardiganshire. Its
flanges and stop-ridge are promment, and the latter is
ornamentally strengthened by a mid-rib extending
down each of its faces. Its greatest length is six inches
and three quarters ; its width at the broad end, two
indies and three quarters; and its weight, fourteen
ounces and a half. The pale coloured bronze of which
it is composed is somewhat roughly cast, exhibiting air-
holes or porosities on its surface ; and the weapon is
seamed, especially between its flanges and on either
side of its mid-ribs, with scores or incisions represent-
ing, as I suppose, the unerased marks of the workman's
chisel inside of the mould, which from this circumstance
I conjecture was of stone. It appears to have under-

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14 PERFORATED STONE

gone a partial dressing when fresh from its matrix.
One side of the tang bears unmistakable traces of a
chisel, where the superfluous casting of the duct was
struck oS.

Those who may wish to be acquainted with the pub-
lished instances of celt discoveries in Wales, are referred
to Mr. Way V memoir on the subject, and to other inte-
resting papers' contained in our Journal, whence some
of the following particulars relating to Anglesey are
derived, Mr. Kowlands, in his Mona Antiqvxi (second
edition, p. 86), states that in his day these weapons
were frequently found in Anglesey, — as, indeed, in
all Wales, — a fact implying, as ne observes, " that they
were very common and of general use". He instances
the discovery of a parcel of them beneath a stone near
to the sea-shore, in the parish of Llanidan, a little to
the east of a place known as Maes Mawrgad, or the
great battle-field. These are represented as having
loops and sockets, rude drawings of which are given in
his second Plate. He notices another without a socket
in his own collection, seemingly a paaktab of small size
(four inches and three quarters long), having a side-
loop, but does not sav where it was found. A deposit
of many of these axe-heads is reported, on good author-
ity, to have been met with at the Perthi Duon Crom-
lech, specimens of which, I was told many years ago,
were convCTcd to Maes y Perth, the residence of me
late Rev. E. Lloyd, formerly rector of Aberffraw.

Two paalstabs figured and described by Mr. Wynn
Williams in the July number of the ArchcBologia Cam-
hrensis for the year 1867, were obtained in a field near
to Llanidan Lodge, and are now in Lord Boston's col-
lection. They differ in size and pattern. The larger
one is a looped specimen with a plain mid-rib. The
smaller one has simply flanges and a stop-ridge.

The latiC Lord Stanley of Alderley became possessor
of a bronze celt found amongst various bronze objects

* Arch. Gamb,y Third Series, vol. ii.

* Ibid.f vol. ix ; Fonrth Series, vol. ii.

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POUND IN ANGLESEY. 15

at Ty Mawr on Holyhead mountain, a place celebrated
for the niunber of its British remains.

Two paalstabs came to light in ploughing a field at
Rhos y Gad, near the Llaniair station, and were in the
keeping of ihe late Rev. Hugh Jones, D.D., Rector of
Beaumaris. Of these the larger implement had a loop
at the side and the smaller one was without that ap-
pend^e repeating in this respect the find near Llan-
idan Lodge.

The subject of the present notice was picked up at
Bodrwyn in 1869. It will be observed that in the above
instances most of the celts are of the paalstab type,
supposed to be the earlier form of the weapon.

Such is the list of recorded bronze celt^ finds in An-
glesey, doubtless conveying to us a very inadequate
idea of their frequency, because antiquities of this class
it is well known, so reatdUy find their way into the hands
of dealers and thence into musexuns or the cabinets of

{)rivate collectors, where it often happens they lie neg-
ected and half forgotten by their owners and unknown
to the public. The variety of sizes, forms, and patterns
of bronze celts in Wales, and the discovery of moulds
for the casting of them at Bangor and in Anglesey, sug-
gest to us how numerous they must at one time have
been. Mr. Way relates the curious history of two
moulds and a paalstab found together at Danesfield,
Bangor, none of which perfectly assorted. The paal-
stab, although similarly fashioned, did not exactly fit
either mould. Had these implements been less frequent
we may imagine that the paalstab would have shown
itself to have been a casting produced by either of them.
In 1846 a remarkable matnx of stone was discovered
on a spot between Bordwrdyn and Tre Ddafydd, a place
less than two miles distant from Bodrwyn, a drcum-

^ Four beantifnl stone celts found in Anglesey (one of flint, eight
inches and a quarter long, and remarkably perfect) are preserved
by Mr. Prichard at Llwydiarth Esgob, sketches of which were some
years ago foi^warded to the late Editor of the Archceohgia Cambren^
n$f and are supposed to have been lost.

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16 PERFORATED STONE

stance which mi^t lead us to expect a resemblance of
model, at least between the Bodrwyn weapon and the
Bodwrdyn mould, and yet two could not be more dis-
similar. The paalstab is without a loop and the Bod-
wrdyn mould is designed to produce a socketed celt
with the tmcommon number of two side loops. From
incidents such as these we may argue that the celt was
a common implement in Anglesey, and to think other*
wise, because it is not seen m greater numbers, would
be tantamount to supposing that the axe-head of the
present day is not in genenxl use, because rarely met
with in OMT fields.

Referring to the Gwna and its hut-remains, I may
relate the experience of a fiaxmer years ago whilst drain-
ing some waste land lower down the stream than Din-
diyfeJL The surface of the meadow subjected to this
treatment presented many inequalities, but not such
as to disclose the extent of the remains lying beneath
it. During their progress the drainers had to cut
through filled up ditches, rude stone work, and floors of
cytiau or huts, the recurrence of which led them at
last to perceive that they were intersecting several small
enclosures, each containing the foundation courses of
two or more dwellings, and each group of cots sur-
rounded externally by its own protecting fosse. These
enclosures, supposed to be three or four in number,
were roughly estimated at forty or fifty yards in dia-
meter. The narrator, however, was not quite dear
about their forms, which were not strictly regular. In
some instances the hut floors were flagged. Seven or
eight mill-stones with mortaria and firagments of pot-
tery came to liffht, the greater number of which were
discovered in tne ditches. The meadow being a part
of Trefeilir many of the quern stones were conveyed to
Henblas, the residence of Mr. Evans, its late proprietor.
The farmer wound up his reminiscence by saying that
the probable use of tne ditches was to protect tne in-
mates and their property from wild oeasts ; strong
hurdles, he supposed, or pieces of timber thrown across

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FOUND IN ANGLESEY. 17

these defences, serving as movable bridges where cause-
ways were not used.

A closer observation on his part might have led to
the discovery of paved approaches which often exist*
The security, however, aflforded by defences in which
water formed a part, and the ease with which trenches
might have been simk in meadow-land, compared with
the difficulty and labour of constructing such stone walls
as would have been equally protective, may possibly
account for the number of circular dwellings in Anglesey,
near to streams occupied perhaps at a time when Wales
was infested by wolves and other predatory animals.^
The mandate of Edward I, requiring the destruction of
wolves in the bordering counties of Gloucester, Wor-
cester, Hereford, and Salop, and the traditional inci-
dent in Llewelyn ab lorwerth's life, whose child is said
to have been rescued from a wolf by his faithful dog
Grelert, imply that this animal was far from being ex-
tinct in the thirteenth century, and that probably he
<X)ntinued his ravages to a late period.

HaoH Prichard.

ON SOME OF OUR BRITISH INSCRIPTIONS.

As I have been asked to give some account of the stone
at Pool Park, near Ruthin, I may say that I was led to
look for a Celtic inscription on it by a passage in a let-
ter of Edward Lhwyd's, published in the ArchcBologia
CambrensiSy 1848, p. 310, which shows that our inde-
fatigable countryman had noticed Ogmic characters on
other stones as well as on this. Having met Mr. Thomas
of Cefh at Ruthin I induced him to come with me to
examine the stone. The result was that we took a careful
rubbing of it, the reading of which was explained by him
to the Association at Knighton, and has found its way
in an incorrect form into the October No. of this Jomrnal.

* SurroTincling trenches, it mast be adtnitted, are not oflen dis-
cernible ; but may exist unnoticed in many instances, especially in
peaty soil.

4tjc sbb. yol. v. 2

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18 SOME OE OUR BRITISH INSCRIPTIONS.

The Arch. Carnb. for 1855, p. 116, contains a drawing
of the inscription, which the editor kindly allows me to
make use of here. Now this drawing would seem to
read similini tovisaoi, for the peculiar line curving off
towards the left, above the s, turns out to be a fault in
the stone ; and in this I think Mr. Thomas agrees with
me, — ^at any rate he reads s for a part of Professor
Westwood's peculiar A. In the next place, what in this
drawing appears as I and M, are to be joined, though it
is true the groove forming the bottom of the angle
where they meet gets very shallow. Still I think they
fairly form a conjoint character which is to be read VM.
Thus the inscription would read :

SVMILINI
TOVISACI.

As to the Ogham, it reads upwards on both edges, as
is the case with the Fardel Stone in the British Museum.

On the left edge we have s...b 1 no, or s...b 1

no. Here the notches for the vowels have disap-
peared ; but by measuring the distances I find it pro-
bable that I should be rignt in reading Subelino or Sub-
ilinu. There is no mistake about the b; and this proves
that the confusion of m and b is not of modern date in
Welsh. The possible readings, of which the upper are
the more probable, are :

sub2lin2.

i XL

On the other edge I read visaciy which is, however, ren-
dered a little difficult by the notch forming a and the
first scoring of the c having broken into one gap at the
edge ; but I do not hold this reading as doubtful. Of
course visaci is the part left of Tovisaci, the edge having
been broken oflf where the To should stand. Finally,
as to Subelino or SubelinUy o and u are found used in-
differently as the endings of the genitive of the early
Welsh declension of stems in u : e. ^., Trenagusu on
the Cilgerran Stone, and emereto on the Cwm Gloyn
one. In Old Irish this declension also makes its geni-
tive in 0 : e. gr., Oingusso^ Fergusso, the genitives of Otn-
gtts and Fergus, which contain the same -gus as the

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SOME OF OUR BRITISH INSCRIPTIONS. 19

Cilgerran Stone shows. In Irish Ogham this ends in
-05, as in Cunagusos, which is in later Irish Congttsso,
the genitive of Congtis. Stokes long ago equated Fer-
gus with Welsh Gwrwst. I am glad to add that Om-
gus (now Angus) and Congtis are in Welsh respectively
Ungust {Lib. Land., p. 201) and Cinicst {ihid.y p. 73).

This Pool Park inscription was the first Ogham for me
to see, and is still the only one known in North Walea
Since visiting it, I have, in company with the Rev. John
Jones of Ystrad Meurig, seen all those known in South
Wales, and the reader will, perhaps, pardon my men-
tioning a few of them here. To begin with the stone at
Glanusk Park, it has on it, in Ogham, Tt^rpiYi or TurpiUi;
and also, higher \xp,lluni, the remains of Trilluniy which
occurs in Roman characters on it as Triluni. This I say
with much diffidence, for the Association has very care-
fully examined this monument only twelve months ago. '

The Llandawk Stone has an Ogham all round its
upper part ; but I am sure of no part of it excepting
maqi on the right side. Then on the other what is
tolerably legible seems to be taqoledemu. There are
more traces, but the stone has been chipped, trimmed,
and worn off, so that it is, I fear, hopeless to make any-
thing of the Celtic inscription. Professor Westwooa s
account of this stone will be foiuid in the ArchoBohgia
Camhrensis for 1867, p. 343. The ends of some of the
Oghams reach into the Roman letters : indeed, one of
them will be seen reaching into the middle of the v in
the drawing accompanying ProfeesorWestwood's descrip-
tion. But what is one to say of the accuracy of that draw-
ing which severs the Ogmic character in question from
the edge of the stone, and ignores the rest ? It seems
pretty clear that the Roman characters were cut before
the Oghams. Besides there is in Roman characters, on
the e<^e of the stone, a mc iacit not hitherto noticed.

We also went to Caldy Island, and found, as I ex-
pected, traces of Ogham all round the upper part of the
stone ; but as it is fixed in a wall, we could make but
little of it. What is curious about this stone is that

a«

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20 SOME OF OUR BRITISH INSCRIPTIONS.

the man who cut the Latin inscription on the front of
the stone some time before the end of the ninth cen-
tury, should recognise or continue the Celtic inscription
in his Latin, which runs thus: ^*Et siiignocrucis in illam
fingsi rogo omnibus ammulantibus ibi exorent pro anima
catuoconi." Of course those who belie sre the Celtic
method of writing to have been exclusively pre-Christian
will have other accounts to give of this matter. But
the Llanarth Cross, I think, confirms my view. On
the shaft of the cross, in Hibemo-Saxon characterR, we
read Gurhir-t, or some such name ; and on the right
axm of the cross, on the angle of the stone, there are
four Ogmic strokes which, read downwards with the
proper name, make C. Gurhir-t ; that is. Croc Gurhir-ty
t. e., " Gurhir-t » cross.'' I find no reason to believe
there ever were more Ogmic characters on the stone.

Acting on a suggestion of Professor Westwood's in
the Archceologia Cambrensis for 1860, p. 52, we made
inquiries at Cwm Gloyn, near Nevem, and accidentally
discovered the stone of Vitalianus used as a gate-post
aa you turn from the Cardigan road to go to Cwm
Gloyn farm. It reads in Roman

VITALIANI
EMERETO

and in Celtic, Vitaliani most accurately cut and spaced
on the angle on the right, near the top of the stone.
This is about two miles from Nevem, and I doubt very
much that the stone has ever stood in Nevem church-
yard. Its exact position seems to have been unknown
since the date of Gough's Camden.

Mr. Jones and the present writer spent very nearly
a whole day at the Cilgerran Stone, the Roman of
which, as is well known, reads, " Trenegussi Jili Macu-
treni hie iacW; and we came at last to the firm conclu-
sion that the Celtic reads, " Trenagusu maqi Maqitreni'\
which needs no comment. The Tren family has its
memory perpetuated, it would seem, in Penallt Treini,
the name of a farm in the neighbourhood.

As to the Ogham at Clydai, the Roman characters

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SOME OF OUR BRITISH INSCRIPTIONS. 21

read ettern — fili victor; and the Ogham seems to
be £Uem[o maqi\ V\ic]tor. The lacuna is owing to the
top of the stone having been trimmed off to hold a dial.
However, the ends of the three strokes for v are still
visible ; and as far as we could calculate the distances,
there would not be room enough for Etterni ; and as
for the first E in the Roman inscription, its back has
just been trimmed off, leaving only tne three horizontal
lines remaining. It is owing to overlooking this that
the stone has been hitherto inaccurately read.

As to the Bridell Stone, it is certainly a crux ; but
without entering into details, I think we are, on the
whole, inclined to read Nettasagru inaqi Mucoi Breci.
As to genitives in u, we have already mentioned several
instances, among which Trenagiisu is not to be con-
tested. And with respect to the scorings which are here
represented by 6r, there are certainly six on the right
of the angle, neither more nor less ; but how many of
them are produced beyond it, I cannot venture to say
with any confidence. I should have no great objection
to Mreci instead of Breci ; but I think both Neci and
Greci are unwarranted.

Before concluding these notes, which have been
penned in a hurry, I may say that I lay no claim what-
soever to be considered an archaeologist. I was simply
driven to examine the stones for myself, as I had got
tired of waiting for the Association's promised work on
the inscribed stones of Wales, which is, amon^ other
things, to serve Welsh philologists as a coiyus iiiscrip-
tiontim. I am not aware that it was intended to pub-
lish, without further scrutiny, any of our ancient in-
scriptions from the rubbings or drawings which have
been from time to time used for this Journal. Were it
80, I should protest against it, as many of them are
inaccurate. On the omer hand, no mere publishing of
readings, however correct, will ever make up for the
want which we feel of good and trustworthy drawings
or photographs of the stones themselves. May this be
ere long adequately met by the work proposed !

Rhyl : 1873. J^HN Hhys.

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HISTORY OF THE LORDSHIP OF MAELOR GTMRAEG

OR BROMFIELD, THE LORDSHIP OF lAL

OR YALE, AND CHIRKLAND,

IN THE PRINCIPALITY OF P0WY8 FADOa
{Continued from p, 820, vol. iv.)

II. CYNLLAITH.

The comot of Cynllaith is divided into two parts, Cyn-
Uaith Owain, atia^ Cynllaith Ringild, and Cynllaith
Tir larU.

Cynllaith Owain formerly belonged to Owain Glyn-
dwr ; but on his attainder it was seized by the Crown,
where it remained till the time of Elizabeth, who granted
it, together with Cynllaith Tir larll, to Robert Dudley,
Earl of Leicester. Subsequently they again fell to the
Crown; and the following lands were granted (11
James I), 1614, to Owen Vaughan of Llwyaiarth, Esq.,
viz., '*all those clauses and lands in Cynllaith Owain
called Rhos Ddu, Tir Madog ab Gruffydd, Perch Kesles,
and other lands lately in the possession of Maurice ab
leuan ab Howel ;^ the lands of ^ryn y Gfwifa and Kirk-
man in the township of Lloran ; all those profits and
commodities, of whatsoever kind, in Cynllaith Owain,
called customs, * Tretledame, adde Advocar et Ambor et
de firma Woodward de Cynllaith Owain'; and the miU
formerly in the tenure of Robert ab Edward ; all once
possessed by Robert Earl of Leicester (in esiXimbio), and
formerly the property of Owain Glyndwr attainted."

These lands were to be held and kept by Owen
Vaughan, for himself and his heirs in soccage, as of the

^ Maurice ab leuan ab Howel ab lolyn of Llangedwyn, seeond son
of Madog Gjffin of Lloran Uchaf in Llansilin, and of Gyffin in the
parish of Llangedwyn, son and heir of Madog Goch ab leuaf ab
Cahelyn of Lloran and Llwyn y Maen. His eldest son, Hugh, was
the ancestor of the Wynns of Llangedwyn.

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THE LORDSHIPS OP BROMFIELD, ETC. 23

manor of East Greenwich.^ Owen Vaughan married
Catherine, daughter and heiress of Maurice ab Robert
of Llangedwyn, second son (by Thomasine, his wife,
daughter of leuan Llwyd of Abertanad) of the above
mentioned Maurice ab leuan ab Howel ; which, no
doubt, was the cause of these crown lands being granted
to him.

The lordship of Cynllaith Owain now belongs to Sir
W. W. Wynn, Bart.

The lordship of Tir larll was seized by Roger Morti-
mer at the time of the murder of the two young princes,
Llewelyn and Gruffydd, and eventually feu to the
Crown. It is now the property of the Chirk Castle family.

The comot of Cynllaith contains the parish of Llan-
silin, and parts of the parishes of Llangedwyn, Llanar-
mon Mynydd Mawr, Llanarmon Dyffiryn Ceiriog, and
Llangadwaladr.

The parish of Llansilin is divided into the townships
of Bomith, Llan, Lledrod, Lloran, Llys DunwaUon,
Moelfre, Prif BwU, Sycharth, Sychdin (which is in the
Lordship of Oswestry), Rhiwlas is y Foel,Rhiwlas uwch
y Foel, and Trefonnen.

The parish of Llangedwyn is divided into the town-
ships of Llangedwyn and Ysgrwgan.

The parish of Llanarmon Mynydd Mawr lies partly
in the comot of Cynllaith and partly in that of Moch-
nant is Rhaiadr. This parish, being very small, is not
divided into townships.

The parish of Llanarmon DyflTryn Ceiriog lies also
partly in the comots of Cynllaith and Mochnant is
Khaiadr. It is divided into the three townships of Tre'r
Llan, Tref Llywarch, and Lloran.

The parish of Llangadwaladr lies partly in the comot
of Cynllaith and partly in that of Nanheudwy. It is
divided into the townships of Tre 'r Llan, containing
the church, which is entirely surrounded by the parish
of Llansilin ; and the townships of Tref Geiriog and
Nant Hir, which are detached, and lie three miles from

1 Calendar of Patent BolUy vol. 61, p. 694, pars 24.

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THE LORDSHIPS OF BROMFIELD,

the church (from which they are separated by the parish
of Llansilin), in the coinot of Nanheudwy, on the north
of the river Ceiriog.

There were at one time several families deducing
their descent from Einion Efell,Lord of Cynllaith, settled
in this comot, whose pedigrees will be given in a future
chapter ; but we shall insert here the pedigrees of the
three following families who descend in the legitimate
line from Bleddyn ab Cynfyn, Prince of Powys.

HENBLAS,

IN THE TOWNSHIP OF RHIWLAS UWCH Y FOEL.

(florl. M8, 2299.)

Einion Fycban or Fach ab Einion ab Howel ab Cynwrig ab:

Llewelyn ab Madog ab leuaf ab Llewelyn ab Cynwrig ab

Cadwgan ab Rhiryd ab Bleddyn ab Cynfyn, Prince of Powys.

Or, a lion rampt. ^des, armed and langued azure

I)aTid==Myfanwy, d. and heiress of Qrufiydd ab Madog of Rhiwlas

leuan of =T=Catberine, d. of leuan ab Einion ab Madog Heddwcb ab Meilir
Rhiwlas I ab Tangwel ab Tudor ab Ithel ab Idris ab Llewelyn Eurdorchog,
Lord of lal and Ystrad Alun. Azure^ a lion passant gardant ;
I his tail between his legs, and reflexed over his back, or*

David of==Jane, d. of John* ab Maurice Gocb of Esquinant, ab John ab
Bhiwlas | Qruffydd ab leuan ab Rhiryd ab Madog ab Cadwgan ab Qwenwys.
Sable, three horses* heads erased argent

1 Cambria THumpharut, by Percy Enderbye. Cae Cyriog MS.
' John ab Maurice Goch was of Lloran Ganol in the parish of

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YALE, AND CHIRKLAND. 25-

Bdward of Rhiw]ai==Oatheriae, d. of leuan ab lolyn ab Llewelyn ab lencyn

David of =0 wen, d. of Gruffydd Lewys of Golfa in Llansilin, ab Lewys ab
Ebiwlas j Owain ab Madog ab leuan ab Meredydd ab QrufFydd Lloyd of
of Main. Argent^ a lion passant sable, in a border indented gules

Edward Dayies of Henbla8=j= Margaret, d. of William Lloyd ab Rowland ab
in Rhiwlas Thomas of Coed y Rhygin in Trawsfynydd

John Davies of Henblas, the Qwen,==:Jacob Elizal

antiquary,author of a work en- coh.
titled A Display of Heraldry ,
which he published in 1716 at
Shrewsbury

Lth,=

Rey- coheiress
nolds
of Chirk

Edw. Owen of

Glyn &Orogen

Iddon in Nan-

heudwy

John Reynolds of Oswestry. Sarah Owen,== John Edwards of Qallt

Be published a quarto book heiress of [ y Celyn,Hendref Brys,

of pedigrees m 1735 Glyn & Oro- | and Plas lolyn, in Ys-

gen Iddon | pytty leuan, and lord

I of that manor.

John Edwards of Gallt y Oelyn, High = Elizabeth, d. of Wm. Powell, D.D
Sheriff for Denbighshire in a.]>. 1742 I Dean of St. Asaph

Edward Edwards of Glyn, etc.=y:

John Edwards of Glyn, Gallt y Celyn, etc., lord of the manor of Ys-
pytty leuan. He married Sarah, only daughter and heiress of Jenkyn
Lloyd, of Olochfaen and Plas Madog, Esq., and died, s, p., a.d. 1771.

In the British Museum are two foHo and two quarto
volumes of Welsh pedigrees, by John Davies of Khiw-
las (Additional MSS. 9864-7). They were purchased by
the late Thoma^ Pennant, of Downing in Tegeingl, Esq.,
from the executors of David Jones of Trefriw, one of
the earliest printers in North Wales, who was pre-
sented with a fount of type by the celebrated Mr. Lewis
Morris. The son of Mr. Pennant, David Pennant of
Downing, Esq., gave them to the British Museum in
1835. The pedigrees in the folio volumes are brought

Llansilin. His son lenan, for some offence given by him to Robert
Dudley, Earl of Leicester, to whom Qneen Elizabeth had granted
the lordships of Denbigh, Chirk, and Cynllaith, had his estate taken
from him, and granted by charter to tfohn Chaloner, son of Robert
Chaloner ab David Chaloner of Denbigh. Llewelyn, another son of
Maurice Goch, had Esquinant, and was ancestor of the Joneses of
that place.

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26 THE LORDSHIPS OF BROMFIELD,

down to 1 700/ and are of great value, as John Griffith,
of Cae Cyriog, Esq., and John Davies of Rhiwlas, had
access to the now lost MSS. of Lewys Dwnn.*

RHIWLAS UWCH Y FOEL.

leuan ab Dafydd ab Qwyn ab Bafjdd Sant ab leuan ab Hywel Goch==
of Moelfre, ab Dafydd ab Einion ab Oadwgan ab Bhiwallon ab
Bleddjn ab Cjnfyn. Or, a lion rampt. gtUes

Grufiydd=pMawd, d. of Gruffydd Fychan ab Gruffydd* ab Dafydd Gocb,Iiord
Gethin i of Denbigh. SabU, a lion rampt. ardent in a border engrailed or

leuan Gethin =r=Mali, d. of Adda ab Dafydd ab Adda ab Hywel ab leuaf ab
of Oynllaith | Adda ab Awr of Trevor. Party per bend sinister, ermine and
ermines, a lion rampt. or in a border ^ules

Meredy dd=:Oatherine, d. of T Dai^ of Himant in Mechain uwch lorwerth

Coed^abMado^LlwydabDafyddFainabDafyddWelw of Glas-
ab Dafydd ab Madoe Heddwch ab Meilyr ab Tangwel goed.

ab Tudur ab Ithel ab Idris ab Llewelyn Eurdorchog. (Y. p.
Arms as before, p. 24 27.)

John of Djffryn=^Oather':ne, d. of Rhys ab Gutyn of Rhiwlas is y Foel, ab
Ceiriog I Gruffydd ab leuan Gethin ab Madog Oyflin. jParty per
^1 fess sable and argent^ a lion rampt. counterchanged

Llewelyii=Margaret, d. of John Lacon, Esq., ab Thomas ab Sir Richard
Lacon, of Brogyntyn, Knt. This Sir Richard Lacon witnessed
the Eiurl of Arunders charter to Oswestry in the 8th of Heniy 1 ¥.'
Margaret's mother was Marsaret, daughter and coheiress of
John Wynn of Llanddyn in I^anheudwy, second son of John
Edwards Hen of Plas Newydd in Chirk, Keceiyer of Ohirkland.
By this marriage the Lacons became posd^sed of Llanddyn

^ Lewys.Dwnn, vol. ii, p. %7, ^ Ibid., vol. i, p. xxxi.

* Gni%dd ab Dafydd Goch is buried at Bettws y Coed in Car-
DarvoDshire, where bis effigy is to be seen in armour, with the fol-
lowing inscription, " Hie jacet Grufud ap Davyd Goch. Agnus Dei
miserere mei." In A.D. 1332 he was foreman of the jury for taking
the extent of Nanconwy. His father, Dafydd Goch, was the natural
son of Dafydd, Lord of Denbigh, who was tried at Shrewsbury and
beheaded in A.D. 1283 ; the brother of Llewelyn, the last sovereign
prince of Wales.

^ Y Dai of Himant was the ancestor of the Lloyds of Llangollen
Fechan and the Lloyds of Cawnwy in the parish of Llangadtan in
the comot of Caereinion.

^ The Lacon family possessed Brogyniyn for several generations.
John Lacon, the last heir male of this family, had an only daughter

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Yale, and chirkland. 27

Thomas LloydzpCaUierine, d. of Robert, second son of Maurice ab leuan, of
Llangedwyn, Esq., ab Howel ab lolyn ab leuan Gethyn ab
Madog Gyffin ab Madog Qoch of Lloran Uchaf. (Y. p. 22.)

Maurice Llo7d==Margaret, d. of Richard Lloyd, of Llwyn 7 Maen, Esq.
of Rhiwlas t Argent^ an eagle displayed, with two necks, 9ahU

Thos. Lloyd=:Catherine, d. of Edward Lloyd ab Robert Edward Robert
Gethin of Lloyd ab David Lloyd of Plas isy Clawdd, Gethin
Rhiwlas in the parish of Chirk, Esq. Farty per
bend sinister ermine and ermines^ a lion
rampt. or, armed and langued gules.

Richard Joiin Gwenllian Margaret

GLASGOED,
IN THE TOWNSHIP OF LLANSIUN.

lorwerth ab leuan Gethin of Oyullaith. ab Gruffydd Gethin ab==
leuan ab Dafydd, etc. (See p. 26.) )

leuan ==Lucy, d. of Binion €k>ch of J)udleston ab Dafydd Goch ab lorwerth

of
Glas-
goed

ab Cynwrig ab Heilin of Pentref Heilin, ab Trahaiam ab Iddon,

Lord of Dudleston. Argent, a chey. inter three boars' heads couped

gules, tusked or, and langued (uure

Howel of =Tibot, d. of Einion ab Gruffydd ab Llewelyn of Oors 7 GedoL
Qlasgoed Ermine, a sal tire gules, a crescent or, for difference. She
married, secondly, leuan Fychan ab leuan Gethin of Moel-
iwrch, ab Madog Cyffin of Lloran Uchaf; and thirdlj,
Hywel ab Tudur ab Goronwy of Penllyn, ab Gruffydd ab
Madog ab Rhiryd Flaidd, Lord of Penllyn.

I Istcoh. I 2nd cob.

Margaret,= Howel of Oswestry, second son of Gwenhwyfar=Meredydd
heiress of Maurice Gethin of Garth Eryr,' ab Lloyd ab

GJasgoed leuan Gethin ab Madog Cyffin, do- Madog.

scended from Einion Efell, Lord of Cynllaith.

and heiress, named Margaret, who married Sir William Maurice of
Clanennan, Knt., descended from Owain Gwynedd, Prince of North
Wales. Bj this marriage Sir William became possessed of Bro-
gjntjn, which is now the property of his heir, J. R. Ormsbj Gore,
Esq., M.P. (Lewys Dwnn, vol. ii, 167.)

^ Maurice Gethin of Garth Eryr married Margaret, daughter and
coheir of Dafydd ab Y Gwion Llwy d. Baron of Hendwr in Edeymion,
by whom he had issue five sons and two daughters. William, the
eldest, had Garth Eryr ; and for some reason the King of England
sent the '' Arglwyddi Gleision" to arrest him for high treason ; but
failing to lay hands upon him, they set fire to Garth Eryr, which
was never a^rwards rebuilt. (Hist, of LlansUiv,)

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26 THE LORDSHIPS OF BROMFIELD,

Howel of Oswestry, and of Glasgoed by right of his
wife Margaret, died in a.d. 1481, and left a numerous
family : — 1. Meredydd, his successor. 2. Howel Fychan,
who married Gwenllian, daughter of Dafydd ab Owaia
ab lorwerth ab Hwfa Llwyd of Traian in Whitting-
ton, by whom he had a son, leuan of Tmian. 3.
Llewelyn, who married Margaret, daughter of Richard
ab Gruflfydd alias Gutyn Glinie, descended from San-
ddef Hardd, lord of Morton, by whom he was father
of Robert Goch, who married Alice, daughter of Mau-
rice ab leuan ab Howel of Llangedwyn, by whom he
had a son, Lewys. 4. David Lloyd, ancestor of the
Lloyds of Bodlith and Lloran Isaf, and three daughters :
1. Catherine, ux. Otwel ab lorwerth ab Dafydd ab
Ednyfed Gam. 2. Myfanwy, ux. Dafydd ab Gri&ydd of
Careg Hwfa, ab Meredydd ab Ednyfed Gam. 3. Mabli,
ux. Thomas Ireland ab David Ireland ab Robert Ireland.

Meredydd ab Howel of Glasgoed, eldest son of the
above Howel ab Maurice, married Tomasine, daughter
of Robert Ireland ab Roger Ireland ab Sir John Ireland,
Lord of Hurt, and had issue : 1. Richard Kyffin, his
successor. 2. leuan Lloyd of Park Promise, ancestor of
the Lloyds of Aston ; and two daughters : I.Elizabeth,
ux. Humphrey Kynaston of Hordley. 2. Ann, ux.
Llewelyn ab leuan ab Howel.

Richard Kyffin of Glasgoed, Esq., the eldest son, mar-
ried first Goleubryd, daughter of Gruffydd ab Meredydd
Fychan ab Meredydd ab Gruffydd ab Meredydd ab
Howel ab Philip Dorddu, descended from Elystan Glod-
rydd,by whom he had issue : 1. John, his successor, and
five sons, who died s. p. 2. Gruffydd, father of Thomas
Kyffin, Master of Oswestry School ; and six daughters :
1. Seina, ux. Matthew Jones of Newtown. 2. Jane,
ux. Gruffydd ab Adda ab Meredydd of Cyfeiliog. 3.
Mary, ux. Thomas Jones of Esquinant.^ Sable, three

^ Thomas Jones, ab John Jones, ab John Jones, ab Bobert Jones,
ab John, ab Thomas, ab Lewys, ab Llewelyn, ab Maurice Goch of
Esqainant. This Maurice Goch of Esqninant was the son of John
ab Gruffydd of Trelydan in Cegidfa ab leuan ab Khiryd ab Madog^,
ab Cadwgan ab Gwonwys.

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YALE, AND CHIRKLAND. 29

horses' heads erased argent. 4. Alice, ux. John Bulke-
ley of Llanerfyl in Caereinion. 5. Margaret, ux. Thomas
ab OUver of Neuadd Wen in Llanerfyl (second son of
Thomas Pryse, of Newtown HaU and Neuadd Wen, Esq.).
Their daughter and heiress married Thomas Tanat,
second son of Thomas Tanat ab leuan Lloyd Fychan of
Abertanat. 6. Mable, ux- Richard Wynn ab William.

Richard KyflSn of Glasgoed married secondly Eliza-
beth Mytton, sister of Sir Adam Mytton, Knt., by whom
he had a son named Richard.

John Kyffin of Glasgoed, Esq., the eldest son, mar-
ried Dowse, daughter of John Lloyd ab Richard Lloyd
of Llwyn y Maen and Llanfordaf, Esq., by whom he
had issue : 1. Richard Kyffin of Glasgoed, who sold
that estate to his nephew Watkin. He married an
heiress, and had a son, John Kyffin, father of Richard
Kyffin. 2. GruflFydd Kyffin of Cae Coch, who married
Lowrjr, daughter of Owen Vaughan of Llwydiarth, Esq.,
by whom he was father of Watkin Kyffin, who bought
Glasgoed. 3. John Kyffin, who married Magdalene,
dau^ter of John Vaughan of Bryn Hir in Dudleston, of
the family of Pentref Morgan,^ by whom he had two
sons, Humphrey and Richard.

Watkin Kyffin bought Glasgoed from his uncle Richard.
He was high sheriff for Denbighshire in 1662, and for
Montgomeryshire in 1663. He married Dorothy,daughter
of Owen Holland of Berw in the county of Anglesey,
by whom he had issue, one son, Gruffydd, who died
without issue in 1661 ; and six daughters, — 1, Marga-
ret, heiress of Glasgoed, who married Sir William Wil-
liams, Knt., Speaker of the House of Commons, and
Sohcitor General to James II. This gentleman is said
to have married her early in life, in consequence of a
lawsuit which he gained for her father at Shrewsbury,
when Mr. Kyffin was so pleased with his conduct that
he offered him his daughter's hand; but thinking it
right to inquire what settlement the young barrister

1 The Vanghans of Pentref Morgan were descended from Owen
Brog^tyu.

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30 THE LORDSHIPS OP BROMFIELD,

could make on the issue of the marriage, Mr. WilKams
said he would settle his bar-gown. Mr. Kyffin, however,
had penetration enough to anticipate the eminence of
his future son-in-law, and the match took place. Mr,
Yorke of Erddig tells the story differently. He says
that Williams, on one of the Welsh circuits, danced with
this lady, and got her leave to propose himself to her
father. "And what have you ?" said/ the old gentleman
pretty roughly to him. " I have, sir,'' said Williams,
" a tongue and a gown, and have this day saved your
estate.' The issue of this marriage were two sons, —
Sir William Williams, second baronet, high sheriff for
Denbighshire in 1696, the ancestor of the present Sir
Watkm Williams Wynn, Bart. ; and John, ancestor of
Sir Hugh Williams of Bodelwyddan, Bart. ; together
with a daughter, Emma, the wife of Sir Arthur Owen.

Mr. Kymn's other daughters were : 2. Mary. 3. Ann,
who was married to Thomas Edwards of Cilhendref.
4. Seina, the wife of Roger Matthews of Blodwel, now-
represented by the Earl of Bradford. 5. Dorothy, wife

of ; and 6, Catherine, who was married to John

Lloyd of Glanhafon, high sheriff for Montgomeryshire
in 1685.^

III. NANHEUDWY.

The comot of Nanheudwy contains the parishes of
LlangoUen and Llansanffraid Glyn Ceiriog, and the
townships of Tref Geiriog and Nant Hir, in the parish
of Llangadwaladr.

The parish of Llangollen is divided into three parts,
viz. : — 1. Traian y Glyn, which contains the townships
of Oil Cychv*^, Hafod Gynfor, Crogen Iddon, Crogen
Wladys, Erw Alo, and Tal y Garth. This portion has
been recently made a separate parish by Act of Parliar
ment.

2. Traian Llangollen, which contains the townships

* Arch, Gamb, High Sheriffs for Denbighshire.

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YALE, AND CHIRKLAND. 31

of Bachau, Meifod, Rhysgog, Llangollen Fawr, Llan-
gollen Abad, Llangollen Fechan, Pengwem, and Cys-
sylltau. In a.d. 1200 Prince Madog ab Grujffydd Maelor
gave the townships of Meifod and Llangollen Abad to
tiie monastery of Valle Cnicis.

. 3. Traian Trefor, which contains the townships of
Trefor Uchaf, Trefor Isaf, Eglwysegl, and Dinbran.

The parish of Llansanffraid Glyn Ceiriog, which was
formerly a chapel of ease to the mother church of Llan-

follen, contains the townships of Nant Hir Uchaf, Nant
[ir Isaf, Llafar Uchaf, and Llafar Isaf.
There is a tradition that very long ago there was a
walled town at Tref Geiriog, whence the name ; but no
coins nor any remains have been foimd to support the
theory.^

The rectories of Chirk and Llangollen, and the chapel
of Llansanffraid Glyn Ceiriog, in tne lordship of Chirk,
formerly belonged to the Abbey of Valle Crucis ; but
they, with the rectories of Wrexham, Rhiwfabon,
and the chapelries of Llantyssilio and Bryneglwys in
lal, were granted by Henry VIII, in a.d. 1538-1539,
to Sir Wuliam Pickering, Knt., who died in 1574.*
However, we find from another document,' that during
part of this time John Edwards had the rectory of
Chirk, This John Edwards was of Plas Newydd, in
the township of Gwem Ospin, in the parish of Chirk,
and died in a.d. 1583, and was the eldest son of John
Edwards of Plas Newydd, Esq., high sheriff for Den-
bighshire in A.D. 1547. John Edwards of Plas Newydd,
Esq., son and heir of John Edwards who got the rec-
tory of Chirk, had a third part of all the tithes of the
parishes of Chirk, Llangollen, and Llansanfiraid Glyn
Ceiriog; but as he reiused to renounce the Roman
Catholic faith, and adopt the tenets of the Established
Church, he was attainted and convicted of recusancy ;

^ The Rev. Robert Williams, rector of Llangadwaladr.
' Excbeqner Ministers' Accounts, 29-30 Henry VIII.
» Harl. MS. 128, fo. 37, and " Original Documents," Arch. Cainh.^
1873.

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32 THE LORDSHIPS OF BROMFIELD,

and these tithes, together with all his large estates (of
which an account will be given in a future chapter),
were granted to William Wigmore on the 9th July,
A.D. 1614 (11 Jac. I).^ He married Dorothy, daughter
of Sir Richard Sherborne of Stonyhurst in the county
of Lancaster, Knight, and died in London in a.d. 1625.

THE NOBLE TRIBE OF THE MARCHES OF
POWYSLAND.

As this tribe once owned the greatest part of the
lands in both the Maelors, Chirkland, Whittington, and
Oswestry, and its chiefs were the barons of the kings of
Powys and the princes of Powys Fadog, it will be best
to give a short account of the early history of this great
house here, before describing the other divisions of the
principality of Powys Fadog, as well as more convenient
as a reference when we have to give the genealogies of
the various families who compose this tribe.

Ynyr, lord of both the Maelors, Chirk, Nanheudwy,
Whittinffton, and Oswestry, built the castle of Whit-
tington m the latter part of the ninth century. The
history of this castle has been already given. This
chieftain was the son of Cadfarch ab Gwrgeneu, ab
Gwaethgar, ab Bywyn, ab Biordderch,' ab Gwriawn, ab
Gwrnan, ab Gwylaw, ab Gwnfyw Frych, ab Cadell

^ Calendar of Patent Bolh, vol. 61,
^ lorddwfri according to others.

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YALE, AND OHIEKLAND. 33

DeymUwg II, king of Powys/ an account of whom has
been given in the commencement of this history and in
the Montgomeryshire Collections, voL ii, p. 262.

Besides being one of the barons of Powysland, Gwr-
geneu ab Gwaethgar was the chief of the fourteenth
noble tribe of Gwynedd and Powys.* Gwrgeneu or
Gwergynwy appears to have possessed lands in Dyffiyn
Clwyd ; and his descendant, Cywryd ab Cadfan, who
settled there, bore argent, a chevron inter three boars'
heads couped sahle. From him descended Gruflfydd Goch
of Ruthin, the ancestor of the Parrys of Tref Kuthin.*

Ynyr ab Cadfarch married Bhiengar, daughter and
sole heiress of Lluddocaf ab Caradog Freichfiras, king of
Gloucester, Hereford, Erging, and Ewias/ He bore
azure, a lion rampant, party per fess or and argent, in
a border of the third, sem6 of annulets sable. By whom
he had issue, besides a younger son, Ynyr Frych, abbot
of Abbey d'Or, in the Golden Vale in Herefordshire, an
elder son,

Tudor Trevor, king of Gloucester, Hereford, Erging,
Ewias, Maelor Uchaf (now called Maelor Gymraeg),*
Maelor Isaf (now called Maelor Saesneg),* Chirk, Whit-
tington, Oswestry, and Nanheudwy. He bore party
per bend sinister, ermine and ermines, a lion rampant
or, armed and langued gules. In a.d. 942 he married
Angharad, daughter of Howel Dda, king of Wales, who
bore argent, three lions passant regardant in pale gules;
and dying in A.D. 948 left issue three sons : l,Goronwy;
2, Lluddocaf; 3, Dingad; and two daughters: 1, Ar-
ddim, ux. Gwrydr Hen f and 2, Bhiengar, ux. Cadell,
a prince of the line of Boderic the Great.®

1. Goronwy, the eldest son of Tudor Trevor, married
Tangwystl, daughter of Dyfnwal ab Alan ab Alsar ab

^ Gntyn Owain and Sir John Leiaf. See Lewys Dwnn, vol. i,
XV, introduction.

2 Lewys Dwnn, vol. ii, p. 83. * Ibid., p. 337.

* Ibid., vol. ii, p. 152 ; vol. i, p. 297.

* Cae Cyriog MS. • Lewys Dwnn, vol. ii, p. 307.
7 Lewys Dwnn, vol. ii, p. 307. ^ Eyton Pedigree.

4th sbr., vol. v. 3

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34 THE LOEDSHIPS OF BROMFIELD,

Tudwal Gloff, prince of Dyfed, fourth son of Roderic
the Great, king of Wales. ^ He died in the lifetime of
his father, leaving issue an only daughter and heiress,
Bhiengar, who married Cuhelyn ab Ifor ab Severus ab
Gwenwynwyn, lord of Buallt, Radnor, Kerry, Maelien-
ydd, Elfael, and Cydewain, who bore azure, three open
crowns in pale or. By Cuhelyn she was the mother of
Elystan Glodrydd, Prince of Fferlis, who in her right
became King of Hereford, Gloucester, Erging, and
Ewias.* He was bom in the Castle of Hereford, in a.d.
927, or according to others in a.d. 933,* and was living
in A.D. 1010, but was slain in a civil broil at Cefn Di-
goll in Montgomeryshire. His son Cadwgan succeeded
him; but Wifiiam the Conqueror defeated him in battle,
and took possession of his kingdom of Gloucester and
Hereford.*

2. Lluddocaf, of whom presently.

3. Dingad, lord of Maelor Uchaf (now called Maelor
Gymraeg or Bromfield), lal, Ystrad Alim, and Yr Hob.*
He married dcilia, daughter of Severus ab Cadifor ab
Gwenwynwyn, lord of Buallt, who bore azure^thvee open
crowns in pale or ; by whom he had issue, Rhiwallon,
lord of Maelor Uchaf, who married Letitia, daughter of
Cadwaladr ab Perydr Goch of Mon ; and dying in a.d.
1040, was succeeded by his son Cynwrig ab Rhiwallon,
lord of Maelor Uchaf, of whose descendants an accoimt
will be given in a future chapter.

Lluddocaf, the second son of Tudor Trevor, was lord
of Chirk, Nanheudwy, Whittington, Oswestiy, Maelor
Isaf, and Ellesmere.* He married Angharad, daughter
of lago ab Idwal ab Meurig, King of Gwynedd ; and
dying in a.d. 1037, left issue a daughter, Gwerfyl, who
became the wife of Ednowain Bendew, chief of one of
the fifteen noble tribes of Gwynedd, who lived at Llys
Coed y Mynydd, in the parish of Bodfari in Tegeingl,

^ Lewys Dwnn, vol. ii, p. 307 ; Eyton Pedigree.
' Lewys Dwnn, vol. i, p. 313 ; vol. ii, p. 152.
* Lewys Dwnn, vol. i, p. 313. * Ibid.

» Cae Cyriog MS. « Ibid.

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YALE, AND CHIRKLAND. 35

and bore argenty a chevron inter three boars' heads
couped sable ; and a son,

Llywarch Gam, lord of Chirk, Nanheudwy, Whitting-
ton, Oswestry, Maelor Isaf, and EUesmere. He married
Letitia, daughter of Gwrystan ab Gwaethfoed,^who bore
verty a lion rampant argent, his head, feet, and tail,
imbrued; by whom he had issue, besides a younger son,
lorwerth Hir of Maelor, an elder one,

Ednyfed, lord of Chirk, Nanheudwy, Whittington,
Oswestry, Maelor Isaf, and EUesmere. He married
Janet, daughter and coheiress of Prince Rhiwallon ab
Cynfyn, who was slain at the battle of Mechain in a.d.
1068, and had issue four sons, — 1, Rhys Sais, his suc-
cessor (of whom presently) ; 2, Rhys Fychan ; 3, Mer-
edydd ; and 4, Adda ; and a daughter named Ma^aret.
Gwladys, the other daughter and coheiress of Frince
Rhiwallon ab Cynfyn, was married to Rhys ab Tewdwr
Mawr, Prince of South Wales, who was slain in a.d. 1089.

Rhys Sais, lord of Chirk, Nanheudwy, Whittington,
Oswestry, Maelor Isaf, and EUesmere. In a.jD. 1137 he
married, according to the genealogies, Eva, daughter
and heiress of Gruflfydd Hir ab Gruflfydd ab Rhys ab
Tewdwr Mawr ; and according to Le^rys Dwnn,^ she
was the daughter of Gruflfydd Hir ab Gruflfydd ab Yr
Arglwydd Rhys ab Grunydd ab Rhys ab Tewdwr
Mawr. Now as Prince Gruflfydd ab Rhys was pro-
claimed Prince of South Wales in a.d. 1113, and died
in A.D. 1136, this marriage must be incorrectly given.
Rhys Sais acquired his surname of Sais from his having
learnt the English language. He died in a.d, 1170,
and in that year he divided his possessions between his
three sons,* — 1, Tudor, his successor ; 2, Elidir, lord of

^ This Gwaethfoed was the son of Gwrh jdyr ab Caradog ab Lies
lilawddeawg, descended from Cynog Fawr ab Tegonwy ab Teon ;
and was a different person from Gwaethfoed Fawr, lord of Cibwyr
in Gwent, who became Prince of Ceredigion, and was the son of
Eonjdd ab Cadifor ab Peredur Beiswyrdd, who was descended from
Gwyddno Garanhir, Prince of Cantref y Gwaelod.

3 Lewys Dwnn, vol. ii, p. 307.

5 Arch. Camb., 1852, p. 284.

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36 THE LORDSHIPS OF BROMFIELD,

Eutvn Isaf, Erlisham, Borasham, Sytton, and Rhwytyn
or Tref y Rug. He bore ermine, a lion rampant azure^
armed and lajagued ffules. An account of ms descend-
ants will be given in a future chapter. 3, Iddon, lord
of Dudleston, who bore argent, a chevron inter three
boars' heads coupod gules, tusked or, and langued azure;
of whose descendants an account has been given in a
previous chapter. Rhys Sais had also a daughter named
Generys, who married Ednowain ab Ithel, lord of the
Bryn, in the parish of Llanfihangel ym MlodweL Rhys
Sais was the last of this family, who were lords of Os-
westry under the Princes of Powys.^

Tudor, the eldest son of Rhys Sais, was lord of Chirk,
Whittington, Nanheudwy, and Maelor Isaf He mar-
ried Janet, daiaghter of Rhys Fychan ab Rhys ab
Meredydd, by whom he had issue four sons : l,Bleddyn,
his successor ; 2, Goronwy Befr (Wrenoc), lord of Whit-
tington, of whose descendants an account has been
given in a previous chapter ; 3, Cuhelyn, who had one
alf of Trevor, — and from him Pentref Cuhelyn takes
his name. He was the ancestor of Adda ab Awr of
Trevor, who bore party per bend sinister ermine and
ermines, a lion rampant or in a border gules. From
whom descended the Trevors of Trevor Hall, the Joneses
of Y Fron Deg in Cristionydd, Matthews of Coedladd,'
Lloyds of Trevor, Maurices of Hafod Gynfor in the
parish of Llangollen. Jones of Garth Gynan in Llan-
fair Dyffryn Clwyd, John ab Llewelyn of Garth Gynan,
the tmrd son of Edward, the second son of Gruffydd,
second son of Adda ab Howel ab leuaf of Trevor, bore
gules, a cross of Calvary on three steps or. He was
the ancestor also of the Robertses of EglwysegL The

^ Madog ab Meredydd, Prince of Powy8 Fadopf, was basely be-
trayed and imprisoned in Winchester Castle by Henry II, King of
England, and compelled to settle the lordship of Oswestry on Matilda
de Verdun, as we shall see in a future chapter.

^ John Matthews, of Goedladd in the parish of Rhiwfabon, was
one of the coroners for Denbighshire, and Deputy Recorder for
Maelor and Yale. Ho sold all his lands, and died in 1691, and was
buried at Rhiwfabon. (Cae Cyriog MS.)

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YALE, AND CHIRKLAND. 37

Lloyds of Berth and of Rhagad, the Lloyds of Pentref
Cuhelyn, and Hugh ab William of Plas leuaf, whose
only daughter and heiress, Jane, married John Lloyd
of Tref Geiriog, are likewise descended from Adda ab
Awr of Trevor. And 4, Meurig, who had lands in
Trevor. He was ancestor of David ab leuan ab lor-
werth, abbot of Valle Crucis, and bishop of St. Asaph
from A.D. 1500 to A.D. 1503.

Bleddyn, the eldest son of Tudor ab Rhys Sais, was
lord of Chirk, Nanheudwy, and Maelor Isaf. He mar-
ried Agnes, daughter of Llewelyn ab Idnerth ab Mer-
edydd Hen, lord of Buallt, descended from Elystan
Glodrydd, Prince of Fferlis ; and was succeeded by his
eldest son, Owain, lord of Chirk, Nanheudwy, and
Maelor Isaf. He married Eva, daughter and heiress of
Madog Goch, lord of Mawddwy and Caeretnion, an
illegitunate son of Gwenwynwn, Prince of Upper
Powys, by whom he had issue nve sons, — 1, lorwerth
Hen, his successor ; 2, Owain Fychan, ancestor of the
Dymocks of Penley Hall ; 3, Thomas, ancestor of the
Pennants of Downing and Penrhyn Castle ; 4, Cynwrig ;
and 5, Rhiryd.

lorwerth Hen, lord of Chirk, Nanheudwy, and Maelor
Isaf, married Angharad, the eldest of the four daughters
and coheiresses of Gruffydd the third son of Meilir
Eyton, lord of Eyton or Eutyn. Ermine, a lion rampant
azure. Her mother was Angharad, daiaghter and heiress
of Llewelyn ab Meurig ab Caradog ab lestyn ab
Gwgant, Prince of Glamorgan. Gules, three chevron-
ells argent. He was succeeded by his eldest son,

lorwerth Fychan, lord of Chirk, Nanheudwy, Maelor
Isaf. He married Catherine, daughter of Grujffydd ab
Llewelyn ab lorwerth. Prince of Wales, and relict of
Meredydd of Rhiwfabon, second son of Madog ab Gruff-
ydd Maelor, Prince of Powys Fadog. Gruffydd ab
Llewelyn bore quarterly, gules and or, four lions rampant
coimtercharged. By this lady lorwerth Fychan had
issue four sons, — 1, lorwerth Foel, his successor; 2,
Tudor ; 3, C3mwrig ; and 4, Rhys.

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38 THE LORDSHIPS OF BROMFIELB,

lorwerth Feel was lord of Chirk, Nanheudwy, and
Maelor Saesneg. He was living in A.D. 1313. Koger
Mortimer, lord of Chirk, gave lands to lorwerth 1^1
ab lorwerth Fychan, son and heir of lorwerth Hen, on
payment of a rent of £20 sterling per annum. The fol-
lowing persons were witnesses to the grant : leuaf ab
Adda, lord of Trevor ; Llewelyn his son ; Owain ab
Gruffydd Foel, the Lord Hwfa, his brother; Llew-
elyn ab Cynwrig ab Osbem ;^ Madog ab Cynwrig FoeL
The seal of Roger Mortimer was attached to the deed ;
and aromid the coat of arms this inscription, sigillum
MORTUO MARL* The lands granted were in Gwem Os-
pin and Pen y Clawdd.*

lorwerth Foel married Gwladys, daughter and co-
heiress of lorwerth ab Gruffydd ab Heuin of Y Fron
Goch (now called Celynog, in Mochnant), ab Meurig ab
leuan ab Adda ab CVnfrig ab Pasgen ab Gwyn ab
Gruflfydd, lord of Cegidfa and Deuddwr. 1, sable, three
horses' heads erased argent ; 2, argent, a chevron inter
three Cornish choughs with ermine in their beaks sable.
The mother of Gwladys was Alice, daughter of Hwfa ab
lorwerth ab Gruffydd ab leuaf ab Niniaf ab Cynwrig
ab Bhiwallon.* Gules, two lions passant argent, for lor-
werth ab Grufiydd. By this lady lorwerth had issue
five sons :

1. Madog Lloyd of Bryn Cunallt, lord of Chirk, who
married Margaret, daughter of Llewelyn ab leuaf ab
Adda ab Awr of Trevor, and bore the arms of Tudor
Trevor in a border guhs. He was ancestor of John
Wynn Jones of Bryn Cunallt, who sold that estate to
Sir Edward Trevor ;* the Wynns of Eiarth in Llanfair

1 Of Cora y Gedol.

' Boger Mortimer got possession of the lordship of Chirk in 1282,
and died a prisoner in the Tower of London, 3rd of Angost, 1336.
A fall acconnt of the fsbmily will be given in the courae of this his-
tory.

» Cae Cyriog MS.

* Add. MS. 9864.

* John Wynn Jones married Catherine, daughter of Richard ab
Rhydderchy ab David of Myfyrian in Mon, by whom he had two

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YALE, AND CHIRKLAND. 39

Dyffryn Clwjd ; the Lloyds of Leaton KnoUs ; and
the Maurices of Clocaenog.

2. Gruffydd of Maelor Saesneg. He married Gwer-
fyl, daiaghter and coheiress of Madog ab Meredvdd. ab
Llewelyn Fychan ab Llewelyn ab Owain Fychan ab
Owain, lord of Mechain Isgoed, second son of Madog ab
Meredydd, Prince of Powys Fadog {argent, a lion ram-
pant sable in a border indented gules) ; by whom he
had issue seven sons : 1, Madog Lloyd of Isgoed in Maelor
Saesneg, who was ancestor of the Lloyds of Tal y Wem,
the Lloyds of Willington, and the Lloyds of Bryn
HaJchdyn in the parish of Hanmer, who are now repre-
sented by the Lords Kenyon of Gredington and the
Chevalier Lloyd of Clochfaen, K.S.G. 2. Llewelyn Ddu
of Abertanad, of whose descendants an accoimt has been
already given. 3. David. 4. Madog Ddu. 5. lorwerth
Foel. 6. Morgan Goch. 7. Goronwy Ddu of Abertanad.^

3. Morgan ab lorwerth Foel of Maelor Saesneg, who
was ancestor of the Youngs of Bryn lorcyn, now repre-
sented by Colonel Rowley Conway of Bodrhyddan and
Biyn lorcyn, and the Youngs of "West Bam in Lincoln-
shire, and the Youngs of Croxton, in the parish of Han-
mer.*

4. Ednyfed Gam of Llys Pengwem in Nanheudwy.
He msirried Gwladys, daughter and coheiress of Llew-
elyn ab Madog ab Einion of lal ab Rhiryd ab Madog
ab Meredydd ab Uchtryd ab Ed^vsnni ab Goronwy,
Prince of Tegeingl, by whom he had issue six sons :
1, Llewelyn of !IMchdyn in Maelor Saesneg, ancestor
of the Lloyds of Halchdyn.* 2, lorwerth Ddu of Llys
Pengwem, ancestor of the Lords Mostyn; Sir Piers

daughters, coheiresses. Margaret, another daughter of Richard ab
Rhydderch, married John Trevor of the township of Bryn Gnnallt,
by whom she was mother of Sir Edward Trevor. (Harl. MS. 4181.)

1 Harl. MS. 4181.

^ The parish of Hanmer contains six townships, viz. Hanmer,
Bettisfield, Bronington, Ty Bronghton, Willington, and Halchdyn.

* The Cae Cyriog MSS. state that Llewelyn was the youngest son
of Ednyfed Gam. The Harl. MS. 4181 says that he was the eldest
son.

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40 THE LORDSHIPS OF BROMTIELB, ETC.

Mostyn of Talacre in Tegeingl, Bart. ; Mostyn, Lord
Vaux of Harrowden, and Mostyn of Segrwyd; the
Edwardses of Plas Newydd, Cefti y Wem, and Plas is
y Olawdd in the parish of Chirk ; the Hugheses of Pen
Nant V Belan in the parish of Rhiwfabon, now repre-
sented by the ChevaUer Lloyd of Clochfaen, K.S.G.;^
and Thomas Taylor Griffith of Cae Cyriog and Pen
Nant y Belan, Esq. 3. David, ancestor of the Trevors
of Yr Hob, Plas Teg, Bryn CunaUt, Pentref Cynwrig,
Bodynfol, and Trefsdun ; now represented by the Grif-
fiths of that place, and W. Trevor Parkins, Esq., of
Alun Cottage, the Rhossett, near Wrexham. 4. leuan,
ancestor of the Joneses of Westyn Rhvn, and Edward
ab John, ab Edward of Ty'n y Celyn m the parish of
St. Martin. 5. Meredydd, fourth in descent from whom
was William ab RheinaUt, ab David, ab Gruflfydd of
Careg Hwfa, whose daughter and heiress, Margaret, mar-
ried Robert Lloyd of Bryngwyn, Esq. ; and 6, Gruflfydd,
ancestor of the Pughs of Llanymyneich.

5. leuan of Llanfechain.

The pedigrees of the families descended from Tudor
Trevor will be given in the account of each parish in
which their estates lie, in the course of this history.
The other families of ancient descent, who had lands in
Nanheudwy, were the Owens of Tref Geiriog, who were
descended from Llewelyn Eurdorchog, lord of lal ; the
Lloyds of Llangollen Fechan ;* and the Edwardses of

^ Phoebe, the second daughter and coheiress of Thomas Hughes
of Pen Nant y Belan, married David Lloyd of Llangollen, second
son of Edward Lloyd of Trevor, son and heir of John Lloyd of
Trevor, Esq., who died in a.d. 1686, ab Edward Lloyd ab Edward
Lloyd ab John ab Madog ab Edward ab Gruffydd, second son of
Adda ab Howel ab lenaf ab Adda ab Awr of Trevor.

* David Lloyd of Llangollen Fechwi, who was aged twenty-six in
1645, was the son of Evan Lloyd ab David Lloyd ab Roger of Llan-
gollen Fechan, son of William ab David ab Rhys ab Howel, who
was one of the sons of Y Dai of Himant in Mechain uwch Coed,
the son of Madog Llwyd ab David Fain ab David Welw ab David
ab Madog Heddwch of Rhiwlas, son of Meilir ab Tangwel ab Tndor
ab Ithel ab Idris ab Llewelyn Eadorchog, lord of lal and Ystrad
Alun. (Harl. MS. 1972.)

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ON SOME RADNORSHIRE CHURCHES. 41

Glyn and Crogen Iddon,^ now represented by the heirs
of the late Price Jones of Rhyl, Esq., M.D.

J. Y. W. Lloyd, K.S.G.

{Toht eontinu4d.)

NOTES UPON SOME EADNOESHERE CHUECHES.

The following remarks are offered as a trifling contri-
bution towards the ecclesiology of a county which has
hitherto been but little explored.

Eadnorshire churches are as a rule of very simple
type, the earlier builders had to deal with a district
with no freestone quarries, and in many parts of
the county very indifferently supplied with building
stone ; we therefore find none of that wealth of orna-
mental stonework which richer and more favoured
counties possess, but we see that they made up for the
absence of freestone by ornamenting their churdies with
excellent specimens of woodwork, which doubtless were
the work of native artists. Throughout the county
fragments of roofs, screens, and seats, remain to testify
how determined they were to ornament their churches ;
and in a district where good oak was plentiful and good
stone was scarce, the carpenter and wood carver were
the art workmen whose aid was invoked for decorative
purposes.

The result is seen in the long low simple buildings
we have left to us, rudely built in rubble masonry, and

^ The Edwardses of Glyn and Crogen Iddon were descended from
Cynwrig, one of the sons of leuan ab Qniffydd ab Madog Ddu of
Copa'r Goleani in Tegeingl, who bore argent, five pales sable, and
was the son of Rhiryd ab Llewelyn ab Owain ab Edwyn, Prince of
Tegeingl. This family became possessed of the manor of Yspytty
lenan by the marriage of Robert Edwards of Hendref Brys and
GthUt y Celyn, in Yspytty, with Elizabeth, only daughter and heiress
of Ellis Price of Plas lolyn, lord of Yspytty leuan, son of Thomas
Price ab Thomas Price ab y Dr. Ellis Price, LL.D., of Plas lolyn.

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42 NOTES UPON SOME

with here and there a Kttle freestone work sparingly
used.

Towers were built to many of the churches, which
were very massive in their character, and intended for
defensive purposes ; many of these are now capped by
wood belfries of a type peculiar to Badnorshire and
Montgomeryshire ; these are in my opinion of late date,
and were adopted as a cheap means of carrying the
bells and repairing the towers after they had fallen
into decay, and wnen it became no longer necessary
to use the church tower as a refuge or means of de-
fence.

Where there is no tower, a simple bell-cot of wood is
generally erected at the west end!, and framed into the
massive timbers of the roof There are many such ex-
amples throughout the county. I do not know of a
single ancient spire ; the early architects knew that a
spire should cut the sky-line, and in Wales spires are
dwarfed by comparison with the hills that surround
them, therefore it was the massive tower peeping out
amidst the trees in some sheltered valley, or the
simple bell-cot nestling on the hill-side, that they
erected.

In some of the Hadnorshire churches the chancels are
large and imposing, and I have generally found that in
these cases they belong to the mother church of a large
district, as for instance at Llanbister. In other instances
there is no break between chancel and nave, but there
appears to have always been an oaken screen of elabo-
rate and beautiful workmanship, many of these screens
are evidently by the same hand, and wherever they
still exist I trust they will be carefully preserved and
restored.

This subject, if exhaustively treated, would expand
into a work beyond the limits of a paper to be inserted
in the Journal ; I shall therefore on tms occasion confine
myself to a few examples which I have lately had an
opportunity of examining.

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WOirr, LLANBADABN FTMTPD.

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BBACKIT, LLANBADABN rTNTDD.

BKACKBT, LLANBADABN rTNTDD.

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BADNOBSHIRE CHURCHES. 43

LLANBADARN FYNYDD.

This church consists of what was originally the nave.
The chancel was taken down some years ago, one of
the trusses of the nave being now outside the east wall,
and has been altered by inserting a rude tie beam and
three vertical struts. The principals and collar beams
are the same as inside the church, and the mortice
holes, into which the curved braces were tenoned, still
remain. The modem builders in doing this have co-
pied the ancient truss at the west end, which carried
the roof against the buttressed west wall, without how-
ever copying the elaborate chamfers of the tie beam or
its massive proportions.

The east window was replaced when the alteration
was made, and is a very good specimen of decorated
work with a moulded dripstone, out in a sadly dilapi-
dated condition and kept together with a wooden tran-
som. The south window next the porch is also of the
same period and has been more carefully repaired.
Within the porch, which is a modem brick erection, is
an early English doorway. The south wall has been
pulled down within the last few years and rebuilt of
less thickness than originally, and masoniy corbels in-
troduced inside to support the old roof. When this wall
was rebuilt, the last of the carved oak corbels which
carried the principals was removed by the orders of the
churchwardens for the sake of uniformity. The font is
of large size, with an octagonal shaft chamfered off to
a square base, and is somewhat peculiar from the fact
that the octagonal form of the shaft is carried up part
of the basin and then changes into the circular form
at the top ; it is probably of the fourteenth century or
even earher.

In the chancel on either side of the east window are
two rather remarkable stone brackets or corbels, at
about four feet from the floor, projecting from the wall
about twelve inches and seventeen inches wide, with
sunk panels elaborately carved in diaper work of deco-

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44 . NOTES UPON SOME

rated type, and on one panel a shield charged with a
cross. These do not appear to be roof corbels, and I am
at a loss to understand for what purpose they were
applied in the original church, unless it was to carry
images. The roof, although now disfigured by white-
wash, is in good preservation and is divided into eight
bays. The trusses are very massive and of excellent
design and proportion. I should suppose it is of the same
date as the south and east windows. The centre truss
has a massive cambered tie beam at the level of the
wall plate, elaborately chamfered. From the top of this
spring the curved braces to the collar beam forming an
elliptic arch. The upper portion of the collar beams
and struts are trefoiled. I particularly call attention
to the foot of the principals or curved braces, which
originally rested on carved oak brackets as before de-
scribed. The wall plate is moulded and forms a cornice.
The purlins are chamfered, and there is an intermediate
principal rafter introduced in each bay of the same
dimensions as the purlins, the effect of which is very
good. There are fragments of a fine old screen and
rood loft. All that now remains is a little of the tracery
and part of the cornice, with the longitudinal beam
which carried it. The front beam of the modem gal-
lery is undoubtedly part of the rood loft, and at the
back is an elaborately moulded beam, which I have no
doubt formed the upper member of the rood loft. The
few fi'agments of tracery and foliage remaining are of
decorated type, very elaborate, and bold in design and
execution. This church when perfect, with its fine oak
roof, beautiful screen, and elegant windows, probably
fiUed with stained glass, must have been a very hand-
some building, and we cannot help feeling sorrow for
the neglect and wanton destruction of so much that
must have been beautiful in ancient art. Each attempt
at restoration, so called, has been but a further destruc-
tion of some interesting fragment that might at some
future time have enabled those interested to have re-
stored the structure to its original beauty.

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RADNOESHIRB CHURCHES. 45

LLANANNO CHURCH.

This church is a long low building, without any break
to indicate a chancel, with a modern roof and bell tur-
ret, mostly constructed out of old materials. One or
two fragments of an earlier roof which remain, are simi-
lar in type to that at Llanbadam Fynydd, but more
simple in design. The porch, though now in a dread-
fully dilapidated state, is a fine specimen of the ancient
timber porch of the district. The spandrils of the arch
have been sunk, and were doubtless filled with carved
foliage or tracery. The timbers are very massive and
are boldly moulded and chamfered. On the east side
of the doorway, about two feet from the old jamb, is
a rude stoup. This fragment, the jambs of the old
doorway, ana a few jft^ments of freestone, with the
remains of the splayed recesses of the windows in the
chancel, are all that remain of the old masonwork.

Inside the church, however, is a screen and rood loft,
a fragment of ancient workmanship the most beautiful
in this county, and, as a specimen of ancient carved work,
such of it as remains is scarcely to be excelled in any of
our ancient buildings. The screen consists of a plain
panelled base. The muUions are moulded, and the heads
filled with the most elaborate tracery, no two alike, and
in some instances one half of each panel is different to
the other. The frieze is carved with fruit, foliage, and
grotesque figures. From this, spring the curved ribs
which form a coving to the beams of the rood loft. These
are intersected with longitudinal ribs, and at each inter-
section is a carved boss, either a grotesque mask, foliage,
or interlaced ornament, and in one instance a monogram.

The panels between the ribs are filled in on the side
facing the nave with pierced work of the most varied
and exquisite design ; on the chancel side it is plain
panelled. The front of the rood loft is divided by
buttresses into canopied niches with beautifully carved
crockets and finials, and at one time each niche was

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46 NOTES UPON SOME

doubtless filled with figures. Over all on both sides is
a massive cornice beam carved with fruit and foliage.

There is little doubt that this is but a fragment of a
much more imposing screen, which has either been re-
moved from elsewhere, or otherwise occupied a place in
an earlier and larger church than the present one. Tra-
dition says it came from Abbey Cwm Hir, and that the
remainder of the screen was taJten to Newtown Church,
Montgomeryshire. I find, upon reference to the Rev.
D. R. Thomas's History of the Diocese of St Asaph, that
he gives an illustration of the Newtown screen, and as
far as I can judge from the drawing, which is to a very
small scale, the work is of the same type and apparently
by the same hand, and I am inclined to think it is just
possible that it is a fragment of the great abbey removed
when the demolition of that building commenced. But
come whence it may, it is very sad to see so beautiful a
memorial of the past rapidly falling into decay, un-
cared for, and left to take its chance.

LLANBISTER CHURCH.

This fine old church stands upon one of the most

Eicturesque sites in Radnorshire, embosomed amidst
eautiful old yew trees, and with some very large syca-
mores overshadowing its western end. The churchyard
is on the bold projecting spur of a hill overlooking the
Vale of Ithon.

The tower, which is at the east end, is a massive
structure with bold buttresses at each angle ; the one
on the north-west comer forming a turret is square
externally, and contains a very much worn and dilapi-
dated newel staircase, approached inside the base of the
tower through a long narrow passage in the thickness
of the wall. The tower is capped by a wooden belfry,
the date of which, 1701, is carved on one of the beams
of the bell frame. There are three very fine bells of the
same date. On the south side is a low doorway with a
very obtuse pointed arch, plain chamfered, over which

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RADNORSHIRE CHURCHES. 47

is a massive relieving arch. From the church, the base
of the tower is approached by a small and narrow door-
way in the north-east angle of the chancel. Built into
the angles of the walls at the level of the old ringing
loft are fovir fragments of early English capitals, elabo-
rately carved with foliage and shields, and with the
springers of groining stdl remaining, and which have
been used to support the timbers of the loft. I cannot
think that these ever formed a part of this church; and
the holy water stoup built into the east wall of the porch
being also an early English capital with rich foliage, I
have no doubt that these are spoils from Abbey Owm
Hir, as I have compared them with some of the capitals
preserved at the abbey and foimd them exactly corres-
ponding in size and type. It is a curious fact that,
should the stoup be a n^gment from Abbey Owm Hir,
it proves that in the time of Queen Mary the abbey
must then have been a ruin from whence the chiurch-
wardens of that period drew their stock of freestone for
repairs of adjacent village churches. The church itself
is of large dimensions, being 90 feet long inside, includ-
ing the chancel, which is 26 feet in length ; the width
is 28 feet 6 inches. The ground rises from the west
end to the tower rapidly, and the floor of the nave and
chancel is considerably above the level of the church-
yard. The porch is on the south side, the front is
modem, but the old walls and roof timbers remain.
The doorway and also the priest's doorway (which opens
into the nave) are both plain chamfered early English
arches. The south window of the chancel is worthy of
attention, it is a square-headed five light window with
a sedilia inside and segmental pointed arches, but there
is no label, or cusping, or appearance of perpendicular
work, and I am of opinion that this window must be of
the thirteenth or fourteenth century. It is evidently the
oldest part of the church, and is a curious example of
grouping together a series of plain pointed windows.
The south wmdow of the nave is modem, and is a very
bad copy of the chancel window.

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48 NOTES UPON SOME

There is a plain lancet light near the porch, and in
the north wall there are two lancets blocked up. The
roof, which is very rude, consists of sixteen bays; every
alternate truss has a tie beam at the level of the waU
plate, and the trusses are framed with collar beams and
vertical struts (three in number) from the tie beams to
the collar beams. The remaining trusses are framed
with curved braces springing from the level of wall
plate. The roof is divided longitudinally into three
spaces, the lower one having two braces in each bay
and trefoiled, the space above has four braces and
quatrefoiled. Of the screen nothing remains but the
massive transverse beam and the moulded uprights and
mullions. 1 think it of late date, and there is no ap-
pearance of there having been a rood loft, there being
no mortice holes in the top of the transverse beam. On
each side of the entrance to the chancel are pilasters of
late decorated work. The fragments of church screens
scattered throughout our county are generally of this
period. A considerable space has been partitioned off
from this church at the west end to form a school-room,
and this also appears to have been of common occur-
rence in this county, all the old churches I have exam-
ined, and which form the subject of this paper, have the
same peculiarity. The date of erection of the gallery,
which is carved in the front of it, is 1716, and I have
no doubt it was about that period that most of our vil-
lage churches were considerably pulled about, and, as
the churchwardens of that period thought, beautified.
The font is octagonal, of thirteenth century type, and
stands immediately beyond the first step in iJie nave.
This parish appears to have boasted of some long lived
inhabitants, as there are two tombstones to the family
of Bowen, of Rhoscrie ; the first to Thomas Bowen, who
died in 1680, aged a hundred, and his son Evan Bowen,
who died in 1710, aged eighty years. Father and son
together must have seen great changes in their parish
church. They appear to have been persons of consi-
deration, as the arms carved on the tombstones, though

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rONT, LLANDBOLET.

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DOOKWAT. LLANDEOLBT.

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RADNORSHIRE CHURCH KS. 49

now nearly illegible, are per pale 1st a lion rampant,
2nd, a chevron between three fleurs-de-lis. The tomb-
stone is still spoken of as that of old *' Squire Bowen."

LLANDDEWI CHURCH.

This is the next church in order following the course
of the river Ithon. Externally there is nothing to re-
commend it as either a picturesque or interesting build-
ing. There is a curious priest's door of Norman work
that has been at some time taken down and rebuilt in
a wrong and confused manner. Inside the church are
some old monuments to the family of Phillips and
Burton, of Llahddewi Hall. The east window is per-
pendicular, very rude in its workmanship, and evi-
dently of late period. The roof is of similar type to
many other Radnorshire churches, every alternate truss
having a tie beam and framed with curved braces, and
with quatre-foiled braces between the purlins under-,
neath the rafters. The parish clerk informed me that
in digging craves on the north side he discovered found-
ations which would indicate the existence at one time
of a north aisle, while the north wall has evidently been
rebuilt at a late date, as it is much thinner than the
wall on the south side.

LLANDEGLEY CHURCH.

Here is a church deserving of considerable attention,
retaining as it does the original rood loft and screen,
with a curious stone projection in the east wall of the
chancel, which was doubtless the ancient altar, although
the stone table has been removed. It extends the fiill
width of the chancel 4 feet high, with a bold timber
sill at the top, and projects from the face of the east
wall, 3 feet 6 inches.

The nave is 72 feet 6 inches long externally, the
chancel 19 feet 8 inches, and the tower 18 feet, making
a total of 110 feet 2 inches. The priest's door is

^H 8ER., VOL. V. *

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50 KOTES UPON SOME

situated in the nave and is of earlier date than any
other portion of the church now in existence, unless it
be the arch from the tower into the church, which is
acutely pointed. The doorway of the nave is perpen-
dicular and apparently of the same date as the north
and south windows. There is a figment of an early
pointed window built up in the south wall of the
chancel.

There is a curious recess in the north wall of the
chancel, which may have been caused in some rebuild-
ing. In the soutn wall is an oblong recess, witJhin
which is a rude piscina.

A stone corbel head has been built in oyer the south
window of the nave, fairly carved, and is probably of
the same date as the priest s door. There is a curious
difference between the north and south windows, point-
ing to a different date of their insertion. The north
window is moulded with a hollow moulding, the south
is plain splayed. I should expect to find a stoup in the
porch if the plaster were cleared away. The font is
dearly of Norman character, and, as is the case in most
Radnorshire churches, is the earliest relic of the past.
The screen is in a very dilapidated condition, support-
ing a singers' gallery, which is of late date with a stair-
case from the chancel. It has been framed upon and
is supported by the beams of the old roof loft. The
screen nas at present five panels on one side and four
on the other ; originally there -were five panels on each
side. The mullion on the right of the doorway has been
removed, and all the tracery of the doorway is gone.
The mouldings are good and bold in execution. The
screen is of tne same date as that at Pilleth, and evi-
dently by the same hand. The roof, consisting of ten
bays m the nave and four in the chancel, is framed with
collar beams with curved braces, and two struts from
the collar beams to the principals all elaborately cham-
fered and worked. The principals rest on hammer
beams except tlie centre truss of the nave which has a
massive cambered tie beam with eleven, vertical struts.

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DOOBWAT, LLANBADABN FAWB.

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RADNORSHIRE CHURCHES. 51

The chamfering of this tie beam is very beautiful and
has been most carefully worked. There are two pur-
lins on each side and a massive square ridge pole ; — on
the north side the original boarding remains.

LLANBADARN FAWR.

This church is remarkable for its south doorway,
which presents the only specimen of early Norman
work that 1 am aware of in Radnorshire. The arch of
the doorway itself is a square-headed trefoil, and is
placed within a round, or rather a parabolic arch of two
orders, a pair of cylindrical nook-shafts, with grotesquely
carved cushion-capitals, carry the inner order. The
tympanum is adorned with a rather wonderful repre-
sentation. Out of a flower-pot, shaped like a tiger's
head, springs a fleur-de-lis, this is placed under the
centre of the arch, and between two ferocious animals,
of a decidedly feline appearance, with floriated tails.
There are some remains of a wooden porch, the present
porch which is of stone is modem. A considerable seam,
east of the porch, and some corbels built into the wall,
still further to the east, seem to denote some changes
in this part of the structure. There are two windows
on the south side of the nave and one in the south wall
of the chancel. The latter consists of two lights round-
headed, the jambs and arches plain chamfered. Of the
former, the one to the east is a couplet of lancets, ex-
actly resembling those at Cefnllys; to the west is a
single-light window, round-headed. The east window
consists of three lancets, round-headed, but with pointed
rear-arches, placed very wide apart. One of these is
now blocked. There is also a curious little lancet light
high up in the north wall, which I believe was a light
to the rood loft. Beneath the sill of the eastern triplet
the wall slopes outwards to its base. There is no west
window nor any tower, but a shingle belfiy over the
west end. The roof is concealed by a plaster ceiling.
The font of this church is of very curious shape and has

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52 WELSH WORDS BORROWED

a sunk recess or panel on the front, which may origi-
nally have had inserted in it a small piece of sculpture
or image. It is probably of the fifteenth century.

There is a monument in the chancel, the inscription
upon which is a curious bit of parochial registry : it is as
follows : — " Near this place by his pious ancestors lies
interred ye body of ye Revd. Mr. James Jones Clerk,
and son of ye Revd. Mr. Sam. Jones and grandson of
ye Revd. Mr. David Jones all three deservedly Rectore
of ye Parish by immediate succession. He died Apl ye
22nd 1733 aged 50."i

Stephen W. Williams.

Rhayader: 1873.

WELSH WORDS BORROWED FROM LATIN,
GREEK, AND HEBREW.

{dmUnuedfromp, 366, vol, nr.)

AANIH'A, ' Daniel': W. Deinjoel, less correctly Deinjol (as in
Llan-Ddeinjol in Cardiganshire), the name of a Welsh saint who
was a contemporary of St. David. The Greek Aavii^X being an
oxytone had, of course, no termination to be dropped in Welsh.
The derivation is as follows : l^avLrfKy W. Danjel, Denjel, Den-
je4, Denjeil, Denjail, Denjoil, DeinjoeL So far the derivation
is like that of hwysUjU, on which see ' bestia'; then the form
Deinjoel was, in Southwalian fashion, reduced to Deinjol with a
termination -jol or -ol, than which none other has a more tho-
roughly native appearance, especially in words of adjectival
origin. Had this not happened, we should now probably have
Denwyl or DeinMyl.

AATI'A (rer\\ 'David;: W- -O*^, 'St. David'. The loss of the
final dental occurs also in i fynu (more correctly i fyny) for i
fynydd, ' up', still used in S. W., and eleni, ' this year', from hlyn-
eddy * year'. The now commou Dafydd, ' David', is a later import-
ation.

DEFICIO, ' I fail': W. diffyg, mas., ' a deficiency, an eclipse';
diffiygj'O, 'to fail, to faint', a. On i=e, see 'colktio*. We are,

^ I am indebted to an article in the Archoeologia Camhrensis of
April, 1854, by the Ven. W. Basil Jones, for the description of the
doorway at Llanbadam Fawr.

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FROM LATIN, ETC. 53

however, to regard the change of e into i as having taken place,
perhaps, rather in mediaeval Latin than in Welsh in this and
similar words with the prefixes de and 8e, h, DijSJyg, whence
^iffyojo, probably represents "^diffygi^ from an 0. W. verbal or
infinitival form, difidm, of the Welsh t-conjugation suggested by
* deficto', * deficis*, ' deficit', etc. : see ' ascendo'.

DELEO, ' I blot out': W. dUe-u, ' to annihilate'.

DELTA, the name of the Greek letter A : W. dellt, 'splinters
of wood forming a lattice'; probably so called from their crossing
one another in such a manner as to form triangles recalling the
form of the Greek letter A : sing, dellten, ' a splinter*. The Welsh
would seem to start from a plural* deltce or delta, '

DENSUS (-a, -um), 'thick, dense': W. dwys, 'close, dense>
grave'. See 'bestia' and 'consecro'.

DEPENDED, ' I depend from, I rely on': W. dibyn-u, 'to rely
on'; dibtfn, mas., ' a precipice'.

DESCENDO (descendit), ' I descend': W. discyn/ to descend'.
On the derivation see ' ascendo'.

DESTILLO, ' I distil': W. distylUi, ' to distU'; distyll, ' the ebb
of the tide'.

DESTEUO (destruit), 'I destroy*: W. distryw, 'destruction,
ruin'; distrymf-o, ' to destroy'. Der., ' destrui-*: W. ' *destrui(-m'),
**distroui(m'), **distrewi(f), '*distriwi', *distr3rw'.

DESUBITO, 'suddenly*: W. disyfyd, also deisyfyt and dels-
yfeit (in Mid W.), ' sudden'.

DEVOTUS (-a, -um),' attached, faithful': W.diwyd/ diligent,
industrious'. Compare pavryn, which see under ' pavo', as to y
for d.

DLA.BOLUS {Bidl3o\o<;), 'the devil': W. djafol, djafid, djajl,
and djawl, AJl four forms occur with these distinctions: the
chief of the devils alone is honoured with the name djafol ; any
ordinary demon is called djafi by the poets, and djawl by the
vulgar : djafwl is entirely obsolete.

DILUVIUM, ' a flood': W. diluw, with an irregular u,

DISCIPULUS, 'a disciple': W. diacyhl We might have ex-
pected dyscyhl, but this I can find only in Pughe's Dictionary,
The word is invariably pronounced discyhl,

DISCO, ' I learn': W. dysc, masc, ' learning'; dysc-u, ' to learn,
to teach'.

DISPAEATIO, ' a separation': W. disperod, as in {myned ar)
Misperod, (' to go) astra/.

♦DIUENATUS, M. Lat., meaning the space of a day, from a
verb diumare=' diem exigere': W. djiumod, mas., 'a da/. This,
owing to the instability of jw, becomes in S. W. diwamod, and
in N. W. divmod. The Welsh djwmod and the French joum^e

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54 WELSH WORDS BORROWED

seem to justify us in supposing the existence in Med. Lat. of
such formations as diumaius and diumata.

DIVINUS, 'a person divinely inspired, a soothsayer': W.
devrin, ' a sorcerer*. Der. ' divinus*: W. ' *dlfln', * *defln', ' dewin'.
a. Other instances of a long vowel in a toneless syllable being
shortened will be found under ' firmamentum', ^Irja-ev^, ' men-
sura*, fivpia<;, ' securos*; and here may be mentioned, perhaps,
those which occur under ' papilio', ' Satumus*, ' vagina'.

DOCTUS (-a, -um), 'taught': W. doeth, 'learned, wise'.

DOLOE (gen. 'doloris'), 'pain': W. dolur, 'pain, a sore\

DRACO, ' a dragon': W. draig, fem. Der. ' draco': W. * *dreco',
' *drec', ' dreic', *' dreig', ' draig*. The change of gender naturally
followed the modulation of a into 0, of which other instances
occur under ' caprio', ' caritas', ' latro'.

DUEUS (-a, -um), 'hard': W. dur, 'steel': haiam dur, 'hard
iron', also occurs.

ECLESIA, M. 'L8Lt.=iKK\r)(ria: W. eglvn/s, 'a church'. The
Welsh could not be derived from eedisia, which could but give
us echhvys.

EFFECTUS, ' a result, effect': W. effaith, fem. On the gender
see ' brachium*.

ELEMENTA, ' elements': W. dfen, fem. sing., ' an element',
pi. dfhum. Whether the Welsh inferred an el^nerUum, or took
elementa for a feminine singular, is not quite clear.

EPISCOPUS {MaKOTTo^), ' a bishop': W. escdb, pi. escyb, Der.
'episcopus': W. '*episcop', '*epescop^ 'escop', 'escob'. The
accent forbids us regarding escob as standing for episcob, so we
must suppose the first syllable to have been entirely discarded,
somewhat in the same way as the English ' bishop' and Italian
' vescovo' were formed.

EUPHEASIA (ev^/wwr^), 'the plant eye-bright^ formerly
regarded as beneficial for the eye : W. effiros, Der. * euphrasia':
W. ' *ewflTesi', ' *ewfirisi', ' *ewfiTi8' ' *eff^-is^ ' efifr-os'. a. Though
this must be the origin of the Welsh word, the derivation is dif-
ficult, and to be compared with that of ceirjoSy from ' cerasium'.
&. As to the disappearance of w, the same thing happens in <id-
tiobod (from gnaw-hot), ' to know'; clyhod (probably for ^clyw^t),
' to hear'.

EXCOMMUNIS^ M. Lat.='excommunicatus', 'excommuni-
cated': W. escymun, ' accursed', ' detestable'.

EXCUSATUS or EXCUSATUM, M. Lat.='excusatio': W.
escuaawdy ' an excuse'.

EXCXJSO, * I plead as an excuse': W. escm, mas., ' an excuse'.

EXPONO (exponit), 'I explain': W. espon-i, now generally
esponj'O, ' to explain'.

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FROM LATIN, ETC. 55

EXTENDO, 'I reach': W. estyn, 'to reach, extend'; estynodd,
*(he) reached*.

EXTEANEUS (-a, -urn), 'foreign*: W. estron, 'a stranger';
estronol, 'foreign', also 'not of one's own femily'.

FABA (pi. ' febffi*), ' a bean*: W. faf-en, ' a bean'; /a, ' beans'.
Der.' fabae*: W. ' ffab', ' fifaf , ' fifa'. On the elision of/, see'AAA'M.

FACTUM, 'anything done*, 'a fact': W. ffaith, fem^ 'a fact*.
I cannot account for the change of gender. Pughe gives the
word as masculine.

FACTUS (-a, -um), *made> prepared': W. ffaeth, 'cultivated,
tilled', as in {tir) ffaeth, 'tilled (land/; diffaeth, 'wild*, uncul-
tivated*.

FACULA, ' a little torch': W. ffagl, coll. ffagal, ' a flame*.

FAGUS, ' the beech tree': W.jffmvydd (i.e. ffaw-avydd), ' beech-
wood*.

FASCELLA, M. Lai =' fasciola', ' a small bandage': W. ffascdl,
' a bundle'.

FASCIS (pi. 'fasces'), 'a bundle or packet': W. ffaw-aVf^ pL,
meaning, according to Davies, ' fasces*. Pughe has ffc^^ ' a tie
or bundle*.

FATA, M. Lat.=' fate or fortune': W. jffawd,iem,, 'good or bad
fortune, luck'; anffawd, ' misfortune'. Pughe gives both these
words as masculine. This is now, at any rate, not the case.

FAVOR, ' favour*: W. ffaw and ffawr, both known to me only
through Davies. Besides, I should expect the Welsh forms to
have been^at* and^awr.

FEBRAEIUS, which occurs even in classical Latin far the
fuller and more common form, ' Februarius', 'Februar/: W.
Chmefror, and colL ChaiefroL Der. ' Febrarius', ' *Vebrarius':
W. ' ♦jVVebror', ' *GhAvebror', ' ChMefror', ' ChMefrol'. The Welsh
seems to be derived directly from a M. Lat. form, ^Vebrarius,
with which compare the following given by Diefenbach : ' vanum',
'varetra', 'vascia', 'vastigium*, 'vavilla', ' Vavonius', 'venerator',
' venile', ' venimi*, ' verox', for ' fanum', ' pharetra', ' fascia', ' fasti-
gium', 'fevilla', 'Favonius', 'fenerator', 'fenile', 'fernun', 'ferox',
respectively. As to Chm for Latin initial v, see 'vacuus'.

FENESTRA, ' a window': W. ffenegtr, coll. ffmest

FENUM, ' hay': W. ffwyn, ' hay newly cut, given to cattle
when it is green'. (Pughe.)

FIDES, 'faith': W.jffydd.

FINIS, 'end': W.Jin, fem., 'a boundary*.

FIRMAMENTUM, ' the lirmamenf : W. ffwrfafm, fem. Der
' firmamentum', '*ffinnam^t', '*ffirfafint', ' flPurfafen*. a. As to
the shortening of the vowel a before the tone-syllable, see other

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56 WELSH WORDS BORROWED

instances under ' divinns'. b. In contact with a labial, i becomes
in a few words u: see ' inferna*.

FIRMUS (-a, -um), 'firm, steadfast': W. /yr/, masc. ; fferf,
fern.; 'steadfast' in Salesbury's Testament, 2 Cor. i, 7. Now the
word means ' thick, having a large diameter'; and in the story of
Peredur ab Efrawc we read of ffyryf-dan, ' a great fire'. {Mabin-
ogion, i, p. 245.)

FISTULA, ' a pipe or tube': O. W. JUtl, in the Capella Glosses,
118.

FLAGELLUM,'a scourge': W.fflangell, yron^ffldbngeU orffld/itg-
gelly fem. a. The substitution of ng for g is not common, but
occurs also in lleng (which see under ' legio'), and owes its origin
entirely to the habit of writing g for g and ng indifiTerently in
Old and Mid. Welsh, h. On the gender see ' brachium'.

FOCUS, ' a fireplace': W. ffoc in the Welsh Laws and the
Mabinogion, ii, p. 220.

FONT ANA, M. Lat.='aqua fontana': W. fi)non, 'a well,
spring'; -pLffynhbnau, wliich is irregular ioT ffgrtJidnau. In the
name of a place in Cardiganshire the o is regular. Ffynhdnwr,
probably {oT*Ffynh<}nor; and not, as popularly he]ieYed,Ffyn6n'
oer,

FORMA, ' form': W. ffurf, in Mid. W. j^uruf and ffuryf.

FORNAX, ' an oven': W. ffivm, whence apparently ffyniig
comes, which in Salesbury's time meant * lecherous, adulterous',
reminding one of the lAimfomicari and the English stews^ con-
nected respectively with ' fomax' and * stove'. Now-a-days the
word commonly means * fierce, ferocious, angry'. In Davies' time
it seems to have meant also ' astutus', ' vafer', ' solers'.

FOSSA, 'a ditch': W./o«, 'a ditch, a quagmire'.

FOVEA, 'a pitfall': W./aw (Dimetian, /ou), 'the den or lair
of a wild beast'.

FRAGILLUM, 'a scourge', inferred from fragUlis djxi fidgillo,
which occur for Jlagellis dLudJlagello respectively in the supposed
seventh century Latin version of the Welsh Laws published in
Haddan and Stubbs' Cotincils and Eccles, Documents, etc., i, 127,
137, and to be compared with the Hellenistic {jyparfiWiov of the
New Testament. W. ffrewyll, 'a scourge', fem. (according to
Pughe) ; pi. ffrewylUau, Der. ' flagellum', ' fragillum': W. * *fifran-
giir, '*ffrengill', 'flfrewill', ' flrewyll'. a. That the singular, sel-
dom to be met with, should be feminine, is probably ovring to
the influence of its more familiar synonym, fflangeU (which see
under ' flagellum'), where (6), the substitution of ti^ for ^ is also
noticed, c. The change of n^ into w occurs in a few native
words, 6. g,, 0. W. rolnlgedou (gl. orgits), the plural of ranged, now
rhewydd; pytJieumos, * a, fortnight', for pymtheng-nos, 'fifteen-
night'; eiain, ' a nail', for *engin, O. Ir. inqin, Lat. unguis.

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FKOM LATIN, ETC. 57

FRAGRO (M. Lat. also ' flagro*), ' I smell or reek': O. W. flair^
maur, 'odorous', explaining olacem in the Capella Glosses (69);
Mod. W. jfflair, * a feist', with which compare Fr. Jlaire, ' smell,
scent'; Bret, flery pcedor. Here it would be hard to decide whe-
ther the Welsh set out from flagro (supposing it to be a well
attested form), or from fragro. On I for r in Welsh, see ' con-
trarius'.

FEANCIA, 'France^: W. lyraingc,

FRANCUS (pi. ' Franci'), M. Lat ' a freeman, a Frank, or
Frenchman': W. ffrangc, a kind of feudal servant or oflBcial men-
tioned in the Welsh triplets contained in the Juvencvs Oodex,
and later in the Mabinogi of Geraint ab Erbin. Here one may
compare the francus serviens and francns tencTis of mediaeval
documents. PL Ffreinc, ' Frenchmen', in Mid. Welsh. This would
now be Ffraingc had it not been ousted by Ffraingc from Fran-
cia, and superseded hy Ffrangcod, 'Frenchmen', with its singular
F/rangcwr or F/rengci/n ; F/rengig, ' French', pronounced some-
times Ffreng-gig, but corrupted in the colloquial into Ffreinig,
as in C7iau Ffreinig, ' walnuts'.

FRAXJS (ace. ' fraudem'), * fraud, offence, injury': W. ffrawdd
Gi ffrawdy 'noxa, laesio' (Davies). On the uncertainty as to d or
dd, see ' pedester'.

FRENA, ' a bridle, curb, bit': W. ffniyyn, fem. See' castra' (ft).

FRUCTUS, 'produce, fruit': W. ff^-wyih. Der. 'fructus': W.
' *ffrwchth', ' *ffrwith', ' ffrwyth'. See ' affectus\

FUCUS, ' rouge for the cheeks, pretence': W. ffng, ' sham, fic-
tion'; ffug-enWy ' nom de plume'.

FUG A, ' a fleeing': W. ffo, as in ar/o=in flight. Der. ' fuga':
W.'*ffoga', '*ffogh', 'ffo'.

FUNDO, ' I pour, I produce in abundance': W. ffgn-u, ' to
thrive'.

FUNIS, ' a rope': W. ffun, fem., ' fascis', 'manipulus' (Davies);
ffun-ertf in S. W. ' a fishing-line'; and in N. W. not exactly a
• cravate de chanvre', but any kind of neckerchief. In the Bible
(Gen. vii, 22, and Daniel, x, 17) ffiin means * breath'. Supposing
it not to be an entirely different word, it would be interesting to
know how it came by this meaning. The gender oiffun is pro-
bably owing to funis having been treated as a Latin feminine.
The same applies to ffust, which see under 'fustis' below.

FURCA, ' a fork': W. fforch, fem., ' a pitchfork'; and in S. W.
ffwrcky fem., ' the fork'.

FUSTIS, 'a club': Yf.ffust, fem., 'flaU'.

GALLIC A Cpira' or 'poma'), 'Gallic (pears or apples)': W.
gellaig or gellyg, ' pears'; sing., gellygen, Gellyg now is often pro-

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58 WELSH WORDS BORROWED, ETC.

nounced gerllyg, as though the word were connected with garlteg,

* garlick'. The reader must be warned that this etymology is a
mere conjecture, favoured however, in some measure, by such
instances as mau F/rengig, ' walnuts*, lit ' French nuts*; and
Uygod F/rengig, * rats', lit * French mice*.

GEMELLUS, 'a twin*: W. gefaill, com. gen.

GEMMA, 'a gem': W. gem and em; pL ghnau,

GLUTEN, 'glue*: W. glud.

GLUTUS (-a, -um), 'tenacious*: W. glvd, 'tenax*, 'patiens',
'assiduus* (Davies).

GEADUS, ' a step*: W. gradd, mas. and fern., ' a step, d^ree*.

GKiECUS (-a, -um), 'Greek*: W. Groeg, ' GreeV; used as a
noun except in iaith ^e^=' lingua Grseca^ As to o « for a;, see
'aetas'.

GRAIUS (-a, -um), 'Greek': W. Gryw, as in Oryw aeEbryw,
'Greek iEmd Hebrew*, which occurs over and over again in Mid.
Welsh writings. Der. ' Graium', ' ♦Graeum': W. ' ♦Grew', ' ♦Griw',
' Gry w'. Probably di was treated as if it were a? ; if so, the
derivation is easy. As to the retention of the u, see other in-
stances under ' Hebraeus*, ' Judaeus', ' oleum', ' pu tens'.

GRAMMATICA, 'grammar, phflology': W, gramadeg, mas.,
' grammar, a grammar'. The change of gender is probably due to
the influence of Uyfr, mas., ' a book*. The form of the word is
decidedly feminine.

GRANUM (pi. 'grana'), 'a grain, seed, small kernel*: W.
gratan, ' berries, com*, ' cerealia'; sing., gronyn, ' a grain*.

GRAPHIUM (ypa(l>lov), 'a vrating-stile': 0. W. gre^ki-im,

* stilos* (Capella Glosses, 20) ; grefiat, ' notarius' {Cham, CdLy 2nd
ed., 839 ; Lib, Land., 271).

GKEX (ace. 'gregem*), ^a drove, flock, company*; W. gre, fem.,
' a stud of horses* in the Welsh Laws ; rhai, ' these ones, some'.
Der. ' gregem': W. ' *greg*, ' ♦gregh*, ' gre'. The change of gen-
der is regular : see ' brachium*. Now this word with the defi-
nite article yr, formerly ir, which is a proclitic, has gone through
the following changes : ' ♦ir greg*, ' *ir ghregh', ' ♦ir re*, * ♦ir rei',
*yrei' (and, even written 'yr ei*), 'yrhei*, 'y rhai*. AlS to the
evolution of h in the tone-syllable, compare such other instances
as un ar hugain, ' twenty-one', for un ar ugain ; yn ol yr her-
wydd, ' in proportion*, from erwyddy ' a measuring-rod'; arhosodd^
from aroSy ' to stay'; and diarJMjon, the plural of diareb, ' a pro-
verb*. Thus gre passed into the form rhai with the article. The
only other formula where the word was commonly used was pa
raiy 'which ones'; and as pa rai, according to the rules of Welsh
mutation, would stand equally tor pa+rhai enidpa+grai^ there
remained nothing to prevent rhai coming to be regarded as the

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SOUTH WALES CROMLECHS. 59

independent form of the word, and not grai or gre. So far as
to the form of rhai ; as to its meaning, the collective sense
gave way to that of mere pluralitv, as in y rhai hyn=ol oirroi;
y rhai da:=' the good ones*; lit., * tnis lot', ' the good lot*, or more
strictly still, ' these lot*, etc. Add to this that pa rai is always
used as a plural. On this transition into the plural, see also
* populus'. The Bretons still use the word in the feminine singu-
lar, as when one speaks of ar re wa«='les grands*; in W. y rhai
hreiaion. In Welsh the relative is a, as in the sentence, Dyma
y dynion a wdais, ' here are the men whom I saw*. The relative .
being thus reduced to a minimum of articulation, is often
strengthened by the ' anaphorical insertions y rhai or pa rai,
while the meaning remains unaltered : thus Dyma y dynion y
rhai (or pa rai) a wdais, lit., ' here are the men, the lot* (or* which
lot') 'that I saw*. Similarly yr hvm=6 o5to9, und yr hon=zri
aUrrf, are used in the singular, and regarded in modem Welsh
as the real relatives, while the relative a is looked at as a kind
of mysterious and idle particle. The last use of rhai to be
noticed here, is that made of it in such a formula as rhai dynion,
lit. * lot of men*; but meaning simply either ' a few men' or ' some
particular men', according as the context and emphasis indicate.
GURDUS, d propoa of which QuintiUan says, i, 5, 57, * 6ur-
dos, quos pro stoli(fis accipit vulgus ex Hispania duxisse origi-
nem audivi*, meant in Med. Lat., 'obtusus', 'surdus': W. giordd,
'fortis', 'robustus', 'strenuus' (Davies).

( To he continued.)

SOUTH WALES CEOMLECHS.

The Pentre Evan Cromlech, neax Newport, in Pem-
brokeshire, may be said to hold the ^ame position
among similar monuments in South Wales as the
Plas Newydd one occupies in the northern portion of
the Principality. This latter being so much easier of
access, and dose to the ordinary route of visitors, is pro-
bably more generally known than its southern rival
It has, moreover, been more frequently and more fully
described and illustrated from the time of Rowlands to
that of the Hon. W. O. Stanley of the present day. Row-
land's notice is, however, of little importance (p. 94,
edition 1765.) Pennant is fuller and is accompanied

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60 SOUTH WALES CROMLECHS.

with a fair representation of the group (vol. ii, p. 246,
ed. 1784.) Gough has merely repeated Pennants ac-
count. Angharad LI wyd, in her History of Mona^ quotes
from her father's papers, and as he was the companion
and almost partner of Pennant in his Welsh excur-
sions, she adds little to the published accounts. The
same may be said of the notice of this monument in
the Mummenta Antiquay a work of no real value, in
spite of its numerous illustrations. Mr. Stanley's no-
tice and illustrations of it, in his account of the great
chambered mound near it, and which adds so much to
the interest of the Cromlech, is the latest and most
complete, and will be found in the ArchcBologia Cam-
brensis of 1870. Other accounts exist, but are little
more than repetitions of what is familiar to the majo-
rity of readers.

The Cromlech of Pentre Evan, if it has not been as
fortunate as its northern rival as regards descriptions
and illustrations, has at least the advantage of having
been noticed by the Pembrokeshire antiquary George
Owen, who lived nearly two centuries before Rowlands'
time. Sir Richard Colt Hoare visited it, probably in
company with Fenton the author of the Tour in Pem-
hroheshirCy as he drew the view of the cromlech which
appears in Fenton's book. His notice of it, however,
in his edition oi Baldwin's Itinerary^ is singularly brief.
All that he tells us is as follows : " The cromlech, or
temple at Pentre Evan, surpasses in height or size any
I have yet seen in Wales, or indeed in England, Stone-
henge and Abury excepted." The engravmg does not
accurately represent the monument.

Another view was published in The Graphic and
Historical Illustratory a short-lived periodical started
for popular use, and by the late Edward W. Brayley.
This view was executed from a drawing of Dudley
Costello, taken in 1832, and was taken nearly from the
same point of view as that of Hoare, and is not more
correct. The illustration (cut No. 1) that accompanies
this notice is from a photograph, taken also on the

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SOUTH WALES CROMLECHS. 61

spjne side as were the two above mentioned engravings,
but somewhat nearer the single stone that supports uie
end of the capstone.

A brief notice of this cromlech also will be found
in the ArchcBologia Cambrensis of 1865, p. 284, and
1872, p. 129, where is a small but faithful view taken
from the north-east or opposite side to the above men-
tioned view ; but even this hardly does justice to the
original. A fuller account was also published by Sir
Gardner Wilkinson in the Collectanea of the British
Archaeological Association. A diminutive view of the
rear of the capstone accompanies the notice, and has
been reproduced on an enlarged scale, as useful in show-
ing the positions of the two stones, which are the last
remains of an anterior chamber.

One writer, indeed, has introduced a mention of this
cromlech, accompanied with a copy of the little cut in
the Archcpologia Cambrensis^ in that extraordinary book
entitled the Rude Stone Monuments of all Countries,
their Ages and Use. According to this authority, the
age of our principal megalithic monuments in England
and Wales is Arthurian, and they are mere monuments
commemorating the twelve battles won by Arthur as
given in Nennius. One very decided confirmation of
this theory, as Mr. Fergnsson thinks, is the singular
fact that the great cromlech on Bryn Cefn in Gower is
named after Arthur, and is the only stone so named, as
far as he has been able to ascertam; whereas there is
hardly a monument of the kind (the Pentre Evan one
included) that is not assigned to Arthur.

But as other stone monuments like those of Pentre
Evan and Plas Newydd have not been thus explained,
with singular courage (for he evidently has not ex-
amined either of them) he says, speaking of the former
of the two, *'the supports do not and could not form a
chamber. The earth would have fallen in on all sides
and the connexion between the roof and the floor been
cut off entirely, even before the whole was completed."
Of the Plas Newydd monument he states, with no less

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62 SOUTH WALES CROMLECHS.

boldness : — " Here the capstone is an enormous block,
squared by art [which is not the few5t] supported on four
stone legs, but with no pretence of forming a chamber.
If the capstone were merely intended as a roofing stone
one a third or fourth of its weight would have been,
equally serviceable, and equally effective in an archi-
tectural point of view if buried'' (p. 169). Therefore,
as these were hot chambers they must have been
erected for some important piupose, and this purpose
Mr. Fergusson has discovered was the exhibition of
the powers and skill of the architect. " These stone
men best understood the power of mass. At Stone-
henge, at Avebury, and everywhere as here (in Plas
Newydd) they sought to give dignity and expression by
using the largest blocks they could transport or raise,
and they were right, for in spite of their rudeness they
impress us now, but had they buried them in mounds
they neither could have impressed us nor their contem-
poraries" (p. 169).

Such monuments, therefore, and especially these two
particular ones, are simply memorials of the architec-
tiural skill of the stone men, or, to use the language of
the discoverer of this strange fact, tours deforce.

Such unqualified nonsense has long since been com-
pletely disposed of, nor would have been alluded to now,
yvxt that this identical cromlech seems to have had a
arge share in the production of the absurd theory; for
it is not even allowed by Mr. Fergusson a place among
the so-called fi-ee-standing dolmens, the existence also of
which, as original structures, few persons credit, in spite
of the authority of M. Bonstetten. Mr. Fergusson
states, as if he had seen the monument, that it never
could have contained a chamber, whereas if he had
taken the trouble to go and look for himself he might
have found the unquestionable proof not only of one
but of two chambers. We may, therefore, leave these
tours de force and their inventor as not worth further
notice.

From the rocky nature of the ground, as well as from

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SOUl'H WALES CROMLECHS. 63

the large size of the existing remains, it has been more
than once asked, whence could a sufficient quantity of
earth or even stones be collected so as to envelope such a
mass. To cover up even the present ruins would be no
easy matter, and the original monument was probably
twice as large as at present. Even Sir Gardner Wilkin-
son has been staggered at this supposed difficulty. But
not only does the very character of such structures imply
that they must have been covered up, or were at least
intended to be so, but the men could not probably have
lifted up stich a mass aa this particular capstone, unless
the chamber proper had been previously buried in soil
to the top of the side walls, so as to admit of the mass
being rolled up on an inclined plane. This having been
properly placed, the completing the tumulus must have
been a comparatively easy matter. It is singular, how-
ever, such a question should ever have arisen or that
the universal covering up of such chambers could be so
long denied, or even seriously doubted, while there are
in existence so many remaining examples of mounds
large enough to hide a dozen such cromlechs, and that
too in districts as bare and unpromising as the hill-
side of Pentre Evan.

As already mentioned, the first notice of this crom-
lech occurs in George Owen's account of Pembrokeshire,
and Fenton has given the extract relating to it as
follows : —

It is a huge and massive stooe mounted on high, and set on
the topps of three other high stones pitched standing upright in
the ground, which far surpasseth, for bigness and height, Arthur's
Stone in the way between Hereford and the Hay [probably the
Bredwardine cromlech, figxired in the Archceologia Carribrensis,
1873, p. 275], or Lech yr Ast neere Blaenporth in Cardiganshire,
or any other that ever I saw, saving some in Stonehenge upon
Salisburye Plain, called Chorea G^aw^ww, being one of the cheefe
wonders of England. The stones whereon this is layd are soe
high that a man on hw^eback may well ryde under it without
stowping; and the stone that is thus mounted is eighteen foote
long, nine foote broad, and three foote thick at one ende, but
somewhat thinner in the former ; and from it, as is apparent,
since its plasing, there is broken off a piece of five foote broade

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G4 SOUTH WALES CROMLECHS.

and ten foote long, lieing yett in the place. The whole is more
than twenty oxen would draw. There are seven stones that doe
stand circlewise,like in form to the new moon, under the south
end of the great stone, and on either side two upright stones
confronting each other. Doubtless it was mounted long tyme
sithens in memorie of some great victorie, or the burial of some
notable person, which was the ancient rite ; for it is mounted on
high, to be scene afar off, and hath divers stones round it, set in
manner much like to that which is written in the first Book of
Maccabees, cap. xiii. [See vv. xxvii, xxviii, for a description of
Jonathan's tomb built by his brother Simon.]

The good old Pembrokeshire antiquary appears to
have had none of the Druidical fancies connected with
these and similar stones, which lonof after became so
popular, and which even men like Hoare and Pennant
adopted. Hence, after giving this extract of George
Owen, Fenton talks of " expatiating over this scene of
Druidical mysteries," although he seems to adopt G.
Owen's conjectures, as he passes over them in silence.

The seven stones that stood circlewise, like the new
moon, at the south end of the great stone, were evi-
dently connected with the original mound. He does
not unfortunately state how distant they were from the
end of the large stone. If they were near they were
the remains of the base of the tumulus. If at a mode-
rate distance they were probably the monoliths set at
intervals round the tumulus, as if marking out the
sacred ground. The two upright stones confronting
each other were no doubt portions of the side walls of
the chamber. In the view given by Fenton a large
stone no longer in existence is represented, and as far as
can be judged from the drawing it may easily have been
one of the two stones seen by George Owen. In the
same view several smaller stones are introduced, which
have since been cleared away, but they have much the
appearance of being the remains of the earn or tumulus.

In the able account of the cromlech by Sir Gardner
Wilkinson, already alluded to, we read, ** Camden
states that the Pentre Ifan Cromlech (as he prefers to
call it) stood in the midst of a circle of rude stones

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SOUTH WALES CROMLECHS. 65

* pitched on end/ the diameter of the area being 50 feet,
but this is an oversight, for Camden does not even men-
tion the monument. The extract given as from Cam-
den is the contribution of some correspondent of Bishop
Gibson, who (if Fenton s extract is correct) has errone-
ously quoted George Owen. If the correspondent de-
scribes what he saw, it is singular that G. Owen men-
tioned only seven stones, and omits the important fact
that the chamber or area under the stone was neatly
flagged." (See Gough's Camden). If the latter was a
fact, it is the only recorded instance of a paved chamber
in these islands, although such pavements are still in
existence in Brittany. It is not impossible that George
Owen may have spoken of seven stones only in a half
moon as being the most important ones of the circle.
The probability is that Gibson s correspondent is correct
as to the circle. How far his statement of the neatly
paved area is correct, is perhaps not quite so certain.

The accompanying engraving No. 1 is from a draw-
ing by Arthur Gore, Esq., reduced from a photograph
taken nearly from the same point of view as that from
which Sir K. C. Hoare made his sketch. It will be seen
that the capstone does not touch the central one of the
three, so that it rests only on three supporters, and this
was probably the original number. Had other stones
supported it, they would have been difficult to remove,
and would probably have been preserved By a refer-
ence to the ground-plan, etc. (slightly enlarged from that
given by Sir Gardner Wilkinson), it will be seen that
the central stone stands at right angles to its compa-
nions, so that this end of the chamber is made up of
its breadth and the thickness of the other two stones ;
in all 5 feet 8 inches. The greatest breadth of the
stone at the opposite end of the chamber is 4 feet 9
inches, so there is about a foot difference in the breadth
of the ends of the chamber, — a circumstance which
strongly confirms the supposition that there was never
more than one supporting stone at the north or nar-
rower end of the chamber The side-walls of the cham-

4th skr., vol. v. 5

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()Cy SOUTH WALES CtlOMLECHS.

ber have entirely vanished, but were no doubt composed
of the ordinary materials, namely, large slabs and dry
walling where required. The chamber thus enclosed
nmning nearly north and south, and in that respect
contrary to the more usual rule of east and west, is
10 feet long and nearly 8 feet high. Sir Gardner Wil-
kinson makes the breadth 9 feet 4 inches, thus making
the chamber almost square ; but this can hardly be cor-
rect if the breadth of the capstone is the same, for it
must have overlapped the side-walls.

The arrangement of the three stones forming the
south side of the chamber does not appear to have at-
tracted attention, but there has evidently been some
special reason for its peculiarity. The southern end
of the chamber might nave been formed of two slabs
if placed in the same way as the middle one now is.
By referring to the plan it will be seen that the
middle one is placed at right angles to the other
two. Nor was it probably an accident that it is just
too short by a couple of inches to assist in support-
ing the capstone; for it seems that this fact would
enable the middle stone to be removed, if necessary,
without endangering the whole structure. It was ne-
cessary to have at least two supporting stones at this
end of the chamber, and if the three now standing had
been placed in the same line thev would have occupied
too great space for that end of tne chamber. The two
exterior ones are, therefore^ placed at right angles to
the central one, making the total breadth of this end
under six feet, whereas had they been placed on a line
it would have been at the least ten feet seven inches,
supposing that the stones all touched one another.
If two stones had only been used, neither of them, as
supporting the capstone, could have been removed, and
no entry possible. The difficulty was then got rid of
by so placing th.e outer stones that their thickness, not
their breadtn, together with the middle one, made up
the necessary breadth.

Another advantage gained was that the projecting

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SOUTH WALES CROMLECHS. 67

portions of the two outer stones could serve as part of
the side walls of the chamber, which was about six feet
broad, although Sir Grardner Wilkinson speaks of the
area being nine feet four inches broad. If he means by
area the ground overshadowed by the capstone, he does
not seem to h^ve taken into account the rapidly dimin-
iBhing space towards the northern end. He speaks
also of the capstone being nine feet four inches broad,
but this can only mean the maximum breadth in one
particular part, nor does he appear to have taken into
consideration the existence of a chamber at all, the
dimensions of which are easily ascertainable ; for if two
stones were placed at the northern end, similar to those
at the opposite one, and for which there is just room
BO as to be covered by the xjapstone, they would be
exactly opposite the two at the south end, and thus
the walls would enclose a chamber of ten feet by six.
A chamber of such dimensions is unusual, but it may
have been divided into two, which would then be
nearly square. Such subdivisions of long chambers are
not uncommon. The side-walls, no doubt, consisted of
large slabs. On the plan are two fallen stones (3), and

3 /^UL£W

another lies within the chamber. In Costello s view
three or four appear to be represented close to the up-
right stone at the north end, but whether they are
meant for really separate stones or some conformation
of the natural rock is not certain.

It is so unusual to find an entrance in the side walls

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68 SOUTH WALES CROMLECHS.

of a chamber, (nor is there any instance recorded as far
as has been ascertained) that it will be safer to pre-
sume that the present instance is no exception. The
entrance, therefore, as already suggested, must have
been at the southern extremity. It is true that such
a position for an entrance is very unusual, but it fol-
lows from the position of the chamber itself, which is no
less unusual, as the great majority of such chambers lie
either exactly or nearly east and west, the entrance being
usually at the former. All that can be stated for cer-
tain in the present instance is that wherever the en-
trance was, it could not have been at the north end, as
it would have been impossible to move that stone with-
out bringing down the capstone and destroying the
chamber.

Cut No. 2 represents a back view of the cromlech,
and is from an enlarged drawing of the illustration that
accompanies Sir Gardner Wilkinsons account. This
exhibits what has before not been noticed by any one
except Sir Gardner, namely the two upright stones on
the south end. He thinks they had no connexion with
the cromlech, and that their use and purpose are un-
knovvTj. In one sense, indeed, they were not connected
with the cromlech, but were portions of an exterior
chamber, distinct from, but adjoining, it. Their exact
position will be better understood from the plan and
drawing, and is such as to indicate that they are por-
tions of a multangular chamber. There are other mult-
angular chambers, as at Bryn Colli Ddu in Anglesea,
and at Capel Gannon near Llanrwst. The cromlech at
Presaddfed, near Treiorwerth in Anglesey, consists of a
rectangular and hexagonal chamber. If a stone is placed
in a position corresponding with the larger of these
two stones, and abutting against the westernmost of the
three stones at the south end of the chamber, the out-
line of a polygonal chamber is easily made out, and
would be completed by the addition of four or five
similar stones. One of the missing ones may be the one
marked as fallen. This outer chamber would thus be a

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SOUTH WALES CROMLECHS. 69

kind of vestibule to the rectangularchamber, and was also
probably entered from the south side. It is true that we
have examples of galleries leading to chambers which
are not always in the same line, but make a considerable
bend or angle, and there may have been something of
the kind in this instance ; but, on the whole, the suppo-
sition of an exterior polygonal chamber is the most
natural and the most probable, as the position of the
larger of the two stones is most awkwardly placed for
a gaUery. Excavations of the ground may possibly throw
some light on the question. In the adjoining hedges
and ditches and mostly near the cromlech are numerous
large stones, which on the enclosing of the land seem
to have been thrust where they would be most out
of the way. Others may have been removed or destroyed,
but there cannot be any doubt that if not all, at least
the greater part, of those that remain have been once
connected with the monument.

The mound of earth or stones that enveloped the
whole structure, including the external chamber,. must
have been so large as to inspire doubts even in an
authority like Sir Gardner Wilkinson, as to its having
been enveloped. When Mr. Fergusson talks of the
impossibility of there having been a chamber, and of its
being covered up, he talks about what he knows no-
thing at all ; for there is no difficulty in the matter so
long as mounds do exist which to this day cover up
much larger and more extensive groups of structures.
Even in Wales exists a cairn or moimd of stones long
enough to contain at least six cromlechs lite that of
Pentre Evan, and which even in its semi-ruined state
might almost be high enough. If any one doubts this,
he can find his way to Camedd Hengwm, near Cors y
Gedol, and judge for himself

The dimensions of Pentre Evan cromlech have been
variously given. Those of Sir Gardner Wilkinson are
as follows : greatest height from lower surface of cap-
stone to ground in the centre is 7 ft. 7 ins., or 2 ins.
short of a measurement made by Mr. F. Lloyd Phillips

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70 30UTH WALES CROMLECHS.

of Penty Park and myself. The length between the
north and south supporters, 1 0 ft. The height of the two
southern supporters is 7 ft. 9 ins., and of the northern
one, 7 ft. The capstone is given 16 ft. 6 ins. by 9 ft.
4 ins. George Owen states that it was 18ft. long, inde-
pendent of a piece 10 ft. long and 5 broad, which he
says had been evidently broken off ; but this could not
have been the case. The fragment he saw may, how-
ever, have been a part of a side-wall thrown down.
Mr. Uoyd Phillips' measurement of the extreme length
was 1 7 ft. 3 ins. The chamber may be set down as 10 ft.
long by about 6 ft. broad.

The situation is very fine, and commands a view of
the sea, as is often the case with cromlechs. The only
habitation near it is a small cottage ; but an ancient
paved way leads from the ancient house of Pentre
Evan to the higher ground on which the cromlech
stands, as if a population once existed where none does
at present. But whatever the history of this ancient
road is, there can be little doubt as to that of the crom-
lech, and that it was built and used as the burial-place
of a person of distinction, and most probably served as
such for his successors, perhaps, for many generations.

ST. LYTHAN S AKD ST. NICHOLAS CROMLECHS.

These are two remarkable examples (particularly the
one in the parish of St. Nicholas), neither of which
seems to* have been much noticed, although so well
known, at least by report. One of them (that of St.
Lythan's) was visited by the Association during the
Cardiff Meeting in 1849; but all that is recorded of it
in the Report of that Meeting is that it was " a fine
old cromlech", and was sketched by some of the gentle-
men present. The one at St. Nicholas does not appear
to have been visifed at all ; but the weather was very
unpropitious, and the hospitality of the late Mr. Bruce
Pryce of a very genial character.

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SOUTH WALES CllOMLECHS. 71

The St. Lythan's Cromlech is certainly a fine one,
and, with the exception of the eastern end, presents
a perfect chamber. Not a vestige remains of the
tumulus, as might have been expected, as it was pro-
bably composed of earth. It stands east and west, and
presents a chamber 7 ft. 10 ins. by 5 ft. The south
wall is formed of a stone measuring 11 ft. 4 ins., while
the north one is only 10 ft. 1 inch ; so that it seems to
have lost a stone which would have made the two side-
waUs of equal length, a necessary consideration if it were
desirable that the eastern slab should fit as closely as
possible, so as to leave few interstices to be filled up
with small stones. It is generally thought that the
three sides of a chamber were first erected, and the cap-
stone placed thereon ; then the interment took place,
and the fourth side placed last, and the tumulus com-
pleted. That such was the practice there can be little
question, if it is conceded that the proper course would
be to complete the chamber as far as possible befDre the
interment took place. To erect the four sides, then
inter, and finally place in position the capstone, would
be more inconvenient; and in the case of large capstones,
risk to the remains interred would be incurred in case
any accident happened in the moving of the capstone
into place. As arrangements, moreover, for future in-
terments were necessary, one side must be capable of
being removed, which must, therefore, have not supported
the capstone; so that it was fer more convenient to
build up only three sides on capstones, and complete
the fourth after the interment. Hence it is that this
pai*t of a chamber is almost universally wanting, the
other parts generally owing their preservation as contri-
buting to support the capstone.

Cut No. 3 is from a drawing of Mrs. Traheme of
Coed-riglan, who has kindly placed it at the disposal
of the Society. Cut No. 4 presents the western view,
or back of the cromlech, and is copied from a stereo-
scope of the Rev. Walter Evans, by Arthur Gore, Esq.,
to whose ready pencil the Association has been on so

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72 SOUTH WALES CROMLECHS.

many occasions indebted. The general view of this
cromlech is exceedingly fine, presenting a grand, massive
appearance which any engraving must fail to reproduce.
The St. Nicholas Croinlech, though less picturesque,
being nearly buried in earth, and in a thick wood, is
one of great interest and importance. A photograph of
it was kindly sent by Mr. Walter Evans ; but was use-
less on accoimt of the deep shadows. In fact, photo-
graphs of cromlechs are almost always useless, unless
supplemented by drawings taken of the original from
the same point of view. It was the same with a photo-
graph of the St. Lythan's, and which by itself was per-
fectly unintelligible to one who did not know the details.
In Lewis' Topographical Dictionary it is thus described :
" It consists of large flat stones nearly 6 ft. in height,
enclosing an area of 17 ft. in length by 13 in breadth,
upon which rests a table 24 ft. long, and varying in
breadth from 17 to 10 ft." This description is tolerably
correct, except that the length of the chamber is 19 ft.
9 ins., and the breadth hardly 11 ; but as upon one
side of the chamber all the stones have been removed,
it is not easy to decide where the line should be drawn.
The stone at the head of the chamber is 7 ft. 8 ins.
broad, and had apparently a small one on one side.
The proper breadth of the chamber is 10 ft. 6 ina The
opposite end was closed by stones 2 ft. 11 ins., and
6 ft. 8 ins. : in all, 8 ft. 7 ins. A stone is missing,
probably 2 or 3 ft. broad, which would make this end
correspond with the breadth of the opposite one.
The other side is formed of one long stone 15 ft., leav-
ing a gap of 3 ft. at each end to complete its length.
The entrance was probably to the right of the pre-
sent one, as either of the two stones can be moved
which is not the case with that at the opposite
end. The bearing is south-east. The original soil is
still heaped on the top of the stones, but has been
almost cleared ofi* the face of the capstone, which has
had the smaller part cracked or broken, but still re-
maining in ite place. The greatest thickness is about

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SOUTH WALES CROMLECHS. 73

3 ft, but even this does not seem to have been equal
to bear the weight of the tumulus, which has probably
caused the crack, especially when the great length of
the stone is considered. Larger capstones are in exist-
ence, but this is probably the largest or at least the
longest in these islands. There are several vast rocks
of the same character scattered about, brought thither
by natural causes ; and it is their presence which, no
doubt, has led to the erecting of these two chambers in
this locality.

E. L. Barnwell.

The Association has lost one of its earlier and stanncher friends by
the death of Mr. Thomas Turner of Plas Brereton, in Carnarvon.
At the meeting held at Bangor in 1860, he took an active part as a
member of the local committee formed on that occasion, and as-
sisted in the excursions. He was ready at all times to render any
service in his power to the Association and promote its interests.
At the time of his death he held the office of sheri£f for the county.
Few men have been more popular and esteemed among their
fellow citizens.

Another loss has been sustained by the death of Mr. William
Hughes, lately of Margate but formerly of Rhyl. He took an active
part in the meeting at Rhyl in 1858, where he acted as Treasurer.
He had devoted considerable attention to records in Paris, connected
with Wales and some of its distinguished soldiers in the time of
Glyndwr.

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(BTorregiJonlrence^

TO THB EDITOB OF THE ARCH^OLOGIA CAMBBENSIS.

CARNARVON CASTLE.

Sib, — I propose in this commanicaiion to give a brief account of
what has been done in and about this magnificent building during
the last three years. It is not intended to embrace a description of
the Castle or its history, which I hope next year to publish fully,
from materials which will probably remove many hastily formed
and accepted conclasions.

Long before my official connection with it, it was my good for-
tune to go over the Castle with Mr. Anthony Salvin, the eminent
architect, under whose judicious superintendence it was at that time
being repaired by the Government. Those who recollect the Castle a
few years back will remember that the upper ballium or court con-
tained a large g^een mound, which entirely concealed the archway of
Queen Eleanor's gate, from the interior of the king's or grand en-
trance. In reply to a question of mine as to the origin or object of
this mound Mr. Salvin expressed an opinion either that it was in
whole or in part an original mound, or a formation of earth from
the foundations, but in any case intended as a matter of course to
be removed, an intention which has now been carried out after the
lapse of nearly six hundred years.

This (now removed) excrescence was without the slightest evi-
dence, quietly set down by the writers of guide books as " a reser-
voir for water." It contained, however, the old limekiln, wherein
the Anglesey stone was burned, from which the wonderful mortar
which has so long held the Castle together was made. The mound
proved partly real, and partly artificial, and Mr. Salvin's theory was
correct, ** that it was of course in any case intended to be removed."
Of this there can be no doubt, as the structure of the kiln was of
the most temporary character of workmanship and totally dissimilar
to the well finished kilns to be found outside Carew, Pembroke, and
other castles, and which were intended for more permanent use.
By the side of the kiln were found large pieces of mortar, which
have been preserved, and some river gravel, evidently for use in the
manufacture of lime. This gravel was as distinct from the soil
which had covered it for ages as it would be the day it was placed
there. At the foot of the mound, and on the left side, looking west-
ward, had evidently stood the temporary smith's shop. Here
were found a few horse shoes, much wider than those in present
use, arrow heads, spurs, old keys, pieces of coal, and clinkers. The
intelligent reader will scarcely require to be told that in the shape-

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less form in which he was accustomed to see it, the mound had no
existence during the occupation of the Castle, but in process of
time, after the place ceased to be inhabited, the originally flat top
round the edges of the limekiln was washed down on each side until
it covered the adjacent walls, from their base up to a height, vary-
ing from ten to three and two feet. During heavy rains in winter
enough water to tarn a mill flowed down the walks on either side of
this excrescence into the adjacent towers and corridors. From this the
Castle is now freed, the water being carried off with a proper drain.
The sides of the walls of this upper ballium, being thus hidden from
view, for some feet above the base it became necessary to exercise
the greatest caution accurately to ascertain the original levels.
Fortunately the rain had not washed the mound far enough to
cover the whole up()er court, and a portion of plinth remained ex-
posed at the lower end, on the left side, looking downwards. This
was followed to the lower edge of the mound, and then traced along
the wall, through the accumulated soil, by means of an iron sound-
ing rod to its termination, the ground being subsequently cleared
to this plinth. In the other parts the levels were distinctly found
by means of an unerring guide, viz., strong mortar grouting,
placed by Edward the First's careful masons along the edges of
the wall. Numerous single and double oilets, the lower halves of
which were covered with rubbish, and the upper portions with
stones were cleared out, and a handsome doorway leading into
one of the towers was increased two feet in height by the removal
of the soil accumulated in front of it. The correct level outside
this door was ascertained by the grouting being gently arrived at
by the boring rod. One of the most important of the many inter-
esting discoveries made in this large excavation has been that of the
remains of one side of an elegant arch, with the remnant of the
lower iron door hinge, and a few feet of the portcullis groove, the
base being beautifully finished by ornamental carving. This arch
was undoubtedly the passage through a very strong wall forming
the inner line of defence of the Queen's gate, the internal approaches
to which are shown by this exploration to have been on the same
plan as those at the grand entrance. The general effect of the re-
moval of the rubbish from the upper ballium has been most mate-
rially to increase its size and appearance, and to add much to the
- grandeur of this part of the Castle, by reason of the increased depth
given to the walls, hitherto dwarfed by the accumulations at their

Passing now to the lower court containing the royal apartments,
the remains of the banqaeting hall have been dug out to theii* ori-
ginal depth, and the exact size and shape of the hall developed.
This was an apartment of magnificent dimensions, the full particu-
lars of which are intended to be given in the forthcoming volume,
and will not therefore be anticipated here.

At the lower end of this once noble chamber we come to the
tower on the same (south-west) side, which formed a portion of

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76 CORRESPONDENCE.

the royal apartments. This fine tower, which has been roofed and
floored, contains in its three stories the same namber of elegant
octagon rooms, each having a good anti-room attached. The height
of each of these rooms is 20 feet, the space between the opposite
sides of the octagons is about 32 feet ; in addition to this ample
space the lower room contains three recesses of 15 feet deep, each
in the thickness of the wall. This lower room has been fitted np in
perfect taste and character by the freemasons as a hall. The floors
of the two upper rooms are each supported hy a massive beam and
two struts, springing from two corbels, the original beam holes, and
corbels being used, the struts, as originally used dividing the beam
into three equal portions. The roof is placed precisely where the
original roof stood, and is of course completely concealed from view
by the massive and lofty battlements. The water from the roof is
conveyed exactly as it was in the olden time, the ancient channels,
and in one part the massive lead pipe having come to light. Some
of the original ornaments of the battlements have been replaced and
others (of proper date) executed and presented by Lord Clarence
Paget, put up. The upper room, which is a light and most cheer-
ful apartment with fine windows (the original) overlooking the
lower court and a portion of the Menai, is intended as a national
museum for Wales, it now contains the collection of the defunct
'* Natural History Society,*' the antique articles found in the Castle,
some birds, reptiles, and other objects of interest, which await clas-
sification by some patriotic persons. Will any numismatologist
come and arrange the Roman coins of Segontium ? Any geologist
or mineralist the specimens of native rocks and ores P Any ornith-
ologist the feathered race P The nobility and many of the gentry
of the neighbourhood have subscribed handsomely and liberally to
the repair of this tower, but alas the expense so far exceeded the
original contemplation that a formidable sum remains unpaid. Here
is a noble palace roofed and made habitable without interference
with its structural form or appearance. It would surely be worth
the while of the people of Wales to set up and support a museum in
so appropriate a position as the ancient seat of British and Roman
government, and in so venerable a building as Carnarvon Castle.
The public has not been asked to contribute a farthing towards any
of the great works here recorded, excepting the repair of the tower,
on which a large debt has been incurred, which I should be glad to
receive subscriptions to reduce.

The next work undertaken was the excavation of the cellars of
apartments attached to the Eagle Tower, the existence of which
have been hitherto entirely overlooked, excepting only where the
purpose has been misunderstood. All trees (ash, sycamore, elder,
and thorn) growing out of the castle walls have been destroyed, and
if I am spared I hope gradually to encourage ivy from the ground^
up many of the walls, and to destroy all ivy and plants rooting in
and springing out of them.

Before I pass from the interior I may be allowed to state that the

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CORRESPONDENCE. 7 7

resalt of the great exploration and vast removal of debris, combined
with a careful examination of numerons castles, has afforded me so
great an insight into this, the most magnificent of them all, that I
believe with very few exceptions I could now put it together again.
I therefore purpose, in' my history of the castle, giving an outline of
it in one colour as it now appears, and showing the missing links in
other colours. Hundreds of its stones have been used by the Van-
dals who filled up the moat, and were guilty of other equally
stupid monstrosities, and we have recently discovered that beautiful
mullions of windows were used about the same period in repairing
the quay walls.

Coming now to the exterior of the building, it is impossible to
find words to express the regret which in common with every anti-
quary one must feel at the desecration of one of the grandest and
most majestic castles in Europe, by the erection of three modem
houses under the Eagle Tower. The site was acquired in long past
times, by the neglect of those in authority, to preserve the Crown
rights. An old public house of low elevation was put up probably
two hundred years ago in the lower end of the moat, and actually
within the sea defences of it. This old building being very dilapi-
dated, was pulled down for the erection of modem houses, and
although more than double the value of the site was offered to save
the castle from this disgraceful desecration, the individual who had
purchased it refused ^ offers, and persisted in putting up three
modem specimens of brick and mortar. It is to be regretted that
some of those in authority, who might have prevented this outrage,
could not occasionally be present to hear the condemnation of Ame-
ricans and other intelligent foreigners. A large party of Americans
stood one day in amazement looking at the building going on, re-
marking that if one of their cities had possessed such a glorious
building as Carnarvon Castle, they would have bought up the site
or found means to stop the putting up of such excrescences. Pass-
ing through an opening in the Town wall, we fortunately lose sight
of these eyesores and come upon the moat. This has now been re-
opened for a distance of nearly 600 feet, viz., from the Eagle Tower
to the grand entrance, and thence to the tower south-east of that,
and a parapet wall has been erected for its protection. A curious
discovery has resulted from this displacement of so many thousand
of tons of ships ballast, earth dug from foundations of houses and
other rubbish with which the moat was filled up, namely that the
fall or run of the moat instead of being from south east to north-
west, as hitherto supposed, was exactly the reverse way.

The castle has now, as far as at present p'Tacticable, been isolated.
Numerous encroachments have been nipped, some in the bud, others
before they were ripe for permanent possession.

Various plans have for years occupied my attention with a view
to the clearance of the magnificent Town walls. The restoration
some years ago of the west or golden gate for a club house for the
Royal Welsh Yacht Club completed the sea front. If sufiiciont

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7 8 CORRESPONDENCE.

local interest were felt I have no doubt that the whole of the walls
of the Town could be cleared of houses without loss to the propri-
etor.

At the risk of repetition I will state that in this paper I have
avoided anticipating the forthcoming history by any detailed narra-
tive of the castle. The principal objects of this rough account of the
last three years* work have been to create a greater interest in the
venerable pile, and if possible to obtain the requisite support for the
museum.

The numerous historical facts intended for publication will un-
doubtedly create considerable interest if the editor prove eqnal to
the task, which (considering his official connection with the castle)
the result of his researches have almost necessitated his under-
taking. I remain, Sir, yours truly,

Llewelyn Tueneb, Deputy Constable.

Parkia, Carnarvon : Sept. 16, 1873.

BEDD PORrVS.

Sir, — In the first volume of the Archasologia Camhrensis, p. 424, is
a woodcut taken from a rubbing of the very interesting inscribed
stone so called ; but it is quite worth while that I should bring to
the notice of the readers of the Journal that the late Mr. John Lloyd
of Cefnfaes and Pen y Glanau, no mean antiqnary, told me in, or
some short time before, the year 1856, that he recollected the stone
when the Arabic numerals were not upon it. This is very interesting,
for the existence of these numerals has led to some suspicion that
this inscription is altogether an antiquarian forgery. The stone was
first noticed by the antiquary of Hengwrt, Robert Vaughan, who
died in 1667. It is also mentioned by Edward Lhwyd of the Ash-
molean Museum, and by Pennant, neither of whom speaks of the
Arabic numerals. But it is not at all to be believed that any one
prior to the days of Robert Vaughan would have perpetrated a
forgery of the sort in one of the wilder parts of the very wild parish
of Trawsfynydd ; nor, had he been so inclined, is it probable that
he would have been so skilled in ancient inscriptions as to imitate
the remarkable feature in those of late Roman date, of one stroke
forming a portion of two letters.

I remain, etc., W. W. B. Wtnub.

Peniarth : 10 Jan., 1874.

WELSH WORDS BORROWED FROM LATIN.

Sir, — Your correspondent, Mr. Howel W. Lloyd, enters a protest
against the assumption that nearly all the Welsh words in my list
have been borrowed from Latin, etc. I hope, however, that he will
do something more to the point than protest ; for we have before
us a question of no slight difficulty, nameJy, which of the Welsh words

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CORRESPONl)ENCE. 79

bearing a close resemblance to Latin ones bave been borrowed from
Latin, and which only owe their similarity to the common descent
of Welsh and Latin from one and the same mother-speech. Owing
mainly to this difficulty my list is only a tentative one, and I shall
feel very thankful to your correspondent either for assisting me to
decide what words are to be excluded from it, and for what reasons,
or for drawing up one of his own. Nay, I may say more. He would
deserve the hearty thanks of Welsh philologists in general.

Before passing to the details of Mr. Lloyd^s letter, I must be
allowed to quote the following words from it : "I am unfortunately
Ignorant of Sanscrit, but should think it not improbable that it
would be found to contain the roots of many such words [as arch^
arian, etc.]. Examples of Sanscrit roots of Greek and Latin words
are to be found in abundance in White's edition of Riddle's Latin
Dictionary, and in Scott and Liddell's Greek Lexicon." It is true
that there are still some loose writers who derive Greek and Latin
words from Sanflfcrit, but their number is daily growing less ; and I
hardly think Liddell and Scott belong to it. For Dr. White I can-
not answer, as I have never had the pleasure of looking through his
edition.

Now I beg to call your attention to Mr. Lloyd's examples, as I
take it, of the way he would follow in details. " In the case of alltj
* a hill,' for instance," he says, '* it is difficult to conceive that the
primitive Cymry should have been desii.'ute of an expression for so
common an object until after the arrival of the Romans." Yes ; it
is exceedingly difficult. But who wants anybody to conceive such
a thing ? I am sure I do not. Farther on he refers to braich and
hracMum^ and asks in the same strain, * Were the Cymry, indeed,
indebted to the Romans for the discovery of the use of their bodily
as well as military arms, since on their conquest by them they had
still to learn the simple term to describe them by?" Now all this
tacitly implies that nations only borrow words for ideas or things
not provided for in their own languages, — an assumption which is
notoriously fallacious. Why, for ins^nce, should the Anglo-Saxon
lyft be now air ? Or why should Wycliflte's sotJili and agenrisyng be
now respectively verily and resurreciwrif the latter of which is a word
of no connotation in modern English ? Every philologist knows
that in England very many of the later terms of Greek and Latin
origin superseded Saxon words : for instance, * agriculturist', * arith-
metic', * dropsy', * hydrophobia', took respectively the place of eorth-
lingy gerim-crceft, wceteT'ddl, toceier-Jyrktnys. Examples need not here
be multiplied as they may be found in abundance in any good text-
book of the English language. In some of those cases the change
was evidently for the worse.

In the next place Mr. Lloyd suggests that alU and Latin coUis are
related, and institutes the series caUt, gaUty aUt, Now, as he speaks
of a prothetic c, would he kindly mention a few analogous cases of
prothetio c, and of c changed to g, in such positions in Welsh ; also
of U becoming II in Latin r For I do not remember that the former

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80 CX)RRESPONDENCE.

are noticed in the works of Zeuss, Ebel, or Stokes ; nor the latter in
those of Corssen, with which I assume him to be, of course, famih'ar.

I quote again from the letter : '* Not to multiply instances, I must
acknowledge that I see no reason why such words as arch, avian
(ap^fvpoy), arf, asyn, at*r, barf, are to be considered similarly as god-
sends from the Romans to the Cymry. Such primitive terms must
surely have descended to all alike from some exceedingly early
forms of their common ancestral language." The word "mu«f' seems
to me very much misplaced j-for let us suppose that, for instance, the
metals gold and silver were unknown to the ancient Britons, and it
becomes very hard to conceive how they should have had the words
aur and arian in their language. And what about CaBsar when he
wrote thus of the more civilised inhabitants of Britain (v, 12) ?
"Utuntur aut sere aut taleis ferreis, ad certum pondus ezaminatis, pro
nummo. Nascitur ibi plumbum album in mediterraneis regionibus,
in maritimis ferrum'; sed ejus ezigua est copia : sere utuntur impor-
tato." Here we have no mention of silver or gol<l. Further, with
regard to a/urum, it is supposed to stand for ausum, but this according
to the rules obtaining in the Celtic languages would be au or aw in
Welsh and not aur. Again, let us take hatha, which according to the
rules of Latin etymology stands for an original hardha, of the same
origin as English heard, Lith. harzda, old Pruss. hordus. Old Sclavn.
hrada, thus in Welsh we should have hardd and not bar/, and yet Mr.
Lloyd, well aware, no doubt, of the rules of Aryan philology both gene-
ral and special, acknowledges that he can see '* no reason'* why such
words have been borrowed by the Welsh. " Similarly," says Mr.
Lloyd, " with regard to hrachium (Gr. ppaxif^y, in which x contains
the aspirate) I am at a loss to comprehend why the i in the original
stem ppax, should be assumed, in the successive stages of deriva-
tion, to have been lost in hrech, to reappear in breick and hraich, if
not merely to comply with the requirements of .the theory in ques-
tion." If I rightly understand the objection the theory in question
has nothing in particular to do with the steps in the history of the
word hraich, for .if we suppose it to be a native Welsh word, still it
would have to be derived from a nominal base, hrachia, hraceia^
hrascia or hra/nda, and the difficulty as to the t, whatever that diffi-
culty may be, must remain. I am not quite sure as to what he
woidd think of the series old Welsh cep, reatir, trean. Mid. Welsh
ceih, reiatir, treian, modem Welsh cath, rhaiadr, traian. Besides
that it is the i of fipax which reappears in hreich and hradchy is Mr,
Lloyd's own account of this matter, not mine.

Your correspondent winds up with the question, ** Does Mr. Rhys
mean us to understand that the Cymric is a later form of Aryan
than the Latin and Greek ?" Now this I need not answer, as it
does not arise from the present discussion ; let us first try to settle
a few details, which are more fairly within our reach than questions
of a more general nature.

I remain, yours, &o., John Rhts.

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PEN CAEE HELEN, LLANBEDR, CAENAR-
VONSHIEK

Sib,— I must apologise for troubling yoa on a subject which has
already occupied your pages; but my excuse is that I think I can
add some little to the previous accounts. An excursion to Pen y
G^aer was unexpectedly proposed to me on the 10th of October last,
and as I had not then read Mr. Blight's paper (Arch. Camb,^ 8rd
series, vol. xiii, p. 276), I will give you my unaided observations, and
then refer to what has been previously written. Proceeding from
. Conway, after a long ascent, two twin mountains, the nearest coni-
cal, Pen y Grader in the ordnance survey, the other. Pen y Gaer, with
a rounded summit, are the prominent objects on the right of the
turnpike road. A green trackway is observed winding round the
latter to the west near the summit, indicating the way to the camp.
Passing by Caer Rhijn to the blacksmith's shop at Y Bedol, a road-
way with a continuous steep ascent branches off to the mountain :
its depth below the adjoining land and boulders, placed at its side
to stem the torrent in its upper part, attest its antiquity ; stone walls
succeed the hedges, the green road again comes into sight, and is
reached by getting over the wall of one of the inclosures. The as-
cent on the turf is steep until a plateau is reached, which at once
attracts attention from the number of upright pointed stones, which
protrude a foot to fifleen inches from the ground. It has been de-
scribed by Pennant and by Mr. Blight, whose drawing accurately
depicts its appearance. Looking back the town of Conway, flanked
by the Dyganwy promontory, and the Little Orme's Head are to the
north-east, while the prospect to the north-west extends over the
mountain trackway which leads by Bwlch y Ddeufaen to Aber.
Proceeding onward up the mountain from the plateau, a heaped-up
mass of boulders, descending like the moraine of a glacier, is seen
above. Walking on I soon came to a small walled square inclosure
without any opening ; climbing the wall I found that there was a
steep inclination on the southern side, terminated by a wall of a
mucn larger inclosure, of a square shape, with the comers rounded
off, built on a terrace. Annexed to the far side of this court on the
same level were three more stone inclosures without any door open-
ings in the walls, the central one square and in a line with the one
on the lower level, and that attached on either side an irregular
semicircle. Entering the central one by climbing over the wall, I
found that the walls on all sides but the north were about five feet
high, and that there were three openings about eighteen inches
square, the largest leading into the east indosure, another into the
central court, and the third direct to the mountain on the south.
These openings were formed by two large stones which traversed
the wall on the ground level and were covered by a long stone which
formed a support for the wall above. Before each opening on the
ground lay a stone, which may have served to partially block the
opening. There was nothing in the mode of building different from
4th bbb. vol. v. 6

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82 CORRESPONDENCE.

the wall of the camp or the modem walls around. A dog or a
small sheep might have passed through the openings, and the notion
that these inelosures may have served the doahle purpose of sheep-
pens for shearing or marking sheep and lamhs, as well as outposts
to the camp, presented itself to me. A perusal of Mr. Elias Owen's
interesting paper on Arvona Antiqua (3rd series, vol. xiii, pp. 104-
6) supports the notion and leads me to believe that these inelosures
were " buarthau" either of the occupiers of the camp or of a more re-
cent people. Comparing the rough sketch which I made on the
spot, I see in it a close resemblance to the drawing of the buildings
against the wall at Tre'r Ceiri (4th series, voL ii, p. 78).

Leaving these inelosures, I walked along the terrace westward a
short distance and entered the camp through the north doorway.
A heavy south-westerlv gale rendered my progress most difficult,
and prevented a careral examination of the ground as I passed to
the southern end of the camp. I observed, however, the founda-
tions of the circular dwellings, the continuation of the wall on the
west, and at a considerably lower level, the strong parallel earth-
work with a steep inclination westward ; but the weather prevented
my seeing more. On my return I again passed over the stony pla-
teau and came to a trackway, raised slightly above the surrounding
turf, and as it were bounded on either side by boulders, leaving a
clear pathway in the centre ; this trackway led to one of the modem
stone inelosures, and ascending the ladder stile I looked over the
wall and saw a further trace of it for a short distance in the line of
the Aber road. It probably formed part of the ancient trackway,
the stones by its side serving when snow was on the ground or in
foggy weather to point out the way.

I returned by a less steep road and rejoined the turnpike road
near Caer Rhun Lodge, soon after passing through the fold yard of
Varch weib.

Yours, &c., R. W. B.

ABERSEE.

Sir, — In Clark's Introduction to Heraldry (fourteenth edition, 1845,
p. 185) it is stated that the " arms of Cardivar ap Dinwall [Cadivor
ab Dinawol], lord of Aberser in South Wales, were argent, a tower
sable, having a scaling-ladder raised against it in bend sinister."
But Meyrick, in his History of Gardiganshh-e (p. 149), and in a foot-
note in Lewys Dwnn's Her, Visit, of Wales (vol. i, p. 227), mentions
a MS. in the possession of Lloyd of A lit yr Odyn, who was lineaUy
descended from Cadivor, in which the arms ascribed to him are dif-
ferent. There it is stated that for the great valour displayed in
taking the Castle of Cardigan from the Earl of Clare and the Flem-
ings, Cadivor was honoured by his father-in-law. Prince Rhys ab
Grnffydd ab Tewdwr (otherwise called the Lord Rhys), with these
arms, namely, " sable, a spear's head embrued between Uiree scaling-
ladders argent ; on a chief gules, a castle triple towered of the

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CORRESPONDENCE. 83

second." Cadivor was entitled lord of Castell Hywel, Pant Streimon,
and Gil vach Wen (with which he is also said to have been rewarded),
all in the parish of Llandyssil, Cardiganshire. But Meyrick makes
no mention of him being lord of Aberser ; nor can I discover any
place in the neighbonrhood bearing that name. There is a farm, I
am informed, in the parish of Llangeler, named Cwm Saer, and a
Bmall farm in Llanllawddog called Nant Saer, both in the adjoining
county of Carmarthen, each having a rivulet flowing through or by
ifc ; but whether either of the streams is or has been known by the
name of Saer, I am unable to ascertain. Supposing Ser to be a
contraction of Saer, and there be a brook of that name, in that case
the place called Aberser must be looked for near its junction with
the river to which it is tributary. Correspondents mtimately ac-
quainted with the topography of the district may be able to say
where it is or was situated.

Yours truly, Llallawo.

THE LLOWES CEOSS.

Sir, — Mr. Hartland, in his interesting notice of the Llowes Cross
in your last number, has expressed, though with some diffidence, his
opinion that " it dates from the early half of the eleventh century."
This view, fortified as it is by the high authority of Mr. M. H.
Bloxam, though it may seem savouring of presumption to dispute, I
cannot but feel inclined to think may really belong to a much earlier
period of our architectural history, and hope to be partly justified
in doing so by the fact that no specific grounds for Mr. Bloxam's
judgment have been adduced by Mr. Hartland, who contents him-
self with basing it incidentally on his genersd acquaintance with
English and Welsh crosses. This, however, would scarcely appear
to furnish a sufficient foundation for such a theory in the face of the
fact also noted by that gentleman, that there is positively not one
example which resembles it among the sculptured crosses of Eng-
land, Wales, Ireland, or Scotland, with perhaps the solitary excep-
tion of the pectoral cross of St. Cuthbert, found in 1827 in Durham
Cathedral, in which, however, the similarity is stated to exist only
in the outline. The essential characteristic of the cross is its lozenge-
shaped pattern, the lozenges of which are separated by plain recti-
linear divisions, the four semicircular compartments being due
simply to the union by a straight line of the ends of the open spaces
between the arms and the stem, and the triangles to the interstices
between the lines. If the Llowes Cross be similar in outline to that
of St. Cuthbert, such a coincidence will tend rather to establish be-
tween the two a proximity, if not an absolute identity of date. It
is certainly strange, if true, that in these islands no examples of a
period anterior to the Norman can be found of the use of the lozenge-
shaped pattern in architecture. I use the term " architecture" ad-
visedly, because its absence from extant specimens would furnish no
argument that need be considered conclusive against its primitive

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84 CORRESPONDENCE.

use for other architectaral purposes, and if for those, why not inci-
dentally for a cross, thongh found but in a solitary extant example ?
And this leads me to observe that possibly we are tempted in this
country to confine our search for parity of design in architecturo
within too narrow a range. We are perhaps apt to forget that
valuable contributioDS to our knowledge of the general advancement
of the art may be furnished by other countries in close proximity to
our own, with whose doctrine and discipline our own were in early
times identical, and between whose inhabitants there existed fqr a
lengthened period very close political and social relations. In these
countries the study of ecclesiastical archaeology is being pursued at
this time with a zest not inferior to our own. It would be need-
less here to make reference to specific proofs of intercommunica-
tion with the continent, speaking as they do for themselves, despite
the ravages of warfare and of time, not only in the written docu-
ments of history, but in those more indelibly graven on rock and
on stone. Our researches, then, can scarcely be deemed final till we
have turned for corroborative evidence to the precious illustrations
supplied by the labours of French antiquaries of the Gallo- Roman,
and subsequent period in Gaul. In the Ab^6daire of De Caumont,
a lozenge-pattern not very dissimilar to that of the Llowes Gross is
figured as introduced into the vaulting of the archway of the church
of Distr^, near Saumur,^ and is ascribed by him to the period which
he terms Garlovingian, t. 6., not later than the ninth or tenth cen-
tury. On p. 47 is figured a tomb at Ravenna, on the upper part of
which, between two Latin crosses, appear three lozenges, in recti-
linear compartments, of a pattern the very counterpart of those of
the Llowes Cross. On the lower part of the side of the tomb, be-
tween pillars at either extremity, is figured the monogram of Christ
between two lambs, surmounted each by a cross, below which again
are two doves, and in the space intervening between the lambs and
the pillars two fruit-laden palm trees, figures all, according to De
Caumont, characteristic of the Christian symbolism of the fifth cen-
tury. On p. 20 again appears a cut of the tympanum of the primi-
tive church of St. Peter at Yienne, the arch of which is surmounted
by a border filled with lozenges seemingly of bricks disposed length-
ways, but not separated by lines. The interior space has a cross
between two chevrons, all three similarly ornamented.

The consideration of these facts by competent authorities may
lead not impossibly to the conclusion that the sculptured cross on
the Llowes stone is to be ascribed to a period which, if not actually
coeval with that termed Gkllo-Roman on the continent, would yet
be much anterior to the eleventh century. Its irregular proportions
and apparently unfinished condition, together with the rudeness of
workmanship betrayed in the construction of its parts, may even-
tually lead to the inference that this work may have been the pro-
duction of some emigrants from Armorica in tiie fifth or sixth cen-
tury of our era, aiming at the commencement of a revival of the
extmct Roman art, and endeavouring to reproduce from memory

> Fifth edition, Rouen, 1867, p. 93.

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CORRESPONDENCE. 85

the design of some cherished obiect of Christian oonsimcfcion, asso-
ciated in his mind perhaps with other lingering reminiscences of
his native land ; then left by him incomplete, whether from inter-
raption occasioned by external violence, or from despair of its satis-
factoiy completion, originating in self-conscionsn^ss of artistic ina-
bility. Be this as it may, the question is of no little consequence,
whether any and what ecclesiasticid monuments of the Romano-
British period are actually extant in the Principality, as it is certain
that not a few such are extant in Belgium, in Germany,* and in
France. An examination of the details of continental examples
may also enable us to discover ecclesiastical monuments of the
centuries immediately succeeding the departure of the Roman
power from our island, of which a remarkable instance has just
been given by Mr. Bloxam in his description of the Priestholm
Tower, and which it is to be desired may be speedily supplemented
by an architectural drawing of its subject. The towers of many
enurches in North as well as South Wales deserve to be closely in-
vestigated with the view to the settlement of their date, e, g. that of
Corwen, conspicuous for its seemingly Saxon tower window, and of
Uanfor, associated in poetry and by tradition with the memory of
Llywarch Hen. That of the latter church it may be added is said
to be now in so ruinous a condition as to necessitate its immediate
removal. In this unfortunate state of things, it is to be hoped that
some professional member of our institute will come speedily to the
rescue, and before its final disappearance, secure for our Journal an
account, aecompanied with drawings scientific and descriptive, of
this most interesting relic of antiquity. I am. Sir, yours truly,

HowBL W. Lloyd.

LLANDDEW.

Sir, — Much as I value the Rev. J. Lane Davies* paper on Llanddew
which appeared in your Journal for Julv last, I cannot think that he
has succeeded to make out a case in mvour of Llanddew being a
contraction or corruption of LUmddewi (St. David's Church). There
are about a dozen churches in Wales called after Dewi or St. David,
some with and some without an additional designation, but in no in-
stance does the final i disappear. The supposition, therefore, that
Llanddew represents lAa/nddewi is a case without a parallel in the
nomenclature of Welsh churches. Mr. Davies seems to think that
the opinion of the scribe who describes Guy de Mona as the '* Lord
Bishop of Llanddew, otherwise Llanddewi", strengthens his view, if
it does not fully establish it.

An unknown registrar of the latter end of the fourteenth century
is not quite the person to appeal to in a case of this sort ; but if the
conjecture of a medisdval writer is to decide the question, I confess to
a bias in favour of a well known scholar like Giraldus Cambrensis,
who tells us that Llanddew is equivalent to Llandduw (the Church
of God). The fact that Llanddew was at the time one of the resi-
dences of the bishops of St. David's (Ty Ddewi) was, in all proba-

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86 CORRESPONDENCK.

bilitj, sufficient to satisfy the contemporary of De Mona that the
derivation which he gives was the correct one, and possibly it was
this circumstance that suggested it. Mr. Theophilus Jones possessed
no better means of information on the subject than we have ; his
opinion, therefore, does not affect the question.

I do not know what may be the earlier forms of the name ; but
" Landon," the form in which Mr. Davies states it is to be found in
Pope Nicholas' TcLxatum, is simply a miscript or a misprint for
Landoi/} which brings it sufficiently close in orthographv to other
churches under the same invocation. The oldest form that I have
met with in Welsh writers is Llanddwy^ and in this shape it happens
to occur in positions where the exact spelling and pronunciation
cannot admit of a doubt.

Ma6*n Lianddwy ddeufirr o dda
No thri gwerth Groeg a Throia.

Hywd Dafydd ab leuan,
Meibion myr llenwyr Lianddwy^
Meddiant teg mae iddynt hwy.

Bedo Phylip Bach.
These two poets lived about the middle of the fifteenth century,
or about half a century later than Bishop Guy de Mona, who died
in 1408.

In another poem, which is addressed to the Four Sons of Morgan
ab Gwallter of this parish, Hywel Dafydd, who, as appears from his
poems, spent much of his time at Peutyn, alludes to the church
under the name of Ty^r Drindod (the house of the Trinity).

Er bod wrth Dy'r Drindod draw
Blaid ieuainc yu blodeuaw.

The forms I>M;2(f and Dwyw (pi, dwyfau and dwywiau) are not un-
frequently met with, being modifications of Duw (God), and in
words like Bwyf it is no uncommon practice to drop the final / in
pronunciation. From Du^jt/^ comes dwyfol (divine), just as duwiol
(divine, godly) is formed from Dww. Both Dyfrdwy and Dyfrdwyf
are used in the vernacular for the river Dee.

The Church of Ldanddew has no connection whatever with Dewi,
and there is not a single example in the whole Principality of a
church called after his name, which is at the same time dedi-
cated to the Holy Trinity. Some churches so dedicated are, we
know, called Llandrindod, but the church under consideration, not-
withstanding Mr, Davies* statement to the contrary, is not the only
church under the invocation of the Triune God, which is called
Llanddew or Llandduw. Llandduw, or as it is now generally spelt
Llaiidow, in Glamorganshire, is a well known instance ; and accord-
ing to Professor Rees, Llandduw was the ancient name of Llandrin-
dod in Radnorshire. These three churches have the same dedica-
tion, and are, or at least were, called by the same designation.

These considerations fully satisfy me that the correct name is
Llandduw, Lianddwy, or Llanddwyf (the church of God), and that
our patron saint Dewi has in reality nothinj^ to do with it.

I am. Sir, yours truly, Oebbticus.

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ARCHiEOLOOICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 87

"WALES AND ANGLESEY/'

Sib, — Apparently there is some danger of the absurd expression,
" Wales and Anglesey" becoming common. Mr. Fergusson in his
Bude Stone Monvmenhy as noticed some time ago in the pages of
the ArchcBologia Cambrensia, makes nse of it ; and now I find a paper
in a late number of the Journal of the British ArohaBological Asso-
ciation, in which the following sentence occurs : — " Li Gloucester-
shire we have a tamulus between Avening and Ghavenage, many
remains through Ireland, Wales and Anglesey^ as well as Scotland."
Be it known to these writers, and all others whom it may concern,
that Anglesey is a part and parcel of Wales, forming one of the
counties in the northern division of the Principality. It would not
be much amiss if these learned archeeologists who write about'' Wales
and Anglesey," which in point of propriety is quite on a par with
England and ComwaUy were to acquaint themselves with the out-
L'nes of the geography of the British Isles at the present day before
they undertake to enlighten us about prehistoric, religious, and me-
galithic monuments. I am, Sir, yours truly,

MONENSIS.

9rcf)8^oIog{cal Botts anlr ^nttita.

Note 26.— CiR Fbrthyb. In Professor Rees' Welsh SaintSy p. 332,
the name of Oir Ferthyr is given as that of an extinct church sub-
ject to Llanbedrog in Carnarvonshire. The benefice of which Llan-
bedrog is considered the parent church, includes the parishes of
Llanbedrog, Llangian, and Llanfihangel Bachellaeth, Llangian being
considerably themostextensive and valuable of the three. Llanbedrog,
as the name indicates, is dedicated to St. Pedrog ; Llangian is under
the invocation of Gian and Peris, and Llanfihangel has the Archangel
for its patron saint. The name of Oir Ferthyr is no longer, if it ever was,
known in the district, nor am I aware of any church or chapel in
Wales which preserves his memory. There is, however, in the
upper part of the parish of Llangian, at a short distance from the
small village of Pen y Greigwen, and near the boundary of Llan-
bedrog, a place known as Yr Hen Fynwent (the old churchyard or
barying-place), which may possibly indicate the spot where a church
once stood, and tradition is unanimous that such was the case. It
ia the belief of the neighbourhood that a church at one time existed
there, and old people now living remember the place surrounded by
a Ledge. Within this enclosure, which was of ihe usual size of a
churchyard, many graves were at different times found, and there is
no doubt that it was at one time a place of general sepulture. Some
thirty or forty years ago, when the surrounding wastes were en-
closed, several cistvaens and urns which contained human bones
were discovered within a few yards of this enclosed space, but

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88 ARCHiGOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES.

none actually within it. Unless this place be the site of the lost
chnrch of Cir the Martyr, I do not know of any other locality in
Lleyn where we may look for it. But it should be observed that
there is nothing in the local tradition to connect this or any other
place with Cir, whose name is altogether unknown in the district ;
but on the contrary the natives say that the name of the chnrch
which they believe once existed here was Gapd Eurgan, Who this
Cir was, Professor Rees does not tell us ; and among the saints who
founded churches in the Principality, or to whom Welsh churches
are dedicated, the name does not occur, unless it may be considered
a contraction of Gurig. Of the latter name we have two saints, one
of whom is regarded as a martyr, and has Capel Curig in the same
county, among other churches, under his patronage. Oir is, I be-
lieve, quite unknown as a Welsh personal name. The French have
a St. Oyr, with whose histo^ I am not acquainted.

A little below Yr Hen Fynwent in the direction of Llangian
Church, and close to the " deserted village," which once rejoiced in
the name of Wellington, is what was in former days a celebrated
Holy Well, called Ifynnon Fywy which gave out a copious stream of
pellucid water, and had the reputation of possessing many healing
qualities, especially in cases of rheumatism. But its glory is gone,
and its usefulness past. Many years ago some profane fellows threw
into it a dead dog, and the flow of water at once ceased. It is now
quite dried up, both in summer and winter, but portions of the
masonry with which it was once protected still remain. This spring
may have been the holv well of Cir the Martyr, supposing we are
correct as to the site of the extinct edifice. Pebis.

I^ote 27. — ^THUBIAN Localities. The following names may be
added to those already given {Arch, Oamb., 4ith series, iii, 269), and
I hope others may be induced to contribute such names as may be
known to them, so that eventually we may have a complete list of
the places and objecte bearing the name of Arthur, or relating to
him and his knights.

Ban Arthur^ or Moel Arthur, also called Ban uch Deni, in Brecon-
shire.

Blaengwaxth Noe abArthur, near LlanbedrVelflfrey, Pembrokeshire.

Bryn Arthur, near Corwen, Merionethshire.

Buarth Arthur, or Meini Gw^, on the mountain near Cil y Maen-
llwvd, Carmarthenshire.

Bwrdd Arthur, Dinsylwy, Anglesey {Arch, Oamh., 3rd series, xiii,
109).

Cadair Arthur, in Breconshire (Mahinogion, ii, 365).

Oaer Arthur, on the Black Mountains, Breconshire.

Oareg Arthur, on the Berwyn Mountains.

0am Arthur, on the Preseli Mountains, Pembrokeshire (Mabinog-
ion, ii, 364).

Cam Cavall (Arthur's dog), now generally pronounced Oom Gavall,

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 89

a mountain in the npper part of the district of Boallt or Bnilth,
Breconshire. On one of the cairns on this mountain is a stone
which still bears the supposed impression of the dog's foot. See a
cut of it in the Mdbinogiony ii, 260. Nennius calls it Gam Cabal
(cap. Ixxix).

Gamedd Arthur, in Bedd Oelert, Carnarvonshire.
Chgwyn Arthur, in Eglwyseg, Llangollen.

Goetan Arthur (1), a large rock in the river Sawddwy, Carmar-
thenshire, which our hero is said to have flung to its present posi-
tion from Pen Arthur, a distance of about a mile. (2.) A cromlech
in the parish of Llanystumdwj, Carnarvonshire. (3.) A cromlech
near Harlech, Merionethshire.

Grochan Arthur, in the river Tav, near Llanboidj, Carmarthen-
shire ; Burdd Arthur (Arch. Gamh., 4th series, iii, 138) being in the
same neighbourhood. See Arch. Camh., 3rd series, zi, 97.

Ffrydiau Caswennan, or Qorffrydiau Caswennan, that is, the
streams or rapids of Caswennan, the strait or sound which separates
the Isle of Bardsej from the mainland of Carnarvonshire. Qwennan
was the name of Arthur's favourite ship, which it is said was wrecked
in these waters, hence the strait received the name of Caswennan,
or Gwennan's foe. The Welsh poets make frequent allusions to this
dangerous sound, e. g..

Own beunydd herwydd herw amcan ddiljd
Ddelw berw Casioennan ;
Golwg deddf amlwg diddan,
Gwelwn freichfras brenin-blas Br&n.

Hywd ab Einion Llygliw.
Ofl anhawdd ar Ooiwennan
Droi ar lif o'r dwfr i'r Ian ;
Dau anhaws na myn'd yno *

Droi bun o'r natur j bo.

Robert Leiaf.

The sound is about three miles wide, and the current is always
very rapid. It is the eddy caused by this current that makes the
otherwise fine crescent bay of Portii Neigwl or Hell's Mouth so
dangerous to ships that happen to be driven into it.
ifynnon Arthur, on the Berwyn, Merionethshire.
Ffynnon Cegin Arthur, in Llanddeiniolen, Carnarvonshire.
Ffynnon Fedwyr is mentioned by Lly warch Hen in Marwnad Cad-
wallawn {Four Ancient Boohs of Wales, ii, 278) as one of the places
of that chieftain's encampments, but the locality does not appear to
be known.

Lluest Gatwallawn ar Ffynnavm
Uetwyr, rac milwyr magei dawn :
Dangossei Gynon yno haern dawn.

Bedwyr was pentrulliad or chief butler at the court of Arthur.
According to " Englynion Beddau Milwyr", he was buried in Allt
Tryvan.

Qlyn Arthur, in Moel Vama, on the borders of Flintshire and Den-
bighshire.

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90 ARCH^OLOGICAL NOTES'AND QUERIES.

Gwel Arthur^ on the Carmarfchenshire Vans, or Banan Sir (Jaer.

31 aen Arthur, an erect stone (maen hir) one mile soath of Llanfe-
chell Church, Anglesey {Arch. Camh,, 3rd series, i, 23).

Moel Arthur y the same as Ban Arthur (q. v.) or Ban nch Deni, a
monntain in Breconshire.

Ogof Arthur, near Bhos Neigr or Crigyll, Anglesey (Herald Cym"
roe^r, Sept. 27, 1872).

01 Cam Ma/rch Arthur, near Llyn Barfog, in the parish of Towyn,
Merionethshire. From this stone, which bears the print of the hoof,
Arthur's horse {LUwire, we may suppose) took a leap across the
estuary of the Oyvi into Cardiganshire, a distance of upwards of two
miles ; but Cors Vochno, if then as now, was a soft place to alight
upon. There are two erect stones near Pant Asav in Flintshire
called Naid y March (the horse's leap), but I do not know whether
the name of Arthur is ever associated with them.

Pare Arthur, a fortified post near Pentir, Bangor (^Arch. Camb.^
3rd series, i. 111).

Pen Arthur (!) about a mile from the town of St David's, Pem-
brokeshire. (2.) On the Llangadock side of the Carmarthenshire
Vans {Mdbinogionf ii, 362, 364). Pebedub.

Note 28. — Oghams. — On my visit to Cambridge a few days ago it
occurred to me to have a look at the back numbers of the Proceedings
of theBoyal Irish Academy,ejid I found that they contain most import-
ant papers on oghams by the Bishop of Limerick, Dr. Ferguson, and
Mr. Brash ; especially interesting to me is one by Mr. Brash on the
Drumloghan oghams. Among these he finds one which he reads,
Deagost Maqi Muco. This will admit of being read Bigoz Maqi Muco,
and settles the value of the 14th ogpnic character as being z. For,
philologically speaking, Digoz cannot be anything else than a geni-
tive IHgos with its final s softened by contact with the sonant m of
maqi, I am glad to say the Bishop of Limerick had arrived in an-
other way at the conclusion that the character in question stood for
z, but other ogmists do not seem to adhere to this. The name in
question occurs also on another stone which Mr. Brash reads Dego
maqi mucoi ; this I presume to be later, as the sibilant has entirely
disappeared or assimilated itself to the m following it.

In the same paper Mr. Brash finds a name reading Qfed, and he
says there can be no doubt as to the characters used ; but as I have
hinted before the character which Irish ogmists read as / should be
read v, with the exception perhaps of very late Irish oghams, where
it may already have acquired the value of/. In the name just men-
tioned there can hardly be any doubt that it is to be read v (or w),
thus we get Qveci, which the reader cannot fail to recognise as sub-
stantially the same as the Qud and Qici of the Fardel stone.

From a paper written by Dr. S. Ferguson I find that he reads one
of the Ballintaggart inscriptions Nettalamina^c[aode'], which cer-
tainly contains a parallel to the Nettasagru of the Bridell Stone.

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MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES. 91

These cases will serve to show what a pity it is that the writiogs of
the gentlemen referred to are not more accessible to the readers of
the ArchcBologia Camhrensis, J. Rhts.

Query 22. — Heilurth. Heiliarth or Hetdiarth is said to be a
mansion in Powysland. Will any one give me the exact locality ?
The poets of the fifteenth century refer to Heiliarth as a place of
considerable importance and of great hospitality.

Afal yr hoU filwyr hen

Dros Heiliarth draw o Sulien.

leuan Bafydd Ddu^ to Meredydd ab Rhys of Ceri.

Lie mae ffyrdd llu mawr i*w pharth,
Llawen henlwen llin Heiliarth.

lewin Clywedogy to Mair, wife of leuan Llwyd of
Nant y Mynaich in Mawddwy.

lenan Heiliarth, a poet of the sixteenth centnry, appears to have
taken his surname firom this place. Dyvedon.

Note 39. — The Name "Machynlleth." — Many have been the
conjectures regarding the derivation and meaning of this thorough
Welsh name ; and the question is still as undecided as ever. I will
not recapitulate the guesses already advanced, but will add another
to their number. It is not my own, but it was suggested by the
late Rev. Walter Davies (GwaUter Mechain). That eminent Welsh
scholar and antiquary was of opinion that die name is a corruption
of Machwenllech (mach+gwen + Uech), the gwenUech (white stone)
being no other than the maengwyuy a portion of which is still pre-
served in the street which derives its name from it"(Heol Maen-
gwyn), and which is the principal street of the town. Machy the
first part of the word, signifies a nook, recess, or comer, and is not
uncommon as a place-name, either with or without some qualifying
word : as y Fach, in Llangfan in Lleyn ; y Fach Wen, in Llan-
enddwyn, Merioneth ; y Fach Ddeiliog, near Bala ; y Fach Grin, in
the parish of Llanbedr in Ardudwy ; and the compound cilfach is in
common use all over the Principality. Tydecho.

ffLi&ttllmto\x» Botitts.

OoHAHS. — The Irish Builder furnishes the following summary of
a paper " On the Completion of the Biliteral Key to the Values of
the Letters in the South British Ogham Alphabet,'* read by Dr.
Samuel Ferguson, at a recent meeting of the Royal Irish Academy.

^' The Ogham inscriptions of South Britain (understanding, at
present, Wales and Devonshire) are distinguished from those of
Scotland and Ireland by being almost always accompanied by corre-

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92 MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES.

sponding legends in the Roman character, and so, like the Rosetta
Stone, carrying their keys within themselves. Prior to 1870, the
values of almost all the letters of the South British Ogham alphabet
had been ascertained in this manner. There remained only p, f, l, d,
which were problematical, and b, which had not been foond at all,
to be identified. In December, 1870, it was pointed oat to the
Academy that the equivalent of p was found in a certain combina-
tion of Ogham digits on the monument to TurpQl at Crickhowel.
F and L might be inferred from filly the Oghamic equivalent o£filti on
the Trallong legend, as also f and d, from their use in the name
Doft(d)ceo8 on theTy Coed monument, of which a cast was exhibited,
made in 1872, disclosing hitherto unobserved portions both of the
Oghamic and of the correlative Latin inscription. The identifica-
tion of B alone was required to complete the independent key to
this class of Ogham characters. This was accomplished by the dis-
covery, in August of the present year (1873), of an Ogham inscription
on the angle of the well known Dohunni monument from Buckland
Monachorum, now preserved at Tavistock, in Devonshire, and of
which a cast was exhibited. The leading characters of the name
Bndbarri of the Latin text (DoBuma fabri fili enabarri) are still
legible in the Ogham ndbarr; and the Oghamic representative of
B is so ascertained without resorting to any external proof. Ex-
ternal corroboration is, however, found abundantly in the substan-
tial agreements of the results with those derived from the Irish
lapidai^ Ogham texts, many of which *' echo" formulas found in
Latin inscriptions, and in one Ogham legend, in South Britain.
The manuscript keys to the Ogham alphabet, preserved in the Irish
books, differ in one material respect from the South British and
from the generality of Irish lapidary texts, but agree with the
Scottish examples ; and the South British texts being older than
the manuscripts, an inference arises that the Scottish Oghams are
more recent than the others. Several photographs from casts of
Ogham inscriptions were exhibited in illustration of this paper."

At a later meeting of the same socieiy. Dr. Ferguson, in con-
tinuation of the same paper, ''adduced further examples from
Clydai and Cilgerran in Pembrokeshire, and dwelt on the colloquial
form of the name Trengua in the Ogham text of the latter, as con-
trasted with the expanded Trenegussus of the Latin, showing
that ceremonial forms of name were not peculiarly Oghamic. Re-
ferring to the acgument for the identity of names on old Welsh
monuments with those in Irish Ogham Inscriptions, based on the
Maccudecceti monument in Anglesey, which has been held to be in-
applicable, for particular reasons, by Welsh scholars, he adduced
another Latin inscription not open to the same objection, now at
Tavistock, bearing a like legend, and produced photographs from
casts, and referred to numerous other examples of the same name
or designation in Ogham texts from different parts of Ireland. The
formula Maqui Mucoid of even more frequent occurrence here, he
stated, had been recently detected by Mr. Brash on the Ogham-in-

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MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES. 93

scribed obelisk at BrideU, in Pembrokeshire. Lastly, be gave an
example of an inscribed stone from a cave near Cork, having, in
Ogham, the name Ulccagniy which has been fonnd in several in-
stances in Eoman characters on Welsh monuments ; and concluded
by saying—* The question remains, whence did this Oghamic taste
among the South British people originate ? Did they impart it to
the Irish, or the Irish to them ? Are these Ogham texts, or some
of them, pre-Augustinian and pre- Patrician respectively, or are
they memorials in both countries of Irish religious zeal in the sixth
and succeeding centuries ? 1 do not undertake to answer ; but I
may express my conviction that it would be difficult to propose
questions more worthy of the consideration of men of learning in
both countries.*"

OssiAN. — We had thought that the Ossianic controversy had long
been disposed of, and that in future it would find place only in the
records of literary forgeries, or among the curiosities of literature ;
but we have been mistaken, for we read that " the Rev. P. Hately
WaddeH, LL.D., of Glasgow, who has for some time past been pro-
secuting researches for additional proof of the authenticity of
Ossian, has now brought them to a completion, and that with a
degree of success which he states to be far beyond anything hitherto
known, and much beyond his own most sanguine expectations. He
has a work in the press, to be entitled Ossian and the Glyde^ in
which he promises to produce the most convincing evidence, both
from geology, geography, philology, and tradition, to establish alike
the authenticity of the great national author, and the reliability of
his epic narratives as regards both Scotland and Ireland for great
part of the first three centuries of the Christian era." We are further
told that " Dr. Waddell believes he can identify the precise scenes of
Fingal's campaigns in Ireland, unknown even to MacPherson him-
self, and hitherto supposed to be imaginary ; the precise spots on
the coast of Ireland where the first, second, and succeeding colo-
nies of the Scotch disembarked ; and the scenes of Trenmor's,
Comhal's, Fingal's, Ossian's, and Oscar's conflicts with the Bomans
in Scotland." Assuming all this to be plain prose and written in
earnest, it is useless to speculate as to how Dr. Waddell will ac-
count for a bard of the third century writing in the Gaelic of the
eighteenth ; for, as our old copy books used to say, ** Nothing is
too hard for a willing mind."

Hawardin Castlb. — We take the following from a contempo-
rary : — " Great improvements have recently been made by Sir
Stephen Glynne at Hawarden Castle, in the course of which the
opportunity has been afforded of examining some of the detaOs of
tnis very interesting structure. At the gatehouse tower is a draw-
bridge, with the bridge pit under it, which is popularly called '' the
dungeon." This pit has been an object of much discussion, and is
a somewhat puzzling feature. Late investigations have led to the

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94 MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES.

condnsion that it was made out of the inner fosse of the old earth-
works, which was formed into an oblong pit, very deep, and with
good ashlar masonry on all four sides. This was probably done
daring the Edwardian period, so that the inner fosse most have been
filled ap at that time. It may have been used as a reservoir by the
garrison, as no well or other receptacle for water has been fonnd. A
so-called subterranean passage is probably a drain or waste pipe.
That a drawbridge passed over this pit, and was a road for horses
into the conrtya^, with steps only to the keep, is very evident.
The gatehouse is now only a mound of earth. In this mound is a
small tidangular chamber, with stone steps leading to it, the door at
the bottom of which has been barred on the outside from a
guard chamber which has two other doors also, barred on the
the inside between the gatehouse and the pit, and thus originally
under the drawbridge. The road to this teie-du-pont from the valley
below, winding round the foot of the keep, can be very distinctly
traced."

Tumuli on the Yoekshirb Wolds. — Recently Canon Greenwell
of Durham Cathedral, and Professor BoUeston of Oxford, have com-
pleted a series of verv interesting excavations among the ancient
barrows which exist m the Goodmanham and Elton Wolds, near
Beverley. The group consists of thirty-one, and in 1851 some half
a dozen of these were opened by Lord Londesborough, when some
bodies were found associated with urns of very ancient date. In
1866 Canon Greenwell opened six others, the result of which was
that he found a very large number of burnt bones, with urns, and
one unbumt body, in a deep grave. During his present excavations
some eight or ten tumuU have been opened, and some very interest-
ing remains have been discovered, including an urn which has the
very rare addition of a cover or lid to it. The body found in this
grave was that of a young man about twenty-five years of age ; the
skull being of the round head type, and in excellent preservation.
The remains of two young girls were also discovered in a shallow
gmye on the farm of Mr. Edmond Biley of Kiplingcotes, and that
of a woman in a mound on the old racecourse, the latter being about
one foot under the natural surface. There is a singular absence in
these barrows of the implements used in those remote ages ; and so
frequently found with human remains in many parts of Sie country.
Not only in the present excavations, but in those formerly insti-
tuted by Lord Londesborough, implements usually associated with
ancient interments are entirely wanting. Contrary also to the
generality of the barrows found on the wolds, which contain chiefly
unbumt remains, in this locality they are for the most part burnt.
Although this part of the country seems to have been extensively
peopled, as these sepulchral remains betoken, there is a singular
absence of implements ; whereas in the north and middle wolds flint
implements are found scattered about in all directions. Some axes
and other rude implements are abundant in the rest of the wold dis-

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REVIEWS. 95

trict ; but thoy seem to have been entirely unknown in this locality,
as many persons have searched for such remains without result.

Llanwddtn, Montgomebyshibe. — The wall-paintings in Llanwddyn
Church have already been mentioned in the pages of the Archceolo-
gia Oamhr&nsis (4th Series, iii, p. 71). So far as these mural deco-
rations can now be traced, their subjects appear to be the following :
1, the Massacre of the Innocents ; 2, Christ washing the Disciples'
Feet ; 3, the Last Supper ; and 4, the Crucifixion. A mural tablet
has been set up in the wall in the middle of one of them.

Cambbian ABCHiEOLOGiCAL ASSOCIATION. — Meeting for 1874. —
The annual meeting of the Association will be held this year at
Wbexhau, respecting which further particulars will be given in our
next number.

Ealendabs of Gwtnedd; or, Chronological Lists of Lords-Lieuten-
ant, Custodes Eotulorum, Sheriffs, and Knights of the Shire, for
the Counties of Anglesey, Caernarvon, and Merioneth, and of the
Members for the Boroughs of Caernarvon and Beaumaris. To
which are added Lists of the Lords Presidents of Wales and the
Constables of the Castles of Beaumaris, Caernarvon, Conway, and
Harlech. Compiled by Edwabd Bbeesb, F.S.A., Clerk of the
Peace and of Lieutenancy for Merionethshire. With Notes by
William Watkin Edward Wynne, Esq., F.S. A., of Peniarth; some-
time E^night of the Shire and afterwards High Sheriff for Meri-
onethshire. London : John Camden Hotten, 1873. 4to,

The title, which it will be seen is somewhat lengthy, we give in
full, as it gives a clear notion of what the book purports to be, and
it is but justice to state that the contents fully bear out the title.
The volume is a very valuable compilation, taken from the best
available sources, and every page evinces labour and care. In pre-
paring it the author states that he consulted upwards of forty dif-
ferent manuscript documents preserved in the Public Record Office,
the British Museum, and elsewhere, and to all appearance good use
has been made of them. The lists are therefore presumably correct,
and entitled to confidence. The notes by Mr. Wynne, with which
almost every page is thickly studded, greatly enhance the value and
interest of the volume. All the materials have moreover passed
through his able and experienced hands, and received his correc-
tions as well as iUustrations. We need, therefore, no further gua-
rantee that every part of the work is as accurate as it could be made
from existing materials.

Mr. Breese has set us a good example so far as North-western
Wales is concerned. It is highly desirable that similar lists should
with equal care be compiled for the remaining provinces of Powys,
Dyved, and Gwent, fix)m equally trustworthy sources.

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96 REVIEWS.

Transactions op the Gaelic Societt op Inverness. Vol. I. 187]-
72. Inverness, 1872. 8vo.

We have lately received the first volume of the Transacttwis of
this lately established Society, which, we are told, ** may be ac-
cepted as more or less of an embodiment of the sentiment of the
Highlands. It is one of the results of a feeling that Highland in-
terests and ideas have not had adequate expression in previously
existing organisations, and it is intended at once to stimulate and to
give vent, in its own way, to that public spirit which is awakening
in the country." This volume, which we hope is the forerunner of
many more, contains, besides some preliminary matters connected
with the foundation of the Society, and a report of its first annual
assembly, papers on such subjects as these : Local Topography, the
Clan System, the Legends of Glen-Urquhart, the Forty-five, Survey
of the Celtic Languages, the Highland Clearances, and Notes on the
History of the Gael. There are also an inaugural lecture by the Rev.
A. D. Mackenzie, and a lecture on Nationality by Professor Blackie
of Edinburgh. Most of these contributions are in English, but there
are some in the vernacular Gaelic, and the volume contains some
poetical pieces by the bard of the Society in the same language.
Of the papers, perhaps the most interesting to persons not con-
nected with the Highlands, is the "Survey of the Celtic Languages,"
by the Rev. William Ross, of Rothesay, though far from being so
complete as could be wished. And we may notice that in this as
well as in other parts of the volume, the Welsh words are often
incorrectly printed. We look forward with interest to the appear-
ance of the second volume, which we understand is already in the
press, and sincerely hope that the Gt^lio Society of Inverness will
be productive of much good. When will the promoters of Welsh
Eisteddvod learn to imitate the example of our northern friends,
and present us with an annual volume of transactions instead of or
in addition to the usual quantum of oratorical and musical enter-
tainments P

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CELTIC REMAINS. 33

contriver of the l^end of St Cynhafal made Enlli Oaivr to give
name to the Isle of Enlli, or Bajxlsey. Nennius calls him a veiy
wicked king or tyrant of I&l, and gives ns a monkish story how
St. Grarmon called for fire fix)m heaven to destroy him and his
city because he would not receive his doctrine. (If€nniti8,c. xxx.)
Vid. Cadell Deymllyg.

Beli ap Benlli in Arch. Brit., p. 262.

Benwyn (n. pr. v.). Ben^yn, and not Benw^.

Owyrda oedd W6q a Ben^yn.— £. O, Oothi.

Ceidwad llawen o Fen'^yn

Cor Mair yw'r gwr oywir mwyn.

X. Powisj i O. P., vicar Aberyw.
Vid. GWti and Penwyn.
Beechi (n. pr. v.), father of Collawn. {Trioedd y Meirch, 8.)
Beren, Beuno's mother. (Beuno's Life.)
Bebfeddwlad (Y), Denbighshire and part of Flintshire, con-
taining five cantrefe, Ehjrfoniog, Ystrad, Ehos, Dyflryn Clwyd,
and TegengL (Price's Description.)

Bergedyn, in the parish of Guildsfield;3Iontgomeryshire. (J. 2>.)
Beegwm, a river in Glamorgan, near Neath, [Pergwm. — I. M.]
Vid. Aherbergwm.

Bwrw Aber tsX nyth btjt^

Bergwm wenn bnV gwae am w^. — L, Morganwg,

Beris, Caer Beris : vid. Peris.

Beriw, or Beryw, or Berriew : vid. Aberyw.

Berllan (Y). Gwaith y Berllan, the battle at Perllan Fan-
gor is y Coed, where the Britains defeated the Saxons.
Ni fo gwaeth no gwaith y Berllan.

OpiddelWf to Hotoel op O. Ghoynedd.

Berres or Berrts (St.), said to be St Brise. Uanverres, a
church and parish in the deanery of I^ in Denbighshire.

Berson : vid. Person.
• Berth : vid. Perth.

Berthtn, in lianddeidan, Glamorgan. [AbertM/n^ in Uan-
fleiddan.— J. if.]

Berwig, English Berwick, a town : q. d. Aberwia So from
Abermaw, Barmouth, etc. Vid. Y Ferwig.

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84 CELTIC REMAINS.

Berwtn, a mountain in Meirion (k beer, top, and gwyn,
white). Yid. Bkyddwyn, Thns far came Henry II, the King of
England, against Owain Gwynedd, and narrowly escaped with
life. Vid. Oorwen,

Bkttws. Several places in Wales of tWs name. These were
the Bede Jumses demolished by Henry VIII. Bettws Gweyrfyl
Goch; Bettws Abergeleu; Bettws y Coed; Bettws Gannon;
Bettws y Glyn. [Vide Arch. Brit., p. 214, voce "Bettws", a
place between hills. — W. 2>.]

[lenan Bradford o blwyf Bettws ym Morganwg. — W. D.]

Bettws Skbeyn, in the Extent of Anglesey, by Edward III,
for Bettws Geraint, which is Pentraeth, or lianvair Bettws (Jer-
aint.

Betwyr (n. pr. v.). Vid. Bedwyr.

Bethoun, son of Glam Hector, Prince of the Irish Scots, whose
sons invaded Britain about the year 440. Bethoim took pos-
session of Demetia, G^^yr, and Cydweli, and kept them till he
was drove away by the sons of Cimedda Wledig. Vethan in
Gale's edition. In Flaherty, p. 431, Baozan or Baothan is men-
tioned as King of Ireland. (Price's Descript. apud Nennivs.)

Bexjlan (n. pr. v.) ; Lat. Beutanus, — ^falsely Beularius in Gale's
edition. Hence Uanbeulan m Anglesey. Vid. Samuel Britan-
rms. Nennius, the historian, mentions one Beulanus, a presby-
ter, to whom he had been a scholar ; but qu. ? See Chile's Nen-
niu8, c. Ixiii.

Beularius, falsely wrote in Nennius for Beulanus, Vid.
Samuel Britannus.

Beuno Sant ap Hywgi ap Gwynlliw ap Glywis ap Tegid ap
Cadell, a prince or lord of Glewisig. (Vaughan's MS. Notes on
Powel's Hist.) Another MS. says he was son of Beuvagius or
Beugi ap Cadell Deymllyg, and that his mother was daughter
of Owen ap Urien, one of King Arthur's generals. In WinifrecTs
Life, said to be taken firom Robert of Salop's, and printed, it is
said that Beimo was of noble parents in Montgomery, at the fall '
of the river Ehyw into Severn, called Aberhyw. His father,
Binsi, descended from CadeU, Prince of Glewisig; and his
mother from Anna, sister to King Arthur, who was married to
a king of the Picts. That his grandfather w^ Gundeleius (Gwyn-

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CELTIC REMAINS. 35

lliw), and cousin german to St. Kentigem^ Bishop of Gla^ow,
who, being forced from Scotland, founded the bishoprick of
St. Asaph. That he was educated under St. Dangesius ; but does
not say where. When he had built a church and monastery he
removed to some other part. Then he finished his monastery at
Clynnog Vawr in Caernarvonshire ; from thence went to visit
his Mends in Flintshire. That one Trebwith, or Thewith, or
Ty vid, a potent lord of that country, had married the noble lady
Wenlo, who was Beimo's sister ; and these were the parents of
St. Winifred. She was born in the reign of King Cadwallon ;
and Beuno's journey to Flintshire was in the reign of King
Eluith the Second. But as Dr. Fleetwood shows that the Jesuit
misunderstood Eobert of Salop's words, who says that this
Thewith was son of Eluith, and was the next man to the King.
Beuno stayed so long on this visit that he built a monastery
there ; and Caradoc ap Alen, King of that country,, with his
sword cut off the head of Winifred because she refused to lie
with him. Beuno clapt it on, and she lived after that about'
fifteen years ; and HolyweU sprung out of the groimd where her
head felL Then Beuno returned to Clynnpg, and received a
present of a cloak which Winifred sent him by the river of Holy-
well, which, watching the tides, coasted it along to Clynnog in
Caernarvonshire, and landed there dry at Forth y Oasaegy which
he says should be called Forth y OasstU, and a Cottonian MS.
has it Forth y SoMen. This is the sum of Robert's account of
Beuno. But this account of Beimo is very different from that
in the British MS. at Jesus College, Oxon.

Another account of Beuno runs thus. Beimo Sant ap Bugu,
of Banhenic in Powys, near Hafren. His mother was Beren
verch Uawdden. He was brought up by Tangusius, a holy man,
at Gwent, and was ordained priest. Ynyr, King of Gwent,
became a monk and disciple of Beuno, and gave him lands, also
the people and their goods. Beuno's father died, and he suc-
ceeded in the estate, and built a church there, and planted an
oak which would kill every Saxon that would pass its branches.
From thence he went to Mawn, son of Brochwel, who gave him
lands for his own and his father's souL The voice of a Saxon
frightened him from thence, and he left his church k) one of his

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36 OELTIO REMAINS.

disciples called Rithwlint, and gave him a cross. He went to
Meivod to Tyssilio ; thence to King Cynan ap Brochwel, and
begged of him lands to build a church ; and he gave him Gwydd-
elwem, where Beuno raised an Irishman from the dead who
had been killed by his wife. There Beuno cursed some of
Cynan's nephews who affironted him, and they died. Thence he
walked along the river Dee, and came to the place called now
Holywell, where Temic, son of Elwyd, gave him a town ; and
there he built a church, and brought up Gwenfrewi, daughter of
Temic. Caradoc, King of Tegeingl, watched an opportunity of
her father's being in church, and attempted to lie with her. She
refusing, he cut off her head. Beuno clapt it on, and brought
her to life, and turned him to a pool of water ; and where her
head fell, there sprung up a well called now Holywell, in Flint-
shire. And so God and Beimo cured the maid, and many were
converted.

Cadvan, King of Wales, gave Beuno lands ; but Cadwallon,
his son, gave him lands in Gweredog, in Arvon, which an infant
claimed; for which Beuno gave the King a gold sceptre, which the
King refused to return when Beuno gave up the land to the child.
Beuno cursed him ; but Gwyddaint, the King's cousin, followed
him, and gave him the town of Celynnog for his own soul and
Gadwallon's, where he built a monastery, etc. One of the work-
men of Aberflrawwent toGwent,and thePrincessDigiw(T^iawc),
daughter of Ynyr, fell in love with him, and they were married.
In his way to see his country, he cut her head off at Pennardd
in Arvon, and went to Aberffraw, and bought a place in court
Beuno clapt her head on, and she became a nun with him ; and
where her head fell, there sprung Ffynnon Digiw. Idon ap
Ynyr Gwent came to see his sister, and prevailed on Beuno to
go with him to Aberfiraw. There Idon cut off the head of the
man that had cut off his sister's head. The King of Aberffraw
seized upon Idon, and swore he would destroy him imless Beuno
would restore the other to life, which he did without hesitation.
And the King repented he had tempted Beuno, and gave him
his palace at Aberffraw, where he now lives in, called Beuno.
{Buchedd Beuno, from Bishop Fleetwood's.)

That there was such a man as Beuno, that was abbot and

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CELTIC REMAINS. 37

{bunder of the monastery of Clynnog, is certain. His grave is
shown there to this day, and his name is found in many of our
ancient British writers ; but the legends are so fall of contradic-
tions that we don't know what to believe of them. The miracles
ascribed to him are beyond belief. He lived in the seventh cen-
tury, an age of confusion and darkness, when the priests said
and did what was good in their own eyes.

In the Extent of Anglesey, taken by John de Deloes under
Richard Earl of Arundel, Justice of North Wales 26 Edward III,
in the year 1352, 1 find there are lands in Anglesey (Alaw 'r
Beirdd) held of St. Beimo, and there the abbot of St. Beuno is
mentioned. This was the monastery of Clynnog Vawr jm Arvon.
Likewise in that ancient poem, " Beddau Milwyr Ynys Prydain",
by Taliesin, Llanveuno is mentioned :

Bedd Dylan yn Llanveuno, eto.

It is said that all calves or lambs which were brought forth
with a split ear were the inheritance or right of St. Beuno, and
were offered to him at his church ; and this was called nodBeunOy
or Beuno's mark.

BiGEL (St.) ; Lat. Vigdius ; not Bugail. Llanvigel in Anglesey.
Maen Bigd, a rock in the sea there ; another in the Sound of

BissABD, in Doomsday Book, Cheshire ; corruptly for Disert
or Disart, a village in Englefield.

Black Mountains, between Brycheiniog and Tir 6%t,
[Mynydd Du.— /. M.]

Bladudus : vid. Bleuddvd.

Blaen, an ancient Celtic word prefixed to the names of places,
signifying the upper part of a country ; as YBlaenau, the High-
lands ; Owpr y Blaenav^ Highlanders or mountaineers ; Blaenau
Lloegr, the Marches {K Llwyd) ; Blaenau aforvydd, the sources of
rivers {E, Llwyd),

Blaen y Cwm, the upper part of a valley where it begins, as
Blaen Cwm Ystwyth ; Blaeii Cwm Rheidiol ; Blaen Cwm Erfin.

Blaen Gwent, a place in Monmouthshire.

Blaen Lltfny, Castell in Brecknockshire, near Ilyn Safathan.

Blaen Llywel (or Ueweny, as Camden).

Blaen Pobth Gwithan, in Iscoed in Cardiganshire ; a town

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38 CELTIC REMAINS.

and castle held by Earl Gilbert and the Flemings, a.d. 1116,
where Gruffudd ap Rhys ap Tewdwr fought them, and got the
place. (Powel's Garadoc, p. 179.) Blaen y Forth near Cardigan (?) .
Blaen Then (nomen loci).

Blaeniau, a man's surname (k hlaen and iau), Rees Blaen-
iau, Owen Blaeniau, Ifan Blaeniau, etc.

Tri mab leiuin term by wyd

Blaeniau pen gwjbodau byd. — H, Pennant

Blaenllym. Einion Flaenllym ap Einion.

Blaidd (n. pr. v), literally in Latin Lupus, Y Blaidd Rhudd
o*r Gest, lord of Gest and Eifionydd (J, D.), grandfather of Haer,
the wife of Blethyn ap Cynfyn. Also a cognomen. Vid, Ekiryd
Flaidd,

Blathaon (n. pp.). Penrhyn Blathaon ym Mhrydyn, the ex-
treme point of Scotland to the north (JV. 2); Caithness. {E.Llwyd.)

Blas (n. pr. v.), a Norman or Norwegian name probably. Bias,
mab tywysog Llychlyu, i. e,, Bias, the son of the Prince of Ilycb-
lyn, on the coast of the Baltic. (TV. 84.)

Bledrws, Prince of Cernyw, general of the Britains in the
battle of Perllan Fangor, a.d. 605, when the Saxons were drove
beyond the Humber ; but Bledrws was killed, and Cad van, King
of North Wales, crowned King of Britain. {TyssUio)

Bleddfach, a gentleman's seat in Powys, qu. ?

0 Fleddfach nid glanach glain.— L. P., i 0. P.

Bleddvach. Tomos ap Roger, arglwydd Bleddvach.

Bleddian. Llanfleddian, Glamorganshire. [Bleiddan. liau-
fleiddan.— /. if.]

Bleddyn ap Cynfyn.

Bleddyn Ddu, a poet, an. 1090. {J. D, Rhys.)

Bleddyn Ddu Was y Cwd, an id. ?

Bleddyn Fabdd, a poet, an. 1246.

Bleddyn Llwyd, a poet, an. 1260.

Blegored, a Doctor of Laws in Howel Dda's time. {Dr. Poivel,
p. 53.)

Blegywryd, the 61st King of Britain, called the God of music.
(Tyssilio.)

Bleiddiau. Cerrig y Bleiddiau, Anglesey ; Ffos y Bleiddiau,
Cardiganshire.

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CELTIC REMAINS. 39

Bleiddig (n, pr. v.), the father of Hyfeid or Hyfaidd, who,
from a slave or native tenant, advanced himself to be King of
Deheubarth, or South Wales. (TV. 76.)

Bleiddyd ap Caradog ap levanawL

Bleiddyd II, the 57th King of Britain.

Blenwydd (St.) Church dedicated at Coedane, Anglesey.

Blettrus ap Ceynawc Mawr.

Bleuddud, Bleuddyd, or Bleiddyd, the 9th King of Britain,
Latinized Bladudus, son of Rhun Baladr Bras ; but by a coin or
medal of his, mentioned by Mr. Wm. Morris of Cefn y Braich,
lus name is Vlatos, or Blatos, which may be a Greek termina-
tion.

Blenddnd a Moel Mnd Madog ai ddymod. — Bedo BrwynUys,

Leland says his great knowledge in natural philosophy got
him the name of a magician among the vulgar ; and that by pro-
per application of sulphur and alum earths he contrived the
hot baths at the city called by the Britains Caer Badune, mean-
ing Caer Badd-dim, which he interprets the Mountain of Baths.
And this is the place which Gildas, in his little History, men-
tions by the name of Mons Badonicus (where the Britains and
the Saxons had a great battle about the time of his birth) ; and
not in the Black Mountains over Severn, where Polyd. Virgil
madly seeks for it. He says that this town is the Thermarum
of Ptolemy, so called from the British word Badune ; and that
Badune doth not come from Badudus, the king ; for that the
king's name was Bladvdtis, and not Badudus ; and he thinks that
there was a town on the same river Avon, at a place where
there hath been a Benedictine monastery (which the Saxons, from
one Mailduph, called MailduJphsbury, now Malmesbury). There
was an ancient British city called by the name of Cair Bladune,
which comes nigher that prince's name, where there are remains
of great waUs and ditches. (Leland, Script Brit,, c. vi)

To a Cambro-British antiquary Cavr Bladune is as distant
from the name of the prince as Badud; and neither of them to
the purpose, for the prince's name was Bleuddud, which, accord-
ing to the English pronunciation, would sound something like
BleUhid. So there is very little similitude between Bladune
and Badud and this. Antiquaries shoidd always remember that

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40 CELTIC REMAINS.

ancient British letters do not sound like English and Latin.
But as Mr. Leland seldom fails of shooting near the mark, I can
let his readers into a secret, that the name of the ancient cos-
trum which he calls Cair Bladune was Caer BUddyn; and no
name more common among the Britains than Bleddyn, as
Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, Prince of Powys ; Bleddyn Fardd, etc. Mr.
Leland also defends the story of his inventing wings to fly, and
shews it is not all an empty story. Yid. Owaith Faddon,

Blodwel. Llan y Blodwel, a church and parish in Shropshire,
qu. Llanymlodwel ? Rhiryd Vod of Blodwel (J. D,) Aber-
tanat ymlodweL (Z. G. Cothi,)

Blowty (n. L) q. d. Ty Blawd. Cwm y Blowty, a gentleman's
seat Morris.

BoD, an ancient Celtic word prefixed to the names of houses or
habitations (chiefly in Anglesey) ; some say fix)m bod, to be (but
qu.?) : as Bodaeddon; Bodafon ; Bodargolwyn ; Bodamabwy or
Eonabwy, Bodeilio in Lleyn ; Bodeiliog, a gentieman's seat {J. D.) ;
Bodelwy ; Bodelwyddan,vulg6 Bodolwiddan ; Bodenwydog in 141,
a gentleman's seat ; Bodeuon ; Bodewiyd, a chapel in Anglesey,
and a gentieman's seat ; BodMon ; Bodfeddan, a gentieman's
seat; Bodfeirig; Bodfel, a gentieman's seat in Lleyn; Bod-
fiwyn ; Bodgynda ; Bodidris in IM ; Bodlew ; Bodlith, a gentle-
man's seat (J. D.) ; Bodnant, a gentieman's seat, Denbighshire ;
Bodneithiar; Bodoffwyr; Bodegri; Bodola, Anglesey ; Bodol-
gadi; Bodorgan, a gentieman's seat, Anglesey; Bodowyr, a
gentleman's seat (J. D.), Denbighshire (Price) ; Bodrewyn ; Bod-
rhyddan, Bodtryddan, or Botryddan, a gentieman's seat near
Ehuddlan (see lOmddlan) ; Bodronyn ; Bodlan ; Bodvach, a
gentieman's seat inLIanfyllin; Bodhalog; Bodhenlli; Bodiar;
Bodig, Cefii y Bodig (which see); Bodedeym, a parish and
church in Ai^lesey, from Edeym, a man's name ; Bodvaen or
Bodfan, a gentieman's seat, Caernarvonshire ; Bodvari or Bot- '
feri, the £oman Varis ; Boduan (see Cam JSodtum) ; Bodffbrdd;
a township or villa in the commot of Malltraeth, Anglesey {Bay
tent of Anglesey, Edw. III). This was a free villa containing one
carucat and half of land. No rent to the prince ; ' and only suits
to the commots and hundreds, and to go to the wars at the
prince's expense, and pays no relief nor amobr, and has a mill

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§irxha^0l0jgh Ot^amhr^nHh.

FOURTH SERIES.— No. XVIII.

APRIL, 1874.

WIGMORE.

The Castle of Wigmore, the head of the Hundred and
Honour of that name, the chief seat of the great House
of Mortimer, and the centre of that territorial power
which made its lords so formidable to their sovereigns,
and at last brought about their fall, stands in the north-
west comer of tne border shire of Hereford, and about
eight miles on the English side of Offa's Dyke. It is one
of a chain of strongholds of which Clun, Hopton, and
Brampton Bryan, lay to its immediate north, and Lin-
gen and Lyons HalT to its south ; while in its rear were
posted Croft and Richard's Castle, assuring to its gar-
rison a speedy communication with the great central
fortresses of Ludlow and Shrewsbury.

Most of these castles are of ancient date, and their
earthworks testify to the intensity and permanence of
the struggle maintained by the Welsh against the en-
croachments of the colony planted by the English in
the latter part of the eighth century, and protected by
the mighty work which still bears the name of Offa.
These traces of the footsteps of the invader from beyond
the Severn may still be observed along the frontier
marches of the Principality from Cardiff to Hawarden,
posted wherever the valleys laid open the interior of the
country ; nor along the whole line is there a grander or
stronger military work than that for which Wigmore was
celebrated long before the Normans crossed the Channel.

4th smb., vol. v. 7

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98 WIGMORE.

But the military virtues, if not triumphs, of the
AVelsh, identified with this district, ascend to a period
before even the common ancestors of Englishmen and
Normans appeared in Britain, and were exercised,
though equally in vain, against even a greater foe. The
great British hill-camps of Coxwall-KnoU, Caer Cara-
doc, Brandon, and Croft-Ambrey, are thought to be
evidences of the fierce struggles of the Britons against
the Roman legions, .though with how little ultimate
success against either Roman or Englishman, the paral-
lel lines of Watling Street and the Dyke still give silent
but overpowering testimony.

AVigmore, an English creation, bears an English name.
It is first mentioned in a.d. 921, when the Saxon Chro-
nicle relates that King Eadweard, in the Rogation days,
that is about the 7th of May, "commanded the burgh
at Wisingamere to be built." That this command was
very rapidly as well as very completely obeyed, is clear
from the fact, stated by the same authority, that in the
same year, probably at the commencement of autumn,
the Danes with a great army laid siege to the new
burgh, "beset it round about, and foijght against it far in
the day, and took the cattle about it; and, nevertheless,
the men defended the burgh who were therein, and then
they (the Danes) abandoned the burgh and went away."
A strong place which was constructed in five months
could not have been a work in masonry, and scarcely in
dry walling ; but with a proper force d¥ men the earth-
works of the mound and inner area might have been
executed in that time. But earthworks alone would
not have held an army of active Danes at bay. The
slopes must have been strengthened with palisades, so
as to protect the garrison and enable them to keep the
enemy at a moderate distance. Fire was scarcely prac-
ticable, as the wood employed must have been green.
Moreover, however hard Edward's soldiers may have
worked, it is scarcely probable that they could have
done more than throw up the burgh proper, or mound,
and the banks containing the smaller area attached to

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WIGMORE. 99

it, or have prepared palisades for a larger front, even if
formed We are told that when Queen ^thelflaed's
Tvarriors, in A. D. 916^ took Brecenanmere, or Brecknock,
by storm, they captured there the King's wife with
thirty-four persons. The Burgh of Brecknock, therefore,
held probably but a small garrison ; and its moimd and
inner circle, the parts, no doubt, then defended, are
not, in point of size, greater than those of Wigmore, for
which certainly one hundred and fifty to two hundred
men would form, for a short time, a suflBcient garrison.
It was, then, to the passive strength of this position,
and to its narrow front, that they owed their safety.
The cattle taken probably pastured at the foot of the
mound and upper area, within what is now the lower
ward of theCastle; then, no doubt, but slightly protected.

Of the Lords of Wigmore duringthe century following
the Danish attack nothing is recorded, but the castle is
named in Domesday. Ralph de Mortemerthen held Wig-
hemore. Edward had held it. There was half a hyde there
within which was the castle. Ralph held the castle.
William the Earl (of Hereford) made it on the waste
land called Merestun, which Gunnent held in the time
of King Edward. *There were two hydes geldable.
Ralph had in demesne two plough-lands and four serfs.
The burgh there paid seven pounds. No doubt the
earlier castle had been destroyed, that is, the destruct-
ible part of it, and William Fitz Osbem had restored
it. That earl had been active in subduing the Welsh
insurrection of 1068-9, and in reward for the services of
Ralph de Mortimer on this occasion, and in putting
down Edric the Forester, he had the grant recorded in
Domesday. Dugdale says that he actually besieged
Edric in the castle and took it, and thus laid the foun-
dation of the greatness of his family as Lords of the
March; but Siough Ralph de Mortemer put down
Edric, there is no evidence that the latter ever owned
or held out Wigmore.

The possession of so strong a country, and at the
same time of so exposed a frontier was the secret of the

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100 WIGMORE.

Marcher independence. It was a dangeroiis power,
often selfishly exercised, inasmuch as the lords com-
bined frequently with the public enemy to gain theix*
private ends against the sovereign. At all times, also,
it stood in the way of an equal administration of jus-
tice, and much retarded the consolidation of the empire.

Happily for the greatness of England, Edward I not
only saw this, but on coming to the Crown made that
consolidation his earliest care. He saw that so long as
Wales remained an insurrectionary power, so long would
the Marchers be independent and not to be relied upon
as subjects ; and with that bold sagacity which marked
his character, he proceeded not merely to put down in-
surrection as it rose, but to cut off its root. This he
attained in 1276-1282, by the destruction of Llewelyn
and the erection of the castles of Flint, Denbigh, Ru-
thm, Conway, Beaumaris, Carnarvon, and Harlech, and
the restoration or recovery of those of Ha warden,
Rhuddlan, Eulo, Chirk, Bere, Dinas Br4n, the tower of
Dolbadam, and some others.

Next, as occasion served, he reduced the Marcher
prerogatives, of which a very memorable instance oc-
curred about 1292, when he took advantage of a petty-
war between De Clare and De Bohun, on the borders of
Morganwg, to confiscate the estates of both, which he
then regranted, withholding their most objectionable
privileges. At the same time, by engaging in the Scot-
tish wars, he both drew from Wales her ^t men and
employed them in the service of England, and opened
to the Marchers a safe field for their military prowess.

Ralph, the first English Mortimer, died seized of
above one hundred and thirty manors, of which sixty-
nine lay in Hereford and Salop. Hugh, his son, held
also the castles of Cleobury and Bridgenorth, and was
active in opposition to Henry II, who laid siege at
once to his three castles and so brought him to terma
He died in penitence as a canon of Wigmore Abbey in
1185, having confirmed and much augmented his father s
grants thereto. He was buried before the high altar.

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WIGMORE. 101

Lord Hugh is reputed to have built the castles of Car-
marthen, Mapudrith, and Cameron,^ whichever those
latter may be, in South Wales, and therefore may well
have been the author of the Norman work still to be
traced around the outer ward of Wigmore.

Roger, his son, seems to have found full employment
in keeping down the Welsh. He died 1215, and was
succeeded by his son Hugh.

Hugh, the fourth lord, adhered to King John. In
his time Llewelyn attended a conference at Wigmore.
He held for the king the castles of Stratton-dale and
Holgot in Salop. He died from wounds received in a
tournament, 1227 ; and was succeeded by his brother.

Ralph, fifth lord, flourished in the first half of the
reign of Henry III, very turbulent on the Marches.
He built in Melenydd the castles of Keventles and
Enoclas, and to them added a social strength, marry-
ing dark Gwladys, Llewelyn's daughter, widow of Regi-
nald de Braose. He died. 1246.

Roger, his son, eighth lord, took a lead in Welsh
affiiirs, but with no great success. Llewelyn took four
of.his castles, Melenydd, Keventles, Radnor, and ano-
ther. He adhered to Henry, fought at Northampton,
and had to flee from Lewes. He aided in the flight of
Prince Edward from Hereford, brought him to Wig-
more, had a command at Evesham, and for his services
received the earldom of Oxford, opposing on that ac-
count the wise restoration proposed by the Dictum de
Kenilworth. It was he who at that celebrated castle
held the famous tournament, in honour of which the
great ^te house, it is thought, gained its name of Mor-
timer Tower. It has been supposed that he rebuilt the
Castle of Wigmore, but most of the work now seen
seems of a raflier later date. He died in 1282-3, and,
said his epitaph at Wigmore —

Hnno dnm viverat, vi Wallia tota timebat.

Edmund, seventh lord, eldest surviving son, suc-
ceeded, and commenced his career by attacking the

^ Castell Mab Uchtryd and Castell Cymaron of the Welsh chro-
nicles.— Ed. Arch, Camb.

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102 WIGMORE.

Welsh at Builth, and receiving and transmitting Llew-
elyn's head to the king. As some suspicion attached
to his loyalty owing to his Welsh blood, he was parti-
cularly active in quelling the disturbances that followed
on the death of the prince, and it was in putting down
one of them in 1303-4, also at Builth, that he received
a wound of which he soon after died at Wigmore.

Roger, eighth loi*d, styled Lord Mortimer of Wig-
more, and created Earl of March in- 1328; he served
both in Ireland and Scotland. He was governor of
Builth Castle, took Cardiff from Hugh le Dispenser, and
had a grant of Clun. He joined the party of Thomas of
Lancaster against Edward II, had a narrow escape for
his life while in prison, and in gratitude built St. Peter s
Chapel in the outer ward of Ludlow Castle. In 1322,
after the battle of Boroughbridge, he fled to France, and
the king seized on Wigmore, causing an inventory to be
drawn up of its contents by John de Cherleton, the
keeper. There were springnolds, the artillery of the
age, cross-bows, Enghsh and Oriental armour and wea-
pons, a chess-board and a board for talles and draughts,
five peacocks in the courtyard, and grain and cattle in
quantity. On the earl's return, followed his intimacy
with the "she-wolf of France," his acquisition of a pro-
digious number of manors in England, Wales, and Ire-
land, his seizure at Nottingham Castle, his attainder,
and his execution by hanging in 1330. It seems pro-
bable that this lord rebuilt tne castle, superseding the
Norman work by that, in the Decorated style, which
still remains.

Edmund, his son, did not recover the earldom. He
died young a few months after his father, in 1331,
leaving a son a minor.

EoGER, tenth lord, who succeeded, had livery of
Wigmore Castle before he came of age. He obtained
the reversal of the attainder and the restoration of the
earldom of March in 1352. He served Edward III in
France, recovered much of the Welsh property, and
added to it Ludlow and other estates coming by his

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WIGMORE. 103

grandmother, the heiress of Genville ; and finally died
1360, being then commander of the English forces in
Burgundy.

Edmund, eleventh Lord, and third Earl of March,
his son, succeeded. His abilities were early turned to
account by Edward, who employed him while under
age in negociating a peace with France, and afterwards
as Lieutenant of Ireland. He married Philippa, heiress
of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, and thus maintained the
ancient honours and influence of his name. He died at
Cork 1381.

Roger, his eldest son, became fourth Earl of March.
He was by Richard II made Lieutenant of Ireland, and
by descent from the Duke of Clarence declared heir of
the Crown. His service was entirely in Ireland, where
he was slain. He was followed by Edmund his son.

Edmund, fifth and last Earl of March, was regarded
with excessive jealousy by Henry IV, as heir to the
throne, and was kept during his reign under surveil-
lance. Henry V, however, employed him in Normandy,
and in the next reign he, like his immediate forefathers,
became Lieutenant of Ireland. He died 1425, aged
twenty-four years, and with him ended the male line
of Mortimer of Wigmore.

Among the castles returned as held by him at his
death in the Marches, were Blaenlevenny, Builth,
Clifford, Dinas by Talgarth, Dolveren, Denbigh, Knoc-
las, Kevenles, Ludlow, Montgomery, Norton, Nerberth,
Raidrey, Radnor, Usk, and Wigmore.

Richard Duke of York, as his sister's son, was heir
of the vast estates of the Mortimers, and transmitted
them to his son Edward IV, when all became merged
in the crown. It was from the Honour of Wigmore that
Edward raised most of the power that enabled him to
defeat Owen Tudor at no great distance from the Castle,
and still nearer to Mortimer s Cross. The Castle re-
mained in the crown till granted away by Elizabeth.
In 1601 it was purchased by Thomas Harley, and in
1643 dismantled by the parliamentary forces, since
which it has been a gradually diminishing ruin.

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104 WIGMOKE.

THE CASTLE.

The tract of high and wooded land which lies towards
the Kadnorshire border, between the waters of the
Teme and the Lugg, converges and descends towards
the east until it forms a long spit or spur of rock which
terminates in the knoll now occupied by the parish
church of Wigmore. This ridge, strait, steep, and
well defined, is bounded on the south by a narrow
valley, down which descends a brook from the high
ground of Wigmore Rolls, to fall, just below the churcn,
into the AUcox brook. To the north the ridge is still
more strongly protected by the broad expanse that pro-
bably gave its termination to the name of the place,
and is still called, by redupHcation, Wigmore Moor and
Lake, and Leinthal Lake; formerly, as their names
import, watery tracts, and which are still alternately
drained and flooded by the united channels of the Clun
and the Teme on their way to Ludlow.

Low on the ridge, and astride upon and occupying
its whole breadth, is what remains of the Castle. Those
who selected the spot were attracted by an immense
depression, clear, sharp, and steep, as if cut by art,
which here traverses the ridge, and cuts off its eastern
portion from the higher and broader ground to the
west. Upon the eastern verge of this ravine is piled
up a mound of earth, in form conical, and about 30 ft,
high, above its rocky base, though 100 ft. or more above
the bottom of the ravine. The moimd is about 30 ft.
diameter at its flat top. It is probable that when this
was formed the natural ravine was slightly deepened,
and on the near side rendered steeper by art.

Close east of the mound, and above 40 ft below its
top, is a roughly oval area, about 100 ft. east and west
by 50 ft. north and south, encircled by a bank of earth,
outside of which was a ditch, which included also the
mound, and was probably the work thrown up by King
Edward, and so gallantly held against the Danes. It

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WIOMORB. 105

is very strong, the ground falling away steeply on every
side, and especially to the north and west. Upon the
mound stooa the Norman shell-keep ; the oval con-
tained within a wall, most of which remains, was the
inner ward. The mound and its appended oval stood
within, and partly on, the edge of a far larger area,
which included the slopes, and extended neany to the
base of the lull, towards the south and south-east, and
on those sides protected the citadel. Towards the
north and the west the steepness of the ground ren-
dered a second Uneof defenceunnecessary,and the mound
and its oval formed there a part of the outer enceinte.
This second area was also covered by a ditch which
descended from the south side of the mound, and from
the north-east part of the oval, and thus formed the
outer ward of the Castle, in which probablv were pas-
tured the cattle driven off by the Danes. The Normans
enclosed this also within a wall. This ward was covered
by a deep and wide ditch, wholly artificial ; and this
again, at one point, by a second ditch across the ridge,
towards the south. Within the outer ward, attached
to the southern and south-eastern slope of the inner
ward, was an enclosure of moderate area, taken, of
course, out of the outer ward. The earthworks of this
are slight, and it seems to be wholly of Norman origin,
and intended as a middle ward.

Thus, then, the original work was composed of a
mound with a deep ravine to its west, and placed on
the edge of, and in part within, an oval area on its east,
the whole encircled by a common ditch. Then, as the
mound stood on the edge of the inner ward, so the
mound and inner ward together stood on the edge of
the outer ward, which covered them to the south and
east, and included an area strong indeed, but which
required a considerable garrison to defend it. The
outermost and partial ditcn, as well as the middle ward,
were probably later works.

The Norman who first took possession of these for-
midable works evidently laid his additions upon the

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Google

106 WIGMORE.

English lines, either he or his successor superseding the
timber palisades by walls of masonry. Upon the sum-
mit of the mound he built, as the foundations still
shew, a circular or polygonal tower as a keep. Frona
thence a curtain-wall sprang from its opposite sides and
encircled the small eastern area, forming the inner
ward. The wall was so placed that it became a revet-
ment to the old bank, which thus took a place as a sort
of ramp within the area. The apex of the area., that is,
the end opposite to the mound, was capped by what
appears to have been a round tower, of which only a
heap of ruin remains. North of this, the curtain, which
was the outer wall, is stiU seen to be of considerable
strength. What remains is about 6 ft. thick and 30 ft.
high, and is strengthened outside by a square mural
buttress or bastion. To the south a large window-
opening and some cross- walls indicate a domestic build-
ing. At the south-west angle, next to the mound, is a
fragment of a lofty tower containing a well-stair. This
marks the junction of one end of the outer curtain with
the wall of the inner ward, as the ruined round tower
does of its other end. Near this, in the south wall,
much choked with rubbish, is an opening with a low,
pointed arch, once the gateway between the inner and
the outer ward, and which, combined with various indi-
cations to be observed in the remaining fragments of
the curtain and its tower, shews that, whatever may
have been the Norman defences of this ward, they were
removed and replaced by what is now seen in the Deco-
rated period.

The tower, of which a tall fragment remains on the
south-western side of the inner ward, marks the point
of Junction between the wall of that ward, the keep,
and the wall of the outer ward. This latter wall, de-
scending the steep natural slope, protects the inner
ward gate from the west, and shews what appears to
have been a postern, and beyond it a rectangular mural
tower of bold projection, and marked outside by a bold
cordon above its base. This is evidently an original
Norman tower. Beyond it, being the southern wall of

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WIGMORE. 107

the ward, the Norman work is distinctly seen. The
wall was in process of heing rebuilt, and its imperfect
junction with the new work is apparent Of this later
date is a ciirions large rectangular building, on the wall,
of bold projection, and divided by a cross-wall into an
eastern and a western chamber. It was of two floors,
and below them a basement which has been vaulted
over and fitted with exterior steps and doorways in the
Perpendicular period. The building itself is early and
excellent Decorated, as shewn especially by the form and
detail of a pair of two-light windows. From this tower
the curtain, of the same date, extends to the great gate-
house which is to the south-east. This is much broken.
It is rectangular, with a portal-vault below and two
chambers above ; one for the working of the outer, and
one for that of the inner portcullis. The rib of the cen-
tral portal remains, with a drop-arch and a square port-
cullis groove. In the inner chamber is seen part of a
large fireplace with a good Decorated hood. Only one
portal-arch remains, but from its position it is pretty-
dear that there were three. The archway is mucn
choked with rubbish. From the great gate-house thecur-
tain curves sharply towards the north, enclosing the east
face of the ward. Upon it is a bold half-round tower,
of which the lower part, well seen from the ditch, and
probably soUd, is very perfect It rises only to the
level of the ward. Thence the curtain turns the north-
east comer of the ward to the remains of a polygonal
tower, or more probably a square tower with the angles
boldly chattnfered ; and from this it ascended the slope
so as to join the inner ward at its north-east angle,
where the traces have been mentioned of a large and
probably round tower ; and thus is completed tne cir-
cuit of the outer ward.

The middle ward is less easily traced. It seems to
have been concentric with the outer ward ; like it,
appended to the south-east face of the inner ward, but
of much smaller area, and much of that area occupied
by the steep hill-side.

The most considerable remains of its wall are towards

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108 WIOMORE.

the south-east, and it probably had, on this side, a
ditch of its own. The hall and other of the domestic
buildings seem to have stood here, on the level part,
judging from the very rude outline of the foundations.

Besides these defences, along the east front of the
works of the outer ward is a second ditch, carried across
the ridge, here very low. Between the two ditehes is
a platform of no great breadth, the rear of which forms
the counterscarp of the outer ward ditch, while the
front is scarped into three solid, half-round bastions of
earth, the outline of which is followed by the coimter-
scarp of the outer ditch. The figure of this earthwork
and the freshness of the cutting shew that the whole
is a late addition, probably by the latter Mortimers, to
cover the foot of the outer wall, and, no doubt, strongly
palisaded. Again, in advance about a hundred yards on
this front, and lower down the hill, a deep ditch has
been cut across the ridge, and its contents thrown in-
wards as a high and steep bank. Again, in advance of
this line of defence, the hill, for sixty or seventy yards,
is scarred with other earthworks of an uncertain and
subordinate character and purpose, but evidently old.

A good deal of masonry remains standing in various
parts of the Castle area, and, no doubt, the main found-
ations of the whole fortress could, with a little labour,
be exposed. Although most of this masonry is of Deco-
rated date, there is evidence that a good deal of it is
buUt upon the Norman outlines; and probably, if search
were made, a good deal of buried Norman work would
be exposed ; and it woidd be shewn, as indeed it now
is, to some extent, that the Norman castle covered
pretty much the area of the present works.

With the exception of the Norman tower and wall
above mentioned, the masonry above ground seems of
Decorated date and of excellent character. Enough re-
mains to shew, that with the slight exceptions already
mentioned, the whole castle was rebuilt in the Decorated

?eriod in the earlier part of the fourteenth century,
he work is of a very substantial character, and the
appearance of the castle when complete, with its large

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WIGMORE. 109

enceinte, deep ditches, and lofty inner ward and keep,
must have been grand. The main approach lay fix)m
the east. The road branched off from the Watling
Street and was carried along the south side of the ridge,
between the high groimd and the brook, on a sort of
shelf commanded by the works along the ridge.

It is evident that the earliest fortress was confined to
the mound and the small area immediately attached to
it, but that the defences of the outer area were speedily
added to provide space for flocks, herds, and herdsmen,
and a sufficient garrison. The defences, in so thickly *
wooded a cpimtry, would probably be of timber.

Whether the earUest Norman Lord erected works in
masonry is doubtful; probably not. Probably these
were added by his successor at the end of the eleventh
or early in the twelfth century. So protected it must
have been very nearly impre^able. The walls of the
keep and inner ward were qmte out of the reach of any
catapult, ram, or temporary wooden tower, owing to the
steepness of the ground outside. Probably dso the
wet character of the low ground to the north and south
would effectually cover those fronts, as the ravine would
the west front. To the east the ground was firm and
the country around open, but here the artificer's de-
fences were multiplied.

The parish church was no doubt built by the Morti-
mers, tnough it contains no record of them either in
tombs, arms, or inscriptions. It is of large size, and
much of the north wall of the nave at its west end is
of herringbone masonry, and an unusually extensive
example of it. The opposite or south wall, though faced
inside and out with modem plaster, exhibits, mgh up,
a Norman loop, and is evidently of the same, rather
early Norman date. It is curious that a rural church
of the Norman period should have been laid out with
walls so high and a span so considerable. Possibly this
was intended for the seat of the religious house which
Ralph, the first Mortimer, founded oefore his death,
and which was known as Wigmore Abbey.

G. T. C.

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THE MONUMENT OF KING PABO AT LLANBABO
CHUECH, ANGLESEY.

The little Church of Llanbabo is situate about two and
a half miles distant, south-west of the Rhos Goch rail-
way station on the Anglesey Central Railway from
Gaerwen Junction to Amlwch. In the fields by the
sides of the road are two meini hirion, or sepulchral
pillar stones. One of these is three feet eight inches in
height, one foot wide, and four inches and a half thick.
The other is six feet five inches in height, one foot thick,
two feet nine inches in width at the base, and seven
inches wide at the top, and very irregular in shape.
These sepulchral memorial stones abound in Anglesey,
many are noticed in the Ordnance map, many are not.
Having passed these we reach the Church of Llanbabo.
This is a lowly and impretending structure of one pace
only, without external division between chancel and
nave. The roof is divided by principals into five bays.
At the west end is a primitive rude bell-cot for one
beU. The church is a structure of the fourteenth cen-
tury, built evidently on the site of a more ancient
church, indications of which may be observed in Nor-
man mouldings, and sculptured Leads embedded in the
wall over the south door. In the north wall of the
chancel is a low side window, formerly used by the
friars who traversed the country for " utter confession."
The east window is late Decorated, with flowing tracery
in the head, and a hood moulding over. The font is
rude, plain, and circular, on a low base, and is only six
inches in depth.

Set upright against the south wall of the nave, near
the south door, is the sepulchral eflSgy, partly incised
and partly in very low and flat relief, of a king. The
stone on which this eflSigy appears is five feet ten inches
in length, two feet six mches in width, and six inches

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MONUMENT OF KING PABO. Ill

in thickness. It is of a slaty or schistous kind. The
head of the effigy is crowned with a simple circlet, sur-
mounted by three JleurS'de-Us, the hair of the head is
wavy, and the chin bearded. In the left hand a sceptre
is held. The regal habiliments consist of a tunic worked
in numerous parallel folds, belted round the waist, the
end of the belt hanging down in front to the feet. The
tunic has pocket-hole openings at the side. Over the
tunic is worn the regal pallium or mantle. The neck
is bare. The head appears within an ogee-shaped arch
foliated. The inscription, in Longobardic letters, is im-
perfect.

This monument is commemorative of an ancient Bri-
tish Prince, Pabo Post Prydain, who is said to have
flourished in the middle of the fifth century. An ac-
count of its discovery appears in the second volume of
the Cambrian Register, as follows, in a letter from
Mr. Lewis Morris to Mr. Carte, in which the former
writes : — " There was an ancient tradition in the parish
of Llanbabo, in Anglesey, that Pabo with his son and
daughter were buried in that churchyard, opposite to
certain faces that were carved in the wall, and to be
seen at this day. In King Charles the Second s time
or thereabouts (as I was informed) the sexton happen-
ing to dig a grave against one of the carved faces, at
about six or seven feet deep, found a flat grave-stone,
one comer of which he picked and demolished a few
letters, before he knew what it was ; the stone was
then removed into the quire, where it hath remained
ever since, and of which I have a copy among my papers.
It hath on it the figure of a man in long robes, with a
coronet on his head and a sceptre in his hand, with a
long beard and a Latin inscription neatly cut basso-re-
lievo-wise on one edge of the stone in these very letters
that you call Saxon, Hie Jacet Pabo, etc. I copied it
with my own hands, but I have not the inscription by
nie, I do not remember it at alL"

Of the inscription, now much defaced, the words
Post Pryd are most visible. From the absence of the

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112 MONUMENT OP KING PABO.

hood about the neck and shoulders, this effigy is evi-
dently anterior to the reign of Richard II, and tnay
fairly be ascribed to the reign of Edward III, or about
the middle of the fourteenth century. As the church
was then rebuilt, this appears to have been at the same
time sculptured as commemorative of a piince supposed
to be there buried, who it was believedf flourished nine
centuries before.

A rude woodcut of this effigy aOT)ears in Smith and
Meyrick's Ancient Costume of the jBritish Isles. A rude
engraving of it is given in the second edition of Row-
lands' Mona Antiqua, and if my memoir fails not, a
more correct delineation illustrates one of the volumes
of the Journal of the Cambrian ArchsBological Associ-
ation.^

This is not the only monumental effigy of a monarch
executed centuries after his decease. The brass demi-
effigy of a king in Wimbome Minster commemorative
of Ethelred, one of the Saxon kings, who died a.d. 871,
is a work of the fifteenth century, the inscription, on a
brass plate beneath, of the seventeenth century.

In Gloucester Cathedral is the commemorative effi^,
on and under a canopied tomb, of Osric, King of North-
umbria, who died a.d. 729, the details of whose dress
evince it to have been executed in the reign of Henry
VIII, or early in the sixteenth century.

The sculptor who designed and executed this monu-
mental record at Llanbabo appears also to have sculp-
tured that in Llaniestyn Church, near Beaumaris, com-
memorative of St. lestyn, my notes on which I will for-
ward for insertionr

Matthew Holbechb Bloxam.

Rugby.

^ The engraving alluded to is reproduced to accompany this paper.
— Ed. Arch, Camb.

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113

STUDIES IN CYMRIC PHILOLOGY.

BY PEOFESSOE E. W. EVANS, M.A.,

CORNXLL UNIYKB8ITT, ITHACA, NBW TOBK.

NO. III.

In preparing the series of philological notes of which
this paper is a continuation, it is not my plan to arrange
them methodically, or according to connection of sub-
ject, but rather to discuss each question as it occurs, or
whenever sufl&cient data for its discussion have been
found.

XXI. In the earUest examples of Welsh writing, there
is a remarkable fluctuation, m many words, between o,
6, and i. This I venture to explain by saying that in
the early unsettled orthography, each of these letters,
besides its usual sound as in Latin, was made to repre-
sent a soimd for which the Latin alphabet had no dis-
tinctive character ; I mean the neutral vowel either
pure or in some of its modifications, in other words,
something of the class known as obscure vowels. In
support of this view I observe that from some time in
the thirteenth century on we find y regularly replacing
o, e, and i in these cases of fluctuation, and that it is in
precisely these cases that y has its obscure sound in
modern Welsh.

In the Oxford and Cambridge Glosses i occurs most
frequently in the places now occupied by the obscure y,
though there are many examples of e and o. In the
Luxemburg Glosses o is generally found in such places.
In the Venedotian Laws e decidedly predominates. In
the Black Book of Carmarthen i predominates in some
pieces and y in others.

Examples : hodin in the glosses, hedin in the Laws
(104), hitin in the Black Book (55), now hyddin, army;
do- and di- in the glosses, de-, rarely do-, in the Laws

4th 8BB., YOL. Y. B

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114 STUDIES IN CYMRIC PHILOLOGY.

(2,124), di' and dy- in the Bldch Book (10), no-w^ c?y,
synonymous with Latin ad ; con- and cen- in the glosses,
ken in the Laws (36), cin- and cyn- in the Black Booh
(4), now ciyn-, equivalent to Latin con; Ougen and j&t^-
gr^m in Chronicum Camhriae (x and 9), Owein in the
5?aci Book (49), later rw;ain, Owen ; Broceniauc and
Bricheniauc in Chron. Camb. (13, 16,), Brecheniauc in
Annates Camhriae (32), now Brychemiog, Brecknock ;
Cinan in Chron. Camb. (12), Kenan and Conanus in
^nn. Camh. (12, 32), later Cynan, a personal name ;
Rodarcus in F{^a Merlini, lietherc in the Laws (104,)
Ryderch and Ritech (leg. Riterch) in the Black Book
(19, 21), modem Rhydderch; etc. This fluctuation be-
tween 0, e, and i (rarely a or w) can be illustrated at
indefinite length, being in fact co-extensive with the
prevalence of the obscure y in later orthography.

In modem Welsh y has two sounds. In final sylla-
bles, in most monosyllables, and in the dipthong v)y,it has
a slender sound like that of English t in Aim, not quite
so slender as the Welsh i is sometimes heard. In other
situations, with few exceptions, it has an obscure sound.
This, as heard in most parts of Wales, is simply the
neutral vowel ; but in some districts it does not diflfer
widely from the slender y, and yet may be said to ap-
proximate to the neutral vowel. Some have discarded
the obscure sound of y, and held that it ia of very recent
origin ; but this is an egregious error.

The distinguished Edward Lluyd carefully dotted the
y in all those cases where it now nas the obscure sound;
and that it was the neutral vowel nearly two centuries
ago appears from his statement that y when dotted was
to be pronounced " as the English i in the words third,
bird; o in honey, mo7iey ; u in muci, musf {Arch.
Brit. 2).

In middle Welsh y had two sounds as now. One
was a slender sound, for as such it attenuated a pre-
ceding a ; thus gelyn, enemy, from gal ; gwledvd, i e.
ffwleaydd, countries, from gwlad ; etc. The other was
an obscure sound, which obtained even in final sylla-

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STUDIES IN CYMRIC PHILOLOGY. 115

bles in cases where it is now suppressed in orthography,
thus gwaladyvy ruler, modem gwaladr; trwyadyl,
sprightly, modern trwyadl {Ilerg. 230). These words,
and others of like endings, are derivatives ; hence if y
had been slender here it would, by a law of umlaut in
Welsh, have attenuated the preceding a. It must be
the neutral vowel, or somethmg closely approximating
to it, that y represents in such middle Welsh examples
as aryf for arf, arm, dyragon for dragon, dragon {Myv.
i, 161), and haryflwyt for barflmyd, gray-bearded (ffergr.
244). In verse ai^is a monosyllable, haryflwyt a dis-
syllable, etc. ; the y in such cases being simply inserted
to mark the quasi syllabification arising from the im-
perfect joining of two consonants, as it in English we
should sometimes find chasum written for chasm. In
such cases the neutral vowel, very short, is what we
naturally hear. Again, in Codex B of Brut Gr. ab Ar-
thur, which bears marks of the Demetian dialect, we
find such spellings as gyireu for geireu {My v. ii, 258),
dryigeu for dreigeu (262), kyissaw for keissaw (271),
anyirtf for aneirif {334), etc. This singular diphthong,
yt, is explained by the fact that in some parts of Soutn
Wales, at least, the ei in these words is still pronounced
as if e represented the neutral vowel.

Add these indications to those before seen in the
earlier orthography, and I think a high antiquity will
be considered as fairly established for the neutral vowel
in Welsh. In the oldest copy of the Laws the second-
ary office of representing it, as before stated, was as-
signed to e ; but the slender y was already in use. This
distinction of y and e coincided everjrwhere so exactly
with the modem distinction between the two sounds of
y, as to afford one of the most striking illustrations of
the slownesswith which the Welsh language has changed
for the last seven hundred years. Thus tredyd (60),
third ; hyd (286), hart, plural hedhod (38) ; e dyn (50),
the man, plural denyon (18); en llys (10), in the palace ;
etc.

XXII, In the glosses we find mogou^ i. e. mongou, mo-

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116 STUDIES IN CYMRIC PHILOLOGY.

dem myngau, plural of mwng, mane ; also Uchou (in-
correctly printed laichou in the first edition of Zeuss),
modem Uychau, plural of llwch, lake {luch, in Steven-
son's NennitiSy referred to the tenth century) ; also ere-
man, modem cryman, reaping-hook, from crwm, bent.
Here we see the obscure o, i, and c replaced by the later
y obscure ; and it becomes apparent that in old Welsh,
as now, the umlaut of u {w) was an obscure vowel, at
least in cases where the first vowel of the added syllable
was not slender.

XXIII. The ingenious author of the Literature of tJie
Kymry has unaccountably fallen into the error (453) of
supposing that dd, as a sign for the infected d soimd,
was not in use before it was adopted by Dr. Davies, or
until after 1620. By this error, which amounts to more
than 200 years, he has widely misled himself and others
in judging of the antiquity of certain MSS. As autho-
rity for his statement he refers to Lluyd; but in justice
to Lluyd it should be noted that what he does say
{Arch, Brit, 227) is that *' dd was introduced to ex-
press this sound about the year 1400." In feet it had
begun to be used somewhat earUer ; for it appears in
the Record of Carnarvon, which is authoritatively re-
ferred to the fourteenth century (Z. 139).

XXIV. In Codex A of the Laws dh is not unfrequently
used for th, and sometimes also, as if by a confusion of
the two sounds, for what is now dd. But as a distinc-
tive character for the latter sound dh does not appear
to have been regularly used till modem times. William
Salesbury in 1567 expressed a regret that it had not
been adopted in preference to dd. Lluyd tells us that
" in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, Dr. J. D. Rhys, Dr.
D. Powel, and others used dh, which was afterwards re-
jected by Dr. Davies and dd restored.''

The supposed examples of this use of dh cited by
Zeuss from the printed edition of the Mahinogion (with
a query as to whether they are to be found in the MSS.)
are aU deceptive. They are nodho, rodho, rodhom,
rydhaUy rydhaa, rydhaf rydhaer. In every one of

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STUDIES IN CYMRIC PHILOLOGY. ] 17

these examples the h was intended by the scribe to be

f)ronounced separately from the d. The first three be-
ong to the present subjunctive, which in middle Welsh,
very commonly inserts h before the terminations (Z.
512); thus nodho, i, e. nodd-ho, modern noddo. The
remaining four are parts of the same derivative verb
in -du, and all verbs of this class often insert h before
the final a of the stem.

XXV. In the earhest Welsh MSS. u (or v) represents
two vowel sounds. One was the sound of the modern
English 00. To distinguish this a v, modified so as to
resemble the figure 6, was introduced in the latter half
of the thirteenth century, and this afterwards gave

flace to w. To express the other sound, u was retained,
t was probably the sound of the modern French u. It
came generally from primitive 5 or u; thus dydd sulj
dies solis, dydd llun, dies lunae. In modem Welsh it
does not difler from the slender y; but it would be con-
trary to the evidence to assume, as some have done,
that the same thing was true in middle Welsh. For
example, punt and hynt now rhyme perfectly ; but the
mediaBval poets carefully kept y and u separate in their
rhymes. Moreover y, as representing a slender sound
closely approaching i, regularly attenuated a preceding
radical a, but u did not produce this effect ; thus idchus,
healthful, iechyd, health, both from iachy healthy.

XXVI. Dr. Owen Pughe says we sometimes find -i in
early writers as a termination of the third peraon sin-
gular, present (or future) indicative active. I have not
found it. But of -i for the usual -ei (modem -ai) of
the imperfect, I have found evident examples. Thus
in the Gododin {B. An. 63), Ni nodi nac ysgeth nac
ysgwyty nor spear nor shield availed ; in Gwalchmai
{Myp. i, 198), Amserym cert efcanvn Da/yd, tlciewhUe
he loved me I loved David ; in Gwynfarda Brycheiniog,
a poet of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (ib. 272),

Wynepclawr, ditawr, dim ni weli,
Pefychwys, tremwys, drwy not Dewi.

Blank-faced, dispirited, he nothing saw.

He brightened, he had his sight, by the will of Dewi.

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118 STUDIES IN CYMRIC PHILOLOGY.

This 'i (which, by the way, is not given in Zeuss) na-
turally associates itself with the plural terminations,
-m, 'ich, 'inty of this tense, often seen in the early poets
instead of -e^M, -ecA, -enL

xxvii. In the second edition of Zeuss an attempt is
made to construe nodi, in the line just quoted from the
Gododin, as infinitive. The passage is ftirther compli-
cated by connecting it in construction with the next
two lines, which really form an independent sentence.
They are as follows :

Nj elHr anet ly vaethpwyt
Rac ergyt catvannan catwyt.

In vaethpwyt we have an example of the provection
of the mediae after strong consonants, which I pointed
out in Art. xi, pwyt being for hwyty food. Caiwyt is
not the perfect passive, as it has been rendered, but
another form of tne infinitive of catw (modem cadw, to
keep, to defend), after the analogy of dywedyd, dychwe-
lyd, etc. I find many instances where catwyt, or cad^
wyd, is unquestionably used as infinitive ; taJce the fol-
lowing from Einion Wan {Myv. i, 335), a poet of
the firat half of the thirteenth century : roi e wann yw
e annwyty a rac poh cadam catmyt, it is his nature to
give to the weak, and to defend him against every one
that is strong. This being premised, the construction
of the above somewhat vexed passage becomes perfectly
simple and idiomatic : ni ellir cadw annedd rhy tnieth-
vwyd rhag ergyd catvannan ; it is not possible to de-
feud a too festive house from the blow of catvannan.

I have left catvannan here untranslated, because its
meaning is hardly settled. The word occurs three times
in the Gododin, but is found nowhere else. In some of
the MSS. it is written, in each case, catvannan or cad^
fannau, as if it were the plural of cad/an : but this
word also is imknown elsewhere, except as a personal
name. It is usually defined as ''warrior," while cat-
vannan has been rendered "warlike tumult.'' But
without the initial infection should we not have cat
Mannan and cat Mannaw? Now Manann was the

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STUDIES IN CYMRIC PHILOLOGY. 119

Gaelic and Manaw the Welsh name for a district at or
near which the battle of Catraeth here described was
fought,, as well shown by Skene. It is the Manau
Gtwtodin (Manaw Gododin) of Nennius. I think, there-
fore, we should translate thus : * it is not possible to
defend a too festive house from the blow of the host of
Manann (or Manaw).'

I know that cad usually means battle ; but, like the
Irish cathy it also sometimes means, in the earliest
Welsh, a host or array ; thus in the Gododin : gwijr a
aeth Gatraeth yg cat yg gawr^ men went to Catraeth in
array and with shouts.

xxviiL It has been assumed that in the Latin nona
hora, ninth hour (the designation of the hour ending
near the middle of the afternoon), we have the originals
of the two Welsh words awr, hour, and nawn, after-
noon. But this would be contrary to historical laws ;
for primitive o passed into Welsh u, and on the other
hand Welsh aw came generally from primitive a, some-
times from av. The Welsh form aiur {aur in an old
Welsh gloss) and the Cornish form er together point
distinctly to ar as the ancient British form of this
word.

As to naivriy it suggests the Sanskrit navan, nine.
Dr. Aufrecht is said to have inferred that Welsh naw,
nine, like its Sanskrit equivalent, must have ended in n
from the fact that it often nasalises the initial of the
word following it. Do we not see this earlier Welsh form
still preserved in narvn ? This will explain the anomal-
ous Armoric naontek, nineteen. The Welsh prydnavm,
afternoon-time, would thus mean, primarily, * the time,
or hour, of nine.' No doubt the Britons borrowed this
mode of reckoning the hours from the Romans ; but in
doing so they would naturally use their own numerals.

We have an analogous case in dawn, gift, which is
not from the Latin donum, for this should have given
us dun, but indicates an original dan, with which we
are to compare Irish dan, gift, and Sanskrit dan, gift.

XX [X. The Welsh have an historical tradition that

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120 STUDIES IN CYMRIC PHILOLOGY.

the original British name of Pelagius, that by which
his adopted Latin name was suggested, was a word
signifying ' sea-bom/ and that, in fact, the name was
Morgan. In this precise form the legend involves an
inconsistency, which I wonder the acute Price, in writ-
ing his History of Wales, did not see and point out.
The old Welsh form of Morgan was Morcant {C/iron.
Camh. 8), which could not mean ' sea-bom.' But if we
search among the known old Welsh names for one
which admits of this meaning, we shall find it in Mor-
gen. Now Morgen, in the transition to middle Welsh,
not later than the eleventh century, would become dis-
guised as Morten. If, then, we can find in early wri-
ters a Morien commemorated whose history may be
shown to conform, in distinctive points, to that of Pe-
lagius, we shall have a remarkable proof of the anti-
quity of the tradition ; for it must ascend to the period
when Morien was Morgen, and suggested the meaning
seorborn. Such proof is not wanting.

In a chronicle attributed to Caradoc of Llancarvan,
published among the lolo MSS., we are informed, under
the date 380, that " about this period, Morien, the son
of Argad the bard, flourished," that " the delusion of
Morien {hud Morien) constituted one of the three ruin-
ous delusions of the Island of Britain," and that through
it " baptism and sacrifice ceased in Britain, where tne
whole population became unbaptised Jews." The reader
of ecclesiastical history will see some exaggeration here,
but he will hardly question that the " delusion of Mo-
rien" was the Pelagian heresy, especially after reading,
a httle further on, the following conclusive statement :
** In 425 St. Germanus came firom Graul, with St. Lupus,
to Britain, to renew baptism, sacrifice, and a right be-
lief in Christianity, which had fallen into decay." It
will be remembered that Germanus and Lupus were
sent to Britain, by the bishops of Gaul, for the express
purpose of resisting the Pelagian heresy, which had
grown up in its interval, firom 380 to 425.

XXX. The nasal infection of t after n, as in hanner

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STUDIES IN CYMRIC PHILOLOGY. 121

for hanter, half, including also the simple disappearance
of final t after n, as in gaii for canty with, took place
chiefly in the transition from old to middle Welsh. In
some points this change went on further, but in others
it was arrested in the twelfth century, and notably in
the verb-endings -int (or -y7it) and -ant In the unques-
tioned productions of the twelfth and later centuries we
very seldom find -^n for -int or -an for ant ; but in a
considerable portion of the Uterature for which a higher
antiquity is claimed these contractions are quite com-
mon. It is also in the Gododin ; and at first view this
would seem to show that its composition, or that of
some portions of it, could not be referred with much
probabiUty to a more remote period than the eleventh
century. But on examining the examples in their con-
nections I find evidence leading to the opposite conclu-
sion.

I find that in all the cases where verbs with these
contracted terminations occur at the end of lines, seven-
teen cases in all, they ai'e made to rhyme with one an-
other or with other parts of speech in which final t after
n has likewise disappeared. I find that -an and -in (or
-yn), where they are neither verb-endings nor contrac-
tions, occur at the end of lines over one hundred and
twenty times. Now, where the number is so large,
why should not an occasional verb in -an' or -tn' be
found rhyming with them ? The natural conclusion is
that the poem was composed when -in for -int and -an
for -ant were yet uncommon if not unknown, that where
these contractions occur in it they are due to the hands
of scribes who copied after this kind of nasal infection
had become popular, that is, in the eleventh century.

It is necessary to examine two particular examples
which may at first sight look doubtful

One stanza of the Gododin, numbered Lxxxii by the
translator in Skene, begins thus : —

Ef gwrthodes tres tra gwyar llynn,
Ef Qadei val deur dull ny techjn.

He repelled attack over a pool of blood,
He smote like a hero such as yielded not.

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122 STUDIES IN CYMRIC PHILOLOGY.

Here a verb in -m* rhymes with the substantive llynn.
Now if among so very large a number of examples in
point we should find one real exception; it would neces-
sarily show nothing more than what we knew before,
namely, that in old Welsh there were already certain
beginnings of the nasal infection. Really, however,
there is no exception. The earlier form of Uynn, pool,
liquid (though it is linn in Nennius) must have been
lint; compare Irish lind (Stokes' Irish Glosses, p. 58).
This conforms to the analogy by which Welsh plants
children, is Irish dandy tribe.

Two of the stanzas of the Gododin, numbered Lxxviii
and Lxxxix, are so much alike in every line except one,
that they must be considered as two versions of the
same original. The text of the former is in several
places corrupt, utterly so in the third line ; and I there-
fore give the other : —

Gneleys y dull o bentir a doyn,
Abertnach coelkerth a emdygyn ;
Gueleys y deu oc eu tre (re) ry gwydyn
O eir nwy thon ry godessyn ;
Gueleys y wyr tylluawr gan waur a doyn,
A phenn dyuynwal vrych, breiu ao knoyn.

In all the translations I have seen, the a doyn at the
end of the first line (rhyming with verbs in -yn') is con-
sidered a local name, Adoyn. But I think there can
be no reasonable doubt that it is simply a relative clause
for a doynt, * that came.' I translate as follows : —

I saw the array that came from Cantyre,

It was as victims for the sacrifice they brought themselves ;

I saw the two who fell apart from their tribe,

Who by the command of Necton had offended ;

I saw men with great wounds who had come with the mom,

And the head of Domhnal Brec — the ravens were biting it.

From the third line I cast out re, which seems to be
repeated, in later spelling, in the verbal particle ry
(here, as often, used with a relative force), and, indeed,
re does not appear in most of the MSS. In respect to
the use of tre (i. e. tref, Old Welsh treb) in the sense of
tribe, see, in the Book of Taliesin (206), the example

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CLUNGUNFORD TUMULUS. 123

dexidec trefyr Israel, the twelve tribes of Israel ; also
compare Irish treabh, tribe.

In the fifth line, y, after gueleys, is evidently the pro-
noun i.

Mr. Stokes accepts Price's identification of Dy vnwal
Vrych with Domhnal Brec, or, as the name was written
later, Donald Brec. I therefore wonder that, with his
quick eye for Northern localities, he does not discover
Uantyre {cenn tire), of which peninsula Domhnal Brec
was king, in the equivalent Welsh name Pentir, * head
of land,' seen, with initial infection, in the above stanza.
Instead of that he proceeds to locate " the height of
Adoyn,'* which he finds in a Dun or Down !

CLUNGUNFORD TUMULUS.

The tumulus at Clungunford, from which the frag-
ments of pottery exhibited at the Knighton meeting
were taken, is one of a group of which there is another
nearly perfect, and the remains apparently of one or
two more at Broadward, near to where the bronze relics
were found. From Clungunford, passing Broadward,
Buckton, and Walford, there are five of much the same
character remaining, at a varying distance of about a
mile from each other, in a line so straight that the cir-
cumstance is remarkable, and could scarcely have been
merely the result of accident. An explanation of this
circumstance has been given by Mr. Thomas Wright,
who is weU acquainted with this particular locality,
though I am aware that his views may not be accepted
by otner archaeologists on all points. He has no doubt
that the pottery found in the tumulus at Clungunford
is all Roman, and that it is similar to pottery from
Wroxeter in the Museum at Shrewsbury. To my in-
experience, on comparing some of these pieces, there is
a striking resemblance. He explains that " the Roman

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124 CLUNGUNFORD TUMULUS.

sepulchral tumuli are generally placed near a road, and
as the Roman roads usually ran in pretty straight lines
this easily explains how they are now found running
across the country in lines like those from Clungunfora
to Walford, those places having been probably two fords
on a Roman road." He believes " that the tumuli in
Shropshire are generally Roman," and that some of the

Eieces are no doubt fragments of sepulchral urns which
ave contained the ashes and bones from the funeral
f)yra That some of the other fragments appear to be-
ong to descriptions of pottery, of which we find frag-
ments at Wroxeter, and which he suspects to have been
of a manufacture peculiar to Shropshire, some of them
made from the Severn Valley clays." It must be ob-
served that this opinion of the pottery was given merely
from seeing drawmgs and a description, without having
seen the things themselves. The Roman road, so called
Watling Street, from Wroxeter southwards runs at a
distance of from a quarter to half a mile nearly parallel
with, but not precisely in the line of the tumuli from
Clungunford to Walford. At various other points in
its course it is also skirted by tumuli at about the same
distance from it as those between the above named
places. Nearer to Wroxeter this road meets another
ancient roadway, the Portway, running over the Long-
mjmd, which is also skirted by a number of tumuli.
Mr. Hartshome enumerates six in about as many miles.
About thirty-five or forty years ago, an exploration
was made of the Clungunford tumulus of wnich Mr.
Hartshome has given a detailed account in his Salopia
Antiqua, p. 102. The relics then found have not been
preserved. Since that time I have had occasion to re-
move portions of the same tumulus, the greater part of
which had been undisturbed in the previous explora-
tion, and have noted the appearance of the cuttings and
E reserved the fragments of pottery now exhibited,
drawings of some of these have been submitted to a
meeting of the British Archaeological Association (vide
ArcIiceologicalJournal, Dec. 31, 1863, vol. xix, p. 317).

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CLUNGUNFORD TUMULUS. 125

In my own excavations I observed the two strata of
wood ashes described by Mr. Hartshome, and the heap
of dark coloured mud towards the centre of the barrow
which, though disturbed in thejprevious excavation, had
not been entirely destroyed. The strata of ashes, one
about two feet above the general level of the field, and
the other four feet above the former, appear to run
through almost the entire width of the tumulus. The
strata of ashes vary in thickness from one or two to
seven inches in difierent parts, and are slightly irregu-
lar in level, composed of wood ashes or charcoal and
dark grey mud. The fire must have been of large area,
and the ashes appear to have been scraped up into a
heap in the centre of the tumulus, and covered up level
with the earth to the length of four feet, before tne se-
cond similar fire was kindled, afterwards the same pro-
cess repeated ; such was my impression. A section of
the tumulus shows distinct strata of different descrip-
tions of earth, as if it had been deposited at different
times. Between and above the two principal strata of
ashes, at various points, there are traces of smaller fires,
leaving a deposit of ashes and the earth imdemeath
burnt red. Some of these smaller strata are very irre-
gular in level On the south-west side of the tumulus
and about sixteen feet from the outer circumference and
on the lower stratum of ashes, was a sort of rude hearth
composed of a few flat stones, and from two to three
feet in diameter. On this hearth and extending be-
yond the stones had evidently been another fire. The
ashes were more plentiful and the earth beneath burnt
red to a greater depth. Near to this was found a large
stone which has the appearance of one half of a mortar
split in two. As the other half could not be discovered
it was supposed that it must have been broken before
it was placed in the tumulus. On the same side, ten
or twelve feet from the outside, and near the upper
stratum of ashes, but above it, was found the small
piece of bronze, a solitary specimen of this metal, which
appears to have been part of an armlet or some other

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126 CLUNGUNPORD TUMULUS.

personal ornament. It had rather an elaborate pattern,
much more distinct when first found, having since fallen
away in green oxide. Near the same spot an animal's
tooth, probably sheep's, and some bones, too much
perished to determine to what they belonged. Also
two teeth of horse or ox. Numerous fragments of pot-
tery, but fragments only, are found in the ashes. The
freater part of these are of grey clay, and appear to
ave been large mouthed vessels. There are others of
different colour and form, some ornamented and some
with a glaze upon them. Nothing like a perfect vessel
has been found, nor was there any appearance of any
ever having been deposited in a perfect state. The
broken pieces appear to have been scraped up with the
ashes in which they were most of them found. A bone,
in pretty good preservation, was found in the lower
stratum of ashes, but bones or traces of them were very
rare. Another hearth similar to the one above men-
tioned was found on the north side of the tumulus, about
sixteen feet from its edge in the upper stratimi of ashes.
This stratum had here become very thin, and nearly dis-
appeared, the earth under the hearth burnt red some
inches deep. It was covered with a thin layer of char-
coal above, with a deposit of dark grey mud, probably
animal matter. Several pieces of me usual grey pot-
tery were found and a small piece of either bone or
deer's horn. There were other traces of a similar sub-
stance in the same place.

In the accoimt given by Mr. Hartshome it is stated
that only pieces of rude " unbaked" or ** sunburnt" pot-
tery were discovered. These pieces now exhibitea at
Knighton appear to me to have undoubtedly aU been
burnt in the fire, though perhaps submitted to very
different degrees of heat, so that while some are hard
and glazed, others have rather the appearance of un-
bumt or sunburnt clay. Some of the pieces which
seemed burnt least, or not at all, I observed were those
which were blackened with smoke or soot, just as would
be the case in an ordinary brick kiln with the parts

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CLUNGUNFORD TUMULUS. 127

which had received the least firing. It is said {Prehis-
toric Times) of the pottery found in ancient British
tumuli, " The material of which they are formed is clay
mixed with pebbles, and some of them have been de-
scribed as ' sun-dried.' This is not the case with any
of those found by Mr. Batsman, who, indeed, considers
the statement to be altogether a mistake, arising from
the imperfect manner in which they were burnt. In
colour they are generally brown or burnt umber out-
side and black inside."

From the very unequal manner in which the difier-
ent urns, of which these are pieces, appear to have been
burnt, they could scarcely have been placed in any close
fire or oven. Perhaps while in a raw state placed in the
burning pyre of which they were to oontam the ashes.
There would then be a great difference in the degree of
heat to which the various pieces would be exposed, as
they might be nearer to tne inside or the outer edge
of the fire. On this point it is stated (Horce Ferales,
p. 46), "It is probable that fire was employed for this
purpose" (baking the urns), " but it is doubtftd whether
an oven was used. The urns generally appear to have
been very irregularly penetrated by fire, as though they
had been placed on tne open hearth, where the sides
were exposed to a very uneqiial degree of heat. Thus
the vessels of the bronze period are in the worst condi-
tion of any found, and have suffered most by time and
damp, consequenUy it is very difficult to lift them from
the graves without injuring them."

T. 0. ROCKE.

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128

ON MONUMENTAL EFFIGIES AT BETTWS Y COED
AND LLANRWST, NORTH WALES.

The little church of Bettws y Coed, close to the rail-
way station, contains one of those interesting sepulchral
effigies we sometimes meet with even in the smallest
churches. This effigy I made notes of last year, and a
few days ago, whikt staying at Llanrwst, I proceeded
to Bettws y Coed to re-examine this effigy and to cor-
rect my former notes.

It is placed under a plain pointed sepulchral arch in
the north wall of the chancel, the mouldings of which
arch, quarter roimd, clearly indicate it to be of the four-
teenth century. The effigy, which is recumbent, is that
of a knight or warrior clad in the defensive armour of
the fourteenth century, of a rare and peculiar descrip-
tion ; of the materials composing which little is known,
the armour being of that kind cSdled " studded."

The head of the effigy reposes on a tUting helmet worn
in tournaments, the crest on which, of a large size, is
that of a bird's head and beak. The head of the effigy
is protected by the basinet, the common head-piece or
helmet of the period ; on either side of the basmet is a
leaf of four foils. Attached by cordons within loops on
either side of the lower boraer of the basinet, is the
camail or tippet of mail of that description generally
known as rings set edgwise, the links of mail are very
perfect, five-eighths of an inch in diameter, the camail
or tippet of mail covers the chin and breast ; over the
upper lip is worn the moustache. The shoulders are
protected by epaulieres of overlapping plates, and gus-
setts of mail cover the armpits. In front of the shoul-
ders are roimdels of plate, three inches and a half in
diameter, each containmg a cinqfoiled rosette, like shaped
roundels appear at the bending of the elbows. The up-
per arms from the shoulders to the elbows are inclosed

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EFFIGIES AT BETTWS Y COED AND LLANRWST. 129

within defensive plates of armour called brassarts or
rerebraces, the elbows are protected by coudes, armour
80 called; the lower arms are incased within vambraces.
Both the rere and vambraces are studded with button-
like protuberances, three-eighths to half an inch in dia-
meter, four rows of which are apparent on the rerebraces.
Gauntlets protect the hands, which are conjoined on the
breast as in prayer, and between which a heart is held ;
the knuckles are covered with projecting plates. Over
the breastplate the short close-fitting surcoat called the
jupon is worn, the skirts of the jupon are bordered by
a row of oak leaves. The jupon is heraldically emblaz-
oned with a chevron and two oak leaves in chief. Round
the loins and encircling the jupon appears the bawdrick,
an ornamental belt of some width ; in front of the baw-
drick is a small angular shaped shield three inches and
a half in length by two and seven-eighths of an inch in
width, this bears a chevron and two oak leaves in relief
in chief. Over the upper part of the thighs and between
them, seemingly attacned to the breastplate and appear-
ing below the jupon is a skirt or apron of mail. Cuisses
cover the thighs and are covered with two horizontal
rows of studs, the genouQleres or knee-caps are also
studded ; these cover the front and outside of the knees
only, and are attached by means of straps. The front
ana exterior of the legs from the knees to the insteps
are protected by jambs, defensive armour so called,
studded in front. The jambs are attached to the legs
by five straps, the inner portions and calves of the legs
appear unprotected by defensive armour. The soUerets
which cover the feet are extremely curious, they con-
sist of laminae or overlapping plates cut vandyck-wise.
These laminae are studded, and the sollerets pointed at
the toes. The feet rest against a lion. Attached to
the ankles are rowelled spurs. The legs are represented
straight and not crossed. Suspended by a lace or cordon
from the bawdrick on the right side of the body is an
anelace or dagger sixteen kicnes and a half in length.
On the left side the sword, of which a small portion

4th skb., vol. v. 9

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130 MONUMENTAL EFTIGIES

only remains, appears to have been fastened to the
bawdrick. No shield appears to have been affixed to
the left arm. In raised letters along the front or south
verge of the slab on which the emgy reposes, is the
following inscription : — " Hie jacet Grufyd ap Davyd
Coch Agnus Dei misere me." The misere abbreviated
for miserere.

Sculptured eflSgies, like this, represented in studded
armour, are of extreme rarity, and at present I can but
call to mind two. One of these is a sculptured eflSgy
in the Abbey Church, Tewkesbury ; this is apparently
of the fourteenth century, and the peculiarity of this is
that the cuisses or armour covering the thighs are fluted
and studded.

The effigy of Sir Humphrey Littlebury in Holbeache
Church, Lincolnshire, represents him with his thighs
covered with cuisses sem^ with cinquefoil studa The
e&gy at Bettws y Coed is the most perfect sculptured
representation of this kind of defensive armour I have
met with. It sometimes appears on incised brasses,
but on these I do not dilate. Whether this armour
was composed of linen, cloth, or cuir houilliy leather,
the latter armour spoken of by Chaucer, covered with
circular plates or studs of metal, is doubtful Philip de
Comines tells us that the Dukes of Berry and Bretagne
were at their ease upon their hobbies, armed only with
gilt nails sewn upon satin that they might weigh the
less.

Amongst other monuments in the private Gwydir
Chapel, erected a.d. 1633, on the south side of the
church of Llanrwst, is the sculptured recumbent effigy
of a knight or armed warrior, removed hither from some
other church. This represents the person of whom it
is commemorative in a basinet or head piece, attached
to which is a camail or tippet of maU of rings set edge-
wise, the shoulders, arms, and hands are protected by
epaulieres, brassarts, coudes, vambraces, and gauntlets,
all of plate. In front of the armpits are rosettes of
plate. The body is protected by a breastplate and

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AT BETTWS Y COED AND LLA2CRWST. ] 31

placate, or additional breastplate, attached to the former,
with a skirt of traces, below which appears an apron of
mail Encircling the loins is a rich horizontal bawdrick
or belt. On the right side of the body are the remains
of an anelace or dagger ; on the left side by a diagonal
belt crossing from the right hip to the left thigh is af-
fixed a sword ; cuisses, genouilleres, jambs and solle-
rets, the latter of overlapping plates pointed at the toes,
protect the thighs, knees, legs, and feet, all these appear
composed of plate armour. The feet rest against a lion.
The head reposes on cushions, — the lowermost square,
the uppermost lozenge-shaped. Between the hands a
heart is held. On the verge of the slab on which the
effigy reposes is an inscription in raised letters, com-
mencing with the words " Hie jacit Howell", etc.; this
being the e&gy of Howel Coetmore ab Grufl^^dd Vychan
ab Dafydd, said to be the grandson of the above named
Gruffydd ab Dafydd Goch.

There is no peculiarity to notice in the armour of this
effigy, which is of a generation later than that at Bettws
y Coed, and may be attributed to the reign of Henry V,
whilst that at Bettws y Coed appears to be of the
latter part of the reign of Edward III.^

The church of Llanrwst contains a rich and interest-
ing rood-loft, said to have been removed thither from
the Abbey of Maenan on its suppression. The crest-
beams were then transposed, for that now placed on the
east side of the rood-loft at Llanrwst was originally
on the west side of the rood-loft. This is clearly indi-
cated by the morticed holes in the beam in which were
affixed the images of the crucified Redeemer, of St. Mary,
and of St. John.

Matthew Holbeche Bloxam.

Min J Don, Beaumaris : August 10, 1869.

^ See the drawing of this monument in Lloyd Williams and
Underwood's Village Churches of Denbighshire.

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132

niSTOEY OF THE LOEDSHIP OF MAELOE GYMEAEG

OE BEOMFIELD, THE LOEDSHIP OF lAL

OE YALE, AND CHIEKLAND,

IN THE PKINCIPAUTY OF POWYS FADOG.
(Continued from p. 41).

THE LORDSHIP OF MAELOR UCHAP, NOW CALLED MAELOR

GYMRAEG OR BROMFIELD, IN THE CANTREF OF

UWOHNANT.

As frequent reference will have to be made to this lord-
ship in the account hereafter to be given of the provinces
of lal and Edeymion, and as a survey of this lordship,
made by Norden in A.D. 1620, is now being published
among the original documents in the ArchcBologia
Carnhreiisis, I think it wiU be better to give a short
account of it before going on with the history of the
other provinces of the Principalitv of Powys Fadog.
The genealogies of those families who possessed estates
in the lordsmp previous to the year 1620, will be given,
with as full particulars as I have been able to acquire,
from the Harleian, Cae Cyriog, and Wynnstay MSS.,
in the parochial account of the province.

The lordship of Maelor Gymraeg contains sixteen
manors, subdivided into forty-one seignorial townships
or hamlets.

I. The manor of Rhiwfabon contains the townships
of Rhiwfabon, March wiail, and Tref y Rug or Rhwytyn.

IL The manor of Esclys or Esclusham contains the
townships of Esclys, Bers or Bersham, Brymbo, and
Cristionydd Cynwrig.

III. The manor of Dinhinlle contains the township of
Dinhinlle.

IV. The manor of Eglwysegl contains the townships
of Trefechan, Brochdyn or Broughton, Stansti Villa,
Acton, Mortyn uwch y Clawdd or Mortyii WaJlicorum,
and Eurddig or Erddig.

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YALE, AND CHIltKLAKD. 133

V. The manor of Fabrorum contains the townships of
Mortyn is y Clawdd or Mortyn Anglicorum,Tref Abynt,
or Tref y Bynt (now Abenbury Fecham), and Bedwal.

VI. The manor of Tref y Bynt contains the townships
of Abenbury, Eutyn or Eyton, Erbistog, and Sonlli.

VII. The manor of Is y Coed contains the townships
of Sytton, Dytton Diffaeth, Dytton y Brain, Cae
Gaedytton, Bwras Hwfa or Borasham Hwfa, Bwras
Ruffri (GruiFydd) or Borasham Ruffii, Gwrtjni, Beigh-
tyn, and Eurddlys, Erddlys, Erlys or Erlisham.

VIII. The manor of Wrexham Villa contains the town-
ships of Gwrecsam Fechan, and Gwrecsam Fawr. This
place was formerly called Caer Fantell, in A.D. 1291 it
was called by the English Wyrcesshamy and in 1294
Wryitisham}

IX. The manor of PiciU contains the manors of Picill
and Seswick.

X. The manor of Cobham contains the manors of
Cobham Almor, and Cobham is y Coed.

XL and xii. The manors of Hewlin^n and Hem.
A great part of these manors were sold to the Earl of
Bndgewater.

xin. The manor of Ridley was purchased by the said
earL

xiv. The manor of Mwyn y Clawdd or Mwynglawdd
(now called Minora) contains the township of Minora.

XV. The manor of Burton contains the townships of
Burton, Trefalun or Alunton, GwersyUt, and Y Groes-
ffordd or Gresford.

XVI. The manor and castle of Villa Leonum or Holt.
The lordship of Maelor Gymraeg contains the parishes

of Rhiwfabon, Marchwiail, Erbistog, Wrexham, Gres-
ford, Holt, and Capel Ffynnon Fair.

The parish of Ehiwfabon contains the twelve town-
ships of Coed Cristionydd, Cristionydd Cynwrig, Din-
hinlle Uchaf, Dinhinlle Isaf, Mortyn uwch y Clawdd
or Mortyn Wallicorum, Mortyn is y Clawdd or Mortyn
Anglicorum, Bodylltyn, Rhuddallt, Belan, Hafod, and
Tref Robert Llwyd.

' Willis' Saney of 8t. Asiq,h.

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134 THE LORDSHIPS OF BROMPIELD,

The district of Cristionydd contains about a third of
the whole parish, and is divided into Y Dref Fawr or
Cristionydd Cynwrig ; Y Dref Fechan or Cristionydd
Fechan, which is now called Dinhinlle Uchaf ; and Coed
Cristionydd.

About the beginning of the reign of James I
the lands in the parish of Rhiwfabon were held as
either freehold or copyhold, but in the reign of Charles
I, were made fee-farm. At that time most of the in-
habitants lived upon their own estates, which may thus
be certified and known. In a hundred years after-
wards many of these ancient estates were bought by
strangers.^ " So that all or most of the freeholders' land
in the said parish is gone into three or four hands, and
the ancient possessors are become tenants, and the pa-
rish is become poor, and for every twenty freeholders
who had a vote for Parliament in A.D. 1660, the parish
at this time, July 10,a.d. 1712, cannot find above two.*'*

There are two ancient camps in this parish, Y Gaer-
ddin and Caer Dinhinlle. Y Gaerddin contains about
four acres of ground, protected in some parts by one, in
others by two very strong aggers and fosses. The
lower agger is made of loose stones, with a wall of vast
thickness on the top. Within the area are many ves-
tiges of buildings, the habitations of those who occu-
pied the place. It lies in the township of Bodylltyn
and was given together with the manor and estate of
Ehiwfabon or Watstay by Prince Madog ab Gruffydd
Maelor to his second son Meredydd, Lord of Ehiwfabon.
A fierce battle was fought near this camp between

^ Mr. Richard Myddleton's family bought in Rhiwfabon parish, £
from several freeholders during tlie civil war, lands to the
amount of £4(iO ..... 400

Mr. Joshua Edisbury's family bought, from several freeholders

in the said parish, to the amount of £250 . < 250

^Ir. Ellis Lloyd, an attorney in Ludlow, bought lands in the
parish to the amount of £400, and as much and more in
other places ..... 400

Sir John Wynn of Wynnstay bought about . . 100

s Cae Cyriog MSS. £1150

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YALE, AND CHIRKLAND. 135

Owain CyfeiUog, who was Prince of Upper Powys from
A.D. 1148 to A.D. 1197, and the English; and the an-
cient Britons gained the victory, which gave rise to a
beautiful poem called Hirlas Owain, composed by the
prince himself.

The parish of March wiail contains the townships of
Sonlli and Is y Coed. The parish of Erbistog contains
the township of Erbistog in Maelor Gymraeg, and the
township of Maelor in Maelor Saesneg.

The parish of Wrexham contains the townships of
Wrexham Regis, Wrexham Abbot, Esclys or Esclu-
sham, Bers or Bersham, Birmbo, Mwynglawdd or Mi-
nera, Tref y Bynt or Abenbury, Stansti, Brochdyn or
Broughton, Acton, Gwrtyn, Beighton, and Bwras Hwfa
or Boresham Hwfa.

In A.D. 1200 Prince Mad og ab Gruffydd Maelor gave
certain lands in Wrexham, Boresham, and Acton to the
Cistercian monastery of Valle Crucis,which lands formed
the ecclesiastical manor of Wrexham Abbot, which was

S anted by Henry VIII to Sir William Pyckerynge,
nt, 29-30 Henry VIII, a.d. 1558-9, for a term of
twenty-one years. ^

The parish of Y Groesffordd or Gresford contains the
townships of Aylmer, Trefalun or Alunton, Burton, and
Llai,YGroesffordd,Gwersyllt,Eurddig orErddig, Eurlys,
or Erlys, and Bwras Ruffri or BorashamRuflB:i(GruflFydd),
in Maelor Gymraeg, and the manors of Horslli and
Merffordd in the lordship of Merflfordd. It had for-
merly two chapels of ease. Holt and Y Rhosedd.

The parish of Holt contains the town and liberties of
Holt, anciently called Villa Legionum, afterwards cor-
rupted into Leonum (of the Lions). Various Roman
antiquities have been discovered here. This parish con-
tains also the townships of Syttyn or Sutton, Ridley,
Dytton y Brain, Dytton Diffaeth, and Dytton Caca, or
Cae Gaedytton. The townships of ticill, Eyton,
Rhwytyn, and Seswich are in the parish of Bangor
is y Coed.

^ Exchequer Minislers' Accounts, 29th, 30th Henry VIII, No. 151,

111.7.

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136 TH£ LORDSHIPS OF BKOMFIELD,

Tlie churches of Rhiwfabon, Wrexham, Y Waun or
Chu-k, Llansanffraid Glyn Ceiriog, and Llandegla yn
lal were formerly chapels of ease to the mother church
of Llangollen, and continued to be so till A.D. 1274, as
we see by a mandate of the Abbot of Tal y Llychau di-
rected to the official of Dyffiryn Clwyd, and dated on the
Ides of March in that year.*

CYNWRIG AB RHIWALLON.

It was stated in the previous chapter that Tudor
Trevor gave the lordship of MaelorGymraeg to his third
son Dyngad, who was lord also of Yr Hob and Ystrad
Alun inCantref y Rhiw. He married Cecilia, daughter of
Severus ab Cadifor ab Gwenwynwyn, Prince of Buallt,
Maelienydd, Cydewain, and Elfael, who bore azure three
open crowns in pale argent, by whom he had a son and
successor, Rhiwallon, Baron or Lord of Maelor Gym-
raeg. He had lands in Maelor Saesneg and Whittmg-
ton, and mariied Letitia, daughter of Cadwaladr ab
Peredur Goch of Mon, and, dying in the nineteenth year
of the reign of Gruffydd ab Llewelyn, King of Powys
and Gwynedd, a.d. 1040, was succeeded by his eldest
son, Cynwrig ab Rhiwallon, Baron or Lord of Maelor
Gymraeff. In the history of the life of Gruffydd ab
Cynan this chieftain is called " Regulus Powisise," and
history further tells us that when Gruffydd ab Cynan
landed at the port of Abermenai in Gwynedd, when he
came with an army from Ireland to recover his king-
dom, he found that Trahaiam ab Caradog and Cyn-
^ Index to Lli^fr CocJi Asaph^ 81a.

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YALE, AND CHIRKLAND. 137

wrig ab Bhiwallon, "Regulus Powisiae/' had divided
Gwynedd between them, and ruled the kingdom in a
very tyrannical manner. Gruffydd marched with a large
army mto the Cantref of Meirion, where Trahaiam ab
Caradog was staying, and a bloody battle was fought at
Glyn Cyfyng (or Cyning), which is called Gwaederw, or
the Bloody Acre, even to this day. More than a thou-
sand fell on the side of Trahaiam, and he himself escaped
with difficulty after the battle with a few followers,
and Gruflpjrdd pursued him over moor and mountain till
he drove him out of his territory, but soon afterwards
Trahaiam again marched against Gruflfydd to avenge
the death of Cynwrig, who was related to him. Gwr-
geneu. King of Powys, the son of Seisyllt ab Ithel ab
Gwrystan ab Gwaethfoed, joined him with a large
army and attacked Gruflfydd, who was defeated in a
bloody battle fought at a place called Bron yr Erw, or
Erw yr AUt, after which he escaped desperately
wounded. By the assistance of Gwyn, Baron of Mon, he
reached Abermenai, where he was put on board a ship
and conveyed to Ireland. Gwrgeneu, King of Powys,
was slain in a.d. 1097 by Tudor, Lord of Chirk ; Eliair,
Lord of Eyton ; and Iddon, Lord of Dudleston, the
three sons of Rhys Sais.* Cynwrig had great pos-
sessions in Maelor Saesneg and Whittington. From
him' the township of Cristionydd Cynwrig takes its
name. He bore ermine a lion rampant sable^ armed
and langued gules, and was slain in battle against the
Saxons and Danes, who had invaded Maelor in a.d. 1073,
and was buried in Wrexham Church. The stone lid of
his coffin on which he was represented recumbent in
armour, with a lion rampant on his shield, and the in-
scription " Hie jacet Cynwrig ap Rhiwallon" round the
verge, was seen affixed to the churchyard wall at Wrex-
ham, by Mr. JohnErddig of Erddig.^ By his wife Judith,
daughterof Ifor Hen, Lord of Rhos, who bore argrenf a rose
gules, barbed and seeded ppr., he left issue besides a

^ Life of Graffydd ab Cynan, Arch, Camh., Jan. 1866.

« Cao Cyriog MSS. » Salosbury MSS. at Plas Madog.

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138 THE LORDSHIPS OP BROMPIELD,

daughter named Arddun, who married David, lord of
half part of Burgedin, Whittington, and Tre'r Main,
8ec5ond son (by his second consort Eva, daughter and
co-heiress of Bleddyn ab Ednowain Bendew) of Mere-
dydd ab Bleddyn, Prince of Powys, by whom she had
a son Ithel Goch of Burgedin, ancestor of the Rogerses
of that place ; twelve sons, I, Niniaw, of whom pre-
sently ; 2, Ednyfed, Lord of Brochdyn or Broughton,
who bore ermine, a lion statant gardant gtdes, armed
and langued azure. He was ancestor of the Brough-
tons of Broughton, and Plas Isaf in Marchwiail, Powels
of Alrhey and EUises of Alrhey, and John Wynn of
Bersham, son of David ab Howel ab leuan ab Gruff-
ydd ab Madog ab Ednyfed Goch of Bersham, whose
only daughter and heiress Anne, married John Puleston
of Plas y Mers in Bersham, who was living in a.d.
1588, the son of Robert Puleston of Plas y Mers, ab
Sir John Puleston of Plas y Mers, chamberlain of North
"Wales, constable of Carnarvon Castle, and high sheriff
fur Denbighshire in a.d. 1543, eldest son of John Pule-
ston of Plas y Mers and Hafod y Wern, ab John Pule-
ston ab Madog Puleston. John Puleston of Tir Mon,
the youngest son of John Puleston of Plas y Mers and
Hafod y Wern by his second wife Alice, aaughter of
Hugh Lewys, of Presaddfed in Tir Mon, had Hafod y
Wern, and was the ancestor of the Pulestons of that place,
3. Gruffydd. 4. Bleddyn, who was ancestor of Hugh
Jones of Bersham, who was living in a.d. 1640, son of
John ab John ab Edward ab David, eldest son of leuan
or John ab Jenkyn ab Llewelyn ab Ithel Goch.^ John
Roberts of Ty Cerryg in Rhiwfabon parish, ab Robert
ab leuan or John, ab Jenkyn ab Llewelyn ab Ithel
Goch. Edward Tudor of Bettws y Mers or Ty Bellot
in Bersham, which place is now called Plas Power in
Bersham. He was the son of John Tudor ab Tudor ab
leuan or John ab Jenkyn ab Llewelyn ab Ithel Goch.
5. Hoedliw of Cristionydd, who was ancestor of Gruff-

^ Ithel Goch was the son of Llewelyn ab Madog ab Einioa ab
Madog ab Bleddyn ab Cynwrig ab Rbiwallon.

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YALE, AND CHIBKLAND. 139

ydd ab David ab leuan of Cristionydd Cynwrig, and
Edward ab David ab leuan of Dinbran in Nanheudwy.
6, David, who was ancestor of Howel Lloyd of Llan-

furig in ArwystlL This Howel Lloyd, according to the
alusbury MSS., was the son of Philip ab Meredyddab
Madog Danwr, who served in the army of the Prince of
Powys, and for his services had a grant of Llangurig
for himself and his heirs, and an augmentation to his
arms (which were ermine, a lion rampant, sable), of a
plain border guhs, charged with eight mullets or.
Other authorities, however, state that he was the son
of Llewelyn ab Meredydd ab Madog Danwr, who served
in the armies of Gwenwynwyn, Prince of Upper Powys,
who conquered Arwystli in a.d. 1197, and gave the
whole parish of Llangurig together with extensive es-
tates in Llanidloes and other parts of Arwystli to Mad-
og Danwr, together with an augmentation to his arms
of a plain boraer gules charged with eight mullets ar-
gent, as a reward for his great services in the field of
battle. This Madog Danwr was the son of leuan ab
Meredydd ab Madog ab Gruffydd ab David ab Cyn-
wrig ab Rhiwallon, and through his descendant Howel
Lloyd was the ancestor of the Lloyds of Clochfaen in
the parish of Llangurig.^ 7. Hwfa. 8. Llewelyn, an-
cestor of David Bird or Bride, of Estwick, in the parish
of EUesmere, father of Philip Bird of Pentref Madog in
Dudleston, whose eldest daughter and heiress Marga-
ret, married James Eyton, son of John Eyton, second
son of William Eyton of Eyton Isaf, Esq. 9. Einion.
10. lorwerth. 11. Bletrws.

Niniaw, the eldest son of Cynwrig ab Rhiwallon,
married and had issue a son, leuaf ab Niniaw, who had
Llwyn On, Sonlli, Eutyn Uchaf, Y Fron Deg, Erddig,
Esclusham, Hafod y fewch, Hafod y Wem, Llwyn y
Cnotiau, Abenbury, and part of Rhiwlo. He mar-

1 Harl. MSS. 1977, p. 64; 1973, 2288, 2299, 4181. Add. MSS.
9864-5. Wyimstay MS. The history of Llangurig and the Cloch-
faen family, by Edward Hamer of Llanidloes, Esq., has been pub-
lished by the Powysland Club in the Montgomeryshire OoUedlotis.
The parish of Llangurig contains 49,604 acres.

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140 THE LORDSHIPS OP BROMFIELD,

ried Eva, daughter of Einion ab Howel ab leuaf, Lord
of Arwystli, who bore, accordmg to some heralds, ar-
gent, a lion rampant sable, crowned or, and according
to others, gxdeSy a lion rampant argenty crowned or, by
whom he had issue nine sons : — 1. lorwerth, of whom
presently. 2. Gruffydd of Bersham, whose eldest son
lorwerth ab Gruffydd of Bersham, bore gules, two lions
passant argent. He was ancestor of the Bershams of
Bersham, John ab William ab Madog Goch of YFronDeg
in the parish of Wrexham, and John Wynn ab Madog
Goch of Bersham, and Madog yr Athro, of Bersham,
who married Angharad, sole daughter and heiress
of Howel Grach of Bodylltyn, third son of Llewelyn
ab Gruffydd ab Cadwgan, Lord of Eyton, Erlishajn,
and Boresham, and who, in right of his wife, became
possessed of Plas Madog or Plas Madog Warwyn (as it
IS called by Lewys Dwnn) in Bodylltyn.^ 3. Einion of
SonlU and Ejrton Uchaf, ancestor of the Sontleys of
Sonlli,* the Eytons of Eyton Uchaf,' and Maes Gwaelod,
and Hugh Wynn ab John ab William of Bryn 0 wain. 4.
leuaf Fy chan. 6. A wr, who was ancestor of the Jeffreys
of Acton,* in the parish of Wrexham, and the Lloyds of
Plas Madog, now represented by the Chevalier Lloyd of
Clochfaen and of Plas Madog, K.S.G., which laat place

{)assed by mortgage in December 1857 to G. H. Whal-
ey, Esq., M.P. for Peterborough. Eobert ab William
of Trefnant likewise descended from Awr ab leuaf. 6.
Lly warch. 7. Howel, ancestor of Jenkyn ab leuan ab
David Lloyd. 8. Ednowain. 9. Madog, ancestor of

1 Cae CyrioK MSS. ; Harl. MSS. 2299 ; Salusbary MSS.

' Soulli Hall was sold to Simon Yorke of Erddig, Esq., aboat the
year 1800.

* Roger Eyton of Eyton Uchaf, Esq., who was living in A.D. 1587,
sold his lands to William Basnet, who bnilt a new honse, now called
" Plas Basnett."

^ Acton passed by the marriage of Elizabeth, eldest daughter and
heiress of Sir Gruffydd Jeffreys of Acton, with John Robinson of
Gwersyllt, Plas Cadwgan, and Pant yr Ochin, Esq., into the Robin-
son family. Acton and Pant yr Ochin were purchased from the
trustees of John Robinson by Ellis Young of Bryn lorcyn ; and in
1785 these estates were purchased from Mr. Young's trustees by
Sir Foster Cunliffb, Bart.

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YALE, AND CHIRKLAND. 141

Richard Tegin of Y Fron Deg, Sergeant at Anns, Ed-
ward Jones of Y Fron Deg, whose daughter and heiress
Janet married John Edwards of Stansti, Esq., Badys
of Stansti, and Plas jn y DelflP, in the parish of Ehiw-
fabon;^ John Roberts of Eschisham, a.d. 1600, and
his brother Richard Roberts of Dinhinlle Uchaf, the
sons of Robert ab Richard ab David ab Richard ab
lolyn ab leuan Foel ab Madog Goch ab Madog ab
leuaf ab Niniaw.

lorwerth, the eldest son of leuaf ab Niniaf, had
Llwyn On and extensive lands in Wrexham, Gresford,
March wiail. Holt, Erbistog, and Bangor is y Coed. He
married, first, Margaret, daughter of (^Tiwrig Fychan ab
Cynwrig ab Hoedliw of Cristionydd Cynwrig, by whom
he had issue : — 1. Gruflfydd of Llwyn On, who had
much land in March wiail, Bangor, and Erbistog. He
was the ancestor of the Jones-Parrys of Llwyn On
and Madryn Park, the Lloyds of Llwjni y Cnotiau,
Hugh Lloyd, the last heir male of this family, had an
elder daughter and coheiress named Margaret, who
married Hugh Puleston, son of Sir John Puleston of
Plas y Mers, who was chamberlain of North Wales, con-
stable of Carnarvon Castle, and high sheriff for Den-
bighshire in 1543, who died in 1551 ; John Roberts of
Abenbury, the Wynns of Gerwyn Fawr, and others in
Bedwel and Coed y Bynt. 2. lorwerth Fychan, who
had lands in Erddig Esclusham, Hafod y Wern, Hafod
y Bwch, and Cadwgan. He was the ancestor of the
Joneses of Croes Foel and Plas Cadwgan,^ Roberts of

^ Owain Bady, wbo was living in 1630, sold Plas y Delff to Sir
Thomas Myddleton Hen of Chirk Castle.

* Edward Jones of Plas Cadwgan, Esq., the last heir male of this
family, was high sheriff for Denbij^hshire in a.d. 1576. He was
attainted of high treason, and his estate confiscat.ed by Elizabeth, in
1586, for endeavouring, with Thomas Salasbary of Lleweni, Esq.,
to effect the release of Mary Qaeen of Scots from prison. For this
both these gentlemen were pnt to death together in London, Sept.
21, 1586. Elizabeth, however, gave back the honse and part of the
estate to Mr. Jones' only daughter, Anne, who married Captain
Roger Myddleton, second son of Richard Myddleton, Governor of
Denbigh Castle in the time of Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth.

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142 THB LORDSHIPS OF BKOMFIELD,

Oroed Foel and Hafod y Bwch, Hughes of Llanereh
Rugog in the parish of Rhiwfabon, Griffith of Cae Cyr-
iog in the parish of RhiAvfabon, Erddig of Erddig,* and
TKbmas Trafford of Treflfordd or Trafford, Esq., the
kings receiver for North Wales, who was appointed
constable of Harlech Castle for life, April 28, 1629, 5th
Charles I.

lorwerth ab leuaf ab Niniaw of Llwyn On, married,
secondly, Angharad, daughter and heiress of Llewelyn
ab Meurig ab Caradog ab lestyn ab Gwrgant, Prince of
Glamorgan, who bore gules three chevronells argent^
by whom he had issue a son, Hwfa ab lorwerth, who
had Hafod y Wem. He bore sable, three lions passant
in pale argent, and married Eva, daughter of Llewelyn
ab X nyr. Lord of Gelli Gynan in lal, by whom he had
issue five sons : — 1. Goronwy, of whom presently. 2.
David of Erbistog. 3. Gruffydd of Rhiwlo. 4. leuaf
Erddlys or Erlys, the father of Madog of Erlys, whose
daughter and heiress Gwenllian married David ab
Llewelyn Foel ab Madog Foel of Marchwiail ab lor-
werth ab Hwfa Fychan ab Hwfa ab Sanddef of March-
wiail, who bore ermine a lion rampant in a border azure,
the fifth son of Elidir, Lord of Eyton Erlisham and
Borasham. Gwenllian had issue by her husband David
ab Llewelyn Foel, a son named leuan of Erlys, who was
ancestor of Edward Erlys of Erlys, who was living in
A.D. 1599, and married Elizabeth, daughter of James
Eyton of Eyton Isaf, Esq., by whom he had a son and
heir, Richard Erlys ; and 5. Madog yr Athro of Erbis-
tog, who married Angharad, daughter and sole heiress
of Howel Grach of Bodylltyn, third son of Llewelyn ab
Cadwgan, Lord of Eyton Erlisham and Borasham.*

^ The Erddig estate was sold to John Edlsbaiy, Esq., of Pentref
Olawdd in the parish of Rhiwfabon, eldest son of Kenrick Edisbniy
of Bedwal in Marchwiail, Esq. Joshua Edisbnry, the eldest son of
John Edisbnry, bnilt the present mansion of Erddig in 1678, and
was high sheriff for Denbighshire in 1682. In 1715 the Erddig
estate was sold to John Mellor, Esq., a Master in Chancery, who
bequeathed it to his nephew, Simon Yorke, Esq.

3 Harl. MSS. 4181.

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YALE, AND CfllRKLAND. 143

Goronwy, the eldest son of Hwfa ab lorwerth, had
Hafod y Wem. Third in descent from him was Howel
ab Goronwy ab leuaf of Hafod y Wem, whose daugh-
ter and heiress Alice was the second wife of HoweF ab
leuan ab Gruflfydd ab Madog Pabo ab Ednyfed Goch
of Bersham, descended from Ednyfed, Lord of Brough-
ton, who bore ermive, a lion statant gardant gules^ by
whom she had a daughter Alice, who inherited her mo-
ther's estate of Hafod y Wem, and married John Pule-
ston of Plas y Mers, eldest son of Madog Puleston of
Bers, who bore argent^ on a bend sahley three mullets
of the field, and who was the second son of Robert
Puleston of Emral, Esq., and Lowii his wife, the sister
of Owain Glyndwr. By her husband John Puleston,
Alice had issue a son, John Puleston of Plas y Mers
and Hafod y Wem, who by Alice, his second wife,
daughter of Hugh ab Lewys of Presaddfed in Mon, ab
Llewelyn ab Hwlcyn, had issue John Puleston of Hafod
y Wem, high sheriff for Denbighshire in 1544. He was
the ancestor of the Pulestons of Hafod y Wem, who
are now represented by Philip Bryan Uavies Cooke of
Owston, in the county of York, and of Hafod y Wern
and Gwysanau, Esq.

TREFALUN, ALMOR, AND Y GROESFFORDD.^

Eunydd, lord of Dyflfryn Clwyd, was the son of Morien
ab Morgeneu ab Gwrystan ab Gwaethfoed, according
to some authors ; but according to others he was the

1 Cae Cyriog MSS.

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144 THE LORDSHIPS OP BROMFIELD,

son of Gwergynwy ab Gwrgeneu, chief of one of the
noble tribes of Gwynedd, ab Gwaeddgar ab By wyn ab
Biordderch ab Gwriawn ab Gwman ab Gwylan ab
Gvfynfyw Frych ab Cadell Dey mllwg II, King of Powys.
The mother of Eunydd was Gwenllian, daughter and
heiress of Rhys ab Marchan,who was lord of seven town-
ships in Ruthin-land, viz., Tref Pen y Coed, Y Fynechtid,
YGroes Lwyd, Pant Mengan,and three others; and bore
azure, a fess or inter three horses* heads erased argent.

Eunydd, lord of DySryn Clwyd, came into Powys-
land in the time of Bleddyn ab Cynfyn, Prince of Powys,
and fought with him against the English. For his
services the Prince gave him the townships of Trefalun,
Almor, Gresford in Maelor Gymraeg, and Lleprog Fawr,
Lleprog Fechan (Leadbrook), and Trefnant y Ehiw in
Tegeingl. He married Eva, daughter and heiress of
Llewelyn ab Dolffyn ab Llewelyn Eurdorchog. This
Llewelyn ab Dolffyn was lord of seven townships, viz.,
1, Llanaelhaiarn ; 2, Llygadog ; 3, Ucheldref ; 4, Garth-
aiam ; 5, Llandderfel in Penllyn ; 6, Caer Gilor ; and
7, Y Saeth Marchog. By this lady, Eunydd had issue
two sons : 1, Ithel, of whom presently ; and 2, Heilin ;
and a daughter named Heunydd, the consort of Mer-
edydd ab Bleddyn, Prince of Powys.

1. Ithel ab Eunydd was lord of all Trefalun or Alun-
ton,YGroesffordd, Lleprog Fawr, Lleprog Fechan, and
Trefnant y Rhiw. He married Eva or Gwladjrs, daughter
and coheiress of Gruffydd, third son of Meilir Eyton ab
Elidir, lord of Eyton, who bore ei^mine, a lion rampant
azure. The mother of Eva was Angharad, daughter and
heiress of Llewelyn ab Meurig ab Caradog ab lestyn
ab Gwrgant, Prince of Glamorgan, who bore guleSy three
chevronells argent. By this lady, Ithel had issue a
daughter named Angharad, and six sons : 1, Einion, of
whom presently ; 2, Trahaiam, of whom presently ; 3,
lorwerth Sais ; 4, Rhiryd Sais, ancestor of the Alyntons
of Alunton, Alynton, or Trefalun, and Edward ab Ed-
ward ab Gruffydd of Derwlwyn in Trefalun ; 5,Howel;
and 6, Einion Goch.

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YALE, AND CHIRKLAND. 145

These six brothers gave land to build the church of
Gresford; and Trahaiarn had the greatest share of land,
as is well known by all in that country, by old writings,
says Lewys Dwnn. The sepulchres of the descendants
of Ithel ab Eunydd are in the church of Gresford ; and
the sepulchres of the descendants of Heilin ab Eunydd,
lord of Dyffiyn Clwyd, are in Llandderfel Church, in
the lordship of Penllyn, Merionethshire.

r Einion, the eldest son of Ithel ab Eunydd, married
Elen, daughter of Rhys Fychan ab Rhys ab David ab
Meilir, by whom he had issue lorwerth, of whom pre-
sently ; and Heilin, ancestor of Sir William Meredith
of Stansti, Bart., which title is now extinct, and the
Merediths of Pentref Bychan.

lorwerth ab Einion nad issue, by his first wife, two
sons, lorwerth and lorwerth Chwith. By his second
wife he had seven sons : 1, leuaf;^ 2, Hwfa; 3, Howel
Wyddel, ancestor of the Lloyds of Yr Orsedd Goch in
Maelor ; 4, David ; 5, Philip ; 6, Ednowain ; and 7,
Cynwrig.

II. Trahaiarn, lord of Aylmer in the manor of Cob-
ham, the second son of Jthel ab Eunydd, who had the
greatest part of his father s lands, married Jane, daughter
of Ednyfed ab Lly warch Gam, lord of Chirk, Whitting-
ton, Oswestry, and Maelor Saesneg, by whom he had
issue four sons : l,Owain, of whom presently; 2, Philip;
3, Cynwrig; and 4, Gwrgeneu; and two daughters,
Jane and Alice.

Owain ab Trahaiarn, lord of Aylmer, wsa one of the
witnesses of the charter of Prince Madog ab Grufifydd
Maelor, conveying and confirming grants of land to the

^ leuaf ab lorwerth married and had issue three soii8,Ieaaf Graoh,
Gmffydd, and lorwerth. Grufiydd ab lonaf married and had issne
two sons, Madog and Cynwrig. Madog ab Gmffydd married and
had issne five sons : 1, Y Batto ; 2, Meredjdd ; 3, David ; 4, Hngh ;
and 5, Gmffjdd. Y Batto ab Madog had issue daughters, who
were coheiresses ; one of whom, named Janet, married John Aylmer
of Aylmer, one of the Marshals of the Hall to Henry III, son of
lenan ab David ab David ab Ithel ab Goronwy ab Owain ab Tra-
haiarn, lord of Aylmer.

4th dEB. VOL. V. 10

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146 THE LORDSHIPS OF BROMPIELD, ETC.

Abbey of Valle Crucis in A.D. 1202. He married, and
had issue six sons : 1, Goronwy, lord of Aylmer, ances-
tor of the Aylmers of Ayhner and Pant locyn ;' 2,
Bleddyn ; 3, GruflFydd ; 4, Einion ; and 5, lorwerth ;
and two daughters, Eva and Gwerfyl.

J. Y. W. Lloyd, K.S.G.

(To he continued.)

^ The Aylmer &iiiily pnlled down the ancient mansion of Aylmer,
and removed the materials to Pant locyn, which they made their
residence. The Aylmer estate was sold to the Trevors of Trefalnn,
in which family it still remains. The last heir male of this family,
William Aylmer of Pant locyn, had an only daughter and heiress,
Jane, who married Gilbert Gerard, son of Sir Gilbert Gerard, Knt.
Their eldest son and heir, William Getard, Esq., sold Pant locyn
to Nathaniel Owen, Esq. {argent^ a lion rampant and canton sdble),
who sold it to John Panton, Esq. (gtdes^ three bars ermine, in chief
a cross crosslet argent). He consented to pay £10 per annnm to
Jane, the widow of Gilbert Gerard, Esq. In 1615 John Panton sold
it to George Lloyd, Bishop of Chester (sable, a chevron inter three
mnllets argent), whose family lived there till 1630, when it was sold
to Thomas Mimley, Esq. {argent, a sinister hand conped at the wrist,
in a border engrailed sable), who made considerable improvement in
the house. In 1654 it was sold to William Jones, Esq. (Taddr
Trevor in a border engrailed or), whose trastees sold it to Timothy
Myddleton of Plas Cadwgan, Esq., for £2,000. Anne, the only
daughter and heiress of Timothy Myddleton, married William Robin-
son of Gwersyllt, Esq., high sheriff for Denbighshire in 1690, and
M.P. for that county, 1705, 1707 ; who in right of his wife became
possessed of Pant locyn and Plas Cadwgan. (Cae Cyriog MSS.)

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147

ANCIENT BEITISH CANOE.

Although boats of a very early character have been
found at various times in England and Scotland, there
do not appear to be any reliable accounts of similar dis-
coveries in Wales. It is true that Welsh fishermen still
use, on some rivers, small portable boats made of wicker-
work covered with some kind of tarpaulin, or rather
rough canvas, made water-tight ; but as to the history
of these little vessels, — that is, whether they are the
traditional representatives of the ancient British vessel
as described by Csesar, — there exists considerable un-
certainty. As long as it was necessary to construct a
boat wmch could be easily carried on the fisherman's
back after his day's work, there does not appear to have
been much choice as to the method or material of con-
struction, 80 that our modern coracles may have no con-
nection whatsoever with those which our British ances-
tors used before the arrival of the Romans. These, it
is evident, although in one sense coracles, as skins
(coria) entered so largely into their composition, must
have been of much more substantial character. Caesar's
description of them is somewhat too concise to convey
any satisfactory idea; for the ships built after the
British fashion by his own directions, and which direc-
tions he intimates he was qualified to give from his own
experience and knowledge of them, had their keels and
ribs made of some light material, the rest being wicker-
work covered with skins, — " Carinas primiun ac statu-
mina ex levi materiA fiebant : reliquum corpus navium
viminibus contextum coriis integebatur.'' As these
were intended for transportation on carriages to a river
twenty-two Roman miles distant, thev were probably
built of unusual lightness, and could hardly represent
the ordinary ships of a time when constant communica-
tion between Gaul and Britain was kept up ; and as it

10*

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148 ANCIENT BRITISH CANOE.

may be assumed that the ships of either country were
similar in most respects, the British ones must have
been very different from those made of wicker-work
covered with skins.

Now we are indebted to the same author for our
knowledge of the ships Caesar had to deal with in Armo-
rica. An account of these formidable vessels will be
found in the third book of the Gallic War ; whence it
appears that the ships were built so strongly of soHd
oak as to protect them from damage by coming in con-
tact with the rocky shores of the district. In fact, they
were built of such enormous strength on account of the
unusual danger from the storms and rocks of that
coast. Their sides were impervious to the pointed prows
of Roman vessels ; while the fore and aft parts of the
ship were raised to such a height that they overlapped
any of their enemy's ships, and thus had the superiority
in the discharge of missiles. Instead of ropes and linen
sails, which were unequal to the violence of storms, they
used iron cables and sails of skuis. If such were the
Gaulish vessels, it seems extremely improbable that
there was so great a difference between the ships of the
Armoricans and Britons, whose shores are separated, in
some places, by not more than sixty miles. The Veneti,
on the other hand, who were such formidable opponents
to Caesar, may have been peculiar as to their ships of
war ; for had the inhabitants of Southern Britain been
possessed of a similar force, Caesar would hardly have
been permitted to make his descent on the shores of
Kent imopposed at sea. If, indeed, there were no other
vessels than those described as British, and consisting
merely of a slight frame of wicker-work made water-
tight by skins, it is clear that such could not have been
of use as ships of war, even if they could cross over to
the French coast in safety. But on the whole the
suggestion is an improbable one, for it is diflBcult to
conceive that the bold and hardy race occupying our
coasts had not managed to provide themselves with
more substantial and efficient vessels, even if not equal

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ANCIENT BRITISH CANOE. 149

in size and strength to the ships of the Veneti, which
Koman sailors could only resist by cutting away the
. ropes of the sails by large shears invented for the occa-
sion, thereby rendering them unmanageable.

Although, then, we are not likely to know much
about the ships of our forefathers, we are not without
evidences as to their smaller boats, such as would be
used on rivers and on lakes, if not for coasting along our
shores. In various parts of England ana Scotland
many such primitive boats or canoes have been found
in the beds of rivers or lakes. This has been particu-
larly the case with the southern parts of Sussex, one of
the most interesting examples of which is to be seen at
the Castle of Lewes, where is established the Museum
of the Sussex Archaeological Society. In this boat was
found the forked branch of a yew tree, which served as
a rude anchor ; another canoe (hewn also out of solid
trunk) used in former days to stand in the courtyard
of Montague House, before the erection of the present
Museum, and may be still in existence on the pre-
mises. In Scotland, however, above any other portion
of these islands, have been found the most numerous
and most important examples. Pennant, in his Scottish
Tour (vol. ii, p. 107), speaks of one near a place called
Kilblain, and which had been hollowed out of the trunk
of an oak ; but this little vessel was under nine feet
long. But one found in 1726, near Falkirk, measured
thirty-six feet long; cut also out of an oaken trunk.
Another was found in digging the foundations of a
church, at a depth of twenty-five feet ; and in it was a
beautiftil, well wrought stone celt, figured in Wilson's
ArchcBohgy of Scotland, p. 35, ed. 1851; while in the
same locality, namely that of Glasgow, many others
have been discovered, an account of which will also be
found in Wilson. Others have been found in other
parts of Scotland, as in Aberdeen ; but these discoveries
seem to have been more numerous in the south, and
especially in the valleys of the Forth and Clyde. One
of these boats is now in the Hunterian Museum, the

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150 ANCIENT BRITISH CANOE.

other in that of Edinburgh. Some of them have been
found in connection with relics of a human population
living at a period when " the geographical features of
the country, and the relative levels of land and sea,
must have differed very remarkably from what we know
of them at the earliest ascertained epoch of definite his-
tory" (pp. 38, 36).

Nothing like these Scotch discoveries are known to
have occurred in Wales ; but what may yet come to
light, when the change or increase of populations may
render necessary sucn excavations as mentioned by
Mr. Wilson, especially in localities that have once been
submerged beneath the sea, it is impossible to conjec-
ture.

There is, however, happily in existence a specimen of
these primitive boats, the property of Dr. Gnffith Grif-
fith of Taltreuddyn, near Harlech, who, at considerable
expense and trouble, had it conveyed to Machynlleth
for exhibition during the Meeting of the Association in
1866. It is of that peculiar form occurring in the
great majority of the Scotch boats alluded to, namely,
those having the square stem and sharp, pointed bow.
It measures nine feet nine inches, — a not uncommon
length in the Scotch early canoes, — ^and has been hol-
lowed out of one piece of wood, as is universally the
case with these early boats. The Welsh one may be
of somewhat lighter character; but this difference,
if it can be called such, may be easily accounted
for by consideration of its intended use. It was dis-
covered on the bank of Llyn Llydaw, on the Snowdon
range, lying a little above Llyn Gwynnant ; which latter
lake is skirted by the road from Bedd Gelert to the
summit of the Llanberis Pass, and is well known to
travellers. Llyn Llydaw is about a mile long, and con-
tains a small island (a somewhat unusual circumstance
in these mountain lakes), the haimt and breeding-place
of a particular kind of gull in Pennant's time, ii* not so
at present. This canoe may have been used to reach
this island, for the sake of the birds or eggs ; or, what

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ANCIENT BRITISH CANOE. 151

is not impossible, the island may have been the resi-
dence of some one who had reasons for preferring so
isolated an abode. It may, in fact, have been a kind
of small natural crannog, and, in one sense, a veritable
lake-dwelling, access to and from which was easy by
means of such a canoe. It is not probable that, from
its form, it was intended for simple fishing purposes.
As to its age not even a suggestion can be ofltered : all
that can be said is that it is identical in form with
other canoes or boats which have been found at such a
depth, and in such situations, that they must have
been lying there for centuries. The one found with the
stone celt lying in it, already mentioned, was found at
a depth of twenty-five feet, in digging the foundation
of old St. Enoch's Church, on the banks of the Clyde,
from which some idea of its antiquity may be formed,
as the nature of the ground had changed so much as
to admit of the building of that early church on ground
which had previously been a portion of the river. No
such age, indeed, is claimed for the Snowdon canoe,
although its form and character are so similar to others
that must have been of enormous age.

This curious and probably unique relic shoTild not be
left to the chance of destruction. As long as Dr. Grif-
fith has it in his own care, it is probably safe ; but if
permitted to tender any suggestion to him, it would be
that he would consign it to the care of the Deputy
Constable of Carnarvon Castle, where it would be not
only carefully preserved, but would be seen by many
who have never seen anything of the kind before.

E. L. Bahnwelu

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152

DERVEL GADAEN.

In the reign of Henry VIII there stood in the church
at Llandderfel in Edeymion, Merionethshire, a large
wooden image of Dervel Gadam, the patron saint ot
the Llan. To this image the people used to come in
great numbers and from great distances with offerings
of all sorts ; the popular superstition being, that if the
saint were propitiated he had power to take the pil-
grim's soul after death out of hell. After the Reform-
ation had begun and the reign of iconoclasm had set in,
Dr. Ellis Price, of Plas lolyn, Denbighshire (of whom
more hereafter), was appointed " Commissarie generall
of the dyosese of Saynte Assaph...for the expulsuege
and takynge awaye of certen abuosions supersticions
and ipocryses usid within the said diosece of Saynte
Assaph." The ''mighty" Dervel attracted the com-
missioner's notice, and the following letter from him to
Lord Cromwell shows what was done touching the
image : —

L
Bits Price to Lord Cromwell, to know what he should do with the image

of DarveU Oathem, a.d. 1538. (MS, Cotton, Chop, E, tv, fol.

656, orig,)

Eights Honorable and my syngular goode Lorde and
Mayster, all circumstaunces and thankes sett aside, pleasithe yt
your good Lordeship to be advertisid, that where I was constitute
and made, by your honorable desire and commaundmente, Com-
missarie generall of the dyosese of Saynte Assaph, I haue done
my dylygens and dutie for the expulsinge and takynge away of
certen abusions, supersticions, and ipocryses, used within the
said diosece of Saynte Assaph, accordinge to the Kynges honor-
able actes and injunctions therin made.

That notwithstondinge there ys an image of Darvelgadam
within the saide diosece, in whome the people have so greate
confidence, hope, and truste, that they cumme dayly a pilgram-
age imto hym, somme with kyue, other with oxen or horsis, and
the reste withe money : in so muche that there was fy ve or syxe

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DERVEL GADARN. 153

hundrethe pilgrames, to a liians estimacion, that offered to the
saide Image the fifle dale of this presente monethe of AprilL
The innocente people hathe ben sore alured and entisid to wor-
shipe the saide Image, in so muche that there is a commyn say-
inge as yet amongist them, that who so ever will offer anie
tlmige to the saide Image of Darvellgadam, he hathe power to
fatche hjrm or them that so offers oute of HeU when they be
dampnei Therfore, for the reformacion and amendmente of the
premisses, I wolde gladlie knowe by this berer your honorable
pleasure and will : as knowithe God, who ever preserve youre
Lordeshipe longe in welthe and honor. Writen in Northe Wales
the vj. daye of this presente AprilL

Your bedman and dayelie orator by dutie,

Elis Price.

II.

Fits Price to Lord Cromwell, upon taking down the Image of
Darvel Oadam.

Eyghte honorable and my syngular good Tx)rde and
Mayster, pleasy the yt your good Lordshype that I haue repaii^d
to the place where as the Image of DarveU gadam stode, and
haue takin the same downe accordynge to the Kynges moste
honorable commaundmente and youres, whiche shalbe caried to
your Lordeshype wythe all dylygens and expedycon. The per-
son and the parysheners of the churche wherein the saide Ymage
of DerueU stode, profered me fortie powndes that the said
Ymage shulde not be convaide to London ; and because that I
was nothynge inclynable to theyre profers and petic5ns, the
saide person hymself, wythe others, are comyn to youre Lorde-
shype not onlie to make sute and labor in the premisses, but
allso to make fayned surmyse and complaynts on me. Therefore
I purpose, God wyllynge, to come and gyve attendance upon
youre Lordshype wythin this fortnyghte, that I maye answere
to such thyngs that they shall laye to my charge. And thus
Jh*u preserve your Lordshype in welthe and honor. Wrytyn in
Northe Wales, the xxviij''® daye of AprilL

Youre dayelye orator by duty,

Elis Price.
To the righte honorable and his syngular good
Lord and Mayster, Ix)rde Crumwell, and Chan-
celor of the Ecclesiastical power and jurisdic-
con of Englande, this be delyuered.

These letters appear in Ellis' Original Letters, illus-
trative of English history (2nd ed., vol. ii, p. 82, and

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154 DERVEL GADARN.

3rd Ser., vol. iii, p. 194). An extract from Hall's
Chronicles completes the further history of the image.
There was a friar called Forest, who for denying the
king's supremacy was condemned to be burnt " in
Smithfelde in London," on the 30th of May, 1538, and
the account is given in the words of the old chronicler :

At his coming to the place of execution there was prepared a
great scaffold^ on which sat the nobles of the realme and the
King's Majesty's most honorable CouncU, only to have granted
pardon to that wretched creature, if any spark of repentance
would have happened in him. Ther was also prepared a pulpit
where a right reverend father in God, and a renowned and famous
clerk, the bishop of Worcester, called Hugh Latimer, declared to
him his errors, and openly and manifestly, by the Scripture of
God, confuted them, and with many and godly exhortations
moved him to repentance ; but such was his frowardness, that
he neither would hear nor speak.

And a little before the execution a huge and great Image was
brought to the gallows ; which Image was brought out of Wales,
and of the Welshmen much sought and worshipped. This Image
was called Darvell Gatheren, and the Welshmen had a prophecy
that this Image should set a whole Forest a fire ; which pro-
phecy now took eflTect, for he set this friar Forest on fire, and
consumed him to nothing. This friar, when he saw the fire come,
and that present death was at hand, caught hold upon the ladder,
which he would not let go ; but so unpaciently took his death,
that no man that ever put his trust in God never so unquietly
nor so ungodly ended his life. If men might judge him by his
outward man, he appeared to have little knowledge of God and
his sincere truth, and less trust in him at his ending.

Upon the gaUows that he died on was set up, in great letters,
these verses following :

David Darvell Gatheren, And Forest the Frier,

As saith the Welshmen, That obstinate Iyer,

Fetched outlaws out of Hell. That wilfully shalbe dead,

Now is he come with spere and shilde In his contumacie

In harness to burn in Smithfeilde, The Qospell doth deny

For in Wales he may not dwell. The Kyng to be supreme head.

The large sum (in those days) of forty pounds offered
by the parson and parishioners of Llandderfel for the
retention of their valuable image is proof of the profit
they derived from the pilgrims' offerings ; and it is
somewhat singular, if there is any truth in Pennant's

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DERVEL OADARN. 155

character of Price, that such an unprincipled public
servant as the Commissioner-General could have re-
sisted so ample a bribe. However, he must have done
so ; and he was too much for the owners of the image
on the appeal which they probably made to Lord Crom-
well in pursuance of the intimation contained in the
last letter.

The Iconoclastic Commissioner was a notorious per-
son. Ellis Price, LL.D., was second son of Robert ab
Rhys, M.A., of Plas lolyn, in Denbighshire. He was
educated and took his aegrees at Cambridge, and ap-
pears to have distinguished himself there. He married
EUen, daughter of Sir Owen Poole, of Llandecwyn, near
Harlech. His younger brother, Cadwaladr ab Robert,
was father of John Wynn ab Cadwaladr of Rhiwlas,
near Bala. Besides the position he held under Henry
VIII, he subsequently must have attained a position of
considerable influence in North Wales, for in three dif-
ferent reigns (Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth) he
jBgures as sherifl^ and knight of tne shire of four of the
diflferent coimties of North Wales. For Merionethshire
he was twice member, in 1558 and 1563, and seven
times sheriff, the last time being in the year 1584-5.
He appears to have been both sheriff and member for
that county in the fifth year of EUzabeth, and he must
therefore presumably have returned himself. He was
also a member of the Council of the Marches of Wales.
Pennant in his description of Bodysgallan, near Con-
way, refers to a portrait of Dr. Price m the following
words : — " But the most remarkable is that of Dr.
Ellis Pryse, of Plas YoUn, in Denbighshire, dated 1605 ;
a creature of the Earl of Leicester's, and devoted to all
his bad designs. Pryse's dress is a white jacket, with
a broad turnover ; his hair yellow, and his beard thin
and of the same colour ; his visage very long, lank, and
hypocritical. He was the greatest of our knaves in the
period in which he lived ; me most dreaded oppressor
in his neighbourhood ; and a true sycophant ; for a com-
mon address of his letter to his patron was, * 0 Lord,

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156 BRACKETS IN ROWLESTON CHURCH.

in thee do I put my trust 1' "^ If he was aJive at the
date on the above portrait (1605) he must have been
a very old man, for, as we have seen, he was acting as
commissioner under Lord Cromwell in the year 1538,
and had then no doubt left college. The arms of this
ancient family were — Quarterly 1 and 4 (the arms of
March weithian) gules, a lion rampant argent ; 2 and 3
(the arms of Howel, Lord of Rhoswnog) argent, a rose
gules.

This notice may be closed with the statement that
St. Dervel or Dervael was the son of Howel ab Emyr
Llydaw, and one of the monks of Bangor Illtyd, who
afterwards accompanied his cousin Cadvan to the Ban-
gor of Bardsey.^

E. Bre£S£.

THE BEACKETS IN EOWLESTON CHURCH.

One of the most interesting churches visited by the
Association, during the Herefordshire meeting in 1867,
was that of St. Peter s at Rowleston, not even except-
ing KUpeck Church. It ifi a church of the early part
of the twelfth century, and has suffered as yet little
from restoring hands. A brief description of it is given
in the report of the meeting, and it must be well known
to Herefordshire men, even independently of the repro-
duction of Mr. Henman's accurate and well executed
lithographs, which appeared by his favour in the dio-
cesan calendar for 1871.

The tympanum of the south doorway is one of great
interest, the central or rather the only figure being that
of our Lord, seated in a position seldom represented.
The principal curiosity, however, in the church is the
continual reproduction of the cock throughout the
building. They are seen on the imposts of each side
of the south entrance. They occur again on those of

1 Pennant's Tofirs in WaleSy ed. 1810, vol. iii, p. 140.

2 lolo MSS., "Genealogy of the British Saints," pp. 112, 133.

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BRACKETS IN ROWLESTON CHURCH. 157

the chancel arch on its western face, which associated
with Saint Peter and a winged angel, who are, however,
reversed on the southern one, as if pointing to the tra-
dition of his crucifixion ; also on the imposts are smaller
repetitions of the same bird, two over each impost.
The general style of carving corresponds with the as-
signed date of the church, namely 1130. But in addi-
tion to these birds carved in stone are two very singu-
lar movable brackets of wrought iron, one of which,
here represented from a drawing by Mr. J. T. Blight,
gives a faithful representation of it. The real age of
these brackets has been disputed. Mr. Henman assigns
them to the fourteenth century. The Rev. J. M. Ken-
nedy, the vicar, thinks them contemporary with the
main structure. But whether so early, or even of the
thirteenth century, which is not improbable, they are
certainly not later than the fovirteenth, and are proba-
bly a century older.

They are of so singular a character, if not unique in
these islands, as well as in France and elsewhere as
generally supposed, that they may owe their existence to
some local circumstance or tradition connected with the
history of St. Peter, who certainly seems to be honoiured
in a remarkable manner by the introduction of this
bird, although the apostle is not usually so distinguished.
That it is in this case connected with him seems more
than probable. The chancel is seventeen feet six inches
in length and two feet less in breadth. The brackets
are fixed on the north and south walls, about five feet
or more from the groimd and six and a half feet from
the eastern wall. They are not of the same length,
the one on the north wall being six inches shorter than
the other. Nor is the workmanship the same, as the
shorter is the better executed one of the two. In
other respects they are identical. The ruder work of
that on the south side has induced sotne to think it is
of somewhat later date, and therefore later than the
fourteenth century, the age assigned to the north
bracket. Mr. Kennedy, however, thinks that they are

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158 BRACKETS IN ROWLESTON CHURCH.

more probably coeval with the main body of the church
itself, and were portions of the original arrangement of
the chancel. The diflference in length is not explained.
It may either have arisen from. a simple mistake or
from one of them being now six inches shorter than it
originally was.

As to their use, no doubt exists of their having been
intended to light up the chancel, as well as to honour
more especially our Lady and Saint Peter, whose images
are thought to have stood upon the two corbels still
existing on each side of the high altar. Mr. Kennedy
further suggests that they were lit up on the festivals
of the Virgin and St. Peter, but they were probably
used upon all festivals, if not on Sundays. Some doubt,
however, has been raised as to what birds are intended
to be represented, whether peacocks or cocks. Some
have even suggested doves, although so unlike them.
There is, however, no doubt that they are meant for
cocks, the presence of which bird, as stated, occurs so
often in the church. They are separated from one an-
other by a fleur-de-lis, an emblem of the Virgin, so
that its combination with the cock strongly confirms
Mr. Kennedy's suggestion. There are indeed at pre-
sent no traces of separate altars to the Virgin and apostle
on each side of the high altar, but they probably did
once exist. The prickets on which the candles were
fixed are five in number.

We are indebted to the vicar for the communica-
tion of these details as well as for a copy of the re-
productions of Mr. Henman's views, and we trust on
some future occasion to be allowed to insert them in the
ArchcBologia Cambrensis.

E. L. Barnwell.

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159

BEONZE THUEIBLES IN WALES.

In 1858, a little above Corwen Church, was found the
bronze thurible represented in the accompanying cut.
It was purchased of the finder by its present owner,
Mr. Wynne of Peniarth, who exhibited it in January,
1859, at a meeting of the Archaeological Institute, and
is engraved, but by no means satisfactorily, in that So-
ciety s Journal, vol. xvi, p. 206. The late Dr. Rock
assigned it to the earlier part of the fourteenth cen-
tury. It was subsequently exhibited at the temporary
museum formed at Machynlleth during the meeting of
the Association in 1866, when a careful drawing of it
was made by Mr. Blight. It is from this drawing that
the present cut has been engraved. It measures in
height five inches, and has a diameter of three and a-half.
With it were found fragments of a beautifully encircled
bronze chain, a portion of which is also here repre-
sented of the actual size from a drawing by Arthur
Gore, Esq. Another portion of the same msxa still re-
tains one of the little iron knobs adhering to it, and
which went into the rings of the thurible.

By this chain, when entire, the thurible or censer was
swung, and by passing through the rings of the cover,
and round projecting portions of the lower part of the
censer, it helped to keep the cover more securely fixed
while swinging backward and forward. In the short
description of it given in the ArchcBological Joumaly it
is conjectured that this chain was also used for lifting
the cover as well as swinging the vessel, but owing to
the knob attached, this would have been a much more
inconvenient method than by simply lifting it also by
the top of the cover, which has had some appendage or
other fastened to it.

A thurible of similar character and size was found a
short period before the Swansea meeting in 1861, under

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160 BRONZE THURIBLES IN WALES.

very curious and interesting circumstances. In the
Penmaen Barrows in Gower, according to tradition, a
church had once existed, but as to its actual position
nothing was known, imtil the vicar, the Rev. E. K.
James, found by chance a small fragment of ancient
glass. Permission being obtained, two labourers were
employed to dig, under the vicars superintendence,
when the long lost church was discovered. The stone
altar, and which was a sohd one, still remained undis-
turbed, and in its south end was a small square aper-
ture, or a kind of ambry, close to which on the floor was
discovered the bronze thurible. It had evidently un-
dergone repairs, and still retained a portion of ashes,
the interior surface of the cover being also blackened
with smoke. The date assigned to it by Mr. Mog-
gridge (who in conjunction with the late Mr. Robert
Eyton exhibited it in the Museum) was at least the
thirteenth century and probably of the twelfth. The
remains of the cnurch were sufficient to indicate the
date of the structure, namely that of the thirteenth, ac-
cording to the opinion of the late Mr. Hartshome and
others. The twelfth century, moreover, is certainly too
early a date for this censer. It has a great similarity
to the Corwen one, and is nearly of the same period,
although less ornamented. ReUcs of church furniture
in Wales anterior to the Reformation are so rare that
it is very desirable that the Penmaen thurible should
be drawn and committed to the safe guardianship of
the pages of the Archceologia Cambrensis.

E. L. Barnwell.

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BBONZX THUIUBLB FOUND NSAB COBWSN.

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161

Albert Wat. — Another old and valoable friend of tibis Association
has been removed. On the 22nd of March last, Albert Way died
at Cannes in his sixty-eighth year. For some time past it was
known that the delicacy of his health rendered it necessary to seek,
during the colder time of the year, a climate warmer than that part
of Surrey in which Wonham Manor is situated. But few, save his
relations and more intimate friends, were probably aware how pre-
carious his health latterly became ; and, therefore, to many the intel-
ligence of his death was as unexpected as sad.

There have been few antiquarians, in the true meaning of the
term, who were more lovingly devoted to their work, or continued
it for so many years with such advantage to the archsdological world,
or who have been so ready at all times to assist others in any cases
of doubt and difficulty. Mr. Way's kindliness of manner and readi-
ness in answering such inquiries, had so wide an extent of ground
for the exercise thereof, that his correspondence must have been
enormous. In what is known as " the Split," which led, practically
speaking, to the conversion of the Association into the Institute
thirty years ago, Mr. Way took a foremost and efficient part ; and
under his care the ArchoBological Journal has reached nearly as
many volumes, forming the most valuable series of the kind in
these islands. He was many years an Honorary Secretary of the
Institute ; and for some time took an active part in the direction of
the Society of Antiquaries of London, while he was, at the same
time, member of many other similar societies, to all of which he
constantly rendered valuable service, and probably to none more
than to the Cambrian Archseological Association.

Gboboe Obmebod, who died the 9th of October last, at the ripe
old age of eighty-seven, was an antiquary of a different character
from the late Mr. Albert Way. He was one of the older school, who,
if not so generally acquainted with the various divisions of such
studies, more than compensated for this deficiency (if it be a defi-
ciency) by the enormous amount of labour and extensive researches
required for such a work as has made Mr. Ormerod's name famous
among county historians, — a race of men which has apparently
passed away. As long as the History of Cheshire is in existence, so
long will the name of its author be held in that high esteem which
it has always been up to this period. Mr. Ormerod was, however,
much more than the county historian, and has left several smaller
works of value and interest. Like Mr. Way, he was always most
ready to lend a helping hand to others, and was an obliging corre-
spondent. A few years ago the University of Oxford conferred on
him the degree of Doctor, — a compliment, indeed, which should
have been paid him long before.

4fm 8UU., VOL. V. " 11

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162

Corresponlience*

TO THK EDITOR OF THB ABCH^OLOOIA 0AMBRBN8TS.

MYNACHTY AND ROUSSEAU.

Sib, — During tbe late Meeting at Knighton, and while the members
were assembled in the ancient mansion of Mjnachty or Monaughty,
Sir R. Green Price, the owner, produced a letter from Chase Price
to his brother, and grandfather of the present proprietor, respecting
accommodation for Jean Jacques Ronssean, who was anxious for
that retirement and solitude which Mr. Chase Price thought would be
found at Mjnachty. The misfortunes and expulsion ftt)m his country,
alluded to by Mr. Chase Price, seem to have culminated in Septem-
ber, 1765, when his attacks on Christianity aroused the fury of the
inhabitants of Neuf-Chatel, who attacked his house and person with
such yiolence that it was with difficulty he reached Strasburg.
Hume was at this time in Paris, and interest was made with him to
find him an asylum in England, which he did in the early part of
1766, the very time Chase Price was also interesting himseli' for the
same object. Thinking, however, that he was not received with
due distinction, Rousseau abused Hume in the grossest manner,
and declined a pension offered him by England, which country he
left in 1767. He was the father of four children by Ther^se Le
Yasseur, all of whom he sent to the hospital, after all his talk of
morality and his works on education. He married in 1769 ; and
it is dear that he must have applied to Hume and Chase Price
much about the same time, and to have preferred the patronage of
the former. It is to be regretted that the letter countermanding
the preparations at Mynachty has not also been preserved.

By Sir Richard's kindness this letter is now printed in the ArchcB^
ologia Ccmbrensis. E. L. B.

To HIS Beothbe, Biohard Prior, Esq., of EirioHToir.

Extract from a Letter written by Chase Friee, Eeq,, Jan, 21<<, 1766.

I am ready to do any act of friendship, but acts of generosity are for
ever out of my power. As an instance of my disposition, poor Rousseau,
the most remarkable author the continent of Europe has pn>duced for this
century, and not more remarkable for his writings than his misfortunes,
driyen from his country and friends, seeks my weak interposition to procure
him the shelter of a comfortable fiarmhouse in Wales, where he may board
himself and a nurse, his companion, at least till there is an opportunity of
placing him more conyeniently. He will create no trouble, is easily pleased,
and wul pay well. He desires no luxuries of life ; to dine with the farmer,
unless he should be ill or out of order, and to live with his fiEimiW, fulfils
at once his wants and wishes. The love of independency induced him first
to think of Wales, and solitude and contemplation are the companions of

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CORRESPONDENCE. 163

his fortunes. He courts them attentively, and sacrifices to their shrines
with as much devotion and sincerity as the active world pays tributes to the
altars of avarice or ambition.

I think I have two spare rooms at Monaughty, and these Rousseau shall
inhabit as soon as I have time to turn round and procure a little furniture;
and in this respect I claim your assistance. The beds will be wanting, and
Turner and you must lay your heads together, like good jurors, and procure
them. It is no matter how ordinary they are, so they are warm and clean.
Milk and cheese are his chief sustenance ; but a good fire is very necessary
for him, — and, thank God ! there is wood enough in the neighbourhood to
answer all his purposes. The farmer will oblige me greatly in complying
with my request. The guest he is to entertain is a little old man, without
ceremony, who scrupulously pays for the necessaries of life, and is above
accepting or enjoying any other. Mention and manage this only to Turner,
and let me have an answer in one or two posts. Adieu ! €k>d bless you 1
I will write again to you Thursday.

From yrs., C. P.

LEINTWARDINE, THE SITE OF BRAVINIUM.

Sib, — Those of onr members who attended the Elnighton meeting
in August last may remember that on our visit to Leintwardine,
Mr. Hugh T. Evans, the churchwarden, accompanied the party to
the church, and afterwards showed ns several Roman remains,
which he had preserved, and the vallum or inclosnre of a Roman
station. He has now sent me a detailed account of his observations,
and of the information which he has obtained from an old sexton
and others, in order that I may communicate to yon the result.
Leintwardine is built on the junction of the Clnn river with Teme,
and the old Roman road, which retains its after acquired name of
Watling Street, passes on the east of the churchyard and village.

From the junction of the rivers a strong and high entrenchment
mns on the west of the village in a northerly direction for about
880 yards, its present height above the ground level outside the en-
closure is about 8 or 9 feet, and its width 20 yards, the fosse has
been filled up, the inner part of the intrenchment is gradually sloped
off to the ground level, and the outward face is steep. Alterations
of the ground make it now impossible to trace the form of the val-
lum, and account for its unusual width. Another old entrench-
ment runs from the river Teme, which forms the southern bound-
ary of the enclosure, northward for the same distance, leaving a
space within, about 208 yards wide. Within this area most of the
observations have been made. Whenever graves have been dug in
the churchyard to the depth of 8 feet, two layers of ashes and char-
coal, intermixed with tiles, broken pottery, bronze articles, and coins
have been passed through ; the uppermost layer at a depUi of 6 feet
and the lower one about a foot or 18 inches beneath. A few years
since on the restoration of the church a drain was out through the.
eastern intrenchment, but no trace of the ashy layers was found
without the enclosure. The remains, from time to time found, were
generally thrown away as imbbish or dispersed, until Mr. Evans

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164 CORBESPONDEKCE.

commenced his observations. Among the articles which he has
stored away are half of a circnlar stone hand mill or qnem, pierced
with a hole, the upper part of an earthenware pounding mill, with a
lip or rim ; fragments of Roman pottery, a bronze ring, and a third
brass of Constantine the Great, with a square altar on the reverse.
At the north-east comer of the enclosure some grains of wheat in a
charred state were found at the depth of a few feet in excavating
the foundations of a cottage, and on the south-west fragments of
thick brown pottery, apparently roof tiles, were turned up. There
can, therefore, be no doubt that this was a Roman station, occupied
for a considerable period ; I think therefore we have now sufficient
data to say it is the site of Bravinium, which appears in the 12th
iter of Antoninus to have been situated midway between Magna
(Kenchester) and Uriconium. This great Roman way from the
Wye to the Severn is still visible and laid down in the ordinance
survev, as Watling Street, for the greater part of its course ; from
Kenchester it pursues a northerly course, with a slight inclination
to the west, passing by Canon Pyon, Birley, Stretford, Street Court,
Hereford Lane, Mortimer's Gross, Aymestrey, and so on to Leint-
wardine, where it inclines to the east on its way to Wroxeter. A
little to the west of the road and about two miles south of Leint-
wardine is Brandon Gamp, which has been considered by Mr. Harts-
honie in his Sahpia Antiqua, and by Mr. James Davies of Hereford
(vol. V, N. S., p. 100) as identical with Bravinium, although he
thinks further inquiry necessary, and suggests that Bravinium was
probably nearer the Roman Road. Mr. Longueville Jones, in his
map of Britannia Secunda, more happily assigns Leintwardine
as the site. Brandon was probably the first station occupied by
the Romans as the strong outpost on the road to subdue the natives
and afterwards check their incursions from the formidable fortresses
of Goxall Knoll, Gaer Ditches on Stowe Hill and Buiy Ditches ia
Walcot Park. The site of Leintwardine at the junction of two
rivers, well supplied with fish, and commanding the two vallies, from
which the hostile Britons would emerge, suggested itself, when the
country was subdued, as a better place for permanent residence and
there a town was founded, with Brandon camp as a strong outpost
for defence. The occurrence of numerous tumuli on this part of the
road and the excavations in the village attest a long and continuous
occupation. At Walford, a short distance to the west of Brandon,
are two tumuli on the right hand side of the road leading frt)m
Brampton Brian. I have a MS. account of the discovery on the
^th of February, 1 736, in one of these tumuli of a vase-like earthen
vessel of Roman form, with a beaded moulding around the swelling
portion and around its base, but otherwise plain and without orna-
ment. Its dimensions are, height 18 inches, diameter at the mouth
•6 inches, at the widest part 14 inches, and at the base 12 inches.
At the foot of a rough sketch the following account of it is given :
** The above urn was broken by the country people at Walford in
the hope of finding money in it ; and the bones, when the urn was

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CORRESPONDENCE. 165

broken were mixed with earth ; as many as would fill a qnart were
taken np ; there were hnman teeth, part of the skull and jaw boues.
The nm was made of a yellow earth, and both am and bones are
now at Bramton." Mr. Evans tells me that abont twenty years ago
a quantity of Roman coins were found on the drainage of part of
the Brampton Brian estate, near Walford, and that ^gments of
pottery are often turned up in a field a little higher up the valley,
opposite Coxall EnoU. B. W. B.

WANT OF ACCURACY IN BOOKS RELATING TO
WALES.

Sir, — A complaint appeared in a late number of the ArchcBologia
Cambrensis (vol. iv, p. 383) of the frequent occurrence of egregious
errors in Welsh books, several glaring instances of which were ad-
duced. There are a few others of a similar nature, differing, how-
ever, in this particular, that some of them are found in English
books by English authors ; which also should be pointed out, lest
future writers, for lack of caution, shotdd unwittingly repeat them.
The first I shall cite is an instance in which an illustrious prince of
the first century, who bore the same name, though not the same
surname, as a Welsh hero of the sixth century, is erroneously iden-
tified with the latter. In a small volume entitled An Introduction
to the History of England by Daniel Langhome, published in 1676,
the author, writing of Caraotacus, states in page 91, '* This GarO'
dock, simamed Frichfras, viz., with the strong ami., is in the book of
Triads named first of the three most valiant Britavns ; the B<nnan
writers call him Carata>cus, Garacta^ms, Gataradacus and Catacratus.**
The author does not say in whose or what collection of the Triads
Caradog was so named, nor where the book itself was to be met
with, nor in fact does he make any other allusion to it. It is, there-
fore, not known, or at least it is uncertain, to what particular col-
lection he refers. But as no book of Triads had been printed so early
as 1676, it must have been a MS. to which the reference is made. Of
the Triads which have since been published the only one in which
Caradog Freichfras is mentioned first, is the 23rd (Myvyrian Archaio-
logy, 1870, p. 389) of which the 29th (p. 403) seems to be another
version. In this Triad Caradog Freichfras is named first of the three
cavaliers of battle, or battle knights of the sovereign of the Isle of
Britain. The three were contemporary with King Arthur and lived
during the sixth century. And it is added that they were the brav-
est heroes of all the battle knights.

It will be in the recollection of many members of the Cambrian
ArchsBological Association that the late Dr. Wollaston delivered an
interesting address on mosaics at the annual meeting held in August,
1864, at Haverfordwest. The address was illustrated by the exhi-
bition of a large number of exquisite drawings of various examples,
including some found in the ThermaB of the ancients, said to ropre-
sent perfect facsimiles of the originals. In the same year Dr. Wol-

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166 CORRESPONDENCE.

Iftston pnblished a thin quarto Yolnme entitled A Short Deseriptum
of the ThenncB Romano-Britanniccs fonnd in Britain and other coan-
tries. On page 10 of that work it is stated, " When Caractacos, his
wife, and children were presented at the Imperial Court, they were
viewed as objects of surprise and admiration ; and when asked to
what nation they belonged, Caractacas replied they were Angli, on
which the Emperor courteously answered, he should have thought
them Angeli, as they were so beautiful." In the Annate of Tacitus
whence the account of the defeat of Caraotacus, his subsequent be-
trayal, and his transmission a captive to Rome with his family, is
derived, there is no mention made of children, but of only one child,
a daughter. Nor is there any record of the conversation which is
here said to have taken place between Claudius and the vanquished
Briton, in which the latter is represented as asserting that which
was not the fact, namely, that he and his family were Angli. But
the query and the reply here quoted form a part of a well known
dialogue usually attributed, not to Claudius with Caractacus in the
first century, but to Pope Gregory the Great in the sixth century,
with the slave merchants on seeing some Saxon youth exposed for
sale in the market place in Rome. This blunder must be traceable
to imperfect and confused acquaintance with ancient history, chrono-
logy, and ethnology.

In a pamphlet of 92 pages on The Church and its Episcopal Cor-
ruptions in Wates^ published in 1855, p. 49, it is stated, " During
these twenty-three years eight prelates occupied successively the
chair of St. David." The twenty-three years here alluded to, as
appears from preceding passages, include the period from 1737 to
1 760, during which the Rev. Griffith Jones, Llanddowror, is said to
have educated by the circulating schools which he had established,
upwards of 150,000 of the peasantry and farmers. Had the author
of the pamphlet consulted any reliable list of the episcopate he
would have found that the number of prelates who held the see in
succession during that period was not eight but five. Or had he
intended to comprise the number of prelates during the whole time
that Griffith Jones laboured as a beneficed clergyman in the diocese,
that is from 1711 to 1 760, a period of about fifty years, the number
given by him as eight would in that case have been correct.

In the History of Cilgeran, Pembrokeshire, which was published
by subscription in 1867, occurs the following erroneous assertion,
which should be rectified by future historians and genealogists.
" Of this marriage [the marriage of Cordelia Maria Colby with John
Colby] there was issue four sons and four daughters," p. 130. Of
the sons the order of seniority is given thus, '* John the eldest, Ro-
bert the second, Charles and Edward. And the fourth daughter
died unmarried." In a work published last year in two volumes,
entitled Annals and Antiquities of the Counties and County Families of
Walesy the issue of the above named marriage is stated to have been
four sons and three daughters, where John is mentioned as the eld-
est son and Robert the fourth (vol. ii, p. 897). This is not quite

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CORRESPONDENCE. 167

correct. The eldest son was not John but Hugh Owen, who died
in 1881, at the age of eighteen years (Gambrian Quarterly Maga-
zine, vol. iii, p. 396). The order of seniority in trnth should, there-
fore, have been, 2 John (eldest son living), 3 Charles, 4 Edward, 5
Bobert. For the egreg^oos blanders in the History qf Cilgerau
there was no reasonable excuse. The author lived in the same parish
and within a short distance of Rhos y Gilwen, where in 1867 Mrs.
Colby and her son Edward resided, &om whom accurate informa-
tion might easily have been obtained. But there are other errors
and blemishes in this work which should be emended. For instance, in
page 128 it is asserted, ^'In the parish of Llawhaden is a place called
Colby House," which assertion as regards the parish is incorrect.
Colby, or Colby House as it is here called, where James Phillips,
D.D., rector of Llangoedmor, the correspondent of Edward Richard
and Samuel Pegge {Oamh. Reg., vol. i, pp. 844-6 and 355-6) died in
17b8, is not in Llawhaden but in the adjoining parish of Wiston.

In an article detailing the particulars of a journey in America
beyond the Rocky Mountains, printed in a recent number (Hydref,
1873) of the quarterly periodical entitled Y Traethodydd, there is
an extraordinary misconception in figures. It is affirmed (p. 499)
of the Pacific Railway that its elevation above the level of the sea
is 800 feet at the highest point on the summit ; but in the very next
page the line is represented as having an ascending gradient of
eighty feet per mile for thirty miles before reaching its culminating
portion at Sherman Station, which would make the elevation there
2,400 feet. Whereas the altitude of the highest plateau where the
Pacific Railway crosses the Rocky Mountains is known to the veriest
tyro to be, not 800 or 2,400, but upwards of 8,000, or in more de-
finite figures, 8,250 feet above the level of the sea.

A work now in the press under the title of Hanes Llewelyn Meurig
o Lwyn Meurig is asserted by the author to contain nothing of an
historical nature but what is strictly correct. In the first sentence
of Chapter III, however, is an error in the date of a well known
occurrence in the history of this country, of which neither the au-
thor nor the editor seemed to have been aware. It is an anachro-
nism which e;Fery schoolboy ought instantly to detect. The sen-
tence in which it occurs when translated reads thus : " A little time
before the civil war broke out between Charles I and the Parliament
in the year 1616 an Englishman of note came to live," etc., where
of course the year should have been 1642. This shows the need in
the Welsh language of a work for reference similar to Toimuend'a
Manual and Haydn's Dictionary of Dates in English.

If writers of English books which treat of subjects relating to
Wales, as well as Welsh authors, would only guard against making
inconsiderate assertions, of the correctness of which there might be
no tangible evidence, but on the contrary would take care to verify
every ^t, date, and figure, the truth of which for a certainty they
might not happen to know, there would be no need for cautioning
against committing such errors as I have pointed out in this letter.

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168 COBEESPONDKNCE.

And future writers, whilst escaping the risk of misleading others by
being misled themselves, would be spared the labonr of making
emendations where inaoenraoies onght not to exist.

I am, jonrs faithfnily, Glut.

INSCRIPTION AT GANLLWYD.

Sib, — Has the inscription at Ganllwyd, near Dolgelley, ever been
noticed and read ? It is on a rongh-grained, angnlar piece of rook
sticking oat of the ground, and faces Rhaiadr Du. It does not seem
to be ancient, although the letters are so weather-worn that they
are almost illegible. I made out the following, which shows that
the legend is I^tin :

Olw . 80wr ' Rellgio loer, *

Ra . aisenuorem Oonspicmnis Deum,

Per inyiae * unes . te a ' pode . r £Liea.

Of course the above is a very imperfect copy, but I have transcribed
it as accurately as was possible.

I remain, yours truly, J. Pbteb.

STONEHENGK

Sib, — The problem of Stonehenge, which has been a puzzle to
antiquaries for many a long year, has at last been solved. In a
lengthy paper "On Odinism in Scandinavia, Denmark, and Britain,"
which lately appeared in the Journal of a well known archaBologiod
society, we are gravely informed that Stonehenge was erected by
Hengist and his soldiers. The writer shall speak for himself, as it
is but fair that the author of so important a discovery should do.
Alluding to the statement of Geoffrey of Monmouth, that Ambrosius
was buried at Stonehenge, he writes: "By weighing these facts
together we shall be able to reconcile Geoffrey's statement with pro-
bability and with hist^ory. When his party had become triumphant,
it was necessaiy to convert the great monument of Odinism into a
Christian memorial. He accordingly buries Ambrose there ; but
merely says that Hengist was buried in a mound, after the manner
of the Pagans. It wotdd be more credible that Hengist, after the
manner of his country and religion, should have erected this great
Walhalla to Woden and to the memory of the men who had died
fighting in the cause before he established his supremacy, which he
did most effectually after the affair of the feast, according to Geoff-
rey's own statement ; and he would make an effort to do honour to
the religion now so seriously threatened, and to strike the nation
with awe of the Saxon power. To remove such large stones required
the energy of a Hengist, and the tackle, ropes, ships, and appliances
of a nation of sailors like the Saxons. They would be more likely
to erect such a monument than the Britons of that period, or their
ancient predecessors, and they had a good reason for so doing."

When a matter is settled m this way, comment would be worse

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CORRESPONDENCE. 169

than snperflnons ; but for the benefit of the nninitiated I may, per-
haps, be allowed to remark that by ''Odinism" we are to understand
the religion of the Anglo-Saxon race, which the conquered Britons
borrowed from them, and which somehow or other obtained the
name of Dmidism. The native Britons apparently had no religion
prior to the Saxon conquest ; and as far as one can see, the ancient
G^uls must have derived their religion from the same source, for, if
I rightly recollect, Cadsar represents the religion of both coimtries
as identical. But he may have been as much mistaken on this point
as Geoffrey of Monmouth was in regard to the builder of Stonehenge.
I am, Sir, your faithful servant,

Briton.

LLANDDEW.

Sib, — You will, perhaps, allow me to append a few words to my
note on Llanddew, which appeared in the last number of the ArehcB-
ologia Gamhrmsis. In the list of the parishes of Wales (Plwy van
Cymru), printed in the Myvyrian Archaiology (ii, 624), Llanddew
appears as Llan Ddwy^ the identical form used hj the bards Hywel
Dafydd ab leuan and Bedo Phylip Bach; while Llandduw,or Llan-
dow, in Glamorganshire, stands in the same list as Lla/n Ihov, The
latter name occurs in the lolo M88* (p. 221) as Llanddw, the final
/ or 17 having been elided ; and the church is there stated to have
been founded by Towdrig ab Teithfalch, a chieftain and saint of the
fifth century.

There are at least a dozen churches in the Principality bearing
the name of Llanddeivi^ and I believe the following is a tolerably
complete list : — Llandewi Aberarth and Llanddewi Brefi, Cardigan-
shire ; Llanddewi FelflB:^, Carmarthenshire ; Llanddewi Abergwesyn,
Breconshire ; Llanddewi Ystrad Enni, Llanddewi'r Cwm, and Llan-
ddewi Fach, Radnorshire ; Llanddewi in Gk>wer, Glamorganshire ;
Llanddewi Ysgyryd, Llanddewi Rhydderch, Llanddewi Each, and
Llanddewi Nant Honddu, or Llantoni, Monmouthshire. Among the
extinct churches of this name, Professor Rees mentions Llanddewi,
subject to Llangammarch, Breconshire ; and there is a district
church, built a few years ago, near Llanrwst, Denbighshire, which
has received the same appellation. None of these names, either
colloquially or in the written language, are ever shortened into Llan-
ddew, but they always receive their full pronunciation in three
syllables. Yours truly,

Ckbbticus.

INSCRIPTIONS.

Sib, — I regret that I cannot replv to Mr. J. Rhys' communication
in your October number, as it would have given me an opportunity
of a further explanation of m^ views on the subject at issue, as well
as of correcting some errors mto which that gentleman has fallen.
My reason for this course of action is this, that several paragraphs

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1 70 CORRESPONDENCE.

in his letter contain personal allusions by no means complimentary
to myself; and as I have no desire to mf^e the pages of onr Jonrnai
the vehicle of unpleasant recriminations, I think it, therefore, better
to decline the controversy, at least for the present.

Richard R. Brash.

WELSH WORDS BORROWED FROM LATIN, ETC.

Sir, — I willingly concede to Mr. Rhys that I have labonred under
a miscoDception in imagining that he intended to imply that all the
words in his Glossary had been actually proved to be borrowed by the
Cvmry from other languages j respecting which, in placing like forms
01 Latin aud Welsh in juxtaposition, he has simply left the inference
to be drawn by the reader. The instances, however, in which he has
hitherto expressed any doubt of the fact are exceedingly few ; and if
he will allow me to do so, I will venture to express my opinion that if
he would place a distinctive mark against those which he is prepared
to admit may possibly be referrible to some root (though as yet, per-
haps, undiscovered) in an older Aryan tongue, it may prove useful in
preventing the possibility of similar error in future. Since the appear-
ance of his letter I have been at the pains of examining somewhat
more closely his list, as far as it has hitherto extended, and find
that, out of a total of, say two hundred and forty words, about
seventy have appeared to me to be possibly deducible from a com-
mon source with some other tongue ; while the proof of the deriva-
tion from the Latin of some thirty others would seem to be at least
doubtful ; leaving about one hundred and forty fixed indisputably
as having been borrowed mostly from the Latin ; with the addition
of a few proper names from the Greek or Hebrew, probably through
the medium of the Latin. These there are now, perhaps, sufficient
data for classifying under the following heads : — 1. Proper names,
as Aroriy Emrys^ Awstin. 2. Words tiS^en from Latin and Greek
derivatives, as eaeth from 'captus' (jk 'capio'), doeth from ^doctus'
(i ' doceo'), esgyn from ^ ascendo*. B. Phrases which, from their
being already in common use in the Latin, it became convenient to
embody also in the Cymric, as ar ddisperod (qu. from ' dispersio'
rather than ' disparatio* P). 4. Legal terms, as cynghaws, cynghaw-
sedd, from * concausa'. 5. Words and phrases connected with eccle-
siastical practice and discipline, together with others necessary for
the expression of ideas, the primary conception of which must have
been derived by the Britons from intercourse with the foreigner, as
hendith from ' benedictio', callatmr from * caldarinm', diafol from ' dia-
bolus'.

On the other hand, it appears to me that derivations suggested
in the following ways require to be received at least with caution :

1. Monosyllabic words identical, or nearly so, with Greek or Latin
in sense aud form, apart from their termination, as arch and ' area*.

2. Words nearly resembling both a Greek and Latin word both in
form and sense, but traceable possibly to a Welsh root, as ccdaf,
KuXafvov, ' calamus*; W. root, cal, a stalk. 3. Words significative of

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CORRESPONDE^X^E. 171

common objects of sense, or of the necessities of life, or objects in
ordinary nse among even a rude and nntntored people, as oecl^ Lat.
^ffitas'; hoch, Lat. *bucca'; com, Lat. 'comn'; carw, Lat. *cervns';
to which may be added cwrw, anciently cwryfj Lat. * cervisia', though
not in the Glossary. 4. Words which conld have been borrowed
only from those medice or infimm Laiinitatis, may rather have been
adopted, conversely, by the conqnerors from the conquered ; e. g,,
hasstis from bos, biocus from hlwch, bottvs from both, battus from bad,
originally bat. There is no reason why the same mles for muta-
tion should not have been applied, as it were, both ways, mutatis
mutaiidie, in some instances, though not, probably, in all. The ex-
amples of certain proper names may be found instructive on this
point. Our romancing historian, Geoffirey of Monmouth, gives Buddig
= Victoria, as British for Boadicea, where we find the modulation
of u into 0, which is parallel with that of bucca and boch. And by a
like process Edward Lhwyd, who may be termed the father, in its
rude commencement, of the modem science of comparative etymo-
logy, has attempted to restore the British form of the names of
GhJlic chieftains mentioned in Caesar's Commentaries, But I am
still disposed to believe that, even in cases where the general rules
of Aryan philology seem to have been fully carried out, derivation
from one or other language is by no means always, or necessarily
implied. In the breaking up of a primitive language into separate
and distinct but still cognate branches, words will fall naturally
each into its own place, according to the genius of each tongue, and
thus present an appearance of derivation where, in fact, none exists,
or ever perhaps existed, save in the normal but long forgotten form
of speech, whatever that was, the original fount of them all.

Thus, although I quite concur generally in Mr. Rhys' remarks
respecting the arbitrary manner in which words have been adopted
by nations from other languages into their own, I cannot agree
with him so far as to think that such chauges should be taken for
granted as likely to have happened in the case of any considerable
number of words expressive of the simplest ideas, and needed for
the interchange of those ideas in the everyday intercourse of the
people to whom they belong. Nor are the instances adduced by
him from the English by any means such as these. As to the few
examples which I caught up at random from the Glossary in my
last letter, I must aclmowledge myself not fully converted by the
reasoning, however ingenious, in Mr. Bhys' reply to my own, in
which it appears I have not been entirely successful in making my-
self understood. I certainly wrote /3/>ax<,.not fip^x^ as the stem of
ppaxiojv ; and if, as Mr. Bhys suggests, the original Welsh word
was brech, it needs no further argument to show that the root may
have been Celtic, without recourse to the derivation of the lexi-
cons from the Greek comparative fipaxif^v. The series given by
Mr. Rhys (Gloss., p. 269), is— " Der. *br&chium'; W. **brachi',
•♦brechi', * *brech', * breich', * braich'." If the original Welsh root
was brech, I have no difficulty in agreeing with Mr. Rhys that the t

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172 CORRESPONDENCE.

would naturally be assumed into the later forms, hreich and hraich.
As to coUi8y altusj and gaUt, if I am preclnded, hj absence of anthor-
ity, from assuming the existence of a direct series, callty gcUlt, allt^
I am still nnconvinced that the Latin and Welsh forms may not
have been derived independently from some primary source now
lost ; and in this view I conceive I am supported by the existence of
the good Welsh word aZp(whence-4Zp6*,the Alps), itself derived from
the intensive particle al. As to arian and attr, I regret that I cannot
agree with Mr. Rhys in the admissibility of his argument from assump-
tion of the ignorance of the Britons of those metals, of which they
may well have gained a knowledge before their migration from the
East, albeit unable to work them. Doubtless Greek and Latin
words are not necessarily derived from the Sanscrit because the
root is contained also in the latter ; but the greater the number of
words containing the same root in languages of the same family,
the greater, it appears to me, is the probability that all should have
derived their origin from a common and still earlier source. In the
Abridgment of White and Riddle's LatiiuEnglish Dictionary (1865),
8. r., we are told that argentum is akin to the Sanscrit rajatan^ from
the root ra/, to shine ; and a/ragetud was used pro argento in Oscan,
according to Corssen. Now Pughe's Dictionary gives as the root of
ariam,, air, *' brightness', with wMch he connects also airon^ ' a bright
one' (a name for rivers), and airos, * bright or flame-colour'. Under
the forms raj, art, and arg, the same root is apparent in all the five
languages. Again, aurum, in the former work, is said to be akin to
the Sanscrit root ush (urere\ meaning Hhe burning thing', t. 6., the
glittering, shining metal. The root wr is, perhaps, visible in urad^
the Welsh for asbestos ; and seems to suggest the series *u8y *ur^
eur^ awr, as the progressive stages of formation.

I cannot conclude without asking Mr. Rhys to believe that, while
I entirely appreciate the difficulties that beset the path of his investi-
gation, 1 feel gratified that it has been undertaken by a Welshman
and a scholar so well qualified by learning and ability for the task.
But it is no less an autbority than Max Miiller who says that
'' many have failed by imagining that what has been found to be
true in one portion of the vast kingdom of speech, nwsi be equally
true in all. This is not so, and cannot be so. Language, though
its growth is governed by intelligible principles throughout, was
not so uniform in its progress as to repeat exactly the same pheno-
mena at every stage of its life. As the geologist looks for difierent
characteristics when he has to deal with London clay, with Oxford
clay, or with old red sandstone, the student of language, too, must
be prepared for different formations."^ All that I would venture
to suggest is that the general rules of Aryan philology, though ex-
cellent guides in themselves, must not be overstrained. If at any
time they refuse to harmonise with the facts of history or the con-
clusions of reason, so much the worse for the rules.

Yours truly, HowBL W. LiiOTD.

* Lecture* on the Science of Language, 6th ed., ii, p. 24.

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ARCHiEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 173

Note 30. — Lltpr Da Caerftbddin. — Besides the text of the Black
Book of Cannarthen^ published by Mr. Skene, in the Four Ancient
Books of WdLeSy the MS. contains several noteworthy additions in
different hands. Mr. Skene has referred to some of them ; but there
are others, which should be carefully examined, as they may con-
tain important information. In hastily examining the book at
Towyn Eistedfod I noted down the following :

Fo. 3, ^JVlJ *1DB^^' ^^* ^> several lines in the form of a note,
in a very small hand. Po. 9, " kym hen ach doyth ach nyd," etc.
(See Skene, ii, p. 315, but inaccurate). Fo. 20, two lines at the
bottom of the page, in Gothic letters, but rather faint. Fo. 22, at
the top of the page one line. Fo. 24, at the bottom of the page,
"Merddin mab Morfryn a ganodd yr .... sydd scrifenedic yn yr
wyth," etc. Fo. 28, recto, at the bottom, seven lines. Fo. 29, notes
on the margin. Fo. 30, on the margin, "A dyhedd yn gwynedd,"
etc. Fo. 40. There seems to be a break in the book here, as well as
in one or two other places. Fo. 41, at the bottom, in Gothic hand,
^ Creaudir," etc. Fo. 42, at the middle of the page, in court hand,
" Tapwm (?) pise." Fo. 45, a note at the top. Fo. 49, on the
margin, " Nid , etc. John Peteb.

Note 31. — The Deumloghan Stones. — It is my unpleasant duty
here to correct or rather to cancel what I wrote in the January
number of the journal, respecting one of the Drumloghan Stones
read by Mr. Brash Deagost Maqi Muco, which I proposed reading
Digozj etc. This turns out to bo moonshine, for the Bishop of Lim-
erick kindly informs me that the character which had been read st
is simply the ordinary one for s ; with this Dr. S. Ferguson agrees.

John Bhts.

Note 32. — The Dobunni Inscription.— As to the Tavistock in-
scription of which we have Dr. S. Ferguson's account, and which
he reads dobvnni fabbi enabarbi, it is just parallel as far as it goes
with the Llangian one ; this reads meli medioi fili mabtini iacit.
dobvnni appears in later Welsh as DtUmnn {GambrO'BHt, Saints^
pp. 82, 100), Bubun (p. 102), Bolym (p. 144). The latter part of
ENABABRi occurs in BARRiVENDi and VENDVBABi on the Llandawk
Stone. The last mentioned strongly reminds one of the Irish name
Fmnbharr^ said to have been borne by the founder of the see of
Cork. Similarly ena is probably related to a name Enna, which
occurs in the Chronicon Scotorum. As to the name meli it seems to
form a part of MeUteym^ the name of a church in Lleyn ; now it is
pronounced Mylltym^ if I am not mistaken, by the natives.

John Rhts.

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174 ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES.

Note 33. — Tanousius. — In the last instalment of the Celtic Be-
mains under the heading Beuno we have the sentence " He [Beuno]
was brought np by Tangtisiiis, a holj man, at Gwent, and was or-
dained priest." Now the name TangiLsius looks old, and has a spe-
cial interest for me, as being of the same class as Trenegussws and
Gurgust^ Cingust, etc.; for all these seem to imply forms in tmtu with
the i either assimilated to the s or modified into a dental. The
question is where does this name Tangtmus come from ? who is the
earliest authority for it ? I hope some one of the readers of the
Journal will be able to enlighten me on this point. John Rhys.

Note 34. — Bardic Symbol. — In reading through The Battle of
Magh Rath^ published for the Irish Archaaological Society (Dublin,
1842) and translated by O'Donovan, I came across the following
piece of learning, which I give in the translator's words : " A letter
for every succession, which we said above, means the first letter, by
which succession is completed for raising every project, and the be-
ginning of every alphabet ; its name is the excellent, triangular A^
by which is understood \i. e., symbolised] the Trinity of Three Per-
sons ; and it was ordained that it should be placed at the beginning
of every alphabet, because the name of the first creature of all the
creatures which God created was written by this letter, viz.. Angel ;
and the name of the first man that was created was represented by
this letter A, viz., Adam ; and it was the first of Adam's speech, as
the author sets forth : Adraim, adraim thu-sa a De," etc. (Adoro,
adoro te Deum, etc.) Now this seems clearly to point to the same
origin whence Welsh bardism derived our Eisteddfodic /|\, which
we are told stood for the name of God in the alphabet of ten letters.
I need only refer the reader to Mr. Stephen's paper in the ArchcBo-
logia Oamhrensis for 1872, p. 188, he gives a triangular A, which
answers very well to the Irish triangular A, say of the Book of
Kells — in both cases only the internal angles are to be counted, it
would seem. Possibly, however, our /|\ should be rather derived
from the Hebrew M, or from an open A, which occurs frequently
at Carleon on pottery of the Roman period ; this resembles a V up-
side down with a third line in the middle which produced would
bisect the angle, but as far as I remember it never is produced.
But it seems that it is unknown in later inscriptions. Should this
scrap put some of our archaeologists on the way to give us the his-
tory of the symbol, I should feel delighted. John Rhys.

Note 85. — Mucoi. — It will be remembered that the word mucoi
occurs on the Bridell stone ; it occurs frequently in Irish ogham and
a good many attempts have been made to explain it of late, but
none of them seems probable, excepting one which has been quite
overlooked, this comes from Stokes and is to be found in Kuhn's
BeHrdge, i, 344, 345, where he quotes, without allusion, it is true, to
inscriptions, instances of maccu and mocu meaning grandson, des-
cendant from the Liber Eymnorvm^ Vita Columbce, Annals of Ulster^
and Tirechan, Prom these there can be no doubt that our mucoi is

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ARCHiEOLOOICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 175

the same word. Further it would seem to contain in its composi*
tion an element from the same origin as the modem Irish word o or
tto, 'grandson, descendant,' and to be in modem Welsh no other
than macwyy ' pner, armiger, mascnlns' (Dayies). John Bhts.

Note 36. — Teen. — Tren occurs as a personal name in some of our
inscriptions ; I believe it also occurs as the name of rivers in Wales,
and it would possibly throw light on the original meaning of the
word if some one of your contributors could tell us where rivers
bearing this name are, and of what description they may be, rapid
or sluggish ? John Ehts.

Note 37. — Aethueian Localities (Note 27, vol. v, p. 88).— In my
list of Arthurian Localities which appeared in the January number
of the Archasologia Cambrensis, Gwely Arthur (p. 90, line 1) has been
misprinted '' Owel Arthur." The following names have occurred to
me since that note was printed :—

Oader Arthur ^ near Cors y G^edol, Merionethshire (figured in the
Archceologia Gamhrensis for 1869, p. 134).

Coetan Arthur^ close to the village of Dyfiryn, and within a short
distance of the preceding cromlech (Cader Arthur).

Coeta/n Arthury or Maen Chwyf, at Llwydiarth, Anglesey (Mur-
ray's Handbook/or North Wales^ p. 71).

King Arthur's Table (Bwrdd Arthur) at Moccas, Herefordshire
(Murray's Handbook for South Wales, p. 120).

IJ^ys Arthur, in the parish of Llanuwchllyn, Merionethshire. (Bye^
Oones, i, 154). Peeedue.

Answer to Query 20 (vol. iv, p. 292). — Your correspondent Dyve-
don asks what places are meant by Scotoburgi apud Pembrochienses
and Ootobergi, names which occur in some of the letters of Edward
Llwyd. I can satisfy him as to the former of these names, leaving
it to other correspondents to tell us where the learned antiquary
was when he dated his letter " Gotoberri." The place intended
18 Scotchburgh, near Tenby, in Pembrokeshire. In the Archceologia
Cambrensis of 1851, p. 52, will be found a letter from Lhwyd to the
Rev. John Lloyd, dated at this very place (*' Scochburgh, near
Tenby, in Pembroksh."), and a woodcut representation of " Scotch-
burgh, or Scotboro' House," as it stood in 1850, is prefixed to the
correspondence. Tydsgho.

ittiscellaneous j^ottced.

Cambeian Aech^olooical Assocution. — The Annual Meeting
will be held in the month of August next, at Wrexham, under the
presidency of Sir W. W. Wynn, Bart., M.P. The exact time has
not yet been determined ; but it will be probably about the first
week in August. Arrangements are being made for the formation

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176 MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES.

of an influential Local Committee ; and a temporary Mosenm will
also be established, if suitable accommodation can be had. The
programme, containing fnll details, will be pnblished in the Jnly
number of the ArchcBohgia Cambrensis.

Harlech Castlb.— Onr readers will be glad to learn that the
Qaeen has been pleased to appoint W. W. E. Wynne, Esq., F.S.A.,
of Peniarth, Constable of the Castle of Harlech, in the room of the
Hon. T. Pryce Lloyd, deceased. By the charter of Edward I the
Constable of the Castle is, ex officio^ Mayor of Harlech.

Preservation of Ancient Monuments.— Sir John Lubbock's Bill
for the Preservation of Ancient Monuments, which stood for second
reading in the House of Commons on the 15th of April, was rejected
by a majority of fifty-three in a house of two hundred. Many of
the provisions of the Bill appear to us vague and unsatisfactory ;
but some of the arguments directed against it were simply puerile.
Like the Bill of last year, with which it is very nearly identical, it
almost entirely ignored the claims of the ancient monuments of the
Principality. We confess our entire ignorance why King Arthur's
Coit in Gower, for instance, should be taken at once under the pro-
tection of the law, while dozens of other cromlechs equally deserv-
ing of preservation, and perhaps running a greater risk of demoli-
tion, should be left without its pale. Whatever might be its merits,
the rejection of the Bill can hardly be considered a loss to Wales.
Cornwall and Devonshire, two counties rich in primaeval remains,
fared, if anything, worse even than the Principality ; and there is
no apparent reason for their exclusion, except that they happen to
be the most Celtic portion of England. '' Saxon" monuments appear
to be the only remains which Sir John Lubbock considers worth
legislating for their preservation.

Llanwddtn. — A few months ago, as some of the workmen of Sir
Edmund Buckley were pulling down an old wall at Eunant, Llan-
wddyn, Montgomeryshire, they came upon about a dozen pieces of
silver coins, mostly of Queen Elizabeth and James I. They were
found lodged in a cavity between the stones, where in all probability
thev had been concealed during the civil wars ; in connection with
which many skirmishes are known to have been fought in this
locality, as may be seen by a contemporary document published in
the first volume of the ArchcBologia Oamhrensisy p. 83 ; and place-
names in the district, such as Y Qndfa (battle-field), Erw^r Beddau
(graves-acre), and QarrU (garrison), corroborate the fact. The coins
are now preserved at Plas, Dinas Mawddwy, Eunant being the pro-
perty of the owner of that mansion.

PowTSLAND Museum. — We learn with great satisfaction, by the
last instalment of the Montgomeryshire Collections^ that the Committee
of the Powysland Museum are in a position to report that a contract

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MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES. 177

has been entered into for the erection of the bailding ; and that the
^ntractor has commenced the work, and undertaken to deliver it
complete on the 15th of Jane next. The building fand is still defi-
cient by about £60, and some expense must be incurred in provid-
ing internal fittings ; the Committee, therefore, solicit further
donations for these purposes. Thej also desire contributions of
archaeological i*elics as well as objects of natural history, books,
manuscripts, works of art, etc., connected with the district, for depo-
sition and preservation in the Museum ; and there is but little doubt
that the patriotic inhabitants of Powysland will respond to the
appeal. Great credit is due to Mr. M. Cf. Jones, the Honorary Secre-
tary, to whom the project owes its origin, and through whose inde-
fatigable exertions it has been brought to its present advanced state.

Medi-sval Latin-English Dictionary. — The Rev. Edward Arthur
Dayman, B.D., Rector of Shillingstone, Dorset, Prebendary of Sarum,
and formerly Fellow and Tutor of Exeter College, Oxford, has nearly
ready for the press A Mediaval Latin-English Dictionary, — a work
which promises to be of the greatest service to the antiquarian
student. This Dictionary, which is founded on the Qlossarium of
Du Cange, differs, we are told, from that great work chiefly in the
following points: — 1. It is no mere translation or abridgment of
Du Cange, but it embodies everything of importance in that work ;
and many new words are also added from glossaries, mediaeval
authors, charters, and other sources ; especially from the glossaries
appended to the works published by the Record Commission, under
the direction of the Master of the Rolls ; and from other works,
such as the Proinptorium Parvulorum, edited for the Camden Society
by the late Mr. Albert Way ; Notes and Queries; and the works on
ancient music by Mr. W. Chappell. 2. Other meanings besides
those found in Du Cange are given to particular words. 3. In some
of the longer articles an analysis or classification of meanings has
been attempted. 4. Large additions have been made in those sub-
jects on wluch Du Cange is often rather meagre, as in English law,
in medical terms, in botany and other branches of natural history,
in the Latin of the schoolmen and of patristic writers of the Western
Church. To render the work more complete and more worthy of
the attention of the public, the author invites the suggestions and
corrections of all who feel an interest in the subject. The Dictionary
will be comprised in three volumes, small quarto, and will be pub-
lished by Mr. Murray of Albemarle Street.

CoUectanea.

In the last number of the ArchcBological Journal, Mr. J. Jope

Rogers records the discovery of some Romano- British or late Celtic

remains made at Trelan Bahow, St. Keverne, Cornwall, about forty

years ago, but not published until now. These remains were found

4th sbr., vol. v. 12

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178 COLLECTANEA.

in some grares in a field called the '* Babow," situate near the
sonthem margin of Goonhilly Down. Each grave was formed of
six stones set on edge, — two at each side, and one at each end,
besides the covering stone. They were placed nearly east and west.
A bronze mirror excellently preserved, several b^ds of vitreous
snbstanoe, some gilded rings, parts of fibulae, and other bronze orna-
ments, all apparently objects of personal decoration, were found in
one of these graves. The others appear to have been empty. The
bronze mirror, of which a drawing is given in the Journal^ is an
object of great rarity, only five others of like kind having been dis-
covered, four in England and one in Scotland. They are considered
by Mr. Albert Way, Mr. Franks, and other authorities, to be of late
Celtic workmanship. This mirror and the other relics found at
Trelan have been placed in the British Museum.

The Bonb-Gaves of the WTE.-~At a recent meeting of the
Worcestershire Natural History Society, Mr. G. W. Hastings, Pre-
sident of the Society, gave an account of some bone-caves disco-
vered on the banks of the river Wye, near Symond's Yat, in Here-
fordshire. He, in company with Dr. Carpenter and the Rev. W.
Symonds, F.G.S., had visited the locality, and made some remark-
able discoveries. The precise number of the caves had not been
ascertained, but there were supposed to be from twelve to twenty,
of which only three had at present been investigated. His party
confined their examination to one of these three. In clearing
out the rubbish on the upper surface they found two human skele-
tons and coins and ornaments of the Roman-British period. When
they had cleared out the mould at the top, which was of a modem
period, they came to a floor of solid stalagmite, so thick and hard
that it had to be blown up with gunpowder. Below the stalagmite
was another layer, and in it the bones of the common black bear,
and nothing else. At the bottom of this layer was a second bed of
stalagmite, two feet thick, which they also blew up with powdor ;
and beneath this they found an immense mass of fossilised bones of
extinct animals, the remains of a mammoth in a marvellous state of
preservation, and the bones of the woolly rhinoceros, the cave lion,
the cave bear, and the hyena, the last-named very numerous. He
had no doubt that previous to the stalagmite period this was the
cave of the extinct species of hyena called the '* cave hyena'* by geo-
logists, and that these hyenas inhabited the cave for centuries and
dragged hither the remains of the creatures on which they preyed.
An immense quantity of these bones of extinct animals had been got
out of the cave, and the tenant of the property, a Scotch farmer,
said he had for some time been manuring his fields with the bones
of extinct animals which ages ago ranged over his holding. In con-
nection with his subject, Mr. Hastings diverged to that of the anti-
quity of man, which he was of opinion dated further back than was
generally admitted ; and, in incidentally referring to the evidences
found in this country, and in more northern latitudes, of it hav-

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COLLECTANEA. 179

ine at some time grown tropical plants, he started a theory that the
axis of the earth had heen slowly altered, and henoe the change of
temperatare, etc. With regard to the bone caves of the Wye he
proposed that the Society should obtain possession of one of them
and open it on its own account, a suggestion which was cordially ac-
cepted. A short discussion followed, in the course of which none of
Mr. Hastings' conclusions were challenged.

Ah important discovery of archsBological interest has been re-
cently made in Norway. A tumulus, a few miles to the north of
Frederikstadt, has been explored, and, embedded in a sort of stra-
tum of day at its base, has been found the hull of a vessel, made
completely of oak, and evidently of great age. Both ends taper, so
that it is difficult to tell the bows from the stem ; the vessel, more-
over, is rather " squat" and low in the water. The length of the
keel is about 44 feet and the breadth of beam about 13 feet. Various
circumstances combine to prove that it must have been a war vessel
for coast use. It was propelled by oars and sails, and there are
traces of elaborate carving about the sides. In accordance with an
ancient practice in Sweden and Norway, allusion to which is made
in some of the Sagas, the vessel was brought hither to cover the re-
mains of its captain, fragments of whose dress, horse accoutrements
and harness have been discovered. This vessel is said to date from
the time of the old Vikings, and the Society of Antiquaries at
Chrifitiania, with a due regard for its historical and archfldolog^cal
value have caused the entire lot to be conveyed to Christiania, with
a view to its being set up within the precincts of the nniversi^.

Abchjeolooical science on the continent has sustained a serious
loss in the sudden death of M. Cbarles-Eniest 6eul§, sometime
Professor of Archsaology at the Biblioth^que Imp^riale, and perpet-
ual secretary of the French Academy of Fine Arts. M. Beul^ was
bom at Saumur in 1826, and was therefore in his thirty-eighth
year at the time of his death. He published several works relating
to Greek archseology, and contributed much to the Gazette des Beaiix
Arts and other publications. He also made successful explorations
on the site of Carthage.

The Congress of Slavic Archeology will be held at Eliew from
August 14 to September 3.

Ths seventh session of the International Congress of ArohsBology
and Prehistoric Anthropology will be held at Stockholm from Au-
gust 7 to 16th. A grant of 20,000 francs, to cover the expense of
tiie Congress, has been asked of the Diet, and entertainments will
be given by the town and the king.

Lf recently digging for gravel at a depth of 18 inches on the irri-
gation farm at B^dington have been discovered the remains of a

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180

COLLECTANEA.

Roman warrior, who had evidentlj been buried in his armonr, to-
gether with some arms. Some time previously the remains of a
Roman villa were found in the same neighbourhood, and a quantity
of coins Roman and British between Croydon and Norwood. In
the above locality have been found distinct traces of hut circles in
the fields south-east of Woodcote, and near Wellington Manor
House, and it is supposed that the Roman town of Noviomagus oc-
cupied the southern portion of the parish. The Roman villa was
found between Beddington Lane and Hackbridge Station, or veiy
nearly in the direct line from Woodcote to Streatham. The evidence
from the coins would give a Roman occupation of the locality from
A.D. 258 to A.D. 875. According to ancient evidence a number of
Roman roads converged in this neighbourhood, proving it to be an
important position during the time of the Roman occupation of
Britain. The investigation of this find has been referred to the
Surrey Archaeological Society.

At the meeting of the Society of Antiquaries, March 12th, the
Rev. W. Egerton, rector of Whitchurch, Salop, described the
alleged discovery in that church of the body of the great Talbot,
first Earl of Shrewsbury, who was killed at Chastillon, in the year
1453, in the sixtieth year of his age. The skull bore traces of hay-
ing been cleft with a blow of a battle- axe, and each bone was wrap-
ped up carefully in cerecloth, which would seem to corroborate Le-
land's statement that the body was originally buried in France, and
was afterwards brought over by his grandson. Sir G. Talbot, and
interred in the old church (which fell down in 1 71 3) at Whitchurch,
Salop, in accordance with the desire expressed in the earl's will
made at Portsmouth in 1453.

CAMBRLA.N ARCH^OLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.— 1873.

STATEMENT OP EXPENDITURE AND RECEIPTS.

EXPENDITURE.

£ s.

To Printing

. 192 16

„ Engraving -

- 38 9

„ Editor -

- 50 0

„ Balance

- 42 13

;£323 19 7

RECEIPTS.

£ B. a.

By Balance - - 23 3 5

„ Knighton Meeting - 19 6 8

„ Numbers sold - - 7 6 0

„ Subscriptions, etc. - 274 4 6

£323 19 7

Audited and found correct.

Brecon : 16th March, 1874.

Thomas Powell, ) Auditors for
John Moroav, ) 1873.

Joseph Joseph, F.S.A., Treamrer,

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CELTIC REMAINS. 41

of its own. called Melin BodflTordd. This was right British liberty.
Bodwrda, a gentleman's seat in Lleyn; Bodwrog or Bodfwrog
(vid. Mvrrog, St.) ; Body chain ; Bodyddfan, a gentleman's seat
{J. D,) ; Bodynolwyn or Wenolwyn ; Bodysgallen, a gentleman's
seat ; Bodwine, a hamlet in Anglesey mentioned in the Prince's
Extent, Edw. Ill, 1352. It was a free hamlet in the commot
of Malltraeth, and yet was liable to pay suits to commots 'and
hundreds, relief, gobr, and amobr, lOs.; and the rent to the
Prince yeariy was 16s., and paid quarteriy, 4s.; so that the
Prince's chief profits were those accidental ones of gobr, amobr,
etc.

Bod ap Pasgen ap Helic.

BODVAN (St.) {Br, Willis,)

Boir or Boer. Penboir and Ehyd Foir, Carmarthenshire.

BoL. Cors y Bol, a bog in Mon of that name ; and Penbol (n.
L), qu. whether in Tal y Bolion ?

Bol Haul, in Llangwnnwr, Caermarthenshire ; another in
Anglesey.

BoLG (Y), Belgiea ; that is, Gallia Belgica, i.e., the Netherlands.
Gwyr y Bolg, the Belgae. These were Germans that passed the
Rhine before Caesar's time. (Caesar, Comm,, ii, 4.) The Irish
writers call them Fir Bolg, i, e., the men of the Bolg. Vide BoL

BoNGAM. Deicws Fongam ap Madog ap Llewelyn ap lor-
werth.

BoNOVER (q. d. BeauTwveur), one of the ancient names of the
town now called Beaumaris or Beaumarish.

Castell gwedi cael castiaid

Bonover hwnt bau fo rhaid.-— Joan Brwynog^

Camden (in Anglesey) says the town was called Bonover before
it was rebuilt by Edward I, and was called by him Beaumarish.
It was formerly called Uanvaes ; and it seems to have been, in
very ancient time^, called P(yii;h Wygyr, one of the three principal
seaports in the Cambrian dominions after the Saxon conquest
of Loegria. (Triad 5.) Vid. Caer F6n,

BoNWM (n. 1.), Anglesey.

BoRT (n. pr. v.), a German name. Bort, mab brenin Bort. (F
Great apud Tr, 61.)

Bosso (n. pr. v.). Caervosso, Rhydychen, Oxenford.

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42 CELTIC REMAINS.

BoTEmjABUL, in Doomsday Book corruptly for Bodffari, a vil-
lage in Englefield, belonging to the manor of Ehuddlan when in
the hands of Hugh, Earl of Chester, in William the Conqueror's
time.

* BowcwN or BoocwN, Caer Vowewn, the ruins of an ancient
fort in the turning where Nant Ceiliogyn falls into Trennig river,
in the way as you go from Eisteddva Gurig along Ilechinwedd
Hirgoed in the east end of it. This fort kept not only the pass
to Eisteddva Gurig, but also that to Dyflfryn Merin by Pistell
Ddu. Vide Trennig.

Brachan, in Ach Cynog. Vide Brychan.

Bradog. Aeddan Fradog.

Bradwen ap Unwch ap Unarchen. Ednowain ap Bradwen.
{Pymiheg Llwyth) Penrhos Bradwen ymhlwyf Caer Gybi.

Bradwen. Llys Bradwen {Bratwen in the Gododin), near
Dolgelleu {J, D.), the seat of Ednowain ap Bradwen in the time
of Llewelyn ap lorwerth.

Bradwyn (n. pr. v.).

Moes rhoi 'n gof maes arian gwyn

Mwy par wedi mab Bradwyn. — M, LI. 0.

Braich y Ddinas, a lofty and impregnable hill on the top of
Penmaen Mawr, where are the ruinous walls of a fortification
encompassed with a treble wall; and within each wall the
foundation of at least a hundred towers all round, and of about
six yards diameter, each within the walls. The walls of this
Dinas were about two yards thick, and in some places three.
There a hundred men might defend themselves against a legion ;
and it seems there were lodgings within the walls for twenty
thousand men. Within the innermost wall there is a well which
gives water in the driest summer. This was the strongest fort
in all Snowdon. (B. Llwyd, Notes on Camden in Caernarvon^
shire.) Vid. Meini Hirion and Penmaen Mawr.

Braint (n. pr. v.) signifies dignity : hence Briant and Bryan,
modem names. Vide Braint Hir.

Braint Hir ap Nevydd, King Cadwallon's nephew, and one
of his council, and lord of Uwch-Aled ; bore vert, a cross flovery
or. {Pymiheg Llvryth.) Qu., from his name, Sam Vraint and

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C£LT1C REMAINS. 43

Afon Vraint in Anglesey, mentioned by Llywarch Hen in Marw-

nad Cadwallon ?

Llnest Cadwallon ar Oeint
Lloegr ardres armes ameint
Llaw ddillwng ellwng oedd Vremt

Ceint river is also in Anglesey.

Braisg. Ywain Fraisg ap Cyndeym Fendigaid.

Bran (n. pr. v.). Bran ap Dyfhwal (Latinized Brennvs), second
son of Djrfhwal Moelmut, the famous British lawgiver. He mar-
ried a princess of the Galli Senones, and by the help of his
brother Beli [Belinus, rightly Bdgius), King of Britain, overran
Italy, and took the city of Rome, and kept possession of it seven
months. {Tyssilio,) This was about 390 years before Christ, and
364 years after the building of Eome. Strabo plainly calls him
Bren, and Polybius corroborates the British history in tWs point.
Vid. Brennus and Urp,

Bran, a river that falls into Towi near Ilanymddyfri (from
Bran, a man's name). Hence Aberbran and Glanbran. NarU
Bran falls into the Wysg.

Bran ap Llowarch.

Bran ap Llyr, called Bendigaid Fran. (Tr. 45.) Vid. Ben-
digaid Fran.

Bran ap Melhym. He is called Bran ab y Melhjrm in Arch.
Brit., p. 260. Qu., whether Mellteym or Myllteyrn ? In the
MS. it is Melsym, Vide Llywarch Hen in Marwnad Urien Eeged.

Bran ap Gwerydd. (Arch. BrU., p. 261.)

Bran. Dinas Bran, a castle on the top of a hill near Llan-
gollen, which it is said belonged to Brennus. There is a lord-
ship adjoining there called to this day Dinbran or Dinbren. It
was in repair and inhabited by Grufiy dd ap Madog in Edward I's
time, who was lord of Dinas Bran.

Camden says the tradition was that it was built and so named
by Brennus, general of the Gauls ; and he says some interpret
the name " the king's palace"; for that Bren, says he, in British
signifies a king. Mr. Camden was here sadly out, as he is gener-
ally when he meddles with British etymologies. Bren was never
the word in the British for a king, but brenhin and hreyerih'^n.
Others, he says, would have the name derived from hryn, a hilL

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44 CELTIC REMAINS.

Poor guessing ! for most British castles were upon hills. And
how comes king to be a proper name of a king ? An odd fancy
indeed !

Bran Galed o'r Gogledd, a prince or great man of North
Britain, famous for his generosity. Com Bran Galed o*r Gogledd
was one of the thirteen rarities of Britain kept at Caerllion ar
Wysg in Arthur's time; Bran Galed of the North's horn. Desire
any kind of liquor, and that horn would produce it. That is, I
suppose, you were to drink in that house what liquor you
desired ; unless there was a contrivance to convey liquors through
secret pipes into it. Vid. Muned,

Bran, father of Caradawc. (Tr. 19.)

Branes, a gentleman's seat, — Wynne's. {J. D,) Also a sur*
name : Hwmffre Branes of Branes Uchaf. (J. D)

Brangor (n. pr. v.). Y Great, quoted Triad 61. Brangor's
daughter was Empress at Consiinobl, t. c, Constantinople.

Braniarth, part of Powys.

Branwen, merch llyr o Harlech, gwraig Matholwch WyddeL
(See the Tr. 51.) Tijbr Branwen oedd Harlech gynt. Hi
gladdwyd ar Ian afon Alaw ym Mon, medd Mabinogi Bendigeid-
fran. Palfod Branwen verch llyr Uediaith. (Arch. Brit., p. 258.)
[Capel Bronwen in Anglesey. — W. D.]

Bras, thick or big. Caradog Freichfras; Madog Benfiras;
Gruffydd Fraslwyd, tad Gruflydd Lwyd o Lanbrynmair.

Bre, mons, collis, a mountain, a hill: hence Moelfre; and the
Bre (Bray) of Athol in Scotland ; Penire in Carmarthenshire.

Brecon. Dinlle Vrecon, mentioned by Uowarch Hen in Mar-
wnad Cynddylan. Mr. Edward Llwyd guesses this to be Urico-
nium or Wroxeter, near Salop. If it is, it should be wrote Ureco^h,
and not Brecon; for the British name of Uriconium is Caer
Wrygion ; in the ancient orthography Gurigion; and it is found
G^drigon in Nennius.

Sylles o Dinlle Vreoon. — Llowarch H&ii,

Brechdwn. Gwern y Brechdwn, which see.

Brecueiniog. (Price's Descript). Vid. Brycheiniog.

Breiddin, Craig Freiddin in Montgomeryshire-, a mountain ;
corruptly, Craig Wreiddyn. Bre Freiddin. {Gwalchmai ap Mdlir.)
O Freiddin freenhin froiddgar. — Gwalchmai ap Meilir.

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CELTIC REMAINS. 45

Breigh Mons, corruptly in John Major (ffisL Scot, L ii, c. 4)
for Er3ni, where Gwrtheym built his castle. [Qu. if not Craig
y Ddinas (q. v.) on Penmaen Mawr ? — W. 2>.]

Breint (fl.) : hence Aberbreint, afon Fraint in Anglesey, and
the rivers Brent in Devon and Middlesex, and the river Brent
in the Venetian territory. All have their names from Braint,
which see.

Brenhin or Brenhyn, pL Brenhynoedd {k braint and Jien).

Dybn Brenhin Lloegr yn Uayddawc. — MeUir Brydydd,
Breiniol, Brdniau,

Breenhin na frenhin brithfyd dybi. — Myrddin^ Hoianaa.

Breyenhin, Breienh^, q. d. brainh^, the honourable elder.

Brbnhinllwyth. Y Pum Brenhinllwyth,i. c, the five princely
tribes.

Brevi, a river at Uanddewi Brevi in Cardiganshire. {Brit.
Sanct, March 1.) Qu. wh. from Gwenfrewi (see Owdl Dewi) ; or
qu. wh. Brewi, from Gwenvrewi ? Leland is mistaken in the
derivation from brefu. Vid. Dyfrig and Dem.

Bricenau Mere, in Marianus, means the pool or mere by
Brecknock called Llyn Safathan, and Castell Dinas by that lake.
(^Camden.)

Briganted, in Armorica, thieves (qu. wh. k Briffantes), [Sic
in Glamorgan. — /. if.]

Bristol, a city on the river Avon, part in Somersetshire and
part in Gloucestershire. It had once the name of Caerodomant,
and perhaps Bath was called Caerodor Uchaf, Odor then seems to
have been the name of the river Avon ; and I should be apt to
think that a smaller river runs into the Odor at Bristol, of such
a name as Ysto, from whence Aberysto, and thence Bristow.
[No river Ysto there. — L M.] Vid. Brittou.

Britain, the English name of the island containing England,
Wales, and Scotland. Vid. Prydain,

Britannia, the Latin name of Britain. Vid. Brvi Tnys.

Britenhuis, oxTHuiste Briten, the ruins of a tower in the sea,
to be seen at low water, near Cattwuck at the mouth of the
Rhine. Thus called by the Hollanders that dwell near it. Sue-
tonius says that Caligula built a tower in that place ; and

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46 CELTIC REMAINS.

Hadrian Junius, Camden, and Vitus, say that this is the ruins
of the same tower ; but Ortelius, Goetzius, and Cluverius, denjr
it. (Selden, Mar, Claus., p. 203.)

Brithdir, in Gilsfield, a gentleman's seat.

BiUTHDiR, in UangoUen parish.

Brithon. CaerBrit}ion,'BnBtol (Usher^OT perhaps Dunbritton.

Brithwch. Caer Brithwch {Ystori KUhwch ap Kilydd), per-
haps Caer Brython.

Brittou. Caer Brittou {Kennius) : qu. whether the Caer
Brithon of Usher's, which he interprets Bristol ? As Bristol lies
on a very commodious spot for trade, it must be supposed there
was a town built there in the infancy of the British government ;
and though I have no authority for it from either Eoman or
British writers (neither Anton's Itinerary nor the Triades men-
tioning it), yet I cannot help thinking that this town had a
British name formerly, whence the name Bristow or Bristaw
was formed. It is now pronounced by the Welsh Brustaw or
Brusto; as the British name of the river is now lost, and nothing
remains but Avon, which is the common British name for all
rivers ; and who can doubt that Bristow was by the Britaina
called AberystOj or some such name, as Aberystwyth is called
from the river Ystwy th. Vide Bristol,

[Briw (n. 1.). Cefn y Briw; Uyn y Briw; Rhyd y Briw. Vid.
Caer.— W.B,]

Bro, country, region ; different from Gwlad.

A'ch gw^ oil wlad Fro Ghidell. — Rhye Nanmor.
Henw *ngwlad yw Bro Gadell. — D, ap Owilym.
Swyddau yngwlad Bro Gadell. — D, H. H.

Bro Alun, where Llewelyn ap lorwerth fought with the Nor-
mans, about the river Alun.

Un am Fro Alun elfydd Cann a Ffndnc.

Prydydd y Moch, i LI. ap lorwerth.

Brochuael Hir (Llywarch Hen in Marwnad Cynddylan).

Broghwel, Bbychwel, or Brychfael (n. pr. v.).

Broghwel, sumamed Ysgythrog (from a place of that name in
Brecknockshire), ap Cyngan ap Cadell Dejrmlluc, Prince of
Powys and Earl of Chester, was one of the generals of the Britains

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in the great battle fought a,d. 617 between the Britains and
Ethelfrid and his Saxons near the City of Legions (West Chester).
Brochwel was stationed with a party of men to cover the monks
of Bangor is y Coed, who were there in great numbers praying
for the battle ; but Ethelfrid prevailed, and destroyed some hun-
dreds of the monks. Several of them fled to Ynys Enlli (Isle of
Bardsey); but the college or university was not touched, for
Ethelfrid was defeated at Bangor. See Gwaitk Perllan Fan-
gor; and also see Nennius. Camden, in his Remains^ p. 108,
writes this name Brochvaii Schitrauc, and explains it "gagg-
toothed", but without reason or skill in the language ; and Price
{DescripL) calls him Brqchwd Ysgithrog, that is, " long-toothed".
He had three sons, viz., Mawn, Tyssilio Sant at Meivod, and
Cynan the Prince. (Buchedd Bacno.)

Brig gw^dd Syr Gruffydd a'i eel
Breichiau Gwenwys a Brochwel. — Sion Oeri,

Ni bo dyn y* my w y Mdn

O'p Brychfaeliaid Brychfoelion.

Englynion Saith Mob Cadi/or, a.d. 1170 \M. A. i, 418].
Brodie.

M6r yw, tu hwnt y mae'r tir,
Meredydd tros fy mrodir. — I. Dafydd Ddu.
Vid. Owldd.

Bkodorddyn, Brodorddin, or Brordorddun (q. d. Bro Dorddy n,
tarn qufiere). Syr KogerVychan, arglwydd Brodorddyn a'r Cwin.

Mawr o dwrdd ym Mrodorddon
Mawr poen cant marw pen cun.
leuan ap Hywel Swrdwal^ i W. Vychan o Hergest.

Ni bu drwoh wyneb y drin
Heb wrid urddas Brodorddin.

leua/n ap Huw Gae LLwyd.
Brodoryn, qu. Brodorddjm ?

Cyfrwng Brodoryn brad o Wynedd.

Hoianau Myrddin,
Bro Dywi. (X. 0. Cothi)

Bro Gadell, Dafydd ap Gwilym's country.

Brogior wrth Wenni, a village in Glamorganshire. Fairs are

kept here. [Aherogior (never called otherwise) has an ancient

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48 CELTIC REMAINS.

castle, and is a seaport in the Duchy of Lancaster, like other
places in Glamorgan. — /. M.]

Broginin or Brogynin, a valley and some houses above Grog-
erthan in Cardiganshire, where the common report is that Davj'^dd
ap Gwilym, the poet, was bom ; but quaere.

Bro Gwent.

Brogeintun and Broguntun, the name of a place. Ywain
Brogeintyn was a base son of Madog ap Meredydd ap Bleddyn.

Bron, a breast; also fem. of bryn, a hill (from bre, 6ry, ovfry,
above). Brongarth ; Bronheilin ; Y Fronwen ; Y Fronfraith ;
Bron y Mwyn ; Bron Danwg ; Bron Feirig ; Broniartb ; Bron
Heulog ; Brongwyn, a parish in Cardiganshire. Bron Gain, a
gentleman's seat. (J. D,)

Bron yr Erw, a place in Arfon, North Wales, where a battle
was fought by Gruflfydd ap Cynan and Trahaearn ap Caradoc,
the reigning Prince of North Wales ; but Grufifydd was defeated,
and fled into Anglesey, a.d. 1073. {Caradoc in Trahaearn.)

Bromfield, part of Powys Vadog.

Bron y Voel.

Brothen (St.). Hanfrothen, Meirion.

Brotre, a town, a village, or place belonging to Cynddylan
Powys ; perhaps an appellative to Pengwern.

Gwae ieoaingc a eiddaant Brotre. — Llowarch Hen.
Vid. Brodir and Bro,

Bro Wyr. (Zeuns Glynn Cothi.)

Brulhai (n. L). (X. O, Cothi)

Brun Alban, the same with Braid AWan in Scotland (Fla-
herty, Ogygia, p. 323) ; called also Brunhere, perhaps Bryn Hir,
i, €,, Long Hill. Vid. Drum Alban.

Brut or Brutus, son of Silius (Julius), not Silvius, founder of
the British empire, who is said by our ancient traditions and his-
torians to have been the first King of Britain of the Trojan race,
who conquered this island, or settled a colony of Trojans in it,
about 1200 years after the Flood, and 1100 before the birth of
Christ, and to have given it the name of Ynys BnU, and by
foreigners called Britannia^ q. d. Brut Ynys. But the British
Triades say that the island of Britain had its name from Prydain
ap Aedd Mawr, who conquered it. Both might give it their

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names at different times. Camden says that the greatest part
of learned authors, as Boccetius, Vives, Hadrianus Junius, Poly-
dore, Buchanan, Vignier, Genebrardus, MolinsBUS, Bodinus, and
other persons of great judgment, do unanimously aflBrm that
there never was such a person as Brutus ; and that many of our
learned countiymen reject him as a mere impostor, as John of
Wheathampsted, abbot of St. Alban^s, a man of excellent judg-
ment; and William of Newborough, a much more ancient
writer, who fixed the charge of forgery upon Geofirey, the com-
piler of the British History, as soon as ever he had published
it ; and that Giraldus Cambrensis, who wrote in the same age,
calls it the fabulous history of Geofirey ; that the author who
takes upon him the name and title of Gildas, and briefly glosseth
upon Nennius, in the first place imagineth this our Brutus to
have been a Soman consul ; secondly, a son of one Silvius ; at
last^ of one Hessicion. Here are all Mr. Camden's learned men's
objections against Brutus.

Gorpo teymfawr tywysogaeth Brut

Ar Brydain diriogaeth.

Cynddelw, i Twain Cyfeiliog.

Vid. Prydain, Britannia, Brut y Brenhinoedd.
Bhutan and Brytaen, the isle of Britain.

0 Frutan Fawr ei attun. — L. Morganwg.
Brytaen fal ogfaen i lawr. — lor, Fynglwyd,

Brutaniao), Britains. Not of the same origin with Bryihon.

Brutus Darianlas, or Brutus with the blue shield, the sixth
King of Britain.

Brutwn, a Britain.

Brut y Brenhinoedd, the title of the British history which
goes by the name of Tyssilio, a bishop, son of Brochwel Ysgithrog,
Prince of Powys, who was either the author or continuer of
it from the Koman conquest to his own time, which was about
the year 660, and was continued by another hand to the end of
the reign of Cadwaladr. It was translated out of British into
Latin by (Jalfridus, Bishop of St. Asaph, who, by adding some
things of his own, to please the taste of the age, hath hui't the
credit of the history among the modem critics. But as the

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50 CELTIC REB4AINS.

translation of any author should not, among people of common
sense, be the standard to commend it or condemn it, such critics
would do well, before they too hastily condemn the authority of
the British history, to learn to read it in the original The trans-
lator, GalMd, hath not done the author justice, as abundance of
British copies all over Wales and England will make appear.
Vid. Qulfridus and Tyssilio.

Brwyn (n. pr. v.). Brwyn, father of Madog, one of the "tair
aurgelein''. Brwyn mab Cynadaf. (Tr. y Meirch, No. 7.)

Brwyneu Hen ap Corthi

Bbwynllys, one of the three commots of Cantref Canol in
Brecknockshire (Price's Description) ; called also Eglwys Tail
Hence Bedo Brwynllys, a smooth poet of the 15th century.

Brwynog (n. L), in Anglesey, signifying a place of rushes :
hence Sian Brwynog^ a poet.

Bbych. Heilyn Frych.

Beychan Beycheiniog, son of Anllech Corunawc, King of Ire-
land, according to the Triades; but in Ach Cynog it is read by
Mr. Edward llwyd, " Cynog sant ap Brychan ap Connur ab
Eurbe WyddeL** Connur is a corruption of Corunawc. He
settled in that part of Wales which after him is called Brych-
einiauc or Brecheiniog, in English Brecknockshire. He made
himself master of this country either by marriage or conquest
(when all the kingdom went to wreck and ruin) in the very
beginning of the 5th century, and was cotemporary with Uthur
Bendragon. His daughter Nefyn was wife of Cynfarch Hen,
and mother of Urien and Uew ap Cynfarch. He is by the poets
called Brychan Yrth.

Brychan Yrth breiohiaa nerthawg. — D. ap GhoUym.

He had 30 sons and 30 daughters (Camden says but 24daughters),
all saints (CamcUn in Brecknockshire), most of whom were
sainted. His sons are : Cynog Sant, Drem Dremrudd, Alychini,

Clydawc Sant, lian. Pan, Kynodi, Euvan yn Manaw,

Marcharuchun yn Nghyfeiliog, Dingad yn Ilanymddyfri, Berwin
yn Nghemiw, Reidoc yn Ffrainc, yn Cwmbreidoc, Sec, His
daughters: Arianwen, Ceindrych, Clotvaith, Cenedlon; Clydai,
Ceinwen, Ileian, Meichell, Nevyn, Nefydd, Gwawr, Gwrgon,
Goleuddydd yn lianhasgin, Gwanddydd or Gwawrddydd yn

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Nhow3ai Meirionydd, Dwynwen yn Uanddwyn ym Mon, &c.
Yi± AnUech Carunawc,Carmur; and Giraldus Cambreiisis,7i^i?i.,
L i, c, 2.

Brychan {Bracanus, Fkherty, Ogygia, p. 372), about the year
357, is said to be son of Coelbad and one Cathan, who was son
of Muedan (vid. Llangathan); and about A.D. 327 another Brecan
and Gomech, Boman saints.

Brych Cadarn (Y),a elwid Einion ap Meredydd Hen ap Llew-
elyn. (Llyifr Achau, fol. 117.)

Brychgoch. Angharad verch Dafydd Frychgoch ; in another
MS. verch Dafydd Fyrgoch.

Brycheiniog, Brecknockshire ; called in Price's Description
Brecheinoc. Vid. Brychan,

Brychtyr, son of Howel ap leuaf.

Brymbo or Brynbo, a gentleman's seat, Mostyn's. {J, D.)

Bryn, in the composition of places, as Bryn Hafod (Z. G, Cothi) ;
Bryn Gwyn, a gentleman's seat {J, D) ; y Bryn Glas ; y Bryn
Du ; Bryn Llwyd ; Bryn Euryn ; Bryn y Vuches ; Bryn y Bar ;
Bryn Bras ; Bryn Dreiniog ; y Bryn Mawr ; Bryn y Moelddu ; y
Bryn Moel; Bryn Brenin (n. L); Bryn Buga, one of the corn-
mots of Cantref Iscoed in Gwent ; also a town and castle, bjr
Latin writers called corruptly jBt^rm Begi, now Usk, on the river
Wysc, about the midway between Caerllion and Abeigavenni ;
Bryn Caredig(n.L); Bryn Caw; Bryn Cain Caw(GV.a6ifr.); Bryn
Ceneu'nEhos(vid. JBe/y/i); Bryn Cunallt, a gentleman's seat^ Trevor
{J.D.)\ Bryn Cur,vulgoBrynkir,aplace in Caernarvonshire; Bryn-
kir of Brynkir, a family; Brynddin, Lat. Brarmodtmvm; but I
should rather take Brannodvmmn to be Branddin, or Dinbran, or
Dinas Bran ; Bryndewyn, Dafydd ap Gronwy ap Bryndewyn ;
Bryn Eglwys, a church and pcuish in I&l, Denbighshire ; Bryn
IFfanogl near Menai, Anglesey ; Bryn Ffenigl, a gentleman's seat
in Denbighshire {J.D.). Ednyfed Vychan, baron of Bryn FfenigL
Bryn lorcyn, a gentleman's seat, Denbighshire (J. D) ; Bryn
Lluarth, a gentleman's seat {J.D)y Lloyd ; Brynllys (n. L) ; Brjm-
Uysg, the name of a tumulus or barrow about half a mile from
Bcda. The name seems to me to imply the original use of it, —
the bimiing mount, where they burnt the bodies of their dead,
and consequently a place of urn burial, though Mr. Edward Llwyd

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52 CELTIC REMAINS.

(Notes <m Camdm) thought it was one of the Boman watch-mounts.
There is another of them at the outlet of liyn T^d : vid. Toth-
menyBala, Bryn Tangor, a gentleman's seat (e/". 2?.). BrynyBala,
near Aberystwyth in Cardiganshire, signifies the outlet of a lake
(Th. Williams). Bryn y Belli, a tumulus near Wyddgruc ; Bryn
y Pin, a camp and entrenchment of Owen Gwynedd, aj>. 1157.

Brynach (n. pr. v.). Brynach Wyddel o'r Gogledd (Tr. 30) ;
i, e., Brynach, the Scot, from the North.

Brynaich and Brynych, JBemiai, the people of Bemicia, north
of Britain, to the north of the Tweed (TV. 16). Beifr a Brynaich,
Deira and Bemicia.

Pan djffont gwyr Brynaich ir gwarth laydd.

Hoianau Myrddin.
Bhag gelyn Brynaich branhes dychre.

Prydydd y Moch, i Gh*. ap Gynan ap 0. Ghirynedd.
Brynaich (from brynniau, hiUs), Hill-men. Beifr (from dw/r,
water), men of the watery country.

Bryt, a contraction of Brutus. Ynys Bryt, one of the three
ancient names of Britain in some copies of the Triades.

Brython, Britons or Britains, q. d. Brithion, painted men. So
the Armoricans say Breton ; li.Breatfmach. Mjnrddin Wyllt,who
was himself a Pictish Briton, gives this derivation of it from brOh:
Btython dros Saeson,
Brithwyr ai medh.— Hbianott Myrddin,

Perhaps the northern Britains were at first only called Brython^
from the colony of Picts among them, and the southern called

Brutaniaid.

Py nhafawd yn frawd ar Prython,
O F6r Udd hyd F6r Iwerddon.

Prydydd y Moch^ i Bodri ap 0. Gwynedd.
Brythoneg, lingua BrUannica.
Brythwn or Brytwn, a Britain.

Oorea Brytwn hwn a henwir. — fV. Lleyn,
Brythyn or Brithyn, a Britain ; q. d. brith-ddyn {JS, Lhwyd) ;
Ir. Breathnach, The plural is Briihon or Brython, Vid. Brython.

Bryttaen.

Ei henw ymlaen Fryttaen fry,

Un o*th hjnaif wnaeth hynny. — if, Swrdwal,

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CELTIC REMAINS. 53

Brytrus. Ednywain ap Bleddjm ap Brjrtrufl. In another
place Brutus.

BuARTH Arthur, or Meini Gw^, on the mountain near Kil y
Maen Llwyd; a circular monument of stones, such as those
ascribed to the Danes. (E, Llwyd)

BuARTH Gadvan (u. L). Vid. Oadvan.

Buccus, in the Salique Law, is a Celtic word (bwch) signify-
ing a he-goat and a buck, which hath puzzled our glossaries.

BuDDAi or BuDDEi. Cacr Fuddai (Triades), Vid. Fvddei,

BUDDUGRE (n. ].). Bach Buddugre. Llys Buddugre. {Prydydd
y Moch, i Gr. ap C. ap 0. Gwynedd.)

BuELLT or BUALLT (i hu and allt), Oxdiff (K Llwyd), a town
and castle in Brecknockshire, on the river Gwy. This is the
BvllcBum Silurum of Ptolomy, says Mr. Camden ; and he says
the neighbouring rocky coimtry is from this town called Buallt,
where Vortigem retired from the incursions of the Saxons.
But he retired to Gwrthesnmion, which is not in Buallt. Near
this place likewise Llewelyn ap Gruffydd was betrayed by Madog
Min, and killed AD. 1282, in the reign of Edward I. Here Pas-
centius, son of Vortigem, by permission of Aurelius Ambrosius,
governed, as Nennius says ; and in his chapter of wonders he
has an odd story about the print of the feet of King Arthur's
hound in the stones to be foimd here.

Mr. Edward Llwyd questions whether Bullseum was not at a
place called Caerau, hard by Buellt, if at all in this country ;
and there is a place called Castellan hard by, and Buellt was the
name of a small country here, from whence the ancient Bullseum
might be denominated. {K Llwyd)

Rhys ap GruiBfyth demolished the old castle of Buellt, and the
Breoses and Mortimers built there a castle since. {Camden) Gil-
bert Earl of Gloucester fortified this castle ad. 1210. {Caradoc)

It contains Swydd y Fam, T Drevlys, and Isyrwon. (Price's
Descr) Vid. Caer FJUi.

BuGU, the name of Beuno's father. Vid. Bywgi and Bind.
{Bemio's Life)

BuiLKE, one of the sons of Glam Hector, who took the Isle of
Man from Tibion, son of Cimedda Wledig, and killed him there.
(Nennius apud Price.) Vid. Glam Hector.

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54 CBLTIO REMAINS.

Bun (n. pr, f.). Bun, the daughter of Culfynawyd Prydain,
wife of Fflamddwyn, notorious for her lasciviousness. {Tr. 56.)
Vid. Fflamddwyn in Nennius and in the Gododin.)

BURGEDING, ymhlwy Cegidfa. (F«^. March.)

BuRGWYN, or Byrgwyn, or Byrgwin, Burgundy in France.
Byrgioynion, Burgundians.

Ar win Byrgwin bob ergyd. — Hywel Dafydd.

Burn (fl.): vid. YFwmwy. '

BwA, a bow to shoot with, or a bending. Several places take
their names fix)m this word, as Y Bwa Drain, Cwm Bwa, Pentre'r
Bwaau. [Rhos Bryn Bwa.— JT. R]

BwcH, a buck. Places named firom it ; as Hafod y Bwch, a
gentleman's seat, Denbighshire, Boberts ; Dinbych, t. e,, Dinas
y Bychod ; Castell Bwch in Henllys, Monmouthshire ; Bychryd.

BwLAN (n. L), k bw and llan.

BwLCH, literally a gap, passage, or strait. This word is pre-
fixed to several names of places in Wales that are passes through
mountains. Bulgium in Antoninus' Itinerary (BlaMf/m, BulgiwnC)
is, I doubt not, one of these hvlchs or passages in the Great WalL
Bwlch y Groes ; Bwlch Tresame ; Bwlch Meibion Dafydd ;
Bwlch Caneinog ; Bwlch y Rhiwfelen ; Bwlch Ffrainc ; Bwlch
yCalch; Bwlch Coed y M)aiydd; Bwlch Rosser; Bwlch yr
Adwy Wynt ; T Bwlch Glas ; Bwlch Carreg y Fran ; Bwlch yr
Esgair Hir ; Bwlch Ilorien {Llyvxirch Hen), qu. whether lioren,
Montgomeryshire [Denbighshire, W, D!\ ; Bwlch y Ddinas, a
castle in South Wales ; Bwlch y Saeth Lydan, a place on Wyddfa
Mountain. [Bwlch y Cibau ; Bwlch y Ddar. — W. 2>.]

BwLEN, Bulloign in France.

Y mae wylaw ym Mwlen
Yn ol ei wyr a'i law wen.

Dafydd Eppynt^ i Wm. Herbert.

BwRDD Arthur : vid. Owal y Viliast.

BwYDBG ap Rhun Rhuddbaladr.

Bychan, little or small ; a surname of men. Cantref Bychan,
one of the four cantrefs of Carmarthenshire, signifying the Little
Cantref, there being another called Cantref Matter, the Great
Cantref And who is so blind as not to see that the division of
the shire of Aberdeen, in Scotland, into Buchen, Mar, and Strath-

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CELTIC REMAINS. 55

bogy, is the ancient British division of Bychan, Mawr, and Ystrad
Bogwy?

Byddar. Llan y Byddar, Caennarthenshire. Fairs kept here.
Vid. Byddair.

Byddair. Uan y Byddair, a church in Carmarthenshire, near

the Teifi.

Bwyd a gwin i'r t)yd a gair

Heb weddn'n Llan y Byddair. — OuttoW Olyn.

Byddig (n. pr. f.). Lat. Boadicea, {E, Llwyd)

Bydno, a river which runs from the North to Uangurig : hence
Aberbydno.

Byrddin, a river which falls into Wysc at Bryn Buga, the Bwr-
rivmh of Antoninus ; named, no doubt, from that river. In Mor-
den's map BrUhin. Vid. Bryn Bxiga [s. v. Bryn\

Bysaleg : vid. Bassaleck

Bywyn ap Grorddwfyn or lorddwfh.

Cadafael (n. pr. v.), a hostage. Cadavael mab Cynfedw yng-
wynedd (TV. 76), one who advanced himself from a native tenant
or slave, to a king in Gwynedd. {Tr.)

Cadafael Ynfyd (n. pr. v.). [Cadafael is still a name of oppro-
brium ; but why I know not. It cannot be from the Lat cada-
ver,—W, R]

Cadaib. Tudur ap Gronw ap Howel y Gradair.

Cadaib Arthur, on the southern hills in Brecknockshire, men-
tioned by Giraldus Cambrensis in his Itinerary, From the
puissant King Arthur. [Also a cliff near Edinburgh : vide His-
tory of the Bebellion in 1745.— JT. i>.]

Cadarn, strong. Ynya Oadam, an island near Anglesey. It
is likewise the surname of several persons, as Efroc Gadam, Der-
fel Gadam, Hawys Gadam, etc., etc.

Cadawc, Cadoc, or Cadog (n. pr. v.) : hence Uangadog, Car-
marthenshire ; Hendre Gadog, Anglesey.

Cadawc, mab Gwynlliw Filwr, un o'r tri chyfion farehog.
{Tr. 84) Vid. Caitwg Sant

Cadog ap Gwlyddien.

Cad Coed Llwyfain : vid. Llwyfain.

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56 C£LTIO R£MAIN8.

Cadean (n. pr. v.), father of StradweuL

Cadeir, a poet, father of Elmur. (TV. 13.)

Cadell (n. pr. v.). Cadellus {Dr. Davies). Bro Gaddl, Dafydd
ap Gwilym's country.

Henw 'Dgwlad yw Bro GiidelL — T), ap QwHym,

Cadell, one of the sons of Eodri, among whom he foolishly
divided the government of Wides, a.d. 877.

Cadell Deyenlltg, a poor man in I&l, who entertained St.
(Jarmon (Gennanus) when BenlU Gawr, the Prince, refused to
let him enter his city to preach against the Pelagian heresy about
the year 450. Vid. Berdli Gawr,

St. Grarmon went to this poor man's cottage with all his fol-
lowers, who had nothing to entertain them but one calf which
followed his cow. This calf he kiUed and dressed, and they eat
it up ; but Gannon ordered that not one bone of it should be
broke or lost ; and next morning the calf was by a miracle re-
turned alive to the cow again. So Cadell and all the region
came to be baptized by St. Gannon, and to receive his doctrine ;
and as a recompense for the calf, St. Garmon gave Cadell his
blessing ; and that day made him King of Powys, and promised
that of his progeny there should be a prince {dvx) there for ever;
and Nennius says the kings of Powys in his days were of his
seed. {NennivSy c. xxx-xxxiv.) I think this was no extraordi-
nary compliment to the kings of Powys ; but Nennius delivered
it as he found it in some author of the life of St. Germanus,
perhaps Constantino.

Cadell ap Geraint, the 44th King of Britain. This is he
whom the Triades call Gaydyal ab Eryn, in whose time an army
of 65,000 were hired here to assist the Gauls and Germans
against the Romans. This was about the time of

Cadelling, the country of Cadell. — Cyndddw.

Cader and Mynydd Cader signify a fortified mountain. Cad^
Idris; Cader Dinmael; Cader Ferwyn; Cader yr Ychen; Cader
Arthur ; Cader Sidi ; y Gader Ynghomwy. In the Irish, ccUhair
is a fort (from cau, to enclose ; and hence cadam, strong).

Cader Arthur, a fort on a moimtain near Edinborough,
Arthur's northern palace being kept at Edinborough. (Jo. Major,
Hist Scot, 1. ii, c. 6. So say the Triades also.)

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CELTIC REMAINS. 57

Coder Benllyn, Cader Ddinmael, etc., were ancient British
forts.

Cader Facsen, on Frenni Vawr mountain, Pembrokeshire.

Cader Idris, near Dolgelleu.

Cader Vyrddin, i, e., Myrddin's Fort or Castle. Hence a cock
which has a double comb is called ceiliog coder Fj/rddin, from
the comb's resemblance to a castle. »

Nennius says that Gwrtheym gave Myrddin Emrys a castle
and aU the provinces of the west of Britain. " Tunc rex dedit illi
arcem cum omnibus provinciis plagse Occidentalis Britannise":
i. e,, he made him chief bard in those countries.

Cadfach : qu. an id. Cad/arch ?

Cadfael ap CadeH

Cadvael : see Dincadvael, an ancient strong fort.

Cadvan (n. pr. v.), Latinized Catamarms. Cadvan, the 106th
King of Britain, father of Cadwallon, who was father of Cad-
waladr, the last King of the Britains. This Cadvan was Prince
of North Wales, and lived in Anglesey, when the famous battle
was fought at Bangor is y Coed between the Saxons and Britains,
after the massacre of the monks of Bangor at Caerlleon (West
Chester) by Ethelfrid, King of Northumbria. This battle is
called, in the Triades, Gwaith Perllan Fangor. On the side of
the Britains there were Bledrws, Prince of Cornwall and Devon,
their chief leader ; Brychwel, Prince of Powys ; Cadvan, King of
North Wales ; and Meredydd, King of Dyfet. On the Saxons'
side were Ethelfrid, King of Northumbria ; and Ethelbert, King
of Kent ; with aU the other petty princes of the Saxons. This
being a religious war made them all mad ; for the Britains refus-
ing to agree with the tenets of the Church of Eome, brought
over with Austin, were cursed by him; and the enthusiastic
Saxon kings thought it was a meritorious act to destroy such
obstinate heretics. But the issue of this battle was that the
Saxons Ethelfrid and Ethelbert were overthrown with a great
loss, as Tyssilio (who was son of Brychwel, one of the generals)
says, of about ten thousand men. (Tyssilio; Caradoc*8 Chronicle;
Triades) Cadvan, upon this defeat of the Saxons, for his be-
haviour in this battle, was by general consent, at West Chester,
created King of the Britains ; Bledrws, their chief, being killed

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58 CELTIC REMAINS.

in the field. From hence the Britains followed their conquest,
and drove Ethelfrid over the Humber ; and, coming to an agree-
ment to let the Humber be the boundary, peace was made, and
great friendship ensued. Ethelfrid's queen being iU used by
him, she, big with child, ran for shelter to Cadvan's court in
Anglesey, and there her son Edwin was bom and brought up,
who was afterwards King of the Northtmibrians and of the
Britains for some time. Vid. Edwin, The Saomi Annals place
this battle in a.d. 607; the Ulster Annals in 613; Dr. Powel,
from Caator, in 617. Ceuivan was buried at the church of Eg-
Iwysael in Anglesey, now called Llangadwaladr, and his grave-
stone is there with an inscription.

Llangadvan in the deanery of Pool ; Buarth Gfuivan ; Dol-
gadvan.

Cadvan Sant o Lydaw. Llangadvan.

Cadvan, Abbot of Bardsey.

Cadfarch (St.). Church at Penegoes.

Cad Gamlan, the great battle fought at Camlan in Cornwall,
in the civil war between King Arthur and Medrawd his nephew,
which ruined the Britains. Vid. Medrod.

Cad Goddeu : vid. Goddeu.

Cadgyffeo (n. pr. v.), the father of Gilbert. {Tr, 29.)

Cadhayarn ap Gwerydd ap Ehys Goch.

Cadivob (n. pr. v.). Cadivor Wyddel, or the Irishman, lived at
the Pant uch Pentraeth in Anglesey, and was cotemporary with
Owain Gwynedd about the year 1160, and probably one of
Gruffudd ap Cynan's followers from Dublin, and a relation. It
seems, by the dark accounts we have of this affair, that Ffinog,
by whom Owain Gwynedd got Hywel ap Ywain Gwynedd, was
a sister of Cadivor Wyddel ; for it is certain that he was brought
up in Cadivor's family, and that four of the seven valiant sons
of Cadivor died in defending his cause, and in following his wars.
Buant brwysgion braisg arfaeth,
Buant briw gar ei brawd faeth.

See " Englynion i Saith Mab Cadifor Wyddel.*'
Tra fuam yn saith, tri saifch ni*n beiddiai,
Ni'n ciliai cyn an llaith.

Cadifor ap Gwaithfoedd.

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CELTIC REMAINS. 59

Cadlys, a king's temporary camp or palace.
Gh-as Arthur a*i groes wrthyd
A'i lys a'i gadlys i gyd.

Cadlys drain. Y Gadlys, near Dulas, Anglesey. T Gadlys in
Aberdar, Glamorgan. Vid. Y Oadlys.

Cadmor : qu. whether it is a family, or name of a place ?

Cado, tad Gwrei ; q. d. Cato (?) and Cattw.

Cadreith, son of Porthfawr Gadw ; one of tri unben liys
Arthur. {Tr, 15.)

Cadrod (n. pr. v.). Cadrod Calchfynydd, son of Cynwyd Cyn-
wydion.

Cadw (n. pr. v.) : qu. whether CoLto, Gadw gadr Swysson, un
o'r tair colofn celfyddodion (one of the three pillars of arts and
sciences). Prydydd y Moch, i Eodri ap Owain Gwynedd.

Cadwal Gryshalawg.

Cadwaladr (n. pr. v., k cad and gwaladr, q. d. a lord of the
battle). Cadwaladr, the 108th and last Loegrian King of the
Britains, son of Cadwallon. There are several churches in Wales
dedicated to him, which is a strong proof of his being sainted
by the Church of Eome, as our British history mentions. But
Bede's Catwalda wants this authority of being sainted. Uan-
gadwaladr in Anglesey ; Llangadwaladr Chapel in the parish of
Llanrhaiadr, Denbighshire. Vid. Cadvan,

Cadwallon (n. pr. v., k cad and gwallaw, — Dr, Davies). Cad-
waUon ap Cadvan, the 107th King of Britain. He was father
of Cadwaladr, the last King of the Britains. This is he that
Bede, L ii, c. 20 (in the English translation firom Dr. Smith), calls
Caedwal and Ceadwall; and in the Heidelberg Latin edition
(1. iii,c. l),Ca/rdudla and CedtcaUa; and by William of Malmes-
bury, Cadwallin.

Teulu Cadwallawn ap Cadvan, un o'r tri diwair deulu, followed
him in Ireland seven years, and never asked a recompense, for
fear of being obliged to leave him. {Triades, 34.)

Cadwgawn (n. pr. v., k cad and gwgawii, — Dr, Davies). Cadw-
gan Euffudd, a Demetian poet of the 14th century, author of
Araith Wgon.

Da o Ddyfed oed Cadwgawn Buffadd,
Da o'r iaith ddigadd Araith Wgawn.

Marwnad Trahaeanu

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60 CELTIC REMAINS.

Cadwr Wenwjm ap Idnerth.

Cadwynfan (Y), enw lie.

Cadyal, mab Eryn. {Tr. 40.) This was Cadell mab Geraint,
the 43rd King after Brutus, who gave that great supply of men
to Urp Luyddog. Vid. Urp.

Cad y Coedanau, a battle fought by Llewelyn ap lorwerth :
qu. whether against Davydd ap Owen Gwynedd, or Rhodri, and
the Manks men.

Cad y Coedanau cadr anant borthi
Burthiaist wyr yn ddifant. — Prydydd y Moch.

Brwydr y Coettaneu. (Aer: Camb. a.d. 1195.)
Cadyr Urdden. (Breiniau Pawys.)

Cadyryetth Saidi (n. pr. v.), or Cadeiryeith Saidi (Tr. 89),
one of King Arthur's hospitable knights.
Caeawc or Caeog (n. pr. v.).

Cadwyr foddawg
Elfan, Cynddylan, Caeawg. — Llywarch Hen.

Cae Du, in Ilansannan, Denbighshire. William Salisbury,
gentleman, author of a 12mo Gram. Brit., 1593 (published, I sup-
pose, after his death), was of this place. What W. Salisbury was
author of the Welsh-English Dictionary, 4to, 1547 ? Sometime
member of Lincoln's Tnn. (Nicolson's JEngl. Hist. lAbr.)

Caenan Hal, enw lie yn Sir HenfiTordd.

Caeo. Dafydd Fongam o Gaeo.

Gaer. This is a most ancient Celtic word from the beginning
of times, and signifies an enclosed town, or fort, or stronghold. It
is derived from cauM shut orenclose; from hence also comes corfer,
a fort ; as Cader Idris, Cader Benllyn, Cader Facsen, Cader Arthur,
Cader Vyrddin, etc., etc. ; and the word cadarriy strong ; cademid,
strength. Other ancient nations had words of the same or like
sounds, to signify the same thing, as Kir, Kiriah, KiriaOi, a
town ; Carta and Carthago ; and Grand Cairo in Egypt. In the
Sarmatic or Scythian, car and carm ; in the ParthiaD, certa, as
Dadocerta, Tigranocerta, etc., signify a tovra.

Caer is prefixed, in the British, to the names of most of the
ancient British cities, as Caer Ludd, London ; Caerllion, the City
of Legions, etc. ; and very often, where the British hath caer, the

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CELTIC REMAINS. 61

Saxons have put Oeter, Caster, Gester, or Chester; as for Oaer Use,
Exeter or Exceter ; for Goer Dawn, Doncaster ; OaerwyrU, Win-
chester, recti Windchester ; Gaer Loyw, Gloucester. Therefore,
for Ga^r Ludd in this Dictionary, see the letter L ; and so of the
rest.

Caer Adanau or Adanaw {Llywarch Hen in Marwneui Cyn-
ddylan), perhaps a fort belonging to one Aedenau. See Aedenau
fabGleisiar. (Tr.)

Caer Andred.

Caer Arderydd : vid. Arderydd.

Caer Ardudwy, Harlech in Meirion. See Zlech Ardudwy,

Caer yn Arfon, a town from which the county of Caernarvon
or Caernarvonshire (so called in Llewelyn ap lorwerth's time,
1200) takes its name. The county is called by the natives Sir
Ga^r'narfon. Before the division of Wales into counties it was
called, says Camden, Snowdon Forest ; and in Latin historians it
is called Snaudonia, as also Arvonia.

Camden, out of Matthew of Westminster, says that the body
of Constantius, father of Constantino the Great, was found here
in the year 1283, and buried in the church of the new town by
command of Edward I, who at that time built the town of
Caernarvon at the sea-side, out of the ruins of the old city,
which lies higher. In Nennius it is called Caer Custenit ; by
Camden, out of Nennius, corruptly Cystenydd ; in the Triades,
Caer Arfon,

In the Life of Grufiydd ap Cynan it is said that Hu, Earl of
Chester, built a castle at Hen Gaer Cystennin. Vid. Arfon and

Custein^.

A Ghaer yn Arfon a charant yngnif
Yngnaws coll am peidiaQt.

Prydydd y Moch, i Lew, ap lorwerth.

Caer Baladin, Shaftsbury.

Caer Biblin.

Caer BLADDON,Malmesbury. (Humph. Llwyd,jBn^.2?escr.,p.24.)

Caer Bro.

Caer Caradoc, Salisbury {Th. Williams) ; in Nennius, Cair
Caradauc; in the Triades, Caer Caradoc and Caradawc (un o'r
tri dyfal gyfangan).

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62 CELTIC REMAINS.

Mr. Camden (in Sh/ropsMre) says : " Where the river Colunwy
meets the river Teme ariseth a hill of great antiquity, called
Caer Caradoch, because about the year of our Lord 53, Carata-
cus, a renowned British king, environed it with a bulwark of
stone, and defended it gallantly agsdnst Ostorius and the Roman
legions till they, by making a breach in so slight a stone work
(some ruins of which are yet to be seen), forced the disarmed
Britains to betake themselves to the tops of the mountains."
And so he proceeds with a story out of Tacitus, how Caratacus
behaved at Rome, etc.

A story thus confidently told by an author so admired as
Camden, and in so pompous a book as the Britannia, one would
have expected to be unexceptionably true, especially when such
authors as Tacitus and that excellent antiquary, Humphrey
Lloyd, are quoted in the margin ; but if you please to look into
H. Lloyd's Breviary of Britain, you will find Mr. Camden gives
the Britains no fair play. H. Dwyd says that he, travelling in
Shropshire about the Earl of Arundel's afiairs, saw an ancient
fort which answers the description of that passage in Tacitus
about Caratacus, which he doth not doubt is the real place where
Caradoc fought, and fortified by art and nature. Mr. Camden's
environing this hill (of great antiquity) about the year 63, and
his slight stone work, and the ruins to be yet seen, don't come
up to H. Llwyd's description. And the ancient book of Triades
will teU you that at Caer Caradoc there was a monastery con-
taining 2,400 monks ; which will not very well agree with this
fortified hill ; and yet Mr. Camden hath quoted these Triades
twice in his Britannia. After this grand description of the
battle he says : " Tho' our sorry historian" [meaning Gralfrid]
''hath omitted both this battle and this gallant Britain, the
country people teU us that a king was beaten upon this hill.'*
This last is out of H. Llwyd.

Caee Cori or Ceri, Cicester in Gloucestershire ; i, e,, Ciren-
cester. (H. Llwyd, Brit, Bescr., p. 24.)

Caee Chyrnwy, Corinium (B, Llvxyd) ; probably Ohwyrnvn/,
rapid water. But there is a place in Anglesey called Comwy
(a river runs by Caere), which sounds more like Corinium. Also
Uanvair Ynghomwy, and Y Gam Ynghomwy.

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CELTIC REMAINS. 63

Cabr Dathal.

Am ardal Oaer Daihal doethant.

CynddehOf i Owain Owynedd.
Caeb Degog, M6n.

Caer Drewin [near Corwen] in Meirion ; from the Druids,
as K Ilwyd thinks. See Tre'r Driw.

Caer Dro : see Tro.

Caer Dtp (wrote also Caerdydd), Cardiff, a town and castle
in the east of Morganwg. {Poivd, 123.) See Ihjf.
Ni chair y dwr nwch Caerdyf
Eisian arian i'r siryf. — leuan Tew,
Sir a gawn sy aer gennyf
Eisian 'r gwr daeth sir Oaerdyf. — Lewys Morganwg,

Caer Dduwarbawl.

Caer Eillion, in Powys {Gwelygorddau Powys), See EiUion,

Caer Ennarawd {Triades,) Another copy, Caer Guarad.

Caereneon or Caereinion Yrth, in Montgomeryshire ; part
of Powys Wenwjmwyn, near Cymmer ; one of the two commots
of Cantref Llyswynaf. (Price's Descript)

Caer Fallwch, a gentleman's seat. (J. D.)

Cabr Ferwig, Berwick

Curo k blif ddylif ddelw

Cerrig Caerferwig fyrwelw. — lolo Goch^ i Edward III.
Vid. Y Ferwig and Alerwig.

Caer F6n, qu. whether Beanmaris. (leuan ap Hww Cae Llwyd)

Caervtrddin, now called in English Caermarthen, a seaport
town and chief of the county of Caermarthen in South Wales.
Jo. Major {Hist, Scot, 1. ii) calls it Carmadyne and Oarmalin.
Since a neighbouring author of no greater antiquity than ad.
1521 can thus blunder, and murder names of places, what can
we expect in Ptolomy, Antoninus, etc. ? What are we to trust
to, then, but our own ancient authors, poets, etc. ? In one copy
of the Triades, Oaer Verdin,

Caer Gai, a gentleman's seat in Meirion, not far from Llyn
Tegid Camden calls it Caiua* Castle, built by one Caius, a
Roman ; but he doth not say when. Mid only says the common
people of that neighbourhood report great things of him, and
scarce credible. (Camden in Merionethshire,) The common

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64 CEI.TIC REMAINS.

people never heard of " Caius, a Roman'', nor any other ''Roman"
there ; but the ancient tradition is, as well as the written his-
tory and works of the poets, that Cat Hir, penswyddwr yn Uys
Arthur {%. e., Cai the Long, chief officer in Arthur's palace), had
a seat here ; probably his feamly seat.

Caeb Gangen, Canterbury.

Caer Gidwm, yn Eryri, uwch ben Uyn Tarddenni

Caeb Gleddyf, Tenby. {Th. Williams)

Caeb Golinn. P. V,

Caergbeig, a castle on an island in Scotland (Flaherty, p. 1),
which he takes to be the Urhs Guidi of Bede ; in Lat, Victoria,
(Bede, L i, c. 12, p. 36, EngL) This island is in the middle of
the arm of the sea called Edenborough Frith or Forth Frith.

Caebgbeu. {Tr. 35.) See Oreu,

Cabbgwbleu or Gwble, a village in Flintshire.

Caergyffin, Conwy. (Price's Description,)

Caeb Hawystl.

Caeb Hen {Oamden in Carnarvonshire) ; corruptly for Caer
Bhun, i, «., Rhun's Castle, and not old city, as Mr. Camden
would have it ; and after him E. Uwyd, who was not well enough
versed in our history to know that Rhun ap Maelgwn lived at
this place ; which, notwithstanding, might have been before a
Roman station by the name of Conovium, as it is plain it was
by a Roman hypocaust discovered near the church of Caer Rhun;
unless we allow that Rhim, who was near the time of the
Romans, might make a hypocaust there. Mr. Uwyd imagines
this place was called by the Britains Caer Lleion ar Gynwy^
because a hiU near it is called Mynydd Caer Lleion. This shews
a fertile fancy, but we have no authority of writers for it

Caebleil : see Carlisle,

Caeblleon Gawb, a city now called Westchester and Chester.
It was called by the Saxons Legeacester; by Antoninus, in his
Itinerary, caUed Deva; by Ptolomy, Dmnana; Bede (L ii, c. 2)
says the Britains called it Carlegion, meaning some Britain that
had wrote in Latin ; by the Triades, Caer Lleon; by Tyssilio,
Ooer Lleon, because built by lleon, King of Britain ; by Nen-
nius, Oair Legion Oav/r vsir, which by the blundering of tran-
scribers is unintelligible ; in the Saxon Annals, Legerdestere and

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. clxxvii

SIE STEPHEN BAWCEN.

It is diffioolt^ in Sir Stephen Bawoen, to recognise Stephen de Baioois^ lord
of that barony in the county of Lincoln, and a baron of the realm. His
name is corrupts into many forms. Among them are Bause, Baucen, Baw-
son, Bazan, Bayhus^ Bnznn, Baiocas, Bays, and Bayens or Bayensis, all indi-
cating his origin from the Norman city of Bayeox.

The pedigree opens with Banulph de Bayeux, a great Lincolnshire baron
in the time of Henry I, and a benefactor to Newhus Abbey. He married
Margaret, daughter of Alan de Lincoln, and had Hugh, Alan, and others.

Hugh, the second baron, held per haroniain the barony de Baiocis, contain-
ing fourteen and a half knights' fees, the distribution of which appears in
his return to Henry II, recorded in the Liher Niger. He appears also in the
various scutage lists in the reign of Henry II and Bichard I. He died about
8 Bichard I (1196), leaving Alienor, his widow, and two sons, John and Ste-
phen. Alienor paid one hundred marcs to marry as she pleased.

John succeeded as third baron, and was probably of age, 2 Henry III.
3 Henry III, the King respited the payment of his reliefis on succeeding.
From hence to 9 Henry III, though twice charged with homicide, he was a
justice itinerant. At the latter date, 1226, he was Constable of Plympton
Castle in Devon ; and next year is a charge for his messenger sent to the
King. 18 Henry III (1234) he is entered on the Fine Boll as " Baro". John
died 33 Henry III (1248), when his next heir was his brother Stephen, then
above sixty years old. His lands in capite were in Lincoln^ Dorset, and
Northampton.

Stephen, fourth and last Baron, was an active and successful soldier, and,
probably as a younger son, pushed his fortune in South Wales. He did
homage as his brother's heir. On his succession, 33 Henry III (1249), when
the King, in whose favour he stood, remitted his reliefs for the counties of
Lincoln and Dorset, he gave security for jBioo. 38 Henry III he had the
King's part of Kempston, Beds., and a part of Brixham in Devon. The
earliest mention of Stephen in Wales is probably in the Rot. de PresHHs of
the 12th of John (29 August, 12 10), whence it appears that he was freed of
two marcs by that King then at Margam. He must have been just of age.
That he was Vice Comes of Glamorgan appears from the charter given
above, and from one by Owen and others, sons of Alay thour, to Margam, of
which he is a witness. (Harl. Chart. 75, c. 25.) He was not then a knight.
Meyrick says that Sir Stephen Bawson had a grant of Brigan, in Llansan-
nor, from Bichard Earl of Gloucester, and built a house there. He certainly
held one and a half knight's fees in Hemingstrasse, co. Pemb. T. Wykes
calls him "vir magni probitatis"; and the Oxney Chronicle, " miles strenuis-
simus"; and both, with the Annals of Margam, relate his death in 1257. In
that year, before St. Peter's Day, he took a share in an expedition of some
magnitude, despatched by Henry III to repel the Welsh, who had laid waste
the Earl of Gloucester's lands, and probably those of Sir Stephen. The
advance seems to have been mismanaged, and Sir Stephen and many other
English were slain. This was probably in Caermarthenshire ; but an effigy
in Llansannor Church, the parish church of Brigan, is said to represent his
person and cover his remains. Agnes, his widow, had in 1257 (41 Henry III)

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clxxviii ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

a lease for six years, firom the King, of the Till and hundred of Wotton, co.
Oxon.

After Stephen's death two ladies appear uxKm the scene; bat whether
they were his children, or those of his brother John, has been donbted. Dug-
dale and most of the records gire them to John. On the Bolls of Parliament
they are attribated to Stephen. It appears from a doooment printed in
1 87 1 in the JounuU of the ArchsBological Institute (p. 312), that they were
really the children of John ; but it was not till the failure of the male line
that they became heirs of the barony. Of the two, Matilda was the elder ;
Joan the younger ; but both were under age when Stephen died. The Welsh
estates, being a male fief, escheated to the Lord of Glamorgan ; but Agnes,
the widow, had a third in dower.

The King granted the wardship of the nieces to Elias de Babayne, who
married the eldest daughter, and took the other abroad, where she married
Baudret, an alien. Babayne seems to hare attempted to acquire the whole
property, on the plea of the alienage of Baudret, who, however, surrendered
his wife's half to the King, who seems already to haye seized it in 1258. The
result was a succession of lawsuits. Babayne died, leaving children appa-
rently ; John, who had lands in Thoresw^ 9 Edward I ; Joan, to whom on
her marriage with Bobert de Brakenbuiy, was given KeUeston, a part of the
barony, which came to their son Bobert; and apparently a third chUd,
Matilda. Elias de Babayne died before 1290, and his widow married Peter
Mallory, a Justice of the Common Pleas under Edwards I and 11; but a
Peter de Babayne, probably an unde, was guardian of the in&nts, and died
about I Edward III.

Joan left a son, Peter Baudret, a Poitevin, who claimed his mother's moiety
from the crown without success. The other moiety was finally, 12 Edward II,
eonfirmed to Peter de Babayne either as trustee or as heir.

Bees Meyrick gives a different account from the above of the relations of
Sir Stephen, whom he caUs Bawson alias Bassing. He says he had issue,
Thomas, whose daughter and heir, Elizabeth, married Sir Simon or Sir Adam
Walsh of Llandough, whose daughter and heir, Bettin, married Aaron ap
Howell Yychan, and so on. If there be any truth in this statement, Thomas
must have been a natural son, holding Brigan by special grant from the lord.

There is also an account of the family of Sir Stephen given by Prince in
his Worthies of Devon, which differs materiaUy from the above. He makes
him son of Sir €hiy Bawcen of Tardbiry, co. Devon, and calls the elder brother
Sir Bichard of Norton-Bawceyn. He also makes Sir Stephen die childless,
and says the lands passed to his brother's only daughter, who married Sir
Bichard Hiwish. No mention is made of any connection with Lincolnshire.
The two accounts have not been reconciled. The Devon family bore for
arms, azure, two bars undy gules, a quarter sable.

Carta Bicardi Comitis Gloucestrie^ etc.. Domino Nicholao de Sanford,

[P. It. 0. Treasury of the Exchequer. WaUia, Bag 2, No, 10.]

Sciant presentee et futuri quod ego Bicardus de Clare Comes Gloucestrie
et Herefordie dedi et concessi et hac presenti carta mca confirmavi domino
Nicholao de Sanford* pro homagio et servicio suo totum manerium meum de
Lecqnid in Glammorgan cum pertinenciis suis. Habendum et tenendum

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OKIGINAL DOCTJBIENTS. clxxix

eidem IHcholao et heredibos snis vel aaeignatiB ezoeptis Jadeia ^ yiris reli-
giosis de me Bicardo et heredibas meis libere et qaiete bene et in pace inte-
gre et heieditarie in bosds et planis in pratis et pastoriB in tenia et aquis
in viia et semitis in homagiia et reditibns in vilenagiis et servidis in esoaetia
leleriia et waxdia in piacariia et atagnia in molendinia et omnibna aliia per-
tinenciia ania et libertatiboa. Sioat ego illad maneriom cum omnibna per-
tinenciia eidem pertinentiboa melioa et liberioa per rectaa diveraaa aliqno
tempore tenni. Faoiendo inde annuatim diotna Nioholana et heredea aui
Tel aaaignati exceptis Jndeia et viria religioais miohi Bicardo et herediboa
meia aerriciam qoarte partia feodi nnina militia pro omni aeryicio et exac-
tione et aecta curie et Comitatna et omni moda conanetodinea tobiey vel
alteriaa rei. Dedi et conoeaai eidem Nicholao et herediboa ania vel aaaignatia
bejbote et hoabote in omnibna foreatia meia de Meyakin per vianm foreetio-
ram meomm. Et ego Bicardna de Clare et heredea mei dictam manerium
de Leoqnid cam omnibna pertinenciia aida nt predictom eat eidem Nicholao
et heredibna ania vel aaaignatia exceptia Jadeia et viria religioaia contra
omnea gentea in perpetnnm warantizabimoa. Et at hec mea donatio et con-
oeaaio et preaente carte mee oonfirmado robar perpetae firmitatia optineant
earn aigilli mei impreaaione roboravi. fliia teatibna domino Stephano Ban-
oen tano Yicecomite Glamorgan Galfrido de Fanecart Waltero de Sallie
GKlberto Damfranvile Qilberto Tarbervile Will'mo de Begny Ada Wal-
enae Daniele Siward Bogero de Beygni Thoma de Sallie cleri(y> Will'mo
Flendrenae et mnlUa aliia.

The aeal, now gone, waa of green wax upon a doable cord of plaited red
silk with gold threada interwoven. The endoraement, in a Tudor hand, ia
** Carta Bioardi de Clare Comitia Glouo' et Hertfr* de manerio auo de Lec-
wid in com' Olam* Nicholao de Sandford." Below, in a later hand, '< Sera-
tata pro aigillo P. L.", for Peter le Neve.

Carta Nickdai de Sandford Laurencio fratro mo.

[P. jR. O. Trecwury of ths Exchequer, WaUia, Bag 2.]

Sciant preaentee et faturi quod ego Nicholaua de Sandford dedi conceaai et
hac preeenti carta mea confirmavi domino Laarendo de Sandford fratri meo
pro homagio et aervicio auo totum manerium meum de Lecquid in Glanmor-
gania cum omnibna pertinenciia ad dictum manerium pertinentibua aine all-
quo retinemento quod quidem manerium habui de dono domini Blcardi do
Clare Comitia Gloucealaie et Hertfordie. Habendum et tenendum eidem
Laurencio et heredibna ania vel ania aaaignatia de predicto domino Bicardo
de Clare Comite Glouceatrie et Hertfordie et heredibna aula libere quiete
bene et in pace integre et hereditarie aicut ego predictum manerium cum
omnibna pertinenciia aula meliua et liberiua aliquo tempore tenui et aicut
eontinetur in carta quam predictua dominua Bicardua de Clare Cornea Glouc'
et Hert' de dicto manerio michi fedt faoiendo aervidum inde debitum pre-
dictua Laurendua et heredea aui vel aui aaaignati predicto domino Bicardo
de Clare Comite Glouo' et Hertf et heredibna aula aicut in prediota cart«
quam predictua dominua B. de C. Com' Glouc* et Hertf inde michi fedt eon-
tinetur. Et ut hec mea donaoio conceaaio et preaena carte mee oonfirmatio

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clxXX ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

perpetue firmitatis in perpetuam robur optineant preeentem cariam sigilli
mei impreflflioiie roboravi. Hiis teetibos domino Philippo Basseth ma^tro
Thoma Cnmjn domino Willielmo Dyne domino Olivero do Ingham do-
mino Bogero de Sandford domino Ada de Datton domino Will' mo de £j-
vile domino Banulpho de Amundevile Thoma le Blunt Ada de la Forde
Alano de Esofeld Johanne de Merden' et alilB.

The seal is of green wax, half broken away ; bat the remainder shows a
heater-shield charged with three bars undy. Of the legend there remains

« de Sandford." The seal is upon a thick double cord of plaited green

silk. The endorsement, of the reign of Elizabeth or James, runs, ** Ck>nces-
sio Nicholai de Sandford de Manerio de Lequid in Com' Glamorgan'."

Carta Laurencii de Sandford Domino Philippo Basset,

[P. R. O. Treasury of t7^ Exchequer, Wallia. Bay 2.]

Sciant presentee et futuri quod ego Laurencias de Sanford dedi concesai
et hac presenti carta mea confirmavi domino Philippo Basset pro serricio
suo totum manerium meum cum omnibus pertinenciis suis de Lecquid in
Glanmorgan. Habendum et tenendum de me et heredibus meis predicto
Philippo et heredibus suis vel suis assignatis libere quiete bene et in pace
integre in feodo et hereditate et ubicunque vel cuicunque totum predictum
manerium cum omnibus pertinenciis suis dare vendere aut assignare volue-
rint ezceptlB reUgione et Judeismo. Beddendo inde michi Laurencio et
heredibus meis predictus Philippus et heredes sui vel sui assignati quolibet
anno ad festum Sanoti Michaelis unum denarium et capitali domino feodi
serrieium debitum et consuetum quod ad predictum manerium pertinet sci-
licet quando scutagium evenerit quartam partem feodi unins militis pro
omnibus senrioiis querelis consuetudinibus sectis curie et pro omnibus de-
mandis secularibus. Et ego Laurencius et heredes mei warantizabimus
defendemus et acquietabimus totum predictum manerium cum omnibus per-
tinenciis suis predicto Philippo et heredibus suis vel suis assignatis pro pre-
dicto servicio contra omnes gentes in perpetuum. Et ut hec mea donaoio
concessio et presentis carte mee confirmacio firmam robur perseverancisD
optineant earn presente carta mea et sigilli mei impressione confirmavi.
Hiis testibus Domino Hugone Dispensatore tunc justiciario AngMe Bogero
de Sanford Nicholao Spyg^mel Herberto de Buly Bicardo de Oulewurth
tunc Constabolario Turris Londini Johanne de Mapelder^<dld Boberto
Camerario Elia de Fryth Henrico de Wykham et aliis.

The slight remains of a seal in white wax are affixed to a parchment label.

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. clxxxi

Only, of the legend, remain the letters kn. The endorsement is by Peter le
Neve, and is " Glamorgan Leqnid Manerium concessio per Laur* Sanford
Phelippo Basset."

Philip Basset, who witnesses the charter of Nicholas, and by that of Law-
rence de Sandford has the manor of Leqnid or Leokwith, near Cardiff, was a
considerable person.

Alan Basset of Wycombe, Baron, who died 17 Henry III, was father of—
I, Gilbert, whose only son died yoong. 2, Warine, who was in rebellion in
Wales with Earl Bichard Maresohal, and was killed in an attack on Cardiff
Castle in 1233, and buried at Llandaff. He left no issue. 3, Fulke, Dean of
York, Archbishop of Dublin, and Bishop of London, who inherited, and also
died childless, 43 Henry III. 4, Philip, fourth Baron Basset of Wycombe.
In 1258 he was one of the twelve barons elected by the combined king's
and barons' party, uid afterwards of the twenty-fbur i^pointed to reform
the realm. In 1261 he was made justiciary of England, and in 1264 one of
those whose lands were wasted by the barons for tiieir adhesion to the king.
In 1264 he was at the battle of Lewes, and had a narrow esci^>e, for so long
as he could stand to fight he refused quarter. In 1266 he was one of the
twelve elected by the *' Dictum de Eenilworth" to classify the insurgents
according to their g^t. In the following year he was the mediator between
the King and the Earl of Gloucester. In 1271 he was again on the side of
moderation, and agrees to the restoration of their lands to the attainted
barons. He died late in October, 56 Henry III (1271), and was buried at
Stanley in Wilts. His charaetw is thus forcibly summed up in the Otney
ChrofUele : "Eodem anno, quarto kalendas Novembris, obiit dominns Philip-
pus Basset, vir magni consilii et nobilis, et super omnia fidelis, strennus in
armis, et multum diligens Anglioos et terrse communitatem et super omnia
religioeotrum promovens negotia ctgus amma propicietur Deus."

He married, i, Helewise, daughter of John Gray of Eaton ; 2, Ela, daughter
of William Longspee, Earl of Salisbury, and widow of Thomas Earl of War-
wick. She died 26 Edward I. By the first he left an only daughter, Alina
Basset, who was twenty-six at her father's death. She married Hugh le Di-
spenser, who superseded or alternated with her &ther as justiciary; and
finally was slain, on De Montibrt's side, at Evesham in 1265. They had a.
son, Hugh, known as Hugh le Despenser the elder, and beheaded at Bristol
in 1326 ; and a daughter. Alina married secondly Boger Bigod, fourth Earl
of Norfolk and Earl Mareschal, who died 35 Edwadrd I. He was son of Hugh
the justiciary ; and thus, as Foss observes, she was the daughter of one
chief justiciary, the wife of a second, and the daughter-in-law of a third.
Alina seems to have died 9 Edward I, when an inquisition was taken upon
her lands; but it was 18 Edward I before Bigod married again.

Who Alan Basset married is not known, perhaps a Sandford, for, firom the
Annals of Tewhesbury, Fulk, when installed Archbishop of Dublin in 1257, is
called *' Fulco Basset vel de Sandford." The coincidence is at least singular.

It is at present uncertain whether these Bassets of Wycombe were of the
same branch with the Bassets of St. Hilary in Glamorgan and of Walton-
Cardiff, otherwise Walton-Basset in Gloucestershire, whose descendants, long
settled at Beaupr^, Llantrithyd, Treguff, Fishwear, Llanveithen, and Bon-
vileston, still remain, in the male line, at the latter place.

G. T. C.

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Clxxxii ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

A KEDIFORD CHAETER RELATING TO CLEARWELL,

CO. GLOUCESTER.

The following charter, from the St. Donat's mammente, though without
date, appears from its writing to be of the reign of Henry III. It is written
npon a piece of good, sound parchment, six inches broad by four deep, folded
at the bottom to carry the label of the seal. The writhig is remarkably
dear, the ink excellent, and the whole in perfect preserration. The writing
leaves but a very narrow margin.

The appended seal is a lump or " bulla" of g^reen wax, with an impression
of meagre and indistinct desig^. In the centre, within a raised circle, is
what may be a rose, but more resembles a cabbage or an artichoke. The
legend round it seems to be, s : bic : ksditobd.

Not only is there no date, but there is some doubt as to the place to which
the charter relates, and as to who were the persons named in it. The places
named are Clorwalle, the church of All Saints, and the mill of Birchover.
The place it would seem, however, must be Clorwalle, sometimes called Olew-
erwdl, and now Clearwell, a hamlet in the parish of Newland, near the
western border of Gloucestershire. It has long been a seat of the Wynd-
hams of Clearwell and Dunraven, and was settled by the Dowager Countess
of Dunraven, the Wyndham heiress, upon her second son, Wyndham Qnin,
the father of the present owner. The church of Newland is dedicated to All
Saints. The Ordnance Map shows no Birchover Mill ; but there is a Bircham
Grove.

The names of persons are scarcely veiy distinctive. They are, Walter,
son of John Long, John Long, and Bobert Long, — a common name in South
Wales at an early period, especially at Cardiff; William, the son of Boger,
William le Brut, William the Forester, Walter, son of Hugh, and John the
Clerk, — ^names difficult to trace; Michael Ely, an unknown name even along
the course of the Glamorgan stream of that name; Walter and William
Thauwan, a name savouring of the Welsh border ; and Bichard and Flora
Kediford, a name here shown to be of a landowner, but not found in the
inquisitions nor in any accessible records of Gloucester or Monmouth shires.

As regards Birchover Mill, it seems a fit occasion to observe how much the
value of the National Survey would be enhanced if the local names of fields,
hiUs, hillocks, brooks, and, in fact, of all places of which the names are
locally known, were recorded in a book which should be printed with the
mi4>s. Of course such names are too numerous to be recorded upon any
general map; but they are very valuable, and frequently preserve traces of
former events or inhabitants which are otherwise forgotten. The increase
of labour to the surv^ors would be very trifling, and that of printing not
very alarming.

G. T. C.
Carta Eicardi Kediford Waltero FUio Johannia Longi.
[Sine dato^l

Sciant presentee et fiituri quod ego Bicardus Kediford dedi et conoessi et
hac presenti carta mea oonfirmavi Waltero filio Johannis Longi pro duabus
maroia et quatuor solidis argenti quos michi soluit premanibus dimidiam

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. clxxxiii

aoram terre mee et annam redditum qnatuor denariorum cum pertinenciis
qnem recipiat annaatim do Flora Kediford pro quodam mesoagio quod tenuit
JQxta viam ducentem de Clorwalle versos ecdesiam Omnium Sanctorum et
de heredibns suis vel ipsius assignatis et prediota terra iacet inter viam in-
feriorem ducentem de molendino de Birchoyere et terram quam ego predic-
tus Ricardns tenni in latitudine et eztendit se de terra quam WDUelmus
filius Bogeri tenuit usque ad terram quam Joliannes Longus tenuit in longi-
tudine. Tenendum et habendum de me et heredibus meis vel meis assigna-
tis sibi et heredibus suis vel suis assignatis bene et in pace libere et quiete.
Beddendo inde annuatim ipse et heredes sui miohi et heredibus meis duos
denarios et obolum ad festum Sancti Miohaelis pro omnibus serviciis et de-
mandis secularibus salvo regali servicio ad illam terram pertinente. Et ego
vero predictus Bicardus et heredes moi vel mei assignati predicto Waltero
et heredibus suis vel suis assignatis predictam terram et prediotum reddi-
tum cum omnibus suis pertinenciis contra omnes homines et feminas inper-
petunm warentizabimus et defendemus et ut hoc totum firmum sit et stabile
hanc cartam sigilli mei impressione confirmavi. Hiis testibus Willelmo le
Brut Waltero Thauwan Willelmo Forestario Michaele Ely Boberto
Longo Waltero filio Hugonis Willielmo Thauwan Johanne Olerico et
miiltis aliis.

Carta Nestefilie Jor' facta ad Grono ap Ivor hir.

ISept 3 R, II, 1379. Came MSS,]

Pateat universis per presentee me Nest' filiam Jor' ap Een' concessisse
remisse relaxasse et omnino pro me et heredibus meis imperpetuum quie-
tum damasse Chrono ap Ivor Hir heredibus et assignatis suis totum ius
meum et clameum quod habeo habui sen aliquo modo decetero habere potero
in omnibus terris et tenementis pratis pasturis boecis vastis cum omnibus
suis pertinenciis in parochia de Lantrissen in feodo de Glour*. Ita quod nee
ego predictus Nest neo heredes mei nee aliquis alius nostro nomine aliquod
ins vel clameum in omnibus terris tenementis pratis pasturis boscis vastis
predictis cum pertinenciis potero ezigere vel vendicare in futurum set inde
ab omni actione juris et clamei sumus exclusi per presentes. In cuius rei
testimonium huio preeenti quieti dameo sigillum meum apoeuL Hiis testi-
bus levan ap Chrono ap lor* Bees Vaghan ap Bees Gethin Hoel Vaur
David ap Lewelyn ap Bees Ithener ap levan ap Madoo Madoo ap Tuder
levan ap Aron et multis aliis. Datum apud Lantrissen x^'mo die mensis
Septembris anno regni Begis Bicardi secundi post conquestum terdo.

Small lump-seal of green wax. Device, two birds billing. Legend, —
8. NSSTB

Nest, the daughter of lorwerth, is unknown ; but Grono ap Ivor hir was
of Miskin in Llantrissant, and a very considerable person. He married
Katherine, second daughter and coheir of Jenkin Fitz Aron ; probably the
levan ap Aron of the witnesses, lord of Brigan in Llansannor, and of Llan-
sannor itself. They had Howell ap Grono of Llansannor, who died childless
in the reign of Biohard II ; and Eatherine of Llansannor, her brother's heijr.

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Clxxxiv ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

who married Siolutrd i^ Howell ap Thomas ap Gwilim (Herbert) of Perthir,
CO. Mon., and by him was ancestress of the Gwyns of Llansannor. Howell
Vawr was ancestor, in the female line, of Seys of Boverton.

Carta Johannis ap John^ etc., Tevano ap Howell,

[23 Mar., 5 H. VIII, 15 14. Came MB8.]

Omnibus Christi fidelibus ad quos presens scriptnm pervenerit. Johannes
ap Johan ap Morgan ap Evan ap David salutem in domino sempitemam.
Noveritis me prefatum Johannem remississe relaxasse et omnino pro me et
heredibos meis imperpetuum quietum clamasse Tevano ap Howel ap Tho-
mas parochie et diocesie de Landav heredibns et assignatis sois totum jns
menm titolnm clameum demandom et interesse mea que anquam habni
habeo sen quovismodo in fntamm habere potero de et in una acra terre
fenifere jacente super Morva lei coiguncta acra Jankyn Gevane inter terram
domini episoopi ex parte orientali et terram domini capitalis ez parte occi-
dentali et terram domini episcopi ex pax te boriali et terram ecd'ie Landa-
vensis ex parte australi que qnidem acra mihi obvenit jure hereditario ox
dimissione facta post decessum Evan ap David ita videlicet quod nee ego
predictus Johannes nee heredes mei nee aliquis alius per nos pro nobis sea
nomino nostro aliquid juris tituli damei demandi sen interesse de aut in
predicta acra nee in aliqua inde parcella de cetero exigere clamare sen ven-
dicare poterimus nee debemus quovismodo in fiiturum sede ab omni actione
juris tituli clamei demandi et interesse inde simus penitus exdusi imperpe-
tuum. Et nos vero prefatus Johannes et heredes nostri predictam acram
prefato Yevano heredibus et assignatis suis contra omnes gentes warantiza-
bimus et imperpetuum defendemus per preeentes. In ci\jus rei testimonium
huic presenti soripto meo sigillum meum appoeui. TTiiiy testibus David ap
Johan Thomas ap Johan et Jankyn Saer. Datum xxi^ die mensis Marcii
anno regni Begis Henrici ootavl v'to.

The seal is a small button of red wax. The device, a Y within a oirdo
rudely executed.

Copy of Court'EoU of the Court-Baron of Rohert Lord Brooke, f&r his
Moiety of the Manor of BUiaa Powis, being an Inquisition by Uie
Jury and Homagers before PhUip Herbert, Seneschal.

[13 August, 1674, From the Francis MSB,]

** Curia Baronis prssnobilis Boberti Domini Brooke ten'ta pro manerio de
Dynaspouisse pro parte qu8B desoendebat jure hereditario 13'mo die Au
gusti 26*0 Begis Caroli secundi coram Philip* Herbert Armigero Senes
challo ibidem, 1674.

" We, the said Jurie and Homage, by Thomas Mathew, Gent., our foreman,
upon oath doe say and present as here followeth :

"First we present the death of Mr. David Jenkins, Esq.; and upon his
decease, and thereupon due to the lord, 8s. 6d. for relief, besides what was
presented the eighth day of May, 67.
. " We present the death of Wenlian Arle. Due to the lord, 2«. for a heriot.

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. clxxxv

" We present Thomas Phillipp^ tenant in right of his wife.

" We present the death of Catherine St. John, werenpon due to the lord
18. Sd, for relief; and that Oliver St. John, her sun, is now tenant.

" Item we present that the house of Henry Bowen at Tomkins Wood is
out of reparation.

** Item we present the death of Edward Lewis, Esq. ; and whereupon due
to the lord for relief,

" Item we present that the said Edward Lewis, Esq., died tenant, as afore-
said, of certaine lands in East Brooke, late William Fleming of Flimston,
containing hy eastimation eighteen accars, which is held under both lords ;
and for the part held under this lordship, we find that there is 48. 8d. due to
the lord for a relief, and Mr. Bichard Lewis, Esq., to be the next tenant of
the premises.

" Item we doe present that Edward Lewis, Esq., died tenant in socage of
certaine lands in Nolden, called Priddie's lands, formerly William Fleming
of Flimston, containing by eastimation thirty accars, being held under both
lordships of Denispowis. For the part held nnder this lordship we find
3«. 4d. due to the lord for a reHef, and Eichard Lewis, Esq., to be the next
tenant of the premises.

•* Item we doe present that Sir Bainam Progmorton have alienated sum
certain lands held by Jenkin Thomas, and that Sir Thomas Mackworth is
now tenant ; wereupon due to the lord 4s. ^d,

"The defaulterers are amerced to capones: Thomas Mathew, Morgan
Bobin, Edward Adam, John Thomas, Thomas Eichard, Thomas Morse, Philip
Eobin, Thomas Exor, Francis Oadock, Lewis Eichard."

Endorsed, "The Jurye presentment at Dynaspowis, 13 August, 1674."

Eobert Grevile, Lord Brooke, was second son of the Lord Brooke who was
killed at Lichfield. He married Ann, daughter of John Doddington of Bry-
mer, Hants, and coheir of Edward her brother. Lord Brooke died 17 Feb.
1676, leaving two daughters, — Ann, who married Walter Earl of Kingston;
and Doddington, who married Chai'les Duke of Manchester. Lady Brooke
then married Thomas Hoby. The other coheir, Catherine Doddington, mar-
ried Peregrine Hoby of Bisham, and had issue.

The Glamorgan property came in by the marriage of Sir William Dodd-
ington, Edward's grandfather, to Mary, daughter and heiress of Sir John
Herbert of Neath Abbey. Dinas Powis was probably sold by Anne's children.
Neath Abbey, specially left to the Hobys, remains in their descendants in
the female line.

Philip Herbert, the seneschal, was probably of Cogan Vach, the son of
Edward Herbert by Elizabeth, daughter of Gabriel Lewis of Llanishen.

Who Catherine St. John was is uncertain. Her husband was certainly of
the Highlight family ; but the mother of Oliver St. John of Highlight, living
in 1 76 1, was Elizabeth Bawdripp.

Edward Lewis was of Van, Boarstal, and BrilL The two latter estates, in
Bedfordshire, went to his sister : Van, the ancestral seat, to his uncle, Eichard
licwis of Edington, Wilts, whose granddaughter, Elizabeth Lewis, carried
it to her husband. Other, third Earl of Plymouth.

William Fleming of Flemingston or Flimston seems to have been the last
of that ancient family.

Sir Baynham Frogmorton or Throgmorton was of Gloucestershire. The

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Clxxxvi OKIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

earliest connexion of the family with Glamoi^an was by a match with an
heiress of David of Eadyr. The Mackworths came in by a marriage with an
heiress of Evans of GnolL

This document has considerable local value, as it fixes certain points in
the descent of the manor of Dinas Powis.

Carta WilVmi Abhatts S'ti Augiistini Thome Bakar et Thame Jonys,
[7 Feb'ii, 22 E. VIII, 1531. Came lfS5.]

Omnibus Christi fidelibus ad quos presens soriptum indentatum pervene-
rit Willielmus permissione divina Abbas monasterii Sancti Augustini juxta
Bristoll et eiusdem loci Oonventus salutem in Domino sempitemam.

Sciatis nos prefatum Abbatem et Conventum unanimi assensu et consensu
nostra tradidisse concessisse et ad firmam dimisisse Thome Bakar clerico et
Thome Jonys draper et burgensi Bristollie predicte capeilam nostram cum
situ manerii Sancti Petri in mora cum quinqiiaginta duas acras terre domi-
nicalis vocata le Mayns eidem manerio spect«ntes sive pertinentes cum duo-
bus orriis ad eaiidem capeilam pertinentibus et duabus aliis orriis unde unum
situm in Marshefeld et alteram in seynt Melense ac firmam personatus de
Kempney in dominio de Wenthelough una cum omnibus oblacionibus pre-
ventibus proficuis et decimis tam garbarum feni pratorum et pasture quam
aliorum omnium ab antique ad dictam capeilam manerii orria et personatum
spectantcs. Habend' et tenend* omnia predicta capeilam situs manerii cum
quinquaginta duas acras terre dominicalis vocatus le Mayns capeilam firmam
personatus oblationes provenciones proficua et decimas cum pertinenciis
prefatis Thome Bakar et Thome Jonys ac assignatis suis a festo pasche
proximo future post datum presencium usque ad finem termini quinquaginta
et unius annorum extunc proximo sequentium et plenarie complendorum
Beddendo inde annuatim nobis prefatis Abbati et Conventui ac successori-
bus nostris pro predictis capella manerio orriis et parsonatu spectante
viginti quinque libris tree decern solidis et quatuor denariis legalis monete
Anglie ad festa S*ti Jacobi ap'li et S*ti Andree apli. Et pro predictis Ig
acrls terre tres libros et quinque solidos equis porcionibus solvendis apud
monasterium nostrum predictum. Ac eciam annuatim duas recentes salmo-
nes conventui tantum videlicet unum in Adventu ante festum natalis
Domini et alteram in quadragesima citra dominica palmarum vel sex solidos
et octo denarios sterlingorum. Noveritis nos eciam prefatos Abbatem et
Conventum pro bono et fideli servicio quod dicti Thomas et Thomas ante
hec tempera nobis impenso et imposterum impendendo dedimus concessimus
et hoc per presens scriptum indentatum confirmavimus prefatis Thome et
Thome officium ballivi et receptoris predicti manerii cum ceteris premissis
in le Mora predicta cum omnibus proficuis et aliis emolumentis dicto officio
spectantibus sive pertinentibus racione cigus officii bene et fideliter faciendi
sex solidos et octo denarios sterlingorum. Ac unam togam sicut ceteri ser-
vientes habent de la liverey. Habend' et tenend* et annuatim percipiendum
dictum annualem redditum vjs. vigd. sterlingorum ac unam togam prefatis
Thome et Thome ac assignatis suis durante termino predicto. Et si oontiu-
gat dictum redditum aut aliqua inde parcella aretro fore insolutum post
aliquod festum festorum predictorum in quo solvi debeat per unum quarte-
rium anni quod tunc bone licobit nobis prefatis Abbati et Conventui ac sue-
cessoribus nostris in predictis capella et cetera premissa omnia reintraro

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. clxxxvii

rehabere reasumere et gaadere prout in etata nostro pristino dictosque
Thomam et Thomam ac assignatos suos inde totaliter capellere et amovere
liac presenti scripto nostro indentato in aliquo non obstante. Et nos pre-
dicti Abbas et Conventus ac successores nostri predicta maneria et cetera
premissa cum omnibas suis pertinenciis prefatis Thome et Thome ac assig-
natis suis modo et forma snpradicta contra omnes gentes warantizabimos
acquietabimus et defendemus per presentes dicto termino durante. In ci^jas
rei testimonium uni parti higos indenture penes predictos Thomam et Tho-
mam remanente nos prefati Abbas et Conventus sigillum nostrum commune
apposuimus altere vero parti istius indenture penes prefatos Abbatem et
Conventum remanente predic' Thomas Bakar dericus et Thomas Jonys
sigiUa sua apposuerunt Datum septimo die mensis Ffebruarii anno regni
Begis Henrici octavi yicesimo secundo.

A large elliptical seal on dull red wax. Upon it the repreentation of a
church with central tower; and in two doorways, two saints. Above, in
the sky, are two large stars of six rays. In base the church rests upon a
substructure containing two niches. la the dexter a mitred priest with a
staff over the left shoulder ; the sinister is obscure. Legend, + bigillujc

COMUNS MONASTXBII 8ANCTI AUGUSTINI BBISTOLL'.

This is a valuable charter for the histories of Monmouthshire and of the
Abbey of St. Augustin's at Bristol. Peterston, or St. Peter's on the Moor,
is known by its fine church on the low land adjoining the Severn. Marsh-
field and Bbymney are villages near, the latter on the higher ground; and
Wentloog is the name borne by the whole of the rich level plain which lies
between Newport and Cardiff, and is sklrte^l by the old Boman road, and
traversed by the South Wales Eailway.

Grant hy Hoel Came of Cowhridge of LaTids, etc,, to A lexander Philippe,
Rector of LlanmaeSy and Samuel Turherih/le of Llantwit, Gentleman,

[3 Augt, 8 H. VIIL 1516. Came MSS.]
Omnibus ad qaos presens scriptum indentatum pervenerit Hoelus Came
de Coubrugge generosus salutem. Noveritis me prefatum Hoelum dedisse
concessisse et per hoc presens scriptum meum indentatum confirmasse Alex-
andreo Philippe Clerico Bectori Ecclesie parocliialis de Llanmaysse et Jacobo
Turbervyle de Llanyltwydd generoso omnia burgagia dimidia burgagia et
omnia alia terras tenementa et alia hereditamenta mea cum suis pertinen-
tiis qne habeo in villa de Coubrugge et infra libertatibus dicte ville de Cou-
brugge. Dedi etiam et concessi prefatis Alezandreo et Jacobo omnia messu-
age terras tenementa et alia hereditamenta mea cum omnibus et singulis
Buis pertinentiis que habeo et teneo in Dominio de Llanblethean. Ac unum
tenementum terre cum suis pertinenciis que habeo in feodo de Mechelstowe
prope Cowbrugge et in feodo de Llanyltwydd ac modo in tenura Johannis
Henman de Sygenstonn. Habendum et tenendum omnia predicta burgagia
dimidia burgagia ac ceteras premissas cum pertinentiis prefatis Alexandreo
et Jacobo Turbervyle heredibus et assignatis eorum irperpetuum ad usum
et opus mei predicti Hoeli et Cecilie Eemeys uxoris mei ad terminum vite
nostre vel unius nostrorum diucius viventium de capitalibus dominis feo-
dorum illorum per redditus et servicia inde prius debita et de jure consueta
£t post decessu predictorum Hoeli et Cecilie uxoris mei volo et concede per

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clxxxviii ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

presentes quod omnia predicta bnrgagia et dimidia burgagia et ceteras pve-
roissas oum perfcinentiis integre remaneant Bichardo Oarne filio ineo seniori
et heredibus mascalinis de corpore sao legitime procreatis imperpetuam. Et
pro defectu talis ezitos quod omnia predicta burgagia et dimidia bnrgagia
et ceteras premissas oum pertinentibns integre remaneant Edwardo Came
olerico et heredibus masculinis de corpore suo legitime procreatis imperpe-
tuum. Et pro defectu talis ezitus Willielmo Oarne et heredibus masoulinia
de corpore suo legitime procreatis imperpetuum Et pro defectu talis ezitus
Bogero Carne filio meo juniori et heredibus masculinis de corpore suo legi-
time procreatis imperpetuum. Et pro defectu talis ezitus rectis heredibus
mei predicti Hoeli imperpetuum. De capitaHbus dominus feodorum illorum
per redditus et servicia inde prius debita et de jure consueta. Dedi eciam .
et concessi prefatis Alezandreo et Jacobo omnia maneria terras et tenementa
mca cum pertinentiis que habeo et teneo apud parva Nasshe nuper in domi-
nie de Llandaffe ac omnia alia maneria messuagia terras tenementa et alia
hereditamenta mea cum omnibus et singulis suis pertinentiis que habeo et
teneo infra dominium Gladmorgancie et Morgancie ac in feodo de Llanylt-
wit. Habendum et tenendum predicta maneria terras et tenementa cum
omnibus suis pertinentiis prefatis Alezandreo et Jacobo heredibus et assi^-
natis eorum imperpetuum. De capitalibus dominis feodorum illorum per
redditus et servicia inde prius debita et de jure consueta ea intentione quod
dicti feoffati stent inde seisitiet feoffati ad usum mei predicti Hoeli ad ter-
minum vite mee. Et post decessum mei predicti Hoeli ad usum Bichardi
Came filii mei senioris et heredibus masculinis de corpore suo legitime pro-
creatis imperpetuum. Et pro defectu talis ezitus ad usum Edwardi Came
clerioi et heredibus masculinis de corpore suo legitime procreatis. Et pro
defectu talis ezitus ad usum Willielmi Came et heredibus masculinis de cor-
pore suo legitime procreatis imperpetuum. Et pro defectu talis ezitus ad
usum Bogeri Cam! filii mei junioris et heredibus masculinis de corpore suo
legitime procreatis imperpetuum. Et pro defectu talis exitus quod omnia
predicta maneria et ceteras premissas cum pertinentiis integre remaneant
et revertantur rectis heredibus mei predicti Hoeli imperpetuum. De capita-
libus dominis feodorum illorum per redditus et servicia inde prius debita et
de jure consueta Et ego vero predictus Hoelus et heredes mei predicta bur-
gagia dimidia burgagia maneria terre et ceteras premissas cum pertinentiis
prefatis Alezandreo et Jacobo heredibus et assignatis eorum ad usum pre-
dictorum contra omncs gentes warantizabimus et imperpetuum defendemus
per presentes. Sciatis insuper me prefatum Hoelum fecisse ordinasse depu-
tasse vice et nomine meo posuisse dilectos mihi in Christo Hoelum ap John
de Llanblethean et Janekyn ap Eynon de Llandoghe yomen meos veros et
legitimes attomatos conjunctim et divisim ad intrandum vice et nomine
meo de et in omnibus predictis burgagiis maneriis terris et ceteris premiss is
cum pertinenciis. Et plenam et pacificam possessionem et seisinam inde
vice et nomine meo capiendnm. Ac postmodum ad deliberandum plenam et
pacificam possessionem et seisinam inde vice et nomine meo prefatis Alez-
andreo et Jacobo heredibus et assignatis imperpetuum secundum vim for-
mam et effectum hnjus presentis carte mei. Batum gratum atque firmam
habentem et habiturum totum ac quicquid diet* attornat' me* conjunc-
tim et divisim fecerint aut unius eorum fecerit in premissis aut in aliquo-
rum premissorum sicut egomet in mea propria persona ibidem presens
personaliter interessem. Hiis testibus Christofero Turbervyle Thoma ap

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. clxxxix

John de Brigam generoeo Bichardo Qraunte Bichardo Henman de Llan-
yltwydd et Willielmus Hogge de Llanblethean yomen et muliis aliis. Data
tertio die Augustii anno regni Begis Henrici Ootavi post Conquestum
Anglie vicesimo octavo.

Appended is a lamp-seal in red wax, bearing a rude bat dear circular
impression, from a signet-ring, of a pelican in her piety ; the crest of Came,
half an inch in diameter.

Endorsed in an early hand, but later than that of the deed, " This Dede
was deliveryd by Mr. William Came upon payment of tU, to be to him re-
deli veryd''; and in a later hand, ' An auncient entayle'*; and later, ' Howell
Came of Cowbridge*'; and again, " This deed belongeth to Mr. Came of

Nashe"; also, in another place, "Mr. Willm. Carne"; also "For Mr "

The two latter words scratched.

This is a deed indented, by which Hoell Came of Cowbridge, gentleman,
grants to Alexander Philippe, clerk, rector of Llanmaes, and James Turber-
▼ille of Llantwit, gentleman, all the burgages, etc., in Cowbridge town and
its liberties, and all his messuages, etc., in the lordship of Llanblethian, and
a tenement in the fee of Michaelston and in that of Llantwit, now in the
tenure of John Henman of Sygvnston, to be held to the use of Hoel Came
and Cecilia Kemys his wife, for their joint and several lives, of the chief
lords of the fees ; with remainder to HoelPs eldest son, Bichard, and his
lawfully begotten male heirs ; and so on to Edward the second son, William
the third son, and Boger the youugcst son ; remainder to the right heirs of
the granter.

Hoell further grants to the same trustees all his manors in Little Nash,
late in the lordship of Llandaff, and all his other manors in the same county
of Glamorgan, to stand enfeoffed to the use of Hoell Carne for life, with
remainder to his sons in succession in tail male, as usual. HoeU further
appoints Hoell ap John of Llanblethian, and Janekyn ap Eynon of Llan-
dough, yeomen, attorneys, jointly and severally to enter and take possession.
The witnesses were Christopher Turberville, Thomas ap John of Bngan,
gentlemen ; Bichard Graunte, Bichard Henman, of Llantwit, and William
Hogge of Llanblethian.

The place of Hoell Came, second of the name, in the fSamily pedigree, has
already been shewn, and a charter given, dated 1528, in which he is men-
tioned as Hoell or Howell Came HSn, or the aged. We here learn that
Hoell and Cecil (Eemeys) Came had four sons: i, Bichard; 2, Edward,
clerk ; 3, William ; and 4, Boger. Bichard was of Nash, and his descendants
have been given. Edward, here called " clerk", purchased Ewenny ; was
sheiiff, as Sir Edward, 1542 and 1544, M.P. for the county in 1554, and died
at Bome in 1561. He married, and was ancestor of the Cames of Ewenny
Abbey. William and Boger do not appear to have married. James Turber-
ville, the trustee, was probably the second husband of Agnes, a daughter of
Hoel Came. Thomas ap John of Brigan, in Llansannor, was the head of a
family that long possessed that place, but ended in his natural son. Chris-
topher Turberville of Llantwit was son of Jenkin ap Jenkin Turberville of
Tytheston. He became of Penlline Castle, and was ancestor of that branch
and of the Turbervilles of Bonvileston.

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CXC ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

A Quit-Claim of Lands in Llantrissant^ by Nesty daughter of

Jortverth ap Ken' to Grono ap Ivor Eir,

[i Sept. 3 R, II, 1379. Carne MSB,']

Fateat universis per presentee me Nest filiam Jor' ap Ken* concessisse
remisisse relaxasse et omnino pro me et heredibas meis imperpetuum quie-
turn clamasse Grono ap Ivor hir heredibas et assignatis suis totam jua meurn
et clameum quod habeo habni seu aliquo modo decetero habere potero in
omnibus terris et tenementis pratis pasturis boscis vastis cum omnibus suis
pertinenciis in parochia de Llantrissen in feodo de Qlinr*. Ita quod nee ego
predictus (sic) Nest nee heredes mei nee aliquos alios nostro nomine aliquod
jus vel clameum in omnibus terris tenementis pratis pasturis boscis vastis
predictis cum pertinenciis potero {sic) exigere vel vindicare in futurum sit
inde ab omni actione juris et clamei sumus exclusi per presentes. In cvgus
rei testimonium huic preaenti quieti clameo sigillum meum aposui Hiia
testibus Jevano ap Grono ap Jor*. Rees Vaghan ap Bees Gethin. Howel
Vaur*. David ap LI' ap Rees. Ithener ap Jevan ap Madoc. Madoc ap Tuder
Jevan ap Aron et multis aliis. Datum apud Llantrissen regni Begis Hicardi
secundi post conqueatum tercio.

The seal is a small button of dark green wax, three-quarters of an inch in
diameter, bearing a hawk preying upon a fowl. Of the surrounding legend
there is only legible nbst ...... vast

Nest, the grantor of the above, is a person not otherwise known. Kese ap
Kenewreg Yorvard velin and Kenewreg ab Yorvard occur as witnesses to a
charter by Elyas Bishop of Llandaflf in 1234 (Brit. Mus. Chart., 75, B. 9), and
from the combination of these somewhat uncommon names may be of the
same family, though a century and a half earlier. Grono was second son of
Ivor hir, or " the long," of Miskin, ap Ivor hdn, or " the aged," ap Caradoc,
thu-d son of Einon of Collwyn. Grono married Katherine, daughter and co-
heiress of Jenkin ap Sir Thomas ap Aron, of Llandough Castle and Brigan.
Her sister had Brigan, and was ancestress of the Thomases of that place.
The Arons obtained Brigan by marriage with the heiress of Walsh of Llan-
dough, who obtained it with Elizabeth the reputed, and probably the natu-
ral daughter of Sir Stephen Bawceyn. Prom Grono and Katherine de-
Bcended John of Altgwaurddu and Griffith of Penmark. Ithener is an almost
unknown name. The fee of Glynr' is Glynrhondda, the " Patria** or great
lordship which extends from the Bhondda to below Llantrissant.

A Quit- Claim of an Acre of Land in Llandqf by John ap John ap

Morgan ajy Evan ap David to Yevan ap Howell ap Thomas,

[23 March, 5 H. VIII, 15 14. Came MSB.]

Omnibus Christi fidelibus ad quos presens scriptum pervenerit Johannes
ap Johan' ap Morgan ap Evan ap David salutem in Domino sempitemam
Noveritis me prefatum Johannem remisisse relaxasse et omnino pro me et
heredibus meis imperpetuum quietum clamasse Yevano ap Howel ap Tho-
mas parochie et dominii de Landave heredibus et assignatis suis totum* jus
meum titulum clameum demandum et interesse mea que unquam habai

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. CXCi

babeo sen qnovismodo in fVitnmm habere potero de et in nna aora terre feni-
fere jacente super Morva lei coiguncta acra Jankyn Gebnne inter terrain
doinini fipisoopi ex parte orientali et terram domini capitalis ex parte occi-
dentali et terram domini Episcopi ex parte boriali et terram eoclesie Landa-
vensis ex parte australi qne quidem acra mihi obvenit jure bereditario ao
divisione facta post dissessum Evan ap David ita videlicet quod nee ego pre-
dictus Johannes nee heredee mei nee aliquis alius per nos pro nobis seu
nomine nostro aliquid jus titulum dameum demandum seu interesse de aut
in predicta acra neo in aliqua inde parcella de cetero exigere clamare seu
▼indicare poterimus nee debemus quovismodo in fiiturnm sed ab omni acti-
one juris tituli clamei demandi et interesse inde simus penitus exdusi im-
perpetnum. Et nos vero prefatus Johannes et heredes nostri predictam
acram prefato Yevano heredibus et assignatis suis contra omnes gentes
warantizabimus et imperpetuum defendemus per presentes. In cigus rei
testimonium huic presenti soripto meo sigillum meum apppsui. Hiis testi-
bus David ap John Thomas ap Thom et Jankyn Saer. Datum xxig*o die
mensis Marcii anno regni Regis Henrici Octavi Vto.

A lump-seal of red wax, half an inch diameter, bearing a rude letter V
within a circle.

The only name which has been identified in this document is that of Jan-
kin Gebune, otherwise Jenkin Gibbon, of Cefn-Tre-Payne, or Pentrebane, in
lilandaff, gfreat-grandson of Sir Gilbert Payne, and grandfather of John
Gwyn Gibbon of St. Pagan's, ancestor to the Lewises of Llaniahen.

These Welsh documents, though the persons named in them have not as
yet been identified, are yet of considerable local value. It is only by this
means that there is any chance of proving the truth of the Welsh pedigrees,
most of which are without dates or places ; and, what is worse, almost inca-
pable of being indexed.

G. T. C.

EUABON (EHIWFABON).

(Continued from p, cxx).

TENENTES PER DIMISSIONES.

MARWHEALL (mARCHWIAIL).

A. B. P.

Eedd' in toto i\jZi. xiys. ]^d. q' ex'li. — Owinus Breerton^ Armig't
et Edwardus ap John tenet vnum tenementa in occupatione
Will*mi Betly vocat' Kay tay y ty gard' et pomar* et croft' adia-
cen* p' estimat* . . . . . .230

Ynu' dausu' adiacen' vocat* Barley Croffce per estimao'o'em . 200

Vnum clauss' pastur* cuius in vn' parte crescunt mult* quere vocat*
Yall field per estimat* . . . . .500

Tn* al* clauss* adiacen* vocat' Kreeple field contin' per estimac^o'em 420

1 Owain Brereton of Borasham, Esq., ob. a.d. 1648. Argent, two bars sable,
(V. pedigree.

Digitized by VjOOQ iC

cxcu

ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

A. R. P.

Vn* prat' vocat* y Werglodd per estimac'oe' in quo diaera' sunt

quere p' estimao' • . . . .220

Yn' clanss' arabil' yocat' Longfield vnde octo acr* que selu* existit

p' estimacVem in toto . . . . .320

Yn' clansB* ex austral' parte vie vocat* le hole gprasse per estima-

c'o'em . . . * • • .600

Yn*clauss*pa8tur*querci8refert vocat* Coed Martynp'estimac'o'em 320
Yn' al' clauBs' pastur* adiacen* multoru' queroun* p' estimao'o'em 200
Yn* parva' prat' adiacen' per estimao'o'em . . • o i o

xiiyli. vj». vigd. 32 o o

Eedd' xvjd. ex'li.— Tenet et vnu* class' terr* de Escaet* vocat'

Kay Mad' Goth vn' terciam partem quatuor acrar* cu' Edward

Broughtonmil'nuperGriffithapJenkin Morton per estimac'o'em i i 13
Idem tenet vn' al' tenementu' in occupac'one Bicei ap William

iacen' in March wheall pomaru' et gard' p' estimao'o'em .010

Yn' dauss' vocat' Kayr Coed nunc dimiss' in tres clauss' p' esti-

mac'o'em . . . . . . o 12 o

Yn' al* parcell' vocat* Kay Nant p' est' . . .200

Yn' al' clauss' vocat* y Keveyes p' estimao* . . .600

Yn* al' clauss' vocat* Erw Cockshoole p' est' . . .120

Yn' al' clauss' vocat' Gratefield p' est' . . .410

Ex'Ii 27 2 13
Redd' xvi«. yd. ob. ex'li. Lease not showed, vide post. — Bicardus
Leighton^ Armig'r jure ux' nup' GriflSth ap Dauid Lloyd tenet
vnu' tenementu' gard' pomar* et clauss' adiacen' in occupac'one
Dauid Povy vocat' Kay pop'ty per estimao'o'em . .220

Yn' prat' subtus doni clauss' p' estimac' . . .030

Yn* bosc' vocat' Koed Yichan p' estimao* . . .210

Yn' clauss' arabil' Kay yr hedden p' estimao'o'em . .300

Ixvjs, viyd. 820
There are 14 acres past' in the lease ; but the rest is assigned, and the
rent apportioned to Hugh Lloyd.
Eedd' xix<. iiyd. q' — Johannes ap John William tenet quinq' clauss' terr* in
Marwheall p' est' . . . 14 2 o

Eedd' vy«. Yujd. ob. exli. — Hugo Lloyd nnper Griffith ap Dauid
Lloyd tenet vt de terr' d'c'i Griffith vnum tenementu' gard' et
curtelag' croft et terr* boscos' continen' p' estimaco'em . 200

m — ■

1 Eichard Leighton of Gwem y Gof in the parish of Kerry, in Maelienydd,
was the second son of Sir Edward Leighton of Wattlesborough, Knt., by
Anne, daughter of Paul Darrell of Lillingstone Darrell in the county of
Buckingham, Esq. He married Catherine, daughter of William Mostyn,
and relict of Henry Parry of Marchwiail, and in her right became possessed
of lands in this manor. In the church of Marchwiail there is, or jvas, a
monument erects to the memory of this Eichard Leighton and Catherine
his wife. He was a counsellor at law, and High Sheriff for the county of
Montgomery in a.d. 1599, and a magistrate for that county in a.d. 162a
Quarterly, and per fess indented, or and gules. (Mont. Coll., Part XI, p. 461.)

Digitized by VjOOQ iC

OKIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

CXClll

Duo croft' adiaoen' vocat' y Talorae p' est*

Vn' claass* terr* arabil' vooat' Trowsdyre p* est'

Vn* olauss' sive croft' terr* vocat* Kay Lloyne p' est'

Vn' prat* in fyne daosi pred* vocat' Trowsydyre p' estimao'o'em

Duo parva croft vocat' Akre p' estimac'

Vn' p'oiam terr' vocat' le lannt p' estimac'

cx<.
The remainder of this is challenged by John ap John Gwyn etc.

Bedd'xigd. ob. ez'li. No lease showed, for that it was never taken
by lease. — lennet v' Bobert ap Dauid et £enricus ap Thomas
in simul tenent vnn' ten'tu' cum gard' incrochiat' et tres p'cell'
sine dans' terr* p' estimao'o'em xU.

Bedd'. Noe rent in the rental! — Bichardus ap Bobert ap Bandle
inikns tenet vnum tenementu' et duo clauss' iuzta ib'em viam
vocat' Biyn y vallen p' estimac'o'em xxi^'s. iigd.

Bedd' lvj». xjd. ob. ex'li Lease not showed.— Bicardus Leighton^
Armig* tenet duran' vita vx' M'ris Edwardi Broughton Militis
et postea Edward' pred' tenet vnu' tenementu' cum gard' et cl'o
vocat' Kay Kill nuper Henrici ap Harry per estimac'o'em

Vn' al'dauss'adiacen' vocat' Kay Kill cum Mora per estimac'o'em

Duo dausa pasture vocat' Kay Mawr et Kay Vichan p' estimac'o'em

Vnu' pratu' vocat' Werglodd ddwy p' est'

Vn' claus' terr' arabil' vocat' Mayes Moylle

Vn' daus' vocat' Kay Bheden p' estimac'

Vn' al' clauss' vocat* Kay ffynnon p' est'

Vn* prat' vocat* EoUy p* estimac'

Vn' clans' adiacen' vocat* Kay Sue p' est'
The lease expresseth but 35 acres, 17 are sur plus.

Vn' al' daus' adiacen' vocat' Kay Bheden p' est'

Vn' claus' arabil* vocat' Kay Lloyd p* est'

Vn' daus* nuper vno vocat' Kay Koed Och p' est' cum acr* bosc*

Tvjli. xi\j«. iiyd.

Bedd' nja, xd. ex'li. Clamat tibi. — Vidua Bicardi Griffith nuper
Johannis ap Jenkyn Moreton tenet unu' tenementu' gard' et
cert' p'cell' terr* per estimac'o'em , , . U.

Bedd' v«. ob. escaet* q. Noe such rent in the rentalL — Johannes
ap Dauid ap John ap Jenkyn' tenet do escaet* ad volunt'p'est* ijs,

Bedd' v«. ii^d. ob. ex'li. See in Moreton Anglioru' 1-y in being. —
Thomas Hope tenet vnu^^lausu' terr' vocat' Kay y Bady p* esti-
mac'o'em ......

Vn' al' dans' vocat' Kay Jack et al' vocat' Kay hire in Eyton p'est'

3
I
I

2
o

E. P.

1 O

0 O

2 O

1 O

2 O
I O

12 3 O

300

3 o
o o
o o

52 I o

500
O I o

3 o
o o

xxxv3«. 4 3

1 Bichard Leighton, Esq. (See p. 23. )

* Johii of March wiail was one of the sons of David ab John of the township
of Acton in the manor of Eglwyseg, son of Jenkyn ab Howd ab Jenkyn of
Acton, second son of leuan ab Madog ab Llewelyn, lord of Eyton, ErUsham,
and Borasham. (Add. MSS. 14,919.) Ermine, a lion rampant axure, armed
and laagued gules.

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CXCIV OWGINAL DOCUMENTS.

A. B. P.

His laadee are so dispent that apon his taking a new lease he
most reconcile them lying in diners maners, haoing in his
lease for 4^, 12 acres, as appeareth in fiibrora\
Sedd' i^<. zd. ex^li. — Hugo Griffith tenet vnu' tenementu' nup'
Johannis ap Jenkin Moorton gard' et crofb* prati adiacen' p'
estimac'o'em . . . . .100

Vn* claoss* pastnr* adiacen' vooat' Coed Kay issa p' eetimac'o'em 100
Vn' al* daoss* arabil* yocaf Coed Kay Marie per estimac* 200

]3JQ8. ii^d. 500
Sedd' iijf. xd. exii Ad Yolont' et eecaet'.— Edwardos Broughton^

miles tenet mn* ten'tu' gard' et croft' adiacen' p' eetimac' 010

Ynn' claoss* terr* arabil' Yocat' Maes y Llan p' est' .200

Yn' al' clans' vocat' Maes y Llan p' estimao* . . .230

Vn' cUns' prat' pastor' vocat' Werglodd issa p' estimao'o'em 100

zlvjf. vi^d. 600

These three last before menc'oned, viz. vid' Bichardi Griffith,

Hogh Griff*, and Sir Edward Brooghtons' were the landes of

John ap Jenkin Moorton, Bobert ap Jenkin Moorton, and

Griffith ap Jenkyn, who held in copie manye, omnes illas

acras terr* eecaet' vocat' Kay mad koch et al' terr' escaet' pro-

ut fdenint in tenora Jenkin Moorton in villa de Marchwheall

ad volontat' per estimation 4 aoras ii^a. vd., which nowe the

parties abooesaid do clayme to be free.

I find that Bobert ap Jenkyn Moorton did hold freelie vno'

ten'bo' et viginti aor* terr* in villa Marchwheall redd' ziiys.

iigd., w'ch as is said S'r Edward Brooghton nowe hooldes it

free; but I find not this of that qoantitie nor of that rent,

and therefore I take it held as I finde it, per cap'.

Bedd' xzs. ijd.*— Johannes Wilkinson al's Edgeberie tenet vnu'

t^nementu' com gard' pomar* et croft' p' estimac'o'em . 100

Vno' claoss* arrabil' vocat' Kay tan y ty p' est' . .120

^ Sir Edward Brooghton, of Plas Isaf in the manor of Marchwiail, Knt.,
High Sheriff for Denbighshire in 1698. Ermine, a lion statant, gardant, ytUes.

He married sister of Sir Edward Tirrell, by whom he had issue, two

sons, Edward and Bichard, and a daoghter, Frances, who died s, p,

' The family of Edgeberie, or Edisbory, takes its name from Edisbuiy
Hall in the hondred of Edisbory in Cheshire. Some of this family were
sheriffs of Chester in 1299 and 1322. In the chorch of Chatham, in Kent,
are two monoments,— one to Bobert Wilkinson Edisboiy, Gent., of March-
wiail, CO. Denbigh, who died Sept. 1618 ; and the other to his son, Kenrick
Edisbory, of Bedwal in the parish of Marchwiail, who was Sorveyor of His
Majesty's Navy. He died Aug. 27, 1638, leaving issue by his wife, Maiy
(daoghter and heiress of Edward Peters, alias Harding, of Bochester,Gent.),
two sons, John and Bichard. John, who was bom in 1601, came over at his
father's death in 1638, and boogbt Pentref Clawdd, near Bhiwfabon, and
shortly afterwards porchased the Erddig estate. This family is now repre-
sented by James Fisher Edisbory, of Bersham Hall near Wrexham, Esq.,
and E. F. Edisbory, of Belgrave Hoose, Wrexham, Esq. (See pedigree.)

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

CXCV

Ynn* prat' adiaoen' vooat* Gwerne Auncrest p' est'

Vn* dauBe' terr* arabil' vocaf y Copie p' est' .

Vn* danss' terr* arabil' vocaf Coedd ddwy p* est*

Vn' danss* anabil' nnp' ten't'm yooat' Coed Kaler y brimery p' esti'

Vn' daoss* vooat' Koed Kay banach p' est'

Diias moras vooat' Gweme y ddwy p' esf

Vn' datiss' prope dom' Tocat' Gwerglodd yachan p' est' .

Yn' daoss* arabil' Tooat' Kaneoath p' est'

Vn' dAUBs' arrabil' vocaf Kay yr Bedo p' est'

Vn' olatiss' pastnr' voc' Gweme Site p' est'

Vn' danss' vocaf Weme ddwy p' esf

Vn' danss' pastur* multoru'quertuu' vocaf Coed' ddwy p' estimaf

Vn' al' daoBs' vocaf Koed ddwy p' esf

Ther pass in this lease bat 13 acres oaerplns. xvi^U.

Bedd' X5. ijd. Marobwheall et Eaabon. — Johannes Je&eyes^
Armiger tenet vnn' messoagin' cum do' vocaf Tyre Uen al's
Gwerglodd y frwde in Marchwhall nnp' Johannis Decka' filii
Bogeri Decka p' eetimac'o'em ....

Tenet et vn' dimid' danss' in Boabon nnp' malt Gwent p' estim'

B. p.

I o

o o

10 o

0 o

1 o
o o
o o
3 o
o o
o o
o o
o o

36 3 o

12
o

Bedd' x^'d. escaef ad volnnf .— Edwardns Broaghton miles tenet
tertia' partem qnatnor acrar' cum Owino Breerton et Hogone
Griff* inre vz' nnp' terr* Johannis ap Jenkin Moorton escaef p'
estimac'o'em ..... z«.

Bedd' zivd. escaef ad volnnf. — Hugo Griffith tenet al* tertiam
partem d'cam' qnataor acr* p' estimac'o'em . xji.

Bedd'zv^f. — Thomas Gk>ldsmith tenet inMoreton Wallicom'vnu'
ten'f m et 7 da* terr* viz. Kay vrth y tye, y Bhost beth y tye,
Kay dagon, Kay sabeU wem Boger Vanr, wem Boger vechan
et y wem ddue p' est' .... xU.

Bedd' vy«. v^d. Bnabon ad volnnf. — Griffith ap John tenet vnn'
ten'tnm cum gard' per estimac'o'em

Vnn' clanss' nunc dimiss* in duo voc' Tyre y whygan p' esf
Qnere de hoc, it seemeth to be twice charged, for there is v^f.
v^d. in the next leafe, and but one v\j<. v^d. in the rentale.

Vn' clans' adiacen' vocaf Werglodd tyre y Whigan per estim'

yjK. 13 I o

I 15

I I 13

20 o o

o 10

2 O

zlig'f. ii^'d. 4 2 10
Bedd' v\j«. i^d, ob. exli A. — Bichardns ap lenn tenet vnn' tene-

mentu' et nnam parcell' terr* vocaf tyre y Stainel per est' 220

Vn' praf vocaf Wirglod hyre p' estimaf .100

Vn' clauss' vocaf Weme Bobyn p' esf . .300

b». 620

1 John Jeffreyes of Acton, Esq. Erm,inet a lion rampant sable. He mar-
ried MStfgaret, daughter of William Lloyd of Halchdyn in the parish of Han-
mer, Esq. (See pedigree.)

s John Deccaf, son of Boger Deccaf, fourth son (by Lily his wife, daughter
of John Puleston) of David Deccaf of Bhwytyn, lineally descended from
Matthew Bhwytyn, lord of Bhwytyn, Seswick, and Bedwal, third son of
Elidir ab Bhys Sais, lord of Eyton, etc.

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cxcvi

ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

Bedd' v\js. iijjcl. ex*. A. — Qriffith ap John tenet Tnu* clansom terr'
▼ocat' tyre y ghwegan nuper terr' Bob'ti ap John ap Richard
et Johannis William ap John ap Bichard p' eBtimac'o'em

Bedd' iiijd. ex*. — Vnn' cotagiu' cum gard* nuper in tenora Edw*r*i
ap Bichard p' estimac'o'em ....

li\j«. iiijd.
Bedd* ^8. ijd. ex*. Lease expired. A. — Memorand* theis landee
noted A are in qnantitie a6 acres di*, which must be distin-
guished, and the rent being jXyjs. vi^jd., apportioned with the
next following, yet ther wanteth vs. yd. of the xly«. viyd.
Bedd*vij«. ex*. A. This is for lease lands. — Bobertus ap John Wil-
liam tenet vnum clauss* terr* vocat' Tyre fitcher p* est*
Vn' al* clauss' terr* vocat' Gwem y bichan p* est*

700

7 o 20

vjK. 16 o o

VILLA RUABON.

Bedd* Y8. yd. ex*. No lease showed. — Johannes Lloyd ap Bichard*

tenet medietat* domus cum Boberto ap John Will'm gard* croft'

et cl'm adiacen* Tocat* Kay hire issa et Kay hire vcha nunc

diuiss* in quinq* p* estimat* . lxiy«. viyd.

Vocat* redd* vijs. — Griffith ap John^ holdes of the former one

cotage and garden.

Bedd* i\j«. vigd. ex*.~Edwardas Eton Armig*^ tenet vna clauss*
pastur* vocat' Gwemey Stodon in villa Buabon continen' per
estimac'o'em .....

Bedd* xyd. ex*. — Idem Edwardus tenet de terr* escaet' nuper
Boberti ap Dauid ap John ap Dauid p' estimac'

liy». viyd.
Bedd* x^«. viyd. ex*, 20 y. m. beinge.— Dauid Lloyd geneross*^

tenet vnu' clauss* arabil' vocat' Tyre Stodum per estimac'o'em
Unu' clauss' quondam duo in quo crescunt querci proceres vocat'

Kamer cog p' est* ....

300
700

600

300

* John Lloyd ab Bichard of Coed Cristionydd. (See Esclnsham.)
' Gruf^dd ab John ab David of Cae Cyriog. (See p. 32.)

* Edward Eyton of Watstay, Esq., ob. 1623. (See pedigree.)

* David Lloyd of Pentref Clawdd, son of John ab Bobert ab David ab John
of Pentref Clawdd, descended from Ithel Felyn, lord of lal. Sable, on a chev.
inter three goats* heads erased or, three trefoils of the field. He married
Catherine, daughter of Howel ab Edward ab Y Badi Llwyd of Cefii y Bedw
in Cristionydd, descended from Einion Efell, lord of EglwysegL This David
Lloyd sold Pentref Clawdd to John Edisbury of Stryt yr Hwch in the town-
ship of Bedwal, and it now belongs to Mr. Yorke of Erddig. His eldest son,
Owain Lloyd, lived at Plas y Drain, afterwards called Llwyn Owain, in the
township of Mortyn Wallicorum, and married Barbara, daughter of Heniy
Williams ab William Williams of Cochwillan, co. Carnarvon, Esq. (See
Cae Cyriog MS., Wynnstay MS., Harl. MSS. 1969, 4181. See pedigree.)

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. CXCVU

JL. B. F.

Un' claass' vooat' Tyre y Bergam p* est* . .320

Un' daoss* vocat' Kay glase p' eetimac'o'em .220

CX8. 15 o o
The rent mnst be apportioned with Edw. Hope.
Bedd* XLS, eT.\, expressed 16 y. since. — Edwardus ap John de Ey-
ton* tenet scitu* unios cotagii nup' Owini Breerton Ar* et un'
dauss' arabil' vocat' y biyn per est* . .200

Un* daoss' pastur' vocat* Tyre deon p* est' .120

Un* danss* vocat' Kay Skibbo' p* est' .200

Un* dauss* vocat* Kay Gamon p' est* .100

Un* prat' adiacen* p' estimac* . . .010

Un' clansB* adiacen* vocat* Tyre dd Eton' p' estimac'o'em 600

cxs. 12 3 o
Bedd* ig«. ex'. Eschaet* ad volant*. — Edwardus Lloyd Armige"
tenet unum tenementu* et un' clauss' terr* de Eschaet* vocat'
place Ithell p' estimac'o'em .300

Bedd* zd. ex* eschsBet'.— Tenet et de terr* escaet* & Will's ap John

Lloyde vn' per est' .020

Bedd' i\J5. ex*. — Tenet et unu' prat' voc* derle Wynn p' est* 400

Ix*. 720

Bedd' ij<. ijd. ob. ex*. Marwheale expresed i y. since, ad volant'. —

Katherina filia Dauidis ap William tenet vnu' dauss' terr* nuper

WiU'mi ap Dauid ap Hoell vocat' Gweme Griff' ad voluntatem

per estimac'o'em .... zx«. 300

This is the moytie of 6 acres Edw. Powell, esq., holdeth.thother

in the name of free, and was at will 4 Eliz. Vide fo. 170.

Bedd'. No rent in the rentalL — Johannes Eton de Bellan' gene-
ross'* tenet in Campo vocat' Brounedd vnam peciam selionu' p'
estimac'o'em ..... vja. 100

Bedd* v«. ex*.— Johannes ap Edward tenet vnum paroella* terr'
nap* Johannis ap Edward ap Dauid ap John^ p' estimac*o'em vjs. 100

Bedd* xxs. Igd. ob. ex* de terme. Theis came to Q. Eliz. handes
p' foreffature. Jenn ap Hoell quia concess' fuerunt per cop'
impp'm &c, — Edwardus Lloyd Armige*' tenet vnu* clauss* pas-
tor* vocat* Gweme ganol p* estimac'o'em . .700

* Bhwytyn.

' Edward Lloyd of Plas Madog, Esq. Ermine, a lion rampant sable. (See
pedigree, and Esdusham, p. 63.)

' John Eyton of Belan was the second son of William Eyton of Watstay,
Esq. He married Jane, daughter of Hugh Puleston, Esq.

^ John ab Edward ab David ab John ab Jenkyn ab Llewdyn ab Ithel Goch
ab Llewelyn ab Madog ab Einion ab Madog ab Bleddyn, fourth son of Cyn-
wrig ab Bhiwallon. Ermine, a lion rampant sahle, armed and langued gules.
He married Angharad, daughter of Edward ab Morgan ab David ab Madog
of Brymbo and Plas y Bowld, in Caergwrle, Esq., by whom he had issue, two
sons, John and Bichard, and one daughter named Sibyl. (Harl. MSS. 1972,
2299.) See pedigree.

* Edward Lloyd of Plas Bfadog, Esq. See Esdusham, p. 53.

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CXCVm ORIGINAL POCUMENTS.

A. R. P.

De BoBOO in d'c'o clanss' p' eetimac' . . . .220

Duo al^ clauss* Tooat* Qweme voha et Gweme issa Gwillt p* eeti-

mac'o'em cam dimid' acr* prat* . .800

Un' praf adiaoen* vocat' Gweme vawr p' estimao' . .600

YvjU. 23 2 o
Bedd' T7^8. \j<{. ob. q. ex* i 7. m. beinge. This Griffltli daymeth
by an assignement from Jo. D'd ap Jenn' 6 de wirglodd grono
parte of thre 7 whygom and whirglodd thre y whygom went
▼y«. i^d. So the whole rent shoulde be xxva, vd, ob. q. See this
mark next page. — Griffith ap John ap Daaid lenn'^ et alii tenent
ynn' tenementn' pomar* gard' pistriu' cortelag' et croft p* est* 020
Un* claoss* vooat' Kay Hengey issa p* estimac'o'em .320

Un' al' danss* terr* arabiUs vocat* Kay Marie per estimac*o'em .310
Un* danss* pastnr* yooat* Kay Kiriog p' est* . .320

Tin' danss* vooat* Kay Hengey vcha p' est* •310

Alind danss* vocat* y Weme p* estimac'o'em . . .300

Un* prat* vocat* y Werglodd Hyre cnm Werglodd gron* p* estima-
c'o'em . . . . • . . .200

yiyZi. xs, 18 2 o
Bedd' v^«. v\jd. ex*. — ^This same 2 cotages and 2 gardyns cnm yna
p*oell* terr* voc* tyr y ohewegen diniss* in qnatnor p* est* U. 700
There do passe in the lease 40 acres, bnt I finde bnt 19 ; so I
take it 21 to be carried away by some other man, which will
not bee yet confest. See whether in Edward Eyton*s or
Mr. Bromfield*s lease.
Bedd* iigf. yjd. Iscoyde there. Johannes ap Danid Broughton'
tenet ynnm cottagi*m nnp' Boberti ap John ap U'en ap bad' et
duo danss* terr* yocat' y Gelly Waylod vcha et duo al* danss*
vocat* Tyre Blewog p* est* . . xU. 320

Pertinet Manerio de Iscoyd.
Vocat* redd' i^<. xd. See Iscoyde for this, fo. 270. — Danid ap John
ap Boger tenet vn* ootagiu* et qnatnor danss' vocat' Kay y
Gloner et firm' Griff* y pan Hyly cnm vno d'o vocat' Ddole new-
ith p* e8timac*o*em . .220

De ten' Boberti ap John ap ll*en ap Bady.

1 Grofl^dd ab John ab David ab lenan ab Llewelyn ab David of Cae Cyriog,
third son of Deicws ab Deio of Llanerch Bugog, second son of Madog, aUoi
T Badi, of Hafod y Bwch, son of Gmffydd ab lorwerth Fychan ab lorwerth
ab lenaf ab Niniaf ab Cynwrig ab Bhiwallon, lord of Mador Gymraeg.
Ermine, a lion rampant sable, armed and langned guleg. He married Jane,
daughter of John Brochdyn ab David Brochtyn of Bhiw&bon, by whom he
had a son, John, the ancestor of the present Thomas Taylor Griffiths, Esq.,
F.B.O.S., of Cae Cyriog, Pennant y Belan, and of Wrexham ; the possessOT
of the Cae Cyriog MSS., firom whence the majority of these notes and pedi-
grees are taken. (See pedigree.)

' John Brochtyn (Bronghton) ab David Brochtyn of Bhiwfabon, ab John
Brochdyn ab John ab Tudor.

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. CXCIX

A. B. p.

Bedd' ▼«. iiyd. Isooyde, no copie. — Galfridus sp Bandle tenet tria
diuuft yn' vocat' Gwerglodd secimda y Bzyn tertia* Tyre Marie
p' estiiaao*o'em .... zxxyj«. vi^d. 400

Bevifl Thelwall pays this in Iscoyd. De tezr* Boberti ap John
ap U'en ap Bady.
Bedd' xijd. escaef ex' ad Yolunt' Bedd' ii^s. ex*.— Edwardos Lloyd
nop' Will'i ap John Lloyd^ tenet ynam pedam terr* Tocat' Erw
^yte p' est' .... i^s. iiiid, 020

Idem tenet vna' clause' prat' yocat' y Derle Wynn p' estimaci-
o^eni ..... Txxwjs, Tiijd. 400

See the page next before, where there lackes y«. yd. rent,

annswered here aU but yd. at this marke.
Entred under the name of Mr. Edw. Eton in the Jar. booke.
Bedd' \j«. ii^d. ex*. — Griffith ap John ap Daoid ap leu'n^ tenet
ynn* claosnm terr' yocat' Erw Fynnon in Boabon ad yoluntat'
p' estimacVem .... xx«. 220

This is in mortgage to Mr. Edward Eton, gent.
Bedd* y«. iiijd. ob. ex'. No lease showed.— Johannes leu'n tenet
yna'messoagia'etcert'p'oellasterr'adiaoen'p'estimao'o'emii^'Zi. 900
This was granted i et 2 Phi. et Marie for 21 yeares.
Bedd' igf. ii\jd. ad yolunt' ex'. — Edward Eton tenet yna' dauss*
terr* yocat' Erw Fynnon in Boabon ad yolontat' p' est' xx<. 220

RITON (RHWYTYN), RUABON.

Bedd' ijs, yjd. ex*. Buyton. 22 m. beinge oop. 2 Eliz. pro 21 an.—
Daoid ap John Daoid Lloyd tenet doo oUosa terr'yooat'y blothy
ycha et blothy issa noper Bogeri ap Daoid Lloyd in yiUa de
Boyton p' eetimao'o'em xxxvjs. yigd. 500

Bedd' iiij<. ixd. ex' q. Hamlet de Boddallt escheat land ad yol'
I y. m. beinge. — Bogeros Griffith ap Daoid ap I'on ap I'eon
Goz> tenet yno' dauss' yocat' Erow y sete i acr' et al' yocat' poll
Mawr p' estimac'o'em .... ijf. 120

Bedd' y«. i^d. ob. q. — Johannes Bowland tenet doas claosor* terr*
yocaf y kay beryon in Boyton p' est' xxiga. ii^d. 300

Ko soch man nor rent in the rentall, for it lyeth in BedwaU.

^ Edward Lloyd ab William Lloyd ab John Lloyd of Flas Madog. (See
Esdosham, p. 53.)

* Ghro£^dd ab John ab Dayid leoan ab Llewelyn ab Dayid, of Cae Cyriog
in the township of Bhiwfiibon. (See p. 32.)

* Boger ab Chrofiydd of Bhoddallt, ab Dayid ab John ab leoan Goch ab
Dayid Ooch ab T Badi of Plas y Badi Mawr in Bhoddallt, ab Madog ab lor-
werth Goch, foorth son of Madog ab Llewelyn ab Groflydd, lord of Eyton,
Erlisham, and Borasham. Ermine, a lion rampant azure, armed and langoed
guUi, (See pedigree. ) Cynwrig Eyton of Eyton, Esq., possessed the lands of
Boger Grof^dd of Bhoddallt in 1697. (Cae Cyriog MS.)

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CC ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

A. B. p.

RUABON.

Bedd' iiJ8. Escheat I&ndes. — Bobertns ap Bic. Wynn holdeth cer-
taine escheat landes in Bu jabon, late in the tenure of John ap
Edw. ap Hoell ap Edw. et leu'n ap Will, ap D*d* ad volant' p*
esf ' . . viJij*. I o o

No suche man nor rent in the Bailife BentaH

Bedd' yd. Escaet' land ex' ad volant'. — Bichardus ap John ap
Edward^ tenet de terr* escaet' nuper Johannis ap Edward ap D'd
ap John ap Jenkin ap Llewellyn^ ad voluntat' p' est' . v^s. i o o

xyd. ob. ex'. — He is t-o paye more by the Bental, lyd. ob.

Bedd' iig«. ixd. escheat q. ex*. — Bogerus Griffith infans tenet vna*
parcell' terr* escaet' vocat' pnrlle ad voluntat' p' estimac' xs, 120

Bedd' xj<. iijd. ob. q. ex'. Bnabon. — Johannes ap Hugh ap leu'n
ap Hoell* tenet certas terras in Buabon nup' danidis ap Jo'a
le'un p* estimao'oem . cxi\j». iiijd. 16 o o

Bedd'xi^d.eschaet'. — Johannes ap Wm. ap Dauid ap Ellice nuper
tenuit de terr' escaet' in Buabon ad voluntat' p'estimac'o'em viij<. 100
Noe such man nor rent in the Bentall.

Bedd' xxxyjs. v\jd. ob. q. ex', about i y. m. beinge, or rather ex-
pressed, ad volunt'. — Edwardus Eton Armige'^ tenet vn'ten' tu'
cum duobus clauss' terr' in Buabon p' est' . . . 12 o o

Tenet et diuersas paroellas terr* in Buabon ad volunt' in toto per
estimac' ad vol' . . .1700

viyli. 29 o o
Tenet in super lioensiam ad fodend' lapidis in Glasvry et
Benen y Eamedd et alibi infra perochiam de Buyabon.

^ Bichard ab John ab Edward ab David. (See p. 31.) He married Deili.
daughter of Bobert ab Edward ab Howel ab Madog ab Howel ab leuan ab
Madog ab Einion ab Madog ab Bleddyn, fourth son of Cynwrig ab Bhiwallon,
by whom he had a son, John ab Bichard of Bersham, who married Catherine,
daughter of John Puleston, of Plas y Mers, Esq., ab Bobert Puleston^ etc.

* See Esclusham, p. 45.

' John ab Hugh ab leuan ab Howel of Pennant y Belan. Wig daughter
and heiress, Elizabeth, married John Hughes, second son of Hugh ab Edward
ab leuan Llwyd of Glyn Ceiriog, second son of David Lloyd of Plas is y
Clawdd in the parish of Chirk, Esq., descended firom Tudor Trevor. By this
marriage John Hughes had issue a son, Thomas Hughes of Pennant y
Belan, receiver of the King's rents for the greater part of Maelor and other
places in a.d. 1697 ; who, by Sarah his wife, fourth daughter and coheiress
of Edward ab Bandle ab John ab John ab Madog of Bhuddallt, second son
of Cadwgan Ddu ab Cadwgan Goch, lord of lal (descended from Ithel Felyn,
lord of IbX), had issue three daughters, coheiresses : i, Mary, wife of WiUiam
Piatt of Bhydonen in the parish of Llanynys, whose only daughter and
heiress, Satah, was married to Rhys Lloyd of Clochfaen,co. Montgomery, Esq.,
high sheriff for that county in 1743 ; 2, Phoebe, wife of David Lloyd of Llan-
gollen, second son of Edward Lloyd, son and heir of John Lloyd of Trevor,
Esq.; and 3, Bebecca, who married John Griffith of Cae Cyriog, Esq., who in
right of his wife became possessed of Pennant y Belan. (Cae Cyriog MS.)

* Edward Eyton of Watstay, Esq. Ermine, a lion rampant (uure.

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STONK IJlPLEMENTS, ANGLESEY.

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STONE IMPLEMENTS, ANGLESEY.

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§irrkwlff0ia Camtr«nsts.

FOURTH SERIES.— No. XIX.

JULY, 1874.

STONE IMPLEMENTS, ANGLESEY.

In the early part of last November (1873) I called at
Quirt, or as it ought more correctly to be written
Cwyrt, the residence of Hugh Owen, Esq., in the parish
of Llangeinwen, Anglesey. The spot was visited by
some members of our Association aurinff or soon after
the Carnarvon meeting (Sept. 1848), and is referred to
by Rowlands in his Antiquitates Parochiales (see Ar-
chcBologia Camhrensis, vol i, p. 315, July, 1846, supple-
ment). A short notice of the small chapel there,
having a figure painted on the plaster of the northern
waU, IS given in ArchcBologia Cambrensis^ vol. ii, p. 41,
January, 1847. While standing at the door I hap-
pened to turn towards a pretty piece of rockwork in
the flower garden before the house, when among the
stones formmg it I spied the implement, No. 1, of the
series now under consideration. The pattern is the
same on both sides and consists of four pellets in low
relief, from between which on either side of the trans-
verse groove spring two incised lines diverging as they
are continued outwardly to the moulding that Ues along
the edge at either end of the stone. The length is
five ana one-eighth inches, greatest breadth three and
a-half inches, thickness two inches, width of central
groove half an inch, depth of groove one-eighth of an
mch. It is composed, as far as could be ascertained

4th sbr., vol. v. 13

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182 STONE IMPLEMENTS, ANGLESEY.

without chipping it, of whinstone, and weighs two
pounds. Mr. Owen s son, Mr. Richard Owen, saw it
knocking about at the smithy in the village of Dwyran,
and being struck with its appearance asked for it, car-
rying it home with him. Unfortunately no inquiry
was made at the time as to its history, and the black-
smith having since then died, there are now no means
of ascertaining the exact place where it was found ;
still there can be very little doubt but that it came
from the closely adjoining land of Treana or Maen Hir
where extensive remains of a Roman-British settlement
have been traced (see Archceologia Cambrensis, voL ix,
p. 278, 3rd series), having probably been picked up in
clearing away the foimdations of " Cytiau," or other
buildings. For the sake of comparison I give a draw-
ing (No. 2) of another implement, of the same type, but
more rounded in shape, three and three-quarter inches
in length and having a circumference, a little outside
the groove, of eight and a-half inches ; it is of coarse
grit, weighs one and a-half pounds, and was found in
the adjoming parish of Llanidan at Tan Ben y Cevn,
where coins, pottery, and many stone articles have been
discovered (see ArchcBologia Cambrensis^ new series,
vol. iii, p. 209). There is no instance of so highly or-
namented a stone of this type to be met with either in
the Blackmore Museum or in that of the Royal Irish
Academy. One somewhat like No. 2, but more globu-
lar, and having the groove round the long axis, is
figured in the " Catalogue of the Antiquities of Stone,
Earthen, and Vegetable Materials" in the museum of the
latter (p. 95, fig. 77, No. 32), where it is classed with
" weights for nets or fishing lines,'* but there is added
the remark "while these three" (the two oiiiersare per-
forated) "stonep would form useftd sink stones, we have
no direct authority bearing upon the subject ; and it
has been conjectured that the stone represented by fig.
77 was one of the " flail stones'* attached by a thong to
a stick, used in early Irish warfare, and to which some
allusion is made in the account of the feats of the Ul-

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STONE IMPLEMENTS, ANGLESEY. 183

ster Champion CucuUin." The nearest approach to or-
namentation on any that I have seen is to be met with
in Memoirs on Remains of Ancient Dwellings in Holy-
head Island, by the Hon. William Owen Stsuoley, M.P.,
F.S.A., third memoir, Plate xi, fig. 5, described as a
" hammer stone or weight ;'* at p. 18 we find the addi-
tional information that it is " of pale grey-coloured
sandstone, of peculiar form and elaborately worked.
No similar example has been noticed ; length three and
a-half inches, diaineter two and two-seventh inches. It
is supposed that it may have served as a weight for
fishing nets, the sink-stone of the northern antiquaries,
or possibly for the loom." Fig. 4 on the same plate is
a plain example, and there are many others, see fig. 1,
plate V ; fig. 4, plate viii ; also second memoir, fig. 10,
plate ii It is diflScult to imagine why so much carving
should have been lavished upon a piece of stone in-
tended simply for a hammer or sink- weight ; some of
those formed of greenstone may have been used as ham-
mers, but one would think that the grit and sandstone
specimens which are numerous, would be useless for
pounding anything except soft substances, such as grain
or other vegetable matter; and indeed the rounded
ends of many of these would easily fit into some of the
circular stone mortars of aU sizes so often met with in
the same localities, the central groove being used for
attaching them to handles made of hazle bands twisted
round, which would to a certain extent save the labour
of stooping in corn-crushing operations, where the mor-
tar was imbedded in the floor of the hut ; more espe-
cially might this be the case with regard to those ex-
amples, one of which is given by Mr. Stanley (fig. 11,
plate ii, second memoir), where the groove is not in the
centre. The manner in which the two ends are gene-
rally made, as nearly as possible equal in size, induces
me sometimes to think that some of these grooved
stones may have been used as pliunb-lines in building,
and that when as in this case (No. 1), we meet with a
highly ornamented example, we may suppose that it

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184 STONE IMPLEMENTS, ANGLESEY.

belonged to an extra dandified mason, or that such an
article was only intended to be made use of on state occa-
sions as an adjunct in the performance of some ceremo-
nial observance. Then there is the probability that
they may have been suspended as weights to a steel-
yard or some balance of the kind ; and this theory is*
strengthened by the fact that other stones, which have
evidently been weights for the ordinary scales, are fre-
quently met with on the same spot. I give two draw-
ings of such found with or in the immediate neighbour-
hood of the others. No. 3, a sandstone disc having a
diameter of two and a quarter inches, a thickness of
three quarters of an inch, and weighing half a pound,
was foimd close to the plain grooved stone, No. 2, at
Tan Ben y Cevn. No. 4, of a different form, also found
at Tan Ben y Cevn, is of close grained grit, has a diam-
eter at the centre of two and a half inches, and two
inches at top and bottom, with a thickness of one and
three quarter inches, and a weight of three quarters of
a poimd. A similar one of syenite, larger and not
quite so carefully rounded, was found at Maen Hir; its
greatest circumference is nine inches, thickness two and
three quarter inches, and it weighs one and a-half
pounds. I may here note that No. 4 is identical in
shape and size with a Roman bronze weight, found at
Segontium, and weighing exactly two poxmds. In Mr.
Stanley's memoirs, before referred to, there are three
such weights figured (second memoir, Nos. 14 and 15,
plate iii, diameter three inches, and third memoir, No. 6,
plate xi, diameter two and two-seventh inches). There
is a series of weights of the same type and of various
sizes to be seen in the British Museum, but as they are
under a glass cover I cannot be sure whether they are
of bronze or of dark coloured stone. That all the fore-
going articles were in use for some domestic purpose
seems highly probable, inasmuch as they are almost
always associated, in Anglesey at all events, with the
quern and other household utensils found in the re-
mains of Roman-British villages. Besides its excellent

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THE LORDSHIPS OP BROMFIELD, ETC. 185

workmanship there is one other pecuKarity about No. 1,
namely its flatness, in which particular it differs from
any Anglesey or other specimen that has come under
my observation. It weighs the same as the bronze
weight from Segontium.

W. Wynn-Williams.

Bodewiyd : April 13th, 1874.

HISTORY OF THE LOEDSHIP OF MAELOR GYMRAEG

OE BEOMFIELD, THE LOEDSHIP OF lAL

OE YALE, AND CHIEKLAND,

IN THE PRINCIPALITY OF POWYS FADOG.
{CofUintiedfromp. 146).

TREFWY, WYTON OR EYTON ISAF, ERLISHAM OR ERLYS,
AND BORASHAM OR BWRAS.

Rhys Sais, Lord of Chirk, Whittington, Oswestry,
and Maelor Saesneg, married in a.d. 1037, and died in
1073, and not in a.d. 1173, wrongly stated in the ac-
count of Nanheudwy ; leaving issue three sons, Tudor,
Elidur, and Iddon, Lord of Dudleston. These three
sons of Rhys Sais killed Gwrgeneu, King of Powys,^ in
A.D. 1079. Gwrgeneu was the son of Seisyllt ab Ithel
ab Gwrystan ab Gwaethfoed, Lord of Powys. Elidur,
the second son of Rhys Sais, had Trefwy Wyton or
Eyton Isaf, Erddlys or Erlisham, Bwras or Borasham,

^ Cae Gyriog MS. He is also styled King of Powys in the Harl.
MS. 2299.

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186 THE LORDSHIPS OF BROMFIELD,

Syttyn, and Rhwyton or Tref y Rug, which is so called
because the soil produces grug or heather. He bore
erminCy a lion rampant azure, anned and langued gules,
and married Annesta, daughter of Lies or Llewelyn ab
Idnerth Benfras, Lord of Maesbrwg, in the Lordship of
Oswestry,- by whom he had issue six sons : I, Madog
Warwyn ; 2, Meilir Eyton, who was Lord of Eyton
Isaf or Trefwy, Erddlys or Erlisham, and Bwras or
Borasham, from him Pentref Meilir takes its name. He
was the ancestor of the Eytons of Eyton Isaf, Wats-
tay, Bodylltyn, Belan, Pentref Madog in Dudleston,
John ab l)avid of Acton ab John ab Jenkyn ab Howel
ab Jenkyn of Acton, the second son of leuan ab Madog
ab Llewelyn, Lord of Eyton. This John, son of David
of Acton, was of Marchwiail in A.D. 1 600. David Lloyd
of Borasham and Hafod y Bwch, the second son of
Madog ab Lleweljm, Lord of Eyton, and the E/Ogerses
of Rhuddallt, who are descended from lorwerth Groch,
the fourth son of Madog ab Llewelyn, Lord of Eyton,
Erlisham, and Borasham, who died in a.d. 1331, and
lies buried in Gresford Church.

2. Madog Syttyn, who was Lord of Syttyn and
GwersyUt. He was the ancestor of the Suttons of
Sutton and Lewyses of GwersyUt. The estate of
GwersyUt Isaf remained in the Sutton famUy tiU it
was sold by Captain EUis Sutton, an old cavalier, who
was ruined in the royal cause, to Colonel (afterwards
Sir Geoffrey) Shakerley of Shakerley, county Lancaster.^
The estate now belongs to Wjmnstay.

3. Morgan.

4. Matthew Ehwy tyn. Lord of Ehwytyn or Tref y
Rug, Seswick, and Bedwal. He was ancestor of the
Deccafe of Ehwytyn, Tyfod, Parciau, Rhyd y Bennau,
and Erbistog.

^ In 1662 the churchwarden for GwersyUt, Boras, Erddig, and
Erlys, was Ellis Sntton of GwersyUt, who is next year assessed as
Captain Ellis Sntton. The parish books, after 1667, have a great
gap; and in 1709, when the accounts of the churchwardens are
resumed, the name of George Shakerley takes the place of Ellis Sut-
ton. (W. Trevor Parkins.)

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YALE, AND CHIRKLAND. 187

5. Sanddef. He had lands in Eurllys, Erlys, or Er-
lisham, and Marchwiail. He was ancestor of the Lloyds
of Crewe, the Erlyses of Erlys, otherwise called the
Erlishams of ErUsham ; John Wynne Kenrick of March-
wail, the Lewyses of Y Galchog and Sychdyn in Llan-
eurgain, and the Humphries of Cilystryn.

MORTYN AND BURTON.

Sanddef Hardd or the Handsome, Lord of Mo|;tyn,
and Burton in the parish of Gresford, bore vert seme
of broomslips a lion rampant or, armed and langued
gules. He was the eldest son of Caradog or Cadrod
Hardd, Lord of Tref Fodavon in Mon,^ who bore argent,
two foxes countersalient, the dexter surmounted of the
sinister, gules, by his second wife, Angharad, daughter
of Brochwel ab Moelwjna of Llwydiarth in Mon, who
was called *'Gruffydd ab Carwed ab Alaw ab Greddyf,
ab Cwnws Ddu, ab Cyllyn Ynad, of Llwydiarth in the
parish of Llanamwlch, in the Cwmmwd of Twr Celyn in
Mon. Carwed, who was Lord of Twr Celyn, bore sable,
an oak tree fructed or, crossed by two arrows pointed
upwards, salterwise, argent. He and his son Tegerjm,
who bore or, a felcon surgerant azure, beak and legs
gules, greatly distinguished themselves in the several
engagements that occurred near Coed Ewlo and other
places in Gwynedd, between O wain Gwynedd and Henry
Ilin A.D. 1157.*

1 Lewys Dwnn, ii, p. 264. ^ Williams' Eminent Welshmen.

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188 THE LORDSHIPS OF BROMFIELD,

Caradog or Cadrod Hardd was the son of Gwrydr
ab Maelog Dda ab Cwnws Ddu ab Cillyn Ynad ab
Peredur Teimoedd ab Meilir Eryr Gwyr y Gorsedd,
ab Tydai ab Tudredd ab Gwilfyw, ab Marchudd, ab
Bran, ab Pill, ab Cynfyr, ab Meilir Meiliom, ab Gwron,
ab Cimedda Wledig, King of Gwynedd.^

Sanddef Hardd, Lord of Mortyn and Burton, married
Angharad, only daughter and heiress of Gruffydd ab
Cadwgan, Lord of Nannau, who bore or, a lion rampant
azure. Gruflfydd married Angharad, only daughter and
heiress of David ab Owain, Prince of North Wales,
who bore vert, three eagles displayed in fesse, or, and
Emma, his wife, the sister of Henry H, King of Eng-
land, and daughter of Geoffroi Plantagenet, Count of
Anjou, by whom he had issue a son named Moreiddig,
who was the ancestor of the Matheys of Llaniestyn m
Yr Hob, now extinct ; Jenkyn ab David* ab Gruflfydd
ab David of Trefalun ab Llewelyn ab David ab Goronwy
ab lorwerth ab Howel ab Moreiddig ab Sanddef Hardd.
Mallt, the daughter and heiress of Jenkyn* ab David of
Trefalun, married Richard Trevor, fourth son of John
Trevor ab Edward ab David, fifth son of Ednyfed Gram
of Llys Pengwem in Nanheudwy (refer to that place),
bv whom he had a son and heir, John Trevor of Tref-
aimi, ancestor of the Trevors of that place ; William
ab David ab Gruffydd ab David of Trefalun, whose
daughter and heiress Catherine married John Longford,
son of Edward Longford, constable of Ruthin Castle,
who died 1 6 Henry VII, and bore guleSy a shoveller
argent, by whom she had a son and heir, Richard Long-
ford, ancestor of the Longfords of Trefalun ; Sir Thomas
Powell of HorsUi in the lordship of Merffordd, who was
created a baronet in January, a.d. 1628, which family
is now extinct ; the Sanddefs of Mortyn in the parLm
of Gresford ; and the Griffiths of Brymbo and Plas y
Bold in Caergwrle. The EUises of Croes Newydd, near
Wrexham, descend also from Sanddef Hardd.

^ Lewys Dwnn, ii, p. 264. * David died A.D. 1476.

^ Jen%n married Angharad, daughter and heiress of leaan ab
Einion ab lolyn ab lorwerth. (Ilengwrt MS.)

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YALE, AND CHIKKLAND. 189

The other families who settled in subsequent times
in Maelor Gymraeg and came from other parts were the
Bromfieids of Bryn y Wiwer, in the parish of Rhiwf-
abon, who were descended from Idnerth Benfras, Lord
of Maesbrwg/ the De Weilds of Holt, who bore argent
a chev. sahle, on a chief of the second three martlets of
the field. Thomas de Weild, son of Jenkyn de Weild
of Holt, purchased from the Lord of Bromfield, the
house and estate in Borasham after the attainder of
Howel ab leuan ab David Lloyd of Borasham and Hafod
y Bwch, the second son of Madog ab Llewelyn, Lord of
Eyton, who died in A.D. 1331, and lies buried in Gres-
ford Church. This Howel ab leuan was attainted and
deprived of his estates for siding with Owain Glyndwr,
Thomas de Weild had two daughters, co-heiresses. Ca-
therine, the elder, had Borasham and married William
Brereton, Esq., who in her right became possessed of
Borasham. He was the second son of Sir Randle
Brereton of Malpas and Ipstans, Knt., by Alicia, Lady
of Ipstans, his wife, daughter and heiress of Sir John
Ipstans, Knt., Lord of Ipstans in Cheshire, who bore
argent a chev. inter three crescents gules^ and Elizabeth,
his wife, daughter and heiress of Thomas Corbet of
Wattlesborough, third son of Sir Robert Corbet of
Moreton Corbet and Wattlesborough, who bore or two
ravens ppr. This William Brereton, whose arms were
argent two bars sofefe, was the ancestor of the Brere-
tons of Borasham. The Robinsons of Gwersyllt, Plas
Cadwgan, Acton, and Pant locyn, who bore quarterly
gules and argent, the first and fourth quarters charged
with a fi^t or; over all a fess vert.

The trustees of John Robinson of Gwersyllt, Esq.,
sold Acton and Pant locyn to Ellis Yoimg of Bryn
lorcyn, Esq., and in 1783 these estates were purchased
from Mr. Yoxmg's trustees by Sir Foster Cxmufie, Bart.
Plas Cadwgan now belongs to Comwallis West of Ru-

1 Edw. Bromfield, of Bryn y Wiwer, married Catherine, daughter
of John Sonlli, Esq., by whom he had an only daughter and heiress,
Elizabeth, who was married to Sir Gerard Eyton of Eyton, Bait.

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190

THE LORDSHIPS OF BROMFIELD,

thin Castle, Esq., the Lloyds of Plas y Badda,^ now
called New Hall, in the township of Mortyn is y Clawdd,
and the Lloyds of Plas uwch y Clawdd,* in the town-
ship of Mortyn uwch y Clawdd in the parish of Rhiwf-
abon, both which families were descended from Rhys
Gryg, Lord of Llanymddyfri, who bore argent^ a Uon
rampant softfe, armed langued and crowned gules;
Cynwrig ab Howel ab Thomas ab Howel ab leuan of
Glan y rwll in Borasham, ab David ap Ithel ab Cyn-
frig ab Rotpert ab lorwerth ab Rhiryd ab Madog ab
Edjiowain Bendew of Llys Coed y Mynydd in T^-
eingl, chief of one of the Sixteen Noble Tribes of North
Wales and Powys, who bore argent a chev. inter three
boars' heads coupedsahley armed and langued gules,and
tusked or; and the Billots of Burton and Mortyn, who
descend from Thomas Billot, who purchased divers lands
in Biuton and Gresford, 5 Edward VI (1542), and was
high sheriff for Denbighshire in 1556. Argent, on a
chief guleSy three cinquefoils of the field. These, as far
as I have been able to discover, are the chief of the
families who came to settle in Maelor Gymraeg from
other parts, previous to a.d. 1 020.

There were three or four families descended from
Ithel Felyn of lal settled in this lordship, viz. those of

^ Robert Lloyd, who was living in a.d. 1600, sold Plas y Badda
to Sir Thomas Myddleton of Chirk Castle, who built the house there
now called New Hall, and from him it has devolved on the Wests
of Ruthin Castle, his coheirs.

^ Thomas Lloyd, of Plas uwch y Clawdd, had four danghtore.

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YALE, AND CHIRKLAND. 191

Edward ab Bonds! ab John ab John ap Madog ab
leuaf ab Madog of Ehuddallt, the second son of Cadwgan
Ddu ab Cadwgan Goch, Lord of lal (see lal), who had
four daughters, coheiresses : 1 , Catherine, who purchased
her sisters' portions of land in Ehuddallt, and married
David ab Edward of Trevor, by whom she had issue a
son and heir Richard Davies of Rhuddallt and Trevor,
who was living in 1697, and one daughter named Han-
nah. 2. Mary, who married Edward Williams of Mor-
tyn, in the parish of Gresford. 3. Elizabeth, who
married David Jones of Llansilin, son of John ab David
of Glyn ; and 4. Sarah, who married Thomas Hughes
of Pennant y Belan, in the parish of Rhiwfabon.

Owain Lloyd of Plas Dram, in the township of Mor-
tyn uwch y Clawdd, son and heir of David Lloyd ab
John ab Robert ab David ab John of Pentref Clawdd,
in the township of Hafod. This David Lloyd sold
Pentref Clawdd to John Edisbury, son of Kenrick
Edisbury,of Bedwal in Marchwiail, about the yearl638.

John Thomas of Gaerddin, who died a.d. 1690. He
sold his inheritance to Ellis Lloyd of Penylan, or to
his brother Eubule Lloyd, who built a new hall there.
John Thomas was the son of Thomas ab John ab Ed-
ward ab leuan ab David Goch of Gaerddin, descended
from Ithel Felyn of laL The Powells of Rhuddallt
descend also from Ithel Felyn.

The Davises of Brymbo in Esclusham were descended
from Cynrig Efell, Lord of Eglwysegl, who bore gxdes^
on a bend argent a lion passant mhle.

The Davises of Erlisham, and the Wynns of Plas
Isaf in Trefechan were descended from Madog Pule-
stone of Bers, who bore argent^ on a bend sahle^ three
mullets of the field.

The Edwardses of Stansti were descended from Ed-
win ab Goronwy. Thomas Hughes of Pennant y Belan,
receive of the king's rents in Maelor and other places
in A.D. 1697, was the eldest son (by Elizabeth his wife,

who became the coheirs of their brother John Lloyd. These ladies
sold Plas uwch y Clawdd to Sir Thomas Myddleton of Chirk Castle.

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192

THE LORDSHIPS OF BROMFIELD,

daughter and heiress of leuan ab Howel of Pennant j
Belan) of John ab Hugh ab Edward, son (by Gwen-
hwyfar his wife, daughter of David ab Meredydd) of
Evan Lloyd, second son of Robert Lloyd of Plas is y
Clawdd, in the parish of Chirk, Esq., son of David Lloyd,
third son of John Edwards Hen of Plas Newydd, in the
parish of Chirk, who died in A.D. 1498, ab Edward or
lorwerth, second son of leuan ab Adda ab lorwerth
Don ab Ednyfed Gam of Llys Pengwem in Nanheudwy.
Thomas Hughes married Sarah, fourth daughter and
coheiress of Edward ab Rondal ab lohn ab lohn ab
Madog ab leuan ab Madog of Rhuddallt, second son of
Cadwgan Ddu ab Cadwgan Goch, Lord of lal, by whom
he had issue three daughters, coheirs : — 1. Mary, mar-
ried to William Piatt of Rhydonen in Llanynys, whose
only daughter and heiress Sarah was married to Rhys
Lloyd of Clochfaen, Esq., high sheriff for co. Mont-
gomery in 1 743. 2. Phoebe, wife of David Lloyd of
Llangollen, second son of Edward Lloyd ab lohn Lloyd
of Trevor, Esq. ; and 3. Rebecca, who married John
GriflSth of Cae Cyriog, Esq., who in her right became
possessed of Pennant y Belan.

%^A«^

PLAS THOMAS IN DUDLESTON YN Y WAUN,i AND
BURLTON HALL IN THE COUNTY OF SALOR

Ednyfed ab EiDion ab Ednyfed Fvchan ab Madog ab MorgMi==
ab Hwfa, fifth son of Trahaiarn ab Iddon, Lord of Dudleston.
For the commencement of this pedigree, see Dudleston, ilrcAo?-
olo^fia Cambremi*^ July, 1873, p. 255

* In the lordship of Chirk. (Harl. MS. 2299.) This pedigree of

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YALE, AND OHIRKLAND.

193

Einion Fychsn of Plas Thomas —MyfEtnwyyd. of leuan, sixth son of Ednyfed
in Hendief Brain in Dudleston | Qam of Lljs Pengwem in Nanheudwy,

I descended from Tudor Trevor

Dayid ab Einion of Plas Thomas =

Llewelyn =Gwenl]ian, d. of Madoff ab lolyn. Her mother was Dyddgu, d.
of Plas and heiress of Howel ab David ab Ithel Fychan, one of the sons
Thomas of lorwerth ab Oadifor of Cil Hendref, third son of Trahaiarn
ab Iddon, Lord of Dudleston

Rhys ab Llewelyn of Plas Thomas ==

at) '.

Thomas ab Rhys, a
Catholic priest

Edward

John Lloyd,
ob, 8. p.

John Vaughan=
of Plas Thomas

Thomas Yaughan of Plas=Joan^d. of Philip Jennings^ of Dudleston, Esq.,
Thomas, captain in the
Royal armv, and killed at
the siege of Hopton Castle,
A.D. 1643-44

and Diana his wife, d. of Sir William Bowyer
of Denham Court, co. Bucks., Bart., and Frances
his wife,d. of Charles Viscount Cranbome, eldest
son of William, second Earl of Salisbury, E.Q.

Rev. Philip Yaughan, rector =Elizabeth, d. of — Enser
of flaidley, co. Salop | of Whittle, co. Salop

Peter Yaughan of Plas Thomas,=^Elizabeth, d. of Rev. Joseph Ottiwell,

ob. 1700 I vicar of EUeSm^re

3rd son j

Philip Yaughan^ Jane, d. of Roger Bolas of Ruyton, and Catherine his
of Burlton | wife, d. of Arthur Chambre of Burlton, Esq.

Thomas Yaughan = Elizabeth, d. and coheir of Thomas Chambre of Whittal

of Burlton and

Plas Thomas, ob.

April 21, 1780»

(youngest brother of Francis Chambre of Petton, co.
Salop), by Elizabeth his wife, d. and coheir of Benjamin
Goldisbrough, Esq., of an ancient family in Yorkshire

Thomas Yaughan of Burlton Hall =
and Plas Thomas, captain in the
army, and lost in his passage home-
ward in the Prince of Wales East
Indiaman, May 27, 1804*

Lowry Nannau, d. of William Wynn of
Maes y Neuadd, in the parish of Llan-
decwyn, in Ardudwy, co. Merioneth,
Esq., who took the name of Kannau.
She died Sept. 25, 1803

the Yaughans of Plas Thomas was compiled by John Salusbnry of
Erbistock in a.d. 1675. As it was omitted in the account of Dudle-
ston, it is inserted here.

^ He pulled down the ancient moated mansion of Plas Thomas.

* He sold the Plas Thomas estate, which comprised many farms
in Dudleston, Overton, Knolton, and Guilsfield, as well as several
houses in Oswestry.

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194

THE LORDSHIPS OF BROMFIELD,

Robert Cbambre Vaagban of Baritone Anna, d. of Hon. Edward Massj,

Hall and Woodgaie, co. Salop, Esq.,
B.A. Oxon. B. June 3, 1796

■econd son of Hugh, second Lord
Massj

John Nannan Chambre =Catb. Massj, eldest Edward Arthur =Su8anne

Yaughau, b. Aug. US,

1830;ob. I5th; buried

at Loppiogton, 21 July,

A.D. 1869

d. of Thos. Dickin Goldis- Ohichile Olotilde,

ofLoppington brough Chambre, d.of
House, CO. Salop, Chambre, M.A. Jacob
Esq. b. 1856 Hinde

of Barbadoes, Esq.

William Catherine Elizabeth, ux. John Anna Edith Lowry
Wjnn Campbell Lambert of Ljston
Hall, CO. Essex

Thomas (}oidisbrough
Chambre, b. July 12,

1856

2|
Robert Percy Goldis-
brough, b. June 11,

1859

1| 2|

Catherine Mary

Eleanor Louisa

Chambre Gertrude.

CIL HENDREF IN DUDLESTON.

John ab Darid ab Madog ab Adda ab lorwerth Fychan=y=Lucy, d. of Gruff-

ab lorwerth ab Cadifor of Cil Hendref, third son of ( ydd ab Jenkyn ab

Trahaiam ab Iddon, Lord of Dudleston J fiinion Fyclian ab

I Einion

Edward =Angharad, d. and coheir of Edward > ab John ab Howel ab Einion

of Cil
Hendref

of Dudleston, ab David ab lorwerth ab Cynwrig ab Heilin ab
Trahaiam ab Iddon ab Rhys Sais

Maurice —Catherine, d. of

Edwards

David ab Madog
of Pentref Mor-
gan in Dudle-
ston; des. from
Owain Brogyntyn

Simon

Ed-

wards

Hugh Edwards,=Alice, d. of Elis Ed-

a merchant in
London and Sa-
lop, living 1549

Thos. Kell wards,
ab Sir Thos. mort.
Kell, Knt.

1|
Simon Ed-
wards of
the Col-
omendy

Robt. Edwards, Yeoman of

the Guard to Her Majesty

Queen Elizabeth

3| 4| I

John Edward Elizabeth, ux.

Ed- Edwards Maurice Ey-

wards ton ab James

Eyton of St. Martinis parish

1 Gwenllian, the other daughter and coheiress of Edward ab John
ab Howel, married David ab Twna ab Llewelyn Goch ab Ednyfed
ab David ab Ooronwy ab lorwerth Fychan ab lorwerth Llwyd ab
lorwerth ab Cadifor of Cil Hendref. For an acconnt of this familj
see Tref Llansanffraid in the barony of Glyndyfrdwy.

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YALE, AND CHIRKLAND. 195

II 2\

Timothy Edwards = Alia, d. of Adam Sir Thomas Edwards of Shrewsbury,
of Oil Ilendref Colffax of Pres- Knt.; created a Baronec, March 21,
ton lf)44-45 ; and ancestor of the present

Baronet
Francis Edwards of Oil Hendref, ancestor of the Morells of Plas
lolyn and Oil Hendref.>

TREFLECH IN THE LORDSHIP OF OSWESTRY.

John Trevor, ob. a.d, 1493, ab lorwerth== Agnes, d. and coheir of

ab David, third son of Ednyfed Gam of \ Piers Gambraj or Cam-

Llys Pengwem in Nanheudwy | bre of Trail wng

1| 2| 3| 4|

Robert Edward Treyor, Constable = Anne, d. and coheir Roger, Richard

of Geoffrey Eyffin see Trevor

Trevor of Whittington Castle,
of Plas ob. A.n. 1537
Teg«

Hen, Constable of p. 196 ofTref-
Oswestry Castle alun

2 1 n

Thoma8= John Trevor Goch of Plas Einion in the parish of St. Martin,
Trevor | ancestor of the Trevors of Bryncunallt

: Trevor =F Si]

Richard Trevor rpSina, d. of Edward Lloyd of Llwyn y Maen

Edward Trevor == d. of Robert Jones of Llanfechain

John Trevor of Treflech= Alice, d. of Edward Lloyd of Ebnall

Richard Trevor ^^Lowrie, d. and heiress of Thomas
of Treflech | Edwards of Lledrod in Llanfyllin

'Of T]

Edward Trevors Elizabeth, d. and heiress of Arthur Hanmer of Maesbury,
of Treflech I attorney-at-law

John Trevor of Treflech =» Anne, d. of John Lloyd of Rhiwaedog in Penllyu.
1 Sea Dudlcston. ^ See Yr Hob.

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196

THE LORDSHIPS OP BROMFIELD,

PENTREF CYNWRIG IN THE LORDSHIP OP
OSWESTRY.

(Cae Cyriog M8,— Reynolds of Chirk.)

Roger Trevor, third son of John-

Trevor ab lorwerth ab David ab

Ednyfed Qam.

=Gwenllian, d. of Rhys Lloyd of Oydro,

ab Qwilym ab Einion ; de8.from Edoyfed

Fychan

Roger Trevor of Pentref=-> Angharad, d. of David Lloyd of Plas Richard
Cynwrig | is y GUwdd in the parish of Chirk Trevor

John Trevor of Pentref Cynwrig == Catherine, d. of Richard Hanmer
j of Evenhall

Roger Trevor of Pentref Cynwrig ==Elen, d. and heiress of Hugh Lloyd of
and of Moriyn, /UTtf uxorU \ Mortyn in St. Martin *s

John Trevor of =Catherine, d. of Sir Reign- Thomas =Elen, d. of Maurice

Pentref Cynw-
rig and of Mor-
tyn

allt of Cefn y Buarth in Trevor
Llanfechain.^

ab John ab Edward

of Tref Geiriog in

Nanheudwy

Roger Trevor, ancestor of the Trevors of Trawsgoed, in

Cegidfa, in Powys Wenwynwyn

Eleanor, heiress = Edward Maurice, second son (by Frances his wife,daughter

of Pentref Cyn- | of Sir John Corbet of Adderlev) of David Maurice of Pen

wrig and Mortyn | y Bont, or Glan Cynllaith ; des. from Einion Efell, Lord

I of Cynllaith

Edward Maurice =r= Margaret, d. and heiress

of Pentref Cyn-
wrig and Mortyn,
1737

of Edward Pryse of Ffyn-
nogion in Llanfair Dyff-
rynClwyd. 6^n^»,achev.
inter three stags* heads
caboched argent

David Maurice ^j: Elizabeth,
of Pen y Bont | d.of Daniel

Pwybeck

Pryce=
jyiaurice

Kyffin
Maurice

Ambrose
Maurice

Thomas
Maurice

Edward Maurice=IiadyChar-
of Pen y Bont, lotte, d. of
A.D. 1737, 8. p. Edward
Herbert,
Earl of
Powys.

Edward
Maurice

Mary Alice

"^ Sir Reignallt was parson of Llanarmon Dyffryn Geiriog, and
third son of lenan ab Gruffydd ab Howel of Trewem, ab Madog ab
lorwerth Goch of Mochnant, descended from Idnerth Benfras, and
ancestor of the Wynns of Abercynllaith in Llangedwyn.

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TALE, AND CHIRKLAND. 195^

PUGH OP LLANYMTNEICH.

(Cae Cyriog MS,)

leaan ab Meredjdd ab Grufiydd ab Meredjdd ab Gruffjdd,== d. and

fifth son of Ednjfed Gam of Pengwern in Nanhoudwy ( heir of

Hugh oi
jmjneich

if Llan-=

Anna, d. of David Hanmer, eldest son of Randal Hanmer

of Penlej in Maelor Saesneg, second son of Sir Thomas

Hanmer, who was knighted at the taking of Terwin and

Tourney

Thomas Pugh== Elizabeth, d. of Roger Kynaston of Mortjn, ab Hum-
of Llany- phrey ab Sir Roger Kynaston of Hordley, Ent. She
myneich married, secondly, David Hanmer of Pentref Pant

Roger Pugh of LIau-~Margaret, d. of Robert Wynn of Brynkir, co.
ymyneich Carnarvon. Vert, three eagles displayed in
I f ess or

Thomas Pugh= John Pugh

PENTREF AERON IN THE LORDSHIP OP OSWESTRY.
{Lewis Dwnn, vol, ii.)

Hugh Lloyd ab David ab leuan ab Paenod ab^
Ith^ Foel ab Ithel ab Madog ab Oadwgan ab
Rhiryd Ddu ab Einion GreiQon ab Einion ab
Rhhyd Flaidd, Lord of Penllyn.* ; F<w^, a chev.
inter three wolves' heads erased argent

:Gwenllian, d. of Howel ab
leuan ab lorwerth ab David
ab leuan ab Madog Moel-
grwn of Maelor. Her mo-
ther was Angharad, d. and
heiress of David Lloyd of
Penllyn

^ Bbiryd Flaidd, Lord of Penllyn, resided at a place called Nenaddan
Gleision, in the township of Bhi waedog, in the parish of Llanfor, in
Penllyn. He lived in the time of Madog ab Meredydd, Prince of
Powys, who died in i.D. 1155. He was the son of Gwrgenen ab CoU-
wjn, Lord of Penllyn, ab Moreiddig ab Rhys ab Gwrystan ab Lly-
4th seb., vol. v. 14

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198 THE LORDSHIPS OP BROMFIELD,

Roger Lloyd =^= Maud, d. (by Klen, his wife, d. of Sir John Trevor of Tref-

aluD, Knt.) of John Lloyd ab John Lloyd ab Deicws Fongam

ab Madog of Llwyn y Onotiau, fourth eon of Llewelyn ab lor-

werth ab Gruffydd ab lorwerth of Llwyn On in the pariBh of

Wrexham. Ermine , a lion rampt. sable

Thomas Lloyd = Alice, d. of James of By ton of Pentref Madog in
Dudleston. ErmitUy a lion rampt azure

RogerLloyd=Eleanor,d. of Edward leuan Meredydd Catherine, ux.
Eyuaston of Pant y Qruffydd Jones

Byrslli of Sanfiordd

Edward iloyd= Catherine, d. of William Lloyd ab Elisau, of Plas yn
Rhiwaedog in Penllyn.^ VeHy three eagles displayed
in fess or.

PENTREF PANT IN THE LORDSHIP OF OSWESTRY.

{Earl. MS. 1972.)

Madog Heddwch of Rhiwlas, ab Meilir ab Tangweh
ab Tudor ab Ithel ab Idris ab Llewelyn Eurdorchog,
Lord of lal and Tetrad Alun. Azure^ a lion passant
guardant ; his tail between his legs, and reflected
over his back, or

.... d. of Meredydd ab

Dafydd Liwch of

Halchdyn in Deu-

ddwr. Azuret three

sea-gulls argent

warcb ab Rhiwallon ab Aradri ab Mor ab Tegerin ab Aelan ab
Greddyf ab Cwnws Ddu ab Cyllin Ynad ab Peredur Teirnoedd ab
Meilir Eryr Gw^ y Gorsedd, who was lineally descended from
Cnnedda Wledig, King of G wynedd. Through his mother, Generys,
who was the daughter and coheiress of Cynfyn Hirdref, Lord of
Nefyn (and Haer nis wife, daughter and heiress of Cunillon ab Y
Blaidd Rhudd, Lord of Gest in Eifionydd, and relict of Bleddyn ab
Cynfyn), Rhiryd Flaidd was first cousin to Prince Madog ab Mer-
edydd. He married Gwenllian, daughter of Ednyfed, Lord of Brough-
ton (who bore ermine^ a lion statant guardant gules) ^^e second son
of Cynwrig ab Rhiwallon, Lord of Maelor Gymraeg. His son Einion
was slain at the siege of Diserth Castle in Tegeingl. A portion of
a cross erected to his memory now forms part of the stile of the
churchyard.

1 The Lloyd family became possessed of Rhiwaedog by the mar-
riage of their ancestor, Meredydd ab lenan ab Meredydd, with Mar-
garet, eldest daughter and coheiress of Einion ab Ithel of Rhiwaedog*,
Esquire of the Body of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, in a.d.
1396, and high sheriff of Meirionydd for life. He was the son of
Ithel ab Gwrgenen Fychan ab Gwrgenen ab Madog ab Rhiryd Flaidd.

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YALE, AND CHIRKLAND.

199

Meredydd ==.... d. of leuan Fjchan of Moeliwrch
ab leuan Gethin ab Madog Ojffin ab
Madog Goch of Lloran Uchaf. De-
scended from Einion Efell. Her mo-
ther was Tibot, d. of Einion ab Gruff-
ydd of Cora y Gedol

Howel Goch== Einion

David, ancestor of the
Lloyds of Llangollen
Fecnan and the Lloyds
of Oawnwy in the pa-
rish of Llangadfan in
Caer Einion

David =Annesta, d. of Madog of Llys Bedydd ab
j Gruf^dd ab Tudor of Bangor is y Coed

Ricnard== Catherine, d. of John Hanmer of Lee in Halchdyn, in

the parish of Hanmer, ab Jenkin Hanmer ab Sir David

Hanmer, Chief Justice of England in a.d. 1383. Her

mother was Eva, d. of David ab Qoronwy of Llai in

Gresford

Ithelr

Llewelyn =

John of

Llan-

dderfel

inPen-

llyn

Thomas Hanmer=Gwenhwyfar,d. of David Lloyd of Plas is y Clawdd in the

of Pentref Pant

parish of Chirk, third son of John ab lorwerth, alias

Edward, of Plas Newydd in the same parish. Her mother

was Gwenhwyfar, a. of Robert ab Gruffydd ab Rhys

David Hanmer == Elizabeth, d. of Roger Kynaston of

of Pentref
Pant

Mortyn, ab Humphrey ab 8ir Roger
Kynaston of Horaley, Knt., and re-
lict of Thomas ab Hugh of Llany-
myneich

Meredydd

Hanmer,

DJ).

Thomas
Hanmer

John Hanmer, D.D., Bishop
of St. Asaph, ob. s. p.

Richard Hanmer

Thomas Hanmer
ob. s. p.

John Hanmer of Pentref Pant, the heir and repre-
sentative of the above named Richard Hanmer, married
Catherine, eldest daughter and coheiress of Rhys Wynu
of Eunant, in the parish of Llanwddyn, Esq., and Ann
his wife, daughter of Robert Wynn of Glyn, in the
parish of Llanaber, in the county of Merioneth, Esq.,
descended from Osbem Fitzgerald. Rhys Wynn of
Eimant was the son and heir of Edward Wynn ab Rhys
Wynn ab Edward Wynn, ab John ab David Fychan of
Eunant, ab Bedo ab Jenkyn ab leuan Caereinion, who
bore argenty a lion rampant and canton sabhy and was
lineally descended from Idnerth Benfras, Lord of Maes-
brwg. Eunant formed part of the Pentref Pant estate
till both estates were sold in 1840.

J. Y, W. Lloyd, K.S.G.

{To be eontiuued,)

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200

THE COURSE OF WATLING STREET BETWEEN
URICONIUM AND DEVA.

In trying to track the course of this part of the Wat-
ling Street, one needs to be on one's guard against
short cuts, even though approved Roman vicBy ana still
more against Norman roads. As an instance of the
first we might name Pave Lane. Having reached the
Staffordshire Stretton on the map, it may be said the
direct route to Deva would be along Pave Lane by New-
port and Whitchurch. But then the Iter has brought
us to Uriconium, and that and no other is our starting
point. As an instance of the second we have the road
by Shrewsbury,^ Middle, EUesmere, and Bangor, upon
which the first signs of Koman occupation are met with
at the Trench beyond EUesmere, to which we shall refer
afterwards. In a map presented to the Bodleian by
Richard Gough, the antiquarian, which is supposed to
be of the date of Edward I, this is the only road noticed
on this line of country, and the towns named are Salopia,
Elsme, ...ton (Overton), Chesve. In the Archceologia,*
published by the Society of Antiquaries \)f London,
1809, there are extracts from a prodlamation made in
the reign of Henry VIII, to which were added some
conjectures conoemmg the situations of certain Roman
stations.

Middle is understood to be Mediolanum, Kowton to
be Rutunium, perhaps on account of the similarity of
name. But at the former no Roman remains have been
found, and the latter is so much out of the required
Une that it can hardly be entertained. Those who have
looked for the road near the strong fortresses of the
district have also been in some instances misled, since

^ Owen and Blakcway's History of Shrewahwry^ vol. i, p. 4 : " Wd
cannot claim for it any pretensions to the difirnity of a Roman station.*'
« Vol. xii, p. 90.

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THE COUESE OP WATLINO STREET. 201

these, such as the Berth by Baschurch, and Hen Ddina^
by Oswestry, were probably the last line of defences of
Caractacus. In the various accounts of the road and
the maps that we have, we do not know what points to
attach absolute imporfamce to, or how far we may allow
for mistakes. If we take Antonine's map by itself we
have to suppose that the road went direct to Deva and
branched n-om there to Segontium. Ptolemy's map, on
the other hand, indicates a more direct route. Amongst
modem commentators. Dr. Horsley, following the road
southward from Deva, leaves it at the Cheshire Stret-
ton ; being dissatisfied with Bangor for Bovium, but
seeing no other place to adopt instead, he suggests
Bunbun^ or Wybimbury (at the latter, however, 9iere
are no Koman remains nor any road that is known of);
and finally places Mediolanum at or near Drayton,
guided perhaps by its being one of Nennius' thirty-
three ancient cities of Britain, and by the distances
agreeing tolerably, and Rutunium near Wem. Reynolds
prefers the line of Broughton, Whitchurch, and Malpas ;
while Sir R. Hoare would place Mediolanum near Meifod,
in Montgomeryshire, though finding, to his disappoint-
ment, that at the spot where many unes seemed to con-
verge, there were no traces of an ancient city, nor any
tracution of the existence of one. It must strike any
one who knows the Welsh Marches that there are very
many roads of British origin, and that in this respect, as
in many others, the civilisation of our ancestors has been
much underrated. TheRomans, we may suppose, did by
the roads as they did by the British fortresses, seized and
adapted them to their own purposes. We should natu-
raUy expect that the Watling Street would indicate by
its name what its object and destination were. Dr.
Horsley thinks it might mean the winding road, and it
certainly is a ridgeway through a great part of its
course. Camden, in identifying Rowton with Ruti-
nium says, " Nee in hoc falu possumus." The prox-
imity of Watile^hoTOUgh. Castle seems to guide him in
some measure. But the castle may have been at first

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202. THE CX)URSE OF WATLING STREET

wattled, after the ancient manner, without the name of
a road being referred to. Whitaker fevours Dr. Stuke-
ley's suggestion that this was the great Irish road, and
was therefore called Sam Guetheling, corrupted into
Watling, on the same principle that the Via Ikening
derives its name from the Iceni to whom it led, which
has become in one part of its course Buckle Lane. If
this derivation is granted, the difficulties of tracking its
course are materially lessened. We shall be more san-
guine of threading the mazes of Itineraries in our
houses, and of muddy lanes out of them. We shall
then assume that the Sam Guetheling, being one of
many British roads, was seized by the Romans, made
available for their military purposes, and at a certain
point along its course was carried direct to Deva in-
stead of Segontium. In suggesting its probable route
we expect to find a straight course as far as the diffi-
culties of the country wUl allow ; camps and military
works by the road-side, and here and there names
which shall sufficiently indicate the passage of an im-
portant Via. It is singular that the name of Watling
Street is lost after Wellington, and does not occur again
between that place and Chester, as far as I am aware.
It is one of many difficulties that arise on this part of
the road that there are at several points two mce run-
ning parallel within a mile or two of one another. This
is tne case at Northwood in Wem parish, and some
miles further north when the Wauing Street is at
Shocklach, and the other at Stretton. It will be neces-
sary, therefore, to trace them back. In Sir R. Hoare's
map several roads meet at a point near Broughton, one
especially which he calls Via Devana coming from Caer
Sws, and which may have given the name of Sam
Swsan to the place now called Sansaw. Two other
roads come in here from the south, with one or other of
which we shall conclude the Via Devana to be amalga-
mated, and proceed to track their course. The one
coming from the south and fix)m Shrewsbury is called
Plex Lane. South of Shrewsbury I conclude it to be

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BETWEEN URICONIUM AND BEVA. 203

the same as that upon which Giraldus de Barri travelled
when going to Ludlow, and of which he tells the well
known story of the Jew, which Camden quotes : " It
happened in our times that a certain Jew travelling to-
wards Shrewsbury with the archdeacon of this place,
whose name was Pech6, that is sin, and the dean, who
was called Devil ; and hearing the archdeacon say that
his archdeaconnr began at a place called Mala Platea,^
and reach'd as far as MaJpas towards Chester, the Jew,
knowing both their names, told them very pleasantly
he found it would be a miracle if ever he got safe out
of this coxmty, where Sin was the Archdeacon and the
Devil was the Dean ; where the entry into the arch-
deaconry was Mala Platea, and the going out again
Malpas." Mala Platea is now called the Devil's Cause-
way. It lies to the north-east of Caer Caradoc, between
Pitchford and Cardington. Hartshome describes its
savage grandeur, and considers it a direct via conne(5t-
ing.the Glevum and Uriconium Road with the South-
em Watling Street. We know from Ordericus (a.d.
1102) that the troops of King Henry I traversed this
pass, and along this road on their way to attack
Brugge (Bridgnorth). Whether or not it originally
passed through Pengwem, the present Shrewsbury, may
De questioned, inasmuch as it would involve crossing
the river twice, whereas by bending to the west it
would only meet it once. Possibly the name Plex, from
plectOy has to do with this. On reaching Broughton it
turns to the right past Yorton and the Clive by a foot-
path* to the Trench Farm, and then by an old paved
way past the village of Tilley and near Wem station.
The reason of this diversion is made plain when we
find that even of late years there was a large lake to
the north-west of the modem Wem (the name is pre-
served in the " Pool's Farm"). This may have readied

^ '* Angli Hnnelgehem dicnnt qaem Latini xnalnm collem vel vicnm
BniKmpare possnnt."

* The course of an old road is often preserved to ns by a foot-
path.

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204 THE COUBSE OP WATLING STREET

formerly abnost to Broughton, or the ground have been
unsoimcL The two &rms called the Trench fully bear
out their name, having upon them very many places
iJiat were used no doubt for defensive purposes. The
footpath here, as in many other instances, snows where
the road has been formerly. At or near the present
Wem it probably crossed a road from Berry Walls pro-
ceeding towards Bettisfield. It then passes through
the township of the Ditches and Low by a lane called
now Horses Lane, but written in maps and deeds Os-
sage. The Ditches^ is one of three places in Salop
cafied by the same name, but the interesting old house
is all that is to be seen there; the same wiw the Low.
But at North wood Hall the origin of the name is shown
in an enclosure 100 yards square surrotmded by a deep
and broad trench, and within, a smaller enclosure 31
yards square. On the north there has been a large pool
130 yards long by 50 broad, for defence, and to supply
water to the moats. From here the road is not very
direct, having to wind about as it went through Whix-
all wherever a firm footing could be gained. 1 thought
I had foimd a reminiscence of the old road in Plat
Lane^ but it crosses our line at ri^ht anglea' Names
are sometimes, however, transferred from one part to
another.* After this there is Windy Arbour at the
edge of Whixall Moss, and thence it passes Old Fen's
Hall, through Brominffton and over a length of pave-
ment near a field called Cadros, and alon^ a deep and
narrow lane by the Crab Mill farm to Edwys y Groes
in Hanmer Parish. Here there is a smafl round camp,
noticed by Candidus in the Gentleman's Magazine for
1763, and the road proceeds by the Lower Wyche,
where it is paved, to Malpas, Stretton, and the B^hin,

^ Bnry Ditches, north-east of Clan, and the Ditches to the south
of Easthope. In every case a ** low" or tnmnlns is associated with it.

' A lane called '* Pepper Street" also enters Whixall from the east.

* In Richard Gbn^h's History of MydcUe Parish, now in the press,
a Plat Lane is mentioned, which may be the same road as the one
now called "Plex."

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BETWEEN URIOONIOM AND DEVA. 205

where it goes some distance through the fields, joining
the Wathn^ Street at Churton.

Along this route we must notice that the Old Fens'
Hall seems like many others in that neigbbourhood to
be placed on the site of some British or Koman work ;
cdose by there is a field called the Bur-viL A cart-road
bends towards the east in the direction of Pan Castle,
fix)m which a road no doubt went by the small encamp-
ments at Terrick and Wirswall towards Condate. No
Homan remains, that we are aware of, have been found
at Whitchurch (Sax. " Weston"). The name of Bubney,
near at hand, is curious, and may be bobr (the Sclavo-
nic word for beaver), and so Beavers Island.^ A peaty
valley nms round two sides of it. This road then, that
comes from the south of Shrewsbury bending to avoid
the Severn, to escape the Lake by Wem, to round the
eastern point of Fens' Moss, we believe to be the Mala
Platea of Giraldus, and suggest it accordingly.

We now come to the course of the WaUing Street.
The approach to Uriconium from Mons Gilberti is by
the Horseshoe Lane, and the departure from it to the
south-west is well defined by a road that bears at cer-
tain intervals the well known name. If we wish to
travel to Deva, however, we have no such name to
guide us. The opinion that Rowton is Rutunium seems
to have been accepted, beside the reasons already re-
ferred to, on the groimd that there is a place called
Pavement Gates between Uriconium and Rowton ; but
the name does not tell us from what point the road
comes. It may be part of the Mala Platea, or, if nm-
ning in the course it is supposed to do, may simply be a
cross road connecting Uriconium with the Caer Sws
way. As we stand by the remains of the ancient city

1 Oiraldns' statement (lib. i, cap. xii, p. 429) that " the Teivj is
the only river in England or Wales that has beavers*', mnst mean
at the date he wrote, for their former abundance is shown by snch
names as Beverley, Beverstone, and Llyn yr Afanc near Bettws y
Coed. The effigy of David ab Madoc (a.d. 1284) in Hanmer Church
has at the feet two hounds and a serpent^ and at the head an animal
like a beaver.

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206 THE COURSE OF WATLINO STREET

and consider tvhich road will cany us best both to Deva
and Segontium we have no need to hesitate. A paved
road called Norton Lane takes us nearly due north to
a farm called Smethcott, where it falls into the north-
em Watling Street which comes up from the Horse-
shoe, crosses the Tern near Rea, then through Upton
Magna and over the north-east shoulder of Haughmond
Hill Here, at the distance of 200 yards or so, are two
small rings ; at the back of the abbey the course of the
road may plainly be seen as it runs up to and round
Ebury camp, which has been curiously unnoticed, per-
haps from being concealed by a fir wood. From this
point the course is very strai^t most of the way to
Astley, where, as well as at Hadnall, there is much

Eavement. Hardwick both from situation and name
as plainly been on the via^ which would pass through
Sansaw and cross the Mala Platea at Broughton. If a
straight line is drawn from this place to a point two
miles to the east of Bangor it will pass through all the
places which we shall now have occasion to mention.
At Broughton we meet again with Plex Lane and Via
Devana. Reynolds' and Sir R Hoare's suggestion that
this is Rutunium seems to have much probability in it.
The name implies a burgh, and the moss-grown walla
by the road side are of squared stones. Perhaps Mid-
dle obtained its name from being half way between
this place and the Berth by Baschurch. The early
Norman church, of which the roofless chancel now alone
remains, stands beside a footpath that looks as if it had
formerly been the road. We have then Sleap and
Noneley, both ancient names, and manor houses of im-
portance ; at the latter hamlet there is a pavem^it.

Another mile brings us to Loppington, the Domes^
day Lopitune (perhaps Lupi ton). This being in the
direct line for Bangor, and having on the west Burlton.
Moor and on the east the boggy bed and banks of ihe
Roden, both impassable or nearly so, it had lon^ been
thought that the street must have run through it, and
in 1873 a pavement was found both south south-east

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BETWEEN URIGONIUM AND DEVA. 207

and north north-west of the village,^ some twenty-two
inches below the surface, and pointing in the direction
of Blackhurst Ford.

The settlement at Loppington, where we find such a
number of early Saxon names, can be accounted for, as
at Broughton Church, only on the supposition that they
were upon the course of a great road. We have here
the Hayes, the Shaws, the Leasows, and Hursts, and
Slades. The road crosses between Holywell and Wol-
verley, and so reaches Blackhurst Ford. Here it divides,
one branch going to Bovium the other to Deva. The first
goes through the east end of Welsh Hampton village,
called the Balmer, where there is still a small mound
(a second one, within fifty yards of it, has just been re-
moved). Going straight on to Bleddyn's Bank the road
was paved in the middle, and called 'Hhe Roman pave-
tnent" within living memory. Above, to the east, is
the site of old Hampton, where swords and coins have
been ploughed up. The present village of Welsh
Hampton has been transplanted from here some time
or other, as the name of the adjoining lake, Newton
Mere, testifies. " Han tone" is as old as Domesday, but
some older prefix has been lost. I suspect the name
Bal-mer, when interpreted, may throw some light on
the matter. Closely adjoining old Hampton on the
north is Plas Bedw, which has all the appearance of a
Druidical gelli, and may have been the arx of a Roman
town. I wish to suggest this place or its neighbour-
hood as the site of Mecdolanum. The direct road goes
to Bangor. The one to the west goes by Hampton
Wood, the Stocks, Copty Vyny, the Spout (? Yspytty),
all ancient names, by the Trench,^ along Street Dinas
through Dudleston to Chirk, and along the Ceiriog

^ A paved road goes from here, by English FraDkton, to Colmerei
and Ellesmere. At the place called '* Pike's End*' a broad trench
has been cnt at some time ; bnt till the mound is examined, it is
impossible to say how far the " Pike" is natural or artificial.

^ A Roman road, therefore, does run by the Trench, but at right
angles to the course commonly supposed. It is the same with Middled
and with many other places.

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208 THE COURSE OF WATLINO STREET

valley towards Segontium. This we suppose to be the
old oam Guetheling. From the point of divergence

foing east there was direct communication with Con-
ate, by Eglwys y Groes, and the route already indi-
cated. At Gredington and Hanmer (to which places a
very old road ran, and runs from here), and Halghton,
there are signs of Roman occupation, which we shall
notice afterwards.

The direct road from Bleddyn's Bank goes through
Penley, passing close by the moated enclosure where
the Domesday Tudor had his castle ; then along the
high plateau of Pen-le, and crossing a dingle, due north
toHaighton Hall, called formerly **Halchdyn ym Maelor,
y Plas Uchaf." Here an old British trackway drops in ;
and we must notice how frequently, in this neighoour-
hood, the seats of the principal families seem to have
been placed on Boman or British works of some kind ;
their situation upon the road, very frequently their
name, and remains foimd at the place, testifying to their
early origin. Here the road crosses a valley to the farm
called "Adwy y Felin,"^ and so by the Holly (Holy)
Bush, by the Horns and Highgate, to Bangor. The
present state of this place is certainly disappointing to
an antiquarian. When, however, we read William of
Malmesbury's account, as well as Leland's, and even
Pennant's, and find that not one of the antiquities men-
tioned by them now remain, we see plainly that Ban-
for has been the quarry of that district. Lewis, in his
''opographt/y speaks of Boman coins and pavements
being found in digging graves ; and it is very probable
that a judicious use of the spade might do the same for
Bangor that has been done for other places. In the
river-bank, and perhaps twenty feet below the present
church, some squared stones are seen peeping out^
showing that the present level of the ground is not the
original one. There is a township of Bangor which
bears the name of Seswick. The townships of Ejrton
and Royston are divided by a ditch called " The Fosse,*'

^ Adwy, perhaps from aditus, means a pass or gap.

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BETWEEN URIOONIUM AND DEVA. 209

by which apparently the upper branch of the Dee,
which here formed an island, was drained The bridge,
which is of Norman date, is probably copied fix)m one
that preceded it, or from the Roman bridge at Holt.
The course of the road leading towards Chester is
plainly to be seen on the east bank of the river ; and
m the Worthenbury meadows we have the name of
Ty'n y Ffordd (house in the road), indicating its course.
At Shocklach there is a large earthwork,^ and from
there the course is by Aldford and Ecdeston to Chester.

The Mala Platea, as we have noticed, fialls into it by
Churton. There are also several cross-roads, e. gr., the
one running east and west by Maiden Castle, on the
Broxton HiUs ; by the large caipp at Coddington, near
Stretton f and so across the old oridge at Holt, in the
direction of Caergwrle. Another old way coming out of
Cheshire winds round Beeston Castle, and bears upon
Eaton.

We return now to Blackhurst Ford, where the Wat-
ling Street enters Maelor Saesneg, crossing the Roden
which rises in Bettisfield, and is one of the feeders of
the Severn. At the Conquest there was a silva, covering,
no doubt, a large part of what is now the Fens' Moss,
which, by the bye, diflFers from most others in supplying
turf (not peat, or only rarely so), to a depth of four or
five feet.

From this place to Hanmer there seem to have been
three ways : one distinct from our present road, which
crosses it at Hanmer,and joins theBovium road atHalgh-
ton Hall (vide supra) ; the other two branches of the
Deva road. Of these, the direct one through Bettisfield
village, and formerly through Betjisfield Park, has upon
it a hunrchough (? 6an-cZai(?cW=high dyke), where there
used to be a holy weU. Then to the east is a Massane,
probably Maes Sam. The name for Bettisfield old Hall
IS " Llys Bedydd." Thfe latter word dates from St.
Chad 8 days ; and there is a ** Gospel Meadow" abutting

^ See Ormerod*8 Cheshire, vol. ii, p. 378.

' Ibid,, p. 320, whore the tumuli at Cardea arc also noticed.

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210 THE COURSE OF WATLING STREET

upon the road, which is there paved. The " Uys*' would
seem to imply a place of importance in British times.
By the name of "Beddesfeld' it occurs in Domesday as
one of the manors in Dudestan Hundred. From here
the way goes to the south-west comer of Lord Hanmer s
pohcies, at a place called " The Lodge," and through
the Park to a farm and hamlet caUed "The Great
Arowry" (apovpa)^ just above Hanmer. At this point a
winding road from Blackhurst Ford comes in. It leaves
the Bangor road at Hampton Bank, and bending to the
right, passes a Rotten Row^ {roU€ren='to gather toge-
ther), and along the east side of Braden Heath {brad=
broad) on a paved way, on the sides of which used to be
several important houses, — the Ashes, Hal on th' Hill,
the Wherrian, and others. From here it runs between
Bettisfield and Gredington Parks, at the head of Han-
mer Mere ; crosses the Deva road at the Arowry, and
so by a footpath and occasional pieces of paved way
past the Brook House to Eglwys y Groes Camp. We
shall now look for some additional proofs of our being,
80 far, on the right track.

In the Haghmond Cfvartulary (fol. 225) William Fitz
Alan gives to the church of St. John of Haghmond and
the canons, *' salinas meas de Suthwiche". This Wiche,
called formerly " Dirtwich" or " Droitwich", is at the
edge of South Cheshire, and seems to be included in
the salince of Burwardeston, which is a manor in Ces-
trescire. In case any one should apply the name
Suthwiche to Nantwiche, I add a note from Ormerod s
Cheshire,^ by which it appears that the salt from this

^ As the distance between this place and Bettisfield does not ex-
ceed three-quarters of a mile, the name may attach itself to either
road. There is a "Rotten Row'* to the east of Boston in Linooln-
shire, abont three miles from Boston.

2 Leland's Iter 7, foL 22. Ormerod's Cheshire, ii, p. 366 : " The
following curious extract is from BurghelFs Diary: *Augt. 28, 1643.
Capt'n Uroxton and Capt*n Venables, with their companies and
others, went to Durtwich, and cut in pieces all their pans, pumps,
salt-pits, and works, and carried some of their pans off; so that their
salt making was spoiled, which served Shrewsbury and many other
places of the kingdom.' "

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BETWEEN URICONIUM AND DEVA. 2U

Wyche used to be sent to Shrewsbury. In Anderson's
Salopia Antiqua (p. 85) we read, "except granting to
the Abbey of Haghmond a right of road through his
land, when going to or returningfrom Wiche in Cheshire,
where they had some salt-pits, Walter de Dunstanville I
does not appear to have conferred upon the monks any
material benefits whatever." Those lands must plainly
have been on the course of the road between Haghmond
(whidi adjoins the Watling Street) and Wyche. Now
in referring to the Chartulary again (fol. 95), in an
agreement as to lands in the vill of Halghton, near
Haghmond, we find that one of the boundaries, which
constantly recurs, is Salter Estrete. Between Noneley
and Loppington a side-lane, which is paved, and crosses
the Roaen at Pensford Bridge (joining the Street again
at Wolverley), bears the name of " Salt Lane"; and this
name is found again on the paved lane at Braden
Heath, where the older inhabitants will tell of salt being
fetched on packhorses from the Higher and Lower
Wyche by way of Eglwys y Groes.

In Anderson's Salopia (p. 86), ** Walter de Dunstan-
ville grants his harper certain lands in Long Rudigg up
to Somerlone, as Smelbroc divides them, which had
belonged to Achi and Swein of Knoll." This was about
1185 A.D.; and the Knolls Wood, near Shiffnal, is sup-
posed to preserve the memory of the grant. In Bettis-
field there is now a Knolls Lane and a Knoll's Wood,
and the Wyan Ruding enters it from the Whixall side
by a sarn lately found, passes through Bronington,
Hanmer, and Halghton, and joins the Bovium road at
Halghton Hall. From the similarity in names I think
it probable that this is an outrider of the Watling
Street, that it comes up from Shiffnal, crosses it, ana
proceeds in the direction of Longton, .then by Shaw-
bury, and through Whixall. Whether this is so or not,
I have not now any certain proof ; but the marks of
antiquity about the Wyan Ruding in Hanmer parish
are undoubted. It crosses the bed of an old lake by a
paved way ; it joins the Via Devana of the Watling

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212 THE COURSE OP WATLINO STREET

Street, near Hanmer, by an ancient causeway; and
almost immediately leaves it again, passing one ancient
manor-house after another {i. e., they being placed an it)
till it approaches Halghton HaU. A field flirough which
it passes was ploughed up some years since, and a bank
was found rail of pieces of glazed stone^ that were
thought to be of Roman origin.

Returning to the Via Devana, we now go on from
the hamlet called Arowry down into Hanmer. The road
goes through a deep gill which is called the " Striga
Lane" (hollow way), and over an old pavement through
the village. There are various signs of Roman occupa-
tion in this neighbourhood which I shall hope to refer
to afterwards.

From Hanmer to Penley there runs a cross road
called Street Lydan {via lata). A paved footpath re-
mains at one place. A ravine called Cumbers (?Cymri
or Combe) Baiik is crossed. This via lata, which be-
gins and ends so suddenly, would have ho meaning,
except as connecting two important branches of a great
road. Just below Hanmer village, to the east, is a
large earth- work of a conical shape, which seems to have
been defended in ancient days by a lake or morass all
round it ; and on one side I think there are traces of a
submerged causeway, like that at the Baschurch Berth.

The road now proceeds to Deva, having for some
miles a succession of very old names. Sawerdek,
the name of an old manor house upon it, is sup-
posed to be mm and teg (fair). Then there is Crox
(Crux)ton, which dates fix)m the Emperor Constan-
tino. The Mala Platea is here about half a mile dis-
tant. Ascending a steep hill, which was paved till
1871, the Three Fingers is reached, where a jug ftdl of
silver coins of Elizabeth and James was found in a

^ A chemist thinks that these stones have formed part of som*
ancient glassworks. It is not mere glaze which might result firom
being vitrified, bat actual glass which is on the stone (pnmice);
and this, too, of a bright green, — a colour which the Romans seem
not to have succeeded in excluding ^m their glass.

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BETWEEN URICONIUM AND DEVA. 213

hedge bank when the road was slightly altered in 1840.
From this place there is a rapid descent to the Sam in
Worthenbiuy Parish.

First there is Willington Cross and Traws(trans)tre,
to which we shall refer immediately. Then leaving the
present course it went by what is called the Coach
Lane to Hal jn Talam, the site of the mansion of Lloyd
of Tal y Wern. This is another instance of an ancient
family locating themselves upon Roman ground.

The man who was employed to fill up the ditches and
level the works in this field is still living, at an ad-
vanced age. In the gill below is a causeway, by which,
with a bridge long since gone, the road was continued
to the opposite bank. This is now called Talam
Green, taking its name no doubt from this old work.
Then we come to the Sam and cross the Wyche brook
to Threapwood,^ a place till recently extra-parochial,
and about which some interesting letters passed be-
tween P. H. Warburton, Esq., M.P., and Lord Chan-
cellor Hardwicke, preserved by Joseph H. Lee, Esq.,
of Broad Oak, a collateral descendant of the fomier.
Then there is Broughton, formerly the seat of the
Broughtons, descendants of Tudor Trevor, and imme-
diately after the Via Devana and Via Boviana imite at
Shocldach. One cross road still remains to be noticed,
which, from the old names and the earthworks found
upon it, must have been one of considerable importance.
We have already tracked the Mala Platea (including,
by way of Pan Castle, a Condate branch) and th^ Salt-
lane oflfehoot of the Watling Street as far as Eglwjrs y
Groes. From the camp at the top, called sometimes
Mow Cop, a roadway may be traced through the grass
which bears to the north-west. At the foot of the hill
a fingment of an old lane may still be seen ; it ascends
a hill and goes by a ridgway course past the Yew Tree
house (pulled down) to Willington Old HalL About

^ Tlireapwood=debateabIe ground. Threap or threajpen^ Lat. r€<U
arguere^ imports debate. (SkinDor's Efymol, Linguce Angl, quoted
bj Lord Hardwicke.)

4th sbb. vol. v. 15

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214 THE COURSE OF WATLING STREET

sixty yards to the west of the present house is a rect-
angular earthwork, of which two-thirds have been
carted away. Immediately below, at Willington Cross,
the Via Devana is crossed. Trawstre, which is close by,
would be the old name, and mark the crossing of two
important vicB. The lane proceeds by a wood called
the Garondle, past the Caelika, to Mulls-ford. As there
is only a moat here it is probable that the true word
is Ymylffordd (by the road). Some small work has
been there upon which, as noticed so often before, a
family house has been erected.

Near here there is also a "Gloddfa Fechan" (little em-
bankment), and the road passes close by Emral,^ which
is an exception to the general rule of etymology, mean-
ing, what first appeal's on the surface, an emerald.
There would seem to have been a hury here also. At
any rate it was the place of importance, and the modem
Worthenbury merely its hamlet. This road, as we
have tracked it from Eglwys y Groes, was still used,
though not without opposition, by coal carts, about a
hundred years ago. Coming out of EmraJ Park this
road and the direct one to Bovium would join at the
HoUy Bush. On inquiring of the tenant at the Horns
farm if he had seen any lane running through his fields
in the direction of Bangor, I was informed that in
throwing two fields into one he had found a pavement
running the whole way under a hedge-bank. A field
called Clawdd yr bychan (little embankment) lies near
here in Wallington which is in Worthenbury Parish.
As I have already noticed, the name of Watling Street
does not occur on this northern route after TFeWington ;
but there is in Hanmer Parish a TTiWington (written
Gwillington and Gwelynton in the time of King Ed-
ward 1), and a little further on WaWington, in Worth-
enbury. It has been suggested that these three are

^ It has been derived from Ember Hall, because burnt so often
and rising from its ashes ; and Emma Hall, from Emma Andlej
having lived there. But the old name for it is " Y Gwrddymp", an
emerald, pronounced ** Worthen" by the English.

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BETWEEN URICONIUM AND DBVA. 215

Simply corruptions of Guetheling, implying the Irish
(rofiud). In Northumberland, Wdhngton is near the
point where Watling Street divides, one branch going
to Elsdon, the other north to Wooler. In Durham, also,
Willington is on the street.

On the other hand these names are found elsewhere,
though not, as far as I am aware, apart from an an-
cient via.

M. H. L.

THE FOUR STONES, OLD RADNOR.

Among the objects visited by the members of the Cam-
brian Archaeological Association, on the occasion of the
Kington meeting in 1863, were the four stones, pro-
bably the only existing remains of a cromlech, in Kad-
norshire^ A good account is given of them in the sum-
mary of the excursion (3rd series, vol. ix), but no drawing
was made, and the dimensions of the stones were not
ascertained ; there is, therefore, room for further parti-
culars« The stones are placed at the comer of a large
arable field in the midst of the fertile level plain, which
occupies a great part of the parish of Old Radnor, and
are approached by a road, which branches off from the
turnpike road to New Radnor at a farm house called
the Knap ; on the north side of the farm buildings is a
large and elevated round tumulus, covered with trees,
and on the opposite side of the turnpike road, nearer
to Harpton Court, are two other circular mounds, much
depressed, with a large boulder lying by the side of one
of them. The four stones are about half a mile distant
from the Knap. Their position will be better understood
by a reference to the accompanying drawing, which is
taken from the south-west; to the north the high land
of Radnor Forest bounds the view. The notion of the
writer of the former accoimt, that the stones once formed
some of the supports of a covering stone of a large sepul-
chral chamber, appears probable. The prevalent local

15 •

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216 THE POUE STONES, OLD RADNOR.

tradition which he and the author of the History of Rad-
norshire record, that the font in Old Badnor Church was
hewn out of one of the missing stones, shows that the
supposed removal took place at a remote period, and is
so far valuable ; but an examination of the four stones
does not support the tradition of the use which was made
of one of their missing fellows, for they are clearly
erratic boulders from the adjacent volcanic rocks of
Hanter or Stanner, of which a very truthful and pictu-
resque sketch is given in Murchison's Silurian System.
Any local stonemason would, on examination, at once
say that the four stones could not be dressed or hewn
into a regular form, as they would shatter into irregu-
lar fragments when broken or dressed The volcanic
rocks referred to are about two miles to the south of
the foiu: stones. The boulders which have proceeded
from them are plentifully strewed, intermixed with
rocks of Old Radnor Hill, on Bradnor HUl, and Hergeot
Ridge; the current of the drift having set towards
the south-east. Notwithstanding the constant use of
these boulders for road materials many of the larger
ones remain ; boulders of a large size may still be met
with in the Whetstone, near the race-course on Hergeot
Ridge, and on the Beastry, Grove, and Bage farms on
the northern and southern sides of the Ridge. The
buUders may, therefore, have gone only a short dis-
tance to the south of the site for their materials. How
long they have borne their present name is uncertain ;
but it appears that a jury at a comt held for the Manor
of Burlinjobb and Ploughfield in 1767 presented the
four stones as one of the bounds of that manor. It
may, therefore, be reasonably inferred that this was the
name handed down to that time by tradition, and that
the steward and the jury in their use of the name were
perpetuating a previous record of the boundary of the
manor.

It only remains to give an account of the dimensions
and position of the stones as they now are : the space
within them is about 13 feet wide, the south-west stone

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MONUMENTAL EFFIGY OF ST. IE8TYN. 217

is 5 ft. liigh and 13 ft. 9 in. in circumference; that to
the south-east is 4 ft. 10 in. by 12 ft, 3 in. round ; an
excavation showed that this stone is embedded 2 ft. in
the ground. The north-west stone is 6 ft. high and
1 5 ft. 3 in. round, and the north-east stone 4 ft. high
ajid 11 ft. round. The relative distances at which they
are placed are — north-west to north-east, 8 ft. 4 in. ;
Tiorth-east to south-east, 5 ft. 6 in. ; south-east to south-
ij^est, 7 ft. 6 in. ; south-west to north-west, 7 ft.

K. W. B.

MONUMENTAL EFFIGY OF ST. lESTYN,

CLAD IN THE GARB OF A HERMIT, IN LLANIESTYN CHURCH,
ANGLESEY.

The churches of Llanbabo and Llaniestjm, Anglesey,
contain two remarkable monumental eflBgies, apparently
executed by the same hand, but many centuries after
the deaths of the two personages of whom they are
commemorative. The former church is within a walk
of the Rhos Goch Station, on the Anglesey Central
Railway ; the latter within a walk or short drive of
Beaumaris. I gave a descriptive account of the ef^y^
in Llanbabo Church, of King Pabo Post Prydain, in
the April number of the ArchcBologia Cambrensis. I
now proceed to notice the monumental slab of St. Yes-
tin or lestyn, in Llaniestvn Church.

The slab out of which this eSigy is sculptured, I
think schist or slate, is five feet ten inches in length by
one foot ten inches in width, and though formerly lying
on a raised mass of masonry in front of the altar is now
placed upright embedded in the wall. The effigy, which
is in low relief, represents the saint not in the dress of
the period in which he lived, but in the garb of a her-
mit, as worn in the fourteenth century. This consists
of a long tunic or coat {tunica tcdaris) reaching to the
ankles, and girt about the waist with a tasselled cord or
rope hanging down in front; an inscribed scroll is sus-

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218 MONUMENTAL EFFIGY OF ST. lESTYN.

pended from the left hand. Over the tunic or coat is
worn the cappa clausa^ a mantle or cloak of a cope-like
feshion, fastened by a morse or circular dasp in front o£
the breast, and thence opening downwards ; the borders
of this cloak are ornamented. The head is covered by
the caputium or hood, whidi likewise covers the shoul-
ders ; the face is bearded, and over the upper lip is
worn the moustache, and the head reclines on a square-
shaped cushion. The shoes are pointed at the toes.
In the right hand is held a bordon or staff, shod with a
pointed ferule at the lower extremity, whilst the head
of the staff resembles that of a dog. Above the head
of the eflSgy is an ogee headed canopy, cinquefoiled
within, the spandrels of which are filled with sculp-
tiu-ed foliage. Along a portion of the upper part of the
verge of the slab, and within the canopy on the sides of
the cushion on which the head reposes, are remains of
an inscription, which, when in a more perfect state than
it is at present, appears to have read thus : —

HIC lACIT SANCTVS YESTINVS OVI
GWENLLIAN FILIA MADOC ET GRYFFYT AP

GWILYM OPTVLIT IN OBLAOOEM
ISTAM IMAGINEM P SALVTE ANIMARVM. S.

Hie jacit Sanctus Yestinus cui Gwenllian Filia Madoc
et Gruffyt ap Gwilym optulit in oblacionem istam imagi-
nem pro salute animarum suarum.

Oblacoem being an abbreviation for oblacionem, P.
for pro, and S. for suarum.

A very excellent engraving of this monumental slab
and efiigy appears in ^e second volume of the Archw-
ologia Uanwrensis^ in the October number for 1847.
In that work the Saint lestin or lestyn ab Geraint, of
whom this sculptured slab is commemorative, is said to
have flourished in the sixth century. It is probable a
full account of him may be found in Rees' Welsh Saints,
but I have not that work to refer to.^

^ The notice in the WeUh Saints is as follows : — " lestin ab Qe-
raint was the founder of Uaniestin in Lleyn, Carnarvonshire ; and

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MONUMENTAL EFFIGY OF ST. lESTYN. 219

This may be considered as an unique specimen of a
sculptured sepulchral effigy, exhibiting the person com-
memorated in the garb of a hermit. Amongst the
small statuettes which adorn the sides of tombs some
other specimen may possibly be found — ^at present I do
not recollect one — and these statuettes must be consi-
dered as accessories only, and not commemorative.

In the Pontifical of Lacy, Bishop of Exeter, who
flourished in the fourteenth century, is the order for
the benediction of a hermit s dress, though the particu-
lar articles of which that dress was composed are not
enumerated. It was, however, different to the garbs
of the other religious orders.

In the Vision of Piers Ploughman, written in the
fourteenth century, are the following allusions to this
garb : —

** In abit as an ermite."
And again —

** Eremytes on an hep wt hokede staves
Wenten to Walsynghm."

That is, hermits in throngs with hooked walking sticks
went on the pilgrimage to our Lady at Walsingham.
In this Q^^j we have the staff* clearly defined, but with
a dog's head for the hook. And again —

" Clothed hem in Copis to be known fro othere
And made himsilve eremytes hare else to have."

That is, they clothed themselves in copes to be known
from other men, and made themselves hermits to lead
easy Uvea In this effigy we have the cappa clausa,
or cope-like mantle, worn over the tunic or long coat
In whatever view we may regard it, this effigy is the

also of Llaniestin in Anglesey, where a stone was seen in the last
centnry with an inscription purporting that he was buried there."
His father Geraint ab Erbin is stated to have been "one of the princes
of Devon, who was slain while fighting under Arthur at the battle
of Llongborth." An elegy on Geraint ab Erbin, attributed to Lly-
warch JUen, is preserved in the Black Book of Carmarthen, and also,
with some additions and variations, in the Red Book of Hergest.
See Four Ancient Boohs of Wales, ii, 37, 274.— Ed. Arch. Canib.

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220 MONUMENTAL EFFIGY OF ST. lESTYN.

most interesting of all in the island of Anglesey.
Amongst those of Great Britain, it has, I think, the
merit of being perfectly unique.

LLANEILIAN.

The Httle church of Llaneilian or Llanelian, Anglesey,
is about two miles from the railway station at Amlwch,
lying due east of the latter place. It consists of a tower,
nave, and chancel, and of a distinct building lying south
of the latter, and connected therewith by a lean-to
passage. The porch on the south side of the church is of
late murteenth or early fifteenth century construction.
On the right of the door, and within the porch, is a pro-
jecting stone basin or stoup which contained holy water,
in which, before the Reformation, each dipped his finger
and crossed himself on entering^ into the church. In the
east wall of the tower is a plain Norman arch of the
twelfth century; this is apparently the most ancient
portion of the church. The south window of the nave
IS of late fifteenth century work, and contains three
lights foUated in the heads ; the jambs and architrave
have bold hollow mouldings. The north window of the
nave is similar to that on the south side. There is a
string-course beneath each of these windows, composed
of a plain set off* and hollow beneath. On the north side
of the nave is a pointed doorway, the jambs and archi-
trave of which, and the hood over, have bold hoUow
mouldings. Both nave and chancel have externally em-
battled parapets. The south window of the chancel is
square-headed, and of two lights of fifteenth centinry
construction. The north window of the chancel is of
two lights within a square head with hood mould over.
The east window of the chancel is nearly triangular-
headed ; it contains three lancet-shaped lights, and the
hood over has the cavetto or hollow moulding. Such
are the principal constructive features of the church,
which appears to have been mainly rebuilt or greatly

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MONUMENTAL EFFIGY OF ST. lESTYN. 221

altered in the fifteenth century, and exhibits no archi-
tectural peculiarities. In the interior, near the north
door, is St. Elian's Chest, so called. The cover of this is
semi-hexagonal, and has the date 1667, studded on it
in nails. The seats in the nave are without backs, with
rudely carved ends in circular terminations bearing the
dates 1690 and 1693. Between the nave and chancel
is still remaining the ancient rood loft, a gallery so
called. This is tolerably perfect; it has a coved projec-
tion on either side of tne screen which supports it, and
the cornices are carved ; it is seven feet or thereabouts
in width, and the entrance to it is up a newel staircase
in the south wall of the nave at the east end. Though
the chancel screens which supported the ancient rood
lofts in our churches are numerous, it is but rarely we
find in a small church like this the rood loft itself still
remaining, and in so perfect a state. At present I can
only call to mind two little churches about the size of
this where the ancient rood lofts are stQl preserved, the
little church of Wormleighton, in Warwickshire, and
the little church of Cotes, near Stowe, in Lincolnshire.
In larger churches the existence of the rood loft is not
80 rare. This internal feature in the church of Llan-
eilian is, therefore, worthy of considerable attention.
This rood loft is a construction of the fifteenth century.
A skeleton, " the lively figure of death," is painted on
the coved work of the rood loft over the entrance into
the chancel, with this inscription over : — " Colyn Angeu
yw Pechod"; that is, "The sting of death is sin."
This is probably a painting of the seventeenth century,
when such productions were numerous. In firont of
this rood loft is a poor but somewhat modem painting
on canvas, intended for St. Elian. The chancel is fitted
up choir-wise, with stall-like disposed seats of the fif-
teenth century. These are rudely carved. The com-
munion table* is like a coffer, and in raised black-lettered
characters in front is the following inscription : —

" Non nobis Domine non nobis sed
Nomini tuo. 1634."

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222 MONUMENTAL EPPIGY OP ST. lESTYN.

The principals of the roof of the chancel are supported
by carved wooden figures of minstrels playing on the
bagpipes. In the east window of the chancel are frag-
ments of ancient painted glass of the fifteenth century.
The central light contains portions of the figure of our
Lord extended on the rood.

I have now to treat of that singular appendage, cell
or chamber, a distinct structure, lying a little south-
east of the chancel, but connected therewith by an ob-
lique passage. This is entered through a doorway from
the south side of the chancel by a descent of six steps.
The passage, a lean-to, has been lighted by two small
windows, one of which is blocked up. This passage
leads into a room, chamber, or cell, fourteen feet long
by twelve feet in width, which is covered with a good
perpendicular roof of the fifteenth century. This cell or
chamber has an external doorway in the north wall,
leading into the churchyard. The absence of a piscina
in the south wall indicates this building not to have been
a chapel. There is no fireplace. A mutilated bracket,
on which formerly stood an image, probably that of St.
Elian, projects from the east waU on the north side.
This building has a rude bellcot at the west end. A
rudely constructed two-light window, the heads of
which are semicircular, lights this cell on the south side.
The east window is pointed, of two principal cinquefoil-
headed lights with a quatrefoil light in the head above,
over whicn is a bold hollow hood mould. Under the
east window is a semi-octagonal shaped table of wood,
plainly panelled on the sides in seven divisions with but-
tresses between them, but not panelled at the back.
These panels appear to have been painted, and the edge
or verge of the table is moulded. This table is five feet
two inches across, and projects in front two feet from
the wall. There are some stories connected with this
table, which I need not advert to. It is, I think, an
article of domestic furniture, certainly not an altar. I
know but of one wooden altar — I do not allude to com-
munion tables as such — in the kingdom ; this is a slab

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MONUMENTAL EFFIGY OF ST. lESTYK. 223

constituting the window sill of a concealed chapel in
the roof of Compton Wyniate House, Warwickshire, a
seat of the Marquis of Northampton, where recusants,
who were numerous in that neighbourhood, were accus-
tomed to attend. This wooden altar has on its surface
the five crosses perfectly defined.

For what purpose then was this building, distinct
from, yet connected with, the church of Llaneilian, con-
structed ? I believe this to have been a Domus includ,
reclusoriumy or anchorage ; the abode of an anchorite or
recluse. St. Isidore, who flourished in the early part
of the seventh century, circa a.d. 630, treats of the dis-
tinction l>etween hermits and anchorites. In his work
De Ecclesiasticis Officiis he observes : — De monachis.
Sex autem simt genera monachorum. Primum genus
est csenobitarum, id est. in commune viventium. Se-
cxmdum genus est eremitarum, qui procul ab homini-
bus, recedentes, deserta loca, et vastas solitudines sequi
atque habitare perhibentur ad imitationem scilicet EEse
et J ohannis Baptists©, qui eremi secessus penetraverant,
etc. Tertium genus est anachoretarum, qui jam ceeno-
bitali conversatione perfecti, includunt semetipsos in
cellis procul ab hominum conspectu remotis, nulli prae-
bentes accessum, sed in sola contemplatione divina vi-
ventes perseverant, etc. That is, there are six different
kinds of monks. The first, that of those who embrace
a regular monastic life, living in common. The second
kind is of hermits, who, departing from the abodes of
men, seek desert places wherein to dwell, after the
manner of Elijah and John the Baptist. The third is
that of anchorites who, perfecting themselves as monks,
shut up themselves in cells secluded from the sight of
men, willingly aflTording access to no one, but living con-
tinually in divine contemplation.

The rule of Grimlaic, an anchorite priest of the ninth
century, is very severe. The office for the inclusion of
anchorites {reclusio anachoritarum) we find in Bishop
Lacy's Pontifical. In practice the strict rule was mo-
dified, at least in this country I have found no domus

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224 WELSH WORDS BORROWED

inclusi or reclusorium where it appears to have been
carried out. The recluse or anchorite at Llaneilian was
probably a priest, hence his connection with the chancel.
He had liberty to go from his cell, hence the door on
the north side. I could dilate much further on this
topic, but I must conclude. We have then in the effigy
at Llaniestyn, and in the annexation to the church of
Llaneilian, vivid remembrances of a past age in the
lives of hermits and recluses. In tms age we have
more active duties to perform, and to regard that say-
ing— '• up and be doing, and God will prosper !^'

Matthew Holbeche Bloxam.

WELSH WORDS BORROWED FROM LATIN,
GREEK, AND HEBREW.

{Continvied fr<nn ^, 69.)

HARENA, * a rein^ W. afwyn, awyn, and aiveriy ' a rein*. Der.

'habena', 'abena*: W. '*abena' (see 'bestia*)

f **aboin^ **abwin*, *afwyn', 'awyn',

I '*aboen', * *abMen', * *afAien', 'awen*.

Welsh leaves ns no reason to suppose that the initial h was pro-
nounced in Latin when this and similar words were borrowed.
It is possible that awen was formed from awyn by substituting
en for yn, to bring the word into harmony with gender-analogy.

HEBRJEUS (-a, -urn), pL ' Hebrsei', etc., ' HebreV: Mid. W.
Ebryw, * Hebrew*, which has not survived to become Efryw ;
whereas the plural Efrdy ' the Hebrews', is often to be met with.
In both instances the case-vowel is preserved, and cb counts as ^.
Other instances of this wUl be found imder * Judaeus*, ' prsecep-
tum*, * praesens*, ' praesepe*.

HEBRAICUS (-a, -urn)/ Hebrew': Mid. W. Efroec, 'the He-
brew language* (Skene, ii, p. 136). Here ai seems to have been
reduced to as : see ' Grains*. On oe for ce, see * setfis*.

HIBRIS, gen. 'hibridis*, M. Lat.='hibrida^ 'a mongrel, a
hybrid*: W. efrydd, 'mancus', 'mutilus*, 'claudus' (Davies).

HONESTUS (-a, -um), 'honest, honourable': W. onest, now

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FROM LATIN, ETC. 225

more commonly gonest with a prothetic g ; on which see ' altus'
and ' vacuus'.

HOE A, 'an hour*: W. awr.

HORAEIUM, * a clock, horologe': W.b'rjavxr or brfar, * a watch*.
Der. 'hoi^arium', 'orarium': W. '*oror*, **orawr', 'ftr-j-awr*. The
shortening of the initial o would be the natural result of its being
immediately followed by rj. As to the insertion of j^ see ' cera-
sium*.

HOSPES (pi. 'hospites'), 'a guest*: W. osp; pi. ysp, e^d or
yspyd, as well as ospjon and yspydjon, ¥sp='*osp'i' (with the
Welsh plural termination i); whence would arise '*espi\ **ispi*,
**isp*, * ysp'. Some of the other forms are derived from the Latin
plural thus : ' hospites', ' ospites*: W. ' ♦ospit^ * *e8pit' (whence
' espyd'), ' *ispyt*, 'yspyd'. From the latter seems to be formed
a very common name of places in Wales, namely, Yspyty^yspyd-
dy, ' a guest-house or hospitium*.

HUMILIS (-e), 'humble': W. ufyll (or ufdl).

HUMILITAS (ace. 'humilitatem'), 'humility': W.ufelUdd;
ufylltod also occurs, which seems to betray the influence of ufylL

ILLE (-a, -ud ; pi, ' illi, -se, -a'), ' he, that one': W. Ul and eill,
as in ill or eill ^n='they three'. Though ill and eill are used
without distinction, ill is derived from illi, and eill from Ula,
whence ' *ella', ' ell', ' eill', which has not become ' aiU', as these
little words are proclitics. Against this etymology it is to be
noticed that ill implies illiy while eill postulates tila,

IMPAR, ' uneven, awry': W. amhar, given by Davies as mean-
ing 'labascens'; amhar-u, 'to impair, to faU into decay*. Der.
'impar': W. 'im-par*, 'ampar*, 'amhar'. The negative prefix in
is in Welsh an, which, as here, is sometimes substituted for it :
see also ' intervenio'.

IMPEEATOE, ' a commander, an emperor': W. ameravdivr
and ymerawdwr, written with mh or mm for m, according to the
vmter's fancy. Besides these, several other forms, more or less
archaic, are to be met with, as will be seen from the following
scheme of derivation, which needs no comment :

{•amperotr, amherodr, f amherawdwr, amerawdwr,
amherawdyr ( amherawdyr

•imperotr, ymherodr, | ymherawdwr, ymerawdwr,
ymherawdr \ ymherawdyr

INTERNA, 'the infernal regions': W. uffem, fem. sing., ' hell';
the S. W. colloquial form is more regular, yffem, or rather yr
yffem (='rinferno') with the definite article prefixed.

INITIUM, 'a beginning': W. ynyd, ' Shrove-tide'; regarded
possibly as initium qtuidragesimce, or the beginning of Lent.

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226 WELSH WORDS BORROWED

INTERVENIO ('intervenit'), 'I intervened W. athrywyn or
a<Aryt^?i-t4,'pugnantes et discordantes 8ejiingere'(Davie8). Der.

* interven-*: W. * *anterven-', * *antervin-', * *ant'r'vin-', * *antr'vin-',

* ♦athrivin*, ' athrywyn*.

ITALIA, ' Italy': W. Eidal, also Eidjal, on which see ' cera-
sium*.

JACOBUS, ' James': W. Jacob, in the lAb, Zandavensis fre-
quently ; Jctcou (=* Jacof) and Jagof, as well as Jaco, occur, but
the mod. W. is Jago,

JANUARIUS, * January*: W. Jonawr or Jonor. See ' Febru-
arius*.

*IH20f 2, 'Jesus': W. Jem, or rather YrJe8u=:6 "Irjcov^. Two
things show that Jesu is derived from the Greek 'Iiycrow, and not
from the Latin Jems, namely, the use of the definite article, and
the retention of the final syllable caused by the accent. As to
oO, it represented the sound of Latin fi, and is correctly repre-
sented in Welsh by the u,

'lOPAA'NHS (ace. 'lopSai^i;), 'the river Jordan': W. Jor-
ddonm, fern. This seems to be another decided case of a word
borrowed directly from the Greek, as it does not appear thatt/br-
danen is used as an accusative in Latin, but Jordaneni, the word
being of the third declension throughout in the Vulgate. The
Welsh implies that the a in 'Io/>&u^ is long, and so we find it
treated by Sedulius in his Carmen Faschale, —

lustra gerens placidam Jordanis ad undain.

Jorddonen is further modified into Urddonen and eveiiEiirddonen.

'IX1ANNH2, 'John': Welsh has several forms of this word,
as will be seen from the following derivation :

'Io>awi;9 : W. Jodn, Joan, Jdwan, Jewan

f Jeuan, *Jiwan, Iwan

( Jefan, *Jifan, Ifan.

The form Ifan becomes in English orthography Evan, one of the
most common names in Wales at the present day. It should be
pronounced as though it were E-^an, and is so pronounced by
the common people ; but the genteel way is to make it Ev-an.
Joan is Scriptiu'sd, and only semi-naturalised. Jeuan exists now
only as a bardic now, de plume. Not a long time ago Jefan seems
to have been in common use. Iwan and Ifan coexist in Car-
diganshire now, St. John's Day being indifferently called Gwyl
Ifan or 6wyl Iwan. Jowam, occurs written Jouan in the Lib.
Land, frequently, and in the Oamhro-BrUish Saints (87). In the
former it is also spelled Jouann (pp. 69, 73, 240, 263, 264), and
once Jovhan (p. 191).

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PKOM LATIN, ETC. 227

JUDiEUS, ' a Jew': W. Juddew (pronounced Iddeiv, and for-
merly so written). Der. * Judaeus*: W. ' *Judew' (dissyllable),

* * Juddew', * *Jiddew', * Iddew*. With ju becoming (Ji and) i in
' Iddew', compare iscell under ' juscellum*, also * Iwan* and ' Ifan'
under 'Iwaw/i;?. In the retention of the case-vowel, the Breton
Iitz^o or luz/v, pi. Itizevien, follows suit with the Welsh ; and
so, perhaps, does the French Juify ' Jew'; Juive, * Jewess'.

JUPITER (gen. 'Jovis'), 'Jove': W. Jau and Jou. The latter
is Dimetian, and archaic, though it holds its ground in the Welsh
Prayer Book.

JUSCELLUM/ broth': W. iscell, as in iscell dg Z/o, 'veal-
broth'. In Carnarvonshire we find in use iscell eira (also jwtes
eira), ' melted snow'.

LABOR (gen. * laboris'), ' toil, drudgery': W. llafur. L as an
initial is generally superseded in Welsh by the spirant II, for
an earlier lh\ to be compared with rA, which similarly takes the
place of initial r.

LAICUS (-a, -um), 'lay^: W. lleyg/ not ecclesiastical'; and in
the old Welsh of the Oxford Glosses we have leeces (for ^laicissa),

* a lay-woman'. Hence it appears that ' laicus' was treated as tri-
syllabic, and the d dealt with as mentioned under ' animal', and
not as in 'Grains'.

LAMNA, 'a plate, a blade': W. llafn, mas. The gender is
irregular. The derivation is 'lamna': W. 'lam'na,' 'llafn' (writ-
ten ' llafn'), ' llafan' (used in S. W., and the only form the word
takes in cyjlafan, ' a massacre').

LARGUS (-a, -um), ^of a generous disposition, liberal': W.
llary, of which Davies says, * Hary antiqui dicebant quod nos
llariaidd, mitis, mansuetus, comis'. Llarj-aidd has still this
meaning ; but llary has got to mean an idle, careless sort of a
man. If this etymology is right, the derivation is — * largus': W.
'larg', 'lar'g*, 'lar'gh', 'larigh', 'llari', 'llary'; whereas llarjaidd
(for Hlarg-ed) would be analogous, in its ji to arjan, which see
imder ' argentum'.

LATRO (pL 'latrones'), 'a thief: W. lleidr; coUoq. lleidir in
S. W., and Ueidar in K W.; pi. lladron. Der. ' latro': W. '*latro',
' *letro" ' *letr', ' net Y, ' *leit'r', ' lleid'r' (written ' lleidr), whence
lleidir and lleidar. On the change of a into e, see ' draco'.

LAURUS, 'the bay-tree': W. llawr^^ydd, 'bay-wood'.

LAXUS (-a, -um), ' loose': W. Hoes, * loose and long' (of dress);
O. W. Idis (Juvencus Codex), and am-lais (Oxford GL). Der.
' laxus': W. ' ♦lachs', ' lais*, ' Uaes'.

LAZUR (also 'lazurius* and ' lazulum') seems to have meant
the ' lapis lazuli*; also ' azure': W. llasar, ' blue, azure'. The sound

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228 WELSH WORDS BORROWED

of z being unknown in Welsh, is generally heard by a monoglot
Welshman as b, and treated as such.

LECTICA, * a litter or sedan': W. Ueiihig, 'a cushion for the
feet, a footstool'.

LECTIO, ' a reading': W. IIHK fern., ' a lesson from Scripture'.
Der. ' lectio': W. '*lecti', '*licti', '*lichth', ' *liith', * lllth'. Modem
t implies an etymologically long i, the short % having been regu-
larly changed into y.

LEGIO (gen. pL 'legionum'), *a legion': W. lleng, *a legion';
(Caer)lleon or (Caer)llion, also (Caer) Legion (=castra legionum),
' Chester* and * Caerleon on Usk'. Ng for g could only occur in
mere book-words, such as lleng and fflangeUy which see under
' flagellum'; while the derivation of Ueon or llion shows no irre-
gularity. In parts of N. W. Chester is called Oaer Lleon Gawr^
' the fort of Lleon the Giant*. It is edifying to read in the Welsh
Brvis that it was he who built Chester, which took place at the
time when the Queen of Sheba visited Solomon ; and that he
finds his all but forgotten virtues duly rescued from oblivion in
biographies of eminent Welshmen published by men who are
stiU living.

LEGO (ger. ' l^endum'), ' I read': W. /fe-w, ' to read'; lUn (wriU
ten also llmC), ' literae, doctrina, eruditio, literatura, disciplina'
(Davies) ; Ueenatog, * literatus*; darllen, ' to read*; darllen^d,
' (he) read*. Compare Breton le^n, ' lecture', ' action de lire,
chose qu'on lif , and the old Irish Itgend, ' to read*. As to Ue-^
there is no remark to make. The derivation of lUn is the follow-
ing: 'legendum': W. 'legend', 'legend*, 'leghen', 'lleen', 'llSn'.
Darllenodd is pronounced both dariliriodd and darllenodd. The
former is the more common ; but the latter is probably the more
correct. On the other hand, IMnor^ ' a man of letters', seems to
be modem, and directly formed from Z/en, without any trace of
the original accentuation. That we must, in the case of lUn^
start from legendum, seems to be placed beyond a doubt by the
Irish legendy on which see the Gram. Celt, p. 487 ; compare also
analogous cases under * construe*, ' offero', ' scribo'.

LEO, 'a lion*: W. lleio; I e., in S. W. Uhv, and in N. W. U^w,

LIBER, 'a book': W. Ihjfr.

LIGNUM, 'wood': W. llwyn, 'a groove*. See 'Carina*.

LIMA, ' a file': W. llif, ' a saw'; llif ddur, ' a file'.

LINEA, ' a line*: W. llin, fern., ' a line, a line of writing*; Uin-
yUy ' a string*.

LINTJM, 'flax*: W. llin, mas.

LIS (gen. 'litis*), 'strife, quarrel': W. Hid, mas., 'indignation,
anger*.

LITTERA (pL' litterae*), 'a letter*, and in the plural 'an epistle':

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FROM LATIN, ETC. 229

W. llythyr, ' letters of the alphabet^ as in llavm^llythyr^=i' fully
lettered, not abbreviated*; sing, llythyren, * a letter of the alpha-
bet'; llythyr, mas. sing., * a letter*, i. e., ' an epistle' (pL llythyrau
and llythron). This is left in undisputed possession of the ground,
as the other llythyr has been superseded by llythyrin-au, * letters
of the alphabet'. Der. 'litter©': W. 'lith'r', 'Uyth'r' (written
'Uythr'), 'Uythyr'.

LIXIVIUM, ' lye\- W. Ihisw; 0. W. lisdu or lisiu (Oxford
Glosses), i. e., lisiv or lisivK Der. ' lixivium': W. ' *licsivi^ ' lislw',
' leslw*, ' *lfesjw*, ' Idisj w', ' U^isw'. The disappearing of j is not
unusual ; but that an accented f should be tiius treated is by no
means common. Compare, however, the elision of i in ysprydy
which see under ' spiritus'.

LOCELLUS, ' a compartment in a locker or chest': W. Ihgell,
fem., * a pocket'.

LONGA ('navis*), 'a long ship, i. 6., a war-ship*: W. Uongy 'a
ship'.

LOKICA, ' a coat of mail': W. Unrig, mas.; also wrongly spelt
lluryg and llurug,

LUNA, * the moon': W. llun, as in dydd Llun, ' Monday'.

Arduireaue dev yssi vn a deu ...

Aanaeth maurth a llan. — Skene, A, B., ii, 13.

MACERIA, 'an enclosure, a wall': W. rruigwyr and mogtvyr;
the latter, which is the more regular form, is still to be heard
among the shepherds of Plinlimmon. On the change of mogwyr
into rtvagwyr, see ' corrigia'. The Welsh would seem to imply
* maceria', and not ' macSha'.

MACULA, 'a mesh': W. mojgl, 'a noose, a snare'.

MAGISTER, 'a master*: W. mdsir.

MAJOR, ' a house-steward': W. maxr; 0. W. mair (Oxford
Glosses). Major seems to have become successively ' ♦majir',
'mjdr*, 'maer': see '*Ic»ai/i^.

MA JUS, ' the month of May': W. Mai.

MALEDICO, ' I speak iU of, I curse': W. mdldig-o, ' to curse'.
The d in mdldigo and other words of the kind is historical, as
the aspirate II requires it to be soimded t

MALEDICTIO, * a cursing, malediction*: W.melldith, ' a curse'.

M A NGANELLUS, a M. Lat. diminutive from ' manganum' or
manganus', for fjborffavov/h machine for defending fortifications':
W. magnet, fem. (but mas. in Cardiganshire), *a cannon'; mang-
net was the form known to Davies.

MANICA, ' a tunic-sleeve', a manacle': W. maneg, ' a glove'.

MANTELLUM, M. Lat., ' a cloak, a mantle*: W, rtiaviell, pL
vi^ntylL

4th srr., vol. v. 16

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230 WELSH WORDS BORROWED

MARGARITA {fjLafjyafilvqsi), ' apeaiT: W. mererid or myrerid,
as in maen mererid, * a pearl'. A form, myrierid {^myrjerid),
given by Pughe is interesting as a parallel to arjan, which see
under ' argentum'.

MARIA {Uapla\ 'Mary': W. Mair, 'the Vii^n Mary'. Der.
• Maria': W. ' *Mari', ' *Meri', ' *Mer', ' Meir', ' Mair'. Possibly
Meir, in the leist line of the poem beginning 'Omnipotens Auctor'
in the JuvenciLS Codex, should be changed into Mer, as it is to
rhyme with haper and ctmer.

MARS (ace* Martem'), ' Mars': W.Matorih, as in dydd Matarth,
' Tuesday'.

MARTIOLUS, M. Lat., from 'martus', a hammer': W. mor-
thwyl, colloquially, morthwl, mvjrthwl, myrthwl : O. W. morthcl
(Oxford Glosses). Der. 'martiolus*: W. '^mortjol', 'morthjol',
' morthol', * morthwl' (whence ' mwrthwl' and ' myrthwl'), * mor-
thwyP. Morthwyl was arrived at by over-doing the effort to
avoid vulgar forms such as ' cinwll', ' c^lwdd', ' morwn', etc., for
' caiL^yll', ' celAvydd', ' morA\yn', etc. Now-a-days one often hears
'dis^wyth*, 'manwyl*, 'bygwyth', for 'dis^wth*, 'manwl*,
' bygwth', respectively.

MARTYR, fidprvp, 'a martyr': W.merthyr; also colloquially,
merihyl ; pi. merthyri or merthyron, Y is treated as L See also
' papyrus' and ' syllaba'.

MASSA, * a lump or mass*: W. mas, fem., which occurs in the
Oxford Glosses as a gloss on metallum, and in the Mid. W. of
the MaUnogi of Kulhwch ac Olwen (Mab. ii, 210), y/a$ {twym)
means (' the heated) mass'.

MEMBRANA, 'a skin prepared for writing': W. memrum,
mas., 'a parchment'. Der. 'membrana': W. *membr6n', *m^m-
bron', ' m^mrwn'.

MEMBRUM, ' a part, portion': W. mymr-yn, ' a small portion,
a particle'.

MEMOR, ' mindful, not forgetful': W. myfyr, ' meditabundus'
(Davies); myfyr-dod, 'meditation'. Der. 'memor*: W. **memor',
' *memir', ' ^imir', ' ♦mifir', ' myfyr*.

MENSURA, ' a measure': W. m£sur, mas., ' a measure, a mea-
sure of capacity equivalent to a bushel nearly*. The change of
gender puzzles ma If I am right in assuming the e of the Latin
word to be long, we have here a case of a long vowel preceding
the tone-syllable being shortened. See ' divinus'.

MENTUM, 'the chin': W. m^tnt, 'jaw, mouth'; mant-ach,
' toothless'.

METRUM (jiirpov), ' a metre, a poetical measure': W. mydr.

MERCURIUS, ' Mercury': W. Merchyr and Mercher, as in dydd
MercJier, * Wednesdav*.

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FKOM LATIN, ETC. 231

METUL A, ' anjiihing of a conical or p)rramidal shape': W.
mwdvjl, mas., ' a cock of hay', etc. If this be the origin of mivdwl,
as it is of its French equivalent meule, the derivation can hardly
be other than the following, — * metula': W. ' *metola', ' *mwydor,
' *mwydwr, * niwdwl*. The loss of the y must be acknowledged,
however, to be unusual ; but it is probable here if we may trust
Eichards* mivydylu, ' to make hay into cocks'.

MICHAEL (Mt^aiyX), 'Michael': W. Michel (and Michal), a
proper name not unusual in Wales ; Mihangel (t. «., * Mih-angel'
for **Mich-anger), of the same formation as the French Michel
Ange ; Italian, Michel Angelo ; to whom a good many churches
bearing the name ' Llan-fihangel* are dedicated. Michel seems
to indicate that the ae of Michael were treated as cp, on which
see ' Hebraeus*; the Welsh here borrowed from the Latin, and not
directly from the Greek.

MODUS, 'manner, mode': W. ?7w?(;?rf, * manner*; pi. moddjon,
' means to an end', a transition of meaning not hard to explain
considering the near relation between ' ways and means'.

MINAEIA, M. Lat, ' a mine': W. mynor, as in (maen) mynor,
' marble'.

MONACHUS (jiovtvxfk), * a monk': W. moncuk, mynaeh, or
manach; pi. monachod or mynachod; originally plurals of con-
tempt, the others being mynech or mendch, as in Llan y Mynech
and Castell Meneich. On the derivation of mynech and meneich,
see ' Ambrosius*. On manach see ' corrigia'.

MONUMENTUM, 'a monument, a family tomb': W. mon-
ment or mynment (also mynmen), fem., * a graveyard'; pi. monaienni
(Salesbury), now mynaientydd.

MOEUS, ' the mulberry tree*: W. mor-urydd,

MX1T2HS (ace. MaytMrfjv), ' Moses': W. Moysen, treated as M<nr
sen, and made ultimately into Moesen, Compare ' Jorddonen', on
which see 'IopSai/179.

MULTO, M. Lat.='vervex': W. mollt, 'a wether'; pi. myllt.

MTPI AS (gen. fivpuiZos;), ' a myriad': W. myrdd, Der. /Avpi-
i&>9 : W. ' ♦myrjad', * *myrad', ' myr'd*, ' myrdd'. On the disap-
pearing of the accented vowel, compare ' lixivium' and * spiritus'.

MUEUS, 'a wall*: W. mur,

MUTO, * I move, change*: W. miid-o, ' to change one's abode';
mud, ' the effects to be moved on such an occasion'.

MUX US (-a, -um), ' dumb': W. m^ad, ' dumb'; mvdan, ' a dumb
person'.

NATALICIUM, 'a birthday present', and in M. Lat. 'a birth-
day': W. Nadolig (Crist) or simply Nadolig, ' Christmas'; formerly
the more regular form, Nodolig, was used. See ' corrigia*. We

16»

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232 INSCRIBED STONE AT LLANGORS.

might expect Nadolyg, had not the form Nadolig the appearance
of ending with the favourite termination ig,

NEUTER (-a, -um), ' neither the one nor the other': W. neodr,
' neuter'.

NOTA, ' a mark': W. nod, mas.

NUMERUS, 'a number*: W. m/er. See 'caula'.

John Rhys.

{To he continued,)

NOTICE OF AN EARLY INSCRIBED STONE AT
LLANGORS, TALGARTH, BRECONSHIRR

We are indebted to the Rev. D. Lewis of Llan^rs,
Talgarth, for a notice and rubbing of an early inscribed
stone discovered when the old chancel-arch of the church
was pulled down. It is 2 feet in length, 10 inches in
width, and 2^ inches in thickness. On the face is a
rudely designed cross formed of double incised lines, the
head of the cross being enclosed within an ill-cut circu-
lar line. On either side of the stem of the cross are
rude attempts at interlaced ornamental ribbon-patterns,
much defaced, apparently from the irregular surface of
the stone. On tne right edge of the stone are two
inscriptions in early characters, probably of the ninth
or tenth centiH^y (if not earlier). They are evidently to
be read

+ gurci
bLenrys
and are two distinct proper names cut in different cha-
racters and in very different sized letters, those of the
first word occupying the whole width of the stone,
whilst those of the second word are only about three
quarters of an inch high.

The first word offers a certain analogy with "gur-
marc" of the Penarthur inscription,^ whifat the second
word is a curious mixture of small and capital letters,

* Archceohgia Camhrenns^ 3rd Series, vol. ii, p. 51.

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INSCKIBED STONE AT LLANGORS. 233

the r being of the true Anglo-Saxon form, whilst the
following letter is a Roman capital U with a tail at the
bottom of the first stroke instead of the second. I sup-
pose, however, that the ignorance of the sculptor in-
duced him to make the y in this manner.

I. O. Westwood.
Oxford : March, 1874.

P.S. — ^With reference to the criticisms of Mr. Rhys
upon my reading of the Pool Park stone {Archceologia
Cambrensis, January, 1874, p. 18), I have to remark
that my drawing was made from a gutta percha cast,
which shows the structural surface of the stone and the
actual carving of the letters most satisfactorily. On
examining this cast, it is auite clear that the second
stroke (that which follows tne s-shaped stroke, and has
its top turned to the left) is as decidedly an incised
stroke as any other in the inscription. It is united to
the end of the top of the s, its bottom ranges with the
bottoms of the other letters, and the left hand end of
its top can scarcely be said to be united to the upright
lateral incised line into which the bottom of the s is
extended. Regarding it, then, as a portion of the in-
scription, I can only consider it to be a portion of the
letter a curiously formed.

Next, with reference to the suggestion of Mr. Rhys,
that the next letters, as I read them, lAi, should be read
VM (the first stroke of the M being formed by the second
stroke of the v), I have to remark that the i is per-
fectly upright, and that the fourth stroke of the M, as
well as the firat, are slanting ; and I think, if the sug-
gestion of Mr. Rhys be correct, the i should be slant-
ing, thus \. Mr. JRhys admits that the bottom of the
angle where the i and M conjoin, gets very shallow.
The fact is, the bottom of the i is abruptly as deep as
the remainder of the letter; but the bottom of the first
stroke of the M is gradually shallowed.

Neither in my cast, rubbings, or drawings, was there

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234 EGLWYS Y GWYDDEL.

any indication of Ogham letters. It is to be hoped
that Mr. Rhys will give us a new figure of the stone
with its Ogham inscription, so as to show how far his
charge of inaccuracy against me is merited.

I. O. W.

EGLWYS Y GWYDDEL, MERIONETH.

To give any explanation of the origin and use of stone
circles, which will be considered generally satisfactory,
seems almost as diflBcult a task as that of squaring
them, although it is by no means easy to comprehend
why the former attempt should be apparently so hope-
less. One source of this difficulty may be the not dis-
tinguishing one kind of stone circle from another, and
taking it for granted that they are all identical in cha-
racter, and all intended for one and the same purposes.
Others, again, have persuaded themselves that the
number of stones of a circle is a point of great import-
ance, although up to this time what the normal num-
ber or numbers should be has not yet been ascertained.
A third hindrance to an impartial examination of the
question is the singular custom of assigning to Druidic
agency arrangements of stones or earthworks, the
nature of which is not understood. Much indeed has
of late years been effected in establishing more rational
and correct views as regarding our megalithic monu-
ments ; but there are still far too many who ding to
Druidic fancies, and, by etymological arguments in
which a fertile imagination too often plays the largest
part, manage to present to our view explanations of
proceedings and practices hitherto unknown and un-
supported by the earliest historic evidence. Thus we
learn that coit, quoit, or coet are other forms of coed
(wood), and that it was only in woods or groves that
Druids practised their religious rites and built their
altars, and hence the word coit or quoit denotes a crom-

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EGLWYS Y GWYDDEL. 235

lech, as especially in the instance of Kits Cotty House
in Kent, but as a rule these remains abound principally
where tiiere is neither wood nor traces of there ever
having been wood, although it cannot be denied but
that districts now treeless and wild wastes may have
once been covered with forests, and that, too, at no very
distant period of time. The fact, however, is the word
coit or quoit has nothing to do with coed a wood, and
cromlechs were not and never could have been altars.

Other examples might be given of this use of philo-
logical argument. Thus, although the common name of
Barton is generally supposed to mean the back premises
or yard attached to a mansion, it is in reality nothing
but the Gaelic barr-teine or harra-teine^ meaning the
height of fire, or rather the high court of justice fire,
and Britain or Britannia is merely another form of
Ban^ieine or Barrateine, contracted into Brataine ! By
the same process we learn Stanley is Staonadh-liay or
circle of stones. Stanton is Staon-keine or circle of fire.
Staines is staon-geis, or the circle of sorcery. By such
etymological manipulation it is clear any addition to
our Druidical knowledge can be manufactured to order.
Those who would hardly believe that such statements
can be seriously made may find still more extraordinary
examples in Druidism exhumed^ by the Rev. J. Rust.

Leaving alone, however, such ingenious arguments,
it will be better to depend on bare mcts and legitimate
conclusions derived therefrom, and the first and most
important one to be established is that, although there
are in existence stone circles differing more or less from
one another, yet there is only one proper one, namely,
that formed of a certain number of upright stones
placed at regular intervals from each other. It is evi-
dent this must have been intended to mark out a cer-
tain space, as more or less sacred according to circum-
stances. If it was intended to mark out a place of as-
sembly, or a court of justice, or a temple for religious
worship, these isolated stones would sufficiently mark
the boundary, not to be crossed except by those who

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236 EGLWYS Y GWYDDEL.

had anything to do with the assembly, or court of jus-
tice. The respect shown to the dead, and the care and
labour bestowed on the burial, if not of all, at least of
the more distinguished individuals, may fairly suggest
that no less respect would be paid to the circle of de-
tached stones when it enclosed a grave. In such case
these stones which stand around and at a short dis-
tance from the grave, play the same part as the posts
or other objects with which the inhabitants of some of
the South Sea Islands tahoo any particular spot, they
also adopting the circle as the simplest and easiest form.
There are, however, a few instances in Wales and else-
where where a low continuous wall of stones or bank
of earth connects detached stones, but as this wall or
mound is in all cases too low to have served as an effi-
cient fence, this addition may have been made by a
wish to invest the enclosed space with still greater
sanctity. In this additional wall or bank also were is
\isually no entrance, so that whenever it occurs it may be
assumed that the circle could not have been intended as
a place of meeting of any kind, judicial or religious. As
to the question whether stone circles were ever con-
nected with anything but graves, Mr. Stuart, in his
magnificent work on the Sculptured Stones ofScotlandy
ana more particularly in the second of the two volumes
(see Appendix to preface, pp. 22-42), has gone so fully
into the matter, and has collected such a vast amount
of authentic facts, all of which prove, beyond all ques*
tion, that these circles were connected with burial, that
most persons will probably consider the question set-
tled as far as it can be in our present state of knowledge
of such matters ; not, however, that it can be said that
there are no instances in which some doubt remains, as
in the case of the unique monument of Stonehenge; but
still they are so few that the exceptions may be tnought
to prove the rule — a rule he would lay down, both from
facts and analogy. Nor is the case different where
avenues are attached to circles, as was proved by the
finding at Callemish rude stone chambers, burnt bones.

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EGLWYS Y GWYDDEL. 237

etc., placing the sepulchral character of the group be-
yond all question.

Mr. Stuart has examined more of such circles, pro-
bably, than most men, and his experience seems to have
been uniformly the same. Even where no evidence of
burial yet remains it sometimes happens that record of
such does exist. Thus Mr. Stuart alludes to the im-
portant fact that when Camden visited the great circle
in the township of Addingham, called Little Salkeld,
in the county of Cumberland, and which was then,
aa it is still, known by the name of Long Meg and her
Daughters^ there were existing within it " two heaps
of stones, under which they say the bodies of the
slain were buried.'* Stukely subsequently found the
remains of these heaps, which of course he pronoimced
to be the sites of the sacrificial fires of the Druids. At
present not the smallest vestige of them is left, but it
18 highly probable that excavations conducted by prac-
tised hands like those of Mr. Stuart or Canon Green-
well would disclose additional evidence that this circle
once surrounded several graves.

There are other kinds of circle, which although very
different in structure, yet are still, probably, not unlike
aa to their intent and usage. Such, for example, is the
well known work of Mayburgh, near Penrith, which
consists of a circular space, surrounded with a steep and
high bank composed entirely of small stones. Its name
might to some seem to indicate that it had been a strong-
hold, but in that case the ditch would have been on the
exterior, whereas, as in the case of Abury, it is on the
inside. Abury itself, which is thought to be a corrupted
form of Aldbury or Oldbuiy, might on the same ground
be considered a military work, which it certainly is not
These two works, moreover, not only have in common
the high and strong vallum entirely surrounding them,
but at one time contained those stone chambers the
mutilated skeletons of which constitute our cromlechs.
As regards Maybury, all that now remains is one large
upright stone, but Stukely speaks of its having had

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238 EGLWYS Y GWYDDEL.

two circles, the interior one retaining four stones still
standing upright, but only one remaining in the outer
one. Others were, however, lying about, some within,
others without the circles, in addition to fragments of
others that had been broken up. Whether any of these
still lie buried beneath the surface is not known, as no
investigation of the ground has been recorded.

Taking Stukely's account as correct, there can be no
question that these two circles were connected with a
central chamber, if we may draw any conclusions from
analogy. The same thing occurs at Abury, only on a
much larger and more magnificent scale ; so that there
is in fact no essential difference between the two.
There are other examples, but, perhaps, not so import-
ant instances of a vallum or continuous mound of earth,
instead of the circle of detached stones surrounding
burial places. Abury is, moreover, exceptional, not
merely as regards its two avenues, but in having had a
circle of detached stones lining the inner face of the
vallum, thus combining the two systems in one.

Pennant visited May bury, but only one stone, as now,
was then standing. He adds, however, "There had
been three more placed so as to form witii the other a
square. Four again stood on the sides of the entrance,
viz., one on each exterior comer and one on each in-
terior, but, excepting that at present remaining, all the
others have long since been blasted to clear the ground"
{Tour to Scotland^ vol. i, 278). How he managed to
concoct all this arrangement, from the single remaining
stone, it is difficult to conjecture ; but not content with
this, he tells us the use of it was the same as that called
Bryn-gwyn at Trer (sic) Dry w in Anglesea, which he
translates ** into a supreme consistory of Druidical ad-
ministration,'' and that it was constructed similarly to
Maybury." He does not seem to have visited Bryn-
gwyn himself, as he only refers to the engraving of it in
Rowlands, p. 90, although nothing can be more imlike
than his arrangement at Maybury and Rowlands' view
of Bryngwyn, which latter is also very imlike the present

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EGLWYS Y GWYDDEL. 239

remains, as will be readily seen by a reference to the ad-
mirable account of the Rev. W. Wynn Williams in the
ArchcBologia Cambrensis (vol. 1872, p. 34). Pennant's
want of accuracy is not unknown, but his ingenuity in
this Druidical reconstruction is certainly remarkable.
The most probable part of his theory is the appear-
ance that the single stone had been one of four forming
a square, that is, a chamber in which the body or bodies
of the dead had been placed. He, however, does jus-
tice to the vast size of the stone vallum composed of
small stones taken from the bed of a neighbouring
stream, and which is quite as great a curiosity as the
earthen or chalk vallum of Abury, although much
smaller in every way.

Stone circles are constantly found within one another.
Sometimes three such concentric circles occur. In these
cases the arrangement of the stones of the interior
circles, where there are three such, is to be noticed, for
it will be uniformly found that the stones of the out-
most circle are placed at equal distances from each
other, and are also larger and higher than those of the
inner circles. The stones composing these two latter
ones generally touch one another; and if any gaps occur,
they are very irregular. These inner circles are the
remains of the base of a chambered cam which has been
removed, the space between them showing the thick-
ness of the original wall. Hence the stones of the
outer one are larger, as having to resist the thrust of
the superincumbent mass, which acted only vertically
on the inner one. The outer one of all, with regular
intervals between the stones, is the usual accompani-
ment of mounds of stone and earth, standing at a cer-
tain distance, and not touching the monument. The
most remarkable illustration of these circles will be
found at Clava in Nairn, where they exist in all vari-
eties,— some retaining the original chambers, others
exhibiting more or less completeness. It is called, as
often is the case with sepulchral remains, a temple ; and
there is no doubt but that from very early periods

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240 EGLWYS Y GWYDDEL.

indeed they have been considered as churches by the
country people, especially in parts of Scotland. Some
have even suggested that ** church" and " kirk" are only
other forms of "circus''; and it must be. alio wed to be a
very tempting piece of etymology, which, if admitted,
might help to show that iiiese primaeval remains have
been successively pagan temples and Christian churches.
But no such connection exists, or has ever existed, as
would probably have been the case, since missionaries
judiciously adapted what they found to their own
purposes ; much in the same way as fountains, once
objects of pagan cult, have been transformed into holy
wells. But in Western Europe the remains of our
earliest churches are invariably rectangular, while our
round churches are all more or less copies of the early
chiu-ch of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. Mr. Stuart
quotes Leland (vol. iv, p. 8) as an authority for some
ancient chronicler speaking of St. Martin s, near Canter-
bury, who states that it (or rather, probably, the lower
part of it) was built of bricks of great length and breadth,
after the British fashion ; and again, of St. Pancras,
where Ethelbert had once worshipped an idol, as "opus
exiguum structum tamen de more veterum Britanno-
rum." Mr. Stuart also mentions other churches of the
same early date, which could not, from what is recorded
of them, have been stone circles.

If these early stone circles had been pagan temples,
they would either have been modified, and used by the
first missionaries, or they would have been destroyed
by them, as directed bv so many orders of the early
councils. The missionaries have done neither, and there-
fore the fair inference is that circles were not con-
nected with heathen practices; while on the other hand,
if connected with the graves of the people and their
ancestors, they would be preserved and protected rather
than destroyed. Local traditions, therefore, as well as
an etymology of the kind of which we have given some
specimens, will not assist in disproving the conclusion
Mr. Stuart has drawn from an accumulation of substan-

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EGLWYS Y GWYDDEL. 241

tial facts, and which by fair analogy must be extended
to those circles which have not yet given up their un-
answerable evidences that they are the graves, or con-
nected with the graves, of our earliest ancestors. On
the other hand, all the statements about Druidic circles,
whether of worship or sorcery, or tribunals of justice,
or places of assembly, or any other purpose, civil or
religious, put forward with more confidence than author-
ity, must be considered as resting on no foundation of
any kind. We have a certain amount of facts about
Druids and their customs ; but how our stone monu-
ments are connected with them haa never yet been ex-
plained. Not the least sign of any such connection is
foimd in the earliest records in existence ; and where
such stones are mentioned as boundary marks, they are
simply called what they are, and never invested with
any Druidic title. Old Aubrey, in the time of Charles II,
is said to have first discovered that Abury was a temple
of the Druids, and Stukely, Rowlands, and others, fol-
lowed his example, until we have a fully developed
system of Bardic and Dracontian and other mysteries ;
to doubt the truth of which is often thought to be un-
patriotic, if not extremely impudent.

During the Meeting of the Association at Machyn-
lleth in 1866, a picturesque little stone circle in the
parish of Towyn was visited, an accurate representation
of which is given in the accompanjong illustration from
the pencil of Mr. J. T. Blight. It is situated on a small
plateau of rock at some small distance above the road,
and lies \mder a wall of rock on one side ; and on the
other, above a similar but less lofty wall below it. The
diameter of the circle is 26 feet, and the highest of the
upright stones 3 ft. 7 ins. They are six in number, and
were placed at regular intervals of a yard apart. Some
few are wanting ; but the regularity of intervals as well
as the character of the stones, show that this had been
the usual circle enclosing, but not touching, the central
cam or tumulus, and which in this case must have been
a small one. That it was not placed on the higher

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242 EGLWYS Y GWYDDEL.

ground as is more usual, may be explained, perhaps, by
the convenience of the little plateau nature had formed
there.

But the more singular circumstance connected with it
is its name, Eglwys y Gwyddel, or the church of the
Irishman^ which in the language of the day would mean
the church of which the Irishman was the incumbent.
If the name had been Eglwys y Gwyddyl, or the church
of the Irishmen, as we have Llan y Gwyddyl, the Llan
of the Irishmen, there would have been less peculiarity.
It is well known that in Wales traces of ancient
houses or walls are usually assigned to the Gwyddyl ;
but, besides this assignation, we have in this case a circle
converted into a church of this people. We are not
aware of any similar instance in Wales, but whether or
not so it is one more reason for not assigning too much
importance to local traditions of the kind, however
curious they may be. Thus the peasants to this day
point out a huge upright stone in the parish of Llan-
fair, near the cromlech of Wem Einion, as dedicated to
the smi, and to which victims were bound with iron
chains when burnt as sacrifices to that deity. That
such a story is an ancient one is probable from the
loneliness of that remote district, but that it has the
smallest foundation as to fact is incredible, even to our
more advanced Druids. Many other examples of simi-
lar curious stories might be mentioned, but as regards
them, as well as that of the Irishman's church, their
antiquity may be allowed, but their value in questions
like that of the stone circles is utterly worthless.

E. L. Barnwell.

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243

THE ST. CADFAN AND OTHER STONES.

On the 19th of May I waa able to have a look at the
so-called Cadfan Stone in the parish church of Towyn,
Merionethshire. A description of it is given by Pro-
fessor Westwood, followed by an interpretation by Ab
Ithel, in the ArchcBologia Cambrensis for 1850, pp. 90-
107. I agree with the Professor in reading (1) "C&ngen
celen" (the body of Cyngen) ; nor can I improve on nis
reading of (2), the only intelligible portion of which is
the name Adgan, which occurs in the Cambro-BHtish
SaintSy p. 88, in the form Atgan. OfAdgan, Ab Ithel
tried to make CWixx/i, which has hitherto been searched
for in vain on the stone. As to (3), I have not much
to say, excepting that I find traces of the former pre-
sence of an n finishing the line; so that the last word
was, if I am not mistaken, Marciaun, the name which
we now write Meirchion or Meirchiawn. That marciau
(marks) could not be Welsh of the ninth century, is evi-
dent to all who know anything about Old Welsh. On
(4) I find traces of an a before nitanam. This, with
the word above it, would read tricet anit anam^ " let
him (or it) remain without blemish". The person's name
is not intelligible to me ; and a further difiiculty arises
as to whether anit, which would be now onid, could
mean " without". Ab Ithel tried to make nit mean
'* without", which certainly looks impossible. Finally,
it hardly need be remarked that this stone remains a
crux. Repeated visits to it by our best archaeologists
would, pernaps, lead to its being eventually understood.
The next day I spent some time at the old inscribed
stone in the churchyard of Llanfihangel y Traethau.
This has also been discussed in the Archwologia Cam-
hrensis years ago, but I cannot give the reference. The
leading name on it was supposed to be Wledermatis,
which at first sight would seem to be right. The fol-
lowing is what I make of it :

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244 THE ST. CADFAN AND OTHER STONES.

(1). hoc EST SEPVXCJeVM WLEDER MATJZiB
(2). ODKLEV QFJ FBIUVU EDIP/CAV[IT]
(3). * hANC ECLESIA. (sic) :
(4). INTeJrPOaE(e?) EWINI BEGJ5.

Here the contractions have been extended, and put into
italics. They remind me of the Luxembourg Folio,
h with a dot above it stands for hoc ; L is inside the v,
and R inside the o; final M is indicated by a stroke
above the previous letter ; in wleder, the second E is
in the bosom of the L ; tri and pri are indicated by T
and P with a small i above them ; QVi is indicated by
Q with an i inside it ; tcmpore is written TePR with a
line above indicating a contraction ; so reg for regis,
with a similar indication of contraction ; eclesia is writ-
ten with one c,as implied in our modem egltoys (church),
the letters in the line being ecla, with a little i above
the L, and a horizontal s near it. No M is to be found,
unless it is indicated by a stroke which forms the top
of the S. After this one seems to detect three points
in a perpendicular line. The G in regis looks like a 6,
but I think it must be a y of some kind. The second e
in the last line is very doubtful, while the first is like a
Greek e with a perpendicular line grazing its three ends.
I failed at the time to imderstand the last line ; but
subsequent guessing has brought me to the above con-
jecture, whicn I find confirmed by the rubbing I took.
I should be glad if Mr. Breese of Port Madoc, or some
other member of the Cambrian Archaeological Associa-
tion who lives in the neighbourhood, would carefully
examine the stone.

Who was Owen the king ? Could he be the son of
Howel the Good ? Howel died in the year 948, accord-
ing to Brut y Tywysogion; and Owen, in 987. There
seems no primd facie objection to this period as the
approximate date of the inscription. The name Wleder
might be expected to be Gwledder in modem Welsh ;
but I have failed to identify it. Davies' gwlgddy " lenis,
mitis", would offer us the means of explaining it. With
Odelev one fares not much better ; but the name seems
to be involved in Edelyv-on^ which occurs in the Liber

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ST. CADFAN AND OTHER STONES. 245

Layidavensis, p. 237; but not without a variant Edelylh
on, which may, perhaps, owe its existence to the mis-
reading of 6 for t; in the original charter. The inscrip-
tion occurs in a part of wie Principality which has
Breton traditions, and perhaps some one of our Breton
fiiends will be able to establish a claim to Wleder^ and
Odelev. I must confess I have looked in vain into the
indices to the Cartulaire de Redon for Breton names
in point ; but a native might have other resources.

Last summer I visited a stone in the neighbourhood
of Whitland, on which I read

QVENVENDAN m FILI BARCVN w

This Professor Westwood makes into cmenvendan m
in the Archceologia Cambrensis for 1871, p. 256. Now
I take Qvenvendam to be a derived form from Qvenvend,
which I would regard as the prototype of the later
Penwyn (Whitehead) which I have met with some-
where, and equate with the Irish name Cenjinn : nay,
Qvendendani is matched by an Irish Cenjinnany to
which the Annals of the Four Masters offer a most
satisfactory parallel in Ceandubhan. The great interest
of the early Welsh form attaches to the fact that here
we have the later pen, *'head," preceded by qven-,
which one need not hesitate to place by the side of
maqV'i for the later map, mdb, " son."

At Gwnnws near Ystrad Meurig, Cardiganshire, there
is an inscription in Hibemo-Saxon characters ; it reads
(with the contractions eKteuded),Qiiicunque explicauerit
hoc nomen det benedixionem pro anima Hiroidil jilius
Carotinn. This stands on the right hand side of a cross,
the upper part of which is enclosed in a circle. Now this
cross seems to be also the nomen, for a cross,^ given in
plate Lxxi by Stuart in \i^^ Sculptured Stones of Scotland,
explains it : there, a diminutive ornamentation attached
to the top of the cross distinctly forms the latter part

^ Af1;er this had been put into type, I came across the name
Wleder in the Mabinogion (ii, 212), where mention is made of a ladj
called " Qrvrenwwhdyr raerch waledar kyrvaoh".

4th 8BR., VOL. V. 17

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246 ST. CADFAN AND OTHER STONES.

of an B ; thus the cross and this addition make a mixed
Greek and Latin monogram XR for the more usual
XP*=X/)t<TT09. Whether the particular appendage I
have just alluded to is to be found attached to the cross
on the Gwnnws stone I cannot say, as it never occurred
to me to look for it. The name Carotinn admits of being
equated letter for letter with the Irish name Cairthinn.
I find a Cairthinn Finn among the descendants of
Cormac Cas, and Samhair, daughter of Oisin {Battle
of Magh Leana, p. 174). More to the north of Cardi-
ganshire there is a farm, about two miles from Ponter-
wyd, called Nantcaredin or Nantc{a)redyn^ which is
commonly supposed to be Nant cae y rhedyny but it
seems not improbable that Caredin is the modem form
of our Carotinn. Hirotdil=Hir-oidil, where oidil pro-
bably stands for Gtioidil^ which occurs as a man's name
in the Liher Landavensis, pp. 200, 202 ; hir is of course
the ordinary adjective meaning " long."

On the 6th of June last I paid a second visit to the
old inscribed stone at Llanaelhaiam, about four miles
from Chwilog station. On my former visit I read it —

ALHORTVGEIMETIACO
HIO lACET

but I had gi'ave doubts as to the o, and as I had not
duly taken into account the red lead with which the
letters had been filled, I thought it right to visit the
stone again. The second character contains all the
lines necessary to make a conjoint lh, but there is no
lead in the line forming the bottom of the L ; if this is
to be taken as a sure indication, the reading is simply
H as read by Professor Westwood in the Archceologia
Cambrensis for 1867, p. 342. What I read as G he
read as s, but a line at the top of it would make it into
a good Hibemo-Saxon g, but the said line shows no
trace of red lead, and as the G would be out of keeping
with the rest of the letters I have no doubt that the
right reading is s. Unfortunately the red lead is at
present not to be depended very much upon, for I can
find no trace of it m the letters Hic lAO, though no

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ST. CADPAN AND OTHER STONES. 247

doubt it was once there, as it appears now in the two
succeeding letters. On the whole I would represent
the inscription thiis at present :

A^ORTV SEIMETIAOO
HlC lAOET

This is the only instance I know of icicet on a Romano-
British stone ; the usual form is iacit. As to the pro-
per names, Alhortu is a diflScult form, while Ahortu
could hardly help being the prototype of the poetic
word ehorth also eorth, which according to Davies meant
studiosuSy sedulus, assiduus. As to Seimetiaco it is pro-
bably to be divided into Sei-metiaco: set is perhaps
identical with the name Sei-i in the Camhro-British
SaintSy p. 87 ; in p. 89 the same name seems to have
become Soy. What can metiac- be, is the next ques-
tion ; in modem Welsh one would expect it to be meid-
iogy but this is known to me only in the names of such
plants as yfeidiog las, y feidiog Imyd, y feidiog rudd
(see Davies' Botanologium), from which one who is
more skilled in botany may be able to extract the
meaning of the word meidiog, or, possibly, heidiog : by
the way the latter reminds me of bidog, ** ensiculus,
gladiolus, sica, parazonium, gesum!' (Davies). Other-
wise metiaco would seem to be a derivative from Old
Welsh met'i, " to reap ;" modern Welsh med-i.

In Stuart's Sculptured Stones of Scotland, vol. ii, p.
72,' we have an account of the so-called Catstane of
Kirkliston. The reading according to him is

IN oc T...
MVLO LAG...
VETTA F...
VICTI..,

Earlier readings, I believe, give iacit in full, which
would tend to show that it is Cimric : its formula is to
be compared with that of the Trawsfjmydd stone, which
reads, " Porius hie in tumulo iacit homo xpianus fuit.''
Now, if the stone is Cimric, it is probably to be read in

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248 ST. CADFAN AND OTHER STONES.

00 TVMVLO lACIT VETTA FILIA VICTI (query VICTORINl) ;

the identification, which I have read somewhere, of
Vetta with the name of a warrior of the Hengist and
Horsa lot, is in any case utteriy groundless as far as I
can see.

Another stone in Scotland, namely that at St. Vi-
geans, near Arbroath, is very carefully given in the se-
cond volume of the same work ; plate cxxviii contains
a full size representation of it. The letters are Hiberno-
Saxon, and have usually been incorrectly read. Stuart s
reading is

drosten

ipeuoret

ett forcus

i. e., Drosten, Ipeuoret, and Fergus. Forcus is more
Goidilic than Cmiric, but the reverse seems to be the
case with the other two names, the nearest Goidilic
form to Drosten, being Drostdn, and as to Ipeuoret
the uoret part of it is very common in Welsh names ;
but what is ipe ? The vowels do not favour our
equating it with epo in the Gaulish EporedoriXy Epo-
manduuSy etc. On the whole I would regard it as
standing for amhiy whence ahhiy apt, ipiy ipe (on p for
mh, see my "Etymological Scraps" in the Revue Celtiquey
vol. ii, p. 188). It is more probable, perhaps, that the
m was to be indicated by a line above the i, and that
it was forgotten by the scribe — the reading meant
would be in that case impeuoret. In either case we
should be entitled to infer an earlier form amhivoret, or
ambivaret. The corresponding Welsh of the present
day is ymwared, "deliverance, rescue," which recalls
such names as Patience and Virtue : it is probable, how-
ever, that an inflectional language found no diflSculty
in keeping apart by difference of declension such ab-
stract and proper nouns as these. After penning these
remarks it occurs to me that Caesar mentions a Gallic
tribe called Amhivareti.

John Rhys.

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249

Sib Stephen B. Gltnke. — In the death of Sir Stephen B. Gljnne,
Bart., F.S.A.y Lord Lieutenant of Flintshire, our Association has
to record the loss of one of its earliest and most steadfast friends,
one whose reputation as a learned antiquary and archsBologist may
best be estimated from the fact that when the Association was
formed, twenty-eight years ago, he was selected to be its first
president, an office which he filled with much advantage to our
then infant but now vigorous Association in the years 1847 and
1848. And in after years our annual meetings have enjoyed, on
many an occasion, his familiar, and always welcome, presence as
one of its vice-presidents. For although naturally of a peculiarly
quiet and retiring disposition, yet his extensive acquaintance with
all matters of archasology, and especially his profound knowledge
of church architecture, gave him a kind of public character, and
made his presence gladly hailed at our own and similar gather-
ings. Probably no man living had visited so many of the churches
in the kingdom, or retained so clear a memory of their distinctive
features, as did Sir Stephen ; and the Handbook of Eodenology^
which he compiled for the Cambridge Camden Society, has been
of eminent service to the students of ecclesiastical architecture.
But archaaology was not his only forte ; his knowledge of church
music was great, and his taste of no mean order. A high church-
n[ian, well read in theology, but strongly opposed to some of the
later developments of the school, he took an active interest in all
matters affecting the welfare of the Church, and probably no lay-
man was more constant or devoted in his attendance at diocesan
and educational meetings for promoting its efficiency. Few men
have passed away so suddenly and so thoroughly respected, and
few will be so greatly missed among all classes as Sir Stephen
Qlynne.

John Pughe. — The Association has sustained another loss in the
person of Mr. John Pughe, one of its earliest members, and for
many years one of its Local Secretaries for Merionethshire, who
died on the 9th of April last, at the age of fifty-nine. He success-
fully practised medicine at Aberdovey for many years, and was a
Fellow of the Boyal College of Surgeons ; but he was more exten-
sively known as the able translator of MeddygonMyddfai, which he
undertook for the Welsh MSS. Society, and which was published
by that association in 1861. Mr. Pughe was also the author of
Eben Fardd, and some other minor works in the Welsh language.
He was a thoroughly patriotic man, and took the liveliest interest
in the antiquities of hu country.

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250

Correspontience^

TO THE EDITOB OF THE ABCHJEOLOOIA CAMBRENSIS.

LLANDDEW.

Sir, — My attention not baying been called in time to tbe observa-
tions of your correspondent, " Cbeeticus," on my " Notes on tbe
Parisb of Llanddew," wbicb appeared in tbe ArcJuBologia Oambrensis
for Jnly, 1873, I was'nnable to reply to tbem in tbe last impression
of yonr Jonmal. I sball, tberefore, be obliged by yonr insertion of
tbe following remarks in yonr next issue.

" Cbbeticus" gives me credit for attempting more tban I lay any
claim to. He says tbat be does not tbink tbat I bave succeeded in
making ont a case in favour of '* Llanddew'' being a contraction of
'^ Llanddewi". In tbis conjecture be may be rigbt ; and it is quite
possible, I tbink, tbat be may be wroug, notwitbstanding bis observ-
ations, wbicb display considerable researcb ; and for wbicb, as one
desirous of arriving at tbe true etymology of tbe word, I beg to
thank bim. All I attempted in my remarks on tbe derivation of
" Llanddew" was simply to state tbe arguments wbicb bad been
adduced by previous writers on tbe subject ; and baving done tbis,
I ventured upon tbe following observation: "Witbout, bowever,
presuming to decide wbicb of tbese derivations is tbe correct one, I
am disposed to tbink tbat tbe balance of probabilities is in favour
of * Llanddew' for ' Llanddewi' (tbe cburcb of St. David) ; and tbis
view is strengthened, if not fully confirmed, by an entry made in
a register at Abergwili so far back as tbe fourteenth century, in
wbicb Guy de Mona, who was elevated to the see of St. David in
1897, and who then resided at bis Palace at Llanddew, is described
as tbe Lord Bishop of Llanddew, otherwise Llanddewi.''

" Cereticus," however, deals more confidently with tbe matter,
and has no doubt as to ihe correct derivation. Let us see bow be
decides the question. Li the first place he observes : '* A.n unknown
registrar of the latter end of the fourteenth century is not quite the
person to appeal to in a case of this sort ; but if the conjecture of a
medisBval writer is to decide the question, I confess to a bias in
fa50Ur of a well known scholar like Giraldus Cambrensis, who tells
us that * Llanddew' is equivalent to 'Llandduw' (the church of
God).** On this point I must beg to differ from your correspondent.
The record of a registrar, unknown though he be, who simply states
the fact that Llanddew at the time he wrote was otherwise known
as Llanddewi, appears to me to be of more value in a case of this
sort than the bare opinion of even the distinguished (Jiraldus, who
wrote in Latin, and whose orthography of Llanddew (" Landeti
ecclesia Dei sonat") would certainly not lead one to regard him as
a Welsh authority. Again, to suppose, as " Ceeeticus" does, that
the circumstance of Llanddew being at the time one of tbe resi-

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CORRESPONDENCK. 251

deuces of the bishops of St. David's, suggested to the contemporary
of De Mona the derivation he gives, is perfectly gratnitons.

" Cereticus" next observes that Mr. Theophilus Jones, one of the
learned authorities I quoted, possessed no better means of informa-
tion on the subject than we do, and that, therefore^ his opinion did
not affect the question. I fear " Ceebticus," by this observation,
cuts the ground from under his own feet ; for if the strong argu-
ments of the historian of Brecknockshire, because he did not possess
better means of information on the subject than we do (and it can-
not be denied that he possessed at least as good), are, therefore, to
be regarded as an opinion which does not affect the question, what»
then, become of " Cebetious's'' arguments and opinions ?

I am disposed to give every consideration to the form " Llanddwj",
which appears in the Welsh poets quoted by "Cereticus", and which
he assumes is an abbreviation of ^'Llanddwyf; but as poets are pro-
verbial for their licences, their evidence must be taken for what it
is worth. At all events the form " Llanddwy" is equally open to
the assumption that it is an abbreviation or corruption of " Llan-
dewy", a form that is found in a statute book of St. David's, dated
10th March, 1379 (almost a century earlier than the time of the
poets above quoted), in the time of Bishop Houghton. In that
statute are mentioned among the possessions of the prelates of the
see, '* manerium exile de Braan tantum pro agricultnra et manerium
de Llandewy in partibus Brecon." And among the chattels which
every bishop was to transmit to his successor were, " in manerio de
Braan unam cam cam et octo boves in manerio Llandewy 2 oaruoas
et 16 boves." And as an illustration of how little reliance can be
placed upon the poets for the decision of a disputed point in ortho-
graphy, I quote a passage from a poem in the works of Lewis Olyn
Cothi, edited by Gwallter Mechain and Tegid :

Llewod Morgant, blant un blaid,
Ger bron gwyr y w Barwniaid.
A Hew henddoeth gwyr Llan-Dduw,
Yw'r Barwn doeth ger bron Duw.

Here the poet calls the church of St. David's, Brecon, Llan-Dduw ;
and in a note at the foot of the page the editors make the following
remark: "Llanvaes or St. David's, a church and parish adjoining
the town of Brecknock. It is also called Llan Dduw, corruption of
Llan Ddew, and both from Llan Ddewi."

Finally, " Cereticus" asserts that " the church of Llanddew has
no connection whatever with Dewi, and that there is not a single
example in the whole Principality of a church called after his name,
which is at the same time dedicated to the Holy Trinity." The
latter assertion I can readily admit ; but this is begging the whole
question. What is there to prove that Llanddew is really dedicated
to the Holy Trinity ? It is true that Professor Bees, in a note at
the foot of p. 325 of his Welsh Saints (and I speak with due defer-
ence to that excellent authority), assumes that because the parish
wake is, or rather was, held on Trinity Sunday, the true etymology

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252 CORRESPONDENCE.

is '* Llanddtfu^'' (the cbarcb of God) ; but tbis cannot be considered
as condnsive, for numerous instances can be cited in wbicb the
parish wake is held on other days than that of the patron saint.
Besides, Carlisle and others state that Llanddew is dedicated to
St. David. Until, therefore, " CEEETicus^or some one else famishes
some better proof tosabstantiate his theory, the tme derivation of
" Llanddew*' must remain as undecided as ever.

In respect to the assertion that Llandrindod in Radnorshire and
Llandow in Glamorganshire, were originally called Llanddow, I
can only say that it would be much more satisfactory if your corre-
spondent had furnished some better proof than is found in a bare
assertion. In brief, until the case is clearly made out, I question
whether there is, not only in the Principality, but in Christendom,
a single example of a Christian church dedicated to the First Person
in the Holy Trinity.

I am. Sir, very truly yours, J. Lanb Da vies.

Llanddew Vicarage : May 25th, 1874.

DERVEL GADARN AND FATHER FORREST.

Sm, — " Every dog has his day", and so, it may well be believed,
has every historical fiction, since Mr. Breese, to whom I, for one,
feel greatly indebted, has been successful in at length tracing to ita
true source, in the brain of Ellis Price (" Y Doctor Coch'*), the
calumny against his countrymen, that they ever believed in the
blasphemous nonsense that the saint '* bathe power to fatche them
cute of Hell when they be dampned".

The tradition respecting Dervel is that he was a knight who fought
against the Saxons in the fifth or sixth century, and devoted the
latter part of his life to religion, on the spot where the church
named from him stands, and which he may possibly have founded.
That what is called his "image" was a figure representing him on
horseback, carved in wood, seems probable from the fact that a por-
tion of the horse is still preserved in the church ; and the gpreater
its antiquity, the greater the loss inflicted on archaeology by those
who carried it away and burnt it under pretence of a superstitious
reverence attached to it.

Who was the author of the alleged prophecy that the " image
should set a whole forest on fire", does not appear from the " Red
Doctor's" letters, but I have little doubt it was coined in the same
mint. It is to be regretted that the tone of Mr. Breese's narrative
is such as to intimate that he considers it worthy of credit, or to
warrant the inference that the rector and parishioners of Llandderfel
were actuated by no higher motive than that of lucre in seeking to
rescue from the spoiler the time-honoured statue of their patron
saint. Nor does it appear altogether right or just that the asper-
sions of such veracious and virulent chroniclers as Hall and Fox on
the memory of the meek and holy Franciscan, Father Forrest, should
be passed in perpetual repetition from pen to pen, as though their
mere assertions were to be assumed as true without any calculation

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CORRESPONDENCE. 253

of their intrinsic value or probability. The general credibility of
Fox the martyrologist has long since been scattered to the winds
by Dr. Maitland. It is not always, however, that the means are
forthcoming of bringing particular statements of his, or of other
partizans of that age, to a crucial test. By a happy accident, how-
ever, if the discovery by Miss Agnes Strickland of the narrative of
a contemporary foreigner may be so termed, such means are afforded
ns in the present instance ; and as what she says upon the subject
in her Life of Queen Katharine of Arragon, whose confessor Father
Forrest had been, will occupy no great amount of space, and is
necessary to complete its elucidation, I trust I need make no further
apology if 1 conclude with an extract from it :

The persecution Henry was carrying on against the unfortunate Father
Forrest, Katharine*s former confessor, caused inexpressible anguish to her
at Kimbolton. The only information on this subject is to be found in the
Church Hittory of Pollino, from which we extract this passage : ** But
chiefly was to be deplored the barbarous cruelty used against the yenerable
old man, Father John Forrest, who had been confessor to the Queen, and
for this reason was one of the first of her friends who were incarcerated.
He had been thrown into hard durance ; and for two years had the old
man remained among thieves and persons of infamous characters, and had
endured the cruellest torments. Queen Katharine, who considered herself
the cause of his intolerable miseries, felt herself obliged to write to him,
saying * how much the thought of his sufferings grieved her and moved her
to pity, and to write him a letter of comfort, although she dreaded lest it
should be intercepted and occasion his death.* Nevertheless he safely
received it when in the prison of London called the Porta Nfiova (Newgate).
He answered it by a letter of which the following is an abstract :

'' Serenest Queen and Daughter in Christ,

^' Tour servant Thomas gave me vour Majesty's letter, which
found me in great affliction, yet in constant hope of release, by means of
death, from the captivity of this miserable body. Not only did your letter
infinitely comfort me, but it excited in me patience and joy.

*' Christ Jesus give you, daughter and lady of mine, above all mortal
delights, which are of brief continuance, the joy of seeing his divine pre-
sence for evermore I Remember me in your most fervent oraisons. Pray
that I may fight the battle to which I am called, and finally overcome, nor
give up for the heavy pains and atrocious torments prepared for me. Would
it become this white beard and these hoary locks to give way in aught that
concerns the glory of God ? Would it become, lady mine, an old man to
be appalled with childish fear, who has sixty-four years of life, and forty of
those has worn the habit of the glorious St. Francis ? Weaned from terres-
trial things, what is there for me if I have not strength to aspire to those
of God ? But as to you, lady mine, and daughter in Christ, sincerely be-
loved, in life and death I will continue to think of you, and pray God in
his mercy to send you from heaven, according to the greatnooS of your sor-
rows, solace and consolation. Pray to God for your devoted servant, the
more fervently when you hear of horrid torments prepared for me.

** I send your Majesty, for consolation in your prayers, my rosary, for
they tell me that of my life but three days remain 1*^ (Pollino, pp. 126-29.)

The situation this unfortunate man had held, as confessor to Katharine,
was the origin of his persecution, the King being desirous of forcing from
him some admission that his Queen might have made in confession, which

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254 CORRESPONDENCE.

would authorise the divorce in a greater degree. Abell, the Queen's other
confessor, was detained in as crud confinement, and both were put to the
most horrible deaths. Father Forrest was burnt alive in a manner too
horrible for description ; but, contrary to his own anticipations, his dread-
ful doom was not executed till two years after the death of the Queen.

Pollino says that the Signora Lisabetta Ammonia (probably Elizabeth
Lady Hammond), the faithful lady of the Queen, wrote a letter to Father
Forrest, Informing him of the continual tears and grief that oppressed
Katharine on his account ever since his sentence : '^ That the Queen could
feel no ease or comfort till she had sent to him to know whether there was
aught she could do to avert from him his fate"; adding 'Hhat she herself
was languishing under incurable infirmity, and that the fury and rage of
the King would infallibly cut short her life. It was but last Monday the
King hvA sent some of his council to the Queen's house to make search for
persons or things he thought were hidden there ; and his agents, with faces
full of rage, and angry words, had exceedingly hurried and terrified Queen
Elatharine." Forrest sent word '' that in justification of her cause he was
content to suffer all things". He wrote in a similar strain to his fellow-
sufferer Abell, and to many domestics of the Queen who had excited the
wrath of the King for their extreme attachment to her. {Livei of the Queent
of Englandf by Agnes Strickland, vol. ii, pp. 550-552. London, 1852.)

So much for " the account given in the words of the old chron-
icler", that "this friar... so nupacientlj took his death, that no man.
that ever put his trust in God never so unquietly nor so ungodly
ended his life. If men might judge him by his outward man, he
appeared to have little knowledge of God and His sincere truth,
and less trust in him at his ending.''

From the gentle zephyr of mystified credulity that would waft to
posterity with unhesitating acceptance the shadowy tales of party
" chroniclers" and creatures of tyrannical governments, paid to
justify and execute at all hazards their ruthless and arbitrary deeds,
may we all of us ever hereafter be delivered, is the earnest prayer of,
Dear Sir, yours feithfully, H. W. Lloyd.

INSCEIPTIONS.

Sib, — ^With regard to Mr. Brash's letter in your April number, I
deeply regret to find that he sees in my correspondence personal
allusions, by no means complimentary to himself; but this can
hardly be so, for I can assure you that I know absolutely nothing
about Mr. Brash beyond what I have learned from his own pen ;
nor do I see that I have made any unfair use of the infoimation
thus obtained. But if I have expressed my dissent from him on
certain points in rather strong terms, that, I think you will agree
with me, is not to be entirely laid to my charge, and I most cor-
dially endorse Mr. Brash's view as to the impropriety of making
your Journal a vehicle of unpleasant recriminations. Yours truly,
John Rhts.

BEAVINIUM.

Sir, — In your last number appears a letter signed R. W. B., de-
scribing some very interesting discoveries of Roman remains at

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CORRESPONDENCE. 255

Leintwardine, and recognising that place as the Bravinium of the
Antonine Itinerary. The writer describes some vestiges of a ram-
part and fosse still existing near the church. It may be of value to
some of your readers, to state that in a work called Britannia Ro-
mana^ published at Oxford, 1 724, by " John Pointer M. A., Chaplain
of Merton College, in Oxford, and rector of Slapton, in Northamp-
tonshire," it is stated at p. 54, that the Roman camps in Hereford-
shire are as follows :

" In Dindar parish, near Hereford, is a camp called Oyster Hill^
another at Lanterdin^ between this county and Shropshire ; another
at Ledbury.^*

This appears to show that at that time (1724) the remains of a
Roman camp were conspicuous at Leintwardine. The position of
the town at the confluence of two rivers, the distance from Wroxe-
ter on the one hand, and Kenchester on the other, seem conclusive
(since the discovery of remains) of Bravinium being in this locality.

The vestiges at the present day of the camp are doubtless slight,
for on visiting the church in 1856 1 certainly failed to recognise any
trace of the intrench men t in its vicinity.

The discovery, however, is one of the most interesting made in
the neighbourhood for many years, and I trust will give rise to fur-
ther researches on the site. Yours, etc.

W. Thompson Watkik.

GRAVES OF THE WARRIORS.

Sir, — In certain old triplets called "Beddau Mil wyrTnys Piydain",
the burial-places of famous warriors are mentioned. It would go a
great way towards proving the authenticity of these lines were the
places mentioned therein identified, and a careful search made for
the resting-places of these noted men of old. There are at least three
places in one part of Carnarvonshire which bear names similar to
those given in these verses, viz., the district in the neighbourhood of
the Penrhyn Quarry, and the places are Corbri, Tryfan, and Glydar.
Perhaps other readers of the Archceologia Oamhrensis are able to
point out places having names resembling those mentioned in these
triplets of the graves, and by their recording the same in the Journal,
ultimately a fairly complete list could be made thereof; and
should they meet with any tumuli or carneddau in these places, the
discovery will be of great interest. I will briefly describe the three
places just mentioned.

Corbri is a farm within a short distance of Llanllechid Church.
It stands on rising ground, from which a rather extensive view is
obtained. In the following triplet the place Corhre is mentioned,
which I consider near enough in sound to Corbri to allow of its being
recorded.

Bedd Ceri Gleddyf hir yog ngodir Hen Eglwys

Tn y diphwys graeandde

Tarw torment ym mynwent Corhre,

There is no tradition of a churchyard having been on the Corbri
grounds, nor of a church.

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256 CORRESPONDENCE.

Tryfan is a conical hill on the south side of Ogwen Lake. Its sides
are precipitous and covered with huge stones resting one npon the
other. The sammit can be reached in one direction. On the top are
two erect stones which from the road appear like two men. There
is a small patch of level ground on the top. The triplet runs thus :

Bedd mah Osvran yn Camlan,

Wedi llawer cyflafan,

Bedd Bedwyr yn allt Tryfan,

Which may be thus translated :

In Oamlan lies brave OsTran's son,
Who many bloody conflicts won.
In Tryfan's steep and craggy womb,
Uprais'd with stones is Bedwyr's tomb.

Or, literally, " The grave of the son of Osvran, after many conflicts,
is in Oamlan. The grave of Bedwyr, in the ascent of Tryfan." I
quote from Williams' Observations on the Snowdon Mountains. If
Bedwyr is buried in the steep of Tryfan, it is difficult to ascertain
the spot, for the whole hill-side is one mass of large stones. Per-
haps, though, this Tryfan is not the one honoured with Bedwyr's
grave.

Qlydar, — This is a hill connected with Tryfan by a ridge. The
top is strewn with large stones carried by the Snowdon glacier.
Wlien up there I failed to find any artificial arrangement of stones.
The author last quoted appears to have detected something resem-
bling a cromlech on Glydar Fach. He writes : " What is also very
remarkable, we find on that part called Glydar Fach an uncommonly
large Druidical altar or monument, or what we call cromlech : at
least it very much resembles those structures. Many (and among
them Mr. Pennant) consider it as a monument of that sort, though
there are others who conceive it to be only a part of the mountain,
and the work of chance." After a few remarks he gives the stanza,
with translation, as follows :

Piau y bedd yn y Givdar

(Tra bu, ni hu Eiddilwr

Bedd Ebediw am Maelwr).
That is

On QIydar*s height behold the grave
Of Ebediw, that hero brave,
Whose matchless prowess, clad in steel,
Oft made the foe bia vengeance feel.

A day could be spent on the Glydars with much pleasure, even if
the grave be not found. A patient, careful search may, however,
result in discovering a cistvaen^ or some other memorial of the dead.
A hasty ramble over these hills would be worth nothing. The view
from the top is delightful. Down beneath is Nant y Ffrancon Pass,
but a terrible leap must be taken before it is reached. The author
of Hynafiaethau Llandegai a Llanllechid^ after whom I have quoted
the Gorbre triplet, thinks that the grave may be somewhere on the

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 257

hilL I have had the pleasure of accompanying Mr. Hughes in his
rambles among the hills, and a portion of one daj we spent together
on the Qljdar, but found nothing. *

I remain, yours truly, E. O.

9rci)seological j^oteis anH ^nttits.

Note 38. — Customs op the City op Herepord : Full Age. — Among
the documents included in the Record of Carnarvon is a certificate
of the bailiff of the city of Hereford, dated 22 Edward III, of the
customs of that city, addressed to the mayor and bailiffs of Rhudd-
lan on their petition. One of the customs certified is, ''Item unus
puer masculusvel femina potest vendere hereditatem suam cum per-
venerit ad etatem xiiij annorum et sciat discrete ulnare pannos et
numerare duodecim denarios et vendicio sua tunc erit stabulis et
firma."

Among the archives of the city of Hereford is a translation from
a manuscript copy in Latin, written in the handwriting of the time
of Queen Elizabeth, of the customs of the city, which are stated to
have been transcribed afresh during the mayoralty of John Chip-
penham in 1486 (Edward IV). It has been printed in full with
some prefatory remarks of Mr. W. H. Black and Mr. Gordon
Hills in the Journal of the British Archeeological Association for
1871, and probably contains the substance of the privileges, origi-
nally granted by the Crown to the City, and the bye-laws, made
by the citizens for the regulation of their affairs at a much later
period, with minutes of applications, similar to that of Rhuddlan,
from the authorities of Ruthin, Drosselan, and other Welsh towns,
intermixed. The first portion of it, in substance, agrees with the
customs certified to Rhuddlan ; the custom, above extracted, is re-
peated with verbal alterations and the right of the citizens to dispose
of their tenements, *' so that they be of such an age and no less than
they know how to measure a yard of cloth and to know and tell
1 2d.,'* is again affirmed. If this alleged custom is traced to its ori-
gin it will be found to have once been the common law of the realm
and not merely a privilege, peculiar to a town or city. Sir Edward
Coke, in his commentary on Littleton's tenures (title Knight's Ser-
vice), enumerating the grounds on which an infant heir, when he
attained fourteen, might disagree to a marriage ''propter vitium
sanguinis," defines '' burgensis" by a quotation from Glanviil, who
lived in the time of Henry II and Richard, thus : " si vero fuerit fi-
lius burgensis aatatem habere tunc intellig^tur, quando discrete sci-
verit denarios numerare et pannos ulnare et alia patema negotia
similiter exercere." Brittou, who wrote his treatise in the early
part of the reign of Edward I, after explaining (tit. "Gardes") that
m tenures by Knight service the infant heir was in ward and the
lord of the fee was entitled for his own use to the rents and profits
of the ward's inheritance until he attained twenty-one, states that

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258 AROaffiOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUERIES.

the law was otherwise in tenures of a haser nature, snob as bnrga^
or socage, and that in the latter tenures the guardian by nnrtare
had the care of the infant and was accountable to him for the rents
whenever called upon, proceeds thus: "dont nul certeyn temps
nest limitte al age de tielz heires, mes si tost come ilz sachent
descrecion od tres gayner, dras (ires) anner et deners counter
et sagement marchander si volons que ils soient de age et les fe-
males si tost come eles scient descrecion et les ordinaunces que ap-
pendent a faire en hostel." Littleton, who wrote his work on
Tenures in the reign of Edward IV. treating of socage, says that
when the heir attains fourteen he may enter and oust the guardian
in socage and occupy the land if he will, but he does not assert the
right of the heir in socage to dispose of his lands at that age ; and
Sir £. Coke, commenting on this, says no more than that the fall
age of the heir of socage land, as to the custody or guardianship,
was fourteen. It is probable, therefore, that the right of heirs in
socage to dispose of their lands at fourteen had, prior to his time,
fallen into disuse and become obsolete. The statute 12 Gar. II, c.
2^ abolished tenures by knight service, and declared that all lands
should be held in free socage. It also empowered the father of any
child, unmarried at his death, to dispose of his guardianship until
his child attained twenty-one as against anyone claiming to be
guardian in socage, and empowered the guardian so appointed to
receive the rents until the chUd attained twenty-one ; thus the dis-
tinction as to the period of arriving at full age was effectually
removed. Rhuddlan obtained a charter of incorporation in 12 Ed-
ward I and a confirmation of it 4 Edward III. Drosselan in 17 Ed-
ward n. In the charter of Rhuddlan and in many of the Edward-
ian charters is a clause, providing that the burgesses shall not be
convicted by strangers or others than burgesses, of any wrong done,
except in any matters which related to the privileges of the town,
in which case the matter was to be decided according to the liber-
ties hitherto approved and used in the City of Hereford. Hence
arose the implications of the Welsh towns for certificates. In He-
reford all matters which affected the interests of the Grown, or re-
lated to the privileges of the city, were to be tried by a jury com-
posed one half of citizens, and the other half of citizens or burgesses
of a neighbouring city or town of the same conditions ; that is to
say, holding immediately of the king, and not of any mesne lord.
B. W. B.

^0^39. — Welsh Words bokbowbd feom Latiw,btc. — In theArcfuB*
ologia Camhrensis for January, 1874, p. 57, Mr. Bhys, 8, v. FwmU, * a
rope', W. ffun, writes, " In the Bible (Gen. vii, 22, and Daniel, x, 17)
ffun means ' breath'. Supposing it not to be an entirely different
word, it would be interesting to know how it came by this meaning.*'
Mr. Rhys seems quite right in his supposition that ffun^ from funis^
has nothing to do with ffun, * breath', with which I suppose, ffttm^
' a sigh', undffynedy ' respiration', are connected.

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES AND QUEKIES. 259

I think that in ffw^ 'breath', the jf has desoencled from /^, as in
many other instances: 1, Jfar, in ffar-god, ^^ big paunch'; Skr.
gpharaj »phira^ Lat. -spero in pro-spero, 2, ffaw, * radiance', from
SPAQA ; Skr, pdjas (" wohl fiir 8paja8*\ Fick, 413) ; 0€77O9 (from *<nra-
v-7o») ; Lith. spog-ala-s, f. pL glanz, 3, j^, ' a loathing' (whence ffiaidd^
ffieiddio); Qoth, speivan ; loktspuo; Gr. flrrvw, from <nnQw. 4!yffioii,

* digitalis'; Br. /oeonwenn, *ligustrum'=Ir. «o»; Gr,iraiwvia; Lat.
9plro, from speiso, 5, ffraeth, * fluent in speech', eoj spbaota ; Germ.
spreehen, 6, ffraw^ * motion' (whence ffrawd^ ffraivdd)^ from spraqa :
of. o^pxofULt^ ffirepxto ; Skr. sparh. 7, ffrwst, * hurry, bustle', ea>
SPBUD-ta ; Gt)th. «2^att/d, * schnell', * bald'. 8, ffysg, * impetuosity', da;
SPUD-ci ; <nr€vBa},

To these we may add, from Cornish and Breton : 9, Br. faezaffy

* vaincre'; Com, fethe^ ex SPAO-tama ; Gr. <F0ag'w, at/)aTTw, from tnrat^Qtv,
as we see from the fut. <r<l>a^to, the aorist iai^i^a^ and from ctpay^^
4r(f>a'^iov, etc. 10, Br. faut, * fissure'; Com. felga^ * to split', from
SPALT-a, 8PALTAMA ; O. H. G. spaltau : Skr. phal. 11, Br. fazyaff^ * ob-
errare'; a<f>aha^t), 12, Corn.^do, *crow'; Br. /raw, * jackdaw'; ff0a-
payo9, 13, Br. felc^h, 'spleen', ex *8pelgan; Gr. <nrXiy»'; Lat. lieny
for splihen ; Skr. plihan.

The result of the comparisons is that we may, with much proba-
lity, deduce W. ffun, 'breath', from a primeeval Celtic spuna; and
compare the Greek 0O<ra (from awvaa) and the other derivations
from the root SPU, which Curtius has collected in his Greek Eiymo*
logy. No. 652. Whitley Stokes.

Note 40. — Early Welsh. — One of the oldest specimens of Old
Welsh we have is a charter in Llyfr Teilo, Both Mr. Bradshaw and
the writer have been trying to make it out, but our success is far
from complete. I here propose to give Mr. Bradshaw' s reading
(with my own surmises in brackets) in order to elicit suggestions
A*om members of the Archwologia Cambrensis who may be acquainted
with the part of Carmarthenshire in question :

Ostendit ista coD8[c]rip8io nobilita-
tem mainaur med

diminih et mensuram eius

hper huer

di ctimguid maun

di toldar in guodant [guoilaut] clnn

di rit cell6n

di lihe [lihor] maur

di bir main in duenide

di pul ir deruen

di cimer di ap^ ferrus
The rest is illegible. Here we seem to have the following place-
names : Maenor Medd, Aber Huer, Cwm Gwydd Mawn, Toldar or
Tolltar, Clun, Rhyd Cellfyn or Rhyd Cellfin, Llyche Mawr [Llychwr
Mawr is very doubtful], Byrfaen yn Nghlywenydd (?), Pwll y Dder-
wen, Cymmer, Aber Fferrws, a name still in use [perhaps di cimer
di aper Jerrus means t gyfer Aber Fferws], Pen Nant Carw, Odyn

di pennant ir cam

di boit bahne

di guotin [guoun] hen lann

dir hitir melin

di margles

di rit braugui

di ap^ istil [pistil]

di licat

di pul retinoc

di minid di ap«r heru [huer ?].

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260 MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES.

Henllan or Gwnen Henllan, Hjtir Melin or Hydjr Melin, Marlais
(still known), Rhyd Browi (or Brefi ?), Aber Ystyl or Aber Pistyll,
PwU Rhedynog, Aber Herw. For the sake of those who are nnac-
qoainted with Old Welsh, I may remark that di is now t, '* to, as
for as*'. J. Rhys.

^0^41. — Machtklleth. — The derivation of this name, suggested
in the January number of the Archceologia Camhrensisy p. 91, is, to
say the least, very ingenious, and, I believe, quite new. In the fol-
lowing extract from Walters' English-Welsh Dictionary (London,
1794, 4to) will be found another attempt at explaining this puzzling
name. Coming, as it does, from an excellent scholar in his day, it
may, perhaps, be considered to possess sufficient interest to justify
one's making a note of it.

^^Maehyidlasthy vulg?k Machynlleth (a town of that name in Mont-
gomeryshire), Machynllaeth, t. e., the fortress of Cynllaeth ; com-
pounded of Mdch, security, — figuratively a fortress ; and Cynllaethj
the district so called. N,B. This town is of respectable antiquity ;
and there are reasons to induce ns to believe it to be the Maglona
of the Romans, where they had a station or garrison. It hath, in
later times, been repeatedly honoured with the Session of the Bards :
and here was an Assembly, very honourable for number and
quality, convened, under the name of a Parliament, by the famous
Owen Glyn-D^r in the reign of Henry the 4th." Dtfi.

fStjScellaneoujS ^ottretf.

Roman Remains at Cabrsws. — Several portions of Samian and
other ware, of various shapes and sizes, have been discovered lately
in Caersws, from four to six feet from the surface of the ground.
These things were brought to light when certain tanks were being
made in accordance with the regulations of the sanitary act. As
much building is going on in and about this village, it is not un-
likely, if looked for, that other Roman remains will be found.

A Roman Tombstone. — An interesting discovery was made a few
days ago in the course of the excavations on the Roodee (the Chester
racecourse) for the new intercepting sewer. A Roman tombstone
was found in excellent preservation, in a position nearly upright,
the top being about three feet from the surface of the ground. The
material is red sandstone, and it bears at the top, sculptured in the
stone, a representation of the recumbent figure of an adult and child,
and beneath that a table suppoi*ting a lamp, and three urns. Then
comes the following inscription :

D M

FE . CALLIMOR
PHI . VIX . AN . XX^XII
ET . SERAPIONl . VIX .

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CELTIC REMAIK3. 65

Legacestre; by the British poets and native Britains, Caerlleon
Oawr.

Caerlleon Gawr i fawr i fach. — L, G, Gothi.

But sometimes, when it is to be distinguished from Gaerllion ar
Wysg, it is called Oaerlleon arDdyfrdivy, i. e., Caerlleon on the river
Dee; and not Goer Leon ar dufyr Dtvy, as Mr. Camden is pleased
to name it. The Britains never call it Caer Legion ; nor is such
a name to be found in any of their writings, except in that ill
wrote Latin catalogue of cities in Nennius, done by ignorant
transcribers, who trimmed it to agree with Bede. Mr. Camden
hath taken a good deal of pains to deprive the Britains of the
honour of being the first founders of this city ; as if his own
honour had been at stake if he could not give it the Romans, to
whom he is very liberal at the cost of the poor Britains. These
are his words : "Tho' I know some do aver it to be older than
the moon ; to have been bmlt many thousands of years ago by
the Giant Leon Vaur.'* According to Mr. Camden, the Giant
Leon Vaur was older than the moon. But who are these some
that aver so ? No British author hath any such words, though
Mr. Burton, in his Notes on Antoninus, makes use of the very
same phrase with Mr. Camden, pointing at the British history and
tradition. Galfrid, who was as ignorant as Camden of this affair,
hath in his Latin translation turned the name Leon into Leil;
and this because he found a city called GaerleU in the north of
the island, which he thought agreed better with his author's
description. But these are the words of Tyssilio, the original
British author, which Galfrid maimed in the translation : " Ef a
adeilawdd ddinas yngogledd yn ynys hon ac ai gelwis oi enw ei
hun Caerlleon"; i. e., he built a city on the north side of this
island, and called after his own name, Caerlleon.

Mr. Camden says " the Britains called this city Caerlegion,
Caer Leon Vaur, and Caer Leon ar dufyr Dwy." No writers
among the Britains, except the maimed Nennius, call it Caer
Legion, nor did the native Britains ever make use of such a
name in their own tongue. And as for " Caer Leon Vaur", it is
a fictitious name of Mr. Camden's own creation ; either confound-
ing Gawr and Vauor through his ignorance of the language, or
else setting up a shadow of a king or a giant to be demolished

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66 CELTIC REMAINS.

by himselt The Britains never heard of Ileon Vauty %, e. Leon
the Great, in the writings of their nation, or anywhere else but in
Camden ; and they do not deny but that the words **Lleon Vawr"
in the British may signify a great legion, as Mr. Camden would
have it, by only changing the letter e into i, and so make it Lliony
which is the way they write Caerllion ar Wysg, which they
allow might take its name from a legion quartered there, the old
name being Caenvysg,

A mi ynhref Gaerllion. — L, O. Cothi.

Mawr yw'r cri ynghaerlHon.

But why should letters be changed to please the fancy of a
modem writer, against the ancient national history and universal
consent of the people, who always called it Caerlleon Gator, and
not Vaivr, Mr. Camden had some notion that there was a Oator
(which he translates a giant) in some part of the story; for, sayB
he, "whether it is not more natural to derive the name of this
city from a great legion, or the Giant Leon, let the world judge."
But whether he did not, on purpose, confound Cator and Vawr,
let the world again judga

"There are young antiquaries", says Mr. Camden in great
triumph, "who make this city older than the moon, and to have
been built by the Giant Leon Vaur ; and the name itself may
convince them of the greatness of this error." After all this
flourish of the moon and of the "Giant Leon Vaur*^ a creature
of his own head, the character of a young antiquary will fall
upon Mr. Camden himself when the world (who, according to
his own proposal, is to be judge) sees that Ileon Gawr in the
British doth not signify Leon the Giant, but Lleon the Prince or
King ; and in that sense all the ancient writers understood the
word caurr ; and he was never by the Britains called Ileon
Vavrr, nor by any writer but Mr. Camden, that I have met with.
Cavrr, in the dialect of the Cambrians, was an epithet given to
the most warlike of their princes, as was Owledig among the Loe-
grian Britains, and P'tnodaivr among the Albanian Britains.

Camp cawr y w cwympo caerydd,

says lorwerth Fynglwyd ; i, €., the quality of a cattrr is to over-
throw walls of cities. Benlli Gawr, Phili Gawr, Idris Gawr,

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CELTIC REMAINS. 67

Othrwm Gawr, Ehitta Gawr, Ehuddlwm Gawr, Lleon Gawr, etc.,
were valiant princes who got their surnames for their valour and
wisdom ; and Nimrod is called " Nemrwth Gawr" {Sion Geri) ;
so Henry VIII is called by one of our poets,

Oawr paun M6n carw Pen Mynydd.— iS'ton Brwijnog,

Truan fu'r cyfrdan ddwyn Cawr y Cedyrn
A'a ceidwad a'n blaenawr. — Rhys Brychan,

" Cawr y Cedyrn" is the prince of the strong men.

But to close this argument. I have seen in Hengwrt Library
a MS. in the handwriting of Dr. Thomas Williams, author of the
Latin-British part of Dr. Davies' Dictionary, which gave an
account of all the ancient forts on the mountains of Wales, with
the names of the princes that bmlt them : such as Cawr Idris,
CawrOthrwm,etc., etc., who were no more giants than Mr. Camden
was ; and in the ancient book called the British Triades (which
I copied in that library, a.d. 1738, out of the handwriting of the
great antiquary Mr. Eobert Vaughan, compared with foiur ancient
MSS. on vellum), I find King Arthur's third wife was Gwen-
hwyvar, the daughter of Ogyrfan Gawr; the same Queen that
was dethroned by his nephew, Medrawd, when Arthur followed
his wars in GauL

Now I ask, in my turn, as Mr. Camden did about Caerlleon,
whether it is more natural to say that Arthur, a King of Britain,
married the daughter of Prince Ogyrfan, or of the Oiant Ogyrfan,
and let the world judge. See Leonis Castncm, Holt, and Lleon.

Caeelewon : see Zlewon.

Caerliwelydd : see Lliwelydd,

Caer Lyn {Triades) : see Llyn.

Caermalet, or Camalet, or Camalot, Llys Camalot [Llyfr y
Great, apud Arch, Brit., p. 262), one of the palaces of King Arthur
in Somersetshire (Humphrey Llwyd, Brit. Descr., p. 24, ed. 1731) ;
rightly Cwm Aled. See Aled, Gamalodunum, and Oambodunum^
in Antoninus' Itinerary, of the same original.

Caer Melwr, a place near Uanrwst ; not Cae'r Milwr, as some
think.

Caerneddog, ym Mon. {MS.) Maethlu Sant ynghaemeddog
ym Mon.

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68 CELTIC REMAINS.

Caer Offa. Offa's Ditch, between England and Wales.

Ceidwad ar y ddwywlad dda

Yw Qmffndd dan Gaer OffsL—Hywel CUan.

Q. d. Offa's Fortification. See Cla'ivdd Offa.

Caee Phily: vid. FJili. The BiUlceum Silv/rum of the Romans,
as Mr. Ed. liwyd thinks. (Notes on Olamorgan.) See Caer Vwl.
Caer Eeged, the old name of AberystwytL
A chastell cafell y cawn
Caer Beged nwch cwrr eigiawn.
Morus Llwyd WiUam^ i yrru'r Oleisiad i Aberystwyth.
Caer Sallawc.

Pan fon gorforyon meibion Eidawc
Y bydd bore taer nwch Caer Sallawc.

Hoianau Myrddin,
Caer Segont, Caernarvon. (Price's Descr.)
Caer Swys, a town once in Montgomeryshire ; destroyed in
war, now in ruins.

Dwy Bowys a Cbaer Swys wen. — L. O. Cothu

So it was distinct from the two Powyses. See Swys.
Caer Tre Baris, Paris in France.
Tor a bwrw Graer Tre Baris
Trwy warr Ffrainc fal torn ffris. — lonoerth Fynglwyd.

Caervarchell, Pembrokeshire (from Marchell, n. p. v.).

Caer Vorran, a place on the Eoman Wall, near Kirkwall and
Ashler ; of which Mr. Camden could give no accoimt. (Caniden
in Northumberland) The Wall is here thicker than elsewhere.
See Warburton.

Caervwl, Caervul,Caervyl, and Caervyli; Mr. Edward Uwyd's
guesses at the British name of Caer PhiU, which he makes to be
the Btdlwum Silurum of the Romans, and not Buallt, which
Mr. Camden guessed to be the Bvlloeum ; and yet Mr. Uwyd
owns, in his Notes on Oamden, that no Roman coins, inscriptions,
statues, bricks, or arms, have been found at Caer PhilL

Caerwedros, a castle mentioned by Cynddelw to Howel ap
Owain Gwynedd, a.d. 1150. Qu. Gwaedros ?

Caerwedros cafas y ganthaw

Cadam dan gwan trywan trwyddaw. — Oynddelw.

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CELTIC REMAINS. 69

Also a lordship in Cardiganshire, one of the three commots of
Cantref CastelL

Agos yw Caerwedros ym. — Deio ap leuan Du.

Caer Went, the Venta Silurvm of Antoninus, a village four
miles from Chepstow. (Camden.) See Owent; not so called from
Venta (F. Zlwyd), but Venta from Gwent.

Caer Werydd, Lancaster; made by Gwrgan Farfdrwch. (MS,).
Caerwys, a town and castle in Englefield, now Flintshire,
called by Camden " Caerwysk".

Rhwyfvryr cad rhyfawr en c^ys

Rhychorion Rhiw a Chaer^ys. — D. op Edmvmt

Caerwysg, the Oastrum Oskee of Giraldus ; the Burrium of
Antoninus ; and Bryn Buga, from Burem hegi, (Oamden in Man-
Kiumthshire)

Caer Wytheun, Vitellinus.

Caer t Berllan, Meirion; a gentleman's seat, and an old fort
in ruins, whose lime was made with cockle-shells burnt There
were no limestones till of late discovered in Merionethshire.

Caer Ynwch, a gentleman's seat, Meirion.

Caer Ystwyth, the garrison town of Aberystwyth.

Caer Ystwyth oU Crist a'th ad.— D. I. Uwyd.

Caeth : qu. a river? Uwch Caeth and Is Caeth, two commots
in Cantref Brenhinol, Morganwg.

Caffo (St.). Llangaffo Chapel, Anglesey. They used to ofiTer
yoimg cocks to St. Caffo.

Cat (n. pr. v.); Lat. Cavus f Cai mab Cynyr, tywysog Amgyw
neu Angyw, uno'r tri thaleithiog Cad Ynys Prydain. (TV. 26.)
Cai, penswyddwr Arthur; to him he gave Peitw and Angyw.
(Tyssilio,)

Cai ap Ithel, in King Arthur's time.

Cai Hir ap Edwyn.

Cai Hir ap Sefin (Tmddiddan Arth/u/r a Owenhwyvar), See
Odergai.

C ALAN (St.) : hence Tr^aian, a church and parish, Anglesey. See
&(byr. This and several other churches in Anglesey are called
chapels, though they have parishes belonging to them. But they
are caUed chapels because there are two or three of them included

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70 CELTIC REMAINS.

in a rectory, being singly too poor to maintain a minister, which
seems to be the original reason of joining two or three parishes
in one cure. See Ceianus.

Cain, fl. (hence Abercain), falls into the Maw below Dolgelleu.

Cain ach Evrog Gradam.

Cainradh ach Evrog Gadam.

Caint (fl.), mentioned in Uywarch Hen (Marwnad Cadwallon

ap Cadvan) :

Llaest Cadwallon ar Gaint.

Caint, Kent, the county of Kent ; called also Ceint, Cent, or
Cynt ; derived of cyntaf, or the first inhabited part of Britain.

Caer Oaint, Canterbury ; q. d the City of Kent.

Kentish men, Cyntiaid or Cynniaid. See Ceint.

Caio or Caeo, one of the three commots of Cantref Bychan,
Caermarthenshire. (Price's Description.)

Caioros, in Doomsday Book (Cheshire) ; corruptly for Caertoys,
a village in Englefield, now Flintshire.

Caissar, Caessar, and Caisar, Julius Caesar.

Caled. Iddon (Jaled ap Trehayam.

Calatyr, Caledonia. (E. Llwyd)

Calchfynydd (n. L), q. d. the chalky mountain ; perhaps the
Boman Calcaria. Cadrod Calchfynydd, Earl of Dunstable, about
AD. 560.

Caldbcote [Doomsday Book), Calcoed, in Flintshire.

Caledfwlch, Angjicfe Hardnotch, the name of King Arthur's
sword in Tyssilio's British History. This word old Englist
writers, after their usual ignorance or negligence, have turned
into Caltbumy which hath very little aflSnity with the original
See Spelman's Glossary in the word Oalibwm; and Hoveden in
Richard I, in whose time this famous sword of King Arthur was
in being, and surrendered or delivered by Eichard I to Tancred.

It was the custom among other warlike nations to give names
to their swords ; but the ancient Britains took a particular pride
in adorning their swords, and making them polished handles of
the teeth of sea-animals (see Solinus, Polyhistor, c. xxv) ; and
their warlike disposition and love of the sword was such, that it
was the custom for the mother of every male child to put the
first victuals into the child's mouth on the point of his father's

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CELTIC REMAINS. 71

sword, and with the food to give her first blessing or wish to
him, that he might die no other death but in war and arms.
(Solintis, Polyhistor; Selden, Mar, Glaus., 1. ii, 3, 2.) Nay, this
nation, by long struggling in defence of their country, had got
to such an enthusiastic pitch of warlike madness, that I have
read in an ancient British MS. now at Hengwrt, that it was cus-
tomary, when a man grew old and infirm among them, to desire
his children or next relations to pull him out of bed and kill
him, lest the enemy might have the pleasure of that oflSce, or
that he should die cowardly and sordidly, and not by the sword.
See Prydwen.

Calbtwb, a liver in Cardiganshire, q. d. dwr caled. Hence
Dol y aettwr, near Tre'r Ddol ; i, e., Tre Dol y Clettwr. Castell
Himiphrey, in the valley of Calettwr, fortified A.D. 1150 by
Howel ap Owain Gwynedd.

Callestr. Caer y Gallestr, Flint. (J%o«. TTi/Kaww.) SeeF/ltTU.

Cam. Uwyth y Cam, a family in Anglesey, anciently in great
note. Elian, the founder of Llan Elian Church about A.D. 500 or
sooner, had the surname of Ceimiad, Elian was the son of All-
tud Bedegog, and the expression in Mabinogi favours this.
Cymmorih gan Elian Ceimiad.

Y Prydydd Bychan, in the 13th century, mentions Uwyth y
Cam and Ceimiad. Elian Ceimiad, Beuno G^imiad, etc Some
think they had this appellative because they were swift of foot,
or great travellers.

See Marwnad Madog Mon ; also Prydydd y Moch to Kodri
ap Twain Gwynedd, lord of Anglesey.

Ef gogawn gly w Cammawn Ceimiad.

See Gam and Elian (St.).

Camafan (n. 1.) ; perhaps Cwmavan.

Camalac, a British Bishop carried away captive by the Danes
from Irchenfeld (Erging), which they laid waste with fire and
sword, A.D. 715. {Camden in Herefordshire.) Probably Cyfelach
(Uangyfelach).

Camber ap Brutus, neu Camber ap Prydain.

Camddin, Lat. Garnbodunum. {E. Llvryd.)

Camddwr and Camdwr (fl.) in Cardiganshire. Y Camddwr

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72 CELTIC RBMAINS.

MawT, Camdwr Bach, rivers that run into EheidioL Aber Cara-
ddwr. Ehyd y Camddwr, Pont ar Gamddwr, the ford and bridge
on a river Camddwr, which falls into Teivi in Cardiganshire.
Here a battle was fought between Gronwy and Llewelyn, sons
of Cadwgan ab Bleddyn, etc., against Rhys ap Owen, to revenge
their grandfather's death, where Ehys and Rhytherch ap Caradog
were defeated, A.D. 1072.

Camelon (pronounced Camlan), near Falkirk in Scotland, on
the river Alaun, hath its name from hence, i, e., Cwm Alawn.

Camlas (fl.) falls into the Wysg in Brecknockshire : hence
Aber Camlas.

Caioiarch, a river that falls into the Irwon. Llangammarch
in the diocese of St. David's.

CA3fRYD ; Lat. OainhorUum. {E, Llwyd) Hence Camryd near
Conwy, vulgo Cymryd. The river fordable there.

Canawl, one of the four cantrefe of Ceredigion. (Price's Zte-
script)

Cangellwr, a chancellor ; Lat cancdlarms. Cangel, a chancel
(from can and cell), originally the singing-room in a monastery,
etc. But see about twenty derivations of this word in Spelman.

Canologion, one of the three commots of Cantref Lleyn,
(Price's Descript)

Canon Cynllaith. Gwenddydd, in Oyfoesau Myrddin, calls
her brother Merddin "Cydymaith a Chanon Cynllaith." See
Machynlleth and Cynllaith. Qu., whether he was a canon of some
cathedral of that name ?

Gan wyt Cydymaith a Chanon Cynllaith. — Kxjf. M. a G,

Cantkef, a cantred or hundred, from cant and tref, a hundred
townships or villas.

Cantref a chan Eidionydd. — Llywarch Hen.
Spelman, therefore, is mistaken when he supposes the Cambro-
Britains had not this division of countries from their ancestors,
but from Alfred and the Saxons. If Llywarch Hen had not said
it, the very word cantref, being British and Irish, shews it.

Cantref Bychan : see Bychan,

Cantref Castell, one of the four cantrefe of Cardiganshire,
anciently contained Mabwynion and Caerwedros. (Price's De-
script)

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CELTIC REMAINS. 73

Cakteep Cemmaes, one of the three cantrefe of Anglesey, con*
taming the commots of Talybolion and Twrcelyn,

Canteef Coch (Y), the Forest of Dean.

Cantref CYNAN,one of the five cantrefs of Powys Wenwynwyn,
containing anciently the commots of Cyfeiliog and Mowddwy.
(Price's Deser,)

Cantref Gwaelod. The great bay between Ueyn and Aber-
ystwyth, called by sailors Cardigan Bay, was a tract of level
ground belonging to Gwyddno Garanhir. It was overflowed by
the sea about the year 500. There is some account of this acci-
dent in Idyfr Du Caerfyrddin, — ** Caniad pan aeth y Mdr dros
Gantref Gwaelod" [^. £., ii, 69.]

Ardal dwfyn hoewal Dinmilwy,
Eissytyn gwylein,

Prydydd y Moch^ i Lew. ap lorwerth.
The boimdary to the north seems to have been Sam Badrig.
Tradition has it that there were several towns there which were
swallowed up or overflowed. It seems there were dams between
it and the sea, and that by drunkenness the floodgates were left
open, as that ancient poem hints. Morus Ilwyd Wiliam, ad.
1560 (i'r Gleisiad) says :

Cyfeiria acw foroedd
Lie bu'r tir, llwybr it' oedd.
Mr. Vaughan, in his British Antiquities Bevived, mentions it. —
Trees in the bay ; a stone with an inscription.

Caper ap Puder.

Caph, the 58th King of Britain.

Capoib, the 68th King of Britain, which one copy calls Faio.

Cappel Coch in Brecknockshire. Fairs kept here.

Caractacus, Caradog ; but doth not signify warrior, as Ains-
-worth makes him.

Caradoc (n. pr. v.), also Caradog, beloved (k car) ; Tiatinized

Caradocus and Caractacus. Hence Gaer Caradoc in the catalogue

of cities in the Triades; in Nennius' catalogue, Coer Caradauc;

and in a MS., Gaer Oradauc, (Tr. 19, 23.) "Un o'r tri dyfal

gyfangan." A prince of Gwynedd of this name was taken by

the Eomans, whose behaviour was admired by them ; and as our

coimtryman hath described it,

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74 CELTIC REMAINS.

Boma catenatam tremait
Spectare BritaDnnm. — E, W,

[Nage, Tywysog y Gwenhwyson (Silures) ydoedd Caradoc ab
BiaiL Gwel Achau lestin ab Gwrgan. — /. M.]

Caradoc o Langarvan, Caradocus Lancarovanensis (Ldand),
author of the History of the Kings and Princes of Wales from Cad-
waladr, the last King of Britain, to A.D. 1157. He was a monk of
the Abbey of Llangarvan, and was cotemporary with Gralfrid the
translator of the British History from Brutus to Cadwaladr. Le-
land sajTS he could not find whether the History was first wrote in
British or Latin ; but that he beUeved Caradoc first wrote it in
Latin, and not in Cambro-British. (Leland, ScripL Brit, c. 162.)
If so, how happens it that no Latin copy of it can be met with,
and that Humphrey Llwyd made his English translation from the
Cambro-British, which Dr. Powel afterwards published with his
learned annotations ? The name of that histoiy among the
Camlnro-Britains is Brut y Tywysogion. There are several British
copies in Wales, and one in Lh/fr Cock o Hergest in Jesus Col-
1^, Oxford.

CARADOC (St.). Llangradog. His life was written by Giral-
dus Cambrensis, who lived near his time, and is in Capgrave. He
was first in great favour with Ehys, Prince of South Wales ; but
falling out with the Prince, he entered himself monk in the
church of St. Teilo in Ilandaf ; fix)m thence retired to the deso-
late church of St. Kined ; thence to St. David's, and there was
made priest ; from thence to the isle of Ary. Here he was car-
ried ofi* by Norway pirates, and released, and had the Monastery
of St. Hismael, in Boss, assigned him. {Brit. Sand,) Died a.d.
1124

Caradawc Freichfras was penhynaif in Cemyw when Arthur
was chief king there (TV. 7) ; father of Cawrdaf (2V. 19); Cad-
farchog (TV. 23). See Bedwyr.

Cakadawc ap Bran (TV. 19), one of the Cynweisiaid.

Caeadon, an id. Caradoc ?

Caranib, q. d. Graran hir vel Corun hir. Gwyddno Graranir.

Caranval, son of Cynddylan. (Llywarch Hen in Marwnad
Cynddylan.)

Carcludwys ap Cyngen ap Ysbwys ap Cadrod Calchfynydd
ap Cynwyd Cjniwydion.

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CELTIC EEMAINS. 75

Cabbdig, the lOSfli King [of the Ritons] ; Lat Oaretiaus, kind,
loving.

Caredigion, Cardiganshire ; so named from Caredig, son of
Chinedda Wledig, about the year 440.

Carentius (Jo. Major, Hist, Scot, L i, c. 15). This is the
Caravm of Tyssilio, and the Carausius of the coins. He made
peace between the Scots and Picts about the battle of the Dog, and
they all turned their arms against the Romans. See Oad Ooddau
[s. V. Goddau],

Carfan. Ilangaxfan (from carw in the Life of Dewi).

Cablegion. Bede says the Britains in his time called Lega-
oester by the name of Carlegion. Some Britains might, but a
Saxon could know nothing of that. See Oaerlleon Gator.

Carlisle, the English name of a city in the north of Britain,
about the ancient name of which there is great contention among
antiquaries. Camden, in his Britannia, who treats the rest with
contempt, says that the Bomans and Britains called it LagubaU
Iwm and Luguvallium or Lugubalia ; that the Saxons called it
(as Bede witnesses) Lual; Ptolomy (as some think), iew(Jopi&ia;
Nennius, Oaerlualid ; the ridiculous Welsh prophecies, the city
oiBubalhis; we,Oa/rlisle ; and the Latin, from the more modem
name, Oa^erleolum; and that Luguballia and Carlisle are the
same, is imiversaUy agreed upon ; and that Leland had taken
pains to no purpose about it. Afterwards he says he will pro-
duce his "own conjecture that the Military Wall of the Romans
gave it the name, for that Antoninus calls it '* Luguvallum ad
Vallum". Is not this "Vallum ad Vallum" tautology, if that be
the case ? Further on he says that Pomponius Mela has told us
that ''lAigus or LacfVLs signified in the Celtic a tower ; for that
what Antoninus calls iMgo Augusti, Pomponius calls Turris
Aiigusti ; so that LuguvaUum is really a tower or fort upon the
wall or vaUum". But take notice, that if Lugus is a tower, and
vallum a wall, the " Luguvallum ad Vallum" of Antoninus is a
Fort on the Wall at the WalL Qu. whether this is common
sense ?

As the antiquities of the Britains are concerned in these asser-
tions of Mr. Camden, give us leave to examine them. First, he
says the Romans and Britains called it Lugu-ballum. The latter

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76 CELTIC RBMAINS.

we deny, for such a name is not to be found in all the writings
of the Britains. That the Cambridge copy of Nennins calls some
city, the 17th in his catalogue, Lualid, we allow ; but Mr. Cam-
den ought to have been so candid as to let the worid know that
the Cottonian copy has no Caer Lualid, but hath LigtLcUid, the
third city in the catalogue ; though neither of the copies says it
is either Lugu-ballium, Carlisle, or anything eke. As for the
ridiculous Welsh prophecies, Mr. Camden should not have made
a general charge against them all, but have told us in what
authors he had found the city Carlisle called the city of Duballus.
But this we may gather from Mr. Camden's extensive knowledge in
the afiairs of the ancient Britains, that he never saw any of their
prophecies except that Latin translation of Prophwydoliaeth
Myrddin Emrys in Gralfrid, where I find this passage : " The fox
of Caerdvhalum shall take revenge on the lion, and destroy him
entirely with her teeth." This is all that is said in any Welsh
prophecies of Caerdvhalum; and this, too, in Latin. And is not
he a very ridiculous antiquary that positively makes this Caer-
dubalum to be Carlisle ? A prophet, indeed ! Is not this more
likely to be Caer Dubai, i. e., Tubal's Castrum, — some feigned
name made use of in that pretended prophecy, if Gralfrid dealt
fair in his translation ? This prophecy is not in the British copy
of Tyssilio, it being added to the history by Gralfrid when he
turned it into Latin.

It doth not follow that Lucus in the Gaulish and British sig-
nifies a tower, because P. Mela calls Antoninus' Lugo Augusti
by the name of Turris Augusti. Lucus was a Latin word signi-
fying a chapel or temple, which might give name to places as
well as the supposed Lucus or Lugus of the Gauls, As for the
Britains, they have no name for this city as ever I could meet
with ; so that I suspect it to be entirely of Boman original, and
of the same age with the Roman Wall, unless it be Caer Ewer-
ydd, which is mentioned in an ancient MS. to have been the
place where Rhun ap Maelgwn landed when he carried the war
to Scotland. See Bhun and Morwerydd.

Carn and Carnedd, an ancient Celtic word signifying a heap
of stones, prefixed to the names of several places, as.

Cam Aret in Medrigia in Ireland.

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CELTIC REMAINS. 77

Y Gam in Flintshire.

\Y Gam, a high hill near Pistyll Khaiadr.— JT. D,]

T 0am Wen, in Trefeirig, Cardiganshire, South Wales.

YChirn yvighornwy, M6n.
Hence also Camau or Oameddau Plymlymon, etc. Prodigious
heaps of stones on the tops of mountains ; sometimes as tombs ;
sometimes,! apprehend, to make fires on their tops, to give notice
of the approach of an enemy.

Carn Boduan, a moimtain in Lleyn, Caernarvonshire ; from
BodAan, a gentleman's seat, just by.

Carn Ddyddgu, Cardiganshire.

Caen Fynydd.

Men yd las Trahaeam yngbam Fynydd.

Meilir Brydyddj in Marwnad Gr. ap Cynan.

Called by Caradoc Mynydd CamOy and by Marwnad Trahaeam
Mynydd Cam,

Caen Hendwll, Cardiganshire.

Caein Llechart [Cam LlechartK — J. M,\ in the parish of
Uangyfelach, a monument on a mountain-top of that name in
Glamorganshire. {E, Uwyd)

Caen Madrin, in Ueyn, a high mountain on the top of which
there are the ruins of a British fort. Qu. whether mentioned by
Giraldus Cambrensis in his Itinerary ?

Carn y Naid, in Momomia, Ireland.

Carn y Rhod, in the county of Wexford.

Carnedd Ddaftod, a mountain in Eryri. (B. Llwyd)

Carnedd Elidir, a mountain ne«ur Llanberis.

Carnedd Higin, in Caemarvonshire.

Carnedd Llewelyn, a mountain near Llanberis. {E. Llwyd.)

Carnewillon, one of the three commots of Cantref Eginog,
Caermarthenshire.

Carnguwch, a parish in Caemarvonshire.

Carno (n. L), near Abergavenny. On the mountains called
Mynydd Carno a battle was fought, in the year 728, between
Ethelbald King of Mercia and the Britains. {Caradoc^ p. 15.)
On Camo mountains was also fought that memorable battle
between Gruffudd ap Cynan and Trahaearn ap Caradoc, the
reigning Prince of North Wales in the year 1079. Grufiydd ap

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78 CELTIC REMAINS.

Cynan (being half-brother to Enciimalhon, King of Ulster in
Ireland) had a strong power of Irishmen, which he landed at
St David's Head, and joining with Ehys ap Tewdwr Mawr,
Prince of South Wales, who claimed the crown of South Wales,
they encamped on Mynydd Camo, where they were met by
Trahaeam ap Caradog and his cousins of Powys, the sons of
Ehiwallon ap Gwyn ap Bleddyn, viz., Caradog, Gruflfudd, and
Meilyr, who were all slain in battle, and Gruflf. ap Cynan had
the government of Wales. See Meilir Brydydd's poem« who
caUs it Mynydd Cam. See 0am,

Cabon and Caeawn, Lat. Oaratudits, a king of the Britains,
who about the year [300] threw off the Roman yoke, and kept
the island from them for about seven years, being an entire
master of the sea.

Caron, in Ceretica.

Caeon, a river in Scotland. (Nennius.)

Cabnwennan, the name of Arthur's dagger. (Dr, Dames.)

Cabreg (pL Cerrig), a stone, in the composition of several
names of places, as Carreg Hova, Carreg Fergus in Ireland, Car-
reg Ystum Uaeth, Castell Carreg near Caerfyrddin, Cerrig y
Drudion, Cerrig y Gwyddyl ym Mon (Tr. 49), Carreg Cynnen
Castle, about ad. 1240. (Caradoc)

Carreg Ddiwin, in the parish of Beddcelert, where about 50
brass spear-heads of the ancient Britains were found in the year
1688 by removing a great stone. They were almost in sight-
(K Uwyd, Notes on Cajiiden,)

Carreg Hova, a castle by Oswestry, taken by Owen Cjrfeiliog
AD. 1162.

Carreg Hudwydd, which Mr. Edward Uwyd thinks to be
Berry, which is not far from Wroxeter in Shropshire, where he
imagines Cynddylan's seat was.

Carrog or Carrawg, a place in Cardiganshire.
GJoreu ceraint gw^ Carrawg,
Cyttyn fydd rhyngtbyn' y rhawg.

Deio ah leuan Du.

Carrog, in M6n, q. d. Carregog, stony ; and I suppose a river
in Dol Garrog, Caernarvonshire.

Carthan : vid. Ammwyn CartJuzn.

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CELTIC REMAINS. 79

Carun, a river in Scotland (hence Abercaron, contracted Aber-
com), is called after the name of Carausius, King of Britain.
(Flaherty, Ogygia, p. 343.) Jo. Major (L i, f. 19) calls it Caron.
See Caron, Caraitm, and Abercumig.

Carwed Fynydd, in Isaled, a gentleman's seat. {J, D)

Carwbd, near Beaumaris.

Caseg Falltraeth, a rock in the entrance of Malltraeth har-
bour. It bears the name to this day. (Moms Llwyd Wiliam,
AD. 1560.)

Casgwent or Castell Gwent, Chepstow; anciently Caer
Went. [Nag6, lie arall jw Caerwent. — L if.]

Casnar Wledig ap Uudd ap Beli Mawr, father of Pwyll Pen-
defig Dyfed. {McMnogion,)

Casnodyn Fardd, a poet a.d. 1240. [lived at liangyfelach
in Morganwg. — L M,]

Casswallawn and Caswallon (n. p. v.). Caswollon ap BeU
Mawr was the Prince that headed the Britains when Julius
Csesar invaded Britain. He had killed his brother Uudd in a
battle fought for the dominion of Britain, which caused Afarwy,
the son of Ludd, to go over to Gaul to Csesar to desire his assist-
ance. Caesar calls him Oassibellaunus or CassiveUaumis in the
Latin ; and it is probable the Oassii, a people of Britain (Cas-
walliait), were his own patrimony. He went to Eome for Fflur,
the daughter of Mugnach Gorr (2V. 77) ; so that it seems he was
in peace with the Bomans tiien, and took pride in their alliance,
or else he went incognito.

Casswallon Law Hir, or the generous, a Prince in the Isle
of Anglesey, and was one of the northern Britains that took
refuge there. He was son of Einion Yrth ap Cunedda Wledig,
and was the father of Maelgwn Gwynedd, who was afterwards
King of Britain. The legend of St. Elian, who hath a church in
Anglesey, says that the man of God struck Casswallon, lord of
Anglesey, blind for some misdemeanors against the Church.
Some call him CatwalLon Law Hir, un o'r tri eurgryd, as in
Triad ^9.

Castell, properly a castle, ca5^«ZZi4w. Perhaps an ancient Celtic
word from cau and astell, to inclose with boards or piles.

Castell, a river between Creuddyn and Perfedd, Cardiganshire.

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80 CELTIC REMAINS.

Castell Bwch, Monmouthshire.

Castell Caissar, Salisbury.

Castell Cabreg, in Cantref Bychan near Caerfyrddin, a castle
on the top of an inaccessible rock with vast caverns. {Camden
in Caermarthenshire,)

Castell Coch ym Mhowys, or Castell Gwenwynwyn at the
Pool, A.D. 1195, taken by the Archbishop of Canterbury. (Car-
adog in Un. ap lorwerth.)

Castell Crogen, the old name of Chirk Castle. See (Mrh

Castell Cynfel. Huw Ilwyd Cynfel, a poet.

Castell Dinas Bran, Brennus' Castle, a castle on the top of
a round hiU near Llangollen, anciently called Dinas Bran, Ilys
Bran, Brenhinblas Bran, EurUys Vran, Ucheldir Bran; and
Howel ap Einion calls it Dinbrain.

Ym nead glyd dy hnd hydr riain
Wanlledd or wenllys ger Dinbrain. — J7. ap Emion*
It is in the commot of Nanheudwy.

Castell Gollwyn is between Wysg and Gwy in Brecknock*
shire:

Pan eistedo Saeson yn ei sarfiEryn

A chjrchn o bell Ghustell GoU^yn. — Hoianau Myrddin.

Castell Gwalchmai, one of the three commots of Bhos (now
Boose) in Pembrokeshire. See Oival<Jimai ap 6vn/a/r, nai Arthur.

Castell Gwys, Guise Castle. See Ghm/s.

Castell Maen, a village in Badnorshire, where fears are kept ;
in English, Huntington Castle. (Price's Descrvpt)

Castell Mai Mannor, Caernarvonshire.

Castell March (n. L). See March AmJieirchion.

Castell Moch ym Mochnant.

Castell Moel. (Z. 0. Cothd.) [An old castle and village in
the parish of Ilangarfan in Glamorgan. — L if.]

Castell Newydd Bach yng Nghemmaes, Pembrokeshire.
There are fairs kept here.

Castell Nbwydd yn Emlyn, Caermarthenshire. Fairs kept
here. See Errdyn,

Castell Newtdd yn Rhos, Caermarthenshire. There are fairs
kept here.

Castell Paun (from Pavn, a Norman) a village in Badnor-

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. CCl

▲. K. P.

Bedd' xrii$, wjd. q* ex' 22 7. m. beinge. It was bat 8 ao. 4 Elic.^
Johannes EUm [Powell] generoas*^ tenet duo cotag' vn' claosa'
nono diuiss' in tria vooat* Gweme 7 New7dd' naper Edwardi ap
Boger p* estimao* . ii\jli. ziy«. iiijd, 1200

Bedd' xx^d. ob. ex' ad ▼oliint\ — Biohardoe Parr7 Ep'as ABsaphen-
lis' tenet ad volontat' in villa de Sutton vnam peciam terr* p'
estimao'o'em .... yg«. yjd, 100

Bedd* xxvji. jd. q' ex\ Esoheat landea expres' 2 7. since. — ^Ed-
wardos Bromfield' geneross* tenet vna'olanss* terr* arrabil' vooat'
Ka7 Eigmon* per estimac'o'em . .220

Un' ad' olauss' adiaoen' vocat* 7 Bonedd p' est' .220

Un* al' claoss' vooat* Ea7 Alexander p' eat* .110

niigitime prostraint non nollas arbores easq' formas et soli-
das contra ordinar*.

Un' daoss' pastor* vol arabil* stiril' vocat* yroa* Theris continen*
cam bosoo . .320

^ John E7ton of Bod7ilt7n and Fferm, Esq., married Catherine, daaghter
of John W7nn Llo7d of Plas 7 Badda (now called New Hall), in the town-
ship of Mort7n Anglicoram, in the parish of Bhiwabon, Esq., and died with-
oat issue. He sold Bod7llt7n to a 70ung girl from London (and Fferm to
another), who married John Powel, 7oanger brother of Sir Thomas Powel of
HorsUi, Bart. John Powel of Bod7llt7n had issue, b7 his wife, three
daughters, coheiresses :— i, Jane, ux. Edward Williams of Hafod 7 Bwch;
a, Catherine, ux. Mr. Maurice Matthews, parson of Erbistog, second son of
John Matthews of Hamage Court (descended from El7stan Glodrydd), and
Jane his wife, eldest daughter and coheiress of Maurice Tanat of Blodwel

Fechan ; 3, who sold her lands to the parson. After the death of Mr.

John Powel his widow married one Hagh ab leuan (a servant belonging to
the house), b7 whom she had a son called Charles Hughes. (Cae CTriog MS.)

' Bichard Parr7, Bishop of St. Asaph, was the son of John Pany of PwU
Halawg in Tegeingl, and Elen his wife, daughter of David ab John, a
yonnger son of Twna ab leuan ab Grufi^ydd of Tref Eiarth in Tilanfair Dyff-
rTn Clw7d, ab Bh7s ab Madog Llo7d of Bryncunallt, eldest son of lorwerth
Foel, lord of Chirk, of the house of Tudor Trevor. John Parry of PwU Halawg
was the son of Hany ab David ab Howel ab Meilir ab lorwerth ab Meilir
ab Gk>ronw7 ab Grufiydd ab Llewel7n ab C7nwrig Efell, lord of Eglw7segl
(ifule$, on a bend argent, a lion passant ioble, armed and langned of the field).
Bichard Parry married Gwen, sister of Edward Pryse of Llwyn Tn in Caer-
ddinog in Llanfair Dyffiryn Clwyd, high sheriff for co. Denbigh in a.d. 1627,
and daughter of John ab Bhys ab John Wynn of Llwyn Yn, descended from
Edwyn ab Goronwy, Prince of Tegeingl. The Bishop died Sept. 26, 1623;
and on the 27th Sept., 1624, his widow married Thos. Mostyn of Bhyd, Esq. ;
and on the same day her eldest son and heir, Bichard Parry of PwU Halawg,
espoused Mr. Mostyn's daaghter Mary; and Mr. Mostyn's son and hefr,
Thomas Mostyn, married Bishop Parry's youngest daughter, Ann. (Lewys
Dwnn, vol. ii, p. 320, note.)

* Edward Bromfield of Bryn y Wiwer, Esq., descended from Idnerth Ben-
fras, lord of Maeebrook. He married Catherine, daughter of John SonUi of
SonUi in Marchwiail, Esq., by whom he had an only daughter and heiress,
Elizabeth, who married Sir Gerard Eyton of Eyton, Knt.

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Ccii ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

A, R. p.

Un* prat' adiacen* vocat' Wer^odd y vron Therys p' estimacVem i o o
Un' olauss* arrabil' vooat* Tyre GriiT p* est' . .400

c*. 19 3 o
This should bs 30 acr*, bat it is dismembered, as it is noted
w'tthebee A.

Bedd' y«. ez* 31 y. m. beinge ad volaxit'. — Bdwardos Hope tenet
▼na' tenementa' nnper Johannis ap Daoid ap John ap Daoid ad
Tolnntat' p' eetimao'o'em xzt. 120

Aedd' § non infra compoeio'om zzfj«. ob. q. ex'.—Edwardas Brom-
field generoBs' de vast' tenet in loco vooat' Nant y Belan in
Bnabon p' cop* E. 6, p' estimac'o'em zxvj«. yi^jd. 400

Tenet et sit molend' ib'm saper terr'ss proprias on' lioenc'habend*
aqnas de rivoUs de Dee et Avon' Xpi'oneth . . iiyii.

Bedd' §. Escheat graonted p' cop* 3 et 4 P. et M. — Tenet et dnas
dansar* terr* vooat' y vron* dderis et qnoddam pratu* eidem
vron adiaoen' nnper in tenor* Danid 1^ len'n i^ lle*n oontinen*
p'estimac' .... lxxi\jf. iiijd. 10 o o

Bedd*. His first copie was 3 et 4 P. et. M. — Certas terr* vocaf
Tyre Hova ap Eignion ca' terr* escaef et vocat* Gurly Dare p*
estimat* . . c«. 20 o o

All theis landes noted. A. are rented ca* incro* 26s. $d, ob.
q., which mast bee apportioned to eaery paroelL

Bedd' v^f . viiijd. ob. ez' 29 y. m. being. — Hago Griffith Lloyd tenet
unu' mesnagia' horren' gardina' et pomar* vna' prat* vocat'
ToUwme nanc diaiss* in doas daosur' vna' cl*m vocat' TrowBt3rre
vna' d'm voc* Cayr yr Uody y Uwyn vnu' d'm diuiss' in daas
daasnr* in toto oontinen* p' estim' . 1x^5. vi\jd. 1 1 o o

Bedd' § vUf.iiJd. ob. ez'expresed aboat i y. since; entered before,
foL i79.~Bic'as ap lea'n tenet ana' mesaagia' in Moreton Wal-
licoram et in tenor' len'n Griffith ap Madock p' estim* lz«. 7 i o

Bedd* § viif. jjd. q., aboot 29 y. m. being. — Joh*e6 Edgebeiy tenet
ono' ten't'm in Marwheall com terr* pertinen* vocat' Tithen
Howell de terr* arabilibus et mariscis p* estim* yjli. xi^t. iigd. 23 o o

Bedd* ii^t. ii^d. ob., v«. iigd. ob., expired aboot i y. since, injd.
added.—Thomas Hope tenet in Moreton Anglicoro' et Boabon
parcellom terr* vocat* Kay Jack et cl'm vocat' Kay Badie et vn'
parcellam vocat' Kay Jack et d'm vocat' Kay Hir per est' ixx#. 420

Bedd* ^f . ex', 28 y. in being. — Edwardos Hope tenet vn' cotagio'
cortelagio' et gardinom et vnom d'm ten* & Joh'es ap dd' ap
John oontinen' p' estim' . . . zxt. 120

Qoere whether this be not twise chardged.

Bedd' yd., aboot 8 y. m. being.— Dorathea Ellice vie tenet vno'
cotagio' et gard' in Boabon per estim' vj«. viijd. o o 20

Bedd' v«. lyd. ob. ez'. Bedd' zd.— Joh'es Jefferies armiger tenet
vno' mesoagio' cortilagio* et gardin' com doobos cl'is vocat'
Kay Berion in Boabon & Joh'es Decka p' estim' zzzi^f. iigd. 300
He is now in the Bentall, then in this sarveye by xd.

Bedd' z«. v\jd. ez'.-— Idem Joh'es Jefferies tenet de terr* & Joh'is
ap Edward ap dd' ap Madock in Marwheale et Boabon certas
parcell' prati et pastor' p' est' li^t. iiijd. 10 o o

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ORIOnrAL DOCUMENTS. CCIU

A. B. P.

Redd' vi$. viyd. intenit' ante. — Edwardns Eton tenet Tnam par-

eeSl* terr* Tooat' Chreme eetodem per eetim' .200

fiedd' zvi^a. ^d. ob. q. ex\ — Idem Eton tenet in coperdonarie cam
Martino Bromfeilde et Joh'e Danid ap len'n cnins poxpan ter-
raru' A fiiemnt in tenor* Madod ap dioas et Danidis ap d'ccns
in Baabon p' eat' xxvj«. vi^d. 400

S'm' redd* tenen' ad volunt' et p' dimiss' xxxjli. vj$. viyd. ob.

4*0 Eliz. § xzljli. xT^x. q.

Bedd' in toto p' ann' Vvjli. ivi$. ob.
xvjd. Bio'us Prestland p' terr' p' quisit' de Bogero Griffitb.
xixd. Bob'tos Puleston p' terr' in Baadon, &. y«. vd. in Abinberye ; the

total], ii^f., put in Bentale.
T«. ii^d. BogeruB Middleton Ar. p' terr* dioiaabil' in Villa de Byton.
Ti^f. D'na Sasanna Puleston et Georgius Puleston p' terr' lib'ris in

Gwoosiet.
iiyd. D'd ap John Smith p' terr' lib'is in Buabon.

SUPERVISE MANERII DE ESCLUSHAM.

Harl, MS, 3696.
NOMINA JTJBATOBU'.
Johannes Omffith gen' Johannes David

Bobertus Gruffith gen' Hugh ap Llengyttin

Bogems ap William Joh'es ap Bees ap Hugh

Dauid ap Bobt. ap Hugh Bob'tus ap Edward

Johannes i^ Hugh Ed'rus ap Bich' Yaughan

Jaoobus ap Bobert Will'us Twissingh'm

Joh'es Wyn' ap John ap Edd' Ellis ap John Wynn

Thomas Williams Johannes Mathewe

Thomas Lewis Howell ap Edward

Johannes SontUey Hugo ap HowelL

To the ffirst article the said June doe say that the towneshipp of Brymbo,
beeing part of ye said manno', is bounded from Mynera by a brooke called
GwenfrOj by a common there called Y Eoed, booth by the south side; and
from Flintshire by a brooke called Avon y Frith, running from a common
oalled Nant y Frith to a rive' called Kegidog ; and soe the said Kegidog
running downeward a little beyond a bridge called Pont y Place Mayne
vppon ye north side, and from Gwersilt by a little brooke called y Frwe, and
from Broughton by a little brook running from a common called Harwood
to a place called y Groes faen on ye east side; and vpon ye west, from ye
said common called Nant y Frith to a place vpon ye said common called
Maes Maylo' or thereabouts ; but ye certaine boundes of ye said towneshipp
yppon ye said mountayne or common, they cannott sett downs. And they
say yt the towneshipp of Bersham, beeing part of ye said manno', is bounden
from Broughton to the said rive' called Gwenfro, in the foresaid place called
y Groes faen, running downewards from ye said Groes fayen to a ditch called
Klawdd watt on ye north side, and from Wrexham by ye said Klawdd watt.

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cciv ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

and from Minera rpon part of ye said Coed Poeth. And they Bay that the
towneshipp of Estlntham, beeing part of ye said manno', is boonden from
Minera by a little porle or water running from the moontayne called Glaa-
biy, downe by the landea called Tir E^in, and so to Cly wedog vpon ye west
by the landes of Hagh ap Robert ap Howell in ye manno* of IGnera» and
part of Glasorie, and part of ye moantayne towardes y Ghroes Newydd ; but
the certaine boundes vpon ye said moantayne they cannot sett downe. And
from Mortyn Wallioora' by a brooke called Holbrooke, through certaine
ifeildes with certaine markes knowne, to a place called Aberderryn, and from
thence to a place called Penissa Maeswdd Kynelleth to a brooke called yr
Avon Ddv ; and from Morton Anglicoru' the said Avon Ddv doth bounde to
ye towneshipp of Erddig, and from thence to Clywedoge, ioyning to ye
towneehippe of Bersham in ye said manno'. And they say that the towne-
shipp of Xpioneth Eenrick, beeing part of ye same manno', is bounded from
Xpioneth Yechan by a certain brooke called Avon gristionedd, runninge
downe from a certaine hill called Glasvry almost vnto a village called Pentre
Xpioned*; and from Bnabon the meere goeth through certaine fieldes from
the said Pentre Xpioned' to the Glondv, and so by the river Dee to a bridge
called y Bont Newydd, and frx>m thence by a place called Eoed Xpionedd,
and from thence to a brooke called Trefynant vpon the south side ; and
ftt>m the parish of Llangollen it is bounded from the said Trefynant to a
mountayne called Kylorfeag ; but the certaine boundes thereof vppon the
said mountaynes they cannott sett downe.

To the second article they say that there is no demeasnes in their said
manno*, to their knowledge.

To the third article the said Juzy doe say that there are noe freeholders
in the same manno*, to their knowledge, but what are sett downe in theire
presentment ; and all theire rente doe, vppon theire names, appeare in the
said p'sentment, to theire knowledge.

To the fourth and fifth articles they say that the persons in this p'sent-
ment mentioned to hold by leases are the Prince his Highnes tennamintes
by leases, or customarie tennante, within ye said manno*, and doe holde ye
said messuages, landes, and tenementes, vppon their severall names sett
downe, and doe respectively pay for the same the severall rentes vpon their
names appearing by lease for fortie yeares, and so from fortie to fortie for-
eve*, and doe pay two yeares rent for a ^ne vpon ye takinge of their leases,
according to ye composition made betweene the late Queene Elizabeth of
ffamous memorie, and ye tenannte of Bromfield and Tale, in the ffowrth
yeare of her late most happie reigne, to this Juries knowledge; theffeot of
w*ch composic'on is sett downe in the beginning of this Survey, wherevnto*
for more certainety, this Jury do referre themselves. And this Jury doe not
knowe of anything paled, or due to her paide by any of the said tennants
vpon the marriage of their daughters.

To the sixt article they say that they cannott sett downe how muche or
what quantitie of commons doe belonge to this manno*, for that they are
intercom moners with ye manno* of Minera Egloyseagle and Yale, and do
not know any certaine boundes vppon ye commons betweene ye said manno*.

To the seaventh and eighth article they say that there are no woods
within their said manno' to any gpreat value ; but some woods there are vpon
divers of the said tennants tenbes, both woods and underwoods of birch,
owlers, and hasell ; w*ch said underwoods the tennants do vse for hedge-

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boote and tinsell tot fencing their gronndee as need requires, and for other
neoessarie vse.

And this Jorie hane heard that diners of the ^id tennaonts doe ontt
downe trees vpon their said fermes Uf repaire theire howses standing there-
▼pon as needs requires ; but what lyoenoe they have, this Jury know nott.
And they say that there is no parks, no warren, at all in this manno*, to
their knowledge.

To the nynth and tenth articles th^ say that they knowe of no incroch-
raente but onely snohe cottages, gardens, and paroelle of tnaste, as are here-
after specified to bee ypon ye Prince his waste (as this Jury take it), that all
the landes in this manno* are helde, from fortie yeares to fortie yeares, as
aforesaid, excepting the freehold w*ch they holde freely; and that there is
no escheat landes there, to their knowledge, but what are hereafter specified.

To the eleventh article they say that there is a coale myne and lead myne
within this manno', both vsed and enioyed of S'r Bichard Ghroaveno*, Knight ;
but by what right, or what the proffit may bee worth by the yeare, they
knowe not. Also there is within this manno' quarreys of lyme, w'ch are
taken vpp and carried by the Prince his freeholders and the tennauntes of
Bromfidd for the bettering of their groundes, without restraint or paying
any thing for the same.

To the twelfth and thirteenth they say that no freeholde* died within this
manno' without heire generall or specially to their knowledge, and that there
is no towns corporate or bnrrough within ye said manno'.

To the fowreteenth they say they knowe not of any suche exchaunges or
▼nlawfull inserting of landes into leases as are demaunded by that article.

To the fifteenth article they say that there is vppon the Prince his landes
two mills in this manno', in the tenure of Thomas Powell by lease of 40
yeares; the rent xvjd. ; w'ch are no custome mills (as this June take it).
Ad. other mill in the said manno', in the tenure of Edward Loyd. Howe it
is held they knowe not. The rent is x^*d.

To the sixteenth article they say that the commons in and about this
manno' doth yeild turfe, frirse, heath, and feame, w'ch the tennauntes and
inhabitauntes of this and other manners adioyninge doe take and vse for
fuell as they neede, and thinke ye same doe belong to them as appurte-
naunces to their landes and leases.

To the seaventeenth article they say this manno', being a member of the
lordshipp of Bromfield, doth serve at the leete and law dales of the said lord-
shipp, as they are bounde to doe; and that they pay no fynes, headsilver,
or king's silve'; but that they pay their rente, fynes, and aUenac'ons, amer-
ciam'ts of courtes, mizes, and all other paymente for their rate and propor-
tion, as other the tennauntes and inhabitauntes of ye said lordshipp doe,
when and as often as ye same are due.

To the eighteenth article they say there is no coppiholde tenement in
decay in this manno', to their knowledge.

To the nineteenth article they say that they knowe not whether the casu-
alties mendoned in this article be due to ye Prince his Highnes or to the
King's most excellent Ma'tie.

To the twentieth and one and twentieth articles they say that there is no
fishing or fowling in this manno', but vpon ye mountaynes and commons in
and about this manno' do breed moore oockes and growes, w'ch gentlemen
of ye countrey of Ohesshire and other places do hawke and take them at

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CCvi ORIOINAii DOCUMENTS.

soma MMons of the yettre. Th^y My that tiiere it no nuirkett in this
manno*.

To the two And three and twentith utiolM th^ say that th^y know not
of any rent ooncealed or withheld in this manned no* of any reprises or pay«
mentes going oat of ye sama

To the fowre and twentith article th^y say that they knowe of no other
officer that belongee to this Toanno' in p'tioole' bat bayliife* to gather the
Prinoe his rent, and to doe other serrioes belonging to their offloe ; and that
the Chief Steward, as this Jarie hare crediblie heard, is the right honorable
John Earle of Bridgewater; and that John JeiBries, Esq., John DaTiee. and
and Thomas Foster, Gent., are his depaties; and that Thomas Trafford,
Esq., is BeoeaTo*; bat what fees they or either of them hath, this Jurie
knoweth not.

To the fire and twentith artide they say that there is no benefices within
this manno'.

To the six and twentith article they say that as fimre as th^y can finde
and leame, that the old and aooostomed sere in theis partes and in moat
ooantries next adioyninge, oont^yne a handred and threesoore perches to the
acre, and fowere and twenty foote to the pearche or pole ; bat the certainety
thereof they cannott sett downe ; bat the acres mentioned in this p'seat-
ment are the old and aocastomed acres.

ESCLUSHAM.
Harl, MS. 3696, /o. 153 ei ieq.

UBERI TENENTIS. — BRYMBO.

Bedd' iiyd. ex*. — Bobert Soolley tenet ib'm libera Tnam paroellam in doas
parcallas dioise vogslV Tir Coch oontinen' p' estimatVem 3 a.

Bedd* x^d. — EUzabetha Soalley tenet libere ibidem Tnam messaagia* cam
pertinentiis et tres parcellas terr* prima pars Tnde vocat* y tir tan y deriwyn
secanda & blwch tertia Tocat* y Wem oontinen* p* eBtimat*o*em 9 a.

Bedd* yjd, ob.— Biohardas Langfford tenet libe* ib*m daas parcellas tenr^
none diaiss* in qaatao* et Tnu* cottagia* sap*inde edificat' prima et 2*d&
partes ynde yocant' kae helig tertia et qaarta partes Tocat' y tensed oonti-
nen' p* e6timat*o*6m 10 a.

Bedd* \jd.-- Elizabetha ▼* Edward tenet ib'm libe* vnam cottagia' et qua-
tao* parcellas terr* vocat* y ooyd towyll oontinen' p* e8timat*o'em 5 a.

Bedd' ii\jd. — Hago Francis tenet libe* ana' cottagia* cam pertinenciis et
tres parcellas terr* Tocaf Tir y deri cent' p* estimac'o*em 6 a.

Bedd' x^d.~ Johannes ap John ap Edward^ tenet ib'm novem parcellas
terr* cum pertinentiis prima pars vnde karskabo' a'ds kaer Owen 3*tia y
weirglodd y pall da 4*ta & Erwy 5*ta kaer Tedwyn 6*ta kae gwyn 7'ma kae
Fenn ap Adda S'ra y weirglodd kae Jenkyn 9' ma kae Fenn* oontinen* p* esti-
mao'o'em 15 a.

* John ab John ab Edward ab David ab leuan ab lenkyn ab Llewelyn ab
Ithel Goch ab Llewelyn ab Madog ab Einion ab Madog ab Bleddyn, foorth
son of Cynwrig ab Bhiwallon. (See pedigree.)

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Redd' zii^jd. — Edwardns ap Richard tenet ib'm Tn* messua^ oa' pertinen-
tiis et ooto paroellas ten* prima pars vnde et seconda Tooatit' r Erw vwoh
pen y ty er y bryn 3'tia y wem veohan 4ta y wem garie 5*ta y tip rhwng y
ddwy wem 6'ta r Erwe g^urregogg 7 r Erwe r ffynaon dda 8'va maes y garreg
Iwyd oontinen' p' estimat' 14 a.

Eedd' xvjd, — Edwardus ap Robert tenet Tnn' oottagin* cum pertinenoiis
et qoatno' paroellas terr* en' pertinent' vooat prima para y bir Erwe 2'da et
3'tia partes Kae U'nn dda 4*ta y Nant Eae ll'nm dda continent* p' estima-
c'o*em 10 a.

Redd' iiy«. ex'.— Robertas ap Edward tenet ib'm dao cottagia cam perti-
nentiis et qoatno' p'oellas terr* prima pars vnde vooat' Eaer beyllan 2'da yr
kae banadle 3'tia y wem y pistill 4 y w^n rhydynog oontinen' p' estima-
c'o'em 9 a.

Redd' iiij«. ii^d. ex'. — Johannes Rees ap Hagh tenet vna' meesnagin' cum
pertinenf et ynn' cottagia' eam sex paroellas terr* prima pars vooat* y Eay
yn ypnell y ty 2'da r Erw verr' 3'tia y Hirdir issa 4'ta hirdir vtha 5'ta Erw
Henka veohan 6'ta Erw leokn issa oontinen' p' estimaf 9 a.

Redd' x\jd. — Idem Johannes Rees tenet libe' ib'm qaatao' paroellas nap'
terr' S'r ap Edward ap Morgan, prima pan vnde vooat' y hirdir hind a'da y
hirdri voha 3'tia y hirdir issa 4'to y wierglodd vethan tont p' estimac'o'em
10 a.

Redd' njd. — ^Edwardas Meredith tenet septem paroellas terr* prima pars
vnde vooat' y koyd seounda vocat' y koyd 3'tia vocat y vron 4'ta y weirglodd
y mynydd 5'ta gwerglodd y Nant 6'ta yr Erw las 7'ma y Coe nap' terr* Joh'is
ap John Hagh oontinen' p' estimaf 9 a.

Redd' v^'d. — Will'mas ap Edward tenet ib'm vn' cottagia' cam pertinen-
oiis cam qaataor paroellas terr' vnde prima pars vooat' y tir y bryn 2 yr Erw
3 pon y g wrych et 4'ta pen y g^wrych issa oontinen' p' estimaf 9 a.

Richardas Grosvenor miles tenet ib'm vid' miner carbonm' in Gomnn'
vocaf Harwood et tot miner carbonam de Principe infra peroohiam de Wrex-
ham vt hi Jnratores credibile informati sont ex d'no Rege Magistaf in lib'e
socagio vt de Manor de Hampton Coart p' ooncesse' dat vicesimo die Maii
a'o qaarto Edwardi sextl [a.d. 155 i].

Redd' ini$, — ^Idem Richardas tenet vn' messaagia' ou' p'tinen' in: tenara
Johannis Williams nnnf diais' in Novo' paroellas et ana' ad tenementa'
Willi m' Tady nanc in tree paroellas dials' oontinen' in toto per estimaf o'em
18 a.

Redd' iys. iiijd. — Idem Richardas tenet vna' tenementa' in tenara Roberti
Lloyd vocaf y gerthi gleission nanc in tres paroellas dioiss' oontinen' p' esti-
maf I a. I r.

Redd' iigf. ixd. — Howell ap Edward tenet ib'm ana' messaagia' cam per-
tinenoiis et daas paroellas terr' vnde prima vocaf y weirglodd et secanda
vocaf y dryll dibni nanc in septem seperal' p'cell' &cf nap' terr* Johannis
ap Edward ap Robert ap Morgan Lloyd oontinen' p' estimaf 9 a.

Redd' y«. — Johannes Gwynn tenet ib'm vn' messaag' cam p'tinenciis in
tenara Joh'is Ward oa' decem p'cell' terr* i vocaf y gwem y gam 2 Dryll y
bolgrath 3 y Coppie 4 r Erw Lla'an 5 Erw veohan 6 r Erw gam 7 y kay
pvedd 8 y kae rhedyn 9 krw genrick ap Hova 10 y trowsdir conf p' estimaf
15 a.

Redd' viigd. — Johannes ap Howell tenet anam oottagia' com pertinenoiis
et vn' croft eidem pertinen' oontinen' p' estimaf o'em 2 r.

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Becld' xxiy«. xd. — Will'moB Robinson^ Armi^* tenet vnu* memiagiu* oam
pertinenoiis in tenora Boberti Gruff* cum treBdecem paicellas terr* oontinen*
p' estimao'o'em 60 a.

Et de redd' omni* p'ceUam' aequen' dieitnr aatem fore zxiigf. zd. — Idem
tenet daas clansoras terr**nap* terr* Hago'is Poleaton vooaf Eithin YngUmrad
et kay mab 7 gwr oontinen* p* estimat* 6 a.

Idem tenet vna* messoagia' oam p'tinenciiB in tenora Boberti Mathewai
nnp' terr* Hugonis Poleaton vocat* le Brithdir oont* p' est* 30 a.

Idem Will'mos Bobinson tenet vna* paicellam iiindi in tenora Edwardi i^
Biohard Veohan nop* terr' Hogonis Poleaton oontinen* per estimao'o'em 6 a.

Idem tenet ono* mesaoagio' 00m pertinenoiia et qoindem paroellaa terr*
nop' terr* Hogonis Poleaton oontinen* p' estimat' 50 a.

Idem tenet onom meeaoagiom 00' pertinen' noper in tenora Johannis 1^
Beea oontinen* p' eetimac'o*em 35 a.

Idem tenet ono* meaaoagio' 00* pertinenoiia in tenora Johannia 19 Howell
et aez p*oellaa terr* oontinen* p* eatimat* 20 a.

Idem tenet ono' meaeoagio* 00m pertinenoiia in tenora Hogonia Graff* oom
qoinq* p'cell' terr* oontinen* p* eatimat* 12 a. .

Idem tenet vno' meaaoagio' earn p'tinenciia in tenora Johannia Boberta
geebon et qoinq' paroellaa terr* oontinen* p* eatimat* 16 a.

Idem tenet dnaa paroellaa terr* in tenor' Bichardi Gr* poor aoi oontinen'
p' eatimat*o*em 4 a.

Idem tenet libe' qoatoor paroellaa terr' in tenor' Thome ap Morgan oont*
p' eatimat' 8 a.

Bedd* i^8. xiijd. ex*.— Bobertoa Groffith tenet libe* qoinqoe paroellaa terr*
vnde prima Tocat* Erw r Vallen aeoonda Erw Meonduol 3 Hoel Walter 4*ta
Kae Madd* dda voha 5 7 oraohdir in doaa p'cellaa dioia* oontinen' p* eatima-
o'o*em 20 a.

Bedd' x^d. ex'.—Idem tenet vnam paroellam terre vocat' Kae Madd* dda
nop' terr* Will*mi Bobinaon Armigeri oontinen' p* eatimao*o'em 3 a.

Bedd* iiij«. mjd, ex'.— Idem vno' measoag* cum p*fcinent* et novem paroel-
laa terr* vnde i vooaf kaer llwidig 2 Eaer EoU 3 2 acre talar 4 7 wem dda
5 Kae merich 6 r allt dda add 7 7 weirglodd 7 wem ddo 8 Co7d kaa poekin
9 weirglodd kaer lldian nop' terr* Geor* Salisbor7 tenet p* eat* 40 a.

Bedd' v^'5.— Thomaa Bockle7 tenet qoatoo* tenementa com pertinenoiia
noper terr* Edwardi Johnea probitione. Attinot*.

Bedd' xiiJ5. mjd, ex*. — Johannea Groffith generoa*^ tenet Hbe' vno* oapital'
meaaoagio* com pertinen' et dioera* p*oell* terr* eidem pertinen'.

1 William Bobinaon of Gwerayllt laaf in the pariah of Greaford, and of
M7nachd7 in Angle3e7, Eaq., High Sheriff for Denbighahire in 1630, and for
Angle8e7 in 1632. He was the eldeat aon of Kicholaa Bobinson, D.C.L., one
of the Goonoil for the Goort of the Marohea, and Bishop of Bangcw horn
1566 to 1585, who alienated the Skerries and M7naohd7 in Angle8e7 from
the see of Bangor in favoor of one of his aona. William Bobinson of M7n-
achd7 and Gwer87llt, the last heir male of this famil7, perished in a storm,
on his retom from a sporting exoorsion on the Skerries. (See pedigree.)
Arms, qoarterl7, i and 4 argent; 2 and 3 gules, a fret or; over all a fess vert,

' John Chiffiths of Biymbo, eldest son of Bobert Griffiths of Brymbo, Esq.,
and Catherine his wife, daughter of John Ejton of Coed y Llai (Leeswood),

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OBiaiNAL DOCUMENTS CCix

Idem tenet libe'vna'tenem^ita'oam pertinendiB in tenora Boberti Baphe
et ooto paroellas eidem p'tinen'.

Idem tenet libe' ynn* messnagia* com p'tinen' in tenora Boberti Mathew
et deoem paroellas terr* eidem p'tinen'.

Idem tenet libe' vna* tenementa* com p*tinen' in tenor* Groffith ap John
et al' com Yna p'cell' terr* Tooat' biyn Hoell in septem parceUae seperal's
dioiss* 390 a.

Idem tenet vno' cottagio* com pertinenciia in tenora Itell ap John ap
Mathew.

Idem tenet libe' vno' tenemento' co' p'tinenciiB in tenora Thome Yoonge
com diuersiB p'oellis vooat' pen- y graig al's Maes 7 graig none in septe' par-

oellas dioiss' et ynam parcella' pars diet' Maes y graig com sob not'

sdion' sive metis Anglice Tnder knowne meeres or boond' longitod' oz

Johannis Bees ap Hogh Biverl ib'm vocat' aber y rhyd to et latitod' ex tone-
mento dicti Thome Toong diet' Met' ib'm extant' adiongen' ad Comm' ib'm
vooat' Mynydd Hanrodd.

Idem tenet libe' Tnam aliam p'oellam terr* vocat' y Kay byohan in tenora
Bogeri Key qoe om'ia premiss' iaoen' in Brymbo nop' terr' Groffith ap Ed-
ward ap Morgan et omn' prenominat' daoss' pastor* best' prat' et terr* arra-
biT sobbosc' continent' in toto per estimat'o'em.

Bedd' ix«. ijd. ob' q' ex'. — Idem Johannes Groffith tenet vno' messoag*
com pertinenf et dioerss' p'cell' terr' nop' terr* Boberti Sonlley continen' p'
^estimat'.

Bedd' xxv«. ^'d.— Johannes Daoid tenet ib'm too' messoagio' com per-
tinendis et dioerss' paroeUas terr* eidem ptinen' ynde prima pars vocat'
y Kay koch a'da y ddol 3 y weirglodd y Kay koch 4 y kae kam 5'ta gweirg
lodd y kae kam 6 y kae g^wair 7 y kae gweinth et vn' oottagio' et gardin' et
qoartoo' p'oellas terr* eidem p^rdnen' vnde prima pars vocat' y gerddi gleis-
ion 2'da Erw r berllan 3'tia Brwhir 4 kay koyd none in doas paroellas dioiss'
oontinen' p' estimat'.

Bedd' yd.— Lilly Morgan tenet vno' cottagio' et vnam parcellam terr*
vocat' Erwr hendor continen' p' estimac'o'em 2 r.

Bedd* iigd.— Hogo ap Howell Joh'es ap Bicharde Edward ap Bichard
Phillip Jo. Bondle John ap William Powell tenent conionctim vno' cottagio'
vnam parcellam terre vocat' y brithdir none in possessione Hogonis a powell
essen' indiviss inter illoe sed diotos Hogo ap Howell tenet al' parcell' com
soa per dimissionem ex altris partibos qoe om'ia continent in toto per esti-
mac'o'em ao a.

Johannes Boberts tenet vnam p'oella' terr* vocat' Kay U'en continen' p'
estimac'o'em 3 a.

The rents of this is paid amoongst other his landes in Bsdosham.

Bedd' ujs. iiijd, Bersham. — Thomas Gooldsmith tenet sex daoss' terr* com
pertinendis in Bersham continen' p' estimac'o'em 15 a.

Bedd' iiyd. — Idem tenet vn'daoser' terr* continen' per estimac'o'em i a. 2 r.

Esq., and Jane his wife, daoghter of John Lloyd ab Todor of Bodidris in
Yale, Esq. The said Bobert Griffiths was the eldest son of Groffydd ab Ed-
ward ab Morgan ab David ab Madog of Brymbo, second son of David 6h>ch
ab David Hen of Barton in Bsdosham; descended from Sanddef Hardd,
lord of Morton and Borton. F«H, semi of broomslips, a lion rampant or,
armed and langoed gules.

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Bedd' ii\j«. i^d.—Hugo Johnee tenet vnu* meesuag* oa' pertmen' oam sep-
tem p'oellas terr* oont* p' estimaf 13 a.

Idem Hugo Johnes tenet tres seliones Tocat' biyn 7 vron et teroiam par-
tem de le Errow yncbem 7 bont continen' p' eatimac'o'em 2 a.

Bedd' xd.— Johannee Parry tenet in jure vxoris vn' oottagia' et vn* p'oeUa'
terr'voo' r dew ynoh 7 ty 2 iaoen' in Brymbo too* y tir Cocb oonf p* eetim' 5 a.

Bedd' zd.—Danid ap Biobard tenet ib'm on* ten't* tres p'oellas terr* oontl-
nen' per estimao'o'em 5a.

Bedd' ▼«. y^'d.-^obannee Wynn ap John ap Edward tenet dao messoagia
infra Till' de Esolosbam xinper terr* Edwardi Jones Tt supra 5 a.

Bedd' i^d. — Idem Johannes Wynn tenet duas paroellas terr* i TOcat' gwem
lemm 2 Erw yr fforsley oontin* p' estimao'o'em

Bedd' TYJd, — Hered' Hagonis ap John Dauid tenent Tnn* messoag* et tres
paroellas terr* i Tooat' y kae tan y ty 2 kaer sknbo* 3 kae Uoyd continen' per
estimao'o'em 6 a.

Bedd' TY^d, — GkJfridos ap Biobard tenet Tn' messoag' cnm pertinen'et tree
paroellas terr* i Tooaf r* Erow hir 2'da y kae glas 3 yr Erow grroon oontinen'
p' estimaf 7 a.

Bedd' xd. ex'.— Homfridos ap Hogh tenet Tn' messnag' et quatnor paroel-
las terr* i too' y kae kow'aog 2'da y ddol 3 y wem issa et 4'ta yr Erw Tawr
p' estimao'o'em 5 a.

Bedd' T^d. ex'. — Hugo Griffith tenet lib'e tria oottagia cnm sex paroellas
terr* i Tocaf y kae tan y ty 2'da Erw Wenith 3 r Erw ganol 4'ta gwem y
Telin 5'ta r Erw ddit 6 r Erw y glan yr aTon oontinen' per estimao'o'em 4 a.

Bedd' \j«. \jd. — Thomas Lewis tenet Tn' messnag* com pe^rtinen' et qninq'
paroellas ten' i too' y kae tan y Uwyn 2'da r Erw Toeg 3 kae Maddoc ap
Itbell 4 Erow Tadog Coch 5'ta gwem y gilTaoh none seperal' dimes' in sep-
tem paroellas oontin' per estimao'o'em 15 a.

Bedd'xd. — Jaoobas ap Bobert tenet Tn' messnagin'cnm tertinen'cnm octo
parcellis terr* prim' too y wem goidiog 2'da pwll y whyad 3 y kae artu hwnt
yr ysknbo 4 r Erw hrr* 5 y kae ty hwnt yr ty 6 y kae y sslawe ffowld 7 y
llwynder 8 r Erowe oontinen' p' estimao'o'em 11 a.

Bedd' xii^d. — Will'mos ap Edward tenet duo tenem'ta cam pertinent' et
qnatnor paroellas terr* i TOcat' y plaoe hwen' 2 y wer hwen 3 y kae da 4 kae
Graff* ap Adda oonf p* estimao* 5 a.

Bedd' zj^d. — Biohardas ap Bobert tenet Tn' messnag' Tocat' y tythyn ym-
hew' y bont in sex paroellas diois' oontinen' p' estimao'o'em 9 a.

Bedd' ii^d. ex'. — Hago ap Edward tenet Tnn' paroellas terr* Tocat' peadda
none in daas paroellas diaiss' oontinen' p' estimao'o'em 3 a.

Bedd' xTJd. — Johannes ap Biobard tenet duo oottag' cum tribas p'oellis
terr' cam pertuien' Tooaf yr hanod Tndnr Toba in 2 paroell' diaiss' yr hanod
Tndnr issa 3 r Erw drawin tont' p' estimao* 1 1 a.

Bedd* ij«. iiijd. — Danid ap Bobert ap Hagh tenet Tna* messaagia' oam
pertinen* et Tnn* oottagia* in tenora Edwardi ap William oam Tndeoe* p'oel-
lis eidem messnag* p*tinen* i Tocat' y brynn 2*da bryn y pentre 3 Nant Uetty
ddy 4 Uetty dd' nanc in qnataor paroellas diais* 5 y weirglodd Tochan 6 y
tir da 7 kae Kewydd Toha 8 kae Kewydd issa 9 r Erwyn y kae Kewydd 10 r
hanfryn 1 1 y kae Crypill oontinen* p* estimac*o*em 3 a.

Bedd' vjd. — Thomas Williams tenet Tnn' messaagia* oam pertinent' cam
sex paroellas terr* eidem p'tin' i Too't bramint Tcha nano in daas paroell'
diais* 2'da y brmant issa 3 gwem y kail Tcha 4 kae glas 5 kae enkan 6blaen
y kae enkan fown dill howell et 7 drill howell oontinen' p' estimaf 18 a.

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.ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. CCXl

, Bedd' in his rents of his land in Brimbo. — Will'mos Bobinson Armige'
tenet Tnom messnagiu' oum pertinen' vooat' havod y Eheohdir nunc in
tenoxa Will'mi ap John ap Harry oontinen' p' estimat' 6 a.

Bedd' vi\jd. — Bogems ap William tenet vnu' messuage cam pertinen' et
diners' parcellas terr* eidem p'tin' i Tooat' kae Jenn' ap Heilin in tree sepe-
ral' p'oell' diois' 2'da y pale in doas p'cellas dials' oontinen' p' estimac' 7 a.

Bedd' vi^jd. — Bogeros ap Edward tenet vnu' messnagia* com pertinen' et
daas paroeUas terr' eidem pertinen' i rooat' Calledr erow ortu issa yr pedd

2 kae Maddook kooh nunc in tree parcellas diniss' oontinen' per eetimac* 8 a.
Bedd' y\jd. — Idem Bogems tenet tres paroeUas terr* vooaV y dall brwynog

vtha y deill brwynog issa 3 y acre ygUyn none in doas parcellas facV conti-
nent per estimao'o'em 7 a.

Bedd* ii\J5. xd. — Groffith Mathewee tenet yn' meesnag'cam pertinent' nap'
terr* Daaidi ap John de groes voel oontinen* p' estimac'o'em 70 a.

Bedd' \j«. ^d. — Idem Groffith 'enet dao messoag' c'm p'tinen' et dials' par-
cellas terr' cont' p' estimat' 42 a.

Bedd' \J5. — Eli^betha Boberts et Bichardos Bobertos tenet vna' messua-
gia' on' pertinen' in qno Edwardos Phillipps none inhabitat et decem par-
cellas terr* eidem pertinen' i voc' y llwyn ona 2'da yr Erow tan y berllan

3 r Erow hlr 4 r heol 5 r y theeaa 6 grweirglodd y chesaa 7 y pant yr ychesoa
8 r henblas 9 et 10 daas p'cell' terr* iaoen' in p'cella terr* Tocat' y kae New-
ydd qae vlt' recif p'ceU' aUqoando faer' terr' Johannis Sonlley Ar' oontinen'
p' estimat' 16 a.

Bedd' yd. — Edwardas Phillipps tenet vn' cottagia' et daas acras terr'
eidem pertinen' in quo Johanna v' Dauid nunc inhabitat aliqaando terr* Jo-
hannis Erthig^ de Erthig defonct' oontinen' p' estimao'o'em.

Bedd' i^d. ex'. — Edwardas Sonlley tenet vna' messaag* et vn' cottag' cam
pertinent' et qoinq' parcell' terr* i vocat' y keykie 2'da y weirglodd 3 tir da

4 r erwge&og 5 r erw gronn oontinen' p' estimat' 10 a.

Bedd' zd. ex'. — Idem tenet vnam parcella' terr* nanc seperal' dials' in daas
parcellas vocat' kae Edaenett Uoyd aliqaando terr' Thome Trafford Armi-
geri toat' p' estimac'o'em 6 a.

Bedd' Yj$, ex'. — Johannes Sonlley tenet ynn' messaagia' cam pertinent' et
daodedm parcellas terr' i voc' r hen gae issa 2 r hen gae Tcha nanc in duas
parcellas terr* dials' 3 kae Madd' y dagan issa 4 y kae Madd'y y dagan vcha
p's vlt' redtat' p'cell' lac' in Morton Wallioora' 5 y Cocksatt 6 r Erowe ddol
7 kae kannol 8 bryn y pys 9 y Weme p's Edneaett Uoyd 10 tyddin Uwyn
II r Erow vohan 12 y Nant cont' p' estimao'o'em 40 a.

Bedd' Yj$, ixd. — Dorothea Ellys* tenet vnn' messaagia' cam pertinent' nap'
terr' Edward! Johnes de alta prodltlone attinct' qae tenent (yt Jarator* pred'

1 John Erddig of Erddlg or Earddig, Esq., who died before this sarrey was
made ( 1620), was the son of John Wynn Erddlg ab Edward Erddig ab John
ab David Goch of Erddig, ab Howel ab leaan ab Llewelyn ab Grafiydd ab
lorwerth Fychan ab lorwerth ab leaaf ab Ninlaf ab Gynwrig ab BhiwaUon.
Ermine, a Uon rampant sable, armed and langaed gules. The Erddig estate
was sold in, or soon after, 1638 to John Edisbary of Pentref Clawdd, Esq.
(Cae Cyriog MS.)

' Dorothea EUys, reUct of Hamphrey Ellis of Alrhey, Esq., and daaghter
and coheiress of Edward Johnes of Plas Cadwgan, Esq.

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CCXii ORIGINAL DOCUBOSNTS.

eradibil* informant) p' oonoessionem nnp' dnaB^oia Elisabeiha vt de numeric
de East Greenwich in oomitat' kano*.

Bedd* ix«. — Alida Hughes tenet sex paroellas terr* in Bryn r Owen com
pertinenoiiB i too* kay U'm gooh Nesa yr ty 2 Kay ll'm goch nesa ir anon
3 y Wydd eyd 4 y ddol 5 y tir gwenith 6 y weirglodd continen* p' estim' 60 a.

Bedd' vi«. — Idem Alicia tenet vna' tenementn* in tenara Daaid ap John
ap Morgan et qnatnor paroellas terr" eidem pertinen' 1 vocat' y kae bir eiha
2*da y kae bir nesa vity 3 r Erw Teriog 4*ta r Erw glai or tn issa ir fibrdd
nap* terr* diet' Edwardi Johnes attinct' vt super continen' p* estimac*o*eni.

Bedd* xzd.— Biohardus Daoies de London tenet ynn' messaagin' nup' per-
qoisit* de Daoid Tale in tenara Johannis Bobert ap Ieu*n continen' per esti-
mac'o*em 8 a.

Bedd' iigd.— Idem Bichardus tenet vnam paroella' prati nnp' perqaiaif de
dicto Dauid Tale aHquando in, tenor' Johannis ap Hngh ap Hagh oontinoi'
p' est* 4 a.

Bedd* xgd. — Johannes Bobert ap lea'n tenet dao messnag* cnm pertinent*
in Esdusham cum diners* parodlis terr* oont* p* estimat' 12 a.

Bedd'ijd. — ^Maria Backley tenet nnum tenementu'cam pertinenoiie et tree
paroellas terr* i Tocat* y kay du 2*da r Erow leohwedd 3 r Erow tan y ty oon-
tinen* p' estimac*o*em 6 a.

Bedd* i^t. \jd.— Hugo ap U'wen guttyn tenet in meesnag* cam pertinenc*
et novem parcellas terr* contin' p' estimaoo'em 10 a.

Bedd' i^5. iigd. ex*. — Johannes Gruffith tenet vn* messnagia'onm pertinent'
et quinque parcellaa terr* continen* p' estimac'oem 12 a.

Bedd* iijjf. — Johannes ap John ap Howell tenet vnu* messuag* cnm perti-
nent' nunc diuis* in duaa paroellae et duas paroell* terr* continen* p' estima-
c*o*em 8 a.

Bedd* zd. — Johannes Dauid tenet* yn* messuagiu* cum pertinent' et vnam
parceUa* terr* contin* p* e8timao*o*em 3 a.

Bedd* x^d. — Hugo ap ElHs tenet vna* messuag' en* pertinen* et duae par-
cellas terr* seperal* diuis* continen' p* estimac*oem i a. 2 r.

Bedd' Ti^d. — Will'mus ap Bobert ap Edward tenet ynu' messnagiu' com
pertinen* et quatuor paroeUas terr* cont' p* estimac*o*em 3 a.

Bedd* lit. ^ d. — Bichardus ap John tenet vn* messuag* en* p'tin' et qnatnor
parcellas terr* continen* per estimac*o'em 6 a.

Bedd' iij«.— Bob'tus ap Ll'enn vn* messuag* en* p*tin' aliquand* terr* Will'i
Johnes Tocat* Cestr* cont* p* estimat* 3 a.

Bedd* vjd. — Bobertus ap ll*enn-pred* tenet vnu* tenement' cum pertinent'
et vnam parcellam terr' vocat' kay eithin nap' terr* Johannis ap Bichard
contin* p* estimac*o'em 5 a.

Bedd* Tijf. — Edwardus Meredith tenet duo seperal* messuag* cum perti-
nen* nup' terr* Johannis Bobert ap Edward et viginti et novem p'cell* terr*
continen* p* e8timac*o*em 60 a.

Bedd* Tvd. — Idem Edwardus Meredith tenet quinque parcellas terr* nup*
terr* Johannis ap Bichard con' p' estimac*o*em 19 a.

Bedd* xd. — Idem Edwardus Meredith tenet vn* tenement* in tennra Ed-
wardi Swymerton nup* terr* Johannis Bandle existen' septem parcell* contin'
p' estimac'o*em 9 a.

Bedd* vjd.— Johannes Dauid et vx* tenent tres parcell* continen' p* esti-
mat* 12 a.

Redd* vjd. — Johannes ap Hugh ap Edward ten' vn* messuagiu' cum perti-
nen' et diuers* cont* p' e8timac*o*em 14 a.

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Bedd' xi^ igd. — ^Biohardoa ap EUys Tudar tenet Tna* messnag' cum per-
tinen' et qainq' p*cell' terr* oontinen' p' estimat' 8 a.

Bedd' zijd. — Anna Vr John et Ellen v*t John tenent vn' mess' ca* p'tin'
«t lo'tem p'ceir t«rr* cont' p' estimat' i6 a.

Bedd' T^jf. Yi\j(i.~Bowlandne ap Hughes tenet vn' messnagin' cum perti-
nenciis et diners' parcell* terr* eidem p*tinen* prima pars vnde vocat* bryn'
J flynnon' seconda Erwe r groes 3*tia y Weirglodd tan y ty 4*ta weirglodd
hir 5'ta y ddol 6'ta kae dd' /tima bryn vrun' 8Va dd'au Dwnsdir 9'ma y
Yownog lo'ma talken y ty.

Idem tenet ib'm vnxx* messnag' cum pertinen' vooat' y ty ynol kae heilyn
cnm diners' p'cell' terr* voc' Erw y Corksute yddol tan y ty y worn vechan
kae dd' erwen hach y ddan kae tan y plas 65 a.

Idem tenet ib'm vn' cottagin* cum parcell' terr* vocat* y vownog.

Idem tenet vn' messuagiu' et duas piuroellas terr* vooat' bryn y sam eidem
messuag* p'tinen' que omn' perticular* clans' continen' p' est' in toto.

Eedd' payede in Brimbo. — Will'mus Bobinson Armige' tenet vn mess' cnm
pertinen' in tennr* puer Bichardi Gruff et quatnor paicell's ten' continen'
p' eatimat' 8 a.

Idem tenet qnatno' paroeUas terr* in tennra Joh'is Dauid aHqnando terr'
Johannis Hoell continen' p' estimac'o'em 9 a.

Idem tenet vn' messuagiu' cum pertinen' in oocupat' Dauidis ap Hugh et
tres paroellas terr* continen' p' esti^ouic'o'em 16 a.

Idem Will'mus tenet vn' parcell' prat' voc' gwen y saison nnp' terr' WiU'i
ap John ap John contin' p' estimat' 2 a.

Idem Will'mos tenet yn' messuag' cnm p'tinen' in tennra Thome Morgan
enm vna parcell' terr* continen' p' estimat' 2 a.

All his rents are paid for theis landes abone mentioned in Biymbo.

Bedd' ziy«. vid. — Bogerus Bellot^ generos' tenet vn' capital' messuag' cum

pertinenciis nup' terr' Edwardi John^ de alta attinct' et nunc tent'

per concessionem nup' a d?na Begina Elizabetha in liber' soccag* rt de ma-
nerio de East Greenwich yt Juratores pred' credibil' informati sunt 60 a.

Bedd' T». viyd. — Idem Bogerus tenet vnu' cottagin' et sex p'cell' terr*
nuper terr' Johannis Pnleston et Anne nz* eius continen' p' estimac'o'em.

Bedd' z\jd. — Idem Bogerus tenet tres parcellas terr' vnde vocat' yr hen-
bias 2'da fam y bragod 3'tia iacen' in parcell' fundi yocat' tir Juor nup' terr'
Hugonis Bobert' continen' p' estimac'o'em 16 a.

Bedd' i|jd. — Will'mus Erthig tenet vna' parcella' terr' vocat' ddoly Uwynog
aliquando terr' Joh'is Erthig continen' p' estimac'o'em i a. 2 r.

Bedd' xgd. — Johannes ap Bichard tenet duo seperal' messuag' cum perti-
nen' et quatnor decern parcell' terr* continen' p' estimat' 10 a.

Bedd' iya.— Hugo ap Robert tenet vn* cottag' cu' p'tin* nup' terr* Hugonis
Bersham continen* p' estimac'o'em 10 a.

Bedd' vJ5. — Johannes Pnleston Armig' tenet ynu' capitalem messuagiu'
cum pertinen' et diners' parcellas terr' eidem p'tinen' continen' p' estima-
c'o'em 100 a.

^ Boger Bellot was the son of Bobert Bellot of Bersham in the manor of
Esclusham, and Anne his wife, daughter of Pyers Mostyn of Talacre, Esq.
Argent, on a chief gules, three cinquefoUs of the field. (See pedigree and the
Arch, Canib., January, 1869, p. 14.)

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CCXIV ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

Bedd*.— Idem Johannes tenet ib'm yn' molendin' aqoatr' gran' com ystria'
anglioe a kjll et al' apportenen' eidem pertinen' et dao oottag* et doas p'oel-
oellas ten' vocat' yr Erow Wenn ec pen y garth qoi damat ease liber* conti-
nen' p' estimat*.

Redd' i^'f. — Johannes Jeffreys Armig^ tenet ib*m tree cottagia et vn' gar-
din' D'no molendin' aquatic' gran' et curs' aquatic' eisdem pertinen' et tu'
p'cell' prat' et vn' tenement' et sex panvos claus' eidem pertinen' nunc in
tenura Bichardi Hall et vnu' al' tenementu' in Brymbo et sex p'oell' terr*
eidem p'tinen' nup' in tenura Gadwallad' ap Howell continen' p' estimao^o'em
in toto 9 a.

Bedd' z\jd.— Bichardus Grosvenor miles tenet vnu' tenementu' in tenura
Oeorgii Warde contin' p' estimac'o'em i a. 2 r.

Bedd' YJ8. vi^'d. — Johannes ap John ap Wim' ap Hoell tenet vn' messoa-
giu' sive tenementu' p'tinen' continen' p' estimac'o'em 26 a.

Bedd' xiiijf. i^d. — Johannes Bogers tenet in Bersham ynu' messuagiu' in
quo nunc inhabitat cu' p'tin' et 12 p'cell' terr' continen' p' estimat' 20 a.

Idem tenet vnu' cottagin' cum p'tinen' et 7'din paroellas terr' nup' terr*
Edwardi Graffith continen' p' estimac'o'em 17 a.

Idem tenet vnu'i;enementu' cum pertinen' et quatuor paroellas terr* oon-
tinen' p' estimat' la a.

Idem Johannes tenet vnu' cottagiu' et vn' p'cell' terr' nunc in quatuor
paroellas fiict' continen' p' estimac'o'em nup' terr' Joh'is Puleeton 12 a.

Idem Johannes Bogers tenet duo cottag* cum pertinen' continen' p' esti-
mat' 2 r.

Bedd' XV8, iiijd. — Thomas TraflSord Armiger tenet vn' clausur' terr* in
Bersham vocat' ddolved cont' p' estimac'o'em.

Bedd' vi^d. — Idem tenet vn' clausur' terr' in Bersham nup' terr' Thome
Evans cont' p' estimat'.

Bedd' ^'«. ixd. — ^Bobertus Sonlley tenet ib'm yn' cottagiu' cum pertinent'
in Esdusham cum decem p'cellas terr* vnde prima pars Tocat' y goeea Glas
2*da r Erw las 3 kae pen y pont 4'ta kaer merich 5'ta kae era 6'ta gwem fer
vycham 7 Erwr prydydd y vnwoh 8 tres selion' in Erw gesnog 9 Erwr stybo'
10 bron r Wylua et 2 selion' in claus' vocat' bryn berthan continen' p' esti-
mac'o'em 30 a.

Bedd' Z2jd. — Hered' Willim' ap John ap Hoell' tenent vnu' messuagiu'
cum pertinen' et quinq' parcell' terr' vnde prima vocat' kae hoedliw 2'da kae
rhyge 3 y kae porth 4 y kae haidd 5 r Erw moch pen y ty continen' p' eeti-
mac'o'em 12 a.

^ Captain Boger Myddleton, jure WDorit of Plas Cadwgan, was the seoond
son of Bichard Myddleton, eldest son of Bichard Myddleton ab Bichard
Myddleton of Denbigh, Governor of Denbigh Castle in the reigns of Ed-
ward YI, Mary, and Elizabeth. He married Anne, daughter and heiress of
Edward Jones of Plas Cadwgan, Esq., lineally descended from Cynwrig ab
Bhiwallon, lord of Maelor Gymraeg, who bore ermine, a lion rampant $abU
armed and langued gules, Edward Jones was High Sheriff for Denbighshire
in A.D. 1576. He was attainted of high treason, and deprived of his estate,
by Elizabeth in 1586, for endeavouring, with Thomas Salusbury, Esq., the
heir of Lleweni, to release Maiy Queen of Soots, the legitimate heir of the
crown, from prison. On the discovery of the plot, Salusbury called at Plas
Cadwgan, and was assisted by his friend to escape. Jones lent him a horse.

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. CCXV

Eedd*. No rent vpon this t'en't. — Bogerns Middleton^ geneross' tenet tria
meBsaag* cum pertinenciis et qoinq' paroellas ter* vnde prima Tooat' Kant y
ddol dilim 2'da 7 ddol Twoh &wr ty 3 r Erw valgrw 4 iacet in Campo vooaV
kaer eidion 5 vooat' y kae tan y ty continen' p' e8timao*o*em.

Bedd' y«. zd. ez*. — Thomas Gooldsmith tenet tria seperal' tenementa ib'm
aliqaando terr' Edwardi Johnee de alta proditione attinct' nunc ten't a d'na
Begina Elizabetha in liVo soccag' vt de manerio de East Chreenwich vt Jura-
tor* pred' informant*.

Bedd' zd.— Johannes ap John Dauid Lloyd tenet una' messuagia' cum per-
tinenciis et sez clans' terr* eidem pertinen' prima vocat' r Erw y skallog^ 2 y
marrian nunc in doas paroellas 3'tia y kae da 4 y kae tan y ty 5 y weirglodd
6 Erw r kymbryd et vn' cottag* snp' inde edificat' oontinen' in toto p' eeti-
mac'o'em 10 a.

Bedd' ii\jd. — Danid ap John Dauid Lloyd tenet vn' tosf vn' horren' et
gardin' et tree p'cell' terr* i vocat' r Erw las 2'da r Erw vcha 3 y crochdir
continen' p' estimao'o'em 4 a.

Bedd' z^d.— Johannes Groffith ap Hoell tenet vn' messnag' cam pertinen'
et qnatuo' parcellas terr* eidem pertinen' vnde prima pars vocat' kae dd'
goch 2'da kae ll'wen 3'tia Erw gamedd 4'ta Uannwch j^w in doas seperal'
parcell' diuis' continen' per eatimac'o'em 14 a. •

Bedd' zyj5. In z'pioneth kenrick.— Edwardas ap Dauid^ ap Hoell ap Ed-
ward tenet vn' messnag' com pertinent' et tria cottag' et vndecem clans'
vocat' per seperal' no'ia sequen' viz. y kae eithin nnnc seperal' diuis' 2 r
Erwll wedd 3 roft 4 y weirglodd 5'ta Erw aber 6 tir Uywelyn 7 Erw r gar-
nedd 8 hanid Lynow nnnc diuis' in doas p'oellas 9 r hauid booth nunc in tres
parcell' diuis' 10 kay hova weU nunc in tres parcell' diuis' 11 y bryn Trawse
iacen' vt supra continen' p' estimat' 50 a.

Idem Edwardus tenet in z'pioneth kenrydd vn' messnag' in tenuraBandle
ap John ap Edward et vndecem dausuy terr' eidem p'tinen' continen' p' esti-
mac'o'em in toto 40 a.

and changed clothes with his priest, in order likewise to secure his safety.
Salusbury fled into Cheshire, but was soon taken. Both firiends suffered
death together in London, Sept. 21, a.d. 1586. (Arch. Comb,, January, 1869,
p. 18.) He married Margaret Wilson, by whom he had a daughter and
heiress, Anne, to whom Elizabeth restored the house of Plas Cadwgan and
part of the estates. She married Captain Boger Myddleton, as above stated,
by whom she had a daughter Elizabeth, heiress of Plas Cadwgan, who mar-
ried Ffoulke Myddleton of Gwaenynog, Esq., by whom she had John Myddle-
ton of Gwaunynog, who died in 1687, and Timothy Myddleton of Plas
Cadwgan. Argent, on a bend vert, three wolves' heads erased argent, langued
guUs, See pedigree. (Cae Cyriog MSS.) See p. cczi note 2.

I Edward, of Fron Deg in the parish of Wrezham, ab David ab Howel ab
Edward of Fron Deg and of Cristionydd Cynwrig, who was living 20 Henry
vn (A.D. 1505), ab Meredydd ab Gruff^dd, second son of Adda ab Howel,
second son of leuaf ab Adda ab Awr of Trevor. He married Margaret,
daughter of Elis ab David ab Bobert of Gnoltyn in Overton, and died March
13, A.D. 1625, leaving two sons, — John, ancestor of the Joneses of Fron Deg;
and Boger, who died without issue. Party per bend sinister, ermine and
emvines, a lion rampant or in a border gules, (Cae Cyxiog MSS.) See pedigree.

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CCXVi *• ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

Bedd' jyjd. . Bismembred 6rom Bromfiaild by grhint. — ^WUf'miw Joba ap
Httrzy tenet vBuVtenementa* in Esdosham nap* ten' £dwardi Jobnes^ de
alta prodidone attinot' qui nunc ten't p' oonoeBs' a nup' d'na Wha Elizabe-
tha vt de maner de East Greenwich vt de Jurator' pred* eredibil' in-
formant'.

Kedd' jd. ob. — Johannes Cydwallad tenet vn' tenement' cam pertmenciis
in EsclosHam com diners' p'cellis terr* eidem pertinen' continen' p' eetimai*

7*.

Sedd'.— Will'muB ap Bobert tenet dnas partes domus et gardin' Tude Hogo
Johnes tenet tertia' p'tem continen' p' estimacVem i a.

Bedd' x^d^ — Hogo ap Robert tenet in Esclusham yn' oottagin' et Tnam
parcellam terr* vocat' kay ll'wyn y Madd' in dnas paroell' dinis' nnper terr^
Boberti Lloyd generos' continen' per estimat' 5 a.

Redd' vjd. — Idem tenet dnas parcellas terr* vocat' y brewis bach com per-
tinen' nnp' terr* Johannis Bobert ap Jeu'n continen' p' ettimat' 2 a.

Bedd*. — Bichardns Danies tenet yn' oottagin* vbi Johannes ap John inha-
bitat et partem elans' vocat' Tir y Milwr continen' per estimat'.

Bedd' YJid, — Johannes Hngh ap Hugh tenet duo messnag' com pertinen*
'dis continen' per es^pnat' 10 a.

Bedd' ^«. vjd, — Tl^mas Backl^ tenet vnu' capitalem messnag' nnp* terr*
Edwardi Johnes' attinot' vt snpra continen' p' estimac'o'em.

Bedd' iy«. ex'.-^Hngo Eyton tenet vnu' tenementn' cum pertinen' et qna-
tnor paroellas terr* too' kae Bhyg 2 y kae leih 3 y biyn Uidiard 4 r Erw con-
tinen' p' eetimao'o'em 20 a.

Bedd' y«.— Danid ap Bichard tenet vn' oottagiu' et gardin' cum pertinen'
et qoatnor paroelF terr' i voc' y kaetan y ty 2 kaer eidione 3 y weiglodd
kaer yr sknbo 4 kaer gwydd et yn' oottagin' cum gardino continen' p' eati-
mao'o'em 7 a.

Bedd' yd. — Thomas Lloyd Armige'' tenet vn' tenement' cum pertinenciia
▼ocat' y Chamber Wenn nunc in tenura Bees ap William et tree paroeUas
terr* i vocat' r Ardd 2 Erow dd'n 3 Erw sueian nup' terr' Bogeri ap Bobert
contin' p' estimac'o'em 6 a.

Bedd' viyd. — ^Idem Thomas Lloyd tenet vnu' messnag* sive tenementn' in
possessione Johannis ap John Hugh et septem parcellas terr* eidem pertinen'
continen' per estimac'o'em 14 a.

Bedd' viiga. — ^Thomas Hughes tenet in Esclusham vnu' capital' messnag*
cum p'tinen' et diners' p'cellas terr* nuper terr' diet' Edwardi Johnes^ attinet'
vt supra et nunc ten't p' conoessionem A d'na Begina Elizabetha in lib'o
soccagio vt Juratores pred' informant' p' estimac'o'em.

Bedd' vi^d. — ^Thomas Hughes tenet vnu' tenementn' cum pertinent' et
diners' parcellas terr* continen' p' estimac'o'em 24 a.

Bedd'. — Fhillippus ap Bowland tenet vnu' in cottagiu' et aliquas paroellas
terr* vocat' gwem Hugh continen' p' estimat' 2 r.

Bedd' iii|j«.— Biohardus Warburton tenet vnum messuagiu' cum pertinent'
et diners' p'cellas terr* eidem p'tinen' contin' p' estimat' 40 a.

1 Edward Jones of Plas Cadwgan, Esq., High Sheriff for Denbighshire in
A.D. 1576, put to death by Elisabeth^ Sept. 21, 1586. See p. ccxiv.

* Edward Jones of Has Cadwgan, Esq.

* Thomas Lloyd of Plas uwchy Clawdd, Esq.

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MISCELLAinEOUS NOTICES. 261

AKN . III. M . yi . THBSA

EVS . PEATEI . ET . FILIO

P.O.

The following has been ofiei*ed as a translation, to some extent evi-
dently conjectural : " To the Divine Shades. Thesa erected this to
the memory of his brother, F. E. Oallimor, who lived forty-one years
and a half; also to his son Serapion, aged three years and six
months." Bat the names are more likely to be Calliniorphi and
ThesoBus^ that is Theseus. A sknll and some other bones were found
near the base of the stone. Several fragments of Samian pottery
have also been found in the course of the excavations.

Conway Castle. — Captain R. W. Bnlkeley of Bryn, Beaumaris,
has been appointed Constable of Conway Castle, and Mayor of that
ancient town, in the room of the Hon. T. Pryce Lloyd. The new
Constable is stated to be descended from Archbishop Williams, who
garrisoned the Castle for the King in the civil war.

Harlech Castle. — The papers state that Mr, W. W. E. Wynne
of Peniarth, and Mr. Samuel Holland, M.P., the Constable and
Deputy Constable of the Castle of Harlech, have decided to restore
that portion of this ancient fabric known as " T^r Bronwen,** or
Bronwen's Tower, at their own expense. This, it is hardly neces-
sary to remark, is highly creditable to these gentlemen, and we sin-
cerely hope that their example will be imitated by others who stand
similarly connected with our old castles.

Llandanwo Church. — We are indebted to the North Wales Chronicle
for the following piece of good news : " This, the original church of
Harlech, is situated on the flat level ground, near to the shore by
Mochras, and just where the small river Artro debouches into Car-
digan Bay. It is apparently, as well as in reality, a very ancient
edifice, and is a good specimen of the Early English style of church
architecture. The roof, which is of oak beams, is entirely denuded
of its slate covering, and has been so for years past ; but, singular
to say, the wooden raflers do not appear to have been affected by
the weather, but are as sound at this moment as any roofing in the
kingdom. It is a splendid though small building, and inside the
roof is ornamented with some very rare frescoes of great interest to
the ecclesiastical antiquary. It is now contemplated to restore
the old church, so far at least as a new roof is concerned, and also
new doors and windows, so as to preserve this unique specimen of
ancient architecture from the insidiorls effects of our bleak climate.
Major Casson, Port Madoc, is taking the lead in this matter, and
his efforts are being warmly seconded by other gentlemen of the
neighbourhood. We are happy to add that Mr. Roberts, architect.
Port Madoo, has volunteered his services, gratis, to superintend the
contemplated restoration. '^

" Bte-Gones." — A second volume of Bye-Qones has been com-
menced, which promises to be as interesting as its predecessor. We

17*

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262 MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES.

would suggest a more complete index than the one at the end of
the first volume.

Cambbun Abch^ological Assocution. — The twentj-ninth Annual
Meeting of the Association will be held at Wrexham under the pre-
sidency of Sib Watkin Willums Wynn, Bart., M.P., on Monday,
August 24 and four following days. For particulars of the arrange-
ments for each day, members are referred to the programme which
accompanies this number of the Journal.

"We cannot allow the present number to issue from the press with-
out a few remarks on recent events, which materially aifect the wel-
fare of the southern part of the Principality, and are of much interest
to the members of our Society. The newspapers have already an-
nounced the retirement of Dr. Thirl wall and the appointment of his
successor to the see of St. David's, and they have paid a just and
fitting tribute to the profound learning and sound judgment of the
Bishop, who, full of days and honour, has now sought the retirement
of private life. It is foreign to our province to add to their tribute ;
but, confining ourselves to our proper limits, we may mention with a
lively satisfaction that he was one of the early patrons of our So-
ciety, President of the Cardigan meeting in 1851, and present at
other of our yearly meetings ; we may also point to the restoration of
St. David's Cathedral, the Priory Church, Brecon, and many parish
churches, as lasting features of tiie benefits of his episcopate. Sin-
cerely regretting its close, we may rejoice that a Welshman of high
academic attainments, with a large English experience, is now Bishop
of St. David's. The Rev. W. Basil Jones was one of its general secre-
taries during the early years of our Society, and contributed greatly
to its success by his able papers in the new series, of which it may
sufiGice to refer particularly to " The Vestiges of the Gael in Gwyn-
edd ;" if we mistake not, we likewise owe to him the classified index
of the same series. The History and Antiquities of 8t, David's, the joint
production of himself and Mr. Edward A. Freeman, appeared about
the same time, a work which charms the reader as much by its
agreeable style as by its exhaustive treatment of the subject. The
duties of a Yorkshire parish and of his archdeaconry have, unfortu-
nately for us, long withdrawn him from the Principality. We now
hail his approaching return to fiU the see of St. David's as an oppor-
timity for increased usefulness, and trust that the archsaology of
Wales will again occupy the attention of his leisure hours.

The Rev. Walter Evans, who for several years has acted as the
General Secretary of the Association for South Wales, resigns the
office which he filled in a manner highly creditable to himself and
advantageous to the interests of the Society, in consequence of his
leaving that part of the Principality for North Wales. We beg to
tender the thanks of the Association to Mr. Evans for valuable and
always willing services, congratulate him on his well merited prefer-
ment, and wish him all happiness in his new and responsible sphere.

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BRIDGENORTH GASTLE.

. S 10 15 aO FEET

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^vtkmah^h €nmhvtnm.

FOURTH SERIES.— No. XX.

OCTOBER, 1874.

BEIDGENORTH, OLDBUEY, AND QUATFORD.

The river Severn, in its course from Shrewsbury to
Worcester, passes for several miles down a deep and
rugged ravine, >within or near to which lie the populous
districts of Coalbrook Dale, Iron Bridge, Coal Port, and
Broseley, early seats of the iron manufacture, and evi-
dences of the wealth, though scarcely in harmony with the
natural beauty of the country. The ravine commences
a little below the ivy-covered ruins of Buildwas Abbey,
and terminates twenty to twenty-five miles lower down,
about Bewdley and Stourbridge, where it opens out
into a valley of a soft and smiling character.

About halfway down, below Pendlestone rock and the
incoming of the W orf, the Severn receives upon its right
bank the waters from a short but deep and broad val-
ley, which descends obliquely from the north-west, and
between which and the main valley intervenes the point
of a steep and narrow ridge of rock, rising about 200
feet above the river, and upon the nearly level summit
of which is placed the town and what remains of the
Castle of Bridgenorth. The rock is more lofty and the
position far more striking than that of Pontefract Cas-
tle, the defences of which were also in a great degree
natural, and in these respects Bridgenorth may chal-
lenge comparison with Coney, which it also resembles
in the relation of the castle to the town. In both

4th 8KB., VOL. y. 18

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264 BRIDGENORTH, OLDBURY,

places the castle lay contiguous to the towD, and their
connected defences formed the common enceinte, while
the castle had besides a ditch proper to itself.

At Biidgenorth the castle occupied the apex and
south end of the platform, the broader and northern
part of which was covered by the town, and the town
walls abutted against those of the castle, while the
castle ditch traversed the platform from one face to the
other. Of the defences of the town only the north
gate remains, and that in a very mutilated and dis-
guised form, but the line of the walls may be traced,
partly by the inequaUty of the ground and the arrange-
ment of the streets, and partly by the existence of the
cliflF upon which they in part stood. An ancient forti-
fied bridge, standing when Grose visited the place late
in the last century, though now rebuilt, crossed the
Severn east of the town, and was approached from it by
a steep and narrow flight of rock-cut steps, and by a car-
riage way cut in traverses almost as steep. This bridge
de^nded the passage of the river and connected the

1)lace with the suburb called the Lower Town upon the
eft bank. It is this bridge which is supposed to have
given to the place its early name of "Brug*' or " Breig,"
the distinctive " North'' being an addition, probably in
the thirteenth century, when there is said to have been
an earlier bridge a little lower down. The town con-
tains several old buildings, and among them, near the
bridge, a very fine one framed with timber, in which
was bom Bishop Percy. There is also the fine parish
church of St. Leonard's, which stands at the nortn end
of the town, east of the north gate, and just within the
line of the old walls.

The castle platform is in plan somewhat of an equi-
lateral triangle, each side being about a furlong. Le-
land says its area is about one-third that of the town.
The two sides of this area were protected by a clifl* so
steep as to render a ditch unnecessary, and the face of
which, where it needed support, was, and still is revet-
ted, the wall and edge of the cliff having been no doubt

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AND QUATFORD. 265

crowned by a parapet. The cliff rises out of a steep
talus or slope. The base of the area was defended by
a wall within a ditch, upon which was a great gate-
house, standing in Leland s time and for a century mter.
The ditch has been filled up and built over, and the
wall removed. Just within its line still stands what
remains of the keep, and a few yards to the east of that
was the castle chapel, now the Church of St. Mary-
Magdalen, and, until recently, a peculiar with a special
jurisdiction. The chapel was collegiate with an endow-
ment for certain prebendaries, disendowed at the Re-
formation. The present building, constructed in 1796,
is a large and distressing example of Telford s church
architecture, in what the great engineer was pleased
to regard as the Grecian style. The two buildings
stand on the highest part of the castle area, which falls
thirty to fortv feet towards the southern point. A
modem wall has taken the place of the old enceinte.
The view thence is very noble, nor does any town in
England possess a finer promenade than that with
which corporate care has encircled the area.

The fragment of the keep, long known as " the lean-
ing tower of Bridgenorth," seems to be the only masonry
remaining of the castle, for the revetement wall of the
cliff looks as though it had been replaced. The keep
was a regular rectangular tower of the usual Norman
pattern, but in dimensions very unworthy of the power-
ful earl who built it, or of the celebrated fortress of
which it was the citadel. It was 45 ft. square and from
60 to 70 ft. high to the base of the parapet. On each
face were two pilaster strips, 8 ft. broad by 6 in. pro-
jection, placed close up to but not covering the angles of
the tower, which are thus converted into nooks or hollow
angles, of 6 in. in the side, and which, instead of as
usual terminating above and below in a flat square,
as though to receive a column, end in a sloping surface.
The pilasters rise from a common plinth and ascend to
the parapet. Whether they were continued upwards
so as to form the usual angle turrets does not appear.

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266 BRIDGENORTH, OLDBURY,

Each had two setts-off on the face and outer edge only,
reducing the breadth to 7 ft. 6 in. and 7 ft. The setts-
off were continued round the building. In the west
face was also another pilaster of the same breadth and
15 inches projection. This died into the wall some
feet below the summit, and seems to have been con-
nected with the entrance door, which probably opened
in its face, for it is broken away below and a part of
the rough backing of an arch is seen. The walls at
the base are 9 ft. thick and about 7 ft. at the summit.
The building is of three stages, a basement, at the
ground level, 12ft. high; a first floor, 25ft.; and a
second floor rather more, perhaps 30 ft. The floors were
of timber. The first floor seems to have rested on a ledge,
the upper and the flat roof upon joists, those of the
lower in the east and west, and of the upper in the
north and south walls. The joist holes in the north
wall have been closed by early work, and above is a
slight sett-off or shelf in the wall, as though the level of
the floor had been altered. In the west wall also new
joist holes, smaller, have been cut above the old ones.

The original roof was very steep, having two slopes
and a central gutter, as at Porchester, and the reverse
of the arrangement at Ludlow, where the ridge was
central, and the two gutters lateral. The weather table
remains perfect in the north wall, with a hole 2 ft. high
by 1 broad to carry the beam which supported the gut-
ter and the feet of the rafters. The table is seen con-
tinued horizontally upon the west wall, where it was
laid as a flashing to cover the upper edge of the tiling.
The walls were brought up to a level line all roxmd, so
as to conceal the roof. This arrangement, as at Lud-
low, Richmond, Porchester, and Sherborne gate-house,
shows that there was no original intention of using the
roof as a platform for mangonels and such like heavy
machines. The flat roof, of lead, was apparently of
later introduction. No traces remain of any mural stair-
case in the north or west wall, nor of any mural passages.

The basement was probably a dark store or cellar,

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AND QUATPORD. 267

reached only by a trap in the floor above. The en-
trance seems to have been on the first floor in the west
wall, in which also are traces of a loop or small window.
The north wall remains perfect. It was most exposed,
and is without openings of any kind. In what remains
of the south wall is one jamb of an original fireplace, of
which is seen the sloping back, and part of a lateral
nook and Norman abacus above it. The flanking shaft
is gone. In the part of the east wall still remaining is
the northern half of a small full-centred window, deeply
splayed inwardly. The east and south walls above the
first floor are gone. In the west wall, upper floor, is
seen the north jamb of a small full-centred window set
in a bold splay of hourglass section. North of it, in
the same wall, is a small recess, probably for a lamp,
and which seems to have been round-headed. There
probably was a fireplace in the south wall.

Projecting from the outside of the south wall, bonded
into, and of the same age with it, is a fragment of cur-
tain 7 ft. 6 in. thick, in which, as at Kenilworth, is seen
the jamb of a doorway, defended outside by a port-
cullis, the groove of which, square and 5 in. deep by
3 in. broad, shows that the grate was of iron. The
groove, as at Kenilworth, stops about 3 ft. from the
ground, the door having been reached by steps. The
groove is not open at bottom, but runs up behind a
covering wall, as usual, and was evidently worked from
the rampart, as is still seen at the Fishergate postern,
at York. The door jamb is about 6 ft. from the keep.
This was evidently the entrance into the innermost
ward, in which, or rather upon the wall of which, stood
the keep.

A few feet to the west of the keep is a mass of ma-
sonry, clearly a part of the forebuilding which covered
the entrance. Its face towards the keep is 13ft. long,
and towards the south 16ft. It varies from 3 ft. to
6 ft. thick, and is at present about 10ft. high. At
present it is distant from the keep 3 ft. 6 in., but the
two faces were evidently once in contact, and were dis-

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268 BRIDGENORTH, OLDBURY,

placed by an explosion. The mine by which the keep
was destroyed seems to have been placed here.

The material of the keep was rubble stone faced with
excellent fine jointed ashlar. The exterior face of the
forebuilding seems to have had a similar casing.

It is not easy to obtain accurate measurements of
the keep, so much has been removed, so much injured,
and what remains is so obscured with ivy. Moreover,
the interior is fitted up for two dog kennels kept in a
very filthy condition, and with putnd carrion suspended
from the walls. The ruins also stand in three distinct
enclosures, all locked up. A mine has been sprung be-
tween the keep and the forebuilding, and the explosion
has removed all the upper part of the latter, and so
tilted the keep that it leans at an angle of fifteen de-
grees eastward from the vertical, and the upper part of
the east and south walls are gone. Moreover, the keep
seems to have been lifted bodily about three feet to-
wards the east, and the north wall has a large open
crack. About fifteen yards from the south-east angle
stands a huge ivy-covered mass of masonry, probably
the detached angle of the tower. What remains of
the keep is held together by the excellence of the ce-
ment. The whole ruin is in a state of great filth and
neglect, and it is much to be regretted that the whole
area is not converted into a public garden. Judicious
excavation would probably throw much light upon the
details of the keep and show the line of its contiguous
curtain wall.

The masonry and details of the keep answer very well
to the date of 1101 to 1102, to which circumstances
assign it. It is certainly not earlier. The curtain of the
inner ward was clearly of the same date, and enclosed
a court in the north-west quarter of the general area,
of which the keep probably formed the north-east angle,
and which was entered on the east side close south of the
keep. All else is gone ; the " mighty North gate" of
which Leland speaks is no more. The very ruins have
perished, and the last trace of them, a good Norman

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AND QUATFORD. 269

arch, discovered while pulling down some houses in
1821, has since been destroyed by local Vandals.

The early history of Bridgenorth is exceedingly ob-
scure. It is stated in the Saxon Chronicle that when,
in 896, Alfred stranded the Danish ships in the Essex
Lea the Danes left them, traversed England, passed
the winter at Quatbridge on the Severn, and there
threw up a work. Three of the four original texts are
thus rendered. The fourth makes them rest at "Brygce,"
or Bridge, on the Severn. Florence of Worcester sup-
ports Quatbridge, and mentions the work or fortress.
"Brygce" in the Chronicle, is thought to be an interpola-
tion, both where appended to Quat, and where it stands
alone, it being probable that the Severn was not bridged
at that time. There are at present two parishes into
the names of which Quat enters on the left bank of
the river, below Bridgenorth, Quat and Quatford, and
upon the river is Danesford. Quat is regarded by Eyton
as a corruption of the British " Coed," a wood, the whole
district having been a forest.

In the same Chronicle it is recorded that iEthelfleeda,
the great lady of the Mercians, a mighty burgh builder
in her day, and called by Henry of Huntingdon " Ter-
ror virgo virorum," bmlt, in 912, a Burgh at Bricge,
to which Florence adds, "on the western bank of Sev-
ern." Bricge could scarcely be Bridgenorth, which is
not even mentioned in Domesday. We ought, how-
ever, to find near the river, about Bridgenorth, earth-
works of the work of the Danes and of iEthelflaeda, and it
will be seen that there remain at the least three distinct
works, any one or all of which may be of the ninth or
tenth centuries. These are Oldbury, Quatford Castle,
and Quatford.

Bridgenorth is not mentioned in Domesday. The
Norman castle did not then exist, and there is no rea-
son, strong and tempting as is the site, for supposing
that it was occupied either by the Danes or by ^thel-
flseda. Mr. Eyton is of opinion that the site of the later
town and castle is included within a certain two hides

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270 BRIDGENORTH, OLDBUKY,

of landwhicli in the survey constituted thedemesne lands
of the Norman Earl of Shrewsbury, within his great ma-
nor of Morville. Quatford, not Quatbridge, is mentioned
in that record in conjunction with Ardintone. "Ibi/' that
is in Ardintone, **Molendinum de iij oris et nova domus et
burgum Quatford dictum nil reddens;'' "There is a
mill worth three ounces (6s, per an.), and a new house,
and the borough called Quatford paying nothing/' In
1085, therefore, it may be awx>eptea tmtt the earl had
a new house at Quatford, where indeed it is known that
at the request of his second wife Adelais, and in ac-
knowledgment of her escape from shipwreck, he founded
about 1086 a collegiate churcL The foundation charter
of this alludes to the mount nigh to the bridge ; the
latter probably an appendage to the new house, the
former possibly part of the mder earthwork of what is
now known as Quatford Castle.

Earl Roger was succeeded in his English Honour and
estates by his second son Earl Hugh, who was slain in
Wales in 1098, and left the succession open to his elder
brother, Robert de Belesme, who had afready inherited
his father's estates in Normandy, and was Count of
Ponthieu in right of his wife. Kobert, who thus be-
came Earl of Shrewsbury, though a cruel tyrant, was a
man of great ability and energy, not only a great sol-
dier, and " princeps militias," or " Commander of the
Forces" to Ruftis, but a great military engineer. He
selected the site and planned the works of the cele-
brated Castle of Gisors on the Franco-Norman frontier.
His brother's death found him beleaguered in his Castle
of Balaon by Fulk, Count of Anjou, and the siege was
raised by Rufus, who granted him, or confirmed him in,
his brother's Honour. When he came to England is
uncertain, probably not before the end of 1099.

On the death, in 1100, of Rufus, Earl Robert took
part with Duke Robert, whose claims, however, were
not at first brought forward. It was probably while
preparing for their open assertion that ne decided to
fortify the strong position which rose unoccupied scarce

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AND QUATPORD. 271

a mile from his father's church and residence. His de-
cision was prompt, and followed at once by his acts.
He transferred the "Burgus" of Quatford to a new town
on the hill, and with it nis father's house and bridge,
which he also rebuilt. The result was the borough
town, castle, and bridge of Bridgenorth, the latter
structure giving name to the whole as Bridge or Bruge,
the distinctive " north" not being added tifl the reign
of Edward II or III.

With Bridgenorth Earl Robert also founded the Cas-
tle of " Caroclove" in Wales, and such was his need that
the works were carried on day and night. He also for-
tified Arundel, Shrewsbury, and TicS^hill. His exer-
tions in 1100 and 1101, when he seems to have built
the castle, must have been excessive. Henry, how-
ever, was not less active. He dispatched Robert, Bishop
of Lincoln, to lay siege to Ticknill, while he himself,
having commenced with Arundel, proceeded to Bridge-
north. He took it, after a three weeks' siege, in Sep-
tember, 1102, and this brought to a close Earl Robert's
short tenure of power in England. The earl fled to
Normandy, his earldom of Shrewsbury was forfeited,
and Bridgenorth was after a time granted to Hugh de
Mortimer of Wigmore, the son of one of Henry's most
trusted supporters. In 1126 Waleran, Earl of MeUent,
was here imprisoned, as was Meredith ab Llywarch in
1128. In 1130 wine was sent hither for the king's use,
so that Mortimer was probably rather constable for the
Crown, than the owner in fee.

* Mortimer, in the new reign, took the part of Stephen,
at whose death he held both Wigmore and Bridgenorth.
As he was in rebellion against Henry II, the king took
the field against him, and in April 1155 the castle a
second time stood a royal siege. Cleobury, one of Mor-
timer s castles, siurendered in July, and Wigmore and
Bridgenorth followed. Henry was for some time be-
fore the place, and his charter to Stoneley Abbey is
dated ^' apud Brugiiim in obsidione." It was at this
siege that Hubert de St. Clair is said to have stepped for-

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272 BRIDOENORTH, OLDBQRY,

ward to receive the arrow aimed at his sovereign, a ro-
mantic but unfounded tale. Henry retained the castle
for^the Crown, and used it largely as a prison for his
Welsh hostages. In 1173-4, when Prince Henry
rose against his father, Bridgenorth was victualled at a
cost of £22 5s. 2d. In 1175-6 the king dated a Wen-
lock Abbey charter from hence. The frequent charges
for repairs between 1166 and 1189 show the import-
ance attached to this castle by Henry II. In 1 1 76 the
Pipe Roll gives a charge of Id. per day for the castle
porter.

King John was six times at Bridgenorth, passing
there about fourteen days. He confirmed a charter of
incorporation to the town. Both he and his predeces-
sor, Richard, kept up the castle, as is attested by fre-
quent charges for repairs during sixteen years. In 1198
there was paid 6s. 3d. for the Mre of the barge in which
the wife of Griffith ab Rhys was conveyed from Bridge-
north to Gloucester. In 1203 John presented to a
prebend in the castle chapeL In 1209 a stag from the
adjacent forest entered the castle through a postern and
was captured, and no doubt converted into venison by
the castellans. For this they were prosecuted by the
verderers, and the proceedings imply that the castle was
then in charge of five persons only, of whom one was the
constable. No doubt in time of peace the royal castles
were left almost to themselves, and often not even kept
in repair. When a war arose they were repaired, garri-
soned, and victualled in all haste. So far as repairs
went Bridgenorth, however, seems to have fared well.
We read of repairs on the king's house, on the base-
ment of the castle, on the "Barbe-kana et Pons-tomalis"
or barbican and drawbridge ; on the turret of the outer
wall, the chimney of the great chamber, the castle walls,
the tower, the well, the glass windows in the haU, the
queen's oriel, and the chapel.

These charges are continued through the reign of
Henry III, and well into that of Edward I, from 1218
to 1 28 1 . In 1 232 the sheriff was to cause to be repaired

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AND QUATFORD. 273

the castle stable, and the kitchen within the barbican of
the tower, and in 1244-6 was a charge for covering the
tower at Brug with lead. This was probably the keep,
and may mark the period when the upper floor lecids
were altered, and the old ridge and valley exchanged for
a flat roof In 1267 Henry III and his queen were at
Bridgenorth, and it would seem that the Mortimers
were still connected with the castle, for, in 1273, on the
death of Hugh de Mortimer, Edward I continued his
successor Balph in the offices of sheriff of the county
and constable of the castle.

In 1281 an inquisition was held upon the state of the
building, which had latterly been neglected. The tim-
bers of the great tower were rotten, the leaden cover-
ing having been carried away ; also the castle bridge
was broken down, so that carriages could not cross it.

In common with most other castles held by the Crown
and therefore not inhabited, Bridgenorth seems to have
been allowed to fall into decay in the reign of the three
Edwards, so that probably little remained beyond the
walls. At any rate it played no part in English history
until the great rebellion, when the town declared for
the king, for whom the castle was garrisoned. The
tower was attacked by the Parliamentary forces on the
north side, and was entered by a breach near St. Leo-
nard's Church. Upon this the town was biu-ned from
the castle, which still held out. The Parliamentary bat-
teries are said to have been posted upon the Oldbiuy
earthwork, which is probable enough, though there are
no traces of parapets or breastworks of that date, which,
however, from the distance from the castle and the deep
valley between, were probably not needed. The garri-
son held out three weeks, and capitulated on honour-
able terms. The castle was blown up, and the materials
probably sold.

Any account of Bridgenorth Castle would be very
imperfect that did not take notice of the very remark-
able earthworks seen in its neighbourhood, and which
are evidently coimected with the events referred to as

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274 BRIDGENORTH, OLDBURY,

of the ninth and tenth centuries. These are three in
number, Oldbury, Quatford Castle, and Quatford ; and
first of OldbuiT.

On the left bank of the Severn, about a quarter of a
mile below and south-west of the castle, and on the
opposite side of the deep dry valley that forms its
western defence, the high ground of Oldbury is broken
by three deep combes which descend to the river, and
between which are two high ridges or knolls, steep to-
wai'ds the Severn and the combe on either side, and
on the west connected by a neck with the higher land.
The larger of these, that nearest the castle, is known by
the inelegant but most descriptive name of "Pan Pua-
ding HilL'' It does in fact almost resemble in figure a
beefsteak pudding just turned over out of the pan in
which it was boiled. Naturally oblong it has been scarped
and rounded. The circular flat top is 150 feet diame-
ter. In the centre is a slight nipple-like mound 3 fb.
high, and a raised bank now about 4 ft. high, crests
into circumference. Towards the river the slope is
steep for 50 or 60 feet, towards the land it is protected
by a cross trench about 50 ft. broad and 10 to 12ft.
deep. Half way down the slope on the eastern side is
a narrow ledge or path which may have been protected
by a stockade. Towards the south this ledge expands
into a stage or shelf from 90 to 100 ft. broad, and which
is excavated so as to carry a ditch. The arrangements
are very simple, and the mound is mainly natural,
though scarped and fashioned by art. It was here that
the Parliamentary guns were posted in the seventeenth
century.

Close south of this hlQ is a second, lower, smaller, and
less clearly defined. Its summit is also circular, and
about 100 ft. diameter. These two works are of one
general type, and probably of one date, and if not the
work of -^thelflseda are no doubt of her period. They
are either English or Danish, not British. That the
main work is older than the Norman fortress is evident
from a document of 1299, in which it is called "the old

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AND QUATFORD. 275

castle." Moreover it is the burgh which gives name
to Oldbury, the parish in which it is situated.

Quatford CastJe is on the left bank of the Severn,
one and a quarter miles below Bridgenorth, and a fur-
long from the river, the intervening ground being a
strip of meadow, while Danesford is stUl the name of
an adjacent ford and village. A short steep combe
descends from the high ground to the north-east, and
branching below includes a knoll of rock perhaps 150 ft.
above the valley and 200 ft. above the river. The soft
red fock has been paced and scarped, and a part of
the material employed to give an artificial top to the
hilL This is somewhat of an oval, and seems to have
had a sort of mound at its east end, now occupied by a
modem castellated house. The slopes are steep, espe-
cially towards the west, and they are broken by narrow
terraces, now walks, but which may have been ditches.
The approach is by a sort of causeway on the north-east
or least steep side. The siunmit and sides of the work
are converted into a house and gardens, but the general
arrangement of the original hill can readUv be detected.
It must have been very strong, and resembles generally
Devizes and similar works of English origin. Probably
this is the site of the " nova domus" of Earl Roger, as
it was the seat of his English predecessor. It is a very
curious work, and deserves to be siureyed on a large
scale by the ofl&cers of ordnance. It may be mentioned
that in the court-yard is a small passage cut in the rock,
at an angle of forty-five degrees, and which descends
by ninety-four steps to a well, whence the house is sup-
plied. The passage is evidently modem.

A little north-west of the castle, towards Bridge-
north, the tail of a piece of detached highish ground has
been cut off by a trench, near a place called in the inch
ordnance " Dog in the Wall.'' It seems to have been a
light temporary work for the accommodation of a small
body of men.

On the same road, two miles south of the town, is
Quatford, close to the parish church of that name, where

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276 BRIDGENORTH, OLDBURY,

the road crosses a steep ridge in deep, but probably
modem, rock cutting. The ndge abuts upon the Sev-
ern in ja bold rocky promontory about 70 ft. high.
Upon it is thrown up a mound about 30 ft. high, and
mainly artificial. It is circular and about 60 ft. diameter
on the top, which has been much cut about, probably for
modem purposes. The sides are steep, about three
quarters to one in slope. This mound is divided from the
root of the promontory by a trench cut in the rock about
12ft. deep and 12 ft. broad, which extends from cliff
to cliflF, and includes about three-fourths of the mound.
Outside this ditch and to the east of it is an area of
irregular figure, governed by the outline of the ground.
Its north and south sides are defended by a ditch,
which to the south is deep and wide. This probably
included the east side, but is now supersedea by the
hollow road. The area is not very large, and would
perhaps accommodate about two hundred men.

West of and beyond the road is the church, a build-
ing with some Norman remains. It stands rather higher
than the camp, and its churchyard would, with a httle
care, have formed a part of and doubled the area of the
camp. Whether it ever did so it is difficult to say, pro-
bably not. The ford which gives part of its name to
the village is still in use when the river is low. It
crosses the Severn below the camp.

This camp is omitted in the ordnance map, and Burf
Castle, placed a mUe and a half to the west on that re-
cord, does not exist, and it is pretty clear from the cha-
racter and surface of the hill that there never was any
kind of earthwork upon it.

It may be observed that the character of the surface
of the country hereabouts is very favourable for the con-
struction of these earthworks with mounds. There are
scores of natural rounded hillocks of red sandstone that
have an artificial aspect, and that with a little scarping
would be strong. There is one, especially, close east of
the road between Quatford and Dudmaston Park, that
looks very like an English earthwork, and wants nothing

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CLTDAI STONES, NO. I.

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AND QUATFORD. 277

but a ditch to make it perfect. Besides the earthworks
above described are others in the district which have
not been carefully examined, but which appear to be of
the same type. Such are Castle Hill nine miles south-
east from Bridgenorth, and the isolated knoll called
" the Devil's Spittle Dish," two miles south-east of
Bewdley. G. T. C.

THE INSCRIBED STONES AT CLYDAI, PEMBEOKE-

SHIRE.

The parish church of Clydai is situated in the county
of Pembroke, eight miles by road from Newcastle Em-
lyn. I had some difficulty in finding this place, which
is in a lonely glen or hollow, among the Preseli hills,
south of Newcastle. I first took the road to Cardigan
as far as Cenarth, turned off to the left to Pont ar Seli,
and from thence by a picturesque road as far as Glan
Cuch ; leaving the main road I turned to the right by
a narrow rugged hilly bye-way for about two miles,
which ended in a lonely glen, at the bottom of which
stood the church I was in search of. The grave-yard
is siuTounded by a low wall and entered by a Lych-
gate of some antiquity. The church appears to be a
structure of the fourteenth century, consisting of a nave
with western tower, a south aisle and a chancel ; it is
of the rudest type, built of common rubble masonry
with a modem deal roof, no ceiling, and having no fea-
ture of any interest.

No. I. — This monument is buUt into the quoin of the
left hand pier of the Lych-gate, it is a stone 5 feet
in length and of irregular shape and thickness, and
has been illustrated in the Archceologia Cambrensis^
1860, p. 223. The inscription there given is correct,
but iiie drawing of the stone is not so. The legend is
in Roman capitals of a debased type, with a tendency
to the miniscule form.

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278 THE INSCRIBED STONES

SOLINI PILIVS VENDONI.

There is no Ogham iuscription on this stone so far as
it can be examined, but I would remark that the names
here given are interesting ; we find that Solinus was
one of the companions of PaDadius, who left him in
Ireland when he had departed from his unsuccessful
mission ; see Annals of the Four Masters, a.d. 432.
The name is frequent in Irish history and hagiology
under the forms Sillan and SioUan ; see Annals of the
Four Masters and Martyrology of Donegal, In the
patronymic we recognise the Gaedhelic form Fintan,
Findan ; see Annals of the Four Masters, 2242, a.d. 612,
634, 685, etc.; Gaulish form, Vindonxi... Orel. 2019,
Carinth.

No. II. — Tlie second stone stands close to the north
wall of the churchyard, and is in length 4 ft. 2 in., in
breadth 13 in., and in thickness 11 in. at the centre.
This monument is thus described by Mr. Westwood.
"Like the former it contains an inscription in debased
Boman capitals, but the formula is still more irregular,
the reading evidently being

ETERNI FILL VICTOK

The first letter is reversed, the r's ill-formed and the
word fill formed of compound letters, the F distinct, the
first I forming the upright stroke of the L, and the se-
cond I united at its base with the horizontal stroke of
the L ; the obUque mark represented is most probably a
flaw in the stone. On the two edges of this stone are
Ogham strokes and marks, which are here given from
a sketch bv Mr. H. Longueville Jones, as the day when
I visited the locality was not at all favourable for their
examination. The two names on this stone merit a
passing remark. The first, Etemus, is here so dis-
tinctly written that it leaves no room for doubt as to its
employment as a name. Hence we obtain a true read-
ing of the Uannor inscription {ArchcBologia Cambrensis,
first series, ii, p. 203)."

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CLYDAI STONES, NO. II«

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AT CLYDAI, PEMBROKESHIRE. 279

ICVENALI FILI ETERNI HIC lACIT

and hence I think we have a fiirther proof of the cor-
rectness of my surmise that the terminal words of the
Bodvoc inscription {ArchcBohgia Ca/mhrensiSy third see
ries, iv, p. 289) are to be read as names, bternali
VEDOMAVi {ArchcBologia Cambrensis, 1860, pp. 225-26).
The Ogham inscription occupies a portion of two angles,
it commences as usual on the left and reads as follows :

Left angle. ii'iT '" '" \\\\ JIJH

£ T T E R

Right angle. "I i; /////

TOR

It commences at 18 ins. from the groimd, occupies
2 ft. 6 in. in length, and finishes close to the top ; on
the opposite angle, close to the top and reading down-
wards, we have the letters tor, the concluding syllable
of the patronymic, and we are therefore justified in con-
sidering this as a bilingual legend. The Ogham is evi-
dently imperfect in consequence of the head of the stone
having been broken off ; at some time this pillar had been
converted into the stand of a sim-dial, the top had been
carefully squared and levelled ; the four holes by which
the dial plate was secured are stiU perfect, with remains
of the iron pins ; it is probable that the legend went
round the front angle of the head as in other Welsh and
Irish examples, and that the original formula was as
follows :

m;; III III MM ///// / t mil trn;

E T T E R N I MA Q I

INI III

II -— ■•

PI C T O R
ETTERN THE SON OF FICTOR (or FBCTOR).

Ettem, this name appears in the Martyrology of
Donegal, p. 139: ''Ethem, Bishop of Domhnach-Mor-

4th see., vol. v. 19

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280 THE INSCRIBED STONES

Mic-Liathbhe, in Mughdorna." It is a type of name
common in our indices as Etair^ Etain^ Etnur, etc. The
T and D being commutable in Irish, and the double x
always reading D, the form would be edern. Thus we
have ETAR often written edar and etterscel, a great
Munster tribe-name written ederscel. Old Cymric
tradition gives us edeyrn. A potter's mark on red
Samian ware gives us aeterni (Wright's Celty Roman,
and Saxon,p. 468). I should say that the Oghamic form
of the patronymic would be fector. Irish names with
the prefix pec are plentiful, as Fechin, Fectach, also
Fiacra, Fiacna, etc. Tor signifies a head chief or prince^
it is used both as a suffix and prefix to Irish names, as
Torbad, Toranan, Tordelvac. The inscription is fairly
legible, the Ogham characters being formed in the same
manner as in the Irish examples.

No. ni. — ^The third monument is not now at Clydai,
having been removed fi-om thence to a farm callea Ty
Coed, about a mile north firom the church, and is now
lying against the steps leading to the granary. Mr.
Westwood thus describes this stone : ** The upper part
is ornamented with a cross, with dilated ends to the
arms, inscribed within a circle, the curved lines separa-
ting the arms interlacing in the middle of the cross.
Two deeply incised longitudinal lines extend two-thirds
down the face of the stone, where they meet a trans-
verse line.

There are some other shorter, horizontal, and per-
pendicular strokes (exclusive of several Ogham marks on
the left edge of the stone), which appear to be desti-
tute of any meaning. The lower end of the stone is
buried in the ground, so that I am unable to conjecture
what may be the true name of the person to whose
memory the stone was originally carved. The letters
DOB, with (f) ilivs in a second Ime are all that I could
determine, the latter being followed in the middle por-
tion of the face of the stone by three short strokes
(which I scarcely think can be intended for the letter e),
and the letters volenc — , a name which certainly re-

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CLTDAI STONES, NO. III.

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AT CLYDAI, PEMBROKESHIRE. 281

calls to mind the Penbryn stone inscription COR. bal

ENOl/'^

I found this interesting monument standing against
a pier of masonry, at the right hand side of a flight of
steps leading up to the floor of a granaiT, in this farm-
yard of Ty Coed, about a nule north of Clydal The
stone was entirely above ground when I saw it, and as
the farmer's wife, Mrs. Bowen, kindly washed and
cleaned the &ce of it, I was enabled to make an accu-
rate drawing from dimensions ; its entire length is 4 ft.
3 ins., breadth at bottom 11^ ins., at top 14 ins., and
from 3 to 4 ins. in thickness. On the broader end is
incised a Greek cross within a circle, under it, reading
from the present bottom upwards, is an inscription in
Roman capitals of an early type, and on one angle a
number of Ogham characters. The long upright lines
as also the transverse ones are a complete puz^e ; they
look like an attempt to deface the Boman inscription,
and to a great extent they have succeeded, though suf-
ficient remains to enable us to identify the names con-
tained in it. I am surprised that Mr. Westwood should
have any hesitancy as to the reading of this legend :

nOBUN — (p)LnTS EVOLENO —

The letters dob are quite perfect, UN remains, but
confused by the lines above alluded to ; the i is hori-
zontal and more distinctly marked than is shown on
woodcut. I have met witn this name on another monu-
ment in the PrincipaUty in the form of dobvini. I have
lost my note of the locality, some of my readers may
supply the deficiency. We find it in the indices of the
Annals of the Four MasterSy at a.d. 900, in the form of
Duhhuan, a bishop of Kildare. Dobhan and Dubhan
are frequent names in Irish history and hagiology. The
p in FiLius is defaced.

Evolenci. One of the transverse lines is cut through

the back bar of the E, but the three horizontal bars are

perfect, showing that it was exactly of the same size

and form as the other E in the same name. The final

^ Archceologia Cambrensis, 1860, p. 226.

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282 THE INSCRIBED STONES

I is horizontal. The Irish form is Eibhlinn, pro Evlinn,
a mythic personage from whom one of the Sliabh Felim
mountains in Tipperary is named. On one of the
Llandyssilio stones we find evolenus {ArcJueologia
Camhrensis, 1860, p. 56); and on one at Spittal, Pem-
brokeshire, we have the form evali (1861, p. 302).
We also have Aoibhal, pro Eval, a female deity of the
Tuatha De Danand. The Ogham legend begins at 2 ft.
from the original lower end, and occupies 1 ft. 9 ins. of
the angle. It is much injured, and some of the letters
are lost ; in its present state it is certainly imperfect.
I make out the existing characters as follows :

II n . ■■ III / . mil nn.

'' III •' / • ^^^^- III!

DOFOTMAQ I 8

The first, second, and third letters are quite legible, the
fourth may be an A and not an o. I nave shown the
second score as doubtftJ ; the fifth group is perfect ;
between the fifth and sixth the angle is much worn,
there is one vowel score ; the group following is much
damaged, the first two scores are short, the third has
been lost in the long transverse line, the other two of
the group are perfect ; there can be no doubt that it
was one of five scores, and represented the letter q ; the
last two characters are quite perfect. So far the legend
appears to me to read " Dofat or (Dofot) the son of
S****." A name almost identical has bcMBn found in
Ogham on one of the Ballintaggart group, Dofet I
thmk it can scarcely be doubted that the letters fol-
lowing formed the usual Maqi; we have all the letters,
the m alone excepted ; and taking into account the
present imperfect state of the inscnption, and the mu-
tations the entire stone has imdergone, we may fairly
conclude that its absence is owing to weather-wear or
iiy ury ; what the patronymic was we have no means
of deciding ; the original top having been made, the
bottom will account for the disappearance of the second
name, which appears to have commenced with the letter
8, at present close to the end of the stone. It is quite

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AT CLYDAl, PEMBROKESHIRE. 283

evident from an examination of this stone that it does
not bear a bilingual inscription, the Ogham Dofat and
the Boman Dobunus have no likeness whatsoever. Dr.
Ferguson appears to think otherwise, and classes this
among the bilinguals. I submit, however, that there
are no grormds for doing so beyond the mere accident
of the letters do ; the rest of the names are quite un-
conformable. I might as well aver that Daniel and
David were identic^ for the same person. This stone
most truly tells its own tale. It was originally selected
as the sepulchral memorial of some Gaedhelic worthy,
and his name and patronymic inscribed in Ogham on
the angle, reading from the bottom or broad end up-
wards, for as a rule the broader end of the stone was
left iminscribed for fixing in the earth, aa they affected
a monument of a tapering form if it could be procured.
At a later period it was transformed into the grave-
piUar of another personage, whose inscription was cut
on the face of the stone in the letters and language in-
troduced by their Roman masters, and then imiversal
in Britain. It will be here remarked that this legend
reads downward as all the Romano-British inscriptions
invariably do : and in a contrary sequence to the Ogham,
as is also invariably the case where both are found on
the same stone. We now come to the Christian appro-
priation of this monument ; it was evidently removed
from its Pagan cemetery, and the cross having been in-
scribed upon the broader end which originally went
into the ground, it was turned bottom upwards and
placed either as a monument or as a consecrated emblem
of Christianity adjobiing the Christian church. That
the cross had nothing to do with either of the inscrip-
tions is quite evident from the feet that the commence-
ment of both should of necessity be buried in the earth
when the cross-end was turned upward. An additional
evidence is the partial defacement of the Latin inscrip-
tion by the long vertical and transverse scores cut on
the face of the stone, or which may have been a portion
of an intended shaft to the wheel-cross, such as I have

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284 MOULD OR STAMP, LLANDERFEL.

often seen on other pillar-stones. We have here the
very same process of appropriation as in the case of the
Tndlwng stone, where tne cross has also been engraved
on the original bottom-end.

It would be desirable to place this interesting monu-
ment in a safer position than it at present occupies :
standing loose at the comer of a flight of steps inside
the gateway of the farm-yard, it may at any time be
knocked down and broken by careless workmen or cart-
era It ought certainly to be removed to the cemetery
at Clydai and placed with its companions. I am cer-
tain the present possessors would have no objection ;
they seem to take an interest in the stone and render
every assistance for its examination. I was surprised
to find such a treasure of ancient inscriptions in this
weird and lonely spot ; the veir seclusion of whidi has
probably led to their preservation.

The engraving of No. 1 has been made from my own
drawing. Illustrations Nos. 2 and 3 have aheady ap-
peared in our Joinnal, 1860 ; they fairly represent the
forms of the monument, the Latin inscriptions being
carefully rendered ; the Ogham legends on both of these
are not correctly given. I have shown them in my
text as they now exist.

Richard Rolt Brash, M.RLA.

Sunday's Well, Cork.

MOULD OE STAMP, LLANDDEEFEL.

The oblong flat stone, a drawing of whidi is herewith
given, was discovered twenty-five or thirty years ago
m digging the garden of a small cottage called Tan y
Ffordd, at the eastern end of the village of Llandderf^
in the county of Merioneth, and was purchased by Mr.
W. Pamplin of Top y Llan, in the same village, from
the daughter of the man by whom it was found. The
spot lies in dose proximity to a very old road from Bala
to Corwen, which probably runs upon the track of a

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Ml (0

o: o

H . 0 5

§ 5t

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MODLD OB STAMP, LLANDDERFBL. 285

Roman road ; if, as it has been supposed, there was,
besides the line connecting Caergai vid Caer Caereini,
with the station at Pen y Gaer, near Cerryg y Drudion
and so on to Varis (Bodfari), another following the
course of the Dee towards Bovium (Bangor Iscoed) and
Deva (Chester). Although there is nothing on the im-
mediate site that indicate the existence of any earth-
work, still there is on the same side of the road at the
distance of about three quarters of a mile, in the direc-
tion of Llandrillo, a farm called D61 y Gadfa, or " mea-
dow of encampment," and the original finder of the
stone considered that it might have been brought with
manure or compost from thence. No well denned re-
mains of the entrenchments now exist there, but still
sufficient is left to show that the position was once oc-
cupied by defensive works. The ground falls in every
direction, and the diameter, measuring either from the
level of the meadows east and west, or from the bank
of the river on the south to the old Bala and Corwen
road to the north, is about two hundred yards. A
small streamlet crosses the road and flows into the Dee,
along what may have been the western trencL I do
not know for certain whether any remains, such as pot-
tery or coins, have been found there, but the present
occupier of the farm ass\u:ed me that he had seen no-
thing of the kind.

This is a part of the vale of Edeymion, where the
high grounds, both on the Berwyn and Mynydd
MynyUod side, encroach somewhat upon the flat land
below, allowing but a comparatively narrow space for the
passage of the river which here divides D61 y Gadfa
from the lands of Crogen, where there is yet visible a
tumulus of considerable size, and tradition points to
this neighbourhood as the scene of many a hard fought
field. The stone under consideration is evidently either
part of a mould or else a stamp of some kind. It is of
compact texture and dark brown in colour ; Mr. Pamp-
lin suggests that it is identical, as to composition, Vith
the German lithographic stone. As may be seen from

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286 MOULD OR STAMP, LLANDDERPEL.

the accompanying drawing, which is given of the origi-
nal size, its lenfftn is 2J ins., breadth If ins., and thick-
ness half an in^L On either face there are four circu-
lar matrices ; those on side No. 1 are as follows : to the
left a wheel-like ornament three quarters of an inch in
diameter, with twelve spokes springing from a central
ring a quarter of an inch in diameter, half way between
which and the circumference there is a second slightly
marked ring. To the right is another of nearly equal
size, having a kind of cable pattern on the rim, and five
spokes somewhat unevenly placed and marked with
transverse lines. The other two are about equal, dia-
meter five-eighths of an inch, the upper one is plain,
but the lower has the following characters and numerals
scratched upon it with some sharp-pointed instrument,
^^ ™. No. 2 has on it, to the rignt> a matrix similar to
ihe right hand one on the opposite side (No. 1) differ-
ing only in that it has an additional spoke and a
slightly greater diameter, seven-eighths of an inch.
The disc to the left is perfectly plain and flat, diameter
three quarters of an inch ; but the other two, whose
diameter is five-eighths of an inch nearl v, are concave ;
the upper is divided into four quarters by narrow lines
radiating from the centre, and the lower (which is a
good deal injured) shows some traces of concentric groov-
ing. The side and ends are scratched as follows :

There is no appearance of any contrivance for admit-
ting the metai, so that, imless we suppose that two
corresponding channeled stones have been lost, these
matrices can have been used merely for imprinting
a pattern upon one side of the fiised substence, or
else as stamps for impressing something soft. Three
out of the eight resemble in form the supposed Gaulish
money, of which many examples are given in a memoir
by Comte de Widranges in the ArchcBologia Cambrensis,

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MOULD OR STAMP, LLANDDERFEL. 287

3rd series, vol. vii, p. 213, etc.; see especially Plate 4,
Nos. 1 and 2, also Plate 6, Nos. 1, 5, and 6, which cor-
respond nearly as to size. It may be that the articles
cast were intended for buttons or studs, in which case
ornamentation would be required but on one side ; the
two small concave matrices on No. 2 partake very much
of this character and would appear to have notning to
do with coining. As regards the scratchings, I can offer
no satisfactory explanations, but the most noteworthy
facts are the persistency with which the letters re and
the numerals xix are repeated, the former three and
the latter four times ; also the occurrence of the Greek
Q on the front of No. 1, and a character much resem-
bling it immediately preceding the xx upon one of the
discs. The xx may possibly have reference to the twen-
tieth legion, which having its headquarters at Chester,
would be sure to have detachments occupying the North
Wales stations, and may therefore have passed along
this valley. I know of but one instance of an article
of this kind having been discovered in this part of
the country ; namely, that recorded by the Hon. W.
O. Stanley in his " Cyttiau Gwyddelod, third me-
moir, reprinted from the Journal of the Royal Archceo-
logical Institute^ vol. xxvii, supplementary notices,"
wherein there is a drawing (plate xiv, fig. 5) of " por-
tion of a mould for casting metal discs found at Pen y
Bone, near a site of an ancient oblong building, adja-
cent to remains known as Ty Adda and Ty Efa." This is
about 4^ ins. long and 2^ ins. at its broadest part,
tapering towards tne upper end where a piece has been
broken off. It is described as being of "a peculiar
dark brown clay-slate, such as some of the spindle
whorls are made of ; it cuts soft. The surface has been
rubbed down, but it does not appear that the stone was
as at first imagined the moiety of a mould and fitted as
in other instances to a counterpart, cavities being
formed between the two surfaces and the metal poured
in through a little orifice or channel when the moieties
of the mould were in juxtaposition. It may be con-

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288 MOULD OR STAMP, LLANDDEHFBL.

eluded, therefore, that the molten metal may have be^i
simply poured over the surfiice placed horizontally, and
thus producing discs convex on one side only, their re-
verses being plain and flat ; on the other side of the
stone a drde has been struck, possibly the commence-
ment of another mould for discs of metal" (p. 26).

There is but one of the matrices in this mould that
shows similarity of pattern to those on the Llandderfel
stone, and that has the addition of pellets in the spaces
between the spokes of the wheel; in size they nearly
correspond. It should be noted that the Pen y Bone
example was found " in proximity to objects of Roman
date" {lb,) Another instance, referred to by Mr. Stan-
ley, is the half mould foimd at Caerleon, and figured
and described by Mr. J. K Lee in his Isca Silurum, p.
71, plate xxxvii, fig. 3. Three of the discs upon this
bear a dose resemblance to the wheel-like figure to the
left on No. 1 face of the Llandderfel stone. This, how-
ever, has the channels for pouring the metal remaining,
and Mr. Lee observes, "As it was foimd in the excava-
tion of the Castle Villa, with Roman remains, and the
wheel-like ornaments do certainly bear some resem-
blance to many of those on Roman sculpture, it may be
considered as Roman, or at any rate Roman-British."
The " sculpture" referred to is on a sepulchral slab (see
Isca Silurum, plate 1, fig. 1, and also an article by Mr.
Lee in the ArchceologiaCamhrensi8,'No.XlYyApni, 1849,
plate vii), where there appear on either side of a cres-
cent two wheels of the broad-rimmed and thick-spoke
dasa In Bruee's Roman Wall there are several altars
having this ornament upon them, notably one found
at the station " Petriana' (Cambeck Fort) dedicated to
I.O.M. " The thunderbolt of Jupiter adorns one side of
it, and the wheel of Nemesis the other." In that most
interesting collection of articles discovered at the Ro-
man station (Olenacum or Virosidum) near Maryport,
Cumberland, and preserved at Netherhall, there is an
elegantly shaped altar, four feet high, dedicated to Ju-
piter by the first cohort of Spaniards, upon which are

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MOULD OR STAMP, LLAKDDERPEL. 289

three of these wheels, aa likewise six on b. slab bearing
testimony to the labours of the second and twentieth
legions, and upon a firagment of an altar there is a cjare-
fiilly executed wheel of the same type as the "wheel
of Nemesis," mentioned above. Also amongst a fresh
batch of altars, seventeen in number, brougat to light
in 1870, four, all dedicated to Jupiter, have this orna-
ment upon them, and upon one small and uninscribed
example, only two feet nigh, it is repeated no less than
six times. Upon careful consideration of the character
of the letters, numerals, and carving, and in view of the
evidence adduced as to the prevalence of the same style
of ornamentation on objects manifestly belonging to the
period of Roman occupation in Britain, I fed strongly
disposed to refer the Uandderfel mould also to that
date.

W. Wynn- Williams.

Bodowryd : July Ist, 1874

A CONCISE DESCEIPTION OF THE PEINCIPAL

SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS m ST. DAVID'S

CATHEDEAI., SOUTH WALES.

The Cathedral of St. David, South Wales, is situate at
a greater distance from a rail^vay station than any other
cathedral in England and Wales, and there is not, I
believe, from any railway station any daily public con-
veyance. It lies consequently so out of the way that it
is visited by comparatively few. The survey of the
cathedral church of St. David and the edifices belong-
ing to it as they stood in the year 1715 has been well
and judiciously treated of by Browne Willis, the emi-
nent antiquary of the last century. Of late years a
more elaborate work treating exhaustively of the archi-
tectural features of the cathedral has appeared, but the
monumental relics the cathedral contains have not
hitherto received that critical notice they deserve. The
following brief notes, illustrative of the monuments.

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290 SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS IN

were taken in the summer of 1872, on a visit made to
the Cathedral of St. David for that purpose.

The figures prefixed to the description of each monu-
ment correspond with the figures in Willis's Ichnogra-
phy of the Cathedral.

1. Monument of John Morgan alia^ Yong preferred
to the bishopric of St. David, A.D. 1496. Died circa
A.D. 1504. This monument I was unable to examine,
it being incased in wood work on accoimt of the cathe-
dral being under reparation. It is placed eastward of
one of the piers of the south aisle of the nave. Willis
describes it as follows : **And by that is Bishop Mor-
gan's tomb, of freestone; his effigies is at length in
PoivtiJicalihiLSy his face is mangled, as are aU the faces
upon every monument in the chiurch more or less. On
the sides are images, probably of our Saviour and his
Apostles, much defaced ; at the feet is a sculpture in
hasso relievOy but exceedingly ruined ; it seems to repre-
sent the Resurrection."

2. Under an engrailed arch in the south wall of the
south aisle, similar to an arch in the church of St. Mary
Radclifie, Bristol, is the effigy of a priest. He is repre-
sented with his head bare and tonsured, reposing on a
double cushion, vested in the alb with the chesible and
maniple, the hands are conjoined on the breast as in
prayer. This is a monument of the fifteenth century.
It is briefly described by Willis, in his Ichnogi^aphy, as
a " defaced monument.'

3. The recumbent effigy of a priest, much mutilated,
lying on a high tomb, and representing one vested in
the alb and chesible. This is apparently of the fifteenth
century, though the arched compartment under which
it is placed is of the fourteenth century. It is described
by Willis as ** Monument of a dignitary under the rood
loft."

4. The recumbent effigy of a priest represented with
his head bare and tonsured. He is vested with the
amice about his neck, in his alb, stole, and chesible, with
the maniple. The shoes are pointed, and the feet rest

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ST. David's cathedral. 291

against a lion. - This is placed on a high tomb, it is
apparently of the early part of the fifteenth century,
and is described by Willis as ** monument of another

5. A high tomb bearing the recumbent eflSgy of a
bishop, whilst along the south side of this tomb are
seven statuettes in relief

The first representing...

The second St. Andrew

The third St. Peter

The fourth St. Paul

The fifth

The sixth

The seventh

The eflSgy of the bishop is represented wearing the
mitra pretiosa, and he appears vested in the amice, alb,
dalmatic, and chesible. This efligy is much abraded.

The last three monuments are surrounded by iron
railings which prevent more than a cursory inspection.
The last is described by Willis as '* Bishop Gower's
monument."' He died a.d. 1347, "and was buried,"
says Willis, "in the chapel of St. John in his own
cathedral, which he had built for his sepulture under
the rood loft."

This effigy and monument appeared to me, however,
to be rather of the fifteenth century.

6. This, according to Willis, is " Bird's, the stone-
cutter's monument."

7. This, a monument on the west side of St. An-
drew's Chapel, according to Willis, is gone.

8. This, another monument in or against the north
wall of St. Andrew's Chapel is also gone. But oppo-
site to No. 8, as designated by Willis and against the
south wall of St. Andrew's Chapel, where no monu-
ment appears in the Ichnography of Willis, is the re-
cumbent eflSgy of an ecclesiastic, apparently of the
fourteenth century ; he is represented with the amice
about his neck, vested in the alb and stole, the latter
worn priestwise, with the extremities hanging down

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292 SEPULCHRAL MONITMENTS IN

on both sides. Over the alb is worn the daknatic, open
at the sides, but there is no chesible. This effigy, a
very singular one, is beneath an ogee shaped canopy,
cusped within. It is, I think, from the peculiar aj>
rangement of the vestments, the stole, wompriestwise,
and the dalmatic only over the alb, the emgy of an
archdeacon ; but with the exception of another effigy in
this cathedral, as represented aa thus vested, I have
met with no other example elsewhere, archdeacons being
generally represented in the canonical, choral, or pro-
cessional habit.

In the north aisle of the quire, on the south side, in
a position not marked by Willis, but nearly opposite to
No. 16 in his Ichnoffraphy, is the recumbent effigy of a
man in armour, apparently of the reign of Richard II,
or latter part of the fourteenth century. He is repre-
sented aa wearing on his head a conical basinet, to
which a camail of mail covering the chin and neck and
upper part of the breast is attached. Epaulieres of
plate cover the shoulders, brassarts protect the upper
arms, plain coudes the elbows, and vambraces the lower
arms. The body armour is covered with a close fitting
jupon, emblazoned with the armorial bearing of a Uon
rampant, and a horizontal bawdric encircles the loins.
The thighs, knees, legs, and feet are covered with
cuisses, plain genouiUeres, jambs, and sollerets, the lat-
ter lammated, all of plata Spurs are affixed to the
heels, and the feet rest against a lion. The lower por-
tions of the arms and uie hands are gone, and but a
small fragment of the sword sheath is left.

Nos. 16 and 17, as set down in the Ichnography of
Willis and designated by him " Knights Templars mon-
imicDts of the lamily of Wogans, as is said,' are gone
or removed. The monument last described is pro-
bably one of them.

18. Exposed to the open air is the much mutilated
effigy of a knight of the fourteenth century. The ar-
mour is somewh&t difficult to make out, but consists
apparently of a hooded hawbert of mail, over which is

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ST. DAVIDS CATHEDRAL. 293

worn a sleeveless surcoat, on the left side is a heater-
shaped shield^ and the legs are crossed,

19. Under a sepulchral ogee shaped arch of the four-
teenth century is the mutUated recumbent effigy of an .
ecdesiastic, clad in the vestments of a priest, viz.,
amice, alb, stole, and chesible ; his head reposes beneath
a horizontal ogee canopy.

Opposite to No. 18, and in a position not laid down
by Willis, is a high tomb, much mutilated, panelled in
front with plain pointed arches trefoiled in the heads.
This, a tomb of the fifteenth century, has been inscribed
and the word nuper remaina On this tomb is the
much mutilated recumbent effigy of an ecclesiastic in
the vestments of a priest, viz., amice, alb, and chesible,
with the maniple worn over the left arm.

The foregoing are in the north aisle of the quire ex-
tending eastward half way to St. Mary's ChapeL

St. Mary's Chapel, No. 29,in the Ichnographyoi Willis.
This monument, formerly against the north wall, is gone.
Willis sets it down as " Bishop Houghton's monument."
This bishop died A.D. 1388.

30. This on the south side of St. Mary's Chapel, near
the east end, is set down by Willis as " a defaced monu-
ment," but iiie remains are those of a triple sedilia, and
not a monimient.

31. This is a canopied monument of the fourteenth
century, in the south waU of St. Mary's Chapel, and is
describe by Willis as " Bishop Martin's monument."
The effigy is gona Bishop Martin died a.d. 1327.

In this, St. Mary's Chapel, removed from its original
position and set against the east wall, is a sepulchral
slab of the fourteenth century. On it is sculptured in
relief the head of an ecclesiastic. It is not noticed so
as to identify it by Willis.

In the south aisle of the quire No. 28 against the north
walL This is gone. It is described by Willis " one of
several defaced monuments."

27. This at the east end of the 'south aisle of the
quire is also gone, though described by Willis as one of

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294 SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS IN

"several defaced monuments", it was probably an altar.
No ancient medi89val monument would be placed in this
position.

26 and 25. These two monuments in the south wall
of the south aisle of the quire, described by WiUis as
" defaced monuments," are also gone.

24. On the south side of the quire, westward of No.
25, is a plain sepulchral arch of the fourteenth century,
cinquefoiled within the head. The effigy is gone. It
is amongst the so described " defaced monuments" of
Willis.

23. Beneath a plain sepulchral arch in the south wall
is a high tomb of the fourteenth century, the front of
which IS divided into foliated compartments containing
heater-shaped shields. On this is the recumbent effiigy
of an ecclesiastic. He appears vested in the amice,
alb, stole, and dalmatic, with the maniple worn over the
left arm. From the extremities of the stole hanging
down in front on either side, we have the sign at least
of a grade of priesthood; the sleeves of the dalmatic are
loose, and the hands are conjoined on the breast in
prayer. Though this effigy is somewhat mutilated, it is
in many parts in a state of fair preservation.

From the dalmatic being worn over the alb, and the
absence of the chesible, and from the stole being worn
in priestlike fashion, differing from the mode in which
it was worn by a mere deacon, in which it was brought
over the left shoulder, and both extremities hung down
on the right side, I take this to be the effigy of an arch-
deacon, and the only two examples I have met with of
effigies thus vested are in this cathedral. This tomb is
simply adverted to by Willis as among the "defaced
monuments."

21. The mutilated recimibent effigy of an ecclesiastic
of which the face is gone; this is apparently of the four-
teenth century, the vestments still apparent consist of
the amice, alb, and chesible. The hands are conjoined
in prayer. This ofl^y is of priestly grade.

20. This is an effigy in armour, apparently of the

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ST. David's cathedral, 295

latter paxt of the fourteenth century, or temp. Bichaxd
II. It is very similar to the effigy in armour in the
north aisle, but is much more mutilated; on the head
is worn the conical basinet, and this reposes on the tilt-
ing helm, with a lion as the crest. Over the body ar-
mour is worn an emblazoned jupon, with a horizontal
bawdrick encircling the loins. This is placed by Willis
amongst the " defaced monuments."

22. This is a tomb with a plain cross, apparently of
the thirteenth century.

13 and 15. These are two recumbent effigies of
bishops, now arranged side by side, and not as repre-
sented in Willis s Ichnography. The one on the north
is the earliest sepulchral Q^gy in the cathedral. It is
of dark coloured or black marble, and commemorative
of Bishop Anselmus, who died a.d. 1248. This effigy
is in relief, and above the head is a trefoil semicircular
headed arch containing in leonine or rhyming verse the
following inscription :

" Petra precx)r die sit
ADselmos episcopus hie sit.''

He is represented according to the fashion of the thir-
teenth centiuy, not close shaven, but with a moustache
and short curled beard, with the mitre on his head, and
vested with the amice about his neck, in the alb, dal-
matic, and chesible. The right hand lies on the breast
downwards, the pastoral staff with the crook well de *
fined lies on the left side, the crook has early English
foliage, and is turned outwards. The maniple hangs
over the left arm, and the feet rest against two whelps.
On either side of the trefoU-headed canopy is the muti-
lated figure of an angel bearing a thurible.

Southward of the above described effigy is the re-
cumbent effigy on a stone coffin of a bishop. This has
been described by Willis as the moniunent of Bishop
lorwerth, who died a.d. 1229, but it is at least a cen-
tury later. He is represented as wearing a low plain
mitre, and is vested in the amice, alb, stole, dalmatic,

4tu seb. vol. v. 2J

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296 SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS, ETC,

and chesible, the right hand lies on the breast; on the
left side appear the remains, much mutilated, of the
pastoral staff partly enveloped in a veiL

9. In the middle of the choir is a high tomb with
foliated compartments at the sides, and on the covering
slab a brass effigy has been inlaid, the matrix of which
now only remains. This is the tomb of the grandfather
of Henry VIII.

10. North of the communion table is a monument of
the early part of the seventeenth century, with the re-
cumbent or reclining effigy thereon of a lawyer, Marm-
aduke Lloyd, who died a.d. 1613. Roimd his neck is
a ruff, he wears a doublet and lawyer's gown over, he is
represented holding in his left hand a book, his right
hand supports his head, he reclines on his right side.
On the front of the tomb are two mutilated Kneeling
figures. The monuments marked in Willis 11 and 14
are gone.

The cathedral contains four effigies of bishops, seven
effigies of ecclesiastics of priestly rank, two effigies of
ecclesiastics of priestly rank with the dalmatic over tlie
alb, but without the chesible, a singular arrangement
of vestments which I take to designate the office of
archdeacon ; three effigies in armour, one of a civilian,
and one of an earl. One of the effigies vested as a
priest has been ascribed as the effigy of Giraldus Cam-
brensis, but it is at least a century and half after his
time.

Matthew Holbeche Bloxam.

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297

WELSH WOEDS BOEEOWED FROM LATIN,
GEEEK, AND HEBEEW.

(Continued from p, 232.)

OCCASIO (pi. ' occasiones'), ' opportunity, occasion*: W. acfios,
mas., 'cause'; pi. achos-jon. On a for o, see 'corrigia*.

OCCUPO, * I seize, anticipate, occupy': W. achub, ' to antici-
pate, to rescue from an impending evil\ Against this etymology
must be balanced the fact that Latin H is not regularly repre-
sented by Welsh u,

OFFEEO (ger. ' ofiFerendum'), 'I ofifer': W. effeir-Jad or offdr-
jad, * a priest'; offr-vym, ' an offering'; offeren and effereUy fem.,
' mass'. Mass was sometimes called offerevda (fem. sing.) in M.
Latin. StiU I prefer deriving offeren from offerendum, as the Irish
aifrionn, formerly ai/rend, is not feminine, and as analogous
derivations are to be found under ' construe', ' lego', and ' scribo'.

OFFULA, ' a little bit or piece': W. yffl-jon, * small pieces'.

OLEUM, 'olive-oil': W.oUw; 0. W. aleu (Oxford Glosses).
We may infer that 0. W. had the optional forms oleu and aleu,
of which the latter, with its a to be explained in the manner
suggested under * corrigia', was ultimately ousted from the lan-
guage.

OPUS (gen. 'operis'), 'work': W. gober: see 'altus'.

OEDO, 'rank, order': W. urdd ; fem., 'order'; pL urddau,
' holy orders'.

OETHOGEAPHIA (o/}^o7pa<^ia), ' orthography': W. orgraph,
' orthography'; argraph, ' print, impression'. Der. ' orthographia':
W. ' *orth'graph', ' *orddgraph', ' *orggraph', ' orgraph'. On ' ar-
graph' see 'corrigia'. To these may be added arddy graph or
erddygraph, apparently later and less regularly formed from the
same origin.

PAGUS (gen. ' pagi'), ' a canton or province': W. pau, fem., ' a
country', in poetry only.

PALLA, 'a curtain, ireptiriraafui: W. pall, 'a canopy, a
throne', in the Mabinogion.

PALMA, ' the palm of the hand': W. palf, ' a paw'.

PALUS, ' a stake*: W. pawl, ' a pole'; pi. poison.

PANNUS, 'cloth': W. pdn-u, 'to fuU cloth'; ^d^i, 'fulacia'
(Davies) ; Jtdner pd/n, 'half-cloth or half fulled', meaning 'non
compos mentis'; sometimes changed in N. W. into hdner phi,
'half ahead'.

PAPILIO, ' a butterfly, a pavilion': W. pebyll, ' tents'; sing.

20«

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298 WELSH WORDS BORROWED

pabell. On d not becoming d, see ' animal', or perhaps better,
' divinus'. Pebyll, regularly formed fipom papilio, would almost
inevitably seem to a Welshman the plural of a form pahell, which
now, of course, takes precedence as the singular from which
pebyll is regarded as formed. This view is favoured by the forma-
tion of a verb, pebyUj-aw, * tentoria figere, castra metari' (Davies),
now superseded by pahdl-u, duly formed from pabell. Since
writing the above I have noticed that pebyll is habitually used as
a singular in the Mabinogion; for instance, in the story ofFeredur.

PAPYEUS (pL ' papyri'), irairvpo^, ' papyrus': W. pdbwyr, also
paMr occurs, ' the rushes peeled to make rush-lights'; sing. pa&-
wyreUy fem. Here y is treated as i, on which see ' carina'.

PAR, ' a pair': W. par, mas.

PARADISUS (TTopaSeMTo?), ' a park, Paradise': W. Paradwys,

* Paradise', which one would expect to have become Paraddwys
in modem Welsh ; but the d may be explained in the same way
as in pedal from ' pedalis', which see.

PARATUS (-a, -um), 'ready, prepared': W. pared, 'ready';
paradhdu, paradkdu, and parotdi, ' to prepare', a. Faradhdu and
parodhau are obsolete. The second a in the former is owing to
assimilation, and so is the second o in parotdi; while a becomes
again dominant in the colloquial paratSi formed from it, and
instead of it. 6. Thus, from parodhau one might have expected
parot&tiy which seems to have been drawn into the analogy of
such forms as troi, ffoi, cloi, the ending ou being unusual in
modem Welsh, c, T for d-h ia according to rule, witness the
names Puw, Powel, Parry, Penry, for ab Huw, Howely Harry,
Henry respectively, and ateb for *ad-heb : compare yo-heb-u,

PARIES (ace. * parietem' or ' parjetem*), * a wall': W. pared
and parwyd, mas., ' a partition, a partition-waU'; pi. parwydydd ;
parwyd-en, ' the trunk or the region of the ribs and breast of an
animal', in the Welsh Bible for the ar^Ovviov of the Septuagint.
Der. 1, ' parjetem': W. ' *parjet*, ' paret', ' pared'; 2, ' parietem',

* parlet', * parit' (see ' carina') ' parwyd'. On i length-
ened by its contact with the following vowel, see 'construo'.

PASCIIA (Trdaxd), * the Passover': W. Pasc., masc. Whether
the h in Pascha had its existence merely in the orthography is
immaterial : sch is inadmissible in Welsh.

PASCO ('pascit'), 'I pasture or feed': W. pesc-u,' to fatten'.
In the New Testament * the fattened calf is always Uo pascedig
(an irregular formation for pescedig), which induces me to think
the translators connected the word with Pasc,

PATELLA, ' a pan': W. padell, * a pan, a large dish'.

PATER, 'a father': W. pader,' the Lord's prayer'; so called
from its first words, ' Pater noster', etc.

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FROM LATIN, ETC. 299

PATERNUS, 'St. Paternus': W. Padam, as in Zlan Badam,
the name of several churches in Wales. Patam, Patem, and
Pad^rriy also occur. On a for e, see * argentum'.

PAVO (gen. ' pavonis'), ' a peacock': W. paun, and in Mid.
W. pawyn. As to paun, it probably stands for *pavr^n=^av-
on. Compare 'Awst' under 'Augustus*.

PECCATUM, 'a sin': W.pechod.

PECCO, ' I sin': W. peck-u, ' to sin' (in Cardiganshire also ' to
wish, to covet').

PECTEN (pL 'pectines'), 'a comb, the reed or slay of a
weaver's loom': W,peithyn; sing, peithynen, {em,; ' tegula'/ scan-
dula', ' asser', ' lamina'. (Davies.) Of the peithynen, Pughe says,
among other things, " that it was the elucidator or book of the
ancient bards, which consisted of a number of four-sided or three-
sided sticks written upon, which were put together in a frame
so that each stick might be turned round for the facility of read-
ing." This probably refers to the alphabet called "Coelbren y
Beirdd", cut on wood in the fifteenth century, when the Welsh
were prohibited the use of paper, ably discussed by Mr. Stephens
in the July number of this Journal for 1872, p. 181.

PEDALIS, of which the plural peddles is met with in M. Lat,
standing for the more usual pedule8=' indmaenta pedum': W.
pedol, *a horseshoe'; pedoli, 'to shoe a horse'. One might have
expected peddol, but pedol may be explained by means of the
spelling pedhol which occurs in the Venedotian version of the
Laws of Wales (Record Office edition), p. 14. This means that
the word was accented, not on the penultima, as now, but on the
ultima (the accented syllable of peddlis), and that the accent
evolved an h, which would, of course, prevent the reduction of d
into the modern Welsh dd. The h is very commonly evolved
after n or r preceding the accented vowel, as in c^nedl, * a nation',
pi. cenhMloedd; dihdreb, 'a proverb', pi. diarhibjon; tigain,
* twenty*; un ar hugain, * twenty-one'. Similarly h was evolved
by the accent in the tense to which creto{=cred'?io),gato {^zgad^
ho)f etc., belong. The same remark applies, perhaps, to the de-
grees of adjectives such as tecaf, rhatach, etc. Compare Mid.
Welsh mwyhaf and the like.

PEDES (pi. 'peditesO, 'infantry': W.peddyd.

PEDESTER (pi. 'pedestres'), 'going on foot, a foot soldier*:
W. peddestr (or pedestr), * infantry'; pedestrig, ' ability to walk*.
The hesitation between d and dd is due to these words having
been taken from Mid. Welsh books with d and dd written indif-
ferently d. It is needless to say that the d forms preceded those
with did, and are subsequently anachronistic.

PENSUM, M. Lat., ' a weight, a pound': W. pvjys, • weight, a
pound'; pwys-o, ' to weigh*.

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300 WELSH WORDS BORROWED

PEREGRINUS, ' a foreigner': W. pererin, ' a pagrim'. As to
the g disappearing without compensation in an unaccented
syllable, it is just what one would have expected. Had the g
heen assimilated to the r, we should have had pererin, and not
pererin. See * quadragesima' for a similar instance.

PERFECTUS (-a, -um), 'perfect': W.perffaith.

PERICULUM, 'danger': W.perygL

PER MEDIUM, 'through the middle': W, perfedd, used ad-
verbially, as in the Mabinoglon, ii, p. 57, where we read " ae wan
a gwaew trwydaw berued"=and pierce him through "per me-
dium". Afterwards the word came to be used as an adjective,
meaning * central', and as a noun, meaning ' the entrails or intes-
tines', which is its present signification.

PERTINEO, 'I belong to': W. perthyn, 'to belong to, to be
related to'.

PETRUS (IXirpo?), Peter : W. Petr and Pedr. The former is
antiquated, but absurdly perpetuated in the authorised version
of the New Testament, although Pedr and Peder (in S. W.) are
the only forms in use in modern Welsh.

PEXUS (-a, -um), ' woolly, that still has the nap on, new', as
in peoca tunica : W. pais, fem. ; ' tunica, palla' (Davies). Now it
means by itself' a petticoat', though pais ar/au is ' a coat of arms'.

PILA,'abaU': W, pel

PILUM, ' a javelin*: W. pil-wm, ' a fine arrow'.

PINUS, ' a pine': W. pin-bren, ' the pine-tree'; pin-aiydd, ' pine-
wood'.

PIPA, M. Lai, ' a pipe': W. pib, ' a pipe', also vulgarly fj Sidp'
poca ; piben, ' a small pipe', in old Welsh pipenn ; pMl, ' a pipe',
especially for smoking ; pib-o, ' to use the pipe', i. e., ' to smoke'
(in a part of S. W.), also ' fluxu ventris laborare', as Davies puts
it, whence ludicrous misunderstandings are said to arise occa-
sionally when natives of Gwent and Gwynedd meet.

PISCIS (pi. ' pisces*), ' a fish': W. pysc, ' fishes'; sing., pyscodyn,

PIX (gen. 'picis'), 'pitch': W. pyg, mas.

PLACITUM, ' what is agreeable to one, an opinion, sentiment':
W. plegyd, as in 'o blegyd', ' for the sake of, on account of, because
of, which looks as if it at first meant ' e placito alicujus', i e.,
out of consideration for or deference to A B.'s ' placitum'. This
formula, however, no longer recalls the i>ersonal reference, which
it once implied, any more than such ddverbs as lentamente in
Italian, when used where mem is out of the question. An
instance similar to plegyd occurs in Welsh in the word serch,
when meaning ' in spite of.

PLANTO, ' I plant': W. pldn-u, ' to plant'; plAn, ' planted', also
'plantatio', 'satus', 'consitio* (Davies); pUnig, 'young plants';
singular, planhtgyn.

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FROM LATIN, ETC. 301

PLEBS (gen. 'plebis'), * the common people': W. 'phoyf, fonn-
erly ' people*, as in ' plwyf Isrcier , etc. Now it invariably means
' a parish'.

PLECTO, a plait': W. pleth-u, 'to plait': pleth, fern./ a plait'.
One would rather expect pleithu, but see ' pra^ceptum' for a simi-
lar instance.

PLICO, 'I fold or bend': ^.plyg-u, 'to bend'; plyg, mas., 'a
fold'.

PLUMA (pL 'plumaj'), 'a feather': W. pluf; colloq., plu;
' feathers'.

PLUMBUM, 'lead': W.plwm, 'lead'; pl^m-en, 'a plummet'.

PCENA, ' pain': W. poen, sometimes fem., but more commonly
mas.

PCENITET, 'it repenteth (me)': W. penyd, mas., 'penance'.
See ' adorno'; and as to e for os, compare what is said on ce under
* Hebraeus'.

POLIO, * I polish, I improve, refine': W. peillj-o, ' to sift or
reiine flour'; peilljaid, ' flour'; (ewd) paill, ' poUentiduum' (Davies).

PONDUS, ' a weight': W. pion, ' a burden'; pi. p^nau,

PONS (ace. 'pontem'),a bridge': W. pont, fem. Owing to the
vowel 0, the word becomes in Welsh feminine : see ' brachiimi'.
Other instances occur under ' populus', 'portus', 'soccus'.

POPULUS, 'a people': W. pobl, 'people'. The form of the
word caused it to become feminine in Welsh, as in the case of
pont Later it acquired a plural meaning without, however,
entirely effacing its history as a feminine singular ; for with the
article we still say 'y hobt, ' the i)eople', as though it were re-
garded throughout as a feminine singular used in a collective
sense, while in reality we are conscious of meaning it as an un-
qualified plural Similarly we say ^o6Z fawr, 'great folks', and
not pohl fawrjon. When y hohl came to be regarded as a plural,
the next thing was to give it a plujal form, y bobloedd, ' the
nations\ an expression theoretically about as correct as le peuples
would be in French, though it is now part and parcel of the
language, as nobody by any chance would say y pobloedd,

PORCELLUS (pi. ' porcelli'), ' a young l?ig': W. porchell, also
parchell; ^l,perchylL

PORTA, ' a gate', and in the middle ages ' a room for guests
built near the gate of a monastery, often used for distributing
alms to the poor': W. porth-i, ' to feed, to give food to'.

PORTO, 'I bear or carry': 0. W. llmporthetic^'hxiig^TSd'
(Oxford Glosses) ; porth-i (and dy-horthA), ' to bear, to carr/.

PORTUS, ' a haven, an asylum or place of safety'; also in
M. Lat. ' fauces', 'claustra montium', ' porta', ' vectura', ' navigium
ad transvehendos itinerantes': W. porth, mas., ' a harbour, pro-

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302 WELSH WOEDS BORROWED

tection, assistance, a gate'; porthy fern,, ' a ferry or place where
people are carried across a river or strait', whence several places
in Wales are called YBorth, 'the ferry'; such, for instance, as
the village opposite Aberdovey and the village of Menai Bridge,
called by the natives Pm^h Evihwy and Pont y Borth, where a
ferry-boat used to ply before the building of the bridges. Porth-
ladd, mas., ' a harbour', is obscure as far as regards its final
syllable.

POSTILENA, 'a crupper': W. postolmyn; O. W. postolain
(Oxford Glosses). Der. 'postilena': W. '♦postlena', **postl6in',
'postol6in', ' postol^ryn', * postoLsijrn'.

PKECEPTUM, 'a precept, a doctrine': W. pregeth, fern., 'a
sermon'. The forms we should have expected would be pregeUh
and pregaith, which, as far as I know, never occur.

PEuED A, ' spoil, booty': W. praidd, ' booty, a flock'. The word
is now construed as a plural ; but in the New Testament (Luc,
xii, 82) we have it used as a mas. singular in the words * Nac
ofaa, braidd bychan'.

PR^SENS (gen, 'praesentis'),' present'; preshwl, 'present'.

PRiESEPTUM, 'a crib': W. preseb, 'a manger*.

PRANDIUM, 'a meal, the feed or fodder of animals': Mid.
W. cyd-breiniawgy ' feeding together'.

PRIMUS (-a, -um), ' first, chief: W. prif, ' principal'; pryffynt,
pryffwnty pryffwTiy mas., ' a source, a chief source or centre*, a. For
another instance of accented I shortened, see ' spiritus'; but as
the Welsh set out from '^^^pHm'/ont, accented possibly on the
ultima, see also * divinus'. 6, For another instance of y for o, see
* Salomon'.

PRIVATUS (-a, -um), 'private, belonging to an individual':
W. priod, * proper, pecuUar', also ' one's own wife or husband',

PROFESSIO, ' a professing': W. proffes,

PROPHETA, 'a prophet': W. prophwyd.

PRUDENS, ' foreseeing, prudent': W. pnidd, * prudens, serins ;
item tristis, moestus'. (Davies.) The latter meaning is probably
derived from the former, since a sad countenance and a grave
face are by some supposed to be the natural exponents of a
wise heart. Compare the English prude and the Welsh use of
the English sad in such expressions as dyn sad, meaning exactly
what the Germans term ' ein soHder mann'.

PSALTERIUM (yjraXTnpiov), 'a stringed instrument of the
lute kind, a psaltery, a tune sung to the psaltery, the Psalms':
W. sallcfiyr, ' the Psalms of David'. This is to be met with also
as llasaiyr in 4;he poets.

PULLI-CANTUS (ablative, ' pulli-cantu') is one of the ex-
pressions which were prqbably used in M. Lat for ' the early

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FROM LATIN, ETC. 303

morning when the cock crows', as we may infer, from the use,
in this sense, of pullonim cantu, or simply ptUlo : W. pylgaint
or pylf/ain, modiJSed in N. W. to plygain, Der. ' pulli-cantu':
W. ' ♦pul'cantu^ * *pil*centu', ' *pil^gent', ' pil-geint', ' pylgaint'.
The word was evidently used adverbially : hence the final u of
the ablative was not discarded until it had changed the a of the
preceding syllable into e. Compare enw for anw, ' a name'. In
Mid. Welsh it was still used adverbially, as may be seen in the
following line from the Blade Book of Oarmarthm (Skene's JWr
Avicient Books of Wales, ii, 35), 'duhuned pylgeint', 'let (him)
wake at cock-croV.

PULVIS (ace. ' pulverem*), ' dust, powder': W. pylovy and (by
metathesis) pliuyr, ' dust, powder, gunpowder*. The derivation
of these forms seems to be :

pulverem: W. '*pulA.er, j i!?!!^^^;' ;P^r^^ 'W}""^ ,
i/uxYciciii ^^uuMx^ , -^ <»pij^Qj.'^ < *pluMor', ' pluor'.

In a few Welsh words aie yielas o, probably after going through
the intermediate step, aw, the semivowel causing a partial assi-
milation of the e into o, and thus forming a parallel to the pass-
age of jo into je (see 'Icoaw^?) : instances of this occur in the
words diosc, * to strip', for **dl-aiesc ; gorau, * best', formerly gcnor-
m; Ir.fedrr; gorau * (he) did'; Breton, guereu (see Stokes, Bet-
trdge, v, p. 354) ; golch; Breton, g\oelc% ' lavage, action de laver';
gosper, from the Latin ' vesper', which see. As laat, but not least,
we may add c&r, * a pew', which in Cardiganshire makes in the
plural not only cor-au, but also caiyr; showing, I think, that the
word comes from the old English yi?er, ' a quire', unless it be the
English quire itself. Finally, one may also compare the Celtic
prefix ver, which in Welsh becomes gaior and gor, as in verMus
(more commonly paraverMtis, the etymon of the English palfrey
and German pferd), which found its way into M. Lat., and is
represented letter for letter in the Mahinogion hy gorwydd,' equus,
caballus' (Davies).

PUNCTUM, ' a puncture or pricking': W. pwyth, ' a point or
puncture, a stitch'; pi. pwythau, ' stitches', and pwython, which
means certain presents given, according to old usage, at weddings,
funerals, etc., by the persons invited to be present The requital
of these presents wjis regarded as a debt recoverable by law,
whence one may be allowed to suppose that an account of them
was kept by pricking the names in the same way as attendance
at divine service is stUl marked in some of the colleges in Ox-
ford,— a method which has come down to us from the time when
it was customary " absent^s a chore et officiis diuinis punctis
notare". The derivation of pivyth ('pimctum': W. '*pwnct',
* *pwnchth', * *pwchth', * p^ath', ' pwyth') is important as proving

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304 WELSH WORDS BORROWED

that c became a spirant {ch) before disappearing, as n would not
disappear in tic, and as jmnth could not be expected to result in
jpwythy it being unusual to compensate for an elided n; but it is,
of course, possible that the Welsh comes from puctiLS : in fact,
Du Cange gives pucta,

PUNGO, ' I puncture, prick, or pierce': W. pwng (now gener-
ally), pwngc, ' a point in the heavens, a point or question of opi-
nion, a task in the form of question and answer in Welsh Sunday
schools.'

PUKPURA, ' purple': W. porphor, mas. Der. ' purpura^ W.
' porpo^a^ ' porphor'. The word becomes masculine, as other
names of colour used absolutely are masculine, probably for old
neuters.

PURUS (-a, -um), ' pure^ W. pur, ' pure, rather'. When pur
is used as an adjective it means * pure'; when used as an adverb
it means * somewhat', ' rather', as in pur dda, ' rather good', at
first probably * purely good'.

PUTEUS, 'a weU, a pit': W. p7jdew.

PUTRIS(-e),' rotten': W. pwdr, mas. ; podr, fem., drawn into
the analogy of gender-adjectives as though derived from ' putrus'

* putra^ respectively. See * brachium'.

RADIUS, ' a staff, rod, the beam or ray of any shining object';
W. rhaidd, 0. W. raid (Capella Glosses, 117), fem,, 'a spear'.
All Welsh words beginning with r have it now aspirated, aa in
the present instance.

RAPIO, ' I seize, ravish, fascinate': W. rheibj'O, * to bewitch
through the influence probably of the evil eye, or the power of

* edry.ch yn gam' at a person'; rhaib, fem., * rapacitas, voracitas ;
item fascinum, fascinatio' (Davies).

RASTRUM (pi. 'rastri'), 'a hoe or mattock': W. rhasd (coll.,
rhnscal), 'radula' (Davies), 'a slicer, a draw-knife, a tool used by
carpenters' (Pughe). In Old Welsh the word is rascl, and seems
to have meant 'a hoe', as it is glossed sartum (from sario/\ hoe
or weed'). On I for r, see ' contrarius'. As to si becoming sc, the
same thing has occurred in several Welsh words, such as gofiisc
and asctom, of the same origin and meaning as Lat. * vestis* and
Greek oarkov respectively.

REGESTRA (and ' registrum*), M. Lat., ' an index, list, record':
W. rhestr, ' a list or catalogue of names'. Der. ' registra : W.

* reg^str', ' re^str', ' rfestr', ' rh^tr, coll. ' rhester'. Compare * dar-
llfenodd' under ' lego'.

REGULA, 'a rule': W. rheol

RELIQUUM, ' that is left behind, remainder': W. rlidyio. See
' abcdarium' and * quadragesima'.

Digitized by VjOOQ iC

FROM LATIN, ETC. 305

EEMUS,' an oar*: ^ .rhwyf,i&m, (but mas. according to Pughe).

RETE, 'a net': W. rkwyd, fern.

EOMANUS (pi. 'Eomani'), 'a Roman': W. JRhufain, fem.
sing., ' Rome' (lit. * Romani') ; Rhufeinj-aid, * Romans'; Rhufein-
jad or Rhufeinwr, ' a Roman'.

ROTA, 'a wheel': W. rhod,

RUINA, * a falling down, ruin': W. rhemn, mas., of which
Davies says, " Ego in antiquis exemplaribus Galfridi, et in anti-
quis poetis, semper pro ruina acceptum invenio''. This is con-
firmed by the use of the word in the MdbiTwgion, iii, p. 148, and
of a verb rewinaw {Mob. ii, p. 226). Der. *rulna': W. 'rowin',
' rewin', ' rhewin'. On the diphthongising of the u, see ' construo'.

SACCUS, 'a sack': W. sack, fem. (in N. W. mas.)

SACRAMENTUM, M. Lat., 'hostia sacra': W. sacra/en, fem.,
an antiquated word given in Richards' Dictionary ; sagrafen, I
believe, also occurs in the same sense.

SAGITTA,'an arrow*: W. saeth.

SALOMON, which, to the exclusion of Sol5mon, XaXofjuov,
'ZaXtofj^VfXoXvfjuov, and T\u7^f is the form of the name preferred
by GUdas and Giraldus, and from which it is possible to derive :
O. W. Sellm {Liber Zandavensis, 244, 265, 267 ; Annates Cambrice,
6) ; Mid.W. Selif{Lib, Land.,257, 260, 262, 265); Mod. W.Selyf,
which, however, has been entirely superseded by the English
Sdlonwn in our authorised version of the Bible.

SALSICIA I presume to have been the form from which arose
the M. Lat. saisitia, whence the French satidsse, ' a sausage': W.
selsiff, ' a sausage', which occurs in the older form selsic, explain-
ing lucawi^cla in the Oxford Glosses.

SANHEDRIN (n^TinJD), 'a Talmudic corruption of the
Greek (njviSpiov, meaning the supreme court of the Jews : W.
seneddr, senedd, fem., ' an ecclesiastical court, a synod', and now

* a parliament or senate of any kind'. This etymology stands or
falls with seneddr, which I have met with only in Davies' Dic-
tionary.

S ANCTUS (-a, -um), ' holy': W. sant, ' a saint'; pi. saint ; sant-
aidd, ' holy'; but the simple form sant ako is to be met with in
this sense, as in the story of Amlyn and Amic, where we have
the words ' Y gwr da sant a oed bap' (' the good, holy man who
was pope') ; so in the quasi-compound, fnahsant, ' the peculiar
saint of a parish': nay, in the old formula, 2?^m saniy ' St. David',
the explanation is the same, for the literal meaning is ' the holy
David' or ' David the holy'; and it is only under the influence
of the English that it is converted into * Sant Dewi', and even

* Saint Dewi' in the colloquial.

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306 WELSH WORDS BORROWED

SAPO (gen. 'sapdnis'), 'soap': W. sebon.

SAECIA, M. Lat., ' the rigging of a ship*: W. sei/rch, ' the trap-
pings of a horse*.

SATURNUS, 'Saturn': W. Sadwm, probably for ^Sodwm, as
to which see * corrigia'; but see also ' divinus*.

SAXO (pL 'Saxones*), 'Saxons': W. Sais, *an Englishman*;
Seison or Saeson, * Englishmen\

SCALA, 'a ladder*: W. yscol. Initial *« impure* received in
Old Welsh a prothetic i, which in modem Welsh becomes y, as
here.

SCAMELLUM, ' a Uttle bench or stool': 0. W. scamel (Oxford
Glosses, Capella Glosses, 116), 'tripus*.

SCELUS (gen. 'sceleris'), 'an impious or atrocious action*:
W. y seder, 'atrocious, nefarious*. Though this etymology can
hardly be wrong, it is curious that ysceler is not used as a noun
but as an adjective. How this came to be so is not easy to say.

SCHOL A, ' a school*: W. yseol The falling together in Welsh
of scala and schola is avoided in Anglesey by calling a ladder
ystol instead of yscoL

SCLATA, M. Lat.,='scindida*, 'a shingle': W. ysclod-yn^'ei
chip*.

SCRIBO (ger. 'scribendum'), 'I write': W. y serif/ 9^ manu-
script'; yscrifen, ' a writiiig or handwriting*. The en in yscrifen
represents the -endum of the Latin gerund, and is in form com-
pletely assimilated to the ordinary feminine termination -e».
Were it, however, that termination, one might expect yscrifen to
mean a small or singled-out piece of writing, a letter, or a cha-
racter, and its plural should be yserijhiau, whereas it is yscrifen^'
jndau, rendered concrete by the affix -jad. See ' lego', and com-
pare the Irish scribend in the following words from the St. Gall
MS. in Nigra*s Reliquie Celtiche, i, p. 22 : ' t* gann in mem/r. et a
scribend\ ' est difficilis membrana et ejus scriptura*.

SCRIPTURA, ' a writing*: W. Yscrythur, ' Scripture*; now irre-
gularly written and pronounced Yscrythyr; pL Yscrythyrau,
The Welsh shows that the first syllable being toneless was short-
ened in spite of its double claim to have remained long. See
' divinus*, and compare the instances under ' abstrusus*.

SEBUM, 'tallow*: W. myf, 'suet*,

SECURUS (-a, -um), 'free from care*: W. segur, 'idle*.

SEDES, ' a seat*, and in M. Lat. ' dignity or oflScit^ position*:
W. STvydd, ' oflBce*; also used as a translation of the English
' county*, as in gwydd Drefaldaiyn, 'the county of Montgomery*.

SENTIO, * I think, imagine, or conceive': W. synj-^ and synj-
edf ' to think, to form a notion of, to mind'.

SERIOUS (-a, -lun), neut. pi. ' serica*, ' belonging to the Seres,

Digitized by VjOOQ iC

FROM LATIN, ETC. 307

Seric, or silken stuffs': W. sirig, ' silk'. The change of e into i
has already been noticed under * collatio\ which see.

SERPENS, 'a serpent': W. sarph, fern.

SEXTARIUS, * the sixth part of a measure': 0. W. hestaur,

* sextarius' (Oxf. Glosses), now written hestaivr, fern., ' a measure
equal to two bushels' (Pughe). It is not in common use, but has
yielded the derivative hestoraid, which is shortened in the ver-
nacular of Caraarvonshire into stored. The change of 8 into h is
remarkable in a loan-word.

SICCUS (-a, -um), ' dry': W. sych, mas. ; seek, fern.

SIGNACULUM, M. Lat., *the sign of the cross': W. swynogU
fem., *an amulet, a charm'; pi. swynoglau, — used formerly in
Dyfed, according to Davies, as the plural of swyn,

SIGNUM, * a sign': W. snoyUy ' incantatio, incantamentum, fas-
cinum ; item remedium, medela, pharmacum* (Davies). The com-
mon starting-point of these meanings seems to have been the
practice of marking with the sign of the cross as a religious cere-
mony, or as a charm or spell Now 8wyn:=^* fascination', and
stvyn-o^^'io fascinate'; but Pughe gives dwfr swyn as meaning

* holy water', and ym'Swyn'Or=^' to beware', i, e,, to cross one's self
as a preparation for meeting danger.

SIMPLEX, ' simple': W. syml, mas. ; semi, fem.

SOCCUS, * a sock'; later, ' a ploughshare': W. swch, fem., ' a
ploughshare', also * a snout'. When the word was adopted, it
became, according to analogy, feminine, and has remained so in
spite of the subsequent change of o into w,

SOL (gen. * s5lis'), * the sun': W. s^d, as in dydd Sul, ' Sunday'.

SOLDUS for ' solidus (nummus') : W. swllt, maa, ' a shilling';
formerly it meant money generally.

SOLEA, ' a slipper' consisting of a sole fastened on by a strap
across the instep, ' a sill or any kind of foundation, A propos of
which Festus says, * Solea, ut ait Verrius, est non solum ea, quas
solo pedis subjicitur sed etiam pro materia robusta, super quam
paries craticius exstruitur': W. sail, fem., ' a foundation'; syl-Jaen,
*a foundation-stone, a foundation'. Der. 'solea': W. *♦solia^
' *seli', ' *ser, * seil', ' sail'. As to syl-faen, it represents ' ♦seli',
whence 'sili-' 'sil-', *syP; but perhaps it is the Eng. sUL Com-
pare * Emrys' and ' Emreis' under * Ambrosius*.

SONUS, 'a noise': W. swn,

SPADO, M. Lat.,='aliquem spadonem facio': W. yspadd-u,

* to castrate' {dy-spadd-u) is also used in books. Both words are
superseded in N. W. by the euphemism cyweirjo, ' to dress'.

SPADO {(TTrdBwv), *an eunuch': W. dyspaidd, *an eunuch'.
Dyspaidd contains the Welsh prefix dy prefixed to *spaidd, the
derivation of which seems to be parallel to that of drmg, which
see under * draco'; but this is very doubtful.

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308 WELSH WORDS BORROWED

SPATIUM, * space, a space of time': W. yspaid,

SPECTO, 'I look at, watch': W. yspeithio, 'to look about*
(Pughe).

SPATULA or SPATHULA, * a blade, shoulder-blade, a broad
knife*: W. yspodol, ' spatha, spathula, scutula'; yspodol-i, fusti-
gare' (Davies). Der. * spatula': W. ' ♦spatola', ' *spatoP, ' ♦spotol*,
' ♦ispotor, ' yspodol*.

SPIEITUS, 'spirit': W. yapryd. Der. 'spiritus': W. 'isplrit',
'Isptrit', 'Isp'rit', '\sprit', 'yspryd'.

SPLENDENS, ' shining': W. yspfaii, ' clear, bright, splendid'
(Pughe).

SPLEKDIDUS (-a, -um), 'brilliant': W. y^p/^y^, ' splendid'.

SPOLIUM, 'booty, spoil': W. yspail, fern. Der. 'spolium':
W. * ♦ispoli', ' *i8peli', ' *i8per, ' *i8peil', ' yspeil', ' yspail'.

STABELLUM, M. Lat., from stabtUvm, ' a room or dwelling*:
W. ystafell, fem., 'a room or parlour': 0. W. pi. stebill (Ox£
Glosses). 'Cadw yBtafell* is (in Cardiganshire) the custom of
holding a kind of levfy at a bride's home a few days before her
marriage. There she receives her lady-friends, who give her
their presents then instead of on her wedding-day, especially if
they are not given in money*

STAMEN, ' the warp in the upright loom of the ancients': W.
ystof, fem., ' a warp'.

STELLA, 'a star': W. y8ttv7jll/Epiphmj\ Both this and the
French ^toile (old French estoile) seem to indicate that the Latin
was Stella, and not stslla.

STUMULUS, a probable vulgar Latin form for stimultis, ' a
goad': W. sumbwl or sijbmwl ; 0. W. sumpl (Oxford Glosses). Der.
' sturaulus': W. ' *stwmr, ' swmpl', ' swmpT, * s'\hnwr or ' swm-
bwl'. The reduction of st into 8 has taken place in Welsh in the
words * safn', ' sefyll', ' ser', ' syrthjo', etc., and occurs in a few
instances in this list.

STUPULA or STUPLA, M. Lat. as well as vulgar Latin forms,
found (according to Schuchardt, Kuhn's ZeiUichrift, xx, p. 273)
on inscriptions for the more classical stipula, ' stubble': W. sojl,
mas. (and fem.). Der. 'stupla^ W. 'stopla', 'sopl', 'sobl', 'sofl',
and coUoq. ' sofol* in S. W., where I have heard it used in the
feminine. In spite of the double reduction of the p, the etymo-
logy is not altogether improbable. See ' capella*.

STRATORIUM, M. Lat., ' lectistemium, stramentum, sellie
equestris, sen stragulum quo ilia instemitur': W. ystrodur, fem.,
' the framework of a saddle or of a pack-saddle, the saddle of a
draught-horse': 0. W. strotur in the Capella Glosses, where one
finds 'sella curulis' curiously rendered ' ir catteiraul rettetic stro-
tur'; also in the Oxf. Glosses a side-saddle is 'strotur (giu'ehic').

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FROM LATIN, ETC. 309

STERNO, ' I spread out or cover': W. ystam, fern, (mas.,
Pughe), ' a pack-saddle^; mm, * a causeway, stepping-stones in a
river, straw spread out under a horse or cow'.

STORAX, ' a resinous gum': W. ystor, ' resin'.

STRAGULUM, ' a covering, rug, mattress': W. ystraill (elestr),
*a mat of sedges' (Pughe). The derivation is not very easy.

STRUO, ' I set in order, devise, contrive': W. ystryw, fem.,
*industria, ingenium, solertia' (Davies). Now it only means
soleriia *in preparing mischief, a trick or manoeuvre'. Even
Davies explains the adjectives ystryimis, ystrywgar, as meaning
' machinans, commentans, excogitans'.

SUCUS, 'juice': W. mg.

SUDOR, * sweat, perspiration, moisture': W. sudd, 'juice'.

SUPERBUS (-a, -um), 'proud': W. syberw, * superbus antiquis';
nunc liberalis, munificus^ says Davies. Now the word is short-
ened very frequently into syber,

SYLLABA {(TvXKafiri), ' a syllable': W. Mlaf and dll SiUaf
seems to have dropped its final/, just like superlatives in their
colloquial form, such as glana, phna, etc., for glanaf, phiaf, etc.
SilUi was further reduced into sill in the same way as hola, data,
hela, become hoi, dal, hel. It is noteworthy that syllaba is treated
as though the y were long. Compare ' Stella'.

TABELLA, ' a small board, a thin cake': W. tafell, ' a slice
of bread, board, leather, or the like\

TABULA, ' a board, a writing tablet*: W. tafol, ' a pair of scales
for weighing*; lit. ' a board', being, in fact, a translation of the
Welsh dorjan, * a pair of scales' (from clawr, ' a board'), as the
ordinary country scales consist of two square pieces of board
suspended by their four comers from the ends of a beam. Der.
'tabula': W. '*tabola', 'tafoP. There was, however, another
derivation as follows : ' tabula*: W. ' *tabla', ' tafl', pronounced
tafal in South Wales^ and having the same meaning as tafol in
N. W. From this tafl we have tafl-o, * to balance', as when two
children seat themselves on the ends of a pole ; and tafl-en, ' a
table or synoptic view of anything on paper .

TABERNA, ' a hut, a tavern': W. tafam, ' a beerhouse'.

TABULATUM, 'a flooring, a story': W. tafl^d, in S. W. tawl-
ody fem., * a loft, a hayloft'; also taflod y genau, ' the roof of the
mouth'.

TARATRUM, M. Lat.,=T€pi7Tpoi/, 'a borer': W. taradr, pi.
terydr.

TEMPERIES, ' temper': W. turner, ' temper, temperature'; pL
tymherau. Nearly the same is the meaning of ardymyr or ar-
dijmer.

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310 WELSH WORDS BORROWED

TEMPESTAS, 'the weather': W. tymestl, 'a storm'; pi. tym^
hestloedd. In imitation, probably, of such words as dadl, anadl,
cenedl, banadl, etc., the Welsh has here afiQxed / to a Latin word.

TEMPLUM, 'a fane*: W. teml, fem.

TEMPUS (gen. ' temporis*), time, the right time': W. tymp,
*a woman's time to be confined'; t^mor, 'a season'; pi. tymhorau.

TENER (-a, -um), 'soft, deKcate': W. tyn^.

TERMimJS, ' a boundary': W. terfyn.

TERTIANA (febris), ' the tertian fever': W. teirtJum, ' a fever'.
Der. 'tertiana': W. '*tertjona', '*tertjon', **terton', **terthon',
* teirthon'.

TESTAMENTUM, ' a will or testament': W.cs^/w^fem., known
to me only in the phrase arch «s/«/n,=*arca testamenti', in the
preface to Salesbury's Testament From that passage it appears
also that the Welsh formerly called the New Testament Yr Es-
tefn, in some irregular way for Ydestefn or Yd Estefriy the initial
t becoming, according to rule, d, as soon as the word came to be
treated as a feminine, on which see 'brachium'. Der. ' testamen-
tum': W.' testament', 'test^fent','(t)est^fen', written 'estefn'. On
a becoming a here, see * firmamentum'.

TESTIMONIUM, 'testimony', evidence': W. testun/di text of
Scripture used as the subject of a sermon\ whence it may mean
generally any subject of discourse. Der. 'testimonium^: W.
'testim5ni', '*t^t:mun, '♦t^tftm', 'testun'. This etymology,
which requires us to suppose that Welsh preachers used and
regarded the text of Scripture only as the evidence or voucher
for what they taught, is propounded here because I do not see
how testun could be phonologically derived from the Latin textus.
Compare also the old Irish testimin, ' a text', which seems to be
of precisely the same origin as testun,

TESTIS, 'a witness': W. tyst, pL tystjon. Der. 'testis': W.
'testi', 'tisti', 'tist\'tyst'.

TOLTA (otherwise called mala tolta), a M. Lat. formation,
possibly from toUere, in the sense of trthutum eodgere, and mean-
ing an unjust exaction : W. toll, ' a toU'.

TORQUES or TORQUIS (gen. 'torquis'), 'a twisted neck-
chain': W. torch, also terch (from ' torquis').

TORTA, M. Lat., lUms vel mellitura, ' a cake': W. torth, ' a loaf.

TRACTATUS, ' a treatise': W. treUhawd, also tra^thaivd, formed
under the influence of traetMi,

TRACTO, ' I handle, conduct, discuss': W. traeth-u, ' to handle,
to discuss'. Der. ' tract-': W. ' trachth-', ' traith-' ' traeth'\

TRAGULA, 'a kind of drag-net': W. traill, 'a draught of
fishes': see Salesbury's Testament, Luke, v, 9. The derivation is
like that of ystraill, which see under ' stragula*, doubtful.

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FROM LATIN, ETC. 311

TEANSFOEMO/Itransfotm': W. (rawsffurf-io/ to transform'.

TEANSTEUM, 'the cross-timber in a vesser: W. tramt (for
trawstr), * a beam*; pi. trawstjau, but in the Mabinogion it is
trostreu.

TEINITAS (ace. Hrinitatem'), ' a triad, the Trinity': W. Trin-
dod, 'Trinity*.

TEIPUS (gen. 'tripodisO, three-footed seat': W. tryhedd, fem.,
* a trivet\

TEISTIS/sad': ^Arist

TEULLA, *a small ladle or scoop for dipping wine from the
crater into the drinking-cups': W. trull-jad, ' a butler'.

TUEMA, 'a troop or throng': W. tor/; in Mid. W. tarof and
taryfy * a multitude', pi. torfoedd,

TUSSIO, ' I cough': W. tig'-an, * to sheeze', also tiy-o.

UNGULA (in oculo), Davies terms a disease of the eye,
called in Welsh yr ongl, or, as he writes, yr ongyl. In Cardigan-
shire it is used only in the plural, yr onglau, by which (colloqui-
ally pronounced 'r ongle) the shepherds mean a disease of the eye
to which sheep are subject. It occurs also in the Mabinogion.

UNITAS (ace. 'unitatem'), 'unity': W. undod.

VACUUS (-a, -um), 'empty*: W. gaiag, Der. 'vacuus', 'Mac',
' ghAvac', ' gMag*.^ At a certain stage of the language it became
the universal custom to prefix a soft guttural to en beginning a
word. Not only Latin v was so treated, but also English and
Anglo-Saxon w, as, for instance, in the words ^^7ien^a?i=' wanton',
^^7ia^(?d='waistcoat*,^^7Mi/(i(W=*welt',and^^afcA=Anglo-Saxon
wealh-hafoc, * a foreign hawk or falcon'. The account of the
development of the guttural seems briefly to be the following :
a. A slight pressure of the voice against the ' velum palatinimi'
takes place, b. This becomes more pronounced, and results in a
Very soft guttural, such as one sometimes hears in the German
sagen, etc., represented by Briicke as y*, here written gh. This
sound seems to have been in use in English in Salesbury's time,
but to have disappeared in Welsh ; but even before its disappear-
ing it was probably written g most frequently. Once it is found

^ Were it proved that Latin initial v had the sound of the English
v, then this series should be vacuus : W. /oc, ohoc, ghcnac, gnag. It
is needless to observe that Welsh cannot help us in fixing the pho-
netic value of Latin v, for the simple reason that it admits both the
change of/ (English v) into m or w, and of to into/. See Iwayvif^
and ' intervenio'.

4th ser., tol. v. 21

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312 WELSH WORDS BORROWED, ETC.

as gh in the Oxford Glosses, namely in the word helghaii ; and
once in the Capella Glosses it is written ch in helcha, now Tula ;
Ir. seilg. Whenever an original g has disappeared in Welsh, it
regularly became, before so doing, gh, c. As neither /nor dd can
begin a word not en phrase, but give way to h and d, so gh initial
regularly becomes g. d. In German, gh and ch are often con-
founded, as when hragen and krachen are pronounced alike ; and
the Welsh y, which became gh, and disappeared, remains in Bre-
ton to this day as ch, e, g,, Breton erch ; W. eira, * snow*. So in
Welsh, ^A has in a few instances the option of becoming g or ch ;
so that for an original v initial we have gen or chat, the ktter of
which is not otherwise an imcommon initial representing original
8V. On this see * vesica'.

VAGINA, * a scabbard, a sheath*: W. gaiain. See * animal' (a) ;
also * divinus*.

VAPOE, 'steam, vapour': W. givyhr, gtm/bren, fem., 'aether,
nubes, ccelum' (Davies). Now y wyhr always means ' the sky';
but formerly gwyhren meant a cloud, as in the SdrU Greal, pp.
124, 181. Compare the name of Bishop Morgan's native place,
near Bettws y Coed. It is written Owibemant, but is more
likely to be Gwybmant (the accent is on the first syllable). At
any rate there are more clouds than mpers there. Der. ' vapor':
W. ' gMcbor*, ' gAveb : r', ' gAiebir', ' gmbir', ' gAiybyr', ' gwybr'. See
' brachium'.

VENENUM, * venom, poison*: W. gaierunyn, * poison', also ' bad
humour or temper* in S. W., and in N. W. ' the feeling of envy':
hence g£nenaiynllyd=' 'peevish! in S. W., and 'envious' in N. W.

VERSUS, * a turning, a line of poetry': W. gaiers, fem., 'a turn',
as in gmers tra gcners, * in turns, every other'; cdso gaiers=*eL verse,
a lesson'.

VESICA, 'the bladder': W. chaiysig-en or gwysig-en; coll.,
saiigm; 'vesica, item pustula, papula' (Davies). Other in-
stances of gTun becoming got or cJun are gaiarau, gmerthin, other-
wise chamrau, chmerthin, respectively. If we may equate chcfuin-
en, ' a flea', with the German wanze, we might expect also the
form gaian-en, which, however, is unknown. See also ' Februa-
rius'.

VESPERS, M. Lat., 'vespers': W. gosper, mas., sing.

VIBRA, M. Lat.,='fibra', 'a fibre, filament': W. genifr, 'filum
seneum'.

VICIA, ' a vetch': W. goiyg, ' vetch'; llaeth-wyg, ' milk-vetch'
(Pughe).

VINUM, 'wine': W. gcnin,

VIPERA, 'a viper': W. gmiber.

VIRIDIS, 'green': W. gaiyrdd, mas.; gwerdd, fem.

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TOMEK PENTKEF. 313

VIETUS, ' worth, Tirtue, miraculous power', as in the Vulgate
(Matt, xiv, 2), * ipse surrexit a mortuis, et ideo virtutes operantur
in eo': W. gaiyrth, * a miracle'.

VITIUM, 'vice': W.gaiyd,

VITRUM, 'glass': W. gwydr.

VIVEEEA, ' a ferret': W. gmtoer, 'a squinel*.

John Rhys.

TUMULI, MEEIONETHSHIKE.— TOMEN PENTBEF.

The farm, the name of which heads this article, is part
of the Hengwrt estate, situate near Dolgelley, and de-
rives its name doubtless from the Tumulus, the opening
of which 1 am about to describe. It formerly was part
of the possessions of the Abbey of CVmmer or Y Faner,
the ruins of which still remain hard by, and, as appears
from the following lease, it bore the name of "Tyddyn
y Domen Las," at least as early as 1530 :

Pateat univs p' p'sentes q' nos lodowyc dei patientia Abb's b'te
marie v'ginis de Kymur et eiusd' loci co^ue't'Cistcien* ord'is ban-
goren' dioc' unac' assensu et co'censu n'ris co'cessim's tradidim'
et ad firma'diuisim'dilect' nob' in X'ro WiUimo ap Eign ap Gruff
et Katerine v' Joh'n' unu' tenet' n'r'm voo' tyddyn y domme* las
ac unu' p't' voo' gwi gloch y penryn existen' paroch' de Ua vUtyd
infra comott' de Tdypont in com' M/on' h'end' et tenend*
p'd'c't'm ten't'cu' p'd'c'to p'to et cu' o'ib' suis p'tinen' p'fat' Wili-
mo et Katerinse heredib'et assignat' suis a festo s'ti m'ch'is arch'i
ulti'o p'tito usq' ad fine' et t'minu' nonaginta none annor' p'x se-
quen' et pleuare co'plend' Reddend* inde annali' nob' et succes-
sor' n'ris sexdecim solid' et oct' denarios stlingor' ad duos ann*
t'mino' viz' ad festa s'ti Joh'is babtiste et s'ti Mich'is Arch'i p'
eqles porcion' cu' o'ib' aliis s'uiciis et demand' et si p'd' reddit'
xvi5. et viiirf. ad aliq'd festu' festor' p'd'c'tor' et octo dies postea a
retro ee p' nos WilMm' et Katerina aut p' heredes et assignat*
n'ros p'fat' Abb'i et coVe'tui et successorib' suis no' solut' et suf-
fic' distri' Inueut* 'tc' b'n' licebit Abb'ti et cou'e'tui et successo-
rib' suis in p'd'ct' tenet' cu' p't' p'd'cto reint're gaudere et in
p'p'tu' g'd'n' e'ehere carta ista no' obstant Et nos p'fat' Abb's et
cov'et p'd' tenet cu' p'to p'd'cto cu' o'ib' suis p'tine' p'fat' Wil-
li'mo et Katerine heredib' et assignat' svds de nobis et successo-
rib' t'm'i'o p'd'c'to cot' o'es ge'tes wara'tizabim' et defendem' 1'

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314 TOMEN PENTREF.

cui' rei test' sigillu* nVm co'e e' apposui' (?) dat* in domo n'ra
capli anno d'm' mP y^ xxx® et vicesimo die ap'lis.^

The tumulus itself is situated to the south of the farm-
house and close to it It rises sharply into a cone-like
form above the surrovmding ground, and being situated
on the top of a little knoU which slopes away on all
sides it appeared to be much higher than it really was.
I should say, speaking roughly, that the real height of
the tumulus was not more than 12 feet, measured per-
pendicularly from the floor disclosed by the cutting
which was made in it. It was pretty nearly circular,
its diameter measuring 54 feet from north to south, and
45 feet from east to west or thereabouts.

Externally it was covered with bright green sward —
a characteristic which the word " glas" in the foregoing
lease indicates it possessed three hundred and forty
years ago. On the 6th of September, 1871, I was
kindly invited by Miss Lloyd of Bhagatt, then residing
at Bont Ddu, near Barmouth, to be present at ihe exa-
mination of it. When I arrived at the spot I found
Miss Lloyd, Mrs. Uoyd of Rhagatt, and Miss Godsall
already there, and that a trench had been commenced
into it from the south. Its internal structure beneath
the outer coating of sward was of large stones of varying
size, some so large as to be more than one man could
lift. As the trench was carried on, were found on the
south side of the mound and near the surface pieces of
crockery of recent character, a small circular non nut
without any screw thread inside it, and another piece
of iron resembling the stem of a candlestick, botn re-
cent. Proceeding onwards with the trench, about the
centre was found a long stake of firwood, which had
been driven straight down into the mound ; it had been
there long enough to become a good deal decayed, but
it stiU must be regarded as recent. These were what
we may call our superficial discoveries. As we got
somewhat deeper, we came to charcoal in consideraole

^ Copied from the original (Sept. 29th, 1871X tiow in the posses-
sion of W. W. E. Wynne, Esq., of Peniarth.

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^otc ./// t^**" "/*ieel!t arr full ^ntv ol'lltr nrufijtaiy

R^l

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yr.h AXJoteMoa. mMy^r^

TOMEN PENTREP. 315

quantities, in which, on the southern side of the mound,
one of those perforated stone discs designated by some
buttons, by others spindle-whorls, was found ; this no
doubt is archaic, but presenting no imusual features
either of decoration or shape.

Soon after this discovery, but deeper in the mound,
we came to a regular floor at 3 ft. 3 in. immediately be-
low the apex. It was formed of a sort of clay a few
inches thick, closely compacted. It was covered with
charcoal and extended in the same plane throughout
the mound. Here we found a small deposit of burnt
bones, simply laid together on the floor and apparently
covered by design with some small stones, principally
sea-shore pebbles. With these bones was a small piece
of bronze which had lost all shape from corrosion. We
did not then follow out this floor laterally, but dug
through it down deeper into the mound, and eventu-
ally came to another floor similar in character to the
one already described ; we dug through this and came
to maiden soil, which showed that we had now come
to the bottom of the tiunulus, and that it had been
originally raised upon the floor last found. On this
floor, and as near as we could judge about the centre of
the mound, we came upon a considerable deposit of
burnt bones. They appeared to be simply laid together
on the clay floor and charcoal, and were covered with a
number of small rounded stones mostly from the river
or sea shore, many of which had been completely burnt.
Among the bones were found a very smooth, straight,thin,
un wrought stone of a dark blue slaty colour (of which we
give an engraving, figs. 10, 11), about three inches long,
evidently placed by design among them, also a remark-
able object made of sheet lead rolled and tightly com-
pacted together, in form like a small plummet-weight,
with a hole through it. This was unfortunately sub-
sequently lost out of a box in which it had been placed
for safety, but we give an engraving (fig. 7) of a similar
leaden object (so exactly like the lost treasure that one
could not be distinguished from the other if they were

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316 TOMEN PENTREF.

placed side by side). It was found in the foundation of
a " cwt/' in a camp on Craig Aderyn near Towyn, some
years ago. In the same ** cwt'' were also found a por-
tion of a round curved leaden bar (perhaps part of an
armlet) and some Romano-British pottery. All these
relics are now at Peniarth, in the keeping of W. W. E.
Wynne, Esq. It was now the 8th of September, and
we had worked at our diggings continuously since the
6th. We deferred further operations till the 12th.
Pursuing our examination of this floor, we found two
other deposits of burnt bones laid together on the floor,
and covered much in the same way as the last with
small round stones, which by pressure had become im-
bedded in the bones ; with these we also found unbumt
animal bones and two small pieces of sheet lead, of one
of which an engraving (fig. 1) is given, and shows it to be
slightly curled up at each end. We found other smaller
deposits of burnt bones on this floor, but they appeared
more as if they had been either accidentally dropped,
or designedly strewed about than as constituting sepa-
rate and distinct intermenta Before leaving our re-
searches on this floor I may observe that the stones of
which the tumulus was formed seemed in the neigh-
bourhood of the interments generally larger than else-
where, indeed there was some appearance of a sort of
circle of larger stones enclosing the space within which
the interments were made, but I do not speak confi-
dently of this. The charcoal was in considerable quan-
tity and often so well preserved that we got large pieces
showing the tissue of the wood.

We now retiuned to the upper floor, and following
it out to the outer slope, to the surface almost of which
it extended, we found on the west side of our trench a
deposit of burnt bones, which appeared to have been
placed in a slight cavity scooped in the floor and to
have been protected by large stones placed upon it.
On the east side of the trench we also found on this
floor a deposit of burnt bones laid, as those on the lower
floor, together on the floor with similar small round

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TOMEN PENTKEP. 317

stones over them. With these we found deposited a
well finished four-sided rectangular stone object with ,
truncated ends and a small hole perforating one end
from side to side, as if for the purpose of suspension
(see engraving annexed, figs. 8, 9). We also found some
small pieces of bronze, which, owing to their excessively
corroded condition, I had great difficulty in removing ;
of two of these an engraving is annexed (figs. 2, 3, 4). In
the neighbourhood of the deposit were found some pieces
of iron so corroded as to renaer it impossible to make out
their character ; we can do no more than engrave them,
as they were undoubtedly archaic (figs. 5, 6). With both
these deposits we found quantities of charcoal, often in
large pieces, giving perfect sections of the boughs which
had been burnt, and showing the tissue of the wood.

The tumulus having been now pretty well ransacked,
and the general character of the interments ascertained.
Miss Lloyd did not think it worth while pursuing the
examination further. I think we may conclude from
the facts brought to light that the tumulus had been
used for the purpose of burial at two different periods
of the same era. This, I think, is indicated by the two
floors and the character of the interments. There is
reason too, I think, for supposing that it was the burial
place of one tribe, perhaps of the generations of one
family only. The animal bones were pronounced by
Mr. Boyd Dawkins to be those of the bos longifrons,
red deer, calf, and sheep.

The most noteworthy circumstance in our operations
was the discovery of lead in the tumulus, a metal rarely
found in this coimtry in these primitive burial-places, —
indeed I cannot recall another instance where this me-
tal has been met with in a tumulus ; the circumstance,
too, that the pieces found were sheet lead indicates that
the race to whom this burial place belonged had had
sufficient experience in the use of the metal to be fami-
liar with its ductile qualities. It is odd that lead has
not been more frequently found in tumuli ; for there is
reason to think that it was worked by the natives at a

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318 TOMEN PENTKEF.

remote period, was easily worked, and abounded, too, in
Britain. Pennant speaks ** of veins of lead'* rising to the
surface in Islay, and having been '^worked at intervals
for ages, and probably in the time of the Norwegian, a
nation of miners. The old adventurers," he says,
" worked by trenching, which is apparent everywhere ;
the trenches are not above six feet deep, and the veixia
which opened into them not above five or six inches
thick ; yet by means of some instrument unknown to us
at present, they picked or scooped out the ore with good
success, following it in that narrow space to the length
of four feet." (Scot Tour, 1 782, p. 2 1 8.) Pliny speaks of
the abundance of lead on the surface of the ground being
so great that the working of it was restrained by law.
"Nigro plumbo ad fistulas laminasque utimur,laboriosius
in HispaniA feruto, totasque per Gallias, sed in Britannia,
simuno terrsB, corio adeo large, ut lex ultro dicatur, ne

?lus certo modo fiat." (Plin., Nat, Hist, lib. 34. s. 49.)
'he little stone object was, too, a noteworthy discovery.
Rarely found in this island, these objects are frequently
dug up in the sister island of Ireland. Irish antiquaries
consider them to be "touchstones," and the present
specimen resembles in size and (with the exception of
its being perforated) almost every particular a " touch-
stone" in the collection of the Royal Irish Academy,
and engraved in their valuable catalogue at p. 90.
Several, however, in the Irish collection are perforated.
The use of these touchstones was for testing the
quality of gold, and the idea if not the actual use of
tnis test was perpetuated in the middle ages when as-
say oflSces were required to see that gold was of a cer-
tain " touch" of fineness. I consider the im wrought slaty
stone already described to be a " touchstone"; its qua-
lity renders it very suitable for the purpose of "touch-
ing" gold. When we remember that the Dolgelley
district was the California of North Wales, and the
evidence continually afibrded by the marvellous finds
of gold ornaments in Ireland of the abundance of the
precious metal at one time in that country, the disco-

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TOMEN PENTREF. 319

very of a touchstone at Tomen Las is not a little in-
teresting. In each of the little pieces of bronze is dis-
tinctly to be seen a small square hole, which I think
leaves no doubt that they were portions of .ornaments
set with precious stones or vitreous paste.

If I may hazard an opinion as to the age of Tomen
Las I should say that the presence of the iron relics and
the remains of jewelled bronze ornaments indicate that
it belongs to a comparatively late period of primitive
antiquity, though probably anterior to the Roman oc-
cupation of this island Tomen Las, unlike any of
the sepulchral moimds which I opened in Merioneth-
shire in former years (which in every instance were not
covered with sward, but simple cameddau), partakes in
structure of the character of Bryn Bugeilen, which was
on the confines of Denbighshire and Shropshire, and is
described in this Journal (voL ii, new series, p. 219),
but differs from it in the absence of an urn and the
mode of the deposit. In both these respects it resem-
bles all the other grave mounds which I have previously
examined in the county, except that in those a cist
was invariably present, within which the burnt bones
were deposited in the soU. The mode of deposit points
to a ruder age than the iron and jewelled bronze relics
indicate. I think the animal bones, too, being those of
the bos longifrons, red deer, calf, and sheep, favour the
idea of the tumulus belonging to a late period So does
the leaden plummet-weigat, of which we have the coun-
terpart in the one found on Craig Aderyn, where it lay
in company with Romano-British pottery.

Pennant (Tours in Scotland^ vol. iii, p. 69) mentions
that in some of the tumuli on the plain of Stormont
many bones were found neither lodged in stone cists nor
deposited in urns. But I must leave the age of these
interments an open question. It is better to record
facts than hazard conjecture, and the dav may come
when from the storehouse of facts faithfully and accu-
rately recorded may be drawn an imerring conclusion
as to the age of such grave mounds as Tomen Las.

W. Wynne Ffoulkes.

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FRENCH MEGALITHIC REMAINS.

Few persons probably look for the first time upon a
cromlech without a peculiar kind of interest, distinct
from that which a first introduction to a grand build-
ing inspires. There is in the former case a certain
amoimt of mystery, which on the principle of omne ig-
notum inspires those feelings whicn seem to have led
to numerous conjectures and theories about our stone
monuments. It is not so very long since when many of
these theories were accepted as imdisputed truths, and
the most distinguished antiquaries fifty years ago seem
to have believed aa firmly in Druidic altars and tem-
ples as the most ignorant of peasants or the most en-
thusiastic of our Neo-Druids may do at the present
time. But even, with our present knowledge, these rude
stone monuments have a mysterious attraction, because
although their intention, or rather the intention of
their builders, was evident, yet their peculiar motives
for adopting such a system, and the question who they
were that adopted it, are not so evident, or rather are
in fact so imcertain that the interest thus attaching to
them is easily explained. We aU know what induced
the ancient Egyptians to embalm their dead in their
peculiar manner, and to bury them in the recesses of na-
tural rocks or such artificial ones as the pyramids, but
whetherthe transmigration of souls was equally believed
by our cromlech builders, and whether on that account
they built and covered up such vast and massive sepul-
chres is doubtful. And one argument against such a
supposition is that they sometimes burnt their dead,
so that even if they had some notion of such transmi-
gration, the soul was not expected to return to its first
tenement as the Egyptians thought. But however this
may be there can be no doubt they considered the se-

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FRENCH MEOALITHIC REMAINS. 321

curity and permanency of their burial places of great
importance ; otherwise they would not have taken so
much trouble about them.

Another difficulty may, however, suggest itself to
some minds, for it may be asked, if such a mode of burial
was the ordinary one of the time, we might have ex-
pected to have found so many more remains of such
graves than we do. In some districts they are entirely
wanting, and where they do exist they are only to be
found here and there, frequently far removed from one
another, although occasionally grouped nearer, as in the
instance of those on the Cors y Gedol estate in Merioneth
where there are still three and the remains of others
amid a great number of graves marked only by a low
covering of small stones.^ There is no doubt some diffi-
culty in this, but one not of any importance, for crom-
lechs can hardly be looked for in districts where the ne-
cessary stones were not to be procured. Besides which,
when the number known to have been destroyed since
the commencement of tlie present century is taken into
account, what must have been the effect of a destruc-
tion continued through many centuries? Moreover,
when the cost and labour of a large cromlech and its
tumulus is considered, it may fairly be inferred that
such honours were extended only to a limited dass,
and that the bodies of the rest of the population, con-
sisting, perhaps, of menial servants and slaves, their
wives and children, were disposed of in a much more
summary manner.

Of the distribution of these cromlechs, both in these
islands and. the Continent, no satisfactory explanation
has yet been given. All that appears known is that
they are mostly found on the western side of Europe,
and, with some few exceptions, seem to follow the
seaboard, and are generally found on high ground.
This last circumstance has suggested the theory that
the cromlech builders, or to use the better term of
dolmen builders, existed at a time when the lower
lands were still submerged below the sea ; and that if

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322 FRENCH MEGALITHIO BEMAINS.

in Scandinavia these monuments are not generally
found on such elevated ground, it was because by the
time that country was visited by them, the lower lands
had emerged, and were thus available ; but this sug-
gestion is not worth much, as, if the supposed case was
true, we ought to find these dolmens on the higher
ground of central Europe, whereas they are almost al-
ways confined to its western side. A^dn, if the great
antiquity of these monuments is admitted, their presence
on our western shores might be thought to indicate
that their builders entered these islands on the west,
whereas the waves of successive migrations have rolled
on from east to west. The whole question may one
day be answered, but more facts must be ascertained
before there is any chance of a satisfactory solution. It
is certainly remarkaUe that with the exception of the
western counties of Pembroke, Merioneth, Carnarvon,
and Anglesey, and the southern one of Glamorgan, there
are hardly any such monuments in the rest of Wales.
In these same counties are found the materials best
adapted for the purpose ; and this circumstance may be
a principal cause why these montmients, at least as
regards Wales, are so grouped

In addition to the above causes of the interest at-
tached to such megalithic remains, an additional one is
the enormous size of the stones employed. Masses of
rock like those of Arthur s Quoit in Gower, of Pentref
Evan in Pembrokeshire, and Plas Newydd in Anglesey,
must have been placed in their present positions
with so much labour that some have questioned the
statement that the builders intended to hide them
under mounds, especially as in some cases there do
not apparently exist the means of coveiing them
up^ The inference then is, they must have bsen in-
tended for some purpose or other,-^-no doubt a reli-
gious one, and therefore they must be altars. Such
an explanation, however erroneous, is sensible enough
in comparison with the tours de force of Mr. James
Fergusson, who would wish his readers to believe that

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^ Digitized by Google

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MENHIR, NEAR I>6l.

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FRENCH MEOALITHIC REMAINS. 323

these stone builders took all this immense trouble
merely to show future generations how clever they
were. The best answer, however, to such delusions is
the fact that there are at the present time much larger
monuments still under their covering of earth. Com-
mon reason, moreover, without such substantial evidence,
ought to convince that these remains of chambers or
rauier the chambers themselves would have been of no
use unless they were so protected by a mound.

Our largest examples in these islands are surpassed by
those of France, for even the stones of Abury and Stone-
henge become insignificant when compared with what
Britanny can show. While hardly any maen hir in these
islands exceeds twenty feet in height, the fallen and
broken one at Locmariaker is upwards of sixty. The
four fragments into which it has been shivered, most
probably by lightning from their irregular position,
measure in aU sixty-four feet; not far from it is another
prostrate one, but it measures only twenty-two feet.
The largest, however, standing, is in another depart-
ment, namely that of Finisterre, a little to the north of
Brest. It stands out of the ground forty feet, and how
deep it is sunk beneath the soil is not known.^ The
accompanying engraving of it by Le Keux from a photo-
graph will give an excellent notion of its proportions.
The next Ingest now standing is in the opposite ex-
tremity of Britanny, under two miles from Dol. This
measures thirty feet above ground, and is known to ex-
tend ten feet below. Many years ago it was sur-
mounted by a small rude wooden cross, which has
lately been replaced with a large cast iron crucifix,
which is anythmg but an improvement as fex as the
picturesque is concerned. The accompanying illustra-
tion is from a photograph, the crucifix being omitted.

It does not appear that any superstitious practice
is connected with this last mentioned maen hir, which

^ The editors of Ogee's Dictionary state that it has lost its upper
portion by lightning ; and Freminyille said that it was visible from
the ramparts of Brest^ although four leagues off.

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324 FRENCH MEGALITHIC REMAINS.

might have led to the addition first of the cross and
subsequently of the crucifix. On the contrary the pea-
sants think it the memorial stone of some great man
who fell here in battle. The stone is known as La
pierre du champ dolant, which is no doubt the French
version of the more ancient Breton. Thus the maen hir
of Kerloaz, or more properly of Plouarzel, already men-
tioned, stands on the summit of a wild heath called Ker-
gloas, which means the place of mourning ^ so that these
two remarkable monuments most probably are monu-
ments of two distinguished chieftains. The third and
smaller one prostrate at Locmariaker is called Men brfto
s4o, that is, according to Freminville, the uplifted stone
of the brave one. If this is a correct translation, it
confirms the theory that the two others are also the
stones of the brave. The great one of Plouarzel, how-
ever, is connected with a curious superstition which is
probably of much later date. On each side of it, about
three feet from the ground, is a round boss about a foot
in diameter. Against these, in the case of a newly
married couple, the man on one side and the woman on
the other ruD their chests, the man that he may be the
father of boys only, and the woman that she may be
the master of her husband and his house. In this divi-
sion of ancient Britanny, viz. Leon (in which alone
occur the words of Aber and other Welsh terms), the
wife never dines with her husband but waits on him,
and, when he is satisfied, she and her servants finish
what he leaves. The wife is in fact nothing more than
a head servant, and hence the anxiety of the woman
for the mastery is accounted for, while the little ac-
count a Leonnais makes of the fair sex may render him
anxious to have no daughters. The man will politely
salute his landlord or other superior, but takes no notice
of the lady. In a countrv, however, like this, as super-
stitions are not necessarily of ancient date, little import-
ance is to be attached to this of the Plouarzel stone. A
proof of this peculiarity of Breton superstition will be
found near Quimper. A small mound by the roadside

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FRENCH MEGALITHIC REMAINS. 325

is covered with little wooden crosses like pins in a pin-
cushion. These axe deposited by sick persons who take
away a small quantity of the mound, which they mix
with water, and drink for certain complaints ; and yet
the mound covers the body of a man murdered on the
spot only alK)ut a hundred and fifty years ago.

Nor are the sepulchral chambers, that is dolmens or
cromlechs, less remarkable for their size in comparison
with our largest remains of the same class. Thus the
Pierres Plates, near Locmariaker, was a chamber of 63
feet (French) long, which in 1813 was covered up to the
top of the capstone, when the soil was removed from
the exterior and interior, and the five carved supporters
were first discovered. In 1816 this remarkable chamber
was partially destroyed, and only some of the stones
now remain, one or two of them being the carved ones.
The peculiarity of this chamber was that it was not
straight, but slightly curved.

Another chamber even longer, but happily still stand-
ing, is close to the town of Saumur, on the Loire,
between Tours and Angers. It is known to many, but
no representation of it has been, it is believed, given
in any English work. Its present length is 64 feet,
and consists of fourteen stones only. Each side is
formed of three, the roof of four; one at the west end,
that at the opposite end being now prostrate. The
largest of these stones is 24 feet by 21, and nearly 4 feet
in thickness. In addition to this chamber was a gallery,
some of the stones of which, smaller in size, are still in
their places, but prostrate. What the length of this
gallery was originally is uncertain, as a road runs close
by, and must have cut across it. A modem door has
been fitted to the opposite end, as this chamber is now
used as a receptacle for garden-tools, stores, and various
domestic articles. There are no traces of its having
had separate chambers, which, however, probably ex-
isted, the dividing stones having been long since re-
moved. The enveloping tumulus was probably of earth,
as not the least trace of any covering remains. The

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326 FRENCH MEGALITHIC REMAINS.

capstones project xinusually far over the supporters,
which is hardly shown in the engraving, from a photo-
graph. (Cut No. 2.)

There is another chamber of about the same dimen*
sions, but composed of many more stones. It -is known
as the Dohnen of Esse, and may be easily visited fit>m
Rennes by a diligence which goes and returns the same
day. It is not only remarkable for its dimensions, but
for retaining so many of the cross-stones which divided
the chamber into many distinct apartments. The inte-
rior breadth of the chamber is 13 feet, and as some of
the cross-walls are 6 feet long, two such stones would
nearly cut off each chamber, or would leave a very nar-
row passage. In only one instance are both the cross-
stones remaining, and allow a convenient passage be-
tween them. (See eastern end of plan*) It seems likely
that the same arrangement existed in the other part of
the chamber; and if some of the stones are 6 feet long,
the corresponding ones on the opposite side, now want-
ing, may have been shorter. There was no necessity,
however, that the breadth of the openings should be
the same throughout.

It will be noticed that the stones (2 and 3) are more
massive than any of the others, — a difference easily
accounted for by the enormous lintel-stone they had to
bear, and of which a representation is here given (cut 3).
The number of capstones, which are of great thickness,
is five ; the last of which, that towards uie western end,
has slipped, and is resting on the end or western up-
right in a rather unaccoimtable manner, unless for some
reason it was originally placed in this position. The
positions, indeed, and shapes of all the capstones are
somewhat irregular, and present a marked contrast to
those of the Saumur chamber. The stone at the west
end is 1 7 feet long, as is also the linteL Stone 1 has
fallen down inwards.

This monument is under two miles from the small
town of Retier, and stands on a farm to the right of
the main road to Rennes. There are not the slightest

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FRENCH MEQALITHIC REMAINS. 327

remains of the tumulus, as would be expected from its
situation.

A question may arise, — is tlas chamber the work of
one set of builders, or, from time to time, of suc-
ceeding generations ? The late Mr. J. W. Lukis, one
of the earliest to point out the true nature of these
megaUthic chambers, thinks the latter course was
adopted where the chamber proper, or the original cham-
ber, is larger than those added to it, forming, as it
were, a kind of gallery. He thinks this was tiie case
at Gavr' Innis (which he has fully described in the
second volume of the Proceedings of the British Archae-
ological Association) as well as in some few other in-
stances in Britanny ; but he does not state clearly whe-
ther he includes other dolmens where the first diamber
is not larger than the others. Such is the case with the
three noticed in this article, and which are nearly the
same length as that of Gavr' Innis, namely about 60 feet ;
for the furthest, or what may be called the first and
original chambers, are ofthe same size as the rest. In the
case of the Pierres Plates only one such chamber was
foimd when laid bare in 1813; but it is probable that
it had been disturbed centuries before. In the Saumur
dolmen, as stated, there are no traces of any divisions
at all ; but there can be little question that they once
existed, as one cannot suppose that such a structure
was intended for only one interment. There can be
little doubt, in fact, that it was similar to that of Esse,
which still retains its divisions, and which may throw
some light on the theory of Mr. Lukis. If the tumu-
lus in this case had been left, as at Gavr' Innis, still
further information might have been obtained, because
we should have foimd the original chamber at one end
of the mound, which would have been of the form of a
long ridge rather than of an ordinary tumulus ; for
Mr. Lukis thinks that the original chamber was in the
centre of the tmnulus, so that as each chamber was
added, a corresponding addition was made to the first
tumulus.

4th sbb. vol. v. 22

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328 FRENCH MEGALITHIC REMAINS.

In ihe dolmen of Esse the number of chambers seems
to correspond with the number of capstones ; and sup-
posing that the chambers were successively added on,
this equality must have been the case. The supposition
is also, to some extent, confirmed by the form of the
capstones, which seem to be rather more independent
of one another than is usual. In this respect the cap-
stones present a diflferent appearance to those of the
Saiunur chamber, as will be seen on referring to the
cut. This difference, however, may be accidental,
and be caused by the different character of the stones
themselves. If this view of the case is adopted, the
Saumur chamber had four divisions ; and the capstones
have not only been fitted together with great care and
accuracy, but the stones themselves are remarkably
similar in form. This uniformity, however, seems to

Kfint out that this chamber was not constructed as
r. Lukis would suggest ; but that it was done at one
time, and by the same builders. If in the Esse diam-
ber this same imiformity is not so marked, it has, how-
ever, perhaps a stronger proof that it was built as the
Saumur one is supposed to be, and that is the enormous
lintel supported on stones of extra size (see cut 3).
Had the most eastern chamber been only the last addi-
tion to the group, there would have been no induce-
ment to have introduced such a lintel, and to have pro-
vided supporting stones of larger size thapi the sup-
porters of the other capstones, for the lintel may be
called one of them. It is also clear that the stone or
stones which closed the eastern entrance did not in any
way support this mass, — ^partly a lintel, partly a cap-
stone,— as such was not only the ordinary but the
necessary arrangement ; for otherwise, if they in the
least supported the capstone, all access to the interior,
without compromising the safety of the structure, was
impossible. Thus we find in our ovra smaller cromlechs
that one of the four sides could not have had anything

1 The Clnn cromlech, which is still closed on its four sides, is
rather a kistvaen as regards size.

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FRENCH MEGALITHIC REMAINS. 329

to do with the capstone, and it was only by this side
an entrance was possible.

The labour that must have been bestowed on the
entrance in this case shows that it was intended for
long use, and therefore indicates that it formed part of
an original plan of the whole structure. If access to
the last finished chamber was all that was wanted, a
much less costly entrance would have been suffi-
cient, and the labour of raising such a mass would have
been avoided. This seems to be a fair and reasonable
inference, and if admitted would exclude the Esse
chamber from the class of dolmens Mr, Lukis thinks
existed.

In somewhat later times the same thing was done.
The chambered mound near WeUow in Somersetshire,
containing a gallery of nearly fifty feet long, with
lateral chambers on each side projecting from it, must
have been a planned work and could not have been
built and covered in piecemeal. An account of the
antiquity will be found in the ArchcBologia, vol. xix.

It seems then highly probable that the Esse cham-
ber was constructed in the same manner, in anticipation
of future wants, and not from time to time as circum-
stances required. If this was the case, it is an indica-
tion of the settled state of the district, and prospect of
continued security, when the inhabitants would under*
take such a work for the benefit of th^ postmty.

E. L. BARlfWELL.

22 1

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330

Corregponlience*

TO THE EDITOB OF THE ARCHAOLOGIA CAMBREN8I8.

ANCIENT BRITISH INSCEIPTIONS.

Sib, — In the last number of this Journal, p. 238, Professor West-
wood returns to the Pool Park stone : had I been inclined to criti-
cise him, perhaps opportunities might not be wanting, but when I
refer to his accounts of our old inscriptions it is mostly to avoid a
repetition of the mass of interesting information respecting them
which he has so skilfully put together. As to the Pool Park stone
I have certainly mentioned points on which I differed from him, the
reason being that I had to use his drawing. Since then I have again
examined the stone with his objections in my hand. I was also pro-
vided with an account of it by Dr. S. Ferguson, who examined it some
months ago, and left a cast of it in Mr. Blezard's charge at the
house. The result is that Professor Westwood has convinced me
in part; on some points I still must venture to differ from him.
For instance, I am inclined to think that what I considered the
outline of a flake in the stone has been cut by hand, especially the
lower part of it ; add to this, that without talang that with it the s
would not stand so tall as the other letters ; but while Westwood
makes all this into a curious A, I regard it as a conjoint character
to be read sa ; to this I think he can raise no serious objection,
not to say that it is forced upon us by the Ogham. As to what he
reads im and I read vm (conjoint), he says that the i is perfectly
upright ; it is certainly nearly so, but this may have been owing to
the stroke immediately preceding it with which it was made parcel,
and this partly accounts for the beginning of the M slanting so much.
Both Dr. Ferg^on's cast and photograph seem to me to confirm
my joining the IM, and when Professor Westwood says that the bot-
tom of the I, is " abruptly as deep as the remainder of the letter," I
take exception to the " abruptly," and cannot help thinking that his
gutta percha cast is considerably at fault just at that point. Besides,
even supposing the i and M were not joined, it cannot prevent my
reading a conjoint vm, for I have theanalogy of the v in vinnemaqli
on the Gwytherin stone, where the two sides of that letter have not
been fairly joined ; this I think I am compelled to do by the Ogham,
as to which there can be no manner of doubt that it begins with s, fol-
lowed probably by not more than three vowel notches (possibly only
two) which would make either u or oo ; or taking the group to be two
it would be o. Thus we should have SvhilinOy Sdobilino, §obtlino^ of
which SuhUino and SobUino may be regarded as etymologically iden-

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CORRESPONDENCE. 331

tioiil ; moreover, admitdng the nsnal diphthongising of tt or o into au
they may be considered as somewhat earlier forms ofSaubilino^ or as
it is here written savmilini. But on the whole I prefer the harder
readings (Ogham) SoLohilino and (Roman) SaumiUni, and I think the
representative of Sau or Sao is to be detected in some one or more of
the later Welsh names: Hiwgi (lolo M8S. lOS), Hywgi (lb. 113),
Eyvjyriy Eewyn {Myv. Arch. 426), Hiu&id (Lib. Land. 235), Hunt (lb.
262), Howhoer (Oamhro-Brit. SS. 87), Hourod {Lib. Land. 272), not
to mention such forms as Hu (=Hugo ?), Hugyftwydd {lolo MS 8.
254), ffuaU (lb. 109, 253), EueU (Myv. Arch. 389)^ Huefnc (Ub.
Land. 247). Jjastly, as to Tovisad, Dr. Ferguson even thinks he
can trace the missing to in his cast of the Ogham ; I have looked for
it, but can hardly say that I have identified it, though the spot
where it must have been inscribed certainly seems to show the faint
marks of the chisel.

The professor finishes off with the following sentence : " It is to
be hoped that Mr. Rhys will give us a new figure of the stone with
its Ogham inscription, so as to show how far his charge of inaccuracy
against me is merited." Now he really should not be in the least
angry with me for having called attention to an Ogham which was
known to Edward Lhwyd and his friends, although he (the professor)
did not happen to see it when he examined the stone, and still less
should he cruelly challenge me to do work which is not at all in my
line, my object in visiting our early inscribed stones being simply to
get correct readings of them for philological purposes. So I am
content to leave the work of taking casts and drawings of the stones
to men who are experienced archaeologists, rather I must be content
so to do, for I am no archaaologist, not even an incipient one, al-
though I have been, not long since, hailed as a kindred spirit by an
arcbadological gentleman who professes to be an enthusiastic collec-
tor of autographs. However, lest the members of the Association
should think I have been '* cramming" them of late, I will quote a
few sentences from a letter I have just received (dated 7th Sept.)
from a gentleman who is certainly entitled to a hearing on Ogmic
inscriptions. I allude to Dr. Ferguson again : " My respect for your
skill [more exactly it would be the skill of Mr. Jones of Ystrad
Meurig and mine combined] in detecting obscure traces of inscription
in both styles of writing, has been greatly strengthened by a recent
examination of the Owm Gloyn legend, where the Vitaliani of the
Latin text is certainly echoed by an oghamic Fitaliani (so he trans-
scribes what I would write Vitaliani) I have indeed been

again on your track, and have brought home casts more or less suc-
cessful of the Kenfig, Loughor, Llandawk, Owm Glbyn, St. Dog*-
mael's, and, once more, to make assurance trebly sure, of the Bri-
dell legends. I only got home on Saturday night, and my box is
not yet opened. 1 have a great deal to say and consider about the
Kenfig and Llandawk texts.*'

Perhaps I may as well mention here that I have lately examined
the stone placed upside down in the wall of the church tower at

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332 <:X)RRESPONDENCB.

DeTynock. Professor Westwood Bnpposes it to read, if I am not
mistaken, as follows :

PYGNUCIO

[fiJliveitdokl

Bnt the first Dame begins with a good b and seems to be bygniayto
with the top of the T very faint, but I do not think it is rvgniavio.

The stone in Spittal churchyard, in the neighbourhood of Haver-
fordwest, which is given in the Archceologia Oambrensis, 1861, p. 303,
as reading

EVALI PILI DENO
CVNIOVBNDB
IIATEB EIVS

Seems to read in the first line evali fili dekcv •-• . At any rate Mr.
Llywarch Reynolds, of Jesus College, Oxford, who assisted me in
the inspection of this stone, agreed with me that there can be no
doubt as to the v i-* which Mr. Longeville Jones had missed ; as to
reading c instead of his 0 I am not certain, and even Q might be

We were determined also to make another search for the old stones
which Professor Westwood saw in the wall of a grotto at the GnoU
near Neath in the year 1846. Last year I had &iled to find them,
but guessed the spot where they were seen by him ; so this time Mr.
Pritchard Hughes, curate of Keath, having kindly found us a labourer,
we got permission to dig, and it was not long before Mr. Reynolds
brought to light the kilted warrior described by the Professor in the
Archceologia Cambrensisy 1865, p. 63. After some more digging we
found the inscribed stone lying underneath the other; Professor West-
wood read it kacabin •» fili beb(cii), but gave it in his drawing (Ib«
p. 59) as reading magabitiii •» fili bebic... which he meant as &ial I
do not quite know, but what remains now on the stone is macabitin •-•
FILI bebic. Since 1846 the Onoll has passed through the hands of
several generations of occupiers, the present ones, namely, Mr.
Gordon and his family, who treated us very kindly and hospitably,
feel interested enough in these curious old stones to keep the grotto
open and in good order, so that we need not fear that they will soon
get lost again.

Among other stones we examined together may be mentioned
Maen Madog, in the neighbourhood of Ystrad Fellte, which Profes-
sor Westwood reads (in spite of his drawing) aEBVYC ^ filivs ivlh
ic lAcrr. The correct reading is undoubtedly the following: —
OEBWC •» filivs ivsj; ^ ic iacit, the second name being the genitive
of Justus, and not o{ Julius, with its s turned the wrong way.

At Llanhamllech, about three miles from Brecon, we saw the
stone bearing on one of its edges in Hiberno- Saxon characters the
inscription lohannis Moridic surexit hunc lapidem ; but what I want
to call attention to is the e£5gy of a man and woman on the face of
the stone ; at first sight they seem to stand under a cross, but I am
not certain that it is not the apple tree with Adam and Eve beneath

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CORRESPONDENCE. 333

it ; at any rate above the lady's shonlders there are two or three
small circles which may be an attempt at representing apples. A
careful drawing should be pubhshed of the whole in this Journal,
unless that has already been done.

Professor Westwood's aooonnt of the stone will be found in the
Archceologia GambrensiSj 1852, p. 274; its position then does not
seem to have allowed of his copying the face of the stone ; even now
the back of the stone cannot be examined, as it has been fixed close
to the wall by the door of the new rectory in a position where it may
be easily injured by the wheel of a carriage or ^e like, in fact it has
been considerably injured since the professor saw it ; for instance
the I of lohwnnis is entirely gone, and seyeral of the other letters
have been damaged. By the way I may remark that $ur(r)eont is
merely a translation into Latin of the Welsh verb cyfododdy which is
either active or neuter.

As to the inscribed stones of Cornwall which I have lately seen, I
may mention that I foond that the one at 8t. Just, about seven
miles from Penzance, which the present Bishop of St. David's reads
in the ArduBologia Camhrensis, 1858, p. 180, as 8ihu icjacet, on being
a little more carefully examined turns out to be as follows :

in
SBLVS 10 lAC •-« T

where the Ni seems to have been left out and then placed above the
line in smaller characters ; thus the whole means, I should think,

SENILVS IC lAOIT.

In Devonshire I found two stones on the vicar's lawn at Tavis-
tock : one has already been mentioned in this Journal from an ac-
count given of it by Dr. S. Ferguson ; of the other I have seen no
mention, as far as I now remember ; it is in very early Hibemo-Saxon
characters and reads Neprant fit Oonbeui, The first name Icaunot
identify, but the second is highly interesting as the earliest known
form of Cynfyw [Myv. Arch., 422).

A few days ago Mr. Morgan Jones, the vicar of Camo, accom-
panied me to Llanerfyl to see the only early inscribed stone I have
heard of in Montgomeryshire ; it reads, or perhaps 1 should say, it
seems once to have read

Hic [in]

TVMmLO. u
CIT. e[e]8TB
CE. FILIA. PA
TERNIKI.

ANi xni. nr

The Latinity of the latter part is a puzzle which I fear I cannot solve,
even though I were allowed to assume ani xiii to be a literal trans-
lation of some such a Welsh construction as tair hlwydd ar ddeg. The
name Patemimis needs no comment ; the other is more difficult on
account of the second letter having disappeared with a chip of the
stone into the bargain. Besteee stands of course for BestecfB^ meaning

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334 CORRESPONDENCE.

the body of BeHecOy or (as I snspoot tbe nominatiye sfaonld he)Be8Hea^
which seoms to be a derivation from the fern. Best {Myv, Arch,^ 484),
the Bretons had nearly allied names snch as the masc. Beatoi and
Bestue (see the Cartulaire de Bedon). Llanerfyl, I shoald have said,
is fourteen miles from Welshpool, about twelve from Dinas Mawddwy,
and between ten and twelve from Camo over the hills. It is hard
to believe that this is the only early inscribed stone in Montgome-
ryshire, and it is to be hoped that the Powysland Glnb will keep on
the look out for more.

Lastly, I may remark that I was very probably wrong in suggest-
ing in your last issue that the stone at lianfihangel y Traethau dates
in the tenth century ; it is more likely to be of the time of Owain
GhTynedd, perhaps, on the whole. As to the name Wleder, Mr. Tho-
mas of Ce&i tells me he has met with the fem. name Buddwleder.
And as to Mains Oddeu I suspect it follows the Welsh mutation
which would make Mam +Qpdeleu into Mam OddeUy and so in Se-
pulcrum Wleder = Bedd Wteder for Bedd + Qwleder^ if so, we might
infer the forms Owleder and Oodeieu.

But as I have begun to correct myself I may as well take this
opportunity of retracting my analysis of Maocudecceti on the Penrhos
Lligwy stone into MaciMd-ecceti^ I now regard it as =Maccu-decceti
for Maqui-decceti, and would compare it with Maqui-treni in Ogham
on the Cilgerran stone, which, be it observed, becomes in the Latin
version contracted into Macu-treni. Here may be added, for the sake
of comparison, a legend, mentioned by Dr. S. Ferguson in the Pro-
ceedings oftheBoyal Irish Academy , 1871, 8, p. 31, as reading BaritU
Fill Macco Decheti} The stone seems to have been lost at Buckland
Monachomm in Devonshire, and he takes his account of it appa-
rently from the Kilkenny ArchcBologic<il Jotirnal (2nd series, vol. ii,
p. 184). All this makes against the Irish origin of these inscrip-
tions, for etymologically regarded Decceti stands for a praa- Celtic
genitive Deccetjas (with j = y in the English word yes)^ which the
Welsh, dropping the final s and contracting ja into i (probably 1), re-
duced into Decceti, In Irish, which drops J-, the form Deccetjas be-
came Decceias, Whence Decceddas, Decceta^ etc.; hence it is that while
we have Decceti in Wales and Cornwall, Irish inscriptions show
genitives in a of this name, such as Decedda and Decoddc^ etc. The
same is the case with the Welsh genitive Cutiacenniy the Irish being
Cunacena, as I attempted to show at the Wrexham meeting. The
o of Cvnocenni in the Latin version on the Trallong stone I attribute
to Latin influence, the Welsh vowel being a (as far as it could be
distinguished in a toneless syllable). The same applies to Irish,
which afibrds a striking instance of this in an inscription reading

* Since penning the above I have learned that the stone, which I had been

fiven to understand had been lost, is near the other two at Tafistock ; but
am ashamed to confess that it escaped my notice, partly owing to my being
preoccupied with the Nepran* Stone, and partly to the hurry I was in at the
time. I hope to atone for this gross oversight by going ere long to see it.

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CORRESPONDENCE. 335,

Tria Maqua Mailagni which, I have no donbt, should be regarded
as a geDitive plural for Tria(m) Maquam Mailagni ; on the other
hand Old Gaulish favoured o against a in its inflections.

I am, Sir, yours truly,
Rhyl : Sept. 17, 1874. J. Rhys.

INSCRIBED STONES OF WALES.

Sir, — Mr. Westwood's communication in your July number con-
tains an inscription from Llangors Church, near Talgarth, which is
of much interest to me ; it is as follows :

+ gurci
bLCDrys

In the first I recognise a well known Irish name in the genitive
case Cure or Gorc^ as in the language of that people the C and Q-
were commutable, G being always sounded hard. We find a cele*
brated Munster king, (7orc, in the fifth century. It is stated in the
AnnaU of the Fowr Masters^ that Core was one of the compilers of
the Book of Bights. The name appears in the Martyrology of Doii"
egaly several times in the above form, abo as Cureach, aeh and each
are genitive terminations in the Irish. We also find it in several
Ogham inscriptions. On a stone found at Lougher, county Kerry,
it appears in the form of Curd, on one at Kinard as Curdt, and on
one at Ballintaggart as Curdtty both in the county Kerry. Bledrys,
if a proper name, is new to me, I have not met any such form in
the Irish.

A stone in the churchyard of Llanfihangel y Traethau bears an in-
scription, a portion of which has puzzled Welsh antiquaries, par-
ticularly the name wledebmatis ODELBV; it has undergone from
time to time very elaborate dissection, but nothing has been made
of it, (Archasologia Oamhrends, 1848, p. 224.) Now an ordinary
Irish school boy of fourteen years or thereabouts seeing the above
would at once read it Dermatis O'Deley, a Latinised form of
a very common Irish name Dermait QBotlyy the former being some-
times written Dermaid and also Dermot and Dermod, the T and D
being used commutably in Irish MSS., and the latter DoZe^ and
Delea* There is not a shadow of doubt respecting the nationality of
the name. The letters wlb appear to be a Welsh prefix ; I have
from time to time discovered numbers of Irish names disguised in
Welsh forms.

I must corroborate Mr. Westwood's reading of the Whitland
stone ; indeed I have found him invariably accurate in his copies of
all the inscriptions I have examined, so much so that I have never
any hesitation in accepting his authority. The legend is gmbnven-
DAN— T nLi BAECUN — j the name is Menvendan, t. e., Yendan with
the prefix Men. The name is decidedly Irish, it appears in the an-
nals and hagiologies in the forms of Findan and Fintany the d and

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336 CORRESPONDENCE.

T, aR I before remarke<ly being commntable, and the f standing for
y, as the latter is not to be fonnd in the (jaedhelic alphabet. Tbe
name is a rery archaic one, commencing with the mythic Findan or
Fintcm, the son of Boehra. It is the original form of the modem
name Fenton. Men, Maine, and Maen are common prefixes to Irish
names. The patronymic is parely Gktedhelic, and will be fonnd in
the Irish annals and hag^ologies in the forms of Barcun, BercaUy
and Berchan. If Welsh antiquaries would successfully elucidate the
legends on their early sculptured stones, and that without much
trouble, they must apply to Irish sources of information to assist
them. I remain, etc.,

Bjchabd Bolt Brash.
Sunday's Well, Cork.

THE BATTLE OF EULO.

Sib, — If the members of the Association visit Enlo Castle, or
rather its ruins, it may, perhaps, be worth pointing out to their
notice some slight discrepancy between the account given in Powell,
and repeated in Pennant, with that of a small quarto pamphlet of
eight pages, printed in London in 1642, and reprinted in the Ear'
leian JdisceUany, The discrepancy, however, is not of any great
importance, but seems deserving of notice.

According to Powell, the strong detachment sent from Saltney
by Henry was surprised and beaten at Coed Eulo. To repair the
loss and disgrace the King proceeded with the remainder of his
anny, and was nearly defeated at Coleshill, near Flint ; and Henry
of Essex, the hereditary standard-bearer, is stated to have thrown
away the standard, crying out that Henry was slain. The King,
however, rallied his retiring forces, and repulsed the Welsh, but
withdrew his forces to some safe camp. This rallying is entirely
unnoticed by Powell.

The account in the Harleicun Miscellany tells us there was a great
battle fought near to ^' Budland", with much slaughter on both
sides ; but the King recovered the Castle (? what castle) and marched
towards the Castle of Basingwerk, where was also much slaughter ;
and here Henry of Essex is said to have dropped the standard, whi<^
so encouraged the Welsh in their onset that the King fled for his
life. But the two armies still fought daily, and by the help of the
Eari of Clare it was raised up again. Six years after, the Earl of
Essex was accused by Bobert de Montfort of high treason for fraud-
ulently throwing away the standard. As usual, the case was tried
by single combat, and Essex was carried off the field as dead ; but
he revived, and became a monk of Beading.

Hume's account of the battle is both brief and imperfect. There
is some contradiction between these accounts ; but there is no doubt
that it was at the battle at Coleshill that the flag was lost. The
castle recovered by the King, if Bhuddlan is mean^ must have been
the present Tu thill, near Edward's Castle, or it may have been that

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CORRESPONDENCE. 337

of Dyserth, close to the supposed scene of the second battle, the
ruins of which belong to a structure anterior to the time of Edward.
I am, Sir, yours obediently,

HiSTOBICUS.

CONWAY.

Sib, — James Norris Brewer, in his account of various palaces,
etc., p. 281 (1810), says that a front stone in many of the houses
of Conway bore the date of 1270. If this is a correct statement,
the inscribed date is probably a comparatively late one ; or rather
I should sav, has been inscribed in late times. But is the state-
ment true r Many, too many, of the old houses have vanished ;
but some remain which may confirm Mr. Brewer's statement. The
Castle is said to have been completed in 1284, or fourteen years
later; so that if there is any foundation for the 1270, a town
preceded a Castle, whereas usually a town is rather posterior to
it. I do not remember seeing any notice of the houses being thus
marked, and am anxious for some information on the subject.

I am. Sir, yours obediently, B. A.

CHUECH MONUMENTS IN WALES AND THE
BORDEES.

Sir, — I am indebted to the Rev. Edmund S. Ffoulkes for inform-
ation of the discovery of a MS. in the Bodleian Library, containing
sketches of church monuments in Wales and the border counties ;
and to the Rev. W. D. Macray for the accompanying summary of
them. As they are likely to be of interest to many readers of the
Archceologia Camhrensis, I beg to forward them for their benefit ; and
I shall be very glad if the sculpture can be identified, concerning
which Mr. Macray makes inquiries.

Yours faithfully, D. R. T.

Bodleian Library : August 6, 1674.

Dear Sir, — The volume to which you refer contains a few sketches of
monuments, etc., in Montgomeryshire, Breconshire, Herefordshire, and Salop.
It is of the beginning of the last century, and the names of Edward Lhwyd
and David Parry are carelessly scribbled on the last page ; but the descrip*
tions are not in the handwriting of the former. The Welsh monuments are
these : 1, Sir H. Williams at the chapel at Aberllyfni in Qlasbury ; 2, Dni-
idical circle in the same parish ; 3, R. Herbert in Montgomery Church ^
4, Inscriptions in chancel window of the same church ; 5, Chimney-piece at
Yalle Crucis ; 6, Figure in Llansilin Church, Denbighshire ; 7, Marg. Davies
and Sir E. Herbert in Welsbpool Church ; 8,Cbalice,i5»(i.; 9, Stone in Llan-
gollen Bridge ; 10, Figure of lorwerth Drwyndwn in Pennaat Melangell
churchyard, and female figure in the same place ; 11, Tombstone, figure of
St. Gojdvarch in a window ; inscription, etc., in Meivod Church.* There

^ A cut representing this legend will be found in Otcaith QwaUUrMtchainy
vol. iii, p. 100. — Ed. Arch. Camb.

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338 CORRESPONDENCE.

is, besiddf, a carefully finished sketch of a reiy curious piece of sculpture,
to which no locale is attached. It represents a crane with a fish in its bill ;
two dogs catching a hare ; a crocodile, to which a man is holding something
on a pole ; and a cock with Cufic characters above it. I haye looked through
the Arehaologia Cambrentis for this in vain, and shall be much obliged if
jou can help me to ascertain where it exists. Many of the other monu-
ments are mentioned in Pennant's Tour. The reference to the MS. is Raw-
linson MS. 0. 020.

I am, dear Sir, yours very faithfully, W. D* Maorat.

BRYN T PIN.

Sra, — ^Mr. Hughes of Kinmel has drawn my attention to a state-
ment in the April number of the Archceologia Cambrensis, p. 52 of
" Celtic Remains,*' that " Bryn y Pin is a camp and entrenchment of
Owen Gwynedd, A.D. 1157"; and he adds the generally received
opinion, that " after his encounter with Henry II near Oil Owen,
Owen Gwynedd retired to Pare y Meirck, where he found, ready
made for him, an impregnable entrenchment which commanded the
only pass by which Henry conld reach the Roman road from the
low country." This is the more probable as there are no traces of
either a camp or an entrenchment at Bryn y Pin ; but a very remark-
able one at Pare y Meirch, which is about two miles distant. Pro-
bably the solution of the misstatement is that Owen Gwynedd
made his rendezvous at Bryn y Pin- on his retreat before Henry 11,^
and fixed his camp at the strong adjoining point of Pare y Meirch.
This would be the more likely, as at Bryn y Pin he would reach the
first elevated and commanding spot after leaving the country sub-
ject to Rhuddlan Castle ; and he would, moreover, have the old
Roman road behind him, if he were not then actually upon it, with
a safe retreat further into the interior.

The house at Bryn y Pin is peculiar in having a round tower in
its centre, around which the staircase winds, and all the fireplaces
are ranged ; possibly the very pmrui, or its representative, of some
old Roman column which served to form the gathering-point on
that and many similar occasions.

From the point called Sam Bhiig, about a mile distant, and appa-
rently connecting it with Pare y Meirch, is a raised roadway which
always strikes me as being of Roman character, and may have been
A spur of the great road to Conovium. At the foot of Pare y Meirch
were discovered, not long ago, fragments of skulls and bones, and
the bronze ornaments, about ninety in number, described and illus-
trated in the Archceologia^ Ixiii, pp. 556, 557.

Yours faithfuUy, D. R. Thomas.

1 Oil Owen, near St. Asaph, is said to be so derived, and may possibly
have been a brief baiting-place on the occasion ; but its real origin would
seem to be Ci^ y Waun (T Waun being the name of a considerable district),
the " Chilven" of the Domesday survey.— D. R. T,

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MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES. 339

Srcijseoloflical i^oteg wxa (Queries*

Query 33.— Extinct Chubches in Monmouthshire. — Professor
Bees, in a note at p. 345 of the Welsh Saints^ states that he was un-
able to determine the situation of the following churches, all appa-
rently in Monmouthshire, from a list in the Myvyrian Archaiology : —
Llaniau, Llanirwydd, Llanwnell, Hywig Fach, Cam, Tredelerch,
Llanrhvddol, Meiryn, and Llanleirwg. Llanleirwg or Llanlleurwg,
is St. Mellon's, near Cardiff; Elerch or Eleirch is the old name of
the river Rumney ; and Pughe (Welsh Diet, s. v. Tred) gives Tred
Eleirch as the name of ''a district on Rumney in Monmouth-
shire, called by the English Swanton". Will any of the readers
of the ArchcBologia Cambrensis assist me to identify the remaining
names ? Can Hywig Fach be a corruption of Y Wig Fach ? and
Llaniau be the same as Cvnn lau, or Cwm lou as it is now generally
pronounced P Professor Rees adds that he '* suspects there were
churches formerly at Dewstow near Caldicot, and at Llanwyny,
Llanfair, and Llanardil near Llangofen." Dbmetun.

^0^42. — DolBelidb. — In Lhwyd's Archceologia Britannica, p.
221, mention is made of " Mr. Henri Salsbri o Dhol belidr, Awd^r
y Gramadeg argrafedig." Dol Belidr is now called " Ffynnon Fair,"
and stands in the beautiful valley of the Elwy, on the opposite side
of the river to St. Mary's Well. It is a good specimen of a gentle-
man's house of the sixteenth century, with strong walls, massive
beams, stone mullions, and its great oak bar to secure the principal
door. D. R. T.

itti0cellaneou0 j^otices.

Llanfor, Meeionethshibe. — Llanfor Charch, near Bala, is, we
understand, about to be pulled down, to be replaced by a new
building from designs by Mr. B. E. Ferrey of London. The old
church, which had become quite dilapidated and unfit for divine
service, had hardly any ecclesiastical feature worth preserving ; but
there are two or three inscriptions which we hope will be carefully
seen to, and ultimately lodged in a convenient place in the new edi-
fice. In the splay of the westernmost window on the north side,
opposite the staircase leading to the gallery, there is an inscriptiou
of early date, which some read CAVOS eniabsii ; and others, cavo
seni'arqll. On the outside, above what once was the door of Rhiw-
las Chapel, which stands north of the chancel, the following inscrip-
tion, which appears to commemorate the date of the present build-
ing, is well preserved : K 1599 p kpab hoc eecit. The new church
will be somewhat smaller than the old edifice which is about to dis-
appear, the parish having of late years been considerably curtailed
by the formation of new parishes out of portions of it.

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340 MISCELLANEOtJS NOTICES.

Thomas' History of the Diocese op St. Asaph. — This important
work has been brought to a close. It forms a handsome volume of
some nine hundred pages, and ought to find a place in the library
of every one that takes an interest in the history and antiquities of
the Principality. The diocese of St. Asaph now possesses a history
which for completeness and accuracy probably surpasses that of
any other diocese in the United Kingdom. The work, to which
we frequently alluded in these pages, brings down the information
to the date of publication ; and we can hardly conceive anything
desirable to be found in such a history, which we do not find in the
volume before us. We sincerely congratulate the learned author on
the completion of his elaborate work, and trust that the example
which he has thus set may stimulate others to undertake for the
remaining Welsh dioceses what he has so well executed for the dio-
cese of St. Asaph.

Old-Welsh Quatrain. — We are indebted to Mr. Bradshaw of
Cambridge for the following Welsh quatrain of the latter half of the
eleventh century. According to Mr. Bradshaw it was written by
Johannes, son of Sulgen, sumamed the Wise, Bishop of St. David's,
between the years 1079 and 1089, at Llanbadam Vawr in the county
of Cardigan. It occurs in the Corpus MS. of St. Augustine De
Trlnitaie. "Along the upper margins*', Mr. Bradshaw remarks, "are
frequent invocations for aid, — always where a new book begins, and
occasionally elsewhere. Polio 6b occurs (last word cut by the
binder): 'antistes dauid operi succurre'... I Ob. *Auxilium ....
que tuum fer s'c'e pateme*... 11a occurs this quatrain written in
one long line (of which the end. is cut) ; but the verses are marked
by a point and the coloured initial, as well as by the rhyme." The
following is the imperfect quatrain :

Amdinnit tryuit trylenn.
Amtrybann teirbann treisguenn.
Amcen creiriou gurth cyrguenn.
Amdifuys

Perhaps some of our readers may be able to furnish us with a trans-
lation of these confessedly obscure lines.

St. David's Cathedral.— Mr. Allen, photographer, Tenby, has
recently published a series of photographs in illustration of the eccle-
siastical buildings at St. David's, in various sizes ; the larger onea
at 1«. Qd,^ and smaller ones of the same subjects at 9(1., 6<2., and 4<2.
each. The views are artistically treated, taken from good points of
view, and clear in tone. Among those which are the most commend-
able are a general view of the Cathedral from t^e south-east, the
supposed tomb of Bishop Oower, and the interior of the Bishop's
Palace. We have no difficulty in stating that they are very superior
to any previous illustrations of St. David's, and we reoommend them
to the notice of our members.

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Cambrian ^rcfiarologtcal asisoc^atCon*

THE TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING
comcBNcaD at

WREXHAM

oir
MONDAY, THE 24th OF AUGUST, 1874,

The preliminary arrangements having been effectually carried oat
by a Local Committee, consisting of the following gentlemen :

CHAntKAV.
E. WILLIAMS. ESQ., M.D.,
Holt Street House, Wrexham.

YICS-CHAIBICAK.

T. T. GEIFFITH, ESQ.,

Wrexham.

H. B. Hughes, Esq., Lord Lieutenant of Flintshire, Einmel Park,

Abergele
MiQor W. Comwallis West, Lord Lieutenant of Denbighshire, Buthin

Castle
J. Carstairs Jones, Esq., High Sheriff of Denbighshire, Gelli Gynan, Mold
G. O. Mwgan, Esq., Q.C., M.P.
Watkin Williams, Esq., M.P., Plas Draw, Buthin
The Worshipful the Mayor of Wrexham (Bobert Lloyd, Esq.)
The Bev. W. H. Bosoawen, Marohwieil Bectory
J. Boydell, Esq., The Bosset

1?he Very Bev. the Dean of Chester, the Deanery, Chester
The Sheriff of Chester (T. Hughes, Esq., F.S. A.),l,Grove Terrace, Chester
T. Clayton, Esq., Bryn Mally, Wrexham
The Bev. Canon CnnUffe, Llwyn Issaf, Wrexham
Sir B. A. Cunliffe, Bart.. Gladwyn, Gresford
The Kev. J. S. Darvell, Burton House, Bosset
J. F. Ediflbury, Esq., Belgrave House, Wrexham
A. W. Edwards, Esq., Grove Boad, Wrexham
W. Wynne Ffoulkes, Esq., 11, Stanley Place, Chester
T. L. Fitz-Hugh, Esq., Plas Power
J. Gladstone, Esq., Bose Cottage, Acton
The Bev. S. E. Gladstone, Hawarden Bectory
Captain Godfrey, Bryn Estyn, Wrexham
Boecawen Trevor Griffith, Esq., Trevidyn, Bosset
Nathaniel Griffith, Esq., Santa CruE, Wrexham
C. Huffhes, Esq., Bryn Hyfryd, Wrexham
John James, Esq., Town Clerk of Wrexham

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342 CAMBRIAN ARCHiEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

John Jonet, Esq., Solicitor, Wrexham

T.. Eyton Jonet, Esq., The Priory, Wrexham

T. Jones, Esq^ Flowden Buildings, Temple, London

The Hon. G. T. Kenyon, Gredington, Whitchurch

The Ber. T. Kirk, Qrammar School, Wrexham

B. V. Kyrke, Esq.. Nant y Ffrith

Bev. H. M. Lee, Vicarage, Hanmer, Whitchnroh

H. Lees, Esq., Pickhill Hall

J. Lewis, Esq., Beechley, Wrexham

The Rev. T. R. Lloyd, Llanfynydd Bectory, Wrexham

A. P. Lonsdale, Esq., Acton Park

W. Low, Esq., Boseneath, Wrexham

Bev. G. H. M'Gill, Bectory, Bangor

H. W. Meredith, Esq., Pentref Bychan

Bev. T. Meredith, Wynnstay

W. Overton, Esq., Bodlondeb, Wrexham

F. Page, Esq., Hope Street, Wrexham

W. Trevor Parkins, Esq., Jonior, GlasfWn, Gresford

T. P. Jones Pany, Esq., Llwyn Onn Hall

A. Peel, Esq., The Gerwyn

E. Peel, Esq., Bryn y Pys

W. Price, Esq., Bryn y Groes

P. Potts, Esq., Horsley Hall, Gresford

J. Pryce-Jones, Esq., Grove Park, Wrexham

Edward Bowlond, Esq., Bryn Oflk, Wrexham

Isaac Shone, Esq., The Castle, Pentrevelin, Wrexham

E. Swetenham, Esq., Cam yr Alyn, Bosset

General Townshend, Trevalyn, Bosset

Peter Walker, Ksq., Coed y Glyn, Wrexham

Captain White, Bod Hyfryd, Wrexham

The Venerable Archdeacon Wickham, Vicarage, Greeford

Bev. T. Williams, Berse Drelinoourt

8. Torke, Esq., Erddig.

LOCAL TREA8UBEB.

William Overton, Esq., Bodlondeb, Wrexham.

LOCAL 8BCBETABIX8.

W. Trevor Parkins, Esq., Glasfryn, Gresford, Wrexham

J. G. Buokton, Esq., Greenfield Cottage, Bhoe Dda, Wrexham.

MONDAY, AUGUST 24.

After the usual formal meeting of the Committee, Professor Babiug-
ton commenced the proceedings of the Meeting by reading a portion,
of a letter from the outgoing President, the Hon. Arthur Walsh,
M.P. (who was prevented from attending and personally resigning
his chair to his successor, Sir Watkin Williams Wynn), expressing
his regret that he had been prevented from being present. He
then invited the President to assume the chair, who delivered the
following address, prefacing his ebservations by welcoming the
presence of the Society among them, and by stating the pleasure he
telt in promoting, in any way, the welfare of the town. He thought

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WKEXHAM MEETING. — REPORT. 343

that few diKtricts possessed more interesting associations when thej
considered what probably took place between Romans and Britons
in this locality. It was his impression that if the history of the
gronnd traversed by Offa's Dyke were known, it wonld be fonnd to
have been one of the most blood-stained districts in the kingdom.
The members would, during the week, visit the site of the monas-
tery of Bangor Iscoed, which, if what is stated concerning the num-
ber of monks within its walls is true, must have been one of the
largest religious establishments in the world ; but not only were
there no traces remaining, but even the site of it was a mere matter
of speculation, so completely had the work of destruction been
effected. They had numerous remains of early castles still crown-
ing the heights around them, but all imperfect fragments of the
original structures, such as those of Oswestry, Hawarden, Dinas
Br^n, and others. There was, however, one important exception,
and that was Chirk Castle, which the members would visit, and which
had been continuously inhabited from its completion, with some
short intermission. As regards the ancient earthworks of the locality,
he could point out those of Fron Deg and Pen y Gardden, and more
particularly the enormous works of Old Oswestry, well deserving a
careful examination. If Wrexham itself could not boast of many
ancient remains, yet it was well known that it was a place of no
small importance in times as early as those of the Saxons, while at
the present day it was one of the most thriving towns in all Wales.
Even in his own time the progress had been very great. Thus he
could remember when there was hardly any machinery for raising
coal, and that even the Brymbo mines had been worked at a loss.
At present, owing to modem improvements and inventions, the coal
of the district competed in London with the best coal in the king-
dom. However, whilst remembering what had been accomplished
by modem skill and inventions, he could not but think that it was
right to recollect what their ancestors had been before them ; and
it not unfrequently turned out that these new inventions were not
always altogether new, having been well known in very early times.
After expressing his hope that the Annual Meeting of the Associa-
tion in Wrexham would be as successful as it had been in othei*
places, and inviting the members to Wynnstay, he called on the
Secretary, Mr. Barnwell, to read the annual Beport.

"REPORT, 187?-4.

" The Committee congratulate the members on their meeting a
second time within the county of Denbigh, after an interval of
twenty years. In 1854 the Association met at Ruthin under some-
what peculiar circumstances. At the Meeting of Brecon, in 1853,
a select Committee had been appointed to consider the expediency
of enlarging the sphere of the Association, and of allowing a com-
position in the place of annual subscriptions. This Committee was
to report the result of their deliberations at the Meeting of the fol-
4th ser., vol. v. 23

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344 CAMBRIAN ARCHiEOLOGIOAL ASSOCIATION.

lowing year, namely that of Ruthin. A large number of members
attended on the occasion, and after a long discussion on the expedi*
ency of the two proposals, the majority decided against thenru
Against the more important of the two, namely that of making the
Society one of natural history as well as of the archeDology of Wales,
the feeling of the majority was much more decided and unequivo-
cal, although those who favoured the proposal thought that the
addition was necessary to the existence of the Society. Nor can it
be denied that its position at the time was somewhat critical. The
most active of the General Secretaries, the present Bishop-Elect of
St. David's, and who had, in a certain sense, established the Asso-
ciation on a new footing in 1850, and carried it on with great sue*
cess, was compelled by his duties at his college and University to
resign his charge, his colleague proposing to do the same. The
state of the Society's finances was also far from satisfactory, the
Treasurer reporting the receipts of the year to be about £80. la
the whole of North Wales there were hardly above a dozen members,
while the Journal itself was not the property of the Society, bub
that of Mr. Mason of Tenby, who supplied tiie members with the
numbers at ten shillings annually, the Society providing the cost of
illustrations. Under this combination of unfavourable circumstances
the dissolution of the Association was not only hinted, but actually
suggested. However, it was ultimately decided that certain altera-
tions should be made, that the duties of Editor and Secretaries
should be distinct, that Mr. Mason's arrangement should be discon-
tinued, and that a new (being the third) series of the ArchcBologia
CiMnhrensis should be commenced. In January, 1855, the first number
of this series was published, and the succeeding ones followed quar-
terly until the end of 1869. By this time fifteen volumes, exclusive
of several supplemental ones, had been issued ; and as the first two
were out of print, and could only be obtained by accident, it was
resolved to commence the fourth series in 1870, so that new mem-
bers might more conveniently obtain a complete set.

" In the course of five or six years from the alterations agreed
npon at the Ruthin meeting the number of members largely in-
creased, and at the present time North Wales contributes alone
nearly one hundred members (even after the numerous removals
by death or resignation) while in South Wales and elsewhere a simi-
lar increase has been established. The present number of members,
including the latest additions, is two hundred and sixty-five. The
contrast, therefore, between the two meetings of the Association in
the county of Denbigh is alluded to hy the committee on this occa-
sion as a satisfactory indication that Welshmen take greater interest
in the study and history of the antiquities of their country than
they did formerly, and have acquired more correct notions of those
antiquities and that history than they may have entertained at a
period when fabulous myths and modem Druidic mysteries were
implicitly believed, as of unquestionable authority and importance.

" On more than one occasion the progress of the History of the Dio-

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WREXHAM MEETING. — REPORT, 345

ee$e of^St. Aeaph by the Rev, D. R. Thomas, the local secretapy for
Fb'ntshire, has been allnded to. The committee have now the satis-
faction of announcing to those who are not already snbscribers that
this most important contribution to Welsh history, and more parti-
cularly to the history of this diocese, has been completed. It con-
sists of five parts, the first of which appeared in 1870, and when
the amount of careful and laborious research, ^ well as the time
and exertion required to carry through almost every parish a strict
personal examination, are taken into consideration, it will be gene-
rally acknowledged that Mr. Thomas has completed his onerous
work in much less time than could have been expected, especially
when it is remembered how limited the time was that he could spare
from his other duties. It is a history, as its name imports, and not
a mere register of parochial detail. It is in fact a veritable diocesan
history, and is " the really conscientious and valuable work" that
was wished for and anticipated when the first part was published in
1870. At that time it was stated that if the succeeding parts were
treated with the same spirit of research that the first hs^ been " the
whole would become an ecclesiastical record of great value." That
anticipation has been most completely realised. The original inten-
tion was to give a new edition of Browne Willis' Survey, continu-
ing the additions of Edwards to the present time. This intention
was fortunately given up, and we have not merely the continuation
of the survey, but in addition a full and complete history of the
diocese.

" The sixth number of the Celtic Review for June last has just been
issued among its subscribers in Western Europe, and like its prede-
cessors contains numerous articles of great interest. This review,
as well known, was established and is still conducted by Mr. H.
Gaidoz, a member of this Association, as a medium of communication
between Celtic scholars, and for the encouragement of Celtic studies.
This gentleman, who resides at Paris, commenced this useful work
shortly before the late war, during which no progress could be made.
Since then the review has regularly appeared and has already made
considerable additions to the Celtic literature of the day. Your com-
mittee, however, regret that it does not receive that general support
on this side of the channel that it deserves, but they are confident
that this would not be the case if the character of the review were
better and more generally known. Those who wish to support it
have only to send the subscription of one pound by post office order,
payable at the General Post Office, London, to Triibner and Co.,
Ludgate Hill, E.C. Among the principal contributors to the pre-
sent number are M. Arbois de Jubainville and M. Luzel, to the lat-
ter of whom we are indebted, in addition to other works, for a col-
lection of popular song^ of Lower Britanny, in which the French
version is accompanied by the original Breton, and of the authen-
ticity of which there can be no question, which is more than can be
affirmed of another well known collection of similar songs.

" Among the names of contributors from this country will be found

23 «

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346 CAMBRIAN ARCS^OLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

•those of John Rhys, Whitley Stokes, and Mr. James A. H. Murray,
who has communicated a careful investigation of the present limits
of the Celtic language in Scotland, accompanied by an excellent ex-
planatory map.

" The 6rst part of Y Seint Great is now in the hands of the subscri-
bers, and the second part is in the press. Your committee regret
that the Rev. Robert Williams, who has undertaken to edit the work
has received so little encouragement from those who from their
patriotic professions might have been expected to have been among
the most zealous of supporters. It appears that not one out of
twenty have responded to Mr. Williams* appeal, a fact that^ reflects
little credit on the present generation of Welshmen.

" The fourth and much improved edition of Murray's Handbook of
North Wales has just been issued, and as usual commences with a
general introduction of considerable length, of which the part more
particularly referring to its antiquities, although limited in extent,
contains an admirable summary of them, commencing from the
earliest primaeval remains downwards. The various details are of
course given at much greater length in the body of the work, and
the manner in which the work has been done undeniably proves that
Mr. Murray knew what he was about when he selected such a com-
petent and skilful reviser. It is to be presumed that he wished for
a volume which would satisfy those who found little assistance in
the ordinary guide books, and if so, that wish has been effectually
realised. The architectural, historical, and physical notices are
marked with the same clearness and conciseness, as weU as com-
pleteness as those which refer more particularly to the antiquities
of North Wales, so that the whole forms a volume which is not
merely adapted for the use of the educated tourist, but ought to bo
found in the house of every one who wishes to know something of
the country in which he lives, something of what still remains of its
antiquities, something of the local history of the places of interest
/scattered throughout the length and breadth of Northern Wales.
The gentleman to whom the public, and especially the touring public,
are indebted, is one of the oldest members of the Association ; and
it is reported that Mr. Murray has placed the revision of his South
Wales volume also in his hand. It is to be hoped that the report is
well founded.

•* The list of subscribers to the proposed publication of the in-
scribed stones in Wales has received no additions since the last re-
port, the total number being now thirty, instead of thirty-one, owing
to the death of Mr. Rees of Tonn. As the minimum number re-
quired is one hundi'ed and fifty there does not appear much chance
of the work being produced at all, although Professor Westwood has
undertaken the work, which, when complete, will consist of three
parts, at ten shillings each part. The Royal Historical and Archsso-
logical Association of Ireland has already issued five parts of Chris-
tian inscriptions in the Irish language, at the same price, for which
more than two hundred and fifty subscribers are found. The sub-

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WREXHAM MEETING. — ^REPORT. 347

Bcription is open to all, whether members or not of the Cambrian
Archeeological Association.

*' Since the last report several of the oldest and most valnable
friends of the Association have been removed, and although such
losses in a society of thirty years' standing must be naturally ex-
pected, yet the losses of the past year from this cause have not only
been more numerous than usual, but infinitely more serious and im-
portant. The nature of the loss suffered by the Society will be best
understood by the recording the mere names of Glynne, Way, and
Ormerod. The first named of these gentlemen may be considered
as one of the founders of the Society, and from its early infancy he
was one of its chief supporters. Thus he acted as president at the
two first annual meetings held, namely those of 1847 and 1848,
Since which time few have been more regular attendants at the an-
nual meetings, or more ready and active in promoting their success.
At the meetings in 1847 a grant of £5 was voted towards the pur-
chase of some sculptured slabs, found during the demolition of the
old church at Flint, and your committee believe that the slabs were
placed under the care of the late Sir Stephen Glynne until a national
museum of antiquities was established to which they were to be
transferred.

" No less serious loss has been sustained by the Society by the
removal of Mr. Albert Way, not only one of the most accomplished
and accurate archseologists of the day throughout Europe, but also
among the most ready and obliging m communicating to others the
information asked of him. His varied knowledge, and cheerful rea-
diness to communicate it, combined, led to an enormous amount of
correspondence, which, however, never interfered with the assistance
he has rendered on so many occasions to this Society, as testified by
his valuable contributions in the Arclujeohgia Cambrensis for years.
To the illustrations of these he was also a generous contributor on
several occasions. As it is intended to publish some of his essays
and correspondence, the committee will be much obliged to those
members who have in their possession any letters or other commu-
nications of his, if they will forward them to the Hon. Mrs. Way,
Wonham Manor, Reigate, Surrey.

" The death of the venerable historian of Cheshire, at the age of
eighty-four, can hardly be considered a loss in the sense in which
it applies in the two preceding instances, but few were more
staunch and hearty friends of the Association. Mr. John Pughe,
of Aberdovey, was no less zealons in promoting the welfare of the
Society, and was the local secretary of Merioneth for a great many
years. The active services he rendered at the Machynleth meet-
ing will be remembered by those who were present.

" To this sad list must be added the names of Mr. Thomas Turner
of Carnarvon, Mr. Colby of Ffynnonau in Pembrokeshire, Sir John
Walsham of Knill Court, Col. Wynne-Pinch of Voelas, who was pre-
sident at the Bangor meeting in 1860, and Mr. William Hugnes,
formerly of Rhyl, who took so efficient a part in the meeting at Rhyl
in 1858.

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348 CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

** The committee propose that the Bishop of St. David's be elected
one of the patrons of the Society, and that Sir G. Gilbert Scott, Mr.
M. H. Bloxam, Mr. E. A. Freeman, and Mr. John Stuart of Edin-
burgh be made vice-presidents.

" They propose also that Mr. Edward Breese, of Port Madoc, be
appointed local secretorv for Merioneth, vice Mr. Pughe deceased, and
that Mr. John Rhys of Rhyl be one of the secretaries for Flint-
shire.

" The retiring members of the committee are the Rev. Hugh Pri-
chard, Joseph Mayer, Esq., and Dr. Griffith Griffith, and the com-
mittee propose their re-election. Other vacancies from various causes
having occurred, the committee propose for election the Rev. James
Davies of Moor Court, the Rev. Walter Evans, Arthur Gore, Wm.
Trevor Parkins, and Ernest Hartland, Esqrs.

** The Rev. Walter Evans having resigned his office of general
secretary for South Wales, in consequence of his removal into Flint-
shire, the committee have the satisfaction of announcing that George
Robinson, Esq., of Cardiff, has kindly permitted his name to be pro-
posed as the successor of Mr. Evans, and therefore he will be pro-
posed as general secretary for South Wales and Monmouthshire at
the meeting of Friday evening. The committee would also propose
that the thanks of the Association be given to Mr. Evans for his
valuable services as general secretary since the year 1869. It will
be remembered that the arrangements of the annual meeting that
year at Bridgend were entirely under his care, and also how successful
the meeting was. He then accepted the office of general secretary
on the resignation of Mr. Goring Thomas, and has rendered the
Society, since that time, most important assistance. The committee
suggest, therefore, that the cordial thanks of the Association be
voted this evening immediately after the reading and adoption of
the report ; and also that at the same time the thanks of the Society
be given to the Hon. Arthur Walsh, M.P., for his kindness in ac-
cepting the presidency of the past year and his services at the meet-
ing at Knighton.

''The following is the list of members who have joined the Associa-
tion since the issue of the last report, and who now await the formal
confirmation of their election :

" North Wales.

"Edward Breese, Esq., F.S.A., Port Madoc
J. Clayton, Esq., Bryn Mally, Wrexham
The Rev. J. Sydney Darvell, Burton House, The Rosset
Miss Egerton, Qresford Lodge
Rev. T. W. Griffith^ Tremeirchion
J. Pryce-Jones, Esq., The Groves
Rev. E. Mayhew Jones, Meifod
Rev. M. H. Lee, Hanmer

Rev. J. L. Meredith, St. Mary's, Towyn, Abergele
William Pamplon, Llandderfel, Merioneth

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WREXHAM MEETING. — REPORT. 349

William Pickdtone, Esq., Maes Mynan, Caerwys
William Tnrner, Esq., Carnarvon
D: B. Paghe, Esq., Machynlloth

Augustus Henry Reed, Esq., Aoton Cottage, Wrexham
J. W. WiUcock, Esq., Q.O., Oleivion, Dinas Mawddwy
W. Williams, Esq., Parciau, Llaneugrad, Anglesey
E. Williams, Esq., M.D., Holt House, Wrexham
Rev. L. Williams, Prion, Denbigh.

" South Wales and Monmouth.

" D. Davies, Esq., Ton, Tstrad, Pont y Pridd
R. W. Griffith, Esq., Llandaff
Rev. John Jones, xstrad Meurig, Cardiganshire
Rev. Rupert S. Morris, Carmarthen
Rev. Thomas Walters, Maenclochog, Haverford West.

" Elsbwhebb.

** Hon. Mrs. Way, Wonham Manor, Reigate
Rev. H. L. Browne, Queen's College, Oxford
P. Arthur Griffith, Esq., Oshkosh, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
John Lloyd, Esq., Brunswick Terrace, Brighton
Archdeacon Ormerod, Sedbury Park
Whitley Stokes, Esq., LL.D., Calcutta, India."

Professor Babington, in moving that the Report be adopted, after
alluding briefly to the satisfactory condition of the So<;iety as com-
pared with what it was twenty years ago, when they last visited this
county, thought the remarkable change proved that greater interest
was felt in the history and preservation of the remains of antiquity
in Wales. It showed also that that interest was still increasing,
and would continue to do so the more the attention of the public
was directed to such subjects. One important consequence of this,
he thought, would follow, namely that farmers and tenants would
not be permitted to carry on the work of destruction as in former
days. He had himself explored remains of great interest, and on
revisiting them a few years afterwards he found much of them had
been destroyed or removed, while those that remained had only
been spared because the cost of the necessary gunpowder was too
serious an obstacle. He hoped that such a state of things would be
checked, and the progress made by the Society encouraged him in
the expectation that the landed proprietors in different parts of the
Principality would exert themselves. It required the least possible
amount of exertion to put a stop to such destruction. The farmer
was generally unaware that he was doing any mischief, and a word
from his landlord on the subject would probably be sufficient. He
regretted much that the proposed publication of the Welsh incised
stones met with such small support. Many of them, it is true, had
been already published in the Archceologia Cambrensis, but they were
wanted together in a distinct work which would enable those who

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350 CAMBRIAN ARCH^OLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

took an interest in snch monnments to examine and compare them
more readily and effectively. The Irish antiquaries had set them
the example, and had already issued a considerable namber. He
trusted that Welshmen would follow so good an example, and not
allow the contemplated work to come to nothing. He now pro-
posed the adoption and printing of the Beport. Uiey had heard
read.

Mr. Lloyd Phillips of Penty Pare seconded the motion^ which waa
pat and carried.

The President then called on the Rev. D. R. Thomas of Cefn to
read a paper entitled " Notes on the ArohsBology of Wrexham and
its Neighbourhood," whidh will appear in an early number of the
Journal. After alluding to the great physical changes this part of
the country must have undergone in the formation of the vast beds
reaching from the south of Lancashire to the Bristol Channel, he
pointed ont how local names testified to the existence of subsequent
changes, snch as the names of Iscoed and Marchwieil, proving the
existence of luxuriant forests, while that of Rhos Llanerchrugog
pointed to the wild heath that covered its denuded slopes. Then,
again, in the course of time the primitive features were stereotyped
in the names of the river- districts, in the water-lands of Eyton, the
marshes of Rosset and Saltney; which names naturally brought
them to the first known inhabitants of the district, the ancient
Britons, whose vestiges might still be traced not only in their
modem representatives bnt in their sams, earthworks, and coracles.
Mr. Thomas then briefly alluded to the Romans and their mining
operations i& the locality ; the once famous monastery of Bangor ;
the conquest here effected by Saxon arms, and the erection of Offa's
Dyke as their western boundary. Of churches anterior to the Nor-
mans, no traces he believed were in existence, as might be expected,
since, like their dwelling-houses, the people of that period built
their churches of "wattle and dab'*, a specimen of which still existed
in the curious little church of Maberley, near Oswestry. In later
times, downwards, matenals became more and more abundant, and
our knowledge more definite and satisfactory. Of these, he would
only allude more particularly to the exertions of two local genealo-
gists, copious results of which would be found in the volumes of the
Archceologia Cambrensis^ the Cae Cyriog MSS. in the possession of
Dr. Griffith, and the Salisbury pedigrees of Erbistock, to which
must be added the records connected with Valle Crucis Abbey and
the appropriated churches of Wrexham, Rhuabon, and Chirk.

Mr. Barnwell ventured to make one small exception to Mr. Tho-
mas's statement as to the evidence of the coracles of the present
day, which had nothing he ventured to suggest in common with
those of their ancestors, as far as was known of them from Gcesar.
He thought that the canvas-covered baskets, in the form of a boat,
used on some rivers in Wales at the present time, were evidently
suggested by the wants of the fishermen, and may be of any date,
and are not necessarily imitations or descendants of the skin-covered

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WREXHAM MEETING. — REPORT. 351

snbBfantial vessels with which the early inhabiiaDts of our land
traversed the open seas. Professor Babington and Mr. Howel
Lloyd concurred in what Mr. Barnwell had said as to the assumpi
tion that modem coraclea represented the primitive ships of ancient
Britain.

In accordance with the recommendation contained in the report
of the committee, the thanks of the Ansociation were voted to the
Rev. Walter Evans (lately promoted from St. Lythan's, near Car-*
diff, to the living of Halkin), for the valaable services rendered by
him to the Association from the year 1869 to the present one. The
thanks of the Association were also voted to the Hon. Arthur Walsh,
M.P., for his services as president for 1873-4.

TUESDAY, AUGUST 25.

The first object visited in this day's excursion was Chirk
Castle, which is perhaps more remarkable for its magnificent and
commanding situation than as a great castle of Edwardian character.
Pennant says a previous castle of Crogen existed on the site of the
present one, and John My dd el ton is quoted in Lewis's TopographU
cal Dictionary as having stated that the present structure was com-
menced in 1011 and finished by 1013. He seems to have mistaken
one castle for the other. No traces of the older one are in exist-
ence. The castle built by Roger Mortimer, son of Roger of Wig-
more, is in outline the same as the present one, consistifig of a large
square court, surrounded by five drum-towers and connecting walls.
In these towers and in the great entrance gate were the principal
apartments, and some of the offices. Probably other buildings ex-
isted within the court, or were built against the curtain walls, but
these have long since been removed. The chapel, however, although
altered in later times remains, and at the opposite angle is the ori-
ginal ascent to the upper parts of the work, with passages within the
wall, and some small guard rooms. A good example of the dungeon
exists under the tower, called Adam's tower. The whole of the west
front and three of the towers were pulled down by Lambert, but are
said to have been rebuilt within the year by Sir Thomas Myddleton.
Galleries have been built against the outer walls and are divided
into apartments and saloons. The room in which Charles I slept
in ] 645, in going to and returning from Denbigh was inspected. In
the entrance and servants' halls (where refreshments had been
kindly provided for the visitors) the original ^rant of the estate by
Charles II to Sir Thomas Myddleton was exhibited. Around the
walls were suspended numerous weapons and other relics of the civil
war of the seventeenth century, among these the tall peaked hat of
the Puritans. Time did not admit of any examination of the por-
traits and other paintings, some of which are, however, described by
Pennant. In the grounds lies a tombstone of the early fifteenth

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century, the history of which was not ascertained on the spot. It
deserves protection from the weather. On it is the inscription, not
nnosnal at that time,

Quisquis eris qui transieris, sta, perlege, plora.
Sum quod eris, f ueram quod es ; pro me precor, ora.

Near the parish church is a mound, about which some difference
of opinion existed, whether it was of a sepulchral or military cha-
racter. If the latter, it may have been some outpost connecteid with
the dyke. It could hardly have been the Castell Crogen, on the
site of which it is said Chirk Castle stands. The church is of late
date, and possesses no feature of any interest. There are numerous
monuments of the local families, but none of any great interest or
antiquity. The epitaph on Walter Balcanqual (who represented his
country at the synod of Dort in 1618, and was afterwards Dean of
Brochester and of Durham) by Bishop Pearson is also mentioned by
Pennant.

Bhuabon Church is not remarkable as a building, and has under-
gone at different times many alterations. There are several monu-
ments of the Wynnstay family. There is an older one of John ab
Elis Eyton and his wife, desciibed, with most of the other monu-
ments, by Pennant. The most interesting object in the church is
a fresco painting of the acts of mercy, lately brought to light
and rescued from destruction by the liberality of the Chevalier
Lloyd, K.S.G. It has been published in the transactions of the
Powysland Club. The age assigned to it by local authorities is
that of the thirteenth century ; but Mr. Bloxam pointed out cer-
tain unmistakable details which proved that it must have beeu
two centuries later. The Bev. E. Edwards, the vicar, exhibited
the parish Begister, which seems to have been continuously kept
from 1559, — an unusual circumstance in Wales. The vicar entered
also into some etymological speculations as to the origin of the
name, which is spelt by Pennant Bhiw-abon. One, Bhydd avon, or
red river, was one suggestion, either from the bloody battles fought
in the district between Celt and Saxon, or the colouring matter of
iron ore, but the streamlet near the town can hardly be termed a
river, unless it was of unusually small proportions at the time of the
visit. Another derivation was that the church was named after
Mabon, who gave his name to Llanfabon, a chapel of Eglwjrs
Llan, near Llandaff ; but in this case it was not explained why
Bhiw has been substituted for Llan. However, ail doubt was
thought to be removed by the discovery, near the church, of the
effigy of the saint himself, on which were cut A B on, the M having
been lost ; and as this saint is assigned to the sixth century, this
was undeniable proof of an ancient British church having at
that period stood where the present church does. The visitors,
on leaving the church, found the stone exhibited on a tombstone
by its proprietor, Mr. G. H. Whalley, M.P., and churchwarden ;
but instead of its being a work of the sixth century, it turned

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WREXHAM MEETING. — REPORT. 353

ontto be one of the fifteenth, and had at one time adorned the
face of a pinnacle, or some other part of a church ; hence the back
part of it had been left in a rough state. As to the letters alluded
to, not the slightest traces of them could be made out ; nor was
there apparently any space where they could have been cut. No one,
moreover, had ever seen them. There was also a philological dif-
ficulty as pointed out by Mr. John Rhys, so that Mr. Wh alley's
claim for the great antiquity of his treasure was unanimously dis-
allowed.

From the church the road to Wynnstay is through an avenue of
Tery fine trees, and here the members were received with sump-
tuous hospitality by the President. After the usual loyal toasts
had been drank, and Professor Babington returned the thanks
of the Society for their genial reception, some of the members
adjourned to examine the objects of interest laid out for inspec-
tion. Others left to visit a small portion of Offa's Dyke and the
Pen y Gardden earthwork. The portion of the Dyke examined,
surmounted by a hedge, is not a striking specimen of that work, and
did not throw any light on the question of its real object. Whether
the strong post of Pen y Gardden, lying about 200 yards from its
western side is later or earlier is a qnestioA of some interest. This
work has been defended in one part by as many as three lines of en-
trenchment, while in other parts they are double, and in some places
even single, according to the character of the ground. Pennant
speaks of traces of habitations within the area of the work, but these
have disappeared. Its close position to the Dyke is remarkable. It
is in all probability the older of the two, but why it was not included
within the line which could easily have been done is strange. It
would have served as a strong look out, as well as a support to the
Dyke in case of an attack from the Welsh side.

At the evening meeting Professor Babington, in the absence of
the president, occupied the chair, and called on Mr. John Rhys to
read a paper on certain Ogham inscribed stones in Wales and Com«
wall. Mr. Rhys gave several examples, but differed from some of
the readings as given by the late Mr. Longueville Jones and others.
He disagreed also from Professor Westwood as to some of the in-
scriptions published by him in the Arclvoeologia Cambrensis, and
suggested that further and more careful examination of Welsh in-
scribed stones should be made before the proposed publication of
them is commenced.

The Rev. James Davies (Moor Park) read a paper on some Ro-
man inscriptions at Lydney Park, in Gloucestershire. Mr. Davies
described four of these inscriptions, giving his reading of them.
This paper will appear in the Archceologia Cambrensis. Mr. Bloxam
next gave a short review of the day's work, pointing out the
most remarkable objects they had seen. In Ihe chapel of Chirk
Castle he noticed a wooden eagle, the earliest one he had ever
seen. Eagles in our churches were introduced within the last
fifty years. If the chapel is ever restored to its proper use he hoped

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354 CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

that the present well carved fittings wonld be carefully preserved.
Mr. Bloxam remarked that the collection of mnskets of the time of
Charles in the servants' and entrance halls was the largest he had
ever seen ; these must have been fired from rests snch as might be
seen in the Tower, bnt without the muskets. Among the fine col-
lection of paintinfjfs there was a portrait of James Duke of Mon-
mouth, which struck his attention as one of the finest in existence as
far as his knowledge went. He had gone into the question of his
legitimacy with considerable care, and was convinced that the mar-
riage of Charles and Lucy Walters was a substantial fact. In the
Lambeth collection were ifwo letters firom the Princess of Orange to
Charles II, in which she refers to her as " your wife." When im-
prisoned during the commonwealth she was hailed as the king*a
wife by the Royalists, while one or two pamphlets of the time, main-
taining the legitimacy of the duke, were rigidly suppressed. He al-
luded also to the monumental stone in the grounds of Chirk Castle,
which has been already mentioned. He also exhibited a bronze
dagger found in some part of Wales, and which was one of the ear-
liest types of that section of bronze implements. The lateness of the
hour preventing the reading of other papers the meeting was dis-
missed by the chairman.

WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 26.

This day was devoted to the exploration of the city and cathedral
of Chester. The members were received by the Dean in the Chap-
ter House, who gave an account of the work of restoration going on,
which will appear in the next number of the Journal.

On leaving the cathedral Mr. Wynne Ffoulkes, formerly one of
the general secretaries of the Society, and Mr. Thomas Hughes,
sheriff of the city, took charge of the excursionists, and pointed out
the most interesting objects in the city. These, having been de-
scribed in Mr. Hughes' excellent Guide, need not be here noticed.
Allusion may, however, be made to the fine massive Roman masonry,
almost Cyclopean, facing the Roodee, and which seems to have
served as a kind of breakwater to protect the walls against the
sea, which at that time reached their base. Several Roman altars
and inscribed stones, now placed in a museum of natural his-
tory and geology, were also examined and commented on by Mr.
Ffoulkes. The greater part of the company returned direct by rail-
way from Chester, the remainder going by carriages through Eaton
Park and Holt, where they were most kindly and hospitably re-
ceived by Mr. Thomas Morris. A view of the once existing castle
is given in Pennant, showing its pentagonal form. There was no
evening meeting.

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WREXHAM MEETING. — REPORT. 355

THURSDAY, AUGUST 27.

The excarsion of this day commenced by following along tbe
remains of Watt's Dyke by Gwersyllt, where the high-road intersects
a large earthwork, into the exact nature of which time did not per-
mit a carefal examination. The portion on the right hand of the
road from Wrexham seems partly natoral and partly artificial. It
is not noticed in tbe Ordnance Map.

The second halt was made at Caergwrle Castle, remarkable for its
striking and commanding position. It^has, no doubt, been consi-
dered of equal importance to the British, who first availed them-
selves of its advantages, and subsequently to the Roman, Norman,
and English. Roman roads ran from it : one by Mold and Yaris,
another towards Ha warden and the mines of that part of the
county, one by Nant y Pfridd and Bwlch Gwyn to the south-west,
towards Bala. The most important portion of the present ruins is
Roman work of excellent character. The exterior face of the wall
is lined with well cut ashlar. In the inside of the work, where there
is no ashlar, the bonding-courses, of thin stone in the place of bricks,
are very conspicuous. Part of an arch of the same date still re-
mains. The other portions of the ruin are probably of the Edwardian
period, but are too fragmentary to enable any satisfactory plan of
the original arrangements being made out. In Camden's time the
hypocaust, built with stamped bricks, of the twentieth legion, was
found here. Pennant had heard of Roman bricks having been
found in the ruins of the old house of Hope, and of large beds of iron
cinders discovered near Caer Estyn, — a small encampment close to
Caergwrle Castle, and separated from it by Watt's Dyke. Close to the
Castle was found, in a turbary, the curious wooden vessel exhibited
by Canon Cunliffe at the Wrexham Museum.

Hope Church contains little of interest except the Trevor monu-
ments.

From thence the carriages proceeded to Hawarden Castle, which,
like Caergwrle, had probably been a British work, although subse-
quently held by Saxons and Normans, and by their successors. None
of the masonry is earlier than the time of Henry III, in Mr. G. T.
Clark's opinion, who has contributed his account of it to the ArchsBO-
logical Institute. (See Arch. Joum,, vol. xxvii, p. 240, etc.) The circu-
lar keep had two floors, the lower having only three small openings.
The upper chamber is octagonal. In the wall is the chapel, measur-
ing 14 by 7 feet. Against the west wall is a stone bench, and above
it a rude squint. Mr. Clark thinks that the chapel doorway, the
piscina, and the side-doors of the window -recesses, appear to be later
Decorated work. There are remains of several chambers in the
main ward, and at the opposite end are the remains of the hall, still
retaining two lofty windows. The curtain-walls start from the
eastern face of the keep, the remaining portion of it being suffi-
ciently protected by the steepness of the slope. Mr. Bloxam

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pointed out the principal features of the mine, after which one divi-
sion of the company repaired to the Vicarage, the rest to the
modem Castle, where they were al] most hospitably entertained.

The church has undergone many alterations at different times ;
but has been well restored, as would have been expected when the
late Sir Stephen Glynne directed the work.

The latter part of the day it rained heavily, which detained the
visitors some time in the hospitable mansion of Trevalyn. The ex-
terior of the house, which was apparently built about 16S0, is very
picturesque, while inside are a large collection of family portiuits and
various curiosities. The Imall earthwork in the grounds is pro-
bably the site of an earlier house or small castle.

An inspection of Oresford Church completed the day's excursion.
This well-known church is one of the finest of the district, and dates
from the latter part of the fifteenth century. One small part of it,
however, in the south-west angle, belongs to an older church of
the preceding century. The screens at the east end are singularly
rich and perfect. The east window, much mutilated, is said to have
been brought from Basin gwerk Abbey, which seems to have sup-
plied so many churches in this part of North Wales. It is needless
to say tradition is in error in this as in the other cases. There is a
good deal of painted glass about the church, some of which is stated
to have been offered to the parish, in the early part of the last
century, by a once poor parish boy of the name of Tudor ; but only
a small portion of the original gift, as intended, ever reached the
church, and is now in the upper compartments of the windows on
the north side. The donor is supposed to have bought it in Italy.
There are two monuments of interest, which must have been in the
former church. The one in the north aisle is an incised coffin-lid
with the inscription, mc iacbt gronow ap iorwerth ap dattdd. The
arms on the shield are three mullets on a bend, the coat borne by
the descendants of Ithel ap Ednyfed, to whom Gresford and Tre-
valyn belonged. On the south side is an effigy of a knight in studded
armour, with the inscription, Hio jackt madoc ap llkwklyn ap gruff.
Pennant says he was buried on St. Matthias* Day, 1331. A row
of shields lines the back of the tomb. Among the yew-trees in tbe
churchyard, planted in 1727, is an enormous one which in 1843
measured 30 feet round at 4 feet from the ground. The base and
stump of the cross which gives its name to the parish was passed
on the way down.

At the evening meeting, the President in the chair, Mr. Bloxam
gave a brief account of the excursion of the day, stating his belief
that both Caergwrle and Hawarden Castles were originally British
strongholds. He noticed the remains of the earthworks of a medi-
CBval castle at Trevalyn. He then read some notes on certain effigies
in Wales, especially one in Towyn Church, an account of which will
appear in the Journal. He had lately seen Eliseg's Pillar near
Vallo Crucis Abbey, and from the entasis he believed it came from
some Roman work.

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WREXHAM MEETING. — REPORT. 357

Mr. Trevor Parkins followed with a paper on the dykes of Wan
and Offa. After entering into the several theories connected with
them, he came to the conclusion that tbej were simply boundaiy-
lines. This paper will appear in the Journal.

Mr. R. W. Banks of Knighton confirmed the opinion of Mr. Par-
kins from his knowledge of that portion of Offa's Dyke which ran
through his own neighbourhood.

The President remarked on the circumstance that it still divided
the Welsh and English population so completely that the clergyman
knew in which of the two languages he was to read the burial-
service, on hearing from which side of the Dyke the body came.

Mr. Barnwell thought that allowance had not been made for the
effects of time and weather on Offa's Dyke, and that its original
height and steepness must have made it a more mihtary work than
was generally admitted. Portions of Wan's Dyke, a work some
centuries older than that of Offa, still retained parts so steep and
high as to be very difficult to climb, even without opposition from
the summit.

Professor Babington took a different view. He thought that the
main object of the Dyke was to prevent the abstraction of cattle
from either side, and for which purpose it would be an efficient ob-
stacle to the hasty removal of herds, as in such movements time
was of the greatest importance.

Mr. R. V. Kyrke stated that however doubtful the object of the
Dyke was, there was none as to its post- Roman character, as he has
found it built over Roman remains.

Mr. Whalley objected to the manner in which archfeologists
arrived at their conclusions when talking of Britons, Romans, and
Saxons, without instructing the general people as to what the his-
tory of those times might suggest. He challenged them to deny
that the accepted fables of Britons, Romans, and Saxons, were not
the result of party and polemical feeling, intended to promote the
interest of one side, and especially of the Roman Catholic Church,
at the expense of the true history of both nationalities ; that, in fact,
the Romans had never conquered this country at all, and that it
was a delusion to suppose that this country was ever subject to
Roman authority as other countries were.

The President reminded Mr. Whalley that the subject before them
was Offa's Dyke ; and Mr. Barnwell informed him that time did
not permit him to continue his remarks.

Mr. Whalley, in reply, thought that Mr. Bloxam's attack on the
pillar of Eliseg, and oJling it a Roman column, was sufficient
ground for his address. He contended that in such matters they
ought to have better information as to the state of the country in
those days, and that the histories used in our schools were the most
false and fabricated histories ever accepted.

The usual votes of thanks were given to the Local Committee,
with especial mention of the names of Dr. Williams, the Chairman,
and Mr. Trevor Parkins and Mr. Buckton, the Secretaries,

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358 CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

In moving a vote of thanks to the contributors to the Masenm,
Mr. Blozam very much regretted that at Rhaabon he could not
make out the stone exhibited by Mr. Whalley older than it really
was.

The Rev. James Davies, in seconding it, expressed a hope that
Wrexham might one day establish a museum of its own.

Thanks were also voted to the President and the other gentlemen
who had so hospitably received the members.

Mr. Trevor Parkins, before the Meeting closed, observed that the
thanks of all were especially due to Mr. £disbury for his exertions
in making the Museum so successful.

FRIDAY, AUGUST 28.

The clergy and churchwardens received the members and con-
ducted them through the church. This church has lately been
restored, and the hideous galleries which had choked up the interior
have been swept away. The restoration in this instance has been a
real one^ and reflects great honour on the taste and liberality of
those who carried it on. The building was finished in 1472, the
former one being said to have been burnt in 1457. There is the
date of 1506 on the tower, which is thought to denote when the
steeple was finished. There are several monuments of interest.
The oldest is a coffin-lid probably of the same time as those in Gres-
ford Church. All that can be made out is Hro jacet ap how-
ell. The shield bears a lion rampant. This was found in the
churchyard. There is an interesting one of Hugh Bellot, Bishop of
Bangor, and afterwards of Chester. But an account of the monu-
ments and other details will be found in a sensible and well written
account of Wrexham and its neighbourhood, to be had of Mr.
Potter, the printer, at Wrexham, for a very small sum.

Mr. Bloxam made some observations on the church. He pointed
out the resemblance of the tower to those found in Gloucestershire,
and especially in Somersetshire. The font, a decorated one, had
been worked up by a mason. It was one of the fifteenth cen-
tury. The painting of David was a good one, but certainly not the
work of Rubens. As to the details of the church, he could not,
without longer examination, satisfy himself. The arches and pillars
in the middle of the church may have been of the fourteenth cen-
tury, while the aisles and clerestory were a century latter.

On leaving the church a move was made to Overton Church, and
thence to Penley, where the late Rev. J. Dymock had prepared very
efficient refreshments. The front of the house is so covered with
ivy as to be entirely concealed. Part of it is of the sixteenth century.

The next halt was made at Gredington, the seat of the Kenyons,
when a second hospitable reception awaited the members. The pre-
sent modern house stands nearly on the site of an older one, and

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WREXHAM MEETING. — REPORT. 359

contains some valuable portraits, as of Lord Chief Justice "Kenjon^
Lord Thurlow, and others.

A pleasant drive by the side of the mere bronght the excursionists
to Hanmer Church, where they were received by the Vicar. The
tower is the older part of the fabric of the sixteenth century, but
a bad imitation of a much earlier style. The carved oaken roof,
however, is fine, and there is also some good carved work on the
Hanmer and Fenn Chapels. A cross of the fourteenth century
stands in the churchyard. On the west face is the crucifixion ; ou
the east face the Virgin crowned and sceptered, bearing Our Lord
on her right arm. Lito her right side the Devil is thrusting a
sword, and women at her feet are praying or offering incense. On
the two other faces are figures of bishops. It appears from a MS.
of Griffith Hiraethog (time of Henry VIII) that it was given to the
church by Upton, rector in 1313.

Close to the village is a curious platform raised above the level
ground, and nearly circular. There is evidence that on it once stood
the rectory. Lord Hanmer, in his family history, mentions that
several vicars hved there until the house was pulled down in the
reign of EHzabeth. The two fields around are still called the upper
and lower vicarage meadows. This plateau has probably been
higher than it is at present, and may have at one time been fortified
with palisades; but as the ground out of which it rises has evi-
dently been a kind of morass, the plateau was formed as a dry
situation for a dwelling. Mr. Lee, the vicar, thinks that it might
have been used as a kind of central market on certain days.

At some distance from this is a mound, evidently British origin-
ally, although it may have been used by the Ilomans as an out-look,
as it commands an extensive view of the course of the Roman road
running north and south. At the base of it four roads met, and
the spot is still called Egltoys y Qroes. Near it were found eight
Eoman coins, none later than the time of Constantino. A notice of
the camp occurs in the Gentleman* a Magazine for 1763.

It had been intended to visit EmraJ, but time not permitting, the
carriages proceeded straight to Bangor (the Banchorium of Richard
of Cirencester and the Bovvum of Antonine). Leland says that
Roman money has been found there ; but this is not sufficient proof
of a Roman station, although there have been found traces of the
Roman road that ran through the village. The church is princi-
pally a modem structure, but has portions of an earlier edifice.
The site of the ancient monastery is unknown ; but was probably
not far from that of the present church, unless the course of the
river has materially changed since that time. Many exertions to
discover traces of this ancient establishment have been made, and,
as might have been expected, in vain, for the original buildings, as
the church and habitations of the clergy and their pupils, were built
of very perishable materials, and of humble dimensions. A monas-
tery, in the usual sense of the word, did not exist at this early
period. William of Malmesbury says that in his time no places

4th 8BK., YOL. v. 24

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ooald show greater remaiiia of balf-demolislied clmrches, and a
muitittide of other ruins. " Mention", says Pennant, " is made of
two gates of the preoinots that were a mile distant, the Dee rannin^
between them, — one was called Forth Glaisy the other Fort WgarC^,
names still existing. Bnt William of Malmesbury's acoonnt is not
to be relied on, and contradicts what may be assumed as tme, that
after the slaughter of the monks the establishment was given up,
and could not haye been rebuilt of stone, on so much larger a scale,
without some notice of it in the early annals. Moreoyer he acknow-
ledges that he has recorded many instances only from hearsay,
and this is eyidently one of those instances. Pennant had heard
of squared stones haying been dug up in a particular spot ; but he
could find none, or obtain any eyidence that they had been found,
though he discoyered seyeral early tombstones of which he has giyen
the engrayings. The stone cross foxmd in the meadow on the other
side of the river is of the fifteenth century, and may have been con-
nected with the parish church of that time, but could have had
nothing to do with the monastery.

The Vicar of Hanmer and Rector of Bangor had kindly provided
a substantial repast in the Schoolroom at Bangor for the visitors,
on the conclusion of which the thanks of the Society to its hospitable
entertainers having been returned by Professor Babington, the car-
riages proceeded homewards, with one short halt at Marchmel,
where tiie Bangor Cross alluded to above now lies in the Rector's
garden, and ought without delay to be rest6red to Bangor Church.

At tiie evening meeting, Professor Babing^n in the chair, at
which only members attended, the recommendations suggested in
the Report were unanimously adopted, and the election of the fol-
lowing new members waa confirmed :

The Rev. A. L. Taylor
J. AUington Hughes, Esq.
W. Overton, Esq.
Frederick Page, Esq.
Alexander Wilson Edwards, Esq.
Thomas Morris of Holt
William James Sisson, Esq.

It was also resolved that G. Robinson, Esq., of Cardiff, be elected
General Secretary for South Wales and Monmouthshire ; that Cw^
marthen be the place of meeting for 1875 ; and that the Bishop of
St. David's be requested to act as President.

In the evening Dr. Williams and Mr. T. T. Griffith received the
members and a numerous company in the Museum, where refresh-
ments of various kinds were actively circulated through the crowded
rooms. Mr. Bloxam made some observations on the more interest-
ing objects exhibited. Such was the agreeable termination of the
very pleasant Meeting ^X Wroxham.

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361

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTENTS.

VOL. y. FOURTH SSRIBS.

Abbrseb, 82

Almor, 143

Ancient British inscriptions^ 17^
168,169,178, 233, 243, 264,
330, 334

Ancient British canoe, 147

Ancient monnments, preserva-
tion of, 176

Anglesey, perforated stone fonnd
in, 10

— — stone implements found
in, 181

Answer to a query, 1 75

ArchsBological Notes and Queries,
87, 173, 257, 339

Archfleologj, international con-
gress of, 179

Slavic, 179

Arthurian localities, 88, 1 75

Bardic ^rmbol, 174
Battleof Bulo, 336
Beddington, remains of a Roman

warrior found at, 179
Bedd Porius, 76
Beddau Milwyr, 255
Bettws y Coed, monumental effigy

at, 128
Beulfe (Ch. Ernest), death of, 179
Black Book of Carmarthen, 173
Bone-caves on the Wye, 1 78
Books relating to Wales, want of

accuracy in, 165
Borasham, 185
Brackets in Bowleston Church,

156

Bravinium, site of, 163, 254
Breese (Edward), " EfJendars of

Gwynedd," 95
Bridgenorth, Oldbury, and Quat-

ford,263

Castle, 263

British inscriptions, ancient, 1 7,

168, 169, 173y 238, 243, 254,

330, 334
Bromfield, history of, 22, 132, 185
Bronze thuribles in Wales, 159
Bryn y Pin, 388
Bmlth, castle of, 1
Burlton HaU, 192
Burton, 187
Bwras,185
Bye-Gones, 261

Cadfan (St.) stone at Towyn,243
Caerfyrddin, Llyfr Du, 173
Caersws, Roman remains at, 260
Cambrian ArohiBological Associ-
ation, meeting of, announced
to be at Wrexham, 95, 175,
262 ; twenty-ninth Annual
Meeting of, held at Wrexham,
841; statement of expenditure
and receipts of, 1873, 180
Canoe, ancient British, 147
Castle of Builth, 1
Castle of Carnarvon, 74
Carnarvon Castle, 74
Celtic Review, 845
Chirkland, history of, 22, 132, 185
Church of St. Patricio, 8
Church monuments in Wales and
the borders, 337

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362

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTENTS.

Clmrches, Radnorshire, 41

CU Hendref, 194

Cir Perfchyr, 87

Clungnnford tumulus, 123

Collectanea, 177

Correspondence, 74, 162, 250, 330

Congress of Slavic archaeology at
Kiew, 179

Concise description of the prin-
cipal monuments in St.David's
Cathedral, 289

Course of Watling Street be-
tweenUriconium and Deya,200

Croesffordd, 143

Cromlech at Pentref Kan, 59

Cromlechs, South Wales, 59

at St. Lythan's and St.

Nicholas, near Cardiff, 170

Cross, the Llowes, 83

Customs of the city of Hereford,
257

Cymric philology, 113

Cynllaith, 22

Cynwrig ab Bhiwallon, 136

Dayman (Hev. E. A.), Medieval
Latin-English Dictionary, 177

Dervel Gadam, 152, 252

and Father Forrest, 252

Description of principal sepul-
chral monuments in St. David's
Cathedral, 289

Diocese of St Asaph, Thomas'
History of, 340

Dobunni inscription, the, 173

Dol Belidr, 339

Drumloghan Stones, the, 173

Early Welsh, 259, 340

Eglwys y Gwyddel, Merioneth,
234

Emlyn stone, at Pool Park, Ru-
thin, 283

Erlys, 185

Erlisham, 185

Errata, 366

Eulo, battle o^ 336

Eunant, coins found at, 176

Evans (Rev. Walter), resigns se-
cretaryship of C. A. A. for
South Wales, 262, 348

Expenditure and receipts of the
Uambrian ArchsBological As-
sociation (1873), 180

Extinct churches in Monmouth-
shire, 339

Eyton Isaf, 185

Forrest, Father, 252
Four stones. Old Radnor, 215
French me^dithic remains, 320
Full age, Hereford customs re-
specting, 257

Gkelic Society of Inverness, 96

Ganllwyd (Y), inscription at, 168

Glasgoed, 27

Glynne (Sir Stephen), obituary
notice of, 249

Grave of Porius, 78

Graves of the warriors, 255

Greal (y Seint), 346

Greek, Welsh words borrowed
from, 52, 78, 170, 224, 258,
297

Gresford, 143

Groesffordd (Y), 143

Gwnnws, Cardiganshire, in-
scribed stone at, 246

Gwyddel, Eglwys y, 234

Gwynedd, Kalendars of, 95

Handbook of North Wales (Muj>

ray*s), 346
Harlech Castle, 176, 261
Hawarden Castle, 93
Hebrew, Welsh words borrowed

from,52, 78, 170, 224, 258, 297
Heiliarth or Heuliarth, 91
Helen, PenCaer, 81
Henblas, 24
Hereford, customs of the city o^

257

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ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTENTS.

363

History of the diocese of St. As-
aph (Rev. D. R. Thomas'),
340,344

History of the lordship of Maelor
Gymraeg or Bromfield, the
lordship of lal or Yale, and
Chirkland, 22, 132, 185

Hughes (WUHam), obituary no-
tice of, 73

, lal orYale, history of,22, 132, 185

lestyn (St.) monumental effigy
of, in Llaniestyn church, An-
glesey, 217

Inscribed stones at Bridell, 21 ;
on Caldy Island, 19; at Cil-
gerran, 20 ; at Clydai, 11 ; at
Devynock, 332 ; at Gnoll, 332;
at Gwnnws, 245 ; at Llanarth,
20 ; at Llandawk, 19 ; at Llan-
hamllech, 332; at Llanerfyl,
333, 335; at Llanfihangel y
Traethan, 334; 343, 335; at
Llangors, 282, 235 ; at Llan-
aelhaiam,246; atLlanfor,339;
at Nevern, 20; at Penrhos
Llugwy, 334 ; at Pool Park, 1 7,
233,330; at Spittal, 332; at
St. Just's, 333 ; at Tavistock,
173, 333 ; at Towyn, 24^; at
Whitland, 245, 335 ; at Y Gan-
nwyd,168; atYstradFeUte,332

--330,336

Inscriptions, ancient British, 17,
168, 169, 173, 233, 243, 254,
330,335

International congress of archee-
ology, 179

Inverness, Oaelio Society of, 96

Jones (Ven. W. Basil), appointed
to the see of St. David's, 262

"Kalendars of Gwynedd" (E.
Breese's), review of, 95

Latin, Welsh words borrowed
from, 52, 78, 170, 224,258, 297

Leintwardine, the site of Bravi-
nium, 1^63, 254

Uanaelhaiam, inscribed stone at,
246

Uananno church, 45

Llanbadam Fynydd, 43

Fawr, RAdnorshire, 51

Llanbister church, 46

Llandanwg church, Merioneth|
261

Llandegley church, 49

Llandderfel, mould or stamp
found at, 284

Llanddew, 85, 169, 250

Llanddewi church, Radnorshire,
49

Llanelian or Llaneilian, Angle-
sey, 220

Llanfihangel y Traethan, in-
scribed stone at, 243, 334, 335

Llanfor, Merioneth, 339

Llangors, notice of an early in-
scribed stone at, 232, 335

LlanhamUech, inscribed stone
at, 232

Llaniestyn church, Anglesey,
monumental effigy of St. les-
tyn in, 217

Uanrwst, monumental effigies at,
128

Llanwddyn, Montgomeryshire,
76,95

Llowes cross, the, 83

Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin, 173

Machynlleth, the name, 91, 260
Maelor Gymraeg, history of, 22,

132, 185
Maelor Uchaf, 132
Mediaeval Latin-English Diction-
ary, 177
Megalithic remains, French, 320
Merionethshire tumuli, 313
Miscellaneous notices, 91, 175,

260, 339
Monmouthshire, extinct churches

in, 339
Monutnental effigies at Bettws y

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364

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CONTENTS.

Coed and Llanrwst, 128; M/t

LlaniestTn, Anglesey, 217
Monument of King Pabo at Llan-

babo chnrcb, 110
Mortyn, 187

Mould or stamp, Llandderfel, 284
Muooi, 174
Murray's Handbook of North

Wales, 846
Mynachty and Rousseau, 162

Nanheudwy, 30

Noble tribe of the marohes of

Powysland, 32
Notes and Queries, archsaologi-

cal, 87, 173, 257, 339
Notes, 87, 173,257,339
on some Hadnorshire

ehurches, 41
Notice of an early inscribed

stone at Uangors, Brecon-
shire, 233
Notices, miscellaneous, 91, 175,

260, 339
Norway, important archseologi'

cal discovery made in, 179

Obituary, 73, 161, 249, 347

Oghams, 20, 90, 91, 279, 282

Oldbury castle, 263, 274

Old Radnor, four stones at, 215

Old Welsh, 259

Old- Welsh quatrain, 340

Ormerod (Geo.), obituary notice

of, 161
Ossian, 93

Pabo, monumental effigy of, in
Llanbabo church, Anglesey,
110

Patricio (St.), church of, 8

Pen Caer Helen, Uanbedr, Car-
narvonshire, 81

Pentref Aeron, 197

Pentref Cynwrig, 196

Pentref Ifan, Pembrokeshire,
cromlech at, 59

Pentref Pant, 198

Pentref, Tomen, 313

Perforated stone found in An-
glesey, 10

Philology, Cymric, 1 13

Plas Tbomas, 192

Pool Park Stone, near Eathin,
17,233,330

Porius, the grave of, 78

Powysland Museum, 76

Preservation of anoient monu-
ments, 176

Pugh of Llan y Myneich, 197

Pughe (John), obituary notice of,
249,347

Quatford, 263, 274

Quatford Castle, 263, 274, 275

Quenes, 87, 173, 257, 339

Badnorsbire churches, notes on

some, 41
Report of Committee of Cam-
brian Archasological Associa-
tion, 1873-74, 343
Reviews, 95, 177, 340
"Revue Celtique," 345
Rhi^^ uwch y Foel, 26
Roman remains in Caersws, 260
Roman tombstone found at the

Roodee, Chester, 260
Rousseau, 162

Rowleston Church, bradcets in,
156

St. Asaph, Thomas' History of
the diocese o^ 334, 344

St. Cadfan (the) and other stones,
243

St. David's. Cathedral, photo-
graphs of, 340

St. David's, concise descriptioii
of the principal sepulchral mo-
numents in the dothedral of,
289

Ven. W. Basil Jones i^

pointed to the see of; 262

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ALPHABETICAL INDEX OP CONTENTS.

365

St. Lythan's, Olamorganshire,
cromlech at, 70

St. Nicholas, near Cardiff, croin-
lech at, 70

Scotoburgi, 175

Seint Gbeal (Y), 346

Slavic archasology, congress of,
179

South Wales cromlechs, 59

Stamp or monld, Llandderfel, 284

Stone implements, Anglesey, 181

Stone, perforated, found in An-
glesey, 10

Stonehenge, 168

Studies in Cymric philology, 11 3

Symbol, bardic, 174

Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, sup-
posed discovery of the body
of, 180

Tangusius, 174

Tavistock, inscribed stones at,
173, 333

Thomas (Rev. D. R.), "History
of the Diocese of St. Asaph,"
340,344

Tomeu Pentref, 313

Thuribles, bronze, in Wales, 159

Towyn, the St. Cad&n Stone at,
243

Transactions of the (Gaelic Soci-
ety of Inverness, 96

Trefalnn, 143

Treflech, 195

Trefwy, 185

Trelan Buhow, Celtic remains
discovered at, 177

Tren, 175

Tumuli, Merionethshire, 313

Tumuli on the Yorkshire wolds,94
Tumulus at Clungunford, 123
Tumer(Thomas),obituary notice
of, 73

IJriconium and Deva, course of
Watling Street between, 20

Wales, want of accuracy in books
relating to, 165

"Wales and Anglesey," 87

Wales and the borders, church
monuments in, 337

Want of accuracy in books relat-
ing to Wales, 165

Watling Street between Urico-
nium and Deva, 200

Way (Albert), obituary notice of,
161

Welsh, early, 259, 340

Welsh (matrain, old, 340

Welsh Words borrowed from
Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, 52
78, 170, 224, 258, 297

Whitland, inscribed stone near,
245, 335

Wigmore, 97

Wrexham, meeting o£ the Cam-
brian ArchflBological Associa-
tion announced to be at, 95, 17,
212

twenty - ninth Annual

Meeting for 1874, held at, 340

Wye, bone-caves on the, 178

Wyton Isaf, 185

Yale or lal, history of the lord-
ship of, 22, 132, 185
Yorkshire wolds, tumuli on the,94

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366

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

The Castle of Builth .

Perforated Stones found in Anglesey

Celt found in Anglesey . . . ,

Inscription on the Emlyn Stone

Font, Llanbadarn Fynydd . . . ,

Brackets, at Llanbadarn Fynydd

Font, Llandegley . . . . ,

Doorway, Llandegley . . . .
Doorway, Llanbadarn Fawr . . . .

49
61

Pentref Evan Cromlech. Two Plates .

St. Lythan's Cromlech. Two Plates ' .

Tomb at Llanbabo . . . .

112

Ancient British Canoe . . . ,

147

Bracket in Rowleston Church . . . ,

156

Bronze Thurible and Chain . . . .

160

Stone Implements, Anglesey. Nos. 1 and 2

181

Ditto ditto Nos. 3and4

181

The Four Stones, Old Radnor

215

Eglwys y Gwyddel, Towyn . . . .

234

Plan of Bridgenorth Castle

. 263

Clydai Stones. No. 1
iDitto „ 2

277

. 278

Ditto „ 3

. 280

Llandderfel Mould ....

. 284

Articles found in Tumulus at Tomen Pentref, Merionethshire

315

The Menhir of Kerloaz

. 323

Menhir, near Dol ....

. 323

Cromlech, Saumur . . . .

. 326

Cromlech at Esse ....

. 326

Lintel of Cromlech at Esse

. 326

Plan of Cromlech at Esse

. 326

ERRATA.

Page 90, line I, for Gwel Arthur read Gwely Arthur.
„ 91, line 4,/or Henliarth read Heuliarth; line 17, /or Note 39 read Note 29.
„ 96, line 6 from bottom, for promoters of Welsh read promoters of the
Welsh.

„ 123, line 5, for Mr. Stokes read Mr. Skene.

In the volume for 1873, p. 882, line 3, dele "of' before "Sir Edmund Buck-
ley."

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^rtlxmla^h ^nmhrtmh,

JOURNAL

Cambrinn Irrjjebgirnl l00nrifltinn.

VOL. V. FOURTH SERIES.

LONDON:

J. PARKER, 377, STRAND.

1874.

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LOKDOR :
T. EIOHABDB, 87. (lEBlT QUIIN 8TBBBT, W.C.

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CONTENTS.

The Castle of Btdlth

The Church of St. Patricio

Perforated Stone fonnd in Anglesey

On some of our British Inscriptions

History of the Lordship of Maelor Qym-
raeg (continued)

Notes upon some Radnorshire Chnrches .

Welsh Words borrowed from Latin, etc.
(co7itmued) ....

South Wales Cromlechs .

Wigmore ....

The Monument of King Pabo at Llanbabo
Church, Anglesey

Studies in Cymric Philology. — No. Ill .

Clungunford Tumulus

On Monumental Effigies at Bettws y Coed
and Llanrwst, North Wales

History of the Lordship of Maelor Gym-
raeg (continued)

Ancient British Canoe

Dervel Gadam ....

The Brackets in Bowleston Church

Bronze Thuribles in Wales

Stone Implements, Anglesey

History of the Lordship of Maelor Gym-
raeg {continued)

The Course of Watling Street between
XJriconium and Deva .

G. T. C. .

M. H. Blozam .

Hugh Prichard .

John Bhjs

J. T. W. Lloyd .

S. W. Williams .

John Bhys

E. L. Barnwell .

G. T. C.

M. H. Bloxam . 110

E. W.Evans . 113

T. 0. Rocke . 123

M. H. Blozam . 128

J. T. W. Uoyd .

132

L. Barnwell .

147

Breese

152

L. Barnwell .

156

L. Barnwell .

159

.Wynn-Williamfl 181

J. T. W. Lloyd .

185

. H. L.

200

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CONTENTS.

The Pour Stones, Old Radnor . R. W. B.

Monumental Effigy of St. lestyn . M. H. Bloxam

Welsh Words borrowed from Latin, Gb^ek,
and Hebrew (contimied) . John Rhys

Notice of an early inscribed Stone at Llan-

215
217

224

gors, Talgarth, Broconshire

I. 0. Westwood .

232

Eglwys y Gwyddel, Merioneth

E. L. Barnwell .

234

The St. Gadfan and other Stones

John Rhys

243

Bridgenorth, Oldbury, and Quatford

G. T. C .

263

The Inscribed Stones at Clydai, Pem-
brokeshire ....

R. R. Brash

277

Mould or Stamp, Llandderfel

W. W.-Williaras .

284

Concise Description of the Principal
Monuments in St. David's Cathedral .

M. H. Bloxam .

289

Welsh Words borrowed from Latin, Greek,
and Hebrew (continued)

John Rhys

297

Tumuli, Merionethshire.— Tomen Pentref

W. W. Ffoulkes .

313

French Megalithic Remains

E. L. Barnwell .

320

Report of Wrexham Meeting

341

Index .....

361

List of Illustrations

• .

366

Obituary .....

73, 161

,249

Correspondence ....

74, 162, 250,

330

Arch^ological Notes and Queries

87,173,257,

339

Miscellaneous Notices .

91, 175, 260,

339

Reviews .....

Collectanea ....

177

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CELTIC REMAINS. 81

shire, where fairs are kept ; also a commot there. Near this was
the fight of Machawy.

Caswennan. Gorffrydau Casioem/tian {i, e., the streams of Cas-
wennan), a great overfall of the sea near the Isle of Enlli, where
King Arthur's favourite ship, Gwennan, was cast away. This,
it seems, was a ship of war called after the name of liis daughter,
Ann. The place bears the name to this day.

Os anodd ar Gaswennan

Droi ar lif o'r dwfr i'r Ian. — Bobert Leiaf,

Deuliw berw Caswennan,
Golwg dedd amlwg diddan. — Hywel op Eimon,
See Gwennan,

Cathen or Cathan. Llangathen parish in Caermarthenshire.
See Caiheiniog.
Cateneys, corruptly for Caithness. See Catheiniog,
Catguallon, wrote anciently for Cadwallon. {E, Llwyd.)
Catguogan, wrote anciently for Cadwgan. {E, Llwyd)
Catgwaladyb, wrote anciently for Cadwaladr. {E. Llwyd)
Cathgoed ym M6n. Dona ynghathgoed ym Mon. Hence
Llangoed, a parish there.

Cathness, the most N. E. comer of Scotland ; probably from
an island of that name formerly called Gathynys, ^. e.. Cat Island;
or Gaethynys, tlie Prison Island. The ancient Britains wrote
enes for what we now write ynyi, an island ; and this makes me
suspect that Totness in Devonshire (which is said in Tyssilio to
be the place where Brutus first landed, and wrote in the British
copy Totenys) was anciently an island of the name of Tot Ynys;
and that all other places of the same termination in Britain,
such as Dungness, Sheemess, Eastonness, Inverness, etc., do not
signify Tiose, as our English antiquaries imagine, but are the
same with British names of islands of the like sounds in Wales
used to this day, as Mon Ynys, Anglesey ; Y Voel Ynys ; Y Las
Ynys ; Y Wen Ynys and Y Fel Ynys, the ancient names of
Britain ; and every island, in the British, is to this day called
ynys, Weik of Cathness. (Major, -Hiw^. Scot.)

Cattraeth, or Cad Traeth, some place in Scotland where a
battle was fought by Mynyddawc Eydyn. " Gosgordd Mynydd-

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82 CELTIC REMAINS.

awe Eiddun jm Nghadtraeth". (Tr, 36.) One of the 3 gosgordd
adwy Ynys Prydain.

Kiglen am dal medd myned draig Gattraeth
Cy wir i harfaeih &v&,u Uifaid. — Hirlas Owain,
See the Gododin.

Cattw ap Geraint ap Erbin ; q. d. Cato,

Cattwg (Sant Llangattwg),or CADOC,or Cadawc, son of Gund-
Iseus (Gwynlliw Filwr) ; and his mother was Gwladus, daughter
of Brychan Brycheiniog. (Capgrave,) He was instructed by
St. Tathai, who waa an Irish doctor at Gwent in Monmouthshire,
brought there by Caradog ab Ynyr the King. From thence
Cadog went to Uangarvan, where he built a church and monas-
tery, and there opened a school, where lUdud and Gildas were
his disciples (at Gwenllwg near Pontvaen). He was succeeded
at Uangarvan by his disciple EUenius. {Brit SarvcL) [catvc
inscribed on a monumented stone in the parish of Llandeveiliog,
two miles north of Brecknock. — W. D,]

Cattwn Hen o Eufain, Cato the elder.

Caw (n. pr. v.). Caw o Dwrcelyn.

Caw, a poet mentioned by Cynddelw.

Gathlan clan cerddan Caw.

Caw, father of Gildas, Huail, &c. {Triades) See Gildas,

Caw : see Bryn Caw,

Caw ap Cowrda, lord of Cwm Cowlwyd in Arthur's time.

Cawr was an appellative or title given some warlike princes,
especially in Cambria, signifying a warlike prince, which an-
swered to Wledig in Loegria, and Priodatvr in North Britain,
Gogyrfan Gawr was father-in-law of King Arthur ; Ysbyddadden
Pen Cawr o'r Gogledd ; Benlli Gawr ; Beli Gawr ; Albion Gawr ;
Idris Gawr ; Othrwm Gawr ; Rhitta Gawr ; Nemrwth Gawr ;
Llocrin Gawr.

Camp Cawr yw cwympo caerydd.— lor. Fynglwyd.

Truan fa'r cyfrdan ddwyn Cawr y Cedym
A'u ceidwad a'u blaenawr. — Bhya Brychan,

Cawr pen Mon carw Pen Mynydd.

Sion Brvrynog^ i Harri viii.
Mr. Baxter will have the word to come from cau and t/r, which

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CEI.TIO REMAINS. 83

he makes to be a cave-man, or a wild man living in caves ; but
cau is not a cave in the British : and this derivation is whimsi-
cal, and a mere conceit, like too many of his. See Caerlleon Oawr,

Cawkdaf, son of Cariadog Freichfras. {Tr. 19.)

Cawrnwy, a place.

0 Wy hyd Qtiwmwy. — Mar, Trahaern,
Qu. whether Comwy in Anglesey ?

Cayan. Llangayan. Tregaian.

Ceccyr, river. Aber y Ceccyr.

Cecil, a modem name in England from SeisylU or Seiaill, an
old British name of the 16th King of Britain. Seisyll ap Grwst.

Cedewain or Cydewen, a cantref of Powys Wenwynwyn. Y
Drefnewydd ynghedewain. See Cydewain,

Cedic ap Caredic ap Cxmedda.

Cedol Sant (n. pr. v.). Cappel Pentir. Cors y GedoL

Cedweli (n. L). i. G. Cothi. See Oydweli.

Cedwyn (St.) Llangedwyn, a chapel in the parish of Uan-
rhaiadr, Denbighshire. Also Llangedwyn in Meirion. [Ynys
Cedwyn in the Vale of Tawy, on the confines of Glamorgan and
Brecknockshire. — W, D.]

Cedyrn (Y). Ynys y Cedym, the isle of strong men or heroes.
Great Britain.

Cefenni ; Lat. Oohannium, {E, Llwyd in Monmouthshire)

Cefn and Cefen, anciently wrote Cebhen, is a Celtic word used
in the composition of names of places in Britain and Gaul, sig-
nifying the back of anything, and applied to mountains and
high lands ; hence the Gehenna and Gebennte, a mountain in
Gaul, which should be wrote Cebhenna.

Cefn yr Aelwyd (n. L), where a battle was fought by Cadwallon
ap Madog. {Cynddelw, in Marwnad Cad. ap Madog.)

Cefn yr Ais (n. 1.).

Cefn Ammwlch (n. 1.).

Cefn Bodig, a gentleman's seat. (J. D) Vaughan*s.

Cefn Bryn, the most noted hill in Gower Land. Here is a
vast cromlech called Arthur's Stone. (Ed. Llwyd, Notes on Gam-
den) See Oihyr,

Cefn Ceravyni, wrote by Mr. Edward Llwyd Cefn Goinaytii

Cefn Coch (Y), nomen loci.

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84 CELTIC RBMATNS.

Pen y Cefn.

Cefn Cribwr, in Ilandugwg, Glamorganshire. Qu. whether
Cibwr ? [Nage,CW&M;r. Y mae Cibwr yn agos i 30 milltir tua'r
dwyrain oddiyno. — J. 3f.]

Cefn Cynwakchen, a place in Dyfed, where the Flemings
sent to Llewelyn ap lorwerth for peace. {Caradoc.)

Cefn Deuddwr, a gentleman's seat. (J. D,) Nanney.

Cefn Digoll, the Long Mountain between Newtown and
Salop, where Cadwallon fought Edwin. Here a battle was fought,
after the death of Llewelyn ap GrufFydd, between Khys Am-
redydd and the Marchers, 1284 (qu. ?).

Cefn Du (Y), nomen loci. {Cefn Du in laL — W. D.]

Cefnffigen, or, in English, Kynfigs, a town and castle in Mor-
ganwg near Aberavan. {PoweL) CynflSg. {Mr. E, Llwyd!) In
the highway between Margara and Cynffig is a stone with the
inscription, PoMPEius Carantorius. [E, Llwyd) [Cynffig is the
Welsh nama It is not foimd anywhere but in Powel written
Cefnffigen, — I. -If.]

Cefn y Garlleg, a gentleman's seat. {J. D.)

Cefn Gwyn, nomen loci.

Cefn Hafod, a gentleman's seat. {J. D)

Cefn Hir, a gentleman's seat. {J, D)

Cefn Xxwyd, nomen loci.

Cefn Llys, a castle in Maelienydd. (Camden's Britannia!)
Castell Cefn liys.

Cefn y Maes, nomen loci [in Glamorgan. — L Jf.].

Cefn Mabli, nomen loci.

Cefn Melgoed (n. 1.), a gentleman's seat in Cardiganshire.

Cefn Nithgroen, nomen loci.

Cefn yr Odfa, a gentleman's seat. {J. D.)

Cefn Eester, mountains not far from Caermarthen, where
Ehys, Prince of Wales, encamped, 1160.

Cefn Trefersi, nomen loci.

Cefn Trefeilir, nomen loci.

Cefni or Cefenni, a river in Anglesey. Nant Cefni, the valley
of the river Cefni, in Anglesey, is mentioned in l!^ ennins' Jlistori/
of the Britons, where tliere was one of the wonders of Anglesey,
a stone which wandered about in tlie night, and always returned

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CELTIC REMAINS. 85

home by morning. {Nennivs, a Ixxxiv.) Here is a church called
Llangefni, dedicated to St. Cyngor. See Chenin.

Ceoid (qu. a river ?) Ystum Cegid, a gentleman's seat. (J. D)

Cegidfa, a parish in Montgomeryshire. Y Garth ynghegidfa.

Cbgidog, a church and parish (rectory) in the deanery of Ehos,
Denbighshire.

Cei or Cai. Caergei in the Triades, i, e., Caergai. There is a
place in Meirion called Caergai ; but I think it cannot be that
meant in the Triades for one of the 28 cities, but the house of
Cai Hir. (Price's Desci-ipt). See Cai Hir.

Ceianus or KiiANUS, a Scot mentioned by Camden out of
Nennius, in Glamorgan and Caermarthenshire, whose sons are
said to have possessed Kydweli and G^yr till drove out by
Cunedda. Not in Gale's Nennius,

Ceidiaw, tad Gwenddolau. {Tr. 12.)

Ceidio (n. 1.) in Anglesey. Cappel Ceidio, Anglesey. Ehod
y Geidio. Ceidio, a church in lleyn.

Ceidio Sant ap Coryf ap Caynawc Mawr.

Ceindrech PenasgeU, daughter of EliferGosgorddfawr. (rr.52.)

Ceindrych Santes verch Brychan ynghaer Godola^vr.

Ceinmeirch, a gentleman's seat. {J, D) Ceinmyrch and Dyff-
ryn Clwyd were two cantrefs belonging to Davydd ap Gruffydd,
A.D. 1256.

Ceint, a river in Anglesey.

Ceint, the ancient British name of Kent, as if wrote in Eng-
lish Keint or Kynt ; by the Eomans, Cantium ; the people, Oan-
til. CaergeifU is one of the 28 cities in the Triades ; in another
copy it is Oa^rgent ; by Thomas Williams, Co^rgfatTi^, and by him
Englished Cantei-bury. Usher has it Caer Cent The name
seems to have been formed from cyntaf, first or primitive inha-
bitants. The Iceni also were the same people, but were distin-
guished by the name of Uivchcyniaid, or upper Cyniaid, i,e.,
the upper first men. They inhabited the land called now Suffolk,
Norfolk, Cambridge, and Huntingdonshire. The Trindbantes
were the same primitive inhabitants, called so from their town
Tro Newydd.

Ceinwen Santes, daughter of Brychan. Her churches in
Anglesey, Uangeinwen, and Cerrig Ceinwen. She is called by
the Latin legendaries Keina. See Brit. Sanct., Oct. 8.

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86 CELTIC REMAINS.

Ceinydr Sant o Feilionydd ap Rhiengar Santes.

Ceirchiog, a chapel and parish in Anglesey.

Ceiriog, a river. Hence Glyn Ceiriog or Dyffiyn Ceiriog in
Denbighshire. Here is a pass through the mountains, where
Henry II with his vast anny had wann work with the Britains
in the year 1165 ; pan dalwyd y gwystlon. (Caradoc, p. 169.)

Ceirionnydd (n. L). Llyn Ceirionnydd. (Taliesin.)

Ceirit. Caer Ceirit {Nennim) ; qu. Ceint ? See S&ri.

Ceirw, a river in Wales (JS,Llioyd), in Llywarch Hen's Marw-
nad Cynddylan. Ceiro, or perhaps Ceirw, is a river near Plym-
lumon, that falls into Rheidiol at Aberceiro. [Oeirwy falls into
Alwen near Bettws Gwerful Goch. — W, D.]

Ceiswyn, a gentleman's seat. (/. D.) Lloyd.

Celemon. Caer Celemon. (Nennius.) See Selemion.

Celer. Ilangeler^ a parish in Carmarthenshire. Qu., the same
with Celert? See Bedd Celert

Cellan Sant.

Cellan, a parish church in Cardiganshire. Also Ehos Cellan,
Cardiganshire.

Cellan y Gog, in Brecknockshire (qu. ?)

Celleu : see Gelleu.

Celli, a hazle wood ; Lat, coryletum. Hence the names of
places in Wales, etc. Y Gelli GandryU ; CeUi'r Ffrydau ; GoUi
Fadog ; Celli'r Eirin ; Gelli Gogau ; Gelli Fabwen ; GeUi Lyfdy ;
y Gelli Dywyll ; Gelli Goch ; Pen y Gelli : hence a surname,
Pengelly.

Celliwig (n. L), King Arthur's palace in Cornwall. (Tr, 46.)
Here King Arthur was chief king, Betwini head of bishops {i, e.,
penesgyb), and Caradawc Vreichfras chief elder {i.e., prince).
See Dewi.

Celyddon. Coed Celyddon, the Forest of Caledonia in Scot-
land. {Hoianau Myrddin), See Myrddin WylU,

Celynin Sant. Llangelynin in Meirion.

Celynnog or Clynnog Fawr yn Arfon (from cdyn, i, e,, a place
of holly), a village with a large church, where was an abbey
which had formerly great privileges. It was founded by the
famous Beimo,who is said to have i^eplaced the head of St. Wini-
fred, which Caradog had cut off. Sec Bciuw,

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CELTIC REMAINS. 87

Cemlyn ap Meirion Goch o L^.

Cemmaes, a church and parish in the deanery of Cyfeiliog,
Powys. Cemmaes comes from cefn and maes. It is wrote also
Oemmes and Cemais,

Llan dwr yw a llanw di wres

Llewjg ami drwy hoU Gemmes. — 8ion Mawddwy.

Cemmaes, a lordship and sea-port in Anglesey.
Cemais, one of the eight cantrefe of Dyfed. (Price's Bescript)
Gwrwared ap Gwilym o Gemais.

Cemoyth, King of the Picts. (Caradoc, A.D. 856, p. 29.) In
Irish Cionaod. (Ogygia, p. 481.)

Cenaf or Cynau, verch Tewdwr Mawr.
Cenarth, a parish in Carmarthenshire.
Cenau ap Coel Godebog ap Tegfan ap Deheufndnt ap Did-

bwyll ap ap Grudd ap Euadel Frych ap Eydeym ap En-

digaid ap Endeym ap Enid ap Endos ap Endolau ap Afallach
ap Aflech ap Beli Mawr ap Manogan.
Cenedlon verch Brychan.

CENHENFA,enw Ue. [Cynhinfa, nom. loci, in Ilangjmiw parish.
— W,D.]

Cenin, a river : hence Cwm Cenin in Llandeilo Fawr, Carmar-
thenshire.

Cennant (fl.), Cardiganshire.
Cennen, a river in Carmarthenshire.

Dwy wlad a Chedweli wenn
Dwy oes cwyned Is Cennen.

L, Morga/nwg^ i H. Penri.
Cynnydd y Dreftiewydd nenn
Cynnor gw^ denta Cennen. — Bedo Thylip Bach,

In Morden's Map Gunnon,

Cenrig (i cm and rig, rex. See Baxter).
Cerdieselment : see Elved,
Cerdin, a river.

Ucha* carded uwch Cerdin
Isa'r fost By ar ei fin.
leuan Detdfvyny i Dafydd Llwyd ap Llewelyn o Gastell Hy wel.

[Cerdin, a rivulet in Llandyssul on the Teivy. ITwch Cerdin and

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88 CELTIC REMAINS.

Is Gerdin, two divisions of the parish. It is in Cwmwd Gwm-
ionydd.~W, D.]

Ceeedic ap Cunedda Wledig ap Edeyru.

Ceredigion, Ceretica, the county of Cardigan ; from Ceredig
ap Cunedda Wledig, about the year 440 di'ove out, with his
father, from North Britain by the Irish Scots.

Ceretica, Ceredigion.

Ceri, a commot in Cantref Melienydd; now a village and
church near Newtown, Montgomeryshire.

Hawdd imi 'ngwlad Geri gael. — leuan Tew,

Ceris, Keris. Hence PwU Ceris, the name of a spot of foul
ground, or whirlpool, in the Straits of Menai channel, very dan-
gerous for shipping : such another place, in name and nature, as
Charybdis in the Straits of Sicily. Nennius, the British histo-
rian, calls it Ptoll Kerist

Cerntvv, Cornwall, Corinnia, The country opposite to this
was anciently called Cernyw or Gornouailles; and afterwards,
by Cynan Meriadoc, Prydam Vechan,OT Little Britain. See Vertot.

Cernyw (Llan), a parish and church in the deanery of Elios,
Denbighshire. Church dedicated to St. Digain. {Br, Willis,)

Ceknyweg, linr/ua Corinnm,

Cerrig, stones, in the names of places. Hence the county of
Kerry in Ireland ; in Irish, Kiemg ; and the Isle of Skerries,
q. d. ys cerrig.

CERRia Y Drudion, or the Druids' Stones, a village in Den-
bighshire, North Wales.

Cerrig Gwyddyl ym Mon.

Cerrig Havael.

Cerrig Hydwydd. (JS, Llwyd)

Cerrig Hywel, in Brecknockshire. Fairs kept here. Eecti
Crug Howel.

Cerrig Niwbvtl, certain stone in Cader Idris.

Cersith ap Hydwn Dwn. Censith {D, MS)

Ceryn, the 47th King of Britain.

Cesail Gyparch, a gentleman's seat in Caernarvonshire.

Cesaryeit, Caesarians, L e,, Romans belonging to Caesar, or
the followers of Julius Caesar. {Tr, 40.)

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CELTIC REMAINS. 89

Cettell or Kettel. Here a battle was fought between Bar-
cbred King of Mercia and Mervyn Vrych, where Mervyn is said
to have been slain. (Powel, Gar,, p. 27, a.d. 843.)

Cethin. leua?! Gethin ap Madog Cyfl&n.

CETfflNEOC (Price*s Bescript.). See Gythdniog,

Ceugant Peilliawt or PEiLLiAWC,un o'r tri aurgelein. (?V.68).

Ceulan, a valley near Tal y Bont in Cardiganshire. Here I
was shown the grave of Taliesin, in an open field, encompassed
with flat stones, but without any inscriptions in sight L. M., 1745.

Ceunant (fl.) : hence Aberceunant.

Ceurwys Amheurwy.

Ceyna (St.), a virgin, daughter of Brychan ; her acts in Cap- .
grave, Oct. 8 ; called in British Gdnvayre, or Keyna the Virgin,
i, e,, Ceinforwyn ; turned serpents into stone of that shape.
{Brit, Sand.)

Chenin, a valley in Anglesey, in the Cambridge copy of Nen-
nius, where there was a wandering stone which always returned
home by promise. Ciheinn, the same valley in the Cottonian
copy of Nennius ; Ghehennius, the same valley in the Oxford copy
of Nennius ; Ghieninn, the same valley in Sir Simon D'Ewes'
copy of Nennius.

There is a deep valley and a river called Cefni (anciently
Cevenni) in Anglesey, which is the place meant in Nennius,
where this travelling stone was said to be. Some trick of the
monks, no doubt. There is a church near that river called Llan-
gefni

Chepstow, the Saxon name of Casgwent by CasteU Gwent.
[Casgwent is the same as CasteU Gwent. — I, J/.]

Chirk, a parish, church, and castle, part of Powys Vadog,
Denbighshire ; in Welsh Y Waun, but called anciently Castell
Crogen.

CiAN (Sant) : hence Uangian. There was an Irish saint of
the name of Kienan in the fifth century. (Flaherty, 0^^^, p. 409.)

CiBDDAR (n. pr. v.). Drych eil Cibddar, un o'r tri lledrithawc.
(Tr. 33.)

CiBWR (or Cibowr as in Price's Descript), one of the commots
of Cantref Brenhinol, Morganwg. [Cibwyr is between the rivers
Taf and Eleirch, vel Ehymyn sen Ehympyn.— /. M.]

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90 CELTIC REMAINS.

CiL, a recess or hermitage ; an ancient Celtic word. Abund-
ance of churches in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, are named from
this word, as Cilkenin in Cardiganshire ; Cilcwm in Carmarthen-
shire ; Cil y Sant ; Cilwri in Cheshire ; Cil Maenan ; Cilgeraint.
In Ireland, Kildare, Kilkenny, Kilfinan, Kilmallock, Kilamey,
Kilaloe, Kilfenora, Kilworth ; Kibenny, Kilblain,Kilmoney, Kil-
moir, etc., in Scotland.

CiLBEBYLL, Glamorganshire.

CiLCARN, Pembrokeshire.

CiLCARW, Carmarthenshire.

CiLCELFF. Cynan Cilcelff ap Tryfifin Varfawg.

CiLCEN, a gentleman's seat. {J, D) Mostyn. A church (rectory
and vicarage) in Flintshire. Dafydd person Cilken : qu. an id.
Kilkenny in Ireland ?

CiLCENiN, in Cantref Penwedig, Ceretica.

KiLCHERAN, a place in North Britain where Aeddan ap Gafran
was buried a.d. 606. (Flaherty, Ogygia, p. 476.) He was bom in
Kyntir.

CiLYCWM, Carmarthenshire.

CiLFACH : see T OUfdch,

CiLFACH Afal, a house in Cardiganshira

CiLFACH YR Haidd, Glamorganshire : qu. Cil Fechan ?

Cil Fargen or Fargan, Caermarthenshire. Vid. Margan.

CiLGARAN {Camden in Pembrokeshire), cottvp^Hj for Cilgeraint.

Cilgeraint, a village and castle in Dyfed, on the river Teivi,
which Mr. Camden says was built by Giraldus of Windsor ; but
Powel {Garadoc, p. 169) says that Eoger Montgomery begun a

castle about a.d ; and where Gilbert Strongbow, Earl of

Strygill, built one a.d. 1 109, the county of Caredigion being given
him by Henry I to win and keep. This place is famous for
nothing but salmon fishery. The name signifies the Retreat of
Geraint, and is of great antiquity.

Cilgerran : see Cilgeraint

CiLGWRi, Worrall in Cheshire.

Cil Hendre, a gentleman's seat. (J*. D.)

CiLMANLLWYD, Pembrokeshire.

CiLMm Droed-ddu (i. e., Cihnin with the black foot, one of
the Fifteen Tribes of North Wales) ap Cadrod ap Gwrydr ap

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CELTIC REMAINS. 91

Elidir ap Sandde. He came with Mervyn Frych from North
Britain about the year 840. He lived at Glyn Llivon in Uwch
Gwirfai. He bore argent quartered ; on the first quarter an eagle
displayed with two heads sahle; 2, three rugged sticks gules; 3
and 4, ditto, — a man's leg couped sable in an eschutcheon argent.
The tradition is, being a conjuror, and in going through hell, his
foot slipt into a river there, which coloured it black. There was a
king in Ireland in the year 516, called NiaU Glinddu, t. e., Niall
with the Black Knee.

CiL Owen, a place in Flintshire, so called from Owen Gwyn-
edd's retreat there in the war with Henry II, King of England,
A.D.1157. (Caradoc in 0, Gwynedd.)

CiL Ehedyn, Carmarthenshire, a church and parish. Also a
place in Pembrokeshire. See Wiedyn,

CiLRHEDYNEN, a gentleman's seat in Englefield.

CiL Ehiwa, in South Wales.

CiL EuADD, in Ireland, where St. Colman built a ceU. (Qgygia,
p. 413.) See Llangolman,

Oil y Sant, a church in Llanwinio parish, in Derllys hundred,
in Carmarthenshire. The retreat of the saint : qu. ?

CiLYDD (n. pr. v.).

CiLLYN YnAD.

CiNAST, enw lie. Syr Eoger o Cinast.

KiNED (St.), probably Ownadl; Llangwnadl. Kined was a
hermit of the 6th century, honoured with the friendship of St.
David. (Brit, Sanct., Aug. 1.)

CiNiN ap Ilowarch Fychan.

Cinmel or Cynmael, a place yn Sir Dinbych.

CiOG or CuAWC, a river which falls into Dyfi at Dolgiog in
Montgomeryshire.

Yn Aber Goanc yd canant cogeu. — Llywarch Hen,
Dolydd Kyog. — Llywarch Hen.
See Abercuawc.

KiRKiNN, a battle where Dyfhgarth (Domangard) ap Aeddan
was slain a.d. 598. (Ogygia, p. 475.)

Claerddu, in Ceretica, a river which falls into the Wye.

Claerwen, a river in Ceretica that falls into the Wye.

Clam Hoctor, Clamoctor {Gild, Cotton.), and Olam Octor
{Camden). Tins is a King of Ireland mentioned by Nennius,

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92 CELTIC REMAINS.

'whose sons invaded and possessed some parts of Britain, as Dabri-
eta in North Britain, the Isle of Man, and G^ryr and Cydweli
in South "Wales ; but were drove out of all the regions of Britain
by Cunedda and his sons. This was in the year 460 ; one of
the irruptions mentioned by Gildas. The Irish history is almost
a blank about this time of confusion at the very dissolution of
the Roman power in Britain. But in Flaherty (p. 429) I find
one Loagair mac Neil that reigned from 428 to 463, and was suc-
ceeded King of Ireland by one Oillol Molt, son of a King of
Conacht, who reigned twenty years. The above Clam Octor was
either one of these, or perhaps one of the petty kings of Ireland.
See Glam Hector, Ysgroeth, Builke, and Bethxmn,

Clakach (fl.), Ceretica.

Clare (St.), died a martyr in Normandy. (Brit. Sand,, Nov. 4.)
Parish of St. Clare's, Carmarthenshire.

Clas (in Mr.Llwyd's copy), an island mentioned in the Triades,
supposed by Mr. E. Llwyd to be Carfu, an island in the Ionian
Sea on the coast of Greece. Vid. Clas Merdin,

Clas Merdin, or, as some MSS. have it, Clas Meitin, the
first name of the isle of Britain (Tr. I) : perhaps the Clas of
Myrddin (see Glas) ; perhaps corruptly for Glas ; in the same
sense as Latin writers called it Insula Caerula, or the blue island.
See Selden, Mar. Glaus., L i, c. 2.

Clawdd Offa, Offa's Ditch, a deep trench and mound thrown
up by Offa, King of Mercia, from sea to sea, to prevent the incur-
sions of the Welsh, about the year 784 ; about which time also
the Princes of Powys were obliged to remove their seats from
Pengwem Bowys (Salop) to MathravaeL {Caradoc in Oynan
TyTidacthmy.)

Cledawc ap Brychan, videtur idem quod Clydawc.

Cleddau Du, one of the rivers that go to Milford Haven ; the
other is Cleddau Gwyn. A hundred there called Dau Gleddau.
{Caradoc in Llewelyn ap lorwertk.)

Cleddyf. Caergleddyf is Tenby. {Thomas Williams)

Cleddyf, a river.

Cleddyfrudd, a surname signifying a ruddy sword, i.e., bloody.
Gwgon Cleddyfrudd ap Caradoc Freichfras. Vid. Bhudd.

Cledfryn yn Ehos, the Castle of Denbigh in Denbighshire.
{Ca^nden.)

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CELTIC REMAINS. 93

Cledri ap Cadivor.

Cledwyn ap Brychan Brycheiniog.

Clegyb (Y), a gentleman's seat, Anglesey.

Clegyr Gwynion (Y), Anglesey.

Cleifiog, a place near Holyhead (from clat).

Cleirwy. Eoger Vychan o Gleirwy.

Cleuddyn. Ywain ap Cleuddyn.

Cleugoch (fl.) : hence Abercleugoch, Carmarthenshire.

Clocaenog, a parish in Denbighshire, dedicated to St. Voddyd.
(Br. Willis,) See Trillo Caenog,

Clodrudd, a cognomen. Elystan Glodrudd, is also wrote
Clodrydd.

Cloff, lame. Arglwydd Gloff.

Clogwyn Carnedd y Wyddfa, called also Clogwyn y Gam-
edd, the highest rock in the three kingdoms, famous for Alpine
plants. (F: Llwyd)

Clogwyn Du (Y), ym mhen y Glyder, a mountain near Uan-
beris. {E, Llwyd.)

Clogyrddwr or Clegyrddwr, a gentleman's seat. [J.D) Jones.

Cloit and Cloith, in Doomsday Book, corruptly for the Clwyd
river which runs by Ehuddlan.

Clonenau, i q. Celynennau, enw He.

Clorach (n. 1.) in Mon., and a river. Ehyd Glorach.

Clotvaeth verch Brychan.

Clud (qu. a river ?), a country in Maelienydd, Hence Einion

Clud ap Madoc.

Priodawr clodfawr Clud ac Aeron.

Cynddelw, i Cadwallawn ap Madawc.

Clun, a castle of the Normans in Elvel, a.d. 1142 (qu. ?).

Clun Castle in the Marches, taken by Lord Eys a.d. 119ri,
and burnt, in Shropshire. British, Golunwy.

Clwch (n. 1.). Clwch Tymog, a place in Anglesey noted for
chrystals.

Clwyd (fl.), a river of this name divides between Flintshire
and Denbighshire, in Dyfifryn Clwyd ; Engl., the Vale of Clwyd.
Another in Scotland called by Latin writers Glota, and the people
bordering on it the Stradclivyd Briiains ; and by the Saxon
writers, Stratclyde Weales, i. e., Welsh or Brutaniaid Ystrad

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94 CELTIC REMAINS.

Clwyd, now called Clyde, which runs through Clyde's Vale to
Dunbarton and Glasgow. See Ystrad 6uid Strat

Clydau, a parish in Pembrokeshire.

Clydawg (St), or Clitauc, son of Clitguin, Prince of South
Wales : see his Life in Capgrave and in Dugdale's Monasticon,
vol. iii He was buried, where he was killed, by the river Min-
gui (Mynwy), where a church was erected and dedicated to him
by the Bishop of Uandaf. {Brit. Sanct)

Clydawg ap Cadell, slain by his brother Meuric, ad. 917.
(Powel, Caradoc, p. 47.)

Clydawg ap Ithel, the 53rd King of Britain.

Clydei verch Brychan.

Clydno, the 64th King of Britain.

Clydno Eiddun, a Prince of North Britain (qu. Edinboix)ugh ?),
father of Cynon. {Tr. 53.)

Clynennau or Celynennau, a place in Caernarvonshire. Sir
John Owen of Clenenney. (/. 2>.)

Clynnog or Celynnog (a place of holly), a church dedicated
to St. Beuno in Caernarvonshire,

Clyno ap Cynyr Farfdrwch,

Clynogwr, a parish (qu. ?) in Glamorganshire, or Glyn Ogwr.
Vid. Ogwr, river.

Clywedog (n. fL,),fL,,8onoru8 (qu.). Uanvair y Clywedogau ; two
rivers of that name there meet. Several of this name. [ Watcin
Clywedog, a* poet. — W, D.]

Cneppyn Gwkthrynion, a poet of the country of Gwrthrynion.
{Marwiiad Trahaem,)

Cnwccik, a place not far from Oswestry {Dr. Powel, p. 381),
where Madoc defeated the Marchers. A parish and church now
called Knockin, Shropshira The castle was founded 1242, says
J. E., by John le Strange.

Cnwcg Glas, in Badnorshire, a gentlemtui's seat.

Cnwch (n. 1.). Pen y Cnwch.

CocH, properly red. Cantref Coch, formerly one of the seven
cantrefs of Morganwg, is now in Gloucestershire, called Forest
of Dean. (Price's Description.) Y Fron Goch ; y Plas Goch ; y
Ehiw Goch ; y Garn Goch ; y Ehos Goch ; yr Allt Goch ; Traeth
Goch, etc. lorwerth Goch (n. pr. v.). Y Castell Coch ymhowys,

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the Red Castle in Powysland, now called in English Patois Castle.
It lies on an eminence above the river Severn, near the town of
Welsh Poole, in the county of Montgomery, and hath a prospect
that wants nothing (except a view of the sea) to make it com-
plete. It is a grand, ancient house, built on a rock, in form of a
castle, and hath been a stronghold in the time of the ancient
Britains.

CocHWiLLAN, a gentlemjoi's seat in the parish of Uandygai,
near Bangor Fawr. From hence came the famous John Williams,
Archbishop of Canterbury [York. — W. D,]

Coed, properly wood, in the composition of names of places,
as Caer Penhwyl Coed ; Uangoed, a church in Anglesey and
Brecknockshire.

Llan-goed fal llwynau Godwin. — Hywel Vafydd.

Coedmir or Coetmor ; Coed Uys ; Ysgubor y Coed ; Coed Gron-
wy; Dugoed Mowddwy; Uechwedd Hirgoed ; Argoed ; y Coedty ;
y Goedtref ; Glascoed ; Coed y Brain ; y Perfeddgoed ; y Glyp-
coed, Anglesey ; Coed Celyddon, yn yr Alban ; Coetalog, i. e.,
Coed halawg; Coedtraeth, near Tenby; Trawsgoed; Pen y Coed ;
Ty'n y Coed ; Cantref y Coed, one of the eight cantrefs of Dyfed ;
Coed y Mynydd ; Uwchcoed and Iscoed, etc.

CoEDANE or CoEDANAU, a chapel of that name in Anglesey.
See Cad y Coedanau,

Coed Celyddon, near Litchfield.

Coed Cae Du, in Trawsfynydd.

Coed t Cra, a gentleman's seat, — EUises. (J. D)

Coed y Cymmar, Brecknockshire.

Coed Eulo : see E^ih.

Coed Gronw, near Abergavenny. {H. Llwyd)

Coed yr Haf, one of the three commots of the Cantref of Pen-
fro. (Price's DescripU)

Coed Llwyfain : see Llwyfain,

Coedmor (n. L). Llangoedmor, a church and parish, and a
gentleman's seat, in Cardiganshire. See Coetmor,

Coed y Mynydd, in Tegeingl. {B. ap Edmund)

Coed Ehygyn, a house in Trawsfynydd.

CoEDRWG, in laL a gentleman's seat.

Coedtraeth, near Tenby, a place noted for trees appearing in

Digitized by VjOOQ iC

96 CELTIC REMAINS.

the sand at low water. (See TJwyd's Notes on Camden in Pern-
hrokeshire.) This is by Camden erroneously wrote Croytarath.
No wonder that the Bomans wrote the names of our places so bad.

COEDTY (Y), Glamorganshire.

Coed y Llaj, a gentleman's seat. {J. D)

Coed Yspys. A battle fought liere, wliere the Normans were
defeated by Cadwgan ap Bleddyn of Powys, who the same year,
with Gruffydd ap Cynan, Prince of North Wales, had taken their
castles in Cardigan and Dyfed, a.d. 1092. {Powel)

COBG. Gallwyn Goeg.

CoEL (n. pr. v.). Camden derives it from Ocdius, as Howel
from Hodius, sunbright, used in Britain before the Roman inva-
sion.

COEL, son of Cadell ap Geraint, the 45th King of Britain.

CoEL, Earl of Gloucester, the 85th King of Britain, fether of
Elen (i. e., Helena Augusta), his only child, called by the Britains
Elen Lwyddawg, or the Prosperous, the wife of Constantius, and
mother of Constaniine the Great, Emperor of Eome.

CoEL Godhebog, or Coel Hen, priodawr o'r Gogledd, the son
of Tegfan ap Deheufraint, was a Prince in North Britain, father
of Cenau, from whom descended several great warriors, Padam
Beisrudd, Pabo Post Prydain, Urien Reged, liywarch Hen, etc.
These two Coels are confounded together by some of the poets,
etc., who have misled Geo. Owen Harry and several other writers.
See ffanes 24 Brenhin.

Coel ap Meurig, the 78th King of Britain.

COEL MORIADAWG.

[CoELBKYN. Capel Coelbryn in Brecknockshire. A Roman
causey thereby. Arch,, i, p. 297. — W, D,]

CoETEN Akthub, t. 6., King Arthur's Quoit. By this name a
great many of those ancient monimients in Wales are called,
which by the modems are supposed to have been the altars of
the Druids ; but in some places they are called croinlech, pL crom-
lechau. One of them at Llanvihangel Tre'r Beirdd, in Anglesey,
is called Coeten Arthur ; another, near Harlech, etc., etc.

CoETMOK, a place in Carnarvonshire, t. e.. Coed Mawr ; and
Llangoedmor, a parish in Cardiganshire. Hence Catmore in Rut-
land, Pugh of Coetmor.

Digitized by VjOOQIC '

ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. CCXVU

Bedd* yiiis. ex\— Owinns Bady^ g^neroe' tenet vn' oapitale messoagiu' cum
pertinenciis et diners* p*cell' terr' continen* p* estimac'o'em i6o a.

Bedd'ii^s.YJd.— Edwardos Meredith tenet tria tenementa in tenora Johan-
nis Graff* continen' p' estimac'o'em 24 a.

Bedd* paid (as he affirmeth) w't other his lands in conenent. — Jen'n Lloyd
Armiger tenet vnu' messna^ et diners' parcell* terr* continen' p' estim' 60 a.

Redd' viys. — Edwardns Billot* et Edwardas Puleston Armigeri tenent p'
ooncessione* hereditatis Eond'oli Bronghton generos' vnu* messnagiu* in Es-
clusham cnm pertinen' in tennra Hugonis ap Robert ap Hoell contin* p' esti-
mat* 18 a.

The rent of this and of 18 acres more in ye mano* of Isooyd.

Bedd* vi\j«. ex*. — Thomas Trafford Armiger* tenet libe* vnn' capital* mes-
Baag* cnm pertinen* in Esclnsham vnatu* dim' p'oell* terr* eidem p*tinen' con-
tinen* p' estimac'o'em 2cx> a.

£edd' ig«. iigd. — Hugo Meredith Armiger^ tenet in Esclnsham vnn' mes-
snag* cum pertinen' et tria cottagiu' ib*m in Moorton Wallicom* et vigint*
seperal* parcellas prati et pastnr* aliqnando terr* Biohardi Tegyn Serient at
Arma^ continen* p* estimac'o'em 100 a.

Bedd* i^s.— Idem Hngo tenet scitum vn' molendin* vooat' velyn seth et
tria cottagia eidem pertinen* et diners* parcellas terr* et aquatic* Ours* eidem
molendinc) continen' p* e8timac'o*em 60 a.

Bedd* ijd, — Idem Hugo tenet vnn* messnagin* en* p*tinen' et dnas p*cella8
terr* cont* p* estimat* 2 a.

Bedd* xizd.— Idem Hngo tenet vnn* messnagin* cum pertinent' et sex par-
cellas terr* continen* per estimac*o*em 10 a.

Bedd* iid. — Idem Hugo tenet vn* messnag' cum p'tinen' et tres parcellas
terr* continen* p* estimat* 3 a.

What rent is payde for theis p'ceUs doth not appeare. — Idem Hngo tenet

^ Owain Bady of Stansti and Plas yn y Delff, in the parish of Bhiwabon,
which last place he sold to Sir Thomas Myddleton Hen of Chirk Castle^ Knt.
Ermine, a lion rampant sable, armed and langned gulea. See pedigree.

* Edward Bellot of Morton, co. Chester, and of Burton in the parish of
Gresford, Esq., eldest son of Thomas Bellot of Morton and Burton, Esq.,
High Sheriff for the county of Denbigh in 1556. Argent, on a chief gulee
three cinquefoils of the field. See pedigree and Archwologia Cambrensie,
January, 1869, p. 14.

3 Thomas Trafford of Trefford aliae Trafford in Esclnsham, Esq., Beceiver
for North Wales. Ermine, a lion rampant eable, armed and langned gulea.
See pedigree.

* Hugh Meredydd of Pentref Byohan, Esq., eldest son of Ellis Meredydd of
Pentref Byohan, Esq., and Anne his wife, daughter and coheiress of Captain
Boger Myddleton of Plas Cadwgan. Azure, a lion salient or, armed and
langned gulee. See pedigree.

^ Bichard Tegyn, Sergeant at Arms, was the son of Bobert Tegyn and
Agnes his wife, daughter of Tudor ab Howel ab lenan ab Ednyfed Qtan,
fourth son of lorwerth Foel, lord of Chirk. Bobert Tegyn was the son of
David ab Tegyn ab Madog ab lorwerth Goch ab Madog ab leuaf ab Niniaf
ab Cynwrig ab Bhiwallon. Ermine, a lion rampant sable, armed and langued
gules. (Harl. MSS. 1971, 2299.)

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CCXViii ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

▼na' meesuag* et qoinqu' paroellas terr* cum perkinent' oontinen* per esti-
mat' 31 a.

Idem tenet vn* mesBaag* cum p'tinen' et sex p*oell' terr* et prat* oontinen'
p' estimat'.

Bedd*. — Idem Hugo tenet vn* prat' Tooat* gyremj bothee et vn* dans'
Yocaf kae glas continen' p' est' 10 a.

Bedd' jd. — Idem Hugo tenet vnam parcella' terr* vocat' y bryn Evan in
Esclusham aliquando terr* d'c'i Edwardi Johnes attainted rt sapra et nunc
vt Juratores pred' informant' ten't in lib'o socagio vt p'menconat' continen'
p* estimat'.

This came to the crown by attaynder in 2 EUz. time & decourees.

Bedd' igs. jd.— Dauid ap John ap Dauid ap Madd' tenet' ynu' messuag*
cum pertinen' ib'm et decem parcellas terr' eidem pertinen' cont' p' est' 24 a.

Bedd' yjd. — Dauid ap Boger tenet vnu' tenementu' cum pertinen' et vnam
parcellam terr* continen' per estimac'o'em 2 a.

Bedd' \j«. yjd. — Bobertus ap Dauid ap Howell tenet vnu* tenementu' cam
pertinen' et septemdecem p'cellas terr' eidem pertinen' continen' per esti-
mac'o'em 14 a.

Bedd' xxd. — Bobertus Wynn^ tenet vnam parcellam terr* vocat' y plasdy
Mawr nunc in duas parcellas diuis* continen' p' estimac'o'em 7 a.

Bedd' yjd. — William ap Dauid ap Maddock tenet vn' tenementu' cum per-
tinen' et sex parcell' terr* continen' p' estimac'o'em 12 a.

Bedd' xd. — Bobertus Bromfield tenet vn' messuag* cu' p'tin' et octo p'cel-
las terr' continen' p' estimac'o'em 12 a.

Bedd' yd. ex'. — Bichardus Mathew' tenet vn' messuag' cum pertinent' nap'
terr* Dauidis Mathew gen'os' continen* p' estimac'o'em 30 a.

Bedd' jd. — Matheus Trevo' tenet vnu' messnagiu'cu' pertinen' et sexdecem
parcellas terr' vnde i voc' kaer tyddyn teg 2'da Coed Bichard nunc in qua-
tuo' paroellas diuis' 3 kaer erow 4 yr errow w'th ben y fiynnon 5 kae bleddyn
issa 6 erowe kefu 7 kae bleddyn vtha 8 kae koth or kesu 9 kaer stubo' 10
kaer gwydd 1 1 y kaer bedw bychan 12 kae y kae bedw Mawr 13 kae Llewelin
14 kaer erow vechan 15 kae r erow Lydan 16 y wierglodd contin' p' est' i a.

De Will'o Eyton. Bedd' v«. ixd. — Griffith ap Dauid ap le'nn tenet an'
messuagiu' cum pertinen* et quindecem p*cell' terr* eidem pertinen' et duo
cottagia ou' p'tinen' continen' in toto per estimac'o'em 50 a.

Bedd* xv^ d.— Bichardus Francis tenet vn' messuagiu* cum pertinenoiis et
cert' p'cell' terr* continen* p' estimac'o'em 12 a.

Bedd' v^d. — Dauid ap Edward tenet vnu' messuag' cum diuersis parceUaa
terr* continen* p' estim' 6 a.

Bedd' ii\jd. — Dauid ap John Smith tenet vnu* ten*tu' cum p*tinen' conti-
nen* p' estimac'o'em 2 r.

Bedd' xixd.— Joh'es ap Edward tenet vn' ten'tu' cu' p'tin' et 4 p*cell* terr*
nunc seperal* diuis' con* p' estimat' 16 a.

^ Bobert Wynn, of Trefechan in Cristionydd, was the son of Bichard
Wynn ab John Wynn ab Edward ab Howel ab Edward ab Madog Puleston.
Argent, on a bend sable, three mullets of the field. He married Margaret^
daughter of Bichard Hughes of Llanerchrugog. Ermine, a lion rampant eabUt
armed and langued gules,

' Bichard Mathew of the Monachlog, third son of David ab Mathew Wynn
of Plas yn Nhrevor, by his third wife, Jane, daughter of Meredydd ab Goronwy
ab Gruffydd of DyffVyn Aled.

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. CCxix

Bedd' ixd. — Johannes Lloyd ap Kichard^ tenet vnn' meesuagia' com per-
tinent* et qninq' parcellaa terr* continen' per estimac'o'em 6 a.

Bedd' \j«. mjd. — Johannes Bromfield' tenet Tnu* messnag:* cum pertinen-
ciis et quindece' parcellas terr* continen' per estimac'o'em so a.

Bedd' yjd. — Griffith ap John tenet vnu' messuagia' cum pertinensiis et
qninq' parcellas terr' nuper terr' Boberti Llojd generos' et antea p'cell' ter-
raru' Willim' ap John ap Daoid ap Hoell.

Idem tenet qaatao' parcellas terr' nuper terr* Bob'ti Bromfield 55 a.

Bedd' iJ8. — Idem tenet vnu' messuag' cum pertinen' et decem parceUas
terr' eidem pertinen*.

Idem tenet vnam parcellam terr' nuper terr' Joh'is ab Edward ap William
vocat' y Wierglodd.

Idem Griffith tenet tres parcellas terr* nuper terr* Boberti Bromfield pred'
continen' in toto per estimac'o'em.

Bedd' iij«. iiijd. — Edwardus ap Dauid Lloyd' tenet vn' tenementu' cum
pertinent' et viginti et novem parcellas continen' in toto p' estimac'o'em
70 a.

Bedd' xzd. ex*. — Edwardus ap Dauid de Dinbren^ tenet yn' messuag' cum
p'tin' et dius* p'cell' terr* con' p' est' 15 a.

Bedd' Yjd, ex*. — Idem tenet ib'm vn' cottag* et quatuo' p'cell' terr cont'
p' estimac' 5 a.

Bedd' vjd. — Johannes ap John Dauid Gruflf tenet vnu' messuagiu' cum
pertinen' et septem p'cell' terr* continen' p' estimac'o'em 10 a.

Bedd' jd. — Idem Johannes tenet vnam parcella' terr* in xpionedd Eenrick
nup' terr' Johannis Dauid Lloyd et Joh'is ap Bobert continen' p* estima-
c'o'em 2 a.

1 John Lloyd ab Bichard of Coed Cristionydd and Ty Ceryg. (See pedigree.)
He married Gwenhwyfar, third daughter and coheiress of Grufl^rdd Lloyd of
Ty Ceryg, in Cristionydd Cynwrig, with whom he had Ty Ceryg and half
a bench in the chancel of lUiiwabon Church. The other half of the bench
was given, with a third of the lands, to Margaret, the second daughter and
coheiress of Gruffydd Lloyd, who married Bandle ab John ab David of Pen
y Bryn.

' John Bromfield of Cristionydd Cynwrig, was the third son of Martin
Bromfield of Bryn y Wiwer in the township of Bodylltyn, in* the parish of
Bhiwfabon, Esq. Argent, a cross fiory engrailed aahle inter four Cornish choughs
ppr. ; on a chief a«ure a boar's head couped of the field, tusked or and langued
gules. He married Jane, eldest daughter and coheiress of Grufiydd Lloyd
of Cristionydd Cynwrig, with whom he had a third of the lands and a bench
in the chancel of Bhiwfabon Church, adjoining the other bench belonging
to her sister.

' Edward ab David Lloyd of Cefii y Fedw. See pedigree, p. 52.

* Edward of Dinbran, in the parish of Llangollen, was the son of David
ab leuan of Cristionydd, ab Gruffydd ab Edward ab David ab Grufiydd
ab Howel ab leuan ab Howel Pychan ab Howel ab Cynwrig Fychan ab
Cynwrig ab Hoedliw of Cristionydd, fifth son of Cynwrig ab Bhiwallon^
who bore ermine, a lion rampant eable, armed and langued gules. He mar-
ried Anne, daughter of Matthew Trevor of Trevor Hall, Esq., by whom he
had a son, Bichard, of Dinbran, the father of John of Dinbran. (Add. MSS.
9865.)

Digitized by VjOOQ iC

CCXX ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

Bedd' y«. izd. — Bondle ap John Daoid Llwellen^ tenet vnu* messTutgia*
onm pertinendis et tresdeoem p*cell' terr* oontinen' p' estimac'c'em 20 a.

Bedd* viijs. ii^. — Bobertos Sonlley Armigei* tenet in Xpionyde kenrick
▼nn' capitalem meesoa^ et tenementn* oontinen' p' eetimac'o'em 300 a.

Bedd'zd. — Bondle ap John ap Howell tenet vnu* meesnag^n' cum pertinen'
et sep'deoem parcellas terr* oontinen* p* estimac'o'em 21 a.

Bedd* xiiijd. — Hugo ap Howell tenet duo messuagia oum pertinenciiB in
Xpionydd kenrick et diuis* paroellas ten** oontinen' p' estimac* 20 a.

Bedd'ijd. — Idem Hugo tenet sex parcell* terr* parcell' terram'nuper Johan-
nis Lloyd ap Bondle oont' per estimac'o'em 4 a.

Bedd* ii^s. ez* wante Yiijs. iiijd. — Georgins Salusbuiy* tenet in Xpionydd
ken'ck vn* messuag* cu* pertinen' et 6 parcell* terr* oon* p* est* 9 a.

Bedd' yjd. — Bob'tus ap W*nn tenet in Xpyonydd ken*iok vn* mess* en*
p'tin' et 12 acr' terr* oont* p* estimac' 24 a.

Bedd* yjd. — Idem Bobertus tenet sex paroellas terr* ib*m p'oell* terraru'
nnper Willim' ap le'nn ap Howell cont* p' estimaoo'em 9 a.

Bedd' Yjd. — Bogerus Eyton* tenet in Xpionydd kenrick vnu' tenementa'
oum pertinen' et duas p'oell' terr* nuper terr* Dauidis ap le'nn ap Gruffith ap
Edward oontinen' p' eetimac'o'em 12 a.

Bedd' xvd. — Idem Bogerus tenet vnam parcella' terr* nuno in quinq' par-
oellas fact' nuper terr* G^orgii Salusbury Armiger cont' p' estimac' 20 a.

Bedd' xziijd. — Idem Bogerus tenet vnu' tenementu' cum pertinenciis et
▼nam parcellam terr' nunc in septe' parcellas diuis' nuper terr' Johannis ap
John ap Maddock oontinen' p* estimao*o*em 40 a.

Bedd* ^8, id, — Bogerus ap Bondle tenet vn* tenementu' oum pertinenciis
in Xpionydd et sex p*cella8 terr* continen' p' estimac'o'em 2 a.

Bedd' ija. ijd. — Will'mus ap Hughes tenet in Xpionydd kenrick quatuor
messuagia cum p'tinen' et diners' parcellas terr' oontinen' p' estimaf 50 a.

Bedd' uja, y^d. — Griffith ap John ap Edward* tenet in Xpionydd kenrick
ynn* tenementu' cum pertinenciis et sex parcellas terr* con' p' est' 18 a.

1 Bondle ab John ab David ab Llewelyn ab John of Pen y Bryn in the
township of Cristionydd Cynwrig in the manor of Esdusham. He married,
in 1605, Margaret Lloyd, second daughter and coheiress of Gruffydd Lloyd
of Ty Ceryg in the parish of Bhiwfabon, by whom he had a son and heir,
Edward, ancestor of the Joneses of Pen y Bryn, who are now represented by
the Rev. William Maddock Williams, late rector of Llanfechain, co. Mont-
gomery. See pedigree.

* Bobert SonUi of Sonlli, Esq., was the eldest son of Bobert SonUi of SonUi,
Esq., by Gaynor his wife, daughter of Maurice ab Elisau of Plas Clynennau,
00. Carnarvon, Esq. He married Alice, daughter of William Fowler of
Hamage Grange, 00. Salop, Esq. Ermine, a lion rampant aahle, armed and
langued gules. See pedigree.

* George Salusbury of Erbistog, Esq., herald and genealogist.

* Bogerus Eyton of Cefh y Cameddau, alias Tir y Cellach, was the second
son of Edward Eyton of Bodylltyn and Fferm, Esq. He had two daughters,
coheiresses. Catherine, the eldest, married Boger Eynaston, attorney at
law, who built the house at Cefn y Cameddau, now called Plas Eynaston.
Mary, the second daughter, married Grufydd ab John of G^^rddin.

» Gruflfjrdd, a twin son, with his brother Bandle, of John, second son of
Edward ab Meredydd of Fron Deg in the parish of Wrexham, son of Gruffydd,

Digitized by VjOOQ iC

ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. CCXXi

Bedd* ijd. — Gniffith Dauid ap Qr. tenet ib'm doas p'oellas terr* oont* p*
estimao' 6 a.

Bedd' ijd.— Edwardos ap Edward ap Owen tenet ib'm vnu' oottagiu' oum
le yord*.

Bedd' vjd. — Edwardas ap Dauid ap Edward in Xpyonydd kenrick vna'
messuagiu' ca' pertinen' et rnam parcella' terr* continen' per estimac' 5 a.

Bedd' iijs. — Edwardus Lloyd generos' tenet ib'm vn' clans' terr' in dnode-
cem paroellas terr' contin' p' estimac'o'em 60 a.

Bedd' ijd, — Idem Edwardas tenet tres al' parcellas terr' oontinen' p' esti-
mac'o'em 6 a.

Bedd' mjd, — Idem Edwardus tenet sex claus' terr* nuper terr' Thome ap
John ap le'nn continen' per estimat' 10 a.

Bedd' xiid. — Eatherina v'r Edward tenet vn' cottag* et partem cap'i Tocat'
kay ben nunc in sex p'cell' fact' oontinen' p' estimac'o'em 4 a.

Bedd.— Johannes Boberts^ generos' tenet vnn' capitalem messnag' cnm
pertinen' et octodece' dans' sive parcell' terr* eidem pertinen' cent' p' esti-
timac' 120 a.

Bedd'. — Idem Johannes Boberts tenet vn' al' tenement' cnm pertinen' et
octo parceUas terr' in tennra Johannis ap John Hugh cont' p' estimao' 10 a.

Bersham. — Idem Johannes Boberts tenet vn' al'tenementn'nnnc in tenura
Christiane Edwards vidue cont' p' estimac' 24 a.

Bersham. — Idem Johannes Boberts tenet dnas parcellas terr* in tennra
Johannis ap John Boge' cont' p' estimaco'em 48 a.

Bersham. — Idem Johannes Boberts tenet vnn' al' tenement' cnm pertinen'
in tenura Bogeri Shard continen' p' estimac'o'em 12 a.

Bersham. — Idem Johannes Boberts tenet vn' al' tenementn' cum pertinen'
in Bersham et tres parcell' terr* continen' p' estimac'o'em 16 a.

Bersham. Bedd' xzxiij«. \jd. — Idem Johannes Boberts tenet in Bersham
vn' molendin' et vstrina' cum quinq' cottagia et vna' parcellam terr' in qua-
tuo' parcellas diuis' continen' p' estimac'o'em 4 a. 2 r.

Idem tenet yn' al' molendin' et vstrina' et vnn' oottagiu' cum sex parcellis
terr* continen' p' estimac'o'em 16 a.

Idem Johannem Boberts tenet vn' al' tenementn' in Esclusham cum sep-
tem parcellis terr* in tenura Davidis Thomas et Johannis Gruff* Boge' conti-
nen' p' estimac'o'em 19 a.

Idem Johannes Boberts tenet vn' tenementn' cum pertinenciis in tenura
Hugonis ap John ap Dauid ap Gruffith et quatuo' p'oeU' terr' cont' p' esti-
mat' 12 a.

Idem Johannes Boberts tenet vn' parcella' terr* cum pertinenciis in Esdu-
sham in tenura Johannis Dauid ap le'nn continen' p' est' 6 a. 2 r.

second son of Adda ab Howel of Flas yn Nhrefor. He married Janet, daughter
of John ab Maurice of Oemant, by whom he had issue three sons, William,
Bichard, and Edward, and two daughters, Angharad and Catherine. (Cae
Cyriog MSS.) See Y Coedladd in Bhiwfabon.

^ John Boberts of Esclusham, ab Bobert ab Bichard ab David ab Bichard
ab lolyn ab leuan Foel ab Madog Goch ab Madog, eighth son of leuaf ab
Niniaf ab Cynwrig ab Bhiwallon. Ermine, a lion rampant sahle, armed and
langued gules. He had a brother, Bichard Boberts, of Dinhenlle TJchaf in
Cristionydd. (Harl. MSS. 1972, 2299.)

Digitized by VjOOQ iC

CCXxii ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

Idem Johannes tenet vnam parcellam terr* cum pertinenoiiB in tennra
Bichardi GroflT oontinen* per estimac'o'em 3 a.

Idem Johannes tenet vn' al' parcellam terr* cum pertinenciis in tenura
Jaoobi ap Robert continen' p' estimac'o'em 15 a. 2 r.

Bedd' vs. ixd. — Will'mas Eyton generos'^ tenet vnu* meesaagiu' cu' p'ti-
nen' et 16 p'cell' terr* vnde i voo' kaer tyddin teg 2 Good Richard, nunc in
4 p'ceU* facf 3 kaer Erowe 4 w'ch ben j ffynnon 5 kaes leddyn issa 6 erowe
k^ 7 kae bleddyn vcha 8 kae koch or keen 9 kaer skubor 10 kaer gwydd
II y kaer bedw bychan 12 y kae y kae bedw Mawr 13 kae Uewelin 14 kae
erowe vechan' 15 kae crow lydan 16 y werglodd continen' in toto p' estima-
c'o'em 45 a.

Manie perticnlar rentes are here of the freeholderes vnknowne, whereof
there must be farther inquisic'on, for as they are sett downe the come
but to TTVjli. i^d. ob. q., and in 4*0 Eliz. it was xxxZi. ix«. ijd, ob.

MANEEIU' DE ESCLUSHAM.
VILLA DE BBIMBO. — TENENTES PES DIMISSIONES.

▲. B. P.

Eedd' zijs. x^d. ob. ex'. — Thomas Powell geneross tenet vn' tene-
mentu' in Brymbo cum gard' pomar' et croft' adiac' vocat' Goven-
nys continen' p' estimac'o'em . . .600

22 y. m. being. — Yn' clans' terr' cum procliua parte Montis hostos

tendeu vsque ad aquam vocat' Hyrdyre continen' p' estimac' . 300
Will'm lloyd of Halton, esq.,* and Jo. Eton of Leeswood, esq., are
no sute for this in the Chequer chamber, but this Powell is in
possession. It was helde at will 4 Eliz. — Yn' daus' ex occiden*
parte vie ib'm vocat' Tyre Dyben arrabil' cent' p' estimac'o'em 100
Yn' claus' pastur* vocat* kay moch bewey ty cent' per estimac' . 200
Yn' prat' subtus dom* vocat' y ddole continen' per estimac'o'em . 200
Yn' claus' quondam duo sup' prat' vocat' Brond continen' per est' 200
Yn* boscum ib'm supr* prat' vocat* pirth y Uoyden' continen* p'est* 100
Yn' daus* pasture vocat' Crath Tire cont' p* estimac*o*em . 600

Yn' sluetu* cum quibusdam quercis inter positis vocat' Coed Crath
p* estimao'o*em . . . .100

xiijli. 24 o o
Bedd* xviijs. :gi. ob. — Idem Thomas Powell tenet no'ie medietatis
quarundam terraru* quaru* Johannes Gruffith tenet altram me-
dietatem vn* prat* ex ocddentale parte vide ducen' versus le
Hope continen* per estimac*o'em . . .120

Yn* claus* terr* arabil* vocat* y bryn Rhyg con* per estimac'o'em 120

1 William Eyton of Plas Newydd in Pentref Rhiwfabon, ob. s. p. 1633, was
the third son of William Eyton of Watstay, Esq. (Cae Cyriog MSS.)

' William Lloyd of Plas Uchaf in Halchdyn, in the parish of Hanmer,
Esq. He died a. p., and was succeeded at Halchdyn by his fourth brother,
Edward, who married Margaret, daughter of John Jeffries of Acton, Esq.^ by
whom he had issue two sons, Thomas Lloyd of Halchdyn, who died 1693, ^^^^
John of Bryn Gnoltyn.

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. CCXXIU

A. B. p.

Yn' dans' pastar* qaondam duo vooat' Coed kay ywch pen j

weirglodd p' estimac'c'em .130

Yn' clans' terr* arabil' adiaoen' terr* vooat' tir merched Cadwgan

p* estimat* . . . . . .120

Yn' dans' sup' ante'dem dans' rocat' 7 Uedvron tan 7 foedd p' esti-

mac'o'em . . .110

Yn' dans* terr' arabil' vocat' ka7 Cookshoote p' estimac'o'em . 220
Yn' croft inzta viam vocat' 7 Bofte per estimac'o'em .030

Yn' clanft' existen' de seperalibns p'd'ons terr* arabil' et boso* viz.

silvflB scednee extenden' a via ib'm vsqne ad rivnla' vocat' ll7dire

per estimac'o'em inter viae . .300

Ynn' alnetnm iacen' subtns montem vocat' 7 Coed terr* stiril'cnm

molendin' aqnatic' continens' p' estimac'o'em . .500

Yn' dans' qnondam dno voc' kdl7n et ka7 glas cum bosc' p' est' 300
Yn' clans' paetnr* in boreal' p' via' voc* Hird7re p' est' . .220

Bedd' xvjd. — Tenet et cnrsnm aqne rinnli voc' Bedgidog ac lioen-

ciam ad molend' s' edificand' snp' terr' a' bibis . .200

xi^jli. 24 o o
Bedd' zzigs. xjd. ob. ex'.— Johannes Gmffith Armiger' tenet no'ie
medietatis terr* qnomm Thomas Powell gen'os' et Bobertns ap
Edward tenent aliam medietatem vn' oottagin' cnm curtelag*
p' eetimat' . . . .004

32 7. m. being. — Diners' dansa pastnr* et arabil' terr* sterilis ad-

iac* vocat' Wa7ne go' vcha et Wa7ne go' issa cent' per estimac' 20 o o
Tria dans' voc' ka7 Yock7n p' eetimat* . .500

Yn' dans' voc' Wierglodd al's Uawes p' estimat' . .020

Yn* bosenm voc* Nant7 Tumell p' estimat' . .500

Dno dans' arabil' vd pastnr* vocat' T7re Gmffith ap Yerworth p'
■ estimac'o'em . . . . . .500

Un* al* cottagiu' ib'm cnm cnrtela7' et do' adiacen' vooaf ka7 kill
p' estimac'o'em . . . . . .400

Dno dans' vocat' ka7 Sw7n' p' estimat' . .400

Un' prat' adiacen' vocat' Swirglodd d'd 7 ka7 Gw7n' oontinen' p'
estimac'o'em . . . . . .420

Tidi. 45 o 4
Bedd* xi^s. vi^d., 32 7. b. being. — Johannes Mathewe ap Hoell*
tenet vnn* tenementu' in Biymbo vocat* goed gard' et curtelag*
p' estimac*o*em . . . . . .010

Un* vallem bosc* iacen* proxim* tenemento vocat* Nant 7 Iqrle p*
estimac*o*em . . . . .100

Un* daus* ex opposit* tenemenf vocat* ka7 8e7cho arrabil* p' est' 130
Un* dans* pastnr* vocat* ka7 glis adiacen' oon* p* estimac'o'em 120

^ John Gruffydd of Br7mbo, Esq., ddest son of Bobert ab Gmffydd ab
Edward ab Morgan ab David ab Madog of Br7mbo in the manor of Esdus-
ham, second son of David Goch ab David Hen ab Goronw7 Hen of Burton
in Esclnsham, ab lorwerth ab Howel ab Moreiddig ab Sanddef Hardd, lord
of Morton in the parish of Gresford in Esdusham. Vert, sem^ of broomdipB,
a lion rampant or. See pedigree.

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CCXXiv ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

A. R. P.

Un' al' oottagin' rooat' erw werth ty bichan on' croft adiacen* p'

estimac'o'em . . . . .030

Un' olaus* exal'tro parte vie vocat' Werglodd cam vn* pecia adia-

cen' per estimac'o'em . . . .130

Un* croft Yocat' Erw tan y ty p' estimat' . .010

Un* prat* vocaV Weru dday in valle iuxta flumin' p' estimao'o'em o o 10
TJn* clans' pasture vocat Mayes y gamedd' p' estimac'o'em . 120

XJn' clans' inxta aqnam existen' pastnr'et prat' vocat' y vron p' est' 120
Un' clans' vocat' y birdyre adiacen' p' est' . . .100

XJn' al' clans' vocat' Hewle y ryd p' estimat' . . .100

Un' al' clans' vocat' Tyre Newydd p' est' . . .030

Un' pedam bosci vocat' coed issa p' est' . . .020

vijK. X8, 15 o o
Eedd* xxzj. viijd. ob., 32 y. m. being. — Johannes Griffith Lloyd
tenet vnnm tenementnm in Brymbo gard' et vn' dans terr' arra-
bil' p' estimac'o'em . . .220

Un' prat' adiacen' vocat' Srom ap Swyllm en' octo acras bosci p' "

estimac'o'em . . . . .300

Un* clans' terr* vocat' perth y lloyden p' est* . .020

Un' al' clans' extra parte vie vocat' Copie per estimac'o'em . 100

Alin' clans' ex opposit' tenement' vocat' kaye Skibbor p' estimac' 100
Un' claus' terr' arabil' vocat* kenen ayth continen* p* estimac'o'em 200
Un' al' tenementu'cnm curtelag' et croft vocat' Cameth cnm boec'

per estimac'o'em . . . . .400

Dnas pecias terr* boscaHs alnet refert vocat' Coed towell p* eetim' 500
Un' croft inxta Coed Towill p' estimac'o'em . .020

Un* dans* adiacen' iuxta pastnr' vocat' Camethe p' estimac'o'em 120
Un' cottagin' nunc vers' in horren' cum tribus dans' nnper in vno

vocat' erew vadock p' estimat' . . . .500

Un' dans' boscos' vocat' kay Madyn bach per estimac'o'em . 120

Quatuor al' dausa iacen' subtus kay Madyn prima vocat' ddol go'
secunda ddole kiffith tertia ddole hire quarta ddole vawr conti-
nen' per estimac'o'em . . . . .420

xvjK. vj#. viyd. 34 2 o

£edd' iij«. ii\jd. This is before in the freehold. — Bichardus Gros-
veno' Miles tenet mineras carbonnm subtus terr* s' proprius in
Esclusham nuper in tenura Wili'mi ap Maddock ac' terr* ixius
Will'mi annex' in Brimbo exeroend' et fadend' ad pladtu' sunm.

Bedd' x^d. Eglesegle. — Tenet et vnum tenementu' et croft adia-
cen' in Bronghton ad voluntat' p' estimac'o'em xxyj«. viijd. 120

Bedd' ij«. iigd. No copie before the lease. — Johannes Dauies tenet
vn' clans' terr' boscos in Brymbo nup' terr* Johannis Puleston
vocat' Graddy glysion ad voluntat' p' estimac* vy*. vjd. 120

Bedd* vs. jd., 28 y. m. being ad Volunt*. — Johannes ap John ap
Edward^ tenet vnn' tenementu' iuxta Howie y glascoed gard' et
curtelag' croft et tria dans' adiacen' p' est' . ligs. iiiijd. 620

^ John of Brymbo^ son of John ab Edward ab David ab leuan ab lenkyn
ab Llewdyn ab Ithel Goch ab Llewelyn ab Madog ab Einion ab Madog ab

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

CCXXV

Kedd' v«. He buylt this mill, hauing no estate in the lande. — *
Johannes Puleston tenet sitam molend' aquatico in Bersham^
nup' Hoell ap le'nn ap Griffith ad yolant^t' yjli, p* est'.
Bedd' xy«. ex', i8 y. m. being. — Bobertus ap Edward tenet vn'
tenement' cam curtelag* et croft duo clans' spinos' vocat' lied
vron y wch lawe yr foreth cum bosc' p' est' . . .220

Tin' claus' arabil' vocat' kay gy ver p' est' . . .200

Un' per bosc' sive alnet subtus diet' claus' p* est' . .020

Tin' prat' vocat' y Weirglodd werch y ty p' eat* .200

Tin' vocat' Moyle Brymbo p' estimac* . .320

Tin' bosc' subtus d'c'm claus' vocat' Eoed Moyle Brymbo p' esti-
mac'o'em . . . . . .020

Tin' parvu' croft vocat' Erwe glase p' estimac'o'em . .010

Ixzigs. iiijd. 11 10
Bedd' ij«. vijd. ex preced' 8 y. since. — Will' us Bobinson Armiger
tenet vnu* croft vocat* Croft Yaughan iuxta viam p'cell' et me-
dietot' tenement' vocat' Gwem' y gassag continen' per est' . 020
TJn' al' claus' prat' et arabil' vocat' werglodd y brightire vel tyre
sete vel eecaet' p' estimat' . . . .210

xxi\j«. iiyd. 230
Bedd' ijs, vijd. exprec'd S y. since. — Bobertus lenno tenet vnam
medietatem tenement! pred' vocat' Gweruy gassag cum Will'o
Bobinson pred' viz. vn' cottag' et duo claus' adiacen' p' estim' 200
TJn' claus' in orien' p'te vie vocat' werglodd bichan p' est' . 100

xiy«. 200
Bedd' xvjs. vigd. 28 y. m. being. — Edwardus ap Ll'en et Agnes vx'
tenent' vn' tenementu' in Brymbo vocat' Pentre Glascoed cum
tribus claus' adiacen' p' estimac'o'em . . .400

Glascoy de ... — Un' claus' adiacen' vocat' kay seich p' estimac' . 130
Un' al' claus' arabil' vocat' Hauod y fryoues vcha p' estimac'o'em i I o
Un' claus' ex alt' a parte vie vocat' Erow hyre p' estimac'o'em 120

Un' daus' adiacen' vocat' Coed y kay Newith per estimac'o'em . o i 20
Un' claus' adiacen' vocat' Gwirglodd y kay Newith p' estimac'o'em 030
Un' moram adiacen' vocat' kay Newith p' est' . .100

Un' al' per terr' spinoss' vocat' gedorog p' est' . .500

cx«. 15 2 o
Bedd' iigd. — Johannes Batha tenet vnu' cottagiu' super vastum

cum cert' terr* indues' de vast* p' est' . . x«. i o o

Bedd' xvj*. viyd. Glascoy de .... — Will'mus Jussingham tenet vn'
ten'tum in Brymbo in loco vocat* Pentre Glascoed pom' et gar-
din' per estimac'o'em . . . . . o o 20
28 y. m. being. — Un' clauss' vocat' kay kill p* estimac'o'em . 100

Bleddyn, fourth son of Cynwrig ab Bhiwallon. Ermine, a lion rampant aahU,
armed and langued gules. He married Isabel, daughter of Morgan ab Bobert
ab GruflEydd Pychan, by whom he was father of Hugh Jones of Wrexham.
See pedigree.
1 It is now called Melin Buleston.

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CCXXVi ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

A. B. F.

Tin' al' dans' adiacen' arabU' vocat' Werglodd vawr p' estiinao* . 120

Un' clause' adiacen* vocat* kay Maddock p* est* . .100

Tin' al' clauss* vocat* Trowse tyre p* estimac* . . .130

TJn' al' clause' adiacen' vocat' Erow glibiou' p' est' . .100

Un' clause' pastur' vocat' Kay bichan p' est' . . .120
Un' clause* pastur' adiacen* vocat' Hauod y fercoues issa nunc in

duo converss* p* estimat' . . . . .130

ii^ li. 920
Eedd* yjs. ii^'d., 28 y. m. beinge. — AUice ap John ap Danid ap Da-
uid ap Griffith ap Ll'wellen tenet vnu* tenementu' in Pentre
Glascoed in Brymbo cum gardino p' estimac'o'em .010

Un' clauss* pasture vocat' kay Meredith franck p' est* .120

Un' clauss* spinoss' vocat* Gweme ddole llemisys per estimac*o'em 100
Un' clauss' vocat' Gweme tyre kellyn p' estimac* . .120

Un* al' clauss' terr* arabil* vocat* kay ir ounen per estimao*o*em . 030

hija. iiijd. 520
Bedd* TLX8, vjd.— Dauid ap Bobert Gwyn* tenet ad volnntat' unu*
cottagiu* gard* et de terr' arabil' et pastur* voc' y gyadd super
vast' per estimac'o'em . . . . .110

Bedd* yj«. 28 y. m. beinge.— Bobertus Mathew tenet vnu' tene-
mentu' horren* stabul' g^d* cum introitu et ezitn per clauss*
vocat* y fordd p* estimac'o'em.
Memorand' parcella sequentis dicto tenemento spectant sed
in mortgagio Ed'vo ap Hugh ap Edward.
Duo clauss' vocat' kay Gwyn per estimac'o'em . .220

Un* clauss* vocat* Erw tan y tye p* estimac'o'em . .130

Duo prat' vocat' Qwerglodd Vaughan p' est* . .200

Un* clauss* arabil' vocat* Akre vcha p* est' . . .320

Duas p'cellae adiacen' vocat' cu' bosc' p' est* . .310

CX5. 13 I o
Bedd* viy». No copie before, but holde now at wilL — Bobertus
Puleston tenet vel nup' tenuit vnam parcellam terr* nuper Jo-
hannis ap Dauid ap Griffith in villat' de Brimbo ad voluntat' p*
estimac'o'em . . ... viij«. 120

Bedd' ij«. iiyt/. de tenur*. There was no copie showed for this, 4
Eliz. — Thomas Middleton miles tenet vna* p'cella' terr* de Escaet
vocat' y with vid' et Brach y dinenant . xlvjs. viyd. 700

Added to Tho. ap Eden.

BEBSHAM.

Bedd* gs. — No copie nor leaso.^ — Johannes Puleston et Anna vzor^
eius tenent vel nuper tenur* vnam parcell' terr' voc' nuper yor-
werth Wenedd in villa de Bersham ad voluntat' p' estim' xls. 600

^ John Puleston of Plae ym Mere, Esq., ab Bobert Puleston ab Sir John
Puleston of Plas ym Mere, Knt., ab John Puleston of Bers and Hafod y Wem,
ab John Puleston ab Madog Puleston of Bers. Argent, on a bend sable, three

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. CCXXVU

A. R. p.

Bedd' xyi\jd.« 22 y. m. beinge.— Hugo Francis tenet ynu' cottagiu'
et tria clausa terr* arabil' adiaoen' per estimao' . xvi\jff. 220

Bedd'xvigd., 22 7. m. beinge the moytie of Hugh Fraunoes, ten't.
— Johannes ap John Bobert tenet vnn' cbttagiu' et duo gardina
outn tribus olauss' adiacen' per estimac'o'em xzxvjs. Yiijd, 320

Bedd' iiyd. exprecd 15 y. since ad volunt*. — Will'mns Lewis tenet
vnu' cottagiu' et duo gardina in villa de Bersham p' est' vi\j«. 005

Bedd' ijs, vjd. ad volunt'. — Johannes ap John Boger^ tenet vnum
clauss' vocat' kay adiacen' comun' vocaf Bhosveesa per esti-
mac'o'em . . . , . .200

XJnam al' olaoss' vocaf kay Bichan cum pristrinu super edifLcat'
p' estimac'o'em . . . .110

xzig'ff. ii^d. 310
Bedd' 1^8, 8 y. m. being. — Hugo Jones tenet vn' tenementu' gard'

et vn' clauss' quondam duo vocaf y G-wemy per estimac'o'em 010
Un' prat' vocaf Erow fittis p' estimac' . • .030

Un' al' claus' ad inferior p'tem de Erw fittys p' esf .030

Un' donss* adiacen' vocaf Akre Bog^ p' esf . * 3 3 o

cx». 13 3 o

Bedd'. None expressed, and is not in graunt ; but helde by one
Mrs. Vachan as free, being an incrochement. — Johannes ap
Bichard* nuper tenet vnu' clausum novif induss' in&a novem
ann' de monte per Johannem Edwardes per estim' xxxi\jff. mjd. 700

Bedd'iiijd. ad volunf . — le'nn ap Dauid tenet vnu' cottagiu' super
vase' in Nant y vellyn cum gard' p' estimac' . vs. o o 5

Bedd' uJ8. xd. ob. expres'd 12 y. since. — Johannes Eadwallader
tenet duo dans' terr' vocaf y hirdyre cum horreo super edificaf
et gard' per estimac'o'em .... sgs. 200

Bedd' iis, ad volunf. — le'nn ap Bobert Lloyd tenet vnu' cottag'
super maef cum gardin' et dimissione Auditor ad voluntaf p'
estimaf . . . . z<. o i 20

Bedd' v\i«. ixd., 22 y. m. beinge. — Owinus «p John Dauid tenet de
terr* escaef vnum tenementum super montem & quatuo' claus'

mullets of the field. He married Anne, only daughter and heiress of John
Wynn ab David ab Howel of Bers, ab leuan ab Gru£^dd ab Madog ab Ed-
nyfed Goch, lineally descended from Ednyfed, lord of Broughton, who bore
ermine, a lion statant gardant gules, armed and langued azure, second son of
Oynwrig ab Bhiwallon. See pedigree.

1 John ab Joh^ ab Boger of Bhuddallt, ab John ab leuan Qoch ab David
Goch ab Y Badi, of Plas y Badi Ifawr in Bhuddallt, son of Madog ab lor-
worth Goch, fourth son of Madog ab Llewelyn ab Gruflydd, lord of Eyton,
Erlisham, and Borasham. Ermine, a lion rampant cumre, armed and langued
gules. (HarL MSS. 1972, 2299.)

s John ab Bichard of Bersham, ab John ab Edward ab David ab leuan (or
John) ab lenkyn ab Llewelyn ab Ithel Goch ab Llewelyn ab Madog ab Einion
ab Madog ab Bleddyn, fourth son of Cynwrig ab Bhiwallon. Ermine, a lion
rampant sable, armed and langraed gules. He married Catherine daughter
of John Puleston of Plas ym Mers, Esq., ab Bobert Puleeton. See pedigree.

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CCXXVili ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

A, B, P.

Tocaf kay Mawe in Bimul iacen' cum ^ard' et panro oroft adia-
cen' dom' p* estimac' . . . .1000

Tria clans' terr' inclass' de monte yocat kay Newith p' estimao' 10 o o

Yjli, 20 o o

Bedd' X8, The murder was committed in the time of the survey^
vel fabroru*. — Robertus Treuo' tenet tres clausur' terr* pastnr*
et boso' vocat' Gweme Habog iacen' in Esclusham nunc escaet'
pro murdro p' estimac' . . . Ixxiijs. iiijrf. 12 00

Redd' iujs. This will not be found by the ten'ts. — Robertus ap
Griffith ap John nuper tenuit diuersas terr* escaet in villa Esclu-
sham ad yoluntat' per estimac'.

Redd' ii\j«., ignota tenura, yet he claymes it in fee as holte of E.
Greenewich as land escheated and purchased upon the attayn-
der of one Jones temp'e Eliz. — Rogerus Middleton^ ar* tenet de
terr* nup' Joh'ia ap d'd Trevo* poetea E'ori Johnes vn' p'cell'
terr* voc* place yoUin et vn' er'na terr' iuxta claus' voc' Maes y
Mayne Lloyd p' est' . . . .400

Redd' xijcl. — Rogerus ap Randle tenet in Xpioneth kenrick nuper
terr* Eatherine viz' Edwardes et Joh'is ap Edward' p' estima-
c'o'em ..... yjs. viij /. 100

Kot in the demise escaet'. — Johannes ap Dauid ap Ll'en' et Ran-
dolphus filins eius tenent vnu' clausum terr' arrabil' vocat' yr
Erw sete viz' escaet' p' est' . . . .200

Redd' vi^ff. iiyd. — Un' claus' terr' arrabil' nunc in trio diuis' vocat'
Gwemog per estimac'o'em . . . .520

Escaet. — In claus' Edwardi Lloyd armigeri* iacen' iurta Rnyabon
vocat' Erw sete sine escaet' in quite kay y palmer p' estimac' . 100

820
lx». it should be by the olde survey, 6 ar. mor», in toto 14 d. ar.
About 12 y. m. beingo.— Edwardus ap Dauid Lloyd* nuper Rogeri
ap Griffith ap Maddock tenet vnu' tenement* situat* et erect' in
vno clause spaoioso vocat' yr Erw g^m per estimac'o'em 420

IJnum pratum ib'm vocat' y Wirglodd p' est' . . .120

Un' clausum genistosn' super montem vocat kay kill per estimac' 300
TJn' al' claus' spinosu' vocat' Bryn Rhedyn per estimac'o'em . 300
Redd' iiij«. viijd. — Un' claus* pastur' vel arabilis vocat' kay bychan
per estimac'o'em . . . .230

1 Roger Myddleton, Esq. See p. 26.

* John ab David ab Llewelyn ab John of Pen y Bryn, married Angharad
daughter of John ab David ab Edward ab Meredydd of Y Pron Deg in Cris-
tionydd, son of Gruffydd, the second son of Adda ab Howel of Trefor, by
whom he had issue, Randl ab John of Pen y Bryn. See pedigree, and p. 35
of this Survey.

» Edward Lloyd of Plas Madog, Esq.

* Edward ab David Lloyd, of Cefn y Pedw, was the father of William of
Cefn y Fedw, the father of Edward Lloyd, the father of Thomas Lloyd of
Cefn y Fedw, who married Elizabeth only daughter and heiress of John ab
Randl ab Richard of Acr Fair.

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. CCXXIX

A. B. P.

Tin' al' claros' ib'm Tocat' Bryn Bhedyn Vaghan per estimao'o'em i o o
Un* dans' vocat' Tyre aV Coed vcha p* est' . .310

Un' claus' vocat' Talurhyre p' eat' .120

De bosoo in eodem cl'o per estimiao' . .100

Un' clans' pastnr* stirilis vocat' Tyre al* Coed issa per estimac'o'em 420

yjli. xiij«. iiyd. 27 i o
Bedd' xixs. vi^jd. — Edwardus Lloyd armige'^ tenet vnum tenemen-

tn' vocat' y Clemendy cum gard' per estimac'o'em . .010

Un' clans' terr' adiacen' vocat' kay Ness y tye per estimac'o'em . 200
Un' dans' vocat' Erw Wen' per eetimac' • . . .230

Un' prat' vocat' Wirglodd vrth y tye p' est* . . .120

Bedd' x\jd. — Un' clans' terr* arabil' vocat' Nant y garick vanr cnm

molendin' nonit' construct' p' estimac' . .120

Un' clans' vocat' y Llyndyre p' estimac' . .210

Tria dans' terr' arabU' vocat' kaye Glase cnm tribus acris bosd

per estimac' . . . . .800

Bedd' yjd. — De terr' accrochiat' et continen' per estimac'o'em . 220
Idem tenet vnu' tenementn' vocat' kay kynaston cnm gardin' et

croft' per estimac'o'em . . . . .020

Un' clans' terr* adiacen' vocat' Gerglodd kinaston tyre y per est* 300
Qnatno' clans' vocat' Tyre y kinaston insimnl adiacen' continen'

p' estimac'o'em cnm bosco . . . . 13 o o

xiyK. yjs. viyd. 36 3 o
Bedd' xiujd. 2 y. m. being. — Danid ap John ap Griffith et Joh'es
Danid filius ip'ins tenet duo dans' vocata Gw erne hova per esti-
mac'o'em .... xxxvjs. viyd. 500
Bedd' xiiijd. 2 y. m. being. — Bandle ap John ap Hoell tenet duo

alia clans' vocat* Gweme hova p' est' . xxxyjfl viijd. 500

Bedd' ij$. ii\jd. 2 y. m. being.— Griffith ap John Danid tenet de

Gweme hova quatuor dausa terr' per estimac'o'em . lu. 10 o o

Bedd' ^8. 22 y. m. being.— Johannes Eton Armiger tenet tria cot-
tagia in occupac'one Johannis ap le'nn Mauricii ap Hoell et
Margarete ap Bandle cnm tribus parcdlis terre in simul adiacen'
vocat' Akre Eonenet Vagham p' estimac'o'em li^'s. ii^d. 12 o o

Memorand' there is past in the lease the parcells following,
viz. a wast vocat' Akre Educnet stivil et spinoss continen'
6 acr* et al' parcell' vast' boscosam et montosam cont' 3
acras ; but the freeholders deny the indosing, so he hath
no proffit by it.
Bedd' x<. zjd. expresed 3 y. since. — Bobertns Bromfield' et Marti-

^ Edward Lloyd of Flas Madog, Esq. Ermine, a Uon rampant sable, armed
and langued gules. Buried at Bhiwiabon, Jan. i, 1637. He married Anne
daughter of John Eyton of Leeswood (Coed y Llai), co. Flint, Esq., and Jane
his wife, daughter of John Lloyd ab Tudor of Bodidris in Tale, Esq. She
was buried at Bhiwfabon, Aug. 22, 1636. See pedigree.

' Bobert Bromfield was the son of David Bromfield, second son of Martin
Bromfield of Bryn y Wiwer in the parish of Bhiwfabon, Esq. Argent, a cross
flory engprailed sable inter four Cornish choughs proper ; on a chief azxMre, a

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CCXXX ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

una Bromfield tenent tria dans' vocat' Gweme Hes^og cam
horreo super edifioaV p' est' . . li|j<. ii^d. 12 o o

This was demeans paroell of the wast, and taken by copie tem-
pore Maria. No way allowed vnto it.
Bedd' V8. Yjd, ad volant' ex' add jd. — Bicardus Ifathew nax>er
Daaid Miithewe tenent vnu' olaass' terr' vocat* y Gwerne y Ger-
wyn Gwerglodd p' est* . . . . .120

XJn' al* dans' vocat' wem vanr p* estimac' . .300

XTVJ8, vi^d. 420
Bedd' xx^d. Browghton Egleeegle. — Thomas Powell de Brimbo

geneross' tenet vn' villa de Broaghton vn'claass' sive toft* vocat*

place Habock p' estimac'o'em . . xiy«. iiigd. 200

Bedd* zx^d. — leaan Lloyde tenet vnn* messaagia* et vn* p*cell*

terr* vocat* kay Biohan p* est* . . xviy«. 300

Bedd* igs. jd. — Joh*es ap Euan David Lloyde tenet vnn* messaa-

gia* et tres p*cellas terr* p* est* . . xls. 420

Incrochiata in Esclusham,

Eaan ap Thomas tenet sap* vast* absq* redd* vel titalo tria cotag*.

Bobertos Molineax encrochianet de vasto prindpis et anex* terr* Thome
Midleton militia per est* 10 p* ticas.

Elice ap Bicharde vna* cotag* sap' vast* p* redd* \jd. ad volant*.

Yna peda terr* vocat' Kay Meveth al*s Brin yr Iryn & in possessione Joh'is
Edwardes per est' 4 acr*.

Vna pec' terr* escaet' prope Phos vers p' est' vn' acr* inter tenen' vocat'
Dole Eay Herlyn.

Joh'es NiooU tenet vna* cotag* sap' vast* in Brimbo cartelag' et gard' vocat'
dole Cechewedd.

Daaid ap Bobert Wynn tenet sap' vast' in Brimbo 4 g^din* p' est* vn* acr*
ad volant' & de nono vjd.

Adamas Daoies et eias filias tenent in Brimbo vnu* cot' et gardina' p' est'
de acr' ad volant' absq' redd*.

The sum of the lease rentes and at will p* ann* are xixK. xv^jt. vi^d. q*.
In 4'o Eliz. xvjli. xv^s. ijd. ob., lix«. vi\jd. ob. lesse then now I finde it.

The freeholde rentes I can not make certaine, for that manie rentes
are vnknowne, as appeareth vpon the particalars of the free-
holders.

MANERIU' DE MORETON ANGLICORUM.
{Earl. 3696, fo. 122.)

Bedd' xxy«. vii^jd. ex'. This last expressed 4 years since. See fol. 228 for
D*no. — Edwardus ap John ap Edward tenet vnu* messuagiu* sine tenementu'
pomariu' g^d' et 14 claus' ddem spectan' viz't un' daus' vocat' Kay skibo'

boar's head couped of the fidd, tasked or and lang^aed gulea, Bobert Brom-
fidd's mother was Catherine, daughter of John Sonlli of Sonlli, Esq.

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. CCXXXl

nn dans* vocat* Kay pnedd an' clans' vocat' y glyn an' daas' vocat' a little
slip of meadowe an' claus' vocat' y werglodd vch un' olaos' vocat' y ddole
hire an* parcell' vast* Tocat* gard' yr Kirryryn an* tenement* vn' horren' et
tres p'cell' terr' eidem p'tin' an' claus* vocat' y Eae Bychan an* clans' vocat'
Kae Llyn un* claus' vocat' y Werglodd veghan p' est'— 20 acr*.

Bedd' xtf. yd. ex' expressed 8 years since.— Bob t' ap Bandal ap Jolin Tho-
mas tenet anam messaagiu' sine tenementa' pomar' gardin' ca' pertinen'
an' claus' vocat' y Weme girch un* claus' vocat' y Weme wair an' clans'
vocat' y Wayn vcha un' claus* vocaf y "Wayn ganol un' claus' vocat' y Wayn
issa an' claus' vocat' yr Errow hire un' claus' vocat' yr Acre un claus' vocat'
yr Errow wrth y ty un' claus' vocat' y Werglodd wrth y CoppoU — 13 acr'
cx».

Bedd' xd. ex*. 2 yeares in beinge. — Idem tenet unu' cottagiu' vn' g^d' et
duas parcellas terr' viz't un' claus' vocat' Kay Bamar un' claus' vocat' gelly
veghan y' estimat' an' al' parcell' vocat' tyre tan y wem p* est'n 4 acr*
xxxi^js. ii^d.

Bedd' v«. iivjd. ex', one yeare in beinge ad volant'. — Will'mns ap John
Dauid^ tenet vn' messuag' sine tenement* cu' gard' pomar* cum p'tinen' viz't
un' claus' vocat* y wem issa un' claus' vocat' y wem vcha un clans' vocat' y
wirglodd an' clans' vocat' yr holt un' claus' adiacen' voc' y Nant p' estimat*
3 acr* di* xxxvjs. viyd. Before, the lease helde without copie.

Bedd' vjff. ex', expired 5 yeares siaoe. — Dauid ap John ap Ien*n GK>r'^ tenet
un' messuag' sine tenementu' vn' cotagiu' pomar' gard* et quatuor acras terr'
eidem p'tinen' 4 acr' xxxi\j«. ii^d.

Bedd. xvi\js. xd. ex' vocat' hie. See fabroru' 226. One yeare in beinge. —
Eenricus ap Dauid tenet vnu' messuag' sine tenementu' pomar* gard' et sex
p'cell' terr' eidem spectan' viz't un' claus' vocat' bryn yr yscolhaig un claus'
vocat' Kay Wilkin he Lygin on' claus' vocat' y Wyrglodd vch un' claus' vo-
cat' y Wyrglodd issa un' claus' vocat' bryn kae Wilkin heligin un' clans'
vocat' y tir wughlyn y ty p' est' 10 acr*.

Bedd' iijff. yjd. ex'. 4 yeares in beinge. See fabroru* 226. — Idem tenet on'
cotagiu' et duas p'cellas terr' viz' dai'o claus' vocat' Kae Wilkin hely gen p'
est' 3 a. No copie before the lease.

Bedd* i\j«. ii\jd. No lease showed. See fol. 226. Idem tenet vnum par-
cella' terr* vocat' Kae yr Toola et vn' paruum pratum vocat' Wirglodd levkv
p' est' 2 a. di'.

Bedd' xd. ex' 2 y. in beinge. — Johannes Boger Lle'n tenet duo cotagia duo
gard' adiacen' p' estimac'o'em d'd acr* xi\j«. ii^d.

Vocat hie Bedd' vy». vid. ex* 29 y. in beinge. See this in Moreton AngU-
caru' 226, in fabroru'. — Edwardus Hope tenet tres parcellas viz' un dans'

1 William ab John of Pen y Lan in the township of Dinhinlle Isof, second
son of David ab Edward of Trefor. Edward, the eldest son of William, had
Pen y Lan, and had an only child named Elizabeth, the heiress of Pen y Lan,
who married Elis Lloyd, formerly an attorney at Ludlow. She died without
issue, and her husband got her to settle her lands on himself and his heirs
for ever. (Cae Cyriog MS.) See pedigree.

• David ab John ab leuan Goch ab David Goch ab Y Badi of BhuddaUt,
ab Madog ab lorwerth Goch, fourth son of Madog ab Llewelyn, lord of
Eyton.

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CCXXXll ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

vocat* tir y pa'an un claus' vocat* yr Errow hire un* dans' Tocat* Triakyn p'
estimat' 5 a.

Bedd'xvjd. ex' 2 y. in beinge ad volant'.— Ed wardua Eyton Armiger tenet
vnnm clansn' vocat' yr Akre Mawr p' estimat' I a. No copie before the lease.

Bedd' xxyjs. ex*. See fo. 227, 29 yeares In beinge, fabrora'. — Hago Bates tenet
vnnm messnagium sine tenementu' pomar' gard'cmn pertinen' Tiz'un'daos'
vocat' Kae hoiskin nn' dans' vocat' y Wirglodd veghan nn' clans' vocat' yr
Errow wheir nn' clans' vocat* kae meriog Mawr nnnc in qninq' parcell' un*
dans' vocat' yr Errow hiyr nn' clans' vocat' yr Wirglodd with y ty nn* dans'
vocat' Horlia hnrst nn' clans' ?ocat' y kae hichan p' estimat' 20 a.

Bedd' v». yjd. ob' ex'. See fo. 227, 2 y. in being. — Danid ap Owen tenet
nnu' messuagiu' sive tenementu' duo gard' et tres parcellas terr* eidem speo-
tan' viz' un' dans' vocat' place grono nn' daus' vocat' Kae yr vedwen' nunc
in duo nn daus' vocat' Kae y dderwen p' estimac'on'.

Bedd' ixM. jd. ex* 2 y. in beinge.— Thomas Hope tenet nnum messnag^n'
sive tenementu' pomar' gard' et quatuor parcellas terr' eidem spectan' viz'
nn' daus' vocat' Mayes tan y dee nn' claus' vocat* ty tree Acre vcha nn' clans'
vocat' y tree Acre issa nn' claus' vocat' yr errow tan y berllan p' est' 5 a.
liy«. iiijd.

Bedd' ^s. jd. ex' 2 y. in beinge.— Eathorina v'r Edward tenet vnn' p'dla'
terr' vocat' Kae ap Jo'n' ap filiu' cont' p' est' 2 a. xv».

Bedd' yj«. ixd. ex' 29 y. in beinge. — Emanuell Jones tenet vnn' messnagin'
sive tenementu' pomar* gard' et duo claus' terr* viz' un' dans' vocat' Kae
Maddock un' claus' ib'm vocat' Kae y Koll p' est' 10 a. iiijli. xi^s. ii^'d.

Bedd' TVS. ex' one y. in beinge. See this fo. 228. — Thomas ap Edwuxl tenet
vnn' messnag' sine tenementu' vocat' y goedlodd pomar* gard' et sex parcel-
las terr' eidem spectan' viz't nn' clans' vocat' y Ddole hire vn claus' vocat' y
Ddole wair nn' dans' vocat' y Kae Caregog nnnc in duo nn' clans' vocaf j
Kae helig nn' daus' vocat' leukee p' estimac'on' 10 a. ■

See this in Moreton Anglicann' 226. Bedd' ex' 2 y. in beinge. M* there
was no copie of this before the compoeidon, but was granted 2 E. 6 for 21
yeares. — Thomas Goldsmith tenet vnn' messuag' sine tenementu' et quatnor
clans' terr* eidem spectan' viz't un' daus' vocat' yr Akre Bichan nn' clans'
vocat' y gellie nn' clans' vocat' y Kae Mawr un' dans' vocat' yr Akre heligog
p' estimat' 8 a.

Bedd' iiili. xligs. ii^d. ex' 13 y. in beinge in aU. — Bichardns Williams tenet
vnn' messuag* sine tenementu' in tennra Thome Bingley et duo decern par-
cell' terr' eidem adiacen' viz't nn* clans' vocat' yr Akre Fynnon nn' clans'
vocat' Kae Bychan nn' clans' vocat' y Cow Leasow un' dans' vocat' Kae Wil-
kake nn' clans' vocat' bron Wilkake gowol un' daus' vocat' Kae Bichard nn'
claus' vocat' y Frwnos duo parva prat' un' clans' vocat' Kae yr Fynnon nn'
daus' vocat' Kae Graby medietat' Kae Maior p' estimac' 34 a.

Idem tenet vnu' messuagiu' in occupac'one Joh'is ap Howell et qnindecem
parcellas terr' eidem p'tinen' viz't nn' daus' vocat' y Kae wrth y by nn*
daus' vocat' y keven nessa nn' claus' vocat' y keven vcha nn' clans' vocat' y
Koed Kae gwydd Itha un' claus' vocat' y Errow y Lloyd un' claus' vocat* y
Koed K&e Couol 39 a. un' claus' vocat y birdyre un' claus' vocat' Llyn y
derow Mymon' un' claus' vocat' Coed Kae gwydd bythaw un' claus' vocat* y
Wirglodd un' claus' vocat' y Tyi*e marl un' claus' vocat' yr Erow hire un'
claus' vocat' y ddwy Errow goidiog un' clans' vocat' y nant medietaf Kae
Mawr p' est' 134 acr' in toto Ixxi^li. vjt. viyd.

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Full text of "Archaeologia Cambrensis : a record of the antiquities of Wales and its Marches and the journal of the Cambrian Archaeological Association"

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