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arctjaeologtcal    Journal. 

PUBUSBED  UHDBR  THE  DIRECTION  OF 

THE    COUNCIL 


Sfrt  V^a[  aiclfataUigftal  Siwtftutc  at  <9ieat  SiitaEn  mt 
STtlant, 

FOR  THE  BHOOUBAOBMKNT  AND  PROSECUTION  OP 

BE8EARCHE8   INTO  THE  ARTS  AND   MONUMENTS 

OF 

<^^t  Carlp  Biiti  iStiOtAe  9(BfS. 

VOLUME  XLIL 


MPCCCLXXXV. 

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The  CoDifciL  of  the  Boyal  AxoOMOUXaOAL  Imfirntn  decira  that  it  should  be 
dutinctl;  understood  that  they  are  not  reBpontoble  for  ui;  «tftt«meiit8  or  opiniofu 
eipreaaed  in  the  ArchieoloKicAl  Journal,  the  authora  of  tlie  MTend  memoin  and 
communicatianB  being  nlone  onlweraUe  for  the  aame. 


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FAQS. 

Opemng  Addren  to  th«  Section  of  Architectnre  at  the  Newcastle  Meeting.    By 

Rev.  Canon  Raihb.  -  .  -  ■        1 

N'oticea  ot  tbe  lateat  ducoTeries  made  in  unoorering  the  Homan  bathe  at  Batli, 
and  thoae  at  Herbord,  near  to  Foilien.     By  Ra?.  Prebenduy  Scartb,  U.A.       11 

Smm  Marke.     By  E&wakd  Pwcoot,  F.8.A.  -  -      17 

On  ths  Uining  OperationB  of  the  andeot  Romans,  with  epecia]  reference  to  Bliut 

Furnaces.     By  the  Rev.  Joseph  Hibbt.  •  -      20 

The  Kurthumbrian  Border.     By  Rot,  Canon  Cbeiohtok  -  '41 

The  Horpvth  Qreat  Uaoe.     By  R  B.  FZBOUSOir,  F.3.A.  •  ■      SO 

Oa  the  difibrence  of  p!an  alleged  to  exist  between  churches  of  Austin  Canons 
and  those  of  Monks  ;  and  tite  frequency  with  which  such  chumheti  were 
paroebiaL    (Continued.)    By  the  Rev.  J.  F.  Hodimon.  -    »6,  21E,  331,  440 

Bmuu  Inaoriptions  found  In  Britain  in  1SB4.    By  W.  Tatmnon  WtTSiH        -  lil 

Notioe  of  a  few  moTB  Early  Cltriatian  Oema.    By  C.  Dbubt  E.  Fobtkdu,  F.8.A.  1S9 

llie  Roman  AnIaquitiM  ti  Bwitio^and.    By  Buxhmll  Lbwib,  H.A.,  F.S.A.        -  171 

Sudridge  Chnrah,  Herttord«Iiire.     By  Somaa  Cubki,  F.S.A.    -                       -  347 


"  Danish  "  sculptured  Htonea  found  in  LoDdoil  ;  and  their 
boring  on  the  supposed  "  Scandinavian  "  or  Daniah  origin  ot  other  English 
Msu^turad  atones.    B;  the  Bev.  0.  F.  Bbowhb,  KD.  •    2il 

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pun, 
&ar1;    Sitee    and    EmbonkmeDta   ou    the  HiirginB    of   the   Thamca  EatuaiT. 

By  F.  C.  J.  Spubsill  ■  -  -    249 

The  Uarlule  Bushel.     By  R  3.  FrBQUsOH,  F.S.A.  -  -     SOS 

Ancient  InTentDriea  of  goo^B  belonging  tu  the  pariih  church  of  St  Margarat 

Patten*  in  the  cit;  of  Lundim.     By  W.  H.  St.  Johv  Hon,  H.A.,  F.S.A.    31! 

Deilication  names  of  anvieut  uhurchea  in  the  countiet  of  Durham  and  Northum- 
berland.    By  J.  V.  Orroobt     ■ 

Upeniiig  AddreM  to  the  Hiakorical  Section  oA  tlie  Derby  Meeting.  By  Uui  Very 
Revarend  the  Dkan  of  Licaniu). 

On  the  present  proxpectd  of  Aichnology  at  Athene.  Part  I.  Athann.  Part  II. 
BleuuB.    By  the  Rer.  JoecpB  Hirst. 

The  Fernyhaigh  Cbilire  and  Paten.     By  T.  H.  Fallow,  M.A.     - 

The  Romano-Qreek  Inwriptioiu  in  England.     By  ProfeMMr  E.  0.  Olabk. 

Locken  for  the  Prucewional  Odm.     By  the  Kev.  C.  R.  Mahniho,  H.A.  43G 

Bishop  Antony  Beeke's  R«$;iit«r  of  the  Prebendariea  of  Linooln,  1333    lutd 

134a  -  ■    *m 

Pmceiidinga  at  Meetings  of  tlie  Royal  Archceulogical  Lutitute,  November,  1881, 

to  June,  less.    ....     120,  3S0,  3Bt,  476 

Balance  sheet  fur  lasi.  •  -388 

Report  of  Annual  Meeting  at  Derby.  -  -     488 

Notes  of  Archieological  PublicatiotM  : — A  Book  of  Funniilea  of  Hoonmental 
Brassee  on  the  Cantinent  of  Eniope,  with  brief  deacriptiTe  note*.  By  tha 
Bov.  W.  P.  Cbbbkv,  M.A.        -  -  -  -    128 

Medieval  MUitwy  Arehitecture  in  England.    By  O.  T.  CTark.      -  -    188 

The  Gentlemui's  Magazine  Library  :  being  a  Clanified  ColleotiMt  of  tb*  diM 
contents  of  the  OealUman'i  MagaeiM  from  1731  to  1868.  Edited  by  Qw. 
Lawrehcb  Qoumk,  F.S.A.  ;  Dialect,  ProTerbe  and  Word-lore  -     1S6 

l>itti> :  Popular  Sjperatltiuiia         -  -  •     26S 

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CtatoiiM  ID  England.  A  Hutorjr  of  Drcn  to  thu  KghtnonUi  Ctattxaj.  By  the 
late  F.  W.  Faibholt,  F.aA.,  third  Edition,  Enlaiged  and  thoruughl; 
rerUed  by  the  Hun.  H.  A.  Dilloh,  F.a.A.  ■  -    SI* 

ArchEcoliigi<sI  Intiilligence  -  -  140,  2flS 

Index  to  VuL  ilii.      ■  ■  ■  ■  -    G20 

Lirt  of  Memben        -  .  .  ■  .    525 


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LIST    OF    ILLDSTRATIONS. 

Faevmilec  of  drawinga  ot  Swui  Harki                                                                   -  18 

TIm  Uorpeth  Oreat  Mace                 •                       -                       -To  face  90 

Early  Christisn  Oeroa                       ■                       -                       ■                  „  159 
(The  Institute  U  indebted  to  Hr.  C.  D.  E.  Fortnum,  for  the  copper  plate 
engrnving  of  these  Qnmg. ) 

MoHaic  representing  Orpheus           ■                       ■                       -                  „  18S 

Boman  Theatre  at  AugHt                 -                       -                                          „  1^6 
{The  iDBtitute  a  indebted  to  Prof.  Bunoell  Lewis  for  half  the  cost  of 
these  lUuEtnitioat.) 

East  Side  of  the  Chancel  Screen  at  St.  Peter's  Church,  Sandridge,  Herts       „  248 

SloDe  found  in  Si  Paul's  churahyard,  London     •                     -                „  361 

Two  FtagBuada  in  the  British  Huseum,  found  in  the  dtj  of  London            „  262 

Flan  (tf  Sea  Walls  and  CauMwaya,  At  Higham,  Kent                                   To  face  288 

Works  at  Sittingboume,  Kent         -                       -                       -                       -  293 

Worki  at  Lemea,  Kent                                       -                     -                     -  20S 

Plan  of  Tide  Walla  at  Littlebrook,  Strae,  Kent     -                       -                       -  298 
(The  Institute  is  indebted  to  Hr.  F,  C.  J.  Spurrell  for  theee  Ilh^strstiona.) 

Tide  Banks  of  the  Thames  between  Woolwich  and  Erith,  Kent    -             To  face  302 

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SUodtrd  Quart 

SUndwd  Troy  Wdghte  f or  4  uid  8  ounoca 

Stuid«rd  Avmrdupou  Waigbt  for  1  lb. 

nan  of  Temple  of  Eteuns 

Tba  FenjluJgh  dulloe 

Tin  Pnrn^Ml^  Pkten 

Locker  for  Proocoaioiul  Ctom,  Lowartoft,  8.  Hargvet 

^^____-_^^    Bamby,  Boffolk 

Eolahall,  Hsiti 


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BRRATA. 

P.  124,  1.  19,  far  "  re«ting  "  nad  "rMlJng  pUoe."  L  W,  /or  "subjecte"  ttad 
"quBBtioii."  P.  125,  1.  32,  /or  "the  Ysowilpe"  read  "the  figure  of  YiowilpH." 
P,  131,  1.  17,  /or  "would"  Tttwi  "  oouM."  P.  184,  1.  31,  fir  "oonjiigi"  rtad 
"conjugea."  P.  383, /or  "Bradley  Priorj  Churcli,  LinooInBhire "  «orf  "  firadlaj 
Priory  Church,  Leicestershire."  P.  383,  for  "  Bryklay  "  read  "  Byrkley."  P.  385, 
for  "  Kitchen  of  the  steeper  "  rtad  "  Kitchen  of  the  Bteeplei"  P.  S91.  for  "  Hardhnui, 
to  8.  Botolph"  rend  "  Hardhun,  of  S.  Butolph."  P.  388,  /or"  of  HiiDtingdon, 
found"  rtad  "  of  Huntingdon,  founded."  P.  400, /or  "in  loco  quo  dicitur"  rtad  "  in 
loco  qui  dicitur."  Page  412,  for  '' Wtgmore  Abbey  Cburch,  Hertfordshire"  md 
"Vfigmun  Abbey  Church,  Hcr^ordshire." 


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^\ft  9tctiaea[agical  Sournal. 


OPESING  ADDKES8  TO  THE  SECTION  OF  ARCniTECTURK 
AT    THE    NEWCASTLE    MEETING.' 

Br  BET.  CANON  RAINE. 

In  oflering  some  preliminary  remarks  upon  the  great 
theme  of  AJrchitectnre,  I  shall  try  to  avoid  discursiveness, 
and  endeavour  to  give  a  few  descriptive  hints  and  sugges- 
tions which  wayfarers^  such  as  we  are,  may  find  of  some 
little  use,  as  we  inspect  some  of  the  chief  objects  of 
architectural  interest  which  Northumberland  can  still 
exhibit.  In  that  great  county  I  must  always  feel  an 
hereditary  interest.  It  is  out  of  the  domain  of  history 
that  I  look  upon  the  handiwork  of  ancient  builders.  The 
dates  which  the  historian  discovers  are  the  framework  upon 
which  the  whole  system  of  architectural  science  is  laid 
down.  It  is  history,  likewise,  which  reproduces  men 
and  manners,  feats  of  arms,  and  the  achievements  of  ihe 
gentle  life,  without  which  atones  are  mere  stones,  and 
wood  and  water,  the  forest  and  the  moor,  lose  half  their 
charm.  And  there  is  added  to  history  in  Northumberland 
the  poetry  of  legend  and  tradition  which  invests  tower 
and  stream  in  this  wide  district  with  its  own  inimitable 
grace. 

Domestic  architecture  in  Northumberland  from  the  very 
Earliest  times  was  the  architecture  of  defence,  as  was  the 
case,  although  to  a  less  extent,  upon  the  borders  of  Wales. 
T!ie  Roman  wall — which  I  shall  leave  to  its  modern 
Hadrian,  Dr.  Bruce — the  Roman  wall,  and  the  Roman 
fortified  towns  which  guarded,  or  were  strengthened  by  it, 


d  at  Newcartle,  Augiut  6tb,  1SS4. 
VOL.  XLn  (Na  166)  b 

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2  OPENING    ASDBE8S. 

all  teU  ihe  same  tale.  The  Flcts  and  Scots  who  broke  at 
times  through  that  great  barrier,  or  angled  over  it  with  their 
grappling  hooks  for  the  unwary  legionary,  were  not  a  whit 
more  restless  and  uncivilized  than  the  rievers  and  moss- 
troopers who,  in  an  after  day,  came  down  through  the 
gaps  in  the  hills  into  Eedesd^e  or  Tynedale,  or  carried 
terror  and  ruin  into  Norhamshire  and  Islandshire.  And 
these  marauders  were  in  no  degree  worse  than  many  of 
Northumbrians  whom  they  plundered.  Bobbing  and  being 
robbed,  century  after  century,  produced  a  race  of  reck- 
less, daring  men  whom  no  law  could  curb,  and  it  was  only 
after  the  accession  of  James  of  Scotland  to  the  English 
throne  that  there  was  any  sensible  diminution  in  the  long  list 
of  deeds  of  rapine  and  bloodshed  on  the  Borders.  In  1522 
the  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  writing  to  Wolsey,  says  boldly  : 
"  There  is  more  theft,  more  extortion  by  English  thieves 
than  by  aU  the  Scots  in  Scotland.  No  one,  who  is  not  in  a 
stronghold,  can  keep  any  cattle  or  goods."  This  shows  the 
absolute  necessity  for  the  towers  and  fortified  houses  with 
which  Nortlmmberland  used  to  be  filled.  In  that  most 
able  and  valuable  State-paper,  the  Survey  of  the  Borders, 
drawn  up  by  Sir  John  Forster  in  1542,  there  is  a  complete  • 
picture  of  the  materials  for  protection  and  defence  which 
the  county  possessed.  InEedesdale  and  Tynedale  these 
towers  and  houses  were  often  perched  upon  rocks,  which 
a  goat  could  scarcely  climb  ;  they  were  difficult  of  access 
also  by  reason  of  half-concealed  roads,  and  made  stronger 
still  by  hiding  places  and  caves  in  the  woods  and  hills. 
Their  owners  had  a  system  of  signals  by  which  they  could 
concentrate  upon  any  point  with  an  almost  incredible 
speed,  whilst  there  was  everything  to  bewilder  and  entangle 
any  daring  foe  who  endeavoured  to  approach.  In  middle 
and  northern  Northumberland  these  towers  were  not 
secluded,  but  generally  stood  in  the  centre  of  some  village  or 
hamlet  which  clustered  around  them  for  protection.  The 
dwellings  of  the  poorer  sort  were  usually  of  post  and  pan 
work  covered  with  thatch,  or  mud  sheelings  still  more 
miserable  and  rude.  The  tower  was  here  and  there  called 
a  peel  or  bastille,  whilst  you  might  see  often  a  smaller 
building  with  a  fortified  enclosure  around  it,  called  a 
barmkin,  into  which  the  cattle  were  driven  for  protection 
whenever  a  scry,  as  it  was  named,  was  raised.    In  1468 


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OPKSmG    ADDRESS.  3 

there  were  seventy-eight  towers  in  the  county,  and  in  Sir 
John  Forster'a  time  there  would  probably  be  more,  althoujfh 
miLDy  of  them  were  in  decay.  Here  and  there  the 
parsonage  houses  were  places  of  defence,  nay,  the 
towers  of  the  churches  were  used  occasionally  for  the  same 
purpose.  Whenever  the  Scots  were  near,  the  cleric  fled  to 
his  church,  and,  drawing  up  his  ladder  after  him,  shut 
down  the  trap-door  and  laughed  at  the  foe  who  did  not 
dare  to  stay  long  enough  to  bum  him  out.  More  potent 
than  all  these  places  in  defence  were  the  castles,  which  in 
1468  reached  the  large  number  of  thirty-seven.  They 
were  intended,  not  to  ward  off  contending  clansmen,  but 
to  be  places  of  safety  amid  opposing  armies.  Serwick, 
Norham,  Ford,  aud  Wark  guarded  the  lines  of  the  Tweed 
and  Till.  On  Berwick,  Norham,  and  Newcastle  the  utmost 
skill  of  engineers  and  masons  seems  to  have  been  exerted 
from  Norman  times  throughout  Ihe  middle-ages.  Li  the 
mid-country  there  were  Morpeth,  Bothal,  Mitford,  Ahiwick, 
"Warkworth,  and  Dunstanborough.  Alnwick,  ever  since  it 
was  built,  has  been  the  residence  of  tlie  greatest  family  in 
the  county  and  itself  the  greatest  house.  But  I  must  not 
pass  over  Bambrough,  with  its  glorious  associations,  the 
home  of  Saxon  king  and  Norman  baron,  the  screen  which 
for  many  a  long  year  sheltered  the  flickering  beacon-light 
of  religion  upon  the  Holy  Isle,  and  still  happily  consecrated 
hy  the  superadded  beneficence  of  a  later  age  to  the  very 
higHest  purposes  of  true  Christian  philanthropy. 

Thus  far  the  architecture  of  Northumberland  is  tliat  of 
war  alone  ;  and  from  the  very  earliest  times  to  the  be- 
ginning of  the  seventeenth  century  we  have  the  record  of 
local  feuda  and  national  strife,  resulting  frequently  in 
bloodshed,  and  generating  at  all  times  hatred  and  alarm. 
Had  reUgion  no  controlling  power  over  the  borderers  ? 
Not  much,  I  fear,  when  we  are  told  that  the  thieves  were 
good  church-goers,  and  that  they  were  never  more  intent 
upon  their  devotions  than  on  the  eve  of  some  great 
plundering  foray  or  raid.  The  chapel  of  Bellingham  was 
Ihe  great  place  of  resort  in  upper  Tynedale  ;  the 
inhabitants  held  their  public  meetings  and  worshipped  in 
it,  after  their  fashion.  When  Wolsey  put  the  churches  in 
that  district  under  an  interdict,  the  clansmen,  keenly 
sensitive  about  their  spiritual  welfare,  employed  a  Scottish 

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4  OPENING    ADDRESS. 

friar  to  miniHter  to  them  the  Sacraments.  Nor  did  the 
Keformation  make  any  difference,  at  least  not  for  a  con- 
siderable time.  At  Tiighill,  near  Bambrough,  in  1599 
and  1 600,  three  men,  two  of  them  bearing  the  ubiquitous 
name  of  Forster,  were  proceeded  against  in  the 
Ecclesiastical  court.  One  had  struck  the  minister  on  th 
head  with  his  dagger  ;  another  had  fired  a  pistol  among 
the  congregation  as  it  was  leaving  the  chapel ;  and  the 
third  had  deliberately  ridden  into  the  chapel  on  horseback 
whilst  the  service  was  going  on.  Such  examples  may  be 
multiplied,  but  sufficient  evidence  has  been  given  to  show 
that  whilst  men  did  not  know  the  difference  between 
meum  and  tuum,  and  right  and  wrong,  religious  progress 
was  impossible.  We  must  not  imagine,  however,  that  vast 
religious  efforts  were  not  made  from  the  very  earliest 
times.  Putting  aside  the  remains  of  British  Christianity, 
of  which  Eddi  speaks,  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the 
evangelization  of  Northumberland,  *  in  its  present 
boundaries,  was  attempted  by  missionaries  from  Glasgow 
and  lona  long  before  the  work  of  Paulinus  and  the  mission 
of  Aidan.  The  first  effort  to  reach  it  from  the  south  was 
that  of  Paulinus  from  York,  between  627  and  633. 
The  first  permanent  settlement  in  it  from  lona  was  effected 
in  635,  when  the  work  of  Paulinus  had  failed.  Then  Aidan, 
with  his  little  band  of  followers,  made  himself  a  home  at 
Lindisfame,  or  Holy  Island,  under  the  shelter  of  the  royal 
castle  of  Bambrough,  from  whence  he  could  penetrate 
the  mainland  in  every  direction,  and  where  he  and 
his  friends  could  lead,  if  they  chose,  their  old  ascetic  lives 
in  a  place  which  was  as  wild  almost  as  their  old  home  at 
lona.  Tiningham,  Ckildingham,  and  Melrose  became 
centres  whence  missionaries  could  go  out  to  evangelize  the 
Lothians.  From  Lindisfame  Aidan  and  his  successors 
spread  the  Gospel  in  Northumberland.  The  work  for  a 
long  time  was  mission  work.  The  churches  would  be 
mainly  baptisteries  on  the  banks  of  rivers  and  streams. 
And  as  there  was  at  that  time  no  bishop  at  York,  the 
Lindisfame  influence  and  teaching  spread  across  the  Tyne 
and  Tees  into  Deira,  or  Yorkshire,  itself,  until  it  became 
practically  coextensive  with  the  kingdom  of  Northumbria. 
And  at  the  same  time  that  the  first  stone  church  between 
■  the  Tees   and   the  Firth  of  Forth  was  being  raised  at 


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OPBNma    ADDKSSS.  5 

Lindisfame,  the  pious  care  of  Oswald,  Aldan's  patron  in 
Uie  north,  was  completing  the  first  stone-buUt  temple  in 
Deira  which  Edwin  had  begun  at  York,  After  the  year 
664  the  Lindisfame  prelates  ruled  no  more  in  Yorkshire, 
and  a  new  missionary  effort  on  a  grand  scale  was  made 
from  York  upon  the  l^ne  and  Wear.  The  leaders  of  this 
movement  were  Wilfrid  and  Benedict  Biscop,  who,  among 
other  innovations,  introduced  Italian  and  French  archi- 
tecture and  workmen  into  the  north.  The  architecture  of 
Lindiafarne  was  derived,  through  lona,  from  Ireland.  In 
this  way  a  double  influence  (in  addition  to  that  from 
Cumbria  or  Glasgow)  waa  brought  to  bear  upon  the 
architectural  progress  of  Northumberland,  and  to  show 
the  fame  of  the  workmanship  on  the  Tyne  and  Wear,  we 
have  a  notice  in  Bede,  of  Naitan,  king  of  the  Picts  in  the 
far  north,  sending  thither  for  instructors  in  masonry  and 
sculpture.  We  might  expect  to  find,  therefore,  in  North- 
imiberland,  or  rather,  in  the  kingdom  of  Northumbria, 
which  covers  a  much  wider  area  than  the  single  county, 
a  composite  style  of  sculpture  and  architecture,  peculiar  to 
itself.  And  that  this  is  the  case,  I  must  refer  my  hearers 
to  the  numerous  specimens  in  the  district  of  interlacing  or 
basket  work,  as  it  has  been  called,  of  a  most  interesting 
kind.  In  many  localities  there  are  few  churches  in  the 
walls  of  which  snch  carvings  have  not  been  found,  and  in 
not  a  few  churches  there  are  remains  of  Saxon  masonry  as 
well.  We  have  no  Domesday  book  in  the  north  to  show 
what  churches  were  then  in  existence,  but  I  think  that 
mvestigation,  where  documentary  evidence  fails  us,  will 
sooner  or  later  show  that  wherever  there  waa  a  parish 
church  in  the  counties  of  Durham  and  Northumberland  a 
century  ago,  there  was  a  parish  church  on  the  same  site 
in  pre-Norman  times.  I  may  mention,  with  no  small  satis- 
faction, that  there  is  every  probabihty  of  these  early 
sculptured  remains  being  perpetuated  by  the  graver's  art 
at  the  cost  of  the  University  of  Cambridge.  This  is  a  just 
tribute  of  respeot  to  the  country  of  Bede  and  Cuthbert. 
From  Bede  came  the  idea  of  the  great  school  or  university 
of  York,  the  mother  of  the  imiversities  of  Europe.  And 
from  Northumbria  came  the  Christianity  of  every  kingdom 
in  the  Heptarchy  excepting  Kent,  the  Christianity  too  of 
Sweden  and  North  Gtermany.     The  architectural  remains 

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6  OiVNING    ADDBB8S. 

of  Sason  Northumbria,  therefore,  have  an  interest  which, 
we  cannot  estimate  or  measure.  I  trust  most  heartily  that 
before  this  meeting  closes  some  message  of  gratitude  and 
promise  of  help  may  go  forth  to  Cambridge,  possessing,  as 
that  UniTersity  already  does,  a  thousand  claims  to  the 
sympathy  and  respect  of  the  old  kingdom  of  Northumbria. 

It  is  at  Hexham  that  you  will  find  the  most  interesting 
remains  in  the  county  of  Anglo-Saxon  work,  and  you  may 
mark  the  influence  of  the  place  in  the  churches  in  the 
neighbourhood,  beginning  with  Ovingham.  At  Holy  Island 
and  Fame,  still  more  sacred  ground,  there  is  little  of  that 
date  ;  there  is  next  to  nothmg  also  at  Tynemouth ;  later 
buildinghas  obliterated  or  concealed  it;  but  at  Whittingham, 
Edlingham,  Bolam,  Whalton,  Long  Houghton,  and  other 
churches,  you  will  find  Saxou  towers  or  masonry,  whilst 
the  interlacing  sculpture  meets  your  eye  in  many  of  the 
churches  and  churchyards. 

The  Norman  era  found  the  bishopric  of  Lindisfame 
and  Chester  transferred  to  Darham,  which  renovated 
Jarrow  and  Wearmouth  and  rebuilt  Lindisfame,  all  of 
which  the  Danes  had  ruined.  Ton  may  trace,  also,  the 
influence  of  Durham  at  this  time  in  many  churches  in 
north  NorthumberlMid— nay,  you  may  see  the  massive 
columnar  work  of  Durham  at  Eirkby  Lonsdale,  at  Cartmel, 
and  in  the  crypt  of  York  itself.  St.  Albans  also  established 
itself  upon  the  clifi*  at  T^emouth,  and  acquired  the 
churches  of  Edlingham  and  Hartbum,  in  the  latter  of 
which  you  may  observe  the  Tynemouth  influence.  New- 
minster  also  sprang  up  on  the  Wansbeck  in  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury to  plead  for  the  Cistercians,  but  it  had  little  or  no 
efiect  upon  the  architecture  of  the  connty.  A  single  arch 
is  all  Uiat  remans  of  the  abbey  itself.  Hexham  in  post^- 
Norman  times  was  under  the  control  of  York.  But  the 
monastic  system  did  not  prosper  in  the  county.  It  was  too 
disturbed  and  unsettled,  and  it  was  very  difficult  for  the 
monks  to  get  their  rents  paid.  The  little  rel^ous  houses 
at  Carham,  Lambley,  and  Holystone  were  almost  eaten  up 
by  the  Scots,  whilst  Holy  Island  and  Fame  were 
always  sufiering  and  nearly  always  in  debt.  Hexham 
was  on  several  occasions  reduced  to  the  very  verge 
of  ruin,  and  was  only  rescued  from  it  by  the 
well-paid  up  rents  of  its  Yorkshire  estates,  on  which  it 


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OPEMINQ    ADDBESS.  7 

could  always  depend.  Brinkbnm  was  only  a  small  place, 
and  the  religious  houses  at  Alnwick  clung  for  protection  to 
the  castle.  Still,  in  spite  of  this  turmoil  and  poverty,  you 
may  see  at  T}'nemouth,  Brinkbum,  and  Hexham  fabrics  of 
twelfUi  and  thirteenth  century  work  of  remarkable  beauty ; 
and  throughout  the  county,  here  and  there,  are  choice 
specimens  of  mediteval  architecture  of  various  periods, 
often  grievously  mutilated,  but  showing  that,  if  circum- 
stances only  had  been  different,  the  genius  was  there, 
and  the  readiness  to  evoke  it  as  well.  But  what 
was  it  possible  to  do  when  the  country  was  for 
centuries  almost  in  a  state  of  siege,  and  nothing, 
even  of  the  most  sacred  kind,  was  secure?  The  Scottish 
inroads  between  1290  and  1330  were  of  the  most  dread- 
fal  kind,  and  church  after  church  was  practically  de- 
stroyed with  the  exception  of  the  bare  walls.  There  are, 
indeed,  some  very  fine  churches  in  the  county,  such  as 
NDrham,*Bambrough,  Alnwick,  Morpeth,  Mitford,  Wark- 
wortii,  St.  Nicholas  in  thia  city,  and  a  few  others,  but  these 
owe  their  preservation  in  each  case  only  to  the  happy  pro- 
pinquity of  a  castle,  or  fort,  to  which  a  wide  berth  was 
generally  given.  The  Scots  themselves  built  at  one 
time,  as  if  in  cruel  mockery,  just  across  the  Tweed,  a 
church  called  Ladykirk,  which  could  not  be  destroyed 
as  there  was  not  an  inch  of  wood  in  it.  A  happy  contrast 
this  to  the  battered  fabrics  on  the  other  side  of  the  river. 
Battered  indeed  they  were  at  most  time8,but,if  possible, they 
suffered  more  from  ill-usage  and  neglect  in  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries  than  they  did  before,  especially  in 
middle  and  north  Northumberland.  The  greater  part  of 
the  ancient  chapels  were  then  disused  and  became  ruined, 
whilst  the  fabric  of  the  parish  churches  themselves  was 
cruelly  neglected,  as  every  one  strove  to  discard  any  ob- 
ligation to  repair  it.  The  most  necessary  and  simple 
appliances  of  worship  were  frequently  wanting.  The  little 
chapel  of  Hebbron  originated  a  proverb  by  its  condition, 
"It's  no  a  byword,  like  Hebbron  kirk,"  and  no 
wonder,  as  an  archdeacon  reported  of  it,  that  he  found  it 
held  together  by  thirteen  props  of  wood.  But,  speak- 
ing of  archdeacons,  let  me  say  that  many  churches 
which  had  withstood  the  onsets  of  the  Scots  fell  in  the 
middle  of  the  last  century  before  the  charge  of  an  arch- 


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8  OPENINO    AI>DBB8S. 

deacon.  It  will  scarcely  be  believed  that  this  dignitary, 
who  was  in  all  other  respects  a  most  estimable  person, 
actually  desired  the  incumbents  and  churchwardens,  for 
use  as  well  as  for  ornament,  to  take  the  muUiona  out  of 
the  church  windows  and  put  in  sashes  instead,  and  that  in 
many  instances  his  directions  were  carried  out. 

And  now  let  us  contrast  the  condition  in  the  last  century 
with  that  of  the  present  day.  There  has  certainly  been  a  most 
remarkable  change.  In  the  archdeaconry  of  Lindisfame 
nearly  every  church  has  been  either  rebuilt  or  restored 
within  the  last  thirty  yeara,  not  always  wisely  or  ^ell,  but 
still  assuredly  not  in  the  spirit  of  that  Northumbrian  vicar, 
whom  I  could  name,  who  chiselled  away  a  whole  corbel- 
table  formed  of  grotesque  heads,  as  he  thought  his 
congregation  looked  too  much  at  them  when  they  ought 
to  have  been  looking  at  htm.  In  the  archdeaconry  of 
Northumberland  there  has  been  less  done,  but  still  a  great 
■deal.  I  am  unwilling  to  criticize.  I  remember  an  old 
friend  of  mine  making  the  caustic  remark  that  medieval 
architects  erected  buildings  which  we  are  unable  to  restore. 
I  do  not  agree  with  this,  but  I  do  think  that  in  far  too 
many  cases  ancient  remains  have  not  been  sufficiently 
respected,  and  that  modern  architects  have  often  entirely 
overlooked  the  feeling  and  character  of  the  architecture 
of  the  district  in  the  work  which  they  carry  out.  Every 
county,  nay,  various  parts  of  each  county  have  architec- 
tural features  peculiar  to  themselves,  with  which  an 
architect  ought  at  least  to  make  himself  acquainted. 
There  is  an  unhappy  phrase  in  vogue  describing  the  re- 
novation of  a  church.  "It  has  undergone  restoration." — 
It  used  to  be  "  It  has  been  beautified." — ^Now  it  is  worse 
still  "It  has  undergone  restoration."  Poor  church,!  often 
think,  what  pangs  it  must  have  suffered.  The  stones  must 
surely  have  been  crying  out.  Now  I  am  not  one  of  those 
who  would  retain  even  discomfort  and  decay,  and  keep 
their  churches  empty,  rather  than  improve  and  preserve 
them.  By  all  means  make  your  church  as  fit  as  you  can 
for  the  claims  it  has  to  meet,  but  do  value  the  past  a  little 
more  than  has  been  the  custom.  The  most  dangerous 
person  of  all  is  he  who  loves  uniformity  of  style,  and  in 
his  fabric  would  reduce   all  styles   to  one.      That  man 


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OPENING    ADDRESS.  9 

sacrifices  the  historical  story  of  his  church  to  a  very 
foolish  caprice.  Generally  speaking,  church  restorers  have 
far  too  much  latitude  and  freedom  of  action  allowed  to 
them.  Now  will  you  permit  me,  in  conclusion,  to  make 
two  or  three  practical  sugj^estions. 

1. — Let  every  bishop  have  the  advice  of  an  architectural 
expert,  or  experts,  before  any  structural  changes  are  made 
in  any  church.  The  wanton  mischief  that  has  been  done 
in  the  absence  of  such  a  rule  as  this  is  lamentably 
great.  I  could  give  many  instances.  Take  two.  Twice 
have  I  known  the  rebuilding  of  particular  parts  of 
churches  urged  and  adopted  on  the  plea  that  they  were 
tumbUng  down.  In  each  case,  instead  of  tumbling  down, 
they  obstinately  refused  to  fall  or  be  moved.  Were  they 
allowed  to  stand,  as  they  were  perfectly  able  to  do  ?  No; 
in  each  case  the  architect  vindicated  the  correctness  of  his 
ecclesiastical  diagnosis  by  blowing  the  part  up  with 
gunpowder ! 

2. — Whenever  the  fabric  of  a  church  is  touched,  let 
careful  drawings  and  exact  plans  of  the  parts  altered  be 
first  officially  made  and  deposited  in  the  Diocesan  registry. 

3. — Let  greater  attention  be  paid  to  monuments  and 
inscriptions.  They  are  being  destroyed  now-a-days  by 
hundreds  and  by  thousands.  I  would  simply  remark  that 
the  legal  value  of  these  inscriptions  is  second  only  to  that 
of  a  parisli  register,  nay,  in  many  instances  they  are  far 
more  useful — and  that  it  is  illegal  to  destroy  them. 

To  me  it  is  most  objectionable  to  see  the  monuments  on 
a  chancel  floor  sacrificed  to  an  array  of  encaustic  tiles, 
which  in  tone,  colour,  and  comfort  are  infinitely 
inferior  to  the  old-  gray  or  blue  stones.  Time  was  when 
such  tiles  were  rarely  seen  out  of  a  church,  now  you  find 
them  better  laid  and  better  cleaned  in  the  passage  of  every 
second-rate  hotel.  Surely  it  makes  the  church  itself  more 
solemn  to  see  that  under  your  feet  are  lying  the  dead  of 
former  generations.  Are  their  memorials  to  foUow  in 
the  wake  of  far  too  many  memorials  in  this  shifting  age, 
and  perish  with  them  ?  It  is  impossible,  of  course,  I  know 
that,  to  avoid  the  moving  of  such  monuments  occasionally, 
and  if  you  spare  them,  time  will  not.  I  earnestly  recom- 
mend that  in  all  possible  cases  a  full  copy  of  the  in.scrip- 

TOL.  zui.  c 


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10  OPBNUi 

tions  in  a  church  and  churchyard  be  taken  by  the  minister, 
and  that  the  copy  be  deposited  in  the  parish  chest.  If 
such  a  record  be  made,  decay  is  obviated,  and  removal  is 
robbed  of  much  of  its  mischief.  I  am  glad  to  say  that 
this  suggestion  of  mine  has  been  already  adopted  in  some 
casas,  and  I  cannot,  see  why  it  should  not  be  very  advan- 
tageously carried  out  in  many  more. 


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NOTICES  OF  THE  LATEST  UISCUVERIES  MADE  IN  UN- 
COVEKIXd  THE  KOMAX  IJATHS  AT  MATH,  AND 
THOSE  AT  HERBOKD,  NEAR  TO  POITIERS.' 

Bj  HEV.  PHEBENDARY  SCAKTH,  M.A. 

My  last  report  was  made  to  the  Archaeological  Institute 
at  the  Carlisle  meeting  in  1882.  Since  then  further  dis- 
coveriea  have  been  made  at  the  Eonian  baths,  and  a 
description  published  by  Major  Davis,  the  city  engineer, 
in  tbe  Transactions  of  the  Bristol  and  Gloucester  Archaeo- 
logical Society,  wldch  gives  an  account  of  the  discoveries 
down  to  the  autumn  of  1883."  The  paper  contains 
three  plans: —  Plate  V.  being  a  fac-simile  of  Dr.  Suther- 
land's map,  published  in  1763  ;  Plate  VI.  being  a 
fac-simile  of  Dr.  Spry's  plan  published  in  1822,  shewing 
discoveries  to  that  date;  and  Plate  VII.  being  a  plan 
of  the  Roman  baths  as  far  as  discovered  to  the  date 
of  April  19th,  1884.  Further  examinations  are  being 
carried  on,  and  if  sufficient  money  can  be  raised,  the 
entire  arrangement  will  be  made  out  and  planned  to  scale. 

These  three  plans  show  the  gradual  progress  of  dis- 
covery. In  my  paper  read  at  Carlisle  I  detailed  the 
progress  of  these  discoveries,  referring  to  the  sources  of  in- 
formation, and  the  same  has  been  done  more  fully  by 
Major  Davis  in  his  paper  above  alluded  to,  read  in  Bath  to 
the  Gloucestershire  Society. 

A  very  correct  and  ingenious  model  of  the  large  Roman 
bath,  and  the  general  plan  of  the  Roman  baths,  as  far  as 
ascertained,  was  exhibited  in  the  recent  Health  Exhibition, 
lliis  no  doubt  was  seen  and  examined  by  many 
members  of  the  Institute.  No  pains  or  cost  has  been 
spared  on  this  model,  but  there  are  extensive  portions 
of  the  Roman  buildings  still  hidden  from  sight,  and  a  plan 
with  an  explanation  will  give  a  more  perfect  apprehension 
of  the  whole.' 

'Rcadattlie  Uonthljr  Meeting  of  the  completed   in  time    to  Hosunpany  this 

lariHale,  NoTsmbar  0, 1881.  iintice,  or  be  Hilded  in  n  Bubsequeat  nutu- 

'  (See  ToL  Tiii,  p.  89).  ber  of  tbe  JouniuL 
'llii  hoped  tltat  audi  a  plaumajha 


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12     TH£  UOU&N  BATHS  AT  BATH  AND  HBRBORD. 

In  my  previous  paper,  I  mentioned  the  use  which  had 
been  made  of  the  old  Eoman  drain  in  conveying  away  the 
waste  water  from  the  spring,  and  also  the  discovery  of  the 
large  Roman  reservoir  which  has  been  cleaned  out  and 
utilized.  This  is  immediately  below  the  King's  bath,  at  the 
back  of  the  modem  Pump  Eooin. 

This  is  also  utilized,  and  now  forms  the  reservoir  for  the 
waters  of  the  mineral  spring,  and  the  baths  and  fountains 
are  supplied  from  it  with  the  hot  water  as  it  rises  pure 
from  the  source.  Thus  both  the  Roman  drain  and  the 
Roman  reservoir  are,  after  a  lapse  of  fifteen  centuries  or 
more,  restored  to  their  ancient  purposes. 

The  dimensioriB  of  this  reservoir  are  50  feet  by  40  feet, 
and  the  form,  as  before  stated,  an  irregular  octi^on.  The 
masonry  is  formed  of  stones  6  feet  7  inches  long,  by  3  feet 
thick,  and  the  lead  which  covered  the  tank  or  cistern  is 
30  lb.  to  the  square  foot. 

The  hot  mineral  spring  yields  167  gallons  per  minute, 
at  a  temperature  of  116°  Fahrenheit. 

The  great  central  bath  seems  to  have  stood  in  a  large 
hall,  111  feet  4  inches  in  length,  by  68  feet  6  inches  in  width . 
The  depth  of  the  bath  is  about  6  feet  8  inches.  The  bottom 
of  the  bath  measures  73  feet  2  inches  by  29  feet  6  inches. 
The  whole  was  lined  with  sheets  of  lead  10  feet  by  5  feet,  not 
soldered,  but  turned  up  at  the  edges  and  burned.  Major 
Davis  observes  that  "  This  well-secured  bottom  or  floor 
appears  to  have  been  placed  in  position,  rather  to  keep 
the  hot  waters  from  ascending  into  the  bath  from  the 
springs  beneath,  than  to  make  the  bath  watertight," 

Six  steps  all  round  the  bath  lead  into  the  water,  and 
around  the  bath  is  a  platform,  on  the  sides  of  which  are 
recesses  for  seats.  These  were  for  the  bathers  who  were 
waiting,  or  for  hanging  up  their  dresses  when  in  the  bath. 
The  steps  into  the  bath  are  not  covered  with  lead,  and, 
according  to  Major  Davis,  it  is  doubtful  if  they  ever  were 
so. 

At  the  bottom  step  in  the  N.W.  corner  was  a  bronze 
sluice.  This  is  now  preserved  in  the  Pump  Room  at 
Bath.  The  weight  is  above  1  cwt.  2  qrs.  An  overflow 
was  provided  above  the  hatchway  by  a  grating,  15  inches 
wide,  which  was  probably  also  of  bronze,  but  had  been 
removed. 

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■tHE  BOitAN  BATHS  AT  bATH  AND  BfiK&OAD.  13 

Many  of  the  stones  forming  the  steps  leading  into  the 
bath  are  10  feet  long. 

The  large  bath  is  supplied  with  water  from  the  tank  by 
means  of  a  pipe  which  brings  the  water  to  the  N.W.  angle, 
from  whence  it  has  been  made  to  spread  out  and  form  a 
small  cascade,  thus  promoting  the  cooling  of  the  water. 

The  length  of  the  pipe  which  brought  the  water  from 
the  reservoir  or  tank  was  about  38  feet,  but  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  pipe  had  been  removed.  The  pipe  was  laid  in 
a  channel  formed  in  the  floor  of  the  space  around  the  bath. 
The  original  Roman  work  had  been  cut  through  in  later 
times,  at  the  point  where  the  pipe  was  connected  with  the 
tank. 

In  addition  to  the  supply  of  mineral  water,  a  supply  of 
cold  water  was  also  provided  for  the  bath,  and  conveyed 
in  a  leaden  tubular  pipe  2J  inches  in  diameter;  a  length  of 
24  feet  6  inches  has  been  exposed.  The  pipe  is  made 
with  a  roll  along  the  top,  and  burnt  so  aa  to  cause  the 
ends  of  the  metal  to  adhere, — there  are  two  soldered 
joints  at  intervals  of  9  feet.  This  pipe,  which  apparently 
brought  the  cold  water,  is  made  to  pass  through  the  body  of 
a  recumbent  figure,  now  much  mutilated,  into  a  large 
trough,  the  position  of  which  is  indicated  by  the  stone- 
work being  cut  away  to  receive  it. 

For  minute  particulars  I  must  refer  to  Mr.  Davis'  pub- 
lished account,  who  has  bestowed  much  care  in  describing 
every  thing  concerning  the  structure  and  the  direction  of 
these  pipes  for  conveying  the  supply  of  water.  A  por- 
tion of  this  large  bath  still  remains  covered  by  a  building, 
which  now  forms  the  offices  of  the  Poor  Law  Board.  If 
this  could  be  purchased  and  removed,  as  has  been  done 
with  another  house,  which  was  the  property  of  the  Bath 
Corporation,  the  whole  area  of  the  large  bath  would  be 
uncovered.  The  city  architect  has  traced  the  walls  of  the 
south  platform  underneath  this  building,  and  they  corres- 
pond to  the  portions  laid  open  on  the  north  side.  On  each 
side  of  the  ambulatory,  or  platform  surrounding  the  bath, 
are  three  recesses  (exedrae),  two  semi-circular  and  one  rec- 
tangular. The  rectangular  one  measures  17  feet  in  width 
by  7  feet  in  depth,  but  variations  exist  in  the  semi-circular 
recessea," — the  width  of  one  being  17  feet  long  by  7  feet 
deep,  another  being  14  feet  3  inches  long  by  6  feet  9 

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14  THE  ROUAN  BATHS  AT  BATH  AND  HERBORD, 

incliey  in  depth.  Six  pierts,  wliicli  supported  the  roof  of 
the  batli  ambulator}-,  are  still  remainiug  in  situ  on  ea(;h 
side,  dividing  each  lengtli  into  seven  bays.  They  are  built  of 
solid  freestone,  but,  according  to  the  opinion  of  Major 
Davis,  have  undergone  alteration.  None  of  the  piers  or 
pilasters  now  standing  are  higher  than  six  or  seven  feet. 
Some  fragments  of  the  capitals  of  the  smaller  pilasters  have 
been  found,  but  none  as  yet  of  the  larger  capitals,— only  a 
few  fragments  of  the  cornices,  and  but  one  portion  of  the 
frieze,  2  feet  4  inclies  long  by  1  foot  6  inches  deep,  on  which 
are  cut  the  letters  S  S  I  L,  six  and  a  quarter  inches  long. 

The  platforms  are  supposed  to  have  been  arched,  and 
the  large  bath  spanned  also  by  an  arch. 

The  side  arcades  were  constructed  of  brick-boxes,  open 
at  the  ends,  and  formed  in  tlie  shape  of  a  wedge,  1  foot 
long,  and  nearly  5  inches  thick, — the  wedge  being  nearly 
8  inches  at  the  wider  end.  They  were  set  in  concrete. 
Large  fragments  of  this  roofing  were  found  lying  on  the 
deposit  which  had  partially  filled  the  bath  before  the  fall 
of  the  roof  took  place.  It  is  impossible  to  say  at  what 
period  the  roofing  was  destroyed. 

Althougli  tlie  ground  plan  of  the  large  bath,  and  that  of 
the  smaller  adjoining  baths,  has  been  clearly  ascertained, 
together  with  the  chambers  adjoining  the  baths,  yet  the 
restoration  of  the  original  buildings  is  not  an  easy  matter. 

They  are  given  conjecturally  by  Major  Davis,  who  has 
been  careful  to  seek  for  authority  for  his  statements,  in  the 
portions  of  the  buildings  remaining,  and  the  fragments  of 
decoration  discovered  in  the  course  of  excavation,  but  be- 
fore the  buildings  can  be  restored  with  certainty,  much 
more  remains  to  be  discovered.  The  work  has  wonder- 
fully progressed  under  his  care,  and  much  more  may  be 
expected,  if  funds  can  be  raised  for  the  purpose  of  still 
further  examination  below  the  streets  and  houses  of  the 
city. 

From  eighteen  to  twenty  feet  below  the  present  surface 
lie  a  vast  amount  of  Roman  remans  still  undiscovered, — as 
for  instance,  two  portions  of  a  fine  tessellated  floor  have 
lately  been  laid  open  in  enlarging  the  airing  ground  of  the 
Mineral  Water  Hosi)ital.  Some  years  since  other  pavements 
were  found  in  the  same  locality,  and  a  fine  pavement  is 
still  preserved  under  the  new  wing  of  the  Royal  or  Casualty 

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THE  ROMAN  BATHS  AT  BATH  AND  HBBBORD.     15 

Hospital.  Tliese  are  all  within  the  Roman  city  walls,  and 
serve  to  shew  the  style  of  houses  which  must  have  stood 
within  the  Roman  area. 

Contemporaneously  with  the  discovery  and  opening  of 
the  ancient  Roman  baths  at  Bath,  a  similar  discovery  and 
a  complete  exposure  of  an  entire  system  of  Roman  baths, 
along  with  other  Roman  edifices,  has  taken  place  at 
Herbord,  within  a  mile  of  the  small  town  of  Sanxay, 
eighteen  miles  from  Poitiers.  These  have  been  carefully 
opened  and  planned  and  fuUy  described  by  the  French 
savan  who  made  the  discovery  some  years  ago,  and  who 
has  lately  pubhshed  a  detailed  account  with  a  series  of 
maps.^ 

Having  myself  visited  these  interesting  remains  two  years 
ago,  I  can  judge  of  the  importance  of  the  discovery  and  the 
light  thrown  by  them  upon  the  arrangement  of  Roman 
thermal  and  other  baths. 

The  extent  of  ground  covered  by  the  buildings,  their 
courts,  and  garden  enclasures,  is  very  large,  amounting  to 
many  acres  (7  J),  and  the  buildings,  also  contiguous  to  the 
baths,  which  are  snpposed  to  be  liotels  or  lodgings  for  the 
accommodation  of  visitors,  are  also  very  extensive.  These 
have  been  carefully  planned,  so  that  within  a  bend  of  the 
little  river  Vonne,  you  have  the  plan  of  an  ancient 
Roman  provincial  watering  place,  with  its  temples,  baths, 
hotels,  and  theatre,  all  of  which  have  been  exposed  to 
view. 

The  construction  of  the  baths  is  not  so  large  and 
imposing  as  those  discovered  at  Bath,  nor  is  there  a 
thermal  spring,  such  as  rises  below  the  great  tank  and 
flows  into  the  great  swimming  baths  at  Aqua3  Solis,  but  tlie 
water  is  brought  by  an  aqiieduct  wliich  serves  for  the 
supply  of  the  temple  as  well  as  the  baths. 

Although  the  plan  and  arrangement  of  the  baths  at 
Herbord  is  different  to  those  at  Bath,  yet  there  is  a  general 
correspondence,  and  by  studying  their  arrangement  you 
get  an  idea  of  how  much  remains  yet  to  reward  the  ex- 
plorations which  are  now  being  conducted  under  the 
modern  city  of  Bath. 

At  Herbord  von  find  : — 


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16  THE  ROHAN  BATHB  AT  BATH  AND  HBItBOSD. 

1.  A  large  open  space  for  a  garden,  having  a  pasai^e  or 

promenade  round  it,  with  a  colonnade. 

2.  Then  waiting  rooms  for  slaves  or  attendants. 

3.  Then   a  large  swimming  bath,   but  inferior  in  size  to 

that  at  Bath. 

4.  There  are  halls  for  receptions,  and  for  various  purposes 

connected  with  bathing. 
fi.     There  are  several  hypocausta  or  heating  chambers,  and 

passages  with  seats  for  convenience  of  bathers. 
6.     There  are  the  remains  of  a  fine  portico,  and  also  a  sub- 
terranean passage  leading  from  the  central  portions 
of  the  bath-buil£ng. 
These  arrangements  are  on  the  ground  level,  but  the  re- 
mains of  a  stair  have  been  found  leading  to  the  upper  portion 
of  the  building,  where  the  arrangements  seem  to  have  been 
much  the  same. 

The  baths,  with  their  adjuncts,  appear  to  have  under- 
gone alteration  at  a  late  period,  as  is  evident  from  a  care- 
ful examination  of  the  work.  The  waste  water  was  carried 
off  by  a  drain  into  the  river,  which  still  remainsperfect. 

The  great  hall  appears  to  have  been  handsomely  pro- 
portioned and  highly  ornamented,  portions  of  architectural 
decorations  having  been  found.  The  length  was  about 
seventy-five  feet  by  forty-nine  in  width.  This  hall  has 
semicircular  recesses,  about  sixteen  or  seventeen  feet  in 
diameter,  and  a  rectaAgular  recess  between  them,  as  may 
be  noted  in  the  arrangement  of  the  open  passage  round 
the  great  bath  at  Bath.  They  contained  seata  for  rest  or 
for  conversation,  and  seem  to  have  had  circular  vaultings, 
the  ceilings  being  constructed  of  wood.  The  superficial 
area  of  the  swimming  bath  was  about  or  above  6,000  feet, 
that  of  the  great  bath  at  Bath  about  7,500. 

These  discoveries  have  been  already  noticed  in  the 
Arcfusological  Journal,^  but  have  only  recently  been  pub- 
lished by  their  original  discoverer,  the  Phe  de  la  Croix, 
together  with  plans  executed  by  himself  Up  to  the  time  of 
my  visit,  two  years  ago,  only  three  Englishmen  had  visited 
the  spot,  but  any  who  will  make  the  journey  will  find  an 
ample  recompence  for  the  little  time  and  labour  required, 
though  some  portions  that  had  been  excavated  have  of 
necessity  been  covered  in. 

1  3m  vol  xl,  p.  &2. 


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SWAN  MABES.' 
Bf  EDWABD  PBAOOC^  F.B.A. 

Since  my  paper  on  Swan  Marks  was  printed,  I  have  had 
the  good  fortune  to  discover  two  documents  relating  to 
the  practice  of  marking  swans,  which  will  not  be  unin- 
teresting to  some  members  of  the  Boyal  Archaeological 
Institute.  They  have  been  preserved  among  some  Court 
Bolls  accounts  and  other  papers  relating  to  the  manor  of 
Little  Carlton,  Lincolnshire,  which  have  been  kindly  lent 
to  me  by  E.  W.  C.  Amcotts,  Esq.,  of  Hackthom  Hall. 

The  first  document  is  a  letter  from  which  a  line  or  two 
at  the  end  and  the  signature  has  been  severed.  It  is,  of 
coarse,  impossible  to  identify  the  writer ;  the  hand  is  of  the 
latter  part  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  as  it  is  attached 
by  a  pin  to  the  drawing  on  parchment  which  the  writer 
refers  to  there  is  not  much  doubt  that  it  was  written  in 
1594.  I  copy  it  at  length,  premising  that  the  family  of 
Cooke  were  for  several  generations  lords  of  the  manor  of 
little  Carlton.  Thou^  they  do  not  seem  to  have  entered 
their  pedigree  in  the  Heralds'  Visitation  books  they  cer- 
tainly ranked  among  the  leaaer  gentry  of  the  shire. 

"  Mr.  Cooke,  according  to  my  fibnner  letter  I  haue  of 
Sunday  last  Agreed  w"*  the  Queues  Swannerd  and  haue 
entered  yoar  name  in  his  bookes  vppon  bothe  yo'  markes 
and  paid  him  his  flee  for  yo'  entering  vj'  viij'  and  Hyred 
you  a  depnty  to  Loke  to  yo^  Swannes  yearely,  and  you 
must  pay  him  at  michaelmeeae  nest  iij*  iuj^  for  his  flee  and 
for  the  time  past  he  is  contedit  at  my  Bequest  to  Take 
nothing  for  your  Swafles  marking.  You  haue  this  yeare 
but  iiij  yonge  Swafles,  ij  at  Tointon,  ij  at  ffrisckney  the  y\ 
and  no  birds  of  the  crose,  wch  is  matched  wth  W.  Wray 
at  Peny  stonnes  house  in  Northe  Somercots,  very  near  yon, 
in  y*  marshe,  w*"  is  not  amisse,  if  you  gett  a  deputy  there 


■  BbmI  ftt  tiw  MbnthlT  Hecting  of  tLe  Inrtilnte,  Not.  6, 18S4. 
VOL.  TLB. 


ec  "Google 


18 


SWAN  UABEB, 


the  better  for  y'  Froffite.  I  Bend  yon  yo'  markea  drawen  in 
partchement  to  Bemmie  w"*  yon  for  the  iiij  Swannes. 
tbey  are  to  be  brought  to  me  this  weeke  wbearof  John 
vnde  8(uth  he  must  haue  ij  the  one  for  him  self  and  the 
other  for  M?.  Baconn,  and  the  other  ij  I  will  ffede  for  you 
against  Christemnesse.  I  haue  said  nothing  to  M'ffayrfiax, 
let  Him  tarry  to  an  other  time,  seme  yo'  first  promises,  your 
3wannerd  must  haue  for  taking  vpp  your  iiij  Swannes. 
and  bringing  to  my  house  ij'.  I  pray  you  comend  me 
to  your  moUier  to  whome.  as  you  Imowe  I  haue  bene  A 
Long." 

This  letter  shews  that  in  a  district  ruled  by  a  single 
royal  swanherd  one  man  might  possess  two  marks,  if  his 
swans  were  in  difierent  pools  or  rivers.  .  The  passage 
"  the  y\  and  no  birds  of  the  crose  "  is  obscure.  As  to  the 
correctness  of  the  reading  there  can  be  no  question.  I 
think  it  relates  to  swans  of  different  kinds  or  ages. 

The  accompanying  cuts  are  copied  from  an  accurate 
tracing  of  the  "  markes  drawen  in  partchement "  which 
is  pinned  to  the  foregoing  letter.  I  have  seen  many  rolls 
of  Swan-marks,  but  have  never  heard  of  the  existence  of 
any  certificate  of  such  marks  except  the  one  before  me. 


"  Charles  Cooke  gent,  his  marke  in 
\i  I  the  easte  feim  this  yeare  1594.  Four 
^  I    y^^S^  Swannes. 


Charles  Cooke  gent,  his  marke  in 
ye  northe  marshe  at  pefi}'stones  house  in 
northe  somercots." 


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SWAK   MAR^.  19 

The  following  memorandum  is  written  at  the  bottom  of 
the  strip  of  parchment,  it  seems  to  refer  to  the  second 
mark  only — 

"I  haue  entred  this  marke  in  my  booke  Jan.  30.  1651, 
and  haue  received  my  fee  which  is  01.  6s.  8d. 
Geo.HiU 

Swannerd  to  ye  Comonwealth." 

It  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  mention  that  a  modernized 
copy  of 'the  orders  relating  to  the  Swans  on  the  river 
Witham  was  printed  by  the  late  Mr.  Pishey  Thompson  in 
ids  History  of  Boston,  1856,  p.  676.  That  industrious 
compiler  does  not,  as  far  as  I  can  see,  inform  his  readers 
where  the  original  which  he  rendered  into  modem  Enghsh 
was  to  be  found. 

My  friend  the  Eev.  A.  E.  Maddison,  who  is  working 
among  the  wills  at  Lincoln,  tells  me  that  in  the  will  of  John 
Copledike  of  Harrington,  co.  lincoln,  dated  23  June  1582^ 
we  have  a  bequest  of  all  his  household  goods  "  seelings 
and  glass  plate  armour  swan  marks  and  swans "  to  liis 
brother  Francis  Copledike. 

It  is  very  interesting  to  find  a  swan  mark  left  by  will. 

He  also  leaves  his  cousin  Edward  Billesby  his  hawk 
called  "Clouds." 


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ON  THE  MINING  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  ANCIENT 
KOAfANS,  WITH  SPECIAL  BEMKENCE  TO  BLAST 
FUBNACES.' 

By  tba  REV.  JOSEPH  BIBST. 

As  the  Bomans  gradually  extended  their  conquest  over 
the  world,  they  became  more  and  more  aware  of  the 
inmiense  increase  to  their  wealth  that  might  be  derived 
from  skilfully  conducted  mining  operations.  Indeed  the 
desire  to  obtain  possession  of  such  countries  as  yielded 
most  abundantly  the  various  metals  that  were  required  for 
objects  of  use  or  luxury  seems  to  have  led  them  to  push 
their  conquests  in  certain  specified  directions  rather  than  in 
others.' 

Spain,  a  country  of  gold  and  silver  mines,  has  been 
called  the  Indies  of  the  Old  World.  As,  ttien,  Tyre  and 
Carthage  had  sent  Phcemcian  colonists  to  establish  their 
factories  all  along  the  coast  of  Airica  as  far  as  the  Atlantic, 
who,  having  crossed  over  into  Europe,  settled  along  the 
far-stretching  shores  of  Spain,  and  according  to  an  ancient 
tradition,  pushed  their  trading  outposts  as  far  as  the 
British  Isles  ;  so  the  Eomans  poured  into  Spain  and  reaped 
there  the  benefit  of  their  discoveries,  and  of  the  labours 
of  those  who  had  been  before  them  in  the  field.' 
Tunnelings  of  a  Fhcenician  origin  may  still  be  seen  in 
that  country,  and  there  the  Eomans  found  mines  of  gold, 
silver,  lead,  copper,  tin,  mercury,  iron,  sulphur,  and  salt. 

'  Read  at  tlie  Hnting  of  Uie  ItutiUite  >tl*«r,  oopper,  uid  trtlMr  matalli ;  fsn  tbi 

at  NtnToHtle,  Au^iut  S,  18S4.  riTers  do  y«dd  gold  in  the  land  on  their 

*  TacitoB,  in  hit  (TcnaaKia,  note*  the  ihore  aides."    (London  1828,  p.  6.J 

aloence  ot    meteli    unongrt   the    nide  *  Camden  thoa^t  tha  Ibori,  lo-oalled, 

inhaUtuita  ot  the  nnrth,    but    in    the  aocording  to  the  Hebrvw  derivation,  be- 

Jlaltiuthn  of  Dttayed  WMUgmee  by  the  cause  thej  were  vunera.     (Brit,   xzxri.) 

tadie  and  bmd  of  A.    FcrAyoM,  that  In  earlier  Umas  Semiramia  had  employed 

ingetiioiu  aathor  waa  able  to  say  of  bia  priaonen  uf  irar  to  ynxA.  in  nibtecraneali 

bdoved  Oermame,   "  The  mTnca  whereof  minsa. 
Tadtui  aeemed  doubtfull,  do  deliver  gold, 


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UHDia  0FEBATI0N8  OP  THB  ANCUEMT  ROUANa         21 

Daring  the  Bepublic,  the  State  did  not  occupy  itself 
mach  with  the  management  of  mines,  upon  which  it 
looked  with  some  disfavour,  but  left  them  diiefly  to  the 
care  of  private  enterprise.  Very  Httle  is  known  about  the 
principles  which,  at  that  time,  guided  the  policy  of  the 
Bomans  in  this  regard.  To  one  who  reads  the  thirty-third 
book  of  the  Natural  History  of  Pliny,  it  might  appear  that 
indifference  to  wealth  and  compassion  for  their  feUow 
creatures  were  at  the  bottom  of  this  disfavour,  shown  by 
the  Bomuis  in  their  early  history  for  the  work  of  mines. 
Various  proofs  in  support  of  this  theory  are  collected  by 
Barba  in  his  MkaUurgie  {Tome  I,  p.  430).  Certain  it  is 
that  after  the  conquests  of  foreign  lands,  it  was  altogether 
forbidden  to  work  mines  in  Italy,  the  mother  country.  Yet 
it  is  remarkable  that  Pliny  should  consider  Italy  the 
richest  country  in  the  world  for  mineral  wealth. 
Metallorum  omnium  fertUitate  nuUis  cedU  terris.  Sed  inter- 
dictum  id  vetere  concilia  patmm,  Italiae  parci  juberUium. 
(H.N.  I.  iii.,  c.  24.)  Itahae  parci  vetere  inierdicto  patrum, 
diximus  cUioquinidlafecundior  m£taUorum  guoque  erat  teUua. 
Extat  lex  censoria  Ichmidorum  aurifodinae,  VerceUenai  agro, 
qua  cavebatur,  ne  plusquinque  miUHms  kominum  in  opere 
ptJ}Ucani  haberent.     (lo.  I.  zxxiii,  c.  21.) 

However  much  frugality,  sobriety,  simplicity  of  manners 
and  disregard  for  luxury  may  have  been  virtues  practised 
by  the  Bomans  in  the  early  days  of  the  Bepublic,  they  but 
too  often  yielded  in  later  times  to  sentiments  of  a  different 
order.  It  has  been  surmised  that  the  restriction  limiting 
the  number  of  men  to  be  employed  in  the  mines  of 
VercellsB  to  five  thousand,  so  Uiat  no  more  should  be 
employed  in  the  works  at  one  time  by  the  public  con- 
tractors, was  to  prevent  the  latter  from  exhausting  these 
mines  under  the  terms,  and  by  the  force  of  one  agreement. 
Similar  restrictions  may  have  been  suggested  for  similar 
reasons.  Thus  it  was  forbidden  by  a  decree  of  the 
Theodonan  code  {Jib.  z,  Ht.  19,  leg.  6,  iSt  qua  navta)  to 
export  silver  from  the  rich  mines  of  Sardinia  on  to  the 
mainland. 

In  course  of  time,  however,  the  greed  of  gold,  so  much 
inveighed  against  t^  the  Boman  moralists,  became 
universal  throughout  the  empire.  Mines  and  public  works 
of  aU  sorts  were  seized  upon,  monopolized  and  administered 

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22        MIOTNa  OtERATtONS  OF  l-HK  ANciKNt  BOUANB. 

by  the  State  througii  the  agency  of  public  farmers,  called 
technically  Pvblicani.  In  the  days  of  the  Eepublic,  how- 
ever, only  the  more  important  mineral  products,  whether 
in  Italy  or  in  the  provinces,  were  claimed  as  belonging  to 
the  State.  Amongst  the  works,  at  that  time  in  the  hands 
of  the  Government,  were,  says  Marquardt,'  the  gold  mines 
near  Vercellffi,  in  northern  Italy,  employing,  as  already 
stated,  five  thousand  hands  ;  the  silver  mines  near  Nova 
Cartliago  in  Spain,  where  ten  thousand  men  were  employed, 
and  where  the  daily  output  was  reckoned  at  a  value  of 
twenty-five  thousand  denarii,  the  gold  and  silver  mines  in 
Macedonia,  and  the  tin  and  lead  mines  near  Sisapon,  in 
Baetica,  the  modem  Almaden  in  Andalusia.  The  same 
fate  fell  to  the  lot  of  a  great  many  other  mines,  which, 
when  let  out  by  the  revenue  officers,*  to  those  who  thus 
came  to  farm  them,  were  deemed  capable  of  yielding  a 
goodly  income. 

The  greater  portion,  however,  of  the  mines  throughout  the 
Boman  dominion  were  still  left  in  the  hands  of  private 
speculators.  In  fact,  the  heavy  rent  paid  by  private 
works  was  more  profitable  to  the  State  than  the  lesser  and 
more  precarious  sums  paid  by  the  Pvblicani  or  public 
farmers.  Pacata  provmcia  vectigalia  magna  instituit  ex 
ferrariis  argerUariisque  ;  quibua  turn  instituti^,  hcuphiior  in 
dies  provincia/uit,  says  Livy,  speaking  of  Spun  at  the  time 
of  Cato,  B.C.  195  {/.  xacziv,  c.  21). 

Livy  makes  the  express  statement  concerning  the  iron 
and  copper  mines  in  Macedonia,  that  they  were  to  be  left 
in  the  hands  of  the  provincials  ;  while  of  the  gold  and 
silver  mines,  he  says,  that  on  the  formation  of  that  country 
into  a  Roman  province,  they  were  altogether  closed, 
though  it  is  related  that  some  ten  years  afterwards  they 
were  re-opened  and  let  out  in  the  ordinary  way  through 
the  Censorea  to  several  PuHicani.* 

'  Bdmioche  Staatsverwaltmig,  ii(*t  MttaBi  quojitt  Maeedoniei,  quod  i»gmM 
B»nd,8.!M6. 


*  These  wen  the  Ctntara  who  aat  in  f 

Roma  and  put  up  the  minee  to  auction  /luilioano  ecentri  font  ;  tt  ubi  pi 

and  gave  them  t»the  highest  bidder,  who  e«(,itt  autjupuMitiim  nnunn  oiu  uoer- 

thus   became   a    PvbliaMa*   or  publfo  loCem  tvaii  nWlam  ok  /  Ht  ipiot  juidoK 

former.      Dion  Coeriui   reckoui  oD   the  Maetdoaai   iden,   exertxrt   jtout,      (Liry 

goodlj  income  to  be  deriTed  from  mine-  HisL  lib.  iIt.,  e.  18.)      AemOiua  ProUd* 

reote  :  lea  in  t*  iirraXXtUa    ,.,,,.  in  hi>  onktioD,  mj»  :  MdaUa  qaeque  auri 

Unnai  rpnltKU  (Lii.,  G2,  28),  atqiu  etrgeiUi  not)   actreeri  \fernet  mtu 

'  Id  the  ;ew  158  before  Christ,  in  the  perwMi.      (■6.«.2S]. 
deone  of  the  Boman  Seute,  we  read  : 


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HIHZNO  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  ANCIEHT  BOHAKS.         23 

Plutarch  tells  ns  that  there  were  in  his  time  throughout 
Spain  and  elsewhere,  gold  and  silver  mines  still  left  in  the 
hands  of  private  individuals,  which  had  made  Uiose  who 
posseaaed  them  as  rich  as  Crassus  had  become  by  his 
famous  silver  mines 

However,  the  mines  of  all  kinds  which,  in  the  time  of 
the  Eepublic,  were  left  in  the  hands  of  private  enterprise, 
were  by  the  more  powerful  Emperors  seized,  in  part  to 
swell  the  public  revenue,  and  in  part  to  replenish  the 
imperial  purse  {ratio  patrimonii).^  Hence  Suetonius  says 
in  his  life  of  Tiberius  :  Plurimia  etiam  civitat&ms  et 
privatia  veterea  immunitaiea  etjus  metaUorum  ac  vectigaiium 
adempta  (ch.  xUx.)  ;  and  Tacitus  in  the  sixth  book  of  his 
Annals,  ch.  xix.,  speaks  of  the  gold  mines  of  3.  Marius,  the 
richest  man  in  Spain,  as  thus  appropriated  by  the 
Emperor  ;  aurarias  ^us,  quamquam  publicarentur,  aibimet 
Tiberius  aepoauit.  Thus  as  time  went  on,  almost  all  the 
rich  and  large  mines  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  head  of  the 
Roman  State.'  Amongst  the  Imperial  possessions  must, 
therefore,  be  numbered  the  gold  mines  in  Dalmatia,  the 
silver  mines  in  Pannonia  and  in  Dalmatia,  the  gold  mines 
in  Daeia,  as  well  as  the  tin  and  lead,  not  to  speak  of  the 
gold  and  silver  mines  in  Britain.'  To  these  may  be  added 
the  iron  mines  in  Noricum,  in  Pannonia,  and  in  Gallia 
Lugdunensis,  and  the  famous  copper  mines  in  Cyprus  and 
those  of  Baetica  in  Spain. 

>  In  the  yatitia  for  the  Eut«m  Empire  '  Pert  Britnnnia  aurum  tt  arffentunt  et 

(eh.  xiL)  we  rod  ot  ■  Cmaa  Udoiioruin  alia   meiaUa,  pretium    victonae  (Tncitua 

ptr  JUyrieum.  From  the  Thaodosiaii  Code  Agnoola,  ch,  xii).     Many  of  the  Knmui 

(x,  19,  S],  it  would  appMr  that  the  C(/me»  mines  ia  Britain  were  r)pen  quarrr-like 

Jf  doAoniBi   wia  the  oScibI  who,  on  the  workings,  Buch  oe  the  great  open  trenches 

pdrt  of  the    Prince,  exacted  the  proper  to  be  men,  one  after  another,  furrowing 

pmportioQ  of  gold  found  in  the  mini^  the  sidusiiC  the  Shropahire  hills.     Pliny 

The  decree  ii  of  VUentinian  and  Valens,  tflte  un  there  woe  a  law  in  his  time  pro* 

and   is  dated   a.d.   385.      Accordiog  to  h[biting  more  Ibaii  a  limited  production 

MomnueD    and   Hiibner,  the  Pmcnrnlor  uf  1e.vl  in  BriUiin,  bo  easily  and  bo  nbun- 

MrlaSorun,  m  the  representaUTe  of  hiu  dsntly    wbb    it    found    in    that  island. 

Impenal  master,  waa  tJie  supremp  mngia-  Niiiro    plumbo   ad    fittidat    laminatqae 

tM«  of  the  nciu  or  popui,  in  which  woB  ulimid-,    labariotxut    in    I/ttpaTtia    entio, 

the  mine  over  which  he  preuded.       Thne  totatque    per   OalliOM  ;  Kil    in    Sritannia 

in  the  Berlin  Ctirpus  (v.  ii,  n.  1179,  956),  niramo  terrat  cnrio  adtn  large,  ut  lac  tdlro 

we  read  in  injcriptioiu  of  a  Proouratur  diailar,  lu  pliu  cerlD  modo  fiat   [N.H. 

<rf  the  copper  mineaofSierm  Moreno,  and  xiiiv.    40].      Cicflar,   who   had    time   to 

another  at  the  gold  niinea  near  the  pre-  make  but  a  very  imperfect  obaervatiun  of 

aent.  Hio  Tinto,  whioh  were  worked  by  Uis    products   of   the    country,  says    of 

him   for   the    eicluaive     profit    of    the  Uritain,  NatrHvr  ibi  p/ua^iuTn  oUum  in 

Emperor.  mediterraneit     TtyumAia,     in   roBritimit 

■liiua  in  the  Digest  (48,  19,  38)  we  femtm,  ted  ejiu  exigua  etl  eopia   (B.O. 

ra^  of  itOallutn  priiuipu  and  (4S,  IS,  v.,  12). 


tyidMttaaaOdeiitriana. 


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24        MUTING  OPKR^TiaNB  OF  THE  ANOIXNT  BOHANB. 

There  ia  a  cariouB  account  given  ua  by  Diodorus  Siculus  ' 
of  the  way  in  which  mining  operations  were  conducted 
nearly  two  thousand  years  ago.  I  will  quote  from  a 
translation  made  by  Booth  in  1700.  "The  manner  of 
working  in  these  mines,  and  ordering  the  metal  among  the 
Iberians  is  thus  :  There  being  extraordinary  rich  mines  in 
this  country  of  gold,  as  well  as  of  silver  and  brass,  the 
labourers  in  the  brass  take  a  fourth  part  of  the  pure  brass 
dug  up  to  their  own  use,  and  the  common  labourers  in 
silver  have  an  Euboick  talent  for  their  labour  in  three 
days'  time  ;  for  the  whole  soil  is  fiiU  of  shining  and  solid 
ore,  so  that  both  the  nature  of  the  ground  and  the  industry 
of  the  workmen  is  admirable.  But  after  that  Iberia  came 
into  the  hands  of  the  EomMis,  they  brought  a  great  number 
of  slaves  and  delivered  them  to  the  task-masters  and  over- 
seers of  the  mines.  These  slaves  opened  the  mouths  of 
the  mines  in  many  places,  where,  digging  deep  into  the 
ground,  are  found  many  clods  of  earth,  full  of  gold  and 
silver  ;  and  in  sinking  both  in  length  and  depth,  t^^ 
carry  on  their  works  in  undermimng  the  earth  many- 
furlongs'  distance,  the  workmen  every  way  here  and  there 
making  galleries  underground  and  bringing  up  all  the 
massy  pieces  of  ore  (whence  the  profits  and  giuns  to  be 
had)  ;  even  out  of  the  deepest  bowels  of  the  earth." 

"  There  is  a  great  difference  between  these  mines  and 
those  of  Attica  ;  for  besides  the  labour,  they  that  search 
there  are  at  great  cost  and  charge,  and  besides  are  often 
irustrated  of  their  hopes  ;  and  sometimes  lose  what  th^ 
had  found,  so  that  tiiey  seem  to  be  unfortunate  to  a  proverb. 
But  those  in  Iberia,  that  deal  in  mines,  according  to  their 
expectations,  are  greatly  enriched  by  their  labours  ;  for 
they  succeed  at  their  very  first  sinking,  and  afterwards  by 
reason  of  the  extraordinary  richness  of  the  soil,  they  find 
more  and  more  resplendent  veins  of  ore,  full  of  gold  and 
silver  ;  for  the  whole  soil  round  about  is  interlaced  on 
every  hand  with  the  metals  ;  sometimes  at  a  great  depth 
they  meet  with  rivers  underground,  but  by  art  give  a 
check  to  the  violence  of  their  current ;  for  by  cutting  of 
trenches  underground,  and  being  sure  to  gain  what  they 
aim  at,  when  they  have  begun,  they  never  leave  till  they 
have  finished  it ;  and  to  admiration  they  pump  oat  their 

>Bk.iiL,fl&-l<- 

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HIHIHO  OPEBATIONS  Oi^  TBB  ANCIENT  BOUAN8.         25 

floods  of  water  with  those  instruments  called  Aegyptian 
pumps,  invented  by  Arcliiraedes  the  Syracusan,  when  he 
was  in  5^ypt.  By  these,  with  constant  pumping  by  tuma, 
they  throw  up  the  water  to  the  mouth  of  the  pit,  and  by 
this  means  drtun  the  mine  dry,  and  make  the  place  fit  for 
their  work.  For  this  engine  is  so  ingeniou^y  contrived 
that  a  vast  quantity  of  water  is  strangely,  with  little 
labour  cast  up,  and  the  whole  is  thrown  up  from  the  very 
bottom  to  the  surface  of  the  earth  "  (p.  191-2). 

It  is  a  strange  coincidence  that  there  may  be  now  seen 
standing  in  one  of  those  ancient  mines  described  by 
Diodonis  Siculus,  a  Eoman  water-wheel,  with  little  tags  of 
rope  still  hanging  to  its  outer  ridge,  showing  where  the 
slaves  stood  day  and  night  keeping  that  wheel  in  motion 
by  the  labour  of  their  brawny  arms.  In  the  ArchcBologia 
AdiaTta*  will  be  found  an  illustration  given  by  Mr. 
Stevenson,  of  the  Boman  water-wheel  he  found  in 
the  ancient  mines  of  Tharsis,  situated  about  thirty 
miles  from  the  town  of  Huelva,  in  Spain.  The  sight  of  this 
wheel,  dating  from  the  age  of  Nero,  carries  us  back  to 
that  harrowing  picture  of  the  suflTerings  of  those  thousands 
of  slaves,  who,  under  the  kings  of  ^ypt,  were  forced  by 
cruel  taskmasters  to  work  unceasingly  in  the  Egyptian 
gold  mines  until  they  dropped  down'  dead  through  sheer 
exhaustion.*  The  workmen's  tools  still  found  in  ancient 
Eoman  mines — the  miner's  pick,  the  pick-axe,  the  hammer 
and  wedges — carryback  the  mind  to  primitive,  but  laborious 
toU,  when  the  long  galleries,  many  stadia  in  length,  re- 
sounded to  the  monotonous  tramp  of  men,  women,  and 
children  carrying  the  heavy  ore  upon  their  heads  or 
shoulders  to  the  furnace. 

In  two  places  of  his  Gallic  War,  Csesar  mentions  the 
trouble  given  his  soldiers  by  the  fact  that  his  barbarian 
antagonists  had  recourse  to  mining  operations  in  order  to 
defeat  his  advances.  The  expertness  of  the  Aquitanians  in 
the  art  of  mining  he  attributes  to  their  famUiarity  with 

'ToL  vii,  p.  2S0.  Ad  offidal  nuned  therwn  ii  /Va^Miftu 

'  We  m  here  remiDded  of  the  Siou-  JfetaUonm,  probablj  mn  orenecr  ar  U^- 
muh  of  Cluutjaiia  who,  in  the  agea  at      mM(er.      In  the  Bonui  DigMt,  under 


, JustiDiao,  we  read  :  ,  .__ _. ..  ,..  .. 

tlw  Bnmu)  minea.     la  RiiiiaiVK  AcU  of  mefoUi  tmrrrilia  (xlviii,  19,  2S).     See  De 

titManfmaid  in  Euaebiiu'i  Eedaiat-  Rotu,  BvUelitm  di  Arck.  (ritt.  for  1308, 

(Htf  HigUrry  ws  rewl  of  nun;  IbcIa  that  p.  17,  &c 
'Mil  ttie  deMnptiun  of  Diodonu  Sicnltu. 


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26         HnriNO  OPERATIONS  OF  THX  AITCIENT  SOUANB. 

their  native  copper  mines,  while  the  Gatils,  he  said,  were 
rendered  excellent  miners  by  their  large  iron  works.' 

The  British  chieftain  Qalgacus,  haranguing  his  country- 
men before  the  battle  of  the  Grampians,  puts  well  before 
them  the  hard  service  they  would  have  to  undergo  in  their 
native  mines,  if  victory  did  not  favour  their  cause  :  Hn 
tributa  et  metaUa  et  ceterae  aervimtiiim  pcenae;  quaa  in 
aetemum  perferre,  aut  statim  uleiaci,  in  hoc  campo  est 
(Tac.  Agric.  c.  xxxii).  He  had  said  before  what  they  had 
lost :  neque  enim  arva  nobis,  aut  metaUa,  aut  partus  sunt, 
qaibus  exercendia  reaervemur  (ib.  zzxi). 

In  the  ancient  copper  mines  of  Asturias  have  beenfound 
bronze  axes  (dolabra),  stone  and  iron  hammers  (mallei), 
'  gads '  or  wedges  (cunei),  pincers  {fordpes),  laJnps  in 
baked  earth,  and  bronze  hearths  or  braziers. 

Owing  to  the  great  quantity  of  fuel  required  for  smelting 
purposes,  the  Roman  mining  operations  could  be  conducted 
only  in  the  neighbourhood  of  great  forests,  whence  they 
could  be  abundantly  supplied.  The  vast  heaps  of  scoriae 
still  to  be  found  in  the  forests  of  Dean  and  Sussex,  in 
which  Koman  coins  of  the  period  are  found,  are  evidence 
of  this  fact.  Owing  to  the  imperfect  smelting  of  those 
times,  great  quantities  of  ore  had  to  be "  used.  Hence  to 
save  transport,  the  furnaces  were  placed  as  near  the  mouth 
.of  the  mine  as  possible.  So  rich  in  ore  are  the  remains 
around  the  ancient  miaes,  that  it  has  often  invited  the 
enterprise  of  modem  speculators  to  put  them  through  the 
process  of  re-smelting  by  the  more  searching  methods  of 
the  present  day.* 

In  many  instances  it  would  seem  that  furnaces  were 

>  lOi  aliat  antptiene  tfUOata,  aliai  mtutum,  tnmemque  fttiuKt  (H.N.  ixilii, 
aaiiculil   ad    aggerm    vmtatqut   ootia,      31). 

aijui  ni  mnf  longt  ftriUttmi  Aqwlaai,  '  Where  fuel  wm  Marce,  Pliny  relatea 

prepUrta  qvcd  nu&t  loru  sjiiuf  tot  how  the  oopper^worken  of  hii  dav  luad 
aernruv  Mruetarat  tttnt  (lib.  iii.,  e.  21).  to  add  sight  parti  of  lead  tun  hundred  of 
Speaking  of  the  arte  lued  by  the  0«ali  in  ooppar  are,  and  how  the  Oauta  used  ta 
the  defuioe  of  Booigca,  he  mm,  Aggatm  malt  the  mineral  ore  between  red-bot 
eanie^i*  tyiblroUbaiit,  ta  Mwnttiu  qitod      atonea.     It  ii  auppoaed,  from  diaoovenia 

4  ftrrariae,  atqiu      made,   that  the  ancient  Britoiu  had  ■ 

if  boiling  water,  by  throwing  into 

1  made  red-hot  in  fl™»  kindled 

ooti^  their  huta.  Oetanai  pf«mU  librw$ 
hotil  tlisaTednandBomaiia.  Plio;Bii;a  addunt,  tt  brae  rteoquMRt  propter  inopam 
of  the  Aqnitaniana  :  That  thnae  who  are  ligni.  Qnantum  ea  rtt  diferrnliae  afftra^ 
employed  in  the  work  of  pumping  up  im  QaRia  noximc  arntilur,  vH  iiUer 
water  ont  of  theminga,  are  on  their  feet  lajndet  eande/aelat  fimditar  (H.N.  Hit*., 
daj  aod  night.     AjuUatti  «      ' 


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mmNo  GfsAktioSB  OF  ths  ascikMt  bouass.     27 

placed  on  lofty  bills,  in  order  that  the  wind  might  fan  the 
flame,  a  contrivance  practised  by  the  Peruvians  when  first 
visited  by  tiie  Spaniards.  Id  his  Roman  WcM^  Br. 
Collingwood  Bruce  gives  a  very  interesting  description 
of  a  draught  sought  mim  nature  for  some  fuanaces  near 
Lancheater  :  "  Two  tunnels  were  formed  in  the  side  of  the 
hill ;  they  were  wide  at  one  extremity,  but  tapered  off  to 
a  narrow  bore  at  the  other,  where  they  met  in  a  point. 
The  mouths  of  the  channels  opened  towards  the  west,  from 
which  quarter  a  prevalent  wind  blows  in  this  valley,  and 
sometimes  with  great  violence.  The  blast  received  by 
th^n  would,  when  the  wind  waa  high,  be  poured  with  con- 
siderable force  and  effect  upon  the  smelting  famaces  at  the 
extremity  of  the  tunnels." 

That  the  art  of  smelting  was  still  very  imperfect  at  the 
time  of  Strabo,  or  at  the  close  of  the  first  century  before 
Christ,  may  be  judged  irom  the  fact  that  no  profit  was  to 
be  gained  by  extracting  silver  ore  from  lead,  in  which  it 
was  present  in  small  proportions.  It  is  in  speaking  of  the 
Spanish  mines  that  this  author  makes  the  observation* 
that  in  furnaces  for  smelting  silver  the  chimney  is  generally 
higher  than  that  for  gold,  in  order,  he  says,  that  the 
deleterious  vapours  may  be  carried  away  without  hurting 
the  workmen. 

hi  his  learned  disquisition  on  the  silver  mines  of  Laurium, 
which  played  so  important  a  part  in  the  fortunes  of  Athens, 
Boeckh  says  :  "  that  the  Athenians  made  use  of  the 
bellows  and  of  charcoal  is  not  improbable."*  Now  it 
has  been  observed  that  when  at  a  later  period  furnaces 
were  set  in  valleys,  (they  were  generally  placed  near 
Bome  stream  to  carry  off  the  product),  and  bellows  were  then 
used,  by  means  of  which  a  higher  and  more  equable 
temperature  was  brought  to  bear  upon  the  fire,  the  scoriae 
of  diis  epoch  are  poor  and  more  like  those  of  modem 
times.* 

On  the  walls  of  the  Catacombs  of  Thebes  very  valuable 

'P.  tii%  ad.  1661.  cn««r«d  OMT  BooMii  fOMltiiiK  foniBoei  in 

•  ^  at,  oh.  iL,  ■«&  8  t'njfM.  tha  forarti  of  Don  and  of  Biumi,  that 
'  PdUu  EoonoiDf  <A  Atheni,  voL  tL,      when  more  '  ■Ir-bloomerin '  gsTS  place  to 

^  431.  ■  blBEt-blocmarif*,'   tha  bdlowa  in  then 

*  Iffft,  TVoMKt  paUie*  da  Ramaint,  Utter  were  moTed  b;  mtar-power,  either 
p.  725.  It  hia  been  Buppoied  from  tbe  tiatund  aa  of  (treama,  or  artifleial  aa  of 
piMnn    tjt  carton  uicimt  tenka,  dia* 


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28         UINIHO  OPBBATEONS  OF  THB  ANCIENT  BOUANB. 

drawings  have  been  discovered,  representing  ihs  andent 
Egyptian  mode  of  metal  working.  We  see  there  frequently 
reproduced  under  the  same  type  furnaces  of  very  high 
temperature  for  melting  glass,  and  for  baking  objects  of 
the  ceramic  art.  As  figured  m  a  modern  French  work, 
we  see  a  cylinder  or  stoverUke  erection  about  the  height 
of  a  man  raised  over  a  hearth,  ou  which  the  fire  is  fanned 
through  apertures  in  the  tube  or  atove,  the  flame  darting 
up  the  chunney  and  appearing  at  the  top.'  The  splendid 
pass^e  of  Homer,  where  Hephaestoa,  the  Grecian  Vulcan, 
gathers  together  the  materials  for  Achilles'  shield,  re- 
presents hun  placing  them  in  a  furnace,  upon  which 
straightway  the  bellows  begin  to  blow  from  twenty 
mouths.' 

In  the  excavations  made  by  Hon.  W.  0.  Stanley  in 
Anglesey,  an  object  was  discovered  which  was,  on  exami- 
nation, pronounced  by  Professor  Ramsay  to  be  the  vitrified 
nozzle  of  a  bellows  used  for  smelting  purposes  by  the 
ancient  Britains  on  that  very  spot  where  remains  of 
smelting-hearths  and  mining  instruments  are  still  dis- 
covered." 

Perhaps  a  description  of  the  method  of  smelting  in  use 
throughout  the  whole  of  India  in  very  early  times,  may 
throw  some  light  on  the  contrivances  used  by  our  fore- 
fathers on  many  a  site  where  they  can  be  proved  to  have 
worked  the  metals  to  be  found  in  our  rich  and  fertile 
island.  "  The  furnace  or  bloomery  in  which  the  ore  is 
smelted  is  from  four  to  five  feet  high  ;  it  is  somewhat 
pear-shaped,  being  about  five  feet  wide  at  bottom  and  one 
foot  at  top.  It  IS  budt  entirely  of  clay.  There  is  an 
opening  in  front  about  a  foot  or  more  in  height,  which  is 
built  up  with  clay  at  the  commencement  and  broken  down 
at  the  end  of  each  smelting  operation.  The  bellows  are 
usually  made  of  a  goat's  skin.  The  bamboo  nozzles  of  the 
bellows  are  inserted  into  tubes  of  clay,  which  pass  into  the 

'  n.     Plate  riii,  flg.  26  AUi  ventctit  fiHSniM  aitroM 

*  How  eommon  the  uk  of  tbe  bellows  AdcipiuM  TtHanijaE. 

WM  in   the  time  of  Ausfuitui,  appeara  Hornce,  Sat.  i,  1,  v.  19-20, 

from  the  following  qaotabona  : —  At  la  condiuai  kimnit  faUilmt  a 

VirgU,  6eorg.  iv.,  170-2.  Utqut  t  '         ■        ■        • 

Ac  vehtti  Imlii  Cgtiopti  fidmiaa  ma»nt  — -     "* 

Uiiuni  propertnt,  idii  touriiiu  faUilnu 


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UnnNG  OPEBATIONB  OF  THE  ARGlEN!t  HOUANB.         ^d 

fornace.  Tlie  furnace  ia  filled  with  charcoal,  and  alighted 
coal  being  introduced  before  the  nozzle,  the  fire  in  the 
interior  ia  soon  kindled.  As  soon  as  this  is,  accompliahed, 
a  small  portion  of  the  ore,  previously  moiatened  with 
water  to  prevent  it  from  running  through  the  charcoal, 
but  without  any  fiux  whatever,  is  laid  on  the  top  of  the 
coala  and  covered  with  charcoal  to  fill  up  the  furnace.  In 
this  manner  ore  and  fuel  are  supplied,  and  the  bellowa  are 
urged  for  three  or  four  hours.  When  the  process  ia 
stopped,  and  the  temporary  wall  in  front  broken  down,  the 
bloom  ia  removed  with  a  pair  of  tongs  from  the  bottom  of 
the  fitmace."' 

In  hia  Crania  Britannica^  Dr.  Thumam,  speaking  of 
the  way  in  which  the  ancient  Britons  amelted  tin,  says  : 
"  The  ore,  separated  by  washing,  must  have  been  mixed 
with  fuel,  and  burnt  on  an  open  hearth  or  in  a  simple 
furnace,  constructed  of  a  few  stones  sunk  a  little  in  the 
ground, — a  primitive  bloomery, — differing  little  from  such 
as  until  a  late  period  were  the  only  furnaces  for  the  lead 
and  iron  furnaces  of  Derbyshire.  As  tin  melts  at  446",  no 
great  draught  of  air,  natural  or  by  some  primitive  form  of 
beUows,  would  be  required  to  reduce  it  to  the  metallic 
state  ;  in  which  form  the  merchants  purchased  it  and 
carried  it  into  Gaul." 

lUiman  smelting  furnaces  have  been  found  all  over  the 
empire,  in  Britain,  near  Almeria  in  Qranada,  which  was 
the  Fortua  Kagnus  of  the  Bomana  for  their  traffic  with 
Italy  and  the  Eaat,  in  Italy  and  in  Glreece.  Their  type  was 
very  Mmple  and  very  amall,  and  thoae  found  in  Attica, 
Spain,  England,  and  Tuacany,  whether  for  the  extraction 
of  lead,  copper,  iron,  or  tin,  differ  from  those  of  modem 
times  in  little  save  size.  De  la  Sauvagfere  gives  sketches 
of  a  series  of  brick  ovens  of  Roman  origin  found  in  some 
excavations  near  Marsal.  They  were  for  smelting  copper, 
and  present  perhaps  the  first  application  of  reverberatory 
ovens,  in  which  the  hearth  and  the  laboratory  are  still  un- 
separated.' 

How  far  coal  was  used  by  the  ancients  for  the  purpose 
erf  smelting  cannot  be  very  well  determined.  Dr.  Bruce 
says  :  "  lliere  is  no  doubt  that  the  Bomana  made  use  of 


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3d         UIMINO  OFEKATI0N&  ot  TKB  AllfClBNt  BoMAlirS. 

the  mineral  coal  where  beds  of  it  were  found  in  their 
vicinity."'  Coals  have  been  found  in  the  Boman  station  of 
Houseateads,  and  a  cart-load  of  unbnmt  coals  was  un- 
earthed amongst  the  Boman  remains  at  Bisingham,  while 
coal  ashes  were  found  at  Walton  House  station  and  at 
Carvoran.*  Indeed,  "  in  nearly  all  the  stations  of  the  line," 
says  Dr.  Bruce,  "  the  ashes  of  mineral  fuel  have  been 
found,  and  in  some  a  store  of  unconsumed  coal."  Some 
twenty  bronze  celts,  which  had  apparently  been  attached 
to  straight  wooden  handles,  have  been  found  in  a  Boman 
coal-mine  in  Andalusia,'  and  the  Bomans  undoubtedly 
came  across  coal  in  France,  when  cutting  for  their 
aqueducts  near  Bive-de-Gier  and  Fr^jus.  The  most 
extensive  Boman  coal-mine  in  Britain  mentioned  by  Dr. 
Bruce  was  near  Sewingshields,  at  Gtrindon  Lough.  That 
the  ancient  Ghreeks  were  acquainted  with  stone  coal  is 
evident  from  the  words  of  Theophrastus,  an  anthor  who 
lived  three  hundred  years  before  Christ  {de  LapidUma,  N. 

16)  :  oSc  Si  xaXovcnv  aSvt  avBpaKatrttv  opvrroniviin)  Sia  r^ 
yfitittv  tiff!  -ycuSuc,  tKKaiovrai  Si  xai  mrpovvrot  xaBamp  m 
avdpaKtf  .  .  ,  o'c  Koi  oi  vn^'ccic  "jytmnat,  "  The  Coal  com- 
monly so-called,  which  is  dug  out  of  the  eartl^  for  man's 
use,  is  of  an  earthy  (or  stoney)  nature  ;  it  is  kindled  and 
burnt  lite  coal  (charcoal).  Of  this  (stone)  coal,  workers 
in  iron  make  use."  Solinus  has  also  been  quoted  for  the 
use  of  stone-coal  amongst  the  Qreeks,  and  if  the  red-hot 
stones  which,  according  to  Hiny,  were  used  by  the  Gaula 
for  smelting  copper,  were  nothing  more  than  stone-coal, 
their  efficacy  would  perhaps  be  rendered  more  intelligible 
to  modem  men  of  science. 

In  May  1876  there  was  discovered  in  some  copper 
mines,  which  seem  to  date  from  pre-Boman  times,  at  the 
village  of  Aljustrel,  situated  in  Southern  Portugal,  between 
Ourique  and Messejaman,  along  Latin  inscription,  whidi 
seems  to  bring  all  at  once  the  everyday  work  of  a  Boman 
mine  before  our  eyes.*    The  text  is  engraved  on  both 

'  Thii  Inaaip&m,  iriddl  it  on  t, 
bnmce  tablet,  Agtit  to  Uiirtean  tDQU- 
metreg    thick,  aervatj-im    oentiiiietTeB 

, high,  ud   for^-thTM    IsMd,  hu   b««i 

(Celt,  Somatt,  and  Saxon,  p.  2V0).  BDgraTed    and     Olui&ated    by  Senhor 

•  tft.  pp.  163, 8815.  AuBurto    B "^        n— ■  -     >-      •- 

*  Hr.   Yatea    in    PTaeeedinfft    at    tU      TMt    de 
SomtrKtikin  ^nA.  Sac,  vd.  viii,  p.  27. 


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HIKINO  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  ANOIBNT  BOHANB.         31 

sides  of  a  bronze  tablet,  some  three  feet  long  by  two  in 
width.  The  two  inscriptions  are  not,  however,  different, 
but  one  and  the  same,  (excepting  some  slight  variations,) 
which  is  engraved  on  each  side  of  the  tablet.  Though, 
however,  the  bronze  has  suffered  some  mutilation,  by  which 
several  letters  are  wanting  in  every  line  of  the  right  hand 
side  of  the  obverse,  and  on  the  left  of  the  reverse,  and  it  is 
furthermore  broken  at  one  end,  still  owing  to  the  happy 
circumstance  that  the  lines  on  one  side  contain  more 
words  than  those  on  the  other,  so  that  there  are  several 
more  lines  on  the  reverse  than  there  are  on  the  opposite 
side;  the  lines  never  begin  on  one  side  with  the  same 
words  as  on  the  other.  Thus,  in  spite  of  mutilation,  this 
accidental  circumstance  has  preserved  a  pretty  full  copy 
of  the  whole  inscription,  though  not  of  the  whole  law. 

To  judge  from  the  style,  and  from  the  character  of  the 
letters,  this  inscription  must  belong  to  the  first  century, 
and  may  be  set  down  to  the  time  between  Vespasian  and 
Domitian.  On  the  left  of  the  front  of  the  tablet  under  the 
word  coNnDcroRi  may  be  seen  the  numeral  DI,  from  which 
we  may  conclude  that  the  law  styled  locationia  conductionia, 
or  the  regulations  to  be  observed  within  the  territory  be- 
longing to  the  mines  of  this  district,  was  engraved  on 
various  tablets,  of  which  this  is  the  third.  The  district  of 
a  mine  comprised  all  the  population  thereabouts,  for  what- 
ever purpose  there  settled.  The  territorium  Cartkagence 
in  Spain,  an  instance  in  point,  was  twelve  leagues  in 
circumference. 

The  metaUa  here  described  as  situated  in  the  viaua  or 
viUa  Vipaacensia,  under  the  conventus  jundicus  Pacensis, 
were  fiscal,  that  is  to  say,  belonging  to  the  state,  and 
yielded  silver,  copper,  slate,  sand  or  perhaps  clay.  All 
living  in  the  neighbourhood  were  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Procurator  metaUorum.  The  products  of  such  mines 
as  he  was  himself  unable  to  attend  to,  he  was  empowered 
to  let  out  to  others,  whether  individuals,  towns  or  com- 
panies. The  chief  stipulation  or  basis  of  concession  was, 
that  in  the  regulation  of  the  mines  the  authority  of  the 
Procurator  was  henceforth  to  be  replaced  (barring  some 

diKK>Tered  by  tha  CompMiy  dt  Miner-  taken  to  wotk  anew  ttieae  anoient  cop- 
otiMi    tnaibgaitte    which    bad   under-      perminai. 


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32         UIKnrO  OPKSATIONS  OP  THE  ANCIBNT  BOBCAHS. 

exceptions)  by  that  of  the  contractor  (cojidttdor).  The  in- 
scription which  has  thus  come  to  light  is  one  of  the  sub- 
ordinate regulations.  It  is  a  hcalw-condudio  veetigeUiwm, 
rerum  operarum  et  operis.  The  conductor  on  the  one  hand 
received  the  centeeima  auctionum,  the  capittUarium  on  the 
sale  of  cattle  and  slaves,  the  scriptura  of  those  who  worked 
the  aiciopia  (scaurarii),  and  of  the  potters  (testarii),  and  the 
fines  for  contraventions.  On  the  other  hand  he  had  the 
management  of  the  public  bath,  and  received  the  payment 
made  by  the  bathers;  but  it  was  enjoined  him  under 
severe  penalties  to  have  the  bath  always  in  readiness,  and 
to  provide  all  requisites  at  his  own  expense.  At  the  ex- 
piry of  his  office  {conductione  peracta)  he  was  bound  to 
leave  the  building  in  the  same  state  as  he  received  it,  save 
as  regaids  the  damage  caused  in  course  of  time  by  the 
effects  of  the  weather. 

In  the  instance  of  these  mines  the  farming  of  the  state 
revenues  was  made  over  to  a  company,  for  the  condtictor 
had  a  socius  and  an  actor,  sive  syndacus  per  quern,  quod 
cum  minutis  agifierique  oporteat,  agatur,  fiat.  As  we  leam 
from  Pliny,  other  mines  in  Spain,  as  the  tin  mines  of  Sisapo, 
the  metaUum  Santarense  and  the  Antonianum,  both  in  An- 
dalusia, were  in  his  day  all  worked  by  commercial  com- 
panies, which  rented  them  at  fixed  sums  levied  by  the 
revenue  officers.  These  conductores  or  private  contractors 
who  held  mines  under  an  Imperial  Procurator  must  not 
,be  confounded  with  the  Publicani  who  farmed  mines  un- 
der the  Censorea.  The  Publicani  (properly  so  called)  were 
only  collectors  of  revenue  ;  the  conductores  were  agents 
who  themselves  administered  and  worked  the  mines.  Thus 
the  contract  for  the  Yipascan  mine  comprised  the  letting 
of  the  bath,  of  the  mines,  of  trades,  of  purveying  the 
necessaries  of  life,  with  the  power  of  sub-letting,  as 
the  tablet  distinctly  says. 

It  may  ^ve  some  idea  of  the  variety  of  things  provided 
for  the  government  of  this  mining  district  by  this  re- 
gulation, emanating  from  the  Emperor,  to  whom  the 
supreme  dominion  of  the  mine  belonged,  iS  I  set  down  the 
divisions  of  the  law  which  have  remained  to  us.  They 
are  arranged  in  the  following  order : — 

1.  CentesimcB  argentaricB  stipulationis—one  per  cent, 
levied  on  all  sales. 

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hhiino  opkratioks  of  thb  ANcaasr  bouanb.      33 

2.  Sanpturaprteconii — the  one  or  two  per  cent,  or  poll 

tax  paid  to  the  public  crier  at  all  sales  by 
auction. 

3.  JBalineifrtiendi — on  the  use  of  the  public  baths. 

4.  Sutrini,  of  shoemakers — no  one   can  mend  shoes 

except  by  renting  the  trade  from  the  contractor. 

5.  Tonstrini,  of  barbers — no  one  can  shave  another, 

except  servants  their  masters,  except  by  renting 
the  office  from  the  contractor. 

6.  Tabemarum  ftdlaniarum — fullers'  booths — no  one 

can  clean  garments  except  by  paying  a  rent  to 
the  contractor. 

7.  ScripturcB    aeaurariorum     ei     testariorum — on    the 

sums  to  be  paid  by  those  who  wish  to  break, 
sort,  or  wash  silver  and  copper  ore  within  the 
district. 

8.  Ludi  magtstri,  or  schoolmasters — they   are  freed 

from  ^  taxes. 

9.  Uaurpationis  ptUeot'um  sive  pittadarum — those  who 

b^  means  of  a  notice  affixed  thereto  appropriated 
pits  of  mineral  had  to  pay  so  mucn  for  each 
man  employed  in  the  work. 
The  rubric  concerning  the  public  schoolmaster  has  given 
De  Vit'  a  clue  to  the  farther  settlement  of  the  date  of  tliis 
inscription.  It  is  here  provided  that  a  schoolmaster  for 
the  children  of  this  mining  population  shall  be  paid  a 
salary  from  the  public  treasury.  Now  we  know  from 
Suetonius,*  that  the  Emperor  Vespasian  was  the  fitst 
to  establish  a  public  stipend  for  the  Latin  and  Greek 
teachers  of  rhetoric,  while  before  that  time  there  were 
none  but  private  masters.  This  decree  was  issued,  it  is 
supposed,  A.D.  74.  But,  as  S.  Jerome  testifies  in  his 
chronicle,  Quintilian  was  the  first  to  receive  a  state  salary 
for  teaching,  a.d.  88.  This  rhetorician,  however,  had 
been  brought  to  Home  by  Galba,  a.d.  68.  As  in  the 
provinces,  therefore,  this  law  wiU  have  been  carried  out 
some  time  after  it  was  put  in  force  in  the  capital  of  the 
Empire,  the  regulations  under  consideration  may  with  great 

t,  Tol.  Tt,  p.  4ia.  non  ri  ortifet,  Coat  Vewrit,  Hem  Cobnti 

mme  fiml :  printuM  rt/eebiren,    inMifpU    Gon^iario   mitgiifiipie 

t  rttOoribiu  annua  merade  donavit  (Suat    Vita    Vapatiani, 

•  praatMtttt  poetat,  nte  «.  13). 


TOI..  XUL 


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34      unmra  ofebatioks  of  the  aitoient  boitahs. 

probability  be  attributed  to  Domitian,  about  the  end  of  the 
first  century. 

Not  the  least  interesting  fact  connected  with  the  ac- 
cidental discovery  in  modem  times  of  this  record  of  by- 
gone days,  is  the  bringing  to  our  knowledge  of  some  Latin 
terms  hitherto  unknown  to  us,  which  have  now,  therefore,  to 
be  inserted  in  our  dictionaries.  Such  words  are  lauske, 
pittaciarium,  recisamen,  rutramen,  scaurariua,  iestariua, 
ubertumbu8  and  ostilis.  All  these  words  have  been  more 
or  less  diffusely  discussed  and  interoreted,'  with  the  ex- 
ception of  ubertumbtis  and  ostilis.  The  former  of  these 
two  words  has  not  as  yet  been  properly  deciphered ;  the 
latter  has  been  the  occasion  of  much  conjecture,  and  as  it 
is  connected  with  the  matter  of  fuel  supplied  to  a  Boman 
furnace,  may  form  a  fitting  conclusion  to  the  present 
disquisition. 

The  word  ostUis  occurs  under  the  rubric  Balimi 
fruendi,  in  the  twenty-ninth  line  on  the  front  of  the  tablet, 
and  in  the  twentieth  line  of  the  back,  and  can  be  very 
cleariy  read  on  both  sides.  The  pass^e  in  which  it  occurs, 
is  as  follows : — 

CONDUCTOEI  Y-EJfDERE  LIONA*  NISI  EX  RECISAMINIBUS 
RAMORUM  QUAE  OSTTLI  IDONEA  NON  ERUNT  NE  LICETO. 

lii  these  two  lines  we  have  two  words  hitherto  unknown, 
recisamen  and  ostilis.  The  learned  editor  of  the  new  Italian 
edition  of  Forcellini's  Latin  Dictionary,  Professor  De  Vit, 
suggests  the  following  as  the  only  plausible  reading :  "The 
contractor  is  forbidden  to  sell  wood,  except  such  pieces  of 
the  branches  of  trees  which  shall  not  be  suitable  for  mak- 
ing spears  at  some  future  time." 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  contractor  is  bound 
to  have  at  aU  times  a  store  of  wood  for  the  heating  of  the 
pubhc  bath,  sufficient  to  last  for  a  given  number  of  days, 
probably  thirty.  If  he  sells  any  wood  fit  for  the  nulitarj'' 
purpose  mentioned  above,  or  any  wood  except  small  fuel, 
the  contractor  will  be  liable  to  a  heavy  fine,  viz.,  for  every 
.  cart-load  thus  taken  away,  100  sesterces. 

"We  must  observe  that  ostilis  is  here  considered  equiva- 

>  Sea  tbe  EfhrntrU  Xpigraphiea,  vol. 
*  The  wtcdi  in  italiis  am  defaced  in  the 


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MINING  OPEBATIONB  OF  THE  ANCIENT  ROMANS.         85 

lent  to  astitis  or  hastilis}  The  absence  of  the  aspirate 
creates  no  difficulty,  and  Yarro  himself  says  asta  is  so 
called  quod  astana  ferri  solef  As  for  the  o  instead  of  an 
a  there  are  many  instances  given  by  De  Vit,  as  where 
vocatio  stands  for  vaccUio,  vacua  for  vacua,  vocivae  for 
vacw<te,  vdeo  for  valeo,  etc.,  etc. 

That  special  provision  should  be  made  to  keep  the 
vast  and  scattered  Boman  army  well  provided  with 
wood  for  spears  and  javelins,  is  not  extraordinary. 
The  spears  used  by  the  different  divisions  of  the 
Imperial  forces  varied  greatly  in  form,  but  their 
number  must  have  been  very  considerable.  Tte  Caesarian 
javelin  or  pilum  was  nearly  seven  feet  in  length,  the  iron 
head  and  the  wooden  shaft  being  each  four  and  a  half  feet 
or  three  cubits  long,  the  former  extending  half-way  down 
the  shaft.  But  besides  the  javelin  carried  by  the  Homan 
haatati  and  principes,  we  find  in  vase-painting  that  there 
were  other  spears  from  only  two  to  three  feet  long,  made 
not  for  thrusting  with,  but  for  throwing.  In  these  latter 
the  iron  part  is  equal  to  one  third  of  the  entire  length. 

Polybius  says,  that  each  soldier  of  the  three  great 
divisions  of  a  Eoman  legion  carried  two  long  javelins, 
which  gave  the  name  pilani  to  the  division  of  the  Itoman 
army  by  which  they  were  used.  The  first  line  of  the  Ro- 
man legion,  called  the  ifhstati,  consisting  of  youths  in  the 
first  bloom  of  manhood,  had  for  their  offensive  weapons,  a 
sword  and  a  heavy  javelin;  but  one-third  of  their  number 
were  more  Ughtly  armed  with  a  spear  [kasta),  and  a  light 
javelin  (gaeaa). 

This  first  line  of  Haatati,  and  the  second  line  of  Prin- 
cipea  (men  in  the  foil  vigour  of  life),  amounting  together 
in  each  legion  to  thirty  maniples,  each  composed  of  sixty 
privates,  formed  what  were  called  the  AniepUani.*  Next 
came  the  Triarii,  or  veterans,  who,  in  their  triple  ranks, 
equal  altogether  at  one  time  to  each  of  the  two  former 


^Hubno'tluDlDi  attli*  rtandi  for  w^Hi,      ili,  1,  Nomen  Kutem  Aoi 
and  nuiy  ba  derii'ed  from  wrre,  to  bum      piit,  unde  et  tutatia,  at.  other  in 
"*-*-  mEpieniih.,  1.  c  p.  17fl,  and  Q.l.L.,      the  abaeoce  Af  the  A  in  Orelli,  n.  3*Bi, 


I  ui,p.ies— 180.)  HmPtachdatiTeathe  and  in  HenEen's  Su[^  H.  n.  7S747. 

word   TTOta    attilaln,   »  mediatral   Latin  *  Vide  Smith's  BM.  of  Jnli^itto,  and 

tenn,   wfacoce  ia  derived    the    modem  .Quhl  and  Koner'a  lAJt  of  At  Qrtda  and 

Tnmii  outd,  » tucil  or  initniDietit.  Rammu,  gi.  241-2. 


*t,hU,tii\l6,Ql.iaaan,\i  Orig. 


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36         MINiNG  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  ANCIENT  K0UAN8. 

clivisiona  of  the  Boman  legion,  were  armed  also  with  the 
javelin,  and  were  hence  called  simply  Pilani. 

Of  the  Peltaatai  in  Xenophon's  army  we  read  that  they 
carried  five  shorter  and  one  longer  javelin.  So  the  rest 
of  the  Boman  legion,  besides  bowti,  slings  and  swords, 
carried  each  seven  javelins'  or  apears  with  slender  points, 
like  arrows,  so  that  when  thrown  they  bent  and  could  not  be 
easily  returned  by  the  enemy. 

As  for  the  auxiUary  forces  of  the  Eoman  empire  they 
were,  it  is  supposed,  armed  in  the  same  way  as  the  regular 
troops.  That  the  Koman  cavalry  made  use  of  the  javelin, 
appears  from  the  book  written  by  Pliny  De  Jaadatione 
Equestri? 

The  necessity  for  such  enormous  numbers  of  javelins 
and  spears  would  naturally  call  for  forethought  on 
the  part  of  governors  scattered  throughout  the  Provinces, 
and  for  measures  tliat  would  provide  a  sufficient  supply 
for  regular  armaments  and  for  every  emergency.  Hence 
it  is  not  surprising  to  read  in  the  work  of  Vegetius  on 
Military  Affairs,  that  besides  quantities  of  bitumen,  sul- 
phur, liquid  pitch  and  incendiary  oils,  a  sufficient  quantity 
of  wood  must  be  laid  up  amongst  the  military  stores, 
which  the  Boman  soldiers,  no  doubt,  during  the  long  winter 
houra  of  forced  inactivity,  would  have  time  to  fashion  into 
shape  before  the  next  campaign  began.  "  The  magazines," 
he  says,  "must  be  stored  with  iron,  steel  and  coals,  to  make 
arms,  together  with  wood  proper  for  spears"* 

The  injunction  then  that  the  bath-keeper  in  a  Portu- 
guese mining  district,  during  the  reign  of  Domilian,  should, 
in  sorting  his  wood,  have  an  eye  to  such  pieces  of  timber 
as  were  of  the  proper  length,  strength  and  shape,  to  serve 
as  shafts  for  spears  in  the  never  ceasing  wars  of- that 
period,  seems  in  itself  far  from  improbable,  though 
chance  alone  has,  as  in  many  other  instances,  but  recently 
brought  this  particularity  of  a  distant  provincial's  wbrk-a 
-day  life  to  our  knowledge.  If  any  confirmation  were 
needed,  it  might  be  sought  for  in  the  Geography  of  Strabo, 
who  tells  us  that  in  the  region  inhabited  by  the  Salassi  in 


■KnniiuaayaufUimibtterAanirUiif  nut  ^Stdanat  dvamiu  iit  libra  tkjaeuU- 

i>f  Uii!  Hatlati proper  tioiu«?iKitrtani(<tta.(II.H.,ILriiLc.Sfi,$3} 

Uatlati  tpaiymU  hatUu,  Jit/areut  tmicr.  *  Bk.  iv.  ch.  8. 


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HnnNO  OPBBATIOKB  OF  TH£  ANCIBHt  &OHANB.         37 

northern  Italy,  there  were  some  gold  mines,  which  had 
from  ancient  times  been  worked  by  themselves  for  their 
own  profit.  They  too  had  fiiel  to  provide  for  the  smelt- 
ing furnaces,  and  had  spears  to  make  for  their  warfaring 
days  out  of  the  wood  thus  brought  to  their  doors.  When, 
then,  the  Boman  general  Valerius  Messala  came  to  pass 
the  winter  amongst  them,  it  is  recorded  that  he  bought 
from  these  hardy  and  turbulent  mountaineers  not  only 
wood  for  firing,  but  also  wood  to  serve  for  spears,  and  for 
the  gymnastic  exercises  of  bis  soldiers, 

McoffoXac  ^  vXfiaiov  awruiv  (SaAatnruv)  j^tifiaSfwov  rifiijv 
^wAfew  Kart^Xf  rwv  n  Kauaifum  km  rw  irrAcivuv  oxovrtr/iaruv 
Ktu  Twv  yw^wMrrucuv  [I.  iv.,  c.  vi,  §7).' 

The  gold  mines  in  the  hands  of  the  Salassi  were  seized 
by  the  Consul  Appius  Claudius  Pulcher  in  the  year  of 
liome,  615.  It  may  have  been  ob  this  occasion  that  the 
Senate  made  a  decree  gainst  these  mines,  as  is  mentioned 
by  Pliny. 

It  may  be  useful,  in  conclusion,  to  gather  into  a  few 
sentences  a  sunHnary  of  what  has  been  said  on  the  subject 
of  ancient  mines,  upon  which  we  possess  no  treatise 
by  any  ancient  author,  nor  any  article  or  book  in  the 
Ijiglish  language  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  in  which 
the  subject  is  treated  in  a  consecutive  manner,  with  the 
one  exception  of  Boeckh's  Dissertation  on  the^  Silver 
Mines  c^  Laurium. 

There  are  two  distinct  ways  in  which  State  mines  were 
worked  by  the  ancient  Eomans.  Either  they  were  let  by 
the  Boman  revenue-officers  to  the  Publicani,  or  they  were 
kept  in  tJie  hands  of  the  State,  and  were  handed  over  to  a 
Procurator.  In  the  first  case  the  Publicani  themselves 
ondertook  to  pay  the  revenue  a  fixed  sum  for  the  mines 
they  farmed,  while  they  themselves  exacted  such  taxes 
from  the  owners  or  workers  of  those  mines  as  to  leave 
themselves  a  margin  of  profit  for  their  trouble.  In  the 
second  case,  the  imperial  Procurators  either  worked  the 
mines  themselves  at  the  risk  and  profit  of  their  masters, 
or  they  let  them  out  to  companies  or  individuals,  who 

^Ifd  qwiqnt  Valeria  SItualat,  dintn 
fKHH  kei*  agAat,  mm  nUi  pntio  aeeepto, 
ligma»ifaeim,aad  eKretiaHonet  uimta 


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38        UmiNO  OfSBATlONa  OF  THE  ANCIBNT  BOHANS. 

paid  Uiem  a  cerUiin  rent  fixed  in  proportion  to  the  number 
of  men  employed  in  them. 

The  Procurator,  if  he  worked  the  mine  himself,  had 
under  him :  ( 1 )  a  slave  who  acted  as  director  of  the  work — 
aervua proactor procuratoris;  (2)  aforeman  whose  office  it  was 
to  test  and  pass  the  work  done  (the  formula  was  proband 
N.  N.)  ;  (3)  an  engineer  who  had  chaise  of  the  mechanical 
contrivances  {machinator).  If  the  Procurator  let  the  work 
of  the  mine  out  to  others,  it  was  either  to  a  single 
contractor,  or  to  a  company,  who  before  the  law  had  9ie 
status  of  Publicani,  and  were  often  given  that  name.  The 
Publicani,  however,  properly  so-cdled,  were  mere  tax- 
collectors  ;  the  former  were  real  administrators  of  the 
mines. 

In  either  case,  however,  that  is,  whether  the  Procurator 
himself  worked,  or  whether  he  let  out  the  mine,  he  had  all 
the  accounts  of  the  commercial  enterprise  to  keep  in  an 
office  established  for  that  purpose,  to.  it  the  Procurator 
had  under  him  a  clerk  or  register-keeper  {comTnentarieTisia), 
a  steward  or  disbursar  {diapenscUor),  a  collector  or  caster 
of  accounts  {tabidariu6\  and  a  Measurer  {arcarivs). 

Officers  and  soldiers  were  stationed  to  guard  the  mine 
and  keep  order  amongst  the  workmen.  For  this  purpose, 
either  a  tribune,  a  centurion,  or  a  decurio  was  detached 
irom  his  regular  corps,  and  stationed  in  the  mining  dis- 
trict, either  in  a  position  of  independence,  or  under  the 
command  of  the  Procurator. 

The  workmen  were  either  conmion  slaves,  hired  free- 
men, soldiers,  or  convicts  and  prisoners.  During  the  age 
of  persecution,  Christians  were  sent  in  thousands  to  the 
copper  mines  of  Palestine,  and  to  the  various  mineral  or 
stone  mines  in  Cilicia,  the  Thebaid  and  Cyprus,  as  after 
the  taking  of  Jerusalem  the  captive  Jews  were  in  part 
condemned  to  work  in  the  mines  and  quarries  of  Egypt. 
These  poor  prisoners,  the  confessors  of  the  Faith,  were  all, 
like  ordinary  criminals,  on  being  condemned  to  the  mines, 
first  beaten  with  rode.  While  at  work,  their  feet  were 
kept  in  irons,  they  had  to  sleep  on  the  bare  ground,  they 
were  pinched  in  food,  deprived  of  the  use  of  the  bath,  and 
were  almost  naked.  Iii  the  subterranean  mines  each 
workman  bore  a  Uttle  lamp,  fixed  to  his  forehead,  to  guide 
his  footsteps,  and  serve  as  a  signal  to  others,  while  the 

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MINING  OPERATIONS  OV  THE  ANOTENT  BOKANa,        39 

air  and  stench  in  these  ill-ventilated  cavema  was  ao  great 
that  the  ill-treated  labourers  often  swooned  away.  Pliny 
says  how  in  his  day  these  poor  creatures  were  kept  hard 
at  work  day  and  night,  many  of  them  spending  whole 
months  underground  without  ever  seeing  the  dayUght,  for 
the  burdens  they  carried  on  their  backs  they  handed  over  to 
others,  so  that  the  last  only  of  the  file  came  near  the 
mouth  of  the  pit.* 

It  may  not  be  uninteresting  to  conclude  with  an  eloquent 
passage  from  one  of  the  letters  written  by  9.  Cyprian,  the 
great  AMcan  Bishop  of  the  third  century,  in  which  many 
of  ttiese  particulars  are  set  forth.  It  is  inscribed  to  Neme- 
sianus,  Felix,  and  other  seven  of  his  fellow-Bishops,  Ukewise 
to  his  fellow-Presbyters  and  Deacons,  and  the  rest  of  the 
brethren  in  'the  mines.' 

"  But  that,  being  first  grievously  beaten  and  stricken 
down  with  clubs,  ye,  by  sufferings  of  that  kind,  entered 
upon  the  glorious  beginnings  of  your  confession,  is  a  thing 
no  wise  to  be  abhorred  by  us.  For  a  Christian  body 
shrinks  not  at  clubs,  whose  whole  hope  is  in  The  Wood... 

And  what  wonder,  that,  being  vessels  of  gold  and 

silver,  ye  have  been  consigned  to  the  mines,  that  is,  the 
home  of  gold  and  silver,  except  that  now  the  natare  of 
mines  is  changed,  and  places  which  before  were  wont  to 
yield  gold  and  silver,  have  begun  to  receive  them.  They 
have  also  put  fetters  on  your  feet,  and  have  bound  with 
shameful  bonds  the  blessed  members  and  the  temples  of 
God  ;  as  though  the  spirit  also  were  bound  with  the  body, 

or  your  gold  could  be  tainted  by  the  contact  of  iron 

0  feet,  with  fetters  and  cross-bars  impeded  for  a 

while,  but  quickly  in  a  glorious  course  to  speed  to  Christ! 
■  Let  envious  or  malignant  cruelty  hold  you  here  as  long  as 
it  will,  with  its  bonds  and  fetters  ;  soon  will  ye  from  earth ' 
and  from  these  sufferings  come  to  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven. 
In  mines  the  body  is  not  cherished  by  couch  and  pillows  ; 
but  cherished  it  is  by  the  refreshment  and  consolation  of 
Christ.  On  the  ground  Ueth  the  toil-worn  frame,  but  no 
punishment  it  is  to  lie  down  with  Christ.  Squalid,  un- 
bathed,  are  the  limbs  disfigured  with  filth  and  foulness ; 
but  that  is  spiritualty  cleansed  within,  which  without  is  in 

■H.  H.  xzziiL  31.  *EpiitI«  Uxvi,  Oxford  TniuUlioii,  p.  30S. 

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40      jcnrmo  ofeb^tionb  of  the  ancient  bohaitb. 

the  ileah  defiled.  Scanty  is  bread  there ;  yet  not  by  bread 
atone  doth  man  live,  but  by  the  word  of  God.  Shivering,  ye 
have  no  clothing ;  but  whoso  is  dad  with  Christ  ia  abun- 
dantly clothed  and  adorned.  Eough  is  the  hair  of  your 
half-shorn  heads  [whereby  they  were  marked  as  slaves]  ; 
but  since  the  head  of  the  man  is  Christy  any  thing  must 
needs  become  that  head,  which  is  illustrious  for  the  Name 
of  Christ.  All  this  deformity,  detestable  and  foul  in  the 
eyes  of  the  Gentiles,  with  what  splendour  will  it  be  recom- 
pensed !  This  brief  suffering  in  time,  for  what  a  reward 
wiU  it  be  exchanged  of  bright  and  eternal  glory,  when  ac- 
cording to  the  saying  of  the  blessed  Apostle,  the  Lord  shall 
change  our  vile  body,  that  it  may  be  fashioned  Uke  unto  Hia 
gioTums  body  f " 


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THE  NORTHUMBRIAN  BORDER! 
By  He».  CANON  CREiaHTON. 

There  attaches  to  all  things  which  excite  our  human 
interest  a  distinct  character,  and  it  is  the  object  of  criti- 
cism to  detach  this  distinct  character  from  overlying 
det^ls.  I  wish  to  bring  into  prominence  the  broad  features 
of  historical  interest  belonging  to  this  district,  and  to  mark 
out  as  clearly  as  may  be  its  individual  character.  A 
district  may  be  studied  and  examined  in  much  the  same 
way  as  a  great  writer.  It  has  its  pecuUar  charms,  its 
special  lessons,  a  style  and  mode  of  expression  distinctively 
its  own.  It  has  its  epochs  and  its  transitions,  through 
which  it  passes  without  losing  its  individuality. 

In  some  cases  these  distinguishing  features  of  local 
history  are  hard  to  disentangle  and  express  with  clearness. 
But  there  is  no  great  difficulty  in  the  case  of  Northumber- 
land. It  possesses  distinctive  features  which  give  it  a 
special  character,  stamped  alike  on  all  the  monumental 
records  of  the  past,  on  all  the  lingering  survivals  of  old 
customs  and  institutions,  on  all  that  is  racy  in  the 
life  and  character  of  its  people.  It  is  above  all  things  a 
"Border  Land." 

I  must  own  to  a  desire  for  a  fuller  rew^nition  of  the 
fact  that  English  history  is  at  the  bottom  a  provincial 
history.  This  truth  is  chiefly  left  to  be  exhibited  by 
novelists  and  poets.  The  historian  and  the  archieologist 
investigate  with  care  the  separate  origins  of  the  early 
kingdoms,  the  steps  by  which  they  came  under  the  over- 
lordship  of  the  West  Saxon  kings,  and  their  incorporation 
into  a  consoUdated  kingdom  under  the  Norman  successors 

'  Baad  it  the  Aimual  H«etiiig  of  the  appeared    in   Macmillan's   HngiuiDe  (or 

AnluBobieical    Inalitute   at    Newcastle,  October  ISSt,  but  by  Mesirrt.  HAcmilUn'H 

kagoMt  6,  1S81,  at  the  opeoing  of  the  oourteay    ii   here    reprinted,   with    tho 

Hatnrieal  Section.    The  tact  of  thii  paper  author's  unpabliahed  appendices. 


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42  THE  NOBTHTJICBBIAN  BORDER. 

of  the  West  Saxon  line.  But  at  this  point  they  generally 
cease  their  inquiries.  The  history  of  me  central  kingdom, 
the  progress  of  the  central  adJninistration,  become  so 
important  and  so  full  of  interest  that  they  absorb  all  else. 
It  is  true  that  curious  customs  are  noted  by  the  archseo- 
loglst,  and  that  particular  institutions  force  themselves 
into  notice.  But  the  vigorous  undercurrent  of  a  strong 
provincial  life  in  different  parts  of  England  is  seldom 
seriously  considered  by  historians.  Yet  the  moment  that 
English  life  is  approached  from  the  imaginative  side,  it  is 
the  strong  provincial  life  that  attracts  attention.  Our 
great  novels  are  not  EngUsh  but  provincial.  Our  best 
known  types  of  character  are  developed  within  distinct 
areas,  and  owe  their  expressiveness  to  local  circumstances. 
Squire  Western,  Job  Barton,  Mrs.  Poyser,  Andrew  Fair- 
service,  Tennyson's  Northern  Farmer,  sSl  live  amid  definite 
surroundings,  and  all  are  racy  of  the  soil  which  bore  them. 
I  am  sure  that  there  is  no  better  service  to  be  rendered 
by  your  society  to  historical  study  than  an  attempt  to 
bring  the  characteristic  features  of  different  parts  of 
England  into  due  prominence.  Archseology  has  done 
much  for  history  in  the  past.  It  has  gathered  evidence 
ofttimes  when  written  records  are  silent.  It  has  pieced 
together  fragments  of  the  life  of  days  of  old  when 
the  human  voice  was  still  inaudible.  It  has  settled  dis- 
puted points  by  appeals  to  the  eye  on  which  there  could 
be  no  doubt.  Li  archaeology,  as  in  all  other  sciences,  there 
are  those  who  say  that  almost  all  has  been  done  tliat  can 
be  done.  The  records  of  stones  have  been  ransacked, 
explored,  classified,  and  interpreted.  Even  if  this  were 
so,  which  is  scarcely  the  case,  there  remain  innumerable 
traces  of  the  past,  still  unrecc^;nised  and  unsuspected. 
Local  character,  habits,  institutions,  modes  of  thought 
and  observation,  are  all  the  result  of  a  long  process, 
differing  in  different  parts  of  England.  They  are  only  to 
be  seen  and  understood  by  a  sympathetic  searcher  and 
observer  who  looks  upon  each  part  of  England  in  the  light 
of  its  past,  who  sees  that  past,  not  only  in  ancient  buildings, 
'  here  and  there,  but  on  the  whole  face  of  the  land,  and  in 
the  hearts  and  lives  of  its  inhabitants.  I  admit  that  this 
is  no  easy  task.  I  admit  that  the  results  of  such  inquiry 
must  at  first  be  very  hypothetical,  and  its   conclusion 

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THE  HOBTHITMBRIAN  BORDBB.  43 

tentative.  But  I  think  that  the  inquiry  is  well  worth 
pursuing,  and  it  must  be  pursued  speedily,  if  at  all.  The 
present  century  has  seen  an  enormous  change  pass  over 
the  whole  of  England.  Local  customs,  local  peculiarities, 
even  local  dialects  are  rapidly  passing  away.  Men  no 
longer  live  on  contentedly  in  the  houses  where  their 
fathers  lived  before  them.  I  said  that  English  history 
had  been  provincial.  It  is  rapidly  ceasing  to  be  so, 
Eailways  work  every  year  unnoticed  migrations  of 
peoples  multitudinous  beyond  the  host  of  Ida  the  Flame- 
bearer.  School  inspectors  demand  from  the  children 
throughout  the  land  uniform  knowledge,  uniform  ideas, 
as  much  as  may  be,  uniform  pronunciation.  Our  old 
provincial  character  is  doomed  to  destruction.  Unless  its 
remnants  are  carefully  gathered,  the  key  will  be  lost  to 
much  that  will  be  of  growing  interest  to  the  antiquarian. 

Of  this  provincial  history,  no  part  of  England  possesses 
clearer  traces  than  does  Northumberland.  It  has  always 
held  the  same  position  in  English  history  from  its  very 
beginning.  It  has  always  been  a  Borderland.  It  is  true 
that  the  Border  has  varied  in  extent ;  but  whether  it  were 
great  or  small  Northumberland  has  always  been  within  it, 
and  has  generally  formed  its  chiefest  part.  But  we  are 
met  at  the  outset  of  our  inquiry  by  the  question,  How 
came  there  to  be  a  Borderland  at  all  ?  The  answer  to 
this  question  brings  into  prominence  a  part  of  English 
history  which  it  is  too  much  the  fashion  to  neglect.  The 
northern  Borderland  was  the  creation  of  the  Romans,  who 
mapped  it  out  with  accuracy  and  defined  its  limits.  If  I 
were  asked.  What  permanent  results  were  left  of  the 
Roman  occupation  of  Britain  ?  I  should  answer  that  they 
marked  out  the  teiritory  between  the  Solway  and  the  Clyde 
on  the  west,  and  the  Tyne  and  the  Forth  on  the  east,  to 
be  a  land  of  contention  and  debate,  and  that  it  remained 
with  the  character  they  impressed  upon  it  down  to  the 
middle  of  last  century. 

If  we  were  so  carefnl  of  our  early  history  as  are  some 
folk,  we  would  erect  upon  the  wilds  of  Redeswire  a 
statue  of  C.  Julius  Agricola  as  the  founder  of  our  Border 
State,  the  originator  of  the  elaborate  constitution  contained 
in  the  Leges  Marchiarum  and  other  such  like  documents. 
It  was  Agricola  who  consolidated  tiie  Roman  province  in 


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44  THE  NORTHUHBBIAN  BOBDEB. 

Britain,  and  first  faced  the  difficultiea  of  determining  its 
limita.  We  know  how  in  his  first  campaign  he  conquered 
the  Ordovices  and  reduced  the  Isle  of  Mona.  In  his 
second  campaign  he  brought  into  subjection  the  tribes 
of  the  western  coast  between  the  Dee  and  the  Solway. 
He  was  careful  to  make  good  every  step  of  lus 
way,  and  keep  open  his  commuuicationa.  The  trees 
fell  before  the  axe  of  the  legionary,  and  a  mde  bat 
sufficient  road  was  opened.  Every  night  the  Eoman 
camp  was  occupied  in  some  secure  position,  every  day 
chronicled  a  steady  advance  of  the  invader.  Permanent 
forts  were  r^sed  in  advantageous  spots,  and  Agricola 
united  to  the  fire  of  a  general  the  sagacity  of  an  explorer. 
From  the  Solway  his  forts  most  probably  ran  along  the 
Eden  and  the  Irthing  to  the  Tyne.  He  found  a  narrow 
neck  of  land  which  he  could  occupy  with  ease,  and  by 
holding  it  secure  his  retreat.  Then  in  his  third  campaign 
he  advanced  against  "new  peoples,"  tribes  who  as  yet 
had  not  felt  the  arms  of  Borne.  He  penetrated,  it  would 
seem,  to  the  Tay,  and  then  again  paused  to  secure  the 
territory  which  he  had  acquired.  Again  he  occupied  a 
narrow  neck  of  land  between  the  Clyde  and  the  Forth. 
This  was  commanded  byforts  "so  that  the  foe,"  says  Tacitus, 
"were  driven  almost  into  another  island."  I  need  not 
follow  Agricola's  course  of  conquest  to  the  Grampian 
hills,  nor  his  voyage  of  circumnavigation,  nor  his  projected 
reduction  of  Ireland.  Agricola's  career  came  to  an  end, 
and  with  it  came  to  an  end  any  plan  for  extending  Rome's 
sway  over  the  whole  of  the  British  Isles.  The  only 
question  which  was  considered  by  his  successors  was 
the  boundary  of  the  Eoman  province.  Should  they  hold 
the  northern  or  the  southern  line  of  forts  by  whidb 
Agricola  bad  secured  his  conquests  for  the  time  ?  Bome's 
statesmanship  and  Bome's  generalship  never  again  con- 
templated the  execution  of  Agricola's  design  of  a  complete 
conquest.  For  a  time  opinions  wavered  which  boundary 
to  choose.  At  length  the  line  of  forts  along  the  Tyne 
and  the  Irthing  was  selected  to  mark  the  region  south  of 
which  the  "  peace  of  Rome  "  was  to  be  carefully  maintained. 
The  mighty  rampart,  which  Dr.  Bruce  has  taught  us  to  call 
the  wall  of  Hadrian,  was  erected  as  a  majestic  symbol  of 
tLe  permanence  of  Koman  sway,  as  a  dividing  line  between 


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THE  NOBTHUUBRIAN  BO&DBIL  45 

civilisation  and  barbarism.  But  this  was  done  without 
prejudice  to  the  future  extension  of  the  Boman  occupation 
to  Agricola's  farther  line  of  forts.  The  Boman  province 
was  to  stretch  in  full  security  as  far  as  the  Tyne  and  tlie 
Solway.  Bome's  influence  was  to  be  felt  as  far  as  the 
Clyde  and  the  Forth.  Two  great  Boman  roads,  each  with 
several  branches,  passed  northwards  through  the  wall. 
Watling  Street,  with  its  supporting  stations  of  Habitancum 
and  Bremenium,  traversed  this  county.  The  whole  of 
Northumberland  and  the  Scottish  Lowlands  are  covered 
with  traces  of  Boman  and  British  camps,  which  tell  clearly 
enough  the  tale  of  Border  warfare  in  the  earhest  days  of 
our  history.  They  tell  of  a  long  period  of  constant 
struggle,  of  troops  advancing  and  retreating,  of  a  territory 
held  with  difficulty,  of  perpetual  alternations  of  fortune. 
Iq  the  days  of  the  Boman  occupation  the  Border  wears  tt» 
distinctive  features.  Its  future  history  is  a  changing 
repetition  of  the  same  details. 

But  though  we  may  generally  gather  that  this  was  the 
history  of  the  Boman  Border  many  puzzling  questions 
remain.  Why  did  the  Bomans  fix  Uieir  boundary  where 
they  did?  The  military  reason  of  obttdniug  a  narrow 
tract  of  land  to  fortify  is  no  doubt  a  strong  one.  But  the 
Bomans  were  a  practical  people  and  wished  to  make 
their  province  of  Britain  a  profitable  possession.  It  may 
be  that  the  valley  of  the  Tyne  was  the  most  northern  point 
where  they  saw  a  prospect  of  making  agriculture  imme- 
diately remunerative.'  By  the  Tyne  valley  they  established 
their  boundary,  and  only  kept  such  a  hold  of  the  country 
to  the  north  as  might  help  to  secure  the  Tyne  valley  from 
invasion.  It  proved  to  be  a  difficult  and  in  the  end  an 
impossible  task.  The  sturdy  tribes  of  the  north  learned 
to  value  at  its  true  worth  the  intolerable  boon  of  Boman 

'  I  incKne  to  think  Uiat  the  ponMnon  home.  North  of  YoA  the  tnc«a  of  Roman 

<i  the  TriM  rtlLrs  w«a  Toan  unportuit  ranuine  are  «U  of  >  militaiy  chanoter ; 

to  the  Roman*  Utan  a  genenJlj  reoog-  and  rigna  of  permanent  civil  oocapaiion 

BHeil    At  Uie  time  of  the  Boman  inva-  are  only  found  in  the  imnwdinte  naigh- 

MD  the  volley  of  the  l^ne  wu  probably  bourtiDod  of  the  Wall     The  importance 

tbeon^eom-proiIuciaglBiid  of  aoy  extent  of  the  land  by  the  I^e  is  ahown  in  the 

tataaau  Tnk  and  Uie  Tweed.     In  early  Eianta  made  to  the  great  baroni  of  the 

tima  a  gnst  part  at  this  dlatrict  would  Norman  timea.      The  Umfranllea  who 

be  ODTwad   l^    trees    and    scrub,    with  guarded    Redesdale   had   the   baroUT   of 

Ofmr  Ktt^  of  fertile  Uod  in  tbe  deep  Prudhoa  to  give  a  revenue.   The  Herlays, 

nvn  lalleyai      Even  where  stretchea  ol  whoee  land  ran  up  to  Bladoa  and  RuUl- 

■llnvial  land  broadened  out,  much  of  it  bui^,  had  Heddoa  on  the  wall,  Benton, 

mm  nfd^  m  whiA  0»b  Wver  lomid  a  Kilfingwotth  attd  Shielda. 

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46  TttB  NOBTjiuUBRUK  BOIlDEfi. 

civilization,  the  colonist,  the  tribute  and  the  tithe  com. 
In  their  moorland  forts  thej  resisted  to  the  utmost. 
Constant  warfare  increased  their  discipline  and  power  of 
combination.  The  growing  wealth  of  the  province  offered 
a  richer  prize  to  their  rapacity.  Ever  watchful  for  an 
opportunity  they  broke  through  the  line  of  the  wall  and 
swept  like  a  storm-cloud  over  the  southern  fields.  Much, 
very  much,  has  been  done  in  explaining  the  Eoman  wall 
as  illustrative  of  the  life  of  the  Bomans.  Something 
remains  to  be  done  in  studying  it  as  illustrating  those 
whom  it  was  built  to  repel.  I  could  conceive  it  possible 
that  an  archaeologist  who  was  skilled  in  military  science, 
and  had  the  power  of  reproducing  in  his  mind  the  local 
features  of  a  bygone  time— that  one  ao  gifted  might  make 
a  military  survey  of  the  country  round  the  Wall  which 
might  be  fall  of  auggestiveness  for  a  picture  of  British 
life,  I  must  own  that  the  Wall  is  to  me  more  interesting 
for  the  impression  which  it  gives  of  the  power  of  the 
Britons  than  of  the  mightiness  of  Bome.  We  know  Home's 
greatness  from  many  other  memorials.  We  know  the 
bravery  of  the  Britons  only  by  the  reluctant  testimony  of 
their  enemies. 

As  we  muse  upon  the  rains  of  Borcoincus  another 
question  arises  before  us.  How  came  it  that  the  men 
who  so  stubbornly  resisted  the  massive  legionaries  of 
Eome  marching  against  them  in  their  thousands,  gave 
way  before  the  onslaughts  of  the  Angles  who  came  in 
small  bands  in  their  boats  ?  It  would  seem  that  the  need 
of  resistance  to  Borne  had  called  into  being  a  premature 
organisation,  a.  reckless  patriotism,  which  produced  a  rapid 
reaction  and  degeneracy.  The  very  greatness  of  Home's 
power  warned  the  Britons  of  their  danger.  Bome's 
advance  was  steady  and  threatened  to  spread  northwards 
over  the  land.  The  Angles  who  settled  along  the  east 
coast  and  passed  up  the  river  valleys  did  not  awaken  the 
same  dread,  or  call  out  the  same  feeling  of  national  danger. 
But  the  insidious  progress  of  the  colomsts  was  more  deadly 
than  the  warlike  advance  of  the  invader.  Little  by  little 
the  Britons  were  thrust  into  the  hill  country  of  the  west. 
The  line  of  the  coast  and  the  river  valleys  were  gradually 
occupied  by  the  clearings  of  the  Angles.  The  land  was 
still  a  Border  land,  but  tbe  line  of  t^e  Border  no  longer 

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THE  NOBTHUMBKIAN  BOBDBft.  47 

ran  from  north  to  soutij,  but  from  east  to  west.  When  Ida, 
whom  the  fearful  Britons  called  the  Plamebearer,  combined 
into  a  kingdom  the  Rcattered  settlements  of  a  common  folk 
it  was  in  the  Boman  Border  land  that  those  settlements 
began.  They  reached  from  the  Tweed  valley  northwards 
and  southwards,  till  Ida  occupied  the  rock  of  Bamburgh 
as  a  central  point,  and  thence  extended  his  domain  to  the 
Tees. 

The  question  of  the  Border  between  Briton  and  Angle, 
between  east  and  west,  was  long  contended  and  with 
varying  results.  The  Britons  on  their  part  again  united 
into  the  kingdom  of  3trathclyde,  north  of  which  was  the 
Scottish  kingdom  of  Dalriada.  I  will  not  impose  upon 
your  time  and  patience  by  tracing  the  variations  of  this 
western  boundary.  It  will  be  enough  to  recall  a  few 
points  of  interest  in  the  struggle.  Li  603  the  combined 
army  of  Britons  and  Scots  advanced  to  attack  j^thelfrith's 
Northumbrian  kingdom.  They  entered  the  vale  of  the 
Liddell,  whence  one  pass  leads  into  the  valley  of  the 
Teviot  and  the  Tweed,  while  another  leads  into  the  North 
Tyne.  Here  at  a  spot  which  Bede  calls  Boegsastan,  a 
name  still  preserved  in  Dawstanebum  and  Dawstanerig, 
was  fought  a  battle  which  determined  for  many  years 
the  security  of  the  Northumbrian  Border.  "Prom  that 
time,"  says  Bede,  triumphantly, "  no  Scot  king  dared  to 
come  into  Britain  to  war  with  the  English  to  this  day." 
The  Angles  recognised  on  this  spot  the  weakness  of  their 
boundary,  and  copied  the  example  of  Borne.  The  remains 
of  a  huge  earthen  rampart,  known  as  the  Catrail,  may  still 
be  traced  along  the  wild  moorland,  hard  by  the  spot 
where  Dcegsastan  had  run  with  blood. 

I  recall  this  event  because  it  is  a  definite  mark  of  an 
important  point  in  our  provincial  history.  The  boundary 
from  east  to  west  led,  to  the  severance  of  Cumbria  from 
Northumbria.  The  Enghsh  desired  only  to  secure,  not  to 
extend,  their  dominion  westward.  They  weakened  the 
kingdom  of  Strathclyde  by  driving  a  wedge  of  settlers  into 
the  t-ableland  which  lay  in  its  midst.  They  penetrated 
along  the  valley  of  the  Irthing,  along  the  Maiden  Way, 
into  the  central  plain,  which  ganed  from  them  the  name 
of  Inglewood;  but  they  left  the  mountMnous  district  to 
the  Britons. 


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48  THB  NOftTHDHBILIAIf  BOBDEB. 

I  need  not  recall  the  great  daya  of  the  Northumbrian 
kingdom,  the  heroic  times  of  early  Christianity,  when 
the  lamp  of  civilisation  burnt  brightly  in  the  Oolumbite 
monastery  of  Lindiafame,  and  was  reflected  from  the  royal 
house  of  Bamburgh.  This  period  of  greatness,  though  of 
immense  importance  to  English  history,  is  unfortunately 
only  an  episode  in  the  history  of  this  district  as  a  whole. 
Yet  there  is  no  spot  in  England  more  fitted  to  awaken  a 
deep  sense  of  gratitude  to  the  past  than  is  the  land  which 
lies  rolled  beneath  the  Castle  of  Bamburgh.  No  works  of 
man  have,  effaced  the  tracesof  the  paat.  The  rocks  remain 
amid  the  surging  of  the  waves,  as  when  Cuthbert  heard 
amongst  them  the  wails  of  men's  souls  in  the  eternal 
conflict  between  good  and  evil.  The  village  clusters  for 
protection  at  the  foot  of  the  royal  castle,  much  as  it  did 
when  it  was  fired  by  Penda's  host.  The  sloping  uplands 
are  dotted  by  scattered  farms,  which  still  continue  to  mark 
the  progressive  clearings  of  the  English  settlers.  The 
ruins  of  the  monastery  of  Lindisfame  still  hide  themselves 
behind  the  sheltering  promontory  of  rock  that  they  may 
escape  the  eye  of  the  heathen  'pirate  who  swept  the 
northern  seas.  ■  There  is  no  place  which  tells  bo  clearly 
the  story  of  the  making  of  England. 

I  pass  by  the  days  of  the  Northumbrian  supremacy 
which  ended  with  Edith's  defeat  at  Nechtansmere,  where 
the  Pictish  king  avenged  the  slaughter  of  Dcegsastan. 
"  Prom  this  time,"  says  Bede,  "  the  hopes  and  strength 
of  the  kingdom  of  the  English  began  to  ebb."  The  Nor- 
thumbrian kingdom  still  pursued  its  career  of  literary 
and  ecclesiastical  activity  at  Jarrow,  Wearmouth,  and 
Streoneshalh.  It  did  not  pass  away  till  it  had  produced 
an  historian  of  its  greatness.  But  its  boundaries  north 
and  west  were  ill-secured..  Its  premature  progress  gave 
way  to  social  and  political  disorganisation.  The  long 
black  ships  of  the  Danish  pirates  spread  ruin  amidst  the 
numerous  monastic  houses  that  had  grown  up  along  the 
eastern  coast.  The  Scots  of  Dalriada  had  established 
their  supremacy  over  the  Rets,  and  a  strong  Scottish 
power  ravaged  the  district  between  the  Forth  and  Tweed. 
But  Scots  and  EngUah  alike  soon  fell  before  the  arms  of 
the  Banes  who  came  as  invadecs,  and  conquered  and 
settled  as  they  would.    Churches  and  monasteries  were 

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THB  HOBTHmCBBIAN  BOBDEB.  49 

especially  hateful  to  the  heathen  Danes.  Their  buildings 
were  burnt,  their  treasures  were  scattered,  their  libraries 
were  destroyed.  The  work  of  Benedict  Biscop,  of  Wilfrid 
and  Bede,  was  all  undone.  The  civilisation  of  Northumbria 
waa  well-nigh  swept  away.  Only  round  the  reUcs  of  the 
saintly  Cuthbert  a  little  band  of  trembling  monks  still 
held  together,  and  wandered  from  place  to  place,  kept 
steadfast  by  their  faith  that  Cuthbert  would  not  forsake 
them.  It  was  the  West  Saxon  iElfred  who  checked  the 
career  of  Danish  conquest;  it  waa  his  wisdom  that  pre- 
pared a  way  whereby  the  Danes  ceased  to  be  formidable 
and  became  a  new  but  not  aUen  element  of  English  life. 

The  Danish  settlement  had  little  effect  on  the  northern 
part  of  the  Northumbrian  kingdom.  The  Danes  chose 
I)eira,  not  Bemicia ;  their  traces  are  found  in  Yorkshire, 
not  in  Northomberland.  Their  incorporation  into  English 
civilisation,  and  the  limits  of  their  settlement  in  Northum- 
bria, are  alike  illustrated  by  the  story  of  (Juthred.  To 
escape  a  civil  war  amongst  themselves  the  Danish  host 
listened  to  the  counsels  of  Alfred,  aided  by  Badred,  the 
prior  of  the  wandering  monks  of  Lindisfarne.  Eadred 
counselled  them  to  choose  as  their  king  Guthred,  a  young 
man  of  the  royal  blood,  who  had  been  sold  as  a  slave  to  a 
widow  woman  at  Whittingham.  Guthred,  grateful  for 
St.  Cuthbert's  aid,  settled  his  brethren  at  Ouncachester, 
nqw  Chester-le-Street,  and  gave  as  the  patrimony  of  St. 
Cuthbert  the  land  between  the  Tyne  and  the  Tees,  with 
privilege  of  sanctuary.  This  was  the  beginning  of  another 
step  in  our  provincial  history.  It  was  the  origin  of  what 
was  known  till  very  recent  times  as  the  Bishopric.  It  was 
the  foondation  of  the  authority  of  the  Prince-Bishops  of 
Xhirham.  It  marks  the  cause  which  severed  the  county 
of  Durham  from  the  county  of  Northumberland. 

The  Danish  kingdom  in  Deira  ran  its  course,  and  in  due 
time  submitted  to  the  Lords  of  the  West  Saxon  king. 
In  Bemicia,  meanwhile,  members  of  the  old  royal  house 
were  allowed  to  rule  over  their  devastated  lands,  for 
which  they  paid  tribute  to  their  Danish  lords.  When  the 
Danes  made  submission  to  Eadward  the  Elder  the  men  of 
Bemicia  submitted  likewise.  But  the  men  of  the  north 
were  unruly  subjects,  and  were  hard  to  reduce  into 
harmony  with  the  men  of  the  South.  Edmund  and  Eadred 
VOL.  zm.  n 

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50  THB  NOBTHCHBBIAN  BOBOEB, 

both  strove  to  make  a  peaceM  settlement  of  their 
northern  frontier.  Edmund  gave  Cumberland  to  Malcolm, 
King  of  the  Scots,  on  condition  that  he  should  be  his 
"  feUow-worker  by  land  and  sea."  He  wished  to  show 
that  there  need  be  no  collision  of  interest  between  Engluid 
and  Scotland.  It  was  a  question  for  decision  on  grounds 
of  expediency  how  order  could  best  be  kept  in  the  doubt- 
ful portions  of  Northumbria  and  Strathdyde.  Edmund 
handed  over  this  responsibility,  as  far  as  Cumberland  was 
concerned,  to  the  Scottish  king,  and  the  plan  succeeded. 
In  later  days  William  Euftis  reclaimed  the  district  south 
of  the  Solway,  and  so  fixed  the  definite  boundaries  of  the 
English  kingdom  on  the  western  side.  Eadred  had  still 
to  face  the  difficulty  of  dealing  with  Northumbrian  inde- 
pendence, which  had  degenerated  into  anarchy  and 
-disorder.  The  last  king  was  driven  out,  and  an  earl  was 
set  to  rule  in  his  stead ;  bnt  so  strong  was  local  feeling 
that  the  earl  was  chosen  from  the  old  house  of  the  lords 
of  Hamburgh.  Eadred's  successor  Edgar  ventured  a  step 
farther,  and  divided  this  great  earldom  into  two.  More- 
over he  followed  Edmund's  example  of  friendly  dealings 
with  the  Scottish  king.  The  land  north  of  die  Tweed  was 
of  little  value  to  the  Enghsh.  Lothian  was  ceded  to  the 
Scottish  king,  most  probably  by  Edgar,  though  it  was 
afterwards  recovered,  but  finally  ceded  in  1016. 

The  hopes  of  Edgar  that  Northumberland  would  settle 
into  peace  and  order  were  destroyed  by  the  renewed 
invasion  of  the  Northmen.  Again  all  was  in  confusion. 
Again  the  terrified  monks  bore  off  St.  Cuthbert's  body 
that  they  might  save  it  from  sacrilege.  Their  wanderings 
were  miraculously  stayed,  so  goes  the  legend,  upon  a 
hill-top  amid  the  waving  woods  that  clad  a  bold  pro- 
montory round  which  flowed  the  waters  of  the  Wear. 
This  hiU-top  of  Bunholm  was  chosen  as  the  site  on  which 
rose  the  mighty  minster  that  holds  St.  Cuthbert's  shrine. 
The  saint  had  left  the  bleaker  regions  further  north  which 
he  had  loved  so  well.  The  outward  signs  of  devotion  for 
his  memory  were  not  to  gather  round  the  scenes  of  his 
labours.  The  chief  centre  of  ecclesiastical  civilisation 
was  henceforth  fixed  far  away  from  Hamburgh,  on  a  spot 
which  had  no  associations  of  the  old  days  of  Northumbria's 
greatness.    .This  northern  district  was  abandoned  by  its 

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TBB  NOBTHnHBBIA.N  BORDER.  51 

E&tron   saint,  as  though  a  destined  theatre  for  acta  of 
iwlessness  and  deeds  of  blood. 

The  lawlessness  and  barbarism  of  Northumberland  in 
these  days  we  know  from  the  history  of  its  earls.  Uhtred, 
who  sprang  from  the  old  line  of  the  lords  of  Bamburgh, 
covenanted,  as  a  condition  of  his  marriage  with  a  citizen's 
daughter,  to  espouse  the  blood  feud  of  his  father-in-law 
and  slay  for  him  his  enemy.  Though  the  marriage  was 
broken  off  and  the  covenant  was  unfulfilled,  the  enemy 
who  had  been  threatened  bided  his  time,  and  slew  Uhtred 
in  the  presence  of  King  Cnut.  The  feud  was  carried  on 
by  Uhtred's  son,  who  slew  his  father's  slayer,  and  was 
himself  pursued  in  turn.  The  two  foes  grew  weary  of 
their  lives,  spent  in  perpetual  dread ;  they  were  reconciled, 
and  undertook  together  a  pilgrimage  to  Rome.  But  the 
sea  was  tempestuous,  and  they  shrank  before  the  voyage. 
They  agreed  to  dispense  with  the  solemn  religious  vow 
and  to  return  home  in  peace.  But  on  the  way  home  the 
old  savage  passion  for  revenge  revived,  and  one  slew  his 
unsuspecting  fellow  as  they  rode  through  the  forest  of 
Risewocd.  We  see  the  growth  of  the  wild  spirit  which 
supplied  the  material  for  the  Border  feuds  of  later  days. 

Still,  lawless  as  Northumberland  might  be,  it  could  not 
forget  the  days  of  its  former  greatness.  Though  it  could 
no  longer  hope  for  supremacy,  it  struggled  at  least  for 
independence.  Its  resistance  to  the  family  of  Godwine, 
its  rejection  of  Tostig  for  its  earl,  caused  dissension  within 
the  house  which  seemed  to  hold  England's  future  in  its 
hands.  The  refusal  of  Northumberland  to  help  King 
Harold  was  one  great  cause,  we  cannot  say  how  great,  of 
the  victory  of  the  Norman  William  by  the  "  hoar  apple 
tree  "  on  the  hill  of  Senlac.  Perhaps  the  Northumbrians 
hoped  under  William's  rule  to  estabhsh  their  independence. 
But  William  was  not  the  man  to  allow  the  formation  of  a 
middle  kingdom.  He  soon  learned  the  lawlessness  of  the 
Northumbrian  temper.  His  first  earl,  though  of  English 
blood,  was  attacked  at  Newbum,  and  the  church  in  which 
he  sought  shelter  was  burned  to  the  ground.  His  second 
earl  was  driven  away  by  a  revolt.  His  third  earl,  a 
Norman,  was  massacred  in  Durham  with  all  his  men. 
William  saw  the  gathering  danger  threatened  by  this 
northern   love    fur    independence.    His   answer  to    the 

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52  THB  NORTHUMBRIAN  BOBDBB. 

northern  revolt  was  swift  and  decided.  He  let  men  feel 
his  starkness  by  hia  remoraeless  harrying  of  the  north. 
The  lands  between  the  Huraber  and  the  Tees,  and  then 
the  lands  of  the  Bishopric,  were  reduced  to  a  waste.  The 
population  fell  by  the  sword  or  died  of  hunger.  North- 
umberland was  left  powerless  for  any  further  revolt  of  a 
serious  kind.  The  southern  portion  of  the  old  kingdom  of 
Deira  lost  all  outward  sign  of  its  former  position.  Its  old 
independence  needed  no  further  recognition,  and  no  earl 
was  appointed  for  south  Northumberland.  Hence  the  old 
name  was  transferred  entirely  to  the  northern  part,  which 
being  a  border  land  against  the  Scots  still  needed  some 
responsible  governor.  That  northern  part,  which  is  far 
north  of  the  Humber,  alone  retained  the  name  which  can 
recall  the  memories  of  the  greatness  of  the  Northumbrian 
kingdom. 

But  though  the  independence  of  the  north  had  been 
thoroughly  broken  by  systematic  devastation,  still  William 
paid  some  heed  to  its  local  feeling  by  giving  it  an  earl 
sprung  from  the  old  Northumbrian  Une.  Though  he  did 
80,  he  regarded  Earl  Waltheof  with  a  jealous  eye,  and 
demanded  from  him  a  loyalty  which  he  did  not  find  in  his 
Norman  barons.  Slight  cause  for  suspicion  brought  upon 
Waltheof  condign  punishment.  William  knew  no  mercy 
for  the  last  English  earl,  whose  tomb  at  Crowland  men 
visited  as  of  a  martyr  and  a  siunt.  William  then  con- 
ferred the  earldom  of  Northumberland  on  the  Lotharingian, 
Walcher,  Bishop  of  Durham.  Again  the  lawless  spirit  of 
the  Northumbrians  broke  out,  and  they  took  prompt 
revenge  on  the  bishop  for  a  misdeed  which  he  did  not 
punish  to  their  liking.  At  a  moot  held  by  a  Uttle  chapel 
at  Gateshead  the  men  of  the  Tyne  and  Kede  gathered  in 
numbers.  As  the  talk  went  on,  a  cry  was  raised,  "  Short 
rede,  good  rede,  slay  ye  the  bishop ! "  and  Walcher  was 
slaughtered  at  the  chapel  door.  Again  Northumberland 
was  harried,  and  Kobert,  the  king's  son,  on  his  way  from 
Scotland,  laid  the  foundation  of  a  castle  opposite  the  spot 
where  Jiishop  Walcher  had  been  slain.  Its  walls  rose  as 
a  solid  and  abiding  warning  to  a  turbulent  folk.  Near  it 
were  the  remains  of  a  Eoman  bridge  across  the  Tyne — 
Pons  ^Elii,  the  bridge  that  the  Emperor  .ZEUus  Hadrianus 
had  built.     Hard  by  was  the  little  township  of  Fandou 


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THE  NOBTBDUBBtAN  BOBDKB.  53 

and  some  remains  of  a  camp,  which  may  have  afforded 
shelter  to  the  monks,  and  so  gained  the  name  of 
Monkchester.  In  distinction  to  the  ruins  of  this  old 
camp,  the  rising  fortress  was  called  the  new  castle.  Soon 
a  population  gathered  round  it  which  extended  to  Faudon 
and  Monkchester  alike,  and  these  old  names  were  absorbed 
into  that  of  Newcastle. 

Nor  was  the  fortress  of  Newcastle  the  only  sign  of  the 
presence  of  the  conquering  Normans.  The  three  great 
baronies  of  Eedesdale,  ITitford,  and  Morpeth,  held  by  the 
Umfravilles,  the  Bertrams,  and  the  Merlais,  extended  in  a 
belt  across  the  district.  North  of  them  the  Yesci  lords  of 
Alnwick  built  their  castle  on  the  banks  of  the  Aln,  and 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  second  Northumbrian  town. 
The  land  was  again  committed  to  the  care  of  a  Norman 
earl ;  but  it  would  seem  that  the  lawlessness  of  the 
Northumbrians  was  conti^ious.  Earl  Mowbray  plotted 
against  "William  Rufus,  who  took  the  castle  of  Tynemouth, 
but  was  foiled  by  the  strength  of  the  rock  of  Bamburgh, 
which  could  not  be  taken  till  Mowbray's  imprudence 
made  him  the  victim  of  a  stratagem.  After  this  we  hear 
no  more  of  official  earls.  Northumberland  depended 
directly  on  the  crown,  and  went  its  own  way  for  a  short 
time  in  peace.  But  the  weakness  of  Stephen  had  well 
nigh  allowed  Northumberland  to  go  the  way  of  Lothian, 
and  become  attached  as  an  appanage  to  the  Scottish 
crown.  David  I.  had  married  the  daughter  of  Karl 
Waltheof,  and  Stephen  recognised  this  claim  to  the 
earldom  of  Northumberland.  If  Stephen  had  bad  a  less 
statesmanlike  successor  than  Henry  II.  the  English  Border 
might  have  been  fixed  along  the  old  frontier  of  the 
Btmuin  Wall.  But  Henry  H.  regarded  it  as  his  first  duty 
to  tmdo  the  mischief  of  Stephen's  reign.  He  demanded 
.the  restoration  of  the  northern  counties,  and  from  this 
time  the  limits  of  the  English  Border  were  definitely 
settled.  It  is  true  that  there  was  a  small  piece  of  land  on 
the  Oumbrian  Border  about  the  possession  of  which 
England  and  Scotland  could  not  ^ee.  This  Debateable 
Land  was  occupied  as  common  pasture  by  the  inhabitants 
of  both  countries  from  sun  rising  to  sun  setting,  on  the 
nnderstanding  that  anything  left  there  over  night  should 
be  fair  booty  to  the  finder.    On  the  Northumbrian  Border 

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54  THE  NOBTHCHBBLUf  BOBDEB. 

aUo  the  fortress  of  Berwick  was  an  object  of  contention 
and  often  changed  hands,  till  the  luckless  town  of 
Berwick-upon-Tweed  received  the  doubtful  privilege  of 
ranking  as  a  neutral  state,  and  its  "liberties"  were  exposed 
to  the  indiscriminate  ravages  of  English  and  Scots  alike. 
Nor  should  it  be  unnoticed  that  the  castle  of  Boxburgh 
was  generally  in  the  bands  of  the  English  king,  as  a 
protection  of  the  strip  of  low-lying  land  south  of  the 
Tweed,  where  the  barrier  of  the  Cheviots  merged  into  the 
river  valley. 

I  have  now  traced  the  historical  steps  in  the  formation 
of  the  English  Border,  and  the  causes  which  gave  the 
modem  county  of  Nortliumberland  a  separate  existence 
and  a  distinct  character.  The  rest  of  its  history  u  written 
on  the  county  itself,  and  tells  its  own  story  in  the  various 
interesting  remains  of  antiquity  which  cover  the  land.  I 
will  briefly  draw  attention  to  the  chief  periods  which  they 
mark. 

1.  Prom  the  beginning  of  the  twelfth  to  the  beginning 
of  the  fourteenth  centuries  baronial  and  monastic  civilisa- 
tion did  much  to  bring  back  order  and  prosperity.  The 
details  of  the  management  of  a  Northumbrian  farm 
have  been  preserved  in  the  compotus  of  the  sheriff  of 
Northumberland  who  held  for  six  months  the  lands  of 
the  Knights  Templars  at  Temple  Thornton,  which  were 
seized  by  Edward  H.  in  1308.  The  sheriff's  account  is 
compiled  with  business-like  precision,  and  enables  us  to 
judge  with  accuracy  of  the  details  of  Northumbrian 
farming  at  the  time.  They  show  a  system  of  farming 
quite  as  advanced  as  that  which  existed  at  the  end  of 
the  last  century,  and  among  the  expenditure  is  an  entry 
for  ointment  for  the  sheep.'  The  total  receipts  were 
94/  2s.  7d.j  the  total  expenses  were  33/.  10«.  7d.,  leaving- 
a  balance  of  60/.  12«.,  a  proportion  to  his  expenditure' 
which  any  modem  farmer  wotdd  be  glad  to  obtain.* 

2.  This  period  of  prosperity  was  already  passing  away 
when  the  sheriff  penned  his  accounts.  He  had  to  sell 
some  oats  and  barley  in  a  hurry,  propter  metum  Scotorum 
superveniendum — ■through  dread  of  a  raid  of  the  Scots. 
The  Scottish  war  of  Edward  I.  led  to  the  ruin  of  the 
EngUsh  border.     The  nova  taxatio  of  the  goods  of  the 

1  Sm  Appendix  No.  I.  *  Sw  Appendix  No.  I. ' 

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THE  NORTHDHBRIAN  BOBDEB.  55 

clergy,  made  in  1318,  estimates  the  ecclesiastical  revenues 
in  the  Archdeaconry  of  Northumberland  at  2Sl.  6a.  Sd. 
for  the  benefices  of  Newcastle,  Tynemouth,  Newburn, 
Benton,  Ovingham,  and  Woodhom.  Then  follows  an 
entry  that  all  the  other  benefices  are  vasta  et  destructa 
et  in  eiadem  nuUa  bopa  sunt  inventa — are  barren  and  waste, 
and  no  goods  are  found  in  them.  For  the  northern  part 
of  the  county  there  is  an  enumeration  of  the  benefices 
with  the  remark  that  they  are  vaatata  et  peniius  destrueta 
— ^wasted  and  wholly  destroyed.'  It  was  this  state  of 
things  wiiich  led  to  the  organisation  of  border  defences. 
The  office  of  Lord  Warden  of  the  Marches,  established 
under  Edward  I,  became  a  post  of  serious  responsibility. 
Castles,  which  had  been  built  to  overawe  a  turbulent 
population,  or  to  increase  the  power  of  their  owners 
against  the  crown,  became  necessary  means  of  protection 
to  the  country.  The  land  was  dotted  with  pele  towers — 
small  square  rooms  of  massive  stones,  strong  enough  to 
^ve  temporary  refuge  to  fiigitives  till  the  marauding 
troop  had  passed  by  on  its  plundering  raid.  Elsewhere  were 
earthen  or  wooden  huts  which  contained  nothing  that 
could  attract  cupidity.  An  Italian  traveller,  ^Eneas 
Sylvius  Piccolomini,  has  left  a  picture  of  a  journey 
through  Northumberland  in  1435.  The  folk  fed  on 
poultry  but  had  neither  bread  nor  wine;  white  bread 
was  unknown  among  them.  At  nightfall  all  the  men 
retired  to  a  pele  tower  in  the  neighbourhood,  through 
fear  of  the  Scots,  but  left  tlie  women  behind,  saying 
they  would  not  be  harmed.  .Maeaa  sat  in  terror  by  the 
watch-fire  amongst  a  hundred  women,  till  sleep  overcame 
him,  and  he  lay  down  on  a  couch  of  straw  in  one  of  the 
huts.  Hia  slumbers  were  disturbed  by  the  cows  and 
goats  who  shared  the  room  with  the  family  and  nibbled 
at  his  bed.  At  midnight  there  was  an  alarm  that  the 
Scots  were  coming,  and  the  women  fled  to  hide  them- 
selves. The  alarm,  however,  was  groundless,  and  next 
day  .Maeas  continued  his  journey  safely.  When  he 
reached  Newcastle  he  seemed  to  himself  again  to  be 
in  a  world  which  he  knew.  "  For  Northumberland  "  he 
says,  "  was  uninhabitable,  horrible,  uncultivated." 
;  3.  The  more  pacific  attitude  towards  Scotland  adopted 

>  Hod^oD'a  Hiatoiy  of  Nrathamberlaud,  toL  L,  part  3,  p.  SCO. 


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56  THE  HOBTHnUBRIAN  BORDER. 

by  Henry  VU.  brought  a  little  peace ;  but  the  battle  of 
Flodden  Field  and  the  events  that  followed  mark  a 
determination  on  the  part  of  the  English  government  to 
UBe  Border  raids  as  a  means  for  punishing  Scotland,  and 
gradually  wearing  out  its  strength.  The  lords  wardens 
are  urged  on  to  the  work  of  devastation  by  the  Privy 
Lords  of  the  King's  Council,  and  send  in  hideous  accounts 
of  their  zeal  in  this  barbarous  work.  Thomaa,  Lord  Dacre 
writes  with  pride  that  the  land,  which  was  tilled  by  550 
ploughs,  owing  to  his  praiseworthy  activity  "lies  all  waste 
now  and  noo  come  saune  upon  none  of  the  said  grounds."' 
Again  he  tells  Wolsey  how  the  lieutenant  of  the  middle 
marchea  entered  Scotland  with  1,000  men  and  "did  very 
well,  brought  away  800  nowte,  and  many  horses.  My 
son  and  brother  made  at  the  same  time  an  inroad  into  the 
west  marches,  and  got  nigh  1,000  nowte.  Little  left  upon 
the  frontiers  except  old  houses,  whereof  the  thatch  and 
coverings  are  taken  away  so  that  they  cannot  be  burnt." 
The  records  of  Border  warfare  throw  light  upon  the  cold 
blooded  and  deliberate  savagery  which  characterised  the 
beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century.  We  recognise  it 
clearly  enough  in  other  countries  :  we  tend  to  pass  it  over 
leniently  at  home.  . 

4.  Under  EHzabeth  at  last  came  peace  between  England 
and  Scotland,  and  things  grew  better  on  the  Borders. 
Deeds  of  violence  were  still  common  and  disputes  were 
rife.  But  EHzabeth's  ministers  were  anxious  that  these 
disputes  should  be  decided  by  lawful  means,  and  that 
disorders  should  be  as  much  as  possible  repressed.  An 
elaborate  system  of  international  relationships  was  es- 
tablished. Every  treaty  and  agreement  about  the 
government  of  the  Borders  was  hunted  up  and  its 
provisions  put  in  force.  The  wardenship  of  the  English 
Marshes  was  no  longer  committed  to  Percies,  Greys,  or 
Dacres,  but  to  new  men  chosen  for  official  capacity. 
There  was  no  longer  need  of  Border  chiefs  to  summon 
their  men  for  a  foray  and  work  wild  vengeance  for 
wrongs  inflicted.  Aspiring  statesmen  like  Sir  Balph  Sadler 
and  Sir  Kobert  Carey  were  entrusted  with  the  task  of 
organising  a  system  of  defence.  Scotiand  was  overawed 
not  so  much  by  armed    force    as   by    red-tape.      The 

'  Bune'a  Histoy  of  Nortii  DuriuuD,  p.  tU. 

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B  NOBTHTTHBBIAN  BOBDEB.  57 


Scottish  Council  waa  long  employed  in  answering  pleas 
and  counterpleas  wherewith  the  technical  ingennity  of 
die  English  wardens  constantly  plied  them.  The  amount 
of  ink  shed  over  the  raid  of  Keedswire  is  a  forecast  of  the 
best  methods  of  modem  diplomacy.  Scotland  was  pes- 
tered by  offidal  ingennity  into  a  serions  consideration  of 
Border  affairs,  l^e  En^ish  Borders  were  elaborately 
organised  for  defence.  The  county  was  mapped  out  into 
watches,  and  the  obligation  was  laid  upon  the  townships 
to  set  and  keep  the  watches  day  and  night.^  When  the 
fray  was  raised  every  man  was  bound  to  follow  under 
penalty  of  fine  and  imprisonment.  Castles  and  pele 
towers  were  converted  into  a  system  extending  across  the 
Border,  with  signal  communication  from  one  to  another. 
A  brief  quotation  from  some  articles  made  at  Alnwick  in 
1570  may  serve  to  illustrate  the  thoroughness  of  the 
system :  "  That  every  man  that  hath  a  castelle  or  a  tower 
of  stone  shall  upon  every  foray  raised  in  the  night  give 
warning  to  the  contrey  by  fier  in  the  toppe  of  the  castelle 
or  tower  in  such  sorte  as  he  shall  be  directed  from  his 
waminge  castelle,  upon  paine  of  iijs.  iiijrf."* 

The  system  in  itself  was  admirable.  Its  only  defect 
was  that  in  proportion  as  it  led  to  momentary  success  it 
tended  to  decay.  Sir  John  Forster  writes  from  Berwick 
in  1575  ;  "  Thanks  be  to  Gbd  we  have  had  so  longe  peace 
that  the  inhabitants  here  fall  to  tillage  of  grounde  so  that 
theye  have  not  delight  to  be  in  horse  and  armors  as  they 
have  when  the  worlde  ys  troblesome.  And  that  which 
theye  were  wont  to  bestowe  in  horse  they  nowe  bestowe 
in  cattell  otherwayes,  yet  notwithstandinge  whensoever 
the  worlde  graveth  anye  thinge  troblesome  or  unquiet 
theye  will  bestowe  all  tiiey  have  rather  than  theye  will 
want  horses."  We  see  how  statesmen  were  learning 
political  philosophy  in  Elizabeth's  reign.  They  contemp- 
lated in  peace  the  possibilities  of  disaster;  they  recognised 

I  ^BUiopHidiidMni'iXmttJfardUa-  lataoa  of  tha  (owoahipi  thenondatths 

rmm,  p.  216,  te.,  h  printed  "^le  Order  praant  d»v  ahows  it  once  how  much 

of  ijbe  Watdie  upon  the  Weat  Uarclie*,  more  populoua  N'ortbumberUnd  wai  in 

made  W  my  Lad  Whuton  in  the  vith  the  ISth  centurr.     It  wa«  then  occupied 

year  of  the  reign  of  our  Soraragn  Lord  bf  nxaail  freeboldera,  ready  to  fight  for 

King  Edmund  the  gnte."  Thii     Order  thdr  own  homm.    liie  feudal  lords  wer« 

of  wolche  "  givce  the  nmnber  of  wmed  m&inlv  their  miliUiy  leaders  rather  than 

men  in  each  townahip  fit  to  keep  watch  their  landlorda. 

erexy  n^t.    A  oompariKin  ot  toe  popu-  '  Bea  Appendia  IL 


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98  THE  NOBTHUUBBIAN  BOOBEB. 

the  law  of  the  alternations  of  human  adairs.  Eowarer 
quiet  things  might  be,  there  would  come  a  time,  for  which 
they  must  be  prepared,  when  "  the  worlde  would  be 
troblesome."  It  is  worth  while  noticing  Sir  John  Forster's 
remedy  for  the  carelessness  which  peace  engendered.  He 
advises  that  "  a  general!  comaunderaent  should  come  from 
her  majestie  to  tie  noblemen  and  gentlemen  here  to  favor 
their  tennants  as  their  auncestors  have  doon  before  tyme 
for  defence  of  the  frontiers."  ^ 

"  To  favor  their  tennants  as  their  auncestors  have  doon 
before  tyme."  I  beUeve  that  in  these  words  we  have  Uie 
key  to  much  of  the  social  history  of  the  English  Border. 
You  win  see  in  your  rambles  through  Northumberland 
much  that  will  tell  you  of  the  former  greatness  of  the 
feudal  lords.  You  will  not  so  readily  distinguish  the 
sites  of  the  townships,  which  once  largely  consisted  of 
freeholders,  who  armed  themselves  and  fought  for  house 
and  home.  Northumberland  at  the  present  day  is  regarded 
as  a  great  feudal  coimty,  with  feudal  antiquities  and  feudal 
memories  visible  at  every  turn.  I  believe,  on  the  contrary, 
that  in  no  part  of  England  did  the  mauorial  system  sit  so 
lightly,  or  work  such  httle  change.  Traces  of  primitive 
institutions  and  primitive  tenures  are  found  in  abundance 
whenever  we  penetrate  beneath  the  surface.  First  of  all 
there  is  a  noticeable  feature  which  especially  marks  the 
district  comprised  within  the  limits  of  the  old  Northum- 
brian kingdom ;  the  survival  to  the  present  day  of  a  very 
large  number  of  townships,  which  are  still  rec<^nised 
as  poor-law  parishes  and  elect  their  own  waywardens, 
overseers,  and  guardians  of  the  poor.  Even  at  the 
present  day  there  are  only  thirty  ecclesiastical  parishes 
in  this  county  which  are  conterminous  with  a  single 
township.  The  remaining  132  parishes  cont^n  among 
them  513  townships.  There  are  as  many  as  thirty  town- 
ships contiuned  in  a  single  parish,  and  the  general  number 
is  four  or  five.  This  can  easily  be  accounted  for  from  the 
facts  of  local  history ;  but  it  shows  the  need  which  was 
felt  for  the  maintenance  of  small  separate  districts  with 
some  powers  of  self-government.  Again,  the  ecclesiastical 
vestries  of  the  ancient  parishes  of  Northumberland  consist, 
almost  universally,  of  a  body  of  four-and-twenty,  who  are 

*  See  AppendU  UL 


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THB  NOBTHnKBBIAH  BOBLDEB.  59 

appointed  by  co-optation.  The  term  "  vestry  "  does  not 
occur  in  the  church  books,  which  uniformly  speak  of  a 
"  meeting  of  the  four-and-twenty."  This  seems  to  point 
to  an  original  delegation  of  power  into  the  hands  of 
representatives  from  the  different  townships  comprising 
the  parish.  These  townships  were  village  communities 
holding  land  in  common.  I  will  not  attempt  to  co-ordinate 
my  evidence  about  them  with  any  general  theory  of  land 
tenure,  but  will  simply  teU  you  a  few  facts  relating  to 
them.  The  township  in  which  I  Uve,  Embleton,  lies 
within  the  barony  granted  to  John  Vesconte  by  Henry  I. 
A  deed,  dated  1730,  at  which  time  the  Earl  of  Tankerville 
was  lord  of  the  manor,  contains  the  award  of  arbitrators 
appointed  by  the  consent  of  all  parties  to  have  the  lands 
of  the  townships  divided.  It  recites  that  the  Earl  of 
TankerviUe  and  eight  others  are  "  severally  seized  of 
the  farms,  cottages,  and  parts  of  farms  in  the  township 
fields,"  Lord  Tankerville  of  16^  farms,  the  others  of 
quantities  varying  from  3  farms,  IH  of  a  farm,  to  ith 
part  of  a  farm.  It  then  proceeds  ;  "  The  premises 
above  mentioned  Ue  promiscuous  in  common  fields  un- 
divided." The  only  holder  in  severalty  was  the  vicar, 
whose  "  parcel  of  ground  known  as  the  East  Field " 
affords  the  only  known  landmark  from  which  the 
division  can  begin.  The  general  result  of  the  arbitra- 
tors' award  is  that  the  vicar  receives  an  average  of  fifty-six 
acres  for  each  of  his  three  farms,  Lord  Tankerville  gets  an 
average  of  sixty-four  acres  for  each  of  his  16^  farms,  and 
the  other  holders  average  seventy-six  acres  for  each  of 
their  eight  farms.  The  varying  quantity  seems  to  depend 
on  the  quality  of  the  land  allotted  in  each  case. 

I  will  not  trouble  you  with  evidence  on  this  point,  but 
will  quote  a  statement  made  by  a  man  who  was  in  the 
employment  of  a  solicitor  in  Morpeth,  and  who  represented 
a  legal  memory  extending  back  as  far  as  1780.  He  says : 
"  I  beheve  that  in  former  times  the  word  farm  was  used 
in  many  parts  of  this  county  to  express  an  aUquot  part 
in  value  of  a  township,  being  one  of  several  portions  of 
land  of  which  a  township  consisted,  each  one  of  such 
portions  having  originally  been  of  equal  value."  He 
supports  this  by  reference  to  cases  of  aUotments  in  which 
he  was  himself  concerned. 

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60  THE  NOBTHUUBBIAN  BOBDBB. 

This  use  of  the  word  farm  to  signify  an  original  unit 
of  land-tenure  is  peculiar  to  Northumberland,  and  pro- 
bably haa  led  to  much  interesting  evidence  being 
overlooked,  as  the  ancient  use  of  the  word  for  a  fixed 
interest  in  undivided  land  is  easily  confounded  with  its 
modem  signification  of  a  fixed  amount  of  land.  But 
many  traces  can  stiU  be  found  by  one  who  searches  for 
them.  The  records  of  vestry  books  show  that  contribu- 
tions to  parochial  purposes  were  assessed  upon  each 
township  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  ancient  fanos 
which  it  contained.  In  many  cases  this  continued  long 
after  the  division  of  the  lands  of  the  township,  and  long 
after  the  old  meaning  of  the  word  farm  had  been 
forgotten. 

Church  rates  were  paid  on  farms ;  so  were  customary 
payments  to  the  parish  clerk  and  sexton.  At  Warkworth 
the  vestry  in  1826  resolved  to  rebuild  the  church  wall, 
each  farm  being  responsible  for  two  yards  of  wfilling.  It 
is  curious  to  observe  how  long  it  was  possible  for  an 
ancient  institution  to  exist  side  by  side  with  a  new  one. 
In  the  township  of  North  Seaton  the  assessment  of  church 
rates  on  farms  ceased  in  1746,  bnt  the  assessment  of  poor 
rate  remained  on  the  ancient  basis  down  to  1831.  StiU 
more  noticeable  is  the  case  of  the  township  of  Burradon. 
I  have  no  record  when  the  enclosure  of  the  greater  part  of 
the  township  took  place;  but  two  parcels  of  land  were 
left  unenclosed.  One  was  divided  m  1723,  the  other  in 
1773.  Upon  both  divisions  each  freeholder  had  appointed 
to  him  a  part  of  the  common  in  proportion  to  the  number 
of  ancient  farms  of  which  his  enclosed  lands  were  reputed 
to  have  consisted.  Even  after  this  final  division  the  old 
system  did  not  entirely  disappear.  Up  to  the  year  1827 
poor  rates  and  highway  rates  were  assessed  at  so  much 
per  farm,  not  so  much  per  pound. 

The  evidence  which  I  have  at  present,  proves  the 
ancient  division  into  farms  of  forty-eight  townships.  A 
calculation  of  the  areas  of  these  farms,  after  they  were 
divided,  shows  a  great  variety.  They  range  from  1,083 
acres  to  50.  No  doubt  this  can  easily  be  accounted  for. 
In  the  less  fertile  parts  of  the  county  there  were  large 
tracts  of  waste  which  ultimately  were  ab.sorbed  by  the 
townships  scattered  at  a  considerable  distance  from  one 


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THE  NOBTHUUBBIAM  BOBDEB.  61 

anotiier.  But  there  are  eight  townships  where  the  averse 
farm  is  below  100  acres,  nine  other  townships  where  the 
average  is  between  100  and  120  acres,  and  nine  where  it 
ifl  between  120  and  150  acres.  This  great  variety  renders 
it  difficult  to  account  for  the  Northumbrian  farms  by  any 
of  the  modes  of  reckoning  which  have  hitherto  been  pro- 
posed as  of  universal  application.  The  Northumbrian  unit 
seems  to  point  solely  to  the  actual  facts  of  the  needs  of 
each  township  at  the  time  of  its  original  settlement: 

The  relations  of  these  townships  to  the  feudal  lords 
varied,  I  believe,  as  much  as  did  their  unit  of  land  tenure, 
though  on  this  point  it  would  be  necessary  to  search  the 
manor  rolls  in  the  case  of  each  one  separately.  A  few 
facts,  however,  may  be  stated  on  this  subject.  The  manor 
of  Tynemouth  consist  of  eleven  townships.  Three  of  them 
are  of  freehold  tenure.  The  remaining  eight  were  in  1847 
held  partly  in  copyhold,  partly  in  freehold.  Each  copy- 
hold farm  made  a  payment  for  "  boon  days,"  and  also  paid 
a  oom  rent.  This  rent  varied  in  each  township,  but  pay- 
ment was  in  every  case  made  according  to  the  number  of 
ancient  reputed  farms  or  parts  of  a  farm  of  which  the  land 
consisted.  We  have  no  difficulty  here  in  tracing  a  case  in 
which  the  lord's  demesne  was  scattered  in  eight  out  of  the 
eleven  townships  contained  in  his  manor.  Three  town- 
ships belonged  entirely  to  freeholders,  and  freeholders  were 
settled  in  the  other  townships  also. 

I  pass  to  another  instance,  the  township  of  North 
Middleton.  The  rolls  of  the  court  baron  of  the 
barony  of  Morpeth,  which  is  held  by  the  Earl  of 
Carlisle,  show  that  transfers  of  land  in  that  town- 
ship were  accomplished  by  the  admission  of  the  new 
owner  on  the  rolls  of  the  manor.  The  township  of  North 
Middleton  consisted  in  1759  of  fourteen  farms,  of  which 
ten  were  held  by  the  Duke  of  Portland,  one  by  the  Earl  of 
Carlisle,  and  three  were  divided  among  six  other  free- 
holders. The  condition  of  the  townSiip  in  1797  is 
described  as  follows: — "The  cesses  and  taxes  of  the 
township  are  pud  by  the  occupiers  in  proportion  to  the 
number  of  farms  or  parts  of  farms  by  them  occupied. 
These  farms  are  not  divided  or  set  out,  the  whole  town- 
ship lying  in  common  and  undivided,  except  that  the  Duke 
of  Portland  has  a  distinct  property  in  the  mill  and  about 

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62  THE  NOBTHaUBRIAN  BORDXB. 

ten  acres  of  land  adjoming,  and  that  each  proprietor  hab 
a  distinct  property  in  particular  houses,  cottager,  and 
■crofts  ill  the  village  of  North  Middleton.  The  general  rule 
of  cultivating  and  managing  the  lands  within  the  town- 
ship has  been  for  the  proprietors  or  their  tenants  to  meet 
together  and  determine  how  much  or  what  particular 
parts  of  the  land  shall  be  in  tillage,  how  much  and  what 
parts  in  meadow,  and  how  much  and  what  parts  in  pas- 
ture ;  and  they  then  divide  and  set  out  the  tillage  and 
meadow  lands  amongst  themselves  in  proportion  to 
the  number  of  farms  or  parts  of  farms  which  they  are 
respectively  entitled  to.  And  the  pasture  lands  are 
stinted  in  proportion  of  twenty  stints  to  each  farm." 

In  this  case  we  have  the  three-field  system,  with  sepa- 
rate homesteads.  The  lord  has  a  small  share  in  the  com- 
mon lands,  but  has  no  separate  demesne.  The  freeholders 
have  mostly  parted  with  their  interests  to  a  wealthy  land- 
holder ;  those  who  still  remain  hold  small  portions  varying 
from  seven-eighths  to  three-eighths  of  an  original  farm. 

Take  another  instance.  The  township  of  Newbiggin- 
by-the  Sea  waa  in  a  manor  which  ultimately  passed  into 
the  hands  of  the  Widdringtons.  In  1720  Lord  Widd- 
riiigton's  lands  were  forfeited  and  were  sold  to  a  London 
company,  who  claimed  manorial  rights  which  the  free- 
holders of  Newbiggin  would  not  allow.  The  proceedings 
of  a  long  Chancery  suit,  in  which  the  freeholders  were 
left  with  their  privileges  unimpfdred,  show  us  a  com- 
munity completely  self-governed,  with  no  interference 
from  a  lord  and  little  from  the  crown.  They  had  a  grant 
of  market  and  fair,  and  tolls  on  ships  coming  into  their 
little  harbour,  and  paid  to  the  crown  a  fee-farm  rent  of 
£10  6s.  In  1730,  to  which  date  the  ireeholders'  books 
survived,  we  find  the  arable  land  already  divided,  but  the 
pasture  land  still  in  common.  The  freeholders  meet  and 
make  bye-laws  for  the  pasturage.  They  appoint  constables, 
ale  tasters,  and  bread  weighers.  They  levy  tolls  on  boats 
and  ships,  and  receive  payments  for  carts  loading  sea-weed 
from  the  shore,  for  lobster  tanks  in  the  rocks,  for  stones 
quarried  on  the  foreshore.  The  money  received  from  these 
rents  of  the  rocks  is  divided  among  the  freeholders  in  pro- 
portion to  the  ancient  freeledges,  or  farms. 

These  three  instances  may  serve  to  show  the  exceeding 

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THS  NOBTmmBKIAir  BOKDES.  68 

variety  of  sodal  life  in  Northumberland,  and  the  comparar 
tively  alight  effects  of  the  imposition  of  the  Norman 
manorial  system  upon  the  ancient  townships.  No  doabt 
this  great  variety  was  due  to  the  exceptional  character  of 
t^  county,  llie  lords  were  bound  to  "  favour  their 
tenants  for  the  defence  of  the  frontiers."  T^ey  meddled 
little  with  the  freeholders  of  the  townships,  who  formed  a 
stalwart  body  of  soldiers  ready  to  follow  the  fray.' 

But  this  same  habit  of  following  the  fray  had  its  disadvan- 
tages. It  created  a  wild  and  lawless  habit  of  life  among 
the  borderers.  It  brought  all  those  evils  which  attach 
to  any  sodety  which  is  haunted  by  a  sense  of  insecurity. 
Though  war  ceased  between  England  and  Scotland,  fends 
and  robberies  by  no  means  ceased  between  the  borderers 
on  each  side.  "  The  number  is  wonderful,"  write  the 
English  commissioners  in  1596,  '*  of  horrible  murders  and 
maymes,  besides  insupportable  losses  by  bnrglaryes  and 
robberies,  able  to  make  any  Christian  eares  to  tingle  and 
aU  true  English  hartes  to  bleede."'  .  They  estimate  the 
murders  at  1,000  and  the  thefts  to  the  value  of  £100,000 
in  the  last  nine  years.  The  union  of  the  crowns  of  England 
and  Scotland  under  one  sovereign  swept  away  all  pretence 
for  hostility _on  the  Borders,  and  left  the  problem  of  re- 
ducing a  lawless  people  to  order.  This  work  was  begun 
by  the  strong  sense  and  capacity  of  Lord  WUliam  Howard 
of  Naworth.  A  student  and  a  man  of  business  at  once,  he 
lived  on  the  Borders,  doing  hia  own  duty  and  demanding 
that  every  one  else  should  do  likewise.  His  object,  in  his 
own  words,  was  '*  to  reduce  these  partes  into  civilitie  ;" 
hifl  motive  was  "  dutie  to  his  majestie  and  care  of  the  well 
doinge  of  the  countrie  I  live  in."  His  real  success  was 
due  to  the  fact  that  during  a  long  life  he  steadily  pur- 
sued his  course,  and  raised  an  hitherto  unknown  standard 
of  public  duty  amongst  the  chief  men  on  the  English 
Border.  He  exposed. abuses  in  the  public  service;  he  re- 
buked negligence  ;  he  insisted  on  a  rigid  ^plication  of  the 
laws,  and  on  firmness  in  their  administration.  From  his 
days  onwards  order  began  to  be  maintMned  and  civiliza- 
tion to  advance. 

It  would  be  an  interesting  and  profitable  study  to  trace 
exactly   the  disappearance  of  savage  ways  and  riotous 

<  8«e  Aiipandix  IV.  ■  Raine'a  North  Duriiam,  p.  xln. 

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64  THM  NORTH UMBHTAW  BOBDSB. 

tempers.  The  work  has,  at  all  events,  been  done  in  a 
thorough  and  satisfactory  manner.  In  no  part  of  England 
can  there  be  found  a  more  orderly,  peaceable,  law-abiding 
folk  than  are  the  Northumbrian  peasantry.  In  no  part  of 
England  is  greater  friendlinesB  and  hospitality  shown  to 
the  wayfarer  than  in  the  valleys  of  the  Cheviot  Hills, 
which  were  once  the  haunts  of  moss-troopera.  I  never 
wander  over  the  lovely  moorland,  and  look  upon  the 
smiling,  peaceful  fields  below,  without  feeling  comfort 
amid  the  perplexities  of  the  present  by  the  thoughts  of  the 
triumph  of  the  past.  The  frowning  castles  of  the  feudal 
lords  now  stand  embowered  in  trees,  and  tell  of  nothing 
save  acts  of  friendliness  to  those  who  dwell  around.  The 
peel  towers  in  their  ruins  defend  the  flocks  and  herds  frcnn 
nothing  save  \he  inclemency  of  the  heavens.  Goodly 
farm-houses  and  substantial  cottages  for  the  peasants  be- 
token prosperity  and  comfort.  The  sturdy  good  sense  of 
English  heads,  the  enduring  strength  of  English  institutions, 
has  solved  a  problem  in  this  Border  land  at  least  as 
difficult  as  those  which  trouble  us  in  the  present  and  cast 
a  shadow  over  the  future. 


Northumbrian  Farming  in  1S09. 

I  append  the  compotua  of  Guychard  Chuan,  Sheriff  of  Northumbeis 
land,  who  rendeiB  an  account  of  the  receipts  and  Gxpenditure  of  the  lands 
of  the  Knights  Templars  at  Temple  Thornton,  in  the  township  of 
Thornton,  in  the  pariah  of  Harthnm,  about  six  miles  west  of  MorpetlL 
On  the  dissolution  of  the  Order  their  lands  ware  seized  hy  the  Crown,  and 
Gaychord  Charon,  as  sheriff,  managed  the  farm  from  N'ovember  1308,  to 
Muvh  1309.  I  give  a  summaTy  of  the  chief  items  of  receipts  and 
expenditure,  so  far  as  they  illnatiate  the  system  of  faiming  and  the  price 
of  produce. 

Beedpta.  £  a    d. 

580  eggs  2     6 

Faim  of  the  dovecot  1  ...  ...  ...  3    0 

Peat 3    0 

71  hens*  6  11 

>  The  right  of  baring  ■  jdmon-houw  show  ilut  the  lubite  of  Uie  people  nnut 

wu  confinod  to  the  lord  of  the  muior,  have  reeembled  those  prevaJetit  in  Fnuioe 

and  the  ilntmctJoQ  of  pigeon!  wsa  pnn-  at  the  vreeent  day.     So  Monm  Sjlviui 

iihed  by  leTere  peneltJea.     The  aven^  «»;>  "  Oallinn  et  anacra  afbrabentur  in 

prioB  of  pigeons  ma  3d.  per  doaen,  eeum.  Bed  neque  vini  neqne  pahia  qulc- 

*The  numbv  of  eggt  wftd  ponltrj nld  qnKnademt" 


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THE  VOXmUXBBIAS  BOBSytSB,. 

34  qiiarteTB  of  whwt,  6  qtuuten  of  r;e  and  maalin, 
14  qnarten  of  larley,  8  quarten  of  bulay  and 
oate  mixed,  86  quarters  of  oato 

2  atock  oxen^ 

3  cows,  3  calves  and  6  barren  cows     ... 
3  steers  ... 

3  heifers 

2  boll  calves 

3  veai-old  stirka  and  3  calves 

1  buU 

107  ewes,  108  muttwns,  17  hogs 

68  lambs 

Skids 

21  hogs  (awine)^    ... 

4  ^ins  of  oxen  who  died  of  mnnaiD^ ... 

2  ditto  ... 

69  fleeces  of  sheep  who  died  of  mnrraia 
184  fleeces  weighing  17  stone  1  lb.*    ... 

3  hoshels  of  coTD  ... 

Total  of  Beceipte 


I  7 
15 
6 
13 
10 
11  13 
1  6 
6 


9  quartets  2  bushels  of  wheat  at  6b.  Sd.  per  quarter, 
50  quaiters  6  boshels  of  oats  at  2b.  6d.  per  quarter 
forseed^ 


9    8    6} 


'  Stodi  oien  for  the  plough.  WjMr  de 
Hmlsj,  [quoted  I7  RogeTt  Hiatorj  oE 
Piioo,  i,  329)  writing  in  &b  1  ith  oeotury, 
lap  that  ploughing  hj  oxen  u  cheupBr 
ttian  plou^iiiig  bj  honea,  and  ia  equally 
qiwdj.  He  reckouB  that  a  team  of  oxeu 
begiaiung  at  daybreak,  and  leaTing  off  at 
3  P-HL,  mil  plough  3J  roods,  or  an  acre  of 
tlie  MCDod  or  Uiiid  plougliiiig.  This  U 
■bout  the  mine  as  u  done  at  this  day. 
llie  ccat  of  a  horae,  Henley  uyi,  during 
25  mtki  betwent  St.  Luke'a  Day,  Oct. 
IS,  md  Holy  Crou,  May  8,  ia  13b.  G^d., 
vithout  Eonge  or  cJiaS  Hui  lum  u  made 
np  bj  ^  bndialB  of  ocita  daily,  valued  at 
lLid.,ld.torhiirbagein«ummer,Midld. 
a  mck  for  ahoeiiig.  An  ox  can  be  kept  for 
the  BUU  time  on  la.  worth  nf  herbage 
and  H  bundlea  of  oaU  in  the  ear  aveir 
we^— Uia  total  eipeoBe  being  Sa.  7d. 
Bsida,  he  aaya,  when  an  01  seta  old  you 
nuy  latten  and  eat  bim,  and  get  aome- 
tlimg  omiideTable  for  the  skin,  wherwa 
^"iv  ii  no  luch  eoonomy  in  a  horse, 
"luw  flgdi  is  wuiliUn  and  the  hide  of 
litUtnlue. 

',1^  were  an  important  article  of  food. 
In  the  apriDg  they  were  let  looae,  ringed, 
b)  Mardi  for  roota  ;  after  harnst  &ej 
*wed>mninta  thefidda  and  xraode  to 
■••nil  for  aoomi  BBd  malt.  They  were 
VOL.   ZUL 


under  the  care  of  a  swineherd,   whiso 
wage  was  ]d.  a  week. 

'Mumiin  wan  a  generic  aamo  (or  disnw, 
h;f  which  the  loss  of  stock  was  ennr>nciui< 
in  mediiDval  times.  Walter  de  Hciiloy 
(Roger's  History  uf  Pricee,  i,  334)  tnjt:  — 
If  a  sheep  die  put  the  Qegh  at  once  into 
water,  and  keep  it  there  from  daybreak 
tall  three  o'clock,  then  hang  it  up  to 
drain,  lalt  and  dry  it,  and  it  will,  at 
least,  do  for  jour  labouren. 

*  According  to  this,  the  price  nf  wool 
WBS  HA,  per  lb.,  and  each  fleeoe  weighed, 
on  an  average,  lib.  S  oz.  The  aheep  were 
small  haired,  and  ot  a  fine  delicate  breed, 
probably  like  the  Welsh  or  mountaia 
aheep.  Their  fleecta  seldom  w^hed  2  Iba. 
and  the  wool  was  oo«ne  with  haiis,  «  is 
aeen  in  cloth  of  the  period.  At  the  present 
dav  fleeces  average  7  lb. 

'  As  the  amount  of  land  under  com  was 
37  acrea,  we  see  that  the  quantity  of 
seed  per  acre  was  two  bushels,  almoat  the 
same  aa  at  preaenb  But  the  produce  at 
that  time  w>«  rarely  more  than  B  or  10 
bushels  per  acre.  Walter  de  Henley  (in 
Roger's  History  of  Prioea,  i,  270  a.)  says; 
If  wheat  does  not  return  more  tbnn  three 
tdmea  the  seed,  a  loss  is  incurrod,  except 
in  dear  years,  ic,  when  the  price  is  above 
fa.  a  quarter.      He  reckons  thus  :— the 


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THS  NOBTEUUBBUK  BOBDBB. 

321  qu&rteTS  of  176, 13  qoarterB  2^  Inuheli  of  mu- 
Iin  at  6b.  Sd.  pet  quarter,  for  the  nu  of  aervaata      11  12     1 

4  quarteia  of  oats  for  servanta  porridge*  ...  10     0 
6^  quarteia  of  oats,  boi^t  in  abeavea  for  oxen 

andcows           ...            ...            ...            ...  16  3 

5  quarters  of  oate  for  provender  of  oxen             ...  12  6 
Mending  ploughs  and  horrovB             ...            ...  12  0 

Turf  dug  to  bum  in  winter  ...             ...             ...  3  0 

Ointment  for  the  aheep         ...              ...              ...  3  0 

Wages  of  a  inon  for  keeping  88  Iambs,  ^  a 

day  for  90  days  ...  ...  ...  3     9 

Milk  for  the  lambs,  and  washing  and  aheaiing  192 

aheep...  ...  ...  ...  ...  3  11^ 

Weeding  37  acres  of  com  and  10i|  acrea  of  oata 

at^peracte      ...  ...  ...  ...  6    9 

Cutting,  spreading  and  carrying  21  acres  of  hay...  13     1 

Mowing,  collecting  and  binding  37  acrea  of  com 

and  101^  acres  of  oats  at  7d.  per  acra  of  com 

and  6d.  pet  acre  of  oata    ...  ...  ...         3     I  10( 

Wagea  of  an  extra  man  for  30  days  at  2d.  per  day  5     0 

Wages  of  six  carters,  one  cowherd,  one  shepherd 

and  one  man  for  keeping  house  and  making 

porridge  for  the  year         ...  ...  ...         2     0    0 

Wagea  of  a  awine  herd  for  16  weeks  ...  ...  1     0 

Wages  of  two  men  harrowing  for  31   days  in 

winter  and  lent  ...  ...  ...  &     2 

3  bushels  of  salt  for  porridge  ...  ...  0  10 


land  id  ploughed  three  times,  each 
ploughing  ooots  t)d.  an  acre,  hoeing  Id., 
two  buHhela  of  teed  Ik,  aecond  hoeing 
1b.  2d.,  reaping  M.,  eanring  Id.,  the 
Btmw  pays  for  the  thre^ing.  U  mx 
btuhela  onlj  are  reaped  to  the  aore,  they 
will  bring  3b.,  and  have  ooat  Sa.  IJd. 
Here  no  rent  is  paid. 

'The foodof  the  aervant*  wu oatmea], 
maalin  and  ije,  much  of  it  made  in  the 
form  of  porridge,  aometimea  with 
"  bnuty,"  or  the  aalted  maat  o(  acimali 
that  bad  died  of  murrain.  The  tana 
aerranta  were  paid  wages  and  hved  round 
the  farm,  recaTing  also  their  food.  Thia 
ayatem  atill  prevails  in  Northumberland 
to  Bome  defcree.  The  farm  laboureis  are 
called  "hinda,"  and  each  hind  isauppoaed 
to  aupply  two  "  bondagera  "  or  awiatant 
workers,  generally  women.  The  bind  ia 
engaged  for  the  year,  and  receives  his 
wage,  even  if  prevented  by  illness  from 
worldng.  He  has  a  bouse  assigned  him 
near  the  homestead,  and  baa  potatiMH 
grown  for  bia  uae  on  one  of  the  faiin  flelda. 


produce— and  kept  a  cow  of  his  own. 
Tliia  ia  the  aame  afatani  aa  Is  shown  in 
the  SheriS'B  accounts.  Host  probably  the 


labourers  at  that  time  were  housed  in 
rude  beehive  huts,  and  it  is  very  poadble 
that  some  remains  which  are  aaaigned  to 
pre-hiatoria  times  may  really  be  explained 
as  dusters  of  peasant  houses.  At  the 
beginning  of  this  oentury  the  bouses  at 
the  Korlhumhrian  binds  were  little 
auperiar  to  the  beehive  huta.  They  were 
biult  as  follows  : — the  couples  of  heavy 
oak,  with  legs  resting  on  the  groum^ 
about  Sve  feet  high,  were  fint  placed  ; 
then  undreMed  atones  ware  heaped 
beneath  and  plastered  with  mud  to  make 
the  walla  ;  a  small  bole  waa  left  for  a 
window,  and  another  for  a  cbimiMy  ;  a 
thatched  roof  waa  put  on  the  top.  Hie 
floor  was  simply  the  earth  beaten  down, 
and  in  some  cases  mixed  with  lime.  Each 
occu[uer  brought  with  hia  furniture  a  fire 
place  and  a  window.  The  chief  article  of 
furniture  waa  a  "  box-bed,"  wiiich  made  a 
partition  in  the  dwelling.  The  oow  ala)d 
m  one  end,  and  the  family  lived  in  the 
other.  Uany  old  people,  now  alive, 
remember  this  aa  the  state  of  things  in 
their  young  days.  Their  food  was  porridge 
and  milk,  with  flat  cakes  of  bariey  a^ 
pease  roeitl  mixed.  Tbey  never  ate  freah 
meat,  but  kept  a  pig,  and  had  bacon  as  a 


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THE  NOBTHITKBBIAN  BORDEB.  b7 

fiepoiriiig  walis  of  gxanga     ...              ...              ...  3  0 

ThreshiDg  aad  winnoving  21  qnarten  of  com,  8 

qnitrten  of  baHe;  and  44  quatton  of  oats  ...  8  6 
Wages  of  one  aervant  for  keeping  the  manor  at 

lid.  day             1  19  4* 

Total  Expenses        ...            ...  £33  10  7J 

Tbs  following  is  pieeerred  amoi^  the  Templars'  Bolls,  Ed.  II: — 
Gompotns  Gnychardi  Charon,  nuper  Vicecomitis  Northnmbrie,  de 
exitibuB  terramm  et  tenementorum  Magistri  et  Fratrum  Milicie  Tempti 
in  Anglia,  in  eodem  Comitata,  a  die  dominica  proxima  post  featnm  Sancti 
Hartini,  videlicet,  xvj.  die  XoTembris,  anno  regni  Regis  Edwardi  filii 
Btiffx  Edvardi  seciuido,  ueque  festuin  Sancti  Michaelis  proximo  ecquens, 
et  ab  eodem  festo  Sancti  Michaelis  usque  diem  dominicum  proximum 
ante  festum  Sancti  Cuthberti  proximo  lequens  anno  teicio,  quo  die  libor- 
arit  terras  et  tenementa  predlcta  Ricardo  de  Horsleye '  twnc  Viwcomiti 
Northnmbrie  custodiendum  quamdia  Begi  placuerit,  ad  respondendum 
Begi  de  exitibna  inde  ptovenientibus  per  bieve  Regis  et  indenturam  inter 
eoB  factam. 

Thobbtons  cum  Mhbiub. — Idem  reddit  compotnm  de  Ixiij  s.  iiij  d, 
de  reddita  assise  diversorum  teuencium  dlversa  tenementa  de  pretlictis 
Hagiatro  et  fratrihus  de  Manerio  de  Thometone  et  diTerais  villis  adjacon- 
tibus  ad  idem  Manerium,  videlicet  Wotton,  Mitford,  Morpathe, 
Ifenbigging,  Werkesworthe,  ad  terminos  Paeche  et  Sancti  Michaelis,  sicut 
continetur  in  Kotnlo  de  particulis  quern  liberavit  in  theaaurario,  et  in 
extenta  de  piwlicto  manerio  facta  per  A^am  de  Eglesfield,  et  ad  Scaccar- 
rium  letomata  ;  et  de  xj  11.  xiij  e.  x  d.  ob.  de  redditu  assise  libere 
tenendnm  et  cuitumarionim  in  villia  do  Heylee,  Corbrigge,  Trepwode, 
Novi  naatri  super  Tynam,  Fennum,  Ryntone,  Jesemuthe,  et  Redewode  ad 
eosdem  terminos,  aicut  continetur  ibidem  ;  Et  Ix  s.  j  d.  ob.  de  consimili 
redditu  assise  diversorum  tenencium  in  villis  de  Mildiom,  Shottone, 
Heddon,  Faikeaton,  Kyllum,  Langetone,  Lillebum,  Welloure,  Alnewyke, 
et  Baomhnrghe  ad  eosdem  terminos  sicut  continetur  ibidem  ;  Et  de  x  li. 
xri^  s  iij  d.  da  redditu  asaiae  diversorum  tenencium  diversa  tenementa 
in  Foxdene,  Bisehopeeton,  Coone,  villa  Castri  Bemardi,  Somerhous,  et 
Peltone  in  Episcopatu  Dnneltnensi  ad  eoedem  terminos  sicut  continentur 
in  Botnlo  et  axtenta  pradiotis ;  Et  de  x  s.  de  v  quarteiiis  avene  de  redditu 
BRsiu  in  villa  de  Foxdene  ad  eosdem  terminos,  sicut  continetur  ibidem; 
Et  de  xl  8.  de  quibosdam  terns  dominicis  dicti  nianerii  dimissis  ad  firmam 
hoc  anno  ad  finnam  (nc)  in  Fennum  com  quibusdam  operibus  ad  certum 
poaitis  ibidem,  ad  eosdem  terminos  aicut  continetur  ibidem  ■  Etdecs.de 
fiima  molendiid  de  Thometone  ad  eoedem  terminos  sic  dinussi  ad  firmam 
per  annum  aicut  continetur  ibidem ;  £t  de  xvi^  s.  de  firma  molendini  de 
H^lee  per  idem  tempua  sicut  contdnetnr  ibidem ;  Et  de  x  a.  de  redditu 
"Rnu-itmmm  in  vilUs  de  Thometono  et  Heylee  ad  festnm  sancti  Michaelis, 
ucDt  continetur  ibidem ;  Et  de  iij  s.  v  d.  de  Dil^"  oris  de  redditu  assise 
in  Thometone,  Heylee,  et  Fennum  ad  festum  Fasche  venditis  eicut  con- 
tinetur  ibidem  ;    Et  de  v  &   xj  d.   de  Ixviij    operibus  estivalibus  ct 

>  In    Fnlld'*    list  of  the  ShaiiS   of      do«a  not  Rppnr  until  17  Edw.  III.,  and 
Hutthninberiud    "  Ouid.    dunonm  "       again  <8  to  it  Edw.  IIL 
ooRin,  S  Edward  IL  Btabard  da  Honela 


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68  TSB  NORTHmCKlIAN  BORDER. 

autaiuDolibus  TeuditiB^  sicut  continetur  ibidem;  Et  de  iijs.  de  firma 
Coluiiibarie  apud  Thomtone  a  festo  paeche  UBque  festum  Sancti  Michaelia 
]rar  (limidium  anaum  eicut  continettir  ibidem ;  £t  de  iij  s.  de  turbariis 
venditia  per  idem  tempus  dcut  continetur  ibidem  ;  £t  de  r  e.  viij  d  xj  d. 
{lie}  delxi^  gallinis  de  redditu  aasiae  in  villia  de  Thometone,  Feimum,  et 
Huylce  ad  featum  Xativitatis  Domini  aiout  continetur  ibidem ;  Et  de 
x\iiij  li,  XV  s.  de  xxiiij  quarteriis  frumeiiti,  vj  quarteriiB  siligims  et 
mixtilionis,  xiiij  quarteriiB  ordei,  viij  iiunrt^riis  ordei  et  avene  mixte,  ct 
iLij*'vj  quartotiis  avene,  receptie  de  Roberto  tlu  Fandone  per  indentuiain, 
et  sic  statum  vcnditis  propter  metmn  Scotorum  aupervenienuium,  Bicot 
colli  inetur  ibidem  :  Et  de  x\j  a.  de  ij  bobna  de  instauro  venditis  sicut 
contiiietur  ibidem  j  Et  de  Ixxvj  b.  viij  d.  de  tribue  vaccis  et  tribna  vitolis 
de  exitu  earundem,  et  vj  vaccis  sterilibus,  venditia  circa  gulam  Augusti 
per  mandatum  domini  Regis  ;  Et  de  xxvij  a.  de  tribua  boviculia  ^usdem 
instauri,  et  per  idem  man<^tum  aic  venditia,  aicut  continetur  ibidem  ;  £t 
de  XV  a.  de  iij  juvenoie  ejusdem  instauri  per  idem  mandatum  venditia  sicut 
continetur  ibidem  ;  Et  de  vj  s  de  ij  bovettis  ejusdem  instaari  per  idem 
mandatum  venditia  aicut  continetur  ibidem ;  Et  de  xiij  a.  vj  d.  de  iij 
stirkettis  superannatis,  et  iij  vitulia  ejuadem  inatauri,  per  idem  mandatum 
venditia,  aicut  continetur  ibidem ;  Et  de  x  a,  de  uno  tauro  ejusdem  instaari 
per  idem  mandatum  vendito  sicut  continetur  ibidem  ;  Et  de  sj  li.  xiij  b. 
dc  cv^j  ovibus  matiicibus,  cviij  multonibus,  xvij  hogaatria,  de  lemaaen- 
tibua  compoti  pi«cedentia  receptis  per  indenturam,  sicut  continetur  ibidem; 
Et  de  xxxvj  a.  viij  d.  de  iiij"viij  agnia  de  exitu  venditia  sicut  contiaetni 
ibidem ;  Et  de  vj  a.  vitj  d.  de  viij  capris  venditip  ante  N^atale  Domini  sicut 
continetur  ibidem  ;  Et  de  xxviiij  s.  de  xxj  porcia  venditis  aicut  continetur 
ibidem  ;  Et  de  xvi^  d.  de  vj  aucia  venditis  sicut  continetur  ibidem  ;  Et  de 
viij  s.  de  iiij  uoreis  bovinis  debilibus  mcotuomm  de  morins  eicut 
continetur  ibidem ;  £t  de  xiiij  d.  de  coreia  ij  af&(»um  mortaormn 
in  morina  sicut  continetur  ibidem;  Et  de  x^'xs.  viijd.  de  7^**ix 
pellibuB  ovium  matricum,  multonum,  et  hogaatrorum  lanutis  moi^ 
tuonuu  in  morina  venditis  sicut  continetur  ibidem ;  Et  de  iiij  li.  v  &  v  d. 
de  x'^iij  velleribus  ponderantibus  xv^  petraa  j  libram  lane  venditis 
aicut  continetur  ibidem ;  Et  de  ^  a.  vj  d.  receptis  de  iij  bussellia  f  rumenti 
venditis  super  computum  aicut  continetur  ibidem. 

Summa  totalis  Becepte  iiij**xii\)  IL  ij  s.  vij  d. 
EZFENSE. — Idem  computat  in  ix  quarteciia  ij  buesellis  frumeuti, 
£  quarteriis  vj  busaellis  avene,  etnptis  ad  seminandum,  ixlL  viij  s.  vj  d. 
ob.,  videlicet,  pro  quolibet  quarterio  frumenti  vj  a.  vi^  d.,  et  pro  quolibet 
quarterii  avene  ij  s.  vj  cL,  sicut  continetur  ibidem  ;  Et  iii  xxij 
quarteiiia  dimidio  ailiginis,  xiij  quarteriis  ij  bussellia  dimidio  mixtilionia, 
emptis  ad  liberaciones  famulorum  xj  li.  xij  a.  jd,  precium  quartOTii 
vj  s.  viij  d.  ;  Et  in  iiij  quarteriis  avene  emptis  pro  farina  ad  poUigium 
famiUorum  x  s.  sicnt  continetur  ibidem ;  Et  in  vj  quarteriis  dimidio 
avene  emptis  per  eatimaciouem  in  garble  ad  sustentaoionem  bovium  at 
'  vnccnrum  xvj  s.  ijj  d.  sicut  continetur  ibidem  ;  Et  in  v  quarteriis  avene 
emptis  ad  prebendam  affrarum,  et  expenditia  in  prebenda  eorundem 
tempore  Hominacionis,  xij  a  vj  d.  ;  Et  respondet  ex  itera  parte  Rotuli  ; 
£t  in  corucis  et  berciis  emendia  pervices  xiJ  s,  sicut  continetur  ibidem ; 

'  Thia  vae  a  compwi^a  for  "  buon      his  tenanta  to  plough  hii  landa. 
da;*,"  dujH  when  tiie  lord  mij^t  require 


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THE  KOBTHTTUBBIAN  BORDER.  69 

Ei  in  biaiAa  fodiendis  ad  conbureadnm  ia  yeme  iij  a.  eicut  uontinctur 
ibidem ;  £t  in  uncto  empto  pro  bidentibus  ungendis  per  vices  iij  s.  sicut 
continetnr  ibidem  ;  Et  in  stipendio  univis  honiinia  cuatodientis  iiij""vij 
agnofl  de  exitu  a  feeto  purificacionie  beate  Marie  usque  feetum  invencionis 
aancte  cnicis  proximo  sequens  per  iiij**x  dies  capientia  pet  diem  ob., 
iij  s.  ix  d.  stent  continetur  ibidem  ;  Et  in  lacte  pro  suabiiitacione  rlict<irum 
agnoraiD,  et  pro  ix"xtj  multonibus  lavmidiB  et  tondendis  iij  s.  xj  d.  q* 
aicnt  amtinetur  ibidem ;  Et  in  xxxvij  acria  frumenli,  cj  acris  dimidio 
avene  sarclandis,  piecium  acre  ob.,  v  a.  ix  d.  xicut  contincur  ibidem  ;  Et 
in  xxj  acria  feni  falcandis,  apargendis,  et  levandis,  tarn  infra  clauaum 
Curie  quant  m  campia,  xiij  s.  j  d.  aicut  continetur  ibidem ;  £t  in  xxxvij 
acria  frumenti,  cj  acria  dimidio  avene  metendia,  colligendis,  et  ligandia 
kj  a.  X  d.  ob.,  videlicet,  pro  qualibet  acra  frumenti  vij  d.  et  pro  ijuulibet 
acra  av^te  vj  d. ,  sicut  continetur  ibidem  ;  Et  in  vadiia  unius  bominis  exia- 
tentis  ultra  meseorea  per  tempua  autnmpni,  videlicet,  per  xxx  dies, 
cap.  per  diem  ij  d.,  va.  ;  Et  in  atipendiia  vj  canicariorum,  j  vaccarii,  j 
bercaiii.  et  unius  bominia  cuatodienlta  manarium  et  facientia  pota<jium 
famnloram,  per  totum  annum  integrum,  xl  a.  aicut  continet^ir  ibidem  ; 
Et  iu  atipendia  unina  porcarii  per  xvj  aeptimanaa,  xij  d.  aiout  continetur 
ibidem  ;  Et  in  atipendiia  ij  hominum  euncium  ad  herciam  tempore 
Reminacionia  pet  xxxj  dies,  tam  tempore  seminocionis  byamalia  quam 
qoadTagesimalia,  vs.  ij  d.  eicut  continetur  ibidem;  Et  in  ij  butiaollis 
aalia  emptis  pro  potagio  famulorum  x  d.  sicut  continetur  ibidem  ;  Et  in 
parietibua  grangie  emendandis  iij  a.  aicut  continetur  ibidem  ;  Et  in  xxj 
quarteriis  frumenti,  ailiginia,  et  mixtilionia,  viij  quarteriia  ordei,  ct  xlitij 
quarteriia  avena  tritutandis  et  ventandia  viij  a.  vj  d.  sicut  continetut 
ibidem ;  £t  in  vadiia  j  aervientia  custodientia  Manerum  per  tempua 
compoti  ut  Bupra  xxxix  a.  iiij  d.  ob.,  cap.  per  diem  j  d.  ob.,  aicut  con- 
tinetur ibidem. 

ExFERBB  Temflariobuh. — Et  in  expenais  fiatris  Kfichaelia  de  Soureby, 
fraf ris  Walteri  de  Gaddesby,  fratria  Galf ridi  de  Wittone,  et  fratris  Roberti 
de  Cammulle  de  ordine  Milicie  Templi,  existenciuni  in  custodia  dicti 
Gnychardi  in  castro  Novi  Caatri  super  Tynam  a  die  dominica  proxima 
post  featum  Sancti  Martini  anno  tegni  Regis  Edwardi  aecundo  uaque 
festum  Sancti  Michaelis  proximo  sequena  anno  regni  Regis  Edwatdi 
tercio,  videlicet,  per  cccxv  dies,  euilibet  capiendo  pet  diem  iiij  d. ,  xxj  li. 
dent  continetir,'  ibidem  ;  £t  in  expenaia  dictorum  iiij  fratrum,  viij 
bominum  equitum,  x  bominum  peditum  missonun  cum  dictis  fratribus 
inter  Novnm  Caatrum  super  Tynam  et  Eboracum  pro  eiadem  aalvo  et 
aecure  ducendia  ibidem  per  trea  dies,  per  breve  Regie  et  per  speciale  man- 
datum  ejusdem,  et  morando  ibidem  antequam  liberabantur  Vicccomiti 
Eboiaci  et  Constabnlario  Caatri  ibidem,  xl  s.  sicut  continetur  ibidem. 
Summa  Expensarmn  Ivj  li.  x  s.  vij  d.  ob.  q*. 
Et  debet  Xixvij  lixj  d.  q».  Et  respondet  infra. 
Fb(iiient0h. — Idem  reddit  compotom  de  ix  quarteriis  ^'  buasellia 
frumenti  de  emptis  ut  supra ;  Ettotnm  compotum  inaemineeuper  xxxvij 
Bcras,  videlicet,  super  acram  ij  buaeellos. 

AvKHB. — Idem  reddit  compotum  de  liiij  quarteriia  vj  buaaellia  avene 
de  empt'iB  nt  aupra  ad  semen  et  potagium  fomulorum  sicut  continetur 
ibidem ;  Et  de  v  quarteriia  avene  receptia  de  emptis  pro'  prebenda  equoium 
tempora  seminacionie  sicnt  continetur  ibidem  ;  Summa  lix  quarteria  vj 
buaaelli ;    De  qoibus  in  semine  super  i^  acme  dimidjuTu  1  quarteria  vj 


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67  TBZ  NOBTHDHBIOAH  BOBDEB. 

btuaelli ;  et  in  prebeoda  equoram  tempore  aenunacioius  nt  supra  v 
quarteria  ;  £t  in  potagio  famulonim  iitj  quarteria ;    Et  eqoat. 

MlxTDBA  AD  UBKBACtoMEs  fMtvhOBVU. — Idem  reddit  compotum  de 
xxij  qnartariis  demidio  siliginis,  zi^  qaarteriis  ^  busaellis  dimidio 
mixtilionia,  cmptu  nd  libencioneB  famulorum,  Summa  xxxt  quarteria  TJ 
buBselli  dimidiuB ;  De  qaibns  in  libencionibus  v  carncuiorum  pet  xIt 
septimanas,  videlicet,  per  totam  tempus  compoti  zxij  qnarteria  dimidiittii, 
Et  in  libencionibus  unius  bercarii  et  unJue  vaccariiadiedominicaproxinia 
post  festnm  SanctL  Martini  usque  diem  Sabbati  in  crastino  Sancti  Petri  ad 
rincula  proximum  per  xxxvj  septimanas  et  t  diea,  cap.  qnarterium  pro  xij 
septimanas,  v  quarteria  i^'  busselli  dimidium  sicut  continetnr  ibidem,  Et 
in  liberacione  uuiua  porcarii  custodieutis  porcoe  per  xvj  septimanas  infra 
tempus  predictumjquarterium,  et  in  libemcium  unios  hominia  custodientis 
curiam  et  facientis  potngium  fomulorum  pei  zlv  septimanas  ij  quarteria 
vj  buBseUi,  et  in  liberacione  unius  carectarii  enntia  ad  caiectandum  cum 
equis  de  manerio  et  cum  equis  dicti  Guychardi  post  mortem  equonim  de 
manerio,  a  predicto  die  dominica  proxima  post  f  eetum  Sancti  Martini  oaque 
diem  Lune  proximam  poet  festum  Sancti  Michaelis  proximo  Bequens,  per 
xIt  septimanas,  cap.  qoatterium  per  xij  septimanas,  iij  quarteria  *j 
busseJIi ;  Summa  xxxt  quarteria  iij  buaelli  dimidius  ;  £t  in  venditis  super 
compotum  ut  patet  superius  iij  bumelli ;  Et  equaL 

Affbl  Idem  reddit  compotum  du  iij  afiris  leceptis  de  Roberto  de 
Famdone  per  Indentutsm ;  de  quibus — in  monne  ^  :  Et  remanet  j. 

BovBS.  Idem  leddit  compotum  de  xzt  bobus  receptlB  de  eodem  pei 
eandem  Indentuiam ;  De  qnibus  in  morina  ii^ ;  In  venditis  ^ ; 
— Et  remanent  xix. 

Yaooe. — Idem  teddit  compotum  de  ix  vaccis  leceptis  de  eodem  per 
eandem  Indenturam ;  Et  vendite  nt  supra ;  et  eqoat. 

BoTicuLL — Idem  reddit  compotum  de  t  boviculis,  iij  atirkettis, 
receptis  de  eodem  per  eandem  Indentuiam ;  et  vendite  onuws  ut  supra ; 
Etequat 

JcTEMCK — Idem  reddit  compotum  de  iij  juvends  reoeptis  de  eodem 
per  eandem  Indenturam  ;  Et  vendite  omnes  ut  supra ;  Et  equat 

YiTULL — Idem  reddit  compotum  de  i^'  vitulia  de  exitu  hqjua  uini ; 
Et  vendite  ut  supia ;  Et  equaL 

T&UBna. — Idem  reddit  compotum  ds  j  tauro  lecepto  de  eodem  per 
eandem  Indenturam ;  Et  venditus  ut  supra ;  Et  equat. 

Ovtti. — Idem  reddit  compotum  de  ix"  ovibus  matricibus  leceptis  ds 
eodem  per  eandem  Indenturam  ;  £t  vendite  ut  [supra] ;  De  quibus  in 
morina  Ixxiij,  et  in  venditis  cv^j  ovea ;  Et  equat 

MoLTONEB. — Idem  reddit  compotum  de  vij^^vi^.  multonibns  receptis 
de  eodem  per  eandem  Indentuiam ;  De  quibus  in  morina  xziiij,  et  in 
venditis  cviij  )  Et  equat. 

HoQASTBL — Idem  reddit  compotum  de  Izix  hogastris  receptis  de 
eodem  per  eandem  Indenturam ;  Ds  qnibus  in  morina  llj,  et  in  venditis 
xvij ;  Et  equat. 

AosL — Idem  reddit  compotum  de  iiij^viy.  sgnis  de  exitu  hujos 
anni ;  Et  venditi  ut  supra;  Et  equat 

Gafrk — Idem  reddit  compotum  de  viij  capris  receptis  de  eodem,  pet 
indentuiam.  et  vendite  ut  supra ;  Et  equat. 

Ponci.— Idem  leddit  compotum  de  xxiiij  porcis  reoeptis  de  eodem  per 
Indenturam ;  De  quibus  in  morina  ijj ;  et  in  venditis  x^  ;  Et  equat. 


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THE  NORTHITUBBIAN  BOIIDEB.  71 

Anci. — IdflHL  reddit  compotam  de  TJ  auois  receptia  de  eodem  per 
Indentomn ;  £t  vendite  ut  supta ;  £t  eqnat. 

Pkllh. — Idem  reddit  compotum  de  xrij  pehia  de  cxtix  pellibus 
bideatiiini  de  marina  ante  tonsaram  ;  Et  vendite  ut  supra ;  Et  equat. 

LuTA. — mem  reddit  compotum  do  xvij  petria  et  j  libra  lane  proveni- 
entiB  de  ciijj**  velleiibos ;  Et  Tendite  ut  supra ;  £t  equat. 

CoBftA. — Idem  reddit  compotum  de  ij  coreis  aSKiram  de  morina  Et 
iiij  coteia  bovinia  de  morina ;  Et  venditi  ut  supra ;  Et  equat. 

Galu,  Galukk,  cr  OvA.-^Idem  reddit  compotum  de  Ixxj  gallis, 
gatlinia,  Dii^"  oyIs  de  ledditn ;  Et  veudita  ut  supra ;  Et  equat 

MoRTnuM  Staubuk. — Idem  reapondet  de  tribuB  carucie  cnm  toto 
appantu,  receptis  de  eodem  per  ludenturam,  precium  cujuslibet  zviij  d. ; 
ij  plaustiia  precium  iij  a. ;  ij  plombia  precium  j  marca ;  j  cuva  magna 
cum  ij  barellis  precium  v  h.  ;  j  lotorio  cum  parra  olla  enea  ;  feno  ad 
sustentacionem  averiomm  didd  manerii ;  j  carectaf errata  precium  xii^  s.; 
iiij  ostia ;  ij  minoribas  borellia ;  cum  omnibus  cortia,  acriptis,  et 
monnmentia,  aub  aigillo  fratris  Micbaelia,  quondam  ouatodia  ejuadem 
manerii. 

OBNAKEtrTA  Capslle. — Memoraudum  de  nno  calice,  ono  veetimento 
integro,  uno  miaaali,  uno  gradali,  et  una  legends  inventia  in  manerio  de 
lliometone  piedicte,  et  remanentibua  penes  Robertum  de  Fandone,  qui 
ea  adhuc  retiuet,  et  Uberare  dicto  Guichardo  recuaavit. 

CoMPonra  ejnsdem  Guycbardi  de  eiadem  tenia  a  feato  Sancti  Micbaelia 
anno  tercto  uaque  diem  dominicum  proximum  ante  featum  Sancti  Cuth- 
berti  proximo  sequena,  quo  die  liberarit  predictaa  tenaa  et  tenements 
Bicardo  de  Hoisle;,  nunc  Guatodi  earundem  per  breve  R^pa  et  indenturam 
inter  eoa  inde  factam. 

Idem  reddit  compotum  de  v  a.  zj  d.  de  Ixxj  gallinis  de  redditu  termino 
Natalis  Domini  sicut  continetor  ibidem ;  Et  de  iiij  a.  rij  d.  de  coreis,  ij 
bovium,  et  coreo  j  affri  mortuorum  in  morina  venditis  sicut  continetur 
ibidem  ;  Et  de  xxx  a  t  d.  de  iiij  quarteriia  dimidio  j  bussallo  frumenti 
venditis,  precium  quarterii  yj  a.  Tiij  d.  aicut  continetur  ibidem  ;  Et  de 
XT  8.  iy  d.  ob.  de  vj  quarteriis  j  bussello  aveue  venditis  super  compotum 
aicut  continetur  ibidem  ;  Et  de  xiiij  s.  de  j  carecte  ferrata  vendita  super 
compotum  sicut  continetur  ibidem. 

Summa  Becepto  Ixx  a.  ij  d.  ob. 

ExPEKSi. — Idem  computet  in  vadiis  nnins  servientis  custodientia 
manerium  piedictum  a  die  dominica  in  festo  Sancti  Micbaelia  anno  aupra- 
dicto  usque  diem  dominicum  proximum  ante  featum  Sancti  Guthberti 
proximo  sequena,  per  clxv  dies,  cap  per  diem  j  d.  oK,  xx  a  vij  d.  ok ; 
Et  in  atipendiis  ij  bominum  euntium  ad  herciam  tempore  seminacionia, 
tarn  hyemalis  qnam  quadrageeimalis,  per  xxxj  dies,  ij  s.  v^  d.,  cap.  per 
diem  j  d.  ;  Et  in  x  quarteriis  frumenti,  xxx  quarteriia  avene  trituraiidiB 
et  ventandia  iij  &  ij  d.,  videlicet,  per  quarterium  frumenti  ij  d.,  et  per 
qnarterium  avene  j  d.  ;  £t  in  stipendio  unius  fabri  emeudantia  fern- 
menta  caracarum  per  tempus  istius  compoti,  ex  certa  convencione  secum 
facia  pro  medietate  anni,  v  a. 

Summa  Expenaarum  xxxij  e.  iiij  d.  ob.  ; 
Et  debet  xxxvija   xd. ;    Et  debet  de   remanentibus   compotia  pre- 
cedeotia  xxxvij  IL  xj  s.  xj  d.  q'  Summa  conjunta  que  debetur  xxxix.  li. 
ixs.  ixd.  qV;  Sed  reapondet  in  Rotulo  aeztoin  Nortbumbria. 


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72  THE  KOBTHtniBKUN  BOItDlB. 

Qranqu. 

FRiWBKTnM. — Idem  reddit  compotam  de  xvy  qoartariis  j  boaaallo 
frumenti,  De  quibus  in  semine  super  xxij  aaiaa  terra  v  qoarteru  dimi- 
diuni,  et  in  Tenditia  ij  quartoria  ut  supra,  et  in  liberacione  (acta  Bicaido 
de  HoTsleye  rij  qnarteria,  et  in  venditiB  ut  aupia  iiij  quarteiia  t 
busselli :  Sumiua  xvij  quarteria  j  bussellus. 

AvEKA. — Idem  reddit  compotum  d«  iiij"v,  quarteriis  avene  de 
exitibus  grangie ;  De  qaiboa  in  semine  super  xxij  acraa  xj  qoaitoia 
dimidium,  videlicet^  super  acram  dimidium  quarterium,  et  in  UberacionibuB 
iiij  canicaiionim  a  festo  sancti  Michaelis  usque  diem  dominicum  pioxi- 
mum  poat  festtim  Sancti  Cutbbeiti  proximo  eaquanB,  per  zziiy 
septimanas,  cap.  quarterium  per  xvj  septimamu,  XTJ  quarteria,  et  ia 
liberacione  unius  ancille  cuatodientia  curiam  et  facientis  potagium  fama- 
lorum,  per  dictum  tempua  iij  quarteria,  cap.  quarterium  per  viij  aeptimanas, 
et  in  suatentacione  ix  bovium  per  estimacionem  in  garbis  vj  quatteim, 
et  in  farina  facta  pro  potagio  famulorum  pei  tempus  compoti  j  quuterimo, 
et  in  libetaciona  facta  fiicardo  de  Honleye  per  indentuiam  xQ  quacteria 
iij  buBselli :  Summa  Ixxviij  quarteria  jij  buaseUi ;  Et  in  venditia  super 
compotum  ut  patet  superiua  vj  quarteria  j  buss^oa. 

iNSTAmiUK. 

Aftrl — Idem  reddit  compotum  de  j  aSm  de  remansutibua  ultimi 
compoti ;  Et  mortua  (sic)  est  in  morina  boo  anno ;  £t  uichil  remaoet. 

BoTEB. — Idem  reapondet  de  xix  bobua  de  remanentibus ;  De  quibua 
in  morina  ij,  et  in  liberacione  facta  Bicardo  de  Horselay,  habenti  coft- 
todium  tenarum  et  tenementotum  per  brave  Regis  et  indentuiam  later 
ipsum  [et]  Guycbardum  inde  confectam,  svij  hoves;  Et  eqnat. 

MoRTUuu  Stauruh. — Idem  respondet  de  tribus  carucis  cum  toto 
apparatu,  de  remanentibus  ultimi  compoti,  precium  cujuslibet  xviij  d.  ; 
ij  plauatris  precium  ij  s.  ;  -ij  plumbis  precium  j  maica ;  j  cuva  magna  cum 
^  baiellis  precium  v  a,  ;  uno  lotorio  cum  parva  olla  enea ;  feuo  ad 
austeatacionem  averiorum  dicti  Manerii ;  iijj  cistis ;  i^  minoribua  barellis 
cum  omnibus  carCis,  ecriptis,  et  monumentis,  sub  sigillo  fratris  Michaelis 
quondam  cuatodia  ejusdem  Manerii,  et  libetatis  predicto  Ricardo  da 
Horselay  per  indenturam  inter  ipsum  at  prefatum  Guychaidum  inda 
confectam. 

Et  memorandum  quod  dictis  Guycbaidus  libeiarit  predicto  Bicardo  de 
Horseley  x  plaustra  feni  per  indenturam,  unde  habet  respondera  super 
compoto  auo. 

Appendix  II. 
(Foreign,  ELU.  ItooardOffioa.  Vol:  115.  Na  024.) 
Articles  accorded  by  tbe  Bight  Honorable  Thomas  Earle  of 
At  Aloewiek,  Sussex  vizcouot  Fitzwaltor,  Lorde  Egremont  and  Bumell, 
iij"°  N"  1570.  knight  of  the  moate  honorable  Order  of  the  Garter,  Cap""  of 
the  Gentlemen  pencioners  and  GoDtlemen  at  Armes,  Chefe 
Justice  and  Justice  in  Oyer  of  all  the  Q  :  Ma"  forasts  pka 
Chaces  and  Warens  by  Sowthe  Trante,  L.  President  of  her 
Ma"  Councell  establissbed  in  the  Northe,  and  her  higbnee 
Lieutenant  Genemll  of  the  said  Northe  pts :  the  Wajrdens 
of  the  east  and  middle  Marches:  And  the  principall 
gentlemen  of  the  Com :  of  Iforthumbeilaiide,  Whose  names 
be  under  vritten.     At  Alnewick  xij""  Novemb.  1670. 


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THE  NOBTHUUBRTAN  BORDER.  73 

That  the  night  watches  for  townes  and  fouida  ahalbe  kepte  pnnctoally  in 
the  townes  and  at  fourda  fitt  to  be  watched,  and  the  other  fourds  damp- 
ned.  And  that  day  watches  ahalbe  also  kepte  in  places  accuatoraed. 
And  the  setters  searchers  and  ov'sccrs  appointed  as  they  were  in  former 
iratchea  And  if  any  he  dciulc  :  others  to  supply  hy  the  appoictem"'  of 
the  wardens  and  gentlemen  and  that  diligent  search  be  made  by  the 
'Watches  for  approhending  of  such  as  passe  into  Scotland,  or  owt  of  8°' 
■w**  Irw  or  measngea. 

That  ev'y  mane  apon  the  fraye  raised  by  night  or  hy  day  shall  foUow 
the  fraye  upon  payna  of  ymp'sora"*  for  vij  dayes  and  losae  of  iij'  iiij'. 

That  the  p'sons  tliat  shall  faile  in  answering  and  following  of  the 
fraye  shall  answer  the  Valew  of  the  goods  lost  (if  any  be  lost)  and  the 
p'sona  Tcskewing  the  goods  shall  apon  a  manifest  desert  by  adventure 
have  for  ther  truvell  in  peace  tyme  (if  it  bo  w^'in  ei^lish  grownde) 
after  the  rate  of  xij''  in  tfie  pounde.  And  if  it  be  w^in  S"^  grownde 
after  the  rate  of  ij*  in  the  pounda  of  the  goods  reskewed.  And  the 
owner  to  have  his  goods  presently.  And  the  Keskewer  to  have  his 
.  porc'oQ  of  the  owner,  and  if  the  owner  refuse  to  deliv*  it  the  Warden  to 
compell  him. 

That  if  any  scottishman  shall  come  into  England  and  shall  take  and 
carry  away  by  stealth  or  otherwise  unlawfully  any  goods  belonging  to  any 
engljBhiuan  and  the  said  8*"  man  shall  ether  going  to  the  facto  or  retoming 
from  the  fact  be  received  byanyli^uglishniun  or  S''  man  dwellingin  englande: 
the  p'tie  so  receiving  shall  answer  the  goods  lostc  and  he  compelled  therto 
by  the  Warden  of  the  Marches  where  the  goods  were  lost.  And  if  the 
p'tie  that  lost  the  goods  and  the  receiver  dwell  in  aev'all  Waidenries 
then  bothe  the  Wordenn  shall  joyne  to  see  dew  exequn'con  of  this 
Articla 

That  ev'y  man  that  hath  a  castel]  or  a  tower  of  stone :  shall  upon  ev'y 
fray  raised  on  the  night  give  warning  to  the  Contrey,  by  fier  in  the  topju 
of  the  costell  or  tower  in  such  sorte  as  he  shalbc;  directed  from  his 
Waminge  Caatell :  apon  paine  of  iij*  iiij'. 

That  some  two  or  iij  or  more  spnciall  place  may  be  appointed  in 
ev'y  Waidenry  as  waminge  placs  Where  Watch  shalhe  nighUy  kopte,  to 
th  ende  that  apon  fier  descried  to  he  gevin  in  the  other  castells:  ther 
may  be  also  fier  gevin  there  to  Warno  th  oole  Contrey,  And  that  the 
placs  be  knowen  to  the  people  that  th(;y  may  knowe  the  cawse  of  the 
fyringe  of  those  placs  to  be  onely  upon  the  raising  of  the  fraye,  AAd 
not  for  such  other  cawses  as  other  beakons  be  comonly  fyeied.  And  that 
the  Contrey  be  devided  into  pts.  Wherby  the  castella  of  evy  pto  shall 
knowe  howe  to  receive  the  Warning. 

That  evy  pson  that  shall  have  any  goods  stoolen  or  takin  shall  w*Mn 
tene  dayee  after  the  losse  therof  deliver  to  the  Warden  or  hie  Deputy  of 
the  Mche  where  the  goods  were  lost  a  bill  of  the  goods  lost,  and  (if  he 
can)  of  the  names  of  the  paons  that  tooka  it,  to  th  ende  the  Warden  may 
at  evy  monethes  ende  make  upp  his  booke  of  the  hurts  done  in  his  office 
that  monoth,  And  by  Whome  (if  it  may  be  knowen)  Whereby  be  shall 
understand  the  etato  of  his  Uflice  evy  moneth  and  kepe  a  pfite  boke 
therof,  W"  for  many  respects  is  very  necessary. 

That  all  gentlemen  and  freeholders  shall  kepe  horse  Armo*  and  weapon 
for  them  selfs  And  ther  families.  And  cawse  ther  tenants  to  kepe  horse 


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74  T3S  KOItlHUUBBIAN  BOBDKB. 

Anno'  And  weapen  According  to  the  Andent  use  and  c^stog^  of  the 

borders. 

That  ev'y  laiidlonlc  shal]  appoint  sufficient  grownde  to  ev'y  of  hie 
ten*nts,  Wher  upon  he  may  finde  horse  and  anno'  acooiding  to  the 
custome  of  the  borders. 

That  no  landlorde  shalbe  pmitted  to  suffer  any  pte  of  his  lande  {that  ia 
fitt  to  be  manured)  to  lyo  wos^  w*N>ut  a  termt  oi  occupier  longer  then  of 
necessity  he  shalbe  forced. 

That  the  landlords  apon  the  borders  shall  consider  what  they  and  ther 
tcniits  RhallK!  hable  to  dooe  to  inclose  ther  townes  apon  the  borders.  And 
t)ie  Wliolo  Contrey  shall  joync  in  Ayde  to  beipe  them  w^  that  they  can 
of  them  selfs  doo  ao  as  they  may  inclose  this  yeare  certein  towneB  upon 
the  Fringe  of  the  borders  w'*'  <tiche  and  qoicksett,  And  othen  the  next 
ycarr.  And  so  yearly  untill  all  be  inclosed  Qeaie  to  the  Fringe,  Wherby 
the  Uttermost  j>ts  being  strcingthened :  the  peojde  of  england  w"*  thar 
goods  may  lye  in  sueity.  And  the  Scotta  entering  englonde  come  in  pill, 
and  when  the  bordu^  towns  be  inclosed :  the  borderers  shall  ayde  the 
iulande  men  to  inclose  ther  townea. 

That  no  mane  receive  any  Scotttahman  to  be  his  tenfite  w'l^iut  lycenae 
of  the  Warden  of  the  Man±e  nndar  his  hande  writinge,  And  that  ev'y 
mane  w^in  One  moneth  make  certificate  to  the  Warden  of  the  names  of  all 
such  Scottiahmon  as  ho  his  teufits  at  this  preMmt^  And  w^  of  them  be 
deniaous  and  w"^  he  not,  And  that  ev'y  man  that  hath  any  Scottishman  to 
to  his  S'vfite  shall  deliver  his  name  to  the  Warden  w'^'in  One  monethe, 
And  evy  mafia  that  hereafter  shall  take  any  Scot  to  his  S'wflt :  shall  before 
he  receive  him  to  his  service  give  his  name  to  the  Wiinlen,  and  that  evy 
man  that  hath  or  hereafter  aliall  have  any  Scot  to  his  seruiit :  shall  bring 
forth  his  servant  to  Answer  or  shall  Answer  for  him  during  his  abode  w>* 
him,  And  that  no  man  shall  putt  away  any  such  Scot  from  his  service 
before  he  first  bring  hiui  to  the  Warden,  to  offer  him  to  Answer  to  all 
matters  wherw<^  he  shalbe  cliarged  ;  to  th  endc  ev'y  Warden  may  make  a 
pfite  boke  therof  and  therby  have  knowlege  of  all  the  Scotta  w*''in 
his  charge  from  tyme  to  tymc. 

That  good  order  bo  given  to  apprehend  all  such  p'sons  as  shall  reportc 
any  sedJciowao,  lewde  or  slanderowae  tales  or  rumo",  towching  ether  the 
Q  :  lla",  or  any  of  Her  Highnea  Prevy  Couacell,  or  any  of  the  Nobility 
or  priucipall  officers  of  the  Realme,  or  that  shalbe  derogiilivu  directly  or 
indirectly  to  the  goodo  peace  and  quiet  of  the  Reolma 

The  Earle  of  Sussex  Lieulen'nt  gefiall  of  the  Northe. 

S'  John  Fotster  knight  Warden  of  the  middle  M'o]ie& 

S'  Willm  Dniry  knight  Marshall  of  Barwick,  having  the  charge  of 
Barwick  and  the  caatc  Marches  by  the  Queue's  Ma  '  Urder  iti  the 
absens  of  the  lorde  of  Hunsdon. 

S'.  Valentine  Brown  knight  Treasurer  of  Barwick. 

S'  George  Hearon  knight  deputy  Wanluik  of  the  Middle  Marches 
and  kep  of  Tyndale  and  Riddeedale. 

.John  Selbye  Deputye  Warden  of  the  east  M'chea 
The  L  Ogle  Willm.  Hearon  Uailif  of  Hexam 

S'  John  Witherington  Clement  Ogle 

S'  (Jeoige  Badtlif  Edwarde  Witherington 

S'  Tltomas  tiraye  Bobte.  Middleton 

H'  Cutbert  Collingwodd  Robte.  Bames 


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THE  SOBlTBJni&BiAS  BOHDEB. 

ThomsB  Ogle  Anthony  Sadclif 

Boget  Catbert  Carnaby  John  Shaf  too 

Thomas  Fonter  Gawun  Botlierfoido 

Ificholas  Biddley  Mighell  Fenwik 

ThomsB  Swinborae  Sc^er  Fenwik 

Tbomaa  Ilderton  Alexander  Hearon 


Oeiaxde  Hearon 

Bobte.  Witherington  John  Witherington 

Sobta  Clavering  Janies  Ogle 

ThomaB  Clavering  Lewes  Ogle 

Lancelot  Thrillway  John  Hoaron 

Uighell  Helbom  Oswolde  Midforde 

Rotate  Horeley  Oawold  Witherington 

John  Horsloy  Laurence  Thometon 

John  Car  of  Hetton  Stephen  Fenwik 

Edmood  Grayatei  Kicharde  Fenwik 

John  Car  of  Fouide  Thomas  Selby 

Lake  Ogle  Robte  Clennell 

Thomas  Ogle  Roger  Proctor 

Oeoige  OgJe  John,  Fenwik 
Richard  Fallowfelde  Constable   of    Martin  Fenwik 

Moipet  Gilbert  Park 

John  Mnsgnve  Cutbert  MidforJe 

Gilbert  Erington  Marmaduke  Fenwick. 
Edwarde  Bydnell 


Appendix  IIL 
(Raounl  Offloa.     ForngD,  Eliz  ;  VoL  134.    Nd.  153.) 
Endoned  1G7B,  6  JuniL     FVom  Sii  John  Forat«r  lo  m;   lonU  ol  the  Vituller  □( 
Barwk^  of  Uis  decs;  of  Hones  on  tbe  Bunten. 

Pleaseth  yt  yo'  hon"  to  be  advertised  that  Edwarde  Merye  Victu- 
aller of  Baiwyck  under  S*'  Val^ntyne  Browne  hath  beino  w'  me  and 
geven  me  waminge  that  upon  comaundemente  geveo  unto  bini  by  tre 
frome  hia  H'  8'  Yalentyne  he  will  execute  tbe  victuallinge  of  tbe  said 
towne  of  Barwyck  no  longer  than  Mydsomer  next  Wherof  I  thought 
I  could  doo  no  lea  but  advertise  yo'.  ho  :  that  some  farther  order  mayo  be 
taken  therin  ai  yo*.  LI :  shall  thinke  convenient. 

Wheras  I  receyved  yo*  ho :  Ire  beringe  date  IX"'  of  Maye  to  have 
eonferance  w""  such  gentlemen  of  my  Wardenrye  as  are  inclined  to  good 
oideis  and  of  best  Judgement  and  Sectecye,  T  have  doon  accordinge  to 
yo'  LI :  comaondement  therin  And  the  opinion  ye  that  there  are  sondrye 
cswaea  whye  that  the  borders  are  not  so  well  furnished  w'**  horsemen  as 
theye  have  beine  before  tymes. 

The  fyrst  is  that  thankee  be  to  God  we  have  had  so 

longe  Peace      longe  peace  that  the  Inhabitants  here  fall  to  tillage  of 

gronde  so  that  they  have  not  delight  to  be  in  horse  and 

umore  as  theye  have  when  the  wonllc  y*  troblesome.     And  that  W** 

they  were  wont  to  bestowe  in  horse  they  nowe  bestowe  in  cattell  other- 


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76  THB  NOBTHUHBRIAN  BORDER. 

waycsyc't  notw^ standioge  wheiwoeTer  tiie  wordle  gnveth  ..aaye  thinge 
troblesotnc  or  unquiet  theye  will  beatowe  all  thi;ye  have  rather  then  thoy 
will  want  liorses. 

An  other  cawse  y*  that  the  muat  parte  at  all  the  good  hones  of  theU 

partes  of  Knglando  thnt  are  baw^'ht  at  Mawtcn  fayrc 
The  coiivcyeiig  and  Ryppon  fayro  aru  htoiiyht  into  the  west  Marches 
(if  horses  into  and  there  open  sale  niailc  uf  them  into  Scoteland  1 
Seoteland.  remember  I  ^[take  ti)  my  L.  Treasurer  therin  a  longe 

tyme  since  and  liis  ho  :  wrote  down  tres  to  the  Justices 
of  jwaco  w^ln  Yorkeshire  to  take  the  imirkea  of  the  horses  bowght  there 
And  the  byera  name  And  to  advertise  tlie  wardens  thereof  to  th  eutont 
they  should  not  pas  their  m'ches  w"'owt<?  knowledge  w*  notw"^tauding 
ys  used  dayly  contiaiye  wise. 
The  thyrd  cawae  y*  that  otherwise  then  hath  heine  aecustomed  in  the 

frontors,  ther  is  leases  taken  daylye  So  that  the  Tennant 
The  excessive  oftentimes  takes  y' at  the  Soconde  or  thyrde  liand.  And 
fynes.  wherss  the  fytst  taker  payeth  two  or  three  yetes  fyne 

the  Tennant  jwyeth  ix  or  x  yeres  w=^  is  ther  utter 
nndoinge.  This  matter  doth  not  consist  onlye  in  the  Queynes  Ma''** 
Tcnnants  here  but  also  in  the  Tennants  of  noblemen  and  gentlemen  for 
they  take  suche  gersom'es  and  enhauncementa  of  rente  that  ^e  pore 
Tennu)t«  are  not  able  to  kepe  hors  and  armore  as  they  have  doon  before 
tyma 

The  fowrth  y*  that  when  any  Inhabitant  here  hath  gotten  anyo  Interest 

in  a  Tefit  boinge  seant  sufficient  for  the  menteignaunco 
The  devision  of  of  one  T)Bon  yf  he  uhauiice  to  dye  having  two  sonnes  he 
y°  tenements.       devydetn  the  said  Tefit  betwixt  them  bothe  and  thu» 

the  taveniinge  ot  the  Queynee  land  ys  hinderanee  for 
kopinge  of  hors  and  armor. 

VVheres  men  are  eo  geven  to  troble  and  often  tymee  those  of  the  porer 

Borte  that  yf  theye  uannot  get  that  w^  they  deayrc 
Contention  by  -and  are  satesfyed  withall  at  Yorke,  they  will  forthw"" 
lawe.  repaire  to  London  for  trefiing  matters  w<^  ys  a  great 

Impoverisbinge  of  the  Contrie  w^  in  o'  Opinions  were 
a  cheritable  deade  that  there  were  some  reformacon  therin. 

So  that  in  o'  opinions  consideringo  that  the  Queynes  Ma^''  doth  not 
cha]'<je  the  Contrie  here  wi^  taxes  or  subsides  as  other  Contdes  are  a 

generall  Comaundement  cominge  fromo  her  Ma""  or 
The   Bemedye:     her  hi^nes  privie  Counsell  both  to  the  noble  men  and 

gentlemen  here  to  favo''  their  tennants  as  their  A'jncetois 
have  doon  before  tyme  for  defence  of  the  fronters,  and  to  geve  in  certifi' 
uate  to  the  Wardens  what  noumber  of  horsemen  they  are  able  to  make 
shall  pnt  them  in  more  terror  then  ordinarie  comaundementa  that  comes 
frome  the  Wardens,  And  so  I  humbly  take  my  leave  At  batwyck  this 
vj""  of  June,  1675. 

Yo'  bono"  humbly  to  uomauude, 

John  Kostbb. 


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THE  NOBTHUMEEIAN  BORDER, 


APPENDIX  IV. 

NorfhanUinaH   ViiUigr    Comhiuuilks. 

The  opiniou  expressed  in  the  tuxt  w  that  tho  townahips  of  Xortliiiiulfep- 
bnd  were  onginal  units  of  liiii<l  tenuru  ami  represent  anci<^nt  comniimitii'a 
holiliDg  land  in  common.  In  proof  of  this  it  is  noci.»snry  to  sliow  liow 
the  land  was  hold  by  thu  townsliip  and  how  it  passed  into  uoparatu 
ownership,  TUe  partition  deed  of  the  township  of  Kmlileton  may  serve  as 
iin  example.     I  give  it  in  full ; — 

"  To  all  people  to  whom  these  presents  sliall  cume  Thomas  Wooil  of 
ffallodon  in  the  County  of  Northnmbetland  Estf  Major  Al^-ooil  of 
Bnmdon  in  the  said  County  Gent'.  John  Doubleday  of  Alnwick  Ahhey 
m  the  said  County  (rent',  William  Cook  of  Brainshaugh  in  the  siiid 
Connty  Gent,  and  Edward  Ilnggeaton  of  Ellingham  in  the  said  County 
Es(|'  send  Greeting,  Whereas  the  R"-  Hon''i-  Cliarlta  T':BrI  of  Tnnkcrvill'e 
Richard  Witton  of  Lupsett  in  the  Connty  of  York  Esq'  George  Darling 
of  Embleton  in  the  said  County  of  Northumberland  yeoman  Ralph 
Christen  of  the  same  yeom  Robert  Chriaton  of  the  same  yeoman  Thomas 
Wood  and  John  Wood  both  of  Embleton  aforesaid  yeoman  and  Joan 
Darling  of  Embleton  aforesaid  Widdow  are  severally  seized  of  the 
scverall  Farms  Cottages  and  part  of  Farms  in  the  Township  fields  pre- 
cincts and  territories  of  Embleton  aforesaid  hereafter  particularly  men- 
tioned (that  is  to  say)  the  said  Charles  Ear!  of  Tankerville  of  sixteen 
Farms  and  one  half  of  a  Fann  and  eight  Cottages  or  Coatlnuds  tim 
said  Richard  Witton  of  two  farms  the  said  (Srace  Darling  of  one  Earm 
and  Eleaven  Twelve  parts  of  another  Farm  the  said  Ralph  Chriaton  of 
ons  Farm  and  Eleaven  Twelve  parts  of  another  Farm  the  said  Robert 
Christon  of  one  Sixth  part  of  n  Farm  the  said  Thomas  Wood  and  John 
Wood  of  one  Farm  th^  said  Jean  Darling  of  one  Farm,  And  whereas 
the  Premises  above  mentioned'  lye  proniiacua  in  Com'on  Fields  undovided 
And  whereas  Dr.  Blossiers  Tovcy  Viccar  of  Embleton  aforesaid  is 
seized  in  right  of  the  Church  of  Embleton  aforesaid  of  and  in  three 
Farms  in  Embleton  aforesaid  and  asTrustee  to  a  Charity  School  thereof 
a  sixth  part  of  a  Farm  And  whereas  there's  a  lai^o  Moor  or  Com'on 
belonging  to  the  Townahipp  of  Embleton  aforesaid,  And  whereas  the 
Slid  Charles  Earl  of  Tankerville  Riehartl  Witton  George  Darling  Ralph 
Christon  Robert  Christon  Thomas  Wood  John  Wooil  Joan  Darling  and 
I)r.  KoBsiers  Tovey  have  by  Common  Consent  agreed  to  have  all  the  said 
Farms  parts  nf  Farms  and  Coatland  in  Embleton  aforesaid  of  which  they 
arc  90e  seized  as  aforesaid  divided  (except  a  parcell  of  ground  called  or 
known  by  the  name  of  the  East  Field  and  which  is  part  of  the  Lands 
belonging  to  the  Vicarage  of  Embleton  aforesaid  which  is  to  continue  and 
be  nnto  the  said  Dr.  Blossiera  Tovey  and  his  successors  as  it's  now)  as  it 
is  now  enjoyed  by  him  so  as  a  just  and  equal  division  and  allottment 
ahoold  he  hut  and  made  according  to  there  respective  Interests  therein 
And  also  to  b;we  the  said  Moor  or  Com'on  divided  according  to  the  respec- 
tive Interests  of  the  said  parties  therein  And  for  that  end  by  their 
Indenture  Trepartite  under  their  scverall  hands  and  seals  and  by  them 
daelj  executed  bearing  date  the  twenty  eight  day  of  October  last  past 
have  by  mutual  Consent  ami  agreement  Indilforently  elected  nominated 
ai^dnted  and  Chosen  the  aaid  Thomas  Wood  Major  Algood  John 


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78  TH8  NORTHUMBRIAN  BOBDBR. 

Doublcday  Edwartl  Haggereton  Com"  or  arbitntora  to  divide  allott  &nil 
set  out  in  aeverallty  to  the  said  ownera  of  the  said  primiseBS  according  to 
their  respective  Intereats  therein  their  several  &  reapective  shares  pro- 
portions of  &  in  the  said  primisses  so  always  as  the  said  award  order  & 
determination  of  the  said  arbittstors  of  for  and  concerning  the  premisses 
mentioned  in  the  said  Indenture  be  duely  executed  on  or  before  the 
fifteenth  day  of  ffehruary  next  ensueing  thn  date  of  the  same  Indenture 
as  in  and  by  the  tame  Indentnre  amongst  divers  other  matten  and  thin^ 
therein  contained  whereunto  relation  being  had  more  fully  and  at  large  it 
may  and  doth  appear 

Now  know  ye  that  the  said  Thomas  Wood  M%jorAlgood  John  Double- 
day  William  Cook  and  Edward  Haggeiston  haveing  puisueant  to  the 
'  said  Election  taken  upon  them  the  said  division  doe  first  ollott  oad  net 
out  unto  the  said  Dr.  Blossters  Tovey  in  right  of  his  Virsarage  lands  (over 
&  besides  the  said  East  field)  twenty  acres  two  Boods  and  ten  perches 
seituate  in  Embleton  Town  fields  as  dowelled  or  marked  out  and  bounder- 
ing  on  Dunston^  grounds  on  or  towards  the  south  on  the  said  East  Field 
on  or  toward  the  East  and  on  Embleton  Innfield  grounds  on  or  towards 
the  north  and  west  and  also  to  him  (in  trust  for  the  said  Charity  School 
in  Embleton  aforesaid)  five  acres  seituate  also  in  Embleton  town  fields 
and  lying  next  and  adjoining  to  the  school  house  in  Embleton  ofore- 

Item  the  said  Thomas  Wood  Mt^or  Algood  John  Doubleday  William 
Cook  aud  Edward  Haggerston  Do  allott  and  set  out  unto  the  said 
Charles  Earl  of  Taokerville  for  hie  said  Cottages  or  Coatlanda  three 
Acres  and  three  roods  in  Embleton  Town  Fields  next  and  adjoining  to 
and  on  the  north  side  of  the  said  Schoolbouse  and  lands  above  allotted. 

Item  the  said  Thomas  Wood  M^or  Algood  John  Doubleday  William 
Cook  and  Edward  Haggerston  do  allott  and  set  out  unto  the  said  Dr. 
lilossiere  Tovey  in  right  of  his  said  Vicarage  Lands  sixty  eight  acres  of 
the  said  Moor  or  Common  boundering  on  Bmnton^  grounds  on  or  towards 
the  North  on  that  part  of  Embleton  Moor  now  called  or  distinguished 
by  '.ihe  Middle  port  on  oi  towaids  the  West  on  Embleton  Inn  field 
grounds  on  or  towards  the  South  and  that  part  of  Embleton  Moor  here- 
after mentioned  to  be  allotted  to  the  said  Earl  of  TankervillB  for  his 
cottages  on  or  towards  the  East. 

Itom  the  said  Thomas  Wood  Hfyoi  Algood  John  Doubleday  and 
William  Cook  and  Edward  Haggerston  do  alloU  and  set  out  the  remainder 
of  the  Infield  grounds  of  Embleton  aforesaid  and  of  the  said  Moor  (not 
yet  allotted  or  set  out)  except  the  said  Eastfield  into  three  equal  parts  or 
divisions  and  now  caUed  aud  dietii^uished  by  the  several  names  of  the 
west  part  the  middle  part  and  the  east  part  as  they  are  now  severally 
marked  out  or  dowelled  out  the  west  port  containing  five  hundred  and 
thirty  two  acres  and  boundering  on  Dunston  and  Stamford*  grounds  on 
or  towards  the  south  and  south  east  on  Bock*  grounds  on  or  towards  the 
west  and  on  the  middle  part  on  or  towaids  ^  north  and  north  east 
The  middle  part  containing  six  hundred  and  one  acres  boundering  on  the 
said  west  part  on  or  towards  the  south  and  south  west  on  ffitUodoii' 
grounds  on  or  towards  the  north  and  north  west  on  that  part'  of  tbe-saitt 


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TBS  UTOKTVCHratlAK  BORDBR.  79 

above  allotted  to  the  said  Dr.  Blosaien  Tovey  and  to  the  said  Eart  of 
Tankemlle  for  his  said  Cottages  oi  CoatUnde  on  or  towaidB  the  north 
uid  on  &nbleton  Innfield  grounde  and  part  of  the  eaid  moor  on  or 
lowaida  Uie  east  the  east  put  containing  Kve  hundred  And  thirty-threo 
■aw  boondering  on  the  middle  part  on  or  towards  the  west  on  Nevrton 
gioanda  and'  that  port  of  the  said  Moor  allotted  t«  the  eaid  Cottngt^B  or 
Coatlanda  oo  the  north  and  north-woBt  on  a  part  of  ground  callod  the 
Hewbiggin  and  also  on  the  sea  on  or  towards  the  east  and  on  Dunston 
Steed  grounds  and  the  said  Eastfield  belonging  to  the  eaid  Viccarage 
on  or  towards  the  sonth  .  We  do  allot  and  set  out  unto  the 

Mid  C%ariee  Eari  of  Tankerville  the  aaid  west  and  east  parte  and  nnto 
the  said  Richard  Witton  Geo^  D^ing  Ralfdi  Ghriston  Robert  Christon 
Tbomaa  Wood  'fohn  Wood  &  Joan  Darling  the  sud  middle  p«rt  and 
whereas  Uie  number  of  Farms  and  parte  of  fanuB  of  the  said  Richard 
Witton  George  Darling  Ralph  GiriBton  Robert  Christon  Thomas  Wood 
3oba  Wood  &  Joan  Dariing  before  this  Division  consisted  of  twelve 
aues  move  than  th«  like  number  of  Farms  and  parts  of  farms  which  the 
Bsid  £arl  of  Tankarvilie  ...  as  good  in  quality  We  therefore  do 
tUott  Sc  set  out  unto  the  eaid  Richard  Witton  George  Darling  Ralph 
Chiist'io  Robert  Christon  "DiomBa  Wood  John  Wood  and  Joan  Darling 
the  said  twelve  acres  out  of  that  put  of  the  aaid  east  port  .... 
ollothid  and  set  out  unto  the  eaid  Earl  of  Tankerville  as  lyes  next  and 
sdjoyning  upon  tlm  said  middle  part  so  allotted  and  set  out  unto  the  said 
Bichard  Witton  Grace  Darling  Ralph  Christon  Robert  Christon  Thomas 
Wood  John  Wood  Mid  Joan  Darling, 

Item  the  aaid  Thomas  Wood  Alitor  Algood  John  Doubleday  William 
Cook  and  Edward  Haggeraton  do  order  and  award  that  the  eaid  Charles 
Earl  of  Tankerville  shall  erect  and  build  or  cause  to  be  erected  and  built 
and  for  ever  after  maintained  and  kept  in  good  repair  one  moiety  or  half 
part  of  a  Dike  or  Hedge  to  sepamto  and  divide  his  said  allottmcnta  of 
the  ptemiases  from  the  said  Richard  Witton  George  Darling  Ralph 
Christon  Robert  Christon  Thomas  Wood  John  Wood  and  Joan  Darling 
(heir  said  allottment  of  the  premisses  and  also  from  the  said  Dr.  Blossiars 
Toveja  allottment  and  that  the  said  Richard  Witton  George  Darling 
fialph  Christon  Robert  Christon  Thomas  Wood  and  Joan  Darling  shall 
erect  and  build  or  cause  to  be  erected  and  built  and  for  ever  after  main- 
tained and  kept  in  good  repair  a  moiety  of  the  Dike  or  Hedge  to  separate 
and  divide  their  said  allottment  of  the  preiuisBea  from  the  said  Charles 
Karl  of  Tuiikerville  and  also  from  the  said  Dt.  Bloasiers  Tovey  and  that 
the  said  Dr.  Bloesiere  ahatl  erect  and  build  or  cause  to  be  erected  and 
built  and  for  ever  after  maintained  and  kept  in  good  repair  a  moiety  of 
the  Dike  or  Hedge  to  eeparate  and  divide  his  eaid  allottment  of  the 
Premisses  from  the  said  Richard  Witton  George  Darling  Ralph  Christon 
Robert  Christon,  Thomas  Wood  John  Wood  and  Joan  Darling  their  said 
allottment  and  also  from  the  said  Charles  Earl  of  Tankerville. 

In  Witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  said  our  hands  and  seals  the 
Thirteenth  Day  of  ffehruary  in  the  fourth  yeare  of  the  Reigne  of  our 
Soveieigne  Lord  George  the  Second  by  the  jGrace  of  God  of  Great 
Britain  &c  anno  Dom.  1730. 

Thomas  Wood.     Mi^or  Allgood.     John  Doiibleday. 
William  Cook.     Edward  Haggeraton. 


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80  THE  NOBTHDUBBIAN  BOKDBS. 

Endanenwni. 
We  whose  names  are  underwrittau  being  the  withia  mentioned  Com- 
missioners do  Certify  that  tho'  the  LAnds  within  mentioned  and  given  by 
the  said  written  award  to  Dr.  Tovtj-  only,  without  any  notice  being  taken 
of  his  successors  and  tho'  no  mention  Ixi  made  y*  he  y"  s*  Dr.  Tovey  in 
likewise  to  enjoy  to  him  and  hia  successors  two  small  biftta  of  Land 
Iwl 0111,^118  to  the  Right  Hon"'  J'^1  of  TankcrviJle  and  which  is  bounded 
on  the  cast  wnst  and  north  sidcti  of  the  Viccara}^.  East  Field  and  on  Uie 
south  liy  Dunstcr  land  ;  and  tho'  no  part  of  the  moor  whatever  by  this 
writtjin  award  allotted  to  liim  y*  s^  Dr.  Tovey  in  trust  for  the  Charity  ' 
Sithool  of  Embleton  It  was  our  intention  and  agreement  noTertheleAs 
at  the  day  and  time  within  mentioned  that  the  said  Dr.  Tovey  should 
enjoy  the  said  Lands  to  him  and  his  successors,  and  also  tho  said  two 
Butts  of  Lands,  ns  also  three  acres  and  a  half  of  the  said  moor  lying  at  the 
foot  of  the  Cadger  Ways  and  bounded  by  FaCodon  in  the  west  George 
Darling  on  the  east  Thomas  Wood  on  the  south  and  Joan  Darling  on  the 
north  in  trust  for  the  said  School  and  that  such  omissions  proceeded  only 
from  the  Clerk  who  reduced  our  award  to  writing.  We  do  likewise 
further  order  and  award  that  it  shall  and  may  he  lawfull  to  and  for  the 
within  mentioned  Earl  of  Tankerville  and  Joan  Dailing  their  heirs  and 
assigns  to  pass  and  repaas  with  their  Com  and  Hay  to  and  from  their 
present  stack  garths  by  the  most  usuall  and  convenient  ways ;  any 
alterations  that  may  have  been  made  in  them  hy  tlie  Division  notwith- 
Btonding. 

Major  Allgood. 

Thomaa  Wood. 

John  Doubleday. 

William  Cook. 

Edward  llo^^iston. 
An  extract  from  the  Terrier  of  the  parish  Church  of  £<lliugham,  dated 
1681,  shows   how  in  earlier  times  the  riglits  of  the  freeholders  were 
inviuled  by  great  landowners  : 

"  One  full  fifth  part  of  the  South  Demesne  of  Ediingham  aforesaid  did 
of  right  belong  to  the  said  Vicaridge,  but  the  late  S'  John  Swinbum 
refuseing  to  allow  thereof,  the  said  late  Vicar  Ralph  Carr  continued  a 
suite  and  recovered  tho  same  in  or  about  the  years  1663  or  1664,  and 
after  it  was  recovered  the  said  late  Vicar  and  the  late  Sir  John  Swinbum 
did  agree  to  refer  the  matter  then  in  difference  to  JRalphe  Clavoring  late 
of  Collowle  in  the  s'  county  esq'  &  Thomas  Burrell  late  of  BroompaA 
in  the  a^  county  gent'  now  both  dece^. 

"  As  also  the  eighth  stint  throughout  the  whole  North  Demesne  which 
did  belong  to  the  said  Vicar  in  lieu  of  the  said  Sir  John  Swinbum  and 
Vicor  did  agree  that  the  R*"  two  aibitraters  should  sett  of  a  piece  of 
ground  for  the  said  Vicar  in  lieu  of  the  said  eighth  stint.  And  a* 
arbitratcrs  did  sett  of  a  piece  in  lieu  thereof  which  goes  hy  the  name  of 
the  Hntt,  and  the  late  Vicar  Ralph  Carr  enjoyed  the  same  in  lieu  of  the 
s**  eighth  stint  through  the  s'  North  Demesne. 

"dnd  the  a**  Arbitratera  alsoe  ordered  the  s'*  late  Sir  John  Swinbum 
should  pay  or  cause  to  be  paid  unto  the  said  late  Vicar  and  his  successors 
yearly  and  every  year  Tliree  Pounds  Six  Shillinge  and  Eight  Pence  in  lieu 
of  the  a^  fifth  part  of  s*  South  Demesne,  tho  same  to  be  paid  half-yearly 
at  Whitsuntide  and  Martinmas  which  said  sumo  of  three  Pounds  fdx- 


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THE  NOBTHUMBRIAN  BORDER.  8  L 

shilHuge  and  eight-pence  was  after  received  by  the  said  late  Yicar  during 
his  Life  and  since  his  decease  by  the  present  Vicai  Carr  and  his  Tennantn, 
aa  the  some  became  half  yearly  due.  But  there  was  noe  award  made  by 
the  said  ArbitiatetB  in  Writing  nor  confirmed  by  the  Bishop;" 

The  rights  which  the  Vicar  alienated  for  the  yearly  payment  of 
X3  6a.  8d.  are  described  in  a  terrier  of  1663  :  "  every  fifth  Ridgo  in  a 
field  called  the  South  Domayae  of  Ediingham,  but  wrongfully  and 
forcibly  detayned  from  the  Church  over  since  the  late  Troubles  began  in 
England."  It  would  seem  tliat  Sir  John  Swinbum  took  the  opportunity 
affimled  b/the  (Ireat  Rebellion  to  deny  the  rights  of  the  Vicar,  who 
only  recovered  thont  after  a  suit.  In  hie  old  age,  when  weary  of  the 
contest,  he  was  persuaded  to  submit  the  question  to  arbitration.  The 
arbitrators  were  two  neighbouring  landowners  who  did  all  they  could  for 
Sir  John  Swinbum,  and  were  so  ashamed  of  themselves  that  they  never 
even  reduced  their  decision  to  writing.  The  old  Vicar  was  left  to  the 
mercy  of  Sir  John  Swinbum.  His  claims  had  probably  not  bniught  him 
much  income  for  some  time  past,  and  he  was  satisfied  with  a  money  pay- 
ment, which  waa  probably  soon  discontinued  ;  at  all  events  there  is  no 
trace  of  it  At  present.  If  a  freeholder  so  important  as  the  Vicar  was 
thus  dealt  with  by  the  great  landowners  what  must  have  been  the  treat- 
ment of  the  smaller  freeholders  t 

The  great  source  of  information  respecting  the  land  tenure  of  the 
Korthumbriati  townships  is  the  evidence  collected  in  a  Chancery  Suit, 
Attorney  General  v.  Trevelyan,  which  was  tried  in  the  years  1846-411. 
The  voluminous  evidence  in  this  suit  has  been  put  in  my  hands,  and  I 
make  a  few  selections  which  may  be  of  general  interest  The  history  of 
the  snit  is  as  foUowe— 

On  the  dissolution  of  the  Monasteries  the  lands  of  the  great  Abbey  of 

Newminster   passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Crown.     Part  of  them  were 

granted  by  Edward  VI  for  the  foundation  and  maintenance  of  a  Gramiuar 

School  at  Morpeth.     The  lands  so  granted  were  the  Innds  belonging  to  a 

Chantry  of  8.  Giles  which  lay  in  the  townshij*  of  Netherwitton,     In  the 

Particular  for  Grants,  5  Edward  VI  they  are  thus  described. 

Nuper  Cantaria  Sancti  Egidii  fundata  in  Capolla  do  Wyttone  in  parochia 

de  Hartbome  in  comitatu  XorthumbriEe. 

Terree  et  tenementa  cum  pertinentibus  dictas  nuper  Cantariie 

Sancti  EgidiL 

firma  unius  tenementi  cum  pertinentibus  in  Kether- 

weton  in  tenura  Johannis  Smytha  per  annum  xiiij' 

Firma  unins  tenementi  cum  pertinentibus  in  Nether- 

weton  pnedicta  in  tenura  Thomra  Potts  per  annum  xiiij' 

Firma  unius  tenementi  cum  pertinenlibis  in  Nether- 

weton  in  tenura  Alexandri  Ansone  per  annum  xiiij- 

ViTWB  nnius  tenementi  ibidem  cum  pertinentibus  in 

tenura  Johamus  Rogerson  per  annum  xij* 

Firma  unins  vaatte  ibidem  cum  pertinentibus  in  tenura 

Bichardi  Snawdone  per  annum  x> 

These  lands  were  granted  to  the  Bailiff  and  burgesses  of  Morpeth  and 

their  succeeaors  to  the  use  of  a  School.  They  were  leased  by  the  burgesses  of 

Morpeth  to  the  Thorntons,  who  were  lords  of  the  Manor  of  2iethcrwitton. 

These  leases  generally  ran  for  periods  of  twenty-oue  yem,  till  in  1685  a 

tease  was  ^imted  to  Nicholas  Thornton  for  a  period  of  five  hundred  years 


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82  THE  NOETHDHBRIAN  BORDBK. 

at  11  yearly  rent  of  forty-five  pounda.  In  17 10  the  Muter  of  the  School 
at  Morpeth  was  disconlented  with  this  arrangement,  and  instituted  a 
Chancery  suit  to  have  it  set  aside  or  amended.  The  difficulty  lay  in 
iliscovering  what  part  of  the  lands  of  the  township  of  n^etiierwitton 
belonged  to  the  Grantmar  Sehool  of  Morpeth.  At  the  time  of  the 
original  grant  the  lands  in  the  township  liiy  prooiiscnous  and  undivided. 
Si]ic;e  then  the  Thorntons  had  aequireil  all  the  lands  which  belonged  to 
the  ancient  freeholden  und  liad  leoseil  the  liinds  which  belonged  to  the 
Grammar  School  There  were  no  boundiiry  marks  or  divisions  of  any 
kind  ;  there  was  no  means  of  determining  the  extent  of  the  poweasions  of 
the  HchooL  Luckily,  however,  a  clue  had  been  accidentally  preserved. 
Nicholas  Thornton  was  a  Roman  CiLthulic,  and  his  lands,  owing  to  his 
recusancy,  were  subject  to  double  bixi's.  This  fact  led  to  a  separate 
taxation  of  the  lands  of  the  Morpetli  School,  according  to  the  principles 
stated  by  his  farm  steward  in  an  affidavit  sworn  in  the  case,  Attorney 
General  v.  RadcUffe,  1710  :— 

"The  township  lands  of  Ketherwitton  duiing  all  the  time  of  this 
Deponents  being  tha  said  2Iichola8  Thornton's  servant  and  hving  under 
him  were  computed  and  reckoned  to  consist  of  nineteen  farmes  and  one 
hidf  farme,  and  saith  that  five  farmes  and  one  holfe  farme  thereof  were 
tlien  usually  assessed  and  taxed  in  the  Land  Taxes  at  the  single  rate  or 
tas  as  belonging  to  the  said  Grammar  School  in  Morpeth,  whan  as  at  the 
same  time  the  other  lands  there  belonging  to  the  said  Nicholas  Thornton 
Esq™  were  assessed  and  taxed  at  the  double  rate  or  tax  for  his  being  a 
Komish  Recusant" 

Much  evidence  was  given  of  the  same  kind,  and  the  result  was  tiiat  Uie 
rent  of  the  School  lands  in  the  township  of  Netherwitton  was  raised  from 
.£45  to  XIOO.  This  sum  continued  to  be  paid  without  further  queatioo 
till  the  records  of  this  suit  came  accidentally  to  light  in  1844,  and  a.  new 
euit  was  instituted  for  the  purpose  of  securing  for  the  School  lands  a  rent 
more  in  proportion  to  the  increased  value  of  land  since  the  decision  of 
1710.  This  suit  was  brought  forward  juat  in  time  to  save  from  oblivion 
a  mass  of  evidence  about  the  ancient  meaning  of  the  word  /arm  as 
denoting  a  unit  of  tenure  of  undivided  lands  in  a  township,  I  quote  as 
an  instance  the  affidavit  of  Robert  Coxon  of  Morpeth,  who  was  bom  in 
1778,  and  was  in  the  employment  of  a  solicitor  in  Morpeth  who  died  in 
1826  at  the  age  of  seventy-one.  He  uoneequently  represents  a  far 
leaching  momoi;  of  legal  matters.     He  says : — 

"In  former  times  the  word  /unit  was  used  in  many  paria  of  tjiis 
county  to  express  and  was  an  ^iquot  part  in  value  of  a  township,  being 
one  of  several  portions  of  land  of  which  a  township  consisted,  each  one 
of  such  portions  having  originally  been  of  equal  value,  and  in  particular 
I  believe  that  it  was  so  used  in  the  parish  of  Hoitbum  in  the  said  county. 
.And  I  know  that  prior  to  the  your  180.^  nearly  the  entire  township  of 
North  Middleton  in  the  wiid  jKiri^h  of  Hortburn  was  unilividod,  both 
tillage  and  pasture  ground  being  occupieil  in  common,  each  proprietor'B 
share  and  interest  being  estimated  by  the  number  of  antient  farms  or  parts 
of  a  farm  of  which  his  land  was  known  to  consist.  And  in  the  year  1805, 
ill  consequence  of  a  deed  of  agreement  entered  into  by  and  between  the 
said  landowners  in  the  said  township  the  lands  therein  were  >Ulotted  and  - 
set  itimrt,  such  allotment  and  division  being  made  according  to  the 
number  of  ancient  farms  or  part  or  the  jiarta  of  a  farm  which  belonged  to 


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THE  NORTHTTHBRTAN  BORDER.  83 

each  Lmdownei,  that  being  the  only  criterion  by  which  the  proportion  of 
each  owiier'e  interest  in  the  said  land  <»u]d  be  ascertained,  and  that  in 
Buch  diviaioT)  each  fanu  was  regardsd  aa  of  equal  valu&  All  the  business 
relating  to  the  said  allotment  bavinff  paaeed  through  my  hands  I  am  well 
acquainted  with  the  above  mentioned  facts  and  ciicumstancea" 

A  few  more  particulars  may  be  added  about  the  township  of  North 
Mtddleton  mentioned  in  the  above  affidavit 

(1).  An  Indenture  of  feoffiuent,  March  27,  28  Charles  II  (1676) 
conveys  "  One  quarter  pr  fourth  part  of  one  forme  and  halfe  a  farme 
Ae  said  farme  and  halfe  a  farme  into  fower  partes  equally  to  be  divided 
situate  and  being  within  the  township  fields  precincts  and  territories  of 
North  Middleton." 

(2).  An  Indenture  of  release,  April  15,  1766  conveys  in  fee  "all  the 
messuages  with  a  garden  behind  tlie  same  and  all  the  several  pieces  or 
parcels  of  arable  land  meadow  antl  pasture  ground  thereunto  belonging, 
lying  dispersedly  in  Ute  eeveral  tielde  precincts  and  territories  of  North 
Uiddletcm." 

(3).  William  Davison  of  Middleton  MiU  testieea  July  21,  1847. 
"From  the  time  I  first  came  into  the  township  the  poor  mtea  wera 
saseaaed  and  paid  at  so  much  per  ancient  farm,  not  so  much  in  the  pound, 
each  farm  paying  the  same  sum,  and  every  fiactional  part  of  a  farm  a 
sum  in  proportion  thereta  For  the  last  twenty-four  years  I  have  always 
been  one  of  the  overeeers  of  the  poor  of  the  said  township,  and  have 
received  and  paid  the  poor  rates  when  assessed  in  manner  aforesaid. 
Tlie  poor  rates  were  first  assessed  upon  the  annual  value  of  the  heredita- 
ments and  tenements  in  the  said  township  about  t«n  yean  aga" 

(4).  North  Middleton  township  was  included  in  the  Barony  of 
Morpeth  Castle.  The  follawin^  is  an  extract  from  the  "  Courtleet  of  the 
Barony  of  Morpeth  Castle  with  its  members,"  held  Oct.  5,  1714. 

"  It's  found  by  the  Jury  that  Joseph  Yellowly  of  Carter  moor  marry'd 
Jane  Jameson,  and  in  right  of  his  wife  the  said  Jane  Jameson  is  become 
seised  and  possessed  of  a  third  parte  of  a  farme  in  North  Middleton 
within  the  jurindiction  of  this  Court,  and  held  of  the  lord  of  this  manor 
by  suite  of  court  and  ihe  certain  yearly  rent  of  and  that  the 

said  Joseph  Yellowly  is  admitted  tenant  accordingly." 

These  extracts,  taken  together,  give  mat«riale  for  the  continuous  history 
of  a  township. 

I  pass  on  to  give  instances  of  evidence  which  shows  the  traces  of  this 
andent  system  of  laud  tenure  by  curious  survivals  of  institutions 
deriving  from  it. 

Hie  records  of  the  Church  books  show  that  contributions  to  parochial 
purposes  were  assessed  upon  each  township  in  proportion  to  the  number 
of  ancient  fiimu,  and  this  in  times  long  subsequent  to  the  division  of  the 
lands  of  the  township,  and  long  after  the  old  meaning  of  the  word  farm 
had  been  forgotten. 

Let  me  take  a  typical  instance.     The  parish  of  Eaisdon  consisted  of 
eight  townships,  which  in  the  Church  books  appear  as  follows : 
Newsham  6  farms,    ^  farms  and    ^  of  a  farm. 

Beaton  Delavol  1 1  farms. 
Hartley  9  farms. 

Bockworth         10  farms. 
Earsdon  8  fanna 


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84  THE  3T0BTH1THBItUN  BOBDEB. 

Se^taO.  10faiiii& 

Buiradon  6  farms. 

Holywell  6  farms,  ^  farms  and  ^  of  a  farm, 

making  in  all  66|^  farma.  Each  of  these  farms  bo  lately  as  the  year  1847 
paid  to  the  Vicar  6s,  8d,  per  annum.  Until  the  year  1841  Chimh  ratea 
were  assessed  at  bo  much  per  farm. 

In  the  yeai  1841  the  Yeatry  resolved  that  the  Church  ratea  should  be 
paid  upon  the  £  rental  or  actual  value  of  the  lands.  The  Yestry  of  the 
parish  of  Earsdon,  like  that  of  all  the  ancient  parishes  of  yorthumberlaud, 
consisted  of  n  body  of  Four  and  Twenty,  who  were  appointed  by  co- 
optation.  A  few  extracts  from  the  records  of  the  proceedings  of  tbix  body 
will  show  how  parochial  business  was  managed  : 

May  5.  1697.  It  is  this  day  ordered  by  the  m^or  part  of  the  four  and 
twenty  at  the  Chapelry  of  Earsdon  that  an  assessment  he  ler/d 
on  the  said  parish  at  the  rate  of  five  shillings  p  farm  for  and  towards  the 
repairing  of  the  said  Church  or  Chapell  to  be  levyed  and  collected  by  the 
churchwardens  for  the  time  being  at  or  before  the  thirtieth  day  of  this 
present  month. 

Nov:14.  1715.  It  is  this  day  oidered  by  the  major  part  of  the  four  and 
twenty  of  this  parish  that  an  assessment  of  ten  shillings  a  fanu  for  the 
repairs  of  the  Parsonage  house  and  other  incident  expenses  of  the  said 
I'arisli,  and  that  the  Churchwardens  do  take  care  to  levy  the  same 
immediately. 

March  7.  1744.  At  an  appointed  meeting  of  the  four  and  twenty  it  is 
agreed  tliat  on  asiesisment  of  two  shillings  and  sixi^enco  p  farm  be 
immediately  collected  towards  defraying  ye  charge  of  ye  parish  for  the 
year  1743. 

April  20.  1840.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Minister  Church wuidcns  Foui 
and  Twenty  and  principal  inhabitants  of  the  parish  held  in  the  Vestry 
room  this  day,  It  was  agreed  that  an  assessment  of  sixteen  shillinga  per 
farm  on  the  66^  farms  in  the  said  parish  be  collected  to  defray  the 
expenses  of  the  preceding  year. 

In  many  other  parishes  the  entries  are  equally  explicit ;  but  in  some 
they  are  more  obscure,  because  the  older  books  have  disappeared  and  the 
more  modem  ones  quote  the  old  phraseology,  after  the  old  schedules,  tii 
wliich  it  originally  referred,  have  disappeared.  These  Church  books  contain 
onlers,  "That  the  book  of  the  rates," or  "double  the  book  of  the  rates  be 
laid  on."  In  these  cases  the  "book  of  the  rates"  copied  at  the  beginning  of 
the  vestry  book  merely  has  the  names  of  individkials  and  a  certain  sum 
set  against  them.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  corresponds  to  the 
number  of  farms,  from  each  of  which  an  average  annual  payment  had  been 
found  by  experience  to  cover  current  expenses.  In  other  cases  thesii 
nominal  sums  are  called  "  Ancients  "  or  "  Ancient  rents."  I  believe  that 
a  careful  search  in  Church  books  would  bring  many  more  instances  to  liglit 
But  I  leave  these  doubtful  cases  and  return  to  the  townsliii*  when 
the  farms  were  undoubtedly  recognised  as  the  unite  of  land  tenure.  Nut 
only  were  Church  rates  paid  upon  the  farms,  but  in  many  cases  there 
were  in  this  century  customaiy  payments  made  to  the  parish  clerk  by  the 
owners  of  these  ancient  reputeil  farms.  Thus  in  Netherwitton  in  1830 
the  parish  clerk  received  fourpeiioe  per  annum  from  each  of  the  40^  farms 
contained  in  the  parish.  In  the  parish  of  Warkworth  the  clerk  received 
one  shilling  and  sixpence,  and  the  sexton  ninepence  a  year  from  each 


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31 

4    7 

6 

3 

3  15 

0 

H 

1  17 

6 

H 

1  17 

6 

n  ..  ■ 

1  17 

6 

16    at  £1  S 

20    0 

0 

TBB  NOBTHnMBKIA.N  BOBDBB.  8S 

iaxm,  till  the  year  1842  when  the  Veitiy  resolved,  "  That  the  Clerk  and 
Sexton  Teflpectivelf  should  receive  out  of  the  Chorch  rates  certain  fixed 
stipeads  on  consenting  not  to  collect  or  claim  the  aunts  to  which  they 
were  customarily  ontitleiL"  The  Church  hooks  of  Warkworth  also  con- 
tain a  resolution  of  the  Veatry  in  1826  that  the  wall  enclosing  the  Church- 
yard should  be  rebuilt,  the  owner  of  each  form  building  two  yards  in 
length  of  it.  "  An  account  of  what  each  township.repairs  of  the  Church  wall 
being  at  two  yaids  per  farm,  beginning  at  the  North  East  comer  and  so 

Again  in  other  townships  old  rate  books  shew  that  poor  rates  were  at 
one  time  asseaaed  on  the  baelB  of  farms.  Thus  in  the  township  of  North 
Seaton  the  assessment  of  Church  rates  on  farms  ceased  in  the  year  1746 ; 
but  the  assessment  of  poor  rates  remained  on  the  ancient  basis  down  to 
the  year  1831.     I  append  an  extract  from  a  rate  book  of  1829. 

1829.  Feb  :  12.  W"  Watson  esq.   1  farm  at  £1  5  per  farm    1     6     0 

W.  J.  Straker       4  •  5     0     0 

John  Sanderson    3^ 

John  Swan 

Jae.  Ogle 

W"  Ogl? 

James  Haggup 


There  are  also  instances  of  land  tax  and  fee  farm  rents  paid  upon  the 
basis  of  farms  and  so  stipulated  in  indentures  of  rcleose.  Finally  divisions 
of  commons  show  that  in  some  cases  the  ancient  basis  of  farms  was 
employed  even  when  the  lands  had  been  already  enclosed  and  divided. 
It  is  notifiable  that  the  desire  for  a  division  of  lands  was  felt  earlier  in 
some  townships  than  in  others,  but  tins  division  of  lands  did  nut  obliterate 
at  once  the  old  state  of  things.  Thus  in  the  township  of  Burrodon  there 
were  formerly  two  parcels  of  unenclose^l  lands,  called  the  South  Side  and 
tiie  North  Side,  the  first  of  which  was  divided  about  the  year  1723  and 
the  latter  about  the  year  1773.  Upon  both  such  divisions  each  freeholder 
had  appointed  to  him  a  port  of  the  common  in  proportion  to  the  number 
of  ancient  farms  of  which  hie  enclosed  lands  consisted.  Even  after  this 
final  division  the  old  assessment  did  not  pass  away.  Up  to  the  year  1827 
the  poor  rates  and  highway  rates  were  assessed  at  so  much  per  farm  and 
nut  so  much  per  pound. 

I  have  now  indicated  the  nature  of  the  evidence  by  which  the  existence 
of  Northuinbrian  townships  as  Village  Comunities  holding  land  in 
common  may  be  established.  The  evidence  iteelf  which  at  present  has 
come  into  luy  hands  enables  me  to  determine  the  number  of  ancient  farms 
into  which  forty-eight  of  the  Northumbrian  townships  were  formerly 
divided.  I  have  little  doubt  that  a  more  extended  investigation  would 
very  largely  increase  that  number, 

Theee  forty-eight  townships  are  as  follows  :  I  have  added  the  size  of 
the  farms  calculated  on  the  acreage  size  'if  the  townships. 
ParuA  of  Earsdon  No.offanM.     Am  i^f  tat\  farm. 

Newsbam   containing     ...  64- and  ^  forms      153  acres. 

Beaton  Belaval  ...  11  ...       214 

Hartley  ...  9  ...       156 


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THB  NORTHDUBBIAH  BOIIDKB. 


Baokworth 

10 

Eandon 

8 

SeghiU 

10 

BuTiadon 

6 

Holywell 

H 

P'irMh  qf  Kirk  Whdpmgttm. 

West  \\Tie!pington 

19 

Parish  of  Bolhal. 

Longhirst 

121 

Ptiris/i  of.  Woodhant. 

Sorth  Seftton 

16 

Parish  of  Rothbury. 

Whitton 

8 

Snitter 

21 

Bunadon 

18 

SharpertDn 

11 

Parish  of  Ebdon. 

Rocheetor 

27 

Toughand 

24 

Otterburo 

27 

Woodside 

17 

Monkridge 

15 

Parish  of  Hartbunt. 

North  Middleton 

14 

Pariih  of  Wholton. 

Newbum 

12 

Riplinzton 

S 

OgU 

Hi 

Whalton 

18: 

Parish  of  BedlingtoH 

61, 

Parish  of  Tynemouth. 

Chirton 

8 

Monkaeaton 

10 

Murton 

4 

Preaton 

6 

Whitley 

6 

19i 

CoatyaidB 

21 

Parish  of  iVarkniorth 

Morwick 

6 

Togston 

12 

Acklington 

18 

Hauxley 

10 

WalkmiU 

1 

Grange 

8 

AjnH« 

14 

Bmidridge 

3 

Spittle  end  Lower  Buaton 

IS 

Weiiworth 

10 

144 

15S 
136 
100 


817 
1083 
316 
360 
360 


130 
300 
103 

366 
117 


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THB  NOfiTfiVUBKIAN  BOBD£&.  87 

Birtley  ...  10 

£aBt  Chevington  ...  14  ...       166 

West  Chevington  ..  12  ...      161 

HadEtone  ...  8  ...       130 

In  some  Charch  books  the  phtsse  "  plough  or  ploiighlaml  "  itlternaUsH 
with  "  tana  "  ;  but  "  farm  "  is  by  far  the  commonest  expreseion. 

Kegaiding  the  relation  of  these  ancient  farms  to  the  lonta  of  th 
nuuaoT  I  give  the  foUowing  extracts  from  Manor  rolls  : 

(1).  The  manor  of  Tynemouth  contoinetl  several  fnnuH  which  were  of 
copyhold  tenure ;  each  of  which  paid  to  the  lord  3s.  6d.  per  farm  for 
'*  boon  d&ye  "  or  "  days  work  money,"  and  32  bushele  of  bi^  or  barley 
and  16  buehets  of  oate.  The  foUowing  ie  an  example  of  the  reconia  of 
the  Court  Baron. 

"  Manorium  de  Tynemouth.  You  are  to  enquire  what  copyhold  lanils 
farms  and  tenements  Ralph  Gi«y  of  Backworth  Esq  dyeil  seized  anil 
poaaesaed  of  within  the  manor  of  Tynemouth  aforesaid  and  who  ih  the 
next  hflit  to  the  same  according  to  the  custom  of  this  manor  and  as  you 
find   present  under  my  hand  this  17th  day  of  Aprill  anno  D'ni  1700. 

We  find  that  the  said  Ralph  Grey  dyed  possessed  of  eight  sevcrall 
copyhold  farms  and  one  half  a  farm  with  the  appurtenances  situated  lying 
and  being  in  Backworth  aforesaid  and  also  of  and  in  on^  copyhold  farm 
or  ten'  with  the  appurtenances  nituato  and  lying  and  being  in  Preston  and 
hIbo  of  and  in  one  third  port  of  two  copyhold  or  customary  tenemeuts  in 
Eandon  and  also  of  and  in  one  quarter  of  one  customary  tenement  or 
farmhold  in  Monkseatou  and  also  of  and  in  eight  stinte  or  beast  gates 
in  Billy  Milne  moor,  and  that  W"  Grey  of  Backworth  Esq'  is  the  next 
bflir  of  the  said  Ralphe  Grey  to  all  the  aforesaid  copyhold  lands  or 
customuy  farmholds." 

(2.)  The  Coll  book  of  the  Court  Baron  of  the  Barony  of  Morpeth 
contains  all  the  freeholders  within  the  barony  headed  by  the  Duke  of 
Newcastle  for  lands  in  Shilington,  Twizell  and  Saltwich,  as  well  as  the 
owners  of  the  manors  of  Netherwitton  and  Wallington  who  are  subject 
to  ui  annual  payment  and  owe  suit  and  service.  A  few  extracts  an 
interesting: 

**  Chief  court  and  Court  leet  of  the  barony  and  Castle  of  Morpeth  with 
its  members  held  the  6^  day  of  October  1724  before  John  Aynesley 
seneflchaU  of  the  said  Court : 

"  Ton  are  to  enquire  for  and  on  behalfe  of  the  lord  of  this  monnor  of 
hoir  many  fannes  the  tonnship  of  Ulgham  now  consists  and  how  many 
farmee  tiiere  do  belong  to  the  said  lord  of  this  maimor  and  who  are  or  is 
owner  or  owners  of  the  other  farm  or  farms  and  whether  any  or  what 
'  port  of  the  said  tounahippe  belongs  to  George  LawBon,  G^t.  You  are 
also  to  enquire  what  part  and  shue  of  that  parcell  of  ground  lying  in 
XJlgham  aforesaid  called  the  east  part  of  the  Whins  doth  belong  to  the 
(Bid  George  Lawson. 

"  Upon  the  oath  of  Gawen  Robinson  of  Ulgham  aforesaid  aged  eighty 
years  and  upwards  We  doe  find  that  the  tounshipp  of  Ulgham  now  and 
formerly  consisted  of  twenty  four  farmes  and  that  twenty  three  farmes 
thereof  did  and  doe  and  time  beyond  memory  hare  belonged  to  the  lord 
of  this  manor  and  his  ancestors  And  that  one  farm  only  in  the  said 
tounshipp  now  doth  and  formerly  did  belong  to  the  said  Geor}^  Lawson 
«id  hw  ancestor  And  we  dnd  that  about  torty  years  ago  a  parcell  of 


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8d  tOE  MOtlTHtTllBBlAN  bOR&EIt. 

ground  in  Uigham  called  the  Whins  waa  divided  into  three  parts  two  pts 
uf  which  were  entirely  allotted  to  the  eaid  Lord  or  his  anceator  and  uat 
eeveu  parts  of  tlte  other  third  part  thereof  called  the  east  part  doth  of 
right  belong  to  the  Lord  uf  this  mannor  And  that  the  other  eighth  part 
thereof  (two  ridgee  belonging  to  the  Chinch  being  token  out  of  the  whole 
eight  parts)  dQth  belong  to  Uic  said  George  Idwaon  of  which  eight  parte 
one  ridge  lyeing  on  the  west  aide  of  the  freehold  by  and  on  tlie  scnith 
side  of  the  said  towii  being  taken  to  be  a  part  of  the  said  Geoige 
Lawson'a  said  eighth  part  and  thiit  noe  other  or  greater  port  thereof  doth 
belong  to  the  said  George  Lawson." 

In  the  Court  baron  of  1732  is  an  entiy  : 

"  Whereas  Jane  Swann  of  Longhorseley  widow  dy'd  seized  of  one 
farme  and  a  halfe  of  liuid  situate  lying  and  being  in  Longhoraeley  afoR- 
said  within  the  barony  haviuK  an  estate  for  life  and  after  her  decease  tiie 
saiil  farm  and  a  halfe  descended  to  Robert  Potte  in  right  of  his  wife 
William  Dobsou  in  right  of  his  wife  and  George  Moore  who  purchost  a 
fourth  part  of  the  said  farme  and  a.  holfe  of  John  Lawson  whereby  they 
the  said  Kobert  Fotts  William  Dobaon  and  George  Moore  are  become 
severally  seized  and  legally  intituled  to  three  parts  of  the  said  farms  and 
a  halfe  within  the  jurisdiction  of  this  court  paying  an  antieut  yearly  free 
leut  of  6d  to  the  £t.  Hotioble  the  Earle  of  Culisle  Lord  of  the  Mannor 
and  suite  of  court  having  severally  paid  their  fees  are  admitted  tenants 
accordingly  for  three  ports  of  the  said  farme  and  a  halfe." 

In  1733  there  is  a  similar  record  of  admission  to  a  fourthe  part  and  a 
halfe  a  farm  in  North  Middleton  on  payment  of  an  "  autient  yearly  quit 
rent  the  sum  of  three  half  pence." 

(3).  Nowbiggin  by  the  sea  is  a  small  fishing  village  with  a  rude  harbour. 
The  following  facts  are  known  about  its  past  history.  In  1240  the  manor 
of  Ncwbiggin  was  held  by  John  de  Baliol,  whose  estates  were  granted  by 
Edward  I  to  the  Earl  of  Brittany  and  Richmond,  to  whom  in  1308  was 
moile  a  grant  of  market  and  fair  at  Newbiggin.  In  1319  Edward  II  made 
a  grant  "boilivia  et  probis  hominibua  de  Newbiggin"  of  tolls  on  ahipe  for 
the  purpose  of  repairing  their  pier.  In  1326  the  lands  of  the  Earl  of 
Richmond  were  seized  by  the  Crown,  and  in  1335  the  King  granted  New- 
biggin to  John  de  Denton,  who  was  mayor  of  Newcastle  in  1336.  Denton 
conveyed  to  the  Widdrington  faniily  in  1343.  In  their  hands  the  muioc  of 
Nowbiggin  remained  till  the  forfeiture  of  William  4th  Lord  Widdingten 
after  the  rebeUion  of  1715.  His  estates  were  purchased  of  the  Crewn  by 
the  Governor  and  Company  of  Undertakers  for  raising  the  Thames  Water  in 
York  Buildings.  The  purchasers  filed  a  bill  in  Chancery  to  establish  their 
rights  as  Lords  of  Manor,  which  was  stoutly  resisted  by  the  freeholdera. 
liie  following  extracts  are  taken  from  the  proceedings  in  the  suit  ' 
"Gr^ory  v.  Pattinson,"  instituted  in  1733. 

>  The  freeholders  of  Newbiggin  assert  "  that  the  towrtship  of  Newbiggin 
hath  for  all  the  time  of  their  remembrance  been  distinguished  by  whole 
Freeholds  and  half  Freeholds  "  ;  that  Newbiggin  Common  has  been  stint- 
ed by  them  in  proportion  to  their  Freeholds  :  that  there  are  certain  rocks 
adjoining  the  said  stinted  pasturewhich  extend  to  low  water  mark,  sad  they 
insist  that  these  rocks  belong  to  the  said  Freeholders.  They  have  constently 
and  in  the  most  open  manner  rode  the  boundaries  thereof  down  te  low 
water  mark  and  have  won  and  got  limestenes  and  freestones  forth  of  the 
sumo  ;  they  liavu  gathered  seaweed  from  the  aaid  rocks  and  have  had  |iay- 
ment  from  others  to  whom  they  have  granted  liberty  of  cutting  seaweed. 


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TBI  NORTHUUBBIAK  BOBDEB.  89 

Th^  have  constantly  received  anchorage  money  and  have  couTerted  to 
their  respective  oae  such  shipwrecka  ns  have  b^n  driven  aahora  within 
the  bonndarieB  of  the  township.  They  payed  no  quit  rent  to  Lord 
Widdrington  or  his  ancestont ;  but  there  was  a  fee  farm  rent  of  £10  Is. 
payable  to  the  heirs  of  Edward  Xoell,  Esq',  iasoing  of  the  several  freehold 
lands  at  Newbiggin  and  payable  in  certain  proportions  amongst  themselves. 
They  go  on  to  say  "  "Die  Widdrington  family  being  a  very  opolent 
family  and  having  numbers  of  people  within  their  influence  by  reason  of 
sereial  beneficial  forma  at  Woodhom  and  elsewhere  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Newbiggin,  some  of  which  ware  let  to  some  of  the  freeholders  at  New- 
biggin  at  very  low  rente,  and  the  ancestors  of  the  late  Lord  Widdrington 
having  a  desire  to  lay  a  foundation  of  a  future  claim  to  the  said  Newbiggin 
Common  as  a  place  from  whence  several  considerable  benefits  might  be  reap- 
ed, did  about  sixty  years  ago  first  take  upon  themselves  to  hold  a  Court  at 
Kewbiggin  and  did  prevail  upon  such  of  the  Freeholders  at  Newbiggin 
as  were  their  dependants  and  friends  to  appear  at  such  pretended  Ckturt 
and  did  prevail  upon  them  to  accept  admittances  upon  pretence  that  the 
same  were  only  copies  of  their  entrances  in  the  Conrt  Bolls  as  tenants  at 
the  Lord's  Court.  But  the  said  several  persons  afterwards  finding  that 
by  these  means  attempts  were  formed  to  make  them  copy  holders  and  to 
sabjeet  them  to  fines  and  the  bondages  to  which  Copyhold  estates  are 
by  law  sabjected  the  said  several  persons  utterly  declined  and  refused  to 
appear  any  more  at  the  said  pretended  courts  and  accordingly  the  said 
pretended  Court  was  dropt  and  hath  been  declined  not  only  since  the 
year  1715  but  for  some  time  before." 

A  few  extracts  from  the  Freeholders'  books  show  how  they  exercised 
their  privileges. 

**  CotutiOieaa  for  the  year  1730. 
Ephiaim  Johnson  )  and  they  are  to  take  care  of  the  pinfold  belonging  to 
Joseph  Biyevett'  |  Uie  town  and  the  pinfold  in  the  moor  be  kept  in 

sufficient  repaia 
Chmen  Dryeoen  for  the  year  1730  is 

Robert  Dawson  Ralph  Smeth. 

Ale  fasten  and  bred  waen  for  the  year  1730  is 

John  Fattson  Thomas  Johnson 

and  theay  are  to  heave  att  every  Alle  house  in  the  town  won  quartt" 
1731.    The  freeholders  agree  to  pay  one  shilling  a  freehold  to  defend 

their  "  rites  and  privaliges." 
1744.  "Whereas  there  is  some  Freeholders  who  does  not  contribute 
towards  the  Chancery  suit  now  depending,  wo  the  said  freeholders 
do  agree  that  the  said  Constables  or  any  other  freehold  shall  im- 
pound the  s^  freeholders  cattle  or  horses  grazing  upon  the  common  or 
Town  pasture  till  such  time  the  payment  be  mode,  and  if  they 
will  not  pay  up  their  proportion  we  the  said  freehold  does  f^iee  that 
these  ogressois  shall  forfeit  and  loose  their  rights  and  properties 
belonging  to  the  said  Town  of  Newbigin." 
17S7.  Ordered  that  John  Swan  of  Linefield  is  to  pay  one  guinea 
p  wain  for  loading  ware  or  sea-weed. 

Mr,  Cresswoll  is  to  pay  £2  2  for  liberty  of  keeping  lobsters  in 
the  Rocks  or  sands  belongs  to  the  Township. 
1763.     Ordered  that  the  Constable  weigh  all  butter  and  bread  that  shall 

be  offered  for  sale  in  s'  township. 
Similar  entries  are  found  up  to  the  date  of  1829. 

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THE    MORPETH    GREAT    MACE. 
Bj  R.  S.  PEBOD30N,  F.a.A. 

Dniing  the  recent  and  successful  Congiese  held  by  the  Inatitate  at 
Newcastle,  the  Mayor  and  Corporation  of  Morpeth  exhibited  in  the 
temporary  museum,  formed  in  the  Black  Gate,  their  great  mace  ;  and  as 
that  mace  is  a  little  singular  in  form,  and  othervise  of  mnch  interest,  I 
propose  to  describe  it  rather  carefully,  and  to  compare  its  heraldry  with 
the  heraldry  of  Naworth  Castle  :  the  reason  for  this  will  presently  appear. 

In  form  the  Morpeth  great  mace,  which  is  2  feet  21  inches  long,  is 
mmple,  consisting  of  a  shaft  with  three  knaps,  and  a  bell-like  bowl,  whose 
sides  contract  towards  the  top,  or  "  tumble  home,"  as  a  sailor  wonld  say. 
The  mace  is  silver,  but  the  bowl  and  knope  are  gilt  The  knopa  are  mnch 
flattened  spheroids,  and  are  best  described  by  being  likened  to  onmges 
without  their  skins.  The  bowl  has  a  cresting  form^  of  thirty  fleurs-de- 
]ys ;  on  its  top,  or  table,  which  is  four  inches  in  diameter,  is  a  small  flat 
boss,  two  inches  in  diameter,  surrounded  by  a  similar  cresting  of  fifteen 
fleurs-de-tys.  On  this  boss  a  shield  is  (ngraved  bearing  the  royal  arms,  as 
used  by  the  Stuarts,  1603 — 1689,  enamelled  in  their  proper  colours,  viz.  : 
Quarterly,  1  and  4  grand  quarters,  France  modem  and  England  quar- 
terly ;  second  grand  quarter,  Scotland  ;  thiid  grand  quarter,  Ireland ; 
above  the  shield  is  the  date  1604,  filled  in  with  dark  blue  enameL  This 
is  the  usual  place  for  the  royal  arms  on  civic  maces. 

Below  the  cresting  of  the  bowl  is  a  narrow  band  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch 

wide  bearing  the  following  inscription,  in  two  lines,  in  italic  characters. 

Doml:    Did:     Wil :     HOWARD:    DiU :    de :    MORPetk  .■    FaU : 

Dueui !  Norff' :  Fratris :  AuunaUi  :  NepoHt :  et :  CognaH  :  Com- 

itu:  Artaideil:  Surrey:  Svff" :  Nmlhampt :  etNottiitgh:  of  D^ 

Eliz :  Vxoria :  Eiits :  SarorU :  el :  eoheredis :   Oeorgii :  Dili  :  Daen :  de : 

Oihland :  et  Qreigtoek :  A"  IMi  ;  I6O4  :  Voh  :  turn :  Valeo .-  WH^ 

The  inscription  b^;(ins  with  the  Howard  badge  of  a  cross  croaslet 
fitch^  and  ends  with  the  Howard  motto  of  Yolo  non  Yalbo,  which 
accompanies  Lord  William  Howard's  shield  of  twenty-two  quorterings 
over  the  entrance  to  the  inner  court  of  Naworth  Castle,  at  which 
place  there  is  also  in  the  Oratory  a  chest  for  vestments,  painted  red, 
and  senile  with  the  silver  cross  crosslets  fitchees  of  the  Howanls  and  the 
silver  escallops  of  the  Dacrea. 

Below  the  inscription  is  a  cable  molding,  under  which,  on  the  bowl,  are 
engraved  the  eight  shields  following,  each  surmounted  by  the  name  of  the 
family  it  belongs  to  : — 

*  l^kttonWBnrBOomUned;  the  last  Btioke  of  the  W  fonna  tba  fint  of  Uia  H. 
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Tht  Morpeih  GrcJi  Moce. 


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THE  HORPETE  QREAT  HA.CE.  91 

1.  Howard.     On  a  bend  between  »ix  crvts-croKiieta  fiUheee  a  mullet. 

2.  Brotherttm.     Three  How  pa»aant  gardani  in  pale  ;  a  label  of  three 

5.  Moinbra^.     A  lion  rampant. 
4.     WarretL     Ch^equSe. 

6.  Martet/.     ITiree  bird^  fvtartletn)  in  pale. 

6.  Daere.     Three  eacallope,  X  and  1. 

7.  Greittoek.     Three  lozengei  (should  be  caehionn),  2  an/l  I. 

8.  Grimthorp.     Barry  of  six,  Ihreo  chiijdets,  2  aiut  J . 

Four  of  these  are  Howard  quarteringe  and  four  Dacre. 
Under  the  foot  of  the  mace  is  engraved  il  shield  bearing : — 
Quarterly  1.     Howard  (the  bend  plain). 

2.  Brotherton. 

3.  Mowbray. 

4.  Warrenne. 

in  the  feas  point  a  mullet  for  difference. 

This  shield  was  undoubtedly  once  enamelled,  but  tlie  colouring  matter 
has  completely  disappeared. 

The  following  quotation  from  Canon  Omsby's  Introduction  to  The 
Household  Books  of  Lord  William  Howard  of  Naworth  Castle,  sums  up 
the  position  so  well,  that  I  cannot  do  better  than  quote  : — 

"LordWilliaiiiHomrdinaUui  Uiird  »□  of  Thomu,  fourth  Duke  of  Norfolk,  b; 
hii  aeeond  marriage  with  Hargarat,  onlj  daughter  and  heireM  of  Sir  Thomui 
Aodlej  of  Waldeo.  He  wu  bom  December  19,  1683,  Bu  mother  did  nat  long 
■orriTe  hi*  birth.  Bbottlj  after  her  death  the  duke  oontimctad  b  third  nnuriage  irith 
EBnbeth,  daughter  of  Sir  ThonuH  Lajboume,  of  Cuiuwick.  in  the  county  of 
WeiliDareluid,  and  widow  of  Thomas  Lord  Daore,  of  QilaUnd.  This  alliuiCB 
had  iQ  importAnt  iDflusace  upun  Lord  Williara'a  after  life.  Lord  Docre  left  four 
diildreii,  seon,  Qeoi^  Lord  D»cre,  and  three  daughter!,  Anne,  Mury  aud  Eliiabeth. 
Bf  their  mother's  eeoond  marriage  theae  children  all  came  anj]er  the  Duke  of  Norfolk's 
csre,  and  by  grant  from  the  Crown  he  bad  the  wardship  of  the  youog  Lord  Dacre. 
The  Oicre  patrimonj  waa  ver^  large.  It  hud  been  greatl;  enhanced  in  extent  and  ' 
nine  bj  tiie  mamage  in  lfi07,  of  Thomas  (the  great  Lord  Dacre,  who  fought  at 
Flodden),  with  Elizabeth,  granddaugbter  and  heir  of  the  last  Lord  Qreystock,  ajid 
the  Duke'a  ambitious  views  bad  led  him  to  form  plana  for  the  aggrandisement  of  hia 
own  children's  tortunea  by  mairiagea  with  these  youthful  repreaentativea  of  the 
indent  houses  of  Dacre  aad  Oreyatock.  Hia  scheme  was  to  nuui;  hi*  diuighter  Lady 
Mugaret  to  the  yDuog  Lord  Dacre,  and  hia  eldest  son  Lord  Arundel  to  Anne,  Lord 
Dial's  eldaat  nater ;  Hatr,  tbs  next  sister,  %e  intended  for  hia  second  son  Lord 
Tiioa^  Howard;  and  EUaabeth,  the  youngeet,  for  his  third  son  Lord  William.  The 
ontimdy  death  of  the  young  Lord  Dacre  at  the  age  of  eig^t  years,  l^  the  aoddental 
fall  uf  a  irooden  vaultdng  noise,  frustrated  the  Duke'a  project  aa  to  his  daughter'a 
mimage,  and  Maxy  Dacre  died  in  early  youth.  But  having  obtained  the  wardship  of 
the  Ladiee  Anne  and  Klixsheth  Dacre  after  their  hrother'a  death  his  plans,  as  r^arded 
their  t^iectiTe  marriagea  with  hia  two  aona,  Lord  Arundel  and  Lord  William  Howard, 
vera  eventually  carried  out ;  and  the  rich  inheritance  of  which  their  brother'a  death 
made  them  the  co-beirs,  passed  through  that  double  allianoe  into  the  Dake's  family 
ind  ia  enjoyed  to  this  day  by  bis  deeoendanta."' 

Lord  William  Howard  was  one  of  the  onginal  fonndera  of  the  first 
formed  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  from  the  catalogue  of  bis  library,  and 
from  memoranda  in  his  handwriting,  it  is  evident  that  hia  lordship  was 
fond  of  and  skilled  in  genealogy  and  heraldry.  Over  the  entrance  to  the 
inner  court  at  Xaworth,  is  the  nnnoriol  achievement  of  Lord  William 
Howard,  viz.,  a  shield  witli  twenty-two  quarterings,  between  two  tiona  as 
supporters  :    Crest,  upon  a  helmet  and  mantling,  the  well-known  Howard 


l-lxviiiipt  8. 

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92  THB   HOKraiB   GREAT  MACE. 

lion.     Motto :  "  Yob  nim  valeo."    The  whole  is  under  a  hood  molding 
which  has  the  Dacre  escallop  at  each  end. 
The  twenty-two  quarteringB  are  oe  foUowa  :— 

1.  Howard,  GtUea,  on  a  lend  beitoeen  six  erost  aromkU  fitehiea  org. 
"  a  demy  lion  Geulen,  pierced  through  the  mouOi  with  an  arrow  lathm  a 
double  tremture  Jlotcered  of  tlie  name,  in  the  midtt  of  ihs  bend  of  the 
Houard  Ajtiui."  This  is  the  augmentation  for  merit  given  to  Thomas 
Howard,  then  earl  of  Surray,  but  aiterwards  second  duke  of  Utatolik, 
for  his  victory  at  Flodden  Field. 

2.  FlTTON.  Azure,  three  dnqwfoUe  pierced  argent. 

3.  Bois.  Ermine,  a  cross  sable. 

i.  Scales.   Gtdes,  six  escallops  argent. 

5.  Tbkdringe.  ATMre,  a  fees  bettcnen  two  chevTims  argeid. 

6.  Mowbray.  Gtdeg,  a  lion  rampant  argent,  armed  and  langaed 
azare.  Brought  in  by  Lady  Margaret  Mowbray,  eldest  daughter  of 
Thoman  Mowbray,  duke  of  Norfolk,  Earl  Marsh^  of  England  and  of 
Elizabeth  Fitzalan,  as  heiress  of  Bichard  FitzeJan,  earl  of  AnmdeL  She 
was  the  penniless  bride  of  Sir  Robert  Howard,  {tempore  Henry  V.)  for 
her  poor  fortune  of  £200  was  never  pai<l,  but  "the  Howard  family," 
writes  Mr.  Henry  Howard,  "  owe  their  chief  illustration,  honours,  uid 
power  "  to  her.'  By  her  there  came  to  her  descendants  the  dimities  of 
Duke  of  Norfolk,  Earl  Marshall  of  England,  &c.,  great  estates,  and  fon^ 
teen  quarteriugs  to  their  coat  of  arms  :  from  No.  6  to  19. 

7.  Albant.  Gide/i,  a  lion  rampant  or. 

8.  Sbqravz.  Sable,  a  lion  rampant  argent,  cromi&I  or. 

9.  BiooT.  Party p^  pale  o>- and  vert,  a  lion  rampant  gules. 

10.  Brothertoh.  Gules,  three  lions  passant  guardani  tn  pale  or,  a 
laid  of  three  points  argent.  This  is  more  properly  blazoned,  as 
England  a  label  of  three  points  argent.  It  is  the  arms  of  the  Flan- 
t^enets,  differenced  by  a  label. 

11.  Mowbray.  As  before. 

12.  BiOHABD  F1TZAI.AN,  Earl  op  Abuhdbl.  Barry  of  eight,  or  and 
gides. 

13.  Albany.  Ae  before. 

14.  LUPDS.  Sable,  a  wolfs  head  erased  argent. 

15.  Earl  of  Chbstkr.  Azure  three  garbs  or. 

16.  Woodville.  Argent,  a  fese  and  dexter  canton  gules. 

17.  Maltbavbrs.  Sable,  a  fret  or. 

18.  Clun.  Argent,  a  chief  aaire. 

19.  Wabben.  Oheeguy,or  and  azure.  Brought  in  by  Lady  Marxist 
Mowbray.  The  fifth  Fitzalan,  earl  of  Aiundel,  married  Alice,  daughter 
and  heir  of  William  earl  of  Warten  and  Snney.*  Hence  the  Howards 
got  the  title  of  Surrey. 

20.  TlLNKR.  Argent,  a  dievrtm  between  three  grj/jAon^  heads  erased 
gules. 

21.  KocHFOBT.  Qriarterly  or  and  gules,  mthin  a  bordure  sable 
bezantke. 

22.  Tdorpb  of  Norfolk.  Azure,  three  crescents  argent. 


.  Ih  of  tie  Howard  Family," 

App,  III.     See  iilw  "  The  Orcit  QoYom- 

iiig  Funiiliw  vt  Eugknd,"  vol.  ii,  p,  30S.       IS.     It  anae  in  iHter  vn  by  Uk 

The  euldum  of  Arundel  did  nut  oome  b;      of  tbe  fourth  Duke  of  Nomdk* 


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Howari  Broilwrtoa 


UOarrtn 


MarUy  nacre 


G'retii'iocA  dnmifiovp 


V 


Sh 


lELOS    FROM  THE    MORPETH    Ml^^^wk' 


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THB  UOB^KtH   QK&AT    itACE.  93 

Cnat :  On  a  ehapeau,  a  lion  Etatanl  guardani,  Am  tail  extended,  or, 
and  dveaihf  gorged  argent. 

Stippotten :  Two  lions  rampanl. 

Motto :  "  Valo  non  vaieo." 

In  the  inner  court,  over  the  entrance  to  tfae  great  hall,  is  the  eame 
coat  of  twenty-two  quarteringB  impaling  a  coat  of  eight  quarterings. 

1.  Daob&     Chdea,  three  eseallope  urgent. 

2.  Nkw  Greybtoke,  or  Grimthorpe.  Barry  of  six,  argent  and 
aam,  three  ekaplett  ofroaea. 

3.  Old  Grbxbioxb.  Gtdee  three  cuehiom  argent. 

i.  MuLTOH.  Barry  of  eix,  argent  and  gtdee,  on  a  canton  of  the  SPtond 
a  Hon  paaamt  or.  Introduced  by  the  marriage  of  Rtinnlph  de  Dacre 
with  Margaret,  daughter  and  heiieas  of  Thomas  de  Multon. 

5.  BonLSB  or  Weukx.  Ovlee,  afees  checquy  or  and  sable,  bettoeen  six 
crontes  paiUea  tUchieii  or. 

6.  MoBViLUL  Azure,  temS»de4ie  and  frettym".      A  Multon  quatteting. 

7.  Fkbbkbs.   Vairy  or  and  galea. 

8.  Vaux.  Checquy  or  and  guiee.    A  Multon  quartering. 

Uld  and  New  Greystoke,  Boteler,  and  Ferrers  vere  brought  in  by  Lady 
Elizabeth  Greystoke.  The  heiress  of  the  first  house  of  Greystoke  married 
a  Kalph  de  Grimthorpe,  who  took  the  nanie  of  Greyatoke,  but  retained 
his  own  arms,  which  succeeding  Barons  of  Greystoke  quartered  as  New 
Greystoka  The  ped^;iee  below'  shows  how  Boteler  of  Wemm  and 
Ferren  came  into  liie  armorial  bearings  of  Lady  Elizabeth. 

Cieste  :  Two.  The  Howard  lion  to  the  dexter,  and  the  Dacre  bull  to  the 
sinister.    They  are  respectant  one  another. 

1  BOTELER. 


J£ 


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94  TBB  HOfiPETH    GBSAT  MACE. 

Bnpporteie  :  A  lion  Tampaut  for  Howard  to  the  dexter,  and  a  boll 
lampaut  for  Dacre  to  the  siniater. 

Motto  :  "  Volo  Non  Valea" 

These  elaborate  compoBttiooa  are  of  later  date  than  the  Morpeth  mace  ; 
indeed,  the  following  entry  in  the  "Household  Books,"  for  the  year  1626, 
probably  refers  to  one  or  other  of  them,  as  Canon  Omaby  suggests  : — 
JaniL  10.  To  Wm.  Bucktu,  by  bill,  for  bringing  a  atone  of  my  Lc»d*a 
Armea  from  Eeddon  mtper  mitrttmf  xlii^a.  jd."' 

It  ia  farther  probable  that  in  designing  these  elaborate  shields,  showing 
coneideiable  research  into  pedigrees,  Lord  William  had  the  asaistAnce  of 
his  intimate  friend  Camden,  the  Clarencieux  Eing-of-Arme. 

One  thing  strikes  one  at  once  ;  on  the  Morpeth  mace  of  1604    the 

Howard's  arms  are  without  the  Flodden  attgmentations,  whereas  it  occurs 

at  Naworth  ;  on  the  mace  Lord  William  differences  his  arms  with  a 

■  mullet— the  mark  d  the  third  son  ;  the  shields  at  Naworth  have  no 

mark  of  cadency,* 

It  has  been  already  stated  that  of  the  eight  shields  on  the  mace,  four 
are  Howard  quarterings  and  four  Bacre.  The  four  Howard  are  selected 
for  very  obvious  reasons — Howard  itself — then  Mowbray— the  DIsnche 
Lion  of  Mowbray,  brought  in  by  Lady  Margaret  Mowbray,  to  whotu  the 
Howards  owed  so  much — thirdly,  the  royal  arms  of  Engluid,  differenced 
by  a  label  for  Brotheiton  f  and  fourthly  Warren,  representing  the 
Norfolk  second  title  of  Earl  of  Surrey. 

The  Dacre  quarterings  on  the  mace  are  Dacre,  Marley  (or  Merley) 
Greistock  (old  Greystock),  and  Grimthorp  (new  Greystock),  and  the 
introduction  of  the  last  two  itfto  the  Dacre  shield  has  been  already  ex- 
plained. Lord  William  Howard  himself  telle  how  the  Barony  of  Morpeth 
[and  so  the  De  Merlay  arms]  came  in.  "  The  Baronie  of  Morpeth  came 
to  Thomas  of  Greistock  by  Marie  his  wife,  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Roger 
de  Merlay,  aud  from  them  in  lineal  descent  to  Eliuk  de  Greistock  and  so  to 
Lord  W.  Dacre  her  son."* 

The  De  Merlay  arms  do  not  occur  on  the  Dacre  tombs  at  Lanercost, 
which  are  rich  in  heraldry,  nor  do  they  occur  at  Naworth  Castle,  except 
among  the  arms  put  up  in  the  great  halt  since  the  fire  of  1841.  They 
are  t£ere  given  as,  Barry  of  ten  pieces  argent  and  gules,  on  a  bordure 
amre  eight  martlett  or  ;  as  given  in  Banks's  Dormant  and  Extinct 
Baronage.  This  threes  with  the  arms  of  the  borou^i  of  Morpeth,  granted 
by  William  Hervy,  Norroy,  May  20,  1062,  which  are  Barry  of  ten  argent 
md  gulei,  a  triple  towered  ccmtle,  or  ;  on  a  bordure  azure  eight  martlets 
gold.  On  the  mace  the  Merlay  arms  are  simply  three  birds  (martlets)  in 
pole  ;  this  is  no  doubt  the  older  form  of  the  Merlay  arms,  and  the  silver 
and  red  bars  came  in  by  some  marriage  ;  suppose  a  cadet  of  the  Multons 
to  have  married  an  heiress  of  De  Merlay  and  to  have  taken  her  name,  he 
might  well  assume  as  arros  his  own  silver  and  red  bars  within  an  orle  of 
De  Merlay,  that  is,  on  orle  asure  charged  mth  martUta  or  ;  but  this  is  a 
coi^ectoie. 

'    Lord   W.    Haward'*    "  Household  '  Fnr  the  tntimplica]  of  tfaeae  arsu, 

Booka,"  Surtces  Society,  toL  08,  p.  238.      which  wen  ranted  by  Kohwd  II  b    " 


*  The  chut  at  Nawortli,  painted  red      Mowbraja,    Heniy   earl  of  Surrey   ' 
and  aem^  with  the  crusa  crogalets  fltuh^      attaiotod  io  1  fi47. 

I  Howwd's  "  UtiUMih 
Sodet^,   vuL  xlviii, 

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and  the  eecallop  BhelU,  baa  on  one  end  *  Lord  WilliaBi  Howajd'e  "  UtiUMibold 

the  BUnche  Lion  uf  Uowbray  charged  uu      Booka,"  Uiutaaa  Sodat^,   vuL  xlviii,   p. 

the  Deck  with  a  mullet  aable.  381  n. 


THE  UOBFBTH  OBXAT  HACK.  95 

Tba  following  skeleton  pedigree  bIiowb  liow  ttie  donor  of  the  Morpeth 
mtM  wu  lelated  to  the  Earn  he  enumerates  thorean. 

I.  Elu,  d.  and  h.^^^n)onui,  earl  of  Buney,  ccnniiuuidfld'^  Agne*,  d.  of 
of  Sir  F.  Tilney.      I  at  Floddan,   created   (Zod)    duke  of  I  HughTiJjHy. 
Norfolk  ISlt. 


ThoniM.SnlDiike. 

I 


Clurlee.  Locd  Howard  of  EfBughun, 
defeated  tbe  Armada,  orntiad  E.  of 

NOTTIHOHAK   IGStt,  d.  1618. 


l.^>Th<»iua, 


4th  D.  of  Karfolk.fS. 


In  the  east  winduw  of  that  portion  of  I^nercost  Prioiy  used  as  the 
pBitah  church  are  the  anna  of  Sir  Thomas  Dacre  the  Bastard,  son  of 
Thomas  lord  Dacte,  the  shield  of  eight  quarterings  described  on  page  93 
ante,  with  a  hend  sinister  Argent  over  alL  It  is  very  curious  Uint  Sir 
Thomas  the  Bastard  in  addition  to  the  four  Dacre  quarterings  takes  also 
the  four  Greystohe  quarterings  of  his  father's  legiUmate  wife. 


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ON    THE    DIFFEKENCE    OF    PLAN    ALLEGED    TO  EXIST 

BETWEEN  CHURCHES  OF  AUSTIN   CANONS  AND  THOSE 

OF    MONKS  ;   AND    THE    FREQUENCY    WITH    WHICH 

SUCH    CHURCHES    WERE   PAROCHIAL 

^  Ifae  Ber.  J.  F.  HODOSON. 

LIST    1.— CHURCHES   OF  AUSTIN  CANONS  WHICH 
WERE   PURELY  CONVENTUAL 

BoLTOH  Pbiobt  CHUitoH,  YoBKB. — The  prioty  of  Bolton  vas  fint 
founded  at  s  place  called  Embsaj,  in  the  parish  of  Skipton,  by  William 
de  Ueschines  and  Cecilia  de  Romill^  baroness  of  Skipton,  his  wife,  in 
1120  ;  and  endowed  by  them  with  the  mother  church  of  Skipton,  and 
its  chapel  of  Carlton.  In  llfil,  it  was  translated  by  Alicia,  or 
Adeliza  de  Bomill6,  daughter  and  coheiiess  of  the  founders,  the  then 
patroness,  with  the  consent  of  her  son  William,  to  a  new  site  on  the 
manor  of  Bolton  in  the  same  parish,  which  she  hod  bestowed  upon  the 
canons  in  exchange  for  those  of  Stretton  and  Skipton.  There  it  was 
rebuilt,  and  continued  till  the  Dissolution,  from  which  disastrous  time  till 
now,  the  nave  has  been  used  as  a  mere  parochial  chapel. 

Laneboost  PaioKT  CamtCH,  Gukbbblahd. — Founded  between  1164-9 
in  honour  of  S.  Mary  Magdalene,  by  Robert  de  Vallibus,  lord  of 
Gilsland,  on  a  quiet  and  sequestered  spot  to  the  north  of  the  river 
Irthing,  about  eleven  miles  from  Carlisle.  As  will  be  seen  by  the  sub- 
joined extract  from  the  charter  of  foundation,  it  was  endowed  by  him  with 
the  whole  of  the  neighbouring  churches  ;  the  absence  of  any  mention  of 
a  church  at  the  place  itself,  affording  the  clearest  evidence  that  none  such 
previously  existed  there  ;  while  the  fact  that  no  vicarage,  or  other  pro- 
vision for  the  cure  of  aouls  was  established  therein,  proves  equally  clearly 
that,  from  the  time  of  its  foundation  onwards,  it  continued  to  be  purely 
conventual 

"  Robertas  de  Yallibus  &c.     Sciatis  me  conceseisae Deo 

et  sanctiB  Maiiae  Magdalene,  et  priori  de  Lanercost eandem 

landam  de  Lanetcoet  per  has  divisas,  &c Et  ecclesiam  de  ipea 

Walton,  cum  capeUa  de  Triermano,  prsterea  concessi  eis  eccleaiam  de 
Iithington,  et  eccleeiam  de  Brampton,  et  ecclesiam  de  Earlaton,  et 
eccleaiam  de  Farlam,  cum  omnibus  qun  od  easdem  ecclesias  pertinent," 
&c— (Dug.  vi,  236.) 

Until  a  recent  period,  the  north  aisle  of  the  nave  of  this  fine  and 
interesting  church  was  used  as  a  parochial  chapel ;  the  nave  itself  being 
roofless,  as  shewn  in  Buck's  view  taken  in  1739.  The  nave  has  since 
been  roofed  in  and  now  forms  the  parish  church. 


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THB  CHUBCHBB  OF  AC^Tm  CANONS.  97 

Lm,  OB  Lbtw  Pbiort  Chuhoh,  Btavfobobhibb. — Tanner  says  that, 
"  At  a  place  of  this  name  either  in  thia  county  or  Derbyehire,  Ecema  to 
hwe  been  a  house  of  Aostin  canons  dedicated  to  Bt  Michael,  and  cell  to 
the  abbey  of  Konceater,  to  which  Fulcher  SL  Fulcheri,  temp,  Henry  II, 
gava  the  church  of  St  Peter  at  Edenaoi,  in  the  county  of  Derby." 

"Omnibna  &c  Fulchems  filiue  Fnlcheri,  salutem  in  Domino.  Noscat 
onirenitas  restia,  me  dedisse.  .  .  Deo  et  8.  Marin,  et  8.  Michael! 
archangelo,  et  abl»ti  BouceatrisB,  et  canonicis  de  Leyee,  pnedicte  eccleaiie 
Boneeatris  obedientibus     .  ,     eccleaiBm  8.  Petri  de  Edneahoure,  ciun 

omnibus  pertinentiis  snis,"  &c — (Dug.  ri,  411.) 

As  no  parish  of  this  name — nnder  any  poaaible  form  of  BpeHing — 
ezistB  in  either  of  the  two  counties  above  rafened  tc,  it  follows  that 
the  priory  chnich  of  Lees,  wbeiever  situate,  must  of  necessity  have  been 
a  purely  conventual  one. 

North  Fbbbibt  Priobt  Cuubcb,  Yobks. — Here,  according  to 
Tanner,  was  a  priory  of  Knights'  Templare,  founded  by  the  Lord 
Eustace  de  Tesci,  which,  on  the  suppression  of  that  order,  was  changed 
into  one  of  Austin  canons.  These,  however,  still  continued  to  use  the 
old  seal  of  the  Templars,  till  at  least  as  late  a  date  as  1463,  when  it  was 
attached  to  an  inatniment  acknowledging  the  Lord  Vesci  as  their 
founder.  The  priory  church  would  seem — ^from  such  account  of  it  at 
least  as  I  have  been  able  to  gather — to  have  been  quite  separate  and 
distinct  from  that  of  the  pariah.  The  following  is  the  evidence  ; — "  The 
present  ohuich  is  a  modem  one,  not  more  than  thirty-five  years  old  ;  it 
VBs,  however,  built  upon  the  site  of  the  old  one,  which  was  merely  a 
wide  nave  witJi  two  east  windows  and  a  square  tower,  but  neither  aisles 
nor  chanceL"    Letter  of  the  Kev.  T.  M.  Tbeed,  Vicar  of  North  Ferriby. 

"I  never  heard  anything  said  about  North  Ferriby  Church,  that  I  can 
recollect,  as  to  its  having  been  attached  to  a  priory,  or  any  other 
monastic  building.  There  was  nothing  about  the  church  that  led  me  at 
the  time  to  suppose  that  it  was  anything  else  than  an  ordinary  parish 
chnich.  There  were  certainly  no  domestic  buildings  in  connection  with 
it,  nor  do  I  remember  any  foundations  of  what  might  have  been  such 
htnldinga  The  plan  of  the  church  was  a  nave  with  a  north  aisle,  a 
chancel  with,  I  think,  also  an  aiale,  and  a  west  tower  at  the  west  end  of 
the  nave.  There  were,  I  think,  three  arches  dividing  the  nave  from  its 
north  aiale.  I  am  sorry  that  I  cannot  give  you  any  more  information,  it 
is  so  long  ago,  and  all  my  papers  with  reference  to  it  are,  I  fear, 
destroyed.  I  remember  hearing  it  said  that  there  were  once  some  old 
buildings  existing  at  Wauldby,  which  is  not  far  from  Ferriby,  and  that 
>U  the  land  about  there  had  belonged  to  the  chorch ;  and  it  wai  very 
raoch  on  account  <rf  this  fact  tiiat  Mr.  Baikes  sold  it  I  built  a  small 
ehapel  Bomewhare  on  the  dte  of  the  old  hoildings  for  Mr.  Raikes." — 
letter  of  Mi.  J.  L.  Pearson,  architect. 

SooEmx,  SxxwsisK,  on  Tookwith  Pbiort  Churob,  Yores. — 
Skewld^  priory  wag  a  cell  to  S.  Oswald's  at  Nostell,  and  appears  to 
have  owed  its  existence  to  a  ^ft  of  two  bovates  of  land  there  made  by 
Geo&ey  Fite  Pain  to  that  bouse,  at  some  date  prior  to  1114,  when 
certiin  of  the  canons  were  sent  to  settle  on  the  spot  It  was  dedicated 
in  honour  of  All  8aint& 


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98  THE  CHUBCHB8  OP  AD8TIN  CAK0H8. 

"Henricus  rex  &c.  duaabovataa  teme quas  Ganfridna  filitu 

Pagaui  eifi  dedit  in  Tookwid,"  <Jtc. 

**  AlbeituB  de  Tockwid,  salutem.      Nouerit me  conceseiiee 

et  ecclaaife  Omnium  Sanctorum  de  Scokiike  et  canonicia  de  Sancto 
Oawaldo,  ibidem  Deo  aerrientibus,  &c" — Dug.,  vl,  102. 
The  site  of  this  priory  was  at  a  place  <^ed  Sookirke,  now  Skevkirk, 
in  what,  till  lately  (when  it  was  erected  into  a  aepaiate  parish),  was  the 
tawnehip  of  Tockwith,  in  the  parish  of  Bilton, 

"A  farm  house  (onee  a  country  residence)  now  stands  on  the  probabb 
ground  where  the  old  monastic  bnildingB  will  have  been.  The  old 
Temaine — croes,  window,  and  carbela — are  simply  built  up  anyhow  in 
walls  of  the  present  farm  buildings,  so  in  no  way  in  their  original 
places." — Letter  of  the  Rev,  B.  Bmdett  Newenham,  Vicar  of  Bilton. 
The  parish  church  of  BUton  is  under  the  invocation  of  8.  Helen. 

THmtQARTON  Pbiort  Chubcth,  Notts, —  The  priory  of  ThnigartoD 
was  founded,  according  to  Tanner, '  by  Ralph  D'Eyncourt,  circa  1130, 
and  dedicated  in  honour  of  8t  Feter. 

"Ego  fiadolfus  de  Ayncourt,  pro  salute  animee  meffi,  filiomio,  filia- 
rumque  meonun ;  et  pro  aninta  pstris  et  matris  mei ;  et  pro  aninia 
Basilisa  mulieria  mere,  et  omnium  parentum,  ct  antecessorum  meoram, 
fundavi,  domum  religionis  apud  Thuigartnn,  et  in  ejusdem  domus  funda- 
tione  concesai  .  .  .  totam  Thurgartonam,  et  Fiskertonam,  et  paicum 
juxta  Thurgarton,  et  omnea  ecclesias  de  tota  terra  mea,"  &c. 

The  case  of  the  church  of  Thui^rton  is  somewhat  peculiar,  since  it  is 
one  which  might  with  almost  equal  fairness,  perhaps,  be  ranged  eithat 
among  those  which  are  purely  conventual,  or  conventual  and  parochial  as 
well.  On  the  whole,  however,  it  would  seem  to  belong  more  properly  to 
the  former  class,  dnce  the  priory,  from  the  first  moment  of  its  eMiatence, 
was  endowed,  not  only  with  the  church,  but  the  wh<de  parish  of  Thurgar- 
ton. Thus,  apart  from  the  priory  itself,  there  ceased,  thenceforward,  to 
be  any  sudi  thing  as  either  pansh  or  parishioners;  the  whole  parish 
becoming  at  once  and  thereafter  the  private  estate,  and  the  whole  scanty 
population  the  absolute  servants  oi  dependents  of  the  canons,  and  nn- 
possessed  of  any  separato  or  independent  rights  whatever.  Their  place, 
in  short,  during  the  whole  continuance  of  the  house,  was  simply  that  of 
the  ordinary  outdoor  servants  of  any  other  purely  monastic  establish- 
ment, neither  more  or  less.  As  to  the  priory  church,  until  1854 — when 
It  was  repaired  and  enlarged — ^e  sole  remaining  fragment  of  that  once 
magnificent  structure  consisted  of  the  north-west  tower,  and  the  three 
western  bays  of  the  nave — the  whole  of  pure  thirteenth  oentury  work. 
At  that  time  a  north  aisle  and  porch  were  added,  t(^^ber  with  a 
chancel  and  vestry  ;  the  building  being  thus  brought  to  ita  present 
dimensions.  Of  the  lady  chapel,  diolr,  and  transepts,  which  are  known 
to  have  existed,  sot  a  trace  remaine  visible  j  the  whole  having  been 
swept  away  and  levelled  to  form  garden  ground.  A  modem  dwelling- 
house,  it  may  be  added,  the  successor  of  an  Elizabethan  mansion, 
occupies  the  site  of  the  sonth-weat  tower — the  stump  of  which  existed  in 
Thoroton'e  time — as  well  as  that  of  the  western  range  of  the  cUnstial 
buildings,  the  cellarage  of  which  still  remains  entire. — Letters,  with 
sketch  ground  plane,  of  the  Bev.  A.  M,  Bayley,  vicar. 


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THB  OHUBCBBB  OF  AI^TIN  CANONS. 


Such  ia  the  account  I  liave  to  ofTer  of  those  cfaurchee  of  Austin  caiione 
which  were  purely  [unventoal,  and  I  have,  next  in  order,  to  enter  upon 
an  examination  of  such  of  them  as  were  not  so.  In  a  concluding  sentence 
of  the  introductory  part  of  tiaa  paper  I  have  said  (voL  xli,  p.  378),  that 
th«  chuiches  of  Austin  canons  will  be  found,  on  careful  examination, 
"  to  reeolve  thenuelves  into  two  cleaiiy  defined,  but  very  unequal 
groups,  viz.;  Ist,  those  which  wen  purely  conventual ;  and  2ud,  those 
whifJi  were  conventual  and  parochial  as  well"  Nov,  if  we  once  mem 
betake  oursQlvea  to  the  ^[onasticon — with  all  ite  short-comings,  the  only 
available  quar^r  for  the  purpose — we  shall  find,  on  counting,  that  the 
whole  number  of  black  canons'  choichea,  as  there  set  forth,  amount  to 
exactly  two  hundred  and  fifteen.  To  these,  however,  must  be  added 
three  more,  given  in  another  part  of  the  work,  and  under  a  different 
heading  viz.:— >thoee  of  Bodmin,  S.  German's,  and  S.  Frideswide's, 
Oxford,  which  thus  bring  them  up,  all  told,  to  two  hundred  and  eighteen. 
Bat  we  cannot  stop  even  hera.  Besides  these  churches  of  black  canons, 
it  is  necessary — as  well  for  the  purposes  of  this  enquiry,  as  for  the  sake 
of  compariaon — to  take  into  account  also  thoee  of  the  other  section  of 
Aogustinians,  viz.  : — the  Fremonstntensiana,  or  white  canons.  Of 
these  there  were  exactly  thirty-six.  The  full  number  of  Austin  canons' 
chnrchea  in  England,  therefore,  was  just  two  hundred  and  fifty-four. 
And  now,  with  tiieee  facts  before  us,  we  shall  be  able  to  see  presently 
what  the  proportion  of  purely  conventual  Austin  churches  to  those  of  a 
mixed,  or  semi-parochial  character,  really  was.  If  those  of  the  former 
clan — ^belonging  exclusively  to  the  order  of  black  canons — comprised 
in  List  I,  be  enumerated,  they  will  be  found  to  amount  to  one  hundred 
and  eighty  one.  But  to  these  the  whole  of  the  thirty-six  Premonatra- 
tensian  churches  must  he  added  en  btoe,  since  they  were  all,  without 
exception,  purely  conventual ;  a  tact,  not  only  sufficiently  remarkable  in 
itself,  but  the  more  so  in  this  connection,  since  they  were  the  only 
monastic  chntchea,  thorn  of  the  Carthuadans  and  Mendicants  necessarily 
excepted,  among  which  no  single  semi-parochial  example  can  he  found. 
Added  to  the  rest,  they  bring  up  the  full  number  of  purely  conventual 
AoBtin  chorches  to  no  lees  than  two  hundred  and  seventeen.  And  now, 
finally,  if  from  the  whole  two  hundred  and  fifty-four  of  both  kinds,  we 
proceed  to  take  these  two  hundred  and  seventeen  away,  then  there 
nmain  to  us  as  tlie  sum  total  of  thoee  chuiches  which  were  conventual 
and  parochial  as  well,  but  just  thirty-seven  I  Thus  may  be  seen  at  a 
glance,  not  only  the  proportion  which  these  two  groups  of  chuiches  bore 
to  each  other;  but  the  exact  value  of  the  allegation  that  the  chuiches 
of  Anstin  canons  were  always  or  nearly  always,  parochiaL  Of  those 
which  were  really  so,  I  now  proceed  to  give  an  acconnt  in — 


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THE  OHnnCBBS  OF  AUSTIN  0AH0H8. 


LIST  II.— CHTniCHES   OF   AUSTIN  CAITONB  WHICH  WEEE 
CONVENTUAL   AND   PAROCHIAL. 

ItAHBUBOH  Prior?  Gbubch,  Nobthumbkkland. — King  Henry  I, 
according  to  TannQi,  havinj,'  given  the  churches  of  S-  Oswald  and  S. 
Aidun  of  Bamburf^h  to  the  priory  of  Noetell,  some  regular  canons  of  that 
hou«!  were  forthwith  settled  on  the  spot  as  a  cell     Dug.,  vi,  103. 

Tiie  priory  buildings,  now  entirely  destroyed,  appear  to  have  stood  near 
the  church  towards  the  east ;  and,  though  nothing  can  now  be  certuuly 
afhrmed  on  the  subject,  there  can  be  little  doubt  but  that  the  laige  a^d 
uingularly  stately  chancel  constituted  the  conventual  choir  of  the  canon& 

ItBTHQEURT  PlUORV   ChDBCH,  CAERMARTONSHIBie. — ThlS  chuTch,  which 

was  of  iniich  more  ancient  foundation  as  that  of  a  monasdc  body  titan  the 
intro<luction  of  the  Austin  canons  into  it,  was  poeaibly,  also  paiochiaL 
The  present  parish  church  is  built  partly  on  its  site  ;  with  its  materials ; 
and  has  portions  of  its  walls,  &c.,  incorporated  into  its  structnre;  facts 
which,  as  far  as  they  go,  seem  to  point  in  that  diiectioiL. 

'  Blagkuore  Priort  Church,  Esskx. — The  priory  of  filackmore  would 
seem  to  have  been  established  in  the  church  of  S.  Lawrence-  there,  about 
the  time  of  Henry  II,  by  Sir  John  de  Saundfoot.  It  continued  till 
1527,  when  it  was  dissolved,  and  granted  to  Cardinal  Wolsey  in  aid  of  his 
new  college  at  Oxford. 
The  church  ie  still  naed  as  the  pariah  chunb  of  BUokmore. 

BoTTRNK  Abbey  Ceuboh,  LiNOOLNaHiRK. — An  abbot  and  mnons  were 
settled  in  the  parish  chnndi  of  Bourne,  in  or  about  A.n,  1138,  by  Baldwin 
Fitz  Gilbert,  as  appears  from  the  following  extracts  from  the  Inspeximm 
of  1  Edward  IIL  :— 

"Baldwinus  filius  Gisleberti  ommbus,  Sec,  Sciatis  me  concessisse  .  .  . 
domino  Gervasio  abbati  de  Arroasia  acclesiom  de  Brunna,  &c.  Ita  vid«!- 
licet,  quod  prodictna  abbas  secundem  consuetudtnem  et  religionera  sni 
ordinis,  abbatem  et  caoonicoB  in  eadem  ecdesia  constituat,"  Slq.  D'o^, 
vi,  870. 

The  abbey  church  of  Bourne,  consisting  of  a  ohanoel,  nave,  with  ncilii 
and  south  uales,  tmsuepte,  south  porch,  and  two  western  towers,  is  (till 
standing  nearly  perfect,  and  in  use  as  that  of  the  parish.  There  eeenu 
never  to  have  been  a  central  tower.  Letter  of  Bev.  H.  ]£.  UaaafieU, 
vicar. 

Bredon  Pbioby  Ghcbqh,  Lbiosterbhire, — Founded  in  1114,  ^ 
Robert  de  Ferrara,  earl  of  Nottingham,  who  gave  the  church  of  8.  HuT 
and  S.  Hordulph,  at  Bredon,  with  divers  lands  to  the  monastei;  oS 
Nostell ;  a  prior  and  five  canons  were  thereupon  estabUshed  on  the  q)(it 
asa  cell  to  that  house.     Dug.,  vi,  96-7. 

"  The  priory  church,  of  which  the  choir  and  ite  aislee^  the  central  itnfh 
and  south  transept  (now  used  as  a  porch)  alone  remain,  is  stOl  used  a« 
that  of  the  parish.     There  are  no  remains  of  the  conventual  buildioga" 

Note  by  Mr.  W.  H  St  John  Hope. 


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-THX  CHUBCHB8  09  AVSTIN  CANONa  101 

Bbidunqton  Pbiobt  CHtmoB,  Yobeb. — Founded  by  Walter  de  GmA, 
eariy  in  tbe  reign  of  Henry  I,  in  honour  of  the  BlesBed  Virgin  Mary. 

"  EgO  Walterus  de  Gant  notifico  omnibus  eancto  eccleaie  fidelibus, 
quod  in  ecdesia  saDcto  Marie  de  Bredlintona  canonicos  regulares  stabilivi, 
&c"  The  nave  of  this  magnificent  building— all  that  now  remains  of  it — 
continues  to  he,  as  in  the  time  of  the  canons,  the  parish  church  oi 
Bridlington,  "lie  teyd  Churcbe  ys  derided  the  over  parii  for  the  pryor  and 
Covent  and  the  nether  part  for  the  parysshe  churche."  Survey  in  P.K.O. 

Brdton  Abbby  Chttbch,  SoMEBBsrsHiRB. — Founded  originally  about 
1005,  in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary,  by  Algar,  earl  of  Corn- 
wall, fcff  monks,  who  were  afterwards  changed  for  canons  by  William 
Mohan,  earl  of  Somerset,  temp.  Stephen,  Leland  says :  — "  The  abbaye 
then  was  afore  the  conquest  a  place  of  monks,  founded  by  Algarus  erle  of 
Cornwall  Moion  set  chanons  there  sins  the  conquest,  and  divers  of  the 
Moions  were  huryid  there." 

This  fine  church,  which  consists  of  a  chancel,  nave  with  north  and  south 
aisles,  western  tower,  another  to  the  north  above  the  porch,  and  a  crypt, 
continues  to  be  used  in  its  integrity  as  the  church  of  the  parish ;  the 
chancel,  or  monastic  portion,  which  had  been  destroyed  after  the  auppres- 
aion,  having  been  re^built  by  Sir  R.  C.  Hoare.  The  abbey  buildings  stood 
about  a.  hundred  yards  to  the  south-west,  and  traces  of  tho  foundations  may 
still,  it  is  said,  be  plainly  seen  in  a  hot  and  dry  summer, 

"  The  west  tower  and  nave  are  very  grand,  and  the  oak  roof  is  con- 
sidered one  of  the  finest  even  in  the  west  of  England."  Letter  of  the 
Kev.  R  T.  Ridley,  vicar. 

Canon's  Ashbt  Pbiobt  Chukcb,  Nobthamptonbhibk. — According  to 
Bridges,  Stephen  de  Lotc,  lord  of  the  manor  of  Ashby,  temp.  Heniy  II, 
was  most  probably  the  founder  of  t^e  priory  there,  as  he  stands  first  on  the 
list  of  benefactors,  and  bestowed  on  them  tike  parish  church.  Of  that 
building,  as  reconstructed  by  the  canons,  there  are  now  but  slight,  though 
eingnlarly  beautiful  remains,  consisting  of  the  tower  to  the  north'Weet, 
west  front,  north  porch,  attached  to  the  tower  eastwards,  and  two  and  a 
half  western  bays  of  the  nave  and  north  aisle.  Originally,  it  appears  to 
have  consisted  of  a  long  nisleless  chancel,  with,  perhaps,  a  short  transept, 
and  nave  of  five  bays  with  a  north  aisle  only. 

The  western  fra^nent,  which  is  roofed  over,  is  still  osed  as  a  place  of 
worship,  but : — "  There  is  not  and  never  was  any  village,  so  that  there 
was  not  any  parochial  endowment,  and  hence  the  ecclesiastical  state  is,  I 
BDj^KMB,  umque.  And  there  is  no  endowment  for  a  minister  or  repairs, 
Uiou^  it  is  a  real  parish."  Letter  of  Sir  H.  Dryden,  Bart,  accompanied 
I7  plan,  drawing,  and  photograph. 

Carham-itpon-Twied  Pbiory  Chuboe,  NoRTBnMBmtLAND. — The  priory 
of  Carham  was  a  cell  to  that  of  Kirkham,  and  was  burnt  by  the  Scotch  in 
1296.  (Dug.  vi,  579.)  Theie  seems  every  reason  to  suppose  that 
here  again,  the  parish  church  served  also  as  that  of  the  priory,  which  stood 
close  to  it  towarls  the  west  (not  east  as  stated  in  the  Monasticon)  ;  and 
of  which  the  foundations,  at  some  fifty  yards  distance,  were  exposed  about 
thirty  jean  ago,  but  have  since  bean  oovered  up. 


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1(>2  Tta  GHtBOttBS  OP  AtTBllN  CANONS. 

Cabusli  (Cathhdbal  jun>)  Fbiobt  GOubob. — Conmieneed  by  Walter 
a  wealthy  Nonasa  prietit,  and  govemor  of  the  town  and  caatle  ai  CuMe 
under  William  Rnfus,  in  honour  of  the  Biassed  Vitgin  Msry,  for  secolu 
canons  ;  bat  completed  and  endowed  by  Henry  I,  for  canons  r^ular  of  8. 
Austin  ;  Adelulph,  the  first  prior,  being  conaeciated  first  bishop  of  the 
see. 

The  dicnnutaaces  of  thia  cfaun^ — the  only  one,  at  the  time,  in  the 
newly  founded,  ot  refounded  city — were  thus  altogether  exceptional ;  the 
nave,  which  was  designed  for  public  use  under  the  aoculara,  continning  to 
be  used  ae  a  parish  church,  both  under  the  legulais  and  the  bishop,  till 
only  a  few  years  since. 

Carthbl  PmoBT  CHnBOB,  LAVOAamBO. — Founded  by  William  Mari:i- 
diall  the  elder,  in  1188,  in  honour  of  the  Bleased  Virgin  Mary.  The 
priory  would  aeem  to  have  been  eetabliehed  at  the  outset  in  the  existing 
church  of  Cartmal,  which,  with  its  appurtenances,  and  the  whole  place  or 
district  of  that  name,  were  bestowed  by  the  founder  upon  the  house.  The 
existing  church,  which  must  have  been  commenced  immediately,  how- 
evor,  still  happily  exists  in  its  integrity,  a  stately,  though  not  large 
building,  and  remarkable,  among  other  noteworthy  features,  for  its  very 
striking  and  picturesque  central  tower,  A  good  plate  of  the  interinr  is 
given  in  the  Monaaticon  ;  snd  an  excellent  paper,  profusely  illustrated  bv 
ite  author,  the  late  B«T.  J.  L.  Petit,  may  be  seen  in  the  Ardusologicai 
Journal,  xxvii,  80-91. ' 

CAVBRsnAH  Phiokt  Chijboh,  Ozfobdbhibs, — The  parish  church  ot 
Caveisham  was  one  of  the  earliest  endowments  of  Bntley,  which  afterwordx 
established  a  cell  upon  a  spot  near  the  bridge  there.  Besides  a  chapel  of 
S.  Ann  upon  the  bridge,  it  had  also  the  ofFeringa  made  in  ths  ch^iel  of 
our  Lady,  which  occupied  the  eastern  part  of  the  north  aisle  of  the  pariah 
church. 

GaiRBintT  Pbiobt  CHUitOH,  Shbofshqul — The  priory  of  Chirbury  was 
founded  in  the  first  instance  at  Sende  or  Snet,  by  Robert  de  Boulers,  in 
the  beginning  of  the  re^  of  king  Henty  III ;  but  before  the  eleventh  of 
that  reign  translated  to  Chirbury,  where,  notwithstanding  a  royal  licence— 
9  Edward  I — to  return  to  Sende,  it  continued  till  the  dissolution.  Du& 
▼i,  680. 

The  nave,  with  its  oiales  and  western  tower,  which  were  all  along 
parochial,  now  constitute  the  sole  remains  of  this  fine  and  interesttng 
church.  Letter,  accompanied  by  a  photograph,  from  the  Rev.  P.  M.  Buid, 


DoBCSBTBR  Abbbt  Chuboh,  OxpoROBmBX, — Foundsd  for  Anstin 
canons  by  Alexander,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  circa  1 1 40,  to  th«  honour  of  S. 
Peter,  S.  Paul,  and  B.  Birinna. 

Here^  again,  as  at  Christchaich  Twynham,  the  whole  of  this  fine  and 
singularly  interesting  church  is  atill  standing  and  in  use ;  the  eaatem 
or  monastic  part  having  been  purchased  and  preserved  by  one  of  the 
inhabitants,  as  thus  namt«d  by  Leland  : — "The  body  of  the  abbay  chirch 
aervid  a  late  for  Uie  paroche  chiiche.  Syns  the  supprassion  one  Beauforeet, 
a  grete  rich  man  dwelling  in  the  towns  of  Doichestre,  bought  the  Mt  part 


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THS  CntTBOHBB  OT  AXStfTIS  0AN0TS8.  103 

ot  the  flhirche  for  exL  ponada,  sod  gave  it  to  augment  the  paioahe 
cfairBheL" 

"LrxTiM  Dmnow  Priobt  Ghdboh,  Ebskz.  Fonnded  in  1104,  by  Jnga, 
Biater  of  Balph  Bftynaid. 

"1104  Joga  Baynud  domma  deParra  Dnnmowe,  fecit  Manriciiun 
episoopnm  Loudonienaom  dedicate  ecoleaiam  de  diota  villa  in  honon 
beatn  TiTgiuia  Marin,  nude  con  aninmmm  oouuaissa  fuit  per  episcnpnm 
pUBdictnm  coidam  pnabiteio,  nomine  Britiico  :"  &c 

"1106  IgitoT  Qalfridns  Baynaid  filiua  et  iasitm  Jugn  Bayuanl,  con- 
riderans  devotionem,  &c.  posnit  canonicoe  in  ecoleeia  de  Danmow  asseosa 
Anwtlmi  uohiepiacopi  Cautnarienais." — (Dog.  vi,  145-7.) 

All  that  now  remaina  of  the  chnrch  of  thia  priory — which  still,  is 
part,  oontinnes  to  be  used  as  that  of  the  parish — is  the  south  aiale  of  the 
choir,  a  Ytxj  fine  work  with  blocked  arcade  of  late  twelfth  and — as  to 
its  outer  walla — advanced  fouiteenth  oentnty  character.  For  plan  and 
elBTation  of  this  singolariy  fine  and  moat  peouliar  work,  see  Spring 
Gardens'  Sketch-book,  ToL  t,  pktes  69-70. 

I>DiTBTABLKPBioBTCHiTBaH,BsD70BOBHiHi. — Foundod,  together  With  the 
town  of  Dunstable  itaelf,  by  !King  Henry  I,  who  dedicated  it  in 
honour  of  8.  Peter. 

"Dictos  rex,  in  limite  dictiburgi,  in  honorem  S.  Petri,  ecdesiam 
fabricayit^  monaateriom  constnixit ;  et  sicut  loiige  in  animo  ooncesaerat 
priorem  et  canonicos  ibidem  posuit  r^ularee.  Dedit  autem  eia  et  eonun 
SQccesaoribua  in  liberam  puram  et  perpetuam  elemosinam,  ecdesiam  ante- 
dictam  ;  dictom  buigum  cnm  burgensibus,  foris  nundinis,  libertatibua  et 
aj^ffovamentis  quibuscunque,  et  omnibus  lebus  et  proventibus  quos 
percipere  consueverat  quando  in  manu  aua  tenuit  idem  burgum,"  &c. 

The  nave  of  Dunstable  priory  church  was,  therefore,  parochial,  as  at 
present,  from  the  time  of  its  first  foundation.  Thus,  we  read  in 
the  Annala — "  A.D.  1273.  Sumptibus  parochianorum  renoratua  fuit 
miiunlue  eccleein  nostra  de  Dunstaple  ;  scilicet  ab  altari  ad  crucem, 
uaqua  ad  ostium  ocdden tale  versus  le  Xorth.  Heniicus  Chadde  nugores 
expensas  appoaoit  circa  illud." — Dug.  vi,  23942. 

Edikotoh  Pbiost  Chvboh,  Wiltshirk — The  chnrch  of  Edington,  like 
diat  of  Ashridge,  was  not,  strictly  speaking,  one  of  Austin  canons  at  all, 
but  of  Bonhommee.  Both,  however,  being  included  by  Dugdale  in  the 
list  of  Austin  churches,  it  may  be  well,  having  based  this  enquiry  on  the 
evidence  of  the  Monasticon,  to  follow  his  example,  and  treat  of  them  as 
Boeh  ;  the  more  so,  as  their  enumeration  does  not  affect  the  proportion  of 
paiDchial  and  non-parochial  examples — Edgington  belonging  to  one,  and 
Ashridge  to  the  other  class. 

Willum  de  Edington,  bishop  of  Winchester,  having  magnificently  re- 
built the  church  of  his  native  place,  established  therein  in  lieu  of  the  parish 
priest,  a  dean  and  twelve  secular  chaplains,  whom,  at  the  earnest  entreaty 
of  Edward,  the  Black  Prince,  he  shortly  afterwards  changed  intoacoll«^ 
of  Bonhommes.  The  church  etiit  remains  entire,  one  of  the  noblest  aa 
well  aa  most  interesting  monuments  of  its  age,  ite  date  being  precisely 
aaoertained  from  the  following  record  preserved  in  the  house. — 

"  Ecdeaia  conveatualis  de  Edyndon  dedicate  fuit  a  Boberto  Weyvile 


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104  THB  CHUBCUIU  OF  AUernH  CAirONB. 

«inscopo  Sanim,  in  honore  S.  Jocolu  apoatoli,  &  Eathsriius  flt  onimiim 
^nctotiom,  bdilo  Dom.  1361." 

S.  Gkbmanb  Pbiout  Chttrub,  Corkwall, — The  luBtorr  of  ttiis  dmrch, 
like  that  of  CarliBle,  is  excepdonaL  At  a  very  early  period  it  was 
probably  cathedroL  In  a.i>.  1060,  Leofric,  biahop  of  Exet«r,  la  said, 
eno&eoualy,  of  cotine,  to  have  tamed  out  the  saculan,  who  then  occupied 
it,  and  introduced  canons  regular  instead.  The  explanation  of  this  may 
probably  be  that,  he  enforced  necesBary  diflcipUne  upon  the  new  canoiu^ 
and  oompelled  them  to  follow  some  aoK  of  rula  According  to  Leland, 
the  tme  canons  regular  of  S.  Anetin,  who  poeseaaed  the  priory  at  the  time 
of  the  Disaolution,  were  introduced  by  bishop  Bartholomew,  temp.  Henry 
II.  llie  church,  oPwhich  only  the  nave  with  its  aisles,  and  two  weeteiD 
tow«rs  lemain,  appean  to  have  been  always,  as  at  praaent,  paiochiaL 

OiosiXT  Phiort  CmTBOH,  DxRBxsaiBi — Founded  tempi  Heniy  L,  by 
William  de  Gresley,  son  of  Nigel  de  Stafford,  near  hia  caatle  of  Oreeley, 
and  dedicated  by  him  in  honour  of  S.  Mary  and  S.  George.  That  it  waa 
parochial  aa  well  as  conventual  is  shewn  by  a  deed  of  1281,  which  aaks 
Sir  Geoffrey  de  Gresley,  tlie  patron,  to  licence  brothers  Wm.  de  Seyle  and 
J.  de  Bromley  aa  prior  and  pastor.  ^-Reliquary,  vi,  140.  "  Of  the  priory 
church,  the  (much  altered)  nave  with  north  aisle,  and  tower  at  the  ettet 
end  of  the  latter,  still  remiun.  A  chancel  has  recently  been  added.  Not 
a  vestige  is  left  of  the  conventual  buildings."  Note  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Sb 
John  Hope. 

Habtland  Abski  Cbubor,  DEVONSHiitK — Githa,  wife  of  earl  Godwin, 
is  said  to  have  placed  secular  priests  in  the  church  of  S.  Nectan  at  Hart- 
land,  who  continued  till  the  time  of  king  Henry  IL,  when  Geoffrey  de 
Dinham,  with  the  sanction  of  that  monarch,  and  of  Bartholoniew,  bishop 
of  Exeter,  and  the  help  of  BJchord,  archdeacon  of  Poictiere,  changed  tfae 
seculars  into  a  house  of  Austin  canons. 

"  Henricus  rex  Angliffi,  &c,  Sciatia  quod  Ganfridus  filiua  Oliveri  da 
Dynam  .  .  .  donavit  Bicaido  Pictavensi  archidiacono,  ecdesiam  S 
Nectani  de  Hertilanda  .  .  .  ut  ibi  onto  caoonicomm  regularium  .  .  . 
iostituatur,"  Sic    Dug.,  vi,  435-6. 

Portions  of  the  domestic  buildings  of  the  Abbey,  especially  the  cloisters, 
are  said  to  be  still  standing,  incorporated  into  a  modem  dwelling-house. 
The  church  of  8.  Nectan  too,  a  large  and  handsome  structure,  occupying 
a  commanding  site  outside  ibx  town,  continues  as  aforetime,  and  im- 
mutilated,  to  do  duty  as  that  of  the  parish. 

8.  Julian  and  8.  Boiolph  Pbiobt  Churob,  CoLCHntKB,  Gsbiz. — 
Founded,  according  to  Tanner,  before  a-d.  1107,  by  a  monk  named 
Emutph.  It  would  seem  always  to  have  been  parochial ;  the  rectorial 
tithes  of  S.  Botolph,  forming  at  the  suppression,  part  of  the  property  of 
tfae  house  granted  by  king  Henry  VIIL  to  the  lord  chancellor  Audley. 
The  church  is  said  to  have  continued  perfect  till  the  siege  of  Colchester, 
A.a  1648,  when  it  was  in  great  measure  deatroyed,  and  has  remained  in 
ruins  ever  since.     Dug.,  vi,  104-5. 

For  an  account  of  ttiu  church  with  plan  and  illustration^  see  Britton's 
Arcfaitectursl  Antaqnities  of  Great  Britain,  i,  1-6  and  platea. 


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THE  CHUBCHKB  Of  AUBTIV  OAHOHS.  105 

ElIBKBT  Bilkr  FaiOAT  Ghuboh,  LHiCBSTKitaHiHB. — Rc^er  Belei,  in  the 
9th  EdwBid  n,  began  a  small  chantry  in  the  chapel  of  8.  Peter,  neai  his 
manor  house  here,  which  ahortly  afterwards  he  iucieoeed  into  a  college  for 
a  warden  and  twdve  secnlai  prieBts.  It  was  made  conventual  for  a  prior 
anil  canons  regular  of  8.  Austin  in  1359. 

The  conventual  church  atill  does  duty  as  that  of  the  parish. 

SoDTH  Ktms  Pbiob7  CBnRCH,  Lihcolnbbibh. — Founded  femjii  Henry 
tl.  by  Philip  de  Eyme,  knL,  in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary. 
Dug,,  Ti,  377. 

This  priory,  which  was  endowed  with  the  rectory  of  the  pariah  church, 
woiild  seem  to  have  appropriated  that  building  to  conventual  uees  from 
the  &at  Up  to  a.d.  1805,  the  whole  or  greater  portion  of  the  nave,  or 
parochial  portion  of  the  dual  building,  continued  to  exist  and  bo  in  use 
as  the  pwiah  church.  Then,  "  it  was  subjected  to  one  of  the  moat 
brutal  adaptations  ever  heard  of.  The  south  arcade  having  been  pulled 
down,  a  wall  was  run  from  east  to  west,  along  the  middle  of  the  nave 
apace,  and  the  parallelogram  thus  formed  was  roofed  over  under  one 
gab!e.  The  south  and  west  windows  are  good  curvilinear  Decorated,  the 
BOQth  porch  doorway  is  Norman,  belonging  to  the  original  church,  exist- 
ing before  the  foundation  of  the  priory  in  1170." — Letter  of  the  Kev. 
Precentor  Yenahlee,  Lincoln. 

IjnBUUNaHAM  Priory  Churoh,  SurroLK. — William  de  Borill,  says 
Tanner,  having  given  the  Church  of  S.  Mary  of  Crew,  and  all  the 
tithes  of  Lctiieringham,  to  the  monastery  of  St  Peter  in  Ipswich,  temp. 

here  was  settled  a  small  priory  of  three  of  four  black  canons  (as 

a  cell  to  that  house)  to  the  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  whose  yearly 
income  was  valued,  26th  Ren.  VIII,  but  at  X26  ISs.  5d.  Dug.,  vi, 
096. 

It  is  possible  that  Crew,  whose  church  was  given  to  the  priory  of 
Ipswich,  may  have  been,  as  the  editors  of  the  Moruuticon  suggest,  the 
ancient  name  of  the  parish  of  which  Letheringham  was  but  a  hamlet, 
though  in  the  Norwich  Eegietere  the  bouse  is  invariably  called  Lethering- 
hoiD.  "  Local  tradition  says  there  was  a  pariah  church  before  the  priory 
existed,  and  human  skeletons  have  been  found  in  difTcreut  parts  uf  the 
traditional  site  a  mile  away  from  the  priory."  Hence  it  might  seem  as 
though  the  original  parish  church  bad  been  abandoned  on  the  foundation 
of  the  priory,  and  that  the  new  conventual  one  was  designed  from  the 
beginning  for  parochial,  as  well  as  monastic  uses.  "  The  priory  buildings 
adjoined  it  on  the  north  side,  and  some  vestiges  of  the  old  foundations 
are  still  visible  above  ground.  The  chancel  was  long  in  proportion,  about 
two-thiids  the  length  of  the  church,  hut  the  nave  and  tower,  are  all  tliat 
now  remain,  and  they  form  the  parish  church." — Letter  of  the  Bev,  J.  E. 
Mali  us,  vicar. 

MoBBEaiLSY  Priory  Church,  Ghbshirb. — Here,  says  Tanner,  Patrick 
<le  Xodberley  founded  a  piory  of  Black  canons,  in  honour  of  the  Blusseil 
Virgin  Mary  and  S.  Wilfrid,  circa  1206,  the  moiety  of  the  church 
being  its  first  endowment.  Between  1228  and  1240,  it  was  annexed 
to  the  priory  of  Kocester ;  but  in  the  course  of  the  next  fifty  years, 
every  trace  of  the  connection  vanishes,  and  the  advowson  of  the  churcli 
is  found  to  be  vestetl  in  William  de  Modberley.  Dug.,  vi,  477-8. 
VOL.XI.U 


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106  THE  CHUBCHBB  OF  AUSTIN  CAH0N8. 

The  ancient  pariali  chuich  of  Mabberly — the  seat  of  this  vary  abort 
lived  prioiy — etill  exists,  a  fine  and  very  interesting  building. 

OvrooHAM  Priorv  Chitrch,  Northuhbrrland.  —  The  priory  of 
Ovingham,  which  was  a  small  cell  to  that  of  Hexham,  stood,  and  in  part 
indeed  still  stands,  prettily  situated  to  the  south  of  the  pariah  chnrch  on 
the  gently  sloping  bank  between  it  and  the  Tyne.  The  church,  as  its 
plan — very  nearly  approaching  that  of  a  Gmek  cross,  with  north  and 
pouth  aides  to  the  nave,  and  weeteni  aisles  to  the  transept — sufficientljr 
indicates,  was  evidently  that  of  the  cell  as  well  as  of  the  pariah,  and, 
with  the  exception  of  the  early  Norman,  if  not  Saxon,  western  tover, 
doubtlee*  rebuilt  in  ite  entirety,  and  at  a  single  efibrt,  in  the  second 
quarter  of  the  thirteenth  century  by  the  mother  house  of  Hexham.  It  ia 
stiU,  generally  speaking,  in  excellent  preservation. 

OwsTON  Abbbt  Cburos,  Leicbsterbhirk. — The  abbey  of  Owston  was 
founded  by  Robert  Grimbald,  one  of  the  Justices  of  England,  temp.  Henry 
II,  for  Austin  canons,  in  honour  of  Jesus  Christ,  S.  Maty,  and  S.  Andrew ; 
the  parish  church  being  given  up  for  their  use. 

"  Do  et  concede  ....  ecclesiam  de  Osolvestone,  et  ipsam  villam  totam 
sine  ullo  retenemento,  cum  omnibus  pertinentiie  suis,  in  campis,  &c.  et 
in  oninibua  rebus  et  libertatibus  pnedictse  ecdesiee  et  vills  adjacentibaa, 
canonicis  ibidem  Deo  et  sancto  Andrew  servicntibus,  &c.    Dug.  vi,  4224. 

A  fragment  only  of  the  abbey  church  of  Oweton  continues  in  use  as 
that  of  the  parish.  "  There  are  now  remaining  only  two  very  fine  eariy 
English  arches  supported  on  three  pillars  which  belonged  to  the  chnrch 
as  an  abbey  church,  for  the  architecture  of  the  rest  is  very  late  and  debased 
Perpendicular.  I  should  fancy  that  at  the  dissolution  a  great  portion  of  the 
church  was  pulled  down,  being  much  larger  than  the  parish  would  require 
it ;  the  chancel,  no  doubt,  was  pulled  down  at  or  about  that  time  ffor  we 
have  no  chancel  now)  and  probably  my  house  was  built  out  of  it  and  the 
cloisters,  for  the  stone  corresponds  with  that  of  the  church.  I  say  this 
because  when  I  restored  the  glebe  house  I  found  tliat  many  of  the  stones 
when  taken  out  were  beautifully  carved  inside,  shewing  plainly  that  they 
had  belonged  to  another  building.  There  is  a  narrow  aisle  on  the  nortii 
side  of  the  nave,  but  this  (that  is,  the  outer  wall  of  it),  has  been  built 

since  the  dissolution,  or  very  shortly  before  it The  nave  ia 

exceedingly  high  from  the  ground  to  the  roof,  consequently  on  the  south 
side,  a  huge  perpendicular  wall  of  a  most  debased  kind  was  run  up  with 
great  high  buttresses.  The  abbey  buildings  joined  on  to  the  west  end  of 
the  church."  Letter,  accompanied  with  sketch  ground  plan,  of  the  Rev, 
F.  D.  HaU,  vicar. 

From  Michola'  History  of  Leicestershire  it  appears  that  the  freestone 
pavement  of  the  destroyed  portion  of  the  church  was  sold  for  20a.  ;  ten 
glazed  windows  for  £2  13s.  4d,  ;  and  that  the  painted  glass  in  two 
windows  of  the  south  aisle  was  valued  at  ISs.  8d. 

Batlinohopb  Priory  Chuboh.  Sbeopbhibb. — According  to  Tannor,  the 
manor  of  Ratlinghope  being  given,  temp.  John,  to  tlie  Abbey  of  Wigmore, 
a  prior  and  one  or  two  canons  were  thenceforward  establi^ed  there  aa  a 
cell.  Next  to  nothing,  however,  seems  to  be  known  respecting  this  small 
and  obscure  house.    The  present  church  is  a  modem  structure,  presumably 


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THB  CHUnCHBS  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.  107 

occnpying  the  site  of  tlte  ancient  one ;  of  which,  as  of  the  monaatic  build- 
ings there  nra,  as  I  am  told  b;  the  present  incumbent,  no  remains  what- 
ver.  Bat  the  extreme  poverty  of  the  house,  the  net  annual  levennes  of 
which  at  the  Dissolution  ajiiounted  to  only  £3  13s.  4d..  render  it  in  eveiy 
way  likely,  though  no  direct  evidence  of  the  subject  is  forthcoming,  that 
the  parish,  would  also  be  made  to  do  duty  a>  the  conventual,  i^uich.  As 
Buch,  tberefoie,  I  have  classified  it 

Sherikohah  Pbioby  Churcb,  Norfolk. — The  church  of  this  place, 
snya  Tanner,  having  been  given  to  the  abbey  of  Nutley  in  Bucks,  by 
Walter  Giffard,  earl  of  Buckinghikm,  temp.  Henry  II.,  here  was  some- 
time a  cell  to  that  abbey.     Dug.,  vi,  575. 

The  parish  church  of  Sheringham  was  probably  also  that  of  the  priory, 
the  remains  of  whicb,  a  few  years  ago,  were  visible  at  about  two  hundred 
yards  distance  from  it.     Letter  of  the  Vicar  of  Sheringham, 

TwYKKHAif,  OB  Chbibt  Chuboh  Priort  Church,  Hampshire. — In  the 
Church  of  Christ,  or  the  Holy  Trinity  here,  says  Tanner,  were  a  dean 
and  twenty-four  secular  canons  in  tlie  time  of  Edward  the  ConfcsBor  ;  but 
these,  about  A.D.  1150,  by  the  procuration  of  Baldwin,  earl  of  Devon, 
were  changed  for  canons  r^ular  of  S.  Austin. 

The  whole  of  this  noble  church  is  still,  happily,  standing  and  in  use, 
having  been  granted  in  its  entirety,  Oct.  23,  1540,  by  Henry  VIIL  to 
the  pujehionera. 

Holt  Tbinitt  Pbioby  Chdbcb,  Ifsvioh. — In  the  church  of  the  Holy 
Trinity  hero,  a  priory  of  Austin  canons  was  instituted,  according  to  Tanner, 
before  A.D.  1177,  and  chiefly  endowed  by  Nonnan,  son  of  Eadnoth,  one  of 
the  first  canons. 

It  was  HUppreased  at  the  instance  of  Cardinal  Wolsey,  and  a  spacious 
niansion  called  Christ  Churoh  now  occupies  its  site. 

Trbnthax  Pbioby  Chdrch,  Staffobdshibb. — Here,  says  Tanner,  was 
an  ancient  nunnery,  whereof  S,  Worburgh  was  by  her  brother  king 
Ethelred  appointed  abbess,  and  here  she  died  in  783.  Nothing  more  is 
heard  of  it  till  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Henry  L,  when  Randal, 
second  earl  of  Chester  introduced  canons  regular  of  S.  Austin  into  the 
church  of  6.  Mary  and  All  Saints,  which  in  some  form  would  seem  to 
have  survived  the  destruction  of  ^e  monastery. 

"  Bannlphus  Comes  Cestriffl,  &c.,  Sciatis  me  donasse  .  .  .  Deo,  et 
anctce  Muite,  et  omnibus  Sanctis,  ad  restaurandam  quandam  abbathiam 
nnonicorom  in  ecclesiK  de  Trentham,"  Sas.    Dug.,  vi,  396-7. 

The  priory  chmch,  which  has  lost  its  ancient  tower,  continues  to  be 
used  as  that  of  the  parish. 

Wauthak  Holt  Cboss  Abbxt  CEimoH,  Eesxz. — Founded  in  the  first 
instance  by  Tovi,  standard  hearer  to  King  Cnut,  for  two  priests,  which 
number  was  increased  to  twelve  by  Harold,  who  rebuilt,  and  richly 
endowed  the  church.  As  a  college  of  secular  canons,  it  continued 
according  to  his  foundation  till  a.d.  1177,  when  the  dean,  Guide  Ruffua, 
having  previously  resigned,  king  Henry  IL  inducted  into  it  sixteen 
canons  rq(alar  of  S.  Augustine  ;  Walter  de  Gaunt,  a  canon  of  Chwney, 
being  constituted  the  first  abbni    Dug.,  vi,  66-7. 


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108  THE  CHUBOHEB  OF  AUSTIN  CAHONB. 

Of  Harold's  bnildingB  at  WalthAm,  there  ore  nov  no  viaible  remains. 
The  choir,  transept,  and  central  tower  of  the  abbey  church,  aaye  only  the 
western  arch  of  the  latter,  which  opened  to  the  nave — the  whole  con- 
ventual parta  of  it,  in  ehort^-have  now  perished.  As  to  this  remaining 
nrch,  it  is  of  late  Gorman  work,  a  sufficient  proof  in  one  direction,  at 
least,  of  the  date  of  the  superstructure.  The  nare  itself,  aomewhat  later 
still,  is  beyond  all  question  a  partly  contemporary,  though — asit«  detuls, 
especially  those  of  the  clerestory,  conclusir^y  prove — slightly  Bubeeqoent 
work  of  the  same  architect  who  erected  that  of  the  cathedral  church  (rf 
Durham  for  bishop  Flambard,  1099-1128.  Its  erection,  which  was 
evidently  gradual,  was  due  most  probably  to  the  munificence  of  Maude 
and  Adeliza,  queens  of  king  Henry  L,  boUi  of  whom  were  great  feiends 
and  supjjorters  of  the  house.  As  heretofore,  it  still  continues  to  serre  as 
the  parish  church  of  Waltham.  For  views  and  plan  of  Waltham  abbey 
church,  with  divers  wild  speculations  of  varioua  writers,  and  some  very 
judicious  observations  of  the  author  thereon,  see  Britton's  Antiquities  of 
Great  Britain,  iii,  17-26. 

Waitter  PiuoRr  Church,  ¥'ork& — Warter  priory  was  founded  a.d 
1132  by  Geoffry  Fitz  Pain,  or  Trusbut,  in  honour  of  S.  James,  the  patron 
of  the  parish  church,  wherein  he  established  a  prior  and  canons. 

"  Memorandum  quod  domus  Wartrira  fundata  fuit  Galfrido  Tnmbut 
cui  in  funcUtione  tantummodo  contulit  ecdesiamde  Wartria&c, 

"  Hujus  domus  fuerunt  rectores  isti,  Joseph,  priOT  1.  Badulphus  prior  2. 
Kicardus  abbas  1.  Yvo  abbas  2,  et  ultimns.  Nicholans  prior  3, 
Kichaidus  prior  4,"  Ac     Dug.  vi,  297-8. 

The  present  parish  church  of  Wartei  is  entirely  modem,  but  occupies 
the  situ  of  the  original  one,  which  formed  part — the  south  aisle  of  the 
nave,  as  would  seem  raost  likely— of  the  conventual  church. — Letter  of 
Kev.  R  D.  French,  vicar. 

Wbbtacrb  PHioRy  Cbitiiob,  Norfolk. — A  priory  of  black  canons,  who 
afterwards  became  canons  of  S.  Austin,  was  commenced  in  the  parish 
church  of  Westacre,  temp.  William  Ruf us,  by  Oliver,  the  parish  priest,  and 
his  son  Walter  ;  Ralph  de  Toni,  the  then  lord  of  tjie  manor,  confiming 
the  giants  made  to  the  same. 

The  ancient  paiochial  and  conventual  church  of  All  Saints  continues  in 
its  integrity  as  that  of  the  parish. 

WoHBRiDQS  Priort  Chuboh,  Shbop8hib& — Founded  Ump,  Henry  I, 
by  William  Fitz  Alan,  in  honour  of  SS.  Mary  and  Leonaid.  Fima  the 
identity  of  the  dedication  and  the  position  of  the  domestic  buildings, 
which  adjoin  the  parish  church,  ft  would  seem  probaUe  that  that  struc- 
ture served  originally  as  the  prioiy  church  as  weU.  The  present  church 
of  Wombridge,  which  has  supplanted  a  miserable  erection  of  brick,  is 
entirely  modem,  but  occupies  tiie  site  of  the  original  church  which  was 
blown  down  in  a  violent  storm,  a.d,  1756.  Dug.,  vi,  387  ;  and  Lettetof 
the  Rct.  M.  M.  Iflkke,  vicar. 

Worksop  Phiory  Churoh,  Norrs. — Founded  in  the  3rd  Henty  I,  by 
William  do  Lovetot,  in  honour  of  8.  Mary  and  S.  Cuthbort. 


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THE  CHURCBBS  Of  AUSTIN  CANONS.  109 

■■Imprimia  totain  capellaiiam  totiiu  domus  siue,  cum  decimia  eb 
oblataonibus ;  deinde  eculesiam  de  Wirkaop,  in  qua  canouici  aunt,  cum 
decimis  et  omnibus  rebus  ad  ecclesiam  eandem  peiiinentdbufl,  &c."  Dug., 
\T,  116. 

The  nave  of  this  magnificent  churub,  which  was  always,  as  at  present, 
parochial,  remains,  with  its  two  western  towers,  in  excellent  preservation. 
Tlie  eastern,  or  monastic  church,  consisting  of  the  atnictutid  choir  and 
tmnsepta,  is  destroyed ;  but  the  large  and  beautiful  lady  (;hapel,  though 
ruined,  has  its  walla  yet  standing  to  nearly  their  full  height 

A  full  account  of  Worksop  priory,  accompanied  with  a.  plan  and 
general  view,  may  be  seen  in  the  Journal  of  the  British  Archeological 
Association,  xx3c,  317. 


Havii^  now,  in  the  two  foi«^ing  lists,  given  a  summary  account  of 
both  groups  of  the  Augustinian  churches,  viz,: — lat.  Those  which  were 
purely  conventual,  and  2nd,  those  which  were  parochial  as  well ;  it 
remains  only  to  classify  in  a.  third,  such  of  them  as,  from  the  time  of  the 
suppression,  were  eithei  destroyed  by  violence,  or  allowed  to  fall  gently  to 
decay  ;  and  which  clearly  therefore,  from  these  circumstances  alone  could 
never  have  been  parish  churches.  For  it  is  important  to  note,  in  tliis 
connection,  that  every  one  of  these  chuichea  without  exception,  which 
was  hUloricaily  parochial  before  that  event  (I  take  no  account  of  the  caae 
of  S.  Botolph's,  Colchester,  which  was  destroyed  during  the  siege  of  the 
town  in  the  civil  war,  and  never  afterwords  rebuilt),  continues  to  be  so 
ttiU.  jSot  is  this  all,  for  the  fact  that  even  in  these  cases  (with  certain 
exceptions  readily  accounted  for),  it  is  only  the  parochial,  and  not  the 
conventual  part  of  them  which  has  been  preserved,  afibrds  the  strongest 
possible  corroborative  proof  that  in  all  those  cases  where  no  such  part  has 
baen  preserved,  there  was  consequently  no  parish  church,  nor  any 
possessed  of  legal  rights  besides  the  canons.  That  some  few  of  these 
purely  conventual  churches  should  have  escaped  the  general,  and  other- 
wise inevitable  destruction,  either  through  tiie  munificent  core  of  indi- 
viduals, or  the  public  spirit  of  the  people,  who  purchased,  and  subsequently 
devoted  them  to  parochial  uses,  is  natural  enougL  It  is  precisely  what 
happened,  under  similu  circumstances,  in  the  case  of  the  Benedictine 
churches  of  Malvern,  Selby,  and  Milton  Abbaa.  But  such  particular 
instances  of  rescue  ara  all  perfectly  well  known  and  authenticated,  and  in 
no  way  affect  the  case  of  tiie  vast  remaining  bulk,  which,  one  and  all,  were 
left  to  ruin.  What  the  exact  degree  of  that  ruin  in  the  several  examines 
ennmnated  in  the  following  table  may  be,  I  cannot,  of  course,  pretend 
to  say  ;  nor,  for  my  present  purpose,  is  the  subject  of  the  least  importance. 
What  is  important  to  observe  is  the  fact  that,  from  the  day  the  canons 
ceased  to  serve  them,  the  whole  of  these  churches  have  been  utterly 
abandoned  ;  n  state  of  things  impossible  to  account  for,  either  by  reason 
or  analogy,  except  on  the  supposition,  confirmed  throughout  by  history, 
that  they  were  conventual  and  conventual  only. 


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Il6  THE  CHURCHES  Of  AUSTIN  CANOMS. 


-CHURCHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS  MORE  OK  LESS 
ENTIRELY  RUINED. 


Ckurehai  of  Black  Canons  heretofore  (lesenbed. 

Acombury  Priory  Church,  Cambridgeshire. 

Alneabomo  Priory  Church,  Suffolk. 

AngleaeA  Priory  Church,  Cambridgeshira 

AshridgB  Priory  Chun;h,  Buckinghamshire. 

Badlexmere  Priory  Church,  Kent 

fiailynch  Priory  Church,  Simersetehire. 

Bamweil  Priory  Church,  Cambridgeahire. 

Beeeton  Priory  Church,  Norfolk. 

Bentloy  Priory  Churcli,  Middleaex. 

Berden  Priory  Church,  Essex. 

Biceater  Priory  Church,  Oxfordahire, 

BUsington  Priory  Church,  Kent 

Biaham  Montaguo  Priory  Church,  Berkshire. 

Blythborongh  Priory  Church,  Norfolk. 

Bradftuatoke  Priory  Church,  Wiltshire. 

Bradley  Priory  Church,  Lincolnshire. 

Brissett  Priory  Church,  Suffolk. 

Brooke  Priory  Church,  Rutlandshire. 

Breomore  Priory  Church,  Hampshire. 

Broomhall  Priory  Church,  Norfolk. 

Brykley  Priory  Church,  Somersetshire. 

Bumham  Abbey  Church,  Bucks. 

Butsoough  Priory  Church,  Lancashire. 

Bushmead  Priory  Church,  Bedfordshire. 

Botley  Priory  Church,  Suffolk. 

Caermariihen  Priory  Church. 

Caldwell  Priory  Church,  Bedfordshire. 

Calke  Priory  Church,  Derbyahira. 

Calwich  Priory  Church,  Staffordshire. 

CampsOT  Priory  Church,  Suffolk. 

Castle-Uymel  Priory  Church,  Northamptonshire. 

Chacomb  Priory  Church,  Noithamptonshira 

Chiche  S.  Osyth  Priory  Church,  Eaeex, 

Chipley  Priory  Church,  Suffolk. 

Cirencester  Abbey  Church,  Qloucestenhir^ 

Cold  Norton  Priory  Church,  Oxfordshire. 

Combwell  Priory  Church,  Kent 

Conishead  Priory  Chnich,  Idncashir«. 

Comworthy  Priory  Church,  Devonahire, 

Coxsford  Priory  Church,  Norfolk. 

Crabhonse,  or  Wiggcnhall  Priory  Chnrch,  Norfdlc 

Creaks  Abbey  Church,  Norfolk. 

Dartford  Priory  Church,  Kent 

Dodnush  Prioty  Church,  Suffolk. 


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THB  0UT7BCHBS  OF  AUSTIN  CAHONa 

Drax  Priory  Church,  Yorkahiie. 

EUham  Priory  Church,  Lincolnshire. 

Erdbury  Priory  Church,  WsrwiokshirB. 

Felley  Priory  Church,  Nottinghamshire, 

Flanesfard  Priory  Chnrch,  Herefordshire. 

Flitcham  Priory  Church,  Norfolk. 

Flixton  Priory  Church,  Suffolk. 

Frithelstock  Priory  Church,  Devonshire. 

Gloanestcr,  S.  Oswald's  Priory  Church. 

Goring  Priory  Church,  Oxfordshire. 

Grace  Dieu  Priory  Church,  Leicestershire. 

GuisboroDgh  Priory  Church,  Yorkshire. 

Holtentprice  Priory  Church,  Yorkshire. 

Halywell  Priory  Chnrch,  Warwickshire. 

TTWhnm  Priory  Chunih,  Sussex. 

Hanrood  Priory  Church,  Bedfordshire. 

Ilastings  Priory  Church,  Sussex. 

Haselfaerge  Pnory  Church,  SomeTSotshire. 

Haverfordwest  Priory  Church,  Pemhrokeflhira 

Haughmond  Ahb^  Church,  Shropahiie. 

Healaugh  Park  Priory  Church,  Yorkshire. 

Hempton  Priory  Church,  Norfolk. 

Heningfleet  Priory  Church,  Suffolk. 

Hickling  Priory  Church,  Norfolk. 

Hode  Priory  Church,  Yorkshire. 

Huntingdon  Priory  Church. 

Hyrst  Priory  Church,  Lincolnshire. 

Ilchester  Priory  Church,  Somersetshiro. 

Ivy  Church  Priory  Chnrch,  Wiltshire. 

Ixworth  Priory  Church,  Suffolk. 

Ipswich  Piiory  Church,  88.  Peter  anil  Panl, 

Kcnil worth  Priory  Church  Warwickshira 

Kersey  Priory  Church,  Suffolk. 

Keynshaip  Abbey  Church,  Somersetshire. 

Kirkham  Priory  Church,  Yorkshire, 

Lacock  Abbey  Church,  Wiltshire. 

Latton  Priory  Church,  Essex. 

I^nnceaton  Priory  Church,  CornwRlI, 

Laund  Priory  Church,  Leicesterehiro. 

Leeds  Priory  Church,  Kent. 

Lees  Priory  Church,  Staffordshiro. 

Leicester,  8.  Mary  de  Pmtis  Priory  Church. 

Leighs,  or  Little  Leighs  Priory  Church,  Essex. 

Leigh,  or  Canonsleigh  Priory  Church,  Devonshire. 

Lilleshnll  Abbey  Church,  Shropshire. 

Linchmcre  Priory  Church,  Sussex. 

Llanthony  Abbey  Church,  Gloucestershire. 

Llaitthoiiy  Priory  Church,  Monniouthsliirt^ 

Lonilon,  Christ,  or  Holy  Trinity  Priory  Church. 

Longlent  Priory  Church,  Wiltshire. 

Markby  Priory  Church,  Liikcolnshire. 

Mnrton  Priory  Church,  Yorkshire. 


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THE   CHUBCHBS    OF   AUSTIN  CANOlfS. 


a  M^na  Priory  Church,  Norfolk. 
MaxBtoke  Priory  Chmch,  WarwickBhire. 
Mertfln  Priory  Church,  Surrey. 
Michelham  Priory  Church,  Sussex. 
Missenden  Abbey  Church,  Suckinghanwhire. 
Motdafont  Priory  Church,  Hampshire. 
Mountjoy  Priory  Church,  Norfolk. 
Newburgh  Abbey  Church,  Yorkshire. 
Newark  Priory  Church,  Surrey. 
Newenhatn  Priory  Church,  Bedfordshire. 
Newatead  Abbey  Church,  Kottinghamshirc. 
Nowstead  Priory  Church,  Liucolnahire. 
Nocton,  or  Nocton  Park  Priory  Church,  Leicestershire. 
Northampton,  S.  James's  Abbey  Church. 
North  Ferriby  Priory  Church,  Yorkshire. 
Norton  Abbey  Church,  Chaihire. 
Noatell  Priory  Church,  Yorkshire. 
Nutley  Priory  Church,  Buckinghamshire. 
Old  Buckenham  Priory  Church,  Norfolk. 
Oseney  Abbey  Church,  Oxfordshiio. 
Pentney  Priory  Church,  Norfolk. 
Petoreton  Priory  Church,  Norfolk. 
Plympton  Priory  Church,  Devonshire. 
Poughley  Priory  Church,  Berkshire, 
Pynham,  or  De  Calccto  Priory  Church,  Sussex. 
Ravenston  Pnory  Church,  Buckinghamshire. 
Reigate  Priory  Church,  Surrey. 
Ecpton  Priory  Church,  Derbyshire, 
Bocester  Priory  Church,  Staffordshire. 
Ronton  Priory  Chureh,  Staffordshire. 
Rothwell  Priory  Church,  Northamptonshire. 
Sandleford  Priory  Church,  Berkshire. 
Scarthe  Priory  Church,  Yoritshire. 
Scokirk,  or  Skewkirk  Priory  Church,  Yorkshire. 
Selboma  Priory  Church,  Hampshire. 
Sheltord  Priory  Church,  Nottinghamshire. 
Spinney  Priory  Church,  Cambridgeshire. 
Southiunptoti,  St.  Denys's  Priory  Church. 
Southwick  Priory  Church,  Hampshire. 
Stafford,  S.  Thomas's  Priory  Church. 
Staverdale  Priory  Church,  Somersetshire. 
Stone  Priory  Church,  Staffordshire. 
Stoneley  Priory  Chureh,  Huntingdon. 
Studley  Priory  Church,  Warwickahiro. 
Syon  Abbey  Church,  Middlesex. 
Tondridge  Priory  Church,  Surrey. 
Taunton  Priory  Church,  Somersetshire. 
Thirling  Priory  Church,  Cambridgeshire. 
Thoby,  or  Ginges  Priory  Church,  Essex. 
Thomholm  Priory  Church,  Lincolnshire 
Thornton  Abbey  Chureh,  lincolnsbire. 
Thremhale  Priory  Church,  Essex, 


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THE  CHDBCHXS  OF  ATraTTN  CANONS.  113 

Tiptieo  Priory  Church,  Enex. 
Tosbridge  Priory  Clmrch,  Kent 
Toikaey  Priory  Church,  Linoobiahire. 
Toriington  Priory  ChTirch,  Suaeex, 
XJlTeracroft  Priory  CJhuTch,  Leiceeterehire. 
Walmngham  Priory  Church,  Norfolk. 
Warwidc,  8.  Sepulchre's  Priory  Church. 
Wayboume  Priory  Choidi,  Norfolk. 
WellowB,  or  Grimsby  Abbey  Church,  lincoliuhire. 
Weatwood  in  Lesnea  Abbey  Church,  Kent 
Weybridge  Prioiy  Church,  Norfolk. 
Wigmore  Abbey  Church,  Herefordshire. 
WoodbridgB  Priory  Church,  Suffolk. 
Woodham  Ferraie  Priory  Church,  EsBex. 
Woodiirk  Priory  Church,  Yorkshire. 
Wormgay  Priory  Church,  Norfolk. 
Wormflley  Priory  Church,  Hereford  ahire. 
Worapring  Priory  Church,  Somersetshire. 
Wroxton  Priory  Church,  Oxfordshire. 
Wymondaley  Parra  Priory  Church,  Hertfordshire. 


DiviaiOH  IL 

CAureAes  of  White  Canone,  not  hereto/ore  deserihed. 
Alhtick  Abbkt  Church,  Nobthuvbeu^and. — Foanded  by  Eustace 
Fitz  John,  A.D.  1147,  in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Viigin  Mary.  Nothing 
but  the  entrance  gateway  now  remains  standing  above  ground,  but  the 
foundations  of  the  church  and  conventual  buildings  have  recently  been 
uncovered  by  the  Duke  of  Northumberland.  The  parish  church  of 
Alnwick,  situate  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  abbey,  is  under  the 
invocation  of  S.  Mary  and  S.  Michael. 

Babuhob  Abbey  Cbubch,  Lincolnshiiie. — Barlings  abbey  was  founded 
by  Ralph  de  Haya  and  Richard  his  brother,  a.d.  IIM,  in  honour  of  the 
RT.M.,  being  endowed,  inter  alia,  with  the  whole  town  and  parish  church 
of  S,  Edward  there.  IHie  obbey  church,  whose  central  tower  carried  on 
four  open  arches,^ and  curiously  resembling  that  of  the  Grey  friars  at 
Richmond,  Torks.,  is  figured  in  Uie  Monasticon — but  has  since  fallen 
down — is  there  said  to  have  been  cruciform,  and  three  hundred  feet  in 
length  ;  tlie  height  of  the  tower  being  no  less  than  one  hundred  and 
eighty  feet 

Bathah  Abbey  Chubcb,  Sobsbi. — The  abbey  of  Bayham  was  foanded 
circa  A.D.  1200,  in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary,  by  Robert  de 
Tliumham,  for  certain  Premonstratensian  canons  whom  he  removed  there- 
to from  Bromley  in  Deptford.  The  church,  whose  plan  is  Very  peculiar, 
nnd  of  which  considerable  remains  exist  in  a  more  or  letM  fr^^entary 
eWite,  forma  an  exceedingly  picturesque  group  of  ruins.  There  is  a  plate 
of  thent  in  the  Monasticon,  vii,  910. 

Bbaitcbief  Abbbv  CetiBcB,  DEBBrsmBE; — Founded  by  Robert  Fitz 
Kanulph,  lord  of  Alfreton,  December  21st,  1183,  in  honour  of  {the 


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114  THE  CUUKCHBS  Of  AtFffTIN  CANONS. 

BIe88G«l  Virgin  Mary  and)  S.  Thomas  the  Martyr.  The  aiBleleas  nare  of 
the  church,  with  tho  remaioB  of  a  fine  western  tower,  was  converted  into 
a  parochial  chapel  circa  16S2,  by  Edward  Pe^e,  an  ancestor  of  the 
antiquary.  The  church  stands  in  the  parish  of  Norton.  For  an  accotmt 
of  Beauchief  Abbey,  with  view,  see  Journal  of  the  British  Archteological 
Aiviociation,  xxx,  426;  and  Add^s  Historical  Memorials  of  Beauchief 
Abbey. 

Belekjh,  OB  Maldon  Abbkt  Church,  Eb§ex. — Beleigh  abbey  was 
founded  by  Robert  Mantell,  a.D.  1180,  in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Viigin 
Mary  and  S.  Nicholas.  The  chapter  house,  which  is  said  to  be  a  small, 
but  beautiful  early  English  structure,  with  graceful  vaulting  shafts,  and 
the  warming  house  with  dormitoiy  over,  appear  to  be  the  best  praaerred 
portion  of  the  ruins. 

Blanchlabd  Abbet  Ghusch,  NORTHimBEBLAND. — The  abbey  of 
Blanchland  was  founded  by  Walter  da  Bolebek  for  twelve  canoits,  to  the 
honour  of  the  Blessed  Vi^in  Mary,  a.i>.  1165.  The  editors  of  the 
Monasticon,  in  an  only  too  characteristic  way,  add : — "  There  an  some 
small  remains  of  Uiis  abbey,  beside  an  ancient  gateway  a^  existing" 
The  fact  is,  however,  tbat  the  church,  having  from  the  time  of  the  dino- 
lution  been  left  to  the  slow  and  quiet  processes  of  natuial  decay  only, 
remained,  down  to  1752,  in  so  good  a  state  of  proservation  that  Lord 
Crewe's  trusteej^  then  formed  a  considenible  portion  of  it  into  a  parochial 
chapeL  "The  aisleless  choir,  north  transept  with  eastern  aisle,  and  tower 
at  the  north  end  of  the  transept  still  remain."  Note  by  Mr.  W.  H.  St 
John  Hope. 

BitODBOur  Prioet  Churoh,  NorriNaiiAiiSHniB. — Agnes  de  Camville, 
says  Tanner,  wife  of  Fetor  de  Gouala  (founder  of  Newhouse),  erected  the 
priory  of  Brodholm,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Stephen,  to  the 
honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary.  Its  full  annual  value,  according  to 
Leland,  was  only  £10  ;  to  Dugdole,  £16  5s.  2d. 

CocKERSAND  Abbkt  Churoh,  Lanoashihb.  —  CoclccTsand  abbey  was 
established  on  tho  suppression  of  a  hospital  endowed  chiefly  by  William 
de  Lancaster,  temp.  Henry  IL  and  dependent  on  that  of  Leicester,  ciica  . 
A.D.  1190, in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary.  "The  octagonal  chapter 
house  forms  the  chief  remaining  feature,  but  tlic  whole  of  the  plan  of  the 
aisleless  cruciform  church  may  be  tmced."  Note  by  Mr.  W.  H.  St  John 
Hope. 

CovBRHiM  Abbet  Church,  ToRKSHniB. — Helewisia,  daughter  of 
Ranulf  de  Glanville,  chief  justice  of  England,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  leign 
of  Henry  II,  according  to  Tanner,  founded  at  Swainby,  in  the  pariah  of 
Pickhill,  a  house  of  white  canons,  who  were  removed,  14  John,  to  Coye^ 
ham,  by  his  son  Ralph  Fitz  Robert,  Lord  of  Middleham.  Tho  beautiful 
ruins  of  Covcrham  abbey  church  still  exist  as  a  sort  of  adjunct  to  a  small 
mansion  house,  which  hns  been  fumicd  out  of  the  domestic  buildings. 
For  an  account  of  both,  with  the  mn^rnificenii  eirly  monumental  efiigies  of 
the  Nevilles,  which  still,  I  believe,  do  duty  as  gate  posts  to  the  house,  &c., 
see  Whitoker's  Richmmuhkire,  i.  The  parish  church  is  under  the  invo- 
cation of  the  Holy  Trinity. 


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TUS  CHURCHES  OS-  AUSTIN  CANOlfS.  115 

Cboxton  Abbbt  Church,  Lbicestershiri. — Founded  by  one  Willkm, 
whom  Tanner  sumanied  PoTcariiia  ;  Peck,  Portarius ;  but  the  CliartcTS, 
no  doubt  correctly,  ParcariuB  de  Linus,  a.d.  1162,  in  honour  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin  Mary  and  S.  John.  It  stuod  in  the  pariah  of  Croxtoti  Kpyrinl, 
tnd— .as  the  pariah  church  was  also  under  that  invocation — waa  knonu, 
probably  for  the  Bake  of  distinction,  aa  "  ecdesia  Sancti  Jobannis  de 
Valle ;"  in  it  were  buried  the  viscera  of  King  John. 

Dux,  OR  Db  Pahoo  Btahlet  Abbkt  Church,  Derbyhiiihe. — 
Founded  by  William  Fits  Rauf,  Seneschal  of  Normandy  and  (Icoffroy  de 
SalicoBB  Mara  his  aon-in-Iaw,  a.i>.  1204,  in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin 
Hary.  The  chnrch,  which  except  the  arcb  of  the  great  east  window, 
had  entirely  disappeared  from  the  surface,  was  carefully  explored  bcneAtli 
it,  by  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  for  the  Derbyshire  Arch»olonical  and 
Notiual  History  Society,  during  the  Bmnmera  of  1879  and  of  1880; 
when  its  gcnwal  plan,  together  with  many  intereating  details,  were 
brought  to  light.  For  an  account  of  these,  by  Mr.  Hope,  see  vol.  ii  of 
their  ZVofuariumo. 

DoDFOBD  Priort  Churoh,  WoRCMTBRaHmK, — K-ing  Henry  11,  was 
the  founder  of  this  small  priory  of  Auguatinians,  which,  eventually  con- 
taining but  a  single  canon,  was  granted  lemj>.  Edward  IV,  to  the  abbot  and 
convent  of  Hales-Owen,  who  forthwith  established  therein  a  cell  of  their 
own  order.  All  that  remains  of  the  buildii^  le  said  to  bo  found  in  the 
walls  of  a  farm  house. 

DuRBFORD  Abbey  Church,  Sussex. — Tanner  says,  "Henry  Hoes 
the  elder,  before  the  year  1169,  built  and  endowed  here  an  abbey  of 
Premonstratensiaii  canons,  from  Welbeck,  to  the  honour  of  the  Biesaod 
Virgin  Mary  and  St.  John  Baptist."  The  abbey  has  coKiidetely  dis- 
appeared. It  stood  iu  the  parish  of  Rogatc  ;  the  church  of  wliich  place 
is  under  the  invocation  of  S.  Bartholomew. 

£abbt  Abbrt  Church,  Yorkbhire. — The  abbey  of  Kiiaby  was  founded 
by  Koald,  Constable  of  Richmond  Castle,  under  Alan,  the  third  carl, 
eirea  A,D.  1152,  in  honour  of  the  Blfssed  Virgin  Mary  and  S.  Agatbi. 
■  The  beautiful  remains  of  Eaaby  abbey,  the  church  of  which,  however,  is 
almost  totally  destroyed,  stand  in  a  lovely  situation  about  a  mile  below 
Bichmond  on  the  brink  of  the  river  Swale.  The  little  pariah  church  of 
IJuhy — one  of  singular  interest — nestles  closely  beneath  their  shelter  to 
the  east. 

Eolbbtok  Abbet  Church,  Yorkshirb. — The  abbey  of  Egliaton  was 
founded  by  Ralph  de  Multon  in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  and 
S.  John  Baptist.  The  ruins,  which  occupy  a  situation  of  the  utmost 
loveliness  on  the  southern  brink  of  the  river  Tees,  about  a  couple  of 
miles  below  Barnard  Castle,  are  situate  in  the  parish  of  StartforttL 
The  walls  of  the  nisleless  cruciform  church  are  fairly  perfect. 

Uaonebt  Abbey  Cbubch,  Liscolnshirb. — This  church  was  bnilt  by 
Herbert  Fitz  ALird  de  Orreby,  and  Agues  hie  wife,  a.d.  1 175,  in  honour 
uf  the  Blessed  A'irgin  Mary  at  Ilagneby,  a  hamlet  in  tlie  pariah  of 
Hannay ;  the  churdi  uf  which    place   is   under  the  iuvucution  of  S. 


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116  THE  CEDBCHES  OP  AUSTIK  CANONS. 

Andrew.  The  abbey  cbutch  of  Hs^ueby,  with  ita  dependent  offioe^, 
have  been  so  long  utterly  deetioyed,  tlwt  theii  very  aite  is  said  to  be  now 
niero  matter  of  conjeotcie. 

Hajlbs  Oweh  Abbev  Ghubob,  Shsofshirb. — King  John,  who  in  the 
sixteenth  year  of  his  reigii  gave  the  inanor  and  church  of  Hales  to  Peter 
de  Rupibus,  bishup  of  Winclioster,  for  the  purpose,  and  at  whose  char^^ 
according  to  Taunei',  the  buildings  seem  to  have  been  both  begun  and 
finished,  was  apparently  the  real  founder  of  Halas  Owen  abbey,  thaogb  the 
jtatronage  remained  with  the  bishop.  It  was  dedicated  in  honour  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  Mary  and  S.  John  the  Evangelist,  and  was  one  of  the 
richest  houses  of  the  order  ;  the  clear  annual  income  at  the  time  of  the 
dissolution  amounting  to  £280  13s.  2^.  The  church  is  now  more  com- 
pletely ruined  apparently,  than  tlie  domestic  offices,  of  which  there  are 
still  considerable,  though  very  shattered  remains. 

Home  Lacv,  or  Haum  Abbbt  Chubch,  HsRSKiBDSHiaB. — Founded,  ac- 
cording to  Tanner,  by  William  Fitswain,  in  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of 
Uenry  III,  to  the  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  and  S.  Thomas  the 
Martyr.  The  site  of  it  is,  and  lias  long  been,  utterly  unknown.  The 
parish  church  is  under  the  invocation  of  8.  Cuthbert 

HoRNBV  Pbiokv  Churuh,  Lancashihk. — According  to  Tanner,  Hornby 
was  a  cell  of  a  prior  and  three  canons  to  the  abbey  of  Croxton,  and  of 
tJic  foundation  of  the  ancestore  of  the  Lord  Monteagle,  It  was  under  the 
invocation  of  the  Blessed  Vii^n  Mary  and  S.  Wilfrid  ;  and  of  the  annual 
value  of  £26.  The  buildings,  which  stood  in  the  parish  of  Melling,  are 
now  completely  ruined. 

Ibford  Priorv  Churcm,  Lincolnbhirb. — Irford  was  a  small  priory  of 
nuns,  founded  by  Ralph  de  Albini,  temp.  Henry  II,  and  dotUcated  in 
honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary.  At  the  dissolution,  its  gross  annu^ 
income  amounted  to  only  £li  ISs.  4d. 

Kailekd  Priory  Church,  North  ah  ptonsbirs. — On  a  place  called 
Kaylend,  in  the  parish  of  Cottesbrook,  given  by  William  Buttevillan  to 

the  abbot  and  convent  of  Sulby  was  established  a  cell  of  white  canons, 
dedicated  in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  and  S.  John.  "  Large 
foundation  stones,"  says  Bridges,  "  have  within  these  few  years  been  dug 
up  in  Kalendar  meadow,  and  the  coll  when  standing  appearo  to  have  been 
mOiited  round." 

Lanqdon,  or  West  Lanodon  Abbey  Church,  Kent. — ^Tfae  abbey  of 

Langdon,  an  off-ahoot  from  that  of  Leiston,  was  founded  a.d.  1192,  by 
William  de  Auberville,  in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  and  S. 
Thomas  of  Canterbury.  A  brick  dweUing-house  now  occupies  the  site 
of  the  eellorium  ;  while  a  small  fragment  of  masonry  is  all  that  remains 
visible  of  the  fabric  of  the  church.  The  site  was  very  carefully  explored, 
however,  in  1882  by  Mr.  W.  H.  St  John  Hope,  who  has  given  full 
particulars  respecting  it,  accompanied  with  a  ground  plan,  in  the 
Arcltaologia  Cantiaaa,  VoL  xviii. 

Lanoley  Aubbv  Church,  Xorfolk. — According  to  Tanner,  the  abbey 
of  Laugley  was  built  and  endowed,  a.d.  1198,  by  Bobort  Fitz  Boger 


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TQB  cmmcECBS  OP  Austm  canons.  Wf 

HelLe,  or  de  Clavering,  in  bonoar  of  tha  Blessed  Virgin  Mary.  There 
are  said  to  be  considerable  remaiuB  of  this  abbey  still  standing.  Tbe 
parisb  churcb  is  under  the  invocation  of  S.  Michael. 

L&VENOON  Abbky  Ghuboh,  Buokihohaubhirk. —Founded  by  Sir  John 
de  Btdun  in  honour  of  the  Bleawd  Virgin  Mary  and  S.  John  Baptist, 
about  the  reign  of  king  Henry  IL  All  remains,  both  of  the  church  and 
conventual  buildings,  seem  now  to  have  entirely  disappeired.  The  jjarish 
church  of  Lavendon  is  under  the  invocation  of  8.  Mary  only. 

Ijiston  Abbet  CmiRca,  Suffolk. — The  abbey  of  Leiston  waa  founded 
by  Kanulf  de  Glanville,  founder  aho  of  BuUey  priory,  in  1182,  in 
honour  of  the  Blessed  Viigin  Mary.  It  was  tint  built  near  the  sea,  but 
the  site  proving  inconvenient,  tbe  biethren  were  removed  by  Robert  de 
Uffoni,  earl  of  Suffolk,  circa  1363,  to  a  fresh  one  about  a  mile 
distant.  The  new  church  being  conaumod  by  fire  in  1389  was  thereupon 
rebuilt,  and,  like  that  of  the  nriginal  foundation  which  was  still  occupied 
by  a  few  canons,  continued  till  tJie  general  suppression,  when  both  were 
destroyed.  Some  lemaina  still  exist  Tbs  parish  church  of  Leiston  is 
under  the  invocation  of  8.  Margaret 

Newbo  Abbet  Chuboh,  LlNCOLNaHiRS. — Riuliard  dc  Malebisse  was 
the  founder  of  this  abbey  church,  which  ho  built  to  the  honour  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  Mary  in  a.d.  1198. 

Nkwhovse  Abbby  Church,  Linoolnbhihe. — This,  the  first  Premon- 
stratensian,  or  White  Canons',  church  erected  in  England,  was  founded  by 
Peter  de  Gousla,  A.i>.  1146,  in  honour  of  S.  Mary  and  S.  Martiul.  It 
«lood  in  the  parish  of  Brocklesby,  tbe  church  of  which  place  is  under  the 
invocation  of  All  Saints.     No  lemains  of  it  exist  above  ground. 

Shap  Abbey  CHUBon,  Westmoreland.— Founded  in  the  first 
instance,  at  Preston  in  Kentdale,  by  Thomas  Fitz  Gospatric  Fitz  Orme, 
towards  the  end  of  the  reign  of  king  Henry  II,  in  honour  of  S.  Mary 
Magdalene.  This  abbey  was  afterwards  removed  by  him  to  a  lonely  and 
deeply  sequestered  spot  in  the  parish  of  Hepp  (now  Shap),  where  it  con- 
tinued till  the  disaolutiou.  liie  church — now  greatly  ruined  and  far 
remote  from  that  of  the  parish  and  village — is  a  simple  Early  Finish 
Ktmcture  with  a  late  Perpendicular  western  tower :  the  latter,  owing  to 
ito  excellent  masonry,  and  the  care  taken  of  the  ruins  of  late  years,  being 
still  in  excellent  preservation.  The  parish  church  of  Shi^i  is  under  the 
invocation  of  S.  Michael. 

S.  Radbound'b  OB  BiunaoLi  Abbey  Church,  near  Dover,  E.snt. — 
Founded,  according  to  Hasted,  by  Walter  Hacket  and  Emma  his  wife,  in 
honour  of  the  blessed  Virgin  Mary  and  8.  Radegund  in  A.D.  IISL 
Tanner  says  the  founders  were  king  Richard  I,  or  Geofiey  earl  of  Perch, 
and  Maud  his  vrife  ;  while  Leland  asserts  that  it  was  founded  by  Hugh,  a 
canon,  and  the  first  abbot  there.  The  chureh^whioh  is  greatly  ruined — 
vaa  carefully  explored  as  regards  its  buried  portions  in  1880  by  Mr.  W.  H. 
St  John  Hope,  when  a  gipund  plan  of  the  highest  interest  and 
originality  were  broi^ht  to  hght.  The  ruins,  which  are  fairly  extensive,- 
Btaad  in  the  parish  of  Polton. 


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118  Tttfe  CHtlRCHfeS  OF  AUSTIN  CAKONS. 

tiuLBV  Abbey  CHDitaH,  NoRTHAMFTONfiHiRK. — The  abbey  of  Sulby, 
founded  by  William  de  Widvillc  and  Kobert  de  Cbeancy,  biBlio))  of 
Lincoln,  in  A. D.  1155,  and  afterwards  mucli  increased  by  SirRob«itdn 
Puvcly,  was  dedjiated  in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary.  It  was 
one  of  ihe  richest  houses  of  the  order,  being  valued  in  the  gross,  tanp. 
Henry  VIII,  at  i  305  Bs.  5d.  yearly. 

TiCHFiELD  Abuky  Churoh,  Hahp8HIRB. — Peter  de  Kupibus,  bishc>p 
of  Winchester,  havintr  obtuined  of  king  Henry  III,  a  grant  of  the  inaoor 
of  TichAoId,  founded  an  iibbey  of  white  canons  tliote,  A.D.  1231,  in 
honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary.  Sir  Thoinns  Wriothealey,  Henry 
VIITs  grantee,  pulled  down  most  of  the  church  and  offices,  and  tkerewitti 
constructed  a  "  right  stately  house,"  now  in  its  turn  duly  gone  to  rain. 
'  The  shell  of  the  aislelesn  nave,  and  the  cloister  square,  with  the  chapter 
house  and  frater  doora,  still  remain."  Note  by  Mr.  W.  H.  SL  .John  Hope. 
The  parish  church  of  Titch£uld  is  under  the  invocation  of  S.  Peter. 

ToRB  Abbkt  Church,  Devonshirb. — Torr  abbey,  the  richest  of  all  the 
l^remonsttatensiaa  houses,  ite  annual  revenue  amounting  at  the  Dissolu- 
tionto  j£396  Os.  lid.,  was  founded  by  William  Briwere,  a.d.  1196,  in 
honour  of  the  Holy  Saviour,  the  Holy  Trinity,  and  the  Blessed  Virgin 
Mary,  Nothing,  says  Oliver,  can  exceed  the  beautiful  situation  of  Uiis 
greiit  ahlwy  ;  anil,  if  wc  may  judge  by  the  remains  of  the  church,  of  the 
chapter-house,  and  other  buildings,  the  magnificence  of  the  fabric  did 
honour  to  the  situation.     It  is  situate  in  the  parish  of  Tor-Mohun. 

"  Of  the  church,  the  south  wall  of  the  presbytery,  the  south  tntnse]it  witb 
eastern  chapels,  the  west  wall  of  the  north  traoaept,  and  pait  of  the  walls 
of  the  nave  and  its  single  north  aisle  remain.  The  east  Hide  of  the  cloislei, 
too,  with  the  chapter  house  and  other  doorn,  is  standing  to  a  considerable 
height  The  whole  of  the  cellariunt  and  the  fine  eellamge  beneath  the 
fratei  are  incorporated  into  a  modem  house."  Note  by  Mr.  W.  H.  St 
John  Hope. 

TuPHOLMB  ABBitr  Churoh,  LiKCOLNBHtKE. — Founded  temp.  Henry  11. 
by  Alan  de  Nevill  and  liis  brother  Gilbert,  in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin 
Maiy.  Among  the  rentains  of  this  Abbey  may  be  mentioned  those  of  ^ib 
orig^ial  Norman  cloister  nicades — a  very  unusual  feature. 

Wblbbok  Abbit  Churoh,  NornNOHAMBHinB. — Welbeck,  according  (u 
Tanner,  was  an  offiihoot  from  Newhouse,  commenced  18th  Stephen,  11&3, 
and  finished  temp.  Henry  II.  by  Thomas  Pits  Richard,  Titz  Jooei  le 
Flemong,  in  honour  of  thn  Blessed  Viigin  Mary  and  8.  James,  but  so 
much  increased  by  John  Hotham,  bishop  of  Ely,  A.D.  1329,  that  he  and 
his  successors  beume  thereafter  recognised  as  founders,  or  pationa  theieoi 
In  A  D.  1512,  when  the  Premonstratensians  were  exempted  by  Pope 
J-ulius  n  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  abbot  of  Premontre  and  the 
chapter-general,  Wolbeck  abbey  become  the  chief  house  of  the  older  in 
England.  The  abbey  church,  together  with  ita  dependent  buildings,  baa 
been  pulled  down  and  converted  into  a  mansion-house.  It  stood  in  the 
parish  of  Cuckney. 

Wknuling  Abbhv  Church,  Norfolk. — Founded  by  William  Je 
Wendlinj;,  clerk,  temp.  Henry  III,  in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Viigin  Maiy- 


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THE  CHURCHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.        119 

Port  of  the  chaich  is  said  to  have  been  atauding  till  about  1840,  vhen  it 
iras  pulled  down  and  the  materialE  taken  for  building  purposes.  The 
parish  church  of  Wendling  is  under  the  invocation  of  8S.  Peter  and  Paul. 

Wbst  Dkrehah  Abbey  Chdrch,  Nobk)lk. — The  abbey  of  Dereham 
was  founded  by  Hubert,  dean  of  York,  at  that,  his  native  place,  a.  p.  1188, 
in  honour  of  the  Blessad  Virgin  Mary.  All  visible  remains  of  the  church 
and  conventual  buildings  seem  aoon  to  have  entirely  diaappeated.  The 
gatohouse  alone  is  left  The  parish  church  of  West  Dereham  is  under  the 
invocation  of  8.  Andrew. 


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^rocee&in&s  at  iEeetinffS  of  tije  XUr^al  9rd|]aoIagtcaI 
Jfturtitute. 

November  6,  1884. 
J.  T.  MicRLETHWAin,  £aq.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Bev.  Prebendar;  Scabth  read  an  account  of  the  latest  diwoveiies 
made  in  uncovering  the  Roman  Baths  at  Bath,  and  those  at  Herboid, 
near  to  Poitieni.     Mr.  Scarth's  paper  is  printed  at  page  11. 

Mr.  W.  M.  Flindbbs  Pbtrh  gave  a  description  of  aome  Boman  an- 
tiquities found  hy  him  at  San,  in  Egypt,  while  excavating  there  for  the 
Egypt  Exploration  Fund.  Mr.  Fetrie'a  paper  is  printed  in  vol  xli,  page 
313. 

Mr.  PxAOOOK  comninnicated  some  additional  notes  on  Swan  Marks 
which  are  printed  at  page  17. 

Jlntii)aitte«  atiti  Sttoiks  at  Jlrt  Cxhibtteli, 
By  the  Rev.   Prebendary  Soakth. — Plan    of  the  Romas   hath,  at 

Bath,  shewing  all  the  latest  discoveries. 

By  Mr.  W.  M.  Flindeiis  Pstrib. — A  number  of  Roman  antiquities 

found  at  San  in  Egypt,  consisting  of  various  domestic  and   personal 

ornaments,  etc 

December  4,  1884. 
J,  Bain,  Esq.,  in  the  Chair 
The  Rbt.  Jobsph  Hirst  eommunicatvd  the  following  account  of  tbe 
efforts  now  being  made  to  clear  the  huge  accumulation  of  lUbrit  from 
the  summit  of  the  Acropolis  ; — About  two  months  ago  the  new  InspectoT- 
General  of  Antiquities  and  Excavations,  K.  Stamatikea,  ycvutoj  'EijtoptK, 
ably  seconded  and  assisted  by  the  present  Minister  of  Public  Instruction, 
E.  Vuipi6tie,  undertook  at  length  to  carry  out,  and  for  the  first  time 
according  to  a  pre-determined  and  comprehensive  plan,  the  oft-projected 
and  attempted  work  of  clearing  away  from  the  summit  of  the  Acropolis 
the  heape  of  rubbish  that  have  so  long  disfigured  it,  end  the  remains  of 
mediaeval  masonry  that  still  occupy  its  surface.  Much  discussion  has 
naturally  taken  place  as  to  the  advisability  of  destroying  walls  and 
buildings  of  Frank,  Venetian,  or  Turkish  occupants,  but  the  preponderance 
of  jud^ent  has  been  in  favour  of  taking  exact  photographs  of  all  later 
rains  of  any  historic  or  archaeological  interest,  and  of  thus  laying  bare 
the  original  old  wall  of  Grecian  times.  Accurate  descriptions  have 
tliercfore  been  drawn  up,  and  numerous  views  taken  of  every  important 


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raocsEDiNoa  at  hektings  of  the  njariTUTE.        121 

object  that  b  to  be  removed,  and  the  Athenian  Acropolis  will  in  a  short 
time  be  as  wholly  repieBantative  or  suggestive  of  ancient  days  as  is  the 
historic  Roman  Forum  since  Dr.  Bacelli  and  Sig.  Lonciani  began  to  cany 
oat  their  noble  scheme.  XeverUielesa,  tbouo  who  after  an  absence  of  a 
few  years  again  risit  Athena,  and  approach  the  sacied  Hill  from  Tarious 
sides,  will,  perhaps,  be  disappointed  by  the  sudden  disappearance  of  many 
ft  time-honoured  Undmaik,  and  r^tet  the  tuthlesa  destnictioQ  of  that 
stiange  medley  of  Turkish  dwellings,  modem  battlements,  and  mediaeval 
wall-skirting,  so  long  familiar  to  the  eye  in  views  of  the  Athenian 
Acropolis.  Too  much  praise,  however,  cannot  be  given  to  the  energetic 
membeTa  of  the  Greek  Archaeolt^cal  Society,  who  have  taken  all 
neceBBary  precautions,  and  who  watch  with  unabated  interest  the  progress 
of  the  works.  Few  visitors  to  the  Acropolis  con  fail  to  remark  that  its 
anmmit  is  in  many  places  covered  to  the  depth  of  from  six  to  eight  feet 
with  the  tUbrii  of  ages,  so  that  important  and  expensive  labour  must  be 
employed  to  exhibit  the  various  temples  on  the  proper  level,  and  to 
uneartii  the  foundations  and  pavement  trodden  by  the  childrrai  of  the 
Imperial  Commonwealth.  Let  us  hope  that  this  new  venture  will  tend 
to  the  substantial  enrichment  of  the  well-deserving  public  musenms 
established  here  (begun,  alas  !  after  the  whole  world  had  been  adamed 
Mrith  the  spoils  and  trophies  of  Grecian  art),  where  every  attention  and 
facility  is  BO  lavishly  bestowed  upon  the  stranger.  The  workmen  are 
now  engaged  in  breaking  up  and  in  clearing  away  an  enormous  brick 
dstem  of  Koman  days,  commonly  attributed  to  Justinian.  It  is  supposed 
to  have  been  built  to  supply  water  for  the  garrison  of  soldiers  when  the 
Acropolis  began  to  have  a  considerable  population.  The  gutters  can 
still  be  seen  which  conducted  the  water  from  the  roofs  of  the  temples 
soil  from  the  rocky  surface  of  the  hill  into  this  recess.  It  occupies 
the  rectangular  space  between  the  Pinacotheca  and  the  back  part 
of  the  northern  wing  of  the  Fropylaea.  It  is  now  laid  open 
1«  view,  but  will  soon  disappear  alti^ther  to  leave  revealed  the 
anginal  foundations  of  those  ancient  buildings.  By  the  aid 
of  a  pole  and  of  a  steel  tape  I  had  an  accurate  measureuent  of  this 
ristem  made  under  my  own  aye,  and  found  it  to  be  fifteen  and  a  half 
metres  long  by  ten  and  a  half  wide,  while  the  depth  from  where  the 
double-vaulted  roof  infringed  on  the  wall  of  the  Pinacotheca  to  ihe 
flooring  of  the  cistern  underneath  is  about  live  metres.  Thia  roof  was 
suppoited  by  a  row  of  three  brick  columns  running  down  the  middle 
flanked  at  each  end  by  an  abutment  from  the  side  wall,  making  in  all 
five  brick  supports  for  the  double-vaulted  ceiling.  It  may  be  remarked 
that  in  all  the  ancient  cisterns  remaining  in  Byzantium  the  supporting 
columns  are  invariably  of  marble  or  stone.  There  are  a  number  of  small 
cisterns  scattered  over  the  Acropolis,  three  or  four  feet  wide  by,  perhaps, 
sii  or  eight  feet  deep,  now  half  filled  with  rubbish,  presenting  the 
appearance  of  huge  circular  amphorae  made  narrow  at  the  top,  which 
were  built  to  supply  private  houses  of  Turkish  or  other  times  with  rain 
wal«r.  From  a  gap  already  made  in  the  side  of  the  great  cistern  built  up 
ai,'ainBt  the  Pinacotheca  (viz.,  on  the  long  side  of  the  cistern)  I  was  able 
to  observe  some  six  feet  of  the  original  foundations  of  tlie  time  of  Pericles. 
As  far  as  at  present  laid  bare,  viz.,  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  cistern, 
these  consist  of  two  layers  of  well-squared  atones,  surmounted  by  a 
projecting  ledge.    All  these  stones  are  of  the  kind  usual  in  the  foundations 


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132  FB0CEEDING8  AT  VEXTtSGi  OP  THl  UmTrUTB. 

of  ancient  Greek  buildings,  a  poroufr-looking  tufa  from  the  tttaeni,  not 
unlike  the  cavemoua  atoue  used  in  walla  of  modern  Puis,  whltih  cramble 
but  do  not  bieak  up  int<J  pieces  when  struck  by  a  cannon  ball.  Peritaps 
thia  ledge,  which  stands  out  from  the  main  wall  about  half  a  foot,  may 
have  been  to  protect  the  basement  from  the  action  of  rain  water,  jost  as 
stones  were  so  chiselled  in  rough  escarpments  by  Roman  as  by  modem 
masons,  to  keep  water  away  from  the  cemented  joinings.  In  the  ex- 
cavations connected  with  this  cistern  nothing  of  importance  has  been 
found  aave  some  fragments  of  inscriptions  and  a  small  marble  head,  all 
of  which  are  depoaitcd  in  the  temporary  museum  erected  on  Uie  Aciopolia. 
The  members  of  the'  German  School,  however,  in  clearing  up  the  debri* 
round  the  temple  of  the  Wingless  Victory  have  discovered  another 
delicately-carved  fragment  of  the  long-missing  balustrade  that  guarded  it 
aa  with  a  barrier  on  the  northern  aide  which  looked  sheer  down  upon  the 
main  aacent  into  the  Propylaea. 

Admiral  Trbmlet  communicated  a  memoir  on  the  Iilenbir  Autel  at 
Kemur,  Pont  l'Abb6,  ErittoDj,  This  is  a  granit«  monolith,  ten  feet  long, 
discovered  through  being  struck  with  the  plough-share.  It  was  unearthed 
by  M.  du  Chattier,  and  found  to  be  carved  with  four  panels  bearing 
representations  of,  apparently,  Mercuiy,  Herculea  or  Jupiter,  Mars,  and 
other  deities.     The  stone  seems  to  be  of  Roman  date. 

The  paper  will  appear  in  a  future  Journal. 

Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hops  read  a  paper  on  the  Augustioian  Priory  of 
the  Holy  Trinity  at  Repton,  Derbyshire,  describing  the  results  of  the 
excavations  on  the  site  of  the  priory  church,  which  have  been  recently 
completed  by  the  Rev.  W.  I'umeaux.  Mr.  Hope's  paper  is  printed  in 
vol.  xli,  page  349. 

Votes  of  thanks  were  passed  to  Mr.  Hibst,  Admiral  Tbulr  and  Mr. 

HOPB. 


^ntiqtxitus  anti  Wimite  of  ^tt  Sxhibiteli. 
Sy  Admiral  Tremlet. — Drawings  of  the  Menhir  Autel  at  Eemuz. 
By  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope. — Ground  plan  of  Bepton  Priory,  with 
|dans  and  sections  of  bases  and  moldings. 


mzecDy  Google 


Ilotuts  at  JlrchftoIoQital  J^Mimtiana. 

A  BOOK  or  rAC-STMILBS  OF  MONUMENTAL  BRASSES  ON  THE  CON- 
TINENT OF  BUKOPE,  WITH  BRIEF  DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES.  By  th« 
B*v.  W.  F.  GREENY,  M.A.     Printad  for  tha  Author,  Morwioh,  188*. 

There  is,  perhaps,  no  breach  of  archieology  that  has  been  more 
thofoaghlj  worked  nt,  ve  had  almost  written,  worked  out,  iu  England 
thui  monumeDtal  bnuaes.  Before  the  discovery  of  the  uses  and  merits 
of  heel-ball  the  work  of  braaa-rubbiug  was  in  Uie  hands  of  a  amall  but 
lealous  band  of  antiquarice,  Buch  as,  in  the  early  days,  Cole,  Kerrich, 
Stothanl,  Cotman,  and  Craven  Ord,  who,  for  the  ^e  of  the  valuable 
informalion  which  they  perceived  was  to  be  obtained,  went  to  the  trouble 
of  taking  impreesione  firom  brasses  in  printers'  ink,  working  ofi  portions  at  a 
time.  Later  men  laborioualj  made  rubbings  proper  with  new  blacked  leather, 
at  leather  and  black-lead,  adding  to  the  probability  of  imperfect  or  feeble 
impTMsionn,  the  chances  of  entire  ilisappointment  and  the  certainty  of  dirty 
fingers.  Utheie  used  black-lead  iuixc<l  with  linseed  oil,  working  on  silver 
paper,  and  succeeded  well.  All  these  impressions  were  far  superior  to 
any  other  representations  of  such  memorials  that  had  appeared  in  printed 
irorks  up  to  the  early  pari  of  this  century,  thongh  there  was  still  the 
•erious  tbawback  that  they  could  not  be  multiplied  and  made  available 
tot  general  reference  with  the  absolute  accuracy  so  essentinl.  Ensravera 
without  knowledge  of  coBtume  and  armour  turned  both  into  hn|)cleHS  con- 
fusion, and  we  gather  something  of  the  difBculties  'that  Cotman  had  to 
<»ntend  with,  in  bringing  out  his  tine  collection,  from  the  perusal  of  some 
ol  his  tetcem  now  before  os  to  an  eminent  Cambridge  antiquary 

Thus  the  work  languished,  while  greedy  clerks  and  sextons  continued 
tkeir  wicked  habit  of  appropriating  and  consigning  to  the  melting-pot  the 
evidences  of  the  history  of  many  a  village  and  district,  until  about  the 
year  1838,  when  Mr.  UUathome'a  invention  for  quite  a  different  purpose 
was  Buitdaily  ftiund  to  provide  exactly  what  was  required.  Then  arose 
an  army  of  rubbers  ;  the  work  was  easy,  naturally  a  great  inducement,  to 
it ;  no  knowledge  or  training  woe  wanted,  a  still  greater  advantage ;  the 
eqaipment  was  simple,  and  it  was  not  unamusing  to  produce  "  white  lines 
with  black  heel-ball."  Almost  convat  with  this  new-bom  enthusiasm  waa 
the  formation  of  the  Arehseological  Association,  now  the  Institute,  and  of 
the  nnmerons  archffological  and  architectural  societies  throughout  the  king- 
dom, and  if  every  brass  in  England  was  not  rubbed  many  times  over 
within  a  very  few  years  it  was  from  no  want  of  inclination  on  the  part  of 
the  rnbber?.  ■Whether  the  greatj.".r  number  of  these  enthusiastic  men  and 
women— for  both  scses  were  occupied — knew,  or  cared  to  iearn  much,  if 
anything,  of  the  in<lividuals  represented,  their  armour,  or  costume,  is  quite 
a  diSeient  matter.    For  the  most  part  the  mbbiug  of  braaseB  was  the  mere 


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124  NOTICES  OF  AHCHAEOLOGICAL  PUBUCATEOHS. 

amusemGnt  of  the  hour ;  tbt:  loug  roUa  were  soon  found  to  be  combereome 
and  no  higher  use  could  be  found  for  hundreds  of  brass  Tubbings  in  the 
early  heel-ball  days  than  that  of  papering  for  walla  Another  evil  wu 
thai  peoplu  cut  up  their  rubbings  and  newly  and  synmietrically  arranged 
the  shields  nnd  other  accessories  round  about  the  principal  figure,  thus 
dislocating  the  whole  story,  und  it  is  these  mutilated  lying  rublmigs  which 
reappear  from  time  to  time  in  our  own  day  for  exhibition  at  aK^ueologioal 
meetings,  usually  fjj>ropo»  of  nothing  at  all. 

But  the  study  was  soon  to  be  lifted  to  its  proper  position.  Ta  1840 
the  brothers  Waller  issued  the  first  part  of  their  great  work  on  English 
brasses,  in  which  the  skill  of  the  etcher  and  engraver  is  no  less  conspicuous 
than  the  knowledge  displayed  in  the  letter-piess.  In  the  same  year  die 
late  Rev.  C.  U.  Hartshorne,  who  had  already  accumulated  a  lafge  coIle<^on 
of  rubbings,  published  his  useful  book  on  "Sepulchral  Monuments' 
while  soon  after  the  Kev.  H.  Addington  began  his  great  collection, 
sumptuously  bound  in  vast  volumes,  and  which  was  just  completed  at 
the  time  of  his  lamented  death  in  1883.  This  series,  though  somewhat 
marred  by  the  elaborate  painting  of  the  heraldry,  now  finds  a  fitting 
resting  in  the  British  Museum.  The  publication  in  1846  by  the  Eev. 
C.  R-  Manning  of  hie  valuable  list,  which  lias  bitten  many  a  man  with 
the  rubber's  fever,  Mr  Creeny  among  the  number,  was  followed  two  years 
after  by  the  Rev.  H.  Haines's  more  complete  catalogue,  amplified  from  all 
sources. 

Antiquaries  have  long  been  aware  that  a  considerable  number  of  brasaes 
stiU  existed  on  the  Continent  Attention  has  beeu  called  to  some  of 
them  from  time  to  time  by  the  late  Mr.  Way  and  by  Mr.  A.  Nesbitt,  but 
no  general  collection  has  liitherto  been  brought  together — such  a  collection 
as  Mr.  Franks  is  amassing  for  England  and,  with  his  usual  generonty, 
depositing  in  the  hbrary  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.  Thus,  when  Jib. 
Cieeuy  exhibited  a  first  instalment  of  his  rubbings  from  the  continent 
before  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  May  1882,  the  surprise  waa  great; 
and  when  a  second  series  was  laid  before  the  Fellows  in  May  1683,  the 
opinion  was  general  that  their  reproduction  in  a  parmanent  and  con- 
venient form  was  highly  desirable.  With  this  encouragement  Mr.  Creeny, 
who  is  not  a  man  to  let  the  grass  grow  under  his  feet,  issued  a  prospectus 
a  few  week's  later,  and,  starting  for  another  holiday  of  hard  work,  com- 
pleted his  collection.  Eighteen  months  after,  the  subscribers  have  in  their 
hands  a  copy  of  the  folio  volume  now  before  us,  which  will  assuredly 
find  a  worthy  place  in  public  libraries,  beside  the  goodly  works  i^ 
Stothard,  Hefner,  Waller,  and  Hollis,  and  take  a  principal  position  in 
the  smaller  collections  of  students  of  costume. 

This  is  in  every  respect  a  remarkable  book,  and  one  which  would  have 
been  impossible  fifteen  years  ago  ;  hut  bo  rapid  has  been  the  development 
of  photolithography  since  ite  firet  general  practical  use  in  1868,  in  its 
application  to  the  illustration  of  art,  and  so  successful  the  introduction  of 
artificial  light  in  the  beginning  of  1880,  that  a  work  which  might  have 
formed  the  labours  of  n  lifetime  has  now  been  brought  within  the  compass 
of  eighteen  months.  The  author  in  his  introduction  does  not  profess  to 
go  very  deeply  into  the  general  subjecta,  hut  ho  gives  a  useful  synopsis  of 
the  contents  of  the  book,  which  is  followed  by  a  lively  account  of  the 
journeys  he  took  in  search  of  his  subjects.  From  this  we  get  an  insight 
of  the  robustness  and  energy  oi  his  cikarauter,  and  we  cateh  not  a  little  of 


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NOnCES  OP  ABCHAEOLOOiCAL  FUBLICAIIONS.  125 

tbft  euthusiaflm  whicli  enabled  him  to  go  so  cheerily  throu^  his  labours- 
For  instance,  in  August,  1883,  he  b^pns  with  a  robbing  at  Nymwegen  ; 
&ve  days  later  he  has  done  the  brass  of  King  Erie  Menved  and  his  queen 
at  RingBtead,  in  the  island  of  Zealand,  and  is  in  Copenhagen  on  his  way 
to  Upeala  and  Veater  A°ker.  In  another  five  days  he  haa  crossed  the 
Baltic,  and  is  calmly  at  work  in  the  "  Tom  "  of  Posen,  with  Breslau  and 
Ctacow,  bis  furthest  point,  in  prospect.  Not  the  least  of  the  difficultiea 
that  had  to  be  conquered  was  the  mural  position  of  so  many  of  the 
brasses  ;  this  must  have  made  the  robbing  of  each  great  plates  a  task  of 
considerable  severity.  The  author,  of  course,  was  occasionally  baffled  by 
the  total  disappearance  of  subjects  for  which  long  journeys  had  been 
msde  ;  this  is  the  common  fate  of  antiquaries,  and  we  have  a  fellow 
feeling;  with  him  in  his  account  of  how  he  found  himself  locked  up  in 
Paderborn  Csthedial,  for  we  were  ourselves  in  the  same  dilemma  many 
yean  ago  in  the  Romanesque  crypt  of  the  very  same  church.  In  addition 
to  the  chronological  hst  of  the  contents  of  the  book,  Mr.  Greeny  gives 
us  another  table  of  continental  brasses,  which  may,  perhaps  be  amplified, 
now  that  the  list  has  been  started,  to  possibly  form  the  mat«xial  of 
auother  volume  on  a  future  day. 

It  will  be  imnuidiHtely  understood  that  an  exhaustive  review  of  a  book 
like  this  would  ho  impossible  in  the  limited  space  at  our  command. 
The  subjects  and  details  which  it  illustrates  are  so  numerous  and  so  varie<l 
that  it  might  rather  require  a  series  of  hand-books.  Mr.  Crecny's  own 
descriptive  letter-press  is  excellent  and  suggestive,  and  we  believe  we 
cannot  do  better  now  than  run  lightly  through  the  book  with  his  aid, 
<lwelling  from  time  to  time  upon  certain  special  examples  (premising, 
however,  that  we  are  disposed  to  linger  with  the  early  rather  than  with 
later  brasses),  and  not  disdaining  the  help  of  the  magnifying  gloss. 

We  can  easily  realize  Mr.  Creeny's  feelings  when  he  was  first  brought 
face  Lo  face  with  the  figure  of  Bishop  Ysowilpe,  at  Verden  in  Hanover, 
which,  being  clearly  dated  1231,  is  the  earliest  brass  known.  In  its 
simplicity  one  cannot  help  comparing  the  Ysowilpe  with  tlie  early 
abtntical  etfigies  at  Westminster,  with  the  effigy  of  abbot  Benedict,  at 
Peterborough,  and  with  the  early  bishop  at  Salisbury  with  his  palt 
inscribed  "  affer  opem  devenies  in  idem."  Ysowilpe's  weighted  pall,  the 
simple  indications  of  the  rich  stuff  of  the  dalmatic,  the  light  chasuble  with 
an  apparently  woollen  lining,  the  low  mitre,  and  the  plain  and  slender 
pastoral  Htaff  arj  interesting  features.  As  Mr,  Greeny  says,  "  the  drawing 
might  have  been  better,  the  lines  bolder  and  firmer,  and  the  whole  work 
more  artistic — but  not  by  this  artist — not  in  this  year,  1231."  In  hie 
naked  upraised  hands  the  bishop  bears  respectively  a  castle  and  a  church  — 
another  Gundulph — the  evidences  more  eloquent  than  written  history 
that  he  rebuilt  part  of  hi^  church,  established  the  convent  of  St.  Andrew, 
and  fortified  the  marshes. 

From  the  picturesque  city  of  Hildesheim  we  have  the  brass  of  Otto  de 
Brunswick,  dated  1297.  A  considerable  advance  has  been  made  in  fifty 
years,  and  we  may  justly  admire  the  gracefulness  of  the  treatment  of  the 
folds  of  till!  bishop's  different  vestments.  Ajiother  castle  builder,  he 
supports  B  capital  model  of  a  fortress  in  his  left  hand,  inscribed  on  the 
curtain  wall  Wolobnbbbok.  This  castle  is  entered  through  a  lofty  gate- 
way ;  in  the  middle  of  the  ward  appears  the  lodgings  of  the  lord  iu  two 
Bturies,  covered  with  a  gabled  roof  and  showing  the  windows  of  the  chapel 


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126  MOnOBB  0^  AKCHAfiOLOaiCAL  PCBLlCATI(»r8. 

on  one  side.  A  toll  watch  tower  at  one  comer  dominateg  the  whole  which 
ia  encircled  by  embattled  curtaine  from  tower  to  tower.  The  entire 
memorial  ia  of  considerable  interest,  and  students  of  ecclesiastical  costume 
will  appreciate  the  delineation  of  the  difierent  Testments  of  theu  two 
thirteenth  century  bishops  by  local  Germans.  Others  may  coub«st  them 
with  the  only  three  brasses  of  this  period  in  England,  namely,  the 
knights  at  Stoke  d'Abemoun,  Trumpiugton,  and  fioelingthorpe,  and  the 
difference  in  the  general  treatment  will  be  at  once  seen,  the  English 
figuies  being  cut  out  and  extracted  from  a  sheet  of  brass,  while  the 
German  ones  have  the  figures  and  background  on  the  same  plate.  It  will 
be  observed  that  in  these  two  early  German  brasses  the  plates  narrow 
slightly  to  the  feet  It  is  possible  that  they  may  have  been  originally 
fixed  on  the  flat  lids  of  stone  coffins  in  accordance  with  the  principle 
carried  out  in  onr  own  country,  where  the  early  stone  effigies  were 
sculptured  upon  the  lids  of  the  actunl  cnffins  which  were  placed  level 
with  the  pavement.  A  uotnblo  instance  i>[  this  arrangement  was  the 
affigy  of  King  John,  originally  placed  in  Worcester  cathedral,  l)etwwn 
the  figures  of  St.  Oswald  and  St.  Wulstan,  all  three  being  cofBu  lid 
effigies.  Monumental  figures  on  auch  narrowing  slabs  were  put  later  in 
low  receesed  arches  and  upon  altar  tombs,  and  so  it  was  till  towards  the 
middle  of  the  fourteenth  century,  when  the  narrowing  slab,  the  survival 
of  an  ancient  practice,  gradually  died  away. 

We  pass  on  to  the  series  of  brasses  of  the  fourteenth  century,  which 
appropriately  opens  in  1319  with  the  noble  monument  of  King  Eric 
Menved  of  Denmark  and  his  Queen  Ingeborg,  at  Ringstead  in  tlm  island 
of  Zedand.  In  describing  this,  the  earlient  example  of  elaborate  works  nf 
the  kind,  Mr.  Creeny  takes  t,1ie  opportunity  of  showing  us  that  the  nrtiat 
proceedeil  in  setting  out  his  work  by  first  considering  that  the  whole  ]>lale 
was  diapered  with  flowers  and  birds  contained  in  a  geometric  j«ttem. 
Over  this  ground  he  laid  the  rest  of  his  work,  viz.,  double  ]»nelled  shafts 
containing  figure:^  of  saints  and  prophets  in  niches  and  supporting  the  two 
great  canopies,  beneath  which  are  the  two  principal  figures.  The  king, 
who  probably  spent  mote  of  his  life  in  armour  than  in  any  otlier  costume, 
is  habited  in  the  royal  robe,  the  dalmatic,  in  this  case  without  sleeves, 
embroidered  with  the  arms  of  Denmark  ;  he  holds  upright  in  his  gloved 
right  Jiand  the  two.edged  sword  of  Justice  and  in  his  left  the  kingly 
sceptre.  A  sword  is  held  in  this  way  by  Henry  the  Lion  in  hia  effigy  at 
Brunswick,  and  the  costume,  the  under  tunic,  dalmatic,  and  mantle,  is  the 
same  as  may  be  seen  in  slightly  varying  forms  on  the  effigies  of  Cceor 
de  Lion  at  Rouen,  King  John,  Henry  III,  Edward  II,  and  Edward  TIL 

The  Queen,  who  also  holds  a  sceptre,  is  crowned  and  wears  a  kirtle, 
ootfr-hardi,  and  mantle.  The  cote-hardi  ia  an  early  example  and  unusnally 
high  ia  the  side  openings.  She  wears  a  wimple,  not,  we  think,  as 
mmtitip  her  short  widowhood  because  mourning  was  hardly  indicated  by 
special  habits  at  this  period,  but  as  one  of  the  numerous  varieties  of  the 
head-dresses  of  the  ladies  of  the  time.  This  example  consiata  of  a  single 
cloth  or  veil  laid  flat  on  the  throat,  and  then  pinned  up  in  a  not  unusual 
way  to  a  band  round  the  temples.  The  Queen's  face  is  in  marble,  and 
we  notice  the  straight  uuder-line  of  the  eyes,  the  peculiar  fashion  with 
artists  of  this  perio<l,  and  a  satisfactory  feature  that  may  occasionally  be 
seen  in  real  life  in  conjunction  with  grey  eyes.  Si>me  of  the  effigie*  trf 
the  Artois  family  in  the  dark  trypt  of  the  great  church  at  La  Villa 


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mmcBS  or  aiichaboloqical  pudltcatioits. 


Of  the  figures  in  the  niches  the  saints  have  nimbi  and  naked  feet,  the 
prophets  wenr  cupa  and  nre  shod.  In  the  canopies  of  the  great  archea  the 
souJR  of  the  departed  are  received  in  sheets  by  kneeling  figures  of  saintly 
Dt  ani.'elic  persons,  though  they  liave  no  wings  ;  otliera  awing  censers  with 
gnuefiil  Fiige  ;  while  higher  up  the  souls  are  welcomed  by  angels  with  the 
music  of  long  curred  boma,  and  so  they  pass  out  of  sight  into  the  anus  of 
the  Father.  The  whole  composition  is  refined  and  elaborate  ;  the  details 
of  the  canopies  are  worked  with  the  utmost  minuteness  and  precision,  and 
Dothing  la  admitted  that  does  not  tend  to  enhance  in  one  way  or  another 
the  bMuty  and  harmony  of'  the  composition.  Certainly  it  is  a  great 
wDik.  Beneath  the  feet  of  the  royal  pair,  in  long  compartments,  less 
than  two  inches  wide,  men  with  spear,  horn,  and  bow  hunt  the 
deer  and  the  boar ;  thns  the  amusements  of  life  are  finely  con- 
trasted with  tbe  striking  and  final  scenes  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
canopy.  The  entire  brass,  which  measnres  9ft.  4ins.  by  5ft.  Gm». 
is  circumscribed  by  the  inscriptions  in  Lombardic  letters,  written  in  the 
first  person  :  Ego  Ericva  q'dam  rex  de  Dacia,  &o.  Xo  other  work  of  the 
kind  ^tpears  to  hare  been  laid  down  in  Denmark,  and  thia  is  one  of  the 
finest  examples  in  the  century  of  the  great  Flemish  school,  from  whence 
emanated  the  brassea  at  l-iynn,  Newark,  and  St.  Alban'a,  all  being  "  toned 
by  the  same  mental  influence." 

From  Vest«r  A''ker,  in  Sweden,  we  have  the  brass  of  Fran  Ramborg 
de  Wik,  1327,  in  which  the  symbols  of  the  evangelists  occur  in  the 
later  or  fourteenth  century  arrangement,  namely,  top,  dexter  side, 
tigk,  sinister,  man  ;  bottom,  dexter,  lion,  Biniat«r,  ox.  In  the  thir- 
teenth century  and  earlier,  acoording  to  Profeaaor  Keussena,  the  eagle 
and  the  man  change  places.  This  memorial,  which  consiate  of  a  single 
piste  of  brass  measuring  6ft.  lin.  by  3ft.  lia,  is  remarkable  for  the 
gtandare  of  the  inscription  in  Lombardic  letters  four  inches  high.  It 
is  written  in  the  first  person,  and  a  separate  inscription  invokes 
vengeance  on  any  deepoiler,  leaving  no  hlesiiing  for  the  protectors, 
which  haa  in  fact,  happily,  been  well  earned. 

Glancing  at  the  brass  of  Biahop  Bernhard  d«  Lippc,  1340,  at  Pader- 
bom,  cut  out  in  the  English  manner,  and  in  which  this  high  ecclesiastic 
is  shown  in  a  chasuble  eftibroidered  with  lions  and  eaglea,  we  come  to 
the  great  brasses  of  the  four  brothera  Bulowe  at  Schwerin. 

BLahops  Ludulph  and  Henry  died  respectively  in  1339  and  1347,  and 
their  memorial  is  evidently  the  creation  of  the  artist  who  produced  the  ' 
brass  of  King  £ric.  The  diapered  background  is  the  same,  but  the 
whole  is  not  so  fine  a  composition,  and  though  it  is  much  raanid  by  the 
position  of  four  heraldic  achievements,  we  thankfully  recogniEc  the  advan- 
ta^  of  being  able  to  atudy  in  a  convenient  form  the  intricate  details  of 
Bo  large  a  work,  such  aa  the  apparel  of  the  alb  of  Ludulph  and  the  grace- 
ful figure  of  Sl  Margaret  in  the  middle  shaft.  The  released  soula  are 
Ken  above  the  great  arches  of  the  canopy  in  the  hands  of  the  Creator. 

The  two  other  brothers,  Biahopa  Godfrey  and  Frederic,  died  1314  and 
1375,  are  shown  in  a  braas,  meaauring  13ft  6in.  by  6ft.  6in.,  the  largest 
known.  This  has  many  evidences  of  work  of  the  latter  end  of  the 
centmy,  and  what  a  work  it  ia  !  Of  extraordinary  clearnesa  and  bril- 
liancy wo  have  conventional  figures  of  the  bishops  under  triplo-arched 


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128  NOTICES  OF  AHCHAEOLOOICAL  PITBLrCATIOire. 

canopiefl,  and  vested  bo  gorgeouBly  that  we  can  do  .no  more  than  mention 
the  feet  The  plate  rnvrnt  be  carefully  studied  ;  we  would,  however,  call 
attention — 1,  to  the  variety  and  iutereat  of  the  musical  inatntments 
played  upon  by  the  angels  on  the  maniples,  in  the  crook  of  Biabop 
li'rcJeric's  pastoral  stuff,  and  by  the  tweuty-eix  kings  seated  among 
the  vine  leaves  and  grapes  that  spring  from  the  wavy  stem  of  Jeese, 
which  contains  the  two  inscriptions,  and  forms  the  border  of  the  braes ; 
2,  to  the  details  of  the  canopies,  in  which  the  Deity  holds  in  his  arms 
the  souls  which  have  laid  aside  earthly  garments  and,  now  redeemed, 
worship  amidst  a  heavenly  choir ;  3,  to  the  figures  in  the  niches  of  the 
shafts,  and  specially,  to  the  choice  tow  of  civil  figures  at  the  base ;  and 
4,  to  the  delightful  scenes  in  the  lives  ot  the  wodewoses,  those  hairy 
men,  who,  from  their  manners,  we  may  fairly  consider  as  the  lineal 
descendants  of  the  satyrs  of  classic  times.  In  one  scene  a  table  is  spread 
under  the  trees,  and  the  hairy  king  dines ;  in  the  other  a  bold  mounted 
wodewose  has  stolen  a  fair  lady,  and,'  while  making  his  way  with  her  to 
the  king,  who  sits  expectant  in  a  tent, — -which,  by  the  way,  he  entirely  fills, 
ia  stopped  in  his  career  by  a  mounted  knight  in  full  armour  who  suddenly 
gallops  out  from  under  the  portcullis  of  a  castle.  The  episodes  are  capital, 
and  every  figure,  from  the  thin  and  hirsute  turnspit  to  the  stout  knight, 
will  well  repay  examination.  It  is  not  easy  to  reconcile  the  solemn 
scenes  in  the  canopies  with  the  hilarious  goings  on  at  the  base,  but  we 
feel  the  thorough  mediEevalism  of  tlie  whole  ^ing,  while  remembering  a 
curious  instance  of  unexpected  humour  on  an  efBgy  at  Peterborough, 
where  the  two  angels  who  support  the  pillow  steady  themselves  by  grasp- 
ing the  abbot  by  the  ears  ! 

The  fine  brass  of  William  Wenemaer,  1325,  at  Ghent,  is  known  to  meet 
students  of  armour,  but  we  welcome  a  lepivsentation  of  his  curious  coatnme 
that  is  not  marred  by  the  blundering  of  engravers.  We  only,  at  this 
moment,  remember  one  other  e^iample  of  a  hemt-shaped  shield,  namely 
that  borne  by  St.  Michael  in  the  great  wooden  statue  in  the  church  at 
Hameln.  The  attitude  of  Wenemaer  with  the  body  bent  to  the  aide  is, 
as  Mr.  Greeny  says,  not  graceful,  hut  it  was  so  arranged  of  sot  purpose, 
and  this  example  is  valuable,  ae  showing  that  a  position,  faAionable  in 
this  country  during  the  fii-ethalf  of  the  fourteenth  century,  had  extended 
to  the  Low  Countries.  Here  it  was  common  to  both  sexes,  and  may  be 
observed  in  efiigies,  brasses,  and  glass.  We 'mention  as  examples,  the 
figure  of  John  de  Creke,  in  hie  brass  at  Westley-Waterless,  two 
statues  of  ladies  in  the  hall  of  the  Vicars  Choral  at  Wells,  and  the  figures 
of  the  I)e  Clares  in  the  painted  glass  at  Tewkesbury. 

Another  great  double  episcopal  brass  is  that  of  Bishop  Burcbaid  de 
Serkcn,  1317,  and  Bishop  John  de  Mul,  1350,  at  Liibeck.  It  would  be 
difficult  to  carry  the  art  which  this  book  illustrates  much  further  than  it 
has  been  brouglit  in  the  example  before  us.  We  have  the  same  conven- 
tional episcopal  figures,  but  engraved  with  a  boldness  and  vigour  that 
shows,  not  only  the  perfect  mastery  the  artist  hod  over  what  must 
always  seem  to  an  amateur  a  most  intractable  mat«iial,  but  also 
what  a  consummate  draughtsman  ho  was.  There  is  no  over-loading 
and  confusion  of  details  and  one  can  distinguish  and  read  off  the 
different  vestments  in  a  moment,  and  only  in  the  cases  of  the 
crosses  of  the  pastoral  staves  can  it  be  said  tbat  one  beauty  has 
been    overpoweredj  by   another.     As   Mr.    Greeny   well    saya  : — "  One 


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SOnCSS  07  ARCEABOLOOICAI.  FDBLICATI0N8.  129 

might  dwell  upon  tlie  wondroos  details  of  this  great  work  for 
hour^  What  obaerrer  would  not  like  to  have  known  the  man  whose 
ireiid  fancy  created  the  awsome  and  varied  uionstere  that  £11  the  trefoils 
of  the  background,  and  in  a  '  moment  of  aweetness  and  light,'  made 
batterflies  attend  upon  them  T  From  the  delicate  finish  of  the  minuter 
work,  let  the  eye  rest  upon  the  effigies  themaelvea,  and  there  the  triumph 
of  the  artist's  refinement  is  complete."  The  shafts  which  support  the 
canopy  of  this  grand  work  contain  niches  fuU  of  lovely  detail  which 
shelter  sointa  and  prophets,  and  in  the  upper  part  the  escaped  souls  are 
twice  represented,  first  as  small  figures  in  napkins  held  by  angels,  then  in 
a  higher  compartment  in  the  arms  of  the  Almighty.  To  the  architectural 
details  generally  special  attention  should  be  called  ;  they  are  rich  and 
accurate  beyond  conception,  and  the  elegance  of  the  tabernacle  work,  and 
follness  and  symmetry  of  the  upper  portions  of  the  four  great  shafts  fill 
the  beholder  with  satisfoction.  The  long  compartments  below  the  feet 
are,  with  much  propriety,  filled  with  representations  of  incidents  in  the 
hves  of  the  Sainte  Nicholas  and  Eloy.  In  spaces  less  than  four  inches 
deep,  we  have  numerous  scenes  including  the  bringing  to  life  by  8L 
Nicholas  of  the  three  little  children  in  the  pickle-tub,  and  St.  Eloy 
seizing  the  prince  of  tlarlrnaiM  by  the  noea 

The  memorial  of  Albert  Hovener,  1357,  at  Stralsund,  is  anotl^er  of  the 
monster  brasses,  and  a  fine  example  of  civil  costume  which  requires  study 
to  be  clearly  understood.  It  consists  of  a  close  embroidered  jupon,  such 
as  is  worn  by  William  of  Hatfield,  at  York,  and  of  which  the  sleeves 
only  are  seen.  Then  comes  a  long  tunic,  lined  with  vair  with  side  waist 
openings,  and  having  aleeves  to  the  bend  of  the  arm  from  which 
long  tippetts  faced  with  vair  depend.  Over  this  is  worn  a  mantle, 
shorter  Uian  the  tunic,  and  ornamented  and  stiffened  with  embroidered 
"  barring "  on  the  shouldera.  This  mantle  is  divided  below  the  elbows 
into  bai^  and  front  portions,  and  has  a  hood  attached,  the  whole  being 
lined  with  vair.  It  is  possible  that,  ae  Mr.  Greeny  suggests,  this  repre- 
sents the  scarf  of  a  proconsul  The  dress  must  have  been  exceedingly 
comfortable  and  picturesque,  and  we  cannot  recall  any  similar  to  it.  ^e 
canopy  and  other  pariA  of  the  work  are  generally  the  same  as  in  the  pie- 
cedicg  examples  of  this  school,  but  we  notice  a  tendency  to  a  decline  in 
the  quality  of  the  art  We  may  not  overlook  the  unusual  shape  of  the 
horn  from  which  a  wild  man  seems  perfectly  well  able  to  blow  "  bloody 
sounds,"  though  he  is  trampled  underfoot  by  the  proconsul,  and  harassed 
in  bis  rear  by  the  furious  attack  of  a  lion.  A  spirited  hunting  scene  is 
going  forward  below,  in  which  there  is  more  blowing  of  horns,  under  freer 
conditions,  and  a  boar  rushes  blindly  to  his  [ate  on  the  point  of  a 
spear.     What  illustrations  for  the  treatises  of  Master  William  Twici  and 

Dame  Jnl'ans ! 

The  brass  of  Johan  von  Zoest,  1361,  and  his  wife,  is  the  last  in  this 
century  of  the  great  Flemish  school,  and  give  capital  examples  of  civil 
costume.     The  embroidered  sleeves  of  the  man's  jupon, — 
"  As  it  were  a  mede 
Alle  full  of  f resshe  flowres  white  a  rede," 

and  the  lady's  rich  kirtle,  are  familiar  to  us  from  our  own  monuments. 
With  a  sudden  drop  in  size,  and  a  manifest  decline  in  art,  we  come  to 

the  brass  of  Bishop  Rupert,  1394,  at  Paderbom.     This,  in  its  costume, 

is  the  most  curious  and  int^'esting  figure  in  the  book,  and,  as  we  take  it, 
TOUZLD  s 

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130  NOnCIS  OF  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PCBUOATTONS. 

the  dreas  worn,  or  shown,  is  partly  civil  and  partly  ecoIesiaaticaL  We 
hare  Siet  the  tight  jupon,  indicated  by  its  sleeves  reaching  to  the 
knuckles  ;  then  the  tunic  with  close  sleeves,  edged  with  fui ;  and  ovet  all 
A  long  gown  buttoned  acroes  the  chest  and  having  a  standing  collar.  This 
is  a  gown  much  of  a  kind  which  was  worn  in  England  in  the  early  part  of 
the  fifteenth  century ;  the  long  loose  sleeves  are  like  the  sleeves  of  a 
surplice.  On  the  shoulders  the  almuce  is  simply  folded  and  laid,  not 
worn,  indicating  a  canon,  and  aver  the  head  two  angels  hold  a  mitre.  In 
the  inscription  it  is  stated  : — "Rapuit  nex  Kupert  electit  hui  ecce";  an 
expression  which  further  bears  out  the  opinion,  which  a  high  antbority 
has  given  os,  that  he  was  only  a  commendatory  bishop,  ^e  mihtary 
figures  at  Rupert's  feet  are  good  examples  of  armour.  The  one  wArs  a 
visored  baecinet  and  camail,  and  breeches  of  mail  to  the  knees  ;  the  other 
wears  a  wide  rimmed  helmet,  of  which  illustrations  are  frequent  enough 
in  M8S.  but  of  the  highest  rarity  in  sculpture.  Both  are  clad  in  the 
German  jupon  with  loose  sleeves  of  a  light  material,  such  as  are  worn  by 
Conrad  von  Bickenbach,  1393,  in  his  effigy  at  Boellfeld ;  Hefner  gives 
another  example,  1394,  the  date  of  Rupert's  death. 

Bishop  Bertram  Cremen,  who  died  in  1377,  is  represented  at  Liibeck 
by  a  great  brass  full  of  bad  drawing  and  b^d  workmanship  That  the 
artist  was  not  well  acquainted  with  the  ordinary  proportions  of  the 
human  frame  is  shown  by  the  %ure  of  St.  John,  and  nothing  can  be  more 
feeble  than  the  architecture ;  the  man  does  not  even  seem  to  have 
observed,  in  a  city  like  Liibeck,  how  brickwork  was  laid.  There  is  no 
doubt  about  the  date  of  the  border  brass,  for  it  is  quite  clear  in  the  in- 
scription upon  it,  though  the  part  which  contained  the  name  of  the 
bishop  is  gone.  We  con  hardly  believe  that  the  whole  of  this  memorial 
belongs  to  the  same  period.  The  person  who  drew  and  engraved  the 
figure  of  the  mitred  saint  in  the  border  cannot  have  drawn  the  mitie  of 
the  principal  figure,  for  such  a  mitre  did  not  exist  in  his  day  ;  moreover, 
the  details  of  the  vestments  of  the  bishop  are  in  no  way  in  accordance  with 
any  detail  in  the  border.  It  would  therefore  appear  that  the  border  alone 
(we  shall  notice  a  similar  example  later  on),  forms  Bishop  Cremen's 
memorial,  the  work  indeed  of  a  sad  bungler,  and  that  th^  "cut  out" 
figure  of  a  bishop,  clearly  a  work  of  the  sixteenth  century,  has  been  intro- 
duced from  elsewhere.  The  imperfect  finish  of  the  edges  of  the  whole, 
the  npraised  hand  comprised  in  a  squared  plate,  the  character  of  the  lower 
end  of  the  pastoral  stafi^  and  the  chipped  feet,  are  evidences  that  the  figure 
has  been  extracted  from  another  brass  by  rude  hands  in  later  times.  This 
also  accounts  for  the  destruction  of  the  name  of  the  bishop  originally 
commemomted. 

The  large  brass  of  John  and  Gerard  de  Heere  1332  and  1398,  the 
brass  being  of  the  latter  date,  presents  two  men  in  the  well-knovn 
armour  of  the  time  of  Richard  II.  with  certain  Flemish  peculiarities, 
such  as  the  embroidered  jupon.  We  notice  the  absence  of  musical 
instruments  in  the  canopies  and  a  decided  failing  in  the  art.  Among  the 
several  smaller  brasses  that  follow  we  should  call  attention  to  the  costume 
of  "  Miserere  mei,  1400,"  from  Kordhausen,  wearing  a  German  ceinture 
of  bells,  and  a  moat  curious  baudrlc  of  tree-branches  strung  with  coronets 
and  having  clapper  bells  attached. 

The  impressive  monument  of  Joris  de  Munter  and  his  wife,  1439,  at 
Bruges  shows  them  draped  in  winding  sheets,  of  which  the  folds  are  most 


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KOnCBS  OF  ABCHAEOLOaiCAL  PUBLICATIONS.  l3l 

akilfnlly  and  artiaticall^  amnged,  and  reposing  upon  a  baok-ground  copied 
from  "  Lucca  Cloth."  Martin  de  Viech,  H52,  also  fiom  Bruges,  is  a  vast 
and  martial  figure.  Within  a  border  of  bits  and  in  front  of  a  richtj 
lUiipered  wall  he  stands  on  a  lion  ;  he  is  clad  in  armour  and  wears  a 
sleeved  tabard  on  whicli,  as  well  as  on  the  shield  and  tilting  helm,  the 
fidiea  are  rapieseuted  with  a  boldness  and  vigour  that  would  have 
Btartled  Iraac  Walton. 

We  may  not,  though  we  would  fain,  linger  over  the  plate  of 
IsabeUa  Duoliess  of  Burgundy  at  Basle,  1450,  fuU  as  it  is  of  heraldic 
and  other  details  of  the  highest  interest ;  nor  can  we  do  more  than  glance 
at  the  charming  monument,  by  William  Leomanaz  of  Cologne,  of 
Katharine  de  Bourbon,  1469,  at  Jfymwegen,  who  so  well  becomes 
the  hsisldic  dignity  which  surrounds  her,  a  descendant  of  the  illustTious 
houses  of  Bourbon  and  Bourgogne.  The  architectural  details  mark  the 
advent  of  classic,  and  the  curtain  as  a  background  is  an  early  example. 

John  Luneborch,  1474,  at  LUbeck,  is  represented  in  a  large  but  haish 
and  rigid  work,  in  which  the  engraver  would  never  decide  upon  his  back- 
ground ;  still,  as  an  accurate  representation  of  the  diief  man,in  Lubei^ 
four  centuries  ago,  it  cannot  but  demand  notice. 

"  MagnificuB  Dominua  Lucus  de  Gorta,"  1475,  at  Posen,  in  a  complete 
suit  of  plate,  b  an  example  of  the  peculiar  German  work  in  low  relief — 
the  features  hammered  up  from  the  back.  To  painters  and  amateurs  of 
armour  the  fluted  gaunUets  with  double  gadlings  and  BtTa^)ed  cufls,  and 
the  viiored  aalade  and  mentonniere  will  be  very  welcome.  The  thoroughly 
German  figure  of  Gerart,  Duke  of  Julich,  1475,  at  Altenburg,  also  in  full 
armour,  shows  an  aimet  or  close  helmet  and  bavier,  and  the  unusaal 
addition  of  a  horn — not  the  horn  of  the  hunter,  as  Mr.  Greeny  says, 
nobody  hunts  in  armour,  but  the  horn  of  battle,  such  as  is  worn  by  the 
knight  at  Fershore  of  an  earlier  period.  Gerart  also  weara  a  curious 
family  collar,  consisting  of  the  repetition  of  two  adossed  horns  between 
knots  formed  of  the  interlacing  of  the  letter  G.  This  would  he  an  addition 
to  a  complete  work  on  collars,  badges,  knots,  &c.,  which  is  so  much 

Without  any  comment  we  may  safely  leave  to  students  of  ecclesiastical 
costume  the  study  of  the  representations  of  Bishop  Andreas,  1479,  from 
Posen ;  Archbishop  Jacobus  de  Senno,  1580,  a  queer  figure,  from  Gnozen ; 
Bishop  Rudolph,  1482,  from  Brealau,  and  the  vera  e£igiea  of  Bishop 
Vriel  de  Gorka,  1498,  and  Cardinal  Federicus,  1510,  at  Ciacow. 

The  memorial  of  Pieter  Lausanne  and  his  wife,  1467,  ^m  Ypres,  is 
very  sinj^ar,  consisting  as  it  does  of  a  border  with  a  wavy  inscription, 
wiUiin  the  curves  of  which  we  have  a  series  of  scenes  in  the  life  of  a  man. 
"  First  the  infant,"  who  is  being  warmed  before  the  fire  by  his  mother ; — 
we  will  not  forestall  tbe  intermediate  pictures  of  the  eventful  histot^,  but 
pose  to  the  last  scene  but  one,  in  whidi  the  ultimate  rites  of  the  church 
are  administered  ;  finally  the  iron-work  of  a  "  herse,"  surrounded  by  tall 
tapers,  shows  that  "  man  goeth  to  his  long  home." 

Of  high  interest  and  value  are  the  memorials  of  the  House  of  Saxony 
at  Meissen.  Beginning  with  Duke  Frederic,  with  tbe  Arch-Marshal's 
sword,  in  1464,  and  ending  with  Duke  Frederic  in  1539,  a  brilliant 
pageant  of  noble  men  and  women  passes  before  us.  Rich  costume  vies 
with  magnificent  armour,  and  both  are  at  once  heightened  nnd  sobered  by 
the  heraldry  of  an  ancient  house.     We  should  direct  attention  to  the  brass 


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132  NOTICES  07  ABCHAEOLOGICAL  PDBIJCATHHra. 

of  tbe  pious  Sidonia,  1510,  since  tliu  engraving  is  ascribed  to  Albert  Darer. 
We  doubt  tho  attribution,  but  we  sbould  like  to  know  for  certain  who  waa 
the  artist  of  bo  refined  and  graceful  a  figure.  It  ie  well  contnteted  by  thn 
elflgy  of  ber  courageous  buabaDd^immortalized  in  "  Der  Prinzenraab  " — 
in  his  grand  Maximilina  suit.  Tbe  dress  of  Amalie,  Duchess  of  Bavaria, 
1502,  is  a'  work  of  tbe  same  school,  if  not  by  the  same  hand  as  that  of 
Sidonia.  She  is  dressed  in  widow's  weeds,  which  include  a  band  tied  over 
tlie  mouth,  a  curious  fashion  never  seen  in  England.  She  tells  her  beads 
standing  under  a  CBnojiy  of  tree-tracery^grotesque  gardenets'  gotbic, 
which  surely  must  be  allied  to  the  flowing  traceiy  we  remember  at  Goslar, 
all  tied  together  with  cords  in  solid  stone. 

There  are  yet  many  plates  to  arrest  the  nttention,  but  these  remarks 
have  run  to  such  a  length  that  our  pleasant  task  must  cease,  and  on  the 
confines  of  the  German  renaissance,  we  take  our  leaTe  of  this  deligbtfol 
book.  We  are  glad  to  see  a  fair  list  of  original  subecribere,  who  Trill, 
doubtless,  have  received  their  copies  with  mingled  feelings  of  satisfaction 
and  gratitude.  The  prospectus  informs  us  that  tbe  modest  cost  is  now 
raised  :  this  is  quite  right,  and  we  tnist  the  author  may  soon  be  fully  re- 
couped for  bis  intelligent  labours.  We  repeat  our  thanks  to  Mr.  Greeny 
for  thus  bringingfrom  afar  and  placing  within  our  reach  such  wide  sources 
of  information.  We  are  now,  at  last,  enabled  to  extend  and  ratify  our 
knowledge  by  comparing  our  own  brazen  records  with  a  new  and  varied 
series,  while  we  have  t£e  higher  satisfaction  of  contemplating  faithful 
copies  of  works  engraved  in  enduring  brass  with  the  mind  and  by  the 
fingers  of  genius. 

;y  G.  T.  CLARK : 

Those  who  have  read  Afr.  Clark's  papers  contributed  to  the  Arcb»ological 
Journal  at  intervals  for  above  forty  years  past,  and  have  heard  his 
explanations  at  the  annual  gatherings  of  the  Institute,  will  have  welcomed 
with  more  than  ordinary  pleasure  the  publication  of  two  volumes  con- 
taining the  substance  of  bis  lectures,  with  much  valuable  matter  added. 

The  work,  which  has  appeared  in  the  past  year,  does  honour  to  British 
ArchBology,  and  places  this  country  on  a  par  with  France  and  other 
countries  whose  writers  have  treated  on  a  similar  subject. 

What  renders  the  work  still  more  valuable  is,  that  tbe  plans  and  draw- 
ings of  modinval  castles  which  it  contains  must  prove  of  the  greatest 
value  to  tbe  student,  since  they  enable  him  to  compare  tbe  different 
systems  of  construction,  and  the  engineering  skill  displayed  in  the  work 
d  each.  We  can  give  but  a  brief  idea  of  the  value  of  this  work  by 
mentioning  the  plan  of  its  arrangement,  and  this  appears  particularly  good. 

The  author  begins  by  treating  of  the  eatth-works  of  the  Post-Eoman 
mid  English  periods,  and  gives  instances  of  the  artificial  mounds  that 
have  been  formed  long  before  the  coming  of  the  Norman.  He  carefully 
distinguishes  ijftween  the  Roman,  the  British  and  the  English,  and  sup- 
ports his  statements  by  reference  to  authorities.  The  examples  given  of 
two  of  the  ancients  Burbs,  and  the  enumeration  of  others,  help  us  not  a 
little  to  understand  the  character  of  an  early  British,  or  of  a  purely 
KngUsb,  fortress. 

Tbe  third  chapter  contains  a  very  instructive  account  of  the  castles  in 
England  at  tbe  period  of  tbe  [foiman  Conquost,  and  under  the  Con- 


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HOnCES  OF  ABCHASOLOGICAL  PUBUCAT10N6.  133 

qaeioT,  uid  tias  leads  on  natarally  to  the  considentian  of  the  political 
value  of  the  castlea  under  the  Conquecoi. 

It  seemB  yeiy  clear  that  our  earliest  castles  weie  not  of  stone,  or  if  of 
stone,  such  examples  vere  very  rare,  and  their  construction  very  sli^t. 
Wood  soems  to  have  been  the  material  almost  universally  employed.  But 
after  the  Norman  Conquest  arose  those  etone  square  keeps  of  which  the 
tower  of  London,  the  keep  at  Malline,  and  the  keep  at  Rochester,  ore  such 
noble  ezamplea.  "  That  William  ordered  many  castles  to  be  constructed  is 
oer^n  ;  and  among  the  orders  left  with  Bishop  Odn  and  William  Fits 
Oabom,  when  acting  as  joint  regents  of  the  kingdom,  was  one  specially 
charging  them  to  see  to  the  building  of  castles  ;  anil  no  doubt  these  orders 
were  obeyed,  but  it  baa  been  hastily  assumed  that  the  castles  were  con- 
structed of  masonry.  The  keepsof  Dover  and  Rochester  for  example  (if  such 
were  erected  under  the  Conqueror)  were  certainly  not  those  now  standing, 
which  belong  to  the  reign  of  Henry  11.,  and  yet  the  masonry  of  William  s 
reign  was  of  a  very  durable  character,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  tower  of 
London,  and  in  not  a  few  still  standii^  churches." 

Mr.  Clark  conjectures  that  exiating  works  were  strengthened  until  it 
was  conveniemt  to  replace  them  by  others  more  in  accordance  with  the 
new  idea  of  strength  and  security. 

"William  and  hia  barons  evidently  employed  two  classes  of  castles— one 
always  in  masonry,  and  one  very  often  in  timber.  Where  a  castle  was 
built  in  a  new  position,  as  in  London,  or  where  there  was  no  mound, 
natural  or  artificial,  they  employed  masonry,  and  chose  as  a  rule  for  the 
keep,  the  rectangular  form — a  type  said  to  have  been  introduced  from 
Maine,  and  seen  at  Arques,  at  Caen,  and  at  Falaise  ^  but  where  the  site 
was  old,  and  there  was  a  mound,  as  at  Lincoln,  Huntingdon,  Bockingham, 
Wallingford,  or  York,  they  seem  to  have  been  content  to  repair  the  exist- 
ing works,  usually  of  timber  only,  and  to  have  postponed  the  replacing 
them  with  a  regular  shell,  till  a  more  convenient  season,  which  in  many 
cases  did  not  occur  for  a  century," 

"  The  building  of  a  Norman  castle  required  both  time  and  money.  The 
architects,  over-lookers,  and  probably  the  masons  had  to  be  brought  ^m 
Normandy,  and  in  many  cases  the  stone  for  the  exterior ;  and  as  most  of 
the  existing  square  keeps,  and  very  nearly  all  the  shell  keeps,  are  of  the 
twelfth  century,  it  seems  probable  that  the  Conqueror  was,  to  some  extent, 
content  with  such  defences  as  he  found  in  England,  strengthened,  no 
doubt,  verj-  maierialty  by  the  superior  skill  and  resources  of  his  engineers. " 

Henry  II.  wns  u  great  builder  of  castles,  but  this  does  not  refer  to  new 
castles,  of  which  he  built  but  few,  but  rather  to  the  completion  or  addi- 
tion of  new  keeps  to  old  castles,  as  for  instance  at  Dover. 

Mr.  Clark  devotes  three  chapters  of  hia  work  to  the  castles  of  En^aud 
and  Wales  at  the  latter  part  of  the  13th  century,  and  then  gives  an  ap- 
proximate list  of  rectangular  keeps  in  England.  These  in  number  amount 
to  above  50. 

Chapter  X  treats  of  the  shell  keep,  once  the  moat  common,  but  which 
has  rarely  been  preserved,  and  as  he  tells  ua,  is  seldom  if  ever  found  in  a 
perfect  or  uu^tered  condition. 

The  shell  keep  is  always  placed  on  a  mound,  either  natural  or  artificial 
Belvoir,  Durham,  and  Lewes,  and  some  others  are  placed  on  natural  hills. 
The  plan  and  dimensionB  of  these  keeps  are  rou^y  governed  by  the 
t^;ui«  of  the  mound.    Most  are  polygons  of  ten  or  twelve  aides,  not 


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134  NOnCEB  OF  ABCHABOLOGICAL  PUBUCATtOKS. 

always  eqnaL  Some  are  circular,  othen  are  polygooal  outeide  and  cir- 
cular within,  0Q1BI8  are  alightly  ovaL  Tfa«ii  diameter  is  rarely  I«bb  than 
30  feet  and  Mldom  exceeds  100.  The  wall  was  nsoally  from  eight  to  ten  feet 
thick,  and  as  a  security  against  settlement, generally  placed  two  orthiee 
feet  within  the  edge  of  the  monnd.  An  approximate  list  of  shell  ke«{« 
ia  also  given  by  iir.  Clark,  and  these  amount  to  about  119,  though  the 
evidence  of  them  is  not  always  perfect 

In^oDces  are  also  given  of  the  castles  of  the  Early  English  period.  Mr. 
Clark  tells  us  that  the  rectangular,  and  circular  or  polygonal  keeps, 
with  their  Norman  features,  retained  their  hold  upon  English  castle 
huildera  through  the  reigns  of  Stephen  and  Hsnry  II  (1135-1189),  or 
for  a  centary  and  a  quarter  from  the  Gonqueat.  He  also  mentions  the 
"castTB  adulterina"  of  which  so  many  were  built  during  the  reign  of 
Stephen,  but  destroyed  by  his  aucceexix.  These  ate  supposed  to  have 
been  constructed  of  timber  or  niere  walled  enclosures.  Few  of  them 
lepresented  the  chief  seat  of  leigK  estates,  as  the  aforementioned  castltni 
did. 

By  degrees  the  Norman  and  shell  keeps  fell  out  of  fashion,  nnd  were 
succeeded  by  towers  of  a  cylindrical  form,  known  as  donjons  or  juhele, 
and  this  change  corresponda  to  the  middle  period  of  the  Early  English 
ecclesiaatical  architecture.  Pembroke  is  an  example  of  these  castles,  aleo 
Coniugaboroiigh.  The  donjons  weie  entered  at  the  first  floor  levtl, 
either  by  an  exterior  stone  stair  or  by  one  of  timber ;  the  basement  or 
ground  floor  was  occupied  as  a  magazine. 

"  In  those  days,"  says  Mr.  Clark,  "  when  the  keep  was  the  citadel,  anil 
not  unfrequenUy  used  as  such,  prieoneis  were  not  kept  within  its 
waUs.  Dungeons  there  were  none,  save  in  a  very  few  exceptional  case»- 
There  were  commonly  three  floois,-~the  basement  for  stores  ;  the  ceutnl 
floor  contained  the  principal  apartments,  usually  with  a  fire-place  ;  Ibf 
upper  floor  was  either  for  the  soldiery  or  a.  bedroom  for  the  loid;  the 
walls  are  ordinarily  from  ten  to  twelve  feet  thick.  Mural  towers 
formed  a  feature  of  the  castles  of  this  date,  these  served  to  flank  or 
strengthen  the  enceinte  walL  They  were  used  to  cap  an  angle  or  to 
flank  a  gateway. 

In  addition  to  flanking  towers  there  was  also  at  thia  period  a  contrivance 
in  general  use  called  a  "  Br^taacbe."  This  was  a  gallery  of  timber  running 
round  the  walla  outside  the  battlements,  supported  by  strute  resting  on 
corbels,  and  covered  with  a  sloping  roof.  Sometimes,  in  large  towen, 
&ere  wet«  two  tiers  of  such  ^Jleries,  the  upper  projecting  beyond  the 
lower.  These  galleries  concealed  the  top  of  the  wall.  The  brStaache 
was  only  put  up  when  a  siege  was  expected. 

Mi.  Clark  throws  great  light  upon  the  structure  of  English  castles,  \sj 
bringing  inatancea  of  more  perfect  work  in  castles  of  the  same  date 
vhidi  remain  on  the  continent.  He  has  enriched  his  work  by  plans  and 
descriptions  of  some  of  these,  as  of  the  castle  at  Arqnes  near  Dieppe,  and 
constuit  allusion  is  made  to  other  typical  fortresses  such  as  Chsteaa 
Galliard  on  the  Seine,  to  Plafonds,  restored  to  its  original  state  by 
Napoleon  the  Third  under  the  supervision  of  the  celebrated  writer  on 
medisBval  castles  and  architecture,  Mons.  Yiolet  le  Dnc.  He  tells  us  that 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  twelfth  and  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  centuries 
much  wan  done  to  introduce  domestic  comfort  into  castlea. 

"  Fiie-placus  which  in  the  Norman  keeps  were  but  recesses  in  the 


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NOnCBB  OF  ARCHABOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIOire.  135 

wftU,  often  with  a  mere  lateial  orifice  for  a  smoke  vent,  as  at  Colchester 
uid  Rochester,  were  in  the  Early  English  period  adorned  with  hoods, 
often  of  stone,  sometimes  of  wood  and  plaster,  and  the  flues  made 
capacions  and  calculated  to  carry  otf  the  smoke."  The  vent  or  flue  was 
often  capped  by  a  chimney-shaft  and  smoke  lanthom,  an  example  of 
which  may  be  seen  at  Groamont  and  at  St.  Briavela.  The  hall,  chapel, 
and  other  buildings  placed  usually  in  the  inner  ward,  were  more  ornate 
than  in  the  Norman  period. 

In  royal  castles  and  others,  the  "capita"  of  estates  and  the  seats  of 
the  greater  barona,  great  attention  was  paid  to  domestic  comfort  and 
splendour.  The  sheriff'  accounts  of  this  date  for  repairs  mention  the 
filling;  of  windows  with  stained  glass  and  the  painting  of  the  walls  in 
distemper.  Castlee  for  purely  military  defence  were,  however,  neglected 
in  times  of  tranquillity,  and  only  refitted  and  strengthened  when  necessity 

The  twelfth  chapter  treats  of  the  Edwardian  or  cancentrio  castles. 
"The  first  characteristic  of  a  concentric  castle  is  the  arrangement  of  the 
lines  of  defence  one  within  the  other,  two  or  even  three  deep,  with  towers 
at  the  angles  and  along  the  walls,  so  planned  that  no  part  ia  left  entirely 
to  its  own  defenses." 

The  employment  of  mural  towers  not  only  added  to  the  passive  strength 
of  the  wall,  but  when  placed  within  bow  ^ot,  enabled  Uie  defenden  to 
enfilade  the  intermediate  curtain ;  by  this  means  the  curtain  could  not  be 
so  easily  breached  with  the  ram.  The  parts  of  the  lines  of  defence  were 
BO  arranged  that  the  garrison  could  sally  from  one  part  and  so  harrass  the 
attack  upon  another  part  Many  Korman  keeps  became  eventually  the 
inner  wards  of  these  concentric  caatles,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  tower  of 
London.  Caerphilly  is  the  earliest  and  most  complete  example  of  a  con- 
centric castle — of  this  both  a  plan  and  drawing  are  given.  "In  a 
military  point  of  view,"  says  Mr.  Clark,  "  Caerphilly  is  a  work  of  con- 
■unuuate  skili"  Harlech  is  a  concentric  castle,  probably  designed  by  tbe 
eame  architect. 

The  twelve  chapters  which  describe  the  rise,  and  lay  down  the  prin- 
ciples of  mcdiffival  military  architecture,  are  followed  by  descriptions  of 
the  most  prominent  and  interesting  castles  in  Great  Britain.  These  are 
taken  alphabetically,  commencing  with  the  most  perfect  and  the  most 
complete  perhaps  in  this  island, — Alnwick.  While  Mr,  Clark  does  not 
weary  na  with  detail,  he  brings  into  small  compass  the  moat  prominent 
points  which  bear  upon  the  history  of  each  castle.  As  we  examine  its 
etmcture,  we  learn  also  the  events  which  led  to  its  successive  changes  ; 
documentary  records  are  brought  to  bear  upcm  architectural  details.  This 
can  only  have  resulted  from  great  labour  and  much  xeal  in  tbe  pursait  of 
knowledge.  While  reading  in  succession  the  accounts  of  the  castles 
which  he  has  brought  under  notice,  we  feel  as  if  we  were  reading  the 
history  of  England  nnder  a  new  aspect,  and  reading  it  in  a  manner 
hitherto  unknown.  Every  castle  tella  its  own  historical  tale,  and  we 
people  it  with  occupants,  and  clothe  those  occupants  in  their  peculiar 
dresses,  aims,  and  aocoutrementa 

History  has  lately  been  almost  re-written  from  iuacriptious,  and 
churches  have  been  made  to  give  up  their  progressive  developments  by 
means  of  a  careful  examination  of  their  architectural  details  This  has 
now  been  done  for  mediceval  castles,  and  the  value  of  their  niins,  which 


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136  HOnCBB  OF  ARCHABOLOGICAI.  PUBUCATIOSS. 

in  put  ag«s  hare  met  with  such  wanton  destniction,  is  now  bionght  to 
light,  and  wo  trust  that  the  publication  of  theaa  volumes  may  lead  in 
future  to  their  careful  preseiration.  Their  owners  ought,  indeed,  to  value 
these  poBseaaioDB  aa  the;  deserve. 

Mr.  Clark's  hook  does  not  profess  to  )«  a  complete  description  of  all  the 
medieval  castles  that  remain  in  Great  Britain.  Some  have  not  been  des- 
cribed or  even  mentioned,  as  Nunney  in  Somerset,  and  Raby  Castle  in 
the  county  of  Durham,  though  Barnard  Castle  in  the  same  county  has  had 
ample  justice  done  to  it;  We,  therefore,  look  forward  to  a  supplement  to 
these  volumes  which  may  perfect  the  work,  and  we  can  only  hope 
that  Mr.  Clark's  life  may  be  prolonged  to  accomplish  it. 

The  style  of  Mr.  Clark's  writing  is  nervous  and  clear,  and  well  suits 
the  subject  of  which  he  treats,  There  is  no  diEBculty  in  following  his 
descriptions,  and  bis  historical  information  is  drawn  from  the  best  sources. 
We  may  remark,  however,  a  few  trifling  errors  into  which  he  has  fallen, 
B8,  for  instance,  when  he  speaks  of  the  Roman  Emperor  daudiDS  as 
Claudian  (vol  ii,  p.  537-8). 

We  do  not  know  if  this  is  a  newly  devised  form  of  nomenclature,  ssso 
many  new  forms  of  spelling  classical  names  have  lately  been  adopted  ; 
but  if  so,  it  is  calculated  to  lead  to  much  confusion.  We  know  the  poet 
Claudian,  but  have  never  heard  of  an  Emperor  of  that  name  before  1 

Again,  in  voL  ii,  p.  4G1,  we  find  the  words  Saraden,  printed  for  Sartai, 
describing  the  Sareen  stones,  so  plentiful  in  Wiltshire,  but  on  looking 
into  Mr.  Smith's  description  of  the  British  and  Roman  antiquities  of 
Wiltshire,  we  find  it  invariably  written  Sareen. 

These  are  but  trifling  errors  to  detect  in  two  volumes  containing  so 
much  accurate  research  and  learning.  We  only  point  them  out  as 
needing  correction  in  any  future  edition,  which  we  hope  may  be  soon 
called  for,  .  Indeed  we  cannot  but  think  that  an  abridged  edition  in  one 
volume,  would  furnish  an  invaluable  help  to  students  of  their  country's 
history,  and  would  enable  them  to  obtain  a  truer  idea  of  our  national 
growth  than  any  simple  historical  account  Simple  history  often  needs 
life,  and  when  put  into  the  form  of  a  novel,  creates  suspicion  anddlBtrast 
In  Mr.  Clark's  book  you  have  entertainment  with  the  full  persuasion  that 
you  are  treading  on  very  sure  ground,  and  that  what  you  receive  is  Tntlh 
unwarped  by  any  political  or  party  bias.  RM-S. 


THE  QflNTLEIUN'S  HAOAZtHB  LIBRARY:  Being  ■  ClunAed  CollectioD  o(  Uw 
Chtaf  Conttoti  of  Uie  QtiUtanan't  Magaam  from  1731  to  tSfiS.  EldiUd  bj 
QEOHQE  LAURENCE  OOMUE,  F.9.A. :  Duloct,  Proverba  sdiI  Ward-Lore. 
London  :  Elliot  Stock,  S2,  Patemoater  Row,  E.C.,  ISS3. 

In  issuing  DuLfiCT,  Fboyerbb  and  Word-Lorh — like  its  predecessor, 
"  Manners  and  Customs,"  complete  in  itself— the  editor  alludes  in  his 
preface  to  the  value  of  the  local  knowledge  which  is  eo  abundantly 
shown  throughout  its  pages,  a  kind  of  information  which  is  now  "  so 
npidly  becoming  impossible  for  the  modem  student  to  attain,"  and  to  the 
good  work  which  the  eighteenth  century  scholars  have  done  in  recognising 
the  value  of  the  materials  at  their  hand,  while,  as  he  says,  it  is  not  a 
little  remarkable  that  so  popular  a  magarine  sa  the  OentUman's  ihould 


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mmOBS  Of  AKCHAEOLOOTCAt.  PUBUCAltONS.  137 

lure  fonitd  room  for  tiiose  examples  of  dialect  which  we  of  the  present 
il>7  BO  gUdlj  leinint  and  re-edit. 

The  conMbators  to  the  volume  now  before  us  are,  with  two  exceplioaa, 
all  different  from  those  whose  writings  formed  the  book  on  Mannen  and 
CnsbniB,  and  we  shall  probably,  almoet  natumlly,  find,  as  the  aeries 
advonoea,  that  we  shall  be  succeesiTelj  dealing  with  the  contributions  of 
diffetent  sets  of  men,  though,  doubtless  there  will  be  some  persons  of 
such  active  minds  that  we  shall  track  them  through  the  library  until  we 
take  a  pteasaut  leave  of  them  with  Anecdote  and  Humour. 

The  philologist  who  lingers  over  the  lists  of  Local  Words  and 
Specimens  of  Dialect  will  have  the  advantage  of  communing  with  the 
late  Mr.  Kemble  and  with  the  Rev.  W.  Barnes,  the  venenble  antirjuary, 
Imp}^  still  livii^,  who  has  done  so  much  for  the  preservation  of  the 
ilitleet  ftf  Dorset  He  will  sotm  discover  that  Mr.  Gomme  gives  some 
osefol  Ifoles  at  the  end  of  the  book  from  whioh,  apropos  of  Wageby's 
"8kytl-K^  of  Knawinge,"^which  Eboraemeia  points  out  is  a  mere 
nebaujfe  erf  Hampole's  "Pricke  of  Conscience,"— we  gather  that  the 
Dialect  Society  have  not  published  a  volume  for  Northumberland.  The 
stsdant  will  not  overiook  the  letters  in  the  dialect  of  the  Shetland 
L^ds,  a  valaable  contribution  that  does  not  seom  to  have  been  known  to 
Mr.  E^cnstMi.  This  is  a  good  example  of  the  wisdom  of  collecting 
then  hiMm  sources  of  information  from  the  0«ntt«inan'»  Magazine. 

WiOt  T^ard  to  Provincial  Glossaries  we  notice,  almost  on  opening  the 
hndk,  Ae  oo^ons  way  in  which  nearly  obsolete  words  crop  up  in  the 
months  of  country  witnesses  in  legal  cases.  For  example  the  verb  to 
iiuena  used  by  a  shoemaker  at  the  Staffordshire  Translation  Sessionii  in 
1827.  Akin  to  this  appears  to  be  the  expression,  common  among  the 
upper  classes  fifty  years  earlier,  namely,  in  asking  for  knowledge  or  infor- 
mation, "  give  me  some  sense  on  it."  We  do  not  remember  that  this 
expression  is  used  in  onr  own  day,  but  anyone  who  hae  been  in  the  habit 
of  leading  familiar  letters  of  a  hundred  years  ago  and  upwards  can  hardly 
inil  to  have  noticed  how  much  of  the  ordinary  language  and  ezpressione 
of  the  better  classes  in  those  days  now  finds  a  refuge  in  the  mouths  of  the 
lower  classes,  e.g.,  polite,  genteel,  service,  duty.  That  groteeque  word 
"  Unked,"  which  is  inclnded  in  the  list  of  oxprossions  from  the  West  of 
l^bad,  contribated  in  1793,  is  common  at  the  present  day  in 
Ihe  heart  of  Northamptonshiie,  aa  is  also  that  more  euphonious  ex- 
pnsgion,  "  sarve  the  'uggs,"  a  variety  of  the  Devonshire  version,  "  sar  the 
tngs."  We  are  glad  to  see  again  the  famous  Eemoor  Oourlihtp  and 
Sfonoor  Scolding,  the  authorship  of  which  has  been  attributed  by  so  high 
ui  sathority  as  the  late  Sir  Frederic  Madden  to  Archdeacon  IIoIp,  but 
Mr.  Gromma  does  not  think  this  conclusive.  The  proper  vocabulary  of 
these  pieces  shows  how  carious  and  bariMrous  thedialect  i:^  We  ohsorve 
tlie  word  "Upzetting"  explained  as  "a  gossiping  or  christening."  The  wtwd 
was  also  used  in  the  same  sense  in  Iforf oik,  as  is  shown  by  the  following 
expntrion  in  an  original  letter  from  that  county,  dated  May  31,  1742, 
now  befcm  ns  :  "  I  am  invited  to  so  many  up  sittings  that  I  go  to  none, 
they  bong  costly  compliments,"  this  sentence  being  preceded  by  a  notice 
of  numeions  birtha  in  the  neighbourhood. 

With  the  section  deeding  with  Proverbs,  we  have  no  space  to  stay,  but 
*e  an  struck  in  passing  with  the  casual  remark  of  a  northern  correspon- 
dent in  1754,  concerning  some  cumuli  of  stones  which  he  takes  to  be  the 


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138  VCmCBS  OF  ABCHAEOLOOICAL  PUBUCATIONB. 

baryinft  places  of  "  the  antient  Sruides,"  or  of  heroes  killed  in  httttie, 
Teminding  us  that  "  Antient  Druides  "  enjoyed  a  position  in  the  worid  of 
Acheeology  a  hundred  yeaia  ago,  from  wluch  they  have  in  the  meantime 
been  somewhat  rudely  dislodged.  Prorerbial  phrases  supply  ae,  in  1751, 
with  an  amusing  triangular  squabble  between  Paul  Gemssge  (Dr.  Samuel 
Fegge),  James  Dowland,  and  one  "  W.M,,"  aboat  the  not  particularly 
interesting  phrase,  "  Cat  in  the  pan."  They  all  talk  a  certain  amount  i^ 
nonsense,  and  Paul  Gemsage  wisely  letires  early  from  the  fiay ;  Mc 
Dowland  loses  his  temper,  and  is  finally  routed  by  "  W.li." 

Probably  many  matters  worthy  of  note  would  nerer  have  been  ezj^aiiKd 
at  all  if  some  one  had  not  first  still  further  darkened  them  by  hu  nlly 
solutions.  For  instance,  "  L.E."  propounds  a  childish  explanation  of  the 
phrase,  "  eyes  draws  straws,"  which  elicits  from  W.  a  resaonable  note  od 
an  expression  which  seems  now  to  have  quite  passed  out  of  lemembranccL 

"  Nine  of  Diamonds,  the  curse  of  Scotland,"  receives  several  explanft- 
tions,  but  that  which  commends  itself  most  to  us  relates  to  the  Dt^e  of 
Cumberland  having  sent  the  message  to  a  certain  geneml  the  night  before 
Culloden  to  give  no  quarter,  written  on  the  back  of  the  nine  of  diamonds. 
It  was  a  fashion  in  the  eighteenth  century  to  write  snudl  notes  on  the 
back  of  playing  cards,  and  this  custom  continued  till  quite  the  end  of  the 
century.  Cards  are  certain  to  have  been  plentiful  enough  in  the  F-ngTiwh 
camp,  and  nothing  ia  more  likely  than  that  the  Duke  made  use  of  one  of 
them  in  the  manner  su^eated.  The  allusions  to  the  game  of  "  comet," 
in  which  the  nine  o£  diamonds  figures  conspicuously,  seem  lather  wide  of 
the  mark  as  furnishing  the  particular  reason  for  the  expression,  thon^ 
possibly  an  aide-de-camp  may  have  singled  out  such  a  special  card  at  tbat 
period  for  the  Duke  to  make  use  of  in  sending  his  order. 

Of  Special  Words  the  list  contributed  in  1770,  of  names  and  phrases 
expressive  of  the  various  stages  of  drunkenness,  or,  aa  the  contributor  puts 
it,  in  words  redolent  of  the  character  of  the  period ; — "  To  veil  the  turpi- 
tude of  what  is  pleasing  in  itself  and  generally  connected  with  reciprocn- 
tions,"  and  "  to  express  the  condition  of  an  honest  fellow  and  no  flincher, 
under  the  effects  of  good  fellowship,"  ia  very  full,  and  some  of  the 
expressions  really  veiy  happy.  The  "  beerometer,"  that  strange  table  (rf 
"  degrees,"  occasionally  to  be  seen  in  old  fashioned  country  bouses,  is  but 
a  fragment  of  this  lengthy  list,  which,  probably,  no  amount  of  tempeianoe 
in  the  nation  will  ever  consign  to  oblivion. 

The  fifteenth  century  "  nunchion  "  (noontion)  of  workmen  ia  now, 
owing  to  change  of  habits,  represented  by  the  "eleven  o'clock"  of 
country  labourers;  and  many  persons  besides  Knights  of  the  Gaiter 
and  blessed  with  fair  digestions,  will  perhaps  be  grateful  for  the  receipt 
for  "  Stump  Fye  " ;  in  any  case,  they  will  find  cause  for  gratitude  in  the 
explanations  of  certain  antiquated  words  and  other  subdivisions  of  this 
section. 

In  the  part  treating  of  Names  of  Persons  and  Places,  the  papers  by  T. 
Row  (another  non  de  plume  of  Samuel  P^ge)  show  how  much  material 
for  reference  on  this  subject  has  been  set  free  and  made  available  by  Ur. 
Gomme's  useful  collection ;  it  will  be  noticed  how  the  science  of  heraldiy 
may  give  collateral  help  in  the  elucidation  of  surnames,  such  as  Fotster 
and  Hayles.  The  volume  ends  with  a  section  on  Signs  of  Inns,  a  subject 
upon  which  a  good  deal  bos  been  written  from  time  to  time.  We  wish 
some  one  wouM  give  a  series  of  illustrations  of  the  ironwork  that  upholds 


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NOnCES  OF  ABCHAXOLOGICAL  FUBUC AXIOMS.  139 

mn  ngna  Imth  old  and  modem.  There  is  much  elegance  in  the  work 
of  both  periods,  and  it  bo  happens  that  their  general  character  has  not 
been  influenced  Vo  anj  great  extent  b;  varying  fashions.  It  should  be 
homo  in  mind  that  the  greater  purt  of  such  ornamental  ironwork  comes 
direct  from  the  mind  of  the  villai/e  Uacktmiih,  untianunetled  by  the 
exigeDcies  of  "high  art,"  and  is  to  be  valued  as  an  original  production 
acconlingly  whether  recent  or  old. 

For  the  ordinary  antiquary,  or  even  for  one  who  has  no  pretentdon  to 
the  title,  the  perusal  of  this  book  racalls  a  great  deal,  and  it  certainly  seti 
one  thinking  upon  a  variety  of  out  of  the  way  subjects,  a  knowledge  of 
which  goes  far  towards  the  makings  not  only  of  an  agreeable  companion, 
but  also  of  a  well-informed  man. 


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arttiaealosual  SnteUigtemr. 

Mb.  Hbnbt  Eurotd  Smith,  author  of  Reliqma  InmriancB  (tho  Roman 
iBDnum,  now  Aldbro',  by  Borobridge).  18S2;  Seb'ques  of  AngtoSaaxm 
(^vrehei  of  Weat  Sirby,  Cheihire,  1S70 ;  Areheeology  in  the  Matey 
Dislriet,  ^c,  proposes  to  publish,  by  BubBcription,  Coniaborongh  Castie  i 
legendary,  historic,  and  romantic  This  monc^raph  is  intended  to 
constitute  a  complete  and  exhaustive  Jasdcidw  of  all  that  is  known  to 
have  been  written  npon  the  subject,  in  any  way  worthy  of  pieservation. 
The  work  will  be  issued  in  Quarto,  and  iUnstrated  with  numerous 
P^a^'nofj^K  reproductions  of  old  engravings,  and  recent  photographs  of  the 
ruins  ;  whilst  the  technically-deecriptive  essay  upon  the  remains,  by  Mr. 
G.  T.  Clark — reprinted  by  permission  of  the  Council  of  the  Yorkshire 
Archfeological  and  Topographical  Association,  from  the  current  volume  of 
its  Journal — will  be  accompanied  by  the  superior  wood-cut  plana  and  illos- 
trationa,    made   from  actual  survey  by   Mr.    A.    S.  Ellis,   of   London. 

The  subecription  pric«  is  15«. ;  after  issue,  one  Guinea.  Xames  may 
be  sent  to  Mr.  H.  £croyd  Smith,  Holgate  Head,  Bell  Uusk,  Leeds. 


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Ctir  arttfaealofffcal  journal. 


ROMAN  INSCRIPTIONS  FOtTND  IN  BRITAIN  IN  1884. 
By  W.  THOMPSON  WATKIK. 

Agam  a  f&ir  average  year  of  discoveries  has  to  be 
reported.  Though  not  of  special  importance,  many  of  the 
inscriptions  are  of  considerable  interest  aa  affecting  the 
history  of  the  localities  where  they  were  found. 

Commencing  with  the  Boman  Wall,  there  was  found  in 
November  last  at  Byker,  closely  adjoining  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne,  a  small  altar  1ft.  lOin.  high  and  11  inches  broad. 
A  portion  of  the  right  hand  side  of  the  inscribed  face  has 
been  worn  off",  as  if  by  the  sharpening  of  knives  or  other 
instruments.     What  is  left  of  the  inscription  lb  : 


little  can  be  made  of  this  with  the  exception  of  the  name 
of  the  dedicator  Jul{ivs)  Meunmua.  He  appears  to  have 
been  a  priest  of  some  deity  from  the  abbreviation  sac. 
for  Sacerdos.  Dr.  Bruce  would  read  the  next  line  D{ei) 
I{imcii)  {Miihrae)  which  is  very  probable.  The  dedi- 
cator would  therefore  be  a  priest  of  "  the  invincible  god 
Mithras."  A  peculiarity  which  occasionally  occurs  in 
Boman  inscriptions  is  here  exemplified ;  the  name  of  the 
dedicator  appearing  before  the  name  of  the  deity  to  whom 
the  altar  is  erected. 

At  the  station  of  Cilumum  (Chesters)  Mr.  Clayton  has 
been  occupied  during  a  great  portion  of  the  year  in  lay- 
ing bare  a  large  arched  subterranean  building  situated 
VOL.  xtn  (No.  166.)  D 

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142  ROUAN  INSOBIPTIONS  FOUND  IN  1884 

between  the  castrum  and  the  river  Tyne,  and  daring  the 
progress  of  the  excavatioDs  several  discoveries  of  inscrip- 
tions occurred.  The  first  was  in  March,  wheu  the  frag- 
ment of  (apparently)  an  altar  was  turned  up,  inscribed — 


RIBV3  .  COM  il 
BU  .  SALVTE  DE  : 
m .  SEVERI 


The  commencement  of  all  the  lines  is  lost,  and  of  the  third 
line  only  the  upper  part  of  the  letters  remain.  The  first 
stroke  in  this  line  is  part  of  the  letter  v.  I  was  originally 
incHned  to  read  the  first  and  commencement  of  the  second 
lines  as  {Mat)ribu8  Com{magenorum),  although  aware  tiiat 
Teutonic  and  Celtic  races  were  generally  recognised-  as 
the  only  worshippers  of  Matres ;  but  we  know  from  the 
dedication  (Borgheai,  (Etwrea,  vol.  iii,  p,  127)  to  the 
Fanuonian  and  Dalmatian  mothers,  that  their  worship 
extended  as  far  east  as  Hungary  and  Turkey.  The  pre- 
sence of  a  cohort  of  Syrians  on  the  Wall,  and  the  fact  of 
dedications  to  the  Dea  Syria  occurring,  led  me  to  think 
that  the  worship  of  the  Matres  might  have  extended  to 
the  Semitic  tribe  of  the  Commageni.  Fortunately  M. 
Eobert  Mowat,  the  well  known  French  archaeologist, 
drew  my  attention  to  the  fact  that  at  Alx  in  Savoy,  and 
at  other  places  in  Gaul,  we  have  instances  of  the  worship 
of  the  Matres  Comedovae.  I  consider  M.  Mowat  to  have 
pointed  out  the  correct  reading  Matribua  Comedovisj  and 
other  French  archaeologists  have,  I  believe,  since  agreed 
with  him.  The  remainder  of  the  inscription  I  take  to  be 
{P)ro  salute  De{cimi)  (A)ur{elii)  Severi.  I  think  it  to  have 
been  erected  for  the  welfare  of  a  private  individual  (as  in 
many  instances)  rather  than  for  that  of  an  Emperor, 
though  it  has  been  suggested  that  de(voti)  may  have 
been  the  word,  of  which  de  only  remains.  Tliis  seems 
improbable ;  we  should  hardly  find  Devoti  in  this  position. 
A  second  fragmentary  inscription  was  found  in  April  of 
which  the  remaining  letters  were — 

PER  .  CL 
LEO  .  PR 

SEP  .  NIL 

The  commencement  of  the  lines  only  is  left  to  us.  In 
the  first  B  and  r  are  ligulate,  and  in  the  second  p  and  B. 
There  is  little  difficulty  in  reading  this  fragment.    From 


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BOMAK  INSCRIPTIONS  FOUND  IN  18St  '143 

another  inscription  found  at  the  same  station  we  know  that 
Septimius  Nilus  was  Praefect  of  the  2nd  Ala  of  the  Astures 
in  A.D.  221,  this  regiment  at  that  time  forming  the 
garrison  of  the  station.  From  another  inscription  found 
on  the  Wall,  we  know  that  there  was  in  Britmn  in  a.d. 
223,  an  Imperial  Legate  named  Claudius  Xenephon.  This 
inscription  seems  to  embrace  the  two  names,  and  should 
be  read  :  "  Per  Cl{audium)  {Xenephontem)  Leg{atum)  Pr{o) 
{praetore)  (Curante)  Sep{timio)  Nil{o)  {Praefecio  AUie  11. 
Attuntm,  The  commencement  of  the  inscription,  wliich  is 
lost,  has  probably  referred  to  the  restoration  of'  some 
buildings,  and  the  name  of  the  emperor,  in  whose  reign  the 
work  was  done.  He  would  be  no  doubt  Alexander 
Severus,  and  Claudius  Xenephon  was  probably  the  suc- 
cessor of  Marius  Valerianus,  for  the  latter  was  Legate  in 
A.D.  221-2,  as  we  learn  from  inscriptions  at  CUumum  and 
Netherby.    The  inscription  has  been  in  tablet  form. 

hi  May,  two  curiously  carved  stones  were  found  built 
side  by  side  into  the  walls  of  one  the  rooms  of  the  building 
excavated.  They  were  below  the  floor  level.  One  had 
upon  it  what  appears  to  be  a  phallic  design,  the  other  bore 
the  figure -of  a  bird,  and  above  it  what  seem  to  be  the 
letters 

NEILO. 

What  these  letters  mean  it  is  difficult  to  say.  It  has 
been  suggested  tliat  they  are  a  variation  of  niia),  and  refer 
to  the  Praefect  named  in  the  last  inscription. 

Another  fragment  found  at  CUumum  is  inscribed 

NN* 
FOG 

bnt  little  can  be  made  of  it.  The  hn  may  perhaps  be  part 
of  the  abbreviation  ann  (for  Annos).  Hie  last  letter  is 
imperfect,  and  may  be  c,  a,  or  o. 

In  March  idso,  a  salmon  fisher  found  in  the  river  Tyne, 
near  to  the  station,  an  inscribed  fri^ment  of  rock,  which 
had  evidently  fallen  from  a  cliff  above,  some  time  pre- 
viously. The  lettering  is  in  the  miun  very  rude,  but  it 
appears  to  be 

SSTR'O 
CINA  .  VOTO 
NUU  .  SECIN 
HI. 

In  tiie  first  line  x  and  b  seem  to  be  ligulate,  in  the  third  the 


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1^4  ROHAN  IHSCRIFTIONB  FOUND  IN  1SB4. 

8 — very  rudely  formed — is  reversed,  and  more  resembles 
z,  whilst  the  n  at  the  end  of  the  same  line  is  so  dis- 
connected that  it  may  be  ai.  The  commencement  of  all 
the  lines  is  lost,  and  probably  the  commencement  of 
the  inscription.  The  third  line  may  have  contuned 
(oFn)ciNA  or  some  such  word,  followed  certainly  by 
VOTO,  but  no  sense  can  be  gathered  from  it.  The  stone 
is  3  feet  high  by  2  feet  broad,  and  the  inscription  is  con- 
fined to  the  upper  half  of  its  face.  In  October  there  was 
also  discovered  iu  the  excavations  before  named,  an  altar 
2ft.  6in.  high,  bearing  upon  its  face  a  figure  of  Fortune, 
and  the  inscription 


a  .  OER  .  L  . M 

The  first  line  is  an  abbreviation  of  deae  which  occurs  iu 
several  other  Britanno-Boman  altars,  but  singularly 
.  enough,  they  are  all  dedicated  to  the  same  deity — Fortune. 
This  line  is  upon  the  head  of  the  altar.  The  second  line 
is  at  the  summit  of  the  shaft,  the  first  o  being  ligulate 
with  the  B  and  the  second  placed  within  the  c.  Then 
comes  the  figure  of  the  goddess,  and  the  remainder  of  the 
inscription  is  below,  m  the  third  line  the  v  and  a  are 
ligulate,  and  in  the  fourth  bne  are  likewise  tied.  The 
whole  inscription  reads,  D{e)ae  Fori(unae)  Conservatrici 
Venenaa  Ger(manua)  L(ibenter)  Mferito).  "  To  the  goddess 
Fortune,  the  preserver,  Venenus  a  German  (dedicates 
this)  wiUingly  to  a  deserving  object." 

This  is  the  third  dedication  to  Fortuna  Conservatrix 
found  in  Britain.  One  was  found  at  Netherby,  where  it  is 
still  preserved,  the  other  found  in  1612  at  Manchester  was 
long  supposed  to  have  been  lost,  but  in  May  last  I  had 
the  pleasure  of  re-discovering  it  amongst  ^e  Arundel 
marbles  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  Oxford. 

The  whole  of  these  newly  discovered  inscriptions  are 
preserved  by  Mr.  Clayton  in  his  large  museum  at  Chesters. 

Near  Gilsland  on  tlie  line  of  the  Wall,  three  centurial 
stones  have  recently  been  found,  for  copies  of  which 
I  am  indebted  to  the  Kev.  Dr.  Bruce.    They  are 

(1)  (2)  (8) 

COH  .VI  )  .  COCCBI  COH  .  11 


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BOUAN  INHCAIPTIONS  FOtJKD  IN  1S84.  l45 

Dr.  Bruce  informs  me  that  No.  1  was  difficult  to  read, 
being  much  worn,  but  as  far  as  he  and  the  Rev.  A. 
Wright  could  made  it  out,  it  was  as  above.  The  d  and  o 
in  the  second  line  are  ligulate,  as  are  the  vnd  in  the  third. 
As  it  stands  it  would  read  Coh{ortis)  Sextae  Centuria 
Caledoni{i)  Secundfi).  "  The  century  of  Caledonius  Secun- 
dus  of  the  sixth  cohort."  The  only  doubt  is  as  to  there 
being  such  a  name  as  Caledonius.  The  second  inscription 
is  plainly  Centuria  Coccei  Regtdi.  "  The  century  of 
Cocceius  Regulus."  The  third  is  -from  Mr,  Wright's 
reading.  Neither  of  the  letters  which  appear  to  be 
A  in  the  second  line  have  a  horizontal  stroke ;  the  first 
is  A,  the  second  may  be  and  probably  is  part  of  n.  I 
would  read  it  as  Cok{ortis)  Secundae  Centuria  Laetin(iani.) 
In  the  wall  of  the  north  aisle  of  the  church  at  Dear- 
ham,  near  Maryport,  and  at  its  west  end,  Dr.  Hooppell 
informs  me  that  he  found  during  the  last  summer,  tbe 
upper  part  of  a  Roman  altar,  used  as  a  building  stone, 
upon  which  could  be  traced  the  words 

HATRIBVB 

evidently  the  commencement  of  a  dedication  to  the  Deae 
Matres.  -It  has  probably  been  brought  from  the  station 
at  Maryport  [Axehdunum.) 

In  October,  1879,  during  the  restoration  of  the  church 
at  Brough-under  Stanemore,  two  inscriptions  were  found 
built  into  the  foundations  of  the  south  porch.  One  dedi- 
cated to  Septimius  Severus,  I  have  already  described.' 
The  other  seemed  to  be  in  such  puzzling  characters,  that 
soon  after  its  discovery,  a  cast  of  it  'was  sent  to  Professor 
Stephens  of  Copenhagen,  under  the  impression  that  it  was 
Runic.  This  he  doubted,  but  referred  it  to  the  Professor 
of  Greek  (in  the  same  university),  who  after  a  lengthened 
examination,  stated  that  it  was  in  no  known'  classical 
language  or  alphabet.  Professors  Mommsen  and  Hubner 
at  Berlin,  and  Professor  Kaibel  were  unable  also  to  decipher 
it.  Professor  Stephens  then  attempted  to  read  it  as  a 
Runic  inscription,  and  a  paper  in  vol.  v.  of  the  Cwmberland 
and  Westmoreland  Archaeological  Society's  Transactions 
(pp.  291-310),  was  the  result,  which  was  reproduced 
in  vol.   iii  of   his   '*  Runic  Monuments."     In  this,   the 

jMmal,  voL  xxxviii,  yp.  283>C. 

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14^  tioUAH  mscftittloMs  rotTNJ}  m  lasi 

Professor  thought  it  to  be  the  tombBtone  of  a  lady 
named  Cimokom,  who  had  been  martyred  for  her  Christi- 
anity.' But  from  the  engravings  which  appeared  of  it, 
several  English  classical  scholars  came  to  tlie  opinion  that 
it  was  in  Greek,  though  the  letters  were  rude,  and  of  what 
may  be  called  a  "  rustic "'  type.  Accordingly  in  the 
Academy  for  June  14,  1884,  Professor  Sayce  brought  for- 
ward a  reading  of  the  inscription  in  Greek,  and  after  several 
months  discussion  in  the  pages  of  the  same  paper,  in  which 
Professors  Sayce  and  Kidgeway,  Messrs.  Isaac  Taylor,  H. 
Bradley,  E.  L.  Hicks  and  E.  B.  Nicholson,  took  part,  a 
tolerably  fair  reading  was  finally  established  by  Mr. 
Arthur  J.  Evans.* 

The  stone  was  subsequently  purchased  for  the  Fitz- 
william  Museum,  Cambridge,  to  which  place  it  has  recently 
been  removed,  and  has  been  submitted  to  a  critical  exami- 
nation by  the  most  eminent  aurtiorities  there.  On  the 
23rd  February  last,  Professor  E.  C.  Clark  read  a  paper 
■upon  it  to  the  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society,  bringing 
forward  the  following  as  the  correct  reading,  as  far  as 
could  be  made  out  with  certainty. 

EKKAIAEXETHTIC 
UnNTTMBOGKEfaENT 
TflOHOIPHC     EPHH 
KOMH  APHNONEn  OC 
*PArATOTOAOAEITHC 
XAtPECrnAmAPEHOT 
KHNnEPeNHTONBIO 
EPnHC       QKITATEn 


The  inscription  evidently  consisted  of  five  hexameters 
which  Professor  Clark  considers  in  their  original  form  to 
have  been 

GKOC}(trit  rtc  tSuni  ruyt^  «K(^9twr  inra  fioiptK 

Xatpt  av  vai  irap  ifiov  Ktiwtp  Bvirrov  fiiov  tpwtK 
bHCvrar  tirrtj^  yap  ptpomnt  cm  Ki/j^ptuv  y^ 
Kov  ^itWH  avTu  yap  o  wtu^  Eppi  oKoAovOti. 


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BOUAS  □faCElFTIONa  TOUSD  TS  1884.  147 

though  the  last  line  is  by  no  means  agreed  upon,  even  at 
Cambridge.  Ifr.  Evans  restores  it  differently.  It  is,  how- 
ever, probably  premature  as  yet  to  venture  on  the  exact 
wwding,  which  may  eventually  be  discovered.  Professor 
Clark  gives  as  a  translation  this  *'  free  metrical  paraphrase." 

Hemieg  of  Commagene  here- 
Young  Hermoa,  in  his  sixteenth  year — 
Entombed  by  fate  befwe  hia  day 
Beholding,  let  the  tntreUer  eay  : — 
Fair  yonUt,  my  greeting  to  thy  shrine 
Though  but  a  mortal  courae  ba  thine, 
Since  all  too  soon  thou  wing'dst  thy  flight 
From  realm!  of  speech  to  realm  of  night ; 
Yet  no  misnomer  art  thou  shewn, 
Who  with  thy  namesalce  God  art  flown. 

The  only  false  quantity  in  the  original  is  a  syllable  too 
much  (kmi)  in  the  first  word,  but  tMs  has  probably  been 
omitted  in  speaking.  The  seventh  and  first  part  of  the 
eighth  lines  are  the  most  difficult  part  of  the  translation. 
Mr.  Evans  thinks  they  refer  to  the  youth  having  been 
taken  prisoner  in  an  engagement,  and  dragging  on  a  life  of 
captivity,  an  idea  repudiated  by  Professor  Clark.  At  pre- 
sent I  prefer  the  translation  of  the  latter,  whose  long  and 
able  paper  should  be  perused  by  any  antiquary  interested 
in  the  matter.  It  is  too  long  to  reproduce  here,  and  unless 
given  in  extenso  would  lose  much  of  its  value. 

We  have  no  other  inscription  in  Uritain  referring  to  a 
native  of  Commagene.  It  is  possible  that  Hermes,  and  the 
friend  or  relative  who  erected  the  monument,  were 
members  of  the  Cohors  I.  Hamtorum,  a  cohort  of  Syrian 
archers,  of  which  several  traces  have  been  found  in  the 
north.  This  is  by  far  the  longest  Greek  inscription  found 
in  our  island,  and  the  first  of  a  sepulchral  character.  The 
others  have  been  upon  altars,  votive  tablets,  rings,  &c. 
The  stone,  which  is  about  two  feet  high  and  one  foot 
broad,  is  flanked  on  the  inscribed  face  by  palm  branches, 
and  above  the  inscription  is  carved  with  a  geometric 
pattern  of  squares,  divided  into  triangles. 

At  Chester  there  was  found,  on  the  31st  October,  in  the 
course  of  an  excavation  between  tlie  Grosvenor  Hotel  and 
city  wall  (close  to  the  Eastgate),  the  half  of  an  altar, 
'vhich  had  been  split  perpendicularly  down  the  middle, 

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148  BOMAN  INSCRIPTIONS  FOUND  IN  1884. 

apparently  to  be  used  aa  a  building  stone.  On  the  left 
side  within  a  panel,  there  is  a  figure  of  a  bird  which  hu 
all  the  characteristics  of  a  goose,  and  on  the  remiuniug 
half  of  the  back  is  a  portion  of  what  seems  to  have  been  a 
serpent,  but  this  is  doubtful.  On  the  remaining  portion  of 
the  face  the  altar  is  thus  inscribed 

I  0 

OPT 
U  A  X     . 

V 

The  first  line  is  in  very  lai^e  letters,  the  others  are  smaller. 
The  base  (on  the  front)  is  broken  off,  but  judging  by  the 
size  of  the  panel  on  the  side,  there  would  be  room  for 
at  least  another  line  of  an  inscription,  and  after  the  v  in 
the  fourth  line,  there  appears  to  be  a  stop.  The  reading 
has  certainly  been  Jo{vi)  Opt{imo)  Max{i7no),  but  whether 
V  has  been  part  of  the  formvla  v.s.  for  V{pto)  S{olutum)  or 
part  of  the  name  of  the  dedicator  must  remain  unknown. 
The  height  of  this  altar  is  3  feet  10  inches,  and  at  the 
angles  are  pilasters,  returned  on  each  face  ;  they  bear  two 
flutes  each,  and  terminate  in  a  foliated  capital  resembling 
Corinthian.     The  altar  is  of  sandstone. 

There  was  also  found  in  the  same  city  in  November,  in 
excavations  made  by  Mr.  BuUin  in  White  Friar.s,  a  portion 
of  an  ordinary  red  tile,  bearing  upon  it  in  very  fine  letters 


which  has  probably,  when  entire,  been  ivlivs.  f.,  the  f 
standing  of  course  for  Fecit.      The  v  and  l  are  ligulate. 

On  the  right  side  of  the  altar  discovered  in  Chester  in 
1653  (Hubner,  No.  167)  I.  have  found  that  there  has 
been  an  inscription  beneath  the  figure  of  tlie  Genins.  All 
that  is  now  traceable  is 


which  I    apprehend  has  been  part  of  the  words  Gienio 
Sancto  Lo)ci,  &c. 

During  the  repewing  of  the  nave  of  St.  Mary's  church  at 
Lancaster,  in  the  year  1863,  a  number  of  loose  stones  were 
taken  up  from  the  old  floor,  preparatory  to  a  new  one 
being  put  down.      Amongst  them  was  one  which  had 

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BOHAN  ISSCRIFnONS  POUND  IN  1864.  149 

formed  part  of  a  Roman  inscribed  tablet,  of  the  annexed 
shape  and  dimensions — 


The  stone  came  into  the  possession  of  the  late  Eev.  Canon 
Turner,  Vicar  of  Lancaster,  and  was  preserved  by  him,  but 
so  carefully,  that  it  was  totally  unknown  to  even  local 
antiquaries.  It  is  still  at  the  Vicarage  in  possession  of  the 
Rev.  Canon  Allen.  The  letters  on  the  stone  are  beautifully 
cut  and  are  two  inches  in  height,  with  tlie  exception  of  the 
three  larger  ones.  The  only  ligature  is  in  the  case  of  the 
n  in  the  second  line,  which  letter  is  formed  upon  the 
upright  stroke  of  the  T. 

The  inscription  is  important,  as  confinuiDg  the  existence 
of  Lancaster  as  a  Homan  station,  in  the  reign  of  Trajan. 
Previously,  from  a  milestone  dedicated  to  Ha&rian  having 
l)een  found  in  the  neighbourhood,  I  had  expressed  the 
opinion  that  he  was  the  emperor  by  whose  orders  the 
castnim  was  erected.  This  discovery  proves  that  in  the 
reign  of  his  predecessor  (Trajan)  important  structures  were 
built.  The  stone,  when  entire,  has  been  a  tablet  comme- 
morating their  erection.  The  inscription  apparently  reads  : 
lmp[eratori)  Ner{vae)  Trajan{o)  Aug{usio),  &c.  The 
omission  of  caes  for  Caesari  after  imp.  is  peculiar,  but 
there  are  examples  of  it.  With  the  exception  of  two 
inscriptions  found  at  Chichester,  this  is  the  earliest  on 
stone  naming  an  emperor,  found  in  Britain.  A  few  tomb- 
stones of  soldiers  may,  however,  be  earlier,  and  an 
inscription  found  at  York  (also  dedicated  to  Trajan)  may 
Ite  coeval.  No  Eoman  inscription  of  so  early  a  date,  either 
on  stone,  bronze,  or  lead,  has  been  recorded  as  found  so 
far  to  the  north  previously. 


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150  KOMAN  INSCRIPTIONS  FOUND  IN  1884. 

In  the  recently  published  correspondence  of  Dr. 
Stukeley'  there  are  two  letters  addressed  to  him  by  Mr. 
Samuel  Peele,  an  excise  officer  at  Lancaster,  dated  in 
1754,  containing'  an  account  of  a  lloman  inscribed  altar, 
■ivliich  in  .said  to  have  "  tumbled  out  of  the  earth  "  at  that 
town  about  Decemljer,  1753  and  the  only  letters  visible 
were  said  to  be 


Nothing  can  be  made  out  of  this.  Possibly  the  two  small 
{"s  are  meant  for  II.  The  altar  when  found  waa  said  to 
have  had  "  three  elliptical  cavities "  "  on  the  top," 
but  they  w'ere  soon  afterwards  struck  off.  On  one  side 
was  a  representation  of  an  axe  [securis]  on  the  other  of'  a 
patera.    This  altar  has  not  been  heard  of  since. 

On  the  12th  March  during  the  excavations  necessary 
for  laying  the  foundations  of  the  new  tower  of  St. 
Swithin's  church  at  Lincoln,  the  workmen  at  a  depth  of 
13ft.  from  the  surface  came  upon  a  Eoraan  altar  lying  face 
downwards  in  a  bed  of  gravel.  It  is  formed  of  a  block  of 
oolite  3ft.  high,  and  at  the  base  1ft.  Sin.  broad.  On  the 
right  hand  side  is  engraved  a  praefericulum,  on  the  left  a 
patera.  The  head  of  the  altar  with  the  focus  is  much 
mutilated.     On  its  face  is  the  following  inscription — 

PARCIS  .  DEA 
BVS  .  ET  .  NV 
MINIBV8  .  AVG  . 
C  .  ANTISTIVS 

FRONTINVS 
CVRATOR  .  TER. 
AR  .  D  .  S  .  D  . 

The  letters  are  well  cut,  and  well  preserved  ;  the  stops 
are  of  triangular  shape.  The  only  difficulty  in  the  read- 
ing is  in  TER.  in  the  third  line.  The  Rev.  Precentor 
Venables  favoured  me  with  a  copy  of  the  inscription  on 
the  day  of  its  discoverj%  and  I  at  once  asked  liira  to  make 
certain  if  there  was  a  stop  after  ter.  as  I  had  an  idea, 
though  there  is  no  epigraphic  or  historical  authority  for 
such  a  Curator,  that  we  might  have  terar.,  for  terrar{vm) 
in  the  last  two  lines.    The  stop  however  is  plain  and  ar 

*  Snrt«fa  Sodety'i  PublicAlioiu,  toL  luvi,  pp.  212-3. 

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ROMAN  mSCniPTlONa  FOUND  m  1884  151 

is  doubtless  the  abbreviation  for  akam.  We  must  there- 
fore either  take  teh.  as  a  word  in  itself,  or  look  for  some 
other  abbreviation. 

Professor  Moramsen  wrote  to  me  suggesting  TKR(TrTM) 
as  the  reading.  Dr.  Hiibner  informed  ftecentor  Venables 
that  he  considered  tbr.  (three  times)  was  simply  the 
meaning,  but  if  either  of  these  be  accepted  it  leaves  us 
still  in  the  dark  as  to  the  question,  "  Of  what  was 
Frontinus  the  Curator  ?  "  As  the  altar  was  found  close  to 
the  north  bank  of  the  river  Witham,  on  the  verge  of  the 
Roman  area,  I  am  inclined  to  suggest  Curator  terijnino- 
rum).  It  is  true  that  we  have  no  precedent  for  this  read- 
ing, but  inscriptions  are  constantly  giving  us  examples  of 
titles  otherwise  unknown'.  Hence  I  would  expand  the 
inscription  Parcis  Deabus  et  Numinibus  Aug^usti)  C{aius) 
ATUiatius  Frontinus  Curator  Ter(mijiorum)  Ar(am)  d(e) 
s(uo)  d(edit).  *'To  the  goddesses,  the  Parcae,  "and  to  the 
"  divinities  of  the  Augustus "  (the  reigning  emperor) 
"  Caiua  Antistius  Frontinus,  Overseer  of  the  boundaries, 
"  of  his  own  "  (or  "at  his  own  expense")  "has  given" 
("  this  altar)." 

Only  three  other  inscriptions  dedicated  to  the  Parcae 
(or  "  Fates  ")  have  been  found  in  Britain,  at  least  so  far  as 
recorded.  Two  were  found  in  1861  in  English  Street, 
Carlisle,  and  the  third  in  18G6  at  Skinbumess,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Solway.  In  the  latter  and  in  one  of  those 
found  at  Carlisle  they  are  styled  Matres,  but  in  none  of 
them  is  the  title  Deae  given  to  them,  as  in  the  Lincoln 
example.  Tliis  altar  is  at  present  preserved  in  the 
cloister  at  lincoln. 

The  discoveries  at  York  consist  in  the  first  place  of  a 
fragment  of  a  dedicatory  tablet  inscribed — 

CAES  .  M  ,  AV  . 

The  letters  m.av.  are  ligulate  with  each  other.  From 
this  circumstance  I  am  incHned  to  think  that  the  Emperor 
referred  to  is  either  Caracalla  or  Elagabulus,  each  of 
whom  took  the  names  of  Marcus  Aureliua  Antoninus, 
rather  than  the  earlier  emperor  Marcus  Aurelius,  Though 
Ugatures  as  a  rule,  however,  show  a  late  date,  the  test  is 
not  an  infallible  one,  as  other  inscriptions  prove.     The 


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152  ROMAN  INSCRIPTIONS  POUND  IN  I8M. 

mscription  was  found  in  excavatinjj  for  the  foundations  of 
the  new  Mechanic's  Institute  in  Cliflord  Street  in  1883, 
but  came  to  hand  tiK>  late  for  my  list  for  that  year.  The 
Btone  has  the  appearance  of  having  been  used  for  sharpen- 
ing some  kind  of  implement  at  a  later  period. 

At  "  The  Mount,"  outside  Micklegate  Bar,  two  broken 
altars  have  been  found.  Of  one  the  base  only  rem^ed, 
and  on  it  were  the  letters 


rudely  cut.  I  should  surmise  that  d.  has  preceded  these 
letters,  and  the  reading  would  then  be  I){e)  S{iia)  P{emnia) 
R{estituit),  "At  his  own  cost  has  restored"  (the  altar). 

The  other  altar  wa-s  more  interesting.  Though  broken 
into  numerous  fragments,  some  of  which  liad  been  lost, 
the  remainder  yielded  the  following  inscription — 


]> 

SILV 

L  .  CELERNIVS 
VITALIS  .  CyRNI  . 
LEG  .  Villi  .  HIS  . 
V  .  S  .  L  .  M. 


The  first  portion  of  this  inscription  is  easily  restored 
and  read.  It  is,  without  doubt.  D{eo  Sancto)  SUx{(aio) 
L{ticiua)  Cdernhts  Vitalis  Coi-ni(culariits)  Leg{ionia)  VUU. 
flis(panae)    V{otum)   S{olvit)   I^aetua)    L{ibens)   M{erito). 

"  To  the  holy  god  Silvanus,  Lucius  Celemius  Vitalis  a 
corniouianm  of  the  Ninth  Legion  (sumamed)  the  Spanish, 
perforins  his  vow  willingly  (and)  joyfully  to  a  deserving 
object," 

The  second  part  of  the  inscription  is  more  peculiar.  It 
is  in  very  small  letters,  and  through  the  last  line  there  is  a 
fracture.  The  reading  here  given  is  that  of  I>r.  Hlibner,  as 
published  in  the  Academy,  July  12th,  1884.  The  expan- 
sion would  be — FicU)  num{ini)  hoc  clonum  adpertineat  (vel 
appertineat)  cantum  attiijam.  Canon  Raine  speaking  of  this 
reading  says  :  "  The  young  officer,  grateful  to  the  deity  who 
had  often  shown  himself  trustworthy  by  bringing  the  deer 
or  wild  boar  to  the  hunter,  makes  a  special  reservation  of 
the  altar.  It  is  to  be  specially  sacred,  and  safe  from  profane 
hands.  In  '  cautum  attigam '  we  are  reminded  of  the  '  cave 
vestem  attigas '  of  Acciua.      The  prohibitiou  may  refer  to 

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ROHAN  INSCRTPnONS  tOVm>  IN  1884.  1 53 

the  offering,  or  to  the  altar,  or  to  both."  This  tranalatiou 
depends  upon  the  first  letter  being  correctly  read.  It  seems 
doubtful,  from  what  Canon  Raine  tells  me  in  answer  to 
enquiries,  whether  it  is  f  or  e.  M.  Robert  Mowat  is  in- 
clined to  read  El.  dohvm  as  the  commencement  of  the  line. 
This,  of  course,  would  alter  the  reading  considerably.  The 
two  I's  in  the  second  line  are  equivalent  to  e.  This 
variation  frequently  occurs.  The  two  o's  in  Aitigatn  are 
an  error,  either  of  the  dedicator,  or  stone  cutter. 

At  the  end  of  October,  in  making  some  ornamental 
grounds  at  the  rear  of  the  Rose  and  Crown  Inn,  Dkley 
\Oltcana),  the  workmen  came  upon  (amongst  other  dis- 
coveries) an  old  rubble  wall,  two  feet  beneath  which  (as  if 
used  for  the  foundation  of  it)  was  a  large  slab  of  stone,  six 
feet  long,  tliirty  inches  wide,  and  rough  at  the  back.  The 
upper  portion  of  the  face  of  the  slab,  bears  the  representa- 
tion of  a  female  sitting  in  a  chair,  within  a  recess.  This 
figure  is  three  feet  in  height,  and  underneath  there  is  an 
inscription  in  four  Unes,  of  which  the  following  portion 
remains : — 


The  M  of  Manibus  in  the  first  line  is  obliterated,  and  of  the 
name  of  the  deceased  we  have  only  VE*rc**  but  of  her 
father's  name  we  have  the  termination — Ncoms  in  the 
genitive,  followed  by  filia.  The  whole  reads  Dis  Manibus 
Ve*ic  ********-wct»nM  Filia,  Annorum  xxx  C(ivia)  Comovia. 
H(ic)  S{ita)  E(st).  "  To  the  divine  shades  of .  .  .  daughter 
of  .  .  .  thirty  years  of  age  a  Cornovian  citizen.  Here  she 
is  laid."  Tliis  is  the  first  allusion  to  a  Cornovian  citizen 
which  has  occurred  in  a  Britanno-Boman  inscription. 
Wlio  the  Comovii  were  is  still  a  matter  of  uncertainty. 
The  Notitia  names  a  cohort  of  Comovii  as  stationed  at 
Pons  Aelii  (Newcastle  on  Tyne),  but  no  traces  of  it  have 
yet  been  found.  As  the  Romans  would  hardly  employ  a 
British  cohort  against  fellow  countrymen,  the  Corjwvii 
were  probably  a  Continental  people,  and  quite  distinct 
from  the  Comnvti,  mentioned  by  Ptolemy  as  inhabiting 
parts  of  Cheshire  and  Shropshire. 

On  an  altar  found  at  Procolitia,  on  the  Roman  Wall,  the 
name  of  Venico  occurs.     Is  it  possible  we  should  read  the 


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154  ROUA.M  UtSCttltntONS  POUND  IN  1884- 

name  of  the  subject  of  tMs  inscription  as  Venica,  Veniconts 
JUta? 

Another  inscription  found  in  Yorksliire,  as  far  back  as 
1880,  lias  remained  inedited.  In  that  year  there  was 
found  at  Castleford,  near  Poiitefract,  close  to  the  Roman 
road  which  passes  through  the  town,  at  a  deptli  of  three 
feet,  a  Boman  milestone  4J  feet  high,  and  1  foot  in 
diameter,  which  was  removed  to  Half  Acres  (the  residence 
of  Mr.  Joseph  Brewerton),  a  short  distance  from  the  place 
of  its  discovery,  and  where  it  still  is. 

After  much  con-espondence  with  Mr.  Brewerton  (for  I 
have  not  yet  seen  the  stone)  I  have  evolved  a  portion  of 
the  tenor  of  its  inscription.  It  was  first  erected  in  the 
reign  of  tlie  emperor  Decius,  a.d.  249-261 ,  and  after  his 
death  appears  to  have  been  inverted  and  an  inscription  to 
his  successors,  the  joint  emperors  Gallus  and  Volusianus, 
cut  on  the  other  end.  This  last  inscription  is  much  more 
perfect  than  the  otlier,  and  what  I  have  so  far  made  out  of 
it  is 

IMPP 
.  .  .  C  .  VIBIO 
OALLO.ET  .  C. V 
VOLVHIA 


I  should  expand  this  (supplying  doubtful  (jortions)  as 
Imp{enitoribiis  CaesarUnis)  C.  Vibio  Gnlh  et  C  V. 
Voltismno  P{iis)  F{elu'ibita)  Aug{ust{3)  Eb{uraco)  (MiUiii 
passuum)  XXI,  Tlie  stone  is  soon  to  be  photographed, 
when  I  hope  to  put  the  reading  of  the  obscure  portions  of 
the  inscription  beyond  dispute.  Castleford  is  generally 
thought  to  have  been  the  site  of  the  station  called  in  the 
Fifth  Iter  of  Antoninus  Legeolium,  and  in  the  Eighth  Iter 
Lagedum,  in  each  being  named  as  twenty-one  Koman 
miles  from  York,  the  distance  thus  agreeing  with  the 
numerals  upon  the  stone. 

The  inscription  upon  the  other  end  of  the  stone  appears 
more  worn  and  consequently  more  obscure.  All  that  I 
can  make  out  with  certainly  from  the  written  copies  sent 


IMP  .  c 
c  .  u  .  g 

DECIO 


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SOMAN  INBCBIPTIONS  FOOTTO  IN  1B84.  155 

i.e.,  Imp[eratori)  C{aio)  ili/(6Mw)  (^uinto)  Decio.  In  the 
Academy  (Feb.  28,  1885)  I  have  given  my  conjectures  as 
to  the  remainder  of  the  inscription,  but  I  forbear  from 
pntting  them  on  record  in  the  Journal,  as  probably  I  shall 
soon  be  able  to  give  the  correct  reading. 

Dr.  Hooppell  informs  me  that  in  addition  to  the  graphitic 
inscription  found  at  Biucbester'  the  following  also  occurred 
there 

(1)  W 

PIE  .  . .  iraooM  . 

besides  seven  others  which  seem  to  be,  clearly,  numerals. 

During  the  months  of  July  and  August,  in  the  course  of 
excavations  at  the  comer  of  Castle- street,  BevLs  Marks,  in 
the  city  of  London,  amongst  a  large  number  of  Eoman 
sculptures  built  up  into  a  more  recent  wall,  were  found 
fragments  of  two  inscriptions  which,  as  sent  to  me  by  Mr. 
J.  E.  Price,  seem 

(1)  (2) 

lAVI  IVL 

Iktio  .   . 

\r  .  LXX  S. 

DO. 

Of  the  first,  I  gave  the  opinion  to  Mr.  Price  that  it  wa.s 

part  of  a  sepulchral  stnne,  which,  whrn  entire  had  read  : 

(n .   M .) 

AVKDIVSl 

fA)NTIO{CHVS) 
(ANHO}R  .  LXX. 

The  R  in  the  last  line  is  on  a  much  smaller  scale  than  the 
other  letters.  Its  reading,  of  course,  would  be  D{m) 
M[anibus)  Avi(dius)  {A)niio(c/m3)  {Anno)r(um)  LXX,  i.e. 
"  To  the  divine  shades,  Avidius  Antioclms  of  seventy  years 
of  age."  The  stone  is  1  foot  high  by  8^  in.  broad.  The 
second  inscription,  when  originally  sent  to  me,  had  merely 
the  commencement  of  the  first  and  last  lines  visible— ivl. 
and  DO — with  flutings  to  the  left  of  the  lines,  but  there  was 
space  for  fully  two  lines  between  the  extant  letters.  On 
mentioning  this  to  Messrs.  Price  and  A.  White,  they  re- 
examined the  stone  and  found  the  letter  8  commencing 
another  line  but  there  is  still  a  gap,  and  I  have  no  doubt 
whatever  that  we  have  the  commencement  of  four  hues, 
one  of  which  has  yet  to  be  foand.  Unfortunately  the 
stone  is  much  covered  with  cement,  &c.,  which  cannot 
well  be  got  off  without  damaging  the  inscription.     This 

>  QiTen  In  my  lirt  for  ISSa 


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156  ROMAN  INSCRTPTIOire  FOUim  IN  18*4. 

stone  is  about  eighteeb  inches  square,  including  the  side 
flutings. 

Some  two  months  later  further  excavations  were  made 
adjoining  the  site  of  these  discoveries,  when  a  quantity  of 
Itoman  sculpture  was  found,  some  of  it  evidently  from 
tombs  of  considerable  size.  The  following  inscriptions 
also  occurred : 

(1)  (2) 

CANDIDI  KT  HEHORIA 

ELIAE  KVMIDI 

NTISSIMA  .  FEMl 

RELIQVA  CAV 

No,  1  is  on  the  edge  of  a  large  flag-stone,  and  the  last 
letter  comes  close  to  where  it  has  broken  off.  There  is 
room  for  one  or  two  letters  at  the  commencement,  and  I 
suggested  that  under  the  mortar  with  which  the  stone  is 
covered  the  centurial  mark  >  might  be  hidden,  but  the 
Ixindon  antiquaries  say  it  is  not  there. 

The  second  is  a  fragment  of  a  large  inscription  broken 
at  each  end.  On  the  right  the  breakage  is  perpendicular 
or  nearly  so,  but  on  the  left  it  is  diagonal.  There  have 
been  letters  before  et  but  they  are  so  filled  up  witli 
cement  and  worn  as  not  to  be  distinguishable.  There 
can,  however,  be  little  doubt  they  were  D..\i.,  and  I  would 
read  the  first  two  lines  D{iis)  M{anibus)  et  memoria(e) 
(A)eliae  Numidi(ae).  In  the  third  line  we  seem  to  have 
Pientissima  instead  of  Pientissiniaey  or  I  should  have  con- 
tinued it  as  Pientissimae  Feminae.  As  it  is,  the  name  of 
another  female  must  have  preceded  these  words.  In  the 
last  line  Reliqua  causa  seem  to  be  indicated,  but  the 
sentence  cannot  be  construed  as  it  stands.  All  of  these 
stones  are  now  in  the  Guildhall  Museum. 

At  Bath  there  has  lately  been  found  a  portion  of  a 
frieze,  during  the  excavations  at  the  Roman  baths  there, 
bearing  the  following  letters,  which  are  6 J  inches  high: 
a  s  I  L 

Though  unimportant  of  themselves,  they  require  to  be 
put  on  record  as  it  is  verj-  probable  the  remainder  of  the 
inscription  may  be  found. 

At  Manton  (near  Marlborough)  on  the  Wiltshire  Downs, 
there  was  discovered  in  January,  near  the  racing  establish- 
ment of  Mr.  A.  Taylor,  "  in  levelling  the  inequalities  in 
the  surface  of  the  ground  near  the  house,"  a  number  of 


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BOHAS  IHSCKIPTIOira  FOUKO  IH  1881  157 

silver  snd  brass  Boman  coins  ranging  from  Julian  to 
Houorius,  a  quantity  of  Boman  pottery,  two  skeletons, 
twelve  large  pewter  dishes,  and  a  vase  and  amphora  of  the 
same  metid.  The  largest  of  the  dishes  was  two  feet  in 
diam.eter,  and  the  remainder  graduated  in  sizes  down  to 
one  foot.  On  the  broad  rims  of  many  of  them  were 
elaborate  ornamentations;  and  on  one,  seventeen  inches 
in  diameter,  a  name  was  scratched,  but  the  lettering  was 
very  indistinct.  Mr.  P.  M.  Russell,  of  Marlborough, 
infonus  me  that  it  seemed  to  be  either 


Some  fresh  information  with  regard  to  previously  dis- 
covered inscriptions  remains  to  be  noticed.  On  the  leaden 
stamp  found  at  CShester  and  given  by  Dr.  HUbner  (0. 1.  L., 
vii.  No.  1268),  as 


it  appears  that  the  last  line  ahotild  be  tig.  Hence  I  con- 
dder  it  as  referring  to  the  Eoman  fire-brigade  at  Chester. 
As  there  would  be  no  necessity  for  a  cohort  of  Vigiles, 
bat  probably  only  two  or  three  centuriae,  I  would  read  the 
inscription  as  Centuria  Cl{audii)  Am{uatalis)  Vig{Uum.) 

Dr.  Htlbner's  No.  1168,  which  when  I  wrote  my  paper 
upon  the  station  Navio,  named  in  it,^  was  supposed  to  be 
lost,  has  recently  been  rediscovered  in  the  possession  of 
Mr.  F.  Beresford  Wright,  of  Wootton  Court,  Warwick, 
and  by  him  has  been  presented  to  the  Derbyshire  Archae- 
ological and  Natural  History  Society.* 

The  inscription  found  at  Hkley  which  I  published  in 
Archaeological  Journal,  vol.  xxxi,  p.  345,  and  then  sup- 
posed to  be  lost,  is  now  preserved  at  the  Vicarage  at 
Amdife.  It  had  been  given  by  Mr.  Carr  to  the  Ber. 
Canon  Boyd. 

In  voL  xxzvii  of  the  Journal,  p.  149,  I  have  read  the 
commencement  of  the  inscription  on  the  stone  found  at 
the  Boman  station  at  Beckfort  as  ua.  It  should  probably 
be  UNA,  as  in  the  photographs  which  I  have  of  it,  and  in 

'  ArdiaedBgUai  Journal,  vol  xxziil,  pp.  KudiDg    tin  ownenUp  of    thii    abm*, 

4B-56.  noOuiig  oould  be  aaontainrd  nntU  Ur. 

'AltluMi^  ths  writer  m^e  enquirioi  W.    H.    8t    John    Hops   in   18S1,  for- 

tfarough  tu  medium  of  ■  letter  ia  tha  warded  ft  letter  to  tiie  aune  jounul,  and 

Daif  Mtrtmrg  t  Ear  baok  u  1877,  rs-  with  itis  BatfrfaotOTj  remit  named  i^ove> 

TOI.  ZUL 


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158  BOHAN   INSCBIFTIONB  FOUND  IN  1884. 

&  copy  of  the  inBcriptiou  sent  to  me  by  the  Bev.  Dr. 
Hooppell  the  a  appears  thas,  ,a.  The  diagonal  stroke  is 
evidently  meant  to  join  the  i. 

The  inscription  taliof.  which  I  have  given  in  the 
Journal,  vol.  xli,  p.  185,  should  probably  read  tauo.f. 
Two  pateUcB  bearing  this  stamp  have  been  found  on  the 
continent ;  one,  discovered  in  Pomerania,  is  now  presrared 
in  the  Berlin  Museum,  and  the  other,  from  Transylvania, 
is  now  in  the  Museum  at  Vienna. 

The  two  inscriptions  which  I  have  given  in  voL  xli  of 
the  Journal,  p.  185,  from  the  EawUnson  M3S.  at  Oxford, 
are,  I  find,  also  given  in  the  fly  sheets  of  Ward's  copy  of 
Horsley's  Britannia  Romana,  in  the  British  Museum. 

P.S. — ^Prom  a  correct  transcript,  recently  obtwned  by 
Dr.  Bruce,  I  find  that  the  inscription  built  up  into  the 
walls  of  Jedburgh  Abbey,  which  I  published  in  Arehaeo- 
logical  Journal,  vol.  xxziii,  p.  365,  should  be 

I.O.H.VEX 
ILATIO .  RETO 
RVM  .  QAESA 
Q  .  C .  A  .  IVL 
SEn'EB .  THia 

Dr.  Bruce  expands  itas/(oui)  O[ptvmo)  M{aximo)  VexUlatio 
Raetorum  Gaesa  {torum)  q{uorum  c{ura7a)  a{git)  Jul(im) 
■  Sever{u3)  Trib{unii8).^  1  am  not  aware  whether  Dr.  Bruce 
has  noted 'its  bearing  on  two  other  inscriptions  found  at 
Bisingham,  in  each  of  which  the  abbreviation  VExa. .  o .  R. 
occurs,  which  should  be  read  VexiUlatio)  G{aesatorum) 
B{aetorum).  Dr.  Hllbner*  expands  the  contraction  as 
Vexil(larii)  G{ermani)  R{aeii),  though  at  the  same  station 
he  was  the  original  discoverer  of  the  Raeti  Gaemti  in 
another  inscription  {C.  I.  L.  vii,  No.  1002).     We  also 

Srobably  have  the  same  force  mentioned  in  C.  I.  L.  vii, 
o.  731,  though  Dr.  Hubner  seems  to  have  overlooked 
the  fact. 

A  vexillation  of  Baeti  and  Norici  is  mentioned  on  an 
altar  found  at  Manchester.* 

The  Jedburgh  inscription  I  find  was  first  (dioueh 
incorrectly)  given  in  Jeffrey's  History  of  Boxhurghahtre 
(1864),  pp.  255-7. 


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<diy 


.  I  A3' 


'^- 


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NOTICE  OF  A  FEW  MORE  EARLY  CHRISTIAN  GEMS, 
By  C.  DBUBT  K  FOBTNUM,  F.S.A,  rtc' 

On  some  former  occasions  I  have  had  much  pleasure  in 
directing  the  attention  of  members  of  the  Royal  Arch^o- 
logical  Institute  to  various  ringa  and  engraved  gems  in 
my  own  and  otJier  collections,  the  workmanship  of  the 
earlier  centuries  of  our  era,  whereon  are  represented  in 
intaglio  upon  the  metal,  or  upon  the  stones  encased 
therein,  emblems  or  subjects  having  indirect  or  symbolic 
reference  to  Christianity.  The  descriptive  remarks  read 
to  the  Institute  on  those  occasions  were  honoured  by 
publication  in  the  ArchcBological  Journal,  and  may  be 
found  by  reference  to  vols,  nvi,  p.  137 ;  xxviii,  p.  266 ; 
xxLz,  305;  xxxiii,  p.  Ill,  and  lastly  in  vol.  zzzvii  at 
page  351. 

Since  the  last  publication  I  have  been  fortunate  enough 
to  acquire  some  other  early  christian  gems  of  not  leas 
interest  than  those  considered  in  my  former  papers,  some 
description  and  remarks  on  which,  together  with  an  illus- 
trative engraved  plate,  I  would  now  offer  to  the  Society. 

For  the  convenience  of  those  who  take  interest  in  this 
special  branch  of  antiquarian  enquiry  I  would  propose  to 
number  the  objects  now  to  be  described  in  sequence  of 
those  which  were  the  subjects  of  my  former  papers,  the 
last  gem  in  which  was  numbered  13. 

Of  those  now  under  consideration  No.  1  on  the  illus- 
trative engraved  plate,  on  which  they  are  figured  of  the 
actual  size,  will  be  No.  14  of  the  collective  and  descriptive 
list,  and  so  forward. 

These  gems  are  from  various  sources,  some  kindly  ceded 
to  me  by  ray  friend  the  Rev.  Greville  Chester,  others  from 
the  collection  of  Dr.  Dressel,  some  from  my  own  gather- 


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160  NOTICE  OF  EABLY  CHRISTIAN  GEUS. 

ing;  and  independently  of  my  own  belief  in  thdur 
integrity,  all  have  been  submitted  to  the  careful  scrutiny 
of  no  less  than  five  or  six  of  the  best  judges  of  my 
acqu^ntance,  who  were  ^;reed  in  considering  them 
genuine  and  antique. 

No.  14.  A  nicoio  of  oval  form,  which  from  certain  fine 
crackling  on  the  surface  would  seem  to  have  been  sub- 
jected to  the  action  of  fire,  but  infiufficient  to  do  more 
than  sUgbtly  impair  the  purity  of  the  white  stratum.  (See 
plate  fig.  I.)  Its  surface  is  covered  with  sobject  in 
intaglio.  Above  is  the  ship,  emblematic  of  the  voyage  of 
life  and,  perhaps  subsequently,  of  the  church,  and  in  the 
field  over  it  are  the  letters  I H  C  De  Eoeai,  Garrucci,  and 
the  late  much  regretted  Fadre  Broussa  consider  that  the 
ship  with  these  initials  of  Christ  above  it,  is  typical  of  Blm 
and  of  His  church.  To  the  right  (in  the  impression  and  as 
seen  in  the  engraving)  is  the  chrisma,  beneath  which  an 
anchor  with  a  fish  on  either  side,  the  head  of  the  upper 
one  being  towards  the  top,  that  of  the  lower  fish  towajda 
the  flukes  of  the  anchor,  viz.,  couuter-naiant  as  in  the  sign 
Pisces. 

On  the  other  side,  the  left,  Jonas,  with  a  star  above  him, 
is  being  ejected  by  the  marine  monster'  whose  serpentine 
body  and  fish-like  tail  extend  across  the  field,  here  spotted 
over  with  oblong  cuts  from  the  scalptor's  wheel  to  indicate 
the  water  of  the  great  deep,  in  which  and  below  a  dolphin 
swims. 

I  have  before  suggested  and,  then  unknown  to  me,  a 
similar  idea  has  been  advanced  by  the  late  Canon  Martigny, 
that  the  two  fish  with  the  anchor  may  have  conniibial 
reference,  and  supposing  this  to  be  the  fact,  may  we  not 
venture  to  interpret  this  complex  representation  of  Christr 
ian  emblems  an  follows :  viz.,  that  the  stone  was  originally 
set  in  a  marriage  ring — that  the  fish,  the  wedded  pair, 
united  in  hope  (the  anchor)  under  C^st  (the  chrisma) 
that  the  voyage  of  life  (the  ship)  or  the  church  of  Christ 
of  which  they  are  disciples,  may  lead  them  to  the  resur- 
rection (Jonah)  to  Eternal  life  ?  (the  star).  This  may  be 
a  too  poetical  surmize,  but  it  would  at  least  give  some 

>  Aa  on  a  geiu  of  Uw  Borgia  oolL  and 
elaewbere. 
*  The  "  wlulu  "  rq>r«MUlad  with  Joaah 


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DtOnCB  OP  EABLY  CHBtmAM  OBHS.  Hi 

reason  for  tbe  occarrence  of  so  many  emblems  together, 
and  in  the  reladve  positions  in  which  they  are  seen 
on  this  carious  gem. 

Or,  on  the  other  hand,  it  may  be  suggested  that  the  two  . 
fish  are  hopefully  united  under  the  sacred  monogram  as 
members  of  the  Church  of  Christ  (the  ship)  and  so  on. 

It  may  also  be  argued  that  although  those  gems  on 
which  two  fiah  are  represented,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
stem  of  cross  or  anchor,  the  heads  of  which  are  in  the 
mme  direction,  may  have  matrimonial  reference,'  the  fact 
that  the  fishes  on  this  gem  are  placed  head  to  tail,  as  in 
the  Zodaical  sign,  would  be  against  such  an  inference. 

It  came  from  Beirut  in  Syria  and  is  of  fairly  good  work- 
manship. In  the  opinion  of  some  of  the  more  learned 
Boman  antiquaries  it  is  of  classic  time,  probably  of  the 
later  years  of  the  third  century,  and  may  be  even  anterior 
to  Constantine,  the  chrisma  having  been  known  previous 
to  its  adoption  by  him  for  the  Labarum. 

No.- 15  (fig.  2).  The  gem  engraved  under  this  number 
is  also  one  of  considerable  interest.  On  the  face  of  an 
oval  piece  of  red  jasper  we  have  the  following  repre-  ' 
sentation  in  intaglio.  A  figure,  undoubtedly  representing 
the  Gk)od  Shepherd,  stands  erect,  his  weight  borne  upon 
the  right  leg  and  foot,  the  left  being  s%htly  bent  back- 
wards, the  toe  touching  the  ground.  He  is  clad  in  the 
usual  short  tunic,  &c.,  a  paUium  or  shawl  falling  from, 
die  left  shoulder  is  held  by  that  hand.  On  and  over  his 
right  shoulder  and  back  he  holds  the  sheep  or  lamb, 
its  Sore  1^  being  held  by  his  raised  and  extended  right 
hand.  He  looks  upwards  to  his  right  and  the  usual 
domed  shepherd's  hat  is  on  the  head.'  On  either  side  a 
sheep  is  standing  on  the  ground  from  which  a  tree  of 
serpentine  grow^,  doubtless  intended  for  a  vine,  rises 
spreading  above  his  head ;  below  his  feet  and  the  incised 
line  indicating  the  ground  on  which  he  stands,  a  fish  is 
svHimning,  while  on  the  field  of  the  gem  immediately 
before  him  is  an  anchor.  Here  then  again  we  have  several 
well  known  emblems  combined  on  the  aune  gem.  In 
section,  this  jasper  is  an  oval  thin  truncated  cone,  the  base 

'  The  Ujiog  together  tbe  «xtanded  in-  '  Them  dncriptioDa  of  kttitude  tn  as 

dex  ftngcn  of  each  lund  ii  a  well  Imoim  Been  in  the  impraeaimu  from  iJu  iutigliu 
M|ii  irfiiiin  III  iimiiinii  III  Hill  But  oQwhicti  tb^  vei«*en«d. 


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16^  NOTICE  OF  BABLY  CdiUBltAN  OSiiB. 

of  which  is  the  face  of  the  gem,  the  reverse  being  an  oval 
of  smaller  surface,  and  on  thia  we  find  incised  the  letters, 
as  shown  in  the  engraving,  IAS.     My  first  impression  on 

.  examining  this  intaglio  (which  was  kindly  secured  for  me 
by  my  friend  Dr.  Dressel,  whose  practised  eye  is  authorita- 
tive aa  to  the  genuineness  of  an  antique)  was  that  these 
letters  were  to  be  read  as  the  well  known  lAftl  (Q)  the  third 
letter  being  accidentally  and  wrongly  written  on  its  ade. 
On  showing  the  gem  to  my  friend  the  learned  Padre 
Qarmcci  he  doubted  that  such  a  form  of  the  letter  could 
have  been  unintentional.  Further  consideration  of  the 
subject  and  reference  to  notes,  &c.,  led  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  letter  in  question  was  a  B  (beta)  not  a  (t)  wrongly 
inscribed,  and  that  the  word  was  to  be  read  the  other  way, 
as  on  the  stone,  BAI,  being  an  abbreviation  of  Batov.  On 
referring  to  Sueceri  [J.C.)  Thesaurus  EccUsiasticus,Yol.  i., 
sub.  Toc.  Baiy  it  is  explained  as  of  i^yptian  origin  and 
signifying ' '  ramus  pcdmce  "  a  palm  bran<m.  Sueceri  refers  to 
the  Evangelium  EgypHcum,  Lio.  zii,  v.  13,  va  )3aia  ^vi^av. 
See  also  Peyron  Lexicon  Copticum,  p.  19,  ^ai-y,  ramae 
piUmce,  the  emblem  of  Martyrdom  and  of  "Victory.  BAI 
would  also  signify  the  soul  (King)  and  also  a  prize  =  the 
pakn  branch.  The  workmanship  of  this  gem  is  good  and 
Its  preservation  perfect ;  it  is  probably  of  the  first  half  of 
the  third  century,  according  to  the  opinion  of  the  Com :  Be 
BoBsi,  who  thought  the  inscription,  reading  it  as  lACU 
indicated  a  Gnostic  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  ordinal 
owner. 

No.  16  (see  plate  3)  is  a  gem,  a  cameUan  or  sard  much 
broken,  which  was  referred  to  in  my  former  paper 
(pi^e  359)  as  then  belonging  to  Dr.  Dreasel,  but  since 
acquired  by  me ;  on  which  we  have  the  Good  Shepherd 
standing  between,  probably,  two  sheep  but  one  only 
remains,  beyond  on  either  side  is  a  cypress  tree  on  each  of 
which  a  bird  is  perched.  Here  we  have  the  sheep,  the 
disciples  or  churdi  on  earth,  and  the  birds  their  spiritual 
state  in  heaven,  perhaps  also  typifying  the  Jewish  and 

'  Christian  churches  mundane  and  celestial — a  curious  and 
interesting  figurative  representation,    well  executed.     It 
also  is  a  work  probably  of  a  somewhat  later  period  of  the 
third  century. 
No.  17.  At  the  dispersion  of  the  Castellani  collection  in 

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HOnOB  or  EABLT  CHBI8TUN  aSHS.  163 

Boiiie  last  year,  I  acquired  another  gem  of  similar  char- 
acter to  that  figured  on  page  359  of  my  last  paper  (No.  2). 
It  ia  a  medo  of  fairly  good  workmanship,  probably  of 
the  advanced  third  century ;  the  Good  Shepherd  carrying 
the  lamb  or  sheep  seems  to  be  advancing  towards  his 
right,  beneath  the  spreading  branch  of  what  is  probably 
intended  for  a  vine,  a  sheep  is  on  either  side,  the  whole 
group  reversed  in  arrangement,  but  much  resembUng  that 
on  the  red  jasper  (No.  2  on  the  plate),  but  beyond  the  sheep 
on  the  ground  before  him  is  what  appears  to  represent 
a  bird,  above  which  is  an  object  like  the  letter  J,  as  seen 
on  the  intagHo,  but  longer  in  proportion  to  its  width,  and 
which  may  be  intended  for  a  shepherd's  crook  or  pedum, 
if  not  a  letter,  in  which  case  it  would  probably  be  the 
initial  of  the  original  owner  of  the  gem.  I  believe,  how- 
ever, that  it  represents  the  shepherd's  crook,  as,  on  sealing, 
the  letter  would  be  reversed. 

A  similar  subject  on  a  nicolo,  but  varied  from  that  just 
described,  was  also  sold  at  the  Castellani  sale ;  it  was  in 
bad  condition,  chipped  and  of  coarse  inferior  workman- 
ship. 

In  the  Bavenna  Library  are  two  gems,  a  crystal  and  a 
camelian,  od  each  of  whidi  is  a  pastor  bonus  in  int^lio  of 
very  rude  execution. 

By  way  of  illustration  I  have  laid  on  the  table  a  terra- 
cotta lamp,  on  which  the  subject  of  the  Good  Shepherd  is 
seen  in  relief  surrounded  by  bunches  of  grapes. 

I  would  also  direct  attention  to  the  interesting  and 
perfectly  preserved  archaic  Gh-eek  bronze  statuette  repre- 
senting the  Hermes  Criophoros,  a  nude  figure,  his  head 
only  covered  by  a  close  fitting  cap  or  hood  and  carrying  a 
ram  sheep  on  his  shoulders.  This  little  group,  found  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  3anta  Maria  Capua,  is  referred  to 
by  tlie  late  M.  Yeyries'  in  his  interesting  monograph  on 
Criophoric  figures  of  Greek,  Boman  and  early  Christian 
times,  and  is  probably  of  a  date  considerably  anterior  to 
the  third  century  B.c. 

In  it  we  have  the  type  adopted  in  later  time  by  the 
early  Christians  in  representing  the  Good  Shepherd  as  we 


■  TajriM,  M.A.,  Lm  nguna  Crioph*'     ^ooIm  Fr.  d'Athmte  et  da  Rome. 
M.    Pvii,  18M.,  p.  7,  No.  U.    Sib.  dn 

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164  NOTICE  or  K&BLT  CHBJBTIAK  (SVa. 

see  it  upon  the  lamp,  and  upon  the  engraved  gems  I  have 
juat  described. 

This  *'  Hermes  "  carrying  the  youi^  male  sheep  or  goat 
may  merely  represent  a  peasant  bringing  an  offering  to 
the  shrine  of  hu  favourite  deity,  and  in  t£is  respect  such 
group  may  have  been  considered  as  doubly  typi(^  by  the 
Christian  mind,  the  young  male  sheep,  of  the  first  of  Uie 
flock,  representing  that  Lamb,  witiiout  spot,  who  was 
oflered  for  us  all ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  as  a  shepherd 
carefiiUy  bearing  the  young  or  weakly  ram,  would  signify 
the  disciple  gently  borne  on  the  loving  neck  of  Him  who 
is  the  Shepherd  of  our  souls.  The  group  would  thus  have 
two-fold  significance,  although  there  can  be  little  doubt 
that  it  was  in  the  latter  sense  as  the  paator  bonus  that  it 
was  generally  accepted  and  represented. 

The  gem  described  under  No.  10  in  my  last  paper  (Na 
4  in  our  plate)  is  a  nicolo,  the  int^lio  on  which  is  of 
mmilar  character  to  a  stone  referred  to  by  Kartigny  and 
to  one  by  Gorli  y  on  the  gem  figured  by  the  latter,  the  fish 
hang  from  the  arms  of  a  cross,  which  in  no  way  resembles 
an  anchor.  On  that  now  under  notice  the  anchor  is 
reversed  in  position,  the  fish  hanging  by  their  heads  one 
on  each  side  of  the  stem.  The  work  is  coarsely  executed 
but  somewhat  deeply  cut,  and  probably  of  the  later  years 
of  the  third  or  early  fourth  century ;  found  in  'Egypt. 

The  two  fish — if  such  representation  has  no  coanubial 
reference — are  believed  by  some  to  typiiy  the  multipli- 
cation of  the  food — Christ's  body ;  the  anchor — the  cross ; 
or,  the  faithful  attracted  or  attached  to  an  eucharistic  or 
other  emblem  of  the  faith  (vide  De  Bossi,  Bui.  1879,  p. 
109)  two  fish,  with  emblem,  the  two  conjugt  united,  yoked, 
or  mated  together  under  the  faith — "piscictUt  secundum 
Jesum  Christum  "  to  quote  Tertullian. 

In  the  library  at  Siavenna  are  two  Christian  gems,  on 
one,  a  green  jasper,  is  an  anchor  between  two  fish ;  on  the 
other,  a  camelian,  a  cross  between  two  fish. 

No.  '18  (No.  5  on  the  plate)  is  a  gem  of  similar  material 
and  character  to  that  described  in  my  former  paper  under 
No.  12.  It  is  an  IntagHo  on  pyrites,  and  represents  a 
winged  draped  figure,  an  ai^el  or  victory  holding  an  orb 
surmounted  by  a  cross  potent,  (the  crux  ansata  reversed,) 
and  an  inscription  below,  which  Mr.  King  rather  agreed 

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NOnCE  OF  EAltLY  CHKIStlAN  0£H9.  165 

with  me  in  reading  poj:  irom  an  impression,  but  which 
may  be  of  badly  formed  Greek  letters  XAT,  and  the 
initials  of  the  owner.  It  came  from  Egjrpt  and  is 
rudely  executed,  but  somewhat  in  the  early  Byzantine 
manner  of  the  fifth  and  early  sixth  century ;  its  oriental 
origin  would  be  strong  reason  for  the  inscription  being  in 
Greek,  rather  than  in  Roman  letters.  On  the  gem  (No. 
12)  described  in  ray  last  paper,  the  victory  holds  a  double 
cross,  an  emblem  which,  it  would  seem,  does  not  appear 
till  the  period  of  Justinian  11.  The  victory  with  orb  and 
cross  on  that  now  under  consideration,  occurs  on  coins  of 
Arcadius  after  383  a.d.  Tlie  double  cross,  i.e.,  the  cross 
having  above  the  lateral  arms  a  smaller  cross-bar,  may 
probably  have  taken  its  orij^in  from  the  title  afiSxed  over 
the  head  and  bearing  the  well  known  superscription 
which  Pilate  would  not  alter. 

The  intaglio  now  under  notice  is  larger  than  that  No. 
12,  and  better  in  execution,  though  very  coarse,  as  might 
be  expected  on  so  harsh  and  ungrateful  a  material. 

No.  7  on  the  engraving  (numbered  19  in  ray  list)  figures 
an  intaglio  upon  sard  found  at  Bome,  the  Christian  signifi- 
cance of  the  subject  on  which,  a  spreading  tree  between 
two  branches  of  palm,  was  open  to  some  doubt ;  my  own 
opinion  was  that  it  was  intended  to  represent  the 
tree  of  life.  That  opinion  is  in  a  measure  confirmed  by 
the  representation  of  a  similar  tree  upon  the  side  of  one 
of  those  Egyptian  earthem  flasks  which  are  (when  hollow) 
supposed  to  have  contained  oil  from  the  shrine  of  St. 
Menas,  or  were  tokens  of  that  Saint,  and  which  generally 
bear  his  figure  with  arms  extended  between  two  camels, 
with  an  inscription  surrounding  or  on  the  other  side.' 
That  bottle,  the  Christianity  of  which  is  manifest,  was 
brought  over  by  the  Eevd.  Greville  Chester  and  is  now  in 
the  British  Huseum ;  it  has  not  the  figure  of  the  saint,  but 
the  usual  inscription 

(Tiu  wyar  Htm)  IOTA 
nOVM 
HHA 

is  on  one  side :  and  the  tree  on  the  other. 

Another  instance  of  the  tree  occurs  in  intaglio  on  a 
small  plasma  gem,  which  I  subsequently  procured  in 


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166  HOnOE  OF  EABLY  OHBISTIAN  GSfB. 

Borne;  on  it  is  a  wide  spreading  tree  having  on  eithw 
side  an  ear  of  com. 

It  seems  to  me  that,  however  we  may  diOer  on  the 
precis  significance  of  these  representations,  there  can  be 
little  doubt  that  they  are  of  Christian  symbohsm  and  that 
the  principal  figure  is  intended  for  the  tree  of  life.  In  the 
one  case  die  palm  may  refer  to  victory  over  sin  and  death 
unto  eternal  life — the  tree — which  can  hardly  be  intended 
for  a  vine,  or  the  explanation  would  be  manifest.  The 
ears  of  com  on  the  smaller  stone  must  have  reference 
to  the  bread,  the  typical  of  body  of  the  Lord. 

The  tree  occurs  on  gems  together  with  the  Good  Shep- 
herd, as  on  some  we  have  described,  but  it  is  of  different 
form  and  character  of  growth,  (see  also  BuIL  Arch.  Ch. 
1879,  T.  vii)  and  painted  in  the  catacombs  (Bull.  1876,  T. 
ix).  The  persea  tree  or  Sebestene  plum  {Cordta  Myaa), 
wreathes  of  whose  branches  were  ordered  by  Alexander 
to  be  used  as  prizes  in  the  games  he  instituted  at  Alexan- 
dria, and  the  leaves  of  which  irequently  adorn  the  head  of 
Horus,  could  hardly  be  that  figured  upon  the  S.  Menas 
bottle,  nor  upon  the  two  gems  under  consideration.  If 
not  the  tree  of  life,  as  I  beUeve,  it  might  rather  be  intended 
for  that  tree  at  Matareyeh  by  Heliopolis  under  which  the 
Holy  Family  are  said  to  have  reposed  on  their  flight  into 
Egypt,  but  if  so  the  reference  is  Christian. 

No.  8  on  the  engraving  (No.  20  of  our  list)  is  a  stone 
which  would  seem  to  be  a  mottled  brown  jasper,  on  one 
face  of  which  an  anchor  is  incised  of  the  form  usually 
found  on  Christian  gems,  and  probably  intended  as  a 
Christian  emblem ;  on  the  reverse  however  is  the  inscription 
honouring  Serapis  MET  AC  OAPAIllC,  a  curious  record  of 
the  intermingling  of  the  two  Cults,  Serapis  being  honoured 
as  a.  type  of  Christ.  Merivale  (History  of  Home)  states 
that  Serapis  and  Christ  were,  in  the  time  of  Hadrian, 
equally  worshipped  as  being  nearly  identical.  Mr.  King 
(Gnostics,  p.  68)  refers  to  "  the  curious  letter  of  Hadrian  to 
Servianus  "  from  which  he  quotes  "  Those  who  worship 
"  Serapis  are  also  Christians  ;  even  those  who  style  them- 
"  selves  the  bishops  of  Christ  are  devoted  to  Serapis.  The 
"  very  patriarch  himself  when  he  comes  to  IWpt  is  forced 
"by  some  to  adore  Serapis,  by  others  to  adore  Cairist. 


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KOnCB  OF  EARLT  CHniBTIAN  QEH8.  167 

"  There  is  but  one  God  for  them  all,  him  do  the  Christians, 
"  him  do  the  Jews,  him  do  all  the  Gentiles  also  worship." 

Noble  sentiments  worthy  of  that  enlightened  Emperor. 

The  execution  of  this  inscription  is  sharp  and  clean,  and 
the  work  may  be  of  the  later  second  or  earlier  tliird 
century.    The  gem  was  found  in  Egypt. 

Figure  No.  6  (21  of  our  list)  is  a  very  pale  oval 
ametJ^yst,  on  the  slightly  convex  face  of  which  is  incised 
what  is  doubtless  intended  to  represent  a  lamb  holding  a 
cross — an  Agntia  Dei.  It  is  interesting  as  an  early  repre- 
sentation of  the  subject  on  a  gem,  being  probably  of  the 
fifth  or  sixth  century,  and  for  the  very  rude  manner  in 
which  the  intaglio  is  executed,  probably  by  some,  local 
artist.  As  seen  in  the  impression  the  lamb  is  walking  to 
the  right;  the  head  surmounted  by  the  nimbus  being 
turned  over  the  back  ;  the  cross  is  of  the  form  known  as 
potent,  an  elongated  stem  being  attached  to  the  lower 

No.  9  on  the  engraved  plate,  No.  22  of  my  list,  repre- 
sents a  gem  of  the  genuineness  of  which  I  could  hardly 
feel  quite  assured,  but  on  submitting  it  to  the  careful 
examination  of  three  of  the  best  judges  of  antique  gems  at 
Some,  all  were  satisfied  of  its  antiquity.  It  is  an  amethyst 
of  oval  form,  on  the  slightly  convex  face  of  which  is  incised 
the  figure  of  a  fish,  swimming,  and  holding  in  its  mouth 
what  seems  to  be  intended  for  a  spray  of  oUve  rather  than 
an  ear  of  corn  or  a  palm,  as  it  wiU  be  noticed  that  the 
leaves  alternate  and  are  not  one  opposite  the  other.  A 
carious  representation  which  I  do  not  recollect  to  have 
seen  recorded,  but  can  hardly  have  other  than  Christian 
significance.  Could  it  be  intended  to  convey  that  the 
fish — the  Christ — brings  peace  and  happiness  to  the  be- 
liever— ^"  peace  be  unto  you,"  "  my  peace  I  give  to  yon  "  ? 
Or  is  it  the  disciple  who  has  recdved  and  holds  diat 
emblem  of  his  peace  in  Christ? 

The  work  of  the  intaglio  is  fairly  good,  and  may  be  of 
the  third  or  early  fourth  century.  It  was  procured  at 
Home. 

In  my  last  paper  {Arch.  Journal,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  362) 
on  Christian  rings  and  gems  I  figured  and  described  under 
No.  11  a  circular  intaglio  on  garnet,  on  which  is  incised 
an  erect  draped  figure  with  laterally  outstretched  arms, 

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163  NOTICE  OF  EABLT  CHBISTIAK  QEU&. 

beneath  each  of  which  ia  an  animal,  I  believe  to  be  in- 
tended for  a  lion,  with  head  down  as  crouching  beneath 
the  central  figure.  This  I  concluded  was  uo  other  than 
a  representation  of  Daniel  in  the  lion's  den ;  but  some 
learned  antiquaries  have  thought  that  S.  Menas  and  his 
camels,  rather  than  Daniel  and  the  lions,  was  the  subject 
of  the  intaglio.  On  showing  the  gem  to  the  Padre 
Garrucci  he  quite  agreed  with  my  view,  and  considers  the 
representation  of  importance  as  typical  of  Christ ;  the 
attitude  denoting  the  crucifixion  and  the  scared  lions  His 
persecutors  the  Jews.  See  also  De  Eossi,  Bull.  Inst.,  1872, 
lav.  n.,  who  agrees  in  my  opinion,  as  to  the  subject  being 
Daniel  and  not  S.  Menas. 

For  other  representations  of  Daniel  on  gems  see 
Garrucci,  (Storia,  plates  478  and  492),  one  of  these  is  in  a 
reliquary  at  the  Duomo  in  Cividale ;  tiie  other  at  Vienna. 

Mr.  King  (Gnostics,  p.  1'42)  refers  to  a  sard  gem  formerly 
in  the  Hertz  collection  having  the  Good  Shepherd  between 
two  tigers  (or  lions  ?)  looking  up  at  him  with  the  legend 
ESiVKEV  which  he  writes  "  evidently  cloaked  the,  at  die 
time  no  doubt,  dangerous  confession  EE  (for  Kvpu)  lESV 
*  Lord  Jesu  help.' " 

This  representation  bears  a  curious  analogy  to  that 
upon  our  garnet,  and  would  seem  to  coiifirm  the  opinion 
that  the  Daniel  on  my  gem  was  typical  of  Christ,  who  is 
figured  as  the  Good  Shepherd  on  the  Hertz  sard. 

No.  10  on  the  engraved  plate  represents  an  interesting 
Gnostic  gem,  a  green  jasper  with  some  red  spots  (blood- 
stone) the  intaglio,  of  fair  workmanship,  and  the  inscription 
on  which,  I  have  Mr.  King's  authority  for  stating,  are 
important ;  being  "  an  unpublished  legend  of  much  interest 
identifying  Isis  with  the  Moon,  as  Osiris  was  with  the  Sun, 
according  to  Plutarch.  In  this  case,  therefore,  the  adjunct 
lA(o  is  very  appropriate  that  being,  properly  in  the  Greek 
form  IA02,  merely  a  title  of  the  autumnal  "  Sun." 

On  the  face  of  the  gem  is  incised  an  erect  figure  of  Isis 
wrapped  in  the  peplum,  in  the  act  of  advancing  to  the  right 
(in  the  impression)  and  holding  the  "  cup  of  libation,"  in 
Mr.  King's  opinion,  but  which  looks  equally,  from  the 
indefinite  workmanship  of  the  intaglio,  Uke  a  globular 
fruit,  while  along  and  up  the  arm  is  a  straight  line  in- 
dicating portion  of  some  instrument,  but  which  two  objects 


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NOTtCB  OV  SABLT  OHiaSTtAN  GBHe.  169 

taken  tc^ether  may,  not  improbably,  represent  the 
aimpidum  or,  more  correctly,  the  cyaihus  by  which  libar 
tioriB  were  offered  to  the  Gods.  Before  and  at  her  feet  is 
a  gryphoD,  apparently  holding  some  object  beneath  its 
right  fore  foot,  (this  I  regret  to  see  is  not  correctly 
rendered  on  the  copper-plate).  Beneath  and  around  is  the 
inscription  already  referred  to,  and  which  Mr.  King,  the 
first  authority  on  Gnostic  lore,  reads — 

ECICHKYPIA  MEFAA  HNEM, 
and  translates  '  Isis  the  mighty  Lady  of  the  moon.' 
In  section  the  gem  is  a  much  truncated  oval  cone,  on  the 
reverse  and  smaller  face  is  incised  the  lAW.  I  purchased 
this  stone  at  Naples,  but  have  reason  to  think  that  it  may 
have  been  brought  from  Sicily. 

X  have  ventured  to  publish  this  intaglio  with  the  others, 
although  it  is  not  to  be  numbered  among  the  Christian 
gems  which  are  the  special  subject  of  the  present  paper, 
but  I  have  done  so  firstly  by  reason  of  the  interesting 
nature  of  its  inscription,  as  pointed  out  by  Mr.  King,  and 
secondly  because  there  was  an  unoccupied  space  at  the 
bottom  of  the  engraved  plate  which  I  thought  it  would 
not  too  unworthily  occupy. 

I  may  here  refer  to  some  interesting  notices  of"  Christian 
Gem-Types "  by  Mr.  King  and  by  Mr.  S.  S.  Lewis, 
published  in  the  "  Communications "  of  the  Cambridge 
Antiquarian  Society,  accompanied  as  they  are  by  much 
learned  comment  and  valuable  reference.  There  also  are 
described  some  Gnostic  stones  of  curious  interest. 

I  may  also  here  record  the  following,  which  are  pre- 
served in  the  Museum  at  Parma,  where  I  noticed  nine 
coarsely  executed  early  Christian  gems,  the  subjects  of 
which  are : — 

1.  Oamelian — anchor,  fish  and  ixbye. 

2.  Yellow  jasper — palm  and  wreath. 

3.  Camehan — -dove  and  palm  incised  on  the  reverse  of 

an  older  pagan  gem,  the  subject  of  which  is  nearly 
ground  down. 

4.  Ked  jasper — Pastor  bonus  and  two  sheep  below. 

5.  Plasma — dove  and  palm. 

6.  Fish  and  some  let^rs. 

7.  Wreath  and  palm. 

8.  Anchor. 

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I'^O  NOtlCE  OF  BABLt  OHblStlAiT  OBAI& 

9.  Dove  and  pabn. 

They  are,  for  the  most  part,  unimportant. 

In  the  collection  of  objects  which  belonged  to  CJarlo 
Morbio,  and  which  were  dispersed  by  auction  at  Munich 
in  Sept.  1883,  were  some  gems  and  finger  rings  of  which, 
judging  from  the  description  in  the  catalogue,  some  were 
of  early  Christian  character,  others  probably  medisBval. 


While  occupied  in  revising  proof  of  the  foregoing,  I 
have  received  from  my  friend  the  Rev.  Greville  J. 
Chester,  the  oval  bezel  of  a  bronze  ring  from  which  the 
apparently  simple  hoop  has  been  broken  away.  On  it, 
figured  in  intaglio,  is  a  boat  extending  across  the  field, 
in  which  three  figures  are  seated ;  the  centre  one,  in  full 
face,  draped  and  nimbed  is,  doubtless,  intended  for  Christ ; 
one  sits  at  the  prow,  the  other  at  the  stem,  Simon,  pro- 
bably, and  another  disciple  ;  while  from  the  depth  below 
three  fishes  are  rising  toward  the  boat.  This  may  be 
intended  to  represent  the  miraculous  draught  of  fishes ; 
or,  with  equal  probability — Christ  being  in  the  boat  and 
not  on  the  shore — His  preaching  from  the  ship  to  the 
assembled  multitude  (Mark  iv,  1)  here  typified  by  the 
fishes.  The  workmanship  is  rude,  probably  of  late  ioiirth 
or  early  fifth  century.    It  was  found  at  Smyrna. 


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THE   BOMAH  AKTIQUITIES   OF  SWTTZEBLAND. 
By  BUVNELL  LEWIS,  H.A.,  P.&A. 

Many  persons,  well-informed  in  other  reapects,  think 
that  there  are  no  Boman  antiquities  in  Switzerland.  This 
mistake  results  from  various  causes.  Most  people  travel 
there  to  enjoy  the  scenery,  and  recruit  their  health.  The 
Bomans  have  not  left  behind  them  in  that  country  vast 
monuments  of  their  power,  like  the  temples,  theatres  and 
aqueducts,  which  in  regions  farther  south  are  still  to  be 
seen ;  but,  speaking  generally,  we  must  be  content  with 
smaller  objects  stored  in  museums,  sometimes  unprovided 
with  catalogues.'  Moreover,  no  EngUsh  writer,  as  far  as 
I  know,  has  discussed  this  subject  at  any  length;  attention 
has  been  directed  almost  exclusively  to  pre-hiatoric  remains 
made  known  by  Dr.  Keller's  book  on  Pfahlbauten  (lake- 
dwellings),  of  which  an  excellent  translation  has  been 
published.'  However,  I  hope  to  show  that  the  classical 
antiquities  of  Switzerland,  though  inferior  to  those  of 
Bome  other  countries,  ought  not  to  be  passed  over  with 
contemptuous  neglect,  and  that  they  deserve  study  quite 
as  much  as  similar  relics  of  the  olden  time  in  Britain, 

'  d  very  good  uioouDt  of  the  Collwtioiu  '  Dr.  Keller  girei  only  tbrM  refarsoon 

■t  Bill  hu  been  written  by  Profoeaor  J.  to     Roman     remuni — key,     tales    ind 

J.  BemoDUi,  author  o(  Romiiehe  Ikono*  amphon — pp.   121,    133,    183,    Rnglwh 

gi^phie ;  it  ia  entitled,  "  Huaeum  in  BaaeL  trwulatioii  by  J.  E.  Lek    ^^or  Groaa'a 

Citidgg  fiiT  ^  Antiqusriaohe  Abthei-  book  may  be  regarded  as  lupplementaiy 

Um^"   1380.    Compare  Kuikb'  Berioht  to  Eeller'i :  on  account  of  ite  miportnnoa 

iibtr  die  fiir  dad  Uuaenm  in  Bead  erwoo  I  add  the  titlii  tn  i^tnto,  "  Lea  Pmto- 

btD«  Sehnid'Bolie  Sammlinig  vod  Alter-  belT^tea  ou  lea  premien  eolona  aur  lea 

tbamani  am  Aagit.  Von  Proi  Wflhelm  birds  doe  lace  de  Bianne  et  Neuolultd, 

yiaoher.  1858,  4t«,  with  one  Plate  eon-  Berlin,   188S,   4to,  avec  33  Planohes  eo 

taining  eight  figure*.  pholotypa  figuaat  BGO  objete   troufia 

liie  Catalogne  DescriptU  of  the  Huaee  pendant  Iw  fouillea." 
Pol  at  Geneva  ia  an  etaborata  work  in  See  also  Sir  John  Lubbock's  Pre-hia- 
four  volumes,of  wbichthefiiBtandaeoond  toric  Timea,  chap,  v,  The  Lake- Habi ta- 
in deroted  to  Antiquitiea.      Amongthe  timu  ol  Switierlnnd,  pp.    lip.170,   sd. 
illortratioDa,    some    coloured   plates   of  1S6E. 


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172         THE  BOHAK  AlTriQUITIBB  OF  SWITZEBLAND. 

which  our  own  local  antiquaries  have  so  carefully  in- 
vestigated. 

I.  The  Roman  inscriptions  are  replete  with  interest,  but 
they  have  been  scarcely  noticed  by  our  countrymen,  with 
ttie  exception  of  the  forgery  relating  to  Julia  Alpinula, 
which  Lord  Byrou  has  immortalised.*  A  few  specimens 
will  suffice  to  show  the  importance  of  these  historical 
monumentB.  A  block  of  marble,  nine  feet  high  and  thirty 
inches  wide,  found  in  the  baths  at  Avenches  and  now 
preserved  in  the  museum  there,  exhibits  the  foUowiog 
characters. 


DOMlNaE  AVG  L 

MATRIcASTROn 

HEL  PVBLIC/// 
JuLiae  Dominae  Auguatae  Mairi  Castrorum  Hehetii  publice. 
The  Helvetians  have  oflScially  erected  this  monument  in 
honour  of  Julia  Bomna  Augusta,  mother  of  the  camp.* 

I  have  selected  this  inscription  on  account  of  the  title 
Mater  Castrorum,  which  was  first  conferred  on  Faustina 
Junior,  wife  of  Marcus  Aurelius.  Accordingly,  the 
empress  is  represented  on  her  coins  with  this  legend 
and  three  military  standards  in  front.*  Her  example  was 
followed  by  Julia  Domna,  Mamaea  and  other  princesses.* 

'  iulu  ■  alpinuU  .  hie  .  iaceo  |  infelidi .  Uemoir  are  Homnuen'B,  union  oUierwua 

pntru  .   inMiz  .     prolea  |  deM      aaoDt .  speciSed.      I  bsve  uaed   the  editioii  of 

ucerd  |  eioran  .  patru  .   Deaem  .   non  ,  Orelli,  which  agipeared  in  1828. 

potui  I  male  .  mon  ,  in .  fatii .  illi .  ent  |  *  No.  16S.   Biiron  de  Bonitotten,  Cnta 

niii .  ADDOB .  iriji.  Arch^logique  du  Canton  ds  Vaud  aaooo- 

Thne  words  axe  derivad  putl;  from  pagn£e  d'uo  t«ite  eiplicatif,  1874,  p.  6. 

TacituB,    Hiitoria,    I,    6S,    In    Juliuiu  'Cohen,  H£dailln  Imperialn,  vol  ii, 

Alpinum    e  prinmpibuB  ut    ooncitorem  p.   677.      H.   AurUe  .  .  .  lui  (Faiutiaa 

beui  Caecina  inimadvertit :   partly  from  Jeuae)  avait  domie  le  titre  do  m&re  da 

inscriptjoiii.   Noc    l&i,    ]fi6,    conCaining  campa  qu'an  Toit  lur  In  mMaiUn  SI, 

Dea  AvenCia,  found  at  Hiinchweiler;  and  60,  14G  et  194,  parce  qu  'elle  r&Taitiuiri 

No.  241,  where  AlpinuU  occurs,  found  nt  &  la  fpinm.     Cf.  PL  YTK,  Qrand  Bronce, 

Wettingen,  near  Baden  in  the  Canton  194  ;  and  p.  EB9.     Eekhel,  D<ict   Num. 

Aar^i.     See  Orelli,  note  on  Tsdtua,  loc  Vet.,  toL  vii,  p.   79,     Capitolinaa  in  the 

oitat,  iOBC;  .  .  .  conficta  a  Paulo  Ouli-  Auguatui  Histar;,  H,  Antoninua  Philo- 

•Im0|  and  Collect  Inacriptionum  I^tin-  topbiu,  chap^   26,  quam   tecum    et   in 

arum,  toI.  i,  p.  123,  No.  400  ;  Uommaea,  acstiTia  habuerat,  ut  matrem  caitrorum 

in    Hittheiluugen     der    Antiquarinben  wpellaret :   see  the   note  of  (^nmbcm. 

OenllKhiirt  in  Zurich.    Zdmter  Band,  Dion  Caanna,  Hiet  Rom.,  J .XXI.  10  fin. 

I8(>4,  InscriptionM  Contotxlerationis  Hel-  4  fUrroi  ^oinrlva  It^rini  rar  mparvriSm 

veticae  Latinae  ;  FaUae,  No.  16.    Bpon,  iiriicX.^. 

ChiUde  Harold,  III,  SS,  *  Julia    Domno,    wife    of    Se[rtimiD> 

AndthcTB—oh!  iweet  and  sacred  be  the  Serenis  :   Cohen  III,  S3ff,  Xoa.   S7-70: 

name !—  KcMitX,   VII,  196.     BUmana,  mother  of 

Julia—the  daughter,  the  devoted— gave  Alexander  3eTenu  r    Cohea  IV,  M,  Tim. 

Her  f  outh  to  heaven,  &c.  61-66  ;  Eckhsl  VU,  3$e. 


Tlw  numben  of  inicriptioiia  in   tbia 


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THE  BOHAN  ANnQDITISB  OF  BWirZEBLAND.  173 

The  monoinents  corroborate  the  statement  of  Tacitus, 
who,  in  his  account  of  the  appearance  of  Caractacua  before 
Claudius  and  Agrippina,  mentions  it  as  a  novelty,  at 
variance  with  ancient  usage,  that  a  woman  should  preside 
over  Eoman  standards.'  As  might  be  expected,  the  wives 
of  provincial  governors  imitated  the  empresses  ;  Plancina, 
daughter  of  Munatiua  Plancus,  in  Syria,  and  Cornelia  in 
Fannonia  are  censured  because  they  assisted  at  the  military 
exercises  of  the  legions.*  This  interference  of  Eoman 
ladies  in  politics  and  war,  which  is  indicated  by  our 
inscription,  forms  the  subject  of  a  debate  in  the  Boman 
senate  recorded  by  Tacitus,  and  has  a  special  interest  now, 
as  history  is  repeating  itself,  and  a  tendency  to  exceed  the 
limits  of  nature  is  spreading  amongst  ourselves.' 

QENrO 
PAQ.  TIOOB 
V.  OBACCIVS 
FATBRITVS 

T.P.L 

SORIBOlfIA 

LVCANA 

ttF.a 

Genio  pagi  Tigorini  P.  Gracciua  Patemus  teatammto 
(aram)  poni  jussit,  Scribonia  Lucana  haerea  faciendam 
curamt.  P.  Graccius  Patemus  has  ordered  by  his  will 
that  this  altar  shoidd  be  erected  to  the  Genius  of  the 
Tigurine  Canton,  Scribonia  Lucana  hia  heir  has  carried 
his   wish  into  effect.'     This   inscription    was  found  at 

lotA  laq^i  reota  fida,  itriotuque  Tn.milli. 
Clut  with  gnat  geDerali,  though  hor  lord 
be  thne, 

Tadtui,  With  lawlen  eje,  bold  front,  uid  bosom 

Ann.  II,  S6,  Bxeraitio  equitum,  decunibiu  bare.              OiSbrd'i  Tnuulotion. 

mhcrtiiuD  interaMe.    ComeUa,   wife  of  Sea  Rupsrti'a  ComnieDtarf. 

CalTiaiiu  SbImiiiu  :  Dio  LIX,  18,  tUi  "jip  Friedlunder  (to  whom  I  am  indebted 

^nlrii,  Cti  f<Aaiil>  Ti  i^aStiamra  mi  Toln  for  some  of  the  preceding  referenoea),  Sit- 

vtfarrtAna  inravm)  Osvira,  dJt£u  tax**-  tengeeehichte  Roma,  2°'^  edit.,  ISSS,  toL 

*   TMitiu,  Ann.  Ill,  S8,  3i,   Coeciiia  I,  chap.    V,  Die  Fmuan,    p.    33S    tq. 

pnpoaed  that  provindal  goremon  should  Elhreeiz  der  Fntuea  uod  Thnilnahme  an 

Dot  be  aooompanied  b;  their  wiTcs,  Uee-  der  Politik.     It  woidd  be  well  to  ooto- 

■dinaa  and  Druaoa  took   the   opposite  pare  the  V^  edit.,  IS73,  toL  I,  p.  i78. 

■ide.    Tt^  diBciuaion  affiirda  a  curious  ■  No.  166  ;  BinutettAi,  Op.  dtat.  p.  6 

panllel  with  the  case  of  English  offlciali  OreUi,  TSo.  366,  gives  the  inscription  leas 

going  to  India.    In  the  latter  ohapter  the  oorrectlf  ;  after  Piaermti  be  reads  CVR. 

atfntKiB  [duaae  nudui  txttdat  occurs.  COL.  ET.  for  T.P.I.,  and  after  Lucana 

JuTeoal,  Bat.  VI,  399,  V.  FEC.  for  H.F.C.,  which  he  eiplaiiia  h 

Bt  omtus  poadt  quam  ferre  virDmm,  equivalent  to  nvi  fyoentni  ;  but  V  might 

CumqiH  paludatis  ducibus,  praesente  stand  tor  un>r.    The  form  Tiforimu  for 

marito,  Tigmimu  should  be  observed.     For  the 


TOL.  XLU. 


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174        THB  BOUAN  ANTIQITrFIBS  OP  BWITZERLAKD. 

Kunchweiler  near  Morat,  and  about  five  miles  from 
Avenches.  The  word  altar  for  which  there  is  no  equivar 
lent  in  the  Latin  text  may  be  supplied  from  a  similar 
monument  at  Hasparren,  near  Bayonne,  where  we  find 
the  phrase,  genio  pagi  hanc  dedicat  aram}  Combined  with 
evidence  from  other  sources,  our  inscription  leads  to  the 
conclusion  that  Aventicum  was  the  capital  of  the  Canton, 
and  therefore  agrees  with  the  description  of  Tacitus,  gerUis 
caput?  But  it  more  directly  illustrates  Ctesar,  who  in 
his  GalUc  War,  Book  I,  chap.  J,2,  relates  the  victory  he 
gained  over  this  Canton  near  the  river  Arar  (Sa6ne),  and 
probably  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Macon.  In  the  same 
passage  he  bears  witness  to  the  valour  of  the  Tigurini,  for 
he  speaks  of  the  signal  disaster  which  a  former  generation 
of  them  had  inflicted  on  the  Eoman  people,  when  they 
killed  a  consul  and  sent  his  army  under  the  yoke. 

Letters,  almost  identical  with  those  quoted  above,  were 
said  to  have  been  found  on  a  marble  column  at  Kloten  in 
the  Canton  Ziirich ;  for  a  long  time  a  forgery  was  suspected, 
but  the  recent  discovery  of  a  fragment  has  caused  them  to 
be  received  as  genuine.* 

The  importance  of  Aventicum  can  be  traced  back  to  a 
period  preceding  the  Roman  domination,  and  consequently 
much  earlier  than  that  to  which  this  monument  belongs. 
From  a  very  curious  die  (Miinzstempel)  found  there  it 
may  be  reasonably  inferred  that  gold  coins  were  issued 
from  the  mint  at  this  city  about  two  hundred  years  before 
the  Christian  era.  The  device  is  a  laureated  head  of 
Apollo,  imitated  from  the  Macedonian  slatbr.  It  deserves 
our  attention,  because  the  type  passed  from  Greek  to  Gaul 
and  thence  to  our  own  country,  where  it  shows  Itself,  in  a 

extant  of  this  caatim  tee  Smith's  Die-  H.  E.  Dgajardini,  with  a  mnre  usaatiit 

tioQuy  af  Cludcol  OeographT,  toL  i,  p.  mpy,  PI.  XII.    The  fomu  of  the  letten 

1041, 1.7.  Helvelii,  article  qr  Hr.  Oaorge  tie  particularly  notioed,  p.  E4. 

Long.     Pigua  Tiguriaua  i>  not  to  be  con-  *  Hiatoriea  I,  68,  Cumqiie  dirutu  omm- 

founded  with  Turicum  (Ziirich).  bus  Aventiauiii  Ksntii  caput  juito  agmiiw 

'  H;  Paper  on    Antiquitiea   in    the  pateretur,  miui  qui  dedat«it  antatem. 

South-neat  of  Fnnca,  Aridutol.  Jawn/d,  et  deditio  accepte. 

vol.  iixri,  p-  11  ;  Pagi  Magater  occun  '   The   puUinR    down     of     a    nil  ia 

in  the  fint  line  ib.  Honsieiir  Hcnrj  Poy-  Augiut  18B2  led  to  this  dieotivtry,  Utd 

denot  published  nibaequenU;  Note  eur  to  tbe  correction  of  the  miitake  made  bj 

Ia  Date  Probable   de  L'lOECription  Ro-  Mummeeo  and  othera  ;  Ziirich  Uitthcil- 

maine   de    Haapairon   (Lue   au   Congrfes  ungan.  Enter  Nachirag  lu  den  Inacrip- 

Bcientjfique  de  Dm  en  Mai,  188S)  vith  tioneeConfoedantionia  UelveticaetAtinai 

fac-iimile.     See  ea|i.    Hevue    Arohfclo-  Ton  TheodorMomniaen,  I86G,  p.  !10,  nc 

gique,  Nouvelle  Sine,  vol.  »liv,  pp.  23-27,  liv.  No.  38. 
Jul;  1B82,  Inacription  d'  Haapan«n,  p«r 


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THE  ROMAN  ANTIQUITIBS  OF  SWITZEBLAND.  175 

degraded  form,  on  the  earliest  national  coins.  However 
this  subject  has  been  so  ably  treated  by  Dr.  Ferdinand 
Keller  and  Mr.  John  Evans  that  I  forbear  to  enlarge  upon 
it.' 

C.  VALBB.  €.  F.  FAR  C* 

MILLO.QVOI.PVBLIC" 

FVHVS .  HAEDVOaVM 

CIVITAS  .  ET  .  H8LVET .  DECRE 

VKRVNT  .  ET  .  CIVITAS  .  HELVET 

QVA  .  PAOATIM  .  QVA  .  PVBLICE 

STATVAS  .  DECREVIT 

EX .  TESTAMENTO. 

In  honour  of  Cauis  Valerius  Camillus,  son  of  Caius  of 
the  Fabian  tribe,  to  whom  the  Aeduans  and  Helvetians 
decreed  a  public  funeral,  and  the  Helvetians  decreed 
statues  at  the  expense  of  the  Cantons  and  of  the  state  : 
Julia  Festilia,  daughter  of  Caius  Julius  Catnillus,  by  her 
will  ordered  the  erection  of  this  monument.* 

The  preceding  inscription  was  found  at  Conches-DessuB 
in  1809,  but  since  that  time  has  disappeared.  It  should 
be  compared  with  Nos.  143  and  179  in  Mommsen's 
collection.*  We  may  remark  here  the  juxta-position  of 
the  Helvetii  and  -^ui,  i.e.  the  Swiss  and  BurgundianH. 
These  two  nations  were  neighbours ;  hence  their  history, 
both  ancient  and  modem,  i«  closely  intertwined.*  The 
Helvetians  who  invaded  Gaul  penetrated  the  .^Eduan 
territory,  and  were  defeated  by  Csesar  near  Bibracte 
(Mont  Beuvray) ;  on  the  other  hand,  Charles  the  Bold  was 

'  8«c  an   eicellant    memoir   by  Dr.  he  also  refera  to  Spaoheim  Tom.  i,  p.  29. 

Kdkr  in  the  itrcAicoL  Journal,  vuL  lii,  Lelewel,  Etudes  numuiiuitiqua  et  nrch- 

pp.  253-258,  "  Nutice  o(  a  die  fur  atriking  fe!ogiquea,  type  Gauloit    ou    Celtique, 

UdTCtiu  or  Oaalish  gold  cuitu  found  at  Atliu,  Tableaux   VI,  Elfmenta  du  tyM 

Aicndx*,"  and   ramarka    by  Dr.  Birch  ObuIolb,  ou  eipUcatioD  de  U  Planche  X, 

appoidad  tbereto.     Evuu,  Ancient  Bn-  Soa.   19-S6,  28,  29,  FamilU  tavr^e;  19, 

tub  Coiiu,  p.  24  cj.,  PL  A.  Noa.  1,  2  ;  imitation  de  la  tSte  d'ApoUon. 

lod  p.  SIZ,  PL  X,  ITa   10,  ApoUo  dth-  ■  So.  192  :  Bonstelten,  Op.  citat.    p. 

•niedtu  on  a  cniii  of  CimobeUDe.     Chs-  9:     Orelli,  Ko.  360. 

bouillet,  Catalogue  g£n£nl  et  raieonn^  '  Concbee  Deems  aad  Concbee  Deoou 

da  Ckm^  et   PieiTEfl   gravfea   de    la  are  marked  iu  the  large  map  of  ATsnti- 

Bibbuthkiue  Imp£iiale,  p.  641,  Coins  de  oum,  which  accompanies  Profeaaor  Conrad 

■noiuiaie*  impfrialea  roDuinea,  Noe.  3173-  Buraiui'a  Hemoiia  on    that  city  in  the 

IISO.  U.  Cbabouillet  expU^  the  legend  Zurich  Hittheilungea,  Band  XVI,   Ab- 

3  H  AN  u  meaning,  Saira  motKia  Anti-  theilung  I,  Heft  I,  Taf :  II. 

KifiB,  but  1  am  inclined  to  think  that  No.  143,  in  honour  of  Julia  Fastilia, 

K  lUiids  for  tignala  :  comp.  my  Renurki  wu  found  at  Yverdun  in  extending  the 

<n  Coina  found  at  Sutlcu,  near  Wood-  cemetery  ;  Mo.  179  at  Arenchee. 

Jiridjff ,  Soflblk,  ArrhaoL  Jcyur,  mviii,  37,  ^Theconnection  between  the  .Eiluinnd 

''SMANTB,  (truck  at  Antioch  {Signatn  Helvetii  ia  shown  \>y  n  remnrkHble  ouin 
noHti  Antioduae ;   B,   aecond  iaaue)."  ,   engraved  in  Hucher'a  Art  U.-iulnia,   PI. 

^Uel,  bowerer,  giTea  ezamplea  of  Sacra  LXXII,  and  described.  Part  I,  p.  27,    On 

MvOt,  Qoct.  Nam.  Vet  VIII,  10, 107  ;  the  obveiBo  ii  the  bust  uf  Diana  wMuiug 

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1 76         THB  EOMAN  ANTIQUITIES  OP  aWITZBBLAKD. 

vanquished  at  Morat  almost  within  sight  of  Avenches,  and 
at  Granson  on  the  lake  of  Neuchatel.' 

Tlie  most  important  monument  relating  to  the  history 
of  Helvetia  is  not  to  be  found  in  the  country  itself,  but 
far  away  in  Italy.  On  the  mausoleum  of  Munatius  Plancus 
at  Gaeta  the  following  words  are  still  legible  : — 

L.MVNATIVS.L.F.L.N.L.PHON 
PLAHCVS.COS.CENS.IMP.ITEB.  VII.  ViR 
EPVLON .  TRIVMP .  EX .  RABTI8  .  AEDEH  ,  SATVHNI 
FECIT.  DE.MANIBlS.AOH08.DIVISIT.IN.  ITALIA 
BENEVENTI .  IN  .  GALLIA .  C0L0NIA8 .  DEDVXIT 
LVQDVNVM  .  ET  .  RAVHICAM. 

Lucius  Munatius  Plancus,  son  of  Lucius,  grandson  of 
Lucius,  great-grandson  of  Lucius,  Consul,  Censor,  Imper- 
ator  twice,  one  of  the  Septemviri  Epulones,  triumphed 
over  the  Eh^tians,  erected  a  temple  to  Saturn  with  the 
spoils,  allotted  lands  at  Beneventum  in  Italy,  founded 
Lugdunum  and  Baurica,  colonies  in  Gaul.^ 

Plancus  is  the  person  to  whom  Horace  addressed  the 
seventh  Ode  of  the  first  Book.  Milman  truly  describes 
him  as  a  restless  and  adventurous  politician,  throughout 
the  turbulent  period  of  the  civil  wars  engaged  in  almost 
every  contest  and  on  every  side  ;  but  he  gives  the  text  of 
the  inscription  incorrectly,  and  misunderstands  the  word 
Septemvir?  Raurica  was  called  Augusta,  and  hence  the 
modem  name  of  Augst  is  derived,  as  Augsburg  represents 
Augusta  Vindelicorum.*  Even  now  it  ranks  next  to 
Avenches,  as  exhibiting  vestiges  of  Roman  occupation. 

a  goUat,  and  canTUig  ■  quiTiir  on   h«r  Fortu  Fortutue  de  mannbiii  fwamdam 

■houlder,  with  the  legend  EDVIS  ;  od  locavit  (OrvDiiu  Coiual). 

the  rersTH  U  an  Alpine  bear   walking,  '  Illustnted  editioD   of  Honee,  For- 

irith  the    name  of  (he  Helvetian  chief  sonae   Hontianae,     pp.      MO-143,     *.>. 

GROETIRIX  (lie)  in  lie  Biergua  Munatiua,  "  To  hi«  titl«B  it  adds  ImperatOT 

'  Not  only  did  the  Swiw  nio  theae  twice,  SniteniTiruidGpulo/'aaifthetart 

famoiu  Tiotoriea,  fighting  in  dsfence  of  t\ro  worcU  indioated  sepaiate  offioea.  The 

their  own  oauntry,  but  the;  alao  contri-  meaning  ie  that  Plancus  was  one  of  the 

buted  powerf  iillf  vt  the  Bucoeaa  of  Ren£,  seven  memben  of  a  college  of  priests  who 

Duke  of  Lortaina,  in  the  battie  of  Nancy,  aupeiinMided  the  uoiOcdal  btuqueta  to 

where  Charlea  le  Tfm^raire  ww  defeated  the  goda:      BmiUi's    I^tin    Dictionu;, 

and  nlain.     Kirk,  Hiitui;  of  Chailsa  the  fpulo  ;  and  the  Dictionaij  t^  Antjqnf tiaa. 

Bold,  Duke  of  Burguud;,  voL  iii,  chap.  EpuUma.     Cf.  InMtiptioQ,   Ardimologia, 

V,  pp.  M6-172  ;  Boe  alao  chap,  vi,  pp.  voL  ilviii,  p.  13,  note  a,  and  C.I.l^  iii, 

484-19]:    Hemoin   of  FhiUp  da   Com-  1741. 

tniiies,  The  •candnloui  Chromcle,  vol.  ii,  '  Juj^BMatakeavaiiouB  tonne  in  modern 

p.  38S  tq.,  Bohn'a  edition.  Innguagea — Aoiut   in    the    Departniait 

1  Honunsen,  Op.  dtat,  p.   lOB,  IHtuli  of    DrOme    (France)  l   AgotU   between 

eiterni  male  relati  inter  Helvetjcoa,  No.  Catania  and   ^jTracuee  ;  Ao^  in  Ked- 

22.      Observe    DE    IfANIBiS    for    dt  mont;  Zaragoia(Caesaraugnata)in3paiii: 

nonvUii,  which  is  toore  common.     Cf.  tee  Oraaaoe,  OrbiB  I^tinua. 
livy  X,  46,  t.f.,  De  raliquo  aere  aedem 


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TBB  ttOUAlJ  AimQttmES  OP  SWlTZBftLAND. 


17? 


The  tomb  of  Hancus  is  among  the  moat  remarkable  that 
remain  from  antiquity  on  account  of  its  great  size,  its  good 
preservation,  and  its  commanding  position,  which  ha» 
caused  it  to  be  used  as  a  telegraph-station.' 

The  inscription  appears  in  the  collection  of  Gruter  with 
introductory  remarks,  vol.  i,  p.  439,  no.  8 ;  in  Montfau- 
con's  Antiquite  Expliquee,  Tome  v,  PI.  cxin;'  and  in 
Bruckner's  Versuch  einer  Beachreibung  hiatorischer  und 
Qaturhcher  Merkwiirdigkeiten  der  Landschaft  Basel,  xxiii 
Stiick,  p.  2669  (1763) ;  but  I  have  followed  the  edition  of 
Mommsen,  Inscc.  Eegni  Neapolitan!  Lat : ,  presuming  it  to 
be  the  most  accurate.  This  sepulchre,  which  is  com- 
paratively little  known,  closely  resembles  that  of  Caecilia 
Metella,  "  the  wealthiest  Roman's  wife,"  upon  the  Appian 
way;  both  are  circular  in  form,  and  decorated  with  a 
frieze  of  ox-heads.' 

n.  It  is  unnecessary  to  dwell  upon  the  importance  of 
the  roads  as  a  part  of  the  organization  of  a  Boman 
province,  but  we  may  observe  that  they  are  connected  with 
the  preceding  subject,  because  they  may  in  some  cases  be 
traced  by  inscribed  milestones.     (1)  For  example,  we  do 


'  Swintmrne'i  Traveli  in  the  Two 
^dHo,  Tot.n,f.  499,  "  Tlut  city  (Guta) 
appon  foil  in  EroDt  upon  k  pemnsuk  ; 
■iid  itxtTB  it  itandi  the  tomb  of  Mtuutiiu 
Fl4Dcu^  wMi^  is  a  conipicuoua  object 
from  snry  ads,"     Cy.  Ibid  p.  fi02. 

*  OrutCT's  acoouDt  will  be  rendered 
man  inteUixible  b;  etodfing  Hontfaucon, 
Op.  dML,  Tume  r,  premitre  Partie  (toL 


HxUih.  2.  de  IfalvtiuB  Platxiua,  S. 
dee  Pluttieni,  1.  Autra  Hsubd1£a. 
The  oignTiagi  coniiet  ohitdy  of  elec- 
tion ud  pliun  hj  BartoH. 

'  There  i>  a  good  coloured  Plate  of 
Ciecilia  HatcJla'aeepulohnillBhainhard'a 
AtUimd«aCliatiM:henAltarthunia,Ifo.28, 
liwiibed  in  the  text,  p.  20.  A  baa-relief 
mv  the  inscription  oa  tjiia  moDument 
nprMtati  a  trophy,  aod  oomtiMmoratM 
tb*  owlike   KhieTemente   of   Hetell>'« 


Tsrre  da  Orianda  is  the  modem  name 
of  the  tomb  of  Flancui.  The  beat  en- 
pwiHg  of  it  which  I  h«va  aeen  will  be 
found  in  Lui^  Roaaini,  Vinggio  littoTtHeo 
da  HonuiN^nU,  toL  1S3S.  HedeacHbee 
it  thiu  :  "  Conmato  da  una  oomioe  dorica 
con  trigllB,  g  nelle  metope  ri  eonu  miaiie, 
elmi,  icudi,  ed   title   irmi    guerreedle 


The  ooina  of  Hunatiiu  Plancua  picanit 
Tarioiu  points  dI  intereiit.  Some  at  them 
have  for  their  device  the  prB^tticahtm  (a 
Tceeel  used  in  aaoriflors),  and  therafore 
illustrate  the  title  Spide,  mentioned 
above.  The  legend  PRVRB.  (piaefectaa 
urbii)  relen  to  the  appointtnait  of 
Plaiioua  aa  Praefect  of  Rome  made  by 
Juliua  Cnaar,  when  he  left  the  dt;  ta 
fight  againat  the  Pompeiana  in  Spain. 
l^e  winged  thunderbolt  earreaponda  with 
hie  prooDDiulate  in  Ana  under  Uark 
Antony  ;  acoording  to  Borgheai  it  ie  th« 
mint  mark  of  Seleucia  in  Fieria,  on  the 
Hediterr«neaD  oout  west  of  Antioch. 
Cohen,  Hddailles  Coniulairaa,  a.v. 
Hanatia,  p.  221  i;.  Eclairciasemsnta  ; 
PI.  XXVIII.  Bruckner,  op.  dtat.  p.  3876, 
appende  to  hie  acooiint  of  the  itiacriptiati 
at  Goeta  a  cola  whioh  i>  not  mentioned 
by  Cohen  ;  on  the  obvenn  in  a  laurotted 
head  of  JuUua  Cteaar  with  the  legend 
DIWS  rVLIVS  ;  the  woida  on  the 
reverse  are  L.  My' A  T  I-P  I.  A  N  C  V  S. 
PRAEP.VRB.  Bckhsl,  DocL  Num.  Vet. 
ToL  1,  p.  2G7,  aunuaansee  the  eveolfal 
career  of  Plancus. 


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178         THE  ROHAN  ANTlQDITlbS  OP  SWiTZSKLAND. 

not  find  in  the  Antonine  Itinerary  any  notice  of  a  route 
between  Aventicum  and  Sedunum  (Avenches  and  Sion) ; 
but  that  such  a  line  of  communication  existed  in  ancient 
times,  seems  to  be  proved  by  two  atones  of  this  kind,  one 
at  Sion,  the  other  at  AmsolcHugen  about  three  miles  west 
of  the  lake  of  Thun.'  They  cannot  be  called  milliaries, 
because  the  distance  is  marked  not  in  thousands  of  paces 
(millia  passuum),'but  in  Uugae,  a  Gallic  measurement, 
which  need  not  cause  surprise  if  we  take  into  account  that 
the  road  began  in  Gaul.  The  leuga  was  1,500  paces,  and 
considerably  less 'than  the  English  mile  and  a  half;  it 
must  therefore  not  be  confounded  with  the  modem  league, 
a  mistake  into  which  Mr.  Wright  appears  to  have  fallen.' 
According  to  Muratori,  quoted  by  Forcellini,  the  word 
occurs  in  an  inscription  of  Antoninus  Pius  for  the  first 
time.  The  former  of  these  lapides  leugarii  contains  the 
words  AVEN  LEVG  xvn,  and  the  latter  avent  lbvg  th, 
but  the  figures  do  not  correspond  with  the  distance 
from  Aventicum,  and  have  not  been  satisfactorily  ex- 
plained hitherto.  They  both  belong  to  the  reign  of  Gallus 
Trebonianus  and  Volusiauus,  i.e.  a.d.  251 — 254. 

The  Eoman  Antiquities  of  Switzerland  present  many 
analogies  with  those  of  our  own  country ;  we  also  can 
show  some  milliaria,  the  best  preserved  being  at  Leicester 
(llatoj) ;  an  imperfect  copy  is  given  by  Mr.  Wright  in  his 
"  Celt,  Eoman,  and  Saxon,"  but  the  deficiencies  may  be 
supplied  from  Hiibner.*     Lancaster  is  a  station  rich  in 

*  Noe.  309,  310.    This  rosd  whs  pru-  "  st  the  dutonoe  of  leven  leoguea  from 

tnblj  oomiQctod    with    the  ancieiit  way  Saiuoiu,"    and    oddi    "that  ia  utdant 

over  the  Slmplon,  also  knuwo  from  an  Gaul,  bb  in  modeni  Fnuioe,  they  reckonad 

itucriptiun  on  a  ruck  near  Vogngna  m  the  hj  leaguea."    These  elpreeaioiu  ma;  niia- 

Val  d'OBaola,of  the  veor  A.D.  196,  Homm-  Imd  Uie  leader.     Litue   13  of  OQurae  de- 

■en,  Idboo.   Confoed.   Helv.   Lit.    p.  61.  rived   from  Imga,  but  tl;e  ramuung  is 

But  lee   a   better  coot   in  the  Zuriob  difiereat. 

HittholunRD,  Band  SV,  Heft  5,  p.  214,  ■  Wright  ib.      The  wordi  KBR  &EP 

XXI,    Heusnitaiiie,    Oacella    Sedunum,  (grandami   of  Nerva)  are   omitted,   and 

No.  il.  PONT,  which  ie  uuintelligihle,  ie  written 

The    Antonine     Itinerary     menUoDs  -r 

Aventicum     under     the     houiing,     A  '■"■  POT ;  m  the  original  we  End  JUB 

Mediolaoo  per  Alpes  Penninai  Mogontia-  POT  IV  (holding  the  tribunicUn  power 

cum  (from  Uilan  to  Mayenoe,  over  the  'or  the  fourth  time),  which  Skcs  the  date 

Great  St  Bernard)  ;  it  ih  the  station  be-  ^-D.  120-121.     Hijbner,  Inwc  Brit.  I*t, 

tween      Minnodunum      (Moudon)    and  "o.  1169,  deecribea  the  atone,  itatea  Hie 

PetJOeB«  (Biel  !),  and  ia  called  Aventi-  circumatancea  of  ite  diaoovery,  oopiw  tlie 

oulum  Heivetiorum  ;  edit  Weweling,  p.  iDScniitioD    carafiiUy   (iihowing   the  liga- 

862;  ed.  PartheyiuidPinder,  p.  11)3.  t'lres),    and    gives    copious    references. 

'  The  Celt,  the  Roman  and  the  Saioo,  ComparB  the  account  of  a  lloman  mile- 

2nd  ed.  p  186  mi.   Mr.  Wright  trenglates  "•<"'«    foiod    '°    CanmrronaLiro,    Pro- 

SVES3  LEVQ  VII  on  a  milestune,  die-  Beedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaciei  of 
ooTanid  near  the  (own  of  Viu-aui-Aiauu, 


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THE  SOMAN  ANTIQUTTias  OP  SWITZEBLAN! 


179 


moQnments  of  thia  kind,  dedicated  to  the  Emperors 
Hadrian,  Philip,  and  Decius ;  they  have  been  ei^aved 
and  described  by  Mr.  Thompson  Watkin  in  his  valuable 
work  entitled  Emoan  Lancashire.' 

2.  There  was  a  road  from  Summua  Foeninus  (Great  St. 
Bernard),*  through  Octodurum  (Martigny),  Tarnaise  (St. 
Maurice),  Penneloci  (Villeneuve),  and  Viviscus  (Vevey)  to 
Lousonna,  also  called  Lacus  Lausonius  (Lausanne).  The 
milestones  on  the  route  bear  the  names  of  Claudius  I, 
Diocletian  and  Maximian,  Licinius  and  Constantine  the 
Great  (colleagues)  ;  in  round  numbers  the  interval 
between  the  first  and  last  includes  a  period  of  three 
hundred  years,  a.d.  47 — 337.  From  the  letters  Avoo  and 
CAESS  we  learn  that  the  Caesars  were  associated  with  the 
Aagosti  in  the  govemment ;  and  in  do  hn,  the  abbrevi- 
atioQ  for  Domini  Nostri,  as  well  as  in  t^e  pompous  epithets, 
omcrvs  and  nobilissihts,  we  see  the  servility  of  a  degen- 
erate race.* 


LofkdoD,  Baomd  Serin,  yrA.  ii,  Vo,  3,  ^ 
S63,  Much  3,  ISSS.  Thii  report  iden- 
liEei  Curhau  with  CanOTium  by  ineaDi 
of  tbe  BitM  IdikI  of  eridoice  ■>  that 
whkli  proves  Ratae  to  have  been  on  the 
Bti  at  Leiccater.  See  alao  Ur.  Thoiapwn 
VitUo  on  Roman  Inscriptioiii  dia- 
an«nd  is  Britain  in  1833,  Arclueol. 
Jwrn.,YfA.  ili.  p.  173  ^q. 

'P[i  131-133.  Mr.  TfaompKin  Watkin 
truulita  IMP.C.  M.  IVLIO  PHILIPPO, 
bj  th<  Emperor  Ctnir  Harcua  Julius 
PliiUppDB.  Thia  versioQ  would  require 
<be  prtpontian  a  or  oi  to  expraia  the 
pmofl  Ay  wAsm,  I  think  IMP  may 
itaad  for  Imperatore,  in  wbich  csae  the 
(mtnicticni  wuatd  he  the  ablative  iibBo- 
Inte— Philip  being  Kmperor,  or  when 
Ptiilip  wM  Emperor.  If  we  explain 
IMF=hnperatori  (Dative),  it  would 
mean  Id  honour  of  the  Empanir.  For 
Ibt  milntoQe  formerlf  at  RibcheHtar 
iBrenKtonaciiDi)  t.  &id.  pp.  140-14'i. 

'WeGnd  anmiUrnamein  the  ancient 


JoMTH.,  rn\.  iKivi,  p.  1,  where  the  nnd 
(run  Aiturica  (Aaturga)  to  ^urdigala 
[Burdnui)  ia  traced.  "  It  croaaed  the 
fnKilier  at  Summua  Ppeoaeua  (Ronee- 
<ciui}.  tud  wan  carried  thniugh  Imua 
PjrenuDi  (SL  Jean   Pied  de  Port),&(x 

'  I  t»Ts  heard  that  one  of  our  Uni- 
TtrntJM  iddreaied  the  Prince  of  Wale* 
u  Ikmma/uttinu,  meaning  our  fulftrt 


Sottrrifii.     The   word   waa   [noorrMtly 


r 


>Ued,  h 


despot,  not  a  conatitiitional 
monarch  ;  Cionro,  De  Re  Publin  II,  2S, 
Hie  eat  enim  dumioui  poptiti,quem  Ormed 
tyrannum  vocant  Taiatuii  calls  tbe 
Emperor  Prinapt  ;  Ann.  I,  1,  Qui 
(Auifustiu)  cuncta  discurdiia  civQibut 
fesea  nomine  Frmerpit  eub  imperium 
accepit.  Mr.  Hortun,  Histoir  of  the 
Romana.  p.  319,  note  4,  refam  by  way  of 
illiutration  to  the  title  of  Firat  Citiien, 
whicb  Napoleon  assumed. 

Witb  INVICTVS  on  the  mlleatona.we 
may  compare  the  follDniuft  legends  on 
the  coins  of  Constantius  II  ;  VICTOl! 
SEMPER  AVQ,  Cohen  M6d.  Imp.  vol  vi, 
p.  276,  No.  8  ;  T  R  I  V  M  P  A  T  0  R 
GEtfTIVMBAKBARARVM,  •&.  pL  283, 
No.  39  ;  DEBBLLATOllI  QENTT. 
BARBARR,  it.  p.  301,  No.  ISe.  See  also 
Ameth,  Monumante  des  ICK.  Uiinz-nnd 
Antiken-Cabinetee  in  Wien.  Tha  same 
title  was  tnkoD  by  Valena,  in  whose  reign 
the  Qotha  croaaad  the  Danube  and  occu- 
pisd  Thiscs.  I  Buspeot  that  the  money 
which  bore  tbeae  vun-glorious  appells- 
tions  was  often  employed  na  tribute  to 
buy  otr  the  barbatiaua. 

lu  No.  311  PA=fomni  AogmtL  No. 
312  is  given  veiy  imperfectly  by  OruUi 
(233).  On  No.  319  Homniaen  renurka 
tbnt  he  hw  not  foiKid  the  DaHve  esse  of 
the  Emperor'a  name  in  ioEcriptions 
before  Trajan.    Op.  dtat.  pp.  06-88, 


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180      THE  BOHAN  ANTiQinnEe  OF  swrrzERLAin>. 

The  importance  of  such  records  can  hardly  be  exagger- 
ated, and  it  has  been  truly  remarked  that,  if  all  the 
ancient  histories  of  Borne  had  perished,  the  loss  might  be 
to  a  great  extent  repaired  by  inscriptions  on  bronze  or 
stone  and  legends  on  coins.  In  the  case  of  Trajan  a 
misfortUDe  of  this  kind  has  happened ;  scarcely  any  written 
account  is  extant,  but  the  events  of  his  glorioua  reign  are 
known  to  us  from  the  Epigraphy  which  still  remains.  On 
the  other  hand,  where  the  old  authors  have  come  down  to 
us,  the  monuments  confirm  and  eluddate  their  statements ; 
though  silent,  they  seem  to  speak  to  U3  like  living  witnesses, 
and  prove  that  we  have  not  believed  "  cunningly  devised 
fables." 

3.  Mommsen  mentions  a  road  on  the  south  side  of  the 
lake  of  Geneva,  sometimes  called  the  left  bank,  I  presume 
with  reference  to  the  river  Bhone  which  Sows  through  it 
Only  two  milestones  have  been  found,  one  at  Hermance, 
marked  vn,  the  other  at  Messeri  marked  iv ;  and  it  should 
be  observed  that  the  column  further  from  Geneva  bears 
the  lower  figure.  This  circumstance  causes  a  doubt  as  to 
the  existence  of  the  road;  the  Swiss  antiquaries  conjecture 
that  the  stones  were  originally  placed  between  Geneva  and 
Nyon,  and  removed  to  be  used  as  building  materials — a 
supposition  which  is  corroborated  by  the  discovery  of 
some  milliaria  collected  near  the  latter  place,  on  the  shore 
of  the  lake,  apparently  with  the  view  of  transporting  them 
by  water-carriage  to  their  respective  destinations.'  We 
must  not  too  hastily  jump  to  the  conclusion  that  a  Roman 
road  passed  through  a  place,  because  we  find  a  milestone 
in  it.  Moreover,  at  the  present  time  there  is  much  less 
traffic  on  the  Savoy  than  on  the  Swiss  shore  of  the  lake ; 
and  the  same  was  probably  the  case  in  antiquity,  so  that 


'Zurich  Hitthefl.  Bvtd  XV,  Heft  6,  ii,  SlK.whosubititutodARAB  ADIAB— 

a  216  tq.  EqudBtri  Qeii»»Ma.  Njon.  No*.  word»  vhidi  occur  ia  full  [ARABICUS, 

62-64.     An  imcription,  nmrlj  id«nliaal  ADIABEtflCtlS)  on  aaaj  monanMiti 

with  No.  62,  wu  found  at  St  PuUien,  of  Septuuiua  Serenu,  and,  od  bii  triam- 

Hauta-Loira :  OrflUi  Iuhcc  Lat.  vol.  iii  phal  ireh  la  Uib  Ronum  Foniin,  corm- 

Sapplementb]'  Henzen,  p.  29,  V!o.  6220.  poad  with  the  bu-reliets    rapmoiting 

OukhenoD,  Histolre  de  U  mauuii  de  his  Oriental  campaigua.     Cf.  Oniter,  T<J. 

BaTuie,  Tome,  i,  p.  42,  reada  inthewcond  i,  p.  1,  No.  1,  loicriptiaDS  on  the  bunt  of 

Unaof  No.  6t  aABADIA,BuppQHiigitto  the  Pontheoa,  Rome,   Uttrit  i^ilaliiit. 

b«  an  ancient  name  ofSavDf.   Hiamietake  Sabandi^   Sabo^  aiul  Saboia  are  the 

ma  corrected  In  Spon,  the  greateat  of  Latia  namea  tor  Snraj  :  Orasau,  OiNa 

Ftancti  epigraiphiata,  Hiatoire  de  Uenire,  Latinui, 


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TBfl  BOHAN  ANTIQtnTIBS  OF  SWITZBBLAND. 


181 


there  would  be  little  need  for  the  route  which  Mommsen 
has  ifflsgined.' 

4.  Oq  Che  other  hand,  there  is  no  doubt  about  the  line 
uf  communication  between  Geneva  and  Lousonna,  through 
ColoniaJuliaEqueatrium,  also  called  Noviodunura  (Nyon).* 
We  have  here  four  examples  of  the  phrase  vias  et  pontes 
VETVSTATE  COLLAB8  RESTiTV  occuTring  in  the  inscriptions 
with  slight  variations,  the  earliest  belonging  to  the  reign  of 
Caracalla,  a.d.  213."  This  is  an  interesting  proof  of  the 
pains  taken  by  the  Eomans  to  keep  their  highways  in  good 
repair;  as  a  military  nation  they  were  well  aware  that 
the  security  of  the  empire  depended  on  the  facility  with 
which  they  could  march  their  legions  from  one  province 
to  another,  and  the  roads  in  Switzerland  would  require 
special  attention  on  account  of  their  proximity  to  the 
Bhenish  frontier. 

He, way  from  Lousonna  to  Vindonissa  (Windisch)  was 
carried  through  Aventicum ;  the  milestones  upon  it  exhibit 
the  names  of  Trajan  (a.d.  99),  Septunius  Severus,  Caracalla, 
Tacitus  and  Galerius  (a.d.  292-304).  It  would  be  in- 
structive to  examine  the  lettering  of  these  monuments. 
We  should  probably  find  that  the  earliest  characters, 
beiog  of  a  good  period,  are  carefully  incised,  and  that  the 


oppgvla 


Ouchr,  in  the  Batumu  ot  1883, 
mtid  9witierluid,  Thu  place  is  marked 
u  >  ftitiixi  for  Btemmen  in  the  Swiai 
lidicitflur. 

*  Baoda  the  town  fn  SwiUerland, 
tlmi  plicaa  id  Oaul,  one  id  PoDDonia 
Supoior,  and  one  in  Moeiia  Itifflrior,  bora 
tliia  name,  ao  that  there  u  danger  oF  con- 
fauDiL  Hce  Bniith'i  DidionsTT  of  Claaaical 
G«ogTiph;  LT.,  but  the  artide  ia  incom- 
ptttc.  The  laBt-mentioaed  town  ia  notioad 
d;  Mi.  Bunbury  in  hi*  Histoiy  ot  Aacient 
(iaigniphy,  ToL  ii,  p.  SS6,  note  6  ;  it  wai 
within  a  few  milea  of  the  moutll  of  tba 
Djouba,  and  probably  near  Tultchft 

Lilu  many  other  njlvaya,  that  between 
l^ncra  and  Lauaanne  foUonri  the  Roman 
fvA  dswly,  aa  nuy  baaaeo  l^  aompanoB 
M  iDcieiit  with  a  modern  map  of 
Switatriai^ 

'  No.  323.  Hy  paper  on  the  South- 
Weit  of  Franoe,  ArAaeei.  JounuU, 
uiri,  t ;  InaeriptioD  on  the  natunl  rock 
bf  Ibe  wajaidc,  at  P^e  d'Eacot  in  the 
FjraMemKiar  Olonm,  una  BI3  HANG 
TOfa  XUL 


VIA«  RE3T1TVIT.  Both  the  lynonynw, 
Tffieio  and  ratituo,  oocur  in  our  Ronuno- 
Britiah  inacriptions  ;  Lapidarium  Bapten- 
Irionals,  Index  xi,  Forma  of  aipreaaion, 
Koa.  94,  ete,  743,  and  22,  92, 121.  KEF, 
BEFE,  REFEC  in  England  are  analo* 
Koui  to  RE8T,  RESTfT,  RESTITV  in 
SwiUerland,  Mommaen,  Op.  dt  pp.  69, 
70 ;  ef.  Bruce,  Ronuui  Wall,  Keatoration 
of  Decayed  Temple,  p.  160. 

From  No,  322  we  may  supply  the  lacuHa 
in  an  inaoription  on  tba  pediment  of  the 
Temple  of  Minoira  at  Bath  ;  VETVS 
(tate  collapaom  sedem  Hinervae  sua  pec) 
VHIA  REFICl  ET  REPINQI  CVR 
(arunt),  which  ia  the  reading  adopted  by 
Lyaona  :  Prabendary  Scarth,  Aquae  Solia 
pp.  IS-21  :  Hiibner,  Insoc.  Brit.  Lat.  No. 
39,  p.  2G  ;  and  Indicea,  Rae  Epigiaplxica, 
ii,  Tituli  aacri,  a.v.  restitiut,  p.  3(0,  ef. 
Nua.  542,  SS3. 

In  No.  S2B,  Lerade  thoueht  he  had 
diacoTered  the  name  uf  Cornelia  Salonina, 
wife  of  the  emperor  Oallienni,  who 
reigned  a.D.  253-268  ;  but  thia  aeonu  to 
be  a  miatake,  for  aa  Hommaan  truly  re- 
marka,  non  facile  imperalonua  uxorea  in 


3  A 


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■182        THE  ROMAN  ANTIQUITIES  OF  SWITZERLAND. 

deterioration  increases  as  we  proceed  down  the  series, 
corresponding  with  the  inferior  style  observable  in  the 
legends  of  the  later  medals.  I  beg  to  suggest  this  enquiry 
to  learned  travellers. 

There  were  other  Eoman  roads  at  least  equal  in  im- 
portance to  those  already  mentioned,  but  on  which  no 
milliaria  have  been  discovered,  viz. — (1)  from  Augusta 
Kauricorum  to  Argentoratum  (Strasburg),  to  Salodurum 
(Solothum),  and  to  Brigantia  (Bregenz)  on  lake  Constance, 
passing  through  Vindonissa  (Windisch),  Aquie  (Baden),  and 
Ad  Fines  (Pfyn) ;  (2)  from  Mediolanum  and  Comum  to 
Curia  (Coire)  and  Brigantia ;  (3)  on  the  side  of  Gaul,  from 
Geneva  to  Equestrium,  Lousonna,  Urba  (Orbe),  Ariorica 
(probably  Pontarlier)  and  Vesontio  (Besanijon) ;  this  road 
crossed  die  Jura,  leaving  Switzerland  at  some  point  south 
west  of  the  lake  of  Neuchfttel. 

Tor  this  subject  the  Antonine  Itinerary*  and  the  Table 
of  Peutinger  should  be  consulted,  as  they  are  our  only 
ancient  authorities  besides  inscriptions.  In  segments  n 
and  m  of  the  map,  Helvetian  towns,  roads  and  distances 
are  marked,  but  unfortunately  they  do  not  correspond 
with  the  road-book.  The  reader  who  is  not  accustomed 
to  the  Table  will  scarcely  recognize  the  country  at  first 
sight,  because  the  space  from  west  to  east  is  so  greatly 
exaggerated.* 

in.  As  in  Britain,  so  in  Switzerland,  the  mosaics  rank 
among  the  most  interesting  relics  of  antiquity.     Several 

n  Anbonini  edit.  Wesseliiig,      the  westem    oomsr   of    Uib  Soath   d 


p.   237,  Brigaotji  ;     p.  238,  Ad  Knes,  France    aUo — >   d«fidanoy    which   wm 

Vindonuu  {ef.  p.  261} ;   p.  317,  Genavn  ;  poiuted  out  to  me  by  the  Ute  Horn.  Pto\ 

p.  348,  Equestribiu,  Lacu  Laiuonio,  Urba ;  RsTmoH'l,  AreUTute  da  Baowa  Pyr^nJa. 

pp.  3dl-3S3,3i]miiia  FenniDO,  Octodiiro,  Biirdigiilii  (Bordaaull  and  To1du(T"1- 

Tanwiai,  Pennelocoa,  Tibiioo,  Bramitgo,  louse]   are  included ;    but  the  part  cod. 

Ito.  tuning  Lapuiduin(Biyonne)huperuhed. 

'  We     find    in     Segment     II    both  Some  have  doubted  wbether    Bayonne 

ArenchM  and  Augrt— Auentieum  Hale-  coirBepoDda  to  Lapurdum  ;    but,  bcaidM 

tiorum    and    Augusta    RTracum    (tic),  other  evidence,  an  ailment  in  faroor  of 

Conrad  Blaniiert  prefliea  to  hli  edition  an  tbii  opinion  may  be  derived   from  tbe 

Intn>ductiou,  vhich  ii  a  oopioua  diaaarta-  Basque  name  Pays  ds  Labourd,  irhicb  i> 

tion  on  the  date,  history  and    vsjinus  eodosed  within  the  rivera  Adoor  snd 

details  of  die  Tabula :    ef.   Dr.   Biran  Bidnssoa  :    Basque     Legenda     ooUeoted 

Walker,  Camb.  Antiq.  Soc  Communico.  chieSy  in  the  Labourd  l^theRer.  Went, 

tions,  vol.  V,  pp.  9I37-I26i,      Hr.  Bunbury  worth    Webater,    Loud.,    1877,    p.    S!7. 

gives  amora  cantuseaccoimt,  butexplains  Being    deprived    of   aid    from  tlie  mip 

its    leading    featur«H    sufBciently  ;     Op.  towards  diaoovering  ancieut  localitie*,  we 

dtat.  vol.  ii,  p.  697  ig.,  chap.  lui,  aei:.  16.  can  only  fall  back  on  the  Itineniy  sol 

He  remarks  in  a  note  that  the  whole  of  Notitia  (Army-List)  aa  our  diief  autluri- 

Spain  i*  wanting  i  thia  ia  the  oaae  with  tin. 


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D,  Google 


THE  ROHAN  ANTIQUITIES  OF  SWITZERLAND.  183 

have  been  discovered  at  Aventicum ;  some  have  dis- 
appeared, and  others  are  still  to  be  seen  in  the  local 
museum.  The  Baron  de  Bonstetten  gives  a  meagre  account 
of  six  tessellated  pavements  at  this  place  in  his  Carte 
Arch^logique  du  Canton  de  Vaud.'  Professor  Bursian 
describes  more  fully  a  larger  number  of  them,  with  good 
illustrations,  in  the  Mittheilungen  der  Antiquarischen 
Gesellschaft  in  Zurich,  Band  xvi,  Abtheilung  i,  Heft  5. 

One  of  these  mosaics,  No.  23,  exhibits  a  subject  well 
known  to  Art  students,  but  there  is  a  peculiarity  in  the 
treatment  which  deserves  attention.  Orpheus,  with  the 
plectrum  in  his  right  hand,  and  the  Ijrre  in  his  left, 
occupies  the  central  medallion ;  he  is  seated  on  a  bench ; 
a  lion,  peacock  and  squirrel  are  grouped  around  him ;  a 
small  bird,  probably  a  raven,  is  perched  on  the  top  of  the 
lyre.  The  remaining  figures  fill  up  a  quadrangular  space, 
being  arranged  in  squares  and  semicircles  alternately. 
There  is  some  difficulty  in  identifying  them,  which  arises 
partly  from  the  original  having  been  destroyed ;  but  they 
appear  to  be  a  panther  repeated  twice  (possibly  one  may 
be  a  lynx),  hart  and  hind,  horse  and  mare,  goat  and  bear. 
The  border  consists  of  a  foliated  pattern,  whose  graceful 
curves  contrast  well  with  the  straight  lines  enclosing  the 
design.  In  the  middle  of  each  of  the  four  sides  is  a  large 
vase,  like  the  cantharus  sacred  to  Bacchus.*  Orpheus 
usually  wears  the  Phrygian  bonnet;  so  he  appears  in 
the  mosaics  at  Cirencester  (Corinium),  at  Palermo,  and 
in  Algeria ;'    but  here  he  is  bare-headed,  aa  Polygnotus, 

'  p.  12.  pH<ta.de  MoBsiquea  :  two  iu«  and   its  RemuoB,  pp.   4S0-601.    Humo 

inimbcd  ;      one     repreeenta    different  Borbonioo,    vol.    ii,    Tav.  XI,  pp.  7-9, 

«niTn«l«,  with  the  wnrda  POMPEIAN 0  InciBioDe  ui  lastn  di  aisenta 

ET  AVITOCONSVLIBVa  KAL.  AVO.:  '   MUIin,    Oalerie    Mythologiqua,    PI. 

the  other  hu  ■  man's  he»l  in  the  centre,  CVII,   No.    423,    who    followa  Labonle, 

■od  dolpbiiu  at  the  four  comers,  with  the  Voyage  pittoreaque  de  la  Suiaae,  No,  197. 

proprietor's       name,      FR0STHASIV8  Buckman  uid  Newmarch,  Corinium,  p. 

FECIT:  DeSchmidt,RFcueild' Antiquity  32,  "Orpheus  habited  in  a  PbtyginncAp," 

delaSuiaee,  toros  i,  ATenchea  et  Culm,  PI.   VII,  eolourod.     My  Paper  on  Aoti- 

p.  IS,  tq.  quitiee  in  the  Huaeam  at  P^ermo,  Aivh- 

*  ^CDUB,  the  companion  of  DioDjBua,  veel.     Journal,    znviii,     lSl-153,    and 

ilaa  lua  the  cantharua.      Viigil  wye  that  notea,  where  the  aubject  ia  treated  at 

the  handle  wa«  worn  by  the  drnnkard'a  length  :  cf.  Hmdamann  in  ArchNolopsche 

frtquent  use,  Eclogue  VI,  T.  17,  GtgraTia  Zeitung,  Antiken  in  Falemo.   IBSS  ;  ■ 

attrita  pendebat  ouitbarUB  ansa.     See  the  good  photograph  of  thia  moaoio  has  been 

note  in  Profesaor  Yonge'a  edition.    Couip.  publiahed.      Bulletiii     de     la     KtHji^t* 

C.    O.    Miiller,    Denkiiii.ler    der    Alten  Nutioniileclea  AnliqiiHires  deFrance.]8Ji3, 

Kunat,  PL  II,  pp.  42-*5,  Taf.  XLI,  XLII,  pp.  3IB-322,  engraving  «t  p.  320,  Memcir 

doe.   494-517,    eeji.   Noa.   600,  503,   SOG,  by  M.  Hiron  Dh  VillefuFM  uii  the  nwnic 

517  ;     Hiudbuch   der  ArcliBologie,  tiec  at  Cberchell  :    he  mentiona  many  •itheni, 

388)    Enj^Jah   tretulatiuii,   Anctent  Art  and  among  them  one  found  at  Blant;, 

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184 


THE  ROMAN  AKTKJtriTIES  OF  SWITZERLAND. 


accoi'ding  to  the  description  of  Pausanias,  painted  liim 
on  the  wall  of  a  Delphic  colonnade.'  This  figure  is 
one  of  those  which  Cliristian  art  borrowed  from  pagan- 
ism. The  disciples  of  the  new  religion  saw  in 
Orpheus  a  symbol  of  the  Faith  subduing  and  refining 
barbarous  natures ;  but  I  think  they  also  adopted  it  for 
another  reason, — because  the  Thracian  bard  in  a  pastoral 
scene,  charming  the  birds  and  beasts  who  listened  to  his 
music,  was  not  unlike  the  Good  Shepherd  amidst  the 
flock,  an  aspect  of  our  Lord's  character  which  the  early 
church  seems  to  have  preferred  to  every  other.*  It  may 
also  be  observed  that  Orpheus  was  represented  as  a  young 
man,  and  that  in  the  catacombs  the  figure  of  Christ  is 
youthful,  a  type  derived  from  classical  antiquity. 

We  have  in  the  subject  before  us  a  good  example  of  the 
close  connexion  between  art  and  literature.    The  chapters 


a  the 


HuBeum  at  Laon.  Dr.  Appall  raminded 
me  that  there  ii  a  very  fine  example  at 
Bottweil  in  Wiirtamberg,  on  the  route 
from  Stuttgart  to  Schaffbatiwn  ;  Ber- 
lepKh,  Schweiz,  ed.  1882,  p.  17,  Sohon  eu 
BSmerzeitan  war  Rottwal  cane  bedeut. 
Eolmiie  (Fundeetelle  intgrewnntw  Anti- 
quitatcm,  darunt«r  ein  Hoeaik-Boden, 
OipheuB  dantellend), 

*  To  the  left  of  a  penon  enteriiiB  the 
Leadie  at  Delphi  there  wee  a  aanes  of 
paintinge  upon  the  well  i 
inteniu^  world,  and  Orphe 
•picuoiu  Ggoiv  :  PausBHiu,  z,  30,  S  ed. 
Sohufaart    end    Wall,    'Eitl    \6fav    rwbi 

ipurT*pf  aSdaai,  r^  S)  tripf  x'1'^  trUit 
icXfrii  tlnir  Arifsvti  [locuB  turbatue) .  .  . 
'EXXigruib  I)  ri  vyfiiii  Im  r^  'Op^T, 
Kol  vCIrt  4  ifUli  dCti  M&iiiii  i<rrw  M  rf 
Kf^nAj  ep^Kuair.  On  Uie  other  hand 
Philagitivtiu  Junior  deecribea  Orpheus  as 
Wiwing  a  head-dreaB,  edit.  E>y«er,  'Emint, 
p.  10,  'Op^i  iprfxraw  filf  lnpiMin' 
foiAw    trij^iorra   tq    Tofti^,    riipn    Si 

'  Aringhi,  Roma  Subtwranea,  vol.  i,  p. 
647  ;  Qarruod,  Storia  dell'  Art*  Chris- 
tiana,  vol  ii,  Tav.  i,  Parve  utile  il  dipin- 
gere  I'iinagine  di  Orfeo,  quasi  pouendulo 
a  oontronto  col  vero  reetfluratore  e  rigen- 
eiatore  dell'  umana  famiglia  ...  In 
queeta  pittum  le  Bare  selvagge  sono 
tranijomiete  in  Bgnalli  manmieti  Appetl, 
Hooumenta  of  Early  Chrieti&a  Art,  pp. 
46-lS,  with  woodcut 

The  Qood  Shepherd,  bb  we  see  Him  in 
Christian  Art,  orrying  the  loat  aheep  on 


fail  ehoulden,  is  a  type  aaid  to  be  detived 
from  the  HenneaKnophoruaof  Calamiiat 
Tanagra,  cf.  omn.  Pauun,  ix,  28,  1  ;  and 
coin  of  'Tanagim  in  the  Brituh  Huaeum, 
Hevane,  HenQH  Kriophoroe  with  the 
legend  TANAFP.MON  ;  Catalogue  irf  Greek 
Coins,  Central  Qreeoe,  p.  84,  PI.  X,  Na 
12  (phologiapb)  :  Aringhi,  Roma  Sub- 
terranes,  vol.  i,  p.  S31  :  C.  O.  Ifiiller, 
Deukmaler,  Pt.  ii,  Taf.  nil.  No.  3M, 
Hermes  in  alterthiimlicher  Oeatalt  eiliea 
Widder  auf  den  Schultcm  tragend ;  tf. 
Ft.  i.  Tat  xIt,  No.  210',  nae-paiiiting  of 
the  gods  assembled  at  the  nuptials  of 
Peleus  and  Thetis ;  and  Q>.  Taf.  Ixxir,  Nu 
4SI,  from  Aringhi  ii,  101,  Qood  Shepherd 
■urroiinded  bj  Scriptural  subjects  in 
oompnrtnients  :  Westcott,  The  EiMstlee 
of  St.  John,  Appendix  III,  The  RelatioD 
of  Christiuiit;  to  Art^  p.  336,  and  notes. 
This  Hermes  is  Kpis^dpei,  carrying  the 
ram  (see  examples  in  the  collection  of 
caHtB  formed  by  Mr.  Ferr;  at  the  South 
Kensington  Huaeum) ;  but  sometimea  be 
is  Kfii^pos,  ourisd  by  the  lam,  or  riding 
it,  Denkm.  Pt  II,  Na  383,  from  ■ 


voL  ilviij,  p.  49,  Fig.  IB. 

The  lamb  in  the  boMint 
idea,   Isaiah  iL   II  ;  but  mi 


Qingling 


the  Jewish  with  the  early  Chrietian  treat- 
ment of  the  subject. 

Like  the  Bonux  Pastor,  another  Chris- 
tian ^mbol,  the  Chi-Hho  (XP],  may  be 
traced  back  tu  a  Pagan  origin  ;  it  ap- 
pears on  the  coins  of  Ptolemj  III,  Euo^ 
g?tea  1  ;  Arobaoolugia,  toL  zlriii,  p.  S4! 


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THE  BOUAK  ANTlQtJTnES  OP  BWITZERI^ND.  185 

on  Orpheus  in  Philostratus  Junior  and  CaUistratus  would 
serve  for  descriptions  of  the  mosaics  mentioned  above.* 

In  No.  24  we  see  Bellerophon  in  a  square  compartment 
mounted  on  Pegasus  and  holding  a  lance ;  hia  attitude, 
like  that  of  St.  George  fighting  with  the  dragon  on  our 
own  coinage,  suggests  the  idea  that  he  is  attacking 
Chimsera,  but  the  lance  is  a  more  suitable  weapon  than 
the  short  sword  with  which  Pistrucci  has  armed  the  saint.^ 
The  square  is  surrounded  by  four  circular  medallions, 
each  containing  a  youth  who  blows  a  straight  trumpet 
(tuba),  instead  of  a  horn  formed  in  spiral  twists  (buccijuij^ 
which  is  more  usual  when  the  winds  are  personified.' 
All  the  figures  have  a  mantle  (cklamya)  for  their  garment ; 
one  of  them  also  wears  a  broad-brimmed  hat,  a  protection 
against  heat  and  rain  which  seems  to  indicate  the  south 
wind.  All  four  are  beardle.ss ;  in  this  respect  the  mosaic 
now  under  consideration  difiers  not  only  from  another  at 
Avenches,  but  also  from  the  well-known  reliefs  on  the 
Eorologium  of  Andronicus  Cyrrheates  at  Athens.* 
Lozenges,  each  enclosing  a  single  animal,  alternate  with 
the  medallions  ;  these  rectangles  are  ornamented,  like  the 
central  square,  with  a  kind  of  chess-board  pattern  on  the 
borders.  The  remaining  space  is  filled  up  with  dolphins 
or  fish  in  semicircles,  and  thunderbolts  in  pointed  ovals. 
Outside  this  composition,  at  the  top  and  bottom,  hunting 
scenes  are  represented,  and  a  forest  is  conventionally 
denoted  by  a  few  trees,  one  of  which  is  the  Alpine  fir. 

iq.    Momoir  by  Mr.  Alfred  Tylor  on  New  wa»  derived  from  the  Parthenon  frieze 

Pointa  in  the  HiBtoir  of  Roman  Britain,  and  reproduced  "one  of  the  ciTalij  in 

u  iUuatnted  by  DnxiTarin  at  Warwick  l-he  Panathouean  (net  jirooeadoii."     Si 

Square,  UAj  of  London.     Comp.  Catol.  Oeoi^'a  sword  ia  ao  ahort  that  he  luight 

d(  Oreek  coina  in  Brit.  Mua.,  Tlie  Ptol-  fall  utT  laa  hoiae  in  attemptitig  to  piaroe 

oniv,  Einga  of  Mfljpt,  pp.  i%,  51,  63,  themonrtsr. 
5S,  ^  '3d  Shakweare,  Mtdiumnur   Night's 

'  PhQostntuB,    loc.   dtat  ;   CalliatrKti  Dream,   Act  it,  ac  2, 
Dnoiptionea  ('E«fp<(ff«t)edit.  Kayser.p.  "  The  winda  piping  to  ui  in  vain"; 

30,  'Eu  t1  Tsii  'Op^i  IrrAtuL.  Milton,  II  Fenaeroao, 

'Tha  same    nibject    "treated  in   the  "  While  rooking  winda  are  typing  loud." 
lii^iert  style  of  art "  ocoun  in  a  moaaic  *  In  thia   monument  the  oootume  of 

foand  at  Auton ;   Boach  Smith,  Collec-  each  figure  ia  appropriate  to  the  nature 

taiHa  Anlii^ua,  V.  326.  of  the  wind  tlut  it  repreaen-bi  :  Rhein- 

PcgaauB  la  a  rery  frequent  dcvjrai  on  hard,  Album  dee  Claaaiacbr^  Alterthuma, 

the  coins  of  Corinth ;  Catalogue  of  Hun-  PI.  VII,  p.  E>  text,  Li|is  uud  Zephyrue 

ter'i  Collection,  Tab.  20  ;  Leake  givea  an  haben  naokte  Beine,  die  iibrigen  aind  mit 

tiample    nf    Bellerophon    mouQlad    on  Halbatiefela  beUaJdet ;  cf.  Hirt,  BQder- 

Pegaaua,   Numiamabi    Hellenica,    Euro-  buch  fiir  Mythologie,  Die  Damonen  der 

pBU  Oreece,  p.  S8.  Luft;  S.  lU-14fl,  Taf.  zvii ;  and  Stuart, 

Ifr.  Sainthill,  OUa  Podrtda,  t,  49  «;.,  Antiquitiaa  of  Athena,  vol.  i,  cliap.  3,  PL 

<ntid(ea  Piatnicci'B  dedgn  ;  be  aaya  it  XXL 


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186  TbE  BOtaAN  AKTIQUITIEb  op  STITZeBUND. 

Here  also  a  symmetrical  arrangement  prevails,  a  lai^ 
vase  being  placed  in  the  centre,  and  a  drinking-cup  at 
each  extremity.    This  mosaic  has  been  destroyed. 

No.  25  has  an  unusual  border  made  to  imitate  regular 
masonry ;  in  the  lower  part  there  b  a  frieze  consisting  of 
Ionic  volutes  and  palmetti.  The  general  design  is  a 
maeander,  in  which  the  ordinary  cable  pattern  {torsade) 
alternates  with  flowers.  Upon  the  field  five  small  squares 
are  placed  in  a  quincunx,  like  the  marks  for  this  number 
on  a  die ;  the  central  one  contains  the  head  of  the  Sun, 
and  each  of  the  others  had  an  animal  in  it.  It  should  be 
noticed  that  there  is  a  double  row  of  rays  around  the  face; 
the  inner  short  and  straight,  the  outer  long  and  resembling 
leaves  with  the  point  bent  upwards.'  The  ancient  artints 
portrayed  the  Sun-god  in  two  ways ;  sometimes  with  a 
radiated  head,  as  in  the  Palermitan  mosaic,  sometimes,  as 
on  the  earlier  coins  of  Rhodes,  with  flowing  locks  disposed 
80  as  to  resemble  his  beams.* 

No.  26  is  a  swan  standing  on  the  edge  of  a  large  two- 
handled  vase,  and  drinking  water  therein.  This  subject 
is  enclosed  in  broad  concentric  bands,  the  interior  being  a 
cable,  and  the  exterior  like  crested  waves.  The  design 
forcibly  reminds  us  of  the  famous  mosaic  in  the  Capitol, 
called  the  doves  of  Sosus,  from  Hadrian's  villa  at  Tivoli, 
where  four  birds  are  sitting  on  a  canthants.  It  has  beeii 
so  often  reproduced  in  the  round  that  we  are  in  danger  of 
forgetting  the  flat  surface  of  the  original.*  Between  the 
inscribed  circle  and  the  square,  the  spaces  at  the  four 

'  A  voir  fine  example  of  Mb  double  Greek  Coins,  Thnaatlj  to  .£ti>lu,  pk  110, 

radiation  is  supplied  hj   a  relief  froin  F\.  XX,  Sun.  2  and  S  (pbotognplu). 

HiMarlik  {V^  centui;,  B.C.),  repraMnting  '   Leake,    Numum.    Hellen.,    lnsuUr 

HeliiM  io  n  quadrigs  ;  caats  of  it  may  be  Greece,    Rhodes,   Aegaeaa    Soi,   il  3i, 

neeu  in  tlie  British    Museum,  at  South  Beardlera  head,  adv.  lowxls  r,  wiui  hair 

Kemrington,  and  in  the  Huaeuin  of  CIbb-  divided  into  lochs,  and  radiatiog  (ApuOo 

sical  Arclueology  at  Cambridge.     Schlie-  as  the  Sua]  ;    Hunter's  Catalogae,  Tab. 

maoD,  Tru;  and  its  Remaiiis,  lii7G,  pp.  i5.    This  airansement  appean  od  the 

32-34,  PL  III.  facing  p.  32,  Block  of  Tri-  earlier  coins,  which  are  ivmarkabt;  Sue, 

glyphs,    with   Hetop^   of   the    8un-0od.  ood  was  cnntiiiued  down  to  the  sien  oi 

From  the  temple  of  Apollo  in  the  Riiioa  the  dty  b;  Demsbius  Polioroetes,  B.C. 

of  Oredan  Ilium  :   "  one  of   the   most  30G.     A  stater  of  Philip   II,   stnuk  at 

maaterpiecea     tbat    have    been  Itbodeg,  han  a  minute  head  of  the  Snn 

1  from  the  time  when   Greoan  ndiated,    aa    ite    mint    mark :    Uulkr, 

art  WHS  in  its  Eenith."   Schliemaoa,  Ilioe,  Numisniatique  d'Aleiandre,  p.   321. 

1880.   chap,  xi,   The   seventh  city,  the  '  Miiller,   DenkmaJer,  Pt.  I,  Tat  Iv., 

OreciflnTliiim,orNovnmIliuni,Na,  147[>.  No,  2?J  :  MurrsyH  Handbook  for  Romt, 

pp.  622-fl2G.       Gf.  oma.  gold   obolus   of  Sect   I,   sec   26.     MiiH.    of   the  Ca^tol, 

Alexander  I,  King  of  Kpirus,  brother  of  Hall  of  the  Doree,  Nu.  101,  where  PUu)''> 

Oljmpina,  and  therefore  unole  of  Alex-  deicription  is  quoted,  Hiftt.   Nat,  xiin, 

auder  the  Oreat :  Btit   Mus.   CatoL  ul  2G,  s.  SO,  sea  181,  ed.  SiUig. 

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THB  BOUAN  ANTIQUITIBS  OF  SWITZERLAND.  187 

comers,  corresponding  to  spandrila  in  architecture,  are 
filled  up  with  birds  and  fishes.  One  cannot  speak  with 
certainty  where  there  is  so  much  conventional  treatment, 
but  if  I  may  offer  a  conjecture,  these  creatures  were 
probably  meant  for  inhabitants  of  the  lakes  in  whose 
neighbourhood  the  mosaic  was  discovered. 

No.  27  is  a  floral  pattern  which  does  not  call  for  any 
special  remark,  but  in  two  of  the  angles  we  see  an  inter- 
laced ornament,  like  the  Bunic  knot  which  occurs  in  Irish 
and  Scandinavian  art.'  This  pavement  was  found  in 
1863  at  Conches  Dessous,  adjoining  the  high  road  from 
Berne  to  Lausanne  which  passes  through  Avenches ;  two- 
thirds  of  it  are  preserved  in  the  Museum  there. 

No.  28  contains  a  winged  boy,  seated  and  playing  a 
lyre  with  his  hands,  not  using  the  plectrum  like  Orpheus. 
A  vase  is  placed  on  the  table  before  him.  Each  of  the 
four  comers  is  ornamented  with  a  medallion  that  re- 
minds us  of  kaleidoscopic  figures.  The  principal  features 
in  the  border  are  stars  and  cubes  marked  with  the  quin- 
cunx, seen  in  perspective.  It  has  been  conjectured  that 
the  central  figure  is  an  emblem  of  a  musical  contest 
(aywv),  and  that  the  vase  represents  the  prize.  This 
mosaic  has  disappeared. 

No.  29  was  discovered,  in  the  year  1830,  at  Cormerod, 
one  league  south-east  of  Avenches.  As  the  former  place 
is  in  the  Canton  Freiburg,  the  mosaic  has  been  removed 
to  the  capital,  and  deposited  in  the  museum  there.*  The 
subject  is  the  Cretan  labyrinth  said  to  have  been  con- 

ordnede  og  torkUreile  ai  J.  J.  A.  Worauie, 

Jfimalderen  II,  pp.  98-100,  114. 

kiKit"  of  &  more   oomplituted   pattera  ;  *    CutaluKue   du    Hus^    CaDtonoI    de 

PI.  VII,  p.   32,  «nother  mors  lie  thiwe  Fribourg,  [i.  72,  No.  •**. 

>t  ATmchee  ;  Ruach  Smitli,  IIluBtratioiu  ATendtss  ibtelf  ia  in  the  C&ntoa  de 

nf  RoQiim   LondoD,  Fl.  IX,  p.  56.     Ur.  Vaud,   but  the   town  with   its  adjacent 

W.  T.  Watkin,  Romui  lAiicaahire,  p.  IBS,  teiritor;  in    almost  Burrounded  by  the 

pjtt  a  )[oDd  example  of  iuterUced  umo-  Canton    Fribourg,    la    in    England    we 

moiL    It  ia  a  very  bswitiful  bronze  boas,  aometimeB  hays  part  ot  a  OouDtf  separata 

tuuDJ  at   Bremetflnaoum    (Hibeheater],  from   the  rat ;    aee  Boiut«tten,    Cart« 

and  now  prcacrred  in  tha  Bfayer  Muaeum,  Archdologiqiie,    Canton     de    Vaud,    or 

Urapoot    See  alno  my  Paper  on  Soan-  Keller'i  Reiaekuie  der  8ahweiz,  where 

dintTian  Autiquitiaa,  Arehaeal.  Journal,  the   bouodiiriaa  are  shown  bj  differeot 

voL  ttriT,    p.   260   tq.,    with    the   foot-  colours. 

DiAei;   Plate*  acoompanjing  J.    C.    C.  The    Oennan  name  for  Avenehea  ia 

Dibl'i  Denkmiler  eineraehr  auagebildeten  WiBiabarg  ;  it  ia  aaid  to  be  derived  fnim 

Holxbaokunit  aua  den   frdheaten  Jahr-  Count  Wivilo,  who  built  Uia  feudal  caatle 

hmidanen   in  den  inQem  iMOdacbaltea  in  the  seventh  ceutury  ;  Hurray'a  Hand- 

Novegana  ;    and    Nordiake  Oldseger  i  book  for  Switzerland,  Route  43. 
Det  Kongedige  Uuaeum  i  KjiibenhavD, 


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188         THE  BOMAN  ASTIQUITIBS  OF  SWITZBRLAND. 

structed  by  Daedalus,  at  the  order  of  HinoB,  for  the 
residence  of  the  Minotaur.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  circular 
embattled  wall,  with  four  towers  at  equal  distances  from 
each  other.  One  of  them  has  an  arched  entrance  into  the 
maze.  The  whole  space  is  divided  into  eight  wedge-shaped 
compartments,  like  the  cunei  of  a  Eoman  theatre,  contain- 
ing severally  nine  concentric  paths,  and  communicating  by 
the  lines  that  radiate  between  them.  In  the  centre  we 
see  Theseus  conquering  the  Minotaur;  with  his  right 
hand  he  brandishes  a  dub,  from  his  left  arm  a  chlamys 
in  two  folds  hangs  down.  His  adversary,  a  man  with  a 
bull's  head,  is  falling  on  his  knees ;  he  partly  supports 
himself  on  his  left  arm,  and  raises  his  right  in  a  suppliant 
attitude."  Birds  are  perched  on  the  battlements,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  towers,  perhaps  to  indicate  that  the 
monster's  carcass  would  be  devoured  by  the  fowls  of  the 
air.*  The  border  is  ornamented  with  a  chess  board 
pattern ;  five  points  are  marked  on  the  squares,  as  in  the 
last  example,  but  arranged  differently,  so  as  to  form  a 
Greek  cross. 

There  has  been  much  discussion  about  the  maze  figured 
here ;  some  writers  regard  it  as  mythical,  but  others 
identify  it  with  a  cavern  near  Gortyna.  Admiral  Spratt, 
one  of  the  best  and  most  recent  authorities,  adopts  the 
latter  opinion,  explaining  his  views  at  considerable  length 
in  chapter  rv  of  his  work,  on  Crete.  It  may  be  objected 
that  Herodotus,  who  describes  the  I^yptian  labyrinth 
fully,  is  silent  about  the  Cretan,  that  Pausanias  positively 
says  it  was  at  Cnossus,  and  that  it  appears  on  the  coins  of 
this  city  alone.  However,  the  argument  from  silence  is 
generally  weak,  and  in  this  case  especially  so,  because  the 
father  of  history  does  not  profess  to  give  a  complete 
account  of  the  island  ;  Pausanias  does  not  assert  that  be 
had  seen  the  labyrinth,  and  might  be  mistaken  :  lastly,  it 

'  In   B    motope  uf    the  Theaeum  ftt  deacrib«d     bjr     Hr.     Story  -  HukelTiw. 

Athena  we  aee  the  Mine  subject,  but  the  "TheieuH, having  ilunthe  HuiDlauT,nals 

pnture  of  the  Gguree  is  (iiffereot.    There  on  hi»  club ;  the  dwd  monster  liea  in  * 

Thesetui    placet)   hu  left  arm  roiind  the  window  of  the  Ijibyriuth  :  "      Catalogur, 

Minotaur'H  neck,  and  the  latter  preesea  p.  GB,  No.  33], 

tbe  knee  of  The»eiu  with  hia  foot.     The  *  Comp.  the  norde  of  OoUath,  I  Sam., 

group  is  in  high  relief,  and  forma  lArt  of  ivii,   U,  "  And  the  Philistine  said   to 

a   senes  representing  the  battlee  uf  the  Divid,  Come  to  me,  and  I  will  give  tb; 

Athenian   hem  :    Stuart's  Antiquidea  of  fleah  uoto  the  fowL<  of  tJie  air,  and  t»the 

Athens,   vol    iii,  chap.    1,  PI.   XIII,   7.  '        '     ' 

The  Marlborough  Oema  supply  a  modem 
ejumple,  perhapji  by  the  hand  of  Natter, 


Athens,   vol    iii,  chap    1,  PI.   XIII,   7.      beaats  of  the  field,"  ud  the  re^j  d 
The  Marlborough  Oema  itupplj  a  modem       David,  ibid.,  v.  K. 


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TBB  BOHAK  ANTIQUTTIBB  OP  8WITCTBLAND. 


189 


might  be  figured  on  the  coinage  at  Cnossus,  at  one  time 
the  chief  city  in  Crete,  not  on  account  of  its  proximity, 
bat  because  it  was  a  national  type  recalling  to  nuud  the 
great  king  Minos  and  the  glories  of  his  reign.' 

No.  30  is  partially  preserved.  The  central  design 
consists  of  a  head  with  wavy  locks,  probably  Neptune  or 
Ocean,  surrounded  by  the  four  wind-gods  blowing  blasts ; 
Eurus  and  Boreas  are  bearded,  Notus  and  Zepbyrua 
beardless.  A  similar  variety  occurs  in  the  so-called 
Temple  of  the  Winds  at  Athens,  as  may  be  seen  by 
reference  to  the  plates  of  Stuart's  Antiquities."  The 
remiuning  space  was  occupied  by  round  and  square  com- 
partments containing  many  devices ; '  amongst  them  are 
birdsofdifierent  kinds,  a  pomegranate,  a  roll  half  open  widi 
strings  and  a  stylus,  also  a  labyrinth  bearing  a  general 
resemblance  to  No.  29,  but  having  only  four  wedge-shaped 
divisions,  and  a  comucopisB  in  the  centre. 

No.  31  was  fully  exposed  to  view  in  the  year  1751,  and 


'  Pulilaj  poailivaly  denua  tlut  the 
oienu  tt  Haghiua  Dheka,  the  ten 
fltoU  (OoTtyiu)  u«  the  ume  u  the 
mdent  Uhyrintji,  ■nd  uj*  Uiere  U  no 
Mifficicot  maon  for  beluTing  that  it  sver 
iad  i  nal  niatence.  He  hai  en^Ted 
'<*enl  ooiiui  of  Ctumu,  nhowing  the 
Labyrinth  ;  in  one' it  ii  circulBr,  in  tlie 
othen  nctuigulfu-;  Tr»TeU  in  Crete, 
luL  i,  chtp.  xii,  pp.  202,  208  ;  chap.  XTiii, 
pp.  29S  175-  (?■  Hunter'.  Catalogue, 
Tib.  18,  F5gi  XI-XXIII. 

Beolf,  h^  HonDaiw  d'  Ath^ea,  Lea 
Bmnza  de  I'^poque  ImpMale,  p.  398, 
gilt*  di  figores  of  coins.  "  ThetM  tuuit 
le  Mieotaure ,  eat  encon  Ea  copie  d'une 
icuire  de  I'Boole  attiqae.  .  .  Lea 
monaiies  domieat  dea  vaiiantea  tnSa- 
tniitfiin  ■  .  .  Tintot  TheMe  ui«t 
le  ViDotaare  par  Ua  cornea  et  engage  le 
comW  ;  tantAt  il  la  TeDverae  d'oo  pre- 
micr  rxmp  de  maaaue  ;  tantSt  Q  I'aoheve, 
en  le  preaaont  du  genou  eontre  le  sol." 
^nle2,Leaujat«t  Ir&iueDtauTlee  vnaea. 
^  CitaloRue  of  Vaaea  in  Britiah 
Hiumni,  ToL  ii,  HytbologiQal  [odei,  ».v. 
MinotMT. 

I^akc  has  a  long  note  i.v.  Cdobbub, 
Naminn.  Hellan.,  Supplement,  lalands, 
1^  15S  tq.  Ba^Dg  lua  opinion  on  the 
'IncriptioDa  of  the  eicsvation  near 
HagUia  Dheka  given  by  Toumefort, 
PocDck  and  more  raoentl;  by  Coclurall, 
be  condudes  that  it  ia  the  Tenowned 
Cretan  labTTintli. 


Ooii,  Oenmiae  Antiquae  Hoaei  Floren- 
tim,voLii,^8I,Tab.  kit  ;(/Catiilliu, 
Cannen  luT,  Bpithalunium  Pelei  et 
Thetidoa,  t.  73  ajf.  The  HinoCaur  here 
is  represented  la  a  csntaur  ;  the  Ubyriatli 
ia  OTtd,  with  a  border  of  beading  around  it. 

Admiral  Spratt,  Travela  and  Reaearcboa 
in  Crete,  vol.  ii,  pp.  43-S7  ;  plan  of  the 
Ubyrintlia  and  aketch  of  the  entranoe,  p, 
19.  The  author's  atatementa  are  Bpecially 
intereating,  because  he  explored  "  tlua 
aubteiranetui  quanr." 

The  Artka^  Jowrn.,  vol  iv,  pp. 
21S-235,  ooataina  an  important  article  by 
the  Hev.  Bdmrd  Trollope,  Notion  of 
AmiieDt  and  Mediaeval  Lobyrintba,  with 
many  illuatrationa. 

A  moaaie  aimilar  to  that  deaciibed 
above  waa  found  at  Bou&u,  but  Bsema 
tu  have  disappeared  ;  Otto  ieim,  Archao- 
logiacbe  Beiti^a,  S.  271  ;  BonBtettan, 
Carte  ArchfoL  du  Canton  de  Vaud,  p. 
16,  Ho.  3.  BoHafioz  ia  for  the  cloaucal 
archaeologist  one  of  the  moat  intereating 
places  in  Switzerland  ;  its  situation  ia 
accurately  described  bv  Bunion  in  hia 
Uanogrsph,  Hoaoikbild  rou  Orbe,  p.  1, 
groBstenUieila  mit  Weinbergen  bede<^ten 
Anhiihe,  niirdlich  von  dem  waadtland- 
iachen  Stadti^en  Orbe,  on  der  VOn  da 
nach  YverdoD  fiihrenden  Straaae. 
'  Loc  dtat,  V.  aupra  nole  4fi, 
'  The  farmer  are  for  tbe  moat  part 
onvunented  with  kolmdoacopic  patterna, 
like  those  in  the  comen  of  No,  28. 


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190       THE  ROUAIT  ANTIQUITIES  OP  SWITZBRLAim. 

is  described  at  length  by  De  Schmidt,  Eecueil  d' Antiquity 
de  la  Suisse,  a  work  which  is  now  to  a  great  extent 
obsolete,  but  should  be  consulted  for  information  about 
monuments  which  have  disappeared  since  its  publication.' 
This  mosaic  was  equally  remarkable  on  account  of  the 
beauty  of  its  designs  and  their  symmetrical  disposition. 
The  discovery  of  Ariadne  by  Bacchus  is  the  chief  subject 
here ;  accordingly  it  occupies  a  prominent  place  in  the 
central  band  between  groups  of  compartments  on  the  right 
and  on  the  left.  Ariadne  is  ajjleep  and  a  Satyr  unveils 
her  charms ;  Bacchus  crowned  with  vine-leaves  and 
holding  a  thyrsus  is  lost  in  wonder  at  the  sight,  another 
Satyr,  in  attendance  on  the  god,  shows  astonishment  by 
his  uplifted  hand.*  Immediately  above  there  are  two 
dolphins  with  their  heads  turned  towards  an  anchor  which 
is  placed  between  tiiem.  On  either  side  of  the  band  we 
see  five  octagonal  medallions  decorated  with  pictures  of 
Bacchanalian  revellers.  Their  nude  forms  and  flying 
drapery  recall  the  scenes  portrayed  in  Pompeian  wall- 
paintings.  Nearly  the  whole  of  the  right  hand  portion  of 
this  design  had  perished,  but  the  left  was  better  preserved. 
The  central  compartment  contains  two  figures,  while  the 
others  have  only  one.  A  Satyr  crowned  with  vine-leaves 
carries  off  a  Bacchante  who  puts  her  arm  around  his  neck: 
to  the  right  of  this  group  a  Satyr  wearing  a  panther's  skin 
strikes  cymbals  together  held  by  strings ;  to  the  left  another 
Satyr,  similarly  clad,  or  rather  unclad,  holds  a  patera  in 
one  hand,  and  a  long  ribbon  (t<snia)m  the  other.  Above, 
a  Bacchante  carries  a  drinking-horn  (rhytonj ;  below, 
anotlier  Bacchante  a  tambourine  with  projections  round 
the  rim  where  we  should  expect  rings,' 

>  Fbr  thifl  mouio  aee  pp.  lS-21   and  Sir   W.    Gall,    Paimusiik,    vol   i,  PL 

PUnidtM  I-Xni.    The  notea  aUo  deserve  XLIII ;  toL  iJ,  PI.  XLIX.     Xenophoa  in 

nnual,  u  thef  Buppl7  Bome    curioua  the  Banquet  u[  Socntca  inaiDuaUa  that 

detailB  together  with   quotatiooa    from  Bwcchus   and    Aiiadne   were    fsToarita 

Bomui  andiDn  and  rsferencea  to  modem  Hubjects  for  eating  roomt ;  Hi.   toL  ii, 

writMv  on   cluneal    antiquities,   Hant-  p.  Ill, 

fauoon,  Bellori,  Spon,  Ciunpini,  Cujliu,  ■        '  This  work  of  art  la  k>  mteniatiiig  tint 

tc,  Bursian  repeats  soma  of  the  fljnire^  on  s 

*  De  Sohmidt  appoaitelr  oiten  Catullus,  Ini^r    acaja.    Tat    XXXII,   Arraticuiii 

Bpithalam.  Feleiet  Tbetidoa,  yv.  262tg;.  Hplvetiorum,  Fiinftsa  Heft.     Hia  plita 

At  parte  ex  alia  florena  volitabat  laccbus,  are  derived  from  drawinga  in  the  Librv7 

CutD  Ttuaso   Satyronim,    et   Bjsigenia  at    Bern,    the   pavement   having   beoi 

Sileni*,  destroyed  by  th«   French  oavalry  wba 

Te  quaereoB,  Aliadna,  tuoque  incenius  were  encatuped  at  Avenohea  in  the  Jf 

amore.  1788. 


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THE  BOHAN  ANTIQUITIES  OF  SWTTZERLAin>.  191 

Lastly,  a  mosaic  found  at  Conches  Bessus  in  1868  repre- 
sents Hercules  contending  with  Anteeus — a  subject  treated 
by  the  ancient  sculptors  and  gem-engravers,  but  not  very 
often.'  Hercules,  nude,  bearded,  and  crowned  with  the 
white  poplar  (Xtwmj),  grasps  his  adversary  closely  above  the 
hipH,  raising  him  from  the  ground  that  he  may  not  derive 
new  vigour  from  his  mother  Earth.  The  latter  who  wears 
a  torque  round  his  neck,  in  sign  of  barbarism,  struggles 
with  hands  find  feet  to  escape.  We  have  here  an  apt 
illustration  of  Juvenal's  third  Satire,  v.  88  sq. 

Et  longum  invaUdi  coUum  cervicibus  aequat 
Herculis,  Antaeum  procul  a  Tellure  tenentis. 
And  equals  the  crane  neck  and  narrow  chest 
To  Hercules,  when,  straining  to  his  breast 
The  giant  son  of  Earth,  his  every  vein 
Swells  with  the  toil,  and  more  than  mortal  pain. 
There  are  also  accessories  which  enable  us  to  identify 
the  wrestlers ;  the  club,  bow  and  quiver  of  Hercules  hang 
on  the  bare  trunk  of  a  tree,  while  a  lion,  facing  the  spec- 
tator, indicates  that  Antaeus  was  by  birth  a  Libyan.* 

But  the  mosaics  at  BosstJaz,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from 
Orbe,  far  surpass  those  which  are  to  be  seen  at  Avenches. 
The  larger  one,  discovered  in  1862,  consists  of  thirteen 
octagons,  each  22^  inches  in  diameter,  surrounded  by  a 
framework  in  which  the  guilloche  alternates  with  a 
triangular  pattern.  De  Bonstetten  calls  the  latter  imbri- 
cated, but  I  do  not  perceive  that  it  overlaps  anywhere. 
The  whole  of  the  design  is  enclosed  in  a  broad  border  on 

Stout  d«Btgn*tad  a  metopB  in  the      post  agrwa  with  ths  artiit  U  Avmobee  ; 
at  Atheos  (No.  169)  h  Herauln 


and  AoUena,  but  Hr.  Combs  oaoaidered 

H   to    norownt    Theaetu     oTBrooming 

CsrmoD,  bag  of  Bl«um>,  in  ■  wrastling  v.  635         Jua  terga  riri  oede 

iiutd):SirH.  EUii,  Elgin  Hubles,  voL  Adligat,   st  medium,   oompni 

ii.  p.  Gl,  and  engrsTiug  p.  St,     C.  W.  — •-.. 

King,  Antiqnci  Qemi  and  Ringi,  vol.  ii, 

p.   M,    DnoriptiuQ    of    WoodcutB,    PL  .        „       ,    

XXXIII,  E^.  9  :  u  m\j  Cinque  Cento  ii,  21    (p.   846  ■;.),   iwranAaf«i  N  nirir 

work,     Oori,  Hqs,  Florant,   toL  i,   Tab.  Sim   rift  7^1,  tri  ^  74  rf  'Atralif  van- 

LXn,     Fig.    i.       Herada    eu<n    Aniaea  viAui  nyrnifi^n)  lul  iunx>iii««m  aitrit, 

Imetmit,  but  tha  group  mt.J  perhaps  be  Srt  mrtrra.      Haikelyne,  Catal.  of  Harl- 

better  exptained  u  duo  pngiia,  borough  Qenu,  p.  £1,  No.  301.       Spenoe, 

'  Lucsn,  Phwmlin,  bo-jkiT,  vv.  68B-86S,  Polymetia,  pp.  12]-la3,  PI.  XIX,  Fig.  ], 

ineerU    the    oontcst    of    HerculeH    with  UUttie  in  Falaz»>  I'ltti,  Plormce.  Arch'n- 

Antaeo*  u  an  episode  in  hii  uccount  uf  <ilogia,  vol.  it,  p.  3S'.l,  PI.  XXX,  Homnn 

Cnrio'a  expedition  to  Africa.  The  passage  iilensil  insilTerfoond  inNorthumberlnnil, 

ma;  be  nguded  aa  a  loeui  dnjtieut  for  probably  an  entMenw :  e.  Letter  frmnU.  P. 

this  kgeod.     In  many   partiaulHS  Uw  Knight 


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192       THE  UOMAN  ANTIQUITIES  07  SWITZERLAND. 

which  various  animals  are  figured;  on  three  sides  we 
see  the  bear,  lion,  panther,  buU,  and  horse ;  the  fourth 
alone  contuns  a  human  figure.  A  huntsman  with  three 
dogs  is  chasing  a  wild  boar ;  he  wears  a  short  tunic  with 
sleeves  reaching  to  the  elbows,  and  long  boots  {per- 
onatus); '  in  his  left  hand  he  holds  a  spear  {venalndum), 
and  in  his  right  a  leash  attached  to  the  collar  of  a  dc^.* 
Of  the  four  comers  two  are  ornamented  with  female  busts, 
two  are  now  vacant.  Seven  of  the  octagonal  medallions 
are  devoted  to  the  heavenly  bodies  that  preside  over  the 
days  of  the  week.  Beginning  with  that  on  the  left  of  the 
central  one,  we  have  figures  in  the  following  order;  I, 
Saturn  on  a  pulvinar  carried  by  two  winged  genii ;  2,  the 
sun  in  a  quadriga,  witli  radiated  head,  and  holding  a  whip, 
3,  the  moon  in  a  biga,  nimbated  ;*  4,  Mars  with  his  usual 
attributes,  helmet,  lance  and  shield,  in  a  chair  supported 
or  rather  pushed  by  two  winged  genii ;  5,  Mercury  hold- 
ing a  caduceua,  and  riding  on  a  ram  ;*  6,  Jupiter  with  e^le 


'  Pen,    a    boot   nude    of    untanned 

leather,  ma  worn  b;  ■bepherds,  plot^h- 
men  and  agricultural  labonimi  ;  Rich, 
CompatiioQ  to  Uie  I^tdn  Dictu^ary,  tv. 
trith  engnTiog.   Vir^,  SnaA,  VTI,  690, 


Iiutitnere  pedis,  crudua  t«^t  altera  pera 
JuTenal,  XIV,  186  ;  Peraiua.  V,  102. 
Boots  of  this  kind  are  called  ealigat 
■aufiontew  tine  ruttUat  in  aa  edict  of  Dio- 
cletian ;  Bunian,  Hoaaikbild  von  Orbe, 

*  A  very  iateresting  illuetration  of  the 
chace,  u  an  entertainment  in  tke  Circus, 
ii  (applied  by  the  Moaaic  of  the  Hatha 
of  PompeianUH,  one  of  the  largest  known, 
found  at  Oued-Athmfinia,  42  kilo- 
mitna  weat  of  Constantine  (Algeria).  It 
has  been  poblished  by  the  SoinM 
Aichiolopque  of  that  dij:  Recu^ 
tome  lix,  pp.  431 -4M,  orL  by  A  Poulls, 
with  atlas  <^  platea  in  folio.  The  pave- 
ment howprer,  is  not  in  Uie  perfect  con- 
dition that  might  be  suppoaed  from  thne 
chromolitbographs :  H.  de  VUlefoBW, 
mrrtrnit,  informed  me  that  it  waa 
"  ahlmf."  Among  the  inscriptione  wo 
rwdSEPTVU  VENATIONIS,  and  the 
names  of  honee,  DELICATVS,  TITA3, 
SCHOLAaTICVS,  4c,  just  u  they  are 
written  now  over  sWla.  Cf.  Corp. 
Insoo.  L«„  vol.  Tiii,  Pt  II  (Africa),  edit. 
WUmanns,  Adittamenta,  LX,  Noa.  lOSSS- 
10S9I.  I  have  not  met  with  any  acoonnt 
of  this  remarkable  moaaic  bj  an  Engtiah 
uitiquai;. 


A  mmilar  one  wai  found  at  Charehell, 
b!bo  in  Algeria :  H&noirea  de  la  Societe 
des  Antiqu.iiras  de  France,  ISfil,  Tome 
xlii,  (Hnqui^me  3£rie,  Tome  ii,  Bnlietin, 
pp.  189-191,  and  woodcut  of  one  oom- 
partment,  sluiwing  a  horae  with  insorip- 
tjons— U  VCCOSVS,  thathaathe 
glanders  ;  PKA,  pra^tau  or  ■pnuuuatiiat, 
of  the  green  party  in  the  orcua  (a. 
Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  diap.  zl.  wtic 
ii],  and  CL.  SABINI,  name  of  ovaiet. 

*  Both  the  Bun  and  the  moon  occur  in 
a  Gnoatic  gem :  King,  The  Gnostica  and 
their  RemainH,  PI.  VI,  Pig.  B  ;  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Platen,  p.  214.  Sol  in  hni 
quadriga  above,  Luna  in  her  biga  below, 
travenmg  the  atar-spanglsd  heaTens:  aa 
Maniliua  sings — 

"  Qnadrijugia  et  PhoebuH  squia  et  Delia 
bigia." 

Astronomica,  hb.  V,  i.  3.  PL  IV,  F^ 
1.  Sol  with  radiated  head,  mounted  on 
a  camel,  holda  a  whip.  PL  I,  Fig.  7. 
Abraxas  also  brandislus  a  whip. 

Lucan,  Pharsalia  I,  78,  mmtiona  the 
tuga  of  the  Hoon. 

■  obliquum  bigsH  agitsrs  per  orbem 

IndiEnata. 

*  EfV^'  Kpti^otm,  V.  lu^.  note  41.  So 
in  the  wcnahip  uf  Oybele  the  ram  appears, 
nerving  aa  a  steed  fur  her  devotee  Aljn  : 
see  en  ivory  relief  figured  by  MuQar, 
Denkmaler,  pt.  II,  Nu.  ai2;  Rev.  S.  S. 
Lewis,  on  a  Bronae  Ram  now  in  the 
Museum  at  Palermo,  Jonmalof  Philology, 


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THB  ROUAN  ANTIQUITIBB  OF  BWlTZBtLLAND.  19^ 

and  sceptre ;  7,  Venus  semi-nude,  and  looking  at  herself  in 
a  mirror.  She  occupies  the  central  space,  as  the  chief 
personage  in  this  composition,  perhaps  to  express  her 
benignant  influence  over  mankind  and  inferior  animals ;' 
perhaps  because  the  tessellated  floor  decorated  the  boudoir 
of  some  Helvetian  beauty.  The  two  subjects  immediately 
above  and  below  Venus  at  first  sight  appear  to  have  no 
connexion  with  planetary  influences,  viz.,  the  rape  of 
Granymede  carried  ofl"  by  an  eagle,  and  Narcissus  admiring 
the  reflection  of  his  person  in  water.  A  group  consisting 
of  two  marine  deities  is  placed  at  each  of  the  four  angles. 
Possibly  Ganymede  and  Narcissus  may  refer  to  the 
beginning  of  the  week  and  the  repetition  of  days,  but  this 
is  only  conjectural.  The  marine  deities  may  be  symbolical 
of  water  considered  as  the  source  of  life,  with  allusion  to 
some  ancient  theory  of  cosmogony — an  explanation  which 
I  have  noticed  in  my  paper  on  the  Gallo-Boman  Monu- 
ments of  Beims.' 

Be  Bonstetten  infers  that  the  mosaic  belongs  to  the 
period  of  the  decadence,  partly  from  the  style  of  execution, 
partly  from  having  found  near  the  site  coins  of  Constantine, 
Valens,  Valentinian  and  Gratian,^ 

This  pavement,  representing  the  great  heavenly  lumi- 
naries, may  also  be  considered  in  connexion  with  many 
passages  in  Roman   authors  who  flourished   under  the 


'  Lucntiufl,  I,  1-21,  capecuUf  the  Uat      DeitisB  preaiding  over  the  d&ys  of  the 

two  lines.  week,  and  the  uloptioD  of  thia  divuioii  of 

Dnmibiu  incutieiu  bUoduni  per  pecton      time  by  the  Romau.      It  oontuni  much 

amoram,  curious  inftmnation,  but  would  be  more 

Effids,  at   cupide  genenfabn  neda  pn>-      uaaful,  if  the  author  had  giveo  references 

MKcnt.  exactly. 

Comp.  Muaeu  BorboDioo,  toL  li,  Tav. 
Ill,    I    Qiomi  delln  Settiaana— Dipioto 
.     _  Pompaiano.    Hevea    busts  of   deities  are 

b  coDceptiu  implet,  verum      EuUy  described  ;   in  the  original  they  are 
intium   quoque   omniuni    stimulat.       plaoed  horizontaUy,  in  the  Plata  vertuaJIy^ 
'b  inaocantely  quoted  by      Sol  here  is  like  the  figures  mentionol 


flwello  ohe  proprio  i  dei 

abito  di  oocohiere,  ftc 


I,  Cf.  Lucan  I,  661,  Veni 
uhibre  SJdua   bebet :  Juvenal,  VI,  G70, 
qiw  laeta  Vkids  ae  proferat  aatro. 

■  Anhatel.  Jmrn.  voL  ill,  p.  126  *;.  ;  Mum^,  HutdboDk  for  Sonthsm  Italy, 

Lotiqaet,  RaiiDa  pendant  la  Domimitioa  p,  165  :  m  the  Huseum  at  Naples  there  is 

Hotouae,  p.  180  tq.,  and  note  2,  p.  181,  an  ink-vaae  with  asven  facee,  found  at 

TravBUX    da    rAcad^mie    Imp^tiale    de  Tuiridum    (Terlizzi,    proTinoi   of    Bari) 

Rrana,  voL  ui,  1861.  which  has  on  it  the  deities  presiding  over 

*  Bonatetten,  Second  Supplement  an  the  days  of  the  week.  It  has  been  aafiignad 

Hecueil  d'Antiquitla  Suiaaes,  appends  to  to  the  time  of  Ttajan,  but  this  seems 

the  text  Biplanatory  of  PI.  XV,  Hoeaique  doubtful, 
de  BiMMM  (Vrba),  a  dinertation  on  tlie 


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l94        THB  UOUaK  AlfTIQOIllES  OF  SWiTZBALAND. 

empire.'  For  example  Tacitus  aaya  that  astrologers  were 
a  class  that  would  be  always  forbidden,  and  yet  would 
always  remain  in  Italy.  Juvenal  in  his  sixth  Satire 
describes  a  lady  who  cannot  go  anywhere  without  con- 
sulting her  almanac,*  and  in  his  tenth,  Tiberius  sitting  on 
the  rock  of  Capri,  surrounded  by  a  Chaldean  troop. 

The  smaller  mosaic,  distant  fifty  paces  from  that  just 
mentioned,  was  originally  the  larger ;  all  that  remains  is 
only  a  fragment  of  the  border.  It  has  been  explained 
briefly  by  De  Bonstetten  in  his  Carte  Arch^ologique  du 
Canton  de  Vaud,s.v.  Boaadaz,  p,  14  sq.  and  more  fully  in 
his  Recueil  d'Antiquit^s  Suissea,  Pt.  i,  p.  40  sq.,  Planche 
XIX ;'  but  the  beat  account  is  given  by  Professor  Bursian 
in  the  Mittheilungen  der  Antiquarischen  Oesellschafb  in 
Zurich,  Band  xvi,  Abtheilung  2,  Mosaikbild  von  Orbe, 
with  coloured  lithograph. 

To  left,  a  bare-headed  man  wearing  a  cloak,  and  seated 
in  front  of  a  four-wheeled  waggon,  with  a  long  atick 
guides  a  yoke  of  oxen.  A  tree  divides  this  group  from  a 
young  man  dressed  in  a  tunic  with  short  sleeves,  who 
carries  in  his  right  hand  a  bucket  {situlus)  suspended  by 
three  cords,  and  under  his  left  arm  a  bundle  of  rods. 
According  to  Be  Bonstetten,  the  objects  in  his  hands  area 
cage  containing  a  decoy-bird  and  a  net  rolled  up :  the 
former  may  be  somewhat  uncertain,  but  the  latter  is  out 
of  the  question.*     Then  follow  two  smaller  trees,  and  a 

'  The  Hosaio  illaatnitn  Tudtus,  Hiat.  '  De  Boiutetten'a  quotAtioDB  miiat   be 

V,  i,  uu  quod  de  eeptem  eideribui,  quia  read  with  cuilaon.    Bcodee  tjpagTaphkal 

mortalee    reguntur,    altiaeinio    orbe    at  erron,  pueagsi  are  attributed  to  KuUuin 

prnedpiu  potentia  stella  SKturni  fentui.  erroDeoiulj  :   in  Fait  I,   p.  3,  we  find 

'  Tadtiu,  Hiat  I,  22,  genua  hoaiinum  Ludan  for  Luor«tiua,  and  p.  41,  Tacitui 

(iiu>theiiuttici)potentibiiBtnfidum,Bpenn-'  for  Plautua. 

libua  fallal,  quod   in  dvitate  noatra  et  *  Bureian  othn  varioua  expUnatuma  ti 

vetatritnr  wmpeT  et  retinebitur.     Comp.  the  object  aanied  by  iiie  left  arm.   It  may 

Conybeara  and  Howaoii,  Life  and  Epiatlea  be  a  ractangular  woodea  vtmd  for  holding 

otSt  Paul,  vol.  i,  chap,  v,  pp.  17a-lR0,      vlivee  that  had  been  cruahed  in  **- 

edit.  8to,  and  aee  the  notes— Oriental      urabu""-    '  — ' ^  •-- >-.■ 

impoaton  at  Rome  and  in  the  ProTincea.  (calami          ,          ,              .... 

Juvenal  vi,  SSS-eSl.  lanuiutH) ;   or  polea  with    which  ofitt^ 

T.  GTS,  In  cujua  manibua,  ceu   pinguia  duwtauta  or  walDuta  were  boaten  down 

suedno,  tritaa  from  trees.     The  aeoond  interpretalira 


Cemia  aphemeridaB.  may  be  illuatratad  by  ntampramaentii^ 

V  C77,  Ad  pcimiim  lapidem  vectariquum      the  fable  of  the  fox  and  crow  (PhaednM, 

■       ■    ■  '   '"'  " ^^T  Roach  SmiUi'a  Illni- 

ui  London,  PL  XgH 
irch,  Hiatoi7  of  And 
The  gatberiitg  of  d1 
.  Bppean  on  ui  atnpl; 
ived  bj  Paixrf'bi,  BE 

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placet,  hora  I,  13),  figured  in  Roach  SnnUi'a 

Samitur  ei  libro.  trntiona  uf  Uomiin  London,  PL  Xlf 'X^  No. 

X,  92.                                     Tutor  haberi  S,  p.  110  ;  ef.  Birch,  Hiatoi;  of  Andeot 

Frindpi*   ongnatu    (Japrearum   in   rape  Pottflrj,  II,  2S6.     The  gatberiitg  of  elirea 

aedenlu  la  a  aubject  that  appean  on  an  atnpbina 

Com  pegs  CtMUaeo.  at  Barlm,  u^raved  bj  Pan<rf>bi,  Wia: 


THE  BOUA2T  AKTIQUITIBS  OP  SWITZEBLAND. 


195 


huntsman  blowing  a  horn,  and  carrying  a  club  in  his  left 
hand;  another  tree  terminates  what  is  left  of  the  com- 
position.' These  figures  form  a  frieze  which  is  bounded 
by  a  foliated  scroll  above,  and  a  cable  pattern  below. 
From  the  magnitude  of  this  border,  we  may  form  approxi- 
mately some  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  design  when  it  was 
entire.* 

Augst  and  Avenches  are  the  places  most  abundant  in 
vestiges  of  the  classical  period.  The  former  is  very 
accessible  from  B&le,  and  provides  the  traveller  with  a 
pleasant  excursion  that  only  occupies  a  morning  or  an 
afternoon.  Basel-Augst,  which  is  about  ten  minutes' 
walk  from  the  rjulway  station,  contains  the  ruins  of  a 
Roman  theatre  near  the  river  Ergolz  which  flows  into  the 
fihine.  Its  contour  can  be  easily  traced,  and  remains  of 
buildings  behind  the  cavea  are  popularly  called  The  Nine 
Towers,  but  I  was  unable  to  discover  the  whole  number, 
probably  because  some  part  had  disappeared  since  the 

AstikRa  Lebeni,  Tafel  XIV  (Landleben) 
No.  8.  If  we  tnkn  this  riew  of  the  dntiga 
in  the  mceaic,  we  mnit  auppoM  it  to  be 
1  copj  btna  ■ome  lta]Un  origiaal,  at  the 
oHtc  cannot  grow  in  Swjtcerhmd. 

Hows  of  loKBat  are  placed  eo  u  to 
fnllow  the  outline  of  the  implement  whoee 
OH  hu  becD  disputed  ;  they  might,  i 


other  parta  of  the  muMic,  where  Buch 
BuppoaitioD  would  be  inapplicable. 
'The  ■■  ' 


group 


■eparation 
another  by 
Frequently     occun     in    cluneal 


tree  Frequently 
■nd  mediaeraf 
may  suffice  here  ;  La  Colonne  Trajane 
Jecrite  par  W.  Froehnar,  p.  87.  See  m^ 
Paper  on  Rams,  Archaai.  /sum.  toL  ilt. 
p.  142,Hote  2,  where  Eriesib^ebenheiten 
•hoold  be  read  for  KnegBDegunheiten.  So 
in  Roman  inicriptiona,  a  1^  often  pre- 
cedes and  followv  a  word,  eg.  Bulletin  de 
la  Soci£l^  Natiouale  dei  Antiquairea  de 
Prance,  18S1.  loc.  ciUt.,  p.  100  {fmOUde 
lienr),  MVCCOSVti  {feuUU  de  liem). 

'  <^be  is  near  CbaTomay,  and  con- 
nected with  it  by  a  Kniet  pattaL  The 
latter  ia  the  itatjon  next  but  one  to 
YTeidun,  on  the  railway  from  that  place 
to  I^uaanne  \  e.  Indicateur  Gi'nfral  dea 
Chemina  de  Fer  Suiasea. 

Urba  ia  marked  in  the  Antonine  Itine- 
nry  on  the  road  a  Hsdiotano  par  Alpes 
Oniia  Argentorato,  from  Uilan  to  Stnta- 


burg  nver  the  Little  8t  Benuvd  :  v.p 
S48,  ed.  WflHeling ;  p.  lfl«  ed.  Porthey. 
and  Finder,  Equeatribui,  Lacu  LAUioDio, 
Urba,  Ariorica,  Visdntjone  (Nyon,  Lau< 
tanne,  Orbe,  Pontarlier  probably,  Beaan- 
QOn). 

From  Urba  aome  derive  Drbigenua,  the 
name  of  one  of  the  four  diatrjcta  (pagi. 
paya),  into  which  CtEaar  nya  Halvelda 
wag  divided  ;  BelL  OaU.  I,  12,  27.  But 
in  the  latter  passage  Oiidendorp  givea 
the  various  reeiiings  Verbigmui,  Ffr- 
ingtnui,  Vtrbigimut  [see  Davis's  note)  ; 
the  Gret  of  tbeae  is  preferred  by  some 
recent  editors,  and  Moberley  explains 
this  pagv*  m  corresponding  to  Suleure, 
Luoeme,  Aargau,  and  port  of  Beme^ 
Perhups  the  tennination  gtmu  may  be 
identified  with  the  Qerman  Qau,  a  dis- 
trict, so  that  UrbigenuH  is  a  compound 
word  like  Rheingsu.  Comp,  Dictionary 
of  Qreek  and  Roman  Qeograpby,  voL  i. 
p.  1041,  art  Helvetiiby  Mr.  George  Long, 

Yverdun  is  only  Eburodunum  moder- 
niied  :  the  termination  tfunun  means  a 
hill;  and,  aa  might  be  expected  in  a 
mountunous  country,  we  find  at  no  great 
distance  from  this  place  the  similar 
names  Minnodunum  (Moudoo)  and  Ifu. 
viodunum  (Nyon).  The  map  of  Oaul 
suppliee  many  examples,  Augnatodunum, 
Uiellodunum,  Helodunum,  Sagodunum, 
Ac.  Thirteen  Roman  inscTiptioiiB  have 
been  discovered  at  Yverdun  :  UommseD, 
Inscc  Confoed.  Helv.  pp.  23-2t>,  Noa, 
136-148. 


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]  96        THK  BOIUN  AirFIQirrrrBS  or  9VITZKRLUn>. 

name  was  given.  The  local  aniiqnaries  have  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  this  theatre  was  originally  erected  for 
dramatic  performances,  and  that  it  was  altered  in  ancient 
times  with  the  view  of  adapting  it  to  exhibitions  of  a 
different  character:  shows  of  gladiators,  hunts  of  wild 
beasts  and  the  like.  For  the  investigations  on  which  this 
theory  is  based,  I  must  refer  to  an  elaborate  essay  by 
Burckhardt-Biedermann  entitled  "  Das  romische  Theater 
zu  Augusta  Baurica ;"  it  gives  many  measurements,  and 
is  accompanied  by  five  plates  showing  ground-plans 
according  to  Amerbach's  drawings  (l6th  century^  and 
recent  investigations,  changes  made  in  the  construction, 
restorations,  sections,  and  a  view  of  the  ruins  as  they 
existed  in  Amerbach's  time.' 

In  the  annexed  engraving,  the  right  hand  half  of  fig.  1 
is  a  restoration  of  the  rows  of  seats  and  flights  of  stairs  in 
the  first  building ;  the  left  hand  half  is  a  similar  view  of 
the  second  building :  fig.  2  is  the  ruins,  nearly  as  seen 
1587-1590,  soon  after  their  discovery. 

Those  who  wish  to  make  a  complete  study  of  the 
remains  at  Angst  should  consult  Professor  W.  Vischer  s 
Report  on  the  Schmidt  collection  now  deposited  in  the 
Museum  at  Bjile,  Professor  J.  J.  Bernoulli's  detailed 
catalogue  of  the  Antiquarian  Department  in  the  same 
Museum,  and  Dr.  K.  L.  Roth's  Roman  Inscriptions  of  the 
Canton  Bfl,le.'  The  reader  of  the  last-mentioned  work 
will  soon  perceive  that  Augat  has  contributed  to  epigraphy 
far  more  than  any  other  place  in  the  district. 

Kaiser-Augat  has  no  important  buildings  like  the  theatre 
at  Basel-Angst,  but  its  walls  are  distinctly  visible  from  the 
railway  station.  When  Bruckner  published  his  Merkwlir- 
digkeiteu  der  Landschaft  Basel,  there  were  considerable 
ruins  of  a  tower  on  an  island  in  the  Rhine,  but  a  flood  has 
carried  them  away.    Their  relative  position  and  actual 

'  With  Burckhnrdt-BiedermaDa's  re- 
oent  publicatiun  (1882)  cnmp.  Bruckner's 
Tiduine  citeil  below  (t7ti3),  Rihniache 
AJtertiimraer  von  Augat,  Von  dam 
Schaupliitw,  pp.  277-J-280fl  ;  nuuif 
woodcatji  are  iiuertod  in  the  text ; 
nee  alao  the  Platca  at  the  eod  of  the 
bwk,    Antiq,    Tub,     II.    A.    Schauplntz 

Ton  Morgen  noiuBehon.  B.  SohaupUta  tiouii  on  BCone  ;  ^  i-oK«f»  DUQes  ;  3, 
Ton  Abend  lUiziiaeheD,  and  Antiq.  Tab.  Leginnuj  tilca  ;  i,  Snuller  monamgata ; 
IV.  Platen  V'XXVI  exhibit  Rtatuottee,  5.  Foreign  tnacriptionB  relii1iiigb>RMiri(s. 
domeatic  utenaila,  Bpeciinens  oE  pottery, 


,1,1.0,  Google 


li 


11 


D,  Google 


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THE  BOBIAN  ANTIQUmBS  OF  SWirZEHLAND. 


197 


condition  at  that  time  may  be  seen  in  the  Antiquitatnm 
Tabulae  appended  to  Vol.  xxiii  of  his  book :  i,  Lage  von 
Augst ;  a,  tJberbleibsehi  von  Augst,  E,  as  seen  from  the 
south,  F,  from  the  north.' 

Many  architectural  fragments  have  been  removed  to 
B41e,  and  arranged  in  the  quadrangle  of  the  University. 
They  are,  for  the  most  part,  drums  and  capitals  of  columns, 
or  portions  of  cornices  and  entablatures.  The  ordinary 
tourist  will  turn  aside  from  these  blocks  of  stone,  or  bestow 
on  them  only  a  careless  and  momentary  glance  ;  but  the  . 
antiquary  will  linger  here,  for  to  him  they  are  full  of 
interest.'  With  their  aid  and  a  little  effort  of  imagination, 
he  re-builds  and  re-peoples  Augusta  Bauricorum  ;  for  he 
knows  that  Boman  colonists  were  no  horde  of  destroying 
conquerors,  but  that  they  brought  with  them  the  spirit  of 
their  ancestors,  and  renewed  the  outward  manifestations 
of  it  with  which  their  eyes  had  been  familiar,  marking  out 
their  forum,  and  erecting  temples,  basilica,  and  theatre, 
thus  producing  a  copy  more  or  less  complete  of  their 
imperial  home. 

Avenches  can  show  much  more  than  Augst  to  reward 


'  Kaiwr.MKl  Bual-Aupt  are  included 
in  Dr.  Ferdinaiid  Kdler'a  exoellent  map 
of  EuteiD  Switnrland,  which  ia  on  k 
luge  loale.— Archaologiache  Kute  der 
OaUohweis,  1874.  An  Inteoduetien  U 
prafiied,  mb-diTided  u  foUowi :  I,  Pr«- 
hialOTio  timei,  Stone  and  Bronze  Perioda. 
I(,  Hirtoria  tinuB,  QaJki-HelTetic,  Roman, 
Aleauumio  Periodi.  Oood  cUsaflcatian 
aod  oopioui  referenooi  make  the  Cata- 
logue al  localiliea    very   meful  to  the 


1  BaaeL  Catalog  tar  di« 
Aotiqiuriacha  Abtheilung  Ton  J.  J. 
Barnuulli,  1980  ;  Architootoniache  Reate 
nod  IiMohriftatwDB,  pp.  1.7.  Bruckner, 
0;i.  citat,  pp.  2355-2861,  relat«a  the 
ducorerj'  <a  important  buildingi  at 
Angst  in  the  yeaj-  1666,  and  on  varioua 
ocoaainw  in  the  ooium  of  the  18^  oen- 
lury.  He  notices  particularly  marble 
oolnmm,  and  the  ramaina  at  piMdna 
(rgaerrun)  that  belonged  to  on  aqueduct. 
In  1738  near  The  Nina  Toven,  and  a 
littla  below  the  aurfaoe,  arahea  were  un- 
emered,  which  aeemed  to  belong  to  a 
Uthiog  estitdiabiuent.  At  p^  2860 
Bnuiner  gfvea  woodcuta  of  two  capitala 

?0U  XI4t 


of  pilkn  and  one  baae,  with  meaaure- 
mento.  Lattly  he  mentiona  that  aaveral 
lai^  aheeta  cj  gilt  copper  were  foond ; 
they  probably  deooiatea  the  roof  of  aome 
magmfioent  building.  This  oiroanutanoe 
reminds  lu  of  the  bronze  tilee  on  the 
cupola  of  the  Pantheon,  which  van 
stripped  off  bj  the  BjEaotina  emperor, 
Cunatans  II  :  Gibbon,  chap,  zlviii.  edit. 
Dr.  Wm.  Smith.  toL  rii,  p.  7S,  HC- 
man'a  note :  Nibby,  Roma  Antiea,  Parte 
Beoonda,  p.  702,  who  givsa  referenoea  to 
aathoritiea. 

During  a  long  period  the  ruina  at 
Augst  were  uaed  as  a  quany  ;  fragmenta 
from  them  ro-appeored  in  ■  oidge,  and  In 
the  doon  and  wmdow-framM  of  priTBte 
houaea.  The  Swim  weis  aa  destniodTa 
aa  the  Bomons  who  oon*erted  the  Col- 
iseum into  a  fortrma,  and  built  palaoea 
with  the  materials  which  it  supplied  : 
OihboD,  cbap.  liii,  ed.  Smith,  toL  riii,  p. 
284 ;  Murray's  Handbook  for  Rome^  pp. 
18,  47.  7">  ed". 

Brucknar'a  volume  on  iMgA  is  a  work 
of  original  reaearch,  and  emi  at  tha  pre- 
aant  time  held  in  great  eateem  by  the 
local  antiquaiiea ;  one  can  only  regret 
that  the  district  did  not  provide  him  with 
a  more  copious  theme  on  which  to  exer- 
ciM  bis  iMniing  and  indiutry. 

3o 


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198        THE  EOMAW  ANTIQUITIES  OF  SWITZBELAm). 

the  visitor.  Its  situation  is  picturesque ;  mediteval  towers 
of  different  forms  crowning  the  hill  on  which  the  modem 
town  ia  built,  lake  Morat,  the  range  of  the  Jura  beyond, 
and  a  well-wooded  undulating  country  in  the  nearer 
distance,  compose  a  prospect  which,  if  not  sublime,  is 
varied  and  pleasing.  But  we  must  now  occupy  ourselves 
with  the  ancient  city,  ten  timeti  as  large  as  its  degenerate 
successor.  The  Italian  peasants  saJd  to  Lord  Byron 
"  Boma  non  e  piii  come  era  prima,"  and  these  words 
may  be  fitly  applied  to  Avenches.  The  circuit  of  the 
Boman  walla  was  nearly  four  miles,  and  they  were  fortified 
with  towers  at  intervals  of  200  paces.'  One  remains 
nearly  entire,  on  the  north  side ;  it  is  a  most  conspicuous 
object  in  the  scenery,  and  faces  the  traveller  as  be  walks 
down  the  principal  street.  It  presents  a  peculiarity  which 
I  have  not  met  with  elsewhere ;  the  part  turned  towards 
the  interior  being  convex,  and  the  part  towards  the 
country  a  flat  surface.  The  portion  of  the  walls  sUll 
existing  is  considerably  larger  than  that  which  has  been 
destroyed ;  for  about  100  yards  parallel  to  the  rwlway 
they  are  well  preserved. 

Some  of  the  most  important  antiquities  at  Avenches 
have  been  previously  noticed,  but  I  beg  leave  also  to 
invite  attention  to  the  local  Museum  of  which  Mons. 
Caspari  is  director.  This  gentleman,  who  has  made 
valuable  contributions  to  Swiss  archseology,  will  afford 
the  inquirer  assistance  in  studying  the  monuments  and 
the  literature  connected  with  them. 

I  have  already  mentioned  a  mosaic  here  as  illustrating 
Juvenal;  another  object,  apparently  unimportant,  wiU 
answer  the  same  purpose ;  viz.,  a  Boman  brick  that  still 
bears  the  impression  of  nails  on  it.  Describing  the 
crowded  streets  of  Eome,  the  satirist  says — 

Flanta  mox  undique  magna 
Calcor,  et  in  digito  clavus  mihi  militis  Iwret. 
While  the  rude  soldier  gores  us  as  he  goes, 

'  For  die  walla  of  ATsnchai  ue  Uie  d'encanta  ia  ooloared  red,  Uie  pruitiaa  of 

Urge     map     acoompanyiDg      Buman'i  each  tower  is   narked,  and  the   Tour 

Memoir,  Aventiiniin  HelTationim,  Id  the  exutaote  ii  at  the  aitremity  on  the  Irft 

Zurich  HittheiluDgen  d.  Antiq,  OeadlE-  aida.  TtS.  I  ahows  tlie  eDTinma,  includiiig 

ohaft,  No.  XXXI,  Tal  II     The  Uur  put  <rf  the  lake  Hant  (Murtenaae). 

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THE  SOMAN  ANnQOTTJES  OF  SWrrZEKLAND,  19H 

Or  makes  in  blood  his  progress  on  our  toes.' 
And  again : 
Cum  dao  crura  habeas,  ofiendere  tot  caligas,  tot 
Millia  clavonim ; 

With  ten  poor  toes 
Defies  such  countless  hosts  of  hobnail'd  shoes.' 

The  Museum  contains  architectural  fragments  of  the 
same  class  as  those  at  Augst.  They  are  in  the  Corinthian 
style,  as  it  prevailed  under  the  empire  from  Vespasian  to 
Diocletian,  and  exhibit  the  decUne  of  art  in  a  profusion 
of  overloaded  ornaments,  which  contrasts  unfavourably 
with  the  simplicity  of  earlier  ages,* 

The  following  objects,  found  at  Avenches,  seem  worthy 
of  special  notice  : —       , 

1.  Colossal  head  of  the  Sun,  radiated.  Compare  the 
mosaic  above  mentioned  and  the  coins  of  Rhodes. 
Perhaps  it  was  originally  an  akroterion  on  some  pubUc 
bnildmg,  and  visible  from  a  distance  :  it  may  have  been 
iDtended  to  denote  that  the  god  averted  coming  evils 
(o»oT/>oT0(oc,  averrUDQUs). 

2.  Wolf  and  Twins.  This  device  is  very  frequently 
repeated  in  marble  reliefs,  armour,  gems,  and  coins  ;  but 
the  present  example  is  remarkable  on  account  of  its  size 
and  some  unusual  accessories.  The  wolf  suckles  Eomulus 
and  Remus,  and  at  the  same  time  licks  them  with  her 
protruding  tongue,  so  that  the  group  corresponds  with  the 
well-known  pass^;e  in  the  ^neid, 

Tereti  cervice  reflexam 
Mulcere  altemos,  et  corpora  fingere  lingua.* 
The  grotto  where  this  action  takes  place  is  enclosed  on 
either  side  by  a  laurel  tree,  not  the  ficus  rutnintdis,  as 
might  have  been  expected.  Above,  to  the  spectator's  left, 
is  a  nest  with  two  young  birds  in  it,  who  open  their  beaks 
to  receive  a  worm  which  the  parent  is  bringing  :  at  the 

*  S^  m.  T.  248,  OiBbrd'o  tnunbtioD.      the  pua^e  h  it  u  abridnd  in  Sillk'i 
'  SM.  XVI,  T.  2i.   The  muls,  of  which       Index. 
the  Durti  are  visible  here,  mem  to  be  'Bundaii,  Op.  dtaL.Zweitw  Heft,T(if. 


d  It;  Pliny,  Hist.  NAt>lib.  V-Vlll.     The  cornices  and  oapitala  i. 

inii.    Of.    xir,    Dec    41,    sec.     143.  Avonchen  are  euperior  to  giinJUr  reimiinn 

davii    (i^iendiim     ftTram     fragile   et  from  Aiigst.  It  ia  nia>t  (irobalile  thnt  tbp 

"Bwam,  coDtra  aliud  fenram  breritate  workmen  ifiibri  Ugnarii)  were  directed  by 

Ii(ia<t  daTiMjne  oaligariis.   I  haf  e  quo(«d  Italian  soulptora. 


J.  VIII,  vv.  830-98*. 


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200        THE  HOHAH  AHTIQUITIBS  OP  SWITZBRLAND. 

opposite  end  we  see  an  owl  amidst  foliage,  and  another 
bird  not  easy  to  identify,  because  only  a  part  is  left.' 

3.  Statuette  of  a  Faniska  or  female  Pan.  The  male 
deity  is  common  enough  in  works  of  art,  but  the  female  u 
rare.'  The  upper  part  of  the  figure  is  human;  the  lower, 
animal.  It  has  the  hair  parted  in  the  middle  on  the 
crown  of  the  head,  and  plaited  in  a  tail  at  the  back,  and 
wears  a  wreath  of  ivy  leaves  and  berries.  From  the 
position  of  the  hands,  and  from  the  fact  that  lead  was 
found  oa  them,  apparently  to  solder  some  object,  it  has 
been  conjectured  that  this  personage  was  playing  double 
flutes  of  unequal  length,  the  left  one  being  the  longer.* 

4.  Hercules  strangling  the  Nemean  lion.  While  the 
hero  grasps  him  with  the  left  arm,  the  beast  with  failing 
eyes  and  at  the  point  of  death  turns  his  head  away  from 
his  victorious  foe.  This  bronze  group  has  unfortunately 
been  lost.* 

5.  The  judgment  of  Faris  represented  on  an  Etruscan 
mirror.  To  left  Paris  is  seated,  semi-nude;  Mercury  erect, 
wearing  a  cklamya  and  endrwnides  (boots),  with  wings  on 
his  broad-brimmed  hat,  ofiers  him  the  prize  of  beauty 
which  he  is  to  award ;  tio  right  Venus  is  seated  holding  a 


'  So  at  VuBon  (Departmont  of  Van- 
diue),  near  Oraogs,  a  noman  friese  wua 
diacovered,  when  an  owl  i»  flgnrad  in  ri«h 
foli«ge,and  two  birda  flTuig  to  ik  This ' 
plaoB  is  rich  in  antiqnitKa  ;  hence  came 
the  Diadnmenua,  now  in  tlie  Briliah 
Hmaum,  pntduusd  bvm  JL  Baapofl  lor 
£1,000.  It  u  a  00^7  of  the  &moua  atatae 
hj  Polyoletui,  wluch  repreaanta  a  youth 
binding  a.  fillet  on  hii  heed,  in  ngn  of 
victoiy  {not  nxaring,  aa  Smith's  Latin 
Diet  incorrectly  traiislateii  the  word)  : 
Plinj,  Hid.  Kat.  lib.  XIXI V,  cs{k  viii,  eec. 
19,  eee.  SS,  ed.  Sillig.  Ftx'  an  account  of 
yalaoD,  Vaaio  Vooontiorum,  and  objecta 
of  arehaadogical  int«reat  found  there,  «ee 
'^-*''~""-'—    -* — nphique,    hietorique. 


Dictionnaire 


mnnea  wx  dip«rt«tnent  de  vaooluae ;  par 
Jnlea  Conrtet,  ap.  pp.  8il-Mi,  Sfil  •}., 
1877  :  Quidea-Jaaniie,  grand  fomat,  Fro- 
Tenoe,  Alpea  Harttimea,  Cone,  p.  180  ig. 
*  HiilltT,  Arcbaologie  dcr  Knoat,  aea 
1,  Anmerk  2,  Elng.  tnuuL  p.  G03,  eaye. 


XLIV,    No.    G(8,    die   *or   ihnt   (Pan) 


knieende  Panin.  Hirt,  Mderbvdi  fiir 
Hythologie,  p.  163  iq.,  lU.  XXI,  No.  S, 
engraved  gam. 

'  ProfiMOT  Feit7  Oatdner  nanaAed 
that  tlie  podtion  of  the  fMvfin^  of  the 
left  hand,  which  is  neari;  atnuriit,  dcea 
not  toit  thia  aetkm  :  Comp.  the  iblloiwing 
figure*  in  the  Thini  Vaaa  Room  of  the 
Biitiah  Hoaeum,  No.  740,  fonale  plajing 
the  Ubiat  paret;  No.  788  Satyr,  No.  880, 
the  poet  Anacreon :  the  latter  two  hiTe 
OuUbiatimpara.  C?!  CataJogne  <rf  T■ae^ 
ToL  ii,  p.  336,  Index,  Auletae,  Auletrida. 

*  This  action,  irtiioh  oocura  Tsy 
frequently  in  Aacleat  Art,  may  be  welt 
illualntad  by  the  ooina  of  the  titj  a( 
Lnoania  ttut  bore  the  hero'aname :  Balhn 
et  Feuardcnt,  Oatalogoede  UidalDea  de  U 
Qrice  Antique,  No.  682,  Be*.  Hcrrab 
debout,  fitonflknt  le  Uon  ;  and  Na  89t  bi>: 
Hunter'a  Catalogue,  Tab  29,  fip.  XTV- 
X£V,  einiati*  leonem  oomioehendit, 
leonem  sufibcane  :  but  tee  aep.  Kami 
Italiae  Veteria  by  CaTedoni  and  Ovelti, 
PL  CLX  figi.  2-16,  explained  p.  8S  i^, 
PI.  CLXn,  fin.  .  31-il,  and  p.  87. 
Cohen,  HihtuDea  Conaulwrae,  Oim 
Poblioi*,  PL  XXXHI,  Na  7.  Gob,  Hm. 
Ftot.  vol.  i.  Pis.  XKXVI,  B  ;  XXXVU, 
1,2,  p.  82. 


DigmzecDv  Google 


THE  BOUAif  ASTJQntTtBS  OF  SWrT^BBtAND. 


201 


speculum,  as  in  the  mos^c  at  Orbe ;  two  winged  females 
stand  behind  Mercury,  each  familiarly  placing  an  arm  on 
his  shoulder ;  they  may  perhaps  be  goddesses  of  fate,  as 
there  are  no  distinguishmg  attributes  to  indicate  Juno 
and  Minerva,  who  would  naturally  find  place  here.  A 
symmetrical  arrangement  pervades  the  whole  composition, 
and  in  this  respect  it  resembles  the  groups  on  the  pediments 
of  Clreek  temples.' 

'  The  material  of  Nos.  1  and  2  is  stone  ;  of  3,  4  and  5, 
bronze.* 

The  most  recent  archsBolog^cal  discovery  in  Switzerland, 
as  far  as  I  know,  was  made  last  winter  at  Oeneva,  and 
described  by  a  correspondent  of  the  Times  newspaper. 
In  the  course  of  operations  for  utilising  the  water-power 
of  the  Ehone,  the  bed  of  the  river  was  laid  bare,  and  the 


I  Comp.  Qflrtnrd  Etnukuche  Spiml, 
CfUMil  da  Ptiu,  Band  II,  Til. 
CLXXXTV-CLXXXVIL  For  the  Luae 
(Fates)  we  Dennii,  CitieB  and  Cameteries 
of  Etroria,  tdL  i,  pp.  It,  Izit  ;  toL  ii, 
p.  0& 

The  Jndgmeiit  of  Paria  baa  bean  a 
hntuiTto  iDDJact  with  modem  ftrtiita,  who 
geotaHj  intmduoe  emblema  >■  aooea- 
Bocisi — Cupd  for  Venua,  the  peacock  for 
JoDo,  and  the  owl  for  Hinerra.  The 
'    '  mple  u  a  piotore  by 

■    ■•     "   luiul,  now  in 

Madrid,Na 

I6P0,  with  life-UM  flgum  :  Smith  CaU- 
iogue  Raiaonnd  of  Worka  of  Datch, 
Flflnddl  and  French  Painten,  Part  2, 
p.  308  ;  PL  9,  pp.  Slfi,  SVi  ;  Bartaoh,  Le 
FtiDtre  QraToaT,  voL  <fv,  p.  107,  No.  S4G, 
■nd  Lm  twos  Haltrea  Mamanda,  Table 


■  Tha  aboTo-tnontioiMd  aatlquitiea  are 
■11    aogtaTed    in    Bnrrian'a    ATsnttcunt 


orig.  aiie,  la  an  iUiutration  of  Dr.  KaUer'a 
Memoir,  in  the  Aniiaail.  Jaarn.  toL  xxii, 
pp.  1S4-186. 

2,  A  branae  vaw,  on  which  BaochanaKao 
orgies  are  ropreaented,  Aid.,  Taf.  XIX. 
Thei^  are  two  acenea,  diridod  by  a  tree  in 
the  centre-^-an  anangamBnt  we  ban 
abeady  remarked  in  tha  iimaUer  moeajc  at 
Orbe.  To  the  1^  we  ■««  a  tample  on  a 
a  rocky  elerationi  in  front  irf  it  ■  aaatad 
Satyr  playa  tbe  flute,  a  naked  boy  dajtoaa, 
and  a  woman  adorea  a  BerDMB-figara  of 
Diooyma  (pertiapa  Priuoa).  The  aeoond 
group  ii  well  oompoMd  ;  a  woman  faUa 
eihauetsd  by  Bacchic  freniy,  anther  lap. 
porta  bar,  and  a  thiid  atnkea  imnbA, 
behind  them  a  Satyr  pbija  the  flute,  aa 
before.  Tha  vaae  waa  used  to  hold  a 
aalve  or  perfume,  and  though  theonumen  - 
tation  ia  of  an  indelicate  Siaracter,  it  it>» 
have  Btood  on  the  toilet  table  of  a 


The  f oDowing  object!  found  at  Avenchea 


ben  at  ATencfaea  we  have  proof  tj 


Thia  pen  oloaely 
iiawiililm  thoae  now  in  uae,  conaiating  ol 
a  thin  [date  of  metal  fonned  into  a  tube, 
wilk  a  aplit  point  at  the  cmd  (JMpa), 
wUdi  waa  gilt,  to  ^nwrat  the  writing- 
fluid  from  eomding  it.  Slight  tracea  of 
gilding  atill  nmain,  and  tinea  have  been 
mJecE  on  the  outer  autface  by  way  of 
ornamenUtiun.  Tha  pen  {calamut)  and 
pen'^aae  itiuea  oaiamaria)  ~   ' 


Hermte  en  BnnuM  "  Nul  doute  que  oaa 
petita  bronua  ne  fuBeant  lea  dieiu  lane 
d'nnemaiaonromainai"  Hr.  Cedl  Smith 
■hawed  me  a  aimilar  vnae  in  ttie  Bronttt. 
Boom  of  the  BiWah  Mnaaum. 

8.  Fra^manta  of  a  coat  of  mail,  foosd 
in  tbamuiaaf  theThflktre,  1S47.  Hie 
•e«l«B  u*  taatenad  tOMtfaer  In  wire,  llie 
Rev.  C.  W.  King,  in  hk  Uemoir  on  the 
Lorica  triliz  of  Vii;gi1,  AichnoL  Jonnial, 
nA.  XMxfi,  p.  S2,  quotee  Aeneid  XI,  770. 
"  Qnem  pdlia  ahenia 
In  plnmam  aquamii  aun>  cmmla  tegebat. 

On  this  paaaage  he  remarks,  "  In  thia 
oaae  the  brona  scales  ware  aewed  upcm 
the  UalMtr  coat  with  gold  wire,  oiactly 
aa  tlie  ataal  aoalaa  in  oertr"  -  " 
s  with  win  <d  bi 


.„Google 


202        THfi  BOMAN  AJITIQUtTlteS  OF  aWiT^ERLAlflJ. 

upper  part  of  a  Bomaa  altar  was  ezpoaed  to  view.    It 
bore  the  following  inscription : — 


which  may  be  thus  expanded  : — 

Deo  Neptuno^  C.  Vitaliniiis  Victorinus,  miles  legionia  XXII, 
a  curis,  votum  solvit  libens  merito. 

This  altar  was  doubtless  erected  by  some  soldier  to 
express  gratitude  for  his  escape  from  shipwreck  in  the 
Lake  of  Geneva.'  The  phrase  a  airis  seems  to  denote 
some  special  mission  on  which  he  was  employed.  Such  a 
use  of  the  preposition  is  common  enough  in  Latin,  and 
we  have  an  example  of  it  in  our  word  amanuemaia? 

Many  names  of  places  in  the  modern  map  of  Switzer- 
land are  derived  from  the  Latin,  and  therefore  prove  the 
Komau  occupation,  e.g.  Olten  (the  chief  railway  junction 
in  the  country),  Ultinum*  Ober  Winterthur  Vititdurum; 
Windisch,  Vindonissa;  Zurich,  Turicum;  Zofingen,  Tobi- 
nium.  It  would  be  easy  to  multiply  examples  from 
Mommsen's  map  of  Switzerland,  in  which  the  sites  are 
marked  where  Latin  inscriptions  have  been  found.  To 
this  Map  another  is  appended,  showing  the  provenance  of 
bricks  and  tiles  made  at  Vindonissa.*  The  great  number 
of  these  localities  proves  the  importance  of  the  Roman 
station  there.  At  first  sight  one  might  be  inclined  to  read 
C.  VI.  on  the  tegvlcB  Vindonissenses  as  equivalent  to  cohora 
sexta,  but  anotlier  interpretation  has  been  proposed  which 
seems  very  plausible,  viz.,  Caslra  ViTidonissensia.  It  is 
illustrated  by  a  Roman  brick  found  under  the  General  Post 

>  "  By  a  ungular  ohume  the  wbola  sCone  authors  :   C^.  Kay's  Latin  Onnuiwr,  p. 

of  the  Jura,  whidl  twtiflca  tu  the  fulfil-  302  *?.  Gint  ed^    "  Ab  einatolia  si  hlidli* 

ment  of  hia  tow,  hu  been  preaerved  by  et  ratiombuB  (TV).),   Secretuiea,  nsii- 

[aUiug  into  the  very  waters  from  which  be  tnrs,  sccountanls."    Such  an  eipRHOon, 

Wu  Ktred. . , .  There  is  etill  in  the  harbour  therefore,  inducea  ua  to  idioe  the  date  at 

of  Qenera  a  huze  erratic  block,  koown  u  the  inacriptioa  after  Augustoii     On  the 

the  Pierre  de  Niton  (tfeptune),  on  which,  othtr  h[uid  as  the  charactars  bi«  nry 

aooording  to  tradition,  aacriftoee  to  NBp-  wsll  execat«d,    th^    an   jgahMf  oA 

tune  were  mode,  and  tncea  of  the  cuIU  aubaequeDt  to  the  roign  of  SepSaia* 

nay  yet  be  found  in  song  and  Htory."  Sererus. 

Art  inthe"Tini«,"abDutMay24, 1884.  ■  The  Homan  name  {TItMWH  ii  donbt- 

'   This  soldier   might  have  been  em-  ful ;  it  ia  not  meotioiMd  bj  Honuoaai  in 

ployed    in    iiupecting   a    custom-houae,  hia  art  OtWn,  Ibboc.  Confoed.  HbIt.  can. 

leryiDg  taxea,  or  surveying  roada  :  Jbid.  XVII,  p.  44  ;  but  it  occura  in  Berlapadi, 

The  UB«  of  the  prtposition  a  with  the  Schweimr  Fuhrer,  p.  309,  ed.  1S70,  with 

ftblatJTc  case  to  denote  nn  ofBoe  is  eliieay  n  not«  of  intermgation. 

post-Auguatan,  as  ma;  be  aeen  in  Furcef-  ''  Tbese  maps  are  placed  at  the  tnd  uf 

uni'a  LeuGon,  tv, ;  he  gtre*  one  example  Mommsen's  InsoriptiuDS. 
from  Cioero,  the  rest  being  from   later 


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THE  BOMAN  ANTIQUrnBS  OF  SWITZBaLAin).  2C 

Office  in  London,  which  is  stamped  with  the  inscription  :- 


perhaps  meaning  primipilares  Britannki  Londini.    Similar 
instances  might  be  cited  from  Vienna  and  Hungary.' 

Pot  the  most  part  Swiss  antiquities  are  to  be  studied  not 
in  situ,,  but,  aa  I  have  hinted,  in  the  Cantonal  Museums  at 
Bale,  Berne,  Lausanne,  Geneva,  Zurich,  and  other  towns 
of  less  consequence.  That  at  Fribourg  may  serve  as  a 
specimen.  We  see  there,  besides  the  great  mosiuc  de- 
scribed above,  fragments  of  frescoes,  cement  from  the 
aqueduct  at  Avenches,  leaden  pipes,  &  bronze  bell, 
statuette  of  Minerva,  fibulae,  a  glass  bracelet,  and  a  lacry- 
matory  so  called,  but  improperly,  because  it  was  used  to 
hold  perfumes  sprinkled  over  the  incinerated  body.*  With 
the  catalogues  of  such  collections  the  student  should 
compare  Mommsen's  27th  chapter  entitled  Instrumenti 
Domestici  Inscriptiones.  His  list,  which  occupies  28  quarto 
pages,  includes  tessellated  pavements,  weights,  diptychs, 
spoons,  ladles,  amphoree,  lamps,  bowls,  &c.  All  these 
objects  are  of  course  inscribed.* 


'  tiM  biick  u  now  depgaited  in  t)w 
An^o  -  Runun  Koom  of  the  British 
HuMum  :  mm  ui  article  by  Hr.  Frankt, 
witk  engraving  ]aiti<B  Amhatol.  Joutjl,  to], 
I,  p.  4 ;  he  refare  to  toI.  iii,  p.  09  tq., 
*bve  it  ia  aaid  that  the  initials  P.P.  BH. 
probatdf  indioate  the  name  of  the  manu- 
fuctuier.  The  uwlogT  of  other  eiamplaa 
mij  aeem  to  favour  tJua  conjecture,  but 
I  think  it  inadmiaaihle  here. 

Ht.  Roach  Smith,  Illiutrationi  of 
Rcnnan  London,  p.  31  (j,,  ohaervee  that 
"  Tile^Btampe  are  among  the  moat  useful 
of  Roman  IiiHcriptiona,  as  they  prove  the 
pnaence  of  the  legiona  and  oohorts  at 
partioular  pla«s,"  &c.  ;  tf.  p.  llfl  sod 
K  Vm,  Figs.  3-S,  inwribed  tiles  found 
at  Chequer's  Court,  Bush  Lane,  Bloom- 
Geld  street,  Flnsburj,  and  Ldmbeth  HilL 
■nieinacriptionsarePBB.LON.— P.BRI. 
LON.  —  P.PRLON.  — PPBB.LON,  4o., 
which  Mr.  Boech  9mith  Bxpands,  Prima 
Ifiokon)  BrUtonvn  Londinii.  The  ward 
ahon  will  not  account  for  the  second  P 
in  the  lint  abbreviation.  Hommsen 
ioggeats  a  probable  explanatioD — Pvl>- 
Ikos) priiniwiMe  Britanmat  Londinitnia: 
Hiibnar,  loscc  BriL  I^t.,  p.  21,  Intro- 
,._     ..     ,__J,_..__  ,  ^j 


In  support  of  the  ezptanation  of  CVL 
Hommsen,  Op.  citat.,  p.  7S,  mentions 
t^ulae  Vindoboneiuea  inacriptae  Ant. 
TOi.  Vindob ;  EamunUnaa  inscriptae  C. 
Vol,  Const.  Kar  ;  in  Hungaria  reperta 
prope  Qoadributgium  inscripta  Quad- 
ribar,  nj.  [id  eat.  aia  wiigiUarionun).  Of. 
omn.  Von  Sacksn  und  Kenner,  Die 
Sammlungeu  dea  K.K.  Miinz-und 
Antiken-Cabinetas.  Inachrif  tliche  Deok- 
maler.  IV.  Zimmer,  p.  9S  and  notes.  In 
this  room  113  stamped  tila  are  aihitnted 
on  the  wall  in  four  rows  ;  we  find  hn« 
the  namea  of  legions  quartered  at  Vindo- 
bona  (Vienna^,   Camuntum   (Petronell), 


'  ArduBologia,  VoL  ilviii,  pp,  76-77. 

*  The  local  antiquaries  in  Switaerliind 
might  do  good  serrioe  by  publiatiing 
catalogueaofoollectiotia  hitherto  unedited. 
Judging  from  the  learning  and  ability 
diaolayed  iu  the  Transactiona  of  the  B^ 
and  Zurich  Societies,  1  hare  no  doubt 
that,  there  are  many  tamnli  in  the 
country  fully  competent  to  perform  this 
useful  task. 


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204        THE  BOHAN  ANTIQUTriBS  OV  SWITZE&I.A]n>. 

Otlier,  and  less  agreeable,  duties  liave  prevented  me  from 
expatiating  as  on  some  former  occasions;  my  remarks  have 
been  only  tentative  and  su^estive.  But  I  shall  be  coDtent 
if  I  have  succeeded  iu  proving  that  even  Switzerland 
exhibits  many  traces  of  that  wonderful  civilization  whicli 
no  longer  displays  its  grandeur  and  beauty  as  a  whole,  bat 
which  still  survives  in  scattered  fragments  and  in  a  per- 
meating influence. 


APPENDIX. 

I  subjoin  the  titles  of  some  works  which  may  aid  the  student  of  Swia 
antiquities  in  his  investigations. 

Heel's  Prinueval  World  of  Switzerland  with  660  Illustrations,  edited 
by  Heywood,  2  vols.  6vo.  This  book  treats  of  a  period  anteoedent  to 
that  which  is  the  subject  of  Keller's  Lake  Dwellings. 

Bevue  des  Deux  Mondes,  Tome  Soixaute-Quath^nie,  pp.  162-19$.  La 
Suisse  Piimitive,  par  M.  1e  Marquis  de  Saporta. 

£.  Desor,  Die  Ffahlbautcn  des  Neuenbui^r  Sees  (Neuchfitel),  Uit  UT 
in  deu  Text  eingedruckten  Holzschiiitten.  The  German  edition  is  said  to 
be  superior  to  the  French  original  Fig.  81  is  a  Roman  axe,  engraved 
one-third  of  the  actual  eize,  p.  109  Eiienzeit.  - 

G.  Finlay,  Ilaparijp^o-dS  ari  -r^t  f f  'BXpcrt'^  xat  'EAAaSi  wpourropunji 
ap\au>Xoyui,i  irrro  F.  ^ivAoou 

Troyoa  M^moires  et  Documents  public  par  la  Soci4t6  d'  Histoire  de 
la  Suisse  Romande,  Tome  XVII,  Habitations  Lacustiea  des  temps  aucieiu 
et  modemes  par  Frederic  Troyon.  XVII  PK,  380  Fig»..  1860.  A 
comparison  of  this  work  with  the  Proto-Helvitee  of  Victor  Gross  will 
show  how  much  photography  has  contributed  to  the  illustration  of  pie- 
historic  archEsology. 

Le  Baron  G.  de  Bonstetten,  Recueil  d'  Antiquity  Suisses,  folio,  ISfiS 
accompagn^  de  38  Planches  Lithograph iSes.  The  following  paaeagee-aie 
those  most  closely  coiijiccted  with  the  statements^made  in  Uie  preceding 
Memoir^  Epoque^E  el vete  et  Holv^to-Bomaine  (Age  de  brouze  et  de  fei), 
pp.  9-20,  and  Epoque  Ronmine  (Tonibes  h  ustion  et  h  inhumation), 
p.  21  sq.;  Blanche  XIX,  Moauque  d'  Orbe,  p.  40  sq.  Supplement,  I860, 
PL  XX,  Uercule  ^toufTant  le  lion,  p.  26  sq.  Second  Supplement,  1867, 
PL  XIV,  Mosaiquc  dScouverte  k  Yvonans  (canton  de  Vaud) ;  Orpbee 
entour^  d'animaux  qu'il  charme  aux  sons  de  sa  lyre.  PL  XV,  Mostuque  de 
Boas&tz  (Urba),  pp.  16-18.  Notwithstandii^  some  mistake  and  a  want 
of  that  minute  accuracy  which  we  usually  find  in  German  writen,  this 
work  must  be  regarded  as  hlglily  meritorious,  and  even  indispensable. 

Gottlieb  Emanuel  von  Haller,  Bibhothek  der  SchweixerOeschichte, 
IV  Theil,  Sect.  6,  In  Ilelvetien  gefundene  Alterthiimer.  1,  UeberhaapL 
3,  Insbesondere.    3,  Unt«Tgeschobene, 

Anzeiger  fUr  Schweiierische  Alterthumskunde,  Ziirich, 


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THE  nOUAN  ANTIQUITIEa  OF  SWITZBRLAND.  205 

Neojahisblatter  von  der  Stadt-Bibliothek  in  Zurich. 

Le  Koy,  Uae  visite  aux  Mosa'iquea  d'  Orbe.  This  book  is  vei;  scarce  : 
I  was  unable  to  find  it  in  the  Bibliothique  Nationale  at  Paris,  though  a 
diligent  eeaich  was  made. 

8.  Lysons,  KeliqaiiB  Britannico-RonianeB,  vol.  Ill,  p,  6,  Mosaic  at 
Bignor,  PL  VI.,  Nob.  1,  2.  He  wiys  tliat  at  Avenches  (vide  supra,  Na 
31)  is  like  it  Each  of  thorn  has  a  cistern  of  about  the  same  size.  So 
Btusian,  Aventicum,  Heft  I.  p.  23,  In  lier  Mitte  dea  i'uaabodenfl,  wclcher 
oinen  Saal  von  .55  Fuss  Lange  und  36  Fuss  Broite  zierte,  befand  sich  ein 
achteckiges  Baaain  [labrum)  von  weisacm  Mamior  von  6  Fuss  Durch- 
measer  und  1 J  Fuss  Tiefe,  woraus  man  schliessen  miws,  dnss  dor  Saal  als 
Baderaum  diente.  Both  pavements  show  similar  defects  in  drawing ; 
and  at  Avenches  there  appenrs  a  blue  nimbus  round  the  head  of  Bacchus, 
as  at  Bignor  round  the  head  of  Venus,  The  resemblance  being  so  close 
has  naturally  led  to  the  conjecture  that  the  same  artist  was  employed  in 
both  cases.  See  also  the  article  by  Lysons  on  a  Roman  Villa  discovered 
at  Bignor  in  Sussex,  Archeeologia,  voL  xviii,  p.  220  (1817). 

Orelli,  CoUectio  Inacriptionum  latinarum,  ed.  1828,  vol.  I,  cap.  i, 
Geogiaphica,  sec  5  Helvetia,  pp.  101-135,  professes  to  give  all  the  in- 
scriptions found  in  Switzerland.  No  one  can  dispute  his  eminence  as  a 
textual  critic  and  expositor  of  classical  authors,  but  he  has  failed  aa  an 
epigraphist ;  and  though  bis  residence  at  Zurich  must  have  given  him 
great  facilities,  the  section  relating  to  hia  own  country  is  specially 
defective. 

Moramsen,  Inscriptioues  Gonfoederationis  Helveticae,  has  corrected  the 
mistakes  and  supplied  the  omissions  of  preceding  writers ;  later  publica- 
tions by  Swiss  antiquaries  have,  in  their  turn,  improved  upon  his  labours. 
The  list  of  Anctoreg  praecipue  adhiliHi,  pp.  xi-xviii,  op.  citat.,  contains 
many  valuable  su^eations.  Mommsen  has  made  a  long  stride  in  advance, 
but  his  work  is  not  finished  with  the  same  care  and  completeness  as  the 
volumes  of  the  Corpus  Inecc  Lot.  that  have  appeared  at  Berlin.  Helvetia 
has  not  yet  been  included  in  this  series. 

Die  Wappenrolle  von  Ziirich,  Ein  heraldtaches  Denkmal  des  vierzehnten 
Jahrhunderts,  1860,  coloured  plates  4to. 

The  Rev.  8.  S.  Lewis,  Fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge, 
poBsesses  a  model  of  a  Lake<Hamlet  built  on  piles,  such  as  ia  supposed  to 
have  existed  in  the  pro-historic  age,  executed  by  Max  Gdtzinger  of  Bdic, 
scale  -j^  of  life-size.  It  ia  "  constructed  on  materials  carefully  gathered 
by  Professor  F.  Keller,"  and  represents  groups  of  inhabitants,  male  and 
female,  engaged  in  various  occupations.  Mr.  Lewis  exhibited  this  model 
at  a  meeting  of  the  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society,  and  road  a  Memoir 
in  which  he  explained  it  fully.  Ho  also  remarked  that  it  illustrated 
jEscbylus,  Persaev.  865,  and  Herodotus,  book  v,  chap.  16.  The  latter 
passage  is  particularly  interesting,  because  it  supplies  an  histerical  parallel. 
Herodotus  describes  at  length  habitations  in  Lake  Frasias  (Macedonia) 
upon  planks  brought  from  Mount  Orbolus.  Comp.  the  frontispiece  of  Dr. 
Keller's  book  quoted  above,  English  tranalation ;  it  is  an  "  ideal  sketeh  " 
of  the  Pfahlbau  according  to  the  latest  discoveries.  See  also  Baehr'a 
edition  of  Herodotus  loc  citat.,  and  KawUnson'e  Translation,  voL  iiij^pp. 
225-228,  with  ngles  containing  many  references. 

The  chief  ancient  authorities  for  Helvetia  are  the  following : — 

Caeear^£)c  Bello  Glallico,  Ub.  I,  cc  2-29.  This  passage  ia  our  most  im- 
Tou  ZUi.  a  D,-.  , 

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206        THE  BOUAH  ANnQUITIES  OF  SWITZEB]:4Ain>. 

portent  sotiKe  of  infonnatiou,  aa  it  relates  the  migration  of  the  Helretii 
into  Gaul,  Caesar's  war  with  them,  and  the  defeat  which  they  suffered  near 
Eibracte  (Mont  Beuvray).  We  find  in  chap.  2  the  dimensions  of  their 
country  ;  in  12,  27  the  p*/t  (cantons)  into  which  it  waa  divided;  in  29 
a  statement  that  they  recorded  their  numbers  in  Greek  cha^lcten^  tabulae 
repcrtae  sunt,  Uteris  Graecis  confectae ;  with  which  comp.  the  use  of 
Greek  letters  by  the  Druids,  ibid.  VI,  14,  and  inscriptions  in  the  same 
lai^^age  on  the  borders  of  Germany  and  Khaetia,  Tacitus,  Germ,  c  3. 

Tacitus,  Histories,  I,  C7-69  :  Slaughter  of  the  Helvetii  by  Caecina  in 
the  civil  war  that  followed  immediately  after  Galba'a  death;  C,  67,  he 
relates  that  Aquae  was  plundered.  The  modern  name  of  this  place  is 
Baden  (Canton  Aatgan,  Argovie),  just  as  Aquae  Sulis  is  now  called  Bath. 
The  town  is  now  resorted  to  on  account  of  its  sulphureous  waters,  so  that 
the  historian's  description  still  remains  applicable— iocus  amoeno  salu- 
brium  aquanim  ueu  frequens.  C.  68,  Mona  Vocetius  occurs;  thia  is  Boetz- 
beig,  a  lofty  hill  in  the  north-eastern  branch  of  the  Jura,  over  which  a 
Roman  road  is  said  to  have  been  carried.  Vocetius  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  Vc^esus  or  Vosegus,  the  Vosges  (Vogesen)  in  Alsace.  Not 
far  from  these  places,  and  guarding  the  German  frontier,  was  Vindonissa, 
an  important  military  station,  as  we  have  already  seen,  at  the  junction  of 
the  rivers  Limmat,  Reuse  and  Aar,  on  which  the  cities  Zurich,  Lucerne 
and  Berne  are  situated  respectively  ;  the  combined  stream  falls  into  the 
Rhine  at  Coblenz  (eotifluentea),  which  reminds  us  of  the  town  so  called  at 
the  union  of  the  Moselle  with  the  Rhine.  The  Romans  here  showed  their 
usual  sagacity  in  choosing  an  advantageous  situation  for  their  camp : 
comp.  the  expression  of  Tacitus,  Agricolac.  20,  loca  castrisipsecapero;ih. 
22,  opportunitatea  locorum ;  and  the  position  of  their  forts  in  the  North  of 
England :  Bruce,  The  Roman  Wall,  edit.  4to.,  Stationary  Camps,  p.  60 
sq. ;  Boreovieus,  Housesteads,  p.  180. 

Ammianus  Marcellinus  was  a  contemporary  of  the  Emperor  Julian,  and 
in  his  military  career  visited  most  parts  of  the  Roman  world.  He 
informs  us,  lib.  XV,  c  5,  s.  22,  that  he  was  sent  to  Gaul  on  the  staff  of 
UrsicinuB,  as  protector  domesticiu,  officer  in  the  life-guards  (a.d.  354). 
Hence  it  seems  very  probable  that  he  sitent  some  time  in  Helvetia,  Two 
passages  in  his  history  are  interesting,  because  they  refer  to  the  localities 
which  are  now  most  remarkable  for  Roman  remains.  XV,  11,  12,  Alpes 
Graiae  et  Foeninae  exceptis  obscurioribus  habent  et  Aventicum,  desertAm 
quidem  civitatem  sed  non  ipiobilem  quondam,  ut  aedificia  semiruta  nunc 
quoque  demonstrant.  XXX,  3,  I,  Valontiniano  post  vastatos  aliquoe 
Alamanniae  pagos  munimentttm  aedificanti  prope  Basiliam,  quod  appellant 
accolae  Robur  (Stronghold),  ofTertur  praefecti  relatio  ProhL  XV,  4,  1-5. 
Ammianus  mentions  Brigantia  ;  he  uses  the  word  as  the  name  first  of  a 
city  (Bregenz),  and  secondly  of  the  lake  of  Constance  (Bodensee)  :  he 
describes  the  latter  as  round  in  form,  of  vast  extent,  with  impenetrable 
forest*  on  its  banks,  horrore  squalentium  silvarum  inaccessum. 

But  little  additional  knowledge  can  be  gleaned  from  the  ancient 
Geographers. 

Stiabo,  p.  192,  Lib.  TV,  cap.  Ill,  b,  3,  says  that  the  Rhine  rises  in 
Mount  Adula,  probably  the  Splugeu.  and  in  the  country  of  the  Helvetii  ; 
p.  206,  IV,  c  VI,  &  1 1,  that  the  Lcman  lake,  the  plains  of  Switzerland  and 
the  Jura  (t^i'  Xi/tnjv  t^v  Aij/uwav,  rb.  'EXovijtti'ibv  rtSui,  'lapo)  are  on 
the  way  from  the  Pennine  Alps  (Great  St  Bernard)  to  the  Sequani  and 


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THE  ROHAN  ANTIQUmBS  OP  SWITZERLAMD.  207 

Lingunes  (Franchc  Comto  and  Ijin^cres)  ;  and  p.  271,  Tt,  2,  4,  th&t  the 
Rhone  flows  through  the  lake  of  Geneva  and  visibly  maintoina  its  current 
{a-onitivti  TO  pn-fia  &ia  A.t/iv>]9  tov,  opaTrjv  trti^ov  t^v  p&rtv).  P.  292, 
VII,  1,  5,  he  gives  the  dimcu-sionB  of  the  Lake  of  Constaace — 
more  than  300  (perhaps  we  should  read  600)  stadia  in  circumference,  and 
200  ill  breadth.  He  also  mentions  an  island  iu  it,  which  Tiberius  used 
as  a  point  ifappui  or  base  of  operations  (opfjnf-n'iptov)  in  his  war  against 
the  Viudelici.  This  seems  to  be  Reichcnau  in  the  Untersee,  a  few  miles 
from  Constance,  as  tliorc  is  no  island  in  the  larger  lake  (Bodcnsee), 
Tiberius  gained  the  victory  in  a  naval  engagement,  surprising  the  enemy 
where  he  least  expected  to  be  assailed:  ftlerivole,  History  of  the  Romans 
under  the  Empire,  vol.  iv,  p.  202,  edit.  8vo.  The  Parliamentary  General 
Ludlow  achieved  a  similar  success  on  the  Lakes  of  Killamey  in  the  yeiic 
1653.  Strabo  also  mentions  that  the  Helvetii  and  Vindelici  inhabit  liigh 
table-lands.  (opoir<6ifl) 

Besides  Biegenz,  and  Constanz  where  the  Emperor  Constantius  Chlorus 
built  a  fort  about  A.D.  304,  Romanshorn  and  Arbon  testify  to  the  pre- 
sence of  the  Romans  in  those  parts,  both  being  on  the  shores  of  the 
Bodeneee.  The  former  is  immediately  opposite  Friedrichshafen,  and  was 
formerly  called  Cornu  RnmanoniJii,  on  account  of  its  situation  on  a  tongue 
of  land.  So  Ciesar  uses  the  word  with  reference  to  the  harbour  of  Brindisi ; 
Cicero  ad  Atticum,  lib.  IX,  ep.  14,  Ab  nttoque  portus  cornu  moles 
jocimne.  The  latter  was  Arbor  Felur,  a  station  on  the  high  road  from 
Tindonissa  throu^  Aquae  (Baden),  and  Vitudurum  (Ober  Wiiiterthur) 


Ptolemy,  Geogmphia,  lib.  II,  cap.  9,  Gallia  Belgica,  s.  9,  under  the 
bead  Baunci  mentions  two  cities,  Augusta  Rauricomm,  and  Argentovaria 
which  appears  iu  Ammianus  Marccllinus  as  Argentaria,  XXXI,  10,  8  ; 
the  latter  relates  tliat  a  battle  took  place  there  in  the  war  of  Gration  with 
the  Germans.  Some  supposii  the  modem  name  to  be  Elsenheim,  and 
others  Anenheim.  Ibitl.  g.  10  "  Behind  the  mountain  situated  below 
them  (the  Lingoncs)  am)  called  Juraseus  {'lovpa/rtros)  are  the  Helvetii 
along  the  River  Khino,  whose  cities  ore  Ganodurum  and  Forum  Tiberii." 
Cf.  ^[ommsen,  Inscc  Confoed.  Helv.,  p.  27,  note.  We  cannot  speak  with 
certainty  about  these  towns,  Iwcause  they  do  not  occur  elsewhere.  Some 
have  identified  Ganodunim  with  Biug  opposite  Stein,  where  the  Shine 
issues  from  the  Untersee.  Cluveriue  proposed  to  read  Saiodurum,  which 
seems  prnbabla  Several  inscriptions  have  been  found  there,  Mommsen, 
Op.  citat,  Nos.  21S-233 ;  amongst  them  one  containing  the  words 
TICO  SALOD,  A.D.  216  ;  it  is  in  honour  of  Epooo,  for  whom  see  my 
Paper  on  Autun,  Archaeol.  Juur.,  voL  xl,  pp.  35-37  and  foot-notes.  The 
termination  durum  indicates  that  the  place  was  near  water ;  it  is  common 
both  in  Gallic  and  Britisli  names,  and  comes  from  the  Celtic  Dar,  dvir, 
Armoric  dour  and  douar  (Armstrong's  Gaelic  Dictionary,  s.v.),  Dur 
appears  sometimes  at  the  beginning,  sometimes  at  the  end  of  a  word : 
comp.  Durovemum,  Durobrivae,  Durocomovium  in  Britain;  Duro- 
cortorum,  Divodunim  and  the  river  Adour  (Atui  or  Aturua)  in  Gaul. 

Wakkenaer  thought  that  Forum  Tiborii  was  at  Reichenau ;  others 
have  placed  it  at  Steckboni  between  Stein  and  Constanz,  or  at  Petinesca 
(perhaps  Biel,  Bienne.) 

The  edition  of  Ptolemy  by  Karl  MUller.  Didot,  Paris,  1883,  should 
be  coii8aIt«.>d,  as  it  is  a  great  improvement  upon  its  predecessors ;  the 


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208        THE  BOUAN  ANTIQDITIES  OF  SWITZEBLAin). 

notes  coiil  tin  many  quotations  from,  and  references  to,  tecent  authorities, 
c.(j.,  Laake,  Kiepert,  Bertrand,  Deqjardins.  At  present  only  the  iirat 
volume  has  appearei 

Fomponius  Mela,  who  flouriBhed  in  the  reign  of  Claudius  I,  repeats  the 
statement  of  Strabo  about  the  Rhone  passing  through  tlie  lake  of  Geneva, 
II,  5,  p.  51,  ed,  Parthey,  ae  per  medium  integer  agena  quantus  venit 
egrcditur.  He  says  that  the  Rhijie  descending  from  the  Aljia  forms  two 
I^es,  VenetuB  and  Acronus,  by  wliich  he  seems  to  mean  the  Bodensee 
and  TJntersee,  III,  2,  p.  67,  ed.  Partbey. 

The  Antonine  Itinerary  and  the  Table  of  Peutinger. 

There  ware  three  great  routes  in  Helvetia,  one  on  the  eastern  and  two 
on  the  western  side.  The  former  connected  Brigantia  with  Comiun  and 
Mediolonum  (Milan),  passing  through  Curia  {Coire,  Chur)  ;  at  this  pkco 
it  divided  into  two  branches  formiiig  a  loop,  as  they  united  again  above 
the  head  of  the  lake  of  Como :  Itinerary,  pp.  277-279.  Of  the  latter, 
one  was  carried  over  the  Graian  Alps  (Little  St.  lli'tnard),  and  led  from 
Mediolanum  to  Argentoratum  (Straaburg),  through  Augusta  Praetoria 
(Aoata),  Darantasia  (Moutiere,  capital  of  tlic  Tarautaisc),  Geneva  and 
Vesontio  (fiesanfon),  so  that  the  course  of  the  road  was  south  and  west 
of  the  Leman  lake,  and  west  of  the  lake  Neuch^tcl ;  ib.,  pp.  346-350. 
On  the  other  road,  from  Mediolanum  to  Mogontiacum  (Mayence),  over 
the  Pennine  Alps  (Great  St.  Bernard),  wc  find  the  stations,  Aventiculum, 
Salodurum  and  Augusta  Rauracum,  so  that  this  route  took  a  more 
easterly  direction,  ib.,  pp.  360-355.  The  pagination  is  Wesseling's,  and 
is  given  in  the  margin  by  Farthey  and  Piudet  in  their  excellent  edition 
(1S48),  which  contains  a  Conspectus  Itinerum,  pp.  291-296;  a  copious 
Index  of  ancient  names  with  corresponding  modern  ones,  pp.  297-403 ; 
Facsimiles  uf  MSS.,  and  a  map  of  the  Orbis  Romanus  showing  the  roads 
and  chief  stations. 

The  greater  part  of  Helvetia  appears  in  the  iSecond  Segment  of  the 
Tabula  Peutingeriana ;  in  the  Tlurd  Segment  we  have  a  small  part  of 
eastern  Switzerland,  including  Ad  Fines  (Pfyn),  Arbor  Felix  and 
Brigantia. 

There  must  have  been  important  lines  of  trafhc  through  Switzerland 
in  ancient  times,  but  I  have  not  met  with  any  direct  Btatement  by  the 
Greek  or  Latin  authors  to  this  effect.  From  evidence  of  various  kinds 
we  know  three  trade-routes  to  the  amber-coasts — the  western,  central  and 
eastern  :  see  my  paper  on  Scandinavia,  Ardiaeul.  Jour,,  vol  xxxiv,  p. 
245  eq.  and  notes  ;  Professor  Boyd  Dawkins,  Early  Man  in  Britain, 
map.  Fig.  168,  p.  467.  "The  Etruscan  trade  pa^ed  also  northwards 
through  Switzerland  into  the  valley  of  the  Rhine  as  for  as  its  month, 
and  found  its  way  also  through  various  Alpine  jwasea  and  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean into  France." 

I  add  two  Inscriptions  which  deserve  special  notice — the  one  on 
account  of  its  intrinsic  interest  and  connection  with  Avenchee,  the  other 
because  oui  own  country  is  mentioned  therein. 

NVMINI    AVGvS 

T////VM 

VIA  /  /  yCTA    PER    M 

DVl/IVM    PATERnK 

IIVIR/I    COL    HELVEI// 


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THE  fiOUAN  ANTlQUrriES  OP  SWITZEELAtn).  209 

,  Idbcc.  Helvet.,  p.  34,  No.  181 ;  Otelli,  Inscc.  Lat^  vol.  i, 
p.  124,  No.  401,  edit.  1828. 

Numini  Aupwtorum  Via  ducta  per  M.  Dvmium  (or  Durium)  Patemum 
II  Viram  Colonia  Helvetiorum. 

In  the  expansion  Orelli  haa  /wrfa  (for  ilueta)  and  Dumnum  (wV),  both 
of  which  ore  inaccuiate. 

ThiB  inscription  is  atill  visible  at  Pierre  Pertuie,  Pirrcport — names 
evidently  derived  from  Petra  Pertusa  and  Petra  Porta— in  the  Miinster 
Thai  (Val  Moutiera),  north-west  of  Biel  (Bienne).  The  solid  rock,  in 
which  there  is  a  natural  opening,  probably  enlarged  by  art  (Murray's 
Switzeriand,  Route  1),  here  formed  the  boundary  between  the  Sequani 
and  Kaurici,  and  the  letters  were  cut  on  the  aide  fating  the  latter,  in., 
towards  B&Ie.  Savants  of  the  last  and  of  the  present  century  have  climbed 
ap  on  ladders  to  decipher  them. 

dlVL  ■  C  ■  F  FAB    CAMILLO 
sAC-  AVG  ■  MAG  ■  TRIB  "  MIL 

I  EG  ■  iTTi  ■  MACeD  ■  HAST  '  PVRA 
e  T  ■  CORONA  "  AVReA  ■  BNT^AO 
a  T\  CLAVDIO  ■  CAESARE  '  AVQ 
it  ER  ■  CVM  ■  AB  ■  EG  ■  EVOCATVS 

i  N   ■  BRITANNIA   ■  MILITASST 

c  OL  ■  PIA  .  FLAVIA  ■  CONSTaNS 
EMERITA  m  HELVETIOR 
EX  S  DD. 
Mommsen,  Op.  citat,  p.  33,  No.  179 ;  Orelli,  Op.  citat.,  p.  119,  No. 
363.    The  inscription  is  given  incorrectly  by  Muratori  in  his  Tliesaurus, 
from  which  it  has  been  copied  in  the  Monuntcnta  Historica  Britannica, 
p.  cvi,  Na  4,  and  a^i^n  in  the  Rev.  H.  M.   Scarth's  Early  and  Roman 
Britain,  Appendix  TV,  p.  341.     It  commemorates  honorary  rewaida  con- 
ferred on  a  veteran  {evocatun),  who  had  served  under  Claudius  in  his 
British  campaign,  a.d.   43  ;    they  consisted  of  a  spear  without  a  point, 
like  a  sceptre  (Jtiuta  pura),  and  a  golden  crown.     The  monument  is 
interesting,  because  it  is  one  of  the  earliest  in  which  the  name  of  Britain 
occurs. 

Grater,  p.  ccccxv.  No.  1,  baa  a  sinular  inscription  relating  to  the  same 
mr,  and  containing  the  words,  Donis  donato  a  Divo  Claudio  bello 
Hritanuico  torquihus  armiUis  phaleria  corona  aurea.  So  Juvenal  mentions 
howea  and  neck-chains  as  decorations  of  aoldiers ;  Sat.  xvi,  v.  60,  XJt 
laeti  phaleris  omnes  et  torquibus  omnes. 

On  this  monument  the  Roman  name  of  Aventicum  appears  in  full, 
Colonia  Pia  Flavia  Constane  Emerita  Helvetiorum,  and  here  each  word 
nitty  be  satisfactorily  explained.  Wo  cannot  doubt  that  the  colony  was 
planted  by  an  Emperor  of  the  Flavian  dynasty,  under  which  also  it  seems 
lo  have  been  most  prosperous.  Suetonius  informs  us  that  tlio  futher  of 
Vespasian  practised  usury  and  died  in  Helvetia  (Vesp.  c  i)  The 
laudatory  epithets  Pia  Conatass  were  applied  to  the  city  on  account  of 
it«  fidelity  to  Galha  (Tacitus,  Histories  I,  67,  Helvetii  .  .  .  Vitellii 
iDiperium  abnuentea),  which  caused  it  to  be  attacked  by  Caecina,  the 
lieatenant  of   Vitellius    (Tac,    H>.    c    68,    Aventicum. ..justo    agmine 


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21(>        TBB  feOMAS  AWriQtJinfiS  Olf  SWITZERLAND, 

peterotur).  lastly,  the  title  Eineiita  im^iliea  that  vetenm  Holdiera  wew 
sent  thithet ;  the  same  word  occurs  iu  tha  ancient  name  of  Merida, 
Ai^usta  Kmerito,  on  tho  river  Anas  (Guadiana) :  Ford,  Handbook  of 
Spain,  pp.  260-62,  edit.  1878  ;  Heias.'Monnaiea  Antiques  de  I'Eapaguc, 
lAieitanic,  Conventus  Emcrit^nsia,  pp.  398-405,  Plates  LX-LXII ;  there 
are  many  types,  but  the  most  remarkable  is  a  gateway  with  two  arches, 
which  has  been  adopted  in  the  armorial  bearings  of  the  modem  city. 
Like  Avenchos,  Merida  was  once  very  flourishing,  hut  has  now  shrunk 
into  small  dimensions.  "  Ses  mines  seules  attestent  son  ancienne  splen- 
deur."    Heiss,  ibid,  p.  399. 

For  the  details  of  the  Roman  remains  at  Avenches,  I  must  refer  the 
reader  to  Professor  Bursian,  Up^  citat.  In  the  first  Part  (Heft  I)  be  will 
find  a  copious  account  of  the  walls,  towers,  gat^.s,  aqueducts  and  theatre  ; 
also  a  special  notice  of  the  Corinthian  column,  which  is  the  moat  remark- 
able architectural  feature  in  the  scene,  and  immediately  arrests  the 
traveller's  attention:  See  Tafel  III,  a  view  of  two  pillars,  or  rather  lialf- 
pillars,  together  with  a  ground  plan.  The  loftier  one,  called  Cigognier 
from  storks  building  a  nest  there,  is  37  feet  high,  and  has  a  diameter  of 
rather  more  than  3^  feet  Byron,  Childe  Harold,  Canto  III,  StauEa 
LXV, 

"By  a  lone  wall,  a  lonelier  column  rears 
A  grey  and  grief-worn  aspect  of  old  days,"  &c. 
I  traced  thH  wall  which  Lord  Byron  mentions  for  about  30  yards, 
visible  just  above  the  ground.  From  this  and  other  ruins  we  may  infer 
that  the  column  belongeit  to  some  important  edifice,  but  its  use  is  uncer- 
tain. Some  think  it  was  a.  Crypto porti cub,  which  was  not  underground, 
as  might  be  sniiposed  from  our  word  cri/pt ;  but  a  gallery  resembling  a 
cloister,  an-  distinguished  from  an  open  colonnade  (porticus).  Bursiau 
suggests  tt  comparison  with  the  Tabenuiv  aryeBfi(n'ae(silv<!rBmith'Bahojis) 
in  the  Roman  Forum;  Bunsen,  l^eacltreibung  der  Stadt  Rom.,  Itnnd  III, 
Abtheil  2,  p.  25  sq. 

The  topograi)hy  and  scanty  vestiges  of  "  levelled  Aventicum  "  should 
be  studied  in  connection  with  the  Inscriptions.  Wc  find  in  the  latter  the 
word  Schola  descriptive  of  a  building  ;  foundations  and  jambs  of  a  door 
that  have  been  discovered  seem  to  correspond  with  an  account  of  a  Schola 
erected  in  honour  of  the  Camilli,  Inscc  142,  192,  edit,  Mommsen. 
Another  structure  of  the  same  kind,  hut  much  more  important,  had  a 
facade  1 12  feet  long,  adorned  with  columns  :  it  may  probably  be  identified 
with  that  mentioned  in  Insc.  184,  where  the  name  Q.  Cluvius  Macer 
occurs.  From  the  honours  conferred  upon  him  and  the  repeated  mention 
uf  his  family,  it  appears  that  they  held  a  higli  position  among  the  local 
magnates:  cf.  Inscc.  185,  166.  A  third  schola,  not  far  off,  was  built  hy 
the  Nautae  Aruianci  Aramici  in  honour  of  tho  imperial  house  (in  honorem 
domus  divinae).  They  seem  to  have  been  employed  on  a  navigable  canal 
between  the  Murtensee  (Lake  Morat)  and  Avenches,  and  derive  their 
name  from  the  river  Amis  (Arola),  now  Aar,  In  Bursian's  plan  of  the 
town,  we  see  on  the  outer  side  of  the  north  wall.  Place  iTune  boiitk 
(famarre  (ring  for  mooring  boats).  This  statement  rests  on  the  uncertain 
foundation  of  a  local  tradition. 

The  word  Schola  may  often  be  translated  a  school,  and  sometimes  it 
means  a  waiting-place  in  the  public  baths  (Smith's  Diet,  of  Antiqij.,  pp. 
180,  191  ;  Yitruvius,  V,  10),  where  people  stood  till  their  turn  came 


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TEE  BOHAN  ANnQUZTEES  OF  BWTTZBBIAHD.  211 

((T^o^  i^t,  leisare) ;  bat  it  ia  also  used  in  a  wider  aense,  aoswering  to 
OUT  hail  and  the  Frencli  Mile.  Forcellini,  in  his  Leidcon  s.v.,  gives  a 
satisfactory  explanation,  Dictae  sunt  etiam  Scholae  corpora  sive  ordinee 
varii  generis  hominuni,  uni  eidemque  officio  addictorum.  .  .  .  Eodem 
nomine  appellata  sunt  aedificia,  ubi  ejusmodi  corpora  conveniebaut. 
Similarly  tiiere  was  a  ScJiola  at  Rome,  named  Xantha  from  Bebryx 
DiusiaouB  A.  Fabius  Xantlina,  between  the  temples  of  Vespasian  and 
Saturn  in  the  Forum.  It  ia  described  in  Murray's  Handbook,  p.  23,  edit. 
1664,  as  a  raisod  triangular  space  surrounded  by  the  remains  of  a  portico, 
under  which  were  the  stataes  of  the  12  LHi  Coosenti  {gie).  fiead  Coiuenies 
i.e.  Conesontea,  those  who  are  together  ;  cf.  ibid.  p.  44,  and  Emil  Braun, 
Ruins  and  Museums  of  Rome,  p  13  ;  Dr.  W.  Smith's  Dictionary  of 
Greek  and  Roman  Geography,  toL  ii,  p.  788  eq. ;  Bunseu,  Beschrei- 
bungdor  Stadt  Rom,  Band  III,  Abtheilung  2,  p.  9,  Versammluogsaaal  der 
Genossenschaft  der  Schreiber  und  Ausrafer  der  curuHschon  Aedilen 
(libraiinrum  et  proeconum  aedilium)  ;  ef.  Flan  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 
Fori  Romani  et  Clivi  Capitolini  Vestigia.  Xunthju  occura  frequently 
on  pottery  at  Autun,  M^moires  de  la  Soc.  £duenne.     Tom.  TTJ,  p.  394. 

Some  vaults  and  walls  of  the  amphitheatre  are  still  risible  at  the 
northern  end  of  Avenchea,  close  to  a  tower  used  as  the  local  museum,  and 
also  adjoiii^S  ^^^  "^  ^^^  Beme  to  Lausanne.  It  was  elliptical  in  form, 
having  a  greater  axis  of  314  feet,  and  a  lesser  of  283.  The  theatre  was  on 
the  south-eastern  aide  of  the  ancient  city  in  a  quarter  where  few  Roman 
remains  have  been  found,  beyond  the  Forum  and  Cigognier  column  ; 
when  Bursian  wrote  (1867),  part  of  the  substructions  of  tbe  eavea  (semi- 
circular tiers  of  aeata  for  spectators),  and  of  the  eastern  outer  wall  had 
been  laid  bare. 

A  steep  ascent  on  tlie  north  side  leads  to  the  town  of  Avenches,  and 
this  circumstance  points  it  out  as  the  place  whore  the  Capitol  was  situated, 
which  the  colonists  built  in  imitation  of  that  of  Rome  See  Duremberg  and 
Saglio,  Dictionuaire  des  antiquites  grecqucs  et  romnines,  d'apr^  lestextes 
et  les  monuments,  s.v.  Capitolium,  Here  too,  wem  the  temples  of  the 
tutelary  goddess  (Stadtgottin)  Aventia  and  of  Victoria ;  Mommsen,  Inacc 
154-156,  165  sq. 

In  the  plan  of  Aventicum,  above  mentioned,  the  dates  of  discoveries  are 
marked  on  tbe  respective  localities. 

The  Mosaic  of  Orpheus,  No.  23,  if  Bursian's  engraving  may  be  trusted, 
presents  another  peculiarity  ;  the  musical  instrument  which  the  Throcian 
hanl  is  playing  resembles  a  banjo,  as  it  has  n  circular  sounding  board,  and 
thus  differs  from  the  Greek  lyre,  which  is  shown  with  more  details  than 
usual  in  Sir  George  Grove's  Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musicians,  s.v.  Lyre, 
Part  viii,  p.  181  sq.  The  illustration,  copied  from  a  drawing  upon  an 
ampbora  (B.C.  440-330)  in  the  British  Museum,  represents  Apollo 
holding  a  citliora :  First  Vase  room,  Case  53,  No.  744  ;  Catalogue  of 
Vases,  voL  i,  p.  217.  We  see  here  seven  strings,  but  there  are  only  five 
in  the  "  curious  and  rudely  formed  instrument,"  which  Orpheus  holds  at 
Corinium  :  Biickman  and  Newmarch,  Plate  VII,  opposite  p.  32.  Sir  J. 
G.  Wilkinson,  Ancient  Egyptians,  vol.  ii,  pp.  234-237,  297-304,  with 
woodcuts,  gives  many  examples  of  the  guitar,  none  of  the  bo^jo. 
Millin'a  Plate  of  the  Swiaa  Mosaic  bus  the  lyre  of  the  ordinary  shape, 
Galerie  Mythologiquo,  CVII,  423 ;  Explication  dea  Planches  p.  17  sq. 
Mi II in  follows  Laboide,  Voyage  pittoresque  de  la  Suisse,  So.  197. 


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212        THE  BOHAN  ANTIQUITIB3  OF  SWITZERLAin). 

la  the  arabesqne  bonier  acorn-cups,  for  which  ValonU  is  the  commeidil 
name,  oltoniate  with  heart«liaped  leaves  (ivy  I). 

M.  Caapari,  the  local  aniiquaty,  lecontmended  the  following  worlm  as 
lueful  to  those  who  would  make  a  apecial  study  of  Aventicum — Bofaloff 
(Vienna),  very  recent,  containing  the  Bibli<^raphy  of  Avenches;  De 
Maudrot,  Yoies  romainea  ;  Hager,  Antiquitiee  of  Avenches. 

Baailia  (B&le)  is  s^d  to  be  called  Basiliensium  Civi^a  in  the  Notitda; 
it  must  not  be  confounded  with  Basilia  near  Reims,  from  which  the  Porte 
Baz^e,  Bazeil  and  Bazel  in  old  French,  Basilicaria  in  Latin,  deriyes  its 
name.  Tbo  latter  place  ia  marked  thus  in  theAntooine  Itinerary,  p.  173, 
ed.  Parthey  and  Pmder ;  p.  363  sq.,  ed  Wesseling. 

Item  a  Durocortoro  (Reims)  Divodurum  (Metz)  usque    mpm  LXII  tit. 

1  Basilia  ...  ...  ...  ...  mpm  X 

2  Axuena  ...  ...  ...  ...  mpm  XII. 

Loriquet,  Keiina  pendant  la  Domination  romaine,  Travaux  de  I'Acad^mie 
Imp^riale  de  Reims,  186],  pp   278-285,  esp.  p.  284. 

In  reading  abbreviatione  the  Heivetii  must  be  distinguished  from  the 
Helvii,  a  people  who  lived  in  Gallia  Xarbonensia,  and  were  separated  by 
the  Cevonnes  from  the  Arvemi  ;  Caesar,   Hell.  Gail.  VII,  7,  8  ;  Strabo, 

IV,  ii,  2,  "Ekovol  liiv  aVi  ToG  'PoSavoC  T,>  ipxiiv  •Xocrw,  Or.AAaib.  S( 
fitrii  TovTons,  01  jrpo(T(u/)i(okTd  toti  'Apout/iTOis,  Schmidt,  Antiquitea 
d'Avenches,  p.  8,  gives  an  inscription,  in  which  the  words  GENIO  COL 
HEL.  occur,  and,  by  way  of  illustration,  refers  to  a  medal  of  the  Emperor 
P.  Helvius  Portinax  with  the  legend  COL.  HEL.  Those  letters  have 
been  variously  explained  as  meaning  Colonia  Helvetica,  Helvia  ani 
Helipolitana  (nie).  One  would  expect  Heliopolitana  in  accordance  with 
the  Greek  words  'HAioinroXis  (Baalhcc), 'HAioinroAErat,  v.  Pape,  Worter- 
buch  der  Griechiachen  Eigennahmon.  The  coin  was  moat  probably  a 
foi^ery ;  it  is  not  mentioned  by  Eckhel,  Doct  Num.  Vet.,  or  by  Cohen, 
M^d.  Imp. 

De  Bonstetten,  Carte  Archfologique  du  Canton  de  Vaud,  concludes  his 
Article  on  Boas^az  by  noticing  a  Roman  cemetery  below  Urba.  "  H 
renfermait  des  assiettes  on  terre  sigillee  et  des  umes  cint^ralres  on  vem 
dont  I'uno  en  forme  de  poMgon."  Comp,  "  the  glass  vessel  in  the  form  of 
a  fish "  at  the  Hdtel  de  Ville,  Aiitun,  described  in  ray  Paper  on  the 
Antiquities  of  that  city,  ArclttKol.  Jimni.  vol.  xl,  p.  41  sq.  and  notes. 

In  the  same  work,  p.  4,  Ue  Bonstetten  mentions  that  an  aqueduct 
brought  water  to  Aveochea  from  the  mill  at  Pres,  four  leagues  distant  in  a 
southerly  direction,  and  two  kilomfetres  from  the  little  lake  of  Seedorf, 
which  is  marked  in  Keller's  Keisekarte  der  Schweiz.  It  was  a  channel 
carried  undei^round,  and  entered  the  city  at  the  West  gate.  All  that 
remains  in  Htta  is  a  fiagraent  of  arched  masonry  that  has  been  walled  up, 
2J  feet  high,  nearly  one  mile  from  Avenches.  There  was  another  aque- 
duct, much  shorter,  from  a  spring  on  the  west  side  of  the  Bois  de  Chatel, 
of  which  traces  are  visible ;  viz.,  a  square  piece  of  Jura  marble  with  an 
openiu};  in  the  centre,  and  vestiges  of  the  fastening  of  a  cover ;  and 
secondly,  some  hard  cement  on  which  water  bos  left  a  sohd  deposit. 
Comp.  Catalogue  du  Musee  Cantonal  de  Fribourg,  1882,  p.  76,  No.  129, 
"  Bloca  de  ciment  de  I'aqueduc  romaiii  Pre-Avenches, — Don  des  entre- 
preneurs de  la  ligne  Fribourg- Yvcrdon,  1876," 


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THE  BOUAN  ANTrQTirnBS  OF  BWITZERLAin).  213 

Uach  cnriouB  information  will  be  fonnd  in  the  ProceedingB  of  the 
Society  of  Antiqnariea  of  London:  toL  vi,  Second  Series  n873-1876), 
p.  49  sq.,  contains  an  account  of  drawings  of  Horaan  plate  discovered  at 
Wettingen,  a  villus  near  Baden  in  the  Canton  Aargau,  on  the  rood  froia 
Mogontiacum  (Mainz)  to  Vindoniaea  (Windiach).  Amongst  the  objects 
found  there  was  a  highly-ornamented  skillet,  round  which  were  repre- 
sented, in  relief  and  jiaitiy  gilt,  the  deities  vho  preside  over  the  daye  of 
the  week  with  distinguishing  attributes.  This  vessel,  therefore,  illns- 
trates  the  great  mosaic  at  Orbe,  described  above.  Comp.  Keller's  Aich- 
aologische  Karte  der  Ostschweiz,  ;i.  30,  Wettingen  under  the  heading 
Aaigau,  Romische  Ansiedelungen ;  p.  31  Fund  von  rdmischem  Silberge- 
schirr.  Besides  the  large  Map,  this  brochure  of  34  pi^es  is  accompanieJ 
by  the  port  of  Feutinger's  Table  relating  to  Helvetia,  a  chart  showing 
the  Antonine  Itinerary  for  the  same  country,  the  Castra  Yindonissenaia, 
and  plans  of  Vitudurum  (OberWinterthur),  Turicum  (Zurich),  &c  For 
the  treasure,  found  at  Wettingen  Hee  also  Mommsen  Inscc  No.  241  sq. 
SLV.  Aquee  Vicus  Helvetionim ;  and  for  Swiss  archeology  in  genen^ 
Indices  to  vols,  vi  and  viii,  Proceedings  Soc.  Antiq.  Lond.  The  most 
important  object  mentioned  in  the  latter  volume  is  an  Etruscan  War 
Chariot  of  Bronxe  from  the  Lake  Dwellings,  pp.  95-9S :  c/.  Catalogue  of 
the  Fribourg  Museum,  p.  76,  No.  121,  Cerdes  en  fer  et  fragment  d' 
anneau,  probablement  d'un  chariot  de  guerre. 

See  also  ArchGeoIogia,  vol  xlvii,  pp.  131-136,  and  full-page  Plate; 
The  Grave-mounds  of  Lunkhofen,  in  the  Canton  of  Aargan,  by  Dr. 
Ferdinand  Keller,  with  a  Translation  by  W.  M.  Wylie,  Esq. 

Cf.  omn.  The  General  Index  t«  volumes  i-xxv  of  the  Arehaologieal 
Journal,  3. v.  Switzerland  :  the  references  closely  printed  occnpy  nearly 
an  entire  column. 

The  pre-historio  antiquary  should  not  fail  to  visit  the  Glacier-Garden  at 
Lucerne  :  a  description  of  it  in  four  languages — English,  French,  German, 
and  Italian — may  be  obtained  on  the  spot.  These  geological  remains 
were  discovered  in  the  years  1873-75.  "  Unmittelbar  angrenzend,  neben 
dem  Lowen-Denkmal,  der  Gletecher-Garten,  eine  Stelle,  wo  die  Wir- 
kungen  d.  einetigen  Gletscherzeit  (quatemare  Periode)  in  hiichat  merk- 
wuidiger  Weise  sich  zusammengedriiugt  haben.  Man  sieht  grosse  Fiind- 
linge  in  8.g.  Riesontdpfen  v.  10  bis  16  F.  Durcbmesscr  u.  9  bis  15  F. 
Tiefe.  Ueilepech,  Schweiz,  1882,  Luzem  und  Umgobung.  This  edition 
omits  some  names  of  places  included  in  earlier  guide-hooka 

The  finest  work  of  Greek  sculpture  in  Switzerland  is  a  Torso  of  Venus 
at  Geneva.  Mr.  Talfourd  Ely  read  a  learned  and  exhaustive  Paper  upon 
il  (which  I  regret  to  say  has  not  been  printed)  before  the  Classical 
Society  of  University  College,  London,  March  31st,  1881.  There  is  an 
excellent  cast  in  the  Slade  School  of  Art  The  original  was  found  in  the 
Gardens  of  Salluat,  which  lay  in  the  valley  between  the  Quirinnl  and  the 
Pincian  (Dr.  Wm.  Smith's  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Geography, 
vol.  ii,  p.  831).  C/.  Tacitus,  Annals,  HI,  30,  diversus  a  veterum  institute 
per  cultnm  et  munditias  ;  and  Oretli's  note,  Tnumliliae  magis  ad  supellec- 
tilera  ac  tabulas  pictas  signaque  pertinent  This  statue  was  bought  by  M. 
Etienne  Duval  for  a  Museum  at  Geneva,  belonging,  I  believe,  to  the 
Municipality:  see  Univ.  Coll.  Lond.  Calendar,  Session  1883-4,  p.  291. 

It  only  remains  for  me  to  express  my  deep  oblations  in  compiling 

this  Memoir  to  the  writings  of  Mommsen  and  Buiaiaa ;  to  bear  my  humble 

vou  xui.  2  «  ^ 

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214        THE  BOHAN  ANTTQniTIBS  OP  SWITZBECLAin). 

testimony  to  the  indualry  and  ociiteness  of  the  Swiss  Antiquaries  ;  and  to 
return  my  cordial  thanks  to  Dr.  Sieber,  Universitate-Bibliothekei,  and 
Professor  J.  J.  Bernoulli  of  Bftla,  and  to  M.  Caspari  of  Avenche^  loi 
their  kind  co-opeiation  during  mj  visit  to  Switzeiltind  in  the  year  1883. 

P.S.  —With  the  InscriptioD  of  Plancne  above-mentioned  comp.  Caylne, 
Recueil  d'Antt.,  Ill,  251,  PL  LXVIII,  1,  L.  PLANCiva|up.coB|iMP.  itSE.! 
VE.  HANiB.  A  statue  of  Plancus  has  been  erected  in  the  court-yard  of  the 
Town-hall  (Rathhaus)  at  B&Ie. 

For  a  Mithraic  altar  found  at  Augat  see  Bulletin,  Soc  of  AnL  of 
France,  1883,  p.  117,  with  engraving  ;  art  by  the  Abbe  Thedenat. 

Mommsen,  Inscc.  Helvet,  ^No.  343*  [use  uemellasvs  p.  M.  Castan 
thinks  the  Inscriptiun  is  votive,  and  leada  aqvis  HBL(veticis)  qbhilu- 
Asn.  M4moiies  de  la  Soci^U  d'Emulatioa  du  I>ouba,  S^ce  du 
14  fSvrier,  1880. 


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ON  THE  DIFFERENCE  OF  PLAN  ALLEGED  TO  EXIST 
BETWEEN  CHUEGHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS  AND  THOSE 
or  MONKS;  AND  THE  FREQUENCY  WITH  WHICH 
SUCH   CHURCHES   WERE   PAROCHIAL 

B;  the  Bar.  J.  F.  HOD030N. 
fOontimitd.} 
My  dhect  and  immediate  aneweT  to  thn  first  of  the  five  propositions  I 
imdertook  to  refute,  yiz.  : — that  which  alleges  that  the  churcheB  of 
Austin  canona  were  always,  or  nearly  alwaya,  parochial,  being  now  com- 
plete ;  I  have  next,  and  conversely,  to  shew  further  that,  "  though  some 
of  them  were  undoubtedly  of  this  dual  or  compound  character,  such  was 
also  the  case  with  a  considerably  greater  number  of  the  Benedictine,  and 
other  churches  of  mnks."  What  that  number — so  far  as  I  have  been 
able  to  ascertain  it — wae,  the  following  list,  which  will  be  found  I  think 
as  complete  and  exact,  perhaps,  us"  can  now  be  made  ont,  may  suffice  to 
shew.  The  total  number  of  Austin  canons'  churches,  which  were  really 
parochial  as  well  ns  monastic,  was  shewn,  it  may  be  remembered,  to  he 
just  thirty-seven.  I  now  proceed  to  describe  no  fewer  than  one  hundred 
and  nineteen  churches  of  the  various  Benedictine  orders  which  belonged 
to  the  same  class  ;  in  other  wonle  to  shew  that,  bo  far  from  it  having 
been  in  any  way  a  e]>ecial  or  peculiar  characteristic  of — or,  as  would  seem 
to  be  implied,  one  involving  a  certain  stigma  or  mark  of  inferiority  in — 
such  AugUBtinian  churches  that  they  were  parochial  ;  those  of  the  Bene- 
dictines which  were  so  too,  were  not  only,  as  I  have  stated,  "  considerably  " 
more  in  number,  but  positively  stood  to  those  churches  in  the  ratio  of 
more  than  three  to  one.  So  much  then  for  this  Gompaiative,  or,  as  it  may 
be  called,  "  tu  quoqiie  "  aspect  of  the  case,  the  examples,  in  illustration  of 
which  I  hereunder  subjoin  in — 

LIST  IV.— CHURCHES  OF  THE  BENEDICTINE  AND  OTHER 
ORDERS   OF   MONKS   WHICH   WERE   PAROCHIAL. 

ABBBOAVKHNT     BENBDKniNE     PrIORY      ChUBOB,      HONHOUTHSHina  — 

Hamolit^  Balon  is  n.^iil  to  have  founded  this  house,  temp.  William  the 
Conqueror  or  William  Kufiis.  Amonj,'  many  other  advowsoiis,  it  |)osacsBe<l 
that  of  the  parish  chunOi  of  j^bergav<uiiiy,  wliicli  acrvcd  also  as  that  of  the 
priory.  The  ruins  still  exist  adjoining  the  nave,  wluch,  with  the  rest  of 
the  cliurch  roniains,  not  only  in  use,  but  in  very  perfect  preaervatiou. 


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21G  THE  CHURCHES  OF  AUSTIN  CAHONS. 

Ai,DEBY  Behediotinb  Priort  Cbuuch,  NoaPoLK. — Agnes  do  Belfo,  wife 
of  Hubert  de  Bye,  caetollan  of  Norwich,  at  the  loquest  of  Herbert  do 
Losingn,  the  biahop,  granted  great  part  of  the  lordahip  of  Aldeby  to  the 
priory  of  Norwich,  together  with  the  patronage  of  the  church  (the  bishop 
appropriating  it  thereto),  whereupon  a  coll,  coDBiatiiig  of  a  prior  and  three 
monks,  was  erected  in  honom  of  S.  Mary,  closely  adjoining  the  pariah 
church.     Dug.  iv,  461. 

The  church,  a  pictuTeeque,  though  plain  and  Bomowhat  irregular 
building,  remains  perfect,  and  in  uee  aa  that  of  the  parish. 

Allbhton  Maulbverer  Bbhedictin?  Aubn  Pbioby  Church,  Yorkh. — 
The  church  of  S.  Martin  here,  having  been  given  by  Richard  Mauleverer 
to  the  abbey  of  Marmoutier,  a  coll  to  that  house  was  forthwith  estab- 
lished on  the  spot  "  Henricus  Dei  gratia  rex  Anglis,  &c  .... 
Sciatis  ma  ....  confiimasse  mouachis  majoris  monasterii  in 
Alvertona,  ecclesiam  sancti  Martini  in  Alvertona,  cum  omnibus  per- 
tinentiia  suis,  et  decimis,  et  obventiones,  et  homines,  et  terras,  et 
possessiones,"  &c  Dug.  vii,  1028.  For  a  translation  of  the  original 
charter  of  the  endowment,  and  of  the  conversion  of  the  chapel  of  S. 
Martin  into  a  parochial  as  well  as  conventual  church,  see  York  vol  of  the 
Institute  under  heading,  "  Holy  Trinity  Priory,  York,"  pp.  27-8. 

The  church,  a  fine  cruciform  building,  is  still  standii^  and  in  use. 

Andover  Benedictiiib  Alixn  Friobt  Chdrob,  HAUPaHiRE.— Andover 
priory  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Florence,  at  Saumur,  in  Aiijou.  The 
buildings  of  the  priory  adjoined  the  church  of  S.  Marj^at  this  place,  which, 
with  all  its  pOBsessions,  was 'given  by  William  the  Conqueror  to  that 
foreign  house.  It  continued  to  exist  as  the  church  of  the  parish  till  its 
compete  destruction  by  Dr.  Goddard  (head  master  of  Winchester 
College),  about  forty-six  years  since. 

"  From  the  complete  separation  of  the  chancel  and  nave,  I  should 
conclude  that  the  church  must  have  been  monastic  and  parochial  The 
tower  was  between  the  nave  and  chanceL  The  altar  was  in  the  chancel, 
and  the  inhabitants  went  through  a  door  from  the  nave  into  the  t«wer, 
and  ^ain  by  a  door  in  a  kind  of  screen  into  the  chancel  There  were 
signs  of  a  large  arch  in  the  tower  on  the  nave  side." — 

Letters  of  Rev.  C.  Collier,  vicar,  accompanied  with  drawing  of  old 
church  from  painting  in  the  vestry. 

Arundkl  BENEnitmNE  Aliek  Friobt  Church,  Sussex. — "  The  case  of 
the  collegiate  church  of  Amndel"  has  been  already  so  amply  and 
excellently  set  forth  by  Mr.  Freeman  in  this  Journal,  xxxvil,  244-70,  that 
all  that  need  here  be  said  concerning  it  is  that,  originally,  and  before  its 
conversion  into  a  collegiate  church,  it  was  not  only  the  parish  chiirch  of 
Arundel,  but  also  that  of  a  priory  of  Benedictine  monks,  established  by 
Roger  de  Montgomery,  as  a,  cell  to  the  abbey  Seez,  in  Normandy. 

ksTUKt  Benedictinz  Aubn  Priory  Church,  Worcestershire. — Astley 
priory  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Taurinus,  near  Ebroix,  «id  was 
founded  by  Ralph  de  Tmlenei,  before  a,d.  1160.  Acrairding  to  Nash,  a 
portion  for  the  vicar  was  precisely  set  down  about  a.d.  1316.  He  had 
also,  it  seems,  the  liberty  to  fetch  water  from  a  certain  fountain  in  the 
prior's  garden.     "  This  fountain  etiU  remains  in  the  rector's  garden.    The 


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TfiJE  CHdBCHBS  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.  217 

old  rectoij  was  to  the  Routh  of  the  churchyard,  and  waa  very  probably 
the  priest's  hoiue  before  the  Beformatiou.  Being  vciy  dilapidated,  how- 
ever, it  waa  removed  about  the  beginning  of  the  preaent  century." — Letter 
of  the  Eev.  H.  W.  Crocket,  leclor. 

As  the  priory  would  seem  from  the  facts  above  stated  to  have  closely 
w^oined  the  churchyard  in  the  usual  way  where  the  church  wte  common 
both  to  the  priory  and  parish,  there  can  be  little  doubt,  though  txisitive 
proof  be  wanting,  that  such  was  the  case  also  in  the  present  instance. 

Barrow  Gdhsst  BBNKOtoiitiB  PaiOBT  Church,  Sohersbtsbiiie. — 
Tanner,  following  Lelaud,  attributes  the  foundation  of  this  pnory  to  one 
of  the  Gumeya,  at  a  date  uncertain,  but  prior  to  a.u.  1200.  It  was 
endowed,  itder  alia,  with  the  rectory  of  the  parish  church,  which,  closely 
adjoining  it  on  the  north-east  served  alao  as  that  of  the  convent  The 
priory,  though  much  altered  and  rebuilt,  is  at  present  representeil  by 
a  spacious  imttiHion  known  as  the  "  Court  ";  while  the  church,  in  spite  of 
much  mischievous  rebuilding  in  1820,  retains  generally,  as  it  would  seem, 
its  original  plan  and  dimensions.  ^Letter,  with  sketch  ground  plan,  of  the 
Rev.  A.  Wadmore,  vicar. 

Bkknington,  LoNa,  Cistbkciak  Alien  Priory  Churoh,  Lihcolnbhire, 
— Tanner  says,  the  church  and  four  carucatos  of  laud  in  this  town  being 
given  by  Bolph  de  Fulgeriu  to  the  abbey  of  Savigney,  before  a.d.  1 175, 
here  became  an  alien  priory  of  Cistercian  monks  subordinate  to  tliat 
foreign  monastery. — Dug.  vii,  1024. 

"The  chancel"  (of  the  ancient  parish  church)  "  is  very  large,  but  of 
good  proportions.  The  prior's  seat,  as  also  the  ends  of  other  of  the 
old  chancel  seats,  remain.  The  church  is  cruciform,  and  the  tower  well 
preserved.  A  farm  house,  close  to  the  churchyard,  is  said  to  be  built  on 
the  eite  of  the  domestic  buildings,  and  the  fish  ponds  still  exist." 

.  .  .  .  "An  old  man  told  our  parish  clerk  that  the  stalls"  (of 
which  there  are  five)  "  used  to  be  under  the  north  window  in  the 
chancel "  (that  is  in  the  western  half  of  that  side)  "  and  that  the  prior's  seat 
was  in  the  position  marked  on  the  plan  "  (that  is,  facing  south  in  the 
angle  formed  by  the  north  wall  and  the  respond  of  the  chancal  arch). 
"This  seems  its  natund  position,  us  oae  side  was  originally  built  into  a  wall, 
and  on  the  other  side  there  is  a  mark  of  a  plain  bench  having  been  fitted 
against  it,  and  also  a  board  for  the  back.  It  seems  quite  clear  that  this 
seat  stood  by  itself,  and  that  the  other  five  stalls  belong  to  a  separate 
tanga"  .  .  .  "  With  these  exceptions,  that  it  is  slightly  larger  than 
the  other  stalls,  and  that  it  is  a  little  more  carved,  there  is  nothing  to  dis- 
tinguish this  particular  seat  from  the  rest.  Yet  it  has  always  stood  by 
itsdf,  and  has  always  been  known  as  '  the  prior's  seat.' " — Letters  and 
plan,  of  the  Bev.  W.  Barker,  vicar. 

BmHAH  BBNKDicnNE  Friort  Churob,  Norfolk. — "  fiotum  sit  .  .  . 
quod  ^o  Petros  de  Valoniis  et  Albreda  uxor  mea,  .  .  .  douit  et  concede 
Deo  et  sanctte  Maria  et  sancto  Albano  ecdesiam  sanctn  Maris  da  Binhara 
totumquo  manerium  meum  Ac  .  .  .  Qiue  ecclesia  Sanctae  Marite  de  Bin- 
ham  eo  tenore  subjicitur  eccIesieB  sancti  Athani  in  cella "  &c.  At  the 
DiBBoIution,  the  choir  and  transepts  of  this  large  church  were  destroyed,  or 
let  go  to  ruin ;  the  nave  being  retained  as  aforetime   for  the  use  of  the 


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218  THE  CHUHCHBB  OF  AUSflN  CANONS. 

parishioners.  Two  good  plates  of  Binham  priory,  witli  a  plan,  are  given  in 
Britton's  Areh.  Ant.  of  Gt,  Britain,  iii,  71. 

BlIt9TAI.L  BSHKDIcnNB  AuEN  PRIORV  ChDBCH,  H0LDKBNS8B,  YORK8. — 

Biistall  was  a  cell  lo  the  abbey  of  S.  Martin  de  Alcois,  near  Albeniario. 
StepfaoQ,  «aii  of  Albemarle,  having  given  a.d.  1115,  to  those  monks 
several  tithes  and  churches  in  this  put  of  Yorkshire  and  north  Lincoln- 
shiro,  they  sent  over  a  procurator  with  some  brethren  to  look  after  the 
same.  Theae  fixed  their  ceU  in  the  chapel  of  S.  Helen  here,  and  so  con- 
tinued till  the  sale  of  their  property  to  the  abbot  and  convent  of  Kirk- 
staU,  18th  Richard  IL 

''  Omnibus  <&c.  Walterus  Dei  gratia  Eboracenai?  archiepiscopus  &c.  .  . 
Attendontes  etism  quod  non  habuetunt  hiicuaquo  in  provincia  nostra 
locum  sura  habitation!  congruum  .  .  .  capelliin  de  BirstUl,  cum  Buis  fxtr- 
tinentiis,  et  cum  decimia  de  Skeflings  .  .  .  eisdem  impcrpeUiura  conce- 
dimus  .  .  .  ita  quod  pnedicta  capella  in  nulio  eculeaiie  dc  I'lainton  subjj- 
ciatur  ;  sed  prior  de  Birstall  capellanum,  queui  parochiic  de  Birsta  duxerit 
prteponenduni,  decano  preesentet  pro  voluntate  prioris  amovendum  ;  qui 
excessus  parochianorum  decano  denunciet  et  capitula  sectetur."  Sea. — Du^ 
vii,  1019.20. 

BlYTHE  BbNBUICTINB  PBIOKT   CHUBOR,    MoTTINoaAKUHIRB. — "Notum 

sit  .  .  .  quod  ego  Kogerus  de  Builly  ct  uxor  mua  Muriel  .  .  deili,  coii- 
cessi,  et  hac  pru>.scnti  uarta  mea  cotifinnavi  Dt>o  vi  beats  Manio  dii  lllida, 
et  monachis  ibidem  Deo  sorveutibus,  occlesiam  de  Bliilii,  et  totnm  villnm 
intuffre,  ftc."^ — Dug,  iv,  623, 

The  eastern,  or  monastic  part  of  the  cliurcli  of  8.  Mary  is  pulled  down 
and  destroyed ;  the  western  pirt,  or  nave,  continues  tc.>  be  used  iis  the 
parish  church.  There  ate  also  some  slight  remnins  of  the  ai^uining  priory. 
Plana  and  drawings  of  this  ititereating  church  have  been  publlshetl  by  Mr. 
Hodges,  architect,  Durham ;  reference  to  which  may  be  seen  in  this  • 
Journal 

BoxoRovE  Benbdictisb  Pbiory  Chdech,  Subsex.— The  church  ol  S. 
Mary  and  S.  Blase  at  Boxgrove  was  founded  by  Robert  de  Uaye,  and 
given  by  him  to  the  abbey  of  Essay,  which  placed  in  it  a  cell  of  three 
monks.  The  western,  or  parochial  [>ortion  of  this  fine  and  singulariy 
interesting  building  is  ruinwl ;  the  eastern,  or  monastic  church  or  choir, 
being  now  occupied  as  the  parish  church.  An  excellent  historical  and 
architectuisl  account,  with  plan,  view  and  details,  may  be  found  ia  the 
volume  containing  Ptof.  Willis's  Architectural  History  of  Chichester 
Cathedral 

Brecknock  BRNBDicnNS  Priory  Church. — Brecknock  prioiy  was  a 
cell  to  Battle  abbey.  The  church,  a  tine  cruciform  building,  perfectly 
preserved,  was  always,  as  at  preiient,  parochial,  A  long  and  interesting 
agreement  between  the  vicar,  and  the  prior  and  convent,  may  be  seen  in 
Dogdale.  Mon.  iii.  26T. 

BnoMFiELD  Benkdictink  I'nioitv  Church,  SHmin^Hini^— A  coUf^e 
of  iwcular  canons  who  were  established  here  from  an  early  period,  iti  a.[>. 
Ild5  yielded  up  their  church  and  all  their  lauds  to  the  abbey  of  S. 


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THB  CmmCHES  OF  ATTSTIN  CANONa  2l9 

Peter  at  Gloucester ;  whereupon  a  prior  and  certain  mon^  were  settled 
on  the  spot,  and  eo  continued  till  the  diaeolution. 

"  H.  del  gratia  rex  Angli»,  &c.,  Sciatie  me dediase eccleaiaiti 

meaiu  8.  Maris  de  Bromfeld,  cum  oi)inibus  pertinentiig  suis,  priori  et 

monachis  ibidem  Deo  serrientibus,  tenendum  Ue  me aicut  nostram 

dominicam  capellam salva  tamen  tenura  pnedictorum  canoniconim 

qoamdiu  vixerint.    Poet  mortem  aatom  illorum  liberfe  et  quiete ad 

proprioB  UBUS reTertantur,"  &c.     Dug.  iv,  154-5. 

The  ancient  parochial  and  monastic  church  of  "Bromfield  still  esiste, 
though  badly  "restored"  in  1840.  The  remains  of  the  priory  buildings 
slood  till  lately— perhaps  still   stand-closely  adjoining  it  towards  the 

SuNQAT  BENEDionm  Priort  Church,  Sutfois.  —  The  priory  of 
Bungay  was  founded  by  Soger  de  Qlanvill,  and  the  countess  Gundieda 
his  wife,  virtually  by  the  latter  alone,  circa  A.D.  1160,  to  the  honour  of 
Uie  Slewed  Yiigin  Mary  and  the  Holy  Cross  ;  and  endowed,  ittter  alia, 
with  the  church  of  S.  Mary,  Bimgay,  to  which  it  was  attached.  The 
church  (near  which  the  ruins  of  the  house  remain),  though  much  altered 
and  rebuilt,  still  remains  in  use  as  that  of  the  parish. 

BuRTOH  UPON  Trsnt  BBNXDioriNfl  Arbkt  Church,  Stapfordbhirk. — 
Founded  by  Wulfric  Spott,  temp.  Ethelred,  whose  charter  of  confirma- 
tion is  doted  A.D.  1004.  It  was  placed  under  the  invocation  of  8.  Mary 
and  8.  Modwenna,  an  Irish  saint  who  lived  as  an  anchorite  for  sever^ 
years  on  an  island  in  the  Trent  near  the  place,  and  was  there  buried. 
After  the  disaolution,  king  Henry  VIII  founded,  according  to  Tanner, 
about  Nov.  3,  1541,  on  the  site,  and  in  the  church  of  this  monastery,  a 
collie,  consisting  of  a  dean  and  four  canons,  but  it  lasted  only  for  a 
short  time,  being  disaolved  before  A.D.  1546.  The  ancient  monastic  and 
collegiate  church  of  St.  Mary  and  8.  Modwenna  continued  U>  be  used  as 
that  of  the  parish  till  a.d.  1720,  when,  being  greatly  dilapidated,  it  was 
taken  down  and  the  present  church  built  in  its  stead. 

BuRwiLL  BKirKDicTiMK  AuKM  Priohy  Church,  Likoolmbhirb. — The 
priory  of  BnrweU  was  founded,  according  to  Tanner,  by  some  of  the 
Lords  of  Kyme,  by  whom  it  was  given  as  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  S. 
Mary  Silvse  Majoris,  near  Bordeaux.  '■  A  Honumble  homme  ot  sage  de 
sei[it  religion  I'abbe  de  Silve-Majour,  Gilbert  de  Umframvill,  count  Dangos, 

ct  seignur  de  Kyme,  honeurs,  &c vons  priouns  cheiement,  que  vous 

voilliea  mander  un  priour  covenable pur  la  sauf  gard  de  la  priorie  et 

pur  servir  la  ^lise  parochial,  car  il  ny  ad  chapelain  pur  servir  la  eglise  ni 
ministrer  les  sacrament*  au  parochiena,"  &o,— Dug.  vi,  1015. 

The  parisli,  and  formerly  conventual,  church  of  Burwell — a  small, 
usielesa  building  of  Norman  date — is  stiU  standing  and  in  use.  "The 
ruins  of  the  priory  (mounds  and  hollows)  come  close  up  to  the  east  end 
of  the  church,  and  we  have  come  upon  some  stone  work  when  digging  near 
the  east  end." — Letter  of  the  Rev.  C.  A.  Alington,  rector  of  Muckten, 
Louth. 

.  Cahninoton  Bbkbdioidib  Priory  Church,  Soii::rbbtbbirb. — Robert 
de'Curcy  was  the  founder  of  the  nunnery  of  Canqington,  circa  a.d. 
lUOj  endowing  it  with  the  manor,  and  rectory  and  vicarage  of  the 

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220  THB  OHtJBOHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANOXra. 

place.  Leland,  speaking  of  CanninKton,  saya,  "  There  waa  a  prioiy  of 
nunnes,  whose  chirch  waa  hard  adnexid  to  the  eat  of  the  paioch  chinJi." 
Dag;  iv,  416-17. 

By  "  hard  aduexid  "  is  to  bo  understood — Joinod  on  to  ;  the  stiDctotBl 
chancel  having,  in  fact,  formed  the  monastic  chapeL 

Cardigan  Benbdictinb  Pwoby  Chohch, — This  waa  a  cell  b>  the 
abbey  of  Cherteey,  of  uncertain  foundation,  but  exiating  .'prior  to  ad. 
1291.     Leland  eaya  that  in  his  time  it  wae  inhabited  by  only  two  monks. 

"Thomas    Hoie  prior  prioratua  pnedicti tenet  prioxatum  domos  et 

edificia   prioratui ac  ecclesiam    paxiochialem    viUk    Cardigan'  cam 

capella  de  Tref  Mayne,  cum  omnibus  eoium  emolimentis  et  prolic'," 
ftc— Valor  Hon.  VIIL 

The  pariah  chnrch  of  Caidigan,  which  was  also  that  of  the  priory, 
stands  to  the  east  of  the  town,  Uie  site  of  the  priory  lying  eaetwank  of  it 
again.  There  still  exists  a  "  door  leading  to  the  priory  from  the  aouth- 
oaat  corner  of  the  sanctoary." — Letter  of  the  Rev,  W.  C.  Davies,  vicar. 

Cabibbrookb  Bekbdicttisb  Alibk  Pbiort  Chdbch,  Islb  of  Wiobt. 
— William  Fits-Oebem,  earl  of  Hereford,  having  founded  the  abbey  of 
Lira  in  Normandy,  endowed  the  same,  circa  A.D.  1071,  with  several 
■  possesaions  in  England ;  among  others  with  Uie  church  of  8.  Mary  in 
Carisbrooke,  wherein  a  prior  and  some  other  monks  from  that  house 
were  soon  after  settled. 

"  Sciant  pnesentea,  &c.,  quod  ego  Williebnua  de  Vemun,  filiuacomitis 
Baldwini,  dedi  et  conceesi  et  hac  carta  confirmavi,  ecdesis  beats  Marine  de 
Carisbroc,  ot  monachie  ibidem  Beo  servientibus,"  && — Dug.  vii,  1040-1. 

"  The  present  church  of  Carisbrooke  waa  the  church  of  the  cell  of  die 
Benedictines  at  Carisbrooke."  '  The  remains,'  says  Mr.  Freeman,  '  are 
worth  studying  as  an  example  of  monastic  anui^ements  on  the  smallest 

"The  church  is  not  cruciform,  but  with  a  double  uave  after  a  pattern 
common  in  the  Isle  of  Wight.  The  choir  waa  single,  projecting  from  the 
northern  body,  hut  haa  been  pulled  down ;  on  the  north  side  stood  a 
email  cloister  that  did  not  take  up  the  whole  length  of  the  nave,  a  gate- 
way ranging  with  its  west  waU. 

"  I  thank  there  is  every  reaaon  to  euppoae  that  where  the  present  com- 
munion table  stands,  at  the  end  of  the  nave,  there  waa  an  altar  for  the 
use  of  the  pariahionera,  and  that  there  was  a  small  choir  beyond  it  for  the 
use  of  the  few  Benedictine  monks  of  the  cell  of  Carisbrooke." — Letter  of 
the  Rev.  E.  B.  James,  vicar. 

ChBPBTOW  BeHBDIOTINE  PRIOBT  CUDBOH,  MoNHOUTaSHIRB. — GhepstOW 

priory  was  founded  as  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Cormeilles,  according  to 
Coxe,  soon  after  the  Conquest  The  chnrch  of  St.  Mary — a  fine  cruci* 
form  building — which  was  also  that  of  the  parish,  retains  yet,  though 
much  mutilated  and  rebuilt,  several  of  its  Norman  features. 

Cbbstbb  Benbdiciine  Abbev,  now  CATHEniiAi,  CatTBCB. — The  abbey 
church  of  S.  Werburgh,  at  Cheeter,  was  in  its  origin  the  ancient  pariah 
or  motbor  church  of  S8.  Peter  and  Paul,  to  which  the  relics  of  S. 
Werbuiyh  were  brought  for  safety,  circa  a.d.  875.     In  honour  of  her  re- 


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THS  CHUBCHES  OF  AVSTTTS  CANONS.  221 

■nuns,  it  waa  lebnilt  on  a  much  enlai^ed  Bcale  bj  ^tihelred,  earl  of.Mracia, 
and  his  wife  ^thelflced  onrly  in  the  tenth  centiuy,  nhnn  it  waa  served  by 
secular  canons.  la  a-d.  1095,  Hugh  Lupus,  earl  of  Chester,  at  the  per- 
saaaiou  of  S.  Anselm,  expelled  these  seculsni  and  introduced  Benedictines 
in  their  steatL  This  liistory  may  serve  to  account  for  tlie  fnct  of  the 
church  having  bean  ])arocliial  asi  well  as  monastic  to  the  last,  and  for  the 
rebuilding  of  the  south  transept,  on  such  an  enormous  and  disproportionate 
scale — as  the  pariah  chnrch  of  8.  Oswald — late  in  the  14th  century.  In 
the  Survey,  temp.  Hen.  VIII,  we  read  ; — "  The  p'^mage  of  Saynt 
Oswoldis  w*  a  certeyn  tythe  bame  w'tin  the  seyd  late  abbey  of  Chest'r 
.  .  ,  ■  Is  worths  by  ze'ce  Ixsij  li,  xijc,  vj'^  WJiiehe  p'sonage  was 
latelye   in  the  nbbotta  hands  to  the  use  of  his  house,"  ftc.     And  : — 

"  Wagis  of  p'sts,  that  is  to  saye the  wayis  t>f  the  p'rysshe 

pryste  of  Saynt  Oswald's  askethe  vj»,  viiyl.  for  mete  and  drynk  of  a  prysta 
hdpynge  hym  iu  the  tyme  of  Lenle  and  att  Easter,  to  here  confesayon,  as 
ytt  hathe  ben  accustomyd,"  &c. 

Cooass  BBiTBDicniNB  AuKN  Priory  Chduoh,  Oxfordshirb. — Coggea 
waa  a  ceO  to  the  abbey  of  the  Holy  Trinity  at  Fecamp,  in  Normandy,  knd 
was  probably  established  by  the  ancestors  of  Manaaer  de  Arsic,  lord  of  ths 
barony  of  the  place,  who  added  new  donations  to  it  in  1103  and  1107. 
Dug.,  vii,  1003. 

"The  church  undoubtedly  was  that  of  the  priory  (in  which  I 
now  live),  and  I  imagine  it  must  have  been  originally  as  now, 
psTochial,  as  well  as  monastic,  because  the  porch,  the  oldest  remaining 
part  (Norman),  is  on  the  south  aide,  /.«.,  furthest  from  the  priory,  as  an 
entrance  for  the  people,  while  there  is  another  door  (now  closed)  on  the 
north  side,  which  served  as  an  eutrance  for  the  monks,  and  distant  only  a 
few  steps — twelve  yards  or  so — from  the  old  doorway  of  the  priory." 
Letter  of  the  Rev.  L  Payne,  vicar. 

CRANBOtmNB  Beneqiotinb  Priort  Church,  DoRSEraHiBE. — Aylwaid 
Snow  is  said  to  have  built  an  abbey  for  black  monks  here,  to  the  hononi 
of  the  Saviour,  H.  Mary  and  S.  Bartholomew,  circa  a.d.  960  ;  and  to  it, 
the  ruined  monastery  of  Tewkesbury,  with  the  possessions  of  which  it 
became  endowed,  remained  as  a  cell  for  above  a  century.  In  a.d.  1102, 
however,  the  great  body  of  the  raopks  were  removed  by  Rolx'rt  Fitz 
Ilamon,  earl  of  Gloucester,  the  patron  of  both  houses,  to  Tewkesbury, 
leaving  at  Cranbournu  only  two  or  three  of  their  number,  as  a  cell  Du^ 
iv,  465. 

The  conventual,  which  was  also  the  parish,  church  of  Cranbounie,  stiU 
exists  in  its  integrity,  preserving  many  of  its  Norman  features. 

CSOYI.AND  BsNEDtcrriNB  Abbbt  Church,  Lincolnshire. — This  church, 
wliich  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Ethelbold,  king  of  Mercia,  in  A.D. 
716,  was  probably  parochial  from  the  first  Shortly  after  the  dissolution, 
the  choir  and  eastern  parts  were  taken  down;  the  nave  with  its  two  aisles 
being  left  as  the  parish  churcL  It  so  continued  till  the  latter  part  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  when  the  roof  of  the  nave  and  south  aisle  lolling 
in,  the  north  aisle  and  north-wcat  tower  were  enclosed  to  serve  for  that 
purpose,  on  arrangement  which  continu::s  to  tlic  present  day.  The  solid 
screen  of  stone,  with  its  two  doors,  whicli  separated  the  parochial  navo 
VOL.  xui.  2r_^ 

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222  THE   CSUBCHES    OF  AUSTIN   CANONS. 

from  the  monastic  choii  and  tt&nsept,  may  still  be  aee&  forming  part  of  the 
tenuinal  wall  of  the  church  as  arranged  whon  the  eaaturn  part  was 
deatroyed.  Good  views  of  Croylaad  abbey  churuh  are  given  in  Britton's 
Arch.  Ant,  iv,  85-102. 

DxKPiNO  S,  James,  ob  East  Dbkping  Pbioby  Chitrcb,  Linoolnshiub. — 
Deeping  priory,  a  cell  to  the  alibey  of  Thornoy,  was  founded  a.d.  1139, 
by  Baldwin,  son  of  Gilbert  de  Wake,  who  gave  the  chuich  of  8.  Jam«e, 
Deeping,  to  that  house,  for  the  purpose. — "  Ego  Baldwinus  Wac  ...  lul 
11SUS  monachomm  quos  abbas  Thomein,  consilia  capituli  sui.  sub  obedientia 
sua  mansuros  ibidem  voliierit  coUocare  in  ecclesia  sancti  Jacobi,  Sic 
confiimo  Deo  et  sancte  Marite  et  ecclesife  Thomensi  omnia  boneficia 
....  quffi  arus  meus  Baldwinus,  &c  eidem  ecdesies  dedimus 
in  Deping,  scilicet  eccleeiam  sancti  Jacobi,  cum  pertinentiis  sais,"  &c  .  . 
"  Memorandum  quod  anno  Domini  millessimo  ccccxxij  frater  Ricardus 
Over  tunc  prior  de  Depyng  habuit  pro  domino  Thoma  Berham  ecdesis 
sancti  Jacobi  de  Est  depyng  vicario  equum  suum  cum  sella  et  freno, 
nomine  Principalis,  qui  obiit  undecimo  Kal.  Januarii." — Dug.  v,  167-9. 

The  ancient  monastic  and  parochial  church  of  8.  Jamas — a  very  stately 
and  remarkable, though  mutilated  building — still  continues,  as  aforetime,  to 
setve  as  that  of  the  pariaL  Letter  of  the  Rev.  I.  G«orge,  vicar  of 
Deeping  S.  Jamea 

DEERmnffiT  Benxdiotins  Pbiobt  Church,  Gloucesibbbhibk. — Of  very 
ancient  foundation,  the  house  of  Deerhurat  is  said  to  have  been  rebuilt 
A.D.  1056,  by  king  Edward  the  Confessor,  who  gave  it,  with lits lands  and 
the  advowBOn  of  Uie  chuich,  to  the  abbey  of  8.  Denis.  Thence  it  passed 
to  Richard,  earl  of  Cornwall,  and  in  the  2l8t  lien.  VI,  was  made  denizen. 
The  oonvontuttl,  was  all  along,  as  it  still  reniaina,  the  parish  chuich  of 
Deethuist 

DuNBTEB  Benedictine  Priobt  Chcbch,  Sdmsbsetshire. — A  very  fnll 
account  of  this  church  having  already  appeared  in  this  Journal,  xsxvii, 
271-77,  it  is  only  necessary  to  say  here  that  the  priory  was  founded  by 
William  de  Mohun  the  elder,  temp.  William  the  Conqueror,  and  endowed 
by  bim  infer  alia,  with  the  parish  chuicb  of  S.  George,  which  thereafter 
became  also  the  priory  church.  In  a.d.  1498,  the  monks  and  pa lishi oners 
being  unable  to  agree,  the  following  division  of  the  building  was  effected ; 
— The  monks  retained  to  their  private  use  the  chancel,  with  its  aisles  or 
dhapels,  and  most  probably  the  transept  which  gave  entrance  thereto,  and 
would  thus  serve  as  a  sort  of  narthex  or  anto-chapcl  :  the  parishioners  took 
the  nave  and  its  aisles  ;  and,  constructing  a  ritual  chancel  by  means  of 
Bcreen-work  carried  across  its  entire  breadth,  set  up  the  parish  altar  in  the 
deeply  recessed  space  between  the  western  piers  of  the  central  tower ; 
opening  at  the  same  time  doorways  in  the  blocked  eastern  ends  of  the 
aisles,  so  as  to  admit  the  joint  processions  of  monks  and  parishioners  which 
were  ordained  to  take  place  on  certain  specified  occasions. 

Eabebournb  Benedictinb  Pbioby  Chubch,  Sussex. — The  small  priory 
of  nuns  at  Easeboume  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Sir  John  Bohun 
of  Midhurst,  towards  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Henry  IIL  In  a.d.  1521, 
Joan  Sackfylde,  the  prioress,  is  enjoined — "  quod  faciat  clausuras  fenestnta 
capellffi,  ex  oriontali  parte  infra  (inter  1)  capellam  prioratus  et  ecclesiam." 


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THE  CHUHCHEB  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.  223 

The  nunnery  house  is  ntill  existing;  but  the  doistet,  former];  connecting 
it  vrith  the  soutti  aisle  of  the  parish  church,  which  served  as  Uie  chapel  of 
the  nuns — now  in  ruins,  however,  and  roofiesa — is  destroyed.  Dag.  iv, 
4234. 

East  Debzbau  BENKDitrriNH  Pkiobit  Choboh,  Norfolk. — "Est  in 
{imvincia  Vordfoica  villa  qun  dicitur  Dereham.  ....  Hie  monasterinm 
eoudere  uatagebat  Withburga,  eepelitur  in  cemeterio  SerhamensL  Dlud 
originale  monasterium  in  Derham,  irruptione  paganonini,  ac  tempcstate 
bcUoram,  fugato  choro  Eaciarum  veiginum,  in  vulgBreui  porochiam  est 
dcstitutum." — Leland,  Coll  ii,  154. 

Edith  Wbbton  BkhedictinbAijbii  Priobt Chcboh,  RuTLAiTDaHiRK. — 
The  priory  of  Edith  Weston  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  8.  George  at  Ban- 
quetville,  in  Normandy,  to  which  it  was  given  by  William  do  Tancarville, 
uliaiiiberlain  to  king  Henty  I.  "  If  the  site  of  the  church  is  any  guide, 
wo  may  certainly  infer  that  the  parish  church  in  this  place  was  used  as 
the  church  of  the  priory,  for  not  only  is  the  remnant  of  the  priory  near  the 
church,  but  actually  touches  it,  and  until  the  year  1646,  when  thechurch 
was  restored,  there  was  a  room  connecting  the  priory  with  the  church  over 
the  north  aisle." — Letter  of  the  Rev.  G.  H.  Lucas,  vicar. 

Elstow  Benkdictihb  Priori  Couboh,  Bbdfoboshibb. — The  pnory  of 
Elstow  was  founded  temp.  William  the  Conqueror,  by  his  niece  Judith, 
wife  of  Walthcof,  earl  of  Huntingdon,  Tho  church,  which  was  also  that 
of  the  parish,  still  remains  in  use. 

KvKRUON  Bb.vkdictine  Alien  PriArt  Cbubcb,  Nobthamptonshibb. — 
"  There  in  no  doubt  the  prc»ont  parish  church  is  the  old  priory  church.  The 
old  tisli  pond  is  still  tniutnhlc  in  the  field  below  the  church  yard  ;  andtlio 
southern  ])orch,  q  fine  decorated  piece  of  Edward  IV  period,  w.is  the  mode 
of  access  to  the  jirior  and  hii^  clergy  from  their  grounds  and  buildings.  .  . 
There  are  monumental  slabs  of  sonie  of  the  priors  in  the  floor  of  the 
church.  I  may  add  tlie  last  i)rior  was  appointed  first  rector.  As  to  the 
priory  buildings  no  trace  remains  of  them  near  the  church,  but  they  are 
said  to  have  extended  from  the  church  to  Uie  mill  on  the  None,  about  a 
quarter-of-a-mile  off,  where  a  fireplace  in  the  manor  cottage  claims  to  have 
belonged  to  the  priory," — Letter  of  the  Rev.  W.  L.  Hardisty,  vicar. 

EwENHY  Benkdictinb  Peioby  CBtmca,  GLuioBQANsmBE. — According 
to  Leland,  the  pnory  of  Ewenny  was  founded  by  Sir  John  de  Londres, 
probably  eady  in  the  12th  century.  It  was  endowed,  inter  alia,  with  the 
rectory  of  the  parish  church  of  8.  Michael  there,  and  given  a.ix  1141,  by 
Uaurice  de  Londres  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Peter  at  Gloucester,  as  a  cell 
The  nave  of  Ewenny  priory  church  still  continues  to  he  used  as  that  of 
the  parish ;  the  originally  conventual  choir  seems  to  be  now  set  apart  as  a 
chamel-house  for  the  owner  of  the  monastic  estate. 

Eyk  Bekeoictinb  PniOBV  Chubch,  Suffolk. — Tlie  priory  of  Eye  was 
founded,  temp.  William  the  Coniueror,  by  Robert  Malet,  mw  of  the  com- 
panions of  his  expedition,  who  endowed  it,  iiUer  alia,  wilh  the  parish 

church  of  S.  Peter,  and  all  its  jxissussions  there "  Ego  Rohertua 

Malet,  ...   ad  usus  nioiiachorum  apud  Eyam  monaBteriuni  constnio,  et 


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224  THE   CHURCHES    OF   AUSTHf   CANONS. 

inoniichoniiii  convL-iitiini  in  eu  pono.  Kt  ...  eiilem  moiiasteito  .... 
confcro,  .  .  .  Imprimis  ecclciiiaiu  Ejv  .  .  .  cum  omnibus  tenie  et 
(lecituie  eldem  pertinentibua" — Dug.  iii,  404-5. 

"  The  ruins  are  distant  about  a  quarter-of-a-tuile  from  tlic  ihun-h,  anil 
ate  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  small  Hvit  Dnve,  a  tributary-  of  tlic 
Waveney.  The  eburch  is  not  cruciform.  It  hni:  aisles  to  the  nave  and 
chancel,  but  they  do  not  extend  as  far  east  as  tlie  chanceL  The  iwnth 
chaocel-aisle  was  used,  I  believe,  by  the  inoiika  from  the  pripry.  According 
to  the  notes  of  Mr.  Sewell,  vicar  of  Yaxley  r  '  In  HIO  abbeff  dtajml  or 
south-clioucel  aisle,  and  abbey  aidf.  or  south  aisle  n'cre  built.'  Thewt  were 
fonueily  kept  distinct  (by  a  screen,  I  Ijelievtl.  The  eBtnmce  to 
oWiey  rhapd  wan  tlimugh  priest's  door  (now  briiked  up.)"— Letter  of 
the  Rev.  D.  Caniplxdl,  vicar. 

'Fabbwkll  BsKEDKTnNE  pRiORY  Ceuruu,  Stappokihiiuke.— -The  nave  of 
the  ancient  nnnner}-  church  of  Farewell,  which  was  also  that  of  the  parish, 
was  taken  down  and  rebuilt  in  brick,  in  a.I).  1747,  t)ie  cliancel  being 
suffered  to  remain.  A  view  of  it  as  it  appeared  in  1744  is  given  in  Shaw's 
History  of  Stafford  sli  ire. 

"  Ego  Rogerus  dei  (.Tiieia  Cestreiisis  ejiiscopus  ....  <-onfirmavi  sanvti- 
mouialibns  et  l>eo  devotis  luulieribux  eeeleeiani  santtie  .Marias  de  Faure- 
welle  in  ]>eq)etuani  elcniosinam  cum  omnibus  appendiciis  sui8''&c. — 
Dug.  iv,  110-11. 

FouuHTONfi  Benediotimb  Priory  Church,  Ksnt. — Folkestone  priory 
was  originally  of  very  early  Saxon  foundation.  At  a  later  period  it  became 
a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Lonlay,  and  later  still,  a.d.  1137,  on  account  of  the 
incursions  of  the  sen,  was  removed  by  William  de  Abrincis  to  a  sit^.-  south- 
wards of  a  new  church  whi^h  he  had  built,  an<l  which,  with  all  its  appur- 
teuances,  ho  made  over  to  it.  This  church,  which  from  the  tiiBt  was 
designed  for  jmrochial,  as  well  as  conventual  uses,  still  continues  as  the 
parish  cliurch  of  Folkestone. 

Frampton  Benedictine  Auen  Psioitir  Church,  DoRUfiTSHiRB. — This 
priory  wiiB  a  cell  to  tliu  abbey  of  S.  Stephen  at  Caen,  to  wliieh  the  manor 
of  Frampton  wa^^  given  by  William  the  Conqueror,     Dug.  vii,  1000. 

The  site  of  the  priory,  now  called  Frampton  Court,  is  about  one  furion;,' 
distant  from  the  chureli,  a  tine  crueifomi  building  with  aisles  to  the  nave, 
and  which  served  both  as  that  of  the  parish  and  monastery. — Letter  of  the 
Rev.  R.  C.  Macdonald,  vicar. 

Friibtoh  Bbkbuktinb  Priory  Church,  Li nc<>[.n'8hirb. — The  nunnery 
of  Fricaton  was  founded  by  Alan  de  Croun,  "  dapifer  "  to  king  Henry  I, 
who,  A.D.  1114,  gave  to  the  abbey  of  Croyland  theailvowsonof  the  church 
of  S.  James  with  all  its  appurtenances  ;  and  shortly  after,  divers  lands  and 
other  neighbourii^  cliurclies,  to  be  subject  to  the  chureh  of  S.  James  at 
Frieston,  as  a  cell. 

"  Ego  Alonus  de  Croun,  et  uxor  inea  Muriel  .  .  .  donationetu  in 
elemosina  <le  hiis  rebus  fccimus  ;  ecelesiam  scilicet  Frestonite,"  ftc  "  Has 
omnes  ecctesias,  cum  ilecimis  .  .  .  et  terris  pnedictis,  connedimus  esse 
Bubjectfts  eccli'siio  8.  Jaeobi  Frcstonia,  cetlie  S.  Gutlilaci,  lilxitate  qua 
pKenoUiviiiius,  juw!  i)eri>etuo." — Dug.  iv,  124-5. 

Hackhkus  liSMJWicuNJi  Prioby  CiiURCu,  YuRikfiHiE& — The  prior  and 


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THE  CHURCHES  OP  AUSTIN  CANOFS.  S25 

m<mkB  of  Whitby  having  hven  coinpoUml  by  pirates  aod  other  lawlcse 
persouB,  temp.  William  Riifiw,  to  retiru  to  Hackness,  cstabliBhed,  on  their 
siibse(]ueiit  rotuni  to  Whitby,  in,  or  neiir  the  church  of  S.  Peter  at 
Hackness,  the  place  of  their  temporary  aojoiirn,  a  cell  of  three  or  four 
monks,  which  so  continued  till  the  dissolution.  The  church  of  S.  Peter 
Btill  lematDB  as  that  of  the  parish. 

Hallybtohb  Bkkedictins  Priory  Chuhcu,  Northdmbbklasd. — This 
priory  was  founded  for  Benedictine  nuns  by  one  of  tlio  Viufnivillus  of 
Harbottlo  castle,  who  gave  them  the  vill,  inipropriatiou,  and  advowson 
of  the  church  of  Hallystonu. 

"Biuardus  episcopua  DunelniensiB  consoHJavit  et  nuivit  ecdcoiam  de 
Cnwaenset,  et  capeUnui  de  Harbotell,  ecclesiee  dc  Hnlistan,  ot  monialibus 
ibidem  Deo  aervientibiis,"  Ac— Reg.  R.  Kellawe,  ep.  Dunelia 

Hatfirld  PEVBRXtL  REHBDKrriKB  Priouy  Church,  Ehhbx. — Ingelrica, 
wife  of  Ralph  Peverell,  iiometime  mistresa  of  William  the  Conqueror, 
founded  hem,  in  expiation  of  her  pant  life,  a  collcfie  of  secular  canons, 
previoiu  to  her  decease  circa  a.d.  1100.  This  foundation  was  converteil 
by  her  son  William  Peverell,  temp.  Henry  I,  into  n  priory  of  Benedictine 
monks,  m  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  6.  Albans.  "  Sciatis  mc  dedisse  ecoleain 
sanctte  Maiice  de  Hatfelda,  meiun  propriam  niansionem,  ut  oinnes  domos 
mess,  ad  componeada  habitacula  nionachorum,  quos  ibidem  constitiio, 

cmn   omjiibus    ad   eaudem   ecclesiant   pertincntibus  ct  qitn eidcm 

ecdeain  collata  et  data  fuerunt  et  Dmgu  capellanus  tenebat,  et  Badul- 
phus,"  &C. 

The  parish  chun-b  of  Hatfield  I'evcrell,  which  was  also  that  of  the 
priory,  fonne  now  its  sole  rsmaios. 

HATtasLu  Regu,  or  BitoAD  Uak,  Bbnbuictinb  Priorv  Chdbcu, 
Essex. — The  priory  of  Hatlield  was  founded  circa  A.D.  1135,  by  Albcric 
do  Vere,  father  of  Alberic,  tho  first  earl  of  Oxford,  on  a  site  closely 
adjoining  the  parish  churcli,  nitb  the  rectory  and  advowson  of  which  it 
was  endowed.  "The  ppor  and  convent  having  tiie  great  tithes  of  the 
parish  church  of  Hatfield  Rugia  appropriated  to  them  supplied  the  cure 
by  their  own  members,  till  a  vicarage  was  ordained,  wluch  was  before 
1370;  and  they  were  the  patrons  of  it  till  their  suppreaaion."  In  an 
Inquisition  taken  concerning  the  bcnefactiotiii  of  one  Robert  Taper  and 
Milicent  bis  wife  to  tho  monastery,  the  distinction  between  the  eastern, 
or  monastic  "  partem  fahrica  nove  conventuotis  eccleaifs,"  and  the 
western,  or  parot.hial  part,  "  fcucstram  magnam  ad  caput  occidentale 
parochialis  ecclesiffi,"  may  he  readily  detected.  The  ruins  of  the  priory 
still  stand  close  to  the  church — now  altogether  appropriated  to  the  parish. 
Dug.  iv,  432-5. 

HniTroKD  BBNBUi(niNB  Priorv  Chukub. — This  priory  was  a  ceU  to 
the  abbey  of  S.  Albans.  Tlie  churdi  of  S.  Mary  is  said  to  have  been 
rebuilt  a.d.  1638,  by  Thomas  Willie  (the  then  owner  of  tho  priory  estate) 
under  the  mvocation  of  S.  .Tohn  Baptist ;  and  the  parish  to  which  it 
belonged  is  now  united  with  that  of  All  Saints.  Tlie  following  i-xtracts 
relating  to  it  are  taken  from  the  RegisttT  of  S,  Alljana  : — 

"  Uadulfus  do  Liiuesey  donavit  occieiiiiuu,  quam  extruxit  a|iud  Hurt- 
fold,  occlesix  sancti  Alboni  in  uellom puri^  pro  redomptione  aninua 


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226  TUB  CItUItCHBS  OF  AUSTIN  CANOIfS. 

BUffl,"  &c  "  Sciendum  eat  autcm  quod,  pro  hoe  beneficio,  debet  abhaii 
siiiicti  Albruii,  iKJst  jirimuui  annum  proviikre  sox  iiionAchos,  i\v  wia  ccm- 
gregatiune,  od  servioiidiiiii  Deo  ct  sancbc  MitiioB  in  pnefitta  cceleeia  di^ 
Hertfonl,"  &c— Dug.  Hi,  299-30a 

HiNCKLBY  Benbdictikk  Auks  Priobit  Chcrch,  Lbicebtbrshikk. — 
This  was  an  alien  priory  for  two  Benedictine  nionkH  imly,  belonging  lo 
llie  abbey  of  Lira,  and  funndcd,  Reeordiii^  t<j  Nieliols,  by  Hugh  de 
Grantmcsnil  tlic  elder.— Dn«.  vii,  1030. 

The  parish  church  of  Hinekloy,  which  isu  large  and  bandfiome  cruciforiii 
building,  with  a  magnificent  western  tower  nnd  spire,  "fras  in  connection 
with  the  priorj',  which  stowl  quite  closw.  Tliere  i«  a  view  of  it  in 
Nichols'  History."    Loiter  of  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Disney,  vicar, 

Holland,  oh  Ur-HoLLAKO  Bbnbuh,tisb  Priobv  Ciiuhch,  La.s- 
CAUUiBB. — At  tirst,  this  priory  wns  founded  for  a  dean  and  twelve  secular 
priests  in  the  church  or  chapel  of  St.  Thomas  the  Martyr  at  Holland ; 
but  these,  in  a.d.  1319,  were  changed,  on  the  petition  of  Sir  Robert  de 
Holand  tlie  pttivn,  into  a  prior  and  Itcncdictine  monks.  The  domestic 
bailding»  ire  now  destroyed,  but  the  church — a  fine  and  most  intereatiiig 
building  of  three  aisles,  under  a  roof  which  is  continuous  and  unbroken 
from  end  t<i  end,  with  a  low  tower  to  the  west — continues  in  its  integrity 
US  that  of  tJie  pitrish.  Dug.  iv,  109-11 ;  and  view  forwaided  by  the 
vicar. 

LiTTLB  HoKKESLBY  Cluniac  Friory  Chubch,  EasEZ — A  csU  to  the 
priory  of  S.  .Mar}'  at  Thetford,  was  founded  temp.  Henry  L  by  Robert 
I'iti!  GoiHiold  and  Iteatrix  bis  wife,  who  gave  all  their  churches  to  the 
iniiiry  of  S.  Mary,  Thetfonl,  on  condition  that  as  many  monks  of  that 
house  ahuuld  1>e  sent  to  the  chuich  of  S.  Peter  at  Horkcsley,  as  the  place 
woujd  conveniently  hold. 

"Itn  videlicet,  rjuod  prior  de  TefTord,  concedente  toto  conventu  iu 
ciipitulo,  ndttet  monnuhos  in  eccleaia  S.  Petri  de  llurchcsIoiS,  quantum 

pot^irit    convenienter    sustinere    locus    illo." 

"  Contimiasse  eccla-'in  S.  Petri  de  Horkeslei&,  ct  nionacliis  ibidem  Deo 
serviontibus,"  &C.;  "  ecclesiam  de  Horkesleia,  ubi  monachiis  Cluniacenses 
posuit  ad  serviendum  Deo  in  perpetuum,"  &c — Dug.  v,  iri6-7. 

The  priory  stood  on  the  north  side  of  the  church  of  St.  Peter,  Little 
Horkesley,  which  is  still  standing  and  in  use  as  that  of  the  parish. 

HoHTON  Henbdictink  Phiory  Chdboh,  Dobsbtshiiib.  —  "  Orgarue, 
cunius  Devoniee,  primiis  fundator.  Postea  quidom  Rogenis,  episcopus  de 
Shirbume,  obtinuit  ab  Henrico  primo,  ut  possessionem  mcnsst^ii  de 
Horton  transferret  ad  monasterium  de  Shirbume." — Leland,  CoU,  i,  78. 
From  til e  l><mie>>duy  survey  it  appeore  that  beside  other  possessions,  the 
church  held  the  village  in  which  it  stood,  the  lands  being  rated  at  seven 
hides.  After  iIm  nnuexation  as  a  cell  to  Sherboume,  one  or  more  monks 
from  that  Imusic  ixifidcd  in  the  priory,  all  traces  of  which  are  sinil  to  bo 
iii'iv  lost  Tlie  church,  however — under  the  invocation  of  S.  Wolfrida — 
whii'li  was  also  that  of  the  jinish,  continued  to  be  in  use  till  a.d.  1720, 
when  it  i:^  said  lo  have  beuii  wholly,  or  in  great  part,  rebuilt 


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niB  CHmiCHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.  227 

HtmiiBT  BEKBDicmNX  Priory  Church,  Berkshire. — Greofirey  de 
Magna-vilta  woe  the  founder  of  this  priory,  temp.  William  the  CoDqaeror, 
as  a  ceU  to  the  abbey  of  WeatmmBter.  "  Smnt,  &c.  quod  ego  Godc- 
fridna  de  Magno-villa  ....  douavi  Deo  et  sancto  Petro  et  ecclesim 
Westmouasteriensi  necnon  et  Sanctn  Mariie  d<i  Hurlcia  .... 
uandem  ecoleaiam  sanctte  Marie  de  Uurleia  in  Berroch^^ira,  cum  tota 
pnedicta  villa  de  Huileia,"  <&c. 

The  chutch  of  S.  Mary  at  Hurley  above  refemyl  to,  still  continues, 
as  before  the  foundation  and  during  the  continuance  of,  the  priory,  to 
serve  as  that  of  the  parish. 

IppIiepkn  Bbnediotine  Alien  Priory  Chcrcb,  Dbvonbhirs. — This 
was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Peter,  of  Fulgera,  in  Britany,  to  which  the 
patronage  of  the  cburch  of  Ipplepen  was  given  at  an  early  period  by  the 
Felgheres  family.  The  rector  of  the  church,  from  holduig  his  appoint- 
ment immediately  from  the  abbey,  was  called  a  prior.     Dug.  vii,  1046. 

"The  church  is  an  ancient  Gothic  building,  five  or  six  hundred 
years  old,  having  nave,  chancel,  and  two  side  aisles,  with  a  handsome 
tower  a  hundred  feet  high.  The  old  priory  is  still  standing,  and  is  in  a 
grand  stal«  of  repair.  It  is  but  a  short  distance  from  the  church  which 
stands  high,  so  that  the  chimneys  of  the  priory  are  just  below  the  church- 
yard at  a  little  distance.  There  is  a  saying  in  the  pariah  that  some  sub- 
terranean passage  formerly  connected  the  two.  We  have  an  old  record 
that  in  1274  Brother  Luke  resigned  the  priory  and  Brother  Thomas  suc- 
ceeded him  ;  and  a  list  of  the  priors,  n^ctors  an<l  vicars  ever  since." 
Letters  of  the  Eev.  E.  Harris,  vicnr. 

Kidwelly  BEifBDiCTiKE  Priory  Church,  Cabrmartubnbhire.— Of  this 
church  Leland  writes  thus  ; — "  In  the  new  towne  is  onely  a  chirche  of  our 
I^i,  and  by  is  the  celle  of  blake  moukes  of  Shi^bu^nl^  Ther  the  prior 
is  parson  of  our  Ladi  chirch." 

"  Kicanlus  ....  Menevensis  opisopiiR  ....  domino  Johanni 
Griffith  vicario  i)erpetuo  de  Kidwelly,"  &c.  "Quia  nos  alias  legitime 
procedentes  .  .  .  .  et  eiiiolumento  qiifficuiiquc  ad  (■foU'siiiin  parochiolem 
Iwiita;  Mariie  Virginia  de  Kidwelly,  ao  ad  i>rionitiim  ojusilem  villa 
sped  antes,"  &c— Dug.  iv,  64'6. 

The  church  of  S.  Mary  above  referred  to — a  fine  cruciform  building 
with  a  western  to  woi  surmounted  by  a  lofty  spire — instill  perfect,  and  in 
use  as  that  of  the  parish. 

Lancaster  Bbnbdictixe  Auen  Prioby  Church. — The  church  of  S. 
Miiry  at  Lancaster  having  been  jriven  by  Roger,  pari  of  Poictiers,  a.d. 
1049,  to  the  abbey  of  S,  Martin  at  Secz,  in  Normandy,  a  prior,  five 
ninuks,  three  priests,  and  two  clerks,  with  their  servants,  were  thereupon 
cstnblii<hi-d  on  the  spot,  as  a  cell  to  that  hoUHO. 

"  Xos  ....  priori,  et  monachis  Lancastriic,  ecclesiam  beats  Marite 
LancHstriie,  cum  omnibus  terris,  decimis,  possession i bus,  et  capellis  ad 
dicbtni  ecclesiam  Bpectatitibus  ;  .  .  confinnamus."  .  .  "  dilecto  nobis  in 
Christo  Johanni  Innocent,  priori  er.clcBiaB  beatm  Marice  Lancaatr'  et 
successoribus  suis  prioribus  loci  pnetlicti,"  &c,  -  Dug,  vii,  997-8. 

"  I  have  always  understood  that  the  monks  did  live  on  or  near  the  site 
of  this  present  house,  and  did  serve  the  parish  church  and  some  of  the 


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228  THE  CHURCHES  OF  AUSTIN  CASOStS. 

oatlying  chapelriea  The  chancel  (of  three  itiales,  and  of  the  same 
breadth  and  height  as  the  nnve)  is  just  exactly  ?tal/  the  church.  There 
iBat  once  a  very  massive  and  beautiful  ebony  (black  oak  1)  chanced  screen 
(or  rather  it  exists  now,  transformetl  into  a  book-case  for  the  libiaiy  at 
CopemTCray),  and  I  liave  always  supposnd  that  the  shape  of  the  churdi 
was  due  to  its  monastic  origin."     Letter  of  the  Rev.  J.  Allen,  vicar. 

LAPI.BI  Benedictine  Alien  Priory  Church,  Stafpordbbibe. — T^pley 
waa  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Remigius  at  Rheims,  to  which  the  manor  i^ 
Lapley  was  given,  temp.  Edward  the  Confessor,  by  Algar,  earl  of  Chester, 
or  Meicia.     Dug.  vii,  1042. 

"  The  chuich  is,  I  think,  certainly  that  of  the  Benedictines.  It  was 
originally  cruciform,  with  a  central  tower.  The  transepts  are  now  gone, 
but  there  are  tmces  of  their  extent  and  proportion.  Tlio  chancel  is  of 
unusual  length,  I  think  (about  45  ft),  in  comparison  with  that  of  the 
nave  (60  ft)  ...  .  The  priory  has  been  a  farm  house,  and  is  now 
occupied  by  the  lord  of  the  manor.  It  is  situated  about  a  hundred  yards 
S.W.  of  Uie  church,  an  is  usual.  To  the  best  of  my  belief,  all  the 
ovideuoe  of  site,  ftc.,  points  to  the  conclusion  that  the  church  was  both 
parochial  and  monastic"  Letter,  accompanied  with  large  folio  plans  of  the 
church,  of  the  Rev.  A.  H.  Talbot,  vicar. 

Lbohinsteb  BEMBDicnKB  Priobt  Cmmca,  Hbrbfordbhtre. — Of  this 
well-known  church,  it  will  be  enough  to  quote  Leland's  account  :— "  Ther 
is  but  one  paroch  chirch  in  Leominster,  but  it  is  large,  sonicwhat  dark 
and  of  antient  building,  insomuch  that  it  is  a  grete  lykolyhood  thnt  it  is 
the  church  thnt  was  somwliat  afoto  the  conquest  The  chirch  of  the 
priorie  was  hanl  joyned  to  the  est  end  of  the  paroch  chirch,  and  was  but 
a  small  thing."  Though  wrong  as  to  the  age  of  the  existing  fabric,  recent 
diggings  have  shewn  that  the  worthy  itinerant  was  quite  right  in  calling 
the  eastern  or  monastic  church  "  hard  joyned  "  to  the  end  of  it,  a  small 
(and  it  may  be  added,  very  uusymmetrical),  thing.  Beautifully  engraved 
views  of  Leominster  church  may  be  seen  in  "Neale  and  Le  Keiix's 
Churches,"  vol.  i  ;  and  excellent  accounts,  with  illustrations  and  plans, 
in  AreluBoloffieal  Jvuriial,  x,  109  ;ani[Joiiiital  of  t  lie  British  Arehtenloffieal 
A8m>r.iatvm,  xxvii,  438  ;  the  latter  accompanied  with  a  very  clever  and 
ingenious  restored  elevation  of  the  interior  as  originally  designed,  by  the 
late  Mr.  Boberts. 

IiODBRs  Benbdictisb  Alien  1'riory  Church,  DoRBBTsntRE. — ^Tlie 
priory  of  Lodi'ra  was  a  cell  to  thi'  abbey  of  Mountsburgli,  in  Normandy, 
to  which  the  manor  and  parish  church  were  given,  temp.  Henry  I,  liy 
Benedict,  or  Richard  de  Redvirs.     Dug.  vii,  999  and  1097. 

"  This  church  is  said  to  have  l)cen  the  church  of  a  monastery.  .  ,  . 
It  has  the  usual  receptacle  for  holy  water  in  the  south  door  of  the  chancel 
The  okier  [wrtion  of  the  vicarage— about  200  yards  distant— is  reported 
to  be  the  former  ntonastery,  nnd  the  old  framed  roof  of  our  kitchen 
conveys  that  iropressioiL"     Letter  of  the  Rev.  J.  S.  Btewait,  vicar. 

Lthinstbr  Bbnedictine  Aueh  Priory  Church  of  Nuns,  Sdssbx. — 
Lyminster  was  a  cell  to  the  nunnery  of  Alnianesche,  in  Normandy, 
founded  by  Roger  de  Montgomery,  earl  of  Arundel,  temp.  William  the 


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THE  CHUBCHBS  OP  AUSTIN  CANONS.  229 

Conqueror.  KeDce,  says  Tanner,  it  is  probeble  that  that  eail  or  one  of 
his  8onB  gave  the  church  of  this  plai^  and  other  Innil^  hereabout  to 
that  monastery,  which  miglit  occasion  the  fixing  of  n  convent  of  thoee 
nuns  hare  before  a.d.  1178.     Dug.  vii,  1032. 

"  Lymiuster  churclk  is  the  ancient  prioiy  church,  and  belonged  originally 
to  a  nunnery  of  which  tmces  have  been  found  within  memory  on  the 
aonth  ride  of  the  building.  The  nunnery  stood  close  to  the  churchyard, 
about  thirty  yards  from  the  church,  the  nuna  having  a  private  enti^uce 
into  the  chancel,  which  they  used  more  peculiarly  as  their  own.  The 
ohanoel.  is  of  remarkable  length."  Letter  of  the  Rev.  K.  Durnfoid, 
vicar. 

LrsK  BiGis  BBNRDionKB  Priobs  CBtiHCH,  Norfolk.  -Tlie  priory  of 
Lynn,  together  with  tlie  church  of  S.  Margaret  there,  was  fiiiui<lud  circa 
A.D.  1100,  by  bishop  Herbert  de  Losinga,  as  a  cell  to  his  cathedral  priory 
of  Norwich.     Dug,  iv,  462. 

The  magnificent  church  of  S.  Margaret,  with  ite  two  western  towers, 
still  continues  entire,  as  that  of  the  parish. 

Malpab  Cluitiao  Priory  Church,  Mohhouthbhir& — Malpas  priory 
was  a  cell  to  the  priory  of  Montacute.  The  church,  which  remains  intact, 
ii  still  in  use  as  tJiat  of  the  parisli,  as  it  probably  was  from  the  first  the 
cell  containing  only  the  prior  and  two  monks.     Dug.  v,  173. 

Mabbick  BunDicrDiK  Priort  Chubcb,  Yoriu. — The  priory  of  Marrick 
in  Swaledale,  was  founded  for  Benedictine  nuns  by  Roger  de  Aske,  either 
in  the  reign  of  Stephen,  or  beginning  of  that  of  Henry  IL  on  a  plot  of 
ground  adjoining  the  parish  churoh  of  S.  Andrew,  with  which,  among 
other  gifts,  he  also  endowed  it.  The  chancel  is  in  ruins,  but  die  towerand 
mutilated  body  of  the  church  still  serve  as  that  of  the  parish.  For  a  view 
of  it,  see  Wbitaker's  Richniondshire,  i,  220. 

MlDDLKSBUROH  BzNEDICTINE  PRIOBT  CrDRCR,  YoBRS. — The  cburch  of 

S.  John  and  S.  Hilda  at  MiddlesbniKh,  was  given  by  Bobert  de  Bros 
circa  1120,  with  all  things  thereto  perUining,  and  two  carocates  and  two 
oxgangB  of  land  in  Newham,  in  perpetual  alms  to  the  church  of  8.  Peter 
and  S.  Hilda  at  Whitby,  to  the  intent  that  in  the  xaid  churcli  of  Middles- 
hur^,  there  should  be  certain  monks  from  that  houiie  serving  God  and  S. 
HUda. 

"  Notnm  rit  .  .  me  dedisse  .  .  et  confirmaase  Deo  et  ecolesira  sanctea 
Hyldte  de  Midlesburc,  et  monachis  ibidem  Deo  servientihus,"  &c.  Btuton 
says  that,  at  the  time  of  the  Dissolution,  two  or  three  monks  only  were 
resident  in  this  celL— Dug.  ill,  361-2. 

The  present  parish  church  of  Kiddle!<hurgh  is  built  upon  the  site  of  the 
ancient  parish,  and  monastic,  church  or  chapel  of  S.  Hilda,  now  destroyed. 

Mumvo  BsNEDicmne  Alien  Priort  Cruroh,  LmooLHeantK. — 
Ranulph  de  Meschines,  earl  of  Chester,  says  Tanner,  before  the  year  1 1 29, 
gave  the  church  of  S.  Andrew  at  Minting  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Benoit  sur 
Loir ;  whereupon  an  alien  prioiy  of  Benedictines  was  fixed  in  iL — Dug. 
vii,  1023. 

The  parish  church  of  Minting  consists  simply  of  a  chancel,  nave,  with 
TOU  ZLU.  2  Q 


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230  TBB  CHURCHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS. 

south  porch,aDd  north  aisle  of  three  bays  with  clustered  columiis ;  the  latter, 
with  the  chancpl  arch,  being  of  fine  transitionnl  Norman  work,  and  from 
their  superior  character,  moat  probably  the  work  of  the  monks.  "There 
are  no  remains  of  the  priory,"  but  the  old  Ticanige,  which,  in  all  like- 
lihood, occupied  the  site,  was  immediately  adjacent  to  the  churchyard 
towards  the  west ;  and  a  large  field  containing  remains  of  the  Tivarift 
extends  westward  again  of  this. — Letter,  containing  sketch  gToand  plana 
of  church,  and  adjoining  land  and  buildings,  oftheRev.  J.  Be«tforth,ncar. 

Minster  Benbdictihe  Pbiobt  CHDitCH,  Iblb  op  Shsppt,  Ebnt. — 
Sexburga,  widow  of  Ercombert,  king  of  Kent,  was  the  foundress  of  this 
priory,  circa  a.d.  675.  Destroyed  during  the  devastations  of  the  Danee, 
it  was  reedified  and  replenished  with  Benedictine  nulis  in  a.d,  1130,  by 
William  de  Corbeuil,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  who  dedicate  it  in 
honour  of  SS.  Mary  and  Sexburga. 

"Bex  omnibus  &c.  Sciatis  noe  concessisse ...  ecclesiee  sanctte  Uarin 
et  sanctffi  Sexhurgge  de  Scapeya,  et  ssnctimonialibue  ibidem  Deo  serrien- 

tibus locum  suum  in  Scapeya  et  ecdeeiam  eanetee  Maria  et  taaeta 

Sea^vrgce,"  Ike. 

There  can  be  little  or  no  doubt  that  the  existing  church  of 
Minster,  both  from  its  age  and  identity  of  dedication,  is  not  only  that  of 
archbishop  de  Corbeuil's  reconstituted  monastery,  but  of  itm  ancient  Baxon 
predecessor.  Hasted  says  it  formed  part  of  the  endowment  at  the  first 
foundation;  andWeerer,  that—"  Some  part  of  it  is  now  converted  into  a 
parish  church,"  An  interesting  notice  of  this  church — where  some  recent 
discoveries  tend  strongly  to  favour  these  conclusions — may  be  seen  in 
voL  xli,  64,  of  this  Journal. 

MONKLAND   BENEDICTtNE  AlIEN    PbIORT  ChUBCH,    HERIF0RD6mK& — 

Monkland  priory  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Peter  at  Conches,  to  which 
the  manor  and  church  of  this  place  were  given  by  Ralph  de  Toni  the 
elder,  temp.  William  Rufus.  The  church,  a  small  but  very  interesting 
building,  toting  from  a.d.  1100,  and  which  has  recently  been  admirably 
restored,  is  still  in  use  as  that  of  the  parish. — Dug.  vii,  1026 ;  and  account 
by  the  Rev.  Sir  Henry  Baker,  Bart. 

Monmouth  Benediotinb  Priort  Chuboh. — Wihenoc,  of  Monmonth, 
temp.  Henry  I,  brought  over  certain  monks  from  the  abbey  of  S.  Florence, 
of  SanmuF  in  Anjou,  whom  he  placed,  first  in  the  church  of  8.  Cadoc,  near 
his  castle  there,  and  afterwards  in  the  church  of  S.  Mary. 

"  Wihenocusde  Moncmue&c.  Notum  sit quod  ego oonstruxiin 

castro   meo   dc    Moncmue  ecclesiam,  eamque dedi   monachis  sancti 

Florentii  de  Salmuro et  dcdi  eis  diversaa  possesaiones ecderaam 

aancti  Cadoci  juxta  castrum  meum  sitam  in  fimdo,  et  dominio  meo,  ubi 
primum  monachi  prcefati,  antequam  ecclesia  Monemue  perficeretur,  ali- 
quondiu  inhabitaverant,"  &c.  Dug.  iv,  595-6. 

"  The  church  of  the  priory,"  says  Coxo,  '"occupied  the  site  of  8.  Mary% 
the  present  parish  church,  and  about  sixty  years  ago  was  partly  taken 
down  and  reconstructed.  The  tower  and  lower  part  of  the  apire  are  the 
only  remains  of  the  ancient  edifice,  which  appears  to  have  been  boilt  in 
the  gothic  style  of  architecture."  The  slight  remains  of  tJie  priory  stand 
to  the  north  of  it 


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THE  CHTJBCHES  OF  AUSTUr  CAKONS.  231 

tSoawacLD,  on  MoMSKniLD  Bihedicttixk  Priory  Ghobch,  Shbop- 
aiURK. — Accoiding  to  Tannor,  thin  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Shrewsbury 
tu  which  the  church  of  S.  Gregory  here,  with  all  the  landa  belonging  to  it, 
was  given  by  the  founder,  earl  Roger.  His  charter  deacribes  it  as  :— 
"eccleeiamde  Ifumerlield  cum  tota  terra  quam  clorici  tenebont."  The 
ttditois  of  the  Mowuticon  supply  the  following  information  respecting  in  it 
a  note,  iii,  616,  e  : — "Anno  iiij  of  December  xxxvij  Hon.  VIII,  pro 

iIdhudo admiiallo  Anglim.  Revere  nuper  ccllie  eive  grungise  de  More- 

feldo  in  com.  Salop.  parceU.  posaesaionum  nuper  monaaterii  de  Salopp, 
coDcess.  cuidam  Bicardo  Maisl^e  clerico  pro  teimino  viti»  absque  aliquo 
inde  reddendo  ultra  1^1,  xttjs,  ob.  pro  atipondio  curati  de  Morefeld,"  &c. 

NiWKTOH  LoNociviLLB  CunfiAO  Alikn  Priory  Chdrch,  Bncita. — 
Ncwntoa  Longueville  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  to  8.  Faith  at  Longuoville 
in  Normandy,  to  which  thie,  and  several  other  churches  and  lands  were 
given  by  Walter  Gifiard,  earl  of  Buckingham,  temp.  Henry  L — Dug. 
vii,  1036. 

"  The  church  of  S.  Faith  here  was  attached  to  the  alien  priory  of 
Clonioc  monks  from  Longueville  in  Normandy  ;  the  priory  being  dis- 
solved in  1444,  and  its  property  given  to  New  College,  Oxford. 

"  The  present  church  has  nave  and  north  and  south  aisles,  the  north 
aisle  being  further  extended  into  an  aisle  of  the  chancel,  which  is  known 
locally  as  the  New  College  chancel,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Rector's 
chancel. 

"  An  old  house  (tenanted  by  a  farmer  in  occupationof  land  belonging  to 
Xcw  College)  is  still  standing,  traditionally  associated  with  the  priory, 
very  near  the  south  side  of  the  church,  and,  in  fact,  connected  with  it  (it 
is  said)  by  a  subterannean  passage. 

"  The  church  has  lately  been  restored  with  great  care  by  Mr.  Blomfield 
who  has  noticed  some  peculiar  mouldings  on  the  capitals  of  pillars  as 
similar  to  what  he  had  seen  in  Normandy."  Letter  of  the  Roy.  H.  C. 
Blagden,  rector. 

NuHKBKUNa  Benbdictinb  Phiobt  Chubcb,  Yobes. — "  Omnibus,  kc 
Agnea  de  Aichis  solutem.  Notum  sit  vobis  me  coucessisse  et  dedisae  ac 
praeentis  carts  meie  testimouio  confimiaBse  Doo  et  sanctco  Maries  et  aanctre 
Helena  at  monialibos  de  KiUingc  ecclesiam  ejosdem  viUfB,"  ftc. — Dng. 
iv,  185-6. 

"Md.  that  it  (the  conventual  chiirch)  atondith  at  the  nether  (west) 
wde  of  the  parish  churche  of  Nonnekelynge,  and  the  walles  and  the  loofe 
are  alle  hole  of  one  story,  and  the  parish  belles  in  their  steepnlle  aforft- 
seid,  and  there  are  ij  doorys  by  the  hygh  alter  for  to  go  and  come  into  the 
parish  churche."     Survey,  temp.  Henry  VIII.    P.  R,  0. 

The  parish  church  of  Nunkeeling  was  meanly  rebuilt  with  brick  in 
1810,  part  of  the  old  materials  being  re-used. 

Non  UoNKToir  Bbnedictink  Priory  CHUHoa,  Torks. — Henry  Mutdoc, 
mhbiahop  of  York,  appropriated  this  church  to  the  prioress  and  nuns  of 
Afinikton and  also  o^ained  a  perpetual  vicar,  who  should  reside  per- 
sonally in  the  church,  and  have  the  care  of  the  parishioners'  souls,  &c.  Dr. 
Burton,  Reg.  Ebor.  Melton,  p.  181. 

The  nave,  or  parochial  church  of  this  fine,  and,  perfaap!-,  unique  build- 
ing, is  still  staading  and  in  nse. 


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232  THE  CaUBCHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS. 

OkBBURK,     UK    OUDOURNE    St.    GeOROE,    fiENKUUniKE    AUBN    PrIORT 

Church,  WiLTBHitiB. — About  the  yet]rIH9,  Maud  de  Walingford,  lieiresu 
to  Robert  D'Oiley,  gave  to  the  abbey  of  Bee  iu  Normandy,  the  tsikiiora 
and  churches  of  Great  and  Little  Okebum  ;  at  the  former  of  which  placog 
a  convent  was  not  long  after  eetaUished,  and  became  the  chiefost  and 
richest  cell  to  it  in  England. — Dug.  vii,  1016. 

"  I  should  Bay  the  church  is  cruciform,  with  a  centre  aiitle  right  through 
to  the  baptisterj-  at  the  west  end  door ;  it  han  two  side  aisles,  each  leading 
to  wliat  were  two  chapels.  There  is  a  large  house  next  the  church, 
evidently  once  the  residence  of  the  monks.  The  village  was  once  around 
the  church,  now  it  U  half-a-mile  from  iL"  Letter  of  the  Rev.  A.  Pyue, 
vicar. 

IVom  the  foregoing  accouut,  it  seemx  tolerably  certain  that  the  parish 
church,  though  direct  and  positive  proof  of  the  faet  may  not  be  forth- 
coming, was  also  that  of  the  closely  adjoining  priory  of  Ogboume. 

Ottsbton  }!bnxdictine  Aubn  Priory  Church,  Devonsiiibb. — This 
priory  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Michael  in  Periculo  Mariis  in 
Normandy,  to  the  monks  of  wliich  house  the  manor  of  Utt«rton  was 
given  by  the  Conqueror,  The  priory,  which  seems  to  have  adjoined  the 
parish  (^uich — now,  with  the  exception  of  the  tower,  entirely  destroyed — 
towards  the  west,  contained  four  monks  only. — Dug.  vii,  1033  ;  and 
letter  of  Dr.  Brushtield,  containing  sketch  of  original  church  from  an  olil 
print  taken  before  its  destruction,  kindly  comnntni<nited  by  the  Rev.  J.  B. 
Sweot,  vicar. 

I^BNWORTHAH  Benkdictikb  Priorv  Chuhoh,  Lancabbihe. — Warine 
BuBsel  having  given  the  church  and  tithes  of  Penwortham,  temp.  Witliani 
the  Conqueror,  to  tlie  abbey  of  Evesham,  a  priory  was  shortly  afwrwards 

erected  on  the  spot  as  a  cell  to  that  house,     "^o  Ricardus  Bussell 

continno  ecclesi;i.-  de  Kvcaham,  omnem  donationem,  et  toiam  elemoeinam 
qtiam  fecit  pater  mens  Warinus  pnedictEe  ecclesite,  videlicet,  ecclesiam  de 
Peneverham,  cum  deciniis  et  omnibus  pertineiitits  suis,"  &c 

Tlie  church  thus  bestowed  upon  the  abhey  of  Evesham,  and  utilized 
up  to  tlie  time  of  the  dissolution,  as  that  of  its  cell,  remains  still  in  tiae 
OS  the  parish  ciiurch  of  Penwortham. 

PbRBHORB     BBNEniCTINK      AbBBV      CaURCH,      WoKCEBTBRSilUtB. — This 

church  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Oswald,  nephew  of  Kthelred,  king 
of  Mercia,  a.i>.  689.  Lelaud,  Itin.  V,  says  :--"U3waldus  primum 
instituit  canonicos  sieculares  apud  Pereora.  Poslea  fuit  ibidem  chorus 
-  monachorum,  Turaus  canonici  inducti.  PosteamonachiperEdganun."  The 
oonveat  poBsessed  the  rectory  of  the  parish  church  of  S.  Cross,  which  was 
probably  held  in  the  navu  of  the  abbey  church,  though  the  Monusticon — 
aa  so  constantly  happens  in  points  of  special  interest — says  nothing  of  iL 
At  the  present  time,  and  since  the  suppression,  the  parish,  having  by 
some  means,  not  apjtarent,  acquired  the  choir,  central  tower,  and  sonUi 
transept  of  the  abbey  church,  have  used  Uiem  as  their  piirisli  church 
instead  of  the  uavo,  which  has  been  destroyed. 

PbEHTO.N  CaI'EU  ClUNUU  PlUOBt  CUUHCH,  NUBTUAHPTOKSHIRB. — Uugh 

de  Leywiiitn-,  ubuul  the  end  of  tlie  Cumiucrur's  reign,  placed  in  the  chtucli 


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THE  CHttSCBBB  OP  AtJBTIN  CANOlffi.  2.33 

of  this  place  four  Cluaiac  monke.  Afterwards  they  were  icmoved  to  the 
•  church  of  Daventry,  where  were  four  secular  coiions,  two  of  whom  took 
their  habit,  but  the  other  two  refneed,  and  had  food  and  clothing  allowed 
them  for  the  rest  of  their  lives. 

"Hugo  de  Leyceetre,  dictuB  vice  uoniee,  dedit  nobis  eccleeiom  de 
PrhIod,  nhi  primo  fundavit  prioratum  et  luonachoa  inatituit.  Sed  poxt 
aonorani  puucorum — lemovit  od  n-danum  dc  Diiventre,  nbi  xecundu 
fundavit  prioiatum  et  monaaterium  construxit  in  honore  beat!  Augustini 
Aoglonim  apoetolt,  juxta  ecclesiam  parocUialem  cjwvleni  villa,"  &c 

From  this  it  would  seem  clear  that  in  the  first  instance  at  least  tlie 
munla  were  established  in  the  pariah  church,  though  how  long  they  con- 
tinQed  there  ts  tmcertain  ;  all  tJiat  can  now  be  said  for  certain  is,  that  at 
soma  considerable  time  before  the  dissolation,  another  and  distinct 
buiklinghadbeen  erectetl  for  their  separate  use,  as  witness  the  following  : — 
"The  diurche  and  chauncell  of  the  late  monastere  of  Daventia  clerelie 

dekaiad,  and  nothing  there  standyngs  but  the  walls  and  litle  and 

div's  wyndowea  that  be  glased  ;  which  said  walls  and  glasse  were  taken 
down  and  the  stone  saved  for  the  reedifienga  of  the  tenandriea  in  the 
tomie  of  Daveutre,"  &c. — Dug.  v,  184. 

BocHBTXR  Bbnbdictink  Priohv  AND  Catbidbal  Churuh,  Kent. — 
I'rom  a  veiy  early  period,  prubably  from  the  first,  the  cathedral  church 
of  Bocheeber  was  in  part  also  parochtnl  ;  since  we  find  the  famous 
Gandalf — under  wham  the  original  foundation  of  seculars  was  changed 
into  one  of  monks — confirming  to  the  latter  by  charter  (1100-1108),  the 
ulvowBon  of  the  altar  of  S.  \icholas  "  which  was  parochial  in  the  dinrch 
of  the  blessed  Andrew."  Itappeara  tliat  the  site  of  this  altar  was  changed 
by  die  monks  eariy  in  the  14th  century,  against  the  will  of  the  parishioners ; 
but  an  arrangement  was  eventually  come  to  by  which  the  pariah  mass  wuu 
to  be  celebrated  "in  altari  existente  in  corpore  eccleaiffi  anteriuri  eub 
pnlpita"  Finally,  on  Dec  18th,  1433,  the  parishioners  removed  to  a 
separate  and  distinct  church  erected  for  them  by  the  monks  in  the 
<iemeteiy  to  the  north  of  the  cathedral  church  ;  solemnly  renouncing  befon; 
the  altar  of  S.  Nicholas,  in  the  nave  of  the  said  cathedral  church,  all 
their  rights  thereto. — Nates  on  the  architectural  ^listory  of  Bochestor 
cathedral  church,  by  Mr.  W.  H.  8t.  John  Hope. 

KoHSiT  BxNiDiCTiNB  Abbkt  CHtmOB,  HAMPBHlltK. — Bomsey  abbey 
held  the  vill  and  rectory  of  the  parish  chnroh  at  the  time  of  the  Domesday 
survey  ;  facte  which  may  help  to  account  for  the  position  of  that 
building,  subeequently  to  the  erection  of  the  nave  of  the  abbey  church, 
viz.,  in  the  eastern  ptut  of  itsnorth  aisle.  Later  on,  it  was  found  neces- 
wiy  to  increase  these  somewhat  narrow  limits  by  building  another  aisle 
towards  the  north,  which  opened  to  the  original  one  by  an  arciLde,  After 
the  dissolution,  when  the  inhabitants  acquired  the  whole  of  the  conventual 
church,  this  additional  aisle  was  pulk<l  djwn,  and  the  arcade  built  up, 
bnt  it  still  remains  distinctly  visible  in  the  north  wall  of  the  aisle  proper. 
See  plate  by  Coney  in  Monasticnn,  ii,  606. 

KuMBDHQH  BlNBDiCTiNE  Priobt  Chuboh,  Sufpolk. — The  jiriory  of 
Kumbuigh,  originally  founded  by  Agelmar,  bishop  of  Klmham,  utid  Thur- 
i\aa,  abbot  of  S.  Beuet  at  Holme,  butweeu  a.u.  1064-1070,  was  giveii,some- 


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234  TBB  cbvacm&i  of  Auetm  ousovb. 

time  in  the  reign  of  Uenry  I,  cither  bj  Stephen,  or  his  son  Alan  the  third, 
eart  of  Richmond,  as  a  cell  to  S.  Mary's  abbey  at  York.  Kumburgh,  at 
the  time  of  the  foundation  of  the  priory,  wsb  a  memliei'  of  Wissett,  in  the 
church  of  which  place,  at  the  time  of  the  Domeeday  survey,  there  were,  it 
aeents,  twelve  monks  ; — "  In  hac  ecclesia  xii  moiiochi,  ut  aub  hau  i 
capella."  In  a  survey  of  the  monastery  made  temp.  Hsnry  VIII.  it  is 
said  : — "  The  township  of  Kiunbuigh  clayina  their  churche  to  be  a  p'oche 
thucche,  but  it  is  none,  and  tho  proffytts  thereof  wyllnotfiynde  aprjest" 
And  again,  after  a  description  of  the  building,  is  added  the  followin); : — 
"  The  inh'itaunU  of  Kumfauitfh  clayme  it  to  be  their  churche."  Whatever 
its  technical  character  may  have  been,  it  was,  at  least,  used  by  the 
inhabitants  as  their  church  before  the  euppieeeion,  and  served  by  one  of 
monastic  chaplains  on  their  behalf,  since  it  is  furUier  stated : — "  The  late 
moaaeterye  there  wem  persons  in  p'sonye  of  Wysett,  Bumbuigh,  and 
Saynct  Min>nmlln  in  Elmeh'm,  and  have  founde  i^  pryesta  in  the  samtt 
iy  townee." 

Tlie  church,  which  occupied  the  south  side  of  the  cloiater,  continnes 
to  be  used  aa  the  parish  chuich  of  Rumbuigh. 

ScABBOBOtJOH  CiBTXRCiAN  AuxN  Friort  CmntcB,  YoBKBHiRK. — The 
churdi  of  &  Mary  at  Scarborough  having  been  given,  with  diven  other 
poBBBssiona,  to  the  abbot  and  brethren  of  the  mother  bouae  of  Citeanz, 
certain  of  ihe  latter  were  sent  over  and  settled  Uiere  as  a  cell,  before  the 
fourtli  ycoi  of  king  John.  The  present  church  conaists  of  the  n^ve, 
central  tower  and  Itasas  of  two  western  towers,  and  south  tnnaept ;  the 
north  transept,  and  the  choir  with  its  aiales,  are  said  to  have  been  ruined 
in  the  Civil  War.  It  is  remarkable  as  being  one  of  th«  very  fow 
examples  of  Cistercian  churches  in  the  kingdom  which  wore  parochial 
aa  well  as  monastic 

SHiBBOirBNB  BENEDicmsE  FaioRY  Church,  DosansHiRS. — Of  this 
well-known  church  it  is  unnecessary  to  say  much.  Originally  the  seat  of 
a  bishopric,  and  served  by  secular  canons,  it  was  converted  into  a  Bene- 
dictine monastery  by  bishop  Wlsin  in  a.i>.  998.  The  iticloiy  of  Sher- 
boume,  after  .the  ^nslation  of  the  see  to  Saliabuiy,  was  tmid  by  ihe 
abbot  as  prebendary  of  that  catJiadral,  ex  officio,  and  the  nave  of  the 
abbey  church  used  as  that  of  the  parish.  Leland  says  : — "  The  body  of 
the  abbay  chiiche  dedicate  to  ooi  Lady,  servid  ontille  a  hunderithe  yeree 
syns  for  the  ehife  paroche  chirch  of  the  towne."  Then  he  describes  ^e 
hot  that  ensued  on  the  removal  of  the  font  from  the  nave  of  the  abbey 
church  to  the  ohapd  of  AUhallows,  attached  to  its  west  end,  and  the 
burning  of  tJie  monastic  church  by  the  townspeople,  adding-r-"  after  this 
time  Alhalowes  chirch  and  not  8.  Maries,  was  used  for  the  paiocfae 
chirche."  The  case,  therefore,  stood  thus,  tiiat  "  from  the  beginning  and 
primeval  foundation  thereof,"  the  parishioners  used  the  nave  of  Um 
monastic,  an  their  parish,  church.  Then,  probably  to  get  rid  of  them, 
about  the  last  quarter  of  the  fourteenth  century,  the  monks  built  ttie 
chapel  of  AUhallows — a  large  three  aialed  structure,  at  the  west  end  of, 
and  connected  with,  the  nave — for  their  use,  retaining,  however,  the  font 
in  the  monastic  nave.  Then  came  the  riot,  and  after  that  the  conversion 
of  tlie  chapel,  into  the  iNiiisli  cliurcli,  of  AUimltows.  After  the  aappreesioD, 
and  the  purchase  of  the  abbey  church  by  the  inhabitanl«,  Leland  supplies 


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THE  CfitntCHBS  O*  AUBTTN  0ANON8.  235 

na  vrith  Oaa  farther  and  final  notice,  "  Alhaloves  Paroch  Ohirch  pullid 
down  alate,  and  the  Paroch  Chirch  made  in  our  Lady  Cliircli  at  the 
Abbay."  And  there,  as  before  the  building  of  Alihallowa,  it  atill  Temaiot. 
As  excellent  account  of  Sheiboume  abbey  church  may  be  seen  in  the 
Bristol  volume  of  the  Institute,  enriched  vith  many  platea  by  the  late 
Ber.  J.  L.  Petit;  and  in  the  Jonraal  for  1865,  by  the  late  Professor 
WiUiB. 

Nww  Shorbhav  Bktxdictine  Auxh  Pbiort  Cburob,  Sckhx. — 
At  a  dirisnee  of  betveen  four  and  five  miles  only  from  Steyning,  stand 
the  lemams  of  what  must,  in  some  respecte,  be  oonsidered  the  even  still 
flnOT  and  man  remarkable  church  of  8.  Mary,  New  Shoteham.  Aa  the 
historical  evidence  relating  to  it  is  an  all  bnt  absolnte  blank,  we  are 
uonsequently  compelled  to  fall  back  upon  the  internal  evidence  of  the 
boilding  itself;  but  that,  I  think,  is  so  oonclusive  as  to  admit  of  no 
degree  of  doubt  whatever.  The  fauts  of  the  case  are  briefly  these.  The 
parishes  of  Old  and  New  Shoreham,  which  a^oiu  each  other,  contain 
2,077  and  66  acres  respectively.  Both  are  in  the  Bape  of  Bramber,  and, 
tether  witii  all  the  rest  in  tluit  district,  belonged  to  the  Lords  of  Braofie 
on  whom  they  were  bestowed  by  the  Conqueror.  In  the  tenth  of  that 
reign,  William  de  Braoee  made  a  gift  of  sundry  properties  to  the  abbot 
and  monks  of  St  Florence  at  Saumur  in  Anjou  ;  and  among  these  wen 
the  following  churches  in  Snseex,  viz.: — 8.  Peter  de  Sela,  S.  Nicholas  de 
Brembria,  S.  Nicholas  de  Soraham,  and  S.  Petei  de  Veteii-ponte.  In 
consequence  of  these  gifts  the  abbey  of  St  Florence  establislied  at  8elu 
(now  called  Beeding)  a  small  priory  of  Benedictine  monks,  to  which 
these  churches  were  all  attached.  At  the  date  of  this  foundation,  the 
pariah  of  New  Shoteham  did  not  exist,  being  then  parcel  of  that  of  S. 
Nicholas,  Old  Shoreham.  But  that  it  was  both  formed,  and  the  church 
of  3.  Mary  built  there  by  the  monks  in  the  interval  between  that  time 
and  circa  a.d.  1103,  is  conclusively  proved  by  the  following  passage  in 
the  eonfinnation  charter  of  Philip  de  Braose,  son  of  the  benefactor. 
*'  lerosolimis  antem  prsedictus  Philippus  rediena  ecclesiam  sanctte  Marira 
de  Nova  Soraham,  qnia  monachorum  pnediotoram  exatitit  juris,  diligenter 
concessit  et  confirmavit."  To  this  spot  then,  it  would  seem  certain  that 
tiie  monks  settled  at  Sele  (and  who,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  contitiuod  there 
till  the  suppression),  were  at  least  designed  to  be  removed  :  for  not 
only  waa  tJie  church,  even  as  fiiel  built— a  grand  cruciform  structure 
wilJi  aisles  and  central  tower — utteily  out  of  keeping  with  the  require- 
ments of  a  parish  of  66  acres;  but  the  original  short  Norman  choir 
was  taken  down  and  rebuilt  on  a  greatly  enLu^ed  scale,  and  in  the  most 
snmptuotiB  style  of  monastic  splendour,  towards  the  close  of  the  twelfth 
eentiiry.  To  suppose  tlmt  such  a  work  as  this,  consisting,  as  it  does,  of 
RvB  bays  in  length,  with  north  and  south  aisles,  iriforium  and  clerestory, 
vaultetl  throughout  with  stone,  and  sculptured  from  end  to  end  with  a 
prodigality  of  the  richest  detail,  was  desigaed  for  the  sole  use  of  a  small 
country  parish — and  such  a  parish! — is,  of  course,  preposterous  ;  and  ita 
election  for  conventual  as  well  as  parochial  uses  must,  therefore,  I  think, 
be  assigned  to  one  or  more  of  the  Lords  of  Braose  (for  there  was  a 
manifest  pause  between  the  lower,  or  Transitional,  and  the  upper  or 
Lancet  portion  of  this  great  choir),  or,  to  their  joint  action,  perhaps,  with 
the  convent  of  8.    Florence.      What  baa  happened  ban    (conversely 


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236  THB  CHURCHES  OP  AUSTIN  CANONS, 

to  the  instance  of  Stoyniug),  is  just  what  happened  at  Boxgrove,  when 
aaimilBTiebuildiDgof  the  choir  took  place; — the  parishioneis  abandoning 
the  plainer  and  humbler  nave,  and  appropriating,  or  having  appropriated 
to  them,  the  far  more  splendid  mouaatic  ohanuel  as  their  pariah  church. 
In  this  capacity  it  etill  continues. 

Shbkwbbubt  Bbnbdictiinb  Abbbt  Church. —The  abbey  chuich  of 
Shrawabnry  having  been  founded  in  what  was  originally  the  pariah  church 
of  the  place,  remiuned  parochial  as  well  as  monastic  till  the  dissolution. 
The  parochial  nave,  with  its  aisles  and  western  tower,  still  remain  here ; 
the  monastic  choir  and  tianeept  are  destroyed.  There  are  good  views  of 
the  west  end  (exterior)  and  east  (interior)  of  Shrewsbury  abbey  church 
in  Neale  and  Le  Keux,  vol  il 

Snaith  Brnbdictink  PmoBT  Crubch,  ToRKSHntB.— In  A.a  1100, 
Gerard  archbishop  of  York  gave  the  diurch  of  this  place  to  Selby 
abbey,  which  gift  was  conlinned  in  a.d.  1310  by  William  de  Grenefeld 
his  successor,  who  decreed  that  it  should  be  lawful  for  the  abbot  and 
convent  to  place  and  remove  two  of  their  monks  in  the  church  of 
Snaith,  to  be  continually  resident ;  and,  by  a  secular  priest,  to  hear  the 
confessions  of  the  parishioneis,  &c,  and  so  perpetually  to  serve,  without 
any  ordination  of  a  vicar. — Dug.  iii,  493. 

The  ancient  church  of  8.  Mary  at  Snaith,  an  extensive  and  interest- 
ing building  with  no  less  than  four  attacheil  diantry  chapels,  still 
remains  in  excellent  preservation  as  that  of  the  parish. 

Sporlb  BENGDiorreB  AuBN  T*RiORY  Church,  Norfolk.  —  Sporle 
WOB  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  S.  yiorenoe  near  Sailmur,  in  Anjou,  and 
together  with  the  panRh  church,  which  would  seem  to  have  been  that 
of  the  convent  as  well,  under  the  invocation  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary. 
The  remains  of  the  priory  "or  rather  mounds  of  earth  which  indicate 
foundations,  are  in  a  field  ailjoining  to  the  churchyard.  There  are  greftt 
peculiarities  about  the  building.  In  the  north  and  south  angles  of  the 
chancel  (interior)  are  Xorman  pilasters,  Sx.  But  the  most  strange  feature 
of  the  building  is  two  blocks  of  masonry  in  the  nave  near  the  diancol 
arch,  and  the  general  opinion  is  that  there  was  a  central  tower,  or  that 
the  church  only  extcmlcd  to  that  limit." — Letter  of  the  Rev.  T.  Jones, 
Tioar, 

Stbventov  BaNKDiCTiNR  Alikn  Priort  Chcrgh,  Bbrkshirk.  —  Tliis 
was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Boc,  to  which  it  was  given  by  king  Henry  I. 
— Di^  vii,  1044. 

The  church  of  Steventon,  us  I  learn  from  queries  addressed  to  the 
vicar,  the  Rev.  F.  Theobald,  was  that  of  the  priory,  from  which  it  was 
about  a  hundred  yonls  distant.  It  'v  not  cniciform,  but  has  aisles  to 
))oth  nave  and  chancel. 

St.  Alban's  Benbdictine  Abbet,  now  Cathbubal  Chcrch,  Hbrt- 
formhirb — Of  this  famous  church  there  is  no  need  to  speak.  What  is 
remarkable  in  eo  vast  and  dignified  astmctute  is  the  fact  that,  it  too,  like 
so  many  other  humbler  ones  of  its  class,  was  parochial  as  well  as  monastic 
The  paTD<^ual  part,  or  chapel  of  S.  Andrew,  on  the  north-western  side  of 


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THE  CHURCHES  OP  AD8TIN  CANONS.  237 

the  nave — now  completely  destroyed — waa,  up  to  the  dissolution,  a  build- 
ing of  very  great  size  :nid  importance  indeed,  beinj»  no  Icis  tlian  145  feet 
in  length,  by  nbout  66  in  bruadth ;  in  othei  words,  occupying  the  spaci^ 
of  six  out  of  the  thirteen  bays  of  the  enormous  nave,  or  nearly  half  its 
length,  and  with  a  breadth  of  rather  more  than  that  of  the  nave  and  one 
of  its  aifilea,  the  walls  included.  The  nave,  or  wcatoro  part  of  this 
parochial  chapel,  opened  to  thi'  aisle  of  the  abbey  church  by  .m  arcade  of 
four  arches,  the  baset<  of  the  pillaiB  of  which  .itill  rcninin  in  situ  ;  the 
choir,  or  eastern  part,  hod  the  wall  Iwtween  it  and  the  aisle  of  the 
abbey  church  impierced. 

A  good  handbook  to  St  Alban's  has  been  publiwhcd  by  Mr.  Murray, 
where  a  plan  of  the  clmiiel  of  St.  Andrew  may  be  si'eu.  Soveml  views 
— Bome  exquisitely  engraved — showing  it  in  its  then  state,  are  given  in 
Neale  and  Le  Kpux's  Churches,  voL  i ;  and  many  folln  plates  of  elevationa 
and  details,  in  the  Spring  Ganlens  >Sketch  Book. 

St.  Brz's  Bbnbdiotine  Pbioky  Chctich,  Cumbbruitd. — Bega,  an 
Irish  saint,  is  said  to  have  founded  the  first  of  her  many  English  cella 
ill  Coupland,  whence  she  migrated  to  a  spot  between  the  Wear  and 
Tyno ;  thence  to  UartlepHX)! ;  after  that  to  Helcacester ;  and  lastly  to 
Hackness,  near  Scarborough,  where  she  died  The  church  in  Coupland, 
being  afterwards  built  in  honour  of  her,  was  given  by  William,  son  of 
Bandulph  de  Meschincs,  temp.  Henry  I,  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary  at 
York,  conditionally  to  a  priory  bcini;  established  therein.  "Dodi  ...  et 
confirmavi  eccleaiffi  snnctae  Mariaj  Elxiracensis  cienobii,  ecclesiam  sancta 
P>egce  qiice  est  sita  in  Caupalandia.  RcddJdi  etiam  et  dedi  eidem  eccleain 
porochiaiQ  suam,  &c.  Bt  abbas  Eboraci  et  capitulum  semper  mittant  et 
habeant  in  ecclesia  sonctEe  Begee,  priorom,  et  cum  eo  sex  monachos  ad 
minus  residentes,"  &c.  At  the  dissolution,  the  choir  of  the  monks  was 
allowed  to  fall  into  ruin,  but  not  destroyed ;  the  tower  and  transept  were 
left  standing ;  while  the  nave  with  its  aisles  was  retained  to  serve  as 
before,  for  the  parish  church. 

St.  Clbhbnt's  or  CtBMSKTHOBPK  BsNEDicmia  Pbiort  Chubcr, 
York. — "The  church  belonging  to  this  nunnery,"  says  Drake,  "was 
very  anciently  parochial,  and  was,  together  with  the  inhabitants  and 
parishioners,  appropriated  to  the  prioress  and  convent."  "  This  church," 
headds,  "continued  to  bo  parochial  till  a,d,  1.585,  when  it  was  united  to 
St  Mary's  Bishop-hill  the  £ldcr,  along  with  ite  imrish  of  Middlethorpe," 
4c.     Drake,  pp.  247,  248. 

S.     HbLKN's     llBNKDICTlNE     PrIORV    ChURCII    OF     NoNS,     LONUON. — 

William,  son  of  William  the  goldsmith,  having  obtained  the  fidvowson 
of  the  church  of  St  Helen  from  the  dean  and  chapter  of  St  Paul's, 
founded  therein  a  priory  of  nuns,  circa  a.d.  1212.  The  church,  tlie 
north  aisle  of  which  formed  the  conventual  chapel,  still  serves  as  that  of 
the  parish.  The  conventual  buildings,  which  a<ljoined  the  church  on  the 
north  side,  were  demolished  about  a  century  ago. 

S,  Jaubb's  Benedictine  Priory  Church,  BRisTOU—The  priory  of 
S.  James,  a  cell  to  thi'  abbey  of  Tewkesbury,  was  founded  hy  Robert 
earl  of  Gloucester,  natural  son  of  Henry  I ;  the  church  being  consecrated  iit 

VOI^  XLIL  2  B 


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238  THE  CHUBCHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONB.- 

1130,  by  Simon,  bishop  of  Worcester.  In  1374  it  was  made  parochial, 
when  the  inhabitants  undertook  to  builil  n  cnmpanile,  the  bells  of  which 
— to  be  used  iu  common  by  both — were  to  be  bought  and  kept  in  repair 
at  their  mutual  expense  Ijeland,  speaking  of  the  priory,  says  ; — "the 
ruins  of  it  standithc  hnrd  buttyngo  to  the  oste  end  of  the  Poroche  Churche." 
"What  now  renmina  of  this  once"  fine  building  are  the  five  weBtcm,  of  the 
seven  bays  of  the  nave— deprived  of  their  nialea — and  the  much  altered 
and  mutilated  tower — Letter,  view,  and  account,  forwanled  by  the  vicar, 
the  Bev.  J.  Hart  Davis. 

S.  Petbr's  Bbnedicttne  Priory  Church,  Hereforu. — The  collegiate 
church  of  St.  Peter  in  the  suburbe  of  Hereford  was  built  and  endowed 
hy  Walter  de  Lacy,  who,  falling  from  a  ladder  during  its  erecUon,  was 
killed  on  the  spot,  a.t).  1084.  In  a.d.  1101,  Hugh  de  Lacy  hb  son  gave 
it,  with  all  its  possessions,  to  the  abbey  of  8.  Peter  at  Gloucester,  whereon 
the  provost  and  secular  canons  were  clianged  into  a  prior  and  Benedictine 
monks  ;  Robert  Betun,  bishop  of  Hereford,  giving  them  ground  for  their 
monastery,  which  was  dedicated  in  honour  of  S.  Peter,  S.  Paul,  and  8. 
Guthlac,  though  commonly  otUed  by  the  name  of  the  last  saint  only. 

"Anno  Domini  mcj.  Hugo  de  Lacy  ecclesiam  sancti  Petri  Horford, 
quam  pater  suus  Walterus  a  fundaments  construxerat,  dedit  monachis 
sancti  Petri  Gloucostrira,  cum  [ntebendiset  omnibus  qua  ad  earn  pertinent" 
Dug.  iii,  620-22. 

The  church  of  S.  Pet«r,  which  still  retains  the  choii  stalls  of  the 
monks,  continues  in  perfect  preservation  as  that  of  the  parish. 

S.  Sepulchre's  Benedictihe  Phiory  Church,  Cahterburt. — The 
nunnery  of  S.  Sepulchre  wiis  founded,  circa  a.d.  IIOO,  hy  archbishop 
Anselin.  It  was  contiguous  to  the  parish  church  of  S.  Sepulchre,  in  the 
eastern  suburb  of  Canterbury,  with  the  rectory  of  which  it  was  endowed, 
and  from  which  it  took  its  name.  "  It  seems,"  says  Somner,  "  that  the 
parish  church  of  S.  Sepulchre  was  torn  down  in  the  same  fall  with 
the  nunnery  ;  for  however  mention  may  bo  found  both  of  the  parish 
church  and  church-yard  before,  yet,  since  the  suppression,  the  place  of 
the  two  latter  is  unknown."     Dug.  iv,  413414. 

Staitlby  S.  Leonard  Bbnediotixe  Priory  Church,  GLOucffiTES- 
bhirb. — The  church  of  S,  Leonard  at  this  phioe  having,  with  many  others, 
been  given  to  the  ablwy  of  8.  Peter  at  Gloucester,  hy  Roger  de  Berkley, 
A.D.  1146,  a  small  cell  was  thereupon  established  in  it  by  that  house.  It 
is  still  quite  perfect,  and  in  use  as  that  of  the  parish.  The  cloister  was 
on  the  south  of  the  nave.  A  picturesque  view,  with  an  account  and 
details,  may  be  seen  in  voL  vi,  44,  of  this  JoumaL 

Stbynino  BENBmCTiNE  AuBN  Priory  Church,  Sdbbbx. — Tanner, 
speaking  of  this  place,  says,  that  king  Eilward  the  Confessor  gave  certain 
lands  hero  to  the  abhey  of  the  Holy  Trinity  at  Fecamp  in  Normandy, 
which,  being  taken  away  by  earl  (Jodwin,  were  restored  by  William 
the  Conqueror;  whereupon  some  Benedictine  monks  were  thence  sent 
forth  and  established  a  cell  upon  the  spot. — Dug.  vii,  1053. 

The  remains  of  tlio  parish  church  of  S.  Andrew,  which,  together  with 
the  lands  above  referred  to,  was  given  to  the  abbey  of  Fecamp,  formed, 
there  can  bo  no  doubt — from  internal  evidence  alone — part  of  that  of  the 


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THE  CHCTRCHESS  OF  AUSTIN  CANONa  239 

alien  priory.  At  present  it  consista  only  of  four  bays  of  the  nave  on  either 
side,  with  part  of  the  tiftli  built  up  into  a  western  wall,  which,  at  some 
time  subsequent  to  the  suppression,  has  been  built  across  the  church  at 
tliat  point,  and  so  curtailed  its  length  westwiirds.  Beyond  this  tranaverse 
wall,  a  low  and  poor  western  tower  has  also  been  built— just  as  at  Walt- 
hauu  Oiiginally,  the  church  was  a  noble  crucifomi  building  with  a,  central 
tower,  of  which  the  lofty  western  arch  rising  to  the  full  heitcht  of  the  nave, 
but  now  closed,  and  forming  its  eastern  termination — again  as  at. Walt- 
ham— alone  remains.  The  originality  and  purity  of  desijfn,  exquisite 
beauty  of  proportion,  and  refined  richness  of  decoration,  render  what  is 
left  of  this  once  admirable  building  almost,  if  not  quite  unique  ;  and  — 
although  its  history  seams  to  be  altogether  confused  or  lost — abundantly 
sufficient  to  declare  its  monastic,  and,  as  I  am  inclined  to  think — archi- 
tecturally—French character.  Details  of  the  capitals  and  arches  may  be 
seen  in  Sharpe's  Ornamentation  of  the  Tiansitional  Period  of  British 
Architecture,  PI&  15-18;  and  three  very  finely  engraved  illustrations, 
shewing  estemal  and  internal  elevations,  with  ground  plan,  and  details  of 
all  the  parts,  in  Britton's  Architectural  Antiquities  of  Great  Britain,  v, 

2ia 

Stooursey,  or  Stokb  CouitcXY  BBNsnKmNB  AuxN  PmoRT  Church, 
SoififRBETSHlBS. — Tanner  says,  the  church  of  S.  Andrew  hero,  with 
scveml  lands  and  tithes  hereatiouta,  having  been  given  to  the  abbey  of 
Lonlay,  tcmi>.  Henry  II,  a  prior  and  convent  were  sent  from  thence  to  settle 
as  a  f-ell  to  that  foreign  house.— Dug.  vii,  1012. 

"The   clmrcli  lielongs  to  a  class  different  from  other  monastic  and 

parochial   chun:hes in  having  aisles  for   the   choir  and  none  for 

the  uave."     Mr.  K  A.  Freeman. 

There  ix  a  farm  callcil  "  the  Priory,"  with  a  small  round  tower,  adjoining 
the  churchyard — Lett<?r  of  the  Rev.  J,  L.  Meade-King,  vicar. 

SXOWB,  OR  SrABIEBTOW  ISbNEDICTIKB  AbBET  CeURCH,  LiNCOLNtlHIBB. — 

This  was  first  a  church  of  secular  priests,  built  by  Eadnoth,  bishop  of 
Dorchester  ;  Leofric  carl  of  M't^rcia,  and  his  wife  tlie  lady  Godiva,  being 
great  benefactors  tu  it  KeniigittB,  who  translated  the  see  of  Dorchester 
to  Liiicohi  soon  after  the  Conquest,  changed  the  seculars  for  Benedictine 
monks,  who  continueil  to  occupy  the  diurch  of  S.  Mai;  till  A.n,  1109, 
when  they  were  transferred  to  Eynsham  in  Oxfordshire.  After  this,  the 
church  of  Stow  became  simply  parochial,  as  at  present 

Stratfibld  Save  Bbnediotine  Alibn  Frioby  Churoh,  Hampshirb. — 

Thechurchof  Stratfield,  and  a  solitary  place  near  it  dedicated  to  3.  Leonard, 
having  been  given  about  a.d.  1170,  by  Nicholas  de  Stotoville  to  his  newly 
founded  abbey  of  Vallemont,  a  prior  and  some  Benedictine  monks  were 
thenceforth  settled  here  to  look  after  their  estate.     Dug.  vii,  1044. 

There  seems  every  reason  to  think  that  the  church  of  Stratfield  Saye, 
like  so  many  others  similarly  aituat«d  in  respect  to  the  cells  of  foreign 
houses— although  no  jxisitive  pj^oof  of  the  fact  may,  perhaps,  now  be 
adducible^ — was  both  ]xkrochial  and  monat^tii:.  The  followinj^  extracts  from 
a  letter  of  the  vicar,  the  Rev.  llomcp  G.  Monnte,  seem  to  point  directly, 
I  tliink,  to  such  a  cundviKion,  as  shewing  that  the  old  church  and  mansion, 
which  presumably  occupied  the  site  of  the  priory,  stood  close  together.— 


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240  THE  CHUacHES  OF  AtJSTIN  CANONS. 

"  I  regret  I  caiiiiot  answiT  oiie  of  your  questions.  I  do  not  eveu  know 
cutctly  where  any  of  the  old  buildinK^  stowl 

"  For  aomowhRre  about  the  middle  of  last  century,  one  Lonl  Kivtrs, 
thinking  that  God'n  house  intmdcd  ton  clin^hj  on  thu  privacy  of  his  own, 
got  an  act  of  Pailinment  passed,  and  built  up  a  new  chuich  some  thrci'  or 
four  hundred  yards  further  off,  which  is  a  Iiad  imitatiou  of  an  Italian 
village  church,  ati>t  it)  commonly  nputuil  to  be  (lie  ngliu»t  church  in 
Hainp8hir&  The  old  church  was  pulleil  down,  the  churuh  yard  liivcllud, 
and  the  toiubstonea,  as  I  have  been  infomn.iI  by  the  present  owner,  the 
Duke  of  Wellington,  turned  over  to  make  a  paving  round  the  house.  The 
ftito  is  now  a  carriage  road,  bordereii  with  turf." 

SwAVKBEV  Bbnkuictihb  Ai.ien  Pkiobv  Church,  Gamdiuikibhhire:. — The 
church  of  S.  Andrew  lu;re  having  l)efu  given,  t«mp.  William  the 
Conqueror,  by  Alan  Ic  Zonch,  oarl  of  Brittany;  to  the  abbey  of  SS.  Suiviu" 
and  Bacchus  at  Angers,  it  waa  thereupon  constituted  a  i;oll  to  that 
house.  There  are  said  to  Ite  some  slight  remains  nf  the  priory  building!^ 
still  visible  to  the  north  of  it 

■  Tewkesbury  1>en'edictine  Abbey  Church,  GuiucKSTERflHiBt — Tew- 
kesbury abbey  church  is  traditionally  siiid  to  have  lieen  founded  by  Oddo 
and  Doddo,  dukes  of  Mcrcia,  a.d.  715.  After  many  vicissitudes  it  wa.-; 
refounded  by  Robert  Fitz-Hamon,  <yirly  in  the  reign  of  Henry  L  It 
posBessetl  tlie  rectory  of  Tewkesbury  ;  and  Rudder,  quoting  an  ancient  dee<l 
transcribe!  into  an  old  cmuicil  book,  says  that,  before  and  at  the  time  of 
the  Diasolutioii,  the  body  of  the  abliey  chnrch  was  used  as  the  jiarisli 
church,  and  that  tli>>  parish  purchased  of  the  king,  the  chani«l,  st«eple,  ' 
and  bells,  with  the  I'lock  and  chimes,  for  £41^3,  It  is  further  worth  noting 
that  in  the  certificati;  of  Henry  VIII's  comniinaioners,  where  the  church  is 
included  in  the  list  of  buildings  deeweil  to  be  "  8Ui>erfluouis"  the  terra 
seems  to  lie  limitttd  strictly  to  ^e  eastern,  or  monastic  |Kirt  of  it;  the  lead 
only  being  spvcitied  which  remained  ou  "  the  choir,  isles,  and  chapels 
anncxt,"  while  no  account  is  taken  of  that  which  covered  the  nave,  or 
parish  church. 

TuTBURT  Benedictine  Prioby  Cuubch,  Stafpohi>hiiibb. — This  priory 
was  at  first  a  cidl  to  the  abbey  of  ES,  Peter  super  Divam,  but  afterwards,  at 
some  uncertain  time,  made  denizen.  It  was  founded  temp.  William 
Rufua,  by  Henry  de  Ferrars  in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary,  close 
to  his  castle  of  Tutbury,  with  the  parish  of  which  castle,  inter  alia,  it 
was  endowed. 

"  Ego  Hcnricus  de  Ferrariis  fundavi  ecclesiam  in  honore  sanct«B  Dei 
genetrieis  Maria  apud  castellum  meum  Tuttesbury"  &c  ...  "Ad  hue 
autem  donavimus  parochiam  castelli  mei  Ac.  ...  Hanc  aut«m  eccleeiam  et 
quicquid  huic  ecclesia  vel  jam  pwebid,  vel  deinceiis  pnebero  voluero,  jier 
concesaioneni  et  anctoritateni  W.  junioris  regis  Anglornm  dono  ccclesia; 
mete  Tutcalmry  ft  nionachis  meis  ibiiK-ni  Deo  scrvientibus  sicut  tiiwti- 
tutum  est  apud  Jlerlebergam  ante  priefatum  regnm  Willielmum,"  &c. 

At  the  dissolution.  Sir  William  Cavendish,  the  grantee,  pullod  down  the 
priory,  and  the  monastic  church,  or  choir,  together  with  the  cb  ijx'l  of  S. 
Stephen,  in  order  to  build  himself  a  house  witli  the  materials.  The  nave, 
or  iwitwhiid  lIiui'cIi,  still  T«maini>  in  use — u  Noinian  structure,  with  a  west 
front  of  givat  buauty. — Dug.  iii,  38U.3d2. 


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THE  CHURCBB8  Of  AUSTIK  CANONS.  HI 

Torr  Monk's  Ukkbdictine  Alien  Pkiokv  (JHtniCH,  Norfolk. —Tc^t 
Uook'f  was  a  cell  to  tlie  abbey  of  HS.  I'etct  mid  I'aiU  at  Preaux,  in  Nor- 
mandy, to  which  the  manor  and  cliurcli  of  S.  Margare*.  wuro  givun  by 
Robert,  earl  of  Mellunt  and  Luiu«ter,  temp.  Henry  I. — Dug.  vii,  1027. 

"  Toft  Monk'ii  i:hun:1i  iH  that  of  the  ancient  alien  priory  ;  only  the  site 
of  the  Utt<;r,  alH>iit  a  quarter  of  a  mije  from  the  cliurch,  now  remaioK,  and 
the  mime  of  the  '  IViory  Farm,'  given  to  a  farm,  half  a  tuilo  away." — 
Letter  of  the  R«v.  A.  Wace,  rector  of  Haddiscoe. 

ToTNBS  BsHKUicTiNE  Prioky  Chorch,  Devosshibe.— Totiies  prjory 
wjw  originally  a  cell  to  the  dbhey  of  S.S,  .Sergiiia  and  Bacchus  at  Angcrt,  ■ 
bat  was  afterwards  made  denizen.  It  was  founded  tcinp.  William  tlic 
Conqueror  by  one  JudlicU  or  .loci,  and  wiu),  after  his  death,  much  eoriehed 
by  his  heir,  RoRer  de  NnatL  Anion<,'  its  endowmuiitH  was  the  n;ctory  of 
&e  puieh  church  of  S.  Mary,  near  which  it  was  established,  and  which 
would  seem  to  have  serveil  also  as  the  church  of  the  convent. 

"JuhoUuB  filiuB  .Uuredi  dedit  Den  et  Sanctis  martyributt  Sergio  ot 
Bacho...eccle8tam  sanctce  Morim  de  Totencio  cum  omnibus  ad  eandem 
ecclcsiam  pertinentibus,"  &c. 

"Dedit  autem  hiec  omnia  Juhellus ...  Deo  et  sancto  Sergio  solida  et 
quieta  in  manu  ilomini  Tetbaldi,  eculesiam  ei  tradidit  j>cr  clavem  monos- 
ti;rii  ot  conlam  si^'ni  et  cum  ipsiuH  cultcllo  <lonum  super  alturc  misit,"  &c 
Dug.  iv,  628-10. 

The  conventual  church  of  TotucM  wili  dedicated  by  Up.  Bronoscombe, 
on  November  17th,  1260;  but  whether  an  entirely  new  structure,  seimrate 
from  the  [larish — and  theretofore  conventual — church  of  S.  Mary  is 
to  be  understood,  or  only  a  reconstruction  of  the  eastern  jjart  of  that  church, 
does  not  clearly  appest.  In  the  Valor  EcclcsiaHticus,  however,  it  will  be 
observed,  the  then  head  of  the  convent  if<  still  .styled  "  prior  domiis  '■/ 
•scdesiu;  Bealie  MartiB  dp  Totfun." 

Ttremouth  Beneuictinr  Priory  Churcb,  Northumberland. — Tliis 
houae,  of  very  ancient  foundation — as  early,  it  ia  said,  as  the  time  of  king 
Edwin — was  a.d.  1090,  given  by  Robert  do  Mowbray,  earl  of  Northum- 
berland, OS  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Albans.  The  nave,  with  its  aisles, 
contiuued  to  be  used  till  c^uite  a  recent  period,  as  the  parish  church  of 
Tynemouth;  and  the  solid  atone  screen,  pierced  with  the  usual  two  door- 
ways, which  shut  it  off  fromj  while  connecting  it  with,  the  monastic  choir 
and  transept,  still  remains  in  very  perfect  preservation. 

Upavos  Bxnedictike  Auks  Priobv  CnuBoa,  Wiltbhibe, — This  priory 
iras  a  coll  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Vautlrille  at  Fontanelle,  to  which  the  church 
here  was  given  as  early  as  the  time  of  king  Henry  the  First,  or  Stephen. 
Dug.  vii,  1055. 

"  Yes — our  church  ia  that  of  the  alien  Benedictine  priory.  It  is  close 
to  a  meadow  which  has  always  gone  liy  the  name  of  the  '  Priory  meadow,' 
and  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  its  having  been  that  of  the  priory.  It  haa 
on  early  tower,  with  ;joo(!  western  doonvny,  above  whicli  ia  affixed  a 
tolerably  complete  specimen  of  a  crucifix,  discovered  some  ei.^'ht  or  ten 
years  since  when  the  church  was  restoreil — rebuilt  on  the  old  f-nindiitious, 
the  tower  1)cing  the  only  remains  of  tlic  ancient  building." — Littev  of  the 
Rev.  It  E.  Windle,  vicar. 


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242  TBfi  CHtJRCH&a  O^  AtTSTtN  CANONS. 

L'bk  BzNKDrirnNK  Pmory  Church  op  Ndkb,  MoKMouTHSHiia.— The 
foundation  of  Usk  priory,  which  dates  prior  to  a.d.  1236,  ia  attributed  by 
Tanner  to  Sir  Richard  do  Glare,  and  hia  son  Sir  Gilbert  Amonf;  divers 
other  possessions  of  the  nuns  waa  that  of  the  advowsun  of  the  perish 
church.  It  served  also  as  that  of  the  priory  which  stood  ii  little  to  tUe 
southeast  of  it ;  and,  though  much  mutilated,  ia  still  in  use. 

Walijnotord  BBREDiCTrNK  Priory  Church,  Berkshirk. — This  wuss 
cell  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Albans.  The  church  and  priory  are  entirely  des- 
troyed ;  the  last  remains  having,  according  to  Heame,  been  pulled  domi 
in  1723.  The  following  account,  however,  which  leaves  no  doubt  of  the 
double  uses  of  the  church,  is  given  by  Matthew  Paris  in  his  Lives  of  thf 
Abbots  :— "  Kjusdemque  abbatis  tempore  (scilicet  Pauli  xiiij)  data  est  huic 
ecclesiee  (sancti  Albani)  ecclcsia  sanctte  Trinitstie  de  Warengeford  (el 
dimidia  alia,  in  honorem  saiicta  Marian,  et  dimidia  hida  extra  eandcm 
civitatem)  ad  quani  ecclesiam  sanctEe  Trinitatis  idem  Abbas  Psulus 
quosdam  mouachoa  hujue  eccleaise  direxit,  at^ue  eorum  radificia  constrr.en:), 
ordiitem  ecclesiee  sancti  Albani  ibidem  constituit,  cum  subjectione  delate, 
de  conailio  Lanfranct  archiepiscopi,  inviolabiliter  observari." 

Walton  S.  Felix  Bxhedictini  P&iort  Chuxch,  Suffolk. — Bogei 
'Bigod  is  said  by  Tanner  to  have  given  to  the  monastery  of  Bocbester, 
sometime  before  the  death  of  king  William  Rnfus,  the  church  of  8.  Felix 
at  Walton,  wherein  a  cell  to  that  house  was  quickly  established. 

"  Willichuiis  rex  Anglorum  &c  Sciatis  me  concesaisee  et  conSmiMae 
donum  Rogerii  Bigot  quod  dedit  ecclesira  sancts  Andres  Roreoeatre, 
eciliwt,  ecclcsiam  sanctn  Felicis  de  Waletuna,  cum  decimis  et  omnibus 
aUis  rebus,  i^tife  ad  illam  pertinent"     Dug.  i,  164. 

"  Silvester  prior  (of  Rochester  circa  1178)  fecit  i«fectorium  et  domii- 
torium  et  hosteleriam  apud  Waletuse."    Thorpe,  Beg.  Roff.,  121. 

At  a  labtr  period,  owing,  as  it  would  seem,  to  the  incursions  of  the  sea, 
the  site  was  removed  nearer  to  the  present  church  of  Walton,  which  is 
under  the  invocation  of  S.  Mary. 

"  There  arc  fields  at  the  back  of  the  church,  distant  about  a  furlong, 
sailed  the  '  Abbey  meadow,'  aod  the  '  Abbey  field,'  and  tliere  is  tlie 
'  Abbey  iMini ' — but  there  are  no  remains  of  any  kind  of  abbey  building." 
Letter  of  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Marriott,  vicar. 

Wanoford  Clpnuc  Priory  Church,  Suffolk. — ^Thia  priory  wasacell 
to  Thetford,  consisting  of  a  prior  and  two  or  three  monks  only.  Some 
slight  remains  of  the  domestic  buildings  are  still  visible  on  the  north  side 
of  the  church,  a  much  mutilated,  but  very  interesting  structure,  of  which 
the  western  part — the  eastern,  or  monastic  part  having  been  destroyed — is 
still  used  as  that  of  the  parish. — Dug.  v,  160-1 ;  and  letter  of  the  Ber.  C 
H.  Lacon,  vicar,  with  description  by  Mr.  K  L.  Blackbume,  architect. 

Wars  Bbnkdictike  Alirn  Pbioby  Church,  Hertfordshirx. — Hu^ 
de  Grantmesnil,  Imil  of  this  town,  gave  the  church  of  S.  Mary  here,  with 
the  tithes  nnd  two  <;!irucnteB  of  land,  before  the  year  1081,  to  the  monks 
of  S.  Ebrulf  nt  Uttca  in  Konnnndy  ;  it  thereupon  became  a  cell  to  that 
ablx^y,  and  so  rich  that,  when  ueiEod  by  king  Edward  III,  during  the  warn 
with  France,  it  was  fanned  at  £200  a  year. — Dug.  vii,  1049. 


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THB  CHUBCEE8  OF  AUBTIK  CANONS.  243 

The  parish  chnich  of  Waie,  a  laige  and  handsome  crucifonn  building, 
coniieting  of  nave,  with  north  and  sonth  aisles,  western  tower  and  apire, 
tianaepta,  and  a  large  chanc«l  with  a  northern  lady  chapel,  has  every 
appearance  of  having  been  formerly  monastic  as  well  as  parochial.  It 
possesses  the  very  lare  and  striking  feature^the  most  beautiful  example 
of  which  is  found  in  the  cathedral  of  Freiboui^,  in  Breisgau — of  two  la^e 
and  masfflve  octagonal  turrets  flanking  the  eastern  gable  of  the  nave,  and 
which  were  doubtless  originally  connected  with  the  screen  and  roodloft 
separating  it  from  the  chanceL  The  priory,  now  very  much  modernised, 
stands  at  about  three  bandied  yaids  distance.  Letter,  and  woodcut 
view,  forwarded  by  the  Rev.  E.  E.  W.  Kiikby,  vicar. 

Wasxbam  Bbnxdictinb  Ausn  PaioBY  CatrncH,  Dobbitbhiiul — After 
the  Conquest,  says  Tanner,  one  or  more  of  the  churchea  in  thia  town  with 
some  lands  in  the  neighbourhood  being  given  by  Robert,  earl  of  Leiceater, 
temp.  Henry  I,  to  the  abbot  and  convent  of  Lira  in  Normandy,  they  sent 
over  and  settled  here  a  cell  of  their  own  Benedictine  monks,  which  was 
dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary.  —Dug.  vi,  1047. 

The  church  of  Lady  8.  Mary,  which  consists  of  a  nave,  with  north  and 
sooth  aisles,  chancel,  lady  chapel,  tower,  porch,  and  small  chapel  at  the 
S.E.  of  chancel,  is  that  of  the  ancient  priory,  from  the  buildings  of  which 
it  is  separated  only  by  a  load.  Letter  (in  reply  to  specific  questions)  of 
the  Rev.  the  vicar  of  Lady  S.  Mary  parish. 

Wekdoh  Pinketet  Benidiotimb  Alizn  PiuoRir  Church,  Northaktb. — 
Weedon  Finkney  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Lucian,  near  Beauvais,  by 
the  abbot  and  monka  of  which  place  it  waa  aold,  A.n.  1393,  to  the  abbey 
of  BiUlesden  in  Buckinghamshire. 

"  Ego  Robertus  de  Pinconio confirmavi  Deo  et  beata  Uaries  de 

Wedonia  et  monachis  sancti  Luciani  Beluacencis  in  pnedicta  Wedonin 
ecclesia  Domino  in  perpetuum  servituria,  &c." 

"Bobertus abbas  monaeterii  de  sancto  Luciano,  &c.     Noveritia 

nos   confinnAsse    abbati    et   conventui    de    Bitlesdeu  

prioratum  nostnun,  rectoriam,  aive  ecclesiam  de  Wedou  Pinkeny,  et 
advocationem  aive  patrouatum  pnedicta  ecclesia  de  Wedon,  qnam  in 
proprioB  usns  tenebamus,  una  cum  odvocatione  et  patronatu  vicarin 
pnedicta  eccleda  de  Wedon  cnm  peitinentiis,"  &c 

The  chnich  of  Weedon  Piukney,  or  Weedon  Lois,  of  which  the  plan 
seems  well  adapted  for  the  double  uses  of  a  parish  and  small  monastery, 
is  gtiU  entire  and  in  use.  Dug.  vii,  1018-19  ;  and  letter,  with  sketch 
plan  of  chnich,  of  Sir  H.  Dryden,  Bait 

Wii.BEBF0flB  Bknedictuib  Priort  Church,  YDBK& — "  Alanus  de 
Cattou,  iiliuB  Kelia  fnndator  ;  dedit  cis,  prffiter  alia,  totam  tenom  qua 
purtinet  ad  feodum  unum  cum  piato  auper  Denreut  Catton."  Leland's  CoU. 
vol  i. 

"Henricus  secundus  concessit  et  confirmavit  Deo  et  eccleda  aancta 
Maria  de  WUbuichfossa,  et  sonctimonialibus  Deo  ibidem  servientlbua  ... 
Ex  dono  Jordani  filii  Gilberti,  ecclesiam  de  Wilhoifossa,  cum  pertiuentiis 
snia,"  &c.     Dug.  iv,  354-5. 

"  Md.  that  the  parish  churche  is  adioynynge  to  the  same  at  (he  nether 
ende."    Suivey  temp.  Hen.  VIIL  P,R.O. 


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244  THE  CHURCHBS  OF  AUSTIN  CANOITO. 

The  parish  churcli  of  Wilberfose.  which  whs  joined  on  to  the  wert  end 
of  the  conventual  one,  still  remnimi  entire.  It  ia  under  the  invocation  of 
S.  John  Bjiptist. 

■\ViNCHcoMBS  Benedictinb  Abbey  Chtrch,  GLocoEBTEftsHntE. — "In  K. 
Hen.  V.  tyme,  the  paroch  chyrch  of  the  towno"  (of  Winchcombe),  nayB 
Leland,  "  was  kept  in  the  body  of  the  chureh  of  the  monastery.  But  in 
K.  Hen.  VI.  tyme,  one  William  Winchecombe,  abbot  of  Winch elescombe, 
bepan  with  the  consent  of  the  towne  a  paroch  church  at  the  west  ende  of 
the  abbey,  where  of  ould  tyine  had  beenc  and  then  was  a  Ittle  chappell  of 
St.  PencTace.  Abbot  William  made  the  east  ende  of  the  church.  The 
parishioners  hwl  gathered  a  £200,  and  began  the  body  of  the  church  ; 
but  that  Bitmme  being  not  able  to  perfonne  soe  costly  a  work,  Rafe 
Boteler  Lord  Sudeley  helped  them  and  finished  the  worke."  Lei.  Itin. 
iv.,  74,  Oxf.  1769. 

Wix,  OR  WsBKS  Bknbdictife  Priory  Chijrch,  Ebbbx. — Walter 
Maschercll,  Alexander  his  brother,  and  Kdith  their  sister,  began  a 
Benedictine  nunnery  here,  temp.  Henry  I.,  in  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin 
Mhry,  endowing  it  with  the  rectory  of  the  parish  church,  &c.,  and  which 
was  afterwords  increased  by  many  benefactions. 

"  Henri cus   rex   Anglis,    Ac,    Sciatis  me  concessisse  Deo  et  aancti- 

monialibuB  aanctsa  Mariie  Ue  Wikes ecclesiam  iiwam  de  Wikes  ad 

tenendum  in  ea  ordtnem  sanctinioaialiuni,"  &c. 

"  I'tm  to  the  same  manor  bclon^'etli  th'  advowson  or  p'ronage  of  thi> 
churche  of  Wvkes,  whereof  the  collwlge  t>en  p'soiis  in  p'sonye  and  no 
vicar  indued,"  &c-.  — Dug.  iv,  51.5-17. 

The  present  church  forma  ])art  only  of  the  original  conventual  and 
jiarocliial  church  of  S.  .Mary,  whicli  had  fallen  greatly  into  decay. 

WooTToN  Wawen  Benedictine  Auen  Priory  Churcb,  Warwick- 
aHiRE: — Wootton  Wawen  priory  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Conches  in 
Xomiaudy.  The  ancient  SaJton  church  of  this  place  having  been  confcrretl 
by  Robert  dc  Tonei  on  the  abbey  of  Conches,  which  had  been  founded  by 
his  father  Roger,  standa^l  bearer  of  Nommndy,  certain  monks  from  that 
house  were  forthwith  established  in  it.  It  still  remains — after,  as  durinf; 
anil  previous  to,  its  occujmtion  by  the  ItenedJctines— as  tliat  of  the 
parisli.     Dug.  vi,  994,  and  letter  of  the  Rev.  T.  H.  Slocock,  vicar. 

Wyhiindham  Benedictute  Priory,  afterwards  Abbfy  Church. 
Norfolk. '-The  history  of  this  churcli  has  been  so  fully  describeil  and 
illustrat&I  by  the  late  Rev.  J.  L.  Petit,  in  the  Xorwich  vol.  of  the 
Arclueological  Institute,  that  little  need  be  r<>peat«d  here.  It  was 
founded  by  William  de  Albini,  chief  butler  to  king  Henry  I,  early  in  bin 
reign,  and  on  the  site  of  the  original  parisli  churcli,  which  was  rebuilt 
and  enlarged  by  him  fur  tlie  purpose. 

"  Ego  Willielmus  de  Albcueyo,  pincenia  domini  regt^  Henrici  prirai,  do, 

conce«lo priori  et  convcntui  de  Wymondcham totam  ei-cleniam 

dp  Wydemondeham,  cum  omnibus  pertinentiis  suis,"  &c. 

Tilt  A.ii.  1249,  the  monks  and  parishioners  used  the  church  in  common, 
having  their  sevend  entrances  to  it.  Then,  they  agreed  to  dii'ide  the  fabric 
for  their  separate  and  particular  uses  ;  the  monks  taking  tlie  cliaucel, 


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THS  CHtTBCHES  OP  ACOTIN  CANONS.  245 

traaaept,  and  oastem  end  of  the  nave — acroaa  the  three  first  haya  of  which 
the  "  abbey  tower  "  was  afterwards  inserted — together  with  the  south  nave 
aiale  which  abutted  oa  their  cloister,  and  through  which  they  had  access 
to  their  part  of  the  church  ;  while  the  nine  western  bays  of  the  nave,  with 
the  north  aisle,  were  moilo  over  to  the  pahshionera  for  their  exclusive  uee 
aa  the  pariah  church ; — an  arrangement  which  continued  till  the  disso- 
lution. After  this  event  the  parishioners,  who  had  previously  buitt  the 
great  west  tower,  clerestory,  and  north  ai^e,  acquired  nf  king  Hoary  VIII 
the  "abbey  steeple,"  and  south  aisle  of  the  nave,  which  latter  they  there- 
upon rebuilt  on  the  vastly  enlarged  scale  in  which  it  appears  at  present. 

Yabkouth  Bbnbdictisk  Priohv  Churoh,  Xohpolk, — Herbert  de 
Losinga,  bishop  of  Norwich,  built  the  church  of  S.  Nicholas,  Great  Tar- 
mouth,  before  a.d.  1101  ;  pJacingcloee  to  it  a  priory  of  three  or  four  monks, 
dedicated  in  honour  of  8.  Olave,  as  a  cell  to  that  of  his  cathedral  The 
parish  church  of  8.  Nicholas,  which  served  also  as  that  of  the  priory,  was 
served  by  three  parish  chaplains  and  one  deacon,  for  whom  the  prior  was 
bound  to  provide. — Dug.  iv,  465. 

Over  the  Mgh  altar,  says  Swinden,  was  formerly  a  loft  or  perch,  called 
the  rood  loft,  erected  hy  Robert  de  Haddesco,  prior  of  S.  Olave's,  in 
in  1370,  and  ornamented  with  curious  decorations  and  devices  at  his  own 
cost  and  charges.  It  is  called  '  opus  pretioeum  circa  magnum  altare,'  and 
by  means  of  illumination  with  lamps  and  candles,  the  whole  appeared 
exceeding  splendid  and  solemn.  The  prior  of  &.  Olave,  ho  continues, 
beddee  what  is  before  mentioned,  built  in  the  east  end  of  this  church,  a 
neat  chapel,  and  dedicated  it  to  the  Lady  of  Ameborgh,  which  was 
standing  in  1545,  and  on  the  north  side  thereof  was  erected  a  fine  organ, 
and  to  the  west  of  it,  the  choir,  furnished  with  eight  priests,  who  were 
sent  from  Norwich,  and  resided  liere  under  the  prior,  and  composed  a  choir 
till  the  disaolutioa  Of  the  ononnous  church  of  S.  Nicholas — one  of  the 
largest  parish  churches  in  the  world — several  very  finely  executed  engrav- 
ings, shewing  it  in  its  then  unreatored  state,  may  be  seen  in  Neole  and 
Le  Eenx's  Churches  (1824),  vol.  i. 

York,  HotT  TmifiTT  Bznidictiitb  PjuohY  Cbubch. — A  church  of 
the  Holy  Trinity,  served  by  canona,  existed  from  very  early  times  in  the 
city  of  York.  Having  gone  to  wreck,  however,  it  was  refounded  by  Ralph 
Paganell,  temp.  William  Rufus  as  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Marmoutier. 
It  was  both  conventual  and  parochial,  in  which  latter  capacity  the  nnve, 
or  at  any  rate  part  of  it,  continues  stilL  Very  full  particulara  respecting 
this  priory  may  be  seen  in  the  York  volume  of  the  Institute,  together  with 
a  view  of  the  entrance  gateway  now  destroyed. 


With  the  above  list,  I  brii^  my  answer  to  the  first  of  the  five  proposi- 
tions to  a  close.  It  ran,  it  will  be  remembered,  thus  :— "  That  the  chumhes 
of  Austin  canons  were  always,  or  nearly  idways,  parochial,  as  well  as 
monastic,  either  before  they  were  made  collegiate,  or  from  their  foundation 
if  they  were  absolutely  new." 

Out  of  the  full  number  of  two  hundred  and  fifty-four  churches  of  Austin 
canons,  I  have  shown  in — 

List  L  and  Division  IL  of  IJst  IIL — That  the  number  of  those  which 


jOOgle 


246  THE  CHUBCHBS  OF  AUSTIN  GAM0N8. 

were  purely  conrentOAl,  instead  of  h&injf,  as  alleged,  nil  or  nearly  nii,  w»* 
two  liundred  and  seventeen  :  in — 

Liat  ir, — That  the  number  of  tlioie  whicli  were  conventual  aaJ 
parochial,  instead  of  embracing  the  whole,  or  nearly  the  whole  number, 
wita  thirty-seven  :  in — 

List  III, — That  the  groat  bulk  of  the  Austia  canons'  chnrohes,  from 
the  time  of  the  suppression,  wore  either  violently  destroyed,  or  allowed  to 
fall  to  ruin ;  and  therefore,  on  that  sliewing  alone,  could  never  have  beca 
parochial,  and  in — 

List  IV, — That  the  churches  of  the  Benedictine,  and  other  oideis  of 
inotika— so  far  from  being  more  strictly  conventual  than  those  of  the 
caiiouB,  with  which  they  were  tacitly  and  disparagingly  contrasted — pr*- 
'  sent,  on  the  contrary,  above  three  times  their  number  of  parochial 
examples  :  the  sum  total  of  parochial  Austin  canons'  churches  being  only 
thirty-neven  ;  while  that  of  the  churches  of  monks  of  the  same  class  was 
no  less  than  one  hundred  and  nineteen. 

(To  be  cotUimunt.) 


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8ANDRIDGE  CHUROH,   HERTFORDSHIRE. 
By  S0HBB8  CLARKE,  V.8.k. 

The  following  notes  principally  relate  to  a  particular  feature  in  the 
church,  namely,  the  wall  separating  the  nave  from  the  chancel,  in  the 
maimer  of  a  chancel  screen.  This  ia  the  feature  of  the  greatest  interest 
in  the  church ;  which,  however  mean  as  is  its  external  aspect,  is  not 
devoid  of  beauty  or  otiier  objects  of  interoat  within.  Some  excitement 
has  risen  of  late  amongst  antiquaries  on  the  rumour  of  the  possible 
destruction  of  the  wall  just  mentioned,  but  I  venture  to  hope  that  no 
such  destruction  may  take  place. 

I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  Griffith,  the  vicar  of  Sandridgc,  for  the 
following  historical  notes : — 

The  manor  of  Sandridge  was,  in  the  year  794,  given  by  king 
E^rid  to  the  monastery  of  8.  Albans,  recently  founded  by  his  father 
0&. 

The  first  record  that  we  have  of  a  consecmted  building  in  Sandridge  ie 
that  Herbert  de  Losinga,  first  bishop  of  Norwich,  consecrated  tlie  chapel  of 
8.  Leonard  for  the  abbot  and  monks  of  S.  Albans.  The  said  Herbert 
died  in  1119.  The  chapeliy  was  later  on  turned  into  a  vicaiagc,  and 
Berved  by  a  vicar  appointed  by  the  abbey. 

John  de  la  Moote,  elected  abbot  of  S.  Albane  in  1396,  "rebuilt  the 
chancel  from  the  foundations." 

The  later  history  of  the  church  and  parish  does  not  concern  us  at 
present,  so  1  will  not  trouble  you  with  it,  but  will  proceed  to  give  a  short 
description  of  the  building,  which  must  bo  done  to  enable  you  to  appre- 
ciate the  difficulties  and  the  interests  of  the  case. 

The  building  now  consists  of  a  chancel  without  aisles,  a  nave  of  four 
bays  with  narrow  aisles,  and  small  north  and  south  porches  placed  about 
midway  in  the  length  of  the  aisles.  The  nave  is  now  without  its 
clerestory.  It  opens  into  a  western  tower,  a  mean  and  impudent  little 
brick  edifice,  oblong  on  plan,  erected  in  1837  in  place  of  an  old  tower, 
which  was  described  by  Salmon  in  the  year  1728  as  follows: — "The 
steeple  hath  been  down  and  lain  in  rubbish  almost  forty  years,  without 
any  endeavour  to  repair  it  to  the  great  shame  of  the  inhabitants."  It 
was  a  pity  they  did  not  let  it  alono  a  litHe  longer. 

Tlie  Nomiaii  or  jwihaps  pre-Xorman  building  was  most  prolmbly  an 
aisleless  nave  with  a  chancel,  the  chancel  arth  consisting  of  a  semicircular 
ring  of  large  bricks,  such  as  are  to  be  scun  at  the  neighbouring  abbey. 
This  arch  was  not  very  wide.     There  is  a  horizontal  line  in  ijie  lower 


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248  SAMDRIDOE  CHUBGH. 

part  of  the  chancel  walU  north  and  south  which  Beems  to  suggest  that 
Bome  of  the  early  work  still  remains  with  later  work  above. 

Of  the  early  nave  there  eeema  to  be  nothing  at  present  visible,  except 
the  four  reaponda  of  the  Norman  aicada 

The  arcade,  the  principal  feature  of  the  now  esistant  nave,  is  of  fine 
tranaitional  work,  etrca  1160.  The  octagonal  columns  are  Burmounted 
by  capitals,  with  abaci  square  on  plan,  each  comer  of  the  cap  being 
carved  into  a  species  of  volute  ;  the  effect  is  very  refined  and  noble.  These 
caps  carry  an  arcade  of  semicircular  arches.  The  arches  wore  sur- 
mounted by  a  clerestory,  but  this  is  now  quite  gone,  and  the  roof 
rests  above  the  arches,  and  is  lit  by  two  large  high  raised  dormer 
windows  presenting  a  singularly  odd  efi'ect  on  the  exterior. 

The  west  end  of  the  nave  opens  by  a  fine  and  well  moulded  pointed 
areh,  with  debiils  just  mei^ing  into  early  English,  into  the  tower. 

The  nave  aisles  are  in  effect  later,  but  it  is  most  probable  that  the 
present  windows  are  inserted  in  the  older  wall  built  when  the  arcades 
were  constructed. 

The  chancel,  as  has  been  already  stat«d,  was  rebuilt  frem  the  found- 
otion  by  John  de  In  Moote,  elected  abbot  in  1396.  My  own  belief  is  that 
the  work  was  not  of  so  radical  a  nature  as  these  words  suggest  The  side 
windows  of  the  chancel  are  of  two  lighta,  cusped  and  under  a  depressed 
head.  I  will  not  commit  myself  by  assigning  a  date  to  them,  hut  they  do 
not  strike  one  as  being  of  quite  so  early  a  date  as  the  pierced  wall  which 
stands  between  the  nave  and  chancel,  and  to  the  description  of  which 
wp  will  now  address  ourselves. 

I  will  ask  you  to  imagine  yourselves  as  standing  in  the  chancel  and 
looking  west 

The  semicircular  chancel  areh  of  large  bricks  already  mentioned  was 
revealed  by  the  removal  of  some  plaster  not  long  since.  The  crown  of 
this  arch  lies  a  little  below  the  tie  beam  of  the  cliancel  roof.  At  the 
springing  l<:vel  of  this  arch,  a  moulded  string,  which  forms  tlie  crowning 
feature  of  the  la tvr  work,  is  carried  completely  across  the  wall  face;  beneath 
this  string,  in  the  middle  of  the  wall  and  occupying  a  width  somewhat 
less  than  the  opening  of  the  brick  chancel  areh,  we  see  a  well  moulded 
pointed  doorway,  with  square  "flowers  in  the  hollow  of  the  moulding.  This 
doorway  is  Ilanked  on  cither  side  by  a  square  headed  three-light  window 
opening ;  the  pointed  heads  of  these  lights  are  cQSped  with  five  foils  ;  the 
square  inclosing  moulding  being  the  same  as  that  of  the  doorway.  The 
brick  arch  above  is  filled  in,  in  part,  hut  a  two-light  window,  generally 
similar  to  the  three-light  windows  below,  is  placed  over  the  doorway,  and 
at  the  comers  is  cut  into  the  ring  of  the  brick  arch,  which  has  thus  not 
only  been  deprived  of  its  supporting  jambs  (it  now  springs  from  over  the 
opening  of  ^e  windows)  but  has  its  integrity  completely  destroyed  by  the 
window  opening.  It  has  revenged  itself  by  cracking  the  wall  and  window 
openings  on  which  it  rests,  for  in  fact  it  now  stands  on  the  top  of  the  late 
fourteenth  or  early  fifteenth  century  structure  forming  a  chancel  screen. 
We  are,  in  fact,  now  standing  on  ^e  oast  aide  of  a  stone  chancel  ccreeu, 
which,  unlike  most  screens  to  which  we  are  accustomed,  ia  solid  above 
the  heads  of  the  openings,  with  the  exception  of  the  small  win'low  over 
the  door. 

We  may  obsi-rvo  that  the  moulded  side  of  these  openings  I^  towards  the 
east ;  we  know  that  in  most  screens  the  richest  side  is  towards  the  west 


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EuT  Sjde  of  Chancel  Screen 
S^  pETEfft  Church  Sahdridce 


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SAlfDIUDQB  CBU&CH.  249 

Tha  westem  side  of  the  window  openinga  in  the  present  instance  shews 
jambe,  very  milch  splayed,  and  surmounted  by  depreSBod  arches. 

On  either  aide  of  thi:  doorway,  on  its  eastern  face,  is  a  low  stone  seat 
end,  with  figures  clumsily  carved  on  them,  much  worn.  I  had  not  the 
opportunity  to  look  very  carefully  at  thom,  and  wiU  not  hazard  a  con- 
jecture as  to  their  meaning. 

There  are  not  now  visible  indications  shewing  the  attachment  of 
timbeiB  or  panelling  on  the  west  side  of  tbe  screen,  as  I  shall  now  call  it, 
but  there  are  distinct  indications  of  the  ends  of  a  heam,  placi^d  some  three 
or  four  feet  west  of  the  screen,  and  level  with  the  arches  above  the 
windows.  This  beam  doubtless  carried  the  floor  of  a  gallery,  and  may  have 
marked  the  line  of  its  parapet  front  The  lower  part  of  the  screen  wall, 
now  so  plain,  was  doubtless  covered  with  wood  panelling  and  tracery,  and 
it  lays  but  a  small  Iax  on  the  imagi^tion  to  see  a  screen  facing  west, 
mudi  like  many  that  still  remain .  I  am  not  aware  that  any  evidence  has 
yet  been  found  of  side  altars  beneath  the  window  openings,  but  it  is  not 
nnlikely  that  auch  may  be  found. 

Having  as  I  hope  shewn  that  the  lower  part  of  the  screen  may  not  after 
ill  have  presented,  when  perfect,  so  abnormal  an  appearance  as  at  first 
light  we  should  suppose ;  it  may,  I  think,  be  shewn  that  the  solid  parti- 
tion above  was  a  very  common  thing,  but  it  was  nsually  of  wood  and  not 
of  rubble. 

The  crusade  against  screena,  which  has  been  going  on  for  centuries 
with  more  or  less  vigour ;  the  change  in  the  services,  and  the  effort  to 
turn  a  jdace  primarily  intended  for  worship,  into  a  preaching  house  ;  these 
flings,  combined  with  modem  "  restoTHtion,"  have  cleared  away  number- 
leas  screens  with  their  lofts  and  decorations,  and  have  left  us  little  evidence. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  certain  that  there  were  in  many  cases  partitions 
which,  standing  above  the  open  screen,  severed  the  nave  from  the 
chancel.  Until  recent  times  many  of  these  remained,  bearing  the  royal 
arms  and  tables  of  the  law.  I  remember  seeing  such  a  partition  at 
Ewerby  in  Lincolnshire.  At  Ifield  church,  Sussex,  the  chancel  arch  bears 
distinct  evidence  of  having  been  closed  with  wood  work ;  the  holes  to 
receive  the  uprights  are  visible,  but  now  the  screen  and  all  its  adjuncts  are 

At  8.  Nicholas  church,  Brighton,  where  there  remains  a  very  sump- 
tuous screen  with  a  very  wide  loft,  the  arch  above  the  screen  was  filled 
in  and  a  shallow  gallery  ran  across  on  the  west  side,  doubtless  a  successor 
to  the  old  rood  gallery,  and  possibly  made  up  of  it  in  part.  The  screen 
remains.  Other  examples  occur, — at  Barton  Turf  the  upper  port ;  at 
Ttvetshall  S.  Margaret,  Norfolk  ;  at  S.  Michael's,  S.  Albans ;  at  Monkton 
church  near  Pembroke  ;  at  Capel  le  Feme  near  Dover. 

The  question  of  such  divided  churches  deserves  a  separate  paper. 
Probably  many  in  Pembrokeshire,  in  Wilts ;  one  now  destroyed  at 
Yalesbury  near  £alm  ;  at  Stockton  near  Salisbury.  The  most  interesting 
which  I  have  seen  is  the  remarkable  little  old  Norman  church  at  Scawton 
between  Kivaulx  and  Bylands  abbeys. 

At  Micheldean,  in  Gloucestershire,  the  partition  remains  complete. 
'Hiis  was  divided  into  panels  with  paintings,  and  is  fully  destiribed  by 


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250  aAtmBTDGE  canRCH. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Middleton  in  the.  TranaactionB  of  the  Bristol  and  Glouccstonhirc 
Arclixological  Society,  vol.  vi,  part  2.  At  Bettws  Newid  in  Monraoutli- 
ehire  the  whole  thing  remains  complete.  The  fiame  work  of  the  npper 
panelling  is  arranged  to  form  in  the  centre  a  lorge  cross  ;  on  each  aide 
of  this  and  low  down  there  ia  a  little  tiiree-light  window,  which  calls  to 
our  mind  the  two-light  window  already  described  ae  cominj;  over  the 
doorway  at  Sandridge. 

I  must  now  speak  a  few  words  on  the  propoeeil  restoration  at 
Sandridge  Church. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  very  solid  partition  which  now  divides  tlie 
nave  from  the  chancel  presents  considerable  difticultiea  in  the  use  of  the 
church,  and  the  separation  of  the  two  parts  of  the  building  will  seeni 
more  marked  when  a  clerestory  is  built  in  the  nave,  and  this  is  intended 
to  he  done.  The  brick  arch  is,  as  I  have  already  said,  crushing  the 
window  openings  below,  and  something  must  be  done  here,  or  ultimate 
ruin  will  follow. 

It  is  Dr.  Griffith's  deaitc  that  nothing  whatever  shall  be  touched  or 
even  repaired  where  there  is  not  absolute  necessity.  However  a  man  is 
not  always  able  to  carry  out  his  views.  To  relieve  the  weight  of  the 
brick  arch  upon  the  window  openings  it  is  proposed  to  turn  a  new 
chancel  arcli,  at  a  lii^'hcr  level,  over  the  old  one,  and  to  leave  the  old 
arch.  The  whole  wall  should  also  be  left  as  high  as  the  crown  of  the 
brick  arch.  I  can  conceive  of  nothing  that  vrill  better  meet  the  difficulties 
of  the  case,  as  it  will  make  a  sufHcient  space  to  throw  the  roof  of  the 
chancel  well  open  to  the  nave,  and  stiU  conserve  all  the  features  of  the  old 
wall,  and  nearly  all  the  wall  itself. 


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ound  in  St.  Pnul'n  Churchyard.  London. 


kona:let:l     ekia:s     t 


InicHpiiDn  on  ihe  (dgc  ol  the  above  Sloni. 


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"  3CANDINAVLA.N "  OR  "DANISH"  SCULPTURED  STONES 
FOUND  IN  LONDON ;  AND  THEIR  BEARING  ON  THE 
SUPPOSED  "SCANDINAVIAN"  OR  "DANISH"  ORIGIN 
OF  OTHER  ENGLISH  SCULPTURED  STONES. 

By  the  REV.  G.  F.  BROWNE.   B.D. 

I  {vopose  to  use  the  words  "Danisli"  and  "Scandinavian"  almost 
indiscriminatel;  in  this  paper,  instead  of  the  mora  cautious  phrase 
"  Scandinavian  ot  Danish."  While  there  are  marked  differences  between 
the  art  work  of  Norway  and  Sweden  on  the  one  hand  and  of  Denmark 
on  the  other,  I  do  not  wish  to  profess  to  discriminate  between  the  two 
styles  BO  dogmatically  as  to  say  of  a  tenth  century  or  eleventh  century 
stone  that  it  ia  Scandinavian  and  not  Danish,  or  Danish  and  not  Scandi- 
navian. The  word  in  ordinary  use  in  the  connection  which  now  concerns 
UB  is  "  Danish." 

In  August,  1852,  a  remarkable  stone  was  dug  up  in  the  course  of 
excavations  for  a  new  warehouse  on  the  south  side  of  St.  Paul's  Church- 
yard. It  wets  found  about  twenty  feet  below  the  present  surface.  The 
architect,  Mr.  James  T.  Knowles,  junior,  addressed  a  letter  describing  the 
discovery  and  the  stone  to  the  Soci^t^  Royale  dee  Antiquaires  du  Nord 
in  December,  18S3,  and  this  letter  was  embodied  in  a  very  interesting 
paper  by  Charlee  G.  Rafn,  "  Remarks  on  a  Danish  Runic  Stone  from  the 
eleventh  century  found  in  the  central  part  of  London."  The  paper  was 
published  separately,  in  a  pamphlet  form.  It  is  also  to  be  found  in  the 
"  Memoires  "  of  the  Society,  in  the  volume  for  1845-1849,  however  con- 
tradictory the  date  may  appear.  It  is  accompanied  by  three  iUustrations, 
one  giving  a  very  good  representation  of  the  stone  itself,  and  the  other 
two  shewing  two  sides  of  the  memorial  stone  of  Gorm  the  Old,  the  last 
heathen  king  of  Denmark,  for  the  purpose  of  comparison'.  The  stone  is 
carefully  preserved  in  the  Guildhall  Library,  cased  in  wood  and  glass.  I 
have  pleasure  in  recording  the  great  readiness  with  which  the  Librarian 
sent  for  a  workman  and  had  the  case  taken  off,  to  enable  me  to  make  a 
rubbing  of  the  stone  and  its  inscription.  Though  this  stoAe  is  not  the 
special  subject  of  my  paper,  and  has  already  been  fully  described,  it  ia 
necessary  for  my  present  purpose  to  call  attention  to  its  characteristics 
(see  Plate  I). 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  stone  is  the  upper  part  of  a  standing  stone, 
which  has  been  in  appearance  something  like  a  modem  rectangular  head- 
stone in  a  church  yard,  but  a  good  deal  lower  than  most  of  our  modem 
stones.     It  bears  in  a  sunk  panel  the  figure  of  a  non-descript  animal,  less 

'  Tracing  of  these  were  Hhewn,  snd  a  rubbing  of  the  stone, 

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252  .BOULFTURBD  STONKS  FOUND  IN  LONDON. 

nnlJlce  a  hone  than  anything  elae,  witii  fantaatic  claws  and  a  head  horned 
and  tusked  looking  tmckwards.  A  dnigon-Iike  creatoie  coils  nmnd  its 
fore  legs  and  reaia  itself  in  front  of  its  chest,  cleverly  filling  up  that  end 
of  the  panel.  The  liind  logs  also  aie  hampered,  and  in  the  void  space 
above  tho  back  there  is  on  intricate  arrangement  of  volutes  which  appear 
to  have  some  connection  with  harness.  The  upper  comers  of  the  rect- 
angular panel  are  occupied  by  an  ornament  closely  reaembling  a  himip. 
On  the  edge  of  the  stone  is  an  inscription,  reading  upwards  from  Ute  level 
of  the  bottom  of  the  panel  to  tho  top,  and  then  turning  downwards  and 
reaching  nearly  to  the  bottom  of  the  panel  again.  The  runes  of  which 
the  inscription  consists  are  very  deeply  and  regulariy  cut,  very  different 
from  the  mere  scratches  of  some  Anglian  inscriptions,  and  their  meaning 
is  quite  clear — Kona  let  lekia  stin  thenai  auk  Tuki :  Eona  and  Tnlu 
caused  lay  this  stone.  A  complete  discussion  of  the  inscription  will  be 
found  in  Mr.  Rafn's  paper. 

In  1884,  Mr.  A.  W.  Franks  asked  me  to  look  at  two  lai^  and  heavy 
fragments  of  sculptured  stones,  which  had  been  in  his  possession  for  aome 
yeare.  He  had  recently  placed  them  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  room  at  the 
British  Museum,  and  he  has  now  presented  them  to  the  Museum.  They 
are  respectively  about  15  in.  by  20  in.  and  SO  in.  by  21  in.  and  about 
8  in.  thick.  I  had  seen  no  stones  in  any  way  resembling  them,  nor 
had  I,  at  that  time,  seen  any  engravings  that  bore  upon  their  omameota- 
tion.  But  it  happened  th^t  I  had  that  morning  examined  for  the  first 
time  the  stone  in  the  Guildhall  Library,  in  its  case,  and  I  had  observed 
on  it  that  when  the  stone-cutter  wished  to  make  a  groove,  he  seemed  to 
have  begun  by  drilling  a  hole  at  the  furthest  point  to  which  the  groove 
was  to  run.  This  feature,  I  saw  at  once,  was  a  characteristic  of  the 
British  Museum  stones  also.  Proceeding  on  this  hint,  I  observed  further 
that  in  more  than  one  place  the  "  turnip "  ornament  of  the  Guildhall 
stone  appeai'ed  ou  the  British  Museum  stones.  Further,  some  of  the 
characteristic  features  in  connection  with  volutes  were  to  be  found  on  the 
Museum  stenes.  I  came  to  the  conclusion  that,  though  it  would  be 
(lifhcult  to  im^ino  two  monuments  more  unlike  at  first  sight,  the  Guild- 
hall atone  and  the  British  Museum  stones  were  of  the  same  nationality 
and  character,  probably  by  the  same  workman,  possibly  parts  of  the  same 
monument,  tho  former  acting  as  the  head-atone  of  the  grave,  the  latter 
being  fraxnienta  o£  the  body-stone  laid  on  the  surface  of  the  ground.  The 
detailed  examination  of  the  three  stouea  which  followed  some  time  after, 
when  I  took  rubbings  and  put  in  the  outlines,  convinced  me  of  the  close 
relation  between  the  two.  In  further  confirmation  of  this  I  made  a  moat 
unexpected  and  unlikely  discovery,  that  one  of  the  British  Museum 
atones,  which  we  had  been  handling  so  long,  bore  on  one  edge  two  very 
bold  runes  and  a  full  atop,  and  that  the  runea  were  KI,  the  concluding  mnea 
of  the  Guildhall  inscription,  auggesting  that  Tuki  bad  to  da  wi^  both 
moDUmcnts.  Mr.  Franka  then  informed  me  that  the  men  from  whom  he 
obtained  the  two  stones  told  him  they  came  from  the  City,  and  thus 
the  whole  series  of  surmises  seemed  to  hong  together.  The  outlined 
rubbings  of  the  two  stones  will  be  found  reproduced  on  Plato  II.  It  may 
bo  well  to  add  that  Rafn  identifies  tho  Guildhall  Tuki  with 
Tokig,  a  minister  of  King  Canute,  while  after  the  KI  of  the  British 
Museum  atone  is  an  incision  which  may  represent  a  rune  for  g  at 
a  period  when  it  waa  almost  becoming  y.      Professor  G.  Stephens 


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SmJLFTDBED  ST0NX3  FOUND  IN  LONDON.  253 

Azamined  the  stone  when  he  came  over  to  receive  an  honorary  degree 
team  the  TTniverBity  of  Cambridge,  and  he  told  me  there  was  no 
donbt  abont  the  runes.  I  shew  a  rubbing  of  this  odgo  of  the  stone, 
and  I  would  call  attention  to  the  ^t  that  here  as  on  the  Guildhall  stone 
ft  deep  groove  runs  along  the  middle  of  the  edge,  evidently  prepared  for 
the  inscription,  the  Gmldhail  runes  standing  on  the  two  sides  of  thifi 
groove  aa  thair  base,  the  British  Museum  nines,  there  being  abundance  of 
room  to  spare,  being  run  right  acrnss  the  central  groove  and  forming  an 
inscription  of  one  line  only. 

Having  arrived  at  these  conclusions,  which  seemed^  to  me  of 
some  importance  beyond  the  particular  cose,  I  naturally  looked 
further  into  the  matter,  and  I  found  two  things  which  interested 
me  very  much.  The  first  was  that  T.  G.  Repp  had  argued 
from  the  phrase,  "  causeil  lai/  this  stone,"  instead  of  the  usual 
"  raiaed  this  stone,"  that  the  Guililhail  stone  was  the  head-stone  of  a 
greater  monument  of  the  nature  of  a  body-stone,  and  that  while  the  head- 
stone recorded  the  persona  who  provided  the  monument,  the  body-stone 
would  no  doubt  bear  an  inscription  setting  forth  the  name  of  the 
deceased.  This  "  horizontal  tomb-stone  below,"  he  added,  "  in  the  course 
of  eight  centuries  most  Ukely  has  been  broken  into  many  pieces  and  then 
mooldered  to  atoms."  The  coincidence  of  the  conclusions  from  very 
different  data,  anjl  the  confirmation  of  T.  G.  Repp's  sunnise,  are  very 
remarkable. 

The  other  result  of  my  further  enquiries  was  that  the  ornamental  work 
on  the  British  Museum  stones,  of  which  I  had  seen  no  other  example 
though  it  seemed  like  a  reminiscence  of  some  of  the  patterns  on 
Scandinavian  fibube  of  the  later  iron  age,  was  in  many  of  its  parts  almost 
identical  with  a  large  number  of  the  ornamental  crosses—scarcely  recog- 
nisable as  crosses — inscribed  on  Scandinavian  monumental  stones  as 
figured  in  Goransson's  Bauiil  (Stockholm,  1750),  while  the  Guildhall 
animal  is  evidently  of  the  same  type  with  animals  which  appear  on  the 
Scandinavian  stones.^  This  at  once  not  only  set  at  rest  all  doubt  as  to 
the  close  connection  between  the  two  London  monumenta,  so  far  as  style 
and  period  are  concerned,  but  further  emphasised  the  probability  tliat 
tliese  two  monuments,  each  up  to  the  present  time  unique  in  England  so 
far  as  I  know,  may  be  parts  of  one  and  the  same  memorial^^-it  may 
be  supposed  to  some  very  important  personage  who  died  in  London  in 
the  course  of  the  century  preceding  the  Norman  Conquest. 

It  will  be  of  some  interest  to  state  that  I  have  had  an  opportunity  of 
shewing  my  rubbings  of  the  two  stones  to  Professor  Westwood,  of 
Oxford.  I  laid  them  before  hiiu,  hiding  the  rubbings  of  the  Guildhall 
stone,  and  remarking  that  the  ornamentation  was  I  thought  uuique  in 
England.  'Except,'  he  rejoined,  'on  one  stone,  a  stone  found  in  St. 
Paul's  Ohurchyarf,  which  I  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
ArchfBological  Institute  thirty  years  ^o.'  It  was  with  great  satisfaction 
that  I  removed  the  rubbings,  and  shewed,  lying  under  his  hand,  my 
rubbing  of  the  Guildhall  stone,  his  admirable  engraving  of  which  will  be 
found  in  the  Archaeological  Journal,  vol.  x,  page  83,  and  is  reproduced 
on  Plate  L  This  immediate  and  independent  identification  scciit!<  to  me 
to  be  of  great  importance  in  the  argument  which  follows 

'  Tnidugt  ol  UieM  were  abewa 
vol.  XLU.  E 

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254  SCnLPTDRED  STONKS  FOUND  IN  LONDON. 

We  are  told  in  various  localitdeB  that  English  sculptared  stoneB  are 
"  Danish."  The  common  people  call  them  so,  and  it  is  worth  eDquiring 
whether  this  is  nn  old  tTadition.  The  alternative  is  more  likely,  that 
visitors  with  some  archteological  knowledge  have  pronounced  them  to  be 
Danish  and  the  verdict  has  been  locally  stereotyped.  I  have  seen 
several  '  Danish  '  stones  this  year,  notably  in  Staffordahire,  They  bear 
no  resemblance  to  anything  shewn  in  Goransaon  or  Olaua  Wonnius,  and 
they  naturally  suggest  the  question,  why  should  the  Danes,  or  other 
Northmen,  erect  in  England  monuments  so  very  unlike  the  monuments 
they  erected  in  such  large  numbers  at  home  1  With  some  archseologists, 
the  great  mass  of  early  sculptured  stones  in  the  North  of  England  are 
almost  to  a  stone  "Danish"  or  later  copies  of  "DanisK"  ^d  yet  it 
may  be  said  I  think  with  perfect  truth  that  there  is  not  one  known 
stone  in  the  North  of  England  which  does  not  differ  in  a  striking  manner 
from  every  atone  figured  in  the  books  referred  to.  That  the  two  clasRes 
of  stone  may  be  descended  from  some  far  off  common  ancestor,  that  they 
are  distant  cousins,  may  be  true,  but  that  they  are  the  work — so  far  as 
their  art  is  concerned — of  the  same  men,  the  one  class  designed  at  home 
the  other  design^  abroad  in  England,  contradicts  experience.  The 
difference  is  not  in  style  of  art  only,  or  in  shape  of  etone,  thou^  these  are 
marked  enough  ;  there  is  a  much  more  serious  difference,  namely,  that 
while  the  stones  in  Denmark  and  Scandinavia  are  very  Ipquacious,  telling 
us  usually  in  long  runic  inscriptions  the  names  of  the  person  to  whom  the 
stone  was  erected  and  the  person  who  erected  it,  there  is  not,  so  far  as>  I 
know,  a  single  scrap  of  an  inscription  on  any  one  of  the  English  stones 
now  called  "Danish."  It  may  be  added  tliat  while  the  Danish  luid 
Scandinavian  stones  thus  carry  inscriptions,  their  number  being  very 
large — already  in  Giiransson's  time  some  1,700  being  figured,  and  these 
runic  inscriptions  are  almost  all  of  them  cut  on  the  body  of  a  serpent  or 
a  pair  of  serpents  twining  about  on  the  face  of  a  rough  unhewn  and 
unahaped  stone,  there  is  not,  so  far  as  I  know,  a  single  stone  in  England 
with  an  inscription  in  runes  or  in  any  other  character  on  the  body  of  a 
serpent,  nor  is  there  to  my  knowledge  any  unshaped  stone  bearing  the 
interlacing  bands  and  ornamented  panels  and  the  other  features  we  find 
on  our  early  sculptured  stones. 

It  might  be  argued  that  the  Danes  when  in  England  did  as  the 
English  did,  that  is  to  say,  when  they  wished  to  carry  out  their  national 
practice  of  erecting  a  stone  monument,  they  erected  a  monument  of 
English  fashion.  This  argument,  if  it  could  he  substantiated,  would  leave 
us  in  doubt  as  to  any  stono  of  pre-Norman  type,  and  of  about  the  period 
when  the  Danes  were  here  ;  it  might  be  Danish,  it  might  be  Engli^ 
so  far  as  the  ordering  it  and  paying  for  it  was  concerned.  I  shew  a  panel, 
which  I  have  named  the  Vcllund  panel,  on  the  Leeds  cross,  where  a  saga 
scene  is  combined  with  the  evangelists  and  other  characteristics  of 
English  stones,  so  that  Scandinavian  ideas  were  carried  out  by  Anglian 
artists.  But  the  stones  which  aro  now  under  consideration  shew  quite 
conclusively  that  it  was  possible  for  Danes  to  have  a  thoroughly  Danish 
monument  in  England  if  they  so  desired,  and  there  is  no  other  evidence 
of  this.  This  strikes  a  serious  blow  at  the  "  Danish  "  theory  of  the  origin 
of  the  large  number  of  stones  which  are  as  different  as  anything  can  well 
be  from  Danish  stones  in  Denmark.  These  stones  shew  also,  I  ^ink,  two 
things  of  great  importanca     Their  style,  though  intensely  Scandinavian, 


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SCIJLPTDBBD  STONES  FOUND  IN  LONDON.  255 

is,  both  in  design  and  in  workmanshi|i,  auperior  to  anything  I  can  find 
figUTud  on  Doiiit-h  and  Scundinavian  stones ;  from  which  wa  may  argue 
that  the  art  of  iKulpturing  duaignH  on  stones  was  at  the  time  of  the 
Danish  residence  hvn;  in  a  more  iidvitiiced  stage  than  in  Denmark  Itself, 
and  thid  makes  ogninflt  the  theory  tliut  the  Ejiglish  stones  are  late  Danish. 
Kiirtiier,  the  fwit  tliat  here  are  very  interesting  and  effective  sculptured 
stones  in  the  heart  of  London,  of  a  type  easily  reproduced  as  comjjared 
with  the  difficult  intricacies  of  interlacements,  and  yet'  that  these 
stones  are,  so  far  as  we  know,  altogether  without  progeny,  have  loft  no 
known  attempt  at  imitation,  is  an  argument  against  the  theory  held  by 
many  peraons,  that  those  of  our  sctdptured  stones  whirh  are  nut  Danish 
are  late  English  copies  of  Danish  stones  erected  here.  With  regard  to  the 
head-«tone  of  these  London  stones,  there  can,  I  think,  be  no  doubt  that 
the  Dane  who  set  it  up  copied  an  English  form,  I  have  heard  of  no 
head-stone  of  this  chatocttir,  or  of  anything  like  this  fonu,  in  Scandinavia 
or  Denmark.  On  the  other  hand  wc  have  in  England  early  head-stones, 
some  with  nines,  of  whicli  I  shew  one  from  Thomhill,  and  one  very 
curious  stone  at  Whit«l  unh  n  Han  pshire,  with  a  semi-circular  top  on 
the  surface  of  which  the  n  1 1  o  (  Latin)  is  cut,  in  front,  a  female 
bust  in  a  sunk  panel,  a  1  tl  Itack  a  very  pretty  symmetrical  ornament 
of  spiral  type,  a  rubbing  f  wl  1  I  si  ew.  Again,  there  is  no  evidence  of 
the  existence  of  body  sto  of  th  s  fonu  in  Scandinavia  or  Denmark, 
while,  though  then?  is  t  t<  y  ki  owleiige  in  these  islands  any  body- 
stone  at  all  resembling  this,  ui  have  plenty  of  early  body-stones.  The 
sO'^^olIed  hog-backed  stones  are,  of  course,  familiar  to  all  who  aic  likely  to 
hear  or  read  these  woi'de.  But  there  is  a  class  of  body-stoucs  less 
familiarly  known,  and  at  the  same  time  more  closely  akin  to  this  London 
body-Btone.  Several  were  found  under  the  Norman  walls  of  Cambridge 
Gastlo  when  tlicy  were  removed  early  in  this  century.  They  are  figured 
in  the  Archieoiogia,  vol.  xvii,  and  Mr.  Cutts  has  given  two  in  his  Manual 
The  C»nibri<lge  Antiijuarian  Society,  of  which  I  have  the  honour  of  being 
President,  ptiKsessea  one,  ami  I  show  an  outlined  rubbing  of  it,  a  stone 
5^  feet  long,  tapering  towards  the  foot  from  19  inches  to  12  inches, 
with  four  sunk  panels  leaving  the  surface  to  form  a  Latin  crons, 
the  panels  tilled  with  simple  interlacing  bands.  You  have  a  por- 
tion of  a  Mtone  much  like  this  in  the  Guildhall  Musoimi.  There  is 
one  in  the  south  wall  of  St.  Mary  Bishophill  (he  Less  in  York,  4  feet 
long,  of  which  I  shew  an  outlined  rubbing.  Another  has  just  been  found 
under  Peterborough  Cathedral.  I  shew  a  fragment  of  another,  3ft.  long, 
from  the  York  Museum,with  no  cross  on  the  surface  but  divided  up  tho 
length  by  one  lino,  on  each  side  of  which  is  a  dragon  with  interlacing 
bands  for  limbs.  I  shew  for  purposes  of  comparison  a  pretty  little 
standing  stone  from  Thomhill,  near  Dewsbury,  with  dragons  which  are 
closely  related  to  tho  York  dragons,  and  with  a  runic  inscription.  There 
is  a  Tery  interesting  fragment  of  a  stone,  recently  found  at  York,  with 
two  panels,  in  each  of  which  is  a  very  good  dragon  eng^d  in  tho  usual 
unsatisfactory  and  unsatisfying  occupation  of  eating  its  own  or  some  other 
dragon's  taiL  I  believe  that  this  stone  is  the  upper  part  of  a  body-stone 
with  four  panels.  There  are  several  early  stom-s  in  Ynrkshii-c  and 
Durham  which  may  have  been  1  km ly-s tones.  Among  tlieni  I  must 
mention  the  stone  which  I  feel  to  be  tlie  most  beautiful  I  have  seen.  It 
IB  built  into  tha  external  wall  of  the  west  end  of  the  nave  of  Kirkdale 


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£56  SCULPTDEED  STONES  FOUND  IN  LONDON. 

Cliurcli,  on  tlie  north  side  of  the  towei.  It  h  perishing  miseiably,  may 
almost  be  said  to  have  perished.  The  local  photographer  has  had  an 
(irder  from  me  for  more  ijian  two  yeara  to  photograph  it  in  the  largest 
l-ossible  size.  Years  ago  runes  could  be  read  oti  it,  To  King  Otthilicald. 
rv'ow  only  one  rune  can  be  seen,  though  others  are  detected  in  a  careful 
nibbing.  I  shew  a  rubbing  of  what  remained  three  years  ago  of  this 
exquisite  piece  of  sculpture. 

The  theory  that  English  aud  Scottish  and  Irish  nculptnred  stones  are 
miiinly  Banish  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  some  of  our  earliest 
writers  who  have  touched  upon  the  question  were  in  communication  with 
Icarood  Danes,  and  heard  from  them  of  stones  with  strange  inter- 
lacements and  with  nniic  inscriptions  existiiig  in  Denmark  and  in  Sweden. 
It  was  natural  to  suppose  that  tho  origin  of  the  two  classes  of  stones  was 
the  same,  and  that  liio  Danes  who  set  them  up  in  Denmark  were  the  race 
who  set  them  up  in  England  and  in  Ireland,  in  parts  of  both  of  which 
countries  they  were  for  a  time  the  ruling  race. 

Sir  Henry  Spelnian  had  a  correspondence'  with  Olaus  Womiius  on  this 
aud  cognate  subjects,  in  which,  by  the  way,  the  runes  on  the  missing 
\ieivl  of  tlie  Bewcastle  Cross  are  set  forth  and  discussed  It  is  difficult 
to  see  what  other  view  was  tenable  in  the  then  state  of  know- 
ledge, above  all  at  a  time  when  the  exquisite  art  of  the  manuscripts 
produced  in  early  times  in  these  islands  was  practically  a  sealed 
book.  Professor  Westwood's  labours  in  the  reproduction  of  some  of 
the  marvellous  pages  of  the  M8S.,  a  reproduction  as  marvellous  in  its 
way  OS  the  pages  Uiemselves,  have  enabled  every  one  interested  in  the 
matter  to  realise  the  fact  that  a  new  and  highly  important  element  has 
been  introduced  into  the  question  since  the  early  county  historians 
labelled  out  English  stones  as  Danish.  In  one  case,  it  is  well  known,  a 
very  ludicrous  result  was  produced  by  the  Danish  theory.  The  runic  in- 
scription on  the  wonderful  monument  at  Ruthwdl,  in  a  part  of  Scotland 
which  was  for  a  short  time  under  Anglian  rule  in  the  early  days  of  the 
kingdom  of  Northumbria,  was  treated  as  Danish,  and  the  beautiful 
stanzas  of  the  poem  in  early  "  Anglo-Saxon  " — 

Christ  was  on  the  Cross, 

Yet  thither  hastening 

Come  from  afar 

The  nobles  to  the  sufferer. 

With  missOes  wounded 

There  laid  we  him  hmb  weary, 
were  made  to  mean  that  'a  font  vrith  ornaments  of  eleven  pounds  weight 
was  offered  by  the  authority  of  the  Therfnsion  fathers  for  tie  devastation 
of  tho  fields  and  tltirteen  cows  as  an  expiation  for  injury.'  The  evidence 
in  tliis  case  every  one  can  appreciate.  The  evidence  from  the  character 
of  the  art  is  not  oecessible  to  all,  even  of  those  who  are  int«rested  in  the 
matter,  and  we  cannot  expect  it  to  be  no  ludicrously  conclusive  as  in  the 
Ruth  well  case. 

I  have  selected  one  or  two  examples  of  "  Danish  "  stones  in  England, 
OS  illustrations  of  the  sort  of  evidence  wa  possess.  There  is  nothing 
unfair  in  the  selection,  in  this  sense — tliat  I  know  of  no  atones  called 
•'  Danisti "  in  England  which  are  any  less  unlike  tho  Scandinavian  atones 
than  the»e. 

'  OL  Woaa.  Mon.  Don.  lu.  IS. 

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8O0LFTimBb  StOlTES  FODND  IN  tx)inx>N.  257 

Hiero  are  in  England  n  number  of  sctitptured  columns,  mostly  cylin- 
drical hut  in  some  cases  with  slightly  oval  auction,  which  are  commonly 
called  Danish.  I  have  called  attention  to  some  of  tliese  in  a  pii]>L'r  which 
the  Derbyshire  Archiuolo^'ical  Society  did  me  the  honour  ot  acccjiting,  on 
the  Font  at  Wilne.  The  whole  question  of  these  columns  is  much  too  larije 
to  be  dealt  with  on  the  present  occasion.  I  ehew  rubbing's  of  one  of  the 
finest  of  them,  the  pillar  in  the  ehurch-ynnl  at  Leek,  in  Statfonlshire.  The 
principle  of  all  is  the  same.  Tlie  column  tapers  slightly  upwards,  and 
after  a  time  it  b  cut  as  if  one  were  mnkiu^'  the  first  four  cuts  at  a  new 
lead  penciL  This  pves  four  faces,  each  with  a  cnrviltnciir  base  ami  witli 
^idefl  sloping  gently  inwards.  On  these  four  faces  the  sculptures  are 
placed.  It  has  been  believed  that  thest:  piJlara  never  tcrminateil  in  ii  cross 
at  the  tojx  Tlie  pillar  at  Leek  terminates  in  something  which  the  histo- 
rian of  the  town  likens,  hornbUe  dictii,  to  a  pine-apple.  It  is,  however, 
jtart  of  the  cross  in  which  the  pillar  once  terminated.  Tliis  is  set  quite  at 
rest  by  a  pretty  little  pillar  in  the  church-yard  at  Ham,  where  the  cross- 
head  is  aufficiently  preserved  for  all  purposes  of  argument. 

At  Leek,  as  the  rubbings  shew,  a  fillet  runs  round  the  pillar  immediately 
below  the  curvilinear  bases  of  the  sculptured  panels,  and  this  fillet  is 
ornamented  with  a  simple  and  pretty  interlacement  of  bands.  It  will  be 
noticed  that  the  pattern  is  not  continuous,  as  it  might  so  easily  have  been, 
but  comes  to  an  end  at  the  N.E.  comer  and  begins  again.  This  is 
probably  due  to  the  designer  having  drawn  the  working  design  on  paper 
or  on  a  board  or  a  flat  stone,  as  a  long  narrow  panel  of  intedacing  work, 
7  inches  broad  and  4^  ft  long,  in  which  case  he  might  naturally  bring 
each  end  to  the  conclusion  usual  on  panels.  Below  the  fiUet  is  a  very 
nnusoal  and  effective  ornament,  a  heart-shaped  pattern  on  three  sides, 
descending  in  a  triangle,  and  on  the  fourth  side  a  Maltese  cross,  carrying 
is  its  centre  a  smaller  cross,  perhaps  a  Latin  cross,  probably  another 
Maltese.  The  four  faces  have  (1)  the  key  pattern,  (3)  a  series  of  ten  ' 
"Stafford  knots"  formed  by  an  endless  band,  (3)  a  piece  of  ordinary 
interlacing  work,  with  two  pumling  departures  ^m  the  conventional 
"over  and  under"  alternation,  (4)  a  stiff  scroll  of  fruit  and  leaves.  Of 
these,  (1),  (3),  and  (4),  are  almost  de  rigeur  on  these  columns.  Below  the 
fillet  the  surface  is  unsculptured  to  the  ground,  about  six  feet  The  Leek 
sexton  told  me  that  their  local  name  for  the  Stafford  knot  is  "  hang  three 
roguea  at  once,"  an  improvement  on  the  simple  halter  which  made  me  as 
a  Yorkahireman  almost  enrioua  of  their  local  requirements. 

The  next  "Danish"  stone  I  Till  take  is  one  which  I  believe  is  not 
described  anywhere.  It  is  at  Stapleford,  in  Nottinghamshire,  close  on 
the  borders  of  Derbyshire.  It  is  a  very  remarkable  stone,  with  exquisite 
patterns.  I  trust  that  the  Institute  will  be  willing  to  have  it  photographed 
on  a  large  scale  and  in  full  detail,  and  to  accept  a  paper  on  it,  illustrated 
by  autotype  copies  of  the  photographs  and  by  photolithographs  of  my 
rahbings,  without  which  no  one  not  practiaod  could  form  a  guees  at  the 
law  of  the  interlace  menta 

This  beautifully  sculptured  pillar  is  about  12  feet  high,  and  it  is  asid 
that  a  considerable  portion  of  the  shaft  is  sunk  in  ttie  masonry  which 
lupfJorts  it ;  that  the  sculpture  continues  below  the  lowest  visible  point 
is  evident.  Every  portion  of  it  is  covered  with  sculpture.  It  is  divided 
by  bands  into  two  cylindrical  portions,  each  2  feet  3  inches  high  ;  bow 
much  longer  the  lower  is  cannot  be  determined.    Above  these  are  the  lout 


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258  SCULPTltRED  StOKES  POTlND  IN  LONDON. 

faces  similar  to  those  I  have  dpscribed,  nnil  the  pillar  is  on  so  large  a 
scale  that  these  faces  ar<>  lliemselves  divided,  iiud  a  xecond  paiiid  of  each 
coiumences  a  few  iuchea  below  the  point  where  the  whole  is  broken  oft, 
shewing  the  remains  of  interlacing  work.  I  shew  rubbings  of  all  the 
four  faces  up  to  the  division,  and  of  three  fourths  of  each  of  the  lower 
cylindrical  portions.  The  faces  have,  (1)  a  cornucopia  scroll,  (2)  a  well 
executed  system  of  twofold  Stafford  knots,  (3)  a  very  pretty  iirrangement 
of  17  rings  with  endless  bands  running  through  them,  (4)  what  is  called 
a  Danish  bird.  This  last  object  has  both  ean  and  horns  ;  it  has 
extended  wings  ;  on  either  side  are  what  may  be  portions  of  snakes  ; 
and  I  think  there  are  signs  of  a  s[>ear.  The  legs  may  be  the  legs  of 
a  bird.  The  arrangement  of  the  head  possibly  points  to  St  Luke. 
The  upper  cylindrical  surface  is  covered  with  intricate  interlacing  work  the 
details  of  which  are  much  decayed  in  places.  A  portion  of  the  work  i^ 
very  unusual ;  oth^r  portions  are  as  good  as  the  very  beet  luaiiUHcript  or 
stone  work  in  existence.  The  lower  cylindrical  surface  lias  been  very  ftni-. 
The  west  side  could  hardly  bo  surpassed  in  tlie  beauty  of  the  cuncentvii; 
circular  interlacements.  The  south  side  has  all  but  perished.  The  uuitli 
rci>eats  a  portion  of  the  upper  panel  on  a  bolder  scale,  and  the  eaiit  repeats 
and  amplifies  the  system  of  rings  on  one  of  the  faces.  It  is  interesting  to 
note  that,  so  far  as  I  know,  we  huve  not  this  pattern  on  English  stones, 
beyond  a  ring  or  two  on  a  Northumbrian  stone.  On  Scottish  stones  it  is 
e'lually  rare,  except  in  one  part— you  find  it  on  one  stone  after  another 
in  Wigtoo  and  Galloway.' 

I  shew  another  of  these  pillars,  on  a  much  smaller  scale,  the  pillar  in 
tho  church  yard  of  Ilani.  Its  features  arc  in  the  main  the  same.  It  Iibk, 
curiously  enough,  just  the  same  departure  from  due  alternation  as  the 
Leek  stone  has.  It  has  what  the  others  have  not,  a  senill  of  fruit  and 
leaves  on  the  fillet  below  the  four  faces.  I  shew  also  a  photograph  of  the 
well-known  pillar  of  Eliseg  at  VoUe  Crucia,  near  Llangollen.  In  its  form 
it  exactly  accords  with  what  we 'have  seen.  It  is  well  known  that  this 
pillar  carries  a  lung  inscription  in  barbarous  Latin,  naming  Itritisli  kings 
of  a  period  anterior  to  any  date  at  which  the  9th  century  IJanes  could 
jHwsibly  have  influenced  lapidary  style.  There  are  two  examples  of  these 
pillars  ut  Dakewell  and  four  at  Macclesfield. 

It  is  unnecessary  for  me  to  say  that  what  we  have  so  far  seen  of 
"Uanish  "  stones  is  entirely  uidike  the  Danish  and  Scandinavian  stones 
they  know  so  well  in  Denmark  &c  We  have  not  seen  a  sign  of  those 
great  snakes  which  border  their  ornaments  and  carry  their  inscriptions. 
Nor  will  you  find  on  any  stone  in  those  parts  anything  approaching  to  any 
of  the  details  I  have  shewn.  What  I  have  now  to  add,  in  concluding  my 
examples  of  "  Danish  "  stones  in  England,  is  more  striking  still  in  itself- 
and  only  not  more  unlike  Danish  stones  because  it  could  not  be  more  un- 
like. The  specimens  I  shew  of  what  I  may  designate  as  "  baaket-work 
men,"  come  from  two  stones  at  Checkley  in  Staffordshire.  They  are 
"battle  stones,"  and  "Danish,"  in  popular  estimation  and  in  the  county 
history.  I  had  supposed  the  marvellous  creatures  on  them  to  be  quite 
unique  till  I  found  a  stone  I  shall  describe  next.  The  bodies  of  tho  men, 
of  whom  there  are,  I  think,  about  two  dozen  in  threes,  are  formed  of  an 
endless  interlacing  hand,  the  legs  projecting  as  a  separate  design,  (uid  the 
two  ends  of  the  band  projecting  from  the  shoulders  and  forming  upraised 
'  l^utDfpi  ol  these  ring  paUenw  were  ahewn. 

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8CDLPTDBKD  STONES  FOUND  IN  LONDON.  259 

arma,  in  some  eases  passing  round  ttie  head  and  forming  an  arcade  or  a 
□imbna  I  shew  tiacings  of  a  crucifixion  from  the  "  Iri^  Psalter "  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  with  an  approach  to  this  basket-work  arrange- 
ment ;  also  of  a  basket-work-bodied  "  elephant  "  symbol  from  Brodie.  I 
also  shew  othei  details  of  these  most  lemarkable  stones.  I  trust  that  the 
local  society  will  enable  me  to  have  the  stones  fully  photographed  and 
published  with  my  outlined  rubbings  as  interpretations. 

Finally,  last  Easter,  when  I  was  collecting  materiab  for  a  paper  on  the 
Derbyshire  stones,  to  be  read,  if  all  be  well,  at  the  meeting  of  the 
Institute  in  Derby  next  autumn,  I  went  to  Ilam,  at  the  mouth  of 
Dovedale  but  in  Staffordshire.  There,  too,  I  found  a  "  battle  stone," 
a  very  massive  rectangular  shaft,  looking  as  if  very  many  centuries 
must  have  gone  in  its  periahing.  When  ^e  lichen  was  got  rid  of,  there 
stood  reveled  the  indications  of  what  I  think  uo  one  not  acquainted 
with  the  race  of  "basket-work  "  men  at  Checkley  could  have  interpreted, 
"  basket-work  "  men  in  threes,  almost  exactly  like  the  "  Danish  "  battle 
stones  at  Checkley,  while  on  the  sides  were  just  the  same  Stafford  knots 
and  concentric  circles  which  I  have  shewn  among  the  Checkley  details, 
only  on  a  larger  scale.  I  shew  rubbings  of  these.  I  am  glad  to  say  that 
the  discovery  of  these  curious  things,  and  the  light  I  was  able  to  throw 
upon  two  crosses  in  the  churohyard,  have  moved  the  vicar  to  undertake 
the  publication  of  all  sides  of  all  of  them,  both  in  autotype  and  with 
photolithographs  from  my  rubbings. 

I  have  had  a  two-fold  object  in  venturing  to  make  this  communication. 
First,  I  have  desired  to  call  attention  to  the  detuls  of  the  important 
question  of  the  relation  between  the  art  of  the  stones  in  these  islands  and 
of  those  in  Denmark  and  Scandinavia ;  with  which  question  the  origin 
and  influence  of  the  art  of  the  so-called  Irish  manuscripte  is  inseparably 
bound  up.  And  secondly,  I  have  desired  to  excite  interest  in  the  whole 
question  of  our  En^ish  sculptured  stones,  stones  as  interesting  in  their 
art  and  their  antiquity  as  the  stones  of  Scotland  and  of  Ireland,  and 
greatly  more  interesting  in  their  inscriptions.  I  have  great  ho[)e8  that 
the  Univeisity  Ptobs  of  Cambridge  will  undertake  to  commence  and 
to  carry  on  a  great  work  on  these  stones,  where  each  shall  be  reproduced 
by  some  autotype  process.  Both  on  the  account  of  the  expense,  and  on 
account  of  the  labour,  and  on  account  of  the  knowledge  required,  such  a 
work — which  would  be  a  national  work — is  impossible  without  the  active 
aid  both  of  local  and  of  central  Arch  Ecological  Associations.  I  shall  be 
exceedingly  thankful  it  I  succeed  in  moving  to  sympathy  and  active  co- 
operation so  all-important  a  body  as  the  Archniological  Institute. 


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^roceeUings  at  f&tttmsfi  at  ttft  Eogal  ^djEealojBical 
3Enstitute. 

Febraary  B,  1885. 

The  Prksident  in  the  Chair. 

Admiral  Themlett  communicated  a  paper  "  On  the  Pierres  k  Piaaains 
in  Brittany,"  in  which  he  BUggest«d  that  they  hod  been  cauaed  by  the 
extraction  of  quern  stones, 

Mr.  SoMBRB  CiABKB  read  a  paper  "  On  Sandridge  Chntch,  Herts,"  bot 
dealing  more  particularly  with  the  very  remarkable  etone  screen  dividing 
the  chancel  from  tlie  nave.  It  is  sinfpilar  that  the  ornamental  side  of 
this  screen,  which  is  practically  a  solid  wall  with  a  central  door  between 
two  windows,  with  a  third  window  above,  faces  tost,  and  Mr.  Clarke 
therefore  suggests  that  the  plain  western  side  was  hidden  from  view  to 
a  great  extent  by  a  wooden  screen  carrying  the  rood. 

This  paper  is  printed  at  p^e  247  of  the  current  number  of  the  Journal. 

Rev,  C.  R-  Massing  exhibited  three  medieval  patena  from  R'orfoU;, 
The  earliest,  from  Foidey,  bears  the  mantm  Dei  in  the  centre,  but 
iH  otherwise  plain.  It  is  apparently  of  fourteenth  century  date.  The 
next,  from  Gissing,  is  of  ordinary  typo  with  the  Vemacle,  date  eirea 
1515,  but  perhapB  a  little  later, — the  hall  marks  are  almost  illegible. 
The  third,  from  Felbrigge,  is  remarknlile  for  an  unusual  central  devic<>, 
that  of  St.  MuTgarot  and  the  dragon,  on  an  enamelled  field,  Felbrigge 
church  is  dediciited  to  St,  Mnrgnrct.      The  date  of  the  paten  is  circa  1 520. 

Mr.  Manniso  spoke  as  to  the  largo  nvimber  of  medieval  patena  existing 
in  Norfolk  ;  for,  whilst  no  instance  of  a  medieval  chalice  was  known, 
over  twenty  patens  had  aJready  been  noticed.  It  was  suggeated  that 
patens  were  spared  by  the  Edwardian  commissioners,  thou^  they 
confiscated  the  chalices. 

Jlntiquitits  mtti  SBoxke  at  ^ct  iSxhibitell. 

By  Admiral  Trbmlbtt. — Drawings  of  Pierres  il  Bassins. 

By  M.  Sbidleb. — Photographs  of  megalithic  remains. 

By  Mr,  Sombbs  Clakkb. — Drawing  of  the  stone  screen  in  Sandridge 
church,  Herts. 

By  Rev.  C.  R.  Mi ssisfl.— Medieval  patens  from  Foxley,  Gissing  and 
Felbrigge,  Norfolk. 


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FBOCBEDTSQS  AT  MESmNQS  OP  THE  INErTtTUTIL         261 

March  6,  1886. 

The  Pbesidtot  in  the  Chair. 

The  Bev,  Precentor  Vkkables  cominuiiicated  the  foUowing  notes  on 
&.e  discovery  of  a  beautiful  pilaster  of  Roman  work  at  Lincoln: — 

"  I  send  a  photograph  and  one-fourth  size  drawing,  hy  Mr.  Smedlej, 
(^  a  aculptnred  stone,  discovered  in  the  middle  of  February  last, 
in  digging  the  foundations  of  the  new  School  of  Art  and  Science  at 
lincoln.  The  locality  where  the  stone  was  found  ia  at  the  foot  of  the 
hill  on  which  the  old  Soman  city  stood,  behind  the  old  city  jail,  between 
the  Xew  road  and  Monies  road,  a  short  distance  to  the  east  of  the 
etxteia  wall  of  the  lower  or  second  Roman  area,  nearly  opposite  the  site 
of  the  eastern  Roman  gateway  of  that  lower  town,  known  in  later  times 
as  Clasket  gate.  It  is  rather  remarkable  that  other  indications  of  Roman 
times  were  so  scanty.  As  for  as  I  can  learn  there  were  no  Roman 
foundations  or  traces  of  Roman  building  discovered.  Two  funeral  vasea 
of  the  coarsest  moke,  one  containing  burnt  bones,  both  broken  by  the  pick 
of  the  workman,  are  all  that  I  can  hear  of,  besides  a  few  coins  of  common 
types. 

"The  stone,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  photographs,  is  one  of  much  interest, 
and  displays  considerable  beauty  of  design.  It  ma;  be  safely  said  to  be 
the  finest  work  of  art  of  Roman  date  which  has  yet  been  discovered  in 
Lincoln.  It  consists  of  a  quadrangular  pilaster  or  "cippus,"  of  a  rather 
tapering  form,  crowned  by  a  projecting  cornice  carved  with  a  series  of 
inverted  acanthus  leaves  of  much  delicacy  of  execution.  The  two  sides 
are  profusely  carved  with  foliage  of  the  acanthus  type,  displaying  great 
&eedom  and  less  conventionality  than  is  often  the  case.  The  way  in 
vrhich  some  of  the  leaves  aie  made  to  overlap  one  another  deserves 
observation.  But  it  is  the  face  of  the  stone  which  calls  for  the  moat 
lareful  attention.  It  bears  a  figure — whether  male  or  female  is  somewhat 
tinoertain—clothed  in  drapory  of  much  elegance  in  its  folds  and  general 
arrangement.  Its  left  hand  bears  a  'comucopite.'  What  the  dependent 
right  hand  carried  cannot  be  determined  from  the  mutilated  state  of  the 
Btone.  The  features  have  entirely  perished.  The  head  has  its  back  port 
covered  with  a  kind  of  hood,  or  veil 

"  The  points  to  be  determined  with  regard  to  this  interesting  memorial 
of  the  past  ore  its  object  and  character,  and  the  person  represented. 

"  I  aent  the  photograph  of  the  stone  to  Dr.  Gollingwood  Bruce,  who 
Kpliad — '  I  am  much  interested  in  your  newly  discovered  stone.  It  is 
worthy  of  Athens  in  its  beat  days.  The  first  question  which  I  asked 
myself  was  whether  the  figure  was  that  of  a  man  or  a  woman.  The 
flMnoes  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  chest  induces  me  to  think  it  is  a  man. 
1  send  you  a  photograph  of  a  stone  just  discovered  in  South  Shields.  So 
far  as  the  chest  is  concerned  and  the  garment  covering  it,  there  seems  to 
be  a  likeness  between  them.  The  Shields  figure,  we  have  no  doubt,  is 
a  roan.' 

"  Another  person  who  has  inspected  tiie  stone  believes  that  the  figure 
ia  female,  and  is  led  by  the  comucopiee  to  identify  it  with  Ceres.  The 
same  party  expresses  his  opinion  that  the  pilaster  was  one  of  a  pair 
supporting  a  frieze,  perhaps  that  of  a  doorway,  something  after  the 
loanner  of  Coiyatidea 

TOb   ZLO,  2  h 

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262  PROCEEDINGS  AT  HEETINOS  OF 

"  Other  persons  qualified  to  jadge,  to  whom  it  haB  been  shewn,  regaid 
the  memoiial  as  sepulcliraL 

"I  shall  be  much  obliged  if  the  membeis  of  the  Institute  present  will 
favour  me  with  their  opinion  on  the  points  raised. 

"  The  monument  is  executed  in  the  coarse  Lincoln  oolite,  which  renders 
the  delicacy  of  the  workmanship  all  the  more  remarkable. 

"  The  stone  is  mutilated  at  the  base.  Its  present  dimensions  are 
3  ft  2  in.  high,  by  1  ft.  3  in.  broad  on  face,  and  1  ft.  in  flank.  The 
lewis  hole  in  the  upper  surface,  for  raising  the  stone  after  the  j)n»ent 
fashion,  deserves  notice." 

Mr.  F.  C.  J.  Sfurrxll  reported  the  discovery  of  a  lai^e  series  of 
deneholes  near  Grays  in  Essex,  and  exhibited  a  plan  of  a  few  of  these 
curious  excavations.  Mr.  Spurrell  promised  to  report  more  fully  before 
the  end  of  the  session. 

Mr.  W.  T.  Watkin  communicated  a  paper  on  Roman  Inscriptions 
found  in  Britein  in  1884.  This  forms  Mr.  Watkin's  ninth  annual  list, 
and  is  printed  in  the  current  number  of  the  Journal,  at  page  141. 

Mr.  J.  L.  Stahuohhidt  read  a  paper  on  Church  Bells,  in  which  he 
stated  that  his  object  was  to  show — from  the  progress  that  had  been 
made  by  those  specialists  who  had  devoted  themselves  to  the  subject — 
the  general  principles  that  had  been  arrived  at  as  underlying  campano- 
togicol  research,  or  to  put  it  in  the  plainest  language,  how  to  tell, 
approximately  or  exactly,  the  date  of  a  bell.  That  hia  remarks  would 
apply  only  to  pre-reformation  or  "  ancient "  bells  (such  being  almost 
as  invariably  undated  as  those  of  postrreformation  times  are  dated),  and 
to  bells  of  the  south  and  centre  of  England :  too  little  progress  having 
as  yet  been  made  in  the  north  for  it  to  bo  certain  whether  or  not  the 
same  rules  apply. 

After  mentioning  some  abnormally  shaped  bells,  commonly  known  as 
"  long  waisted,"  and  clearly  of  early  fourteenth  century  date,  he  deecribed 
a  hetl  at  Chaldon,  Surrey,  which  he  considered  might  fairly  be  ascribed 
to  the  twelfth  century,  and  was  probably  the  oldest  church  bell  now 
hanging  in  the  south  of  England.  There  is  a  similar  bell  at  a  church  in 
Wensleydale. 

Passing  then  to  bell  inscriptions  he  pointed  out  that  they  were  the 
best  guide  to  dating  any  bell,  that  with  regard  to  the  nature  of  the 
inscriptions,  the  simpler  ones  wore  certainly  lie  earlier  ;  that  as  rE^rds 
the  character  of  the  lettering— inscriptions  in  "  Lombordies  "—sometimes 
called  "Uncials,"  or  "  Gothic  capitals,"  obtained  down  to  the  commence- 
ment of  the  ilfteenth  century ;  that  inscriptions  in  black-letter  came  in 
about  the  last  decade  of  the  fourteenth  century,  the  period  1380^1420 
being  the  transition  period  between  the  two  styles. 

Dealing  first  with  Lombardic  inscriptions  he  showed  that  they  came 
again  into  use  in  the  earlier  half  of  the  sixteenth  century,  but  ttiat  the 
fourteenth  century  (and  earlier)  bells  could  easily  be  distinguished  by 
their  having  a  stop  between  each  word ;  and  he  pointed  out  a  regular 
series  of  development  of  these  stops,  commencing  with  two  or  three 
vertical  circular  dots  or  rings,  then  a  single  diamond  shaped  stop,  then 
a  combination  of  ring  and  diamond,  then  a  fleur-de-lis,  a  crown,  or  a 
leaf,  colminating  in  a  circular  elaborate  stamp  with  founder's  name  upon 
it,  as  used  by  William  Founder  of  London,  whose  dat«  documentary 
evidence  showed  to  be  1380  to  1405  approximately. 


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THB  ROYAL  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE.  263 

Shortly  after  the  intnxluctioii  of  black-letter  inscrijitione  came  in  the 
general  use  of  foundiy  etampa,  and  the  lectnier  in  thia  connection 
mentioned  the  ordinances  of  Uie  ISriLzicr'ti  Company  of  London,  dated 
1416,  which  laid  down  the  ruin  that  each  brazier  was  to  have  his  mark 
which  was  to  be  placed  on  hie  work.  Such  foundry  muks  are  largely 
niet  with  on  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  century  bells,  and  while  many  (rf 
them  have  been  identified  as  to  their  ownership,  many  others  ore  still 
puzzles. 

The  initial  crosses  on  bell  inscriptions  are  also  some  guide  in  deter- 
mining the  authorship  and  consequently  the  date  of  belli  hut  as  these 
passed  from  hand  to  hand,  sometimes  for  many  generations,  much  care 
was  needed  in  theorising  from  their  use. 

Dwelling  very  briefly  on  bells  of  the  Elizabethan  period,  the  Icctater 
mentioned  one  or  two  curious  instances  of  survival  of  Catholic  inscrip- 
tions, and  concluded  with  an  appeaJ  for  help,  especially  in  the  matter  of 
extracts  from  MS.  records,  parish  accounts  and  registers,  hearing  upon 
the  subject;  pointing  out  tliat  not  infre<|uontly  an  apparently  trilling 
entry  gave  important  evidence  on  doubtful  points. 

The  lecture  was  illustrated  with  a  well  selected  series  of  rubbings  of 
inscriptions  and  costs  of  letters,  stops,  crosses,  and  founder's  stamps. 

Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hopb,  ly  the  kind  permission  of  the  Mayor  and 
Corporation  of  Maidstone,  exhibrtcd  and  described  the  civic  maces  of  that 
borough.  Mr.  Hope  has  been  obliging  enough  to  send  the  following 
notes  on  these  maces  : — 

The  Borough  of  Maidstone  possesses  two  maces — both  of  silver  gilt 
The  older,  and  smaller,  of  these  is  22-||.  inches  long  and  consists  of  a 
straight  staff,  with  a  fiattened  button  at  the  foot,  and  moce-head  of 
somewhat  unusual  shape.  This  is  relieved  by  small  square  panels,  and 
supported  by  four  S  shajtud  si;rolls.  The  mace-head  is  surmounted  by  a 
bold  coronet  composed  of  tlireo  flcurs-de-Iis  and  three  crosses  pat4es 
placed  alternately,  and  on  the  top  are  the  royal  arms — France  modem 
and  England  quarterly.  The  shield  was  certainly  once  enamelled,  though 
no  traces  of  colour  now  remain.  The  staff  is  relieved  by  one  knop 
placed  at  about  three-fifths  of  its  length,  and  bean  two  inscriptions 
recording  the  re-gilding  of  the  roace  in  1825  and  again  in  1662.  These 
successive  re-gildings  have  done  much  to  obscure  and  obliterate  some  of 
the  details.     The  button  at  the  foot  has  four  S  shaped  scrolls  above  it. 

This  mace  probably  dates  from  1548,  in  which  year  the  town  was  first 
incorporated  by  royal  charter  of  Edward  VL,  dated  July  4tL  It  also 
admirably  illustrates  the  theory  put  forth  by  Mr.  R.  S.  Ferguson  (see  his 
paper  "  On  the  Morpeth  Mace,"  at  page  90)  that  the  civic  mace  is  the 
war-mace  turned  upside  down.  The  button  and  scrolls  on  the  Maidstone 
example  being  the  survival  of  the  flanged  head  of  the  wor-mace. 

The  second  of  the  Maidstone  maces  is  38  inches  long,  but  being  of  the 
usual  type  colls  for  no  special  description.  The  head  bears  the  rose, 
thistle,  tleur-de-Iis  and  harp,  each  crowned  and  between  the  letters  C  B, 
and  is  surmounted  by  an  arched  crown.  The  staff  is  divided  into  two 
parts  by  a  knop  and  ornamented  with  a  spiral  pattern  of  oak  foliage. 
Under  the  foot  are  the  borough  nrms^a  fess  wavy  bctivceii  tliree 
torteaux,  and  on  a  chief  a  lion  of  Eugland.  The  staff  bears  inscriptions 
recordii^  the  re-gilding  of  the  mace  in  1801  and  1882. 

From  the  borough  records  it  appears  that  a  great  mace  was  procund 


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264       PK0CEEDIN08  AT  HEBTINOB  OF  THB  TNSnTDTE. 

shortly  before  1649,  towards  which  one  Ambroee  Beole  paid  ^£30:  on 
Iheacceeaioiiof  CliarlcHll.  a  new  crown  was  added  at  a  cost  of  £2i  4s.  5d. 
This  price  [wrhapa  included  the  whole  niac«-head,  which  would  be 
obnoxious  to  l>hu  Koundheods  from  its  royal  badf^ 

During  the  mayoralty  of  Andrew  Broughton  in  1649,  a  little  mace  wu 
sold  for  £3  18s.  4^(1  mid  ii  miice  wiUiout  the  Kiwj't  arm*  bought  for 
£4tt  3a  5d.,  of  which  £10  was  a  bequest  of  an  anient  Boundhead  named 
John  Big(t 

Jlntiipiitua  iml>  tfiotka  of  Jlrt  Cxhibitel). 

By  Precentor  Venasles. — Photograph  and  drawing  of  a  fine  Koman 
pilaster  found  in  Lincoln. 

By  Hi.  F.  C.  J.  Spubrbll. — Plan  of  Denoholea  at  Grays. 

By  Mr.  J.  J.  Caret. — Drawing  of  a  wall  painting  of  "  Lea  tros  vifs  et 
lea  tres  morts"  in  the  church  of  Ifotre  Dame  du  C^tel,  Guonwey. 
Drawing  of  a  sculptured  stone  chest,  from  Guernsey. 

By  Mi.  J.  L.  Stahlsobwdt. — Casts  and  rubbings  of  bell  inscriptions. 

By  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  JoB»  HoTB. — The  civic  maces  of  the  Boraugli  of 
Maidetona 


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Ilotias  «f  ^tchaaUigtral  ))ublintions. 

THE  OEKTLEUAN-S  MAGAZINE  LI6RAKY  :  being  ■  Clutifled  Cullectic.n  of  the 
Chisf  Cuntenta  ot  the  GentlemaH't  Ma-jaziat  fmm  1731  bi  18SS.  Edited  by 
QmiaB  Lacbekci  Oomur,  F.S.A.  :  Popciliir  Stiperntitloiia.  Lmidon  :  Elliut  Stuck, 
62,  PatenioKter  Hov,  B.C.,  1SS4. 

Xo  better  Iiand  could  be  found  thnn  that  of  the  .Secretary  to  tlte 
Folklore  Society  for  claaeifying  the  quantity  of  iiiiiterial  which  falls 
under  the  geni^ml  head  of  Popukr  SiiperatitionB.  This  collection  forms, 
to  a  certain  extent,  a  continuation  of  the  volume  on  Manuers  and 
Ciutoma,  and,  though  the  editor  has,  fortnnatelf  for  himeelf,  not  been 
quite  called  npon  to-— 

"distinguish,  and  divide 
A  hair  'twixt  South  and  Sotiih  West  aide :" 
WB  can  easily  realize  the  difficulty  that  he  must  have  had  in  dutermining 
the  best  amtngement  of  this  part  of  the  collectioTi.  Speaking  in  the 
Introduction  as  to  the  force  of  tiaditional  superstitions  upon  the  minds 
of  those  who  live  on  the  outskirts  of  oui  civilization,  Mr.  Gomme  says 
Uiat  "the  full  extent  and  nature  of  this  force  is  only  properly  to  be 
nnderstood  when,  in  getting  together  such  a  collection  of  instances  as  the 
Gmtieman'e  Magazine  affords,  one  conies  upon  the  actual  living  super- 
stition over  and  over  again Tha  force  at  the  back  of  this  ' 

stipentition  in  modem  times  is  traditional  revereitee  for  what  has  been 

huided  down But  when  superstition  has  died  out  gradually 

from  inaniticm  and  non-oae  rftthei  than  from  a  definite  uprooting,  times 
will  come  when  the  mother  in  her  trouble  or  the  cottager  in  some  sudden 
emergency  thinks  of  certain  long-forgotton  practices  which  their  bthers 
bad  told  ^em  of,  and  had  used  before  their  eyes,  and  then  we  get  a 
revival  of  traditional  superstitions."  In  fact  supentitions  die  hard,  and 
many  people  wiU  be  snipriud  to  hear  that  witchcraft,  certaiidy  of  a 
bannleea  uid  childish  character,  was  a  living  folly  in  Scotland  so  late  as 
Wt  year  (1884). 

Witcbt^t  is  perhaps  the  moet  ancient,  extraonJinaty,  and  wicked 
delusion  of  the  human  mind,  and  we  have  in  tliis  volume  a  very 
interesting  collection  of  evidences  of  this  degrading  lunacy — we  can  call 
it  nothing  else — headed  by  a  series  of  interesting  articles  by. "J.  P." 
ou  its  rise  and  progress.  This  contributor  ends  his  remarks,  in  1830, 
with  a  quotation  bom  No.  117  of  The  Sjmetator,  adding  that  the 
coficIosionB  of  "the  elegant  and  sensible  Addison"  entirely  coincides 
with  his  own  humble  opinion.  Equally  humbly,  we  venture  to  thii^ 
that  if  Addison  had  lived  in  our  day,  while  he  would  have  written  with 
«qujil  el^ance,  he  would,  in  all  probability,  have  ezittessed  himself  with 


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266  NOTICES  OP  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PDBUCATIOHS. 

more  decision.  It  may,  however,  be  bom  in  mind  that  AdJison  wrote 
at  a  time  when  the  atrocities  of  Matthew  Hopkins,  committed  under  a. 
commission  from  Parliament,  were  yet  fresh  in  the  memories  of  tlie 
people  who  siiETcred  them  to  take  place,  ^till  it  is  not  easy  to  nuder- 
Btond  why  a  man  like  Addison  should  have  suspended  his  judgment  so 
many  years  aft«r  rough  justice  had  overtaken  the  Witch  Finder  Genend, 

"  Who  after  prov'd  himself  a  vntek, 
And  made  a  rod  for  his  own  breech." 

The  great  writer  was  perhaps  influenced  to  a  certain  extent  by  the  fact 
that  the  devil  and  his  agents  were  still  helicyed  to  be  restrained  by  Act 
of  Parliament,  in  accordance  with  the  principles  of  traditional  reverence. 

William  III  ia  said  to  have  wished  a  foolish  man  who  came  to 
be  touched  for  the  evU,  "better  health  and  more  sense."  Doubtless  the 
better  mental  health  of  the  present  generation,  at  least  as  regards 
witchcraft,  ia  the  result  of  more  education,  and  we  may  happUy  walk 
abroad  withont  the  remotest  chance  of  meeting  the  sights  which  greeted 
oor  ancestors — the  senseless  barbarities  which  were  the  daily  dread  of 
the  most  harmless  and  helpless  members  of  the  community  who 
bfyipened  to  be  poor,  solitary,  old,  and  ugly,  and  to  have  a  cat  for  a 
companion. 

We  have,  on  a  former  occasion,  noticed  how  much  material  on  special 
subjects  will  be  ^thtiTed  up  and  placed  within  easy  reach  by  the 
publication  of  the  Qadleman'i  Magazine  Library^  and  certainly  the 
section  dealing  with  enperatitioua  customs  attached  to  certain  days  and 
eeasona  is  a  ^od  example  of  what  we  then  had  in  out  mind  But  the 
"  interpenetration  "  of  church  custom  and  folk-Ioie  is  such  that,  as  Mr. 
Oomme  says,  "it  is  oftentimes  diSicult  to  define  where  the  one  begins 
and  the  other  leaves  oS."  This  matter,  together  with  the  special 
handling  of  the  Folk-lore  of  the  Calendar  must  before  long  fall  to  the 
treatment  of  specialists,  and  such  workers  cannot  fail  to  gladly  make  use 
of  the  material  wliich  Mr.  Giomme  has  here  placed  ready  to  their  hands 
and  elucidated  not  a  little  by  his  "  Notes."  In  the  meantime  we  shall 
be  glad  to  see  a  certain  loi%-project«d  volume  on  Church  Folk-lore  by  two 
able  men. 

SttpeistitiouB  customs  and  beliefs  of  other  kinds  is  pleasant  and  varied 
reading.  We  are  not  disposed  to  think  that  any  particular  county  bears 
away  the  bell  for  credulity,  though  Suffolk  certainly  takes  a  good  place 
and  ia  well  worthy  of  its  own  "  Garland." 

Of  folk  medicine  Edward  Potter's  MS.,  fifth  book,  is  an  agreeable 
study,  and  we  must  confess  to  a  sort  of  "  traditional  reverence  "  for  his 
wonderful  receipts,  "taken  out  of  the  vicar  of  Warlingham's  booke," 
since  "  they  were  taught  him  by  the  fayries."  Of  course  there  is  "  A 
good  drinke  for  them  that  are  bewitched  or  forespokcn,"  though  we  may 
congratulate  ouraelvea  that  we  do  not  rmjuint  such  a  ileco<;tioii.  It  is  ao/i 
quite  clear  whether  "  the  fayries  "  had  a  liaud  in  all  these  receipts,  but 
if  these  airy  sprites  are  to  bj  held  responsible  for  "A  good  ovntment 
against  the  vanitycs  of  the  headc." — n  bitter  cure  indeul— and  for  the 
receipt  "To  reniedye  baldnons  of  the  hoade,"  after  which  (ns  wp  can  well 
believe)  we  "shall  see  great  exiierienccs," — though  we  should  imagine 
not  exactly  the  desired  result — we  begin  to  lose  faith  in  the  gentieness 
of  the  faiiy  charactei.     We  regain  some  confidence,  however,  on  reading 


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NOTICES  OF  ARCHAEOLOOICAL  FOBUCATIONB.  267 

the  simple  remedy  "agamat  all  maimer  of  infirmities"  for  the  teat  of 
the  year  if  taken  on  the  first  Thursday  in  the  fairy  month  of  May. 

We  gather  that  the  latter  part  of  the  MB.,  6th  hook,  treating  of  plaisteis, 
Bolvea,  potions,  &a,  is  not  quite  such  pretty  reading  as  the  fairy  cures, 
and  it  ia  sootlung  to  look  forward  in  the  history  of  medicine,  even  if  we 
get  DO  further  than  the  incessant  tar-water,  blistors,  bleedings,  and  vomits, 
which  made  life  miserable  a  hundred  and  fifty  years  later. 

We  need  only  caK  general  attention  to  the  number  of  unexpected 
subjects  which  fall  under  the  head  of  Superstitious  Customs  and  Beliefs, 
in  a  long  list,  ending  with  the  well  known  and  moat  popular  of  all 
charms,  the  horseshoe.  But  special  mention  should  be  made  of  the 
excellent  IjuI&e,  because  it  appeare  that  many  writers  imagine  that  when 
"The  End  "  ia  written  the  book  is  finished.  It  ia  unfortunately  too  late 
now  to  enshrine  this  idea  among  "  Superstitions  Customs  and  Beliefs," 
of  which  this  volume  treats;  but,  leolly,  the  sooner  it  is  properly 
classified  among  "  Yulgar  Errors "  tike  better  It  will  be  for  the  rapidly 
increasing  numbers  of  persona  who  buy  books,  not  to  put  them  on  their 
shelves  and  forget  them,  but  to  read  them  and  make  use  of  them  by 
means  of  an  index  such  as  Mi.  Gomme  gives  ub. 

We  notice  the  handsome  way  in  whioh  the  Editor  in  his  introduction 
acknowledges  his  indebtedness  to  many  correspondents  for  help  during 
the  progress  of  his  work.  This  is  a  Uteiary  custom  not  infrequently 
somewhat  dishonoured  in  the  observance.  Special  mention  is  also  made 
of  an  obligiug  critic,  who  has  taken  the  pains  to  seud  him  a  list  of  the 
errata  which  he  has  lighted  upon  in  the  preceding  votumee  of  the  series. 
We  are  glad  to  hear  that  this  list  will  be  printed,  for  it  will  add  to  the 
permanent  value  of  the  aeries  and  stand  a  constant  record  of  the  strait- 
forward  and  generous  way  in  which  Mr.  Gomme  goes  to  work.  We  hive 
not  attempted  to  deal  critically  with  the  book — that  would  be  impossible  in 
a  limited  notice — but  we  have  probably  said  enough  to  indicate  that  this 
volume,  like  the  former  ones,  is  not  a  mere  dead  collection  of  dull 
di^ointod  extracts,  but  a  series  of  original  recoids  sufficiently  linked 
together  in  sections  and  annotated  with  experience  and  ability. 


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Srcfiiraloflical  IntelUgetue. 

MEBTiNa  OF  TBI  Imbtitutx  IN  Debbtshibr. — ^The  general  amntte- 
mento  for  the  meeting  of  the  Intititute  at  Derby,  on  July  28tb,  under 
the  presidency  of  the  Earl  of  Carnarvon,  D.C.L.,  F.S.A.,  are  now 
comiJeted.  The  following  are  the  names  of  the  Presidents  and  Vice- 
FresidentB  of  Sections : 

AHttqiunim.    Presldnit :  Thr  Rit.  J.  O.  Coi,  LUD. 

fRiv.  O.  F.  BBomn. 
Babom  ds  Comoh. 
I  R.  S.  Tkbodso:). 
Vloe-PnildBnU-i  Llsw^llysit  Jhwitt. 

I  RKT.  PBrnatDABT  acAHTH. 

^Thk  Hon.  F.  arBon. 

UMorieat.    Preiiilent :  Ths  V?h»  Rkv,  thk  Dbas  op  Licbpikld. 

(Sxv.  SiH  TiLBM  Bakes,  Bait. 
I  Thk  Hon.  W.  M.  Jeivib. 

IMajoh  Lawson  Lowk. 
Thk  l/iHD  BiBKnp  of  Sudthwkll. 
Rkv.  F.  itPUBBKLL. 
a.  TtlCESB  (SoiUMHt). 
RSV.  PRRCENTOB  VR.VABUtS. 

ArtKatetuTol.    Pnnfilmt :  Tax  RloRT  Hoh.  A.  J.  B.  BEimpnRD  Hope,  U.P.,  F.S.A. 
CRxv.  J.  R.  BOTLK. 
I  W.  JuLucr. 

RSV.  F.  JODBDAIK. 
Vlce-FrdUmta-^  R.  P.  PullaB. 

I  'tHK  RiQHT  Hon.  thk  Lord  Scamdalk. 
j  aiK  SiBBALD  Scott,  But 
LUlR  H.  WiLkoT,  Bait,  M.P, 

The  following  places  will  be  vi)>it«(I  during  the  week  :  Ke<Ueeton, 
Norbury,  Aehbume,  Tutbury  Casttf,  riardwiclc  Hall,  Winfield  Manor 
Ho'ose,  Bakewoll,  Haddon  Hnll,  Arbor  Low,  Youlgreave,  Sawley  Dale, 
Abbey,  Morley,  Repton  and  Breedon  Priories,  Melbourne,  Peveril  Ciistle, 
Tideswell,  Padley  Chapel,  the  Carls  Watk  and  Hathersage. 

All  persona  who  contemplate  reading  |>apers  during  the  meeting  shonld 
communicate  witit  the  Secretarj'  without  delay. 


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I 


C|)e  iarcbaeologital  Sournal. 


SEPTEMBER,  1885. 


EARLY   SITES  AND  EMBANKMENTS  ON  THE  MARGINS 
OF  THE  THAMES  ESTUARY. 

Bj  F.  C.  J,  SPUBRBLL. 

The  river  Thames  within  the  limita  of  my  present 
examination  wa^,  at  a  remote  period,  a  stream  whose 
waters  were  not  estuarine  or  salt.  At  that  time  the  land 
through  which  it  flowed  waa  so  high  as  to  keep  the  sea 
wholly  away.  But  then  came  a  time  when  the  land  had 
subsided  so  far  as  to  permit  the  ocean  to  take  possession 
of  the  freshwater  channel.  By  the  continued  sinking  of 
the  laud,  the  sea  gradually  crept  up  the  valley  until,  at  the 
present  day,  the  ordinary  tide  reaches  as  far  as  Eichraond. 

But  the  old  freshwater  bed  at  what  is  called  the  mouth 
of  the  Thames  had  sunk  much  further  below  the  sea  level 
than  that  at  Eichmond  by  the  time  the  sea  had  reached 
the  latter  spot,  and  in  doing  so  had  afforded  room  in  its 
bed  for  successive  deposits  of  mud  and  refuse.  When  a 
river  meets  the  sea  the  point  at  which  the  currents 
neutralize  each  other  permits  the  suspended  matter  to 
settle  ;  these  may  be  of  different  natures  and  constituents. 

&i  the  Thames,  as  elsewhere,  these  deposits  are  arranged 
in  certain  order,  and  about  the  Shorne  and  Tilbury 
oiarshes,  lor  example,  the  layers  of  materials  take  a 
greater  regularity  in  their  relative  positions  than  elsewhere. 
Coarse  gravel  lies  lowest,  smaller  above,  and  then  fine 
Band;  this  succession  denotes  the  decrease  in  velocity  of 
the  current  of  fresh  water.  Next  we  have  sand  banks  in 
wUch  the  shells  of  Scrobicular^  and  TeUina  occur,'  these 

'  Id  thk  layer  a  bunum  akeletou  oceuned  at  Tilbuiy. 

TOI.  xLii.  (Na  167)  2  u 

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270  EARLY  STTES  AND  EMBANKMENTS  ON  THE 

are  estuanDe  shells  and  announce  tlie  access  of  salt  water. 
Above  these  comes  a  layer  of  peat  formed  of  stranded  trees 
and  other  vegetable  matter,  the  current  at  that  time  havmg 
been  cliecked  sufficiently  to  let  even  floating  logs  lie. 
Above  is  found  a  very  fine  grey  mud,  then  a  layer  of 
peat  formed  of  land  and  freshwater  plants,  above  this  fine 
grey  mud,  then  peat  again  of  considerable  thickness  and 
toughness,  much  more  commonly  foYmed  of  brushwood 
tliau  of  water  plants,  then  grey  mud  again.  The  alterna- 
tions of  these  layers  denote  intermissions  in  the  rate  of 
subsidence — mud  was  deposited  when  washed  by  the 
tide  continually,  peat  was  in  formation  when  subsidence 
had  either  stopped  or  was  reduced  to  a  minimum  (if,  indeed, 
it  does  not  show  a  reversal  of  the  movement) ;  so  that  the 
level  of  the  soil  had  sufficient  time  to  rise  by  its  own 
growth  above  the  reach  of  spring  tides,  even  in  storms. 
Lower  down  the  river  this  division  into  layers  grows  less 
distinct,  while  higher  up  the  different  peat  beds  merge 
into  each  other  with  less  mud  between.  In  the  marshes 
of  Long  Beach  and  nearer  London,  the  upper  layer  of  the 
great  mass  of  peat  supported  a  forest  of  birch,  elm,  hazel, 
and  yew,  with  many  others.  The  yew  forest  is  a  remark- 
able feature — as  the  yew  ia  intolerant  of  water  and  cannot 
live  in  salt — yet  the  yew  forest  stretched  across  the  whole 
marsh  at  Dartford,  Dagenham,  Eainham,  Erith,  and 
Plumstead  (as  well  as  elsewhere).  The  stubs  of  the  trees 
may  be  seen  about  0-  o.d.  on  both  sides  of  the  river  bank 
in  Longreach  standing  m  si(*),  as  in  other  places.'  At 
Crossness  some  large  yews  were  dug  up,  and  one  I  saw 
fetched  up  from  the  excavations  was  15  inches,  and 
another  exceeded  18  inches  in  diameter,  and  there  were 
others  larger  still  which  I  did  not  measure.  Oaks  of 
medium  size  are  also  found  on  both  sides  of  the  river  in 
this  layer.  Long  periods  of  freedom  from  the  tide  must 
have  elapsed  for  such  forest  growths  to  have  become 
established. 

The  u])per  surface  of  these  layers  of  forest  and  peaty 
soil  in  the  districts  I  liave  named  generally  lies  about 
0  of  O.D.  (from  e.  to  w.  and^from  n.  to  s.)  but  it  is  found 
of  course  a  little  higher  on  the  gently  sloping  banks, 
as  at  Southwark  and  Westminster,  and  elsewhere  lower 
down,  The  successive  layers  extended  further  and  further 

'  For  nolp  on  tlie  menning  ot  "  O.D.,"  see  page  272. 

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UAKGINS  07  THE  THAUE8  ESTUARY.  271 

westward  as  the  land  sank  further,  the  lowest  layers  in 
the  east  not  being  represented  in  the  west.  At  Southwark 
and  Westminster,  consequently,  the  bank  of  ancient  or 
pleistocene  gravel  through  which  the  river  winds  had 
only  been  covered  by  a  layer  of  peat,  which  is  the  equiva- 
lent of  the  uppermost  of  those  already  enumerated,  in  the 
Roman  period,  but  not  by  the  succeeding  clay,  which 
apparently  had  not  then  been  deposited  westward  of 
Purfleet,  except  perhaps  in  creeks. 

The  inability  of  the  tide  to  deposit  above  a  certain  level, 
coupled  with  the  fact  that  there  are  many  yards  in  thick- 
ness of  deposit,  is  evidence  that  room  has  been  made 
below  the  certain  level  to  receive  it.  The  room  has  been 
generally  credited  to  slipping  and  sliding,  and  to  contrac- 
tion of  the  deposit.  I  do  not  forget  to  give  these  move- 
ments their  value,  but  there  has  certainly  been  another, 
for  such  movements  are  not  shared  by  the  gravel  banks 
of  Southwark,  of  Higham,  or  even  of  Littlebrook,  and  the 
many  gently  shelving  shores  along  the  Thames  which  are 
either  embanked  or  are  regularly  receiving  that  slight 
deposit  of  mud  from  the  river  which  is  at  present 
imperceptibly  converting  them  from  earthland  into  marsh. 

I  have  .said  that  at  the  present  day  the  ordinary  tides 
reach  as  far  as  Richmond — vulgarly  speaking  they  reach  to 
Xeddiiigton  and  even  further,  but  that  is  not  the  tide  water 
that  I  am  speaking  of,    viz.,  the  marine. 

This  limit  of  the  marine  tide  is  that  high  water  level 
which  is  the  result  of  the  ocean  invading  the  shore,  and  it 
is  measured  by  a  line  known  as  Thames  high  water  mark 
of  the  Trinity  House  standard  or  T.n.w.  In  a  longitudinal 
section  of  the  Thames  from  a  hydrological  point  of  view, 
the  line  of  T.H.w,  coincides  with  the  level  of  the  ordinary 
spring  tides  at  Richmond  bridge ;  above  that  level  the  rise 
of  the  water  is  the  irregular  result  of  land  floods  or 
storms.  That  it  is  a  true  natural  division  is  also  apparent 
when  it  is  seen  to  be  in  agreement  with  the  limit  of  tran- 
sport inland  of  the  most  delicate  marine  organisms,  the 
Biatomacece' 

There  is  another  practical  and  very  obvious  limit.  The 
artificial  banks  which  now  keep  the  waters  of  the  Thamea 

'  3m  paper  hy  Dr.  Bokhj  is  "  Proa.  Holmesdale  Nat.  Hilt.  Sue,  1S7S." 

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272  EABLY  BITES  AND  EMBANKMENTS  ON  THE 

within  definite  bounds  are  inefficient  unless  they  reach  a 
height  exceeding  15  feet  above  a  certain  level  which  is 
called  the  Ordnance  datum  line — though  there  are 
differencea  in  the  elevation  of  banks,  which  are  higher 
where  winds,  currents,  or  the  proximity  of  the  sea  oblige 
the  walls  to  be  raised ;  at  the  present,  16  feet  is  t£e 
average  actual  height  above  o.d.' 

It  is  evident  that  all  the  shore  land  of  the  Thames  below 
the  level  of.l5  feeto.D.  would  be  continually  subject  to  the 
wash  of  the  tides  of  the  present  day  if  unembanked.  The 
land  lying  below  the  above  level  would  include  a  consider- 
able quantity  near  the  marshes,  now  dwelt  on  by  us, 
which  has  never  been  washed  by  the  Thames  in  modem 
times.  At  a  certain  distance  below  this  level  deposits  of 
mud  are  being  always  laid  by  the  spring  tides.  These 
deposits  occur  in  bays  and  unenclosed  spots  by 
the  river  side,*  and  are  called  Saltings  or  Salts  to  dis- 
tinguish them  from  the  fresh  marshes.  AE  down  the 
river  these  saltings  are  within  a  few  inches  of  the  same 
level,  and  their  averse  height  above  o.d.  of  the  present 
day  is  10  feet  or  10  feet  6  inches. 

The  level  of  the  saltings  is  regulated  by  the  height 
reached  by  the  spring  tides,  which  float  on  to  the  grassy 
surface  muddy  water.  The  water  floats  ofl"  again  leaving 
the  mud  adherent  to  the  grass  and  dried  soil.  It  is 
obvious  that  no  saltings  can  exist  higher  than  the  level  to 
which  the  springs  lift  the  mud.  This  then  is  a  most 
important  level.  It  represents  the  height  at  which  the 
tops  of  the  marshes  would  stand  now,  if  there  were  free 
passage  for  the  tide  and  no  walls.  But  along  the  Thames 
the  marsh  levels  within  the  walls  lie  below  the  salting 
tops  at  varying  distances.  To  a  certain  extent  by  this 
means  a  guess  may  be  made  at  the  ages  of  the  different 
levels ;  for,  looking  on  either  side  of  a  bank  dividing  the 
marsh  land,  it  may  sometimes  be  seen  that  one  level  is 
many  feet  higher  than  that  on  the  other  side.  That 
which  is  highest  having  been  last  enclosed.  A  good 
instance  of  this  may  be  seen  near  Erith  church. 

'  Tha  Thames  high-water  nurk  is  12  fL  care  hu  been  taken  to  seouro  acouraey. 
6in.  above  the  Ordnance  lialant  line.  In  All  localities  mentioned  b;  fanner  authon 
thia  paper  the  o.a  ii  the  lerel  trom  whicli      nbote  meiunii-aDienta  have  b«en  uied  b; 


I  hnvederived  mv  meaiurementB  ugiTeti      me,  have  been  viaited,  and  as  far  u  prno- 
1  bench  nuu-ke.     In  aJl      ticable  Twifiad,  or  rejected  U  found  in- 


_.     __  ,  __   -jjectedU 

1  have  given  the  greateat      distinct 


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UABOINS  OF  THE  THAMES  ESTnARY.  27S 

It  will  be  perceived  alao  that  these  marsh  levels  were 
once  saltings  whose  upper  surface  was  determined  by  the 
height  the  spring  tides  reached  when  they  washed  over 
thpm.  The  general  appearance  of  the  saltings  is  that  of 
flat  meadows  covered  with  grass  and  weeds  and  intersected 
by  fleets  and  creeks.  The  course  of  some  of  these  is 
determined  by  streams  froin  the  shore,  while  the  majority 
are  anastomosing  channels  formed  by  tidal  wash.  The 
number  and  size  of  these  creeks  and  fleets  as  compared 
with  the  area  of  the  salts  is  small  inland.  Tlie  channels 
increase  in  numbers,  width,  and  depth  in  proportion  to 
the  salts  lower  down  towards  the  sea,  winding  and 
intersecting,  until  in  the  Medway  and  the  Swale  the  pro- 
portion of  water  way  is  equal  to  or  greater  than  the  salt^ 
ing  flats.  Lastly  Uie  wash  of  the  sea  becomes  more 
destructive  than  its  depositing  power,  then  there  are  no 
salts,  only  mud  banks,  as  at  Biythe,  Mucking,  &c. ;  and 
further  out  still  these  are  represented  by  sand  and  shingle. 
The  sequence  is  fairly  regular,  and  as  the  sea  advances  on 
the  land,  especially  in  the  case  of  subsidence,  the  different 
varieties  of  saltings  travel  inland  too. 

It  is  obvious  that  in  the  case  of  an  embanked  marsli, 
after  a  sufficient  period  has  elapsed  for  the  equalization  of 
its  surface,  that  its  level  will  be  the  mean  level  of  the 
creeks  and  saltings,  and  that  the  level  of  the  marshes 
(as  at  Hoo  or  Stoke)  would  be  lower  than  those 
in  the  west,  but  higher  than  those  in  the  east,  for  the  same 
age.  If,  therefore,  there  were  embanked  islands  and 
marshes  out  on  the  flats  eastward  of  Sheppey  in  the 
Boman  time ;  it  will  easily  be  understood  that  when  once 
they  were  drowned  there  was  little  or  no  chance  of  their 
recoveiy.  The  saltings  at  the  Medway  mouth  and  the 
Swale  are  going  to  sea  very  rapidly,  and  the  area  of  open 
water  at  high  tide  is  annually  percdved  to  increase. 

On  the  murshes  of  to-day  houses  stand,  and  broken 
glass  and  bones  and  other  rubbish  would  indicate  the 
date  they  were  abandoned  to  the  tide,  by  the  variety  of 
relics  lying  at  a  given  level.  In  many  places  on  the 
Thames,  remains  lie  scattered  beneath  the  present  surface 
of  the  marsh  which  indicate  a  definite  period,  and  Boman 
pottery  is  so  plainly  detected  that  we  know  by  it  what 
was  the  level  of  the  Iloman  period. 

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274  EABLY  SITES  AND  EHBANKUENTS  ON  THE 

In  the  Soman  time  the  Thorn-eye  on  which  Westminster 
ahbey  church  stands,  consisted  of  sand  surrounded,  or 
nearly  so,  with  peat  or  marshland.  The  hard  part  of  the 
little  island  where  there  was  no  peat  was  apparently 
covered  with  Homan  buildings,  removed  later  perhaps  to 
l)repare  the  site  of  the  abbey,  and  I  am  informed  by  Mr. 
Poole,  the  abbey  mason,  that  the  rubble  and  blocks  of 
concrete  of  these  lioman  buildings  were  largely  used  in 
the  footings  of  the  Gothic  work  of  the  abbey  church; 
while  some  may  be  detected  in  the  older  walls.  Mr. 
Poole  and  Mr.  Wright  tell  me  that  beneath  the  floor  of  the 
church  concrete  with  brick  flags  was  found  in  siiH  by 
them. 

Mr.  T.  Wright,  the  clerk  of  the  works  to  the  abbey, 
tells  me  that  m  the  college  garden,  when  digging  the 
foundations  to  the  new  canons'  houses,  the  workmen 
passed  through  made  earth  to  six  feet  from  the  surface ; 
then  peat  two  feet,  to  gravel ;  in  the  upper  part  of  this 
peat  slabs  of  concrete  flooring  surfaced  with  tiles  or  brick, 
roofing  tiles  and  other  rubbish  with  bones  and  pots,  the 
remains  of  a  Roman  dwelling  were  found.  The  surface  of 
the  gravel  here  was  14  feet  below  the  level  of  College 
street  which  at  that  place  is  16  feet  o.D.  lieueatb  tlie  site 
of  the  old  organist's  house  in  the  dark  cloister  was  gravel ; 
resting  on  this  was  18  inches  of  peat,  in  the  upper  part  of 
which  were  numerous  masses  of  concrete,  bricks,  tiles, 
bones,  pots,  and  other  refuse  of  Homan  life.  The  upjier 
level  of  the  gravel  here  is  10  feet  6  inches  below  the 
surface  of  the  cloister  floor,  which  is  2  feet  6  inches  below 
the  floor  of  the  nave  of  the  church,  which  is  17  feet  o.d., 
so  that  the  Roman  surface  is  o.d.  5  feet,  while  in  tlie  garden 
it  is  about  a  foot  lower,  both  of  whicli  levels  are  beneath 
the  level  at  which  alluvium  is  now  being  deposited,  but  of 
which  these  spots  have  been  deprived. 

In  Southwark  the  Roman  remains  are  very  abundant. 
The  greater  part  is  gravel  covered  with  a  light  layer  of 
peat  or  peaty  soil  in  which  the  relics  lay. 

The  section  of  the  soil  in  the  grounds  of  Guy's  hospital' 
shewed,  made  ground  8  feet,  yellow  clay  2  feet,  black 
loam  and  peat  containing  pine  cones,  hazel,  and  moss 

'  See  Dr.  Odling's  accoual  in  vol.  i  of  Quj's  hoopital  UeporU. 

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MARGIH8  OF  THE  THAMES  ESTUARY.  275 

2  feet,  and  below  (ancient)  gravel.  In  the  peat  were 
found  Eoman  pots  and  pans  and  the  relics  of  food,  and 
the  black  loam  is  the  Eoman  vegetable  mould.  So  the 
deposit  of  peat  was  laid  on  a  soil  which  had  never  received 
a  covering  of  tidal  mud.  A  covering  of  yellow  clay  and 
made  ground  rose  up  to  14  feet  6  inches  o.d. 

In  the  Boman  burial  ground  described  by  Mr.  A.  J. 
Kempe'  vases  were  found  about  6  feet  below  the  surface, 
"  they  had  been  deposited  just  below  the  stratum  of 
natural  loam  which  is  above  the  alluvial  gravel  bed."  I 
find  the  elevation  above  O.d.  to  be  8  feet  6  inches,  so  that 
■  the  Eoman  level  was  2  feet  6  inches. 

Mr.  E.  B.  Way,  who  has  long  been  collecting  Eoman 
remains  in  Southwark,  tells  me  that  the  average  depth  of 
remains  is  from  12  to  16  feet  below  the  surface  at  places 
where  these  figures  coincide  with  the  zero  of  o.d.  or  a  Uttle 
above  it. 

A  great  many  writers  have  described  Eoman  floors 
and  other  remains  in  Southwark,  but  without  attention 
to  the  level  at  which  they  lay  below  the  surface.  Most 
of  the  buildings  stood  on  peat  which  was  retained  in 
its  place  by  short  piles  for  the  purpose,  chiefly,  of  keeping 
the  tesselated  pavements  which  the  Eomans  used  from 
becoming  irregular.  The  piles  were  driven  into  the  peat 
and  gravel  up  to  their  heads,  on  which  the  concrete  was 
laid. 

When  the  Albert  dock,  which  extends  across  the 
Plaistowand  East  Hamlevel  was  being  dug  in  1878-9,Roman 
black  pottery  (I  saw  some  Samian),  and  food  refuse,  with 
tiles,  were  found  between  8  and  9  feet  below  the  surface 
(which  was  5  feet  6  inches  O-d.),  on  and  in  the  top  of  a 
layer  of  peat ;  this  was  covered  by  tidal  mud. 

When  the  southern  outfall  works  were  being  dug 
twenty  years  ago  at  Crossness,  a  very  exposed  situation,  I 
saw  much  Eoman  pottery,  mortar,  tiles,  rubbish  and 
portions  of  wood,  Ijnng  about  9  feet  below  the  surface 
(which  was  there  o.d.  5  feet)  on  the  upper  part  of  a  layer  of 
peat,  which  showed  unmistakeably  that  hazel  and  birches 
were  growing  on  it,  while  moss,  &c.,  covered  the  surface. 
The  bones  of  the  "  Roman  "  ox  and  lai^e  quantities  of 
native  oyster  and  snail  shells  lay  in  the  peat.     I  saw  a 

'  Ardtaeologia,  izti,  4S7. 

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276  E^BLT  SIVBS  AND  SBCBANKHENT8  ON  THB 

broken  cinerary  urn  from  here  which  when  fonnd  con- 
tained bones,  as  the  workman  told  me. 

The  Bomans  occupied  this  part  of  the  eatuary  at  &  time 
which  seems  to  have  been  co-incident  with  a  renewed 
depression,  when  in  the  western  part  the  yew  and  oak 
forest  had  weakened  and  declined,  though  the  surface 
was  not  too  swampy  to  support  other  trees  and  bushes 
forming  a  scrubby  undei^rowth,  with  most  of  the  flower- 
ing plants  now  living  and  much  moss. 

In  the  excavations  for  the  new  Tilbury  docks,  I  saw  in 
October,  1883,  Roman  tiles  and  pottery,  with  bones  and 
food  refuse,  oyster  and  snail  shells,  tiles  and  flint  blocks. 
They  lay  in  the  fine  alluvial  grey  clay,  but  on  a  mossy  and 
grass-grown  surface  which  could  not  have  been  unhke  the 
surface  of  the  marsh  there  at  present.  This  layer  was 
7  feet  below  the  surface.  The  area  covered  with  remains 
was  about  40  yards  square,  but  there  were  signs  of  a  much 
wider  spread. 

The  conditions  here  were  different  to  iJiose  at  Crossness, 
and  the  salts  may  have  been  embanked,  but  looking  over 
the  large  excavations  I  was  not  able  to  detect  any  signs  of 
banks. 

Roman  pottery  in  layers,  and  scattered  over  the  fore- 
shore and  banks  of  the  Thames,  is  very  common  lower 
down.  On  the  east  aide  of  Tilbury  fort  at  low  water,  the 
shore  beneath  the  saltings  is  covered  with  Samian,  of  sorts; 
and  many  kinds  of  black,  buff,  and  white  pottery,  all 
Roman.  This  extends  for  a  couple  of  miles  along  the 
shore.  The  fragments  are  sometimes  worn  but  are  fre- 
quently freshly  fractured,  and  they  all  appear  to  have 
been  washed  out  of  the  same  layer  in  the  mud  which 
apparently  lies  one  or  two  feet  below  o.d.  No  pottery  is 
found  in  the  face  of  the  saltings.  On  this  foreshore  and 
opposite  the  Low  street  manor  way,  the  raised  portion  of 
wluch  stops  abruptly  some  distance  from  the  water,  Mr. 
P.  Benton,  of  Wakering  Hall,  Esses,  was  fortunate  in 
obtaining  a  remarkable  find.  He  tells  me,  "  we  probed 
down  with  a  prong  and  found  an  um  8jj  inches  high  filled 
with  burnt  human  bones,  and  round  it  two  cups  Mid  two 
saucers  of  Samian  ware,  a  black  vase,  another  smaller  um 
shaped  like  a  crucible,  and  another  black  vessel "  of  an 
angular  pattern.    This  find  lay  about  one  foot  around  the 


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UABOZNS  OF  THE  THAKBa  BSTUABY.  277 

central  bone  unij  between  3  and  4  feet  deep  in  the  mud, 
about  20  yards  fr<»Q  the  salting  place.  The  foreshore  here 
slopes  somewhat  rapidly,  and  consequently  the  burial  mast 
have  been  below  the  o.d.  line  by  about  2  feet.  This  is  in 
accordance  with  the  docks  level.  Mr.  Benton  has  another 
very  large  Upchurch  jar,  14  inches  high,  with  bones  in 
it,  from  the  same  layer,  and  two  fl^ons  of  light  bulf 
ware  with  handles,  a  white  metal  cup,  an  earthen  colander, 
&c.  Other  people  have  obtained  cinerary  urns  from  this 
place  also.  The  river  is  here  cutting  away  the  older 
embanked  marsh  which  has  been  resigned  to  it. 

Mr.  S.  W.  Squire  of  Homdon-on-Hill,  to  whose  assistance 
in  the  examination  of  the  Tilbury  foreshore  I  am  much 
indebted,  also  procured  me  the  view  of  certain  cinerary 
urns  containing  bones  which  lay  on  a  layer  of  red  earth 
beneath  2  feet  6  inches  of  marsh  clay  at  Mucking,  near 
the  creek. 

The  Koman  potteries  at  Higham  covered  the  land  for 
about  three  miles  along  the  edge  of  the  marsh.  I  have 
found  a  very  great  variety  in  the  kinds  of  pottery  here, 
mostly  black  however.  I  have  seen  over  a  hundred  un- 
broken pots  at  one  time,  and  such  immense  quantities  of 
broken  fragments,  that  the  new  embankment  of  the  rail- 
way there  was  in  places  made  of  them.  Mr.  Teanby  and 
Mr.  Crafter  before  this,  secured  specimens  in  abundance 
from  the  Shome  gravel  pit  (part  of  the  site)  near  Beckley.' 

A  remarkable  find  was  obtained  here  of  which  Mr. 
Teanby  left  a  sketch  which  has  been  reproduced  in  the 
above  paper  by  Mr.  C.  R.  Smith.  It  was  a  kiln  or  cowl  of 
circular  form  made  of  coarse  clay  ;  a  master  ganger,  a 
most  intelligent  man,^  in  charge  of  the  navvies  working 
on  the  North  Kent  railway,  told  me  that  he  assist^ 
while  it  was  being  dug  out,  he  said  it  was  a  kiln  and  that 
it  was  full  of  small  pieces  of  pottery  which  were  found 
packed  inside  when  opened ;  and  that  there  were  no  bones 
inside.    Something  similar  was  found  at  Slayhill. 

Mr.  Burkitt  excavated  with  Mr.  Crafter  in  a  field  south 
of  Higham  church  on  the  ground  sloping  to  the  edge  of  the 
marsh.  He  says,*  "  although  the  most  considerable  quan- 
tity of  fragments  occurred  within  one  foot  of  the  surface, 

1,  voL li, p.  113,    '  SovJownat  BrU.  Arth.  At$t>c, iT.p.SSS. 
2n 

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278  EABLY  SITES  AND  BHBANEMB17TS  ON  THE 

at  a  depth^of  three  feet  there  was  still  a  plentiful  supply  (of 
Eoraan  pot).  At  the  latter  depth  our  labourers  were 
arrested  by  land  springs,  urns  with  burnt  bones  were' 
found,  and  at  3  feet  6  inches  part  of  a  quern."  By  land- 
springs  he  means  that  the  present  level  of  the  marsh  was 
reached,  where  water  stands. 

I  have  traced  the  relics  of  the  potters  here,  lying  on 
the  gravel,  but  beneath  the  alluvial  mud  to  two  feet 
vertically  beneath  the  latter,  on  the  west  of  Beckley  hill. 

I  have  also  found  a  few  pieces  of  pot  off  the  old  cause- 
way on  the  foreshore.  On  the  Blythe  sands  I  have  picked 
up  pieces  of  Roman  pot,  and  particularly  near  the  Brimp, 
■  where  lay  a  quantity  of  broken  tile.  I  cannot  help  think- 
ing that  the  Blythe  sands  may  have  been  dwelt  on  by  the 
Romans. 

Off  the  eastern  spit  of  Canvey  island  quantities  of 
Roman  pot^sherds.  constitute  an  item  in  lie  different 
materials  forming  the  shell  bank  there,  washed  out  from 
the  Roman  stratum  which  exists  or  once  existed  there.' 
Off  the  town  of  Leigh  was  dug  out  of  the  oaze  an  amphora 
of  red  earthenware.' 

Mr.  Humphrey  Wickham  has  described  some  cinerary 
vases,*  now  in  the  British  museum,  from  the  marsh  near 
St.  Werburgh,  and  he  has  indicated  to  me  the  spot.  They 
were  buried,  he  says,  in  the  flat  ground  adjoining  the 
Medway,  which  the  spring  tides  flow  over,  about  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile  s.B.  of  Hoo  church,  and  were  foimd  at 
the  depth  of  5  feet.  A  slight  layer  of  peat  occurs  at 
3J  feet  from  the  present  surface,  and  above  that  the  very 
stiff  clay  consisted  of  the  deposit  left  by  the  tide.  He 
draws  attention  to  the  fact  that  since  they  were  placed 
there  the  land  has  gone  to  sea. 

Around  the  shores  of  Grain  and  Sheppey  and  the 
marshes  of  the  Medway  Roman  potsherds  can  almost 
always  be  found.  They  are  washed  out  of  the  mud  which 
constitutes  the  wide  spread  marsh-land  which  lies  about 
Sheppey  and  the  mainland  to  the  west  and  south. 

Mr.  George  Payne  in  his  "  Catalogue "  enumerates 
several  objects  from  these  marshes,  food  and  cinerary 
urns,  and  a  number  of  armUlse,  signet  and  other  rings 

'  See  Benton,  "  Hiitoty  ot,  Roohfbrd," 

i,    SO.  -    -  JOCDMSOIOgU 

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UAROINS  OF  THB  THAMBS  ESTUABT.  279 

obtaioed  from  a  Boman  villa,  whose  site  shows  that  it 
was  destroyed  by  fire,  in  the  Slayhill  saltings.  He  has 
also  found  in  these  marshes  fine  vases  of  Samian.  Several 
finely  figured  vases  of  this  ware  have  been  found  in  the 
TJpchurch  marshes,  &c. 

Of  many  varieties  made  here  one  sort  of  pottery  was 
the  peculiar  manufacture,  it  is  beheved.  I  have  already 
alluded  to  a  cowl  found  full  of  small  pots  from 
this  part,  while  the  waUing  and  bars  belonging  to  the 
kilns,  and  refuse  indicate  their  actual  sites. 

In  the  marshes  opposite  Gillingham  and  in  the  Sharfleet, 
Slay  or  Slade  hill,  Milford  hope  and  other  saltings, 
together  with  those  about  Lower  Halstow  and  Funton 
creek  are  frequent  evidences  of  potters'  settlements,  and 
Boman  brickyards;  over  the  whole  marshland  of  this 
district  was  scattered  houses  and  potters'  yards.  Even  in 
the  older  enclosed  levels  of  Sheppey  fragments  may  be 
found,  and  1  have  picked  up  frj^ments  in  the  Neatscourt 
and  Queenboro'  marshes. 

The  saltings  have  layers  of  pottery  at  various  distances 
below  the  surface,  and  some  of  them  at  first  appear  to  be 
the  original  levels  on  which  the  potters  worked,  but  I 
have  seen  no  satisfactory  evidence  of  a  Roman  floor  or 
level  above  9  or  10  feet.  Floors  hardened  by  fire  in  order 
to  consolidate  them  for  cattle,  as  well  as  men,  are 
frequently  found,  from  the  surface  downwards,  fre- 
quently covered  by  debria  of  pots  also,  but  belonging  to 
Uie  occupants  of  the  marshes  in  subsequent  ages. 

The  true  Koman  floors  and  foundations  are  found  at  a 
lower  level.  In  the  Sharfleet  creek  and  its  branches  I 
have  seen  several  places  about  11  feet  down  where 
potteries  stood,  and  In  one,  a  favourite  place  for  hunting 
relics  opposite  the  Medway  saltings,  the  great  abundance 
of  pottery  and  refuse  points  to  there  having  been  a  larger 
factory  than  common.  Many  blocks  of  Kentish  r^  and 
flanged  brick  made  of  Gault  clay  obtained  from  near  Haid- 
atone  shew  the  building  to  have  been  better  than  usual. 
Numerous  pots,  evidently  the  stock  of  the  potter,  are 
obtainable  by  digging,  quite  perfect  and  in  good  condition, 
while  broken  refuse  Ues  thick  and  wide.  The  floor  is 
hard,  and  lies  at  present  about  18  inches  below  the  surface 
of  the  mud,  and  the  evidence  is  complete  that  there  was  a 


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280  EARLY  SITES  AKD  VMBASSXBXnB  ON  THE 

kiln  here.  It  is  about  11  feet  below  the  saltings.  There 
are  many  such  places  at  about  the  same  depth,  and 
although  it  has  been  said  that  the  pottery  found  in  the 
bottom  of  the  creeks  has  been  washed  out  of  the  saltings, 
and  such  of  course  is  the  case,  yet  the  pottery  so  washed 
is  worn  and  sorted  into  light^  and  heavier  fragmente, 
while  the  bricks  and  bars  and  tiles  are  wanting  m  such 
drifted  collections.  This  lower  level  seems  to  be  a  true 
level  of  the  Roman  time,  and  its  great  depth  is  one  reason 
why  there  is  difficulty  in  finding  sites  and  foundations, 
which  are  bared  only  by  those  creeks  which  cut  deeply 
enough. 

The  pots  are  said  to  be  found  by  different  persons  at 
from  3  to  4  feet,  as  well  as  oUier  distances  below  the 
sarface  of  the  salting.  There  is  difficulty  in  reconciling 
these  statements,  except  we  remember  that  the  sea  is 
continually  rearranging  them.  The  waves  wash  the  pottery 
from  the  mud  and  drin  it  into  the  sides  of  the  creek  and 
on  to  the  ooze  and  over  the  surface  of  the  saltings; 
while  layers  of  debris  and  drift  are  covered  by  fresh  layers 
of  mud  acd  a  new  salting  surface. 

Wlien  the  cant  is  subsequently  washed  away  and  a  new 
face  exposed  the  different  layers  are  seen ;  in  the  latter 
deposits  shells  are  occasionally  found  with  the  pot.  In 
some  of  these  layers,  the  inferior  kinds  of  pot  have  rotted 
and  broken  up  into  a  pulp,  which  is  sometimes  mistaken 
for  charcoal  and  sometimes  for  peat,  especially  when  a 
little  drift  wood  lies  in  it,  and  thus  a  fictitious  potter's 
level  is  formed. 

I  have  examined  many  miles  of  the  edges  of  saltings  in 
the  hope  of  discovering  mounds  and  embankments  or 
signs  of  them,  but  without  success  hitherto.  I  believe 
that  the  greater  part  of  the  salting  visible  in  the  sides  of 
creeks  is  of  so  late  a  formation  as  to  be  subsequent  to  tbe 
Boman  date. 

Nowhere  have  I  heard  of  or  seen  Saxon  pottery  in  these 
baitings.  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  the  Boman 
settlement,  from  whatever  cause,  was  suddenly  abandoned, 
and  not  re-occupied  for  a  lengthened  period  after,  and 
then  by  another  people,  who,  however,  found  the  life  there 
much  harder  than  the  Bomans  did  from  the  ph^cal 
changes  it  had  undergone. 

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UABOINB  OF  THE  THAMES  EBTUART.  281 

Notwithstanding  that  the  marehes  of  the  Swale  and 
Medway  keep  their  saltings  level  with  the  upper  limit  of 
the  spring  tides,  yet  the  force  of  the  currents  so  deeply 
intersects  the  saltings  with  creeks,  that  the  nearer  the  sea 
the  smaller  are  the  blocks  or  masses  of  salting  land,  and 
the'  horizontal  waste  is  very  great.  Beyond  the  isle  of 
Sheppey  eastward  there  are  no  longer  any  saltings  in 
existence.  But  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  there  were 
some  once.  About  Whitstable  and  the  coast  of  Harty,  as 
elsewhere  along  the  Swale,  Boman  potsherds  are  thrown 
up  by  the  waves.  These  sherds  often  consist  of  Samian, 
as  well  as  black  and  shelly  pots.' 

Eastward  of  Sheppey  there  are  shallows  called  the  Cant, 
and  the  Cantish  or  Kentish  fiats.  In  part  of  the  former, 
viz.,  the  Cant,  is  a  mass  of  so-called  rock,  the  Pudding- 
pan  rock.  On  this  rock  and  in  its  neighbourhood 
numerous  specimens  of  Saraian  ware  were  and  are 
frequently  obtained.*  The  hillock  is  now  never  dry, 
being  always  covered  by  at  least  one  fathom.  In  the 
additions  to  Camden  by  Gough,"  we  find  "  Mr.  Jacob, 
whose  residence  at  Favershani  gives  him  great  opportu- 
nities, observes  that  the  rock  is  half  a  mile  long  from 
east  to  west  and  30  perches  wide ;  it  is  covered  with 
various  loose  stones  which  are  frequently  dredged  up." 

Governor  T.  Pownall  in  1777  describes  the  rock  as 
being  about  the  size  of  the  hulk  of  a  moderate  sized  ship, 
"  having  upon  it  about  nine  feet  at  low  water,  and  three 
fathom  all  about  it.  At  the  first  hale  of  the  net  along  one 
side  of  it  we  brought  up  a  large  fragment  of  brick-work 
cemented  together,  which  I  guessed  might  weigh  about 
half  a  hundred-weight.  So  far  goes  my  brother's  account."* 

'  TboM    pota   ara    made   of  oosnclf  leaved    pattern ;    itamped  flowsn   and 

enuhed   or   ponaded   ihella,    cantitan,  potter's  nurka  tn  u  frequent  u  not.     I 

mftSut,  mud   iiya.      The  tnte   of   shell  am  indined  to  think  it  was  ■  loca]  maau- 

miKi  biinit  become  white,  and  have  been  facture.    The  atoiy  at  a  ibip  having  been 

mittakeD  for  the  nmilar  Ula  of  quarta,  wrecked  here  resta  on  no  foundation,  and 

Aa,  in  the  Bo-called  Celtic  n>L     Whan  is  improbablG.     It  would  have  neededthe 

the  former,  however,  have  lain  on  the  agreement  of  many  ahipwreoks    at   this 

Kirtaoe  long,  the  shell  is  diaaolved  out  spottoaocount  for  the  quantity  of  pottery 

and  little  pita  remaia.  that  haa  been  found.      I  would  rather 

*  The  B0.called  Samian   from  here  is  suppose  it  the  wreck  of  a  town  or  village 

tmally   thick  and  of  a  somewhat  dull  of  potters,  from  the  abundance  of  bricka, 

tint,  not  shewing  the  brighter  colour  of  mortar,  utoam  aud  tilea,   which  accom- 

the    best   varietica,   nor   i>  its  glaze  so  panj  the  pots. 

britliaot   M    the    best   eiamplee.      No  '  Oough'a  CkiMden,  i,  SG6. 

I    cDcruated    with   Sgurea    are  '  Arckaolagia,  r,  £83. 
I  believe,  exoept  the  ivy- 


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282  BASLT  SrrSS  AND  EHBANKltBNTS  ON  THE 

The  poor  of  the  coast,  Governor  Fownall  says,  used  as 
household  utensils  much  Eomau  pot,  red  and  coarse 
black.  The  rock  appeared  all  of  brickwork,  which 
agrees  with  the  statement  of  Qough,  that  large  quantities 
of  Boman  brick  were  thence  fisued  up,  and  with  Mr. 
Jacobs. 

At  that  time  the  "  saud  "  on  which  the  rock  stands,  he 
thinks,  was  called  "  the  Speck,"  which  name  it  once  bore 
from  that  part  of'  it  being  visible.  He  points  oat  that 
Toliapis  at  54^15,  and  Counos  Nesos  54^30  would  make 
another  island  east  of  Toliapis  or  Sheppey,  and  that  if 
Kawnen  was  the  Celtic  for  "  Reedy  island  "  "  ever  since 
the  English  language  prevailed  a  speck  of  it  was  to  be 
seen." 

I  may  mention  that  the  broken  masses  of  salting  about 
Sheppey  are  called  Cant,  and  that  "  the  Cant"  in  maps  of 
difierent  ages  is  differently  placed,  as  if  the  name  belonged 
somewhere  though  the  exact  place  was  lost — truly  a  derelict 
appellation.  At  the  present  day  the  Pan  rock  is  but  the 
highest  spot  on  the  Kentish  flats,  and  pots  are  dredged 
over  a  space  of  several  miles  in  extent.  Seldom  do  the 
men  who  earn  many  a  shilling  by  selling  the  red  pots  care 
to  notice  the  black  ones  now.  The  dredgers  are  very 
careful  to  examine  the  dredges  when  at  work  in  this 
district,  and  curious  and  valiwUe  thiims  are  found  whidi 
prompts  this  studious  care,  but  of  whi<m  no  tangible  record 
IS  preserved.  Large  masses  of  brick  and  stone  masonry 
are  occasionally  "  caught,"  and  many  roofing  tiles:  of  the 
latter  over  thirty  whole  ones  of  a  red  colour  were  obtained 
on  one  spot  not  two  years  ago,  their  sizes  were 
17^  inches  by  13^  inches,  with  turned  up  edges.  Eidge 
or  channel  tiles  also  174  inches  long  were  fouiS. 
The  average  number  of  red  Samian  pans  dredged  from 
the  Pan-rock  and  sand  is  about  two  or  three  dozen  in  the 
year.  AU  are  so  preserved  by  the  men  as  to  ret^  the 
distinctive  "  ross,"  or  oyster  spat  and  weed,  which  marks 
their  marine  sojourn. 

The  island  of  Sheppey  is  only  the  largest  of  a  crowd  of 
low  islands  of  which  the  number  iB  now  great  and  was 
greater.  Varying  in  size  from  Sheppey  we  have  Queen- 
boro,  Elmley,  Harty  and  others,  togedier  with  several 
hundred  of  the  tiniest  little  mounds,  some  of  whose  tops 

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HABOnra  07  THB  THAHBB  BSTTTABT.  283 

rise  but  a  few  feet  above  the  marah  level,  while  others 
are  known  to  reach  hardly  so  high  as  the  level.  They 
are  the  leavings  of  the  broad  mass  of  London  clay  which 
once  overspread  the  district,  and  was  carved  into  these 
forma  in  a  far  distant  period. 

Apparently  many  oi^  these  islands  were  scattered  farther 
eastward  than  now,  for  some  are  being  submerged  and 
others  washed  away  at  the  present  time.  These 
'  mounds,'  as  they  are  commonly  called,  although  the 
name  of  'coterel'  is  given  to  them  in  Murray's  guide  to 
Kent,  stud  the  marsh  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  sugges- 
tive of  artificial  formations  ;  and  as  similarly  shaped 
artificial  monnds  are  formed,  a  little  attention  is  required 
to  determine  which  they  are.  Most  of  the  natural  ones 
are  much  higher  than  the  artificial  refuges  for  sheep  and 
cattle,  and  the  former  also  frequently  run  in  a  line 
fringing  a  shore;  the  average  height  of  the  smaller  kinds 
is  15  feet.  Professor  T.  M.  K.  Hughes  describes  these  and 
discusses  their  formation,  treating  them  wholly  as  naturd 
formations.  I  think  that  most,  if  not  all,  are  natural,  but 
it  is  certain  that  some  of  them  have  been  modified  by  art, 
of  which  there  are  examples  near  Queenboro  and  Sheppey 
Court.  There  is  certainly  some  ground  for  the  tradition 
that  they  have  been  burial  mounds  or  barrows,  for 
at  Higham  the  mound  in  the  marsh  is  still  called  the 
"  barrow  "  and  the  *'  giant's  grave."  Very  many  of  these 
mounds  lie  in  the  most  convenient  positions  for  aiding,  or 
being  incorporated  with,  the  tidal  embankments,  yet  of  the 
hundreds  scattered  about  this  is  an  extremely  rare 
occurrence.  The  "giant's  grave"  at  Higham  lies  in  such  a 
position  as  would  make  it  a  valuable  assistance  in  forming 
the  (older)  causeway.  It  is,  therefore,  probable  that  it 
was  either  carefully  avoided,  or  that  the  land  stood  so 
high  at  the  period  of  the  earliest  existence  of  the  road  as 
to  ofier  no  advantages.  The  resemblance  of  these  mounds 
to  barrows  or  graves  may  have  procured  them  reverence 
from  a  belief  in  such  an  origin,  or  even  because  advan- 
tage had  been  taken  of  them  to  bury  in.  The  fact 
is  apparent  that  they  have  been  avoided  rather  than 
welcomed  by  the  makers  of  walls.  The  modem  cattle 
mounds  are  generally  irregular  in  shape  and  fiat  on  the 
surface.    Sometimes  they  are  circular  walls  when  larger 

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284  EABLT  SITES  AND  EUBANEMSNTB  OK  THB 

areas  are  needed,  but  these  are  generally  used  in  nnenclosed 
marshes.     The  mounds  require  to  be  examined. 

Doubtless  the  Pan  sand  was  such  a  place  as  Harty,  and 
covered  by  the  Eomans  with  buildings;  perhaps  a  pharos 
or  casteUum  covered  the  highest  point.  Wil3i  the  post- 
Boman  subsidence  the  low-land  became  submerged,  and  the 
sea  obtained  greater  power,  until  for  a  long  period  nothing 
was  to  be  seen  of  these  lands  but  the  r^cs  of  the  great 
building  shewing  above  the  waves  and  now  lost  to  sight. 

It  appears  probable  that  Sheppey  was  surrounded  by 
low  embanked  lands  aU  round,  and  these  may  have 
remained  so  embanked  until  late  times,  for  Minster  is  said 
to  have  been  in  the  centre  of  the  island  in  1780,  and  in 
John  Speed's  map  of  Kent,  dated  1608,  it  is  represented 
in  that  position,  if  the  low  marsh  lands  stretching  south- 
ward as  we  know  them  are  excluded.  But  in  the  latter  map 
jinother  indication  is  met  with.  The  line  which  describes 
the  northern  extension  of  the  Lath  of  Scraye  in  which 
Sheppey  lies,  runs  out  on  the  seaward  side  from  Shellness 
to  Shireness  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  shore. 
This  is  an  exception  to  the  other  boundaries,  and  appears 
to  shew  that  the  dry  or  marsh  land  extended  so  far  out 
BO  recently,  as  to  be  recorded  on  the  map  of  1608, 
as  being  then  capable  of  reclamation.  Northward  of 
Sheppey  the  land  appears  to  have  sloped  quickly  down 
to  the  sea.  The  cliflFs  at  Warden  are  now  140  feet  above 
CD. ;  fifty  or  sixty  years  ago  they  seem  to  have  been  much 
lower  or  about  80  feet.  This  will  give  a  clue  to  the  rapid 
loss  of  land  in  late  days,  for  walls  can  be  raised  on 
marshes  capable  of  withstanding  the  sea  so  long  as  they 
are  kept  up,  but  as  soon  as  the  sea  gets  the  mastery  and 
attacks  the  base  of  the  cliff  it  cannot  be  restrained,  and 
the  loss  of  land  continues  in  a  ratio  increasing  rapidly 
with  the  height  of  the  cliff.  This  is  apparently  what  has 
happened  to  Sheppey,  and  to  this  cause  other  islands  have 
wholly  succumbed. 

There  is  in  this  view  of  matters  a  great  probability  that 
the  tradition  of  lord  Shurland's  swim  out  to  the  king's 
ships  when  off  the  coast  is  a  true  one. 

The  ridge  of  Warden  point  is  wasting  rapidly.  Professor 
Hughes  mentions  that  from  the  account  of  a  man  he  knew 
personally,  about  50  years  before  the  professor's  observa- 

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MAfiCnifil  OF  THB  THAU8B  BSTCTABY.  285 

tioDs,  the  cliff  extended  one-eighth  of  a  mile  seaward  from 
the  church,  and  that  houses  stood  at  that  distance.  The 
church  disappeared  in  1881,  and  land  has  gone  behind  it. 
I  should  say  the  waste  since  has  been  at  least  equal  to 
that  before.  If  we  merely  take  it  at  220  yards  in  a  cen- 
tury, and  it  may  well  be  called  double  that,  the  removal  of 
so  large  a  projection  from  the  mouth  of  the  river  must 
largely  influence  the  upper  reaches. 

The  same  waste  has  been  going  on  in  the  Thames  mouth 
on  the  Essex  coast,  and  is  doing  so  now  at  a  rapid  rate. 
At  the  Hamlet  farm  in  Prittlewell,  which  has  about  600 
yards  on  the  shore,  2^  yards  are  annually  washed  away, 
calculated  irom  the  last  60  years.  The  cliffis  21  feet  high, 
and  this  is  but  a  specimen  of  what  is  happening  eastward 
in  ndghbouring  lands  ;'  and  in  the  neighbouring  Chalk- 
well  manor,  off  which  the  Crow  stone  stands,  Mr.  Benton 
says,  "It  is  probable  that  where  this  stone  stands  was 
formerly  the  edge  of  the  saltings,  as  in  an  old  map  of 
Ch^kwall  hall,  100  years  old,  several  more  acres  of 
saltings  are  shewn  than  at  present  exist." 

The  sea-walls  or  tidal  embankments  of  the  Thames  have 
not,  I  believe,  ever  been  treated  of  before  as  a  whole.  I 
have  for  many  years  examined  and  mapped  them,  and 
made  myself  personally  acquainted  with  the  whole  district 
of  the  Thames  estuary,  mainly  for  the  purpose  of  learning 
what  history  they  could  be  made  to  give  of'  themselves.  I 
have  found  this  a  rather  solitary  investigation,  but  the 
hope  that  I  should  find  some  spot  likely  to  yield  a  clue  to 
the  whole  matter  induced  me  to  continue.  Dugdale  in  his 
history  of  Embanking,  of  course  speaks  of  them,  but  only 
from  documentary  evidence,  and  that,  as  might  be  expected, 
from  a  monastic  point  of  view.  Evidently  he  knew  little 
or  nothing  of  them  personally.  Other  writers  mention 
them  incidentally  in  giving  account  of  lands  belonging  to 
manors  and  corporate  bodies.  Even  these  writers  have 
not  cared  to  worry  out  of  old  deeds  more  than  the  most 
general  statements,  and  in  the  matter  of  precision  their 
remarks  are  worthless  for  present  identification  of  pieces 
enclosed  or  their  locality.  This  may  be  expliuned, 
perhaps,  for  the  common  form  of  speech  by  which  enclosed 
marshes  are  named  in  deeds,  is  to  speak  of  the  newest  aa 

'  P.BeDtoti,  Saekfi^  p.  Ml. 

VOL.   JUL  9j»       -^ 

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286  EAm.T  BITES  AND  SMBAirSHBMTa  OH  THE 

the  "  inned  "  marsh  or  by  some  such  term  (much  like  that 
of  "baby"  in  a  largely  increasing  family),  but  which 
afibrds  no  means  of  <kciding  which  marsh  it  is  among  its 
neighbours,  or  whether  it  was  inned  for  the  first  or  fiftieth 
time. 

The  inning  or  embanking  of  a  marsh,  as  practised  in  the 
Thames  now,  consists  of  digging  soil  from  within  a 
proposed  enclosure  and  heaping  it  into  a  wall.  What  the 
earliest  banks  were  formed  of,  other  than  surface  clay,  I 
have  no  evidence,*  excepting  that  occasionally  there  is  a 
record  that  a  certain  wood  was  cut  down  to  use  in 
embanking.  But  I  have  found  no  signs  of  such  wood, 
nor  have  I  seen  any  in  dock  excavations.  In  an  old  bank 
at  Brith,  which  was  blown  out  of  the  earth  in  1864  from 
the  layer  of  peat,  at  a  depth  of  10  or  12  feet  below  the 
surface  of  the  marsh,  the  severed  ends  of  the  banks  shewed 
no  signs  of  wood,  and  consisted  wholly  of  marsh  clay. 
There  is  no  need  for  piles  except  when  the  bank  crosses  a 
flat  or  creek.  This  absence  of  piles  is  not  unsatisfactory 
when  considering  the  rate  of  wasting  in  old  banks  with 
respect  to  their  age;  which  wasting  may,  therefore,  be 
treated  eis  uniform. 

In  a  given  district  the  process  of  inning  is  begun  from 
the  hard  land,  and  banks  are  carried  out  a  certain  dis- 
tance, returning  to  the  dry  land  at  some  other  place;  then 
from  some  point  of  that  line  other  essays  are  made  until  a 
large  area  is  enclosed.  Not  unfrequently  the  older  inter- 
vening banks  were  taken  away,  and  in  some  old  deeds  this 
was  especially  prohibited. 

Many  writers  are  impressed  with  the  "  mi^ty," 
"  stupendous,"  or  "  vast "  embankments  which  keep  out 
the  water  of  Uie  river,  while  Dugdale  and  Wren  seem  to 
have  thought  that  because  they  were  so  great,  none  but 
Eomans  could  have  raised  them.  There  is  no  need  for 
such  expressions.  If  embankments  were  needed  in  the 
Koman  and  early  times,  they  were  of  minor  importance  as 
engineering  works  in  the  upper  part  of  the  estuary  and 
near  London.  The  height  to  which  we  see  them  now  rise, 
is  the  gradual  increase  from  shghter  banks  which  costs 
but  little  exertion,  although  regular  attention.    Even  were 

it  without  pile*. 

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MABOnra  OF  THB  THAMES  B8TUART.  287 

tills  not  80,  there  is  nothing  aatonishing  in  the  banks  of 
the  Thames,  however  it  might  apply  to  those  of  the 
Netherlands.  The  most  difficult  place  for  embanking  in 
the  Thames  is  the  Swale  marshes,  and  I  am  informed  that 
there  was  lately  made  an  enclosure  of  200  acres  in  Slayhill 
marsh  which  took  two  years,  with  an  average  employment 
of  30  workmen;  an  enclosure  at  Milford  hope  was 
accomplished  at  a  much  less  labour  from  the  diminished 
trouble  caused  by  creeks.  These  banks  look  formidable, 
and  are  really  so,  compared  with  those  higher  up. 

Some  old  banks  are  clearly  seen  to  be  river  walls,  while 
others,  though  faint,  are  identified  aa  such  by  their  con- 
nexion with  the  former.  Care  must  be  taken  in  separating 
true  banks  from  old  ditch  or  drain  emptyings,  to  which 
length  of  accumulation  has  given  illusory  importance. 

In  ail  marshes  there  are  roads  or  manor  ways'  down 
into  the  marsh;  many  of  these  are  slightly  raised  above 
the  general  surface  and  have  a  slightly  sinuous  direction 
su^estive  of  old  walls;  others  are  merely  flat  roads 
running  out  perpendicularly  from  the  general  line  of  the 
earthland  foot  to  a  certain  distance :  Uie  termination  or 
change  in  direction  of  a  row  of  these,  whether  banks  or 
roads,  forms  a  line  which  may  indicate  the  termination  of 
the  fresh  marsh  at  some  period ;  and  the  former  existence 
of  an  enclosing  wall  there,  may  easily  be  inferred,  while 
further  evidence  will  frequently  reward  the  search.  Some, 
of  these  ways  are  still  called  walls.  There  is  evidence  of 
these  cross  walls  at  varying  distances  from  the  land  in 
every  marsh.  They  are  particularly  weU  shewn  at 
Tilbury,  Grays  and  CJUffe. 

As  it  is  impossible  for  me  to  prepare  for  publication  all 
the  large  maps  I  have  made  of  the  tidal  walls  of  the 
Thames,  comprising  nearly  fifty  miles  of  its  length,  I  have 
selected  for  particular  attention  the  banks  which  thickly 
bestrew  the  margin  of  the  land  and  the  marshes  near 
Higham  in  Kent,  by  way  of  illustrating  the  whole  subject. 

'  TMt  ii  MUMtdmes  pronounced  mannft-  Voo.  tiis  word  Ii  Hpdt  tnaan,  faeinat,  also 

wtj,  txA  vug  naDy  be  x  tatoor  tray,  in  nwMno — in  "  manna  pcetb."    It  hu  been 

the  mue  of  >  ptmte  mad  ccmneotuig  contended  tor  legal  pnrpoaea  that  thexe 

detadMd  pnpn^  with  the  muior  house;  nairow  waje  are  maia  ways,  nhich  a  an 

but  it  must  be  remembered   that  it  ia  abBiirditf,  aa  the;  are  alwaje  byewayii, 

more  oommonly  man.way.     Both  these  and  generall;  blind.     Lastly,  a  yery  com* 

words  can  be  TMaD(dl«d  aa  good  Saxon,  mon  term  tor  them  folly  elplains  their 

manna,  a  labourer,  villein  ;  and  man.  aiij  um,  liz.,  lantlnBjM,  or  WBji  to  reach  cor* 

man,  male  or  (entale.     Id  abp.  .£lfrie'i  tain  landi  or  fields. 


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:288  EA9LY  SrrSB  AND  SUBANKHSNTB  ON  THE 

The  distance  of  these  from  active  changes,  both  by 
levelling  down  and  natural  decay,  together  with  sundry 
evidences  approaching  certainty  in  meir  relative  ages, 
made  their  study  promise  well,  or  at  leafit  better  than  any- 
where else  on  the  Thames.  I  may  mention  that  this  place 
is  not  peculiar  in  the  intricacy  of  its  walls. 

The  banks  on  the  accompanying  plan  were  mapped  on 
the  six  inch  Ordnance  map  ;  minor  irregular  mounds  and 
banks,  of  which  a  great  number  remain,  have  been  omitted 
for  greater  clearness,  when  I  could  not  satisfy  myself  that 
they  had  been  searwalls.  The  banks  are  marked  in  broad 
black  lines  and  are  but  little  eza^erated  in  width. 

On  the  south  and  east  sides  of  the  plan,  the  land  whose 
present  level  is  15  feet  above  o.d.  has  been  shewn  shaded; 
this  represents  the  spurs  of  upland  bordering  the  marsh. 
The  figures  placed  by  the  sides  of  the  banks  represent  the 
different  elevations  in  feet  above  o.d.,  and  the  letters  are 
an  attempt  to  give  a  relative  age  to  the  banks  against 
which  they  stand;  they  merely  mean  that  in  construction 
b  (for  instance)  preceded  c.  I  do  not  mean  to  imply  that 
b  was  necessarily  the  older  bank  in  all  its  parte. 
.  It  will,  therefore,  be  perceived  that  the  plwn  portion  of 
the  map  shews  all  below  where  the  tide  would  wash  at 
spring  tide  were  the  bank/ absent. 

The  bank  marked  d  begins  near  Higham  church  and 
runs  across  the  marsh  to  the  Thames.  This  was  not 
originally  a  tide  wall  but  a  causeway,  nay,  I  suppose  that 
it  was  in  its  earliest  stage  a  simple  road,  for  it  does  not  lie 
on  recent  alluvium  until  it  reaches  at  least  to  some 
distance  past  Beckley  hill,  and  probably  when  first  used 
did  not  enter  the  swamp  for  some  hundreds  of  yards 
further.  It  then  extends  m  a  strsight  line  pointing  to  the 
Hoo  of  East  Tilbury.  It  loses  itself  abruptly  on  reach- 
ing the  bank/,  and  lies  beneath  the  salting  level  about  a 
foot  deep,  but  its  course  can  be  traced  for  some  distance 
out  by  the  ditches,  the  gravel  washed  off  it,  and  the 
peculiarity  of  the  plants  growing  on  ito  surface,  which 
differ  from  those  on  either  side.  It  has,  of  course,  received 
many  a  covering  of  fresh  gravel,  chalk  and  mud,  and  its 
average  height  is  10  feet  o.d.  It  is  quite  evident  that  the 
enclosed  marsh  extended  much  further  into  the  Thames 
once^  and  the  water  is  still  cutting  the  old  marsh  away. 

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HABOIKB  OF  THE  THAMES  EBTUAItY.  289 

At  the  spot  I  have  indicated  as  "  blockhouse  site,"  is  a 
quaatity  of  stone  and  rubble  in  layers,  which  I  suppose  to 
have  been  the  material  used  in  the  foundations  of  the 
blockhouse  existing  there.  The  uppermost  layer  lies 
nearly  three  feet  below  the  saltings.'  Hasted  says,  "In 
the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth  there  seems  to  have  been  a 
fort  or  bulwark  at  Higham  for  the  defence  of  the  river 
Thames,  the  yearly  expence  to  the  queen  in  Hie  pay  of  the 
captain,  soldiers,  &c.,  maintained  in  it  was  £28  2s.  6d." 
This  blockhouse  was  apparently  on  the  marsh  level, 
perhaps  a  couple  of  feet  below  the  top  of  the  causeway 
by  which  it  was  approached.  I  do  not  suppose  that  it 
was  a  very  important  post,  but  a  temporary  arrangement 
consequent  on  the  Spanish  scare. 

Hasted,*  quoting  Dion  Cassius,  says,  that  the  place  of 
the  passage  of  Flautius,  who  crossed  the  Thames  near  the 
mouth  of  it  from  Essex  into  Kent,  was  by  many  sup- 
posed to  have  bfeen  from  Tilbury  to  Higham.  It  may  wdl 
have  been  so,  but  I  consider  Dion's  narrative  as  too  vague 
to  admit  of  any  determination  of  the  exact  spot. 

There  was  an  abundant  Koman  population  here,  but  if 
there  are  any  banks  in  existence  by  which  the  sea  was  then 
kept  out,  they  must  be  far  out  in  the  marsh,  and  I  fear 
buried  beneath  its  present  surface;  for  all  the  present 
banks  are  mediceval  or  modem,  here  as  elsewhere. 

The  embankments  of  the  abbey  of  Stratford  existed 
early,  for  when  William  de  Montfitchet  founded  the  abbey 
of  Stratford  in  1134  he  endowed  it  with' marshland  amongst 
odier  property*;  and  there  is  this  remarkable  record  of 
the  abbey  history,  that  soon  after  their  occupation  the 
abbey  lands  then  lay  so  low,  or  that  the  water  rose  so  high, 
as  to  drown  the  monks  out  and  drive  them  away.  They 
betook  themselves  to  Burghstead  near  Billericay,  and  did 
not  return  to  Stratford  until  the  king  had  taken  the 
drowned  property  in  hand,  for  it  was  too  great  a  matter 
for  them ;  they  returned  in  the  time  of  lUchard  II. 

The  situation  of  East  Ham  church  is  very  remarkable ; 
it  stands  on  a  little  tongue  of  gravel,  up  to  which  the 

'  I  will  mantion  here  that  tha  ruina  of  tMiia  lerel  wai  found  the  uppsr  coune  of 

a  hoiue  which  b;  on  the  mrfaoe,  prO'  «  well,  with  briekii  cBrefiill;  mads,  their 

bibly  of  the  Tudor  period,  were  bored  in  ends  fitting  in  rndiatione  of  a  cirale ;  th  e 

SUjhill  nunh,  three  feet  below  the  top  intarnKl  dumeter  was  three  feet 
Hi  the  mHs,  two  jean  ago,  and  at  Uw  '  Sidory  <^  Kent,  i,  ESS. 


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290  KABLY  BIT&8  AND  BHBANKinCHTB  ON  THE 

marsh  clay  lias  crept.  It  is  hardly  possible  to  believe  that 
the  church  was  bmlt  there  when  the  relations  between  it 
and  the  tide  level  were  the  same  as  now.  Its  foundations 
are  as  low  as  o.d.  11  feet.  Its  surroundings  point  to 
inundations  and  protective  banks. 

The  history  of  the  abbey  of  Barking  shews  that  it 
acquired  by  degrees,  and  presumably  by  its  own 
labours,  much  marsh  property  along  the  north  side 
of  the  Thames.  After  the  Conquest,  the  abbey  of 
Lesnes,  which  was  given  by  William  I.  to  Eitiard 
de  Lucy,  is  not  recorded  to  have  received  marsh- 
land from  him  on  its  foundation  in  1179,  and  the 
earliest  record  of  enclosure  is  in  1279.  The  vicissitudes 
of  the  marshland  of  Flumstead  and  Erith  are  very  interests 
ing,  and  are  ^ven  more  fully  by  various  writers  than  any 
similar  property.'  AU  the  historical  account  of  marshes 
below  mis  part  of  the  river  belongs  to  similar  or  later 
dates,  except  those  referred  to  in  the  Sazon  deeds  of 
Bochester,  Clifie,  and  Canterbury ;  the  extent  of  these, 
however,  I  cannot  at  present  determine,  but  hope  to  do  so 
on  another  occasion.* 

The  ferry  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  left  the  Hoo 
of  solid  chalk,  which  there  projects  nearly  into  the  tide 
way  at  East  Tilbury  just  eastward  of  the  church ;  later  it 
was  at  the  spot  on  which  the  Coalhouse  fort  stands,  and 
at  present  is  still  further  west.  It  has  been  the  opinion  of 
i/Lr.  Squier  of  Horndon,  and  others,  that  the  Soman  land- 
ing plaice,  if  there  was  one,  lay  westward  of  this,  on  the 
shore  in  the  direct  line  with  the  manor  way  which  leaves 
the  earthland  at  Low  street  station,  in  consequence  of  the 
abundance  of  pottery  found  thereabout ;  but  the  pottery 
is  scattered  for  miles  along  the  river,  and  the  facilities 
afforded  by  the  chalk  hard,  directiy  opposite  the  end  of 
the  causeway,  leave  no  doubt  in  my  mind  that  one  was 
arranged  to  suit  the  other.  If  the  ferry  was  kept  up  in 
Elizabeth's  time  it  must  have  been  greatly  reduced  in  im- 

'  Bee  DugdkK  EiMory  of  Embankma,  Ourteni  tn  thg  B.U.,  aod  trora  XSS.  of 

Bmt^'i  Sent  nnierPbim^tad  and  EriA,  the  Soo.  Ant 

and  particularly  Latnbarde'a  Perambula-  *  Dugd&le,  Histaiy  of  Embanking,  gi*et 

tion  of  Kent,  written  in  1670  ;  alao  the  aa  the  earliaat  mention  of  embMikineDta 

dcedBpriiitedinthaBev.  J.  J.Wilkinson'a  on  the  Thamia,  Kent,  8.  E  11.    Sorr^, 

HiBt<H7  of    Erith,  Ifoiii  tbe   Campbdl  33,  E.  I.    Hiddlwei,  26,  E.  T.    Eaan— 
undated,  Jobn. 


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.    HABGIHS  or  THE  THAHE8  ESTUARY.  291 

portance,  for  the  prioress  of  Higham  nunnery  was  found 
liable  in  21  Edward  I.'  to  maintain  a  bridge  and  causeway 
between  Higham  and  the  Thames.  The  office  of  prioress 
was  no  longer  filled  in  17  Henry  YH,  and  there  were  bnt 
two  nuns,  while  the  priory  was  suppressed  in  1521,  when 
it  appears  that  the  ferry  was  foigotten  and  worthless. 

When,  from  various  causes  and  probably  before  the 
suppression  of  the  nunnery,  the  old  causeway  was  found  ' 
unserviceable,  partly  I  should  think  from  the  absence  of  a 
convenient  creek,  the  traffic  was  carried  on  for  a  long 
period  by  a  road  leaving  the  upland  at  the  east  end  of 
Higham  church  across  the  line  marked  "public  way" 
on  the  level,  and  down  the  causeway  to  a  landing  at 
Higham  creek ;  which  creek  may  have  been  navigable  for 
small  boats  almost  up  to  the  church  at  one  time. 

I  have  marked  one  bank  b  in  big  dots,  enclosing  a 
meadow  called  Slade  hope  (hoop);  this  is  an  old  bank, 
at  least  of  those  remaining  near  the  earthland  foot ;  it 
must  have  joined  the  then  equivalent  of  Oxe  fifteen  foot  or 
modem  level  some  three  or  four  feet  lower,  presumably 
marked  by  the  line  £.  z.  Much  later,  when  the  land  had 
sunk,  another  bank  c.  c,  passed  across  it,  still  some  dis- 
tance below  the  level  which  would  be  needed  now.  The 
sea  must  have  frequently  broken  over  this  property, 
causing  each  time  fresh  banks  to  be  formed  or  older  ones 
raised  further  inland,  and  there  is  one  running  from  the 
"  shore  bank  "  by  the  church  marked  d,  12  feet  high,  of  a 
late  date,  as  shewn  by  its  present  elevation.  It  is  the 
latest  as  well  as  the  highest  inner  bank  existing  in  this 
part  The  older  causeway  was  used  without  much  keep- 
ing up,  when  the  sea  covered  the  marah  through  which  it 
passed ;  its  appearance  shews  it  to  have  been  tide- 
washed. 

1  Hutei^  JTcHt,  i,  B28.    Tba  tawmay  aUii*  wm  tnttnluiiKsabla  wltb  It 

mi  tlis  twid  maj<  road  keroMtheDMnh-  In  Aggu'  mu  criT  1578,  ne  ha.tt  Uw 

luiil.     It  wu  lometimea  nude  by  plaring  King's  nidge,  &e  Quson'a  bridge,  and 

niihei  at  brudiwaod  down  uid  boarding  PriTj  biidge  ihewn  ;   aiid  in  Nordan'a 

over.     Bail;  in  hia  diotianaiy  calls  this  &  aurroy  of  Westminater,  Kiiig'a  biidge  and 

"briilge  of  ruahea."  But  the  "  bridge  "  of  Prir;  atoin,  Jui    None  of  tbeae  howerar 

thmedsTsutd  long  before  waa  an  inclined  appear  to  have  beau  atopa.     It  la  quite 


way,  or  cauaevayaa  it  ia  now  called,  lead-  poeiibie  thnt  another  "bridge"  from  ni- 

.__  I —  i.:_i  ._  j^^  water  mark,  and  bair, greatly  leeaenr '  '' 

Jtat  point  in  ahallowa.  of  Uia  Tlianiea  hen, 

juber  which  retained  reaaon   to  auppoee 

1  podtina.    1b»  word  thalloww  than  now. 


ing  (ram  high  to  low  water  marli,  and  bair,  greatly  leeaened  the  water  paaaage 
frequently  below  that  point  in  ahallowa.  of  Uie  Tliamea  hen,  which  there  U  good 
It  was  made  of  tiuW  which  retained      reaaon   to  auppoee  waa  formerly  mutdi 


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292'  SISLT  SITBa  AlTD  EUBAKKHBirrB  OH  THE 

An  ancient  hytibe  was  such  a  place  as  was  conr 
veniently  situated  for  hauling  up  ships,  some  of  which 
were  large,  in  safety  from  tides,  at  periods  when  th^ 
were  not  requli'ed  for  building  and  repairs,  usually 
on  a  low  .shore;  some  were  placed  on  the  hill  nde 
on  the  stream  way ;  others,  up  a  creek  near  the  head  of 
it,  partly  for  greater  shelter  and  partly  to  obtain  the 
benefit  of  the  fresh  water  of  the  stream  running  into  it 
Of  these  the  latter  have  suffered  most  from  siltins  up  d 
their  approaches.  The  vUlage  of  Chalk  between  Higham 
and  Gh*avesend  is  the  representative  of  the  Cealchyt^e  of 
the  early  Saxon  councils.  Then  the  hythe  was  reached  by 
a  ray  or  fleet.  But  now  nothing  of  the  sort  remains,  and 
the  perfect  level  of  the  marsh  testifies  to  the  long  period 
when  the  deposition  of  marsh  clay  went  on  uninter- 
ruptedly. The  early  hythe  must  have  been  early  choked 
up,  if  the  dropping  of  the  temiinal "  hythe  "  is  an  evidence 
of  it,  for  the  name  Is  given  as  Cecdce  in  the  bridge  charter 
of  Bochester,  and  in  Domesday  as  Celca,  by  which  there 
was  no  embanked  marsh  recorded,  as  would  have  been 
the  case  had  a  creek  or  hythe  existed  here. 

.Cliffe  and  Higham  have  also  suffered.     Furfleet  early 

tot  choked,  and  the  famous  Banish  resting  place  at  Ebbs- 
eet  near  Swanscombe,  and  others,  are  no  longer  inlets  of 
the  sea. 

Ebbs-fleet  is  the  inlet  on  which  North-fleet  stands.  The 
valley  is  a  very  fertile  one  and  was  in  the  Bomaa  period 
crowded  with  villas.  It  is  probable  that  it  was  named 
after  Ebbed,  whose  name  is  also  found  in  Yippedes  or 
Bedesham  {seeHasted)  close  by.  The  Saxon  chronide  speaks 
of  this  place  under  date  465,  "This  year  Hengest  and  .^Isc 
fought  ag^nst  the  Yalas  near  Yippedes  fleote,  and  there 
slew  twelve  ealdormen  and  one  of  their  own  Thegns  was 
slain,  whose  named  was  "^pped."  Of  course,  Vipped 
was  buried  near  the  place  where  he  died,,  and  seeing  Uiat 
his  name  remains,  as  Henry  of  Huntingdon  says  it  does, 
attached  to  the  place,  it  is  Hkely  that  his  family  remained 
here  also,  which  has  preserved  the  name.  Dr.  Quest  says 
that  the  locality  of  Yippeds  fleet  was  unknown,  and  Bfr. 
J.  B.  GJreen  does  not  separate  the  two  places  of  Eopwine's 
and  Wipped's  fleets,  and  he  thinks  that  the  spot  where 
Hengest  and  Horsa  landed  was  the  same  spot  as  tJwt  on 

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BCAB^nra  OF  THE  THAUES  BBTUABT. 


893 


which  Hengeat  &nd  (Esc  fought  the  Yalas.  Bat  I  submit 
that  the  names  are  different,  that  the  account  of  the 
English  chronicle  requires  a  spot  for  the  latter  event 
nearer  London  than  the  former,  and  thiat  a  flight  of  70  or 
80  miles  to  London  would  not  have  carried  the  Britons  to 
their  nearest  stronghold,  had  they  ever  got  so  far  as 
Thanet.  But  that  the  ford  over  the  Ebbs-fleet  at  North- 
fleet  was  the  place,  and  the  nearest  strongholil  might  have 
been  London,  only  17  miles  away. 

In  893  Hasten  came  up  the  Thames  to  Milton,  or  King's 
Middleton.  There  he  made  a  stronghold  which  took  some 
time  to  prepare ;  it  was  to  accommodate  at  least  the  80 
ships  he  brought  with  him,  perhaps  many  more,  and 
ultimately  the  fleet  of  250.  Hasten  intended  to  occupy  a 
series  of  ports  for  some  time,  and  thence  to  harry  the 
country  between,  and  it  is  recorded  that  the  Milton 
fortress  with  Apuldre  was  constantly  occupied  for  a  year. 
Now,  without  computing  too  exactly  how  many  men  were 
at  MUton,  there  must  have  been  over  1000  with  the  ships. 
The  works  around  Bayford  court  appear  to  me  to  be  such 


as  Hasten  required.  Then,  again,  this  fort  is  in  Milton, 
the  paramount  manor  of  Bayford  court,  and  Sittingbourne 
town  is  but  a  prolongation  of  Milton  town,  which  is  now 
slightly  removed  from  the  great  road. 

The  name  Sittingbourne  I  take  it  was  the  result  of  the 
Danish  stay  on  that  particular  bourne.  The  Saxon 
chronicle  says  the  band  "  sat "  at  Middleton.  As  to  the 
mythic  Scedingas  said  to  have  given  their  name,  I  do  not, 

VOU  XUL' 


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294  BABLT  STTES  AKD  EMBANKUENT»  ON  THB 

know  of  them.  The  place  called  Castle  Rough  on  Kemsley 
Downs  is  wholly  nnsuited  to  be  the  stronghold  of  an 
army,  it  is  too  small  even  to  have  accommodated  Hasten's 
men,  and  there  was  no  place  for  the  ships.  But  this  small 
square-shaped  enclosure,  together  with  the  one  on  the 
otber  side  of  the  creek,  and  many  another  site  of  similar 
construction,  appear  to  be,  Uke  Howbury,  Cooling,  &c., 
merely  the  sites  of  private  fortified  manor  houses. 

Hasted'  stated  that  Castle  Bough  on  the  west  was  built 
by  Hapten,  and  another  Castle  Eongh  on  the  east  of  the 
creek  was  built  by  Alired  some  time  afterwards ;  for  the 
last  there  is  no  evidence,  for  the  first  the  evidence  is 
contrary. 

While  Hasten  was  at  Middleton  he  was  preparing 
another  camp  across  the  Thames  at  Beamfleet,  now 
Benfleet,  a  most  suitable-  spot  for  the  mustering  of  his 
forces;  there  he  assembled  the  "great  army  "  from  Apple- 
dore,  and  also  that  frx3m  Middleton,  and  we  may  presume 
the  fleet  of  250  ships  too,  or  a  great  part  of  it.  The  low 
spit  at  Benfleet  was  the  site  of  ihe  camp,  and  banks  may 
be  feebly  traced  about  the  whole  area  of  the  village  and 
churchyard.  The  people  of  London  with  the  aid  of  part 
of  Alfred's  army  (who  had  gone  into  the  west)  set  off"  for 
Benfleet.  This  they  stormed.  Hasten  himself  had  gone 
out  to  plunder,  but  the  "  great  army  "  was  there,  and  was 
put  to  flight,  and  the  ships  they  eiUier  "  broke  to  pieces 
or  burned,  or  carried  off  to  London  or  RochestOT."  I  have 
carefully  examined  the  whole  country  side ;  there  is  no 
other  spot  suitable  to  the  need  of  the  Banes  or  which 
shews  even  the  semblance  of  earthworks.  The  valiant 
Londoners  destroyed  all  Hasten's  work  and  so  we  find  no 
remans.  Of  his  fleet,  the  sunken  ships  remain  in  the 
fleet  close  to  the  camp  to  this  day,  for  during  the  construc- 
tion of  the  railway  bridge  there,  some  thirty  odd  years 
Sigo,  the  navvies  came  upon  the  ships,  many  of  which 
were  charred,  and  in  and  about  them  lay  great  quantities 
of  human  skeletons. 

The  whole  of  Hasten's  forces  then  retired  to  the  south- 
east comer  of  Essex  to  the  sea,  and  there  constructed  the 
fortress  of  Shoebury.  This  work  is  essentially  different 
from  the  others,  for  it  was  not  properly  speaking  a  hythe 

■  Ktnt,  &,  010  tad  i,  xaax. 

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HABOINS  OF  THE  THAUBB  E8TUABT. 


295 


for  ships,  of  which  they  had  lost  bo  many.  What  remains 
of  this  earthwork  is  part  of  a  large  oval ;  the  bank  was 
7  or  8  feet  high,  and  the  ditch  very  wide,  over  40  ft.,  but 
not  very  deep,  about  5  feet  6  inches.  The  ditch,  unlike 
those  which  in  flats  and  bays  could  have  been  constructed 
to  receive  water  at  high  tide,  was  a  dry  one,  and  its 
bottom  was  about  six  feet  above  high-water  mark.  It  is 
evident  that  at  the  time  of  construction  the  camp  must 
have  been  wholly  on  the  land,  for  otherwise  it  would  have 
presented  an  easy  access  from  the  shore  to  enemies.  The 
section  of  the  cliff  here  shewn  by  the  rapid  inroad  of  the 
sea  leaves  no  doubt  as  to  this  point. 

In  the  parish  of  Erith,  about  the  site  of  the  abbey  of 
Westwood  in  Lesnes,  are  some  earthworks  which  do  not 
belong  to  the  abbey  buildings  properly  speaking ;  although 
there  is  little  doubt  that  when  needed,  these  banks  were 
used  and  altered  in  addition  to  new  ones,  by  those  who 
laid  oat  the  gardens,  &c.  of  the  monastery.    Little  doubt 


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296  EABLY  BITES  AND  EUBAfiKUBNIS  ON  THE 

can  be  entertained  that  the  hoo  or  shelf  of  land  on 
which  the  abbey  Btands  was  an  aDcieot  and  suitable  site 
for  a  community  before  being  selected  by  Sir  Bichard 
de  Lucy.  Just  above  the  marsh  runs  the  lower  road 
which  skirts  the  Thames  swamps.  It  is  now  raised  to  a 
pretty  even  level,  damming  in  two  little  valleys  which 
opened  east  and  west  of  the  abbey  buildings.  At  the 
time  when  the  earthworks  were  constructed  the  tides 
flowed  up  to  these  valleys  across  which  the  road  passes. 
The  eastern  one  has  a  square-shaped  work  around  the 
bottom  of  the  valley  at  a  distance  secure  from  the  reach  of 
the  tide,  and  its  bank  on  one  side,  if  not  on  both,  at  one 
time  continued  much  further  northward  (to  the  river) 
than  it  does  now,  in  an  irregular  manner  influenced  by  the 
shape  of  the  ground.  The  square-shaped  hythe  wall  con- 
tinues westward  up  the  hill,  then  in  a  general  direction 
soutJtiward,  skirting  the  hill  side  for  some  distance.  The 
ditch  all  along  this  bank  is  landward,  for  the  protection 
of  the  waterside  community.  It  presents  in  section  several 
peculiarities,  and  notably  the  upper  angle ;  for  here  the 
hiU  rises  so  high  and  quickly  that  it  required  clever 
arrangement  for  protection  at  so  unfavourable  a  spot. 

All  the  rest  of  these  works  are  lost  in  the  improve- 
ments required  by  the  abbey.  The  west  valley  ia 
stopped  by  a  dam,  making  an  upper  pond,  while  the 
road-way  lower  down  formed  another  dam. 

The  canons  dug  below  this  an  hour-glass  shaped  pond. 
The  pond  on  the  eastern  side  is  a  double  one,  and 
required  much  more  excavation  to  fit  it  for  the  purposes 
for  which  it  was  dug.  These  ponds  and  the  slight  digging 
required,  with  the  dams  in  the  road  line,  are  monastic, 
while  the  hythe  and  upperworks  may  have  been  Saxon  or 
Danish,  when  the  Wickings  needed  pfotection  i^ainst  the 
natives  whom  they  harassed. 

On  the  Essex  margin  of  the  Thames  no  works  exist 
which  present  any  form  which  can  accurately  be  described 
either  as  hythes  or  camps.  It  is  possible  that  the  outer 
earthworks  adjoining  West  Tilbury  HaU  may  have  been  of 
a  very  early  date,  for  a  slight  ridge  borders  the  steep  hill 
top.  The  square  work  which  was  constructed  when 
Elizabeth  rested  at  West  Tilbury  during  her  progress  of 
iuspection  to  Tilbury  fort  still  remains  little  altered. 

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UABQINS  OF  THB  THAMKfl  KSTUABY,  297 

Purfleet,  whose  earliest  form  is  "  Pourtefleet,"'  presents 
no  evidences  of  enclosure  now;  although  its  situation, 
which  resembles  that  at  Benfleet,  was  admirable  for  occu- 
pation, but  for  ages  the  soil  has  been  quarried  from  the 
hoo,  and  government  works  and  powder  magazines  have 
covered  the  ground. 

At  Barking,  on  the '  edge  of  the  Boding,  there  are 
remains  of  alarge  prehistoric  camp.  This  camp  is  a  water- 
side camp,  but  is  wholly  above  tidal  level ;  it  appears  to 
have  b^en  of  the  order  of  camps  of  refuge,  for  women, 
diildren,  and  cattle,  surrounded  by  swamps  to  which 
its  protection  was  mainly  left ;  at  the  north-west  comer  is 
a  mound  rising  to  a  point  whence  the  few  watchmen  left 
in  charge  could  keep  a  look  out ;  this  watch  mound  rises 
scarcely  fifteen  feet  above  the  average  level  of  the  camp, 
which  is  on  a  plain  of  gravel  but  slightly  raised  near  the 
middle ;  the  walls  do  not  at  present  shew  any  deviation 
giving  a  covered  access  to  the  Boding,  which  it  skirts  on 
the  eastern  bank  for  many  yards.  The  camp  is  traceable 
all  round,  but  the  northern  walls  are  easiest  seen.  Its  form 
ia  roughly  a  square,  but  there  are  no  right  Unes  in  its 
defences. 

At  Crayford,  on  the  spread  of  gravel  thirty  or  forty  feet 
above  die  creek  on  its  west  side,  and  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  or  less  due  south  of  Howbury,  is  the  barest  outline  of 
an  oval  camp ;  its  bank  may  be  feebly  traced  on  the  north 
side,  and  the  ditch  also  here  and  there,  by  means  of  the 
chalk  pits  made  along  it,  the  existence  of  the  chalk  having 
been  revealed  by  the  excavation  of  the  ditch.* 

The  works  beneath  the  present  tide  level  at  Ijttlebrook 
farm,  in  the  marshes  near  Stone,  Kent,  are  those  of  a, 
hythe  situated  close  to  the  present  earthland  foot,  and  at 
the  period  of  construction  were  apparently  on  a  stretch  of 
gravel  not  quite  above  the  reach  of  tihe  highest  tides,  and 
perhaps  requiring  slight  walk  protective  against  severe 
storms.  The  works  are  of  a  character  comparable  to  those 
of  Hasten,  and  represent  the  enclosures  for  the  protection 
of  ships — a  "  wick  "  or  "  port."  The  wick  at  Littlebrook 
was  once  important  and  preserved  a  reputation  still  dear 
to  the  English  when  Ethelred  gave  to  Eochester  in  a.d. 


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BABLY  8ITEB  AND  EHBANXHENTB  ON  THE 


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995,  "onam  mansam  solita  anglomm  Tocitatioiie  et 
Lytlanbroce  celebriter  appellatam."  At  the  present  day 
may  be  found  the  graves  of  those  early  English  of 
Littlebrook,  on  the  top  of  the  hill  immediately  overlook- 
ingthe  port.^ 

Here  and  there  on  the  marshes  the  sites  of  salt  pans  can 
still  be  seen,  where  salt  was  obtained  by  natural  evapora- 
tion, but  I  have  not  found  any  such  further  westward  tJian 
Hjgham,  unless  there  be  the  remains  of  a  boiling  place  or 
weller's  work  {wylleree  sceta)  in  the  marsh  about  half-a- 
mile  ^outh'west  of  East  Tilbury  church ;  where  is  a  small 
irregular  mound  largely  formed  of  red  fragments  of  burnt 
clay  pots,  and  reminding  one  of  the  "  red  hills  "  of  the 
Essex  coast. 

To  the  north  of  tiie  roadway  leading  from  Qaeenboro' 
to  the  mainland,  which  is  mentioned  by  Dugdale  as  a 
bank  from  **  Tretomond-ferye  to  Gbthelles,"  and  the  sane 
distance  (150  yds.)  east  of  Queenboro'  castle,  is  a  cnrioos 
work  called  a  "  camp*"  The  central  level  is  20  inches 
above  the  general  level  of  the  meadows,  the  bank  is  about 
10  inches  still  higher,  and  the  ditch  is  about  10  inches 
below  the  meadows.    It  may  have  been  formed  originally 


bluikt  or  mill.     The  >Tang«  leral  of  tbs  up  mnoh  latar.    TliiBwiaiin 

tnanb  b  0.  D.  4,  in  uid  about  His  endo'  uy  ■  line  of  niad  UtrooKh  Uw  fiddf  bta 

wan.    Since  Ke  alwndoiunent  ft  current  Ovcry  St.  Dutfocd. 

or  tidal  alnun  hu  powd  tbiough  Uie 


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lUBGINS  OF  THE  THAHBB  XSTaTAKT.  299 

from  one  of  the  "  momids  "  already  mentioned.  A  plan 
of  it  is  given  by  Mr.  Flinders  Petrie.'  Another  and  larger 
eaclosure  of  a  rectangular  shape,  extending  from  the 
roadway  due  south  to  the  last,  bdongs  to  a  date  posterior 
to  the  permanent  iT>TiiTig  of  the  marshland  in  which  they 
lie :  I  do  not  tiiink  them  tidal  works. 

There  are  some  descriptions  of  the  Thames  and  its 
margins,  especially  near  London,  which  I  think  require 
notice. 

Sir  C.  Wren  gives  his  opinion  that  the  sea  once  covered 
the  land  between  London  and  Camberwell,  but  he  does 
not  say  at  what  date. 

Mr.  G.  L.  Craik*  in  his  admirable  article  in  Knight's 
"  London  "  is  more  precise  ;  and  he  thinks  that  the  sea 
approached  much  nearer  London  than  now,  although  it 
did  not  reach  it. 

Sir  Geo.  Airy*  exactiy  describes  the  state  of  the  Thames 
about  London  in  the  time  of  Claudius,  thus ; — *'  Whatever 
be  the  date  of  the  mighty  embankments  which  have  given 
its  present  form  to  the  river  channel  (and  which  not 
without  plausibility  have  been  supposed  to  he  as  late  as 
Henry  VI),  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  they  did  not  exist 
in  the  time  of  Claudius.  Those  vast  tracts,  known  as  the 
isle  of  Dogs,  the  Greenwich  marshes,  the  West  Ham 
marshes,  the  Plumstead  marshes,  &c.  (which  are  now 
about  eight  feet  lower  than  high  water),  were  then 
extensive  slobs  covered  with  water  at  every  tide.  The 
water  below  London  was  then  an  enormous  estuary  ex- 
tending &om  the  hills  and  hard  sloping  banks  of  Middlesex 
and  Essex  to  those  of  Surrey  and  Kent.  Immediately 
below  London  the  shores  of  sound  ground  approach,  and 
the  estuary  would  then  assume  partially  the  character  of  a 
river.  This  estuary  was,  of  course,  the  ocean,  or  sea  of 
Diou,  &c.,  &c."  This  view  is  adopted  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Elton,* 
and  most  subsequent  writers. 

But  they  improved  on  it.  Dr.  Guest,  writing  in  1866," 
says,  "  The  Eomans  on  arriving  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
London  saw  before  them  a  wide  expanse  of  marsh  and 
mudbank,  which  twice  every  day  assumed  the  cnaracter  of 

'  AicIuwkigU  CutiMia  xni,  8.  *  Origuu  of  Engluh  Hnrtoir. 

'  IML  *  ArdtaolcgiecU  Journal  uUi,  Tha 

*  Attwueum,  Jan.  !8,  18S0.  camptdgn  ol  A.  PUneu*. 


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300  KAItLY  STTBS  AND  KMBAITEMEHTS  OK  THE 

an  estuary.  No  dykes'  restrained  the  water  of  the  Thames 
within  certain  limits.  The  individual  character  of  the 
river  was  lost,  and  the  Bomans  only  saw  one  sheet  of 

water  before  them When  they  said  they  crossed  the 

Thames,  they  merely  meant  they  crossed  the  northern  arm 
of  the  Great  Lake  which  spread  out  its  waters  before 
them  on  either  hand."  Kr.  Black'  defines  his  lake  as 
ceasing  at  a  line  drawn  between  Erith  and  Furfleet,  and 
makes  London  stand  on  it.  Mr.  J.  R.  Green'  describes 
witii  many  big  words  the  dismal  nature  of  the  land  round 
London,  and  the  "  vast  lagoon  "  on  which  it  stands,  and 
completes  the  account  hy  saying,  "  Near  the  point  where 
the  two  rivers  (Lea  and  'Hiames)  meet,  atraveUerwhowas 
mounting  the  Thames  from  the  sea,  saw  the  first  dry  land 
to  which  his  bark  could  steer.  The  spot  was,  in  fact,  the 
extremity  of  a  low  line  of  rising  ground  thrown  out  from 
the  heights  ofnampstead...to  thrust  itself  on  the  east  into 
the  great  morass,  by  this  he  means  EatcKff.  This  is 
absurd,  of  course,  and  shews  a  want  of  knowledge  of  the 
locality  he  described,  and  removes  any  di£Bculty  we  may 
have  as  to  accepting  his  account  of  the  ancient  Thames. 

Mr.  Loftie  accepts  the  lake,  and  describes  the  "  vast 
shallow  lake,"  with  the  river  flowing  up  and  down  it.' 
But  Mr.  Loftie  says  "  St.  Bride's  cannot  be  attributed  to 
the  time  of  Canute,  the  ground  on  which  it  stands  was 
liien  under  water."  Yet  Mr.  Loftie  describes  "  the  cutting 
of  the  ditch  by  the  Danes  round  London  bridge  and  the 
dragging  of  their  ships  to  the  west  side  ;  and  he  also 
describes  the  existence  of  a  Homan  building  beneath  the 
nave  of  Westminster  abbey  church.  Now  both  these 
places  were  more  than  twenty  feet  lower  than  the  floor 
of  St.  Bride's  or  the  ground  on  which  it  stands,  which 
has  never  been  under  water  since  the  Romans  came. 

It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  Lysons  says  Mortlake 
"was  generally  supposed  to  be  derived  from  Mortuus 
lacua,  the  dead  lake,"  meaning,  I  suppose,  the  Thames,  on 
which  it  stood. 

Prom  this  supposed  lake  it  would  appear  that  a  deriva- 
tion for  the  name  of  London'  has  been  attempted. 

'  Archtwiogu,  il,  1863-4.  '  Lottie,  London,  p.  72. 

■  H^mgol  ^gUnd,  p.  100. 

DigitizecyGOOgle 


MABGIHS  OF  THE  THAUES  E8T0ART.  301 

Mr.  Loftie,  in  his  History  of  London  saya,  "  The  derivar 
tioa  of  Londinium  from  Lljmdin,  the  lake  fort,  seems  to 
agree  best  with  its  situation  and  history ; "  and  he  quotes 
Mr,  Godfrey  Faussett  in  support  If  Dr.  Guest  had  thoughts 
of  a  like  nature  when  he  said  "  the  name  of  London  refers 
directly  to  the  marshes,"  he  seemed  contented  not  to  prove 
the  fact.'  Mr.  Loftie,  in  order  to  support  his  derivation, 
looka  out  for  a  similar  name,  and  says,  *'  a  considerable  tidal 
estuary  or  lagoon  existed,  stretching  far  up  among  the 
woods  to  the  foot  of  the  Laindon  hills,"  and,  "  it  is  im- 
possible not  to  connect  the  almost  certainly  Celtic  name  of 
London  with  the  similar  name  of  a  very  similarly  situated 
hill  Liundon."  There  is,  I  beg  to  remark,  no  similarity  in 
the  situation  of  the  two  places.  Besides,  Laindon  is 
variously  given  by  Morant  as  Laingdon,  Langenduna, 
Laingdon,  Legniduna,  Leienduna,  and  in  Domesday,  Lange- 
(lana.  All  these  forms  are  alike  Saxon  and  not  Celtic ; 
Laindon  is  the  long  hill  still,  and  still  without  its  lake. 

But  this  assistance,  with  which  he  supports  his  deriva- 
tion, is  a  broken  reed,  for  it  calls  to  our  remembrance  the 
sole  important  difference  in  the  early  spelling  of  London, 
viz.,  Longidinio,  to  be  found  in  Antonine's  Itinerary,  and 
which  may  suit  either  the  form  of  the  ground  facing  the 
river  on  which  London  Htands,  or  the  peculiar  form  of  the 
early  city  enclosure.  So  far,  there  is  a  resemblance 
between  Langeduna  and  Longidinio,  but  adverse  to  the 
lake  theory. 

The  lake  of  these  writers  then  resolves  itself  into  the 
supposition  of  a  few  inches  of  water  rising  over  saltings 
for  a  few  minutes  in  the  day,  during  a  few  days  in  the 
mouth,  and  even  the  last  reduced  to  a  still  smaller  number 
of  days  in  the  summer  months.  But  I  have  given  reasons 
to  doubt  the  existence  at  the  time  spoken  of,  of  tidal 
marshes  or  saltings  near  London  or  above  Erith,  and  in 
pointing  out  that  no  barrier  existed  at  Erith  or  Purfleet  or 
elsewhere  to  dam  up  tlie  water  of  the  river,  I  submit  that 
there  was  no  lake  near  London ;  and  also  that  it  is  probable 

'  Ar^uaalogieal  Journal,  xiiii,  p.  IBO.  aubaequent  paper,  tbaae  paeU  becoma  "» 

Dr.  Ouait  faimd  thxt  DutoIsto  of   the  Inke  "'.     It  u  quite  ns  gratt  a  mutakB  to 

KcoDd  Iter  wu  nMr  FeverBham,  ho  inid  say  thnt  FeTenham  Creek  wm,  or  u,  a 

"The   road   nina   beaide   Uie   Sheppey  lake,  te  the  Thames  esCuary  waa  or  in. 

mir^iea,  wfaiidi,  in  the  Bonuui  timgamiut  See  Origina  Cdtiea,\i,  pp.  G5,  117. 
tiave  bwn  a  ooUaction  o!  poola,"  ia  a 

TOU   XUI,  2  4 

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EABLT  BITBB  AND  SUBANKHENTO. 

that  the  estuary  did  not  reach  so  far  west  as  at  the  present 


day. 
la 


i  am  clearly  of  opinion  that  since  the  Boman  occupation 
the  present  channel  of  the  river  through  its  alluvium  has 
remained  in  almost  exact  relative  position  with  respect  to 
the  earthland  foot  or  hard  banks  from  Lambeth  to  East 
Tilbury,  and  certainly  so  with  respect  to  the  more  im- 
portant hards  and  landing  places  on  the  main  stream  now 
easting. 

Of  banks  against  the  tide  in  the  district  below  Purfleet 
there  are  none  surviving  of  ihe  Boman  period,  while  above 
that  place  none  or  but  the  slightest  ones  were  needed, 
and.no  signs  of  any  can  be  found.  Some  Saxon  banks, 
perhaps,  exist  below  Gravesend,  but  cannot  be  precisely 
identified  at  present,  while  above  it,  with  the  exception 
of  Littlebrook  walls,  there  are  none  now  known  of  older 
date  than  the  thirteenth  century. 

NOTE  TO  THE  MAP. 

In  tlie  accomptmying  map  of  the  PlumBtead  and  Eritb  inanhea^  I  have 
maTked  strongly  what  remains  of  the  old  river-walls.  The  oldeet  and 
strongest  wall  was  that  on  which  Belvedere  station  atanda;  it  may 
holong  to  the  XIII.  centary.  The  name  "Flemingges  waJle"  in  1311 
attests  how  early  foreigners  vere  employed  here.  Tha  chief  purpose  of 
the  map  is  to  ^ew  a  different  Byatem  of  embanking  to  that  shewn  on 
the  Higham  map  ;  and  also  to  preserve  the  exact  position  of  all  the  old 
walls  which  I  have  been  able  to  trace,  and  which  are  rapidly  disappearing 
before  the  excavator  and  builder.  These  excavations,  nevertheless,  may 
now  be  watched  by  its  assistance  in  the  future  with  the  hope  of  tracing 
the  foundations  of  old  walls  and  sites  beneath  the  surface.  At  the  point, 
marked  x,  moorloge  of  the  old  forest  may  be  seen  projecting  into  the 
ditch.  Near  this  spot,  tow  down  in  the  peat,  which  risee  to  lero  o.d.,  a 
"dug  out"  boat  was  cut  through,  Ibe  ends  being  left  in  either  bank  of 
the  ditch  wfaich  was  being  made.  From  oat  of  this  boat,  a  polished  flint 
axe  and  a  very  beautiful  flint  sciaper  were  obtained.  Another  polished  axe 
of  large  size  was  dredged  out  of  ttte  same  peat  bed  in  the  river  off  Prices' 
works  dose  by. 


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i,  Kent. 

Ytt-rtlf 

\   imlt 


F.CJ.Spurrcu.. 


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THE  CARLISLE  BUSHEL. 

By  R.  S.  FERQUSON,  F.S.A. 

A  bushel  is  defined  aa  "  a  measure  of  capacity  for  things 
dry:  as  grains,  pulse,  dry  iruits,  etc.,  containing  four 
pecks,  or  eight  gallons,  or  one-eighth  of  a  quarter."^  A 
great  many  places  had  local  bushels  of  different  dimensions 
m.  different  places. 

At  Abingdon  and  Andover  a  bushel  containe  nine  gallons ;  at  Appleby 
and  Penrith  a  bushel  of  pease,  tye,  and  wheat  contains  16  gallons;  of 
barley,  big  malt,  mixt  malt,  and  oats,  20  gallona.  A  bushel  contains,  at 
Cail^e,  2i  gallons ;  at  Chester,  a  bushel  of  wheat,  rye,  etc,  contains  32 
gallons,  and  of  oata  40,  etc..  etc' 

An  interesting  note  on  the  Carlisle  bushel  ia  furnished  by 
Mr.  Omsby.    He  says  : — 

The  following  particulais  ore  perhape  worth  noting.  They  occur  in 
B  paper  (Dom.  Charles  I.,  ccccx,  165)  which  is  uodated,  but  which 
appears  to  have  been  sent  to  8ii  Jacob  Astley,  or  one  of  his  officers,  some 
time  in  1639  or  1640,  in  answer  to  enquiries  about  the  price  of  provisions 
for  the  king's  troops.  '  A  particular  note  of  the  prices  of  come  need  in 
Carlisle,  and  the  measure  thereof.  Imprimia  our  bushell  is  24  gallons, 
which  gallon  is  4  wine  quarts  and  a  pint.  Bigg  is  to  be  bought  from  5s. 
to  7e.  a  bushell.  I'eaae  from  2s.  6d.  to  4s.  tlie  buehell  Jtlalt  6s.  or 
thereabout  the  bushell.  Wheat  at  16b.  the  bushell.  Malt  6a.  oi  there- 
abouts the  bushell.  Wheat  at  16b.  the  bushelL  Rye  at  10s.  the  bunhell. 
This  note  I  had  from  Mr.  Maior  of  Carliste.  Westmerland,  Come  is 
much  at  the  same  rates  of  Cumberkncl,  but  the  measure  ia  not  so  much 
by  4  gallons  in  a  bushelL* 

Li  1677,  Machel  sends  to  the  vicar  of  Melmerly  a  series 
of  questions,  *  of  which  No.  3  is  "  How  much  do  you 
reckon  to  a  peck  ?  " 

In  the  terriers'  for  Hutton  and  Greystock,  delivered  to 
bishop  Nicokon  at  his  primary  visitation,  1704,  we  find 
varying  measures.      Thus  at  Hutton  three  people  paid 

*  Hnchel,  MSS.  vol  vi,jieiiM  the  Deau 

and  Cbtpter  of  Cartule. 

'  Miscellany  Accounts  of  the  Diocew  o[ 
Csrliale.     (Thunuun,  Corlule,  1877.] 


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304  THE  CARLTSLB  BTTSHEL. 

peck  corn  to  the  parson  by  the  Penrith  peck,  all  the 
others  by  a  peck  of  their  own  kept  at  William  Oliphant's. 
At  Greystoke,  bushel  corn  was  paid  20  gallons  to  the 
bushel,  except  Thwait  Hall,  which  only  paid  16. 

It  would  be  easy  to  multiply  similar  instances  of  devia- 
tions from  the  legal  standards :  and  these  deviations  it  has 
been  found  almost  impossible  to  repress,  though  between 
Magna  Charta  and  1809  above  twenty  acts  of  i?arliament 
were  passed  to  fix  and  establish  the  standard  and  unifor- 
mity of  weights. and  measures.' 

In  the  time  of  Edward  11.,  the  town  leet  juries  were 
instructed  to  inquire  and  declare 

of  every  breach  of  tlio  assize  of  bread,  beer,  wine,  clotb,  vseighfn, 
measures,  beams,  bushels,  gallonB,  ells,  and  yaids,  and  of  all  fdee  scales, 
uid  of  those  who  have  used  them.* 

This  was,  there  can  be  no  doubt,  an  ancient  practice  at 
that  time.  Each  little  community  had  its  own  standard, 
and  as  the  township  merged  into  the  parish,  so  the 
keeping  of  the  local  weights  and  measures  passed  from 
the  town-reeve  or  elder  to  the  parish  priest.*  These 
again  were  superseded  under  various  charters  and  acts 
of  Parliament  by  mayors,  bailiffs,  stewards,  and  the 
like  olBcials.  Thus  the  Stntutum  de  Ptstoribus,  etc.  (or 
Statute  concerning  Bakers),  which  is  variously  attributed 
to  51  Henry  IH.  (1267),  and  to  13  Edward  I.  (1285), 
.enacts  that  the  .standard  of  bushels,  gallons,  and  ells 
sliall  be  sealed  with  the  iron  seal  of  the  king,  and  shall 
be  kept  safe  under  a  penalty  of  £100,  and  that  no 
measure  shall  be  in  any  town  unless  it  do  agree  with  the 
king's  measure,  and  be  marked  with  the  se^  of  the  com- 
monalty of  the  town.  By  the  7  Hen.  VII.,  c.  3,  1491,  it  was 
enacted  that  standard  measures  and  weights  of  braos 
should  be  delivered  by  indenture  from  the  lord  treasurer 
to  the  representatives  in  Parliament,  or  the  chief  officers 
of  the  cities,  towns,  and  boroughs  of  every  shire,  to  be 
conveyed  at  the  cost  and  charges  of  such  cities,  etc.,  and 
to  be  delivered  to,  and  remain  in,  the  custody  of  the 
mayors  or  other  chief  officers  of  the  same  to  the  intent 

'  Blackstone'B  Comsuntaria,  ToL  i,  p.  Joiirnil    of    the    Britiah  Arcbtcologit&l 

276,  n.  IS.     IGth  ediUon,  ISOS.  AHocUUon,  voL  iriii,  p.  314. 

*    Uome'i    Uirrttr   of  Jutlia,   t«mp.  '  The  Cimqucd  of  Snglani,  by  J.  R. 

£dw»rd  II.,  chap,    i,   sec    17.      Cited  Oreen,  p.  15. 


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THSXABUBtB  BDSHSL.  305 

that  as  well  all  measures  and  weights  within  the  said  cities, 
etc.,  may  be  corrected,  reformed,  amended,  and  made, 
according  and  after  the  measure  of  the  said  standard. 
And  that  the  chief  officer  for  the  time  being,  in  every  such  ■ 
city,  etc,,  have  for  that  cause  a  special  mark  or  seal  to 
mark  every  such  weight  and  measurey  so  made,  to  be  re- 
formed and  brought  unto  him  without  fraud  or  delay,  etc., 
etc. 

Pour  years  after  the  date  of  this  statute,  viz.,  in  1495,  11 
Hen.  vil,  c.  4,  another  was  passed,  contiuning  similar 
enactments,  but  with  some  additional  clauses,  to  the 
following  effect,  viz.  :  That  every  mayor,  etc.,  having  the 
standard  weights  and  measures,  should  have  authority  to 
make  a  sign  and  print  (that  is,  a  seal  or  mark)  with  the 
letter  H  crowned  to  siffn  and  print  like  weights  and 
measures  unto  every  the  king's  lieges  and  subjects  duly 
requiring  the  same.  This  device,  the  crowned  initial 
of  the  sovereign,  has  been  used  ever  since.'  The  EUza- 
bethan  bye-law  of  the  city  of  CarUsle,  No.  70,  runs 
thus : 

Item,  that  the  cotnone  sealeti  vhera**''  bushells,  half  btuhnlla,  pecks, 
otc.,  is  Heftled  shall  fill  waiea  remain  or  be  hereafter  in  the  kepinge  of  the 
inayt  and  in  nou  other  offi>;er. 
The  79th  bye-law  provided  as  follows — 

Item  that  the  mayr  and  balifs  shall  yerely  take  vou  of  all  measures 

anil  metta  w^in  this  citie  ons  in  the  yere  ,  And  if  they  fynd  any  unlaw- 
fiill  measure  either  buahell  Imlf  bushell  peke  half  peke  galone  yaid  wands 
or  other  measures  that  then  the  iiiayi  and  hoJifs  to  brck  them  and  evere 
,  of  them  and  canse  new  to  be  providt  Yf  any  man  kepe  in  his  house  any 
double  moasnre  that  is  to  say  a  gret  one  to  by  w^  and  a  lease  to  sell  w" 
th;it  euere  one  otfemlinge  therein  shall  pay  for  euere  severall  offence  vi' 
and  viii"*. 

A  schedule  to  the  act  of  11  Hen.  VII.  contains  the 
names  of  towns  limited  for  the  safe  custody  of  weights 
and  measures,  according  to  the  king's  standard ;  amongst 
which  are — 

Westmoreland       Town  of  Appleby, 

Cumberland  City  of  Carlisle. 

This  act  was  amended  in  the  following  year,  as  the 
standards  had  turned  out  defective,  ana  had  to  be  re- 
called and  re-issued  again. 

lueoladoal  AuodatioQ,  toL  viii,  for 
ih  of  ue  aboTe. 

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Sue  TBB  GABLISLE  BUBHEL. 

In  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  it  appears  from  a 
royal  roll,  dated  17'''  June,  1588,  and  addressed  to  the 
Barons  of  the  Exchequer'  that  great  compUunts  had 
arisen  that  "  the  weights  used  thrcmghout  this  our  realm 
were  uncertain  and  varying  one  from  another,"  and  that  a 
juiT  had  been  appointed  in  1574  to  make  standards  of  troy 
and  avoirdupois  weigh'ls.  This  was  done,  but  in  a  short  time 
it  was  discovered  that  the  new  standards  were  wrong ; 
they  were  recalled,  and  In  1588  new  ones  were  again  made 
and  issued  to  the  cities  and  towns  specified  in  the  act  of 
Henry  VU,  and  to  some  additional  places.  The  stan- 
dards issued  in  1588  remained  in  force  until  1824  :  they 
are  of  elegant  form,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  examples 
from  Carlisle  now  placed  upon  the  table,  and  from  the 
engravings  in  the  seventh  report  of  the  Warden  of  the 
Standard,  which  by  the  kindness  of  the  Controller  of 
H.M.  Stationery  Office  are  reproduced  with  this  paper. 
It  has  been  conjectured  that  these  standards  were  made 
from  ordnance  taken  from  the  Spjmish  armada.' 

In  1601  standard  measures  of  capacity  were  also  issued; 
we  reproduce  an  engraving  of  the  standard  quart  also 


from  the  "  seventh  report,"  etc.  We  have  not  so  much 
information  as  to  the  making  of  these  standards  of  capa- 
city, as  we  have  as  to  the  troy  and  avoirdupois  ones. 


^■Journal  of  thtBrilUh  ArckaiAogiad 
t,  ToL  viii,  p.  97D< 


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THE  CABUSLB  BUSHEL.  307 

In  the  seventh  volume  of  the  "  Transactions  of  the 
Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  ArchEBological  Society," 
p.  56,  is  printed — 

A  note  of  all  sortes  of  weights  as  well  brasae  ot  lead  with  a  note  of  the 
plait  and  their  weight,  the  bookes  and  other  implementa  belongin  to  the 
Cittie  bye  Matthew  Cape  M^or,  the  U"*  November,  1627 — 
AverdepoyH  or  bell         11     li 


weights         >        66  28 
Stolen  by  Keethe 

14     7     4     2     I 

ATeidepoiB  round  and  •  li     11     U    U 
flat      ....  8    4     2     1 

oz. 

8     4     2     1 

Troy  Weight :  per                              ot 
onncee  266  226i  [sic]  61  32  16  8  4  2  1  i  0  i  0  0> 
Lead  weights  in  the  charge  of  the  weightmaa 
1  hrasBe  bushell               1  feanilet 

1  hrasse  gallon 
1  half e  gallon 
1  quart 

1-2"  pound 
1  one  ■pound 
1  halfe  a  pound 
1  quartere. 

How  many  of  these  weights  the  old  corporation  of  Carlisle 
still  had  in  their  poaaession,  when  th,ey  were  reformed  in 
1835,  I  cannot  say,  blit  the  reformed  corporation  sold 
to  the  beat  bidder  the  atandard  weights  and  measures, 
which  had^een  superseded  in  1824.     Some  of   these 


etuidird  boy  irelgbta  for  4  uid  B  i 


I  have  been  able  to  tr^e  and  now  exhibit,  viz.  six  of  the 
standard  troy  weights,  six  cups,  or  rather  hollow  frusta 
of  cones  fitting  one  into  another  ;  they  are  the  weights  for 


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308  THE  CARLKLE  BUBHBL, 

4,  8,  16,  32,  64,  128  oza.,  and  are  kindly  lent  me  by  Mr. 
Wheatley,  whose  father  purchased  them  in  1835  from 
the  corporation.  Mr.  Carrick,  of  Lonsdale  Street,  has 
two  of  the  avoirdupoia  bell  weights,  those  for  one  pound 


and  two  pounds  respectively ;  and  the  Carlisle  museum 
possesses  the  quart,  f^allon,  and  bushel  of  1601. 

Thus,  at  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century,  the 
corporation  of  Carlisle  possessed  standard  measures  of 
weight  (troy  and  avoirdupois)  and  of  capacity,  satisfying 
the  acts  of  Henry  VIT,  and  duly  authenticated,  by  the 
crowned  initial  of  the  reigning  sovereign. 

How  comea  then  the  Carlisle  bushel  of  24  gallons  to 
have  been  in  use  until  lately  ?  Let  us  try  to  investigate 
its  history. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century  great  liti- 
gation' took  place  at  Carlisle,  York,  and  London,  about 
the  tithes  of  the  tenants  of  Holm  Cultram,  and  one  of  the 
points  involved  was — ^by  whose  bushel  was  the  tithe  to  be 
measured,  by  the  abbot's  bushel  of  8  gallons,  or  by  the 
bigger  bushel  of  the  mayor  of  Carlisle.     The  point  was 

The  infornuttioD  ai  to  Uii*  litigation  is      Cullnra  lant  me  b7  Heasra.  Iawmhi  of 
n  a  large  manoioript  vol  '  —-  .  ™         .         .        .    ....    .  ..t 

reUtiogt  I  the  parish  Mid  in 


from  a  large  manoioript  valume  of  papera      Wgtoa.      Serenl  oopiea  of   thb  book 


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TBB  CABUSLE  BUSHEL.  !)09 

one  worth  the  contesting,  for  the  tithe  of  meal  amounted 
to  938  buBhela  1  peck ;  of  barley  to  581  bushels,  and  of 
oats  63  boshels  2  pecks,  besides  money  in  lieu  of  tithe. 
The  tenants  contended  that  they  always  paid  by  a  bushel 
kept  by  the  abbot  of  the  dissolved  monastery,  and  called 
the  abbot's  bushel,  which  was  in  existence  at  the  time 
of  the  litigation.  The  farmers  of  the  tithe  contended 
that  they  should  be  paid  by  the  Carlisle  bushel  of  20 
gallons  (20  gallons  not  24.)  An  afBda^t  was  put  in  by 
the  mayor  of  Carlisle,  Henry  Baynes, 

that  they  fouiid  Carlisle  nteBsiue  for  com  to  contoiii  20  gallooi  to  the 
buehel ;  this  was  all  his  lemembTtmce  and  then  out  of  mind  (as  he  hath 
heaid)  doth  not  know  of  the  plaintiffa  (the  tenants)  paying  com  or  maol 
by  a  bushel  Since  he  waa  mayor  he  c^uad  the  maaaures  foi  buying  and 
selling  of  com  there  to  be  made,  the  one  of  16  gallons  (called  a  bushel)  . 
and  me  other  the  half  bnahel  of  8  gallons;  the  plaintifia  may  uaa  which 
they  like  beet  and  they  ara  at  no  prejudice  by  the  bushel  of  20  gallons, 
intending  to  leare  this  bushel  of  20  gallons  (as  he  found  it),  being  the 
cities,  who  desire  the  continuance  of  it  with  the  consent  of  moat  of  tho 
country. 

From  this  it  would  seem  that  Baynes,  who  was  mayor 
in  1601,  found  the  citie  in  possession  of  a  bushel  measure 
holding  20  gallons,  and  that  he  made  one  to  hold  16 
gallons  and  a  half  one  to  hold  8. 

In  the  course  of  the  suit  it  was  admitted  that  Mr.  Mayor 
Baynes 

during  his  mayorality  canaed  other  measoiee  of  8  gallons,  after  the 
lesser  measuie,  to  be  made,  and  gave  them  to  those  that  kept  the 
measure  there,  that  those  that  would  might  buy  by  them.  But  the 
country,  desirous  to  keep  the  old  measure,  never  used  the  new. 
An  undated  order  of  the  Exchequer  finds 
That  the  Tenants  &c.  have  Time  out  of  Mind  and  Memory  of  Man 
used  and  were  accustomed  to  pay  their  tithe  com,  &c.  to  the  said  late 
Abbot  and  his  predecessor  abbots  there  after  the  Rate  and  Measure  of 
Carlisle  Bnahel  commonly  used  there.  But  herein  was  a  great  Error 
committed  by  the  Magiatratee  by  Increase  of  Carlisle  Bushel  to  10,  13, 
and  14  Gallons  contrary  to  the  Statute  of  8  Gallons  in  the  Exchequer  at 
that  time  and  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  time  to  16,  18,  and  20  Gallons,  and 
in  King  James'  time  to  22  and  34  Gallons  to  a  Bushel,  which  procared  a 
most  Huge  suit  in  law  before  it  was  burnt  at  a  head  (t)  assize  in  the  City 
of  Carlisle  by  Judge  Denham  upon  the  19th  of  August,  1633. 
In  another  undated  paper  it  is  stated  that  for  60  years 
past  the  Carlisle  bushel  had  been  16  gallons  equal  to 
20  Exchequer  gallotu ;  and  it  further  states  that  in  Carlisle 
market  they  sell  by  the  bushel  heaped  up.      Now,   a 


,t,zec.y£00gle 


310  THE  CABLIBLE  BUSHEL, 

measure  holding  16  gallons  when  striked,  or  filled  just 
level  with  the  top,  would,  if  heaped  up,  be  about  20 
gallons ;  this  I  take  to  be  the  explanation  of  the  above, 
and  not  that  the  Carlisle  and  Exchequer  gallons  were  of 
dlHerent  sizes. 

We  have  thus  got  at  the  fact  that  the  Carlisle  gallon 
has  varied  and  that  it  was  on  the  rise  between  the 
suppression  of  the  monasteries  and  the  year  1623 ;  it  had 
then  got  to  24  gallons,  and  spite  of  the  vigorous  action  of 
Mr.  Justice  Denham,  it  survived  at  that  size  down  to  to-day. 

Other  mention  may  be  found  locally  of  measures 
deviating  from  the  Bschequer  standard.  There  was  about 
the  same  date  as,  or  rather  later  than,  the  Holm  Cultram 
litigation,  a  suit  between  the  earl  of  Cumberland  and  his 
tenants  near  Appleby,  in  which  was  raised  the  question 
of  by  what  measure  the  sergeant's  oats  or  bailiffs  com  was 
to  be  paid.  By  a  decree  dated  in  1634, 
Sir  John  Lowther  wu  dedred  to  ozamioe  and  certify  coaceming  the 
.measure,  who  having  examined  two  old  pecks,  one  containing  8  quarts, 
and  the  other  10  stnked  quarts,  both  of  which  had  been  paid  upheaped 
(which  was  reckoned  one-third  more)  he,  to  avoid  uncertainty,  recom- 
mended, and  so  it  was  decreed,  that  instead  of  the  old  peck  upheaped, 
they  should  pay  13  quarts  striked.' 

It  is  not  said  where  these  old  pecks  were  kept,  but 
most  probably  at  Appleby.  The  peck  containing  8 
quarts  (that  is,  two  gallons)  would  be  an  Exchequer 
or  standard  peck;  if  heaped  up  it  would  hold  about 
10  quarts  (that  is  2^  gallons)  and  the  bushel  would  be 
10  gallons;  the  bigger  peck,  if  heaped  up,  would  hold 
13  quarts  (3J  gaUons)  or  rather  more,  and  the  bushel 
would  be  13  gallons  or  nearly  14  gallons.  We  thus  get 
to  the  steps  by  which  the  Carlisle  bushel  crept  up,  from 
the  standard  of  8  galloijs  to  10,  14,  &c.  The  suggestion 
occurs  that  in  the  heaping  up,  we  may  find  the  origin  of 
these  local  measures.  A  local  custom  to  heap  up  the 
8  gallon  bushel,  instead  of  striking  it,  would  make  a  local 
bushel  of  10  gallons.  The  local  authority  would  ulti- 
mately provide  a  bushel  to  hold  lO  gallons  striked, 
as  at  Appleby;  this  heaped  up  would  give  a  still 
bi^er  bushel,  one  of  14  g^ons,  and  so  the  bushel  grew. 

That  a  custom  of  paying  by  the  bushel  heaped  up 

'  Bum  Mtd  Nicholaon,  vol.  i,  p.  292. 

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THE  CARLISLE  BUSHEL.  311 

existed  at  Oarliale  is  proved  by  entries  in  "  A  survey  of 
Cliurch  Landa,  anno  1649,"  now  in  the  library  at  Lambeth, 
which  gives  a  survey  of  the  possessions  of  the  see  of 
Carlisle,  and  of  the  dean  and  chapter  of  Carlisle :  among 
the  possessions  of  the  latter  was  the  "Meale  Gamer's 
Office,"  which  was  leased  out  in  various  parts,  viz.  eighth 
parts :  the  Meale  Garner  had  to  receive  certain  payments 
of  haver-meal,  of  bigg  and  of  oats.  In  the  leases  occur 
the  following  expressions : — 

After  the  proportion  of  fourtoene  gallons  to  the  bushel,  ocoording  to  tlie 

brasse  measure  of  Winchester. 

According  to  the  busheU  wherewith  farmers  and  tennants  are  bound  and 

accuatoioed  to  pay  the  same,  viz.  14  gallons  of  Winchester  measure  to 

the  buehell. 

And 

By  the  meaeure  of  twelve  busbells  every  eskepp  and  sixteen  gallons  to 

every  boshell  of  ye  sealed  brasse  galloo. 

It  is  clear  that  a  local  custom  existed  to  pay  by  the 
bushel  heaped  up,  and,  so  strong  was  it,  that  the  dean  and 
chapter  insisted  on  having  the  heaped  up  bushel  measured 
by  the  number  of  brass  standard  gallons  they  considered 
it  would  amount  to.  In  the  Liber  quotidian'us  contrarotu- 
latoria  Garderohce  anno  regni  Regis  Edwardi  Primi  mcesimo 
octavo,  we  find  grain  bought  both  by  menaura  rasa  or 
striked  measure,  and  by  mensura  cumvlaia  or  heaped  up  ; 
and  it  is  stated  that  177  quarter'  aven  per  mensuram 
cumtUat'  fadunl  per  mensuram  rasam  185  quarter  7bz.' 
This  was  at  Berwick-on-Tweed,  and  as  the  comptroller 
takes  the  trouble  to  reduce  the  mensura  cumulata  into 
mensura  rasa,  he  clearly  bought  by  the  measure  heaped 
up,  but  kept  his  accounts  by  the  measure  striked  or 
Btwidard  measure,  thus  showing  that  the  Berwick  people — 
Bfi  well  as  the  Carlisle — had  a  custom  to  sell  by  the 
standard  measure  heaped  up. 


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ANCIENT  INVENTORIES  OF  GOODS  BELONGING  TO  THE 
PARISH  CHURCH  OF  ST.  MARGARET  PATTENS  IN  THE 
CITY  OF  LONDON. 

By  W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  M.A.,  F.8.A. 

AniongBt  the  records  of  the  pariah  church  of  St. 
Margaret  Pattens,  in  the  city  of  Lcmdon,  is  a  folio  volume 
in  the  original  stamped  leather  covers  (very  badly  mended 
recently),  measuring  16  inches  by  12  inches.  By  the 
kindness  of  the  Eev.  J.  L.  Pish,  the  present  rector,  I  have 
been  allowed  to  examine  this  volume.  It  now  contains 
thirty  folios,  but  a  very  large  number  have  been  destroyed, 
and  of  the  remainder  sixteen  folios  and  three  p^es  are 
blank.  From  the  internal  evidence  of  omissions  and 
mis-spellings  it  is  clear  that  the  entries  were  transcribed 
into  the  book. 

The  following  is  an  abstract  of  its  contents,  but  the 
inventories  I  have  transcribed  in  full. 
Folio  1  is  lost. 
Folio  2  commences 

In  the  name  of  the  Holie  Trinite  onr  blissed  lady  hia  moder 
Seist  Margarets  viigjm  and  Maiiir  and  all  Seintis  /  Sir 
Water  MuBchamp  peon  of  the  paiissh  Chiiche  of  Seint 
maigaretes  Patyns  in  london  John  Wilson  Barboui  and 
John  Dountou  Feantreie  WardeiiiB  of  the  Chirche  in  the 
holy  feest  of  Ester  The  yere  of  our  lord  god  JP  CCCC  Ixx 
and  the  x*^  yere  of  the  reigne  of  Kyng  Edwud  the  fourth  with 
tjiaseent  of  all  the  paiisBhena  of  the  same  Chirche  Agreed 
&nd  Aeeented  that  all  the  evidences  concemyng  or  touchyns 
the  londea  lentw  and  Tenementis  of  the  said  Chiiche  shall 
be  entiteled  in  tlua  booke  ceristely  to  a  ppetnelt  memory  for 
theym  and  their  Sncceasotus  Wliich  folowen  hereafter  that 
is  tosey. 
Then  follow  transcripts  of 

(1)  Deed  by  which  Ralph  de  Ooventre  rector  demises 
to  Thomas  de  Wrasle  a  tenement  with  houses 
thereon,  for  a  yearly  rent  of  15s.  (Undated, 

but  John  le  Blund,  then  mayor,  occurs  among  the 

«■) 


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INTENTORIES  OP  BT.  UABGABBT  PATTENS,  LOKDON.     318 

(2)  Will  of  Isabell  Carpenter,  formerly  the  wife  of 
Symon  de  Canterbury,  1342.  Her  body  to  be 
buried  in  the  cemetery  of  St,  Margaret  Pattens, 
near  the  sepulchre  of  the  aforesaid  Symon. 
Bequests  of  money  to  the  high  altar  for  the  souls 
of  John  and  Matilda  her  parentf,  Thomas  Eichard 
and  Symon  her  husbands ;  for  the  sustentation  of  a 
light  before  the  cross  in  the  church,  etc.,  etc. 

(3)  Memorandum  of  proof  of  will  January  2,  1343. 

(4)  Fourteen  memoranda  concerning  deeds  rdating 
to  parish  property. 

(5)  Incomplete  copy  of  a  memorial  concerning 
certain  encroachments  of  waterfall  and  lights. 

These  occupy  most  of  folios  2  and  3. 

Folios  4,  5,  and  6a  contain  an  inventory  of  goods, 
jewels,  and  ornaments,  dated  2  August,  1470. 

Folios  6b,  7,  8,  da,  10a,  contain  a  list  of  additions  made 
to  the  church  goods  and  ornaments  from  1479  to  1486, 
during  the  tenure  of  the  same  two  churchwardens. 

FoHoB  9b,  10b,  11, 12,  13,  14, 15  are  blank. 

Folios  16,  17  and  a  loose  folio  of  uncertain  number 
contain  part  of  an  inventory  made  in  1511. 

Between  folios  17  and  24  fire  folios  are  lost. 

Folio  24  contains  several  memoranda,  and  lists  of  goods 
when  a  period  of  spoliation  prevailed.  They  are  dated 
10  Henry  VHI.  (1518),  1521,  1536,  and  1548. 

Folios  25  to  34,  and  36  to  188  inclusive,  also  193, 196 
to  201  inclusive,  204  and  205  are  missing. 

Folios  36,  189  to  192  inclusive,  194,  195,  202,  208, 
206,  207a,  and  208  are  blank. 

Folio  207b  bears  a  memorandum  of  1557  that  if  any 
tenant  of  church  property  be  elected  churchwarden,  he 
shall  not  spend  more  than  lOs.  on  the  repura  of  his  house 
daring  his  term  of  office  without  the  consent  of  the  vestry. 

rt4a.] 

Thie  ifl  th«  Inventuy  of  bU  the  goodee  Jnelz  and  Omamentis  belongyag 
nnto  the  Chirche  of  Seint  mBTgarete  Fatyns. — made  the  secnnde 
day  of  the  moneth  of  Angiut  The  yere  of  our  lord  god  MCCCClxx 
And  the  x*^  yeie  of  the  leigne  of  kyng  Edward  the  fourth  .  that 
tjme  beyng  peon  Sir  Water  Muschamp  and  Wardens  John 
Wilfltm  Barbour  and  John  Doimton  Peantrete. 


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314   INVENTOBIBS  OF  ST.  UARGABBT  PATTENS,  LONDON. 

.  Jnebc .     fHtst  a  CroBse  of  silv'e  weyiDg  r  )b  j  anc'. 

Itm  a  Chalice  of  eilv'e  Gilt  w^  a  patene  weying  togidet  xvlij 

unc' .  j  qM  of  an  unc". 
Itm  j  Clulice  of  silv'e  gilt  with  the  pateue  weeing  togider 

siij  unc'.' 
lun  a  Chalice  of  silv'e .  pcell  gilt  w*  a  patens ,  weying  xi^ 

unc'  &  di'  &  half  a  q*rt* 
Itm  j  Chalyce  of  silT'e  w*  a  patene  wsying  xzv  one'  &  di* 

and  hfilf  a  q*rt'. 
Itm  a  Covpe  of  silv'e .  foi  the  gacismeiit>  pcell  gilt  wejisg 

xzviij  unc'  iij  q^rt's  &  di' 
Itm  a  Sensoui  of  silv'e  pcell  gilt  weylng .  xxix  unc' 
Itm  a  Crismatorye  of  my'e  wejing  zi^  unc'  i^  qH'e 
Itm  a  Belyke  of  silv'e  ou'e  gilt  set  w*  stonys  and  a  pece  of 

the  holy  Crosse  therin 
Itm  an  ymage  of  Sannct'  Kateme  silv'  and  gilt 
Itm  a  Musti^mtA"  of  BilT*  pcell  gil  tby  the  gifte  of  «'  John 

douton  waying  Ivj  unc' 
Itm  .  a  Crosse  with  mary  &  John  ailv'  &  gilt  of  the  gyft  of 

fiichard  Bowell  &  Elizabeth  his  wyf  weying  Iry  Troy 

Weight  Ixxxvij  nnces  &  iij  q*rt'one 
{Added  in  another  hand) 

Itm  ij  Candlestyckf  of  sylv'  &  pcell  gylt  w*  angellf  faof  in 

y*  myddf  of  y*  Candlestyckf 
Itm  ij  sylv'  Basyns  pcett  Gylt  w*  Roses  in  the  myddf  of  them 
Itm  a  Shyp  of  Sylv'  w*  a  sylv'  apon  pcell  Gylt  w'  a  lambe 

y'on  I  of  the  Gyfte  of  Robt  [May]  and  John  Wyttsou  and 

Johfia  the  wyff  of  them*  .  the  p'c' v  marke 

Itm  a  Senser  of  Sylv*  <fe  pcell  Gylt  w'  lyberdf  hcdf 

Itm  a  Chalyce  of  sylv'  &  a  patent  Cleyn  gylt  w'  a  crucyfyx 

mory  &  John  in  the  fote  and  in  the  paten  an  holy  lambe , 

.  Bokes  .    Itm  a  masse  boke  for  the  high  auter  principal 

Itm  a  nother  masse  boke  for  our  lady  ChapeR* 

Itm  an  old  masse  bake  unkev'ed. 

Itm  j  boke  called .  a  pistoler  &  Goapeler  and  a  piindptdt  gny  tt 

Itm  a  new  graylt 
-    Itm  an  old  graytt 

ttm  iij  new  processionariee 

Itm  an  old  processionaij  with  a  eawter  and  an  Ymner  therein 

Itm  an  old  otdenall  wiUi  a  proceaeidnary  therein 

Itm  a  new  ymner  notyd.* 

Itm  a  boke  called  a  lectomall  for  pryndpatt  foeatf 

Itm  a  new  antiphoner  principett 

Itm  a  new  antiphoner  secondary 

Itm  an  old  antiphoner 

Ibn  a  new  Colectour. 

Itm  an  old  Portoos  noted. 

Itm  a  grete  sawtei 
'  Thi*  itemarijed.  *  Quray.  wMahe  wife  to  both  men  ? 

'  The  i>yi  in  which  the  Sacnaiienl  wm    »  Thii  lice  ersMd. 
hung  OTOT the  high  altar.  *  Id  the  mugiii  "in  jBhandei  ot  biyt- 


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[14 
uton 


nTTENTOBIBd  OF  ST.  UUtGARET  PATTENB,  LONDON.    315 

Itm  a  new  legent  tempi^ 

Itm  B  new  legent  Suor  (Sanctorum) 

Itm  ij  SawteiB  cliayned  in  our  lady  Chapcit.  | 
(Added  in  a  later  hand). 

Itm  a  Manuett 

Itm  an  old  gret  portooe  notyd. 
(Tn  another  hand) 

It'  a.  nywe  p'sBeBsaner*  bowt  be  John  apelst  &  John  mnd) 
Bchryche  WarddesB 

(In  the  same  hand  as  the  additions  to  the  list  of  *  Juelx ') 

Itm  an  New  Braviatt  antjrplioaer' 

Itm  j  boke  for  Bectois  for  matens .  masse  .  &  evynsong. 

Itm  a  complete  p'ceaByonary 

Itm  Tj  queree  of  y*  new  fast  of  o'  lady.' 

Itm  j  of  the  masee  of  JhuB 

Itm  a  paalteT  |  w*  a  Ealendi' 

Itm  a  lytelt  portu^ 

iton  and  1  Itm  a  Crosae  of  laton  gilt 

>  .Itm  an  old  Crosse  of  laton  gilt 
Peaatre.    )   Itm  a  eengonr  of  laton 
Itm  a  shipp  of  laton 

Itm  ij  grete  Btandarda  of  laton  principatt 
Ilm  ij  Candelstikkea  of  laton  for  the  high  auter 
Itm  iiij  smale  Candelstikkee  of  laton  for  processions  of  laton 
Itm  ij  Candelstikkea  of  laton  for  our  lady  Chapett 
Itm  an  holywater  etopp  of  laton  w*  a  styk^ 
Itm  an  Offeryng  diush  of  Coper 
Itm  an  hangyng  of  laton  for  the  lampe  in  the  quere 
Itm  an  hangyng  of  laton  for  all  sowlen  %ht  in  the  body  of 

the  Chirche 
Itm  ii\j  Candelstikkas  of  Peautre  ij  grete  &  ij  smale 
Itm  iiij  peir  of  Crewettf  of  peautre 

Itm  a  baeon  of  peautt' w*  iiij  smattaqoareboUysforthepAscatt 
Itm  xx^  I  tap  dieahea  of  peautr'*  for  the  Rodeloft 
Itm  a  Cowpe  of  laton  to  put  in  the  sacrament 
Itm  a  Canape  w'  jij  Crownys  of  laton  to  hang  ov'e  the 

sacramenf 
(Added  in  a  later  hand.) 

Wch  canape  was  deliv'ed  to  the  pson  for  the  ch'ge  he  made 
a  new  cov'yng  ov'  the  sacrament  at  hia  propre  cost  and 

the  Wardyns  Thomas  alisaundr'  Sc  John not  to  be 

charged  with  the  said  canape  w*  iij  crownye 

.Copes and.  Itm  a  vestment  of  ro<le  Telnet  with  dekon  subdekon  and  a 
Veatementf.     Cope  |  the  Orfreys  enbrowded  w'  gold. 

Itm  a  Testement  of  whyt  doth  of  Bawdekyn  with  deken 
subdekon  and  a  Cope  of  the  same  sute  of  the  gift  of  John 
Geat  the  Orphraya  of  rede  damask. 
'  The  f«art  of  the  Tiiutatiou  of  tiie  *  A  iprinkte. 

Uened  Virgin  Muy,  ordered  to  be  ob-  '  Erued  »nd  altered  into  xt. 

Mrred  t^  tbe  CoaDcil  of  Buil  bv  decree  *  Eneed  and  '  Uton  '  lupencribed. 

dated  J^  1,  lUl.  *  This  entiT  «ni*d. 


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816  DTTEirTOIlIBS  OP  ST.  UAHGABET  FArTBNS,  LOKDOK. 

Itm  a  restfimeut  of  rede  dotli  of  Baudekyn  vitli  a  dekon  the 

Orphiayes  blafc  saten  with  bellya  of  g»Jld. 
Itm  a  veatement  of  horde  alisaujidj?e  wii£  dekon  and  anbdekon 
Itm  ij  Copys  of  doth  of  Bawdekyn  the  grounde  tede 
Itm  a  Cope  of  cloth  of  gold  the  grounde  grene 
Itm  a  Cope  of  doth  of  Bawdekyn  the  gronnde  hiak  w* 

weikys  of  grene 
Itm  a  Cope  of  doth  of  gold  chakeicd. 
Itm  a  Cope  of  raye  silk  foi  a  Childe 
Itm  ij  Copee  of  lede  silk  for  Childien 
Itm  ii^  awbya   with  the  parelles  of  rode  silk  for  Children 
Itm  ij  awhya  for  Children  with  the  poiellya  whyt 
Itm  a  aeugle  veatement  of  rede  velnet 
Itm  a  sengle  yeatinient   of   doth   of  Bawdekyn  with  the 

armya  of  the  lord  f^ope' 
Itm  a  aengle  veatiment  of  whyte  silk 

Itm  a  sengle  veatement  of  rede  ailk  with  theOrfreyaof  blew  ailk 
Itm  a  sengle  veatement  of   demyeay  grene  with  purpilt  & 

whyte  loses  [in^  the  Orphiey 
Itm  a  sengle  veatunent  of  horde  aliaaundre  w*  the  armya  of 

Sir  John  Poph'm 
Itm  a  sengle  vestment  of  rede  worsted  the  Orphreys  of  blak 

worstede  the  yef  t  of  William  horman 
Itm  a  sengeH  veatement  of  whyte  boide  alisaundie  the 

Orphreya  of  rede  veluet  of  the  yeft  of  Sir  Water  Muachamp 

p'son  of  the  said  Chircbo 
Itm  a  aengle  veatement  of  hlak  worated  with  a  dekon  for 

Mortuaryes 
Itei  a  sengle  vesteraent  of  silke  the  grounde  rede  w'  the 

Orphreya  of  rede  ailk  and  whyte  roaea  belongyng  to  our 

lady  Chapett 
Itm  a  aengle  veet«ment  belongyng  to  our  lady  Chapett  of 

whyte  BUk  w^  pe  Orphreya  blue  silk  w'  Crownys  of  gold 
Itm  a  aengle  veatment  bdongyng  to  our  lady  Chapett  of 

Cloth  of  Bawdekyn  the  grounde  of  lede  the  Orphrya 

lyons  and  Pecokkys  of  gold 
[f.  6  a.]         Itm  a  sengle  veatiment  belongyng  to  our  lady  Chapett  of 

grene  silk  with  the  Orphrayea  of  rede  ailk  with  bees  of  gold 
Itm  a  aengle  vestiment  belongyng  to  our  lady  Chapett  of  blow 

bokeiam  with  whyte  rosea 
Itm  a  sengle  vestement  belongyng  to  our  lady  Chapett  of 

whyte  ffuatyan  with  Orphrayea  of  gold 
(Added  in  another  hand) 

Itm  a  doth  of  gold  that  a'  wault'  muachamp  gave  to  the  diiich 

Awter.     Itm  for  the  high  awter  a  ffronte  and  a  nether  f&ont^  for  the 

Clothes  for      high  awter  of   rede  ailk   with  Swannya  of  gold  and  ij 

the  high        Cnrtoyna  of  rede  ailk 

autrr.      Itm  for  the  aame  awter  a  fironte  and  a  nether  ffronte  eteyned 

of  the  yeft  of  maiater  Thomas  Wyhbery  Sqnyer 

'  Sir    John  Cornwall,   E.O.,    oraated  *  In  all  them  items  "  front"  measi  the 

Lord  FoohoH,  11S3,  ntld  died  im.   Hia      upper  front,  or  dorul  ;  "  oetber  Groat" 

amu  were,  Srinint,  a  lion  mmpant  Oufea       meani  what  we  sofl  the  frontlil. 

eraMMJ  Or,vilMmaboniim  SMe  bexattU 


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□rrBNToaiEs  of  bt.  uABaABsr  fattens,  lokdoh.  317 

Itm  fcv  the  same  avter  a  &onte  &  a  aether  Aonte  stejned 

w*  T  JoyoB  of  our  lady' 
Itnt  for  the  seme  swter  a  fflonte  aiul  a  nether  fihrnte  st^yned 

of  the  lyf  of  Seiat  Uargareta 
Itm  for  the  same  high  auter  eteyned  .  a  &oiite  and  a  nether 

£&oate  ateyned  like  doth  of  gold.' 
Itm  for  the  same  awter  a  f&onte  and  a  nether  fTronte .  of 

whyte  for  lent. 
(Added  in  another  hand) 

Itm  an  awt'  cloth  of  blake  eoreeenett  w*  a  cmcifize  and  mary 

&  John  w*  curtoyns  for  y*  same 
Itm  a  blew  say  for  the  nether  parte  of  y*  awt' 
Itm  a  fronte  and  a  nep'  fronte  eteyned  y*  oryr  pte  w'  the 

resnneccon  .  the  fad!'  eon  ft  holy  gost  the  aaeyncon  w' 

■aypt  Margett  ft  eaynt  Kat^  |  and  y*  ned'  ^  is  the 

nativitie  of  o'  lord  y*  Giicufictot  (dc)  and  the  epipltie 
Ibn  ^  aapattatf  on  of  m'Ue*  |  an  Of'  of  alabastyr'. 

Awter     Itm  for  the  awter  called  our  lady  awter  a  flremf e  and  a  nether 
clothes.        fironte  steyned  w*  an  ymage  of  o*  lady  and  w'  ij  Gurteyns 
for  our  lady     of  rede  silke 

awt'      Itm  for  the  same  awter  a  ffivnte  ft  a  nelher  Sronte  ateyned 
w*  ij  Curteyns  of  the  same  sute 
Itm  for  the  same  awter  a  fitonte  and  a  nether  fironte  steyned 
and  w'  Cnrteyns  of  whyte  silk  new  o!  the  yeft  of  my  lady 
atherley. 
Itm  for  the  same  awter  a  fironte  sod  a  nether  f&onte  whyte 
for  lent  w*  ij  cnrteyns 
(Added  in  another  hand) 

It'  of  y*  gyft  of  rechazd  bowett  a  eteneyth  cloth  w'  his  m'ke^ 
&  w'  y*  aimya  of  y"  itapytt  of  Calyc  w'  an  ymage  of  hym- 
ealf  &  a  nod'  of  his  wyfie  w*  a  nether  front  &  w*  ot*  front. 
[f.5b.] 

Awter  Itm  for  Seint  Johns  awter  a  fihmte  fend]  a  nether  Shinto  of 
Clothes  for  Cloth  of  Bawdekyn  with  birdys  of  gold  and  ij  Curteyns  of 
Seint  Johns    grene  silk. 

awter.      Itm  for  the  same  awter  a  H'ronte  and  a  nether  ffronte  of  the 
lyf  of  Seint  John  steyned.  w^  i)  Cnrteyne. 
Itm  a  ffronte  &  a  countre  firont  of  whyto  w*  rede  crosses 
for  lent 

Awter  Itm  for  Seint  marymawdelcyna  awter  a  ffiront  and  a  nether 
Clothes  for  Sronte  steyned  w^  damask  werk  and  ^  Cnrteyns  of  the 
Seint  Maiy      same 

Mawdelej-ns  Itm  for  the  same  awter  a  aother  fironte  and  a  nether  fiinnte 
awt'         steyned  w*  damask  werk  and  ij  Curteyns  of  the  some 

Itm  for   the   same   awtei   a  ffronte.    and  a  nether  ffronte 
steyned*  w'  y  Curteyns  for  lent  of  white,  w'  redo  cromes. 


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3lS    INVENTOBIES  OF  ST.  HARGABBT  FATTENS,  LONDON. 

CoipaseBW*  Itiu  a  Co^pax  w*  a  Case  of  cloth  of  gold  the  tone  side  rede 
Corpax        and  the  other  Bide  blew 

Caaes.      Itm  a  Corpoiax  w*  a  Case  of  blew  damask  w^  a  fflowi  de  lace 
of  gold 
Itm  j  Corpoiax  w^  a  Case  of  blak  Telnet 
Itm  a  Corpoiax  with  a  Case  of  bl&k  reluet  old 
Itm  a  Coipoiaz  w*  a  Case  that  one  side  thereof  silk  and  that 

other  eilk  with  workf  of  gold 
Itm  a  Corpoiax  with  a  Case  of  giene  silk  w'  a  f&owi  de  luce 
Itm  a  Coipoiax  with  a  Case  of  giene  silk 
Itm  a  Case  foi  a  Corporax  of  rede  damaak  fugoiy' 
Itm  a  Case  for  a  Corpoiax  of  giene  damask 
Itm  a  Case  for  a  Corporax  of  silk  w'  a  Crosse  of  silk 
(Added  in  another  hand) 

A  case  of  blew  damiuke  w'  a  byrd  of  gold  |  the  op'  syde  of 

nedle  waike  w*  Jbus  &  a  corpax  p'in. 
Itm  a  Corpax  w*  p*  case  of  blew  tysswe  p'  on  ayde  |  the  op* 

syde  of  rede  cloth  of  tyaswe 
Itm  a  conpax  w*  the  case  p'  on  syde  tawney  saten  |  the  op' 

syde  of  rede  w^  a  flowr"  of  damaske 
Itm  a  coipax  w'  a  case  p*  on  syde  rede  veluett  |  p"  op'  syde 

gren  saisenett  flowred  w*'  brodered  warke 
Itm  a  cotpax  w^  a  case  of  Gren  bawdekyn  of  p*  on  syde  ft 

white  on  y"  op'  syde 
Itm  an  op'  lyke  to  y*  same 

Itm  a  Corpax  case  of  rede  veluett  on  reluett  w'  gren  tmlove 
flowies  and  a  cloth  of  dyap  for  the  pyxte  p'in. 
ffrontels    Itm  a  fTrontett  of  cloth  of  gold  w*  a  Cloth  therto 
and  lynen  Itm  a  nother  of  rede  silk  w'  sterrye  of  gold  w^  a  cloth  therto 
Auter      Itm  a  nother  ffroutelt  of  whyte  damask 
Clothes    Itm  a  nother  firontett  of  silke  with  werkys 

Itm  a  nother  ffroutelt  of  Tawny  veluett  with  whyte  roses 
Itm  a  nother  ffiontett  of  Catlas*  w'  birdys 
ItmafFrontettofblewailkenbrowdedw'fQowreswithouta  Cloth 
Itm  7  auter  Clothes  of  dyaper 
Itm  iiij  auter  clothes  playn^ 
Itm  ij  howaelyng  towellys  of  diap 

Itm  ii^  smale  towellys  i^  Dyap  and  j  playne  for  preestes  to 
wype  gn  peir  hondes. 

(Added  in  same  hand) 

Itm  ijy  lynen  Clothes  for  frontels 
(Added  in  another  hand) 

Itm  ij  awltei*  clothes  of  Dyapr  &  a  towett  of  the  gyft  of  S' 
John  Donton 

(Added  in  a  different  hand) 

The  XXV  day  of  Jnyn  a'  IxxTJ . .  .ij  awter  clothes  &  towell  labbrd 

(In  another  hand.) 

It'  a  awt'  cloth  of  y"  gyft  of  aveys  liafl  w'  itSc  in  y*  medytl. 
'i.e.,Jtgiiri,  *  ^^ujoi,  or  corduvt,  an  inieiior  ailken  atuC 

'  Ainifaf  meaiu  the  nannw  strip  tavm  u      *  Tbis  line  erased     Tbeee  are  the  linen 
sc  appsrel  to  the  linen  altar  cloth,  now  altar  dothl. 


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INTENTORIES  OF  ST.  HABOABBT  PAITBNS,  LONDON.    319 

Clothos  for  Itm  j  Cloth  to  hai^  afore  y*  rodeloft  ateynod  of  the  lyf  of 
Ymagea        Seint  morgarete 

Itm  an  other  Cloth  for  the  same  rode  loft  of  the  passion  of 

our  I  Old 
Itm  j  Cloth  to  hang  afore  the  rode  in  lent 
Itm  j  Cloth  ateyned  to  han^  afors  Seint  margarete. 
Itin  a  nother  Cloth  to  hang  afore  our  lady 
Itm  a  cloth  to  hang  afore  Seint  Kateryn  ateyned 
Itm  a  new  cloth  ateyned  for  tho  lectom 
.     Itm  j  old  Cloth  for  the  lectom  steyned 

Itm  j  Cloth  of  whyte  &  blew  called  a  veytt  for  lent 

Itm  j  cloth  of  rede  worstede  to  lay  afore  the  awter  in  high  tfest^ 

Itm  V  clothee  steyned  to  hang  afore  the  ymages  of  the 

Churche  in  lent 
[f.  6  a.]        Itm  a  croaae  Gylt  w'  a  etaffe  of  Silv*  werke 

Itm  a  mit«r  for  Seynt  Nicholas  off  white  damaake  embrodred 

with  bellia  of  gold 
Itm  a  Grete  cloth  of  Tapostri  werke  for  to  hang  nppon  the 

Walle  by  hynde  the  Sepulcur 
Itm  a  ateyned  Cloth  of  Sepulcur  werke  w*  the  Reaaoireccion. 

the  Pasayon  .  and  w'  other  werkis 
If  ij  croaae  atavea  paynted  w*  silv* 
Itm  a  blake  cloth  for  mortuaryea 
Itm  a  Canpye  of  grene  cloth  of  Bawdekjm  frendged  w*  ailke. 

Banere.     Itm  a  Banner  of  red  silke  beton  w*  lyona  of  Silver. 

Itm  a  haner  of  silke  beten  w'  the  armes  of  Maist'  Atherley 

It'  anoder  banner  of  blewe  bokorom  beten  w*  gold. 

Itm  a  atremer  of  blewe  bokeram  hetyn  with  gold 

Itm  a  nother  Stremer  of  silv"  betyn  w*  Davy  Trebleffeld^ 

Itm  iiij  banners  on  steyned  of  Seint  Geoi^  Anod'  steyned 

w*  a  Temade  Another  steyned  w*  the  holy  goste 
Itm  a  nother  Steyned  w'  tho  ymage  of  our  lady 
It*  ij  white  banners  steyned  w*  the  paa^on  of  oui  lord 
Itm  ij  crosse  banners  of  grene  silke  that  on  of  theym  beten 
w*  the  lesurreccion  And  the  top'  of  theym  beten  w*  the 
ymag^  of  Seynt  Maigarett 
Itm  a  crosse  cloth  steyned  w'  the  reeuireccion 
Itm  ijj  smale  pynons  of  silke  w*  the  armea  of  Maist'  Atherley 

(Added  in  another  hand) 

Itm  a  new  Croaae  cloth  of  y*  assiipcon  of  o'  lady  w*  saynt  mar- 
gett  &  saynt  Eat'yn  and  w^  y*  v.  woundea  of  o*  lonl  the 
ground  j'ot  is  gren  aarsenett' .  and  ij  smale  belles  on  y*  staffe. 

Sutpleia    Itm  iij  newe  Burpleis 

Itm  s  rotchett  for  a  child 

Itm  a  Ghiste  bounden  w'  Iron  In  the  Vestri 

Itm  a  nod'  Chisle  in  the  same  Vestiary  bownden  w'  Iron 

Itm  ij  Euyshons  of  diapir  werk 

Itm  a  Canapye  cloth  ateyned  for  corp^  xpi  day 

Itm  ij  sakeryng  bdlcs 


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820    INVBNTORrES  OP  ST.  HARaARBT  PATTENS,  LONDON. 

Itm  ij  Surpleicea 

Itm  iij  Bmale  bellis  for  the  Canape 

Ttm  a  rotchett  rf  the  gyft  of  ThirUcyM 
(Added  in  another  hand.) 

Itm  iiy.  new  Surplea  bowght  be  John  3eBttiy  &  Wilfm 
BoUiom  Chnrchewardens  in  y*  yere  of  Sov'ayn  lord  the 
kyntt  heory  the  vij"'  the  xxij"  the  p'c* xsj"  iiiji 

Itm  vij.  amale  bettes  and  a  lynen  w^  a  Rttdde  eros!>e  to  hynge 
up  on  the  dedycacon  day 

Kercbefes  Itm  a  kerchieff  of  lawne  w*  taselx  of  white  silke  And  iiij 
knoppcB  of  silv'  &  siUce 
Itm  a  nod'  kerchief  of  uinplo  w'  iiij  kooppis  sett  w*  perirt' 
Itm  ij  other  kercheSea  of  lawne  w'  iiij  taselx  either  of  theym 

(In  another  hand) 

Itm  a  Tslans  of  Blacke  bokeram  fryngcd  w*  Cruelt  wryton 
w'  greate  I'rea  of  Gold  |  desyr  reste  |  of  y'  gyfte  of  m 
angetl  don'  (Dcmne  or  Z^nne)  and  xxiiij*^  smalt  pendentez 

rf.6b.l' 

Here  Aftyr  ffolowyug .  been  the  Omamentes .  And  gyftys.tliat  was 
Gotten  And  gyvene  to  the  use  propyrlye ,  of  Saynt  Margarete 
Patten  Churche .  Standyng  In  the  towre  strete  end  la  london . 
The  wiche  is  gotten  and .  labored  to  be  hadd .  for  the  same 
Cbirohe  nse .  hy  maiet'  Tbo*mas  howgbton .  than  beyug  paneon 
of  the  same  Chirch  And  by  maist'  Bobt  Baugylt .  and  by  maist' 
John  Thiilkyld  Grocers  of  london  of  the  same  parysshe  .  In  their 
tyme  off  their  Wardeynahipp  .  off  the  same  Chirch  That  is  is  [sic] 
to  Witte  .  from  the  fyrst  day  off  marche  .  In  the  yere  of  our  lord 
god  .  3diij''bcxix°  unto  the  v^  day  off  Marche  In  the  yere  of  our 
lord  god  .  xii^^lzxxvj  .  att  their  gevyng  upp  off  their  Accowmpt 

In  p'm^  we  labored  to  have  A  veatyment .  the  hole  ante  1 

of  red  tyssewe  .  that  is  to  witte  preest .  Secon  .  and  >    1'.  marc'. 
subdecone .  w'  a  cope .  for  the  wi<ie  we  paid  ffore  8m'  ) 

Itm  A  'White  Cope  of  Damaseke  powderd  with  Arch- 1 
angellea  and  the  Offetariea  of  the  same  of  -nedyll  | 
werke .  of  a  parte  of  the  lyffe  of  Seynt  Maigarett ,  to  I 
tbs  wfaidie  payment  of  the  same  Cope .  We  had  of  i-  ix" 
the  bequest  of  Richard  Bowell  and  Elyzabeth  his  wyff 
by  the  handi  of  Sir  John  Plomer  preest  and  Ksecuto' 
to  pe  Sm' — Tiij  ti  st  and  we  paid  the  ov'plua  J 

Itm  u  White  Copes  of  white  Damuke  powdetui  w^. 
ffiowrca  of  silke  and  gold  And  the  Offerariea  of  red-  | 
•velowett  the  which  we  had  geven  to  the  Chicche  ffor  >ix''  xiij*  iHj^ 
the  sowle  off  Sir  John  Thoode  preest  by  the  haudi  of  i 
our  forsaid  parsone  price  of  theym  ' 

Itm  A  Sygyll  Veatement  had  for  the  eoule  of  sir  John  ^ 

thoode  preest  of  redboordaliaaund'  w'  rosec  of  gold  In  (  , 

the  crosse  of  the  eame  on  the  b^ke  p'of  is  (red^)  C         ^ 


gronebordealisaund'  [^ 
'  TheM  are  nrx  qlotha. 


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INVENTORIES  OT  ST.  MARGARET  PATTENS,  LONDON.    321, 

Itni   A  nother  Syngill .  Yestement  bad  for  the  same . 
aowle  by  the  hand^  of  our  eaid  parson  of  red  silke  w'  | 
wbito  roses  and  the  crosse  on  the  bake  perof  is  white  >       xvj' 
silv'e  And  is  name  written  In  the  middes  of  the  same  j 

Itiii  A  vaetement  of  white  Bokerom  .  for  to  serve  for 
lentou  had  by  the  baiides  of  our  said  parson  w^  red  I 
Bpottes  and  a  ledcrosee  on  the  bake  and  Jtie  writt'  in  \-        x' 
the  myddes  of   the  same  crosse  price  of  the  Same  ( 
veatymet  ^ 

['■?«•] 

Itm  a  Vestyment  w'  greenbordeabsawnder  w'  a  redcrosse  \ 
and  White  Spottea  oi  silv'  and  roaea  of  gold  the  I       ■-■,  --■-^ 
which  we  had  for  the  Soule  of  maiat'  Drope  ^dreman  j"    ^'^  "'^ 
price  '  } 

Itm  A  VeetymEmt  of  the  bequest  of  maet'  John  Datbye 
Aldreman  of  white  cbeker  Colonre  rad  and  grene  with 
a  rede  avsee  on  the  bak  and  his  iiame  In  the  myddes 
p^of 

Itm  we  have  of  the  bequeate  of  the  forsaid  Richard 
BoweH  and  Elyaabeth  his  wyff  by  the  handz  of  tiie  | 
forsaid  Sir  John  Plomet  execntonr  to  the  same  .  A  > 
Crosse  silv'  and  gylt  w'  man'  and  Jobne  weying  by  I 
troy  Weight .  Ixxxvy  ownces  &  iij  quarterns  ' 

Itm  of  tha  Gyfte  of  Amies  Wym'ke  a  pazbied  eilv'\ 
&  gUt  weying  vj  ownces  di .  w'  blows  roeez  and  w*  f 
the  salutacion  of  our  lady  .  the  wich  paxbred  is  geren  ( 
for  the  soule  of  Sir  Tbomaa  Avelefi  preeat  price  } 

Itm  of  the  gyfte  of  Annea  wymarke  ij  kuysahons  of. 
tawney  cheki  werke  w'  tasseUz  of  blew  tbxede  price  | 
vjsviijd   It' a  Coverlett  of  the  gyft  of  the  same  Aiinee  >    xiij' viij' 
Wym'ke  of  giene  tapeat'  werke  of  flowrez  .  to  ley  ou'  | 
the  grownd  to  fore  the  high  awter.     vij'  ^ 

Itm  by  the  handea  of  oar  said  mast'  parson  iij  kuyssbona 

+ '   w'  iy  peUicaoez  on  tbeym  of  tapert'  werke  p'ce  vijs  It' 

+     of  the  same  mast'  parson  j  bankni  of  tapeat'  werke  w' 

+     fflourea  price  ii^s    It'  by  our  said  parson  a  White 

Gorerlett  of  tapost'  werke  w*  yelow  fflouis  and  giene 

lyned  with  canvas  p'ce  iza  Sm*  toi 

Itm  ij  newe  awter  Clothes  ffor  lenton  of  our  awd  m 
parson  on  above  the  awter  w*  the  cniciffize  of  our  lend 
and  a  nod'  be  neytb  the  awter  w'  the  Sepulour  of  onr 
lord    8m* 

Itm  off  maiet'  Bobt  Bangylt  Groc'  A  masse  boke  covered 
w'  white  ledd'  price 

Itm  a  laag  Curtoyn  steyned  w*  Seynt  Mai^;arett  i  hang- 
ying  to  f  oie  hei  by  m  pson 

'  Added  in  tiie  maigua. 


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322  INVENTOBIBS  OF  8T.  MABOABET  PATTEKS,  LONDON. 


«»       .... 
t  >    xiuj' 


,  xxiij'iiij' 


Itm  A  croase  staffs  graven  and  gylt  like  goldsmjth  werke  1 
w*  the  crown  of  Seint  Margoiette  by  the  Bame  Mast'  >    xiiij"  iiij' 
paTsson  price 

Itm.  the  rode  aboven  the  Boodlofte  In  out  Chirch  with  1 

man  and  John  the  same  Crosee  newe  made  and  newe  >  xxxifj'  iiij'* 
paynted  and  gilted  by  the  coat  of  the  uid  m  parson    } 

It  A  Crosae  staffe  like  white  Bilv"  newe  paynted  of  the  1  ^ 

coste  of  Richard  Kytkby  paynto'  J 

Itm  iiij  Stavys  paynted  ffor  the  Canapye  wt  corp®  x'pil 
[f.  7  b.]  uppon  theym  And  w'  ii^  angellz  gilt  to  stand  uppon 
theym  by  our  said  maist'  puson  price  xz*  Itm  aj 
crosse  and  a  Crosse  staffe  to  serve  for  leuttou  payntid  f 
green  withouto  ymages  w^  iij  white  silv*  nailia  by  the 
gyft  of  our  said  mast'  parson  price  iij'  iiij'  Sm*         .    J 

Itm  the  ffownte  in  our  Chirch  newe  ledid  and  newe  gilt  )  , 

and  w'  all  p'  langes  p'to  by  m  parson  J 

Itm  a  nod''  crosse  for  the  Sepnlcnr  bavyng  relikes  tberin  )  . . . ., 

by  onr  said  m  parson  J  J 

Itm  an  awter  cloth  on  aboven  the  awter  and  a  notber 
beneyth  white    steyned    w'  gold    hraunches    w'    a  | 
lynnyng  vj-ne  thorowe  w'  a  Crucifixe  above  and  w*  >   xxiij'  iiij' 
Seynt  John  the  Baptist  beneith  by  our  said  Mast'  i 
parson  price  ' 

Itm  a  frontel  of  white  domaske  doble  w'  roeis  of  gold 't 
and  ymages  of  Seint  mnrgatett  made  In  nediU  werke  f        ..,    ...^ 
Sm-  xxj«    It'  a  ffoote  for  our  best  crosse  gilt  by  mast*  (    ^'J   ^'^ 
paison  XX*  ) 

Itm  a  nother  fote  for  the  Silver  crosse  made  by  the  coste  )  ■ . j 

of  Bicbard  Kyrkby  payntor  f         ^^ 

Itm  a  boke  calHd  an  ymiier  ootid  tborow.  and  an  olde  ^ 

mauewell  and-  ij  ber\aU  bokea  o&  of  tbeym  noted  w*  >         viij' 
drige  price  of  theym  had  by  mast'  parsone  f 

Itm  a  braunche  the  wich  ataudes  to  fore  Seynt  Margarett )       ...,  —j, 
of  the  G^  of  Elsabeth  wym-ke  f    '"^  "^^ 

Itm  we  labeled  to  be  had  in  the  same  tyma  .  viij 
Corporaxis  caais  with  Corporexis  p'in  ofi  of  theym 
blew  tissewe  Itm  a  noder  of  theym  white  damaske 
wt  ij  archangel  Iz  If  a  nother  redvdowette  with  a 
ffloiudeluysse'  It'  the  v*''  w^  the  giounde  red  and  a 
white  float  of  Silv'  bordered  lounde  aboute  w*  yelaw 
and  blewe  It'  the  vj"*  w^  redeilk  and  byrdes  of  white 
silke  It  the  v^^h  ^  blake  slke  and  re<&osez  It'  the 
viij  with  the  ground  redsilke  And  a  ledcroese  of  gold 
In  the  myddes  w*  oylett  holis  of  silv'  had  by  mast' 
pson  price  of  the  same  xxvj"  viij'.  8m»  to"  of  theym 
'  Tbe  fourth  is  not  givan. 


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INTfiNTOBlES  OF  ST.  HABCtARBT  PATTENS,  LONDON. 

Itm  an  awter  Clotlie  of  diapir  of  the  gyfte  of  Amies ' 
Wym'ke  the  werke  therof  is  fflouidelusia  and  crownes 
w'  V  ledcrosBis  theron  and  JtiB  in  p'  middes  It'  a 
noder  diapii  Cloth  o£F  tyae  diapir  had  fot  the  soole  of 
Sir  John  Dowton  w*  i^  croaaiB  is  the  myddea  aud  JKb 
-I-  h"  In  the  myddes  d  theym  w'  a  ciowne  of  gnne  aylke  + 
defic'  Itm  a  nod'  awter  cloth  crossdlamowndee  w*  v 
croesis  In  hitt  of  the  gyft  of  maat'  Thirlkild  and 
hia  wyff  It  an  nod'  awter  cloth  of  diaper  w>  Jltc 
crowned  in  the  myddea  w*  a  lett' .  a .  und'^eith  of  the 
gift  of  annes  hatl  It'  an  nod'  awter  cloth  of  byrdea 
eyon  werke  w'  a  ctosee  In  the  myddes  and  writt' 
und'neith  of  the  gyft  of  BowenpetsonB  wyff  baskett- 
maker  Itm  a  grene  ailk  cloth  for  to  serve  for  the 
pulpitt  and  to  ley  uppon  dedcorsia .  of  the  parish  w° 
seipentee  p'in  of  mastrea  bangillz  gyft 

Itm  iiij  newe  paxbiedea  ij  of  the  Besairecdon  of  ooi 

loid  and  the  top'  ij  of  Seynt  Ma^aiett. 
Itm  ij  lection  Clothes  ateyned  of  the   gyft   of  mast'  1 

paison  price  of  theym  J 

Itm  the  cloth  for  the  rood  In  lenton  steyned  by  the  said  1 

maist'  paison  price  J 

Itm  xrj  holies  of  latton  lai^yng  ffor  the  rood  lofte  small  ) 
and  grete  p"  which  cost  ( 

Itm  a  Tabernacle  w'  the  Creuite  and  wt  a  hovell  aboue  "i 
hitt  In  the  queie  on  the  Sowth  side  at  the  high  awter  > 
had  by  the  same  Afaiet'  pson  p'ce  ) 

Itm  had  off  my  lady  Edward  iiij  banners  ffor  the  tyme  I 
of  Est'  of  silke  and  betyn  w'  gold  and  silver  w'  maat' 
Edwardea  armes  In  theym  and  the  armez  of  london 

Itm  We  had  of  the  bequest  of  the  forsaid  Richard  Bowell . 
and  of  Elysabeth  his  wyff  the  which  she  her  self  by  her  | 
lyff  delyv'd  unto  our  foi  said  mast'  psori  ffor  to  pay  > 
for  sylyng  of  the  yle.  and  the  South  side  of  our  Chirch  | 
thorow  ' 

And  our  said  Maist'  parason  pd  more  paid  more  on  his  ) 
purs  above  that  } 

With  many  othei  neceBsaries  done,  and  Ocupied  to  the 
behoofe  of  the  forsaid  Chirch  Seynt  Margarett  Patten 
the  which  he  will  natt  have  reheraid  noi  knowen 

Itm  a  Vestement  off  greenebordealiaawnd'  w'  a  croBBe  In  1 
the  bakke  theron  off  hiewe  chekyrwerke  off  the  gyfte  !■ 
of  Mast'  John  Thrilkyld  and  his  wyfil  price  j 

(Added  in  a  different  hand) 

Item  a  Cope  of  Whyte  damaske  fflowryd  w'  (Howre  de  ^ 

lyce  biodyrd  w'  gold  off  (  V6''yae^  off  p"  gyfte  off  f 

mast'  harry  Wayte  m'c'  &  merchaud  off  p*  stbpuU  f 

and  dekyn  &  subdokyn  longynge  to  y*  same.  ) 

•  Qold  of  Tenioa. 


xvj' 


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^ 


324    INTBNT0RIB8  OF  BT.  HABQABffT  PATTENS,  LONDON, 

It'  we  have  all  eo  ij  maseia  on  by  P*  gyfte  of  my  lady  1 
adyrley  and  anop'  By  p"  gyfte  off  Wyllyam  pometon  > 
hyr  B'vand  ) 

It'  a  dyapuT  clop"  ffor  p"  hye  Awtar  off  p*  gyfte  off  } 
modyr  staynysmore  onre  tenant  Tlie  kngp*  )A)ff  V 
Uy  yardee  J 

It'  a  Covyr  ftoi  p«  aakyiment  |  or  ffor  p>  beat  Crosse  off  ) 
changeabutt  aylke  by  p*  gyfte  off  Richard  pownd  f 

It  xl'  off  money  By  p»  beqweat  off  Wyllyam  Johnson , 
badtetmaker  Apon  Hose  sowle  JHo  have  mercy  gyvyo  I 
p"  X**  yere  off  p*  regne  off  Eyi^  harry  Tie  vii'*'  > 
That  tyme  beynge  Wardena  off  p*  seyd  seynt  marget  j 
paieache  John  Wryght  &  John  Jeffrey  ^ 

It  a  masse  bocke  by  p*  gyfte .  off  mas^  adyiley  lymyd  I 
w  gold  / 

J  8  b.] 

another  hand) 

Itm  an  Antter  Cloth  at  the  gyfflt  of  the  wyBe  of  Ric*'} 
ponnd  of  dyaps  to  the  honor  of  god  A:  Seynt  maigitt  ( 
the  yer'  of  o'  Sovereyn  lords  Kyng  henry  the  vii*  i 
xiiy*  ) 

Itm  by  the  bequeste  be  of  margit  wyolett  wyddow  to  the  1 
hono^  of  god  &  Seynt  margit  a  torche  on  whos  Sovle  > 
Jeliu  have  m'ey  j 

Itm  WB  have  a  Canstyk  of  latten  at  the  gyfte  of  maigit  I 
harpph'm  the  yerre  &  tyme  affo'seid  / 

Itm  a  torche  at  the  bequeate  of  maatTes  pynde  to  the  } 
honor  of  god  &  Seynt  margit  on  whoa  Sowlt  J^u  > 
have  m'cy  ) 

Itm  we  have  an  avtter  Clothe  of  dyapp  to  the  Avtter\ 
Affore  mastrea  Stavntton.^the  wychemastres  Stavntton  ' 
gaf  it  hi  the  honor  of  god  and  seynt  maigaiet  the  xv*^  i" 
yerre  of  Kyng  fi  the  vij**"  ) 

Itm  we  have  iiij  torches  at  the  gyft  of  mastree  bTetteQ'\ 
ffo^  the  Sovle  of  mavde  her  dowghter  tbp  whiche  ( 
mavde  decesid  the  laete  day  of  App'ile  A"  ti  vij"  xv"  ( 
on  whoe  Bowle  JtiU  have  m'cy  ) 

Itm  we  have  a  Savtter  of  olde  hand  written  Cyv'i 
whit  leddyi  the  Salttet  Sy^  John  Skeltton  gave 
the  honor  of  godd  &  Seynt  margit  the  yerre  and  tyme 
to  ffore  seid  that  tyme  beyng  Chyiche  warddena  Jollu 
Smyth  &  hywg  madderson  of  p*  same  Chyrch 

(In  another  hand.) 

Itm  A  Suete  of  Blake  veloett .  p<.  is  to  wy tt .  vestment . 


it  to  I 
tyme  > 
lolluj 


Decon .  and  subdeacon  .  w'  a  Cope  of  the  same  w' ) 
orfniya  of  nedle  warke  wi  the  appoatoUes  &  pphetes  of  J- 
the  Gyfte  of  Rob'  may  John  Wylson  and  Joftn*  p'  | 
wyffe  on  whos  saowlea  J'hu  have  M'cy  .  the  pf  ' 

'  There  must  be  aome  error  here. 


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'      INTENTORIB8  OF  ST.  MAHQARET  PATTBMB,  LONDOW.   325 

Itm  j  Saet  of  whyte  damaske  wt  Orfrsp  of  Sodde  veluett .  wt  flovres 

of  nedle  waike  pt  is  to  wytt .  vestment .  deacon  .  &  Sabdeacon  .  of 

the  Qyfte  of  mast;'  hwaj  wajte 
Itm  a  Cote  for  Sent  maigaiett  of  white  damaske  .  werged  W  blake 

veluett  &  lynod  with  gren  bokeram .  w*  an  owch  of  Sylv*  Gylt  & 

ennameled  &  a  aton  cowched  in  Bylv' 
Itm  a  Cote  foi  onr  lady  of  white  damaske  braunched  w*  Roaee  |  an  op' 

of  cloth  of  Gold 
Itm  a  p^  of  veluett  Bowed  white .  Bedd  .  and  blew 
Itm  a  cloth  of  white  sylko  for  p'  Canopye  w*  taselles  of  Redde  sylke 
Itm  ij  clothea  of  Redd  ^Ike  for  p*  pyxte  on  wt  bailee  of  gold 
[f.9..] 

Itm  ii  SndarjB  of  Redd  sybt'  p*  on  ye  fcynged  w'  blake 
Itm  ij  .  lytyll  hotels  of  Glasse  w^  J)Ec  xpc  wcyton  on  p«>> 
Itm  iiij  tacelles  of  Sylke  sette  wt  perie  &  pyseled  Gold  1  . 
Itm  iiy  tacelles  of  Reddo  aylke  for  the  Canape  /  ^°^  ^  '^"^ 

Itm  a  thyng  to  ber"  holy  candle  in  [  on  Candlemasse  day  for  p«  p'ste 
Itm  a  prykett  Gandell  atycke 
(In  another  hand,  the  same  that  made  the  first  additions 
to  this  list) 

It'  we  have  a  shyppa  ffor  to  put  yn  ffronke  ensens  ofT  sylv'  psell  gylt 
w'a  spoiie  off  sylv' p'yn  by  p«  gyfte  off  John  Wylleon  &  robtud 
maye  &  jone  p'  wyffe  p*  xx  yere  off  p"  regne  off  Kynge  berry  p* 
vijoi  Chyrche  Wardens  pt  tyme  bcynge  John  Jefforey  and  WyU'in 
bothom 
It'  we  have  a  awt'  clopt  off  po  gyfte  off  Jone  maye  &  a  towoll  off  dyap 
[f.  9  b.      Blank.] 

(On  another  page,  but  in  the  same  hand  aa  the  inventory) 
[£  10  a]. 

Itm  a  myto^  for  seynt  Nycholos  of  white  ayltc  w'  sterrys  &  p'cyouso 
stones* 

Itm  a  Crosse  staffe  Gylte  w'  o  napkyn  p'fur. 

[ff  10b,  11,  12,  13,  14,  13.     Blank.] 

If.  16fl.] 

This  is  the  Inventory  of  all  the  goodes  Juelx  and  Uinamentis 
belongyng  anto  the  Ghiicbe  of  Soint  Margaret  Pateyne  in  London 
made  the  xxiij*''  [sic]  day  of  the  Moneth  of  Janiiary  The  yere  of 
oure  Lorde  god  M'.  V"  XI  And  in  the  iiji^s  yere  of  the  reigne  of 
Kyng  Henry  the  viij'*'  that  tyme  beyng  pson  Maister  Rowland 
Pbilipp  And  wnrdoyDB  of  the  some  John  Sampson  Salter  and 
John  Momfortle  .  otherwise  colled  John  Sniythe  Plaisterer 
Citezonis  .  of  London 

'  Sk,  for  "  Bjlke."  *  Thti  eatrj  ii  erawd. 

YOU  XLU  2  T  _^ 

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326  TSVVSTOBJES  OF  ST.  UABOABaT  TJiTTESB,  LOHDOH. 

(The  follpwir^  entry  and  the  weights  appended  to  the  itenw 
below,  are  interpolated  in  a  different  hand) 

M'  Here  folowith  a  new  content  of  weight  of  all  the  pcelles  underwietyn 
tpudy  the  6""  day  of  Aprell  1B26  ,  in  the  p'sena  of  p  son  John 
Champneys  John  Sampaon  John  Smyth  John  Gefirey  Bichaid 
brown  John  Gary  Bobert  Millis  Heniy  Clerk  &  Geotge  Spragyn 

Juelx  fflrat  a  Crosse  of  silv'e  and  gilt  with  a  Cracifix  and  mary  and 
John  in  the  same  of  the  gifte  of  Bichaid  Bowelf  and 
Elisabeth  hia  wiff  weying  Ixixvij  unces  iij  qrterons 

Ixxzxiz  ofit  q^ 
Itm  a  Crosse  of  sylvei  w'  a.  Crocifize  in  the  same  pcell  gylte 
weying  It  unces  6i  Iviij  oii«  q*r  di 

Itm  the  best  chaleys  of  Sylvet  and  gylte  w*  a  crocifize  and 
mary  and  John  enameled  in  the  same  And  in  the  fote  of 
it  iij  half  moneB .  otherwise  called  Knappes.  And  in  the 
pateyn  of  the  same  the  holy  lambe .  enameled  wt  a  Chaleya 
graven  under  the  same'  weying  zviij  unces 

zviij  ofis  &  q*r  d 
Itm  a  Chalyce  of  sylver  and  gilte  and  a  hande  graved  in  the 
pateyn  of  tJie  same  weying  xjj  unces  iij  qHerons  di 

Itm  a  Chaleys  of  sylver  and  ticett  gylt  and  a  Fatene  wretyn 

in  the  fote  of  the  gifte  of  the  Brethem  of  Seynt  Margaret 
Patentes  weying  xxv  unces  di  q^rtez  xzt  ofis  di  q'r 

Golde^  Itm  a  Chaleys  of  sylver  and  pcett  gilt  and  a  small  vemakytt' 
gravyn  in  the  Patene  of  the  same  weying  xiiij  unces  j  qM' 
di 
^A  Chalis  M^  this  Chalis  was  solde  4  yers  past  by  the  assent  of  the 
pissh  and  a  nother  Chalis  broken  w*  a  patent  weied  now  . 
&  dd  to  henry  Clerk  for  to  amend  poiz  |  xj  otlz  iij  q*r  di 
Itm  a  Monstez  with  a  fote  of  sylver  and  gylte  of  the  gifte  of 
Sir  John  Duuton  preist  weying  Ivj  unces  j  q''t' 

lb  j  on*  q*r 

Itm  a  Pixe  of  wylver  pcell  gylte  and  the  Trynite  gylted  in 

the  toppe  of  the  same  w^  saynt  Margaret  in  the  fote  of  the 

B  weying  xxviij  unces  iij  q^t'  di  xxix  onz  q»t 


[f.  16  t] 


Item  a  paire  of  Candelstyckes  of  Sylver  and  jjcell  gylte  wey  in8 
xKsiiij  unces  xxxij  onz  iij  q*r 

Itm  twoo  Basons  of  Sylver  and  pcell  gylte  with  Booses  in 
the  myddes  of  the  same  weying  xxiiij  unces  i  q''rteron 

zxiitj  uiU:  q*r 
Itm  twoo  Sensours  of  Sylver  pcell  gilte  weying  liiij  unces 

lxx;:ij  om  iii  q*r 


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INVBNTORIEB  OP  BT.  MABQAEET  PATTENS,  LONDON.    327 

Itm  a  Shippe  of  aylver  pcett  gilte  w'  a  lambe  gilte  anil  a 

Bpcne  concemyng  to  the  sane  of  the  gifto  of  Robert  Mays 

John  Wylflon  and  Johan  their  wiff  weying  xv  uncee  j  q»rt' 

XV  ohz  q"! 

Itm  a  pazB  of  Sylvei  and  pcell  gylte  v*  blew  Roeez  and  w^ 
the  Salutocion  of  ouie  Lady  in  it  of  the  gift  of  Agnes 
Wym'ke  for  the  aoule  of  Sir  Thomas  Avelen  Freiat  weying 
vj  unces  di  vj  onz  di 

M*i    Itm  a  Crismatory  of  sylver  pcell  gilt  weying  xiij  unces.  j 
q-rt* 

Itm  a  pixo  of  lyery  for  the  Sacrament  of  the  alter  to  be  putt 
yn  and  bounden  aboute  With  sylvet .  weying  iiij  unces 
iij  q'rt'  iiij  onz    iij  q*r 

Itm  a  Relyke  of  sylver  and  ou'  gylt  sett  w^  stones  [and  a  pece 
of  the  Holy  Crosse']  in  the  same  weying  ij  unces 

j  oBz  iij  q*T 

Itm  a  Case  of  sylver  and  gylte  and  eaynte  Kateryn  of  aylver 
and  gylt  closed  within  the  same  weying  ig  qTterons  of  j 
uncB  iij  q'r  of  a  ofiz 

Itm  an  Oche  of  Sylver  and  gylt  wt  a  garter  enameled  in  the 
myddea  of  the  same  weying  di  unce  di  q^rt' 

di  ooz  jd  q'r  weight 

Itm  twoo  Masourea  w*  bondes  of  sylvei  and  gylte  w^  booses 
ill  the  myddee  of  the  same  one  of  theym  of  the  gifte  of 
Maistres  Thorneton  with  I^uc  in  the  same  Booso  and  in 
the  bonde  of  the  same  wietyn  Domine  salvii  me  fac 
weying  ix  unces  di  qM^ 

And  the  other  Uasouie  is  w'  a  Boose  gylted  in  y  wk)Utc 
amell'  and  on  the  bonde  on  the  oute  syJe  of  the  same 
wretyn  Of  goddes  haude  blissed  he  be  .  That  taketli  this 
Cuppe  and  diynketh  to  mo.  And  on  the  Inne  side  of  the 
same  bonde  is  wretyn .  God  that  suteth  in  Tiynyte .  sende 
us  peaz'e  and  vnyta.  Weying  xij  uno'  j  q*tt'  di 

bothe  together  poiz  x^  onz  q*r 

(Added,  in  the  same  hand  as  die  inventory.) 
Itm  a  Bechester  of  sylver*  . 

^Itm  a  p  of  Cmettea  of  Silver  pcell  gilt  weying  x^  oiii  di 
[t  17  a.] 

Copes.     Itm  s  Cope  of  Bedde  ^^ssew 

Itm  ■  Cope  of  white  damaske  w^  arkeangelles  the  Orferas  of 
the  same  of  nedytt  Warke  with  parte  of  the  life  of  Saynt 
Margaret  of  the  gifte  of  Richard  Bowelt  and  Elizabeth 
his  wilT 
Itm  twoo  white  Copes  of  white  damaske  powdered  with 
fEowies  of  sylke  and  gold  and  the  Orferas  of  tht!  same 
Redde  veluett  of  the  gifte  of  Sir  John  Thoode  Preist 


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328  IKTEirrORIES  of  ST.  ttABGABET  PATTENS,  LONDON. 

Itm  a  Cope  of  White  Bawdekyn  w'  Byrdea 

Itm  a  Cope  of  grene  Bawdekyn  with  branches  and  Biides 

Itm  a  nother  Capo  of  grene  and  black  fiawdekyn 

Itm  a  Cope  of  black  veluett  the  Orferas  of  the  same  of  ned jU 
worke  With  the  Apoatellea  and  ^)phetys  of  the  gifte  of 
Bobert  Maje  John  Wylson  and  Johaii  their  Wiff 

Itm  a  Cope  of  Redde  veluett  the  Orferas. 

Itm  twoo  grene  Copes  of  olde  Bawdekyn 

Itm  an  olde  Cope  of  Cheker  Workes 

Itm  iij  Copes  for  Childeme 
p.  17  b.] 

Veetymentea  In  phnis  a  Sute  of  Redde  tyssewo  for  preint  Deacon  and 
Subdeacon  the  Orferae  of  the  same  grene  tyseew 

Itm  a  Sute  for  I'reist  Deacon  aiid  Subdeacon  of  White 
damaske  the  Orferas  of  the  same  of  Redde  velnett  w* 
fHowres  of  nedyll  warke  of  the  gifte  of  Maister  henry 
Wayte 

^Itm  a  Suet  of  Black  velvuett  for  preist  Deacon  and  Sub- 
deacon  the  Orferas  of  the  same  browdered  with  Imagez  of 
the  gifte  of  Kobert  Maye  John  Wylaon  and  Joban  Uieir 
wiff* 

Itm  a  Suet  of  whyte  Bawdekyn  for  Pieist  Deacon  and  Sab- 
deacon  the  Orferas  of  the  same  redde  aylke  browdered  with 
fQowies  and  grene  leefes 

Itm  a  Suett  of  Bedde  veluett  olde  for  Preist  Deacon  an^ 
Subdeacon  the  Orferas  of  the  same  of  nedyll  worke 

Itm  a  vestyment  of  Bedde  veluett  the  Orferas  of  the  same 
blewe  brovdered  with  sterres 

Itm  a  vestyment  of  White  aylke  the  Orferae  of  the  same 
blewe  browdered  with  sterres 

Itm  a  olde  vestyment  of  White  sylke  the  Orferas  blewe 
browdered  with  Crownes 

The  next  five  folios  are  lost ;  but  there  ia  a  loose  one 
left  which  mai/  be  23. 

[L     a.]        Item  a  Banner  doth  of  olde  sylk  w'  aimes  of  hertes  heddes 
Itm  twoo  steyned  Banners  of  Clothe  of  one  of  the  vemode 

and  a  aother  of  ouie  lady  v^  aonne  beamea  in  the  same 
Itm  twoo  Banner  Clothes  of  the  passhion  steyned  for  lent 
Itm  a  V9yle  for  lent  to  hange  before  the  high  awter 
Itm  a  CroBse  cloth  for  lent  to  hange  before  the  Boode 
Itm  a  Clothe  for  lent  to  hange  before  the  SrevjTig  pewe* 
Itm  viij  olde  clotliez  to  cov'e  sayntes  w'all  in  lent 
Itm  iiij  email  Bannera  of  lenyn  cloUie  paynted  s'vyng  to  hang 
ahonte  the  poscall  at  Ester 
'  Ill>ert«d  in  the  muigin  "  Here  Uka  u      *  See  Dot«  ante,  u  to  whether  the  womui 
dsken."  had  two  huibuid*  lifrioK. 


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IK7ENT0BIES  OF  ST.  HABQABET  PATTENS,  LONDON.    329 

Stmnen   In  p'mis  iiij  stxem's  of  aylk  of  the  gifte  of  M  Aag^  Dunne 

and  wheiof  one  of  the  atapull  armes  of  Galice  a  noder  of  the 

atandeides      Grocets  annes  the  itj'^°  of   the  armes  of  london  and  the 

ii^tii  „t  g^  tuifcorne  made  in  sylv'e  w'  Orosaes  of  gold  in 

the  same 
Itm  iiij  other  strem'fl  of  sylk  wherof  one  of  theym  is  w'  black 

Choughes  a  nother  atrem'  of  black  sylk  w'  tiea  of  gold 

wretyn  Knowe  thy  aelf  a  nother  of  the  Grocers  armes  and 

the  iiij""  of  the  annea  of  london     [Itm  ij  of  the  etremers 

Be  cloth]! 
Itm  a  strem'e  of  blewe  Bokerham  w*  barres  of  gold  and 

sylver  in  the  same 
Itm  a  standerd  of  sylk  w'  a  Eampion  lyon  in  the  eame 
Itm  a  strem'  of  Canvas  w'  blene  trayfulloa  in  it 
Itm  a  atanderd  of  aylk  w*  iij  splayed  Egels  of  golde  twoo 

black  lyon  heddes  and  iij  Oiossea  of  sylver  in  the  aame 

[L    b-l         Itm  a  Canapie  s'vyng  for  Corpus  xpi  day  to  here  in  the 
pceesion   on'  the  Sacrament  w'  iiij  atavys  and  angellee 
concemyng  to  the  same 
Itm  twoo  Angelles  for  the  Sepnlcre. 

Itm  iiij  Caatellee  e'ryng  for  iiij  torche  stavea  on  Corpns  xpi 
day 
Cotea     Itm  ij  Cotes  of  damaake  for  aaynt  Margaret  one  of  theym  of 
s'vyng  for      white  damaake  bordered  with  blew  veluett 
Seyntf     Itm  a  noder  of  black  damaake  V)idered  above  w'  Clothe  of 
golde  frenged  beneth  with  aylk  and  a  Shelde  of  the  salten 
armes  in  it  of  the  gyfte  of  John  Sampson 
Itm  a  longe  Kerchieff  of  Sypera  frenged  w*  aylk  at  bothe 

endes  for  seynt  Margaret  of  the  gifte  of  Johan  Sampson 
Itm  twoo  Cotee  for  ouie  lady  one  of  tawny  clothe  of  golde 
and  a  noder  of  white  damaake  browdered  w'  fflowies 
Peawtw   Itm  a  peire  of  Candelstyokea  of  peantei 
Itm  iij  payroa  of  Grewettea  of  peauter 
[t  24  a.] 
M'  that  the  xxviij  day  of  Jenefei  the  z  yere  of  our  soverayne  lord 
kyng    heiuy    the  eight  Testes  in    aterlyng  money  in  the   lyt«ll 
howche  Ivjtt  wheie  of  M'  John  Smyth  paynter  hatha  on  key  & 
HP  John  Jeffrey  tyler  hath  a  nother  key 

M*  that  maiat'  moinors  and  maiet'  Sampsone  hath  recevyd  for  the 
churche  parte  a  Image  of  silver  licke  a  woomB  w'  chylde  and  a 
nother  Image  Uoke  a  getylt  woom9  .  and  a  plate  of  SelTer  w*  the 
pycture  of  a  gotytt  woomi  .  and  a  plate  of  Selver  of  tiie  pyctnra 
of  a  hedde  of  a  wooma  .  and  a  harte  of  Selver  gylte  .  art  the 
8Mne  weyth  xij  unces  the  whych  ys  att  dyne  to  sant  maKaretes 
churche  Ite  recevyd  of  havferey  inomoia  the  xij  day  of  decemb 
an"  1621 J  for  the  teste  of  my  parte  in  fufte  payment  iiij*  ater* 
Rowland  Inkys. 


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330  IHVSNTOBIES  OF  ST.  HARGABET  PATTENB,  LONDON. 

M*  that  the  iiy  day  of  July  A"  dni .  1536  .  A"  .  28  .  H  .  8  .  in  the 

p'acDCe   of  m''  John  Grene  paison  of  saint  Margaretes  paten   M'' 

Will'm  Gybaon  Chercha  wardena  Rob'  Mylles  Wi]li»m  Rewe  Jem' 

Elys  [&  .  I .  John  Sampson']  Bauf  Byer  .  &  George  Spragyc 
I  John  Sampson  hathe  takyn  to  kepe  thees  pselles  ffolowyng 
[In  prym^  a  pyxe  gylt  of  the  gyf te  of  Syr  .  JoK  donton],preato] 
[Also  twoo  crewettes  pareell  gylt] 

[Also  a  boxe  of  sylver  &  gylte  &  seint  Kateryn  w*  in  y'.]' 
*Thes  panells  ahovfe  wiaten  the  xxvij  day  of  JuUy  An"  1536  |  be 

delyVd  to  John  Hawkyns  to  kepe  beyng  church  WEcden  w'  wyllym 

gybaon 
dslyv'ed  to  H'  Gybson  beyng  cberchewarden  the  twoo  gretc  maseis 

for  to  seU 
Also  a  boxB  of  aylv*  and  gylt  that  y  pese  of  the  holy  crosso  was  in  for 

to  sell 
Also  a  bokyll  of  sylv'  &  gylt  for  to  sell 
Also  the  same  day  delyv'ed  to  Thorn's  lagarde  Irenmonger .  beyng  oure 

paryshe  clerka  the  Chalyce  &  the  paio  of  sylv'  &  gylt  for  to  kepe 

[1  24  b.]  On  the  7  d  of  ffebrewi 

an°  1548     and  the  2 

yer  of  Kenge  edward  the  6 

Itm  Recefed  on  tow  the  handes  of  edwar  Rowe  |  and  Robart  Dosset 

cherche  wardens  of  the  pares  cherche  of  sent  margett  paten  the  day 

and  yer  a  for  eayde 

Itm  ij  kopes  of  wyt  damas^e  aold  barth chmnpiiBa 

Itm  j  of  cafa  damasske 

Itm  iiij  of  sellke  coler  gren  aold  Rubud  toket 

Itm  j  of  cheked  wellfet 

Itm  3  of  Bondre  coler  for  boyes 

Itm  a  weste  ment  for  a  cheylda 

Itm  a  wyt  wyt  west  ment  of  cofa  . 

Itm  j  of  Red  wosted 

Itm  j  of  Red  damasske  wet  bels 

Itm  j  of  leyans  on  gmn  selke     [lyone] 

Itm  X  of  defiuB  and  sondie  coleis    [divers  ^  sundry  eolottrB\ 

Itm  V  olde  awbea 

Itm  7J  coipos  cacee 

Itm  iiij  playn  cano  be  stafee    [eanc^y  tfaws] 

Itm  j  autei  dot  of  blake  eelke    [aitar  eioih] 

Itm  zrij  etaynd  dotes  for  sayntu 

Itm  ig  does  dotes  of  eelke 

Itm  z  paynted  buier  dotes 

Itm  iiij  toiche  stafea 

Itm  iz  stramocB  |  and  a  crosstafe 

(The  remidmng  12  folios  are  blank,  except  an  entry  on 
207b). 

The  last  folio  is  208. 


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ON  THE  DIFFEEENCE  OF  PLAN  ALLEGED  TO  EXIST 
BETWEEN  CHURCHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS  AND  THOSE 
OF  MONKS ;  AND  THE  FREQUENCY  WITH  WHICH  SUCH 
CHURCHES  WERE  PAROCHIAL. 

By  Uw  B«T.  J.  P.  HODOSON. 

I  come  now  to  an  exanunation  of  the  second  of  the  five  propoeitions 
before  me,  tie.,  this : — "That  a  chnich  of  caoaoB  has  peculiaritiea  which 
differ  altogether  from  thoee  which  we  find  in  the  churdiBs  of  any  of  the 
monastic  orders,  one  of  the  commonest  of  these  being  that  the  nave  has 
only  one  aisle.  That  a  church  with  only  one  aisle  was  characteristic  of 
the  order."  What  those  peculiarities,  which  cause  a  church  of  canons  to 
differ  so  completely  from  one  of  monks  may  be,  are — with  a  single 
exception — unfortunately  not  stated ;  and  the  omission,  I  cannot  but 
think,  ia  one  much  to  be  regretted,  because  a  knowledge  of  them  would 
enable  the  most  superficial  observer  to  tell  in  every  case  at  a  glance,  and 
without  risk  of  failure,  to  which  class  any  given  conventual  church  before 
him  belonged — a  matter,  oftentimes,  as  things  go,  of  much  doubt  and. 
perplexity.  Of  how  much — even  to  the  ablest  and  most  skilled  archieo- 
logist — a  further  reference  to  the  Carlisle  meeting  will  shew  conclusively. 
Taking  his  stand  before  the  cathedral  church  there,  Mr.  Freeman — and  I 
know  no  bettor  authority — putting  himself  in  the  place  of  an  entire  sttanget 
bent  on  deciphering  its  history  by  the  light  of  general  knowledge  and 
internal  evidence  only,  tolls  us  that:— -"he  would  know  at  once  5iat  he 
was  under  the  shadow  of  a  great  church,  and  it  would  not  take  him  very 
long  to  find  out  the  chaiacter  of  that  great  church.  The  first  question  he 
wonld  ask  was.  This  is  something  more  than  a  parish  church  ;  it  has 
buildings  about  it  What  is  it  ?  Is  it  a  regular,  or  is  it  a  secular  diuich  ; 
He  woid  soon  see  that  it  was  a  regular  church.  He  would  note  the 
surrounding  buildings,  and  above  aU,  this  fratry  or  refectory,  parallel 
with  the  nave,  and  be  would  know  that  this  building,  parallel  with  the 
nave  of  a  church,  must  be  a  refectory  and  nothing  else.  Again,  if  he  had 
been  droppetl  down  at  Fumess  and  Colder  abbeys  before  he  came  to 
Carlisle,  he  would  easily  see  that  it  was  not  a  Cistorcian  church,  because, 
apart  from  it  being  in  a  town,  the  refectory  of  Cistercian  chciches  was 
not  parallel  to  the  nave.  Then  he  would  have  to  doubt  a  little.  He 
might  think  it  iPO*  a  church  of  Benedictines  :  he  could  not  tell  by  the 
tight  of  nature  that  it  imm  a  church  of  Austin  canons,"  Now  here,  I 
think,  we  have  perhaps,  as  complete  and  crucial  a  teat  as  could  be  wished 
of  the  accuracy  of  the  assertion  that  a  church  of  canons  has  peculiarities 
which  differ  altogether  from  those  which  we  find  in  the  chunJies  of  any 
of  the  monastic  orden ;  for,  on  the  one  hand,  Mr,  Freeman,  as  all  will 


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332  THE  CHUECHES  OF  AUSTIN  OANOITO. 

dlow,  is  among  the  keenest  of  obserrers ;  and  on  tlie  other,  Cailiale 
cathedral  church  is,  in  an  exceptionally  full  aenBe,  one  of  canona ;  for  not 
only  waa  it  built  in  the  firat  inatance  for  canons  eeouiar,  but — as  tegoids 
all  its  moire  important  features — rebuilt  afterwards  by  and  for,  canona 
regular.  Here  ^en,  if  anywhere,  we  abould  expect  to  find  some  at  least 
of  those  peculiaritieB  which  mark  off  so  distinctly  the  churches  of  canona, 
and  draw  such  sharp  lines  of  Beparation  between  them  and  those  of  monks. 
But  they  are  not  forthcoming.  The  church,  Mr.  Freeman  tella  na 
distinctly,  might,  for  anything  he  coidd  see  to  the  contrary,  be  one  of 
Benedictines.  There  was  nothing  to  diatinguish  it  from  a  Benedictine 
church  ;  nothing  in  the  building  itself  to  shew  to  what  order  it  belonged: 
absolutely  nothing  to  so  much  as  suggest  that  it  was  one  of  Austin 
canona.  I  will  only  say — "  Thia  witneaa  is  true."  But  Mr.  f^reemao 
pushed  his  enquiries  beyond  these  limits.  Still  "occupying  the  place  of 
the  (locally)  unlearned,"  he  said : — "  A  further  question  he  would  ask  was, 
la  this  simply  a  conventual  church,  or  ia  it  aomething  more — is  it  the 
church  of  a  bishop  1  ...  As  to  the  history  of  the  building,  the 
inquirer  would  see  that  we  had  here  a  Koiman  minater  of  moderate  site, 
of  which  there  are  still  fragmenta  in  the  two  transepts  and  what  remained 
of  the  nave.  He  would  aUo  see  that  the  nave  must  formerly  have  been 
much  longer,  bat  he  would  need  local  information  as  to  the  circnmstances 
in  which  it  came  to  be  shortened.  Then  he  would  guess  that  this  nave 
had  been  the  pariah  church,  as  was  so  common  a  custom  with  the  Austin 
canona,  though  this  feature  would  at  once  diatinguiah  thia  church  from 
any  of  the  old-standing  cathedral  churches  in  England  proper,  except 
Dncoln."  To  the  enquirer'a  queation  whether  the  church  were  that  of  a 
bishop  or  not,  we  all,  of  course — though  the  building  itaelf  be  mute — know 
the  answer,  and  it  ia  one  which  by  natural  tmnsition  brings  us  to  the 
'consideration  of  the  moat  important  section  of  all  the  churches  of 
canons,  viz.,  those  which  were  cathedral;  whether  conventual,  as  in 
thia  solitary  instance  of  Carliale,  or  secular,  as  in  all  the  rest  But, 
before  touching  on  this  branch  of  the  subject,  and  while  the  cose  of 
Carlisle  is  still  before  us,  it  may  he  well  to  point  out,  perhaps,  that  it 
was  by  no  means  so  singular  among  churches  of  cathedral  dignity  In 
having  a  parochial  nave,  as  Mr.  Freeman  for  the  moment  imE^rineiL 

I  say  for  the  moment,  because  his  paper  on  "  The  case  of  the  coU^ate 
church  of  Arundel  "  shews  that  he  is  aware  of  the  existence  of  at  least 
one  other  instance  besides  that  of  Lincoln  above  referred  to  ;  and,  as  I 
have  little  or  no  doubt,  of  yet  another  and  incomparably  more  important 
one  still.  I  refer  to  the  Benedictine  cathedral  church  of  Rochester,  and 
the  metropolitan  secular  canons'  church  of  old  S.  Paul's — the  grandest,  in 
some  respecto,  in  all  England.  At  Eochcster,  the  nave,  or  a  considerable 
port  of  it,  was  for  a  very  long  time  indeed,  from  the  building  of  the 
cathedral,  in  fact,  down  to  H23,  a  parish  church,  when,  by  a  similar 
process  to  that  adopted  at  Lincoln,  viz.,  tlie  building  of  a  separate 
church  for  them  outside  by  the  monks,  the  parishioners  were  finally  got 
rid  of.  The  case  of  old  S.  Paul's  (where  the  pariehioners  retained 
undisturbed  possession  to  the  last)  was  doubly  curious,  for  not  only  was 
the  crypt  of  the  presbytery  parochial,  but  the  parish  church  of  S.  Gregory 
waa  attached  to  the  western  part  of  the  nave  aouthwarda  (much  aa  S. 
Andrew'a  waa  to  that  of  the  great  Benedictine  abbey  church  of  S.  Alban's 
northwaida),  a  combination  which  gave  rise  to  the  remark  of  old  Fuller, 


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THE  OHUBCEBS  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.  333 

"  Well  night  S.  Paul's  be  colled  a  mother  church,  tat  aha  carried  one 
child  In  her  aims  and  another  in  her  womb  !"  Thue^  as  regards  tiieir 
parochial  charactar,  it  will  be  seen  that  it  ia  no  more  possible  to  draw  a 
line  of  distiuotion  between  the  churches  of  monks  and  canons  which  were 
of  cathedral,  than  between  those  which  were  of  abbatial,  or  lower  rank. 
The  circumstance,  in  every  caso,  will  bo  found  to  have  been  purely 
accidental:  as  poiely  accidental  indeed,  as  that  of  the  church  affected  by 
it  being  one  of  canons  or  of  monks.  Let  us,  for  instaoce,  take  the  case  of 
Lincoln.  When  in  1173,  the  see  waa  removed  thither  from  Dorchester  by 
Bemigius,  and  a  new  cathedral  church  bad  to  be  built,  it  waa  found  that  part 
of  the  supremely  "  eligible  building  site  " — then  of  very  limited  area — was 
already  occupied  by  a  parish  chui^  Three  conrsas,  as  usual,  were  open 
to  the  bishop  and  his  chapter-r-as  it  happened,  one  of  secular  canons. 
First:  either  tiie  site,  which  nature  and  necessity  alike  dictated  must  be 
abandoned  ;  or,  secondly  :  the  church,  instead  of  being  as  they  would  have 
it,  "  exceeding  magnifical,"  must  be  so  "  cribbed,  cabined  and  confined," 
as  to  be  unworthy  alike  its  "  sovran  hill,"  and  the  vast  diooese  of  which 
it  was  the  head  ;  or,  thirdly  :  the  less  must  give  place  to  the  better,  and 
the  parish  church  must  come  down.  Common-aense — common,  happily, 
to  canons  and  monks  alike— prevailed ;  and  the  parishioners,  dJapoas^ssed 
for  a  season  of  their  church,  found  shelter  within  the  boaom  of  the  "  lady 
of  Cathedrals."  But,  can  any  one  doubt  that  precisely  the  same  thing 
would  have  happened  had  the  chapter — as  might  bo  easily  have  been  the 
case — consisted  of  Benedictines  instead  of  seculars,  of  a  prior  and  convent 
instead  of  a  dean  and  canons  ;  or  suppose  for  a  single  moment  that,  in 
such  case,  their  work  would  have  surpassed  in  richness  or  dignity,  that 
which  was  actually  accomplished  i  If  so,  I  ,will  only  say  that  Remigius, 
as  it  happened,  was  a  Benedictine.  And  if  from  Lincoln  we  betake  our- 
selves to  Rochester,  and  S.  Paul's,  we  shall  see  that  there  again  the 
attendant  circumstances  were  as  nearly  alike  as  possible.  At  Rochester, 
indeed,  they  would  seem  te  liave  been  practically  identical  throughout — a 
parish  church  occupying  part  of  the  required  minster  site  ;  the  dislodged 
parishioners  housed  for  awbOe  within  the  minster  nave  ;  and  then— the 
arrangement,  as  usual,  proving  mutually  unpleasant — finally  removed  to  a 
new  and  independent  structuie  erected  for  them  elsewhere.  At  old  S. 
Paul's,  though  no  parish  church  interfered  with  the  ei'cotion  of  any  part 
of  the  Iforman  minster,  one  was  nevertheless  found  to  stand  very  much 
in  the  way  of  that  eastern  development  which,  in  churches  of  its  class, 
became  afterwards  so  common.  And  so,  in  1255,  when  it  was  deter- 
mined to  build  the  magnificent  presbytery  of  eight  bays  in  continuation  of 
the  newly-iebuilt  choir  of  four,  it  became  as  necessary  for  the  carrying 
out  of  that  design  to  clear  away  the  parish  church  of  S.  Faith,  aa  it  was 
at  Rochester  and  Lincoln,  those  of  8.  Xicliolas  and  8.  Mary  Magdalene. 
With  respect  te  the  parishioners,  however,  a  local  feature  offered  a  hint 
which  the  canons  were  not  slow  to  profit  by.  Like  that  of  many  other 
Norman  minsters,  the  choir  of  old  S.  Paul's  possessed  a  crypt  ;  and  an 
extension  of  this  beneath  the  whole  vast  area  of  the  presbytery — no  leas 
than  a  hundred  feet  in  breadth,  by  about  a  hundred  and  seventy-fivo  in 
length,  and  forming  incomparably  the  grandest  as  well  aa  latest  structure 
of  its  class — provided  at  once  the  necessary  accommodation,  and  effectually 
freed  the  church  from  thair  presence  at  the  same  time.  Yet  here  again, 
it  is  manifest  that  the  presence  of  the  parishioners  was  as  purely 

VOL.  xm  2  T 

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334  THE  CHtmCHEB  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS. 

accidentfd  aa  in  the  piecediDg  ca8e&  For,  had  the  pariBh  chnich  of  S. 
Faith  happened  to  stand  only  a  few  yards  north  or  south  of  ita  actual 
site,  the  new  work  would  have  paaaed  it  by,  and  the  difBculty  been 
avoided.  Standing  where  it  did,  however,  right  in  the  way,  either  the 
pariebioneis  must  be  provided  for  in  some  such  way  as  that  devieed,  ot 
else,  the  crowning  glory  of  the  chnich,  a  work,  as  fai  excelling  all  others 
of  its  kind,  as  the  crypt  all  other  crypts,  must  have  continued  unachieved. 
As  to  8.  Gregoiys,  it  would  Beem  to  have  been  simply  in  contact  with, 
not  in  any  way  open  to,  the  nave,  as  was  &  Andrew's  at  S.  Alban's  ; 
and  its  panshioners,  therefore,  would  have  no  footing  in  the  nave  at  all. 
The  churches  were  next  door  neighboura  ;  nothing  more. 

Failing  then  to  find  any  difTerence,  as  to  parotSiial  character,  between 
the  cathedral  churches  of  monks  and  canons,  let  us  now  proceed  to  a 
comparative  analysis  of  them  in  respect  to  plan,  and  see  whether  it  be 
possible  to  detect  any  such  peculiarities  as  cause  a  church  of  canons  to 
differ  altogether  &om  those  of  monks  in  that  direction  or  noL  By 
limiting  our  enquiriee  on  the  subject,  in  the  main,  to  churches  of  this 
particular  class,  we  shall  not  only  bring  under  review  a  sufficient  number 
of  examples  for  the  purpose,  but  secure  the  following  palpable  advan- 
t^es : — First,  that  these  churches  being  beyond  comparison  the  most 
fully  developed  and  important  of  their  respective  kinds,  any  peculiarities 
attaching  to  either  will  naturaUy  be  most  pronounced  and  apparent  in 
them ;  second,  that  the  whole  of  them  are  perfectly  preshrved ;  and  third, 
that  they  are  all  not  only  generally  well  known,  but  may,  for  purpoeea  of 
comparison,  be  at  once  inferred  to  in  works  so  readily  accessible  as  those 
of  Britton,  Storcr,  Billings,  or  the  later  and  moat  excellent  handbooks  of 
Mr.  Murray.  And  it  will  serve,  I  think,  to  make  our  examination  the 
more  complete  and  satisfactory  if — with  the  single  exception  of  Man- 
chester which  neither  is,  nor  ever  was,  anything  more  then  a  mere 
glorified  parish  church,  and  esaentiolly  different  in  character  from  the 
rest — wo  include  in  it  those  churches  of  monks  and  canons  which  aUke 
and  quite  fortuitously  have  been  raised  from  abhatiol,  or  collegiate,  to 
cathedral  rank,  from  the  time  of  the  general  suppression  to  the  present 
day.  For  these  examples,  though  usually  of  secondary  rank,  will  be 
found  in  all  respects  quite  as  characteristic  and  typical  as  those  of  larger 
scale  and  older  standing ;  and  they  possess  also  the  advantages  of  being 
equally  well  preserved  and  well  known. 

Taken  one  with  another,  they  number  Jn  all  twenty-six,  and  are  pretty 
equally  divided  between  the  two  groups ;  twelve,  vit :  those  of  S. 
Alban's,  Bath,  Canterbury,  Chester,  Durham,  Ely,  Gloucester,  Norwich, 
Peterborough,  Kochester,  Winchester,  4nd  Worcester,  having  belonged  to 
the  Benedictines ;  and  fourteen,  vis. :  those  of  Bristol,  Carlisle,  Chi- 
chester, Exeter,  Hereford,  Lichfield,  Lincoln,  Oxford,  olil  t?.  Paul's, 
Ripon,  Salisbury,  Southwell,  Wells  and  York  to  the  canons  ;  Bristol, 
Carlisle,  and  Oxford  to  the  Augustinians  or  canons  regular,  Iho  rest  to 
the  seculars. 

Now,  taking  a  broad  and  geneiral  survey  of  these  churches  (as  most  of 
my  renders  can  probably  do  in  their  mind's  eye),  it  will,  I  think,  be 
sufficiently  obvious  how  hopeless  and  unprofitable  a  task  it  would  be  for 
anyone  to  attempt  to  array  the  one  class  against  the  other,  and  claim  a 
collective  superiority  for  either.  Nor,  would  it  be  much  less  so,  perhaps, 
ei'on  in  rcj,'ard  to  individual  churches  of  similar  rank  and  dignity,  seeing 


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TBB  CHUBCHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.  335 

that  each  oiie  poeaeases  its  own  pecnliai  ezcellencieB,  and  ciacli  one  too, 
perhaps,  its  own  peculiar  and  counterbalancing  defects.  But  liappUy,  our 
enquiry  does  not  enter  on  the  ateiile  field  of  invidioua  compariBOU,  or 
require  judgment  on  matters  of  mere  taste.  What  we  are  concerned  with 
is,  to  see  whether  or  not  we  can  discover  any  such  distinctive  maiks 
about  these  churches  as  may  enable  a  person  of  ordinary  inteUigonce  to 
laow  at  once  to  which  class  any  one  of  them  belonged ;  or  rather,  to 
speak  more  precisely — for  there  is'  a  difference  as  well  as  a  distinotion — 
whether  amoi^  those  of  the  canons  we  can  find  certain,  though  unspeci- 
fied, peculiarities,  which,  as  it  is  alleged,  cause  them  to  differ  altot/et/ter 
from  those  of  the  monks. 

Deferring  sach  considerations  for  a  moment,  however — and  indeed  be- 
fore one  can  bring  oneself  to  take  account  of  them — the  first  thing  that 
strikes  the  mind  on  a  careful  revision  of  these  churches  is  the  fact  that, 
the  three  tronscendantly  grand  examples,  which  in  point  of  scale  and 
architectural  splendour  surpass  all  the  rest,  are  those  of  old  S.  Paul's, 
York  and  Lincoln — all  churches  of  secular  canons.  Of  these,  again,  we 
shall  see  that  the  great  cliiirch  of  8.  Paul's  was  nnormously  the  largest, 
exceeding  even  tliat  of  York  in  area  by  more  than  twice  as  much  as  York 
exceeds  liucoln,  and  Lincoln  that  of  Ely — by  far  the  largest  and  noblest 
of  all  the  Benedictine  churches.  Taking  in  every  case  the  superficial  area 
of  the  main  building  with  its  aisles  proper ;  and  excluding  all  such  excre- 
scences oa  the  low,  slight,  and  comparatively  speaking,  trumpery  chapels 
which  on  plan  and  in  figures  give  euc^  a  misleading  and  fictitious  value 
to  buildings  like  Winchester,  for  example ;  that  of  old  S.  Paul's,  accor- 
ding to  the  very  careful  and  elaborate  caloulations  of  Mr.  Ferrey,  will  be 
found  to  amount  to  no  less  than  76,000  square  feet;  York,  to  60,543 
feet ;  and  Lincoln,  exclusive  even  of  the  great  chapels  attached  to  the 
western  screen,  to  63,264 ;  while  Ely,  including  the  destroyed  half  of  its 
west«m  transept,  covers  only  46,360  feet ;  that  is  to  say,  some  7,000  feet 
less  than  the  least  of  these  tliree  great  canons'  churches.  As  to  the 
chiefest  remaining  Benedictine  churches,  they  foil  far  behind.  Thus 
Durham,  which  comes  next  to  Ely,  has  an  area  of  only  43,380  feet ; 
Winchester — reckoning  even  the  western  part  of  the  nave  with  the  two 
Noimon  towers  deeteoyed  by  bishop  Edington  on  his  remodelling  of  that 
part  of  the  church  in  the  14th  century— 42,600 ;  Canterbury,  39,110; 
and  Peterborough,  37,330  ;  an  area,  less  by  nearly  16,000  feet  than  that 
of  Lincoln,  and  a  good  deal  lass  than  half  that  of  old  8.  Paul's. 

But  grandeur  of  scale  is  far  from  being  the  only  point  that  strikes  one 
in  the  three  great  churches  of  the  seculars.  The  next,  and  most  remark- 
able, is  that  they  exhibit  two  wholly  opposite  types  of  plan.  That  of  old 
S.  Paul's  and  York  is  of  the  utmost  simplicity  :  that  of  Lincoln,  of  the 
most  studious  and  elaborate  complexity.  In  the  one  case  we  have  a  per- 
fectly plain  cross,  the  transverse,  and  two  longitudinal  limbs  of  which  are, 
as  nearly  as  may  be,  equal,  and  of  which  the  circumscribing  lines  are  un- 
broken by  any  extraneous  additions  whatever.  In  the  other,  not  only  is 
the  cross  double,  but  it  stands,  so  to  say,  upon  a  base  or  Ualvaiy,  formed, 
OB  at  Peterborough  and  Ely,  by  tbagreat  western  screen  and  chapels  to  the 
east  of  it.  All  Uie  great  masses  of  the  building  too,  ore  broken  up  and 
contrasted  throughout  by  the  juxteposition  of  subsidiaiy  parts  ;  an 
arrangement  productive  of  infinite  play  of  line,  of  ever  varying  effects  of 
light  and  shade, — of  intricacy,  wonder,  mystery. 


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186  THE  CHUBOHSB  OF  AtTSTIN  CAHONB. 

And  here,  what  is  specially  to  be  noted  and  to  onr  purpose  is  the  fact 
that  the  aame  two  types — seen  in  their  utmost  possible  developmeDt  in  the 
above  three  chuiohea  of  secular  cauons — will  be  found  in  a  minor  d^ree, 
and  with  diverse  modifiostions,  to  run  indifferently  and  without  dis- 
tinction, through  the  whole  eeries  of  these  cathedral  churches,  whether  of 
canons  or  of  monke.  Here — whatever  the  origin  of  the  chnrch  may  be,  it 
is  the  one  type,  there — the  other  thst  prevails ;  so  that  in  almost  every 
case  it  would  be  quite  impossible  to  hazard  more  than  a  mere  guess — and 
that  an  utterly  vacuous  one — as  to  which  class  any  particular  church 
belonged.  Canterbury  indeed — the  only  Benedictine  church  which  at  all 
rivals  Lincoln  in  the  multiphcity  of  its  parts,  and  where  the  Norman 
system  still  largely  dominates  the  choir ;  Norwich — which  alone  retains  its 
aisled  apse,  and  two  out  of  the  three  original  surrounding  Normaa 
chapels ;  and  Gloucester — where,  though  the  main,  or  central  apse  has 
been  most  cleverly  got  rid  of,  the  circular  sweep  of  the  surrounding  aisle 
with  two  of  its  attached  chapels  also  still  remain,  are  the  only  three 
which  could,  I  think,  with  any  shew  of  likelihood  be  assigned  to  the 
Benedictine  class,  and  that  solely  on  the  ground  of  their  apsidal  termina- 
tion and — after  a  fashion — radiating  chapels, — features  not  generally  found 
in  the  churches  of  canons  as  they  have  come  down  to  ua  But  then,  so  far 
at  least,  as  the  churches  of  Auttin  canons  are  concerned,  it  must  be 
observed  that  both  Norwich  imd  Gloucester  were  built  at  a  period  long 
anterior  to  the  introduction  of  that  order  into  England,  and  when — with 
ample  means  for  indulging  in  it — a  different  fashion  of  church  building 
was  in  vogue;  while  Canterbury,  till  the  time  of  prior  Conrad,  A.n.  1107 — 
was  entirely  without  either  apeidal  aisles  or  chapels  of  any  kind,  and  his 
"  glorious  choir  "  was  built,  as  was  its  humble  predecessor,  that  of  Emulf — 
in  its  turn,  a  development  of  the  ancient  Saxon  one — under  the  influence, 
and  by  the  aid  of  a  IfVench  monk — archbishop  Anselm.  Not  indeed,  that 
these  features  were  at  all  peculiar  to  the  Benedictine,  or  any  ottier  churches 
of  monks,  either  then,  or  afterwords.  Quite  the  contrary.  If  we  would 
see  the  apsidal  plan  in  ite  perfection,  or  realiee  the  effect  of  radiating 
chapels  when  carried  to  the  utmost  limits,  and  on  the  grandest  scale,  we 
must  look  beyond  the  rudimentary  attempts  of  these  English  examples  to 
the  great  cathedral  ohurchee  of  France  and  Spain,  or  to  such  German  ones 
as  those  of  Fribourg,  Toumay,  Antwerp,  or  Colf^ne— all  churches  of 
canons  secular. 

The  truth  is,  however,  that  for  some  reason  or  o^iei,  now  difficult)  if  not 
impossible  to  specify — considering  that  there  was  no  such  thing  as  any 
previous  national  s^le  worth  mentioning,  and  that  all  tiie  great  post-con- 
quest churches  were  the  work  o(  (he  Norman  invaders,  or  of  natives 
working  under  their  direction — the  apsidal  form,  whether  sim^rfe,  or  aisled, 
or  with  the  addition  of  circling  chapels,  seems  never  to  h«ve  taken  kindly 
root  amongst  us,  and  was  soon,  and  everywhere,  speedily  disoaided.  Turn 
where  we  will,  and  to  whatever  class  of  churches,  the  same  result  appears, 
whether  in  cathedral,  or  simply  conventual  ones — in  thosi-  of  canons,  and 
in  those  of  monks  alike.  If  IJie  two  orders  had  any  difference  of  view  as 
to  church  planning  in  other  respects,  it  is  perfectly  clear  that  they  had 
none  at  least,  in  this.  If,  from  the  third  quarter  of  the  12th  century,  the 
church  were  a  new  one,  it  was  built  sijuare  ended ;  if  old,  then  as  soon  as 
opportunity  occurred,  the  apse  and  its  nppendagee  were  resolutely  swept 
away.     At  Gloucester  and  Peterborough,  indeed,  then  two  great  Bene- 


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THX  CHUBCHES  OF  AUSTIN  CASOSB,  337 

dictine  choicheg  pore  and  siinple,  it  is  true  that  the  difficulty  was  got  over 
by  a  sort  of  half  measure,  and — curiooslj  enoufj^h — in  a  diametrically 
opposite  way.  Whatover  the  caose — whether  want  of  means,  as  was  most 
lUcely,  or  want  of  inclination  to  displace  altogether  the  ancient  arrangement, 
the  effect  in  either  caae  was  suFBciently  striking.  As  we  have  already  seen, 
in  the  former  instance,  the  circular  aisle  and  its  cliapels  were  left  standiiiff ; 
but  the  central  apse  wae  pulled  down  from  top  to  bottom,  and  the  siae 
walls  earned  forward,  not  in  a  straight  line— tljough  that  would  have  been 
sorpriaing  enough — but,  strange  to  say,  somewhat  expanded  outwardly, 
and  iu  a  direction  contrery  to  the  original  one,  so  as  to  allow  the  utmost 
possible  space  for  the  gigantic  east  window.  At  Peterborough,  some 
hundred  years  later,  the  cboii  was  made  squsre  on  plan  by  projecting  the 
Norman  aisles — which  till  then  had  stopped  square  as  at  the  curve — so  as 
to  overlap  the  central  apse,  and  then  connecting  them  by  means  of  a 
chapel  of  five  hays  called  the  "  new  work  " — fan  vaulted,  and  carried  out 
at  the  same  level.  At  Winchester  and  Canterbury  too — both  Benedictine 
cathedral  churches  of  old  standing — though  the  apses  were  destroyed, 
their  foundations— for  economical  reasons — were  in  part  made  use  of  to 
the  considerable  disadvantage  of  the  later  choira ;  the  pinching  in  of 
that  of  Canterbury  in  especial,  producing  first  in  the  convergence,  and 
then  in  the  prolonged  and  parallel  lines  of  the  walls,  a  degree  of  confusion 
and  uneightliness  utterly  destructive  of  architectural  effect,  and  against 
which  mere  beauty  of  detail  avails  nothing.  Elsewhere,  however,  the 
destmction,  whether  in  churches  of  monks  or  canons,  was  complete  and 
radical  At  Durham,  Cheater,  Ely,  Worcester,  Bath  and  S.  Albans, 
among  those  of  the  Benedictines,  and  at  Carlisle,  York,  Lichfield,  Lincoln, 
Southwell,  Exeter,  Chichester,  S.  Paul's,  Bristol  and  Hereford,  among 
those  of  the  canons,  not  a  trace  of  the  apsidal  plan  is  to  be  seen  above 
ground.  All  thenceforward  were  built  squarely,  and  with  chapels  attached 
to  the  traneepts,  or  set  transeptally  to,  or  in  prolongation  of,  the  aisles,  or 
choir ;  and,  as  regards  the  two  classes  of  churches,  without  any,  even  the 
least  perceptible  difference  of  system  whatever. 

But,  as  might  be  expected,  it  is  in  compantively  few  cases  that  ^ther 
of  the  two  types  above  mentioned  wiU  be  found  rigidly  adhered  to  and 
carried  out  in  its  integrity.  The  severely  simple  one — exhibitii^  through- 
out an  unbroken  cruciform  outline,  and  in  which  the  central  choir  and  its 
aislee  terminate  eastwaidly  in  the  same  atnight  line — receives,  as  we 
have  already  seen,  its  most  vivid  illustration  in  the  two  great  can<ms' 
ohuichea  of  old  S.  Paul's  and  York,  It  is  found  also  in  those  of  the 
same  class  at  Carlisle,  Ripon,  Cartmel,  Thornton,  Howden,  Gnisboron^ 
and  elsewhere  ;  uid  among  Uiose  of  the  Benedictines,  at  Bath  and  Ely. 
Bnt  setting  aside  these  two  last — and  as  may  possibly  be  u^ed,  ezcep- 
tionsl — examples,  how  entirely  falladons  the  inference  woold  be  that  the 
simple  cruciform,  square  ended  plan  was  at  all  special  or  peculiar  to 
churchee  of  canons,  causing  them  to  differ  altogether  from  those  of  any  of 
the  monastic  orders,  may  readily  be  seen  by  extending  our  survey  some- 
what outside  the  cathedral  circle.  Suppose,  for  iUustration's  nke,  we 
take  the  case  of  York — the  best  known  and  most  striking,  perhaps,  of 
all— and  compare  it  with  the  very  grandest  Benedictine,  and  other 
monastic  churches,  either  in  its  own  neighbourhood,  or  elsewheie.  As 
most  people  are  aware,  Uiere  lie  within  a  atone'a  throw  of  it,  the  remsdns 
of  one  of  the  richest  Benedictine  abbeys  in  England,  and  with  a  church 


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338  THE  CHCBCHSS  OF  AUSTIN  CAlfON& 

Buch  06  few,  if  any  of  them,  cauld  rival — I  mean  S.  AEarf 'a.  Built  all  at 
once,  and  at  the  very  colminating  period  of  maditeval  art — 1270-90 — 
when  purity  of  form  and  richneBs  of  detail  went  hand  in  hand ;  on  the 
mofit  splendid  ecale,  and  with  the  aid  of  enormooB  wealth,  we  find  pre- 
cisely the  same  plan  adopted  in  it  aa  in  the  minster — a  ri^dly  severe 
cross,  of  nearly  equal  limba,  square  ended,  and  without  any  parasitical 
attachments  whatever.  And  if,  leavinjj  S.  Maiy's  we  proceed  northwarda 
to  the  earlier  Benedictine  church  of  Whitby,  or  southwaids  to  that  of 
Selby — slightly  later  aa  regards  its  rebuilt  choir  ;  to  the  great  Cisterciiiii 
church  of  Bievaulx,  with  ito  suraptuoua  choir,  also  rebuilt,  and  inter- 
mediate between  the  two;  or  to  that  of  Jervaulx,  earliest  of  aU,  and  one  of 
the  finest  and  purest  of  its  class,  we  shall  find  the  same  grand  simplicity 
of  plan  reigning  supreme  in  alL  It  is  the  same  too  at  Whalley,  at 
Netley,  at  Tintem,  at  Malvern,  and  New  Shoreham  ;  the  proportions  of 
the  cross,  indeed,  fluctuating  constantly,  but  its  rigid  outlme  never. 
Benedictine,  Cistercian,  Augustinian,  Secular — whatever  the  denomina- 
tion— the  chorches  follow  just  the  same  plan,  and  are  quite  undistinguieh- 
able  one  from  another. 

But,  the  class  of  square  ended,  aisled  choirs  is  not  confined  to  such  as 
are  bounded  by  a  stra^ht  eastern  line  alone.  Sometimes  the  line  is 
broken  by  the  projection,  more  or  leas  pronounced,  of  the  central  mass.  At 
Oxford — Augustinian  ;  at  Worcester  —Benedictine  ;  at  lona — Cluniac ; 
and  at  Melrose — Cistercian ;  the  main,  or  central  choir  stands  forward 
beyond  the  eastern  walls  of  the  aisles  by  a  siDgle  bay  :  at  Bristol — 
AngUBtinian ;  at  Southwell  and  Elgin— secular  ;  and  at  Rochester — 
Benedictine  ;  by  two.  Again,  where  the  choir  in  simple,  and  un- 
broken by  the  projection  of  chapels,  but  wliere  the  eastern  termination 
is  only  partly  square,  we  have  interesting  examples  of  pamlielism 
in  thoee  of  Peterborough  (originally)  and  Worksop — Benedictine  and 
Augustinian,  respectively.  Both  are,  or  were — for  the  choir  of  Worksop 
is  now  destroyed — of  noble  size  and  Norman  date,  Peterborough  consist- 
ing of  four,  tuid  Worksop  of  six  baya^  In  both,  the  aisles  were  square 
ended ;  but  the  central  choir,  instead  of  projecting  squarely  ss  in  the 
instances  above  mentioned,  curved  forward  into  an  apse. 

And  there  is  yet^another  class  of  simple,  square  ended  aisled  choirs, 
which  must  be  noticed,  and  which,  at  first  sight  might  seem  to  be  peculiar 
to  the  variona  orders  of  monks,  viz.,  that  in  which  the  aisles  are  not 
stopped  ahorl  at  the  eastern  wall-line  of  the  choir  proper,  but  carried  acroas 
it  tianseptally,  so  as  to  form  a  procession  path  with  a  range  of  chapels  to 
the  east  of  it.  Peterborough,  in  its  present,  or  altered  state,  now  offers, 
as  we  have  seen,  one  of  the  best  known  and  most  remarkable  instances, 
perhaps,  of  thia  arrangement,  and  Evesham — also  Benedictine — another; 
but  there,  both  choir  and  eastern  chapeb  are  all  of  one  period — the 
thirteenth  century — and  form  parts  of  a  single  and  uniform  deagn. 
Byland  abbey — Cistercian,  presents  one  of  the  earliest  and  finest  ex- 
amples of  the  kind  to  be  found  anywhere,  perhaps ;  and  Romsey — 
Benedictine,  one  of,  if  not  the  very  earliest,  being  of  pure  Norman  work 
contemporaneous  with  the  rest  of  the  choir.  Here,  however,  the  aisle  is 
sii^e,  and  without  any  structural  division  between  the  chapels,  or  altar 
spaces,  and  procession  path,  as  in  the  other  and  later  examples.  Abbey 
Dore — Cistercian,  like  Byland,  and  also  like  it  of  transitional  character, 
is  a  very  striking  example — one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  its  class — and 


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THE  OUUJtOUUB  OF  AUSTIN  CANONB.  339 

happily,  nnlike  Byland — thanks  to  the  piety  of  lord  Scndamoie  in  the 
seventeenth  century^— in  perfect  pTeeervation.  AnoUier  illustration  of 
this  peculiar  plan  is  also  to  be  seen  in  the  great  abbey  church  of  Oloaton- 
bniy — Benedictine,  and  that  twice  OTer,  for  it  foimed  part  of  the  original 
[dan  when  the  church  was  rebuilt  in  the  twelfth  centnry,  and  was 
repeated  when  early  in  the  foniteenth,  the  first  choir  of  fonr  bays  was 
incraaaed  in  length  to  edz.  And  now,  it  might  be  thou^t,  perhaps,  that 
here,  at  any  rate,  if  hitherto  we  hare  foiled  to  find  any  of  those  pecu- 
liaritiea  which  cause  a  church  of  canons  to  differ  altogether  from  those 
of  monks,  we  have  at  least  found  one  which  causes  thoee  of  monks — or 
some  of  ^em — to  differ  altogether  from  those  of  canons,  for  there  is  not^ 
so  far  as  I  can  recollect,  a  single  instance  of  this  arrangement  to  be  found 
in  England,  either  in  the  churches  of  canona  regolai  or  secular-  If  so, 
we  have  only  to  cross  the  boidw,  however,  to  see  how  Bo<m  and  com- 
pletely the  delusion  vanishes.  For,  at  Glasgow  cathedral  ohuich — one  of 
secular  canons,  we  shall  find  the  self-same  plan  carried  out  in  the  moat 
perfect  and  sumptuous  manner  possible.  In  this  case,  moreover,  the 
exterior  effect — very  different  from  that  in  the  English  and  other 
examples — Doie,  Ebiach,  and  Riddagshausen  for  instance,  is  altogether 
dignified,  im,  owing  to  the  foiling  away  of  the  ground  level,  and  the 
presence  of  the  magnificent  ciypt  below  the  choir,  it  is  built  in  two 
stories,  and  thus  that  mean,  lean-to,  shed-like  appearance,  there  bo  pain- 
fully conspicuouB,  is  ahogather  obviated.  Indeed,  the  view  of  t^e  east 
&ont  of  Olasgow,  wit£  this  great  transeptal,  douhlo« toned  aisle, 
terminated  northwards  by  the  boldly  advanced  mass  of  the  tower- 
like chapter-house,  is  one  of  the  atstelieet  and  moat  imposing  of  all  And 
there  is  another  Scottish  example  too,  of  the  same  syatom,  more  famoua 
and  better  known,  a  great  deal,  perhaps,  than  even  that  of  Glasgow, 
and  that  is  the  collegiate  church  of  Ktmslyn — "  chapel,"  as  it  is 
commonly  but  roost  erroneously  styled — immortalised  by  Scott,  and  of 
never  foiling  interest  to  the  tourist  ulass  as  containing  the  mythical 
"  prentice  piUar."  Here  again,  the  plan  is  carried  out  in  the  most 
perfect  manner,  and  with  the  moat  prodigal  luxuriance  of  detail.  And 
here  again  too,  the  same  happy  accident  of  site,  combined  with  the  monu- 
mental construction — which  in  roofs  and  walls  alike  is  of  aahlared  stone 
— lends  much  of  the  same  dignity  to  the  dcdgn  as  at  GIo^ow,  the 
ground  falling  away  so  rapidly  to  the  east  as  to  leave  the  aisle  precipitous 
upon  the  very  verge.  Thus,  we  see  that  even  this  arrangement,  though 
apparently  so  promising  of  drawing,  after  all,  a  boundary  line  between 
the  churches  of  canons  and  some,  at  least,  of  thoee  of  the  monks,  fails  to 
do  so  as  completely  as  all  the  rest ; — on  the  contrary,  indeed,  contributes 
ita  witness  to  the  fact  that  there  is  really  no  difference  between  them 
whatever. 

But,  if  it  does  no  more,  it  helps,  at  any  rate,  to  forward  our  enquiry 
by  introducing  us  nnturaUy  to  the  second  of  the  two  types  of  churches, 
viz.,  that  in  which  the  more  elaborate  system  prevails ;  and  in  which  the 
chapels,  no  longer  confined,  as  there,  to  mere  aisle  compartments,  assume 
distinct,  external,  architectural  form,  and  make  up  more  or  less  separate 
and  independent  features  of  the  building. 

The  earliest,  and  perhaps  one  of  the  most  interestiug  examples  of  this 
departure — a  clear  development  of  the  system  last  noticed — is  found  in  the 
choir  of  the  cathedral  church  of  Hereford — one  of  secular  canons,  ctm- 


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340  THE  CEXTRCBE6  OT  AVWriS  CANONS. 

Btracted  originalljr,  with  three  dutinct  eaateiu  apaes.  These  were 
coinpiotely  cleared  away  late  in  the  twelfth  century,  when,  in  Ueu  oi 
them,  a  crosa  aisle  was  built  acrosa  the  whole  of  the  eastern  end  from  side 
to  aide — thus  connecting  the  hitherto  diaconnected  side  aislea  But  ibia 
eastern  aisle,  be  it  ohBerved,  waa  not  bounded — as  in  all  the  examples  of 
that  claaa  heretofore  noticed — by  the  outer  lines  of  the  choii  aisles 
thenaelve^,  but  projected  a  bay  beyond  them  on  either  side,  so  as  to  form 
a  veritable  transept.  To  the  east  of  this  aisle  again,  were  four  chapels, 
two  on  each  side ;  while  in  the  centre,  ranging  with  the  choir,  was  a 
fifth — the  aplandid  lady-chapel,  which,  with  its  ante-chapel,  oi  vestibule — 
continnous  with,  and  connecting  the  aide  chapels — ^very  greatly  exoeeded 
the  choir  itself,  both  in  length  and  richness. 

The  next  aitangement  of  this  sort,  in  point  of  date,  as  well  as  the  most 
extenave  of  all,  is  found  in  the  cathedral  church  of  Winchester — one  of 
Benedictines.  Here  again,  Uie  Noimui  apaidal  plan  having  in  dne  course 
been  got  rid  of,  a  new  work,  cat  a  somewhat  difierent  plan  to  that  at 
Hereford,  was  set  out  It  has  &ot  the  transeptal  form  fonnd  in  that 
instance ;  hut  connsta  rather  of  a  apecies  of  retzo-choir  of  aisles  only, 
for  the  choir  proper,  or  presbytery,  with  ite  clerestory — nipped  in  at  the 
last  bay  as  at  Canterbury — stops  short  at  the  line  of  the  original  apea. 
It  is  of  three  bays  in  length,  and  formed  by  the  prolongation  of  the  aisle 
walls  eastwards  to  that  extant  Beyond  the  third  bay,  the  face  of  the 
walls  on  either  side  is  slightly  recessed  to  mark  off  an  eastern  ch^>el  of 
a  eingle  bay  ;  while  the  central  aiale,  prolonged  a  bay  further  still, 
forms  the  lady-chapcl.  The  latter,  which,  like  the  roat,  ia  of  Early 
English  character,  but  Ferpendicularized,  is  not,  however,  a  work  of  much 
importance  ;  and  in  compariaon  of  that  of  Herefoid,  whether  as  regards 
size  or  ncbnesa,  utterly  insignificant 

We  come  next  to  Salisbury — another  chnich  of  seculars,  whera  the 
system  of  eastern  chapels,  if  later  than  at  Hereford,  or  leas  extensive  than 
at  Wincheeter,  is  certainly  more  uniform  and  bnautiful  than  in  either  of 
those  churches  ;  the  whole  having  been  built  at  one  time,  and  laid  down 
from  the  first  as  integral  parte  of  the  structure.  Besides  the  great 
central  transept,  Salisbury — unlike  them — has,  it  will  be  remembered, 
a  second,  midway  in  the  length  of  the  choir,  of  lees  projection  than,  but 
bt  the  same  height  as  the  first,  and  with  two  eastern  chapels  on  either 
sida  Beyond  these  transept  chapels,  the  lateral  aisles  are  continued 
for  two  bays  till  they  reach  the  line  of  the  eastern  gable  of  the  choir. 
Eastward  of  that,  they  continue  uninterruptedly,  but  under  distinct 
and  separate 'gables,  two  bays  further ;  tho  first,  or  westemmoat  bays 
fanning  part  of  the  procession  path  ;  the  second,  or  eaatem  ones,  chap^ 
Beyond  these,  centrally — of  the  same  breadth  as  the  choir  proper,  and 
]»rojecting  two  bays  further  still — is  the  lady-chapel,  divided  into  throe 
oiales, — of  the  most  marvellous  and  phenomenal  lightneea  of  conatniction, 
and  one  of  the  most  scientific,  as  well  as  beautiful  apecimens  of  13th 
century  architecturo  extant  In  no  English  churoh  whatever,  probably, 
shall  we  find  the  group  of  eastern  chapels  more  charmingly  designed  or 
more  dignified  than  in  this  : — a  clear  proof  that  however  atetely  oi 
attractive  the  examples  of  the  Benedictine,  and  other  churehea  of  monks 
may  be,  those  of  the  canons  come  in  no  way  behind  the  very  chiefeat  of 
them. 

After  Salisbui;  comee  Chichester — also  a  chotch  of  secular  canona. 

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THE  CmmCHBB  OF  ATJ^TIS  CANONS.  S41 

like  Hereford  and  Wincheater,  Ohicheater  cathedral  chuioli  has  had  its 
original  Norman  speidal  tennination  removed  :  unlike  them,  however,  its 
choir  waa  lengthened  hy  a  couplo  of  bays  which  were  projected  as  far  east- 
ward as  the  limite  of  the  circnniBcribiDg  Iforman  aisle — thns,  not  only 
allowing  a  passage  way  foT  pTDoeBsions,  but  forming  a  aqoaie  ended  retro- 
ohoir  jtropei.  Of  this,  the  lateial  aisles,  which  are  continued  beyond  it 
eaatwaids  far  a  single  bay  onder  gabled  roofs,  and  flanked — like  the  main 
gable  to  the  rear  of  them — by  octagonal  turrets  and  spires,  form  north 
and  HOQth  eastern  chapels.  The  central  space,  as  usual,  ia  reserved  for  the 
lady-chapel — in  this  inatonce,  a  building  of  very  considerable  dimensions, 
being  not  lees  than  five  bays  in  length;  the  Urat,  or  westernmost,  of 
which — ranging  with  the  chapels  and  separated  from  them  by  solid 
walla — is  entered  by  the  great  eastern  arch  of  the  retro-choir,  and  forms 
the  ante-chapeL  As  it  stands,  the  lady-chapel  is  an  elongation  of  that 
erected  at  the  same  time  as  the  retro-choir,  but  which,  late  in  the  IStb 
century,  was  enlarged  and  recast  in  a  beautiful  Geometrical  style  by 
bishop  Gilbert  de  St.  Leofard  (1288-130S).  In  part,  however,  it  occupies 
the  place  of  the  original  Norman  lady-chapel — the  central  of  the  three 
radiating  onea  which  opened  from  the  aisle  of  the  apse,  as  in  the 
Benedictine  examples  of  Norwich,  Gloucoster,  and  St  Augnstine'a, 
Canterbury.  And  thus  we  see  that,  in  its  primitive,  as  well  ae  later 
arrangements,  the  choir  of  Chichester,  with  its  attendant  groups  of 
chapels  difiered  nothing  at  all — except,  it  may  be,  in  the  greater  dignity 
and  importance  of  the  lady-chapel — from  the  completeat  and  most  highly 
developed  forms  in  nee  by  the  monks. 

Next  comes  the  case  of  Exeter — another  example  of  a  church  of 
aecnkre:  Of  the  plan  of  the  original  Norman  cathedral  church  of 
secular  canons,  as  constmcted  by  William  Warlewaat  (1107-36)— the 
SQccessoi  of  the  Saxon  Benedictine  abbey  church  of  St.  Mary  and  8t. 
Peter,  in  which  the  episcopal  throne  was  first  set  up — there  is  no  remain- 
ing evidence  ;  the  two  transeptal  towers  which  still  probably  occupy  the 
same  relative  position  as  they  did  at  firat,  being  the  only  visible  portions 
of  it  On  ite  rebuilding  in  the  13th  and  14th  centuries,  however, 
which,  OS  usual,  was  commenced  towards  the  east,  the  system  of 
chapels  with  ambulatory,  as  then  in  vogue  among  English  monastic 
churches  of  the  first  class,  was  carried  out  in  its  fullest  int^rity. 
First  of  all  was  built — circa  1275 — a  lady-chapel  of  three  bays,  the 
westernmost  of  which  opened  on  either  hand  into  a  lateral  chapel  of 
nearly  the  some  width  as  its  own,  but  of  only  a  single  bay  in  length. 
West  of  these  came  the  procession  path,  opening  to  the  choir  proper  by 
two  arches  pierced  through  its  eastern  wall ;  and  then  the  choir  itself — a 
magnificent  structure  of  eight  bays  broken  midway  in  ite  length  by 
another  pair  of  chapels,  which  form  secondary,  or  aisle-transepts,  and 
which,  equally  with  those  composing  the  eastern  group,  formed  part  of 
the  nniform  and  original  design.  Another  pair  of  cimpela  was  at  the 
same  time  also  thrown  out  from  the  transept-towers  eastwards — thus 
completing  a  group  of  seven.  Nothing  indeed — according  to  the  contem- 
porary English  ideas — could  well  be  more  perfect  or  complete  than  the 
plan  of  thia  church  aa  rebuilt  by  the  aeculars ;  nor  would  it  now  be 
possible  for  even  the  most  skilful  expert  to  aflUrm  to  what  order  it  owed 
its  existence — whether  monks  or  canons,  regulara  or  seculars. 

One  more  instance  only  of  thia  clasa  of  churches  of  the  more  complex 

VOL.  XLQ  2x 


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S42.  THE  CHTTBCHES  OF  AUSTIK  CANONS. 

type  need  here,  I  think,  be  mentioned,  Va. :  that  of  Wells — again  one  of 
canons  secular.  As  in  other  chuiches  of  early — almost  transitional — ■ 
date,  the  choir  of  Wells,  like  that  of  the  gieat  neighhouring  Benedietme 
abbey  of  Glastonbury,  was  on  its  first  erection  comparatively  short,  con- 
sisting of  three  bays  only,  with  probably — as  in  that  instance,  and  in  tiie 
vety  similar  one  of  Lichfield — a  procession  path  and  chapels  to  the  east 
of  it.  Later  on — in  the  14th  century — both  at  Wella  and  Glastonhuiy, 
the  canons  and  monks  alike  determined  to  enlarge  their  choirs  by 
extending  them  greatly  eastwards;  and  it  is  not  a  little  curious  and 
instructive,  in  this  connection,  to  note  how  the  two  communities  pro- 
ceeded. At  Glastonbury,  the  Benedictines  contented  themselves  with 
closely  imitating  the  forms  and  details  of  the  original  late  12th  centniy 
work,  adopting  single  lancet  lights  for  their  windows,  and  in  aU  reepeota 
assimilating  the  new  work  so  dosely  to  the  old,  that  only  the  trained  eye 
of  an  expert  can  detect  where  the  one  leaves  off  and  tiie  other  begins. 
The  old  system,  moreover,  was  reproduced  with  as  close  a  regard  to  proce- 
dent  as  were  the  general  architectural  forms  and  details ;  the  simple, 
unbroken  line  of  procession  path  and  chapela  being  repeated  with  the 
most  literal  exactness.  At  Wells,  a  diametrically  opposite  course  was 
pursued.  There,  everything  was  carried  out  on  the  most  elaborate 
system  ;  with  the  utmost  sumptuousness ;  aad  in  the  fullest  fashion  both 
of  plan  and  detail.  In  the  first  place,  the  original  choir  of  three  bays 
was  either  wholly  taken  down  or  recast,  excepting  only  the  three  pier 
arches  on  either  aide.  To  these,  other  three  were  added  eastwards,  which 
thus,  at  otico,  doubled  its  length  exactly.  But  it  is  beyond  this  work 
that^from  our  present,  point  of  view—the  chief  interest  of  the  design  is 
seen — tlie  moat  intricate  and  elaborate,  as  well  as  charming,  perhaps,  to 
be  found  in  any  English  church  whatever.  Somewhat  later  in  dato  than 
the  corresponding  work  at  Exeter  (at  any  rate,  the  earlier  part  of  it),  this 
at  Wella,  which,  to  some  ostent,  is  made  up  of  similar  parts,  nevertheless 
has  those  parts  differently  arranged,  and  brought  into  closer  and  more 
arti)!tic  combination.  At  Exeter,  the  transcptal  chapels,  or  aisle-transepts, 
it  will  he  remembered,  were  placed  midway  in  the  length  of  the  choir, 
and  so  separated  by  a  considerable  space  from  the  group  of  strictly  eastern 
chapels.  At  Wells,  on  the  contrary,  they  form  part  of  that  group,  being 
placed  in  a  line  immediately  east  of  the  choir,  to  the  eastern  gable  of 
which  they,  or  rather  the  procession  path  connecting  them,  open  by 
three  arches,  as  that  of  Exeter  does  by  two,  and  those  of  Hereford  and 
Chichester  by  one.  East  of  these  transeptal  chapels  are  two  othere,  one 
on  either  side,  in  line  with  the  aislea  of  the  choir  which  they  terminate  ; 
and  east  of  these  again,  centrally,  the  beautiful  octagonal  lady-chapel ;  Uie 
richly  vaulted  roofs  of  which,  and  of  the  retro-choir  in  their  midst,  form 
certainly,  with  the  supporting  pillars,  one  of  the  most  intricate  and 
picturesque  combinations  conceivable,  and  distinguish  the  eastern  end  of 
Wells  from  that  of  every  other  English  church,  whether  cathedral  or 
conventual. 

We  come  now  to  another  and  somewhat  different  arrangement  of  the 
eastern  ends  of  churches  of  this  type,  and  which,  like  all  those  heretofore 
noticed,  will  be  found  common  to  those  of  canons  and  monks  alik&  In 
the  whole  of  the  examples  just  paased  in  review,  the  central,  or  lady- 
chapel,  though  sometimes  of  greater  height,  as  well  as  breadth  and  length, 
than  the  rest,  has  always  been  strictly  euboidinated  to  the  choir  of  the 


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THB  CEtTTKCHEB  Of  AtJSTIN  OANOHS.  343 

church — an  adjunct  in  fact ;  and,  however  rich  or  dignified,  yet  only  a 
chapel — more  or  less  detached — and  nothing  else.  In  the  class  to  which 
I  now  come,  we  see  another  treatment.  The  centiftl  compartment, 
instead  of  fonniDg  an  appendage  to  the  choir,  of  inferior  elevation,  and 
separated  from  it  by  a  retro-choir,  or  procession  path)  or  both,  is  formed 
by  a  prolongation  of  the  lines  of  the  choir  itself,  and  corresponds  thereto 
in  respect  alike  of  height  and  breadth ;  the  aisles  only  being  stopped.  Of 
this  plan,  the  earliest  example,  I  think,  is  found  in  the  Benedictine 
church  of  Rochester,  where— tliough  the  south  transept  eventually  came 
to  be  asB^ned  to  the  lady-chapel — ^the  original  intention  of  placing  it  at 
the  east  end — just  an  in  nil  the  previous  instances — seems  perfectly  clear 
and  indisputable.  The  whole  fabric,  it  should  be  observed,  inclusive  of 
the  great  transept  eastwards,  is  a  piece  of  thirteenth  century  rebuilding, 
which,  as  in  other  casea,  was  commenced  at  the  eastern  ostremity,  about 
1204.  It  consisto  of  a  choir  —  plain,  heavy,  unattractive,  and  chiefly 
remarkable  for  having  its  aisles,  like  those  of  St.  Alban's— another  Bene- 
dictine church— separated  from  it,  not  by  arcades  as  usual,  but  by  walls 
of  solid  stone.  ^Eastwards  of  it  is  a  second,  or  choir  transept,  with  two 
chapels  on  each  side  ;  while  beyond  them  in  the  centre,  aud  extending 
two  bays  further  eastwards  is — what  undoubtedly  appears  to  have  been 
originally  designed  for — the  lady-chapel ;  continuous  with  the  choir  and 
inter -transept,  and  of  the  same  length,  breadth,  and  height  exactly  as  the 
choir  itself. 

Xext  to  Rochester,  but  incomparably  superior  to  it  in  all  respects, 
comes  the  nearly  contemporary  example  of  Beverley  minster — a  church 
of  secular  canon&  East  of  the  great  transept  the  ground  plans  of  the 
two  churches  are  very  similar.  Beyond  the  choir  of  four  bays  is  found 
— just  as  at  Rochester — an  eastern  transept  of  the  same  height,  with  two 
chapels  on  each  side,  and  beyond  these  again — what  I  suppKjse  must  once 
have  been — the  lady^diapel ;  of  exactly  the  same  breadth  and  height 
as  the  choir  itself,  but,  with  a  projection  of  one  bay  only  instead  of  two 
as  in  that  instance.  The  eastern  gable — one  of  the  most  strikingly 
beautiful  compositions  in  the  kingdom — is  filled  with  an  inserted  Perpen- 
dicular window  which,  so  far  as  the  space  admite,  may  fairly  be  said  to 
rival  that  of  York  in  mi^esty  ;  and,  like  it,  probably  served  not  only  to 
adorn  the  choir  generally,  of  which  it  formed  so  fitting  a  termination,  but 
primarily  and  more  immediately,  the  lady-chapel  in  which  it  stood.  It 
is  not  a  little  cnrions,  however,  to  know  that  this  arrangement,  at  once  so 
noble  and  appropriate,  was  not  the  original  one ;  for  conclusive  witness 
exists  in  the  fabric  itself  (see  York  vol,  p.  7),  that  at  the  very  first,  the 
church  was  designed  to  terminate  in  a  line  with  the  western  wall  of  the 
choir  transept — in  other  words,  at  the  end  of  the  choir  proper — but  that 
almost  immediately — perhaps,  indeed,  before  the  work  was  wall  com- 
pleted— the  existing  extension  took  place,  when  the  site  of  the  high 
altar  was  fixed  beneath  the  eastern  arch  of  the  crossing,  and  in  line 
with  the  arcades  which  separate  it  from  the  eastern  aisle  or  chapels — a 
situation  which  allowed  the  free  circulation  of  processions,  while  leaving 
the  lady-chapel  itself  uninfringed  upon. 

Two  other  illustrations  of  this  plan  may  suffice — those  of  Southwell 
and  Lichfield,  both  again,  churches  of  seculars.  The  whole  of  the  choii 
of  Southwell,  like  that  of  the  Benedictine  church  of  Rochester,  was  an 
enlarged  thirteenth  century  rebuilding  of  a  pi-eviously  existing  and  much 


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S44  THE  OEUBCHES  OP  AUSTIN  CANONS. 

simpler  NoQnan  one,  which  was  joined  on  to  a  lemaining  Norman  nave ; 
the  tzaompta,  which  at  Rocheeter  were  also  rebuilt,  being  at  Southwell 
left  ae  they  were.  The  work  is  all  of  one  period— advanced,  bat  pnre 
and  rich  Early  English  thiouj^out,  and  presente  consequently,  the  coni- 
(tlete  and  well-matured  tionception  of  a  single  mind.  On  plan  (see  Lin- 
odn  vol,  p.  314)  it  greatly  resembles  the  work  at  Exeter,  partly  com- 
bined with  that  at  Wells,  but  on  plan  onlv,  for  in  elevation  the  character 
of  the  central  compaitment  differe  entirely.  The  choir,  which  is  of  seven 
bays,  ban  the  first  oi  westernmost  on  either  side,  adjoining  the  piera  of 
the  central  tower,  solid,  the  six  eastern  ones  being  pierced  with  a  very 
rich  and  fine  arcade.  Opposite  the  eizth  bay  from  the  west  are  a  pair  of 
ehapels  forming  an  aisle-transept,  immediately  east  of  which  are  two 
otheia,  as  at  WeUs,  which  terminate  the  cUoir  aisles.  Beyond  these,  in 
uninterrupted  continuation  of  the  choir,  and  of  the  same  hei^t  and 
breadth  with  it  is — ^what  ajjain,  I  suppose  was  no  doubt  originally — the 
lady-chapel,  two  bays  in  length,  and  two  stories  in  hei^t ;  and  lighted 
towards  the  east  by  eight  lancets — four  in  each  storey.  At  what  precise 
point  the  high  altai  formerly  stood,  I  cannot  Bay,  having  no  memoranda 
on  the  subject,  but  analogy  would  clearly  point  to  one  in  a  line  either 
with  the  eastern  pier  of  the  fifth  bay,  i.e.,  immediately  west  of  the 
banseptal  aisle-chapels,  as  at  Exeter ;  or  to  one  a  bay  farther  east  still, 
leaving  a  proceeoion  path  behind  it^  and  west  of  the  lady-chapel,  as  at 
■  Beverley. 

At  Lichfield,  with  which  I  will  conclude  this  part  of  the  subject,  we 
have  the  finest  and  most  striking  illusttation  of  alL  Precisely  as  at 
Wells,  daring  the  early  part  of  the  fourteenth  century,  the  whole  of  the 
eariy  English  choii,  save  only  the  three  western  pier  arches  on  each  side, 
was  taken  down  and  sumptuously  rebuilt  of  twice  its  original  length.  East 
of  tiie  high  altar,  which  wsa  placed  in  line  with  the  easternmost  pillar  of 
the  sixth  bay,  was  the  letro-choir  of  two  bays  with  its  aisles,  the  latter 
terminating  in  chapek  ;  while  east  of  these  lay  the  beautiful  lady- 
chapel  of  three  bays,  continuing  in  unbroken  line  the  rich  and  splendid 
vaulting  of  tlte  choir,  and  terminating  gloriously  in  a  three«ided  apes — 
the  only  example  <A  Bocb  an  arrangement  to  be  found  ^in  any  English 
conventual  or  coUegiate  church  whatever.  Filled  as  ite  great  eastern 
vrindowB  now  are  with  the  msgnificent  ancient  ^ass  from  Heickenrode, 
the  long  vista  of  the  cboroh  which  they  terminate  so  grandly — espe- 
cially as  seen  from  tiie  north-western  angle  of  the  nave-^  one  of  such 
enobaating  loveliness  that  the  eye  can  scarce  tear  itself  away ;  and  in 
positive  beauty  ia,  perhaps,  quite  oneqaalled. 

Although  among  the  various  fashions  which  diitingniehed  the  choir 
and  dioir-chapel  airangeAenta  of  these  churches  of  smnks  and  canons, 
then,  there  is,  as  we  have  now  seen,  no  perceptible  diffannee  whateVOT ; 
that  is  to  say,  nothing  at  all  so  peculiar  to  thoee  of  either  dass  as  to  draw, 
even  to  the  most  observant  eye,  any  sort  of  demarcation  between  Uttm  ; 
there  yet  remain  for  comparison  other  featajes  in  which  some  characteristic 
points  of  difference  or  ol^ei  may  quite  possibly  be  held  to  exists  And 
first  of  all  as  to  transepts,  which  in  respect  of  use  and  position  alike, 
oloim  naturally  our  first  attention  after  the  choire  and  their  chapels.  The 
real  use  of  tiansepts,  it  may  not,  perhaps,  be  quite  unnecessary  to  state- 
especially  in  face  of  the  modem  professional  architect,  who,  apparently, 
quite  unconscious  of,  oi  indifferent  to  the  fact,  habitually  bf'lds  even 


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THS  CHimOHBS  OF  4USTIN  CANONS.  345 

viUage  chinches  with  such  appendages,  and  then  packs  them  ae  full  of 
puea  as  they  will  hold — was  that  of  chapels,  aggregate  or  sole ;  which 
wen  always,  and  wilhoat  exception,  furnished  with  one  or  more  altars 
according  to  size  and  ciicumstance.  Of  the  tme  tnmsept,  that  is  to  say, 
one  of  equal  height  with  the  main  building,  there  may  fae  said  to  be  four 
main  rarieties : — First,  that  which  coneieta  of  a  simple  rectanguUr  pro- 
jection on  either  side  the  crossing  ;  secondly,  that  which  has  one  or  more 
square,  01  apsidal  chapels  of  inferior  height  attached  to  it  on  either  side 
the  crossing  eastwards  j  thirdly,  that  which,  with  a  frequently  grater 
degree  of  projection,  has  a  aeries  of  chapels — two,,  three,  or  even  four  in 
number  in  similar  positions,  separated  from  it  by  an  arcade  and  assumiug 
generally  all  the  appearance  of  an  aixic  ;  and,  fouri^hly^tbe  most  perfect 
form  of  all,  viL  :— that  In  which  the  arcade  is  found  on  the  western,  as 
well  as  on  the  eastern  aids,  and  which  consequently  makes  the  transept 
aa  a  whole,  as  complete  and  symmetrical  throughout,  as  either  the  nave 
or  choir.  There  ate  also  four  positions  in  which  the  transept  is  found  : 
First,  a  central  one^-to  the  east  of  the  nave,  and  between  it  and  the  choir, 
and  commonly  known — where  there  is  a  second — on  account  of  its 
superior  size,  as  the  great  transept ;  and  above  which — where  there  is  one, 
as  usually  happens  in  cruciform  churches — is  placed  the  central  tower  ; 
secondly,  an  eastern  one — that  of  the  choir  transept — usually  in  a,  line  with 
the  east  end  of  the  choir,  and  separating  between  it  and  the  retro-choir, 
or  lady-chapel,  as  at  Salisbury  and  Worcester  j  thirdly,  an  extreme 
western  one,  with  a  west  central  tower,  as  at  Ely  and  Buiy  St.  Edmund's  i 
or,  with  a  screen  backed  by  a  pair  of  towers  and  lateral  eastern  chapels, 
as  at  Lincohi ;  or,  by  a  screen  with  towers  on  a  level  with  it,  and  set 
beyond  the  line  of  the  aisles,  as  at  Wells  ;  or,  by  towers  alone,  flanking  a 
bioad  (originally)  aisleless  nave,  as  at  Bipon  ;  and  fourtlily,  an  extreme 
eastern  one,  beyond  which  there  is  no  projection  whatever,  as  at  Durham 
and  Fountains  ;  though  this  last  arrangement  is  altogether  exceptional, 
being  confined,  bo  iar  as  I  know,  to  those  two  churches — BenedicUne  and 
Cistercian  respectively — alone.  And  there  are,  furilier,  four  ways  in 
which  these  transepts  are  applied : — First,  singly ;  in  a  more  or  less 
central  position— aa  usnal  in  dl  cruciform  diurches — as  at  old  St.  Paul's 
and  l!f orwich,  for  example ;  sometimes,  however,  nearly  at  the  east  end — 
a  fashion  much  affected  by  the  Cistercians — as  at  Buildwas,  Roche,  Sk.  ; 
or,  nearly  at  the  west  end,  as  in  the  remarkable  case  of  Kelso  ;  secondly, 
coupled  ;  that  is  to  say,  a  main  central  one  in  combination  with  an 
eastern,  or  choir  transept,  aa  at  York,  Beverley,  &c. ;  thirdly,  a  central, 
in  combination  with  a  western  one,  as  at  Ely  and  Peterborough  ;  and 
fourthly)  a  central  one  in  combination  with  both  an  eastern  and  western 
one^  as  at  Lincoln — the  only  instance,  I  think,  in  which  all  three  are 
found  united  in  the  same  buUding. 

Let  us  now,  therefore,  with  ihem  data  before  us,  see — as  we  hays 
already  done  with  respect  to  the  choirs  and  their  chapels — whether,  either 
in  the  character,  position,  or  combination  of  these  several  kinds  of  bsn- 
sept%  any  distinction  between  the  two  classes  of  churches  can  be  detected 
or  noi  And  to  this  end,  it  may  be  weU,  perhaps,  to  keep  to  the  order 
above  enumerated,  and  b^n  with  the  simplest  form  of  centjal  transept — 
that  which   forms  a  mere   rectangular  projection   on   ei^er  aide  the 


Most  noteworthy  among  the  examples  of  this  most  rodimestary  class — 

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346  TE|£  CHtTROHBB  0^  AUSTIN  CANOHS. 

oapecially  as  occurring  in  so  lai^e  and  dignified  a  chureli — is  that 
of  Worcester — Benedictine,  where  the  projection  of  the  main  transept 
is  little  more  than  half  the  square  of  the  nave — indeed,  just  ahont 
equal  to  the  breadth  of  the  aiales.  It  is,  probably,  the  most  relatively 
inaignificant  to  be  found  in  a  great  conventual  chuich  anywhere  ;  cer- 
tainly, at  present,  in  one  of  au^  rank  and  importance.  At  Bochestcr 
— also  Benedictine,  where,  however,  there  was  no  central  tower,  the 
original  transepts  were  of  an  almost  equally  small  and  undevelopeil 
kind,  though  in  an  opposite  direction,  for  while  projecting  furthor 
north  and  south,  they  were  much  narrower,  east  and  west,  being 
only  of  the  same  breadth  as  the  aisles.  At  Bath — itko  Benedictine, 
we  see,  and  that  moreover  in  the  very  latest  phase  of  sixteenth  century 
Gothic — 1500-3i — a  form  and  proportion  of  transept  which,  though  inter- 
mediate between  those  of  Worcester  and  Rochester,  being  an  exact  square 
of  the  aisle  — in  this  instance  of  somewhat  greater  proportionate  breadth — is 
quite  as  stunted  as  in  either  of  those  churches.  A  similar  instance  of  a 
dwarfed  transept  existed  originally  too  in  the  case  of  the  abbey,  now 
cathedral  church  of  Chester — also  Benedictine.  The  south  limb  was  rebuilt 
duiit^  the  fifteenth  century,  on  an  immense  scale^four  hays  in  length, 
and  with  east  and  west  ai^es — as  the  parish  church  of  St  Oswald,  but  the 
north  one  remains  of  the  original  size — very  small,  as  at  Worcester,  and  of 
little  more  projection  than  the  breadth,  or  square  of  the  nave  aisles.  In 
the  priory  church  of  Scarborough — Cistercian,  the  transept  is  much  better 
proportioned,  projecting  beyond  the  line  of  the  aialo  wails  by  the 
square  of  the  nave  itself.  At  Pershore  abbey  church — Benedictine,  the 
same  proportion  is  also  observed  ;  as  is  the  cose  in  the  great  Bene- 
dictine abbey  church  of  St.  Augustine,  Canterbury  ;  but  even  in  these 
three  last  instances,  the  dimensions,  as  compared  with  those  of  the  nave 
and  choir,  are  very  trivial  and  insignificant     And  thus  in  many  other 

Let  us  now  turn  to  the  churches  of  canons,  where,  as  might  be 
expected,  similar  examples  of  disproportionately  small  and  simple  tran- 
septs are  plentiful  enough,  though  possibly — as  regards  those  of  the 
highest  class — to  a  leas  extent,  and  in  a  less  degree.  At  Hereford 
— secular,  for  example,  there  seem  good  reasons  to  think  that  the 
north  transept,  before  its  magnificent  rebuilding  of  the  13th  century, 
was  as  aisleless  and  chapelless  as  that  to  the  south,  which  projects  by  just 
the  square  of  the  nave  beyond  the  line  of  the  aisle  walls  ;  and  the  same 
may  be  said  of  the  transept  of  Bristol— Augustinian,  where  the  , 
projection  is  somewhat  less,  and  where,  before  the  erection  of  the  lady- 
chapel  to  the  north,  there  would  seem  to  have  been  no  eastern  chapels  at 
alL  St  John's,  Chester — also  secular,  hod  apparently,  transepts  of  much 
the  same  character  as  those  at  Bristol ;  while  at  St  Bartholomew  the 
Qreat,  London — Austin  canons,  the  transept,  though  perfectly  simple,  was 
much  larger,  being  considerably  more  than  the  square  of  the  nave  in  pro- 
jection, north  and  south.  The  extremest  case  of  all,  perhaps,  among  the 
more  important  class  of  canons'  churehes,  is  to  be  found  at  Worksop, 
where  the  transept,  though  of  much  less  projection  than  the  square  of  the 
nave,  is  yet  much  greater  than  that  of  the  aisle  as  at  Worcester — being 
just  about  half-way  between  the  two. 

We  come  now^for  the  further  multiplication  of  examples  would  be 
useless — to  the  next  das^^that  in  which  the  transept  has  one  or  more 


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TBE  CHUBCHBB  OF  AUSTDT  OAITONB.  347 

cliapels  of  inferior  elevation  attached  to  its  eastern  aides.  And  liere  again, 
we  shall  find  that  the  system  is  equally  common  to  both  classes  of  churches. 
Among  those  of  the  Benedictines,  the  most  remaikable,  probably,  as 
regards  its  abnormally  dwarfed  dimensions  is  that  of  the  great  metropolitan 
church  of  Canterbury,  where,  notwithstanding  enormous  development  in 
other  directions — length,  breadth,  and  height — the  transept  has  only  the 
primitive  dimensions  given  to  it  by  Lanfranc,  projecting  beyond  the  aisles 
by  very  little  more  than  the  breadth  of  the  aislea  tbemselvea.  80  ehollow 
aire  they  indeed,  that  the  two  later  chapels  of  our  Lady  and  St.  Michael 
which  have  superseded  the  original  and  smaller  apaidal  ones,  are  skewed 
outwards  to  such  an  extent  as  to  project  further  north  and  south  than  the 
ends  of  the  transept  itself  ;  and  thus  it  happens  that  here,  at  Canterbuiy, 
what  is  technically  the  great  transept,  is  very  considerably  less  than  even 
the  small,  or  choir-transept  At  Gloucester — also  Benedictine,  the  pro- 
portion, though  very  nearly  the  same,  is  somewhat  bolder  ;  but  stiU,  the 
single  small  chapel  on  either  side,  occupies  the  entire  space  between  the 
choir  aisle  and.  the  transept  front  Tory  similar  to  it  ia  the  transept  of 
Tewkesbury  abbey  church — a  building  of  the  same  class  as  Gloucester, 
and  bearing  a  very  strong  resemblance  to  it  in  other  respects — where  one 
of  the  two  original  deep  apsidal  chapels  still  remains  perfect  At  Lindis- 
fame  priory  church — Benedictine  again,  there  iR  a  similar  arrangement,  but 
with,  if  I  remember  rightly,  a  still  bolder  projecdon  of  the  transept. 
At  Norwich — another  Beaedictine  church,  where  the  same  plan  is 
followed,  the  development  of  projection  is  very  marked  indeed,  being 
eqnal,  not  merely  to  the  breadth  of  the  nave  and  one  of  its  aisles,  but  of 
the  massive  dividing  wall  as  welL 

.  Turning  to  the  canons'  churches,  similar  examples  may  be  found  in  that 
of  Carlisle — Augustinian,  where  the  transept,  with  originally  a  single 
chapel  on  each  side,  is  very  similar  in  proportion  to  those  at  Gloucester 
and  Tewkesbury :  8t  David's — secular,  where  the  transept,  exactly 
equal  in  projection  to  the  square  of  the  nave,  has  the  chapels  not 
set  centrally,  but  in  a  line  with  the  outer  walls  ;  and  Southwell  minster — 
also  secular,  where  the  projection  is  somewhat  greater,  but  where  the 
two  original  chapels  have  long  since  been  destroyed.  At  Exetet — 
secular,  the  transepts  are  formed — uniquely 'in  England— by  the  two 
towers,  which — in  their  lower  part  of  Horman  construction,  and  of  exactly 
the  same  square  as  the  nave — have  each  a  Decorated  chapel  of  the  same 
date  as  the  rest  of  the  church,  attached  to  their  eastern  sides.  At 
Chichester — also  secular,  and  where  the  work  is  also  Norman,  the 
transept — like  that  of  Norwich — is  of  much  greater  projection  than  the 
square  of  the  nave,  and  had  originally,  as  in  that  instance,  an  apsidal 
chapel  on  each  side,  though  set,  not  as  these,  centrally,  but  towards  the 
extremiries,  as  at  St.  David's.  And  so  too,  doubtless,  witii  veiy  many 
other  examples  of  either  class. 

Of  transepts  with  double  apsidal  chapels  on  either  side  the  crossing,  the 
examples  are,  and  always  were,  I  think,  very  rare.  Indeed  among  existing 
Ei^tish  instances,  I  can  only  call  to  mind  two  such,  vtz : — those  tit 
Canterbury  and  Lincoln — Benedictine  and  secular  respectively  ;  and  in 
each  case  it  is  the  eastern,  or  choir-transept  to  which  the  chapels  are 
attached.  ■  Both  are  of  about  the  same  date — 1178,  and  1180 — 
but  at  Canterbury,  both  transept  and  chapels  are  alterations  by  William  of 
Sena  and  William  the  Englishman,  of  the  earlier  work-  of  Emulf ;  while 


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34B  THB  OHUBOHES  OF  AITBTZN  CASOSB, 

at  linooln,  both  fona  port  of  the  ongiiud  oooHtiaBtion  of  St.  Hngfa.  St. 
Alban's  abbey  cbnroh —Benedictine,  had  originally,  howevet,  two  such 
chapels  oa  eithet  side  the  great  transept ;  and  so  Jiad  St.  Martin's  prior; 
church,  Dover,  which  though  canverted  eventuaUy  through  the  bitter 
hostility  of  the  monks  of  Christchurch,  Canterbury,  into  one  of  Base- 
dictinee,  was  bnil^  or  in  great  part  buil^  in  the  first  instance,  by  an^- 
Inshop  William  de  Corbeuil,  as  a  cbunh  of  Austin  oanonsj  but  Uie 
chapUB  of  the  one,  and  the  entire  church  of  the  other  are  now  destroyed. 
A  peculiar,  and  so  far  as  I  can  recollect,  solitary  example  existfl  of  a 
cQiious  compound  anangement  of  chapda — square,  however,  and  not 
apsidal— and  ^lat  is  at  Glastonbury — Benedictine,  where  the  tnuiaept  in 
addition  to  its  eastern  aisle  has  also  two  distinct  and  sepaiate  ohapds  to 
east  of  that  again.  It  seems  just  possible  therefore,  that  here,  after  all,  we 
have  come  across  a  Benedictine  plan  whieh  difEera  altc^ther  from  any- 
thing to  be  foand  in  the  churches  of  canons,  though,  as  I  have  before 
pointed  out — that  is  one  thing;  while  constantly  finding  featujea  in 
chuTchee  of  canons  which  cause  them  to  differ  altogether,  as  allied,  from 
those  of  monts — is  qoite  another. 

We  come  now  to  the  class  of  transepts  having  their  eastern  chapels  <hi 
the  usual  oiele  system — two,  three,  or  even  fonr  on  a  side,  though  the  last 
number  is,  of  coarse,  very  exceptional  indeed.  Among  the  churches  whose 
transepts  have  two  such  eastern  chapels  may  be  reckoned  those  of  Lichfield 
and  Bipon — secular  ;  Whitby — Benedictine  ;  Eglaston  and  Torr&~ 
Piemonsbatensian ;  Byland,  Boche,  Bievaulx  and  Jervaubc — Cistercian ; 
and  Brinkbum,  Eirkham,  Hexham  and  Bolton — Augustinian.  Among 
dioee  with  three  are  Salisbury  and  Lincoln — secular ;  Pet«tboiough  and 
Durham — Benedictine ;  and  Easby — PrranOnstratensian  ;  and  the  same  is, 
or  rather  was,  the  case,  probably,  with  very  many  others  of  both  classes. 

Of  churcboB  whose  transept  had  four  chapels  on  each  side  the  crossing, 
the  only  example  I  know  of,  and,  most  likdy,  the  cmly  one  in  England 
at  all,  was  that  of  old  Bb  Paul's,  to  which  I  shall  have  occasion  to  revert 
by-and-bye.  In  extent  and  splendour,  it  was  certainly  without  a  rival 
anywhere  in  other  respects  ;  and,  as  I  am  inclined  to  think,  in  thia  alsoL 

As  to  the  last,  and  most  perfect  form  of  transept — that  which  possesaee 
western,  as  well  as  easteni  aisles,  the  number  is  naturally  limited,  for  it 
usually  occuiB  only  in  churches  of  the  highest  class,  and  very  rarely  even 
in  them.  And  it  is  observable  that,  though — like  the  other  kindih— it  is 
found  both  in  those  of  monks  and  canons,  the  lai^t  proportion  beloDga 
to  the  churches  of  the  Utter,  whether  regulars  or  seculars,  Winchester 
and  Ely  are  the  only  two  Benedictine  churches  which  possess  this  feature 
perfectly  developed ;  and  Byland,  the  only  Cistercian  one ;  for  Westmin- 
ster, though  planned  with  a  double  aisled  transept,  has  the  west  aisle  of 
its  southern  limb  absorbed  by  the  cloister.  As  to  the  churches  of  the 
remaining  orders  of  monks,  not  a  sin^e  one,  I  believe,  is  so  distinguished. 
Against  these  three  monastic  examples,  however,  we  have  no  fewer  than 
five  to  set  from  smoi^  the  churches  of  canons,  viz. :  tiiose  of  old  St 
Paul's,  York,  Beverley,  Oxford,  and  Wells,  of  which — ^beyond  all  com- 
parison— that  of  old  Si  Paul's  stands  out  pre-eminent  No  Benedictine 
chuich  in  the  world,  I  suppose — using  the  term  even  in  its  most  com- 
prehensive sense — bad  snything  at  all  comparable  to  it.  Indeed  the 
dimensions  of  this  great  tiuisept  alone,  equalled,  if  they  did  not  snipass 
those  of  an  entire  monastic  church  of  the  first  chus,  being  no  leas  than 


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THK  OmjBCHAS  OF  AITSIIK  CANONS.  349 

UuM  hnndied  feet  in  length,  b;  a  handled  feet  in  bnadth,  and  a 
hoodred  and  two  feet  in  height  to  the  point  of  the  vaulting— which, 
unlike  that  of  Tork,  was  of  stone,  not  wood. 

It  is  olear,  therefore,  that  in  every  variety  of  transept,  and  transept- 
chapel  planning — juat  as  in  every  variety  of  choir,  and  choir^hapel 
planning — the  aome  forms  were  adopted  by  canons  and  monks  in- 
difieieotly :  and,  if  the  Glastonbury  plan  happen  to  differ — as  perbapa  it 
may — iiom  any  to  be  found  in  a  canons'  chorch,  it  differe  just  as  com- 
pletely fiom  any  in  the  churches  of  the  Benedictines  themselves,  and  of 
other  monks,  elsewhere ;  while  as  to  the  great  transept  of  Bt.  Paul's,  the 
difference  is  one,  not  of  kind,  but  of  degree. 

Tnni  we  now  to  a  comparative  view  of  the  several  positions  of 


That  of  the  main,  or  central  one,  need  not,  of  conne,  detain  us,  for 
it  is  oonunon  to  all  kinds  of  cruciform  churches,  everywhere.  Very  few, 
however,  possess  the  distinguishing  feature  of  a  choir-ttansept,  i.e,  one  of 
equal  height  to  the  choir  iteelf,  and  not  a  mere  lateral  projection  of  the 
aislaa.  Bat,  rare  as  it  is,  it  is  found  in  both  classes  of  churches,  and 
nearly  equally  in  both :  though,  as  with  the  double-aisled  transept,  more 
frequently  among  those  of  the  canons  than  of  the  monks.  Oat  of  a  total 
of  seven  examples,  three  occur  in  Benedictine  chun:hes,  viz. :  those  of 
Canterbury,  Bochestei,  and  Worcester;  and  four  in  those  of  seculan, 
viz. :  York,  Beverley,  Lincoln,  and  Salisbury. 

The  extreme  western  transept — also  of  rare  occurrence — will  also  be 
found  no  more  a  special  feature  than  the  choir  transept.  The  earliest 
instance  of  it  probably— though  now  much  altered  and  enlarged — is 
that  of  Lincoln — secular ;  after  which,  perhaps,  came  that  of  Bury  St, 
Edmund's — Benedictine;  then  Ely — also  Benedictine;  after,  or  partly, 
perhaps,  contemporary  witli  which,  is  that  of  Wells — secular ;  then 
Bipon — also  secular  ;  and  last  of  all,  Feterboiough — Benedictine  ;  but 
even  this  is  of  pure  early  English  work,  ofter  which  period  the  fashion 
would  seem  to  have  dropped. 

The  extreme  eastern  transept  ia  found,  as  I  liave  said,  at  Durham — 
Benedictine,  and  Fountains— ^Ciatercion,  only ;  both  of  which  are  of  the 
same  period — the  ISth  century — and  both  alterations  and  extensions  of 
earlier  and  quite  different  plans;  that  of  Durham  being  originally  an 
apse — whether  with  a  surrounding  aisle  or  not  is  uncertain — and  tlut  of 
Fountains,  the  usual  Cistercian  one  east  of  the  crossing,  which  was  com- 
pletely swept  away  to  make  room  for  the  long  aisled  choir  aud  eastern 
chapel  of  the  Kine  Altars  which  now  occupy  its  place.  Like  the  tran- 
sept at  Glastonbury,  they  may,  I  think  be  regarded  as  altogether  excep- 
tional.   "  Naught  but  themselves  can  be  their  paralleL" 

It  remains  now  only  to  take  account  of  the  several  combinations  of 
these  various  kinds  of  transept  as  they  occur  in  the  same  building. 

Of  the  central  transept  in  connection  with  an  easteni,  or  choir  tran- 
sept, there  are,  as  we  have  already  seen,  but  seven  examples ;  for  in  all 
the  seven  where  the  latter  occurs,  there  is  a  central  one  as  well ;  and,  as 
we  have  further  seen,  they  are  common  to  Benedictines  and  seculars  alike. 

Of  central  transepts  in  connection  with  western  ones,  we  have  also 
noted  the  examples ;  for  wherever  the  latter  occur,  it  is  equally  also  in 
connection  with  a  central  transept ;  and  that  plan  too,  as  we  have  further 
seen,  is  common  to  churches  bolii  of  monks  and  canons. 

The  only  example  of  all  three  occuning  in  the  same  building  is,  as  I 
TOL.XLn  2y     ,,,,,,  I 


360  THE  CHUBCHS8  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS. 

hare  before  atated,  to  be  Been  at  Lincoln— a  cbnich  of  secular  canons, 
pre-emiiient  for  size  and  Bplendoui ;  and  exceeding  in  this  particalar,  as 
in  most  others — not  excepting  such  as  ore  tbought  to  be  more  specially 
characteristic  of  tboae  of  monks — ever;  Benedictine  chuicli  thioughont 
the  kingdom. 

And  now,  having  disposed  of  the  subject  of  transepts  and  their  "hi*!"!", 
there  seems  only  that  of  towers  left  open  for  inveatigation. 

That  the  simple  central  tower  alone  was  usuall;  adopted  in  all  the 
emoUer  and  less  important  churches  of  both  classes  without  distinction, 
may  be  shown  condusiYely  by  innumerable  examples ;  and  such  was  the 
case  also,  in  some  of  the  highest  rank  and  dignity.  Thus,  among  those 
of  the  seculaie,  it  ia  found  singly  at  Salisbury,  St.  Andrew's,  St.  David's, 
and  Kirkwall  cathedrals  ;  among  those  of  the  Benedictines,  at  iNorwich, 
Worcester,  Sherborne,  Rochester,  Tewkesbury,  Bath,  and  Gloucester; 
among  those  of  the  Augustinions,  at  Carlisle,  Oxford,  Jedburgh,  and  St. 
Saviour's,  Southwark  ;  and  among  those  of  the  Cistercians  at  Byland,  at 
Eiovaulx,  Jervaulx,  Tintem,  Eirkstall,  Fumess,  and  almost  all  others — 
Scarborough  alone  of  their  number,  I  think,  having  had  two  western 
ones  in  addition,  and.  Fountains,  one— very  late — at  ttie  extoemlty  of  the 
north  transept. 

The  very  peculiar  and  interesting  fashion  of  two  towei^  one  central, 
the  other  weetem,  will  also  be  fonnd  common  to  the  churdiea  of  monks 
and  canons,  equally. 

Cbiefest  smong  them  is  that  of  Ely, — Benedictine,  though  ita  great 
central  octagon — only  of  wood — can,  perhaps,  strictly  speaking,  hardly 
be  called  a  tower  at  all.  Hereford — secular,  formerly  also  possessed 
a  western  tower — a  fourteenth  century  afterthought  and  addition 
— not  square  as  usual,  but,  like  that  of  Bath,  broodei  than  long  ; 
being  contrived  in  a  makeshift  way  across  the  western  bay  of  the  Ifor- 
roan  nave— which  waa  never  designed  to  carry  such  a  feature,  Shrews- 
bury abbey  church — Benedictine,  unlike  Hereford,  has  preserved  its 
western,  or  parochial  tower,  while  it  has  lost  its  central,  or  monastic  one 
— destroyed,  together  with  all  the  eastern  part  of  the  church  at  the 
euppressioa  At  Wymondhsm — Benedictine,  and  a  well-knowh  example, 
both  towers,  one  square,  the  other  octagonal,  are  still  fortunat«ly  stand- 
ing. Christchurch-Twineham,  and  Bolton  priory  churches — Augus- 
tiiiian,  had  also,  perhaps,  both  central  and  weetem  towers ;  though  tbe 
central  one  at  Christchurch  has  disappeared,  and  the  western  one  at  Bolton 
was  never  completed.  A  singularly  interesting  and  effective  instance  of 
this  arrangement  is  that  at  Wimbome  Minster — secular,  where  the  two 
towers,  one  Norman,  and  the  other  Perpendicular — admirably  propor- 
tioned to  each  other  and  to  the  church — are  both  perfectly  preserved ; 
and  another  also  existed  at  Lewes — Clunisc. 

But  besides  the  above-mentioned  examples,  which  are  all  eymmetri- 
cally  planned,  there  is,  or  rather  was,  a  curious  instance  of  the  use  of  a 
centrd  and  a  western  tower  at  Glasgow — secular;  where  the  weetem 
one  was  not  in  a  line  with  the  nave,  but  stood  almost  detached,  at  the 
west  end  of  the  north  aisle.  The  history  is  not  a  little  curious-~and,  in 
a  reeturalional  way,  inatruotive.  The  tower  referred  to  waa  of  two  dates ; 
the  lower  port  belonging  to  the  thirteenth,  the  upper  to  the  fifteenth  or 
sixteenth  centuries.  A  corresponding  tower  at  the  end  of  the  south  aisle, 
though  commenced  was,  it  would  seem,  I^ft  pesmanently  unfinished,  and 


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THS  CHtmCHBS  OF  AUSTIN  CASOSS.  S51 

in  pioceas  ol  time  waa  converted  into  a  dwelling-house.  This,  during  a 
fit  of  public  "  taste  "  was  swept  away  as  an  unsightly  excrescence ;  and 
then,  the  other  tower — which  leaa  finished — fallowed  suit  as  being 
unsifmmetrical  /  In  Himilarly  all  but  detached  positions,- however,  to 
that  of  the  completed  tower  at  Glasgow,  are  those  of  Brechin  and 
Dtinkeld,  where  corresponding  eonth-westem  ones  certainly  never 
existed,  even  in  commencement ;  hut  whether  those  churches  ever  had 
central  towers  or  not,  I  cannot  recollect  sufficiently  well  to  say,  not  have 
I,  at  present,  any  plans  of  them  to  refer  to.  But  at  least  two  carious 
instances  of  the  same  arrangement  seem  to  have  obtained  in  England  in 
churches  where  there  were  certainly  central  towers,  viz.: — those  of 
Leominster  and  Dunstable;  again — curiously  enough — Benedictine  and 
Augustinian,  respectively.  In  both  cases  the  western  towers  are  at  the 
north-west  extremity  of  the  north  aisle,  and,  unlike  the  Scottish  examples, 
engaged,  having  their  western  faces  level  with  the  west  fronts.  The 
explanation  of  their  existence  would  seem  to  he  that  they  formed  the 
parish  steeples^-for  both  churches  were  parochial  as  well  as  monastic — 
and  have  thus  been  preserved ;  while  the  central,  or  monastic  steeples 
perished,  along  with  those  parts  of  the  churches  to  which  they  were 
attached,  at  the  Dissolution. 

There  remains  for  na  now,  I  think,  only  the  three-towered  plan  to  take 
accmtnt  of  in  conclusion — if  indeed,  in  the  face  of  so  many  well-known 
examples,  it  be  at  all  necessary  to' show  that  it  was  followed  indifTerently 
in  the  chief  churches  of  all  oiders,  those  of  Cistercians,  Carthusians,  and 
Mendicants  only  excepted.  It  may  he  observed,  however — since  it  is 
hardly  possible  to  leave  so  important  a  section  of  buildings  as  those 
where  it  obtains  entirely  unnoticed — that  it  is  found,  among  others,  in 
those  of  the  Benedictines  at  Canterbury,  Durham,  Cheater,  and  originally, 
at  Winchester  and  St  AJban's.-  At  Peterborough,  too,  it  would  aeem  to 
have  been  at  least  designed,  after  a  fashion,  but  only  the  central,  and  one 
of  the  western  towers — such  as  they  are — were  ever  completed.  In  the 
chuichee  of  seculars,  we  see  it  more  abundantly  represented  at  Wells, 
Chicheater,  Lincoln,  Lichfield,  York,  Ripon,  Sonthwell,  Elgin,  Aberdeen, 
St.  John's,  Cheater,  and  originally,  perhaps,  at  old  St.  Paul's.  Among 
those  of'the  Cluniacs,  at  Castle  Acre.  Among  those  of  the  Qilbertines, 
at  Kolton.  Among  those  of  the  TironeiuianB,  at  Abberbrothoc ;  and 
among  those  of  the  Augostimans,  at  Bristol,  originally,  Guisborough, 
Bridlington,  Worksop,  St.  German's,  Thorgarton,  and  the  royal  abbey 
church  of  Holyrood,  Edinburgh.  In  the  churches  of  monks,  and  in  those 
of  canons,  in  ^ort,  it  was  adopted  equally  and  without  distinction. 

Thus  then,  so  far  as  I  can  tell,  we  have  exhausted  every  single 
point  in  which  it  is  possible  to  institute  a  comparison  between  tiie 
two  classes  of  churches — and,  as  we  have  seen,  nothing  peculiar  to  either 
has  been  discoverable  anywhera  One  point  of  diflerence  only,  it  will  be 
remembered,  has  actually  been  specified  among  the  many  suggested,  and 
that  is  that  the  naves  of  the  canons'  churches  are  either  aialeless  or  have 
only  a  single  aisle — peculiarities  which,  as  alleged,  cause  them  to  difTer 
altogether  from  those  of  the  tnonka. — "  The  church  of  a  house  of  canons 
has  peculiarities  which  difTer  altogether  from  those  which  we  find  in  the 
cbnrehes  of  any  of  the  monastic  orders.  One  of  the  commonest,  and  nt 
first  sight  most  nnaccountehle,  of  these  is  that  the  nave  has  only  one 
aide."    .    .    .     .    "  The  canons  took  the  oructform    .     .    .     type  of 


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S52         TBE  CHDBCHB8  OF  AUBTIN  CAK0N6. 

parish  church    .     .     .     and  glorified  it  by  making  it  leigei    .     .     .     ■ 
but  still  keeping;  its  characteristic  wont  of  aielee." 

That  many  of  the  churches  of  the  Austin  canons  had  aisleleBS,  or  only 
one  aisled  naves  is,  no  doubt,  perfectly  ^e ;  and  the  foct  is  one  which  I 
am  not  in  the  least  concerned  to  deny.  What  I  am  concerned  in  deny- 
ing, and  what,  in  answer  to  the  second  of  the  five  propositions  before  me 
I  have  undertaken  more  patticulatly  to  refute  is  that,  thiB  circumstance — - 
for  "  peculiarity,"  strictly  speaking,  it  certainly  is  not — causes  them  to 
difier  altogether,  as  alleged,  from  those  of  any  of  the  monastic  orders. 
And  this  I  now  proceed  to  do  by  appending  an  account  of  no  fewer  than 
one  hundred  and  thirteen  examples  of  Benedictine,  and  other  churches 
of  monks,  in  which  the  same  "  peculiarities "  are  found.  Xot  that 
even  this  represents  the  full  number,  far  from  it  : — that,  of  oontee, 
could  only  be  readied  by  the  careful  personal  examination  of  an  untold 
number  of  obscure  ruins  scattered  broadcast  over  the  country,  and  accom- 
panied in  many  cases  by  digging — but  only  of  such  as  I  have  been  able  to 
collect  evidence  about,  either  by  means  of  books  or  epistolary  corree- 
pondence,  leaving  an  immense  proporiiion  positively  untouched.  !Jo  far 
as  they  go,  however— and  they  go  quite  fat  enough  for  my  pui 
theee  in&tances  may  be  seen  as  foUows  iu  : — 


BENEDICTINE,  AND  OTHER  CHURCHES  OF  MONKS  HAVING 
AISLELESS,  OE  ONE  AISLED,  NAVES  ONLY. 

Abxboatbnhy  Alixm  Priory  Church,  MoNHOtrraBHiRE  :  Betiedio- 
tine. — This  priory  was  a  cell  to  the  monastery  of  St.  Vincent  at  Mans. 
The  church  consists  of  a  choir  with  north  and  south  aisles,  transept, 
central  tower,  and  nave  with  a  north  aisle  only. 

AliDBBT  pRiORT  Chuboh,  Norfolk  :  Benedictine. — Aldeby  was  one  of 
the  cells  of  the  cathedral  priory  of  Norwich.  The  church  is  an  irregular 
cruciform  building  with  a  central  tower.  It  consists  of  an  aisleless 
chancel,  and  an  attached  chapei  of  the  same  length,  which  is  prolonged 
as  far  as  the  west  side  of  the  tower  southwards ;  an  aisleless  north 
transept,  and  a  long  aisleless  nave  with  a  north  porch.  View,  plan,  and 
historical  account,  published,  and  kindly  forwarded  by  the  vicar,  the 
Eev.  J.  Gillett 

AuBBtTRT  AsBir  Churob,  VfwraBnm :  BeMdidine. — ^A  large,  and 
originally,  entirely  aisleless  cruciform  church  with  a  low  central  tower, 
the  spire  of  which  was  deabnyed  in  IMO.  It  oanaists  of  an  aislelese 
chancel,  transept,  and  nave  wiUi  a  late  south  siale  only.  Journal  of  the 
British  Atcheological  Association,  xzzviJ,  164^. 

Andwbll  Aurh  PBiOHr  Csuboh,  Haupsbire  :  TVronenmun. — Andwell 
was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Tyrone.  The  church  is  a  simple  aisleless 
parallelogiam,  occupying  the  north  aide  of  the  cloister  quadrangle. 
Are/ueological  Journal,  ix,  246,  note. 

Arthinoton  Priory  Chubou  of  Nuns,  Yobrs.  :  Olttnitie. — A  simple 
aisleless  parallelogram,  sixty  feet  long  by  twenty-four  feet  wida     "  The 


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TBE  CHDKCBBS  OF  AUSTIN  CASOHS.  353 

churche,  Ix  ffixite  long  and  xxii^  foote  wyde,  wheiof  the  chaimcelle 
xiiiij  tfoote  and  lyke  brodo,  w'  tixa  high  alter  and  viij  atoolys  to  ayt 
upon.  Item  at  the  high  alter  one  glasse  wyndow  conteyoing  xl  fibote  of 
glosse,  and  ^'  other  wyndows  at  the  southe  syde  cantcyniiig  xxx  ffoote  of 
glasse,  and  a  wyndow  at  ^le  north  syde  conteyning  vj  fEbotc  of  glaaac. 

"  Item  the  quere  xxxvj  ffooto  longe  and  xxiiij  ffoote  brode,  w'  xviij  olde 
stallee  of  woode  for  nonnes,  iij  wyndowee  conteyning  xxiiij  ffoote  of  glasse, 
and  a  roode  lofte  of  tymbre. 

"  Item  alle  the  churche  and  chauncelle  seylcd  above  w>  hordes,  and  the 
wallea  of  lyme  and  stone  xviij  foole  depe,  and  a  stepuUe  of  bordca." 
Survey,  temp.  Hen.  Vlir,  Public  Record  Office  ;  copied,  together  witli 
eleven  other  aimilar  eutriea  relating  to  Yorkshire  honaes,  and  kindly  com- 
municated by  W.  Blown,  Esq.,  Amcliffe  Hall,  Yorks. 

Aam^Y  Alien  Priory  Church,  Worobstbrbhirk  :  Benedictine. — This 
priory  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  St  Taurinus  at  Ebroix.  AsUey  clmrch 
consists  of  an  aisleless  chancel,  and  nave  with  a  north  aisle  only.  Letter 
of  the  Rev.  H.  W.  Crocket,  rector. 

Aysbubt  Aukk  Priory  Cbuhcb,  WiLiHHiitg :  BenedMine. — Avebury 
was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  St  George  at  Bocheiville  in  Normandy. 
Originally,  this  church  would  seem  to  have  consisted  of  an  aisleless 
Saxon  nave,  to  whioh,  some  little  time  after  the  foundation  of  the 
priory,  a  Norman  aisle  was  added  towards  the  north.  Later  atill,  another 
aisle  was  added  towards  the  south.  The  Saxon  chancel  which,  like  the 
nave,  waa  aisleleaa,  waa  renewed  early  in  the  sixteenth  century.  X-etter, 
with  sketchea,  of  the  Rev.  Bryan  King,  vicar. 

Babdsbt  Abbey  Church,  Carnarvonshirs  :  Benedictine, — Apparently 
an  aisleless  paiallelogram.  Pennant  says  : — "  Not  far  from  the  abbot's 
house  is  a  singular  chapel  or  oratory,  being  a  long  arched  edifice  with  an 
insulated  stone  altar  at  the  east  end." 

Barrow  Gurnsy  Prioby  Ceubob  of  Numb,  SoitBBBBmBiRB :  Bme- 
dietine.—Tbis  churoh,  of  which  the  chancel  is  destroyed,  consists  of  a 
nave,  with  a  single  aisle  to  the  south,  which  formed  the  conventual 
chapel  of  the  adjacent  nunnery,  and  a  western  tower.  Letter,  wiUi 
sketch  ground  plwo,  of  the  Rev.  A.  Wadmore,  vicar. 

Baybhalb  Priory  CHtntcH  of  Nu»a,  Yorkshirb  :  OitUrdan. — A  simple 
aisleleas  parallelogram ; — "  The  churche  conteynith  in  length  Ixvj  ffoote 
and  in  bradith  xx  ffoote,  w*  a  low  roofe  conereyd  w*  leade,  and  zii^  liUe 
glasse  wyndowes  conteyning  by  estyntacion — ^ffoote  of  ^asae,  goode  ^dles, 
the  hi^  alter,  ^  alters  in  the  quire,  and  cme  bBnetiie,"  Ac.  Surreyi 
temp.  Hen.  VIII.,  P.R.O. 

Bbauly  Priory  Cbubch,  Robsbisb  :  Cidereian. — An  entirely  aisleless 
church,  of  very  remarkable  character  and  plan.  Though  asBuming  the 
form  of  a  long  latin  crona  on  the  exterior,  it  ia  practically,  inside,  a  ample 
parallelogram,  a  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  length,  by  twenty  four  in 
breadth,  without  any  kind  of  structural  break  whatever  ;  the  two  transept- 
like  projections  beii^  cutoff  by  solid  walls,  and  entered  only  by  doorways. 


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354         THE  CHUBCHES  OF  AUStN  CASOKS. 

Thongh  aimple,  the  architectaie  of  the  eaatem  part,  which  has  been 
rebuilt,  and  is  by  far  the  finest  part  of  the  buildings  is  Temarkably  bold, 
original,  and  good.    Spring  Oardena  Sketch  Book,  it,  Plates  63-7. 

St.  Bffli'8  PuoBT  CairftoH  op  Nuns,  Cdkbbblamd  :  BsTtedietine. — 
Originally,  an  aialeless  cnicifonn  church,  to  the  nave  of  which  north  and 
soutii  aisles  wen  added  at  a  later  period.  Letter  of  the  Rev.  H  H. 
KnowleB,  principal  of  St  Bee'a  coUege. 

S.  BxNffi  AT  Holme  Abbkt  Cbuboh,  Nobfolk  *.  BenedicHne. — Of  this 
large  and  impoitant  church — as  the  mitred  abbot  of  which,  the  bishop  of 
ITorwicb  still  sits  in  the  House  of  Lords — the  eastern  parts,  which  wore 
extensiTB  and  very  irregular,  are  now  almost  totally  destroyed.  The  north 
transept  was  aialeless  ;  and  thera  was  also  a  long  and  entirely  aisleless 
nave.  Jottmal  of  the  British  Archsological  Association,  zxzvi,  1 6,  and  plan. 

BoxoROTB  Alien  Priobt  Causes,  SussBx :  Bmedictine. — This  church, 
which  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  L'Eesay,  is  peculiar  in  having  above  half 
of  the  north  side  of  its  nave — not  the  whole  of  it — aialeless  ;  the  cloister, 
as  usual,  occupying  the  suppressed  aisle  space.  Originally,  it  was  in  ell 
piobabihty,  wholly  aisleless  on  that  side  ;  the  western  rart  where  the 
aisle  exists,  as  also  a  considerable  part  of  the  wall  eastwards  where  it  does 
not,  being  of  much  later  character  than  the  crossing  and  the  parts  imme- 
diately adjacent    Chichester  vol.,  where  see  plan,  ftc. 

BrOhholm  Psioby  Chuboh,  Nobfols  :  dimiae. — According  to  the 
plan  given  by  Harrod  ("  Qadlet  and  (hnvents  of  Norfdk  "),  Bromholm 
abbey  church  consisted  of  a  choir  of  three  bays,  with  broad — and 
apparently,  either  added,  or  enlarged — aisles,  reachiug  nearly  but  not 
quite  to  the  east  end,  very  short  transepts,  nearly  absorbed  by  the  choir 
usles  ;  and  a  broad  aieleless  nave. 

BnoKLANn  Abbey  Church,  DEVOireHntE  :  CiitereUm. — Remarkable  for 
having  escaped  the  nauol  fate  of  monastic  churches  at  the  dissolution,  by 
being  converted  into  a  dwelling  house — in  which  state  it  continues  atilL 
"  It  consists  of  a  spacious  nave  which  has  no  aisles,  and  has  never  had  any. 
A  low  central  tower,  which  is  still  intact  at  the  crossing — if  that  term  may 
be  apphed  here — where  there  is  but  a  single  transept  on  the  south  side, 
and  no  north  transept  Present  appearances  are  against  the  supposition  that 
there  has  been  a  north  transept,  but  the  fact  can  only  be  determined  by 
observation."  Journal  of  the  British  Aichteologicol  Association,  xxxix,  74. 

Bbadwell  Pbiobt  Church,  BuoKraaHAusHiBx  :  Benedidina. — "  The 

chatincell  conteyneth  in  lenght  Ixj  fote  and  in  brede  xxii^  fote." 

"Itm  n  ehapell  adioynyng  to  the  chauncell which  conteyneth  in 

lenght  xv^' fote  and  in  brede  xvj  fote Itmachapell  on  the  sowth 

aide  the  chauncell  uttlie  dekaid Itm  the  sowth  ile  of  the  church 

cont  in  lenght  xxxvj  fote  and  in  brede  xxiiij,  and  newlie  buyldid  wt 

verie  slender  tymber Itm   the  mirth  isle  of  the  church,  in  lenght 

zxxyj  fote  and  in  biede  xxii^  fote,  newlie  buyldid  with  slender  tymber 
and  cov'd  with  tile." 

"Ss.  The  church  conteyneth  in  lenght  Ixxij  and  in  brede  xxiiij 


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THE  CHDBCHS8  Ot  AJSffTJS  CANONS.  S55 

Itm  ij  Uax  iiTgli  to  the  dmicli  doi«,  oon  of  ths  uoMi  side  and  ths  ottier 
of  the  aowth  eide,  and  either  of  them  conL  in  leog  xxxnij  fote,  and  in 

brede  xij  fote   Itm  the  §teple  iaiatelie  buylded  w*  borda  theieapon 

aneou'd,"  Ac — gurvey,  temp.  Hen,  ViiX 

Thus,  it  appean  that  Biadvell  ptiory  cbuich  was  crndfonB,  consisting 
of  an  aislelees  dumcel  sixty  one  feet  in  length,  by  twen^  four  in  breadth, 
wi&  a  small  chapel  on  each  aide  ;  aisleleas  tiansepta,  or  aisles,  aa  they  ore 
called — that  is,  croBS  aisles,  each  thirty  six  feet  in  length,  by  twenty  four 
in  breadth  ;  and  a  nave,  aeventy  two  feet  in  length,  by  twenty  fonz  in 
breadth,  with  north  and  south  aisles  of  about  half  its  length  and  each 
twelve  feet  bioad.  Originally,  it  wonld  appear  to  have  been  a  simple 
stracture,  consisting  of  an  aialaleaa  nave  and  chancel  only — if,  aa  the 
survey  would  seem  to  indicate,  the  transepts  then  newly  built,  were 
througttout "  of  very  slender  timber."  The  ehort  aisles  attached  to  the 
west  end  of  the  nave,  apparently,  would  certainly  be  no  part  of  the  original 
deaign.  They  were  doubtleas  chapels — probably  mortuary  ones — and  ex- 
tending beyond  the  limits  of  the  doiat«r,  westwards. 

Bbomfibld  Pkiobt  Chdrob,  Shrofshibr  :  BmedieliM.  —  Biomfield 
was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  8.  Peter  at  Grloucester.  The  church,  which 
was  badly  restored  about  18i0,  consists  of  an  aialeleaa  chancel,  and  nave 
with  north  aisle  only.  The  remains  of  the  monastic  buildings  ac|join  it 
towards  the  south.     Letter  of  the  Rev.  W.  Selwyn,  vicar. 

BuRWELL  Auxs  Pbiort  CHnROH,  LiNOOLNaHntK:  Senedietijie, — This 
was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Mary  Silvse  Af^oris,  Bordeaux.  The  church 
is  a  small  building  with  an  aisleloss  choir ;  an  aiseless  nave  ;  western 
tower,  and  aoutii  porch.  Letter  of  the  Bev.  C.  A.  AUington,  rector  of 
Muckton. 

Cabdiqak  Priort  CmmoH :  BeMdietine. — Consists  of  a  western 
tower  ;  nave  (apparently  siaeleas) ;  south  porch,  and  "  large  chancel  forty- 
aix  feet  four  inches  long,  by  twenty-three  feet  wide,"  having  "  a  door 
leading  to  priory  from  south-east  comer  of  sanctuary."  Letter  of  the 
Kev.  W,  C.  Qavies,  viear. 

Canwxll  PiuoBT  Chuboh,  Stafpordbhire  ;  Bettedieiine. — "  The 
church  and  chauncell  there  be  under  oon  rofe  and  buylded  w*  gocd  sub- 
stanciall  tyraber  and  coveid  w*"*  tyle,  which  charoh  and  cliaunceU  conteyn 
in  lenght  iiij"  and  iiij  fote,  and  in  biede  xxiij  fote. 

"  Itm  there  is  a  chappie  of  our  Ladie  on  the  north  aide  the  chaonoeU 
which  conteyneth  in  lenght  xlij  fote  and  in  brede  xiiij,  whereof  pto  is 
covered  wt  tyle  and  pte  uncovered,  and  the  tymb.  thereof  dekaid  and 
roten."     Survey,  temp.  Hen.  VIII. 

Canwell  priory  church  ia  thus  seen  to  have  consisted  (like  so  many 
more  of  the  same  class)  of  an  aisleless  chancel,  with  an  attached,  and 
doubtless  later,  lady-chapel  to  the  north  of  it ;  and  an  aialeless  nave. 

CABiSRRoOKlt  AUSN  Priort  Churoh,  Ibu!  OF  WiGHT:  BenedictirtK. — 
Carisbrooke  priory  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Lira.     "  The  church  con- 
sists of  a  tower,  and  nave  of  two  aisles  divided  by  an  arcade :  an  aislelees 
■   chancel,  which  formed  a  continuation  of   the  northern  one,   is  now 
destroyed."    Letter  of  the  Rev.  £L  B.  James,  vicar. 

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356  THE  CHDBCHB8  01  AUBHIT  GANOIB. 

In  other  worda,  Cariabiooke  chuich  may  be  described  as  conrndtng  of 
an  aialelesa  cba&oel,  and  nave,  with  aoath  aiale  only. 

CHxaTBB  Fbiobt  Chbboh  of  KuiTs :  SeaedietinB. — "  Ponnant  aays, 
tlio  ohanh  was  tweaty-two  yardB  long  and  fifteen  broad  and  supported  in 
the  middle  by  a  row  of  pillara."    Di^,  iv,  312-13. 

That  is  to  Bay,  there  ware  two  parallel  naves  as  at  Garisbrooke  ;  or,  a 
nave  proper  with  a  single  aisle,  as  it  may  please  anyone  to  describe  it. 
A  view  ot  the  ruins  ia  given  by  Buck,  and  a  plan  may  be  seen  in  Lyaona' 
Xiiffna  BrilttTmia. 

Clthkook  Yadb  Abbey  Chcboh,  Cabnarvohshibb  :  Cutereimt. — ^A 
large  cmcifbrm,  aialeleas  chorch,  wiUt  a  western  tower. 

CBoesBAaoxL  Pbiobt  Chitroh,  Atbbhisi  :  Oieterdan. — Crossiagael 
was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Faialay.  The  chnrch  is  a  small,  bat  remarkably 
well-built  etracture,  and  consists  of  a  simple  aialeleas  parallelogram, 
terminating  in  a  semi-octagonal  apee.  The  sides  of  the  latter  were  filled 
with  broad  and  rich  window^  but  the  whole  of  the  tracery,  which 
appears  to  have  been  fitted  in  within  arches  of  constraction,  is  now 
destroyed.  For  some  excellent  views  of  this  church  and  its  very  bold  and 
fine  chapte^honBe,  see  BilUi^'a  Atttiqiaiiei  of  Scotland,  I 

GoLOHESTEit,  8.  Jobk's  Abbby  Chiihoh  :  Senedifiine. — According  to 
the  small  plate — taken  from  an  ancient  drawing — which  is  given  in  the 
Maiuutieon,  this  was  a  fine  church  consisting  of  a  choir  with  aisles  ; 
central  tower ;  aislelese  transept  and  aislelcss  nave  ;  the  tatter  with  a  large 
chapel  in  the  centre  of  the  south  side,     Dug,  iv,  606  plate. 

Ctumbr  IAbbxt  Church,  MsBioNffrHSHisx  :  Cigtereian. — A  simple 
parallelogram,  one  hundred  and  four  feet  in  length,  having  a  species  of 
aisle  to  Uie  north  only.  This,  however,  is  entirely  shut  off  by  a  solid 
wall  from  the  church  except  towards  its  western  end,  where  it  opens  to 
the  nave  by  three  arches  :  eastwards  of  these,  a  transverse  wall  cuts  off 
all  further  communication,  save  such  as  is  gained  by  a  doorway.  There 
is  a  western  tower.  Journal  of  the  Britidi  Archteologioal  Assodation, 
xxxiv,  4fi4  and  plan. 

St.  Csbuo  and  St.  Juliet  Fbiobt  Chubch,  Cornwall:  Cluniac — 
This  priory  was  a  cell  to  that  of  Afontacute  ;  and  apparently — from 
Messrs.  Lysons*  account  of  it — a  small,  aisleless  parollelogiaio. 

DsEFiHa  S.  Jaheb  Priort  CHnROH,  Norfolk:  Benedictine. — Deep- 
ing was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Thomey.  The  church  consists  of  an  aisle- 
less  chancel ;  and  nave,  with  a  south  aiale  only.     Letter  of  the  Rev.  J. 


DBBBHCRBT  AbBKT,  APTBBWABUe  PRIORT   ChTRCH,   GLOUGSnTERSHIRI : 

Benedietitw, — ^This  church — of  Saxon  foundation — consisted  originally  of 
an  apsidal  aisleless  chancel;  transept,  with  an  eastern  chapel  on  each  side; 
an  usleless  nave,  and  western  tower.  The  western  part  of  the  nave  has 
had  aisles  added  to  it  during  the  thirteenth  century.  Journal  of  the 
British  Archsologicol  ABBOciatton,  i,  9. 


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THE  OHUBCHBS  01-  AUKIQI  CANCHira.  357 

Dhkhit  Pbiort  CHTntoH,  CAXMaoamaOM :  Fiist  BetudietiTie,  Seoond 
Tmnptara,  Third  Minomaes. — A  Urge  choir  with  aisles,  vbich  wu  lebiiilt 
for  the  "  Poor  Claies  "  ia  the  fourteenth  century,  in  lieu  of  the  original 
one — which  was  probably  small  and  aialeless ;  a  central  tower,  with  north 
and  south  Ixansepta ;  and  a  short  nave,  having  a  south  aisle  only. 

DtJDLKT  Fbiobt  Chdboh,  WoBOBBTHBaHiBK :  Oluntoe. — Dudley  prior; 
vras  a  cell  to  that  of  Wenlock.  The  ohureh,  jodginfi  from  the  view  given 
in  the  Monosticon,  appears  to  be  a  simple  paralldogram ;  oonsiating  of  an 
aisleless  nave,  and  a  certainly  aisleleaa  choir — the  latter  vaulted.  Dug.  v, 
82,  and  plate. 

DinrBTBB  Pbiobt  Chuboh,  SoKSBSJnsBOM :  Bmedu^^e. — Dunster 
priory  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Peter  at  Bath.  The  church,  at  the 
time  of  the  foundation  of  the  priory,  was  dearly  a  simple,  aislelesa,  cruci- 
form building  with  a  central  tower ;  and  so,  in  the  main  continued  till 
about  the  middle  of  the  19tb  centuiy,  Then,  aisles  of  two  bays  were 
added  to  the  western  portion  of  the  chancel,  and  one  of  four  to  the  eastern 
half  of  the  north  side  of  the  nave  ;  the  western  half,  which  abutted  against 
the  cloister,  being  still  left  aisleless.  A  second  aisle,  extending  the  whole 
length  of  the  nave,  was  also  added  at  the  same  time  towards  the  south. 
Thus  altered,  the  plan  of  the  church  will  be  found  curiously  to  reproduce 
that  of  Bozgrove,  the  position  of  the  aisled,  and  aisleleas  portions  of  the 
north  side  of  the  nave  only  being  leveised  Archaologkal  Journal, 
xxxvii,  273,  and  plan. 

EUbeboubhk  PaiORT  CHURca  of  Xitns,  Sussex  :  Benedictine. — ^An 
aisleleas  chancel ;  and  nave  with  soutli  aisle  only  : — the  latter  served  as  the 
chapel  of  the  adjoining  nunnery. 

Ellbrtoit  Priory  Churoh  of  Xitnb,  Yores:  Ci»fereian. — Aisleless  choir 
and  nave,  with  a  western  tower.    Letter  of  the  Kev.  Canon  Baine,  York. 

EeHOLT  Phiort  Chcbch  of  Nuns,  Yorks  :  Oiderdan. — "The  churche 
or  abbey  conteyneth  in  length  xxiiij  yardes  and  in  bredith  vj  yardes  di, 
wherof  the  quere  xij  yardes  longe  wt  xviij  seates  for  nonnes,  and  the 
bodye  of  the  churche  xij  yardes  long  w'  xiitj  eeatcs  of  etoolee  to  sitt  upon. 

"  Item  alle  the  roofe  w'yn  is  seylid  wi  waynscottes  and  wkjut  couoryd 
w*  slate. 

"  Item  a  roods  lofte  by  twine  the  quete  and  the  chauncelJ. 

"  Item  stepulle  of  litle  thack  hordes  coueryd  w*  slate  and  much  in  decay  " 
&c     Survey,  temp.  Hen.  VIII.  P.R.O. 

Esholt  priory  church  then,  was,  as  we  see,  a  simple  aisleless  parallelo- 
gram, divided  into  a  body,  or  choir ;  and  a  chancel,  or  sanctuaiy,  of  equal 
length. 

EccLESFiELn  AuEN  I'riort  Chuboh,  Yorxb  :  Benedictine,  afterwards 
Carthimun. — A  simple,  small,  aisleless  paraUelograra.  Letters  of  the  Bev. 
Dr.  A.  Gatty,  vicar, 

EwHNHY  PRIORT  Chdrch,  Glakoboakbhibk  :  Bmedicttne. — Ewenny 
was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  St  Peter  at  Gloucester.     Originally,  the  churdi 


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358  THE  CHUBCHES  OF  AUSTIN  CAVCnTS. 

wu  in  all  probability  a  simple,  aisleleBS,  cmciform  one.  At  prwent,  it 
consists  of  an  aisleless  choir ;   one  limb  of  a  traoeept ;  and  an  aialeleaa 

naTo. 

EwTAB  Harold  Piuobt  Chuboh,  Hkrxfordshibi  :  Bmedietme. — This 
prioiy  was  another  cell  to  Glouoeeter  abbey.  "  Om  church  is  not  cnicifomi, 
but  consiste  of  ch&ncol  and  nave  with  western  tower,  Thera  was  onoe  a 
north  aisle  to  the  nave,  which  has  been  taken  down."  Letter  of  the  Bev. 
H.  Bullocke,  vicar. 

Fabbwbll  Pbiokt  Chuboh  09  NuNB,  STAnoBDeBiRi :  Benedietme. — 
All  that  now  remains  of  the  original  bnilding  is  the  choir  of  the  religiooa, 
which  still  retains  their  stalla  The  nave  was  rabnilt  in  brick  dniing  the 
last  century,  but  probably  upon  the  old  foundations.  It  is  aislelesa.  letter 
of  the  Ber.  W.  Outhwaite,  ricar, 

FiHCHALB  Pbiory  Chuboh,  Duhhak  :  Benedictine. — Finchale  waa  a 
cell  to  the  great  cathedral  prioiy  of  Durham.  The  church  is  a  very 
fine  and  pure  13th  century  structure,  the  history  of  which  is  not  a  little 
curious.  Built  in  the  first  instance  with  aisles  to  both  nave  and  choir, 
these  were  in  the  second  quarter  of  the  following  century  removed  entirely, 
the  arcades  biult  up,  and  traceried  windows  inserted  within  the  ardt 
spaces ;  thus  reducing  it  to  a  purely  aislelesa  church,  in  which  condition 
it  remained  till  the  dissolution.  Plates  and  plans  may  be  seen  in  Ferry 
and  Henman's  Mediaval  Antiquitiee  of  the  County  of  Ika-ham  ;  BiUinga's 
Durham  Ooanlif ;  and  a  plan,  with  many  interesting  docuqients  in  the 
Finchale  vol.  of  the  Surteea  Society. 

GLOUCEaTBB,  Ceurch   of  thx  Fbiar8  Frbacbkrs  :   Dominican. — A 

simple  aislelesa  parallelogntm,  about  ninety  feet  in  length,  by  twenty-five 
in  breadth,  internally,  with  a  short  transeptol  projection  to  the  north ; 
westward  of  this  is  a  long  narrow  chamber  like  an  aisle,  but  completely 
shut  off  from  the  nave  by  a  solid  wall.  Archadogieal  Journal,  xzzix, 
296,  and  plan. 

Gloucebteb,  Church  of  thk  Fbiabs  Minors  :  Frandaean. — A  very 
fine  nave,  of  seven  bays,  with  north  aisle  only.  The  two  are  gabled,  and 
of  equal  width.  Eastwards  of  the  southern  aisle,  or  nave  proper  {against 
which  ihe  cloiatot  corbels  are  fixed,  shewing  that  there  never  could  have 
been  another  nave  or  aisle  in  that  direction)  are  the  fragments  of  a  slender 
bell-tower.  The  chancel,  which  was  to  the  cast  of  this,  is  now  destroyed, 
but,  following  the  almost  universal  rule,  it  certainly  would  be  aialeless. 
Arckaologkal  Journal,  xvii,  326, 

GoBLBSTOiT  Pbioht  Cherch,  NORFOLK :    AwfUsH-ne  Frian. — W.   of 

Worcester's  measurements  of  this  church  are  as  follows : — "  Longitudo 
tocius  Ecclesiffl  J'ratrum  Snncti  Augustini  de  Gorlyston  prope  Jermuth 
cum  choro  100  gressua.  Latitude  navia  eccleaite  24  gressua."  From  which 
it  appears  that  the  entire  length  of  the  building  waa  about  \  66  feet,  with 
.a  breadth  in  the  nave  of  40  feet :  in  other  worda,  that  there  was  an  aisle- 
lesa choir— probably  about  2&  feet  wide — with  a  nave  of  about  the  same 
width,  and  a  single  aisle  of  IS  feet. 


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THB  CHUBCHSB  OF  AUSTIK  CANONS.  859 

GBoaMoiiT  Pbiobt  Chdboh  Tobkb.  :  Benaiietitie  ( Order  of  Oram- 
mont). — "  The  churcha  conteynytli  in  length  Ixz  ffoote  and  in  bredith 
xziiij  ffoote  w'  b  low  loofs  counryd  w*  leads,  haaynge  iij  glasae  wyadoves 
conteyiuDg  by  eatymac'on  xl  fibote  of  glasse,  and  xvj  staUes  of  timber,  and 
the  high  alter,  and  ij  alters  in  the  body  of  the  cburche  "  &c.  Sorvey, 
temp.  Hen.  YHL  P.B.O. 

That  ia  to  say,  a  simple  parallelogiam,  entirely  aislelese. 

Hatfield  Fxvsiiell  Priobt  Churoh,  Essex  :  BerKdietine. — This  priory 
was  one  of  the  cells  of  S.  Alban'a  abbey.  The  chuich  consbts  of  an  aisle- 
leas  chancel,  and  nave  with  a  spacious  north  aisle  only.  Letter  of  the 
Ber.  F.  S.  Toulniin,  vicar. 

HAOKimB  Pbiobt  Ghuhch,  Yobks  :  Benedictine. — Hackneas  prioiy 
was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Whitby.  For  a  condderable  length  of  time  tlw 
nave  of  this  church — originally  aislclees,  in  all  probability — h^  but  a 
single  aisle  towards  the  south.      At  a  later  date,  a  north  aisle  was  added. 

"It  has  not  aisles  to  the  choir  ...  On  the  south  side  the  aisle  ia 
separated  from  the  nave  by  two  Xorman  arches ;  on  the  north  side  by 
three  early  Enghsh  arches."     Letter  of  the  Rev.  C.  Johnstone,  vicar. 

Haltbtanb  Pbioby  Chobch  of  Svm,  Nobthuvbebland  :  Bene- 
dictine.— "  The  church  of  S.  Mary  the  Virgin  at  Halystane  consists  of 
only  chancel  and  nave — an  arch  at  the  entrance  to  chanceL  There  are  no 
striking  featurea"    Letter  of  the  vicar  of  Alwinton  and  Halystane. 

Hkbxpord,  St.  FvrzB'a  Priory  Chuboh  ;  Benedictine. — S.  Peter's 
'  priory  was  a  cell  to  Gloucester  abbey.  Its  iateresting  church — which  still 
retains  the  stalls  of  the  monks — consists  of  an  aislelesa  chancel,  with 
lady-chapel,  and  tower  and  spire  to  the  south  ;  and  a  nave,  with  an  aisle 
of  five  bays  towaids  the  nortJi — only.  In  1793,  a  modem  narrow  aisle 
was  added  to  the  south,  flush  with  the  southern  face  of  the  tower.  Till 
that  time,  however,  no  aisle  at  all  existed  there.  Letter,  accompanied  with 
view,  ground  plan,  and  historical  notice,  kindly  commanicated  by  the 
Bev.  H  Stephens,  curate. 

Hahdals  Pbiobt  Ghuboh  or  Num,  Yobks  :  Benedictine. — An  aisleless 
parallelogram.  "The  churcbe  conteynyth  in  length  Ix  ffoote  and  in 
biedith  xvj  ffoote  w*  a  low  roofe  coueryd  w'  leade,  hauynge  vij  glasse 
wyndowee  conteyning  1  ffoote  of  glaaee  by  estymacon,  w*  a  high  alter,  ij 
alters  in  the  quyer,  and  one  benet^  the  queie,"  &c.    Survey,  tempb  Hen. 

vm.  p.RO. 

HoBKBur,  Ijttli,  Pbiobt  Chdbob,  Eeasz :  Cluniae. — This  dmich 
oonsiatB  of  a  simple  chancel,  and  nave  with  a  south  aisle  only, 

Huun  Pbiobt  Cbubob,  Nobihumbbblahs  :  Oarmelite.— The  choroh 
of  Hulne  priory,  which  remains  in  remarkably  perfect  preservation,  and 
possesses  good  early  details,  consists  of  a  long  aisleless  paFallelogram, 
without  a  break  from  end  to  end.  The  western  half,  or  nave,  forms  the 
north  side  of  the  cloister  squar&  For  plan,  with  view  and  details,  see 
Newcastle  vol  of  the  Koyal  Arctuaological  Institute,  p.  266. 


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360         TBS  CBUBCHEB  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS. 

HuBLET  Fbiort  Churoh,  Bbbkbhirb  :  Benedictine. — Hurley  priory 
waa  a  cell  to  the  royal  abbey  of  ffestoiinster.  The  church  has  an  aisle- 
leas  chancel,  and  there  are  "  uo  aisles  to  the  nave  at  all,  and  never  could 
have  been."    Letter  of  the  Rev.  F.  J.  Wethered,  vicar. 

Jabbow  Abbby,  afterwards  Fbiokt  Chdrch,  DnBEAM :  Beiwditiine. — 
Thie  abbey,  originally  of  very  early  Saxon  foundation,  became  after  the 
Danish  apolifltions  and  subsequent  ffornian  conquest,  a  cell  to  the  cathe- 
dral priory  of  Durham.  The  church,  consisted  till  lately — when  the  nave 
was  for  the  second  time  rebuUt — of  an  aislelese  choir— the  nave  uf  the 
primitive  Saxon  chuicb,  built  by  Benedict  Biscop  in  A.D.  686  ;  a  central 
tower,  and  a  long  aislelesa  nave.  For  views  of  the  church  in  its  monastic 
state,  see  Buck's  plates. 

iNisooUEcmr  Abbst  Chubgh,  Down  :  tSafercwn. — ^The  church  of  Inis- 
courcey,  which  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Fumess,  was  apparently  craci- 
form  and  aislelees.     Archdall's  Monasticoa  HibemKum,  p.  132. 

IgLKEAK  Alikn  Pbiori  CHtTROH,  Caubridgbbhire  :  Benedictine.— 
laleham  priory  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  St  Jagitto  in  Brittany.  The 
church,  an  interesting  fi^ormaa  structurf,  now  used  as  a  bam,  is  still  in 
very  perfect  condition.  About  a  hundred  feet  in  length,  it  consists  of  a 
simple  aislelees  parallelogram  terminating  in  a  semi-ciicular  apse,  which  is 
supported  by  six  slightly  projecting  buttrosses.  luEide,  are  two  transverse 
Norman  arches,  marking  the  division  of  the  choir  and  sanctuary.  Letter, 
accompanied  by  plan,  of  the  Rev.  F.  R.  Hawkee  Mason,  priest  in  charge. 

loNA  Abbbt  Chuboh,  Hbbbideb,  Sootlamd  :  Cluniac. — Choir,  with 
south  aisle  towards  the  west ;  central  tower;  aislelees  transepts,  and  aislelees 
nave.     Billings's  Scotland,  iii,  plates. 

Xblbo  Abbet  Churoh,  SoxBtmeHsmBR :  Tironeneian. — This  was  a 
very  fine  cruciform  church  of  transitional  character,  consisting  of  a  choir 
wiUi  aisles ;  central  tower ;  aialcless  transepts,  and  short  aislelees  nave. 
The  ground-plan  is  singular  in  its  disposition ;  for  though  composed  of  a 
simple  Latin  cross,  the  usual  arrangement  is  exactly  reversed — the  short 
Kmb,  or  head,  being  placed  towards  the  west  For  very  fine  views  of  this 
singularly  beautifiA  and  interesting  structure,  see  Billings's  SeoUmd, 
voL  iii. 

KmwELLT  Fbiort  C^ubok,  Cahiiab^[bnbhibe  :  Bmedieiii^ — "  Tia» 

church  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  in  South  Wales It  coneistB  of  a 

nave  of  the  extraordinary  span  of  thirty-three  feet  in  the  clear,  without 
aisles,   small  north  and  south  transepts,  and  an  ample  chanc^"  also 

without  aisles,  "forming  altogether  a  simple  and  uniform  cross Hie 

tower  stands  at  the  north  western  angle  of  the  nave,  forming  a  north 
porch,  opposite  which  is  an  ordinary  porch  on  the  south  side.  There  is 
also  an  ample  sacristry  on  the  north  side  of  the  chancel."  Report  of  the  late 
Sir  G.  G.  Scott,  kindly  forwarded  by  the  vicar,  the  Rev.  W.  H,  Sinnett. 

"  I  may  odd  that  we  still  pos.'u'.ss  here  a  fi^iire  of  the  Virgin  and  child, 
in  white  alabaster,  and  in  vury  fair  ptcautviition.  Within  the  last  twenty 
years  it  was  in  situ  above  the  niitiu  entrance'  to  the  church  in  the  sooth 


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IBS  CUUUCHS8  OF  AUSIIN  CAVQBB.  361 

porah.    It  was  pulled  down  by  the  late  incambent,  and  ia  now  preeetved 
in  the  Yeatry."  W.H.S. 

KiRKLBis  Pbioby  Chuboh  OF  NuKS,  ToRKS.  :  Citiereitn.  —  "The 
churche  conteTiiytb  in  length  iiij"  ffoote  and  in  loedith  xxj  foote,  w* « 
h^h  roofe  cone^  w^  slates,  hauynge — glasae  wyndowes  conteynynge  1 
ffoote  of  glasse  w^^  the  high  alter,  ij  altera  in  the  quere,  and  ij  benethe,  and 
XTOJ  Btalles  in  the  qUeie  for  the  nonea,"  Ac — Survey,  temp.  Hen.  VIII. 
P.R.O. 

Laplbt  Alibn  Prioet  Cbuboh,  Staffobdshibb  :  BenediettK. — The 
piioiy  of  Laptey  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  St  Bemi,  at  Rheima.  The 
church  13,  or  tather  was,  cracifonu,  conaisting  of  a  long  aisleleae  chanoal ; 
fine  cenbsl  towel ;  eisleless  tranBepte,  now  destroyed  ;  and  an  aisleleas 
nave.     Letter,  accompanied  by  fine  folio  plana,  of  the  Uev.  A.  H.  Talbot, 


LiNDoKBs  Abbst  Chdroh,  Fxrthbhirs  :  Tironeiieian. — A  fine  oraot- 
form  church,  two  hundred  and  thirty  feet  in  length,  with  an  aialeless 
choir  ;  transept,  with  eastern  chapels  ;  and  nave,  with  north  aiile  only. 

LoDRBS  AuHR  Friobt  Chdroh,  Dobsstbhibr  :  Benedictine. — Lodeis 
was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Mountaburgh  in  Normandy.  The  church 
consists  of  an  aisleless  chancel,  aislaless  nave,  and  western  tower.  Letter 
of  the  Bev.  L  Stewart,  vicar. 

LoNDoK,  8.  Hxlbh's,  BiesoPBOATB,  PuoRT  Ghubob  or  Numb  :  Bene- 
dicHns. — An  aisleleas  parochial  nave  and  choir,  lying  side  by  side  with  an 
aisleleea  monastic  nave  and  choir. 

Mau'AB  Fbiobt  CmiKOH,  Uonkodtbshibi  :  duniac — The  priory  of 
Malpaa  was  a  cell  to  that  of  Montacate.  The  church  is  a  small,  but 
interesting  Kotman  building,  consisting  of  on  aislelees  chancel,  an  aisleleas 
nave,  and  a  western  bell-eot 

Mablow  Ltttlr,  Priort  Cbubob  of  Nciia,  BnoKiira&AiiBEiRi :  Bene- 
dietwie. — From  Willis's  account,  the  canvattaal  church  oi  Little  Marlow 
would  seem  to  have  been,  as  in  so  many  other  exami^  of  its  daio,  a 
small  aialeless  structure.  He  says  : — "  The  ohnich,  or  dkapel,  waa  a  amall 
tiled  building,  cieled  at  top.  Against  the  east  wall  aie  stdll  to  be  seen 
some  painting  of  the  Virgin  Mary :  on  each  side  of  har  was  a  sainb"  At 
tita  present  time  there  are  said  to  be  no  remains  <d  the  building  whatenc 

bfABRiox  PnioBT  Cbdbob  ot  Nuvfl,  Yomi  :  AmmIkMiml — The 
church  of  Marrick,  now  very  much  altered  and  destroyed,  coneiated 
originally  of  an  aisleleas  choir  ;  nestem  tower  ;  and  nave  with  a  north 
aisle  only.  The  weetem  half  of  the  nave  aiid  its  aisle  was  apiHoptiated  to 
the  nuns :  the  eastern,  with  the  chancel,  to  the  parishioners — the  eastern 
end  of  the  aisle  being  further  screened  off  as  the  choir,  or  chantry  chapel 
of  the  founder. 

MiHTiNQ    Auo    Priort    Chuboh,    Ijhoouhebom  ;   BenediMita. — 

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362  THE  CHDBCHKB  OF  AUBIDI  CANONS. 

Minting  wtu  a  coil  to  the  French  abbey  of  8.  Banoit  mr  Loire.  The  chnreh 
is  a  small  edifice,  consieting  of  on  aialeleaa  duncel,  and  nsTe,  with  a  north 
aisle  onl;.  The  latter,  with  its  arcade  of  three  pointed  arcbes  carried  on 
clustered  pillars,  is  by  far  the  finest  portion  of  the  building,  and  may,  not 
impiobabiy,  have  formed  the  more  strictly  monastic  portion  of  it.  Letter, 
with  plan,  of  the  Bev.  L  Basforth,  vicar. 

MrairiBR  LoTBLL  AuBK  Fbiobt  CauKCH,  OzFORDSHiRR :  BeRedicHne, — 
The  priory  of  Minater  Lovell  was  a  cell  to  the  French  abbey  of  8.  Vary 
de  Ibreis.  The  church  is  one  of  singular  interest,  built  on  a  uniform 
plan,  and  at  a  single  effort  It  is  cruciform,  with  a  central  tower,  and 
entirely  aieleleea  throughout  Letter  of  the  Bev.  H.  C.  Bipley,  vicar.  A 
plan  of  thia  church  may  be  seen  in  Archaologieal  Journal,  iii,  303. 

MlHBTZa  ^OBT  Chuboh  of  Nuini,  Shbpfet  :  Benedictine,  —  An 
ancient  Saxon  chancel  and  nave,  both  aislelese  ;  to  the  latter  of  which  a 
second,  or  lateral  nave  was  added  in  the  13th  century.  Archaologieal 
Jotmial,  zl,  54. 

MoiTKWKABiiouTH  Abbst,  aftxbwaiumi  Fbiobc  Churoh,  Ditbhah  : 
Benedictine. — Originally  an  independent  abbe; ,  the  monastery  of  S.  Feter, 
Monkwearmouth,  became  in  post-conquest  times,  a  cell  tn  the  cathedral 
priory  of  Durham.  Like  the  sister  church  of  S.  Paul  at  Jarrow,  that  of  S. 
Peter  at  Wearmouth  was  built  by  the  famous  Benedict  Biscop,  but  ten 
years  earlierjthan  that  AMJortcoIJ^  more  famous  structure,  viz.  :  inA.D.  674. 
Ab  first  constructed,  it  formed  a  very  lofty  aialeless  parallelogram, 
terminating,  as  there  is  every  reason  to  think,  in  an  eastern  apee,  and  with 
an  open  western  porch  which  was  subsequently  raised  into  a  tower  ;  but 
this  primitive  arrangement  was  altered  in  the  13th  century  by  the 
substitution  of  a  long  aialeless  chancel  in  the  place  of  the  apso,  and  the 
addition  of  a  single  aisle  on  the  north  side  of  the  nave.  The  south  wall 
of  the  nave  was  rebuilt — during  the  14th  century  probably — slightly 
witiiin  the  lino  of  that  of  the  Suon  church,  but,  as  the  cloisters  abutted 
on  that  side — without  an  aisle.  Of  Benedict  Biacop'a  work,  the  western 
gable  and  porch  still  continue  in  their  int^^ty,  together  with  the  tower 
which  was  raised  upon  the  latter,  probably  in  early  post-conqnest  times. 
For  a  full  acoBunt  of  this  most  interesting  church,  accompanied  with 
numaroua  illustrations,  see  Transactions  of  the  Architectural  and  Aictueo- 
logical  Society  of  Durham  and  Northumbe£and,  i 

UoKKL&w  Aias  Fbioby  Chubcih,  HEBxroBDBHnn :  Benadietina. — 
UonUand  priory  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Conches  in  Normandy.  The 
chnrch,  which  is  still  in  use,  consists  of  an  aisleless  chancel,  aislalesa 
nave,  and  western  tower.     Letter  of  the  Bev.  W.  H.  Barnard,  vicaK 

IComc,  OS  Wket  SEBBBonsm  Aubn  Pbiobt  Chuboh,  HAHPaBiai: 
Benedictine. — -The  priory  of  Monk  Sherboume  waa  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of 
Cerisy. 

"  The  church  .  .  .  consisted  of  a  spacious  choir  or  chancel ; 
transepts,  and  a  central  tower ;  with  two  chantry  chapels  adjoining  the 
choir  and  the  transepts ;  and  a  small  nave  without  aisles."  Keport  of  the 
late  Sir  O.  G.  Scott,  kindly  oommunicated  by  the  rector,  the  Bev.  H.  D. 
Bconu. 


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TSB  CHDBCHBS  OF  AUSTIS  CUSOSS.  863 

MoTmroiuax  Fxiort  Chuboh,  Yobeb.  :  Carthimaa.—A  pnnly  aislo- 
less,  orucifonu  chuioh  with  oential  towei ;  which  is  atiU,  with  tho 
exception  ot  the  loofs  and  pert  of  the  chanoel,  quite  perfeck 

MoHXTOH  Pbiost  Chubob,  PiMBBon:  BenedieHne. — An  sisleloBa 
choir,  ntined ;  dngle  tnneept  to  the  north,  with  tower  oppoeitei  to  the 
Bonth ;  end  auleleea  nave— all  vaulted  with  ebme.  Lettei  of  tiia  Bev. 
D,  Bowen,  vicar. 

St.  Miooakl's  MonNT  Aliin  Fbiobt  Gkubch:  BenadietiM. — ^Thia 
TOiory  was  s  call  to  that  of  8L  Michael  in  Periculo  Ifaria  in  Nomuuidy. 
The  church  is  appanntl;  small,  aisleleea,  and  cracifomL  Jaumat  of  the 
Britiab  Aidusolt^cal  Aaeociation. 

1TUMKBBLIN&  FmoRT  Chuboh  Of  SvnB,  YoBSS.:  Befudietitie. — "  The 
lAarcha  conteynyth  in  length  xlvj  foote  and  in  biedith  zz  ffoote  w^n, 
wherof  the  quere  xzzvj  foote  long  and  the  bodye  of  the  chun^  x  fibote, 
and  ix  litle  gUsse  wyndowes  conteyning  by  eetymac'on  1  ffoote,  w'  xvij 
fityre  atalles  carvid  and  bouidid  w^  waynaoott,  and  a  high  roofe  coaeryd 
w*  leade,  and  a  lytle  doeett  in  the  churche  fo^  the  lady  to  here  seruyce 
yn.  a  hye  alter,  ^  alten  in  the  quiie,  and  one  in  the  body  of  the 
chuiche,"  Ac  

"  Item  the  belfiay  at  the  nether  ende."  Survey,  temp.  Hen.  TIIL 
P.E.O. 

Here  again,  as  in  eo  many  other  examplea  in  Yoikahire  and  eleewhete, 
we  have  a  churcfi  of  nuns  conaiating  of  a  aimple  oieleleaa  paraUelogram, 
with  an  open  bell-col 

NiTH  MoNKTOH  Fbiobt  Choboh  OF  NuNS,  YoBKB. :  Bfoediditte, — A 
church  of  singulef,  if  not  unique  chaiacter,  though  of  the  simplest  plan. 
It  consisted  originally  of  an  aisleleas — now  destroyed — choir,  and  nave 
which  were  continuous,  with  a  small  internal  bell-towar  occupying  the 
central  part  of  the  weet  gable,  and  rising  barely  above  ito  apex.  From 
the  marked  peculiarities  of  its  aichitectuie,  there  cannot,  I  think,  be  a 
doubt  but  that  it  proceeded  from  the  same  hand  as  did  the  original,  but 
now  destroyed  nave  of  Bipon  Minster,  a  restored  elevation  of  which  by 
the  late  Sir  G.  G.  Scott  is  given  in  voL  zxxi,  309,  of  this  Journal.  Of  that 
building,  Mr.  Gordon  Hills,  in  a  recent  number  of  the  iTbumoJ  of  t^ 
British  Arch»olcgical  Association  has  observed  that,  to  his  mind,  the  moat 
interesting  point  is  that  it  presents  us  with  an  example  of  aisles  which 
have  been  added  to  a  nave  originally  aieleless.  Now,  of  Nun  Monkton 
church  I  may,  perhaps,  be  allowed  to  say  that,  to  my  mind,  one  at  least, 
of  the  most  interesting  points  is  that,  we  there  see  in  ite  unaltered  and 
unaisled  nave,  precisely  the  same  plan  applied  by  the  same  architect  to  a 
Benedictine,  as  at  Bipon,  originally,  to  a  canons'  church.  But  Ripon,  as 
all  the  world  knows,  is  one  of  the  leading  stock  illustrationa  of  a  canons' 
church  with  on  originally  aisloless  nave.  Nun  Monkton  church  serves  to 
shew  what  the  illustiation  is  worth  ;  and  further  to  indicate  what — later 
on,  and  in  another  instance — I  shall  be  able  to  prove,  vix. :  that  the 
question  of  aisles  was  a  purely  architectural  one,  and  entirely  disconnected 
with  any  sort  of  eccteaiastico],  or  monastico-ecclesiastical  principles— real 
or  imaginary — whatever.     It  is  again  worth  observing  in  this  connection. 


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864  THE  CHDBOHBa  OV  AUBHX  CAIVCHfS. 

pcriiapi,  that  at  Bipon,  tlie  choir  of  the  oonoiia  wh  from  the  fint  aa 
silled  one ;  whereBs  at  Nun  Monkton,  that  of  the  BenedictiDes  was  aiale- 
leee ;  and  yet  again,  that  wbenaa  in  the  formal  csm  aislea  weie  aobn- 
qnently  added  to  the  nave,  in  the  latter  they  were  not,  but  that  it 
fiontinned  sialeleaB  to  the  last — down  even  to  the  present  d^. 

IfimuTOif  Pbiokt  Grubob,  Waswiokshibb  :  Smodietitis. — This  ia 
a  poiely  aialeless  craciform  church,  and  has  recently  been  lertoied  to 
purpoaea  of  divine  woiahip.  Letter  of  the  Bev.  H.  W.  BeUain,  vicar  of 
Noneaton. 

Orbtom  Aim  Pbbibt  Chuboh,  DnoireHiBB  :  Baiedietme. — 
Otterbm  waa  a  ceQ  to  the  abhey  of  8.  Uichael  in  Fericulo  Uaris,  Nor- 
mandy. "Hie  old  church  of  Otterton,  which  occupied  the  place  of  the 
Pent  atmetnn,  appears  to  have  consisted  of  the  nave  and  one  luele 
th)  at  the  eaatem  end  of  which  latter  was  the  tower — and  as  this  waa 
the  only  portion  of  the  old  stracture  preeetred  and  incorporated  into  Oie 
new  atruotnre,  it  occupies  the  same  position  that  it  did  in  the  old.  Dr. 
Oliver's  opinion  was  that  the  walls  of  the  choir  had  extended  further  to 
the  east,  and  that  this  portion  was  destroyed,  and  the  parochial  porticm 
alone  preserved."  Letter  of  Dr.  Brushfield,  kindly  communicated  by  the 
vicar,  the  Ber.  J.  B.  Sweet 

From  a  view  of  the  original  church  taken  in  1795,  it  would  seem  to 
have  consisted  of  two  aisles  or  naves,  of  the  same  heif^ht  and  breadth, 
under  separate  gables ;  the  northern  one  tcnninating  eastwards  in  a  short 
chancel  or  chapel,  the  southern  in  a  tower  ;  in  other  words,  of  two  dis- 
tinct churches,  possibly,  the  one  monastic  and  the  other  parochial,  lying 
side  by  side ;  the  monastic  chancel  projecting  eastwards  of  the  tower 
which,  perhaps,  served  severally  for  both. 

Pbhwobtbah  Pbiobt  CHintOB,  Lamoabbihb  :  Senedietine. — An  entirely 
aisleleas  church.  "  This  church  is  not  cruciform.  It  hss  no  Eusles  to  the 
chancel.  It  had  no  aisles  to  the  nave  until  the  year  1856,  when  north 
and  south  aisles  were  added."    Letter  of  the  Bev.  W.  £.  Bavstotne, 


PiLLK  Pbiobt  Chuboh,  Pehbbokkhibs  :  JBenedieiine. — The  church  of 
this  priory,  situate  in  the  parish  of  Staynton,  waa  cruciform,  and  probably 
aislelesB  throughout  "There  is  little  more  standii^,"  says  Fenton, 
"  tfian  the  east  side  of  part  of  the  tower  wall,  yet  enougk  to  inform  us 
that  the  building  waa  cruciform  ;  the  tower  in  the  centre,  supported  on 
arches,  one  of  which  remains  entire,  a  little  pointed,  but  very  plain  and 
rude,  without  the  least  trace  of  sculptured  ornament  anywhere." 

Plusoabdisb  Pbiobt  CeimoB,  Mobatshibe  :  Cigtereum. — A  beautiful 
cruciform  church  with  a  low  central  tower — in  all  respects,  except  the 
roofs,  perfect  It  consists  of  an  aisleless  choir;  transepts,  with  two 
eestem  chapels  each,  and  an  aisleless  nave.  For  beautiful  plates  of  this 
fine  ohurch  see  Billings's  Scotland,  iv. 

PB0roN  Gapu  Pbiobt  CHnso^  NoBiHuiFToiraHiRB  :  Cluaiae. — 
Oiigitully,  and  during  its  oocnpation  l^  the  four  Cluniac  monks  placed 


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THE  CHOBCHBS  OF  AU8ZIH  CAN(»S.         365 

is  it  b;  Hugh  de  Lefceabe,  this  church  was  probably  entirely  aigleUu, 
uB  tile  chancel  continues  to  be  still.  At  an  early  period — probably  to- 
warda  the  end  of  the  1 2th  centory— a  south  aiale  with  massive  lonnd 
piUan,  and  nearly  semi-circular  art^ea,  would  seem  to  have  been  added  to 
it;  and,  later  on,  a  north  aisle  also.     Letterof  the  Rev.  V.Knightley,  vicar. 

PoixewoBTH  Priobt  CmrBOH  OF  Svva,  Warwioksri&e  :  Benedietine. — 
An  usldass  chancel ;  and  nave,  with  a  notth  aisle  only.  To  the  east  of 
the  latter,  and  flanking  the  clmcel  ia  the  tower.  A  view  of  this  some- 
what aingularl;  designed  feature  is  given  by  the  late  Rev.  J.  I.  Petit,  in 
his  Semarks  on  Ckureh  Architedure. 

BEDUNonHLD  pRioBT  Chdboh  OF  SvnB,  SUFFOLK:  Benedtdme. — 
A  simple  aialeleaa  paiallelogram. 

RiOHHONi),  S.  MABTiN'a  Pbiort  Church,  Torks.  ;  Beneditime. — This 
priory  was  one  of  the  cells  of  St  Mary's  abbey  at  York.  The  church  is  a 
simple  Norman  building  without  aialea. 

RiCHHOHD,  Church  of  the  Ghiy  Fbubs,  Yorks.  :  lYandscan. — A 
simple  cruciform  church,  entirely  aielelesa,  the  limbs  of  which  are  much 
ahatteied  and  curtailed,  but  still  surmounted  by  a  rich  and  beautiful 
central  tower  of  admirable  design  and  execution,  which  is  perfect  even  to 
its  pinnacles.  There  is  a  good,  but  somewhat  inadequate  view  of  it  in 
Whitaker's  Richmandsiiire,  i. 

BiJHBiiBaB  Puort  Church,  Suffolk  :  Benedictine. — Bumbuigh  was 
another  cell  to  St  Mary's,  York.  "  On  the  south  eyde  the  cloyster 
standeth  the  churche  and  chauncell  under  one  rof,  and  is  covered  w* 
leade,  oont  in  length  iiy'^viij  fote,  and  in  bredith  xxij  fote,"  Survey 
temp.  Hen.  VIII. 

"Rumburgh  church  has  no  aisles  at  all :  it  is  a  long  narrow  church, 
with  an  oak  screen  dividing  nave  from  chancel"  Letter  of  the  Kev.  J. 
Cash,  vicar. 

Sbwakdblby  PaioRY  Church,  Northamptohshirb  .•  CiOerdan. — This 
now  utterly  destroyed  church,  of  which  the  fonndations  were  long  ago 
dug  up,  was,  according  to  Bridges,  furty-^is  feet  in  length  by  twenty  feet 
eight  inches  in  breadth  (outside  measurement),  and  round  at  the  east 
end :  is  other  words,  a  simple,  aisleless,  apsidal  paraUelograni. 

S ALLAY  Abbit  Churoh,  Yorks.  :  Citterciaii. — A  fine  cruciform  church, 
with  unusually  short,  but  aidleless  nave. 

Stokr  Courot  Alien  Priory  Church,  Sohersbtshibi  :  Benediciim. — 
This  priory  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Lonlay  in  Normandy,  The  church 
is  an  interesting  cruciform  building  in  which  the  usual  arrangenients  are 
reversed  ;  the  chancel  being  aisled,  and  tlie  nave  aisleless.  Arehceological 
Journal,  xiivi,  406,  and  letter  of  the  Rev.  J.  L.  M.  King,  vicar. 

SoHPTiNO    Pbioby   Church,     S  88BX  :    Benedictine, — This  church — 

famous  for  its  ancieut  Saxon  tower— consists  of  an  aisleless  chancel; 

trassepte,  of  which  the  northern  limb  has  two  eastern  chapels ;  aisleless 

VOL.  XLU.  3  a 

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366  THK  CHDBCHS8  OF  AUSTIN  CAK01I8. 

nave ;  western  tower ;  and  chapel  attached  to  tower  and  western  part  of 
nave  towards  the  nortli.    Archceologieal  Journal  xi,  141. 

Stanley  St.  Leonard  Prioby  Chtisch,  GLoncsaTEBaHiBE  :  Benedte- 
title. — The  priory  of  Stanley  St.  Leonard  waa  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  St. 
Peter  at  Gloucester.  The  church,  a  small,  but  perfectly  preserved  cruci- 
form building,  consists  of  an  aisielese  choir ;  aialeless  transept ;  aisleless 
nave,  and  central  tower.     ArdKEologieal  Journal,  vi,  44,  plate. 

Sandwbll  Pbiort  Churoh,  STAPPOHDSHniB  :  Bftnedictine. — "  The 
ctiauncell  there  is  in  leaght  xlj  ffot«,  and  in  btede  xviij  ffote,  and  ayled 
o'r  and  cov'd  w*  ehyngull  and  in  dekuy."     . 

"Ifm  the  belfiame  standyng  be't  the  channcell  and  the  church, 
whiche  cont  xviij  fote  in  lengkt  and  xvj  (xviij  ?)  in  brede,  w'  a  litle 
sanct"  bell  in  the  same,  and  cov'd  w'  tylo  and  ahyngulL  Tlie  church 
cont.  in  lenght  Ivij  fot«,  and  in  hredo  xviij  ffote,  w°  an  ile  on  the  sowth 
Bide  the  church  cont.  in  lenght  Ivij  fote  and  in  brede  ii  ffote,  which 
church  and  ile  ben.  cou'd  w*  tyle  ptelie  in  dekay  and  the  tymber  of  it 
metlie  good."    .    . 

"  It'm  a  chapell  on  the  north  side  of  the  belframe  cont.  in  lenght  xxvij 
ffote  and  in  brede  xviij  ffote,  selyd  and  cou'd  w""  tyle"  ...  "  which  chapel 
adioyneth  to  the  howae  and  ryght  necesaare  to  stand  and  pavyd," 

"  It«m  a  chapell  on  the  north  (south !)  side  the  belframe  cont  in  length 
...  ffot«  and  in  brede  xviij  ffote,  eelyd  and  cov'd  w'  tyle."  Survey, 
temp  Hen.  VIII. 

From  the  above  contemporary  account  we  learn  that  the  church  waa  a 
cruciform  one.  111  feet  in  length,  by  72  in  breadth  across  the  tmnsept, 
and  with  a  central  tower  ;  further,  that  it  consisted  of  an  aislelera  chancel, 
41  feet  by  18  ;  a  north  transept,  27  feet  by  18  ;  a  south  transept,  pro- 
bably the  same  ;  and  a  nave  57  feet  by  18,  with  a  south  aisle  only  of  the 
Bmne  length  and  half  the  same  breadth,  on  the  side  opposite  to  the 
cloister. 

Sfotisbury  Alien  Pbiort  Cbcrcb,  Dorsetshirb  :  Benndieiiite. — 
Spetisbury  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Preaux  in  Iformandy.  The  church 
consists  of  an  aisleleas  chancel ;  and  nave,  with  a  north  aisle  only.  Letter 
of  the  Rev.  J.  S.  Woodman,  rector. 

SwiNB  Prioht  Chdeoh  op  Nons,  Yorkb  :    Cistn-rAan. — "  The  hole 

church  conteynyth  in  length  Ixxvj  ffoot«  w'yn  and  in  hredith  xxj  ffoote, 
stone  walles  and  a  hyo  roofe  coueryd  w*  leade,  and  seylid  w'yn  w'  boaides 
paynted  ;  whnrof  the  (juere  conteynyth  liiij  flbote  long,  w'  xxxvj  goode 
fltalles  alle  alonge  holhe  the  wydes  of  wayneseott  bourdiss  and  tymbor  for 
the  nonnes  ;  and  ana  alter  in  the  qiiore,  and  ij  alters  beuethe  the  body  of 
the  churche,  w*  xiij  wyndowes  glasid  in  alle  conteyning  by  cstymac'on 
cffooto  of  glasae,"  &c.     Survey,  tcinp  Hen.  VIII.  P.K.O. 

In  this  church  of  nuns  we  have  again,  it  will  be  seen,  a  long  and  per- 
fectly simple  aisleleas  building. 

Tbetpord  Phioby  Chdri,ii  or  Nuns,  Norfolk  :  Benzidine. — Appar- 
ently, an  aisleless  cruciform  church.  "  There  is  no  trace  of  any  aisle  ever 
having  existed.  The  church  {now  a  bam),  appears  to  have  been  cruciform, 


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THE  CHURCHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.  obi 

and  there  is  one  arch  left  which  seeniB  to  have  opened  into  a  tmnaept." 
Letter  of  the  Rev.  A.  Fowler  Smith. 

Tavistooe  Abbbt  Chuboh,  Devonshire:  Bmedieiine. — William  of 
Worcester  gives  the  following  measurements  of  this  building  : — "  Longi- 
tudo  EccIesiEe  Monasterii  Taystoke  continet  prater  capellam  beatce  Mariie 
126  steppys :  et  ejus  latitudo  continet,  cum  14  ateppys  latitndinis  navis 

occloaice,  21  steppya Longitudo  navis  dictie  Kcclesiie  tantum  usque 

ad  chorum  continet  60  steppya  ...  Longitudo  chori  42.  Longitudo capellre 
cum  transitu  36  steppya."  From  all  which  it  oppoata  that  the  entire  length 
of  the  church,  exclusive  of  the  lady  chapel,  was  about  170  feet,  that  of 
the  nave  being  about  100,  and  of  the  choir,  70  feet.  That  the  nave  had 
only  a  single  aisle  is  clear  from  its  width  being  given  at  14  steps,  or  about 
23  feet ;  while  in  the  full,  that  is  to  say,  along  with  its  aisle,  it  was  21 
steps,  or  about  35  feet.  The  proportion  of  this  eingle  aisle  to  that  of 
the  nave,  it  will  be  observed,  was  the  usual  one — one  half. 

ToPT  MoNKB  Alibk  Phioet  CmntcB,  Norfolk  ;  Benedictine. — Tbo 
priory  of  Toft  Monks  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Preauz.  The  church 
consists  of  an  aisleleea  chancel;  aislelessnave;  and  octagonal  western  tower. 
Letter  of  the  Rev.  C.  Woce,  rector  of  Haddiscoe. 

Thicket,  or  Thiokhxad  Priort  Church  of  Nukb,  Yobkb  :  Bene- 
dictine.— "The  churchelx  ffoote  brodo  w'lyn,  and  a  lowe  roofo  couaryd 
y>^  leade  hauynge  v  glaase  wyndowee  conteynyng  xliiij  foote  of  glasse,  w* 
XT)  stallee  in  Uie  quyre,  and  the  high  alter,  ij  in  the  quyre,  and  one 
benethe,"  &c  Survey,  t«mp.  Hen.  VIII.'P.R.O.  Again,  an  aisleless 
parallelogram. 

Ttkbford  Priobt  Cbusoh,  BuoKiKOHAMSHniE :  Cluninc. — Tykeford 
priory  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Martin  Mnjoris,  Tours.  The  church 
was  an  entirely  aisleless  cruciform  structure  with  a  central  tower,  as 
appeara  by  the  following  survey,  taken  temp.  Hen.  VIIL  "  The  church 
is  sflbstanciallie  huyldid  with  a  fair  rofe  of  tyinber  work  in  the  bodio  of 
the  said  church  which  contayncth  in  length  80  fete,  and  in  brede  21  fote. 

"  It'm  the  ile  (ie.  transept)  on  the  nortli  side  ov  the  belframc,  the  roofe 
whereof  b  good  and  snbstanciall  tymher,  which  conteyueth  in  length  30 
fote,  and  in  brede  21  fote. 

"  If  m  the  ile  on  the  sowth  aide  the  belframe  is  aubstanciallie  buylded  in 
the  rofe  with  tymber,  and  conteyneth  like  lenght  and  hiede  as  ^e  fore- 
said ile  doeth. 

"  It'm  the  belframe  is  substanciallie  buylded  with  ston  and  much  good 
tymber  within  the  same,  a  3  bells  of  the  value  of — 

"  It'm  the  channcell  there  is  voted  with  ston  and  tymber  work  ov"  the 
same,  which  conteyneth  in  lenght  45  fote,  and  brede  21  fote. 

"  It'm  a  litle  chapell  adioynyng  to  the  chauncell,  which  conteyneth  in 
lenght  16  fate,  and  in  brede  12  foote." 

Upavon  Aukn  Priory  Church,  WiLTaniRE :  Benedictine. — This  piiory 
was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Foiitanelle  in  Normandy.  "  The  church  con- 
sist** of  a  nave,  chaneol  and  nortliem  aisle  only  :  no  aisle  to  the  clianccL" 
Letter  of  the  Rev.  H  £.  Windle,  vicar. 


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368  THB  OHUKOUBS  OF  AUSIIN  CAVONS. 

UsK  Fbiort  Chuboh  of  NnNB,  MoHVOimiiiHiRR :  Benedictine. — The' 
priory  of  U8k  was  founded  by  the  famoTia  Sir  Richard  da  Clare,  earl  of 
Pembroke  and  lord  of  Stdguil,  and  his  aon  Sir  Gilbert,  about  the  middle 
of  the  12th  c«ntuTy.  The  chunih,  which  wae  parochial  as  well  as  monastic, 
has  been  much  mutilated.  Originally  cruciform,  it  has  now  been  shorn  of 
both  transepts ;  the  southern  one  having  been  absorbed  in  the  priory 
buildings  ;  while  the  northern — long  desecrated  as  a  school-house — has  at 
length  been  pulled  down,  and  the  site  thrown  into  the  churchyard.  The 
priory  buildings,  which  still  exist,  he  to  the  south  and  east  The  monastic 
choir  is  aisleless  ;  and  the  parochial  nave  has  one  aisle  only,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  a  central  arcade,  or  apiue.  Letter  of  the  Rev.  8.  C 
Baker,  vicar. 

Wanopobd  Priory  Ohitbos,  Boffole  :  Clitniae. — Waufjf  ord  was  a  cell 
to  the  priory  of  Thetford.  The  church  has  an  Bialeless  chancel,  and  nave 
with  a  north  aisle  only.    Letter  of  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Lacon,  vicar. 

Wnr  Merbet  Auen  Pbidrt  Church,  Essex  :  Benedictine. — The 
priory  of  West  Mersey  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  S.  Ouen  at  Kouan.  The 
church  is  small,  consisting  of  an  aisleless  chancel,  and  nave  with  a  south 
aisle  only.     Letter  of  the  vicar  of  West  Mersey. 

Weedoit  Fikknet,  or  WebdowLoyb  Aubh  Priort  Church,  North- 
AXPTOHBHiRE  :  Benedictitie. — This  priory  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  S- 
Lucien,  near  Beauvais.  The  church  is  an  interesting  one  ;  on  plan,  somo- 
what  resembling  that  of  Otteri»n,  bat  with  a  tower  to  the  east  of  the 
northern,  instead  of  the  southern  nave.  It  is  composed  of  a  north 
aisle  or  nave,  37  feet  7  inches  in  length,  by  18  feet  3  inches 
in  breadth  ;  a  tower  to  the  esat  of  this  nave  about  20  feet 
square ;  and  a  chancel  25  feet  6  inches  in  length,  to  the  east  of 
this  again.  On  the  south  of  these  is  on  unbroken  aisle  or  nave,  continued 
unintermptedly  from  Uie  west  end  to  as  far  as  half  the  length  of  the 
chancel  eastwards,  to  which  latter  it  opens  by  an  arch— one  of  the  arcade 
of  five  which  connects  it  viih  the  northern  part  of  the  building.  South 
of  this  aisle  is  a  porch.     Letter  of  Sir  H.  Dryden,  Bart.,  with  plan. 

WiLHiKaTOH  Alieit  Pbiort  Church,  Sussex  :  Benedietine. — This 
priory  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Grestein.  The  church  has  an  aisleless 
chancel,  with  small  chapels  to  the  north  and  south  ;  an  aisleless  nave  ; 
and  slender  tower  and  spin. 

Wn/roH  Abbbt  Church,  Wimbhirs  :  Benedictine. — All  that  is  now 
known  of  this  church  is  comprised  in  the  following  brief  nolice  of  its 
length  and  breadth  by  William  of  Worcester  : — Ecclesia  Monasterii  de 

Wylton    continet  in  longitudine  circa  90  steppys  meos.     Item, 

continet  in  latitudine  navis  eccleeife  cum  dnabus  elys  circa  46  steppys 
meoa"  That  is  to  say,  it  was  about  150  feet  long,  by  76  feet  wide 
across  the  aisles.  Now,  allowing  26  feet,  the  usual  proportion,  as  the 
probable  width  of  the  nave  and  choir,  that  of  the  aisles  (if  we  understand 
mde  aisles  to  be  meant,  would  be  no  less  than  25  feet  each — dimensions 
out  uf  all  proportion  for  those  of  a  monastic  church  of  the  size  of  this. 
But,  if  wo  imderstand  here — as  in  so  many  other  cases  we  arc  obliged  to 


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THE  CHnBCBKS  OP  AtlSTIH  CANOKS.  d6d 

do— cross,  instead  of  dde  aisleit  to  be  intended,  than  BTerythii^  becomes 
at  once  clear  and  consistent ;  since,  in  place  of  a  dispTopOTtionate  church 
of  exaggerated  paiochiftl  type,  we  sh&ll  have  a  nonnally  shaped,  craciform, 
monastic  one  ;  the  choir,  transept  and  nave  of  which  would  each  have  a 
length  of  about  75  feet. 

WiLBXRFOBS  Prioby  Chdbch  OF  NuBS,  T0RK8.  :  Benedictine. — "  The 
chuiche  conteynith  in  length  \x  ffoote  and  in  bredth  xxij  foote  w*yn, 
and  seyled  aboue  w*  f^oode  substancyalle  bourdes,  and  coueryd  w'  states, 
hauynge  xvj  goode  stalles  in  tbo  quere  for  the  nonnes,  and  the  high  alter 
w'  a  fayer  new  firontalle  gilted  which  conteynith  by  eatyraac'on  xli  (ffoote), 
^  alters  in  the  quere  and  one  benethe,  ix  glasee  wyndowes."  Surrey, 
temp.  Hen.  VTH.  P.RO. 

Wtkbham  Fbioby  Chdboh  Of  Nmre,  Yorks.  ;  Cititereian. — "The 
hde  churche  conteynyth  in  length  ii^^x.  ffoote  and  in  bredith  zxij 
ffoote  w'yn,  w*  a  lowe  roofe  coueryd  w'  leade  and  alle  one  hole  atory,  w* 
xiij  glaese  wyndowes  conteyning  iiij"  foote  of  glasae  by  estymac'on,  w* 
one  high  alter  and  iij  alters  in  the  queie  and  ij  in  the  body  of  the 
chnrche,  and  —  stallee  of  bourdes  in  the  quyer  for  the  nonnes,"  &c  Survey, 
temp.  Hen.  VIIX  P.E.O. 

■WooTTOtr  Wawik  Auks  Prioby  Chdroh,  Warwiokbhire  :  Benedic- 
tine.— Wootton  Wawen  was  a  cell  to  the  abbey  of  Conches.  The  church, 
originally,  an  aislelesa  Saxon  building  with  a  central  tower,  still  remains. 
"  In  the  thirteenth  century,  a  south  aisle  was  added  to  the  nava"  "  The 
next  alteration  took  place  early  in  the  fourteenth  century  when  the 
chancel  was  rebuilt  upon  a  much  lar^^r  scale."  "  It  is  evident  that  the 
lady-chapel,  though  almost  contemporary  in  style  with  the  chancel,  was 
yet  a  little  later,  as  the  south  wall  of  the  chancel  contains  a  three-light 
window  which  the  erection  of  the  lady-chapel  immediately  afterwuds 
rendered  it  necessary  to  wall  up.  This  lai^  and  finely  proportioned 
chapel  was  erected  when  the  Saxon  south  transept  was  removed,  probably 
few  years  after  the  rebuilding  of  the  chancel"  Report  of  the  late  Sir  G, 
0.  Scott,  kindly  commonicated  by  the  vicar,  the  Rev.  T.  H.  Slocock. 

From  this  it  appears  that  the  (jiuich,  as  left  by  the  monks,  consisted, 
as  at  present,  of  a  chancel,  with  a  lady-chapel  to  the  south ;  a  central 
tower ;  and  nave  with  a  south  aisle  only. 

Yeddihohaii  Priory  Chttbgh  of  Nuns,  Tores.  :  Baiedietme. — "  The 
chuiche  conteynith  in  length  iiij'*  ffoote  longe  and  in  bredith  xx  foote, 
alle  one  story  w*  a  low  roofe  coueryd  w*  leade,  zxj  wyndowes  conteyning 
by  setymacion  iiij^  ffoote  of  glaese,  the  hygh  alter,  and  one  alter  in  the 
quere,  and  ij  in  tiie  churcha" 

"  Item  the  quere  conteynith  in  length  xlvj  ffoote  w'  olde  stollea  of 
tymbre  and  bourdes  payntid."    Survey,  temp.  Hen,  YItl.  P.RO. 
{To  bt  etmUnvtd.) 


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DEDICiTION  NAMES    OF    ANCIENT    CHURCHES    IX    THE 
COUNTIES  OF  DURHAM  AND  NORTHUMBERLAND. 

By  JOHN  V.  GREGORY. 

In  treating  of  thi'  chiirch-nnTnes  of  Northumberland  and  Durham, 
there  is  a  difficulty  which  nioets  us  in  some  of  the  remote  ilistricta,  to 
which  more  southern  counties  are  leas  subject,  namely,  that  many  of  our 
churches  had  originally  no  dedication-names  at  all  Some  remain  un- 
named, and  to  others  namea  have  been  given  at  a  subsequent  time,  and 
we  cannot  always  distinguish  whicli  are  of  modem  origin.  Mistakes,  too, 
have  been  made  through  ignorance  or  neglect,  ao  that  the  original  ancrip- 
tion  18  sometimes  dotibtfuL 

Holy  Tbinity.  Dedications  in  this  name  are  found  in  the  Trinity 
House  chapel  in  Neiecasilc,  and  in  the  Northumberland  churches  of 
Emhieton,  BeiBick,  Cambo,  Widdrington,  and  Whitfield ;  but  the  three 
last  mentioned  are  probably  all  examples  of  names  bestowed  on  rebuild- 
ing in  modern  times.  The  church  of  BerwichoTi-Tweed  was  so  named  at 
its  building  in  the  seventeenth  century.  As  regards  Embleton  the  name 
is  not  without  doubt,  for  in  Bacon's  Liber  Regu  and  in  Randall's  "  State 
of  the  Churches  under  the  Archdeaconry  of  Northumberland"  (c  1778) 
it  is  stated  to  be  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  The  only  undoubtedly  ancient 
dedication  to  the  Holy  Trinity  in  Northumberland  is  the  chapel  of 
Bewick,  which  is  not  a  parish  church.  In  Durham,  Waekinglon  is 
stated  by  Surtees  (Hist,  of  Durham)  to  he  dedicated  to  the  Virgin,  but 
in  the  Ordnance  map  it  ia  called  Holy  Trinity,  apparently  without 
authority.  In  Oafeshead  was  a  hospit^  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  subse- 
quently united  with  that  of  St.  Edmund,  and  the  chapel  of  SL  Edmund, 
formerly  in  ruin,  having  been  restored,  is  now  the  pariah  church  of  Holy 
Trinity,     Sand^land  Holy  Trinity  only  dates  from  1719, 

Dedications  of  Christ  church  and  St.  Saviour  are  generally  modem. 
Christ's  hospital  at  Sherbum  was  originally  dedicated  to  Christ,  the 
blessed  Virgin,  and  Lazarus,  and  bis  sisters  Martha  and  Mary.  C^irjst 
church  at  North  Shields  is  a  seventeenth  century  edifice,  built  for  the 
parish  church  of  Tynemouth  when  the  priory  was  ruined.  Durham 
cathedral  chnreh,  dedicated  originally  to  the  blessed  Viigin  and  St. 
Cuthbett,  was,  at  the  dissolution  of  the  priory  by  Henry  VIII,  re-named 
"the  cathedral  church  of  Christ  and  the  blessed  Virgin." 

Holt  Pakaolitb:  The  church  of  Kirkhaugh  bean  this  remarkable 
dedication  name,  but  it  only  dates  from  tlie  time  of  a  modem  restoration. 

Holy  Cross  is  a  mediseval  name,  and  is  ascribed  in  Durham  to  the 
church  of  Syfcn,  and  in  Northumberland  to  Haltiekistle,  ChaHon,  and  the 
ancient  but  now  demolished  church  of  Wallaend.  The  festival  of  the 
dedication  of  a  church  often  became  a  parochial  holiday :  Edward  I. 


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DEDICATIONS  IN  DUBHAH  AND  NOBTHITUBBRLAND.     371 

granted  a  fail  to  Kaltwhistle  for  the  day  of  "the  Inventioii  of  tlie  Holy 
Cross  "  old  style,  May  14. 

St.  MlCHABL,  or  St.  Hiclmel  and  All  Angels,  is  a  dedication  of  very 
frequent  occnrrence,  especiaUy  in  the  northern  parts  of  NortliDmberland. 
As  this  name  is  said  to  be  a  survival  of  Celtic  ChriHtianity,  and  aa  Noith- 
ambria  irss  conTerted  to  the  faith  by  the  Celtic  mission  from  lona  to 
Lmdiafame,  it  is  not  sorprising  that  of  all  ancient  church  namea  in  the  old 
diocese  of  Durham,  next  to  St  Maiy,  and  not  even  excepting  the  great 
local  name  of  St  Cuthbert,  that  of  St  Michael  most  prevails.  There  are 
thirteen  such  dedications  of  ancient  chiirches  in  Northumberland  and  six 
in  Durham.  Of  these  no  fewer  than  nine  occur  in  the  northern  part  of 
Northumberland,  which  constitutes  the  archdeaconry  of  Lindiafame, 
including  the  important  church  of  Alnwick,  now  generally  colled  St 
Michael's,  though  St.  Mary  and  St  Michael  was  ite  mediieval  designation, 
DoddiTufion  is  also  St  Mary  and  St  Michael  Firrd,  Howick,  Felton, 
nderton,  Ingram,  AlnhaTtt,  and  Alieinton,  are  all  St  Michael's,  the  four 
last  named  parishes  forming  a  group  adjoining  each  other.  The  ascription 
of  Howick  in  Bacon's  Liber  Regie  to  St  Mary  is,  no  doubt,  an  error.  In 
the  Tyne  districts  are  Work,  Warden,  and  Newlntm,  and  idso  the  original 
dedication  of  Si.  John  Lee,  which,  however,  was  superseded  at  an  early 
period.  In  the  county  palatine  are  the  important  churches  of  Houghton- 
U-Spring  and  Biah^Wearmoafh,  together  with  Wittan-GUberi, 
Heighington,   Bithop-Middieham,  and  E»h. 

All  Samtb,  a  dedication  so  frequent  in  other  parts  of  England,  is  not 
very  prevalent  in  the  North.  We  have  in  Northumberland,  NeuKMUe^ 
Rolhbury,  Renninglon  and  Ryall,  but  the  ascription  of  this  name  to  Ryall 
only  dates  from  its  recent  restoration.  There  are  some  remains  of  an 
ancient  chantry  chapel  of  All  Saints  at  Morpeth.  In  Durham  this  dedi- 
cation is  given  to  four  churches  all  in  the  south  cast  of  the  county, 
Stnmton,  StaiiUonAe-gtreet,  Hwnwrtli,  and  the  ruined  church  of  Sockbum, 
aa  well  as  its  modern  successor.  Pensher  (or  Penshaw)  is  an  eighteenth 
century  foundation.  There  is  also  the  doubtful  dedication  of  Lanchester, 
either  All  Saints  or  St  Mary.  It  is  now  called  St  Mary's,  but  the 
LUmr  Regis  (Bacon),  Hutchinson,  and  Surtees  give  the  name  All  Saints. 
Among  the  instances  of  parochial  festivals  coinciding  with  church  dedica- 
tion days  is  Rothbury  fair  on  All  Saints'  day. 

St.  Anns,  the  mother,  according  to  tradition,  of  the  blessed  Virgin. 
Her  name  seems  in  some  places  to  have  been  adopted  in  compliment  to 
queen  Anne,  but  this  was  not  the  cose  in  Northumberland  and  Durham. 
St  Anne's,  JfeuKostle,  was  neither  founded  nor  rebuilt  in  her  reign.  At 
Ancro/t,  the  parish  name  seems  to  have  suggested  the  church  name,  a 
circumstance  of  which  we  shall  find  other  examples  at  Simonbum, 
Alston  and  Edmundbyers.  In  the  county  palatine  St  Anne's  at  Bi»hop 
Auckland  is  an  old  foundation. 

St.  Mart,  or  St  Mary  the  Virgin,  the  most  popular  of  all  church 
names,  and  not  without  scriptural  reason,  for  "  all  generations "  revere 
her  "  blessed  "  memory.  In  Northumberland,  at  least  nineteen  churches 
and  chapels  of  ancient  date  are  thus  dedicated,  besides  others  in  which 
another  saint  is  joined  with  the  name  of  St.  Mary,  and  also  besides  the 
doubtful  case  of  Embleton,  already  referred  to.  Some  are  now  extinct,  as 
the  Cistercian  abbey  of  Neiemimter,  the  ruined  chapel  of  Jesmond,  and 
the  Carmelite  priory  of  Hulne.     The  former  parish  church  of  HejAam 


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372     DEDICATIONS  IN  DTTBHAH  Am>  NOBTHUKBEBLAND. 

m^t  also  be  mentioned,  but  in  Urn  paper  vaniehed  ohoichee  whicb  have 
not  even  been  left  in  ruin  are  generally  omitted.  -Though  the  ancient 
buildings  aie  gone  and  eitea  changed,  the  hoapital  and  c1u^)q1  of  St. 
Mary  the  Virgin  at  Neteeattle  still  flouriahea,  and  tbe  name  of  the  foimer 
parish  church  of  BeraUsk.  hss  been  revived  in  a  new  St,  Mary'a.  Tbo 
other  chuiohes  of  this  dedication  now  existing  in  Northumberland  are 
Holy  Island,  Belford,  Wooler,  Hdlystom,  Leibury,  Pontabnd,  Bingfitld, 
Slamfordham,  Ovtngham,  StanningUm,  Morpeth,  Woodhom,  Barton,  and 
the  Fiemonatratensian  abbey,  now  parish  church,  of  Blatuhiand. 
Whtdton,  sometimes  said  to  be  St.  Mary  the  Virgin  is  probably  St  Maiy 
Magdalm,  if  it  hod  any  ancient  name  at  all.  The  parish  church  of  Holy 
Isluid  IB  ascribed  by  Hntcbiiuon  and  by  Bacon's  lAber  Begia  to  St. 
John,  which  Roine  (Hiet.  of  North  Durham)  deems  erroneous.  At 
Holystone  the  church  name  suggests  the  connection  with  "  our  Lady's 
well,"  in  which  Faulinus  baptized  hie  converts  of  Upper  Coquetdala. 
Another  instance  of  a  popnlai  festival  coinciding  with  the  feast  of  Uta 
church  dedication  occurs  in  Morpeth  fair  held  on  Lady-day. 

In  Durham  there  ate  tweufy  ancient  dedications  in  the  name  of  St. 
Mary,  viz : — Oaieehead,  Heworlh,  WJiiekham,  Laneh^gter,  Watkington, 
Whitburn,  Seaham,  IJaainglon,  Afonk-Hesleden,  Norton,  Long-Newton, 
Gainford,  Denton,  Wluni^rt,  Bamard-Caelle,  Middleton-in-Teesdaie, 
Staindrop,  CoekUdd,  and  two  in  Durham  city,  St  Mary-le-Bow  and  St 
Mary-the-Less.  lAnchestcr,  aa  already  stated,  has  been  ascribed  apparentlj 
in  error  to  All  Saints ;  and  Washington  is  probably  St  Mary's  and 
not  Holy  Trinity,  if  it  had  any  ancient  name  at  all 

Of  joint  dedications  to  St  Mary  and  another,  there  are  six  in  Northum- 
berland, and  two  or  tliree  in  Durham,  viz  : — Alnwick,  Doddington, 
Bolton,  Lamhley,  Tt/nemouth  priory,  and  Alavnck  abbey,  ChetUr-U- 
Street,  Greatluim  hospital,  and  possiUy  (but  not  probably)  Wolnngfuan. 
In  these  cases,  though  St  ^fary  may  be  placed  first  in  order,  it  is  often 
a  prefixed  and  expletive  name,  and  the  other  is  the  special  name,  as  St 
Mary  and  St  Cuthbert  at  Cheater-le  Street ;  but  in  the  cose  of  St.  Mary 
and  St  Osnin  at  Tynemouth,  St  Oswin  was  a  later  addition.  In  this 
paper  these  churches  are  classed  under  the  second  or  special  name. 

St.  Jobk  the  Baptist  appears  to  have  been  more  popular  in  ancient 
times  than  St  John  the  Evangelist,  at  least  in  Northumberland,  whei«  we 
have  only  one  ancient  St  John  the  Evangelist,  while  we  have  five  named 
in  honour  of  the  Baptist  These  are  at  Newetuile,  Ulgham,  Alnmoath, 
Edlingham,  and  Lmaick.  Ulgham  "  feast "  on  St  John  Baptist's  day 
(old  style  July  5)  also  shows  the  connection  between  popular  festivities 
and  church  dedication.  In  Durham  theie  ore  of  this  name  St.  John's 
Weardale  (or  Chapel  in  Weardale),  Greaiham  and  Bgpleadiffe  (or  EagUa- 
diffe).  Finchale  priory  bad  the  joist  dedication  of  St  John  the  Baptist 
and  St  Godric. 

St.  Pbtxr  :  Of  names  of  apostles  that  of  the  apostolic  primate  baa 
generally  been  the  favourite  ;  but  it  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  in  the 
old  diocese  of  Durham  it  was  in  ancient  times  surpassed  in  number  of 
churchfi]  by  St  Andrew,  and  in  Northumberland,  strangely  enough,  by 
St  Bartholomew.  Nevertheless  the  earliest  foundations  in  the  north  of 
England  were  dedicated  to  St.  Peter.  These  were  the  Anglo-Saxon 
churches  at  Lindig/ame,  where  the  priory  ruins  now  stand,  and  the 
chapel  which  once  existed  in  Bamburgh  castle.  St.  Aidan's  first  church 
at  Lindiafame  was  a  building  of  wood  and  thatch ;  and  when,  after 


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DXDI0&TI0N8  IN  DUBHAU  AND  NOBTHUMBBBLAND.    873 

banog  been  burnt,  it  wu  lebnilt  by  his  saccessor  SL  Finan  (a.d.  6S1- 
661)  it  was  of  umilar  materiala,  and  it  had  then  no  dedicatioa  name. 
Wlien  Theodore  of  Tusiu,  archbishop  of  Canterbury  (666^90)  was 
o^taninng  what  had  been  till  his  time  mare  misdoii  stations  into  the 
established  church  of  England,  he  visited  Northumbria,  and  gave  the 
first  recorded  church  name  in  ttiis  district,  in  dedicating,  as  we  are  in- 
formed by  Bed«,  the  church  of  Undiafame  in  honour  of  St  Peter  the 
Apostle.  The  chapel  at  Bamburgh,  probably  on  the  aite  where  traces  of 
the  fonndations  still  remain  within  the  walls  of  the  castle,  is  also 
mentioned  by  Bede-ae  "the  t^nich  of  St  Peter  in  the  royal  city  of 
Bebbanbnigh." 

The  church  of  Norham,  now  St.  Cuthbprt's,  was  originally  dedicated  in 
the  ninth  oentury  to  St.  Peter,  St  Cuthbert,  and  St  Ceolwnll 

Existing  aacisnt  churches  dedicated  to  St  Peter  in  Northumberland, 
are  thoae  of  Chillingham,  Lang-Hmtghtatt  Bywell,  and  Netebrough.  The 
name  of  St  Peter's,  now  applied  to  a  rivenide  part  of  Newcastle,  is  mis- 
leading ;  it  waa  originally  "Sir  Peter's  quay."  In  Durham  there  are 
churches  of  St  Peter  at  Monk-Wearmouih,  JHwuk  Hall,  BMopton  euid 
Wolvuton, 

3t  Benedict  Biscop'a  twin  monastic  churches  of  Monk-Wearmouth  and 
Jarrow  bod  the  joint  dedication  of  St.  PrrER  and  St.  Paul,  St  Peter 
being  applied  to  Weaimouth,  and  St  Paul  to  Jarrow.  This  joint  dedica- 
tion waa  common  in  ancient  times,  and  some  churches,  now  St  Peter's, 
were  originally  St.  Peter  and  St  Paul,  who  may  be  deemed  to  represent 
lespeotiTely  the  centre  and  the  circumference  of  the  apoetolic  circle.  The 
juxtaposition  of  the  two  names  is  seen  in  the  abbey  church  of  St  Peter 
at  Westminster  and  the  cathedral  chuch  of  St  Paul  in  London.  There 
is  one  dedication  to  St  Peter  and  St  Paul  in  Northumberland,  iu  the 
Auguatinian  priory  church  of  Brivkbum,  which  after  long  lying  in  ruin 
has  in  recent  times  been  repaired  for  Divine  service;  not  to  say 
"  restored,"  though  it  ia  a  model  of  what  restoration  ought  to  be. 

St.  AiTDRiw  being  the  patron  saint  of  Scotland,  the  influence  of  his 
name  has  extended  across  the  Border,  which  may  account  for  the  number 
of  ancient  churches  dedicated  to  this  apostle,  seven  each  in  Northumber- 
land and  Durham.  The  kings  of  Scotland  held  Northumberland  at  one 
period,  and  one  church,  St  Andrew's,  Neteeattle,  is  supposed  to  have  been 
founded  by  the  Scottish  king,  David  I. 

The  moet  important  church  in  the  north  of  England,  dedicated  to  St 
Andrew,  is  the  abbey  church  of  Hexham,  originally  founded  in  the 
seventh  century  by  St  Wilfrid,  and  though  re-founded  in  the  twelfth 
century  as  an  Auguatinian  priory,  it  has  retained  throughout  its  original 
dedication  of  St  Andrew,  which  is  mentioned  by  Bede.  It  is  remarkable 
that  Wilfrid  made  his  earliest  devotions  in  Rome  in  the  church  of  the 
monastery  of  St  Andrew  on  mount  Ccelius,  a  monastery  now  called  after 
St  Gregory,  by  whom  it  was  founded,  and  from  whence  he  sent  Auguetine 
to  England. 

It  frequently  happens  that  several  churches  of  the  some  name  ara  found 
in  proximity,  and  thus,  following  the  example  of  Hexham,  the  neigh- 
bouring churches  of  Corbridije,  Bytvell  St.  Andrew,  and  the  old  church  of 
Shotley  now  in  ruins,  are  all  dedicated  to  St  Andrew. 

The  two  chuichea  of  Bywell,  St  Andrew  and  St  Peter,  are  locally 
called  the  white  and  black  churches.  The  fable  of  these  churches 
VOL.  xui  3  B 


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374    DEDIOATIONa  IN  DURHAM  AND  NOBTHUMBERLAND. 

baving  been  placed  together  b;  two  Butera  who  had  quarrelled  abont  the 
site  may  have  beeu  foreshadowed  in  the  two  baronies  of  Bywell.  St. 
Andrew's,  the  church  of  the  barony  of  Bolbeok,  was  appropriated  to  the 
Premonstratensian  canons  of  Bkuchlaud  from  whose  white  garments  it 
was  called  "  the  white  church ;"  BywoH  8t  Peter's,  the  church  of  the 
barony  of  Balliol,  was  granted  to  the  black-robed  Benedictinee  of  Tyne- 
mouth  and  Purham,  and  so  acquired  the  name  of  "  the  black  church." 

Other  ancient  ascriptionB  to  St.  Andrew  occur  in  Northumberland  in 
the  churches  of  Bdam  and  Bothal-.  Bolam  is  said  to  have  been  originally 
founded  by  the  lona  missionariea.  Heddon-othlhe-Wail  is  ascribed  to  St. 
Andrew  in  Idber  BegU  (Bacon),  but  Randall  gives  St,  Philip  and  St, 
James,  which  is  accepted  by  local  repute. 

In  Durham  is  the  important  collegiate  church  of  iSf.  Andrevi-Auekland^ 
and  also  churches  of  St.  Andrew  at  LamKaley,  Dalton-ls-Dale,  Haughton- 
le-Skeme,  Sadberge,  Aydtffe,  and  Wiiwtan.  AyclifTe  is  ascribed  in  Bacon's 
Liber  Begia  to  St  Acca,  which  appears  to  be  an  example  of  ploce^iame 
suggesting  church  name  erroneously :  Aycliffe  was  anciently  written 
Ac^iffe  and  Aclif  ■— oak-cliffe. 

St.  James. —'Dedications  te  St  James  may  be  assumed  to  refer  to  St. 
James  the  Great  In  Durham  are  the  churches  of  Catth-Eden,  HammterU^, 
and  Hungtamoorth,  and  in  Northnmberland  Shilbottle,  In  Liber  Regis 
(Bacon),  contrary  to  all  local  authorities,  Tanfidd  is  ascribed  to  St  James ; 
it  is  properly  St.  Margaret  The  Premonstratensian  abbey  of  Alnwick 
was  dedicated  to  St  James  and  the  blessed  Virgin. 

St.  John,  or  SL  John  the  Evangelist,  ia  represented  by  only  one  parish 
church  in  Northumberland,  that  oi  Meldon  ;  and  in  Durham  iho  churchee 
of  Dimdale,  Mem'nglon,  and  the  remarkable  Anglo-Saxon  church  of 
Escomhe.  In  modern  churches  St,  John  is  the  moat  popular  of  all  names 
in  this  district.    Sunderland  St  John  is  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

St.  Matthew.  ^The  church  of  WaLsingham  is  commonly  understood  to 
be  dedicated  to  St  Matthew.  It  would  appear  that  the  Liber  Seff/'a  and 
Hutchinson's  History  ascribing  it  to  St.  Mary  and  St  Stephen  are 
inaccurate.     The  old  &ir  day  at  Wolsingham  is  St  Matthew's  day. 

St.  Thomas  the  Apobtlb  is  the  dedication  of  the  church  of  Stanhope, 
where  also  a  fair  is  held  on  that  saint's  day. 

The  church  of  St  Thomas  at  Stockton  was  originally  St  Thomas  of 
Canterbury. 

St.  Philip  axb  St.  Jaubs.  —The  festivals  of  St.  James  the  Less  and 
of  St  Philip  are  united  together  on  May-day,  which  being  also  a  popular 
holiday  iu  the  olden  time  was  a  likely  day  to  be  selected  for  the  dedica- 
tion of  a  church.  Accordingly  wo  have  four  ancient  churches  dedicated 
to  St  Philip  and  St.  James.  Heddou-on-the-  Wa/l,  Whittondall,  and  Sock 
in  Northumberland,  and  Wiltan-le-Wear  in  Durham. 

St.  Bartholomew. — It  is  remarkable  that  this  ascription  should  have 
been  so  popular  in  ancient  times  in  Northumberland.  There  have  been 
eight  ancient  churches  of  this  name  in  Northumberland,  but  only  one  in  . 
Durham.  It  ia  probable  that  although  the  name  may  have  been  given  in 
honour  of  St  Bartholomew  the  Apostle,  it  was  in  some  cases  adopted 
from  another  Bartholomew,  that  being  the  name  assumed  by  a  native  of 
Whitby  called  Tosti,  on  his  becoming  a  mouk  of  Durham,  and  who,  follow- 
ing the  example  of  St  Cntiibort^  ultimately  became  a  hermit  on  Fame 


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DEDICATIONS  IN  DUBHAU  AND  NOBTHUUBEBLAKD.    375 

laland,  and  is  known  as  St.  Bartholohew  of  Fabne.     He  died  about 
1 182,  about  Trbich  time  many  NorthumbTian  chuicbes  vere  founded. 

At  Tweedmouth,  the  township  of  ^ntal  deriyea  its  name  from  an 
extinct  leper  hospital  of  SL  Bartholomew  ;  and  this  is  also  the  dedication 
name  of  the  charch  of  Tweedmouth,  whicb,  though  an  eighteenth  century 
rebuilding,  ia  a  twelfth  century  foundation. 

The  moat  ancient  northern  church  dedicated  to  St  Bartholomew  is 
that  of  Whittingham,  portiona  of  the  present  building  being  of  the 
eleventh  century.  Neabigffin  church  is  also  of  this  dedication ;  and  at 
those  two  placea  fairs  are  held  on  or  about  St  Bartholomew's  day.  Other 
churches  of  this  name  are  at  Long-Benton,  Kirk-Whdpingttm,  and  Kirk- 
Heaion.  On  the  Ordnance  map  Long-Benton  ia  erroneouBly  asciibed  to 
St  Andrew.     Kirk-Heaton  haa  also  sometimes  been  called  St  Andrew. 

In  Neteeastle,  St  Bartholomew  the  Apostle  gave  the  name  to  the 
church  of  the  great  nunnery  which  once  occupied  the  aitd  indicated  by 
Nun  street 

In  the  county  of  Durham  the  ancient  chapel  of  Cfroxdale  was  dedi- 
cated to  St  Bartholomew. 

St.  Sihon.  The  apostles  8t  Simon  and  St  Jude  an  the  only  two  of 
the  eleven  whose  names  are  not  found  in  ancient  churches  of  Northum- 
berland or  Durham,  unless  St  Simon  be  the  name  of  the  church  of 
Simonbum,  which  it  probably  was  not  originally.  Of  other  evangelists 
and  apostles,  St  Mark,  St.  Luke,  St  Matthiaa,  and  St  Barnabas  are  also 
wanting. 

St.  Stephen.  There  is  a  doubt  already  mentioned  whether  Wnhing- 
k<mi  church  ia  dedicated  to  St  Mary  and  St  Stephen,  but  the  presumption 
ia  in  favour  of  St  Matthew. 

St.  Paul  is  a  favonrite  name  for  modem  churches,  being,  next  to  St. 
John,  the  most  frequent  in  these  two  counties.  But  in  ancient  times  it 
was  not  so,  beii^  in  fact  extremely  rare  when  not  conjoined  with  St 
Peter.  We  have  in  Durham  one  ancient  St.  Paul'a  in  the  celebrated 
church  of  the  Venerable  Bede  at  Jarrow,  but  it  owes  its  name  to  the 
double  dedication  of  St  Peter  and  St  Paul  of  Wearmouth  and  Jarrow  as 
already  mentioned.  In  Northumberland  there  ia  one  ancient  church  of 
St  Paul,  that  of  Branxton,  but  this,  if  an  ancient  ascription,  haa  most 
likely  been  a  contraction  of  St.  Paulinus  (see  p.  378.) 

St.  MIaxy  MAaDAi,KN  :  In  Durham  this  name  is  given  to  the  churches 
of  Medonuiey,  Hart,  and  Trimdcn,  and  also  to  a  ruined  chapel  at  Durham  ; 
and  in  Northumberland  to  Mitford  and  WhaUon.  There  ia  a  question 
whether  Wbalton  should  not  be  St  Mary  the  Vii^,  but  Hodgson  (Hist 
of  Northumb.)  gives  St  Mary  Magdalen.  Perhaps  Mitford  and  Wbalton, 
both  ysry  ancient  foundations,  were  originally  nameless  j  and  Mitford 
acquired  its  name  at  a  r&dedieation  after  partial  rebuilding,  when  it  had 
become  appropriated  to  the  priory  of  St  Mary  Magdalen,  Lanercoat ;  and 
the  adjoining  parish  of  Whalton  aeema  to  have  adapted  the  same,  for  it  is 
remarkable  how  church-names  run  in  groups  of  adjacent  parishes,  as  will  . 
be  seen  by  comparing  neighbouring  churches  dedicated  to  St  Andnw,  St 
Giles,  St  Maurice,  St  Michael,  and  others.  There  is  a  hospital  of  St 
Mary  Magdalen  at  NeiBcaetle,  but  its  chapel  is  dedicated  to  St.  Thomas 
the  Martyr. 

The  list  of  New  Testament  names  is  here  concluded,  and  those  whicli 


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376    DSDICATIONS  IN  DTIBHAU  AND  NOBTHUHBBBLANS. 

foUoT  Bie  the  Cbiistian  Baints  of  later  cUte.  Of  these  the  earliest  we 
find  ia  the  old  northern  diocese  is 

Bt.  Lavbekcx  ;  a  Spaniard,  archdeacon  of  Rome,  who  Buffered 
martyrdom  at  Rome,  a.s.  256.  His  name  was  brought  into  Northumbria 
by  relics  sent  to  king  Oswy  in  the  seventh  century,  and  we  have  one 
parish  church  in  each  county  to  commemorate  him,  Pittington  and  Wark- 
tuorth.  The  church  of  Warkworth  was  founded  by  Cealwulf,  king  of 
N'orthumbria,  about  a.d.  736.  A  chapel  of  St  Laurence  onue  existed  at 
Neaccutle,  of  which  a  few  stones  remain,  and  it  has  given  name  to  the 
locality. 

St.  Gboboe,  of  Cappadocia,  martyred  in  a.s.  285.  Being  a  Christian 
seldier  he  became  idealized  as  a  rediessor  of  wrongs,  the  dragon  alayer,  and 
in  the  time  of  the  crusades  the  patron  of  chivalry,  and  was  adopted  by 
Edward  IIL  aa  the  model  of  knighthood  for  the  Order  of  the  Garter,  and 
hence  St  George  came  to  be  considered  the  tutelary  saint  of  England. 
The  modem  prevalence  of  St  George  in  church  names  is  greatly  due  to 
loyal  feeling  during  the  Georgian  erai;  hut  there  are  ancient  churches 
dedicated  to  him,  of  which  we  have  one  is  Durham,  MiddleUm.  St.  George. 

St.  Mauriob,  another  soldier  martyr,  who  suffered  a.d.  286,  at  the 
place  now  called  by  his  name,  on  the  Rhone  in  Switzerland.  Why  he 
should  be  commemorated  in  .Northumberland,  in  the  two  adjacent  perish 
churches  of  Eglingham  and  EUingham,  does  not  appear.  In  Bandal's  list 
(1778)  Ellingham  is  called  St  Mary,  but  this  is  deemed  inaccurate. 
There  is  a  well  of  St.  Maurice  near  the  church.  It  should  be  noted,  how- 
ever, that  Randal  was  himself  vicar  of  Ellingbam. 

St.  Alban,  the  British  protomartyr,  a.d.  303,  is  commemorated  in  the 
church  of  Earsdon,  which  anciently  belonged  to  the  neighbouring  priory 
of  Tynemonth,  and  as  that  priory  was  subordinate  to  the  great  abbey  of 
St  Alban's,  the  name  has  thus  been  chosen  for  Earsdon. 

St.  Mabgabbt  has  a  church  in  the  city  of  Durham,  and  another  in  the 
county  at  TanfieU  This  name  is  probably  not  from  the  legendary  St 
Maif^aret,  the  virgin  martyr  of  Antioch  a.d.  306,  but  rather  is  in  honoor 
of  the  pious  and  noble-minded  Anglo-Saxon  princess,  Margaret,  wife  of 
Malcolm  Canmore,  king  of  Scotland,  and  mother  of  David  L  the  founder  of 
many  churches  and  abbeys.  She  was  bom  1046.  The  estimation  in  which 
she  was  held  in  the  bishopric  is  shown  by  her  life  having  been  written 
by  a  monk  of  Durham,  probably  Tatgot,  who  was  installed  prior  in  1087. 
(Surtees  Society,  vol.  51).  The  chiist^an  name  of  Majorat  continues 
one  of  the  most  prevalent  in  the  district 

St.  Cathikinx,  virgin  martyr  of  Alexandria,  a.d.  307,  whose  legend 
represents  a  Christiamzed  Minerva,  had  her  name  ascribed  in  JfewaigQs 
to  the  Maison  Dieu  of  Roger  Thornton,  now  the  guildhall ;  and.  also  in 
the  county  of  Durham  to  a  former  chapel  at  Hylitm. 

St.  Helkit,  the  Christian  empress  (d.  328),  who  founded  the  church 
of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  at  Jeruralem  and  the  church  of  the  If  ativi^  at 
Bethlehem.  From  the  circumstance  that  her  son,  Constantine  the  Great, 
was  in  Britain  when  he  succeeded  to  the  empire,  Helen,  or  Helena,  was 
supposed  to  be  a  British  princess.  She  was  really  a  native  of  Bitbynia ; 
hut  the  British  tradition,  revived  probably  in  crusading  times,  made  her 
name  popular  in  this  country.  The  churches  dedicated  to  her  memory  in 
Xorthumberland  are  CornhiJi  (where  is  also  a  well  of  St  Helen),  Lomj- 
Hordmj,   and    Whitley-in-BexhanuAire ;    and    in   Durham,     Si.    Uelai- 


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DEDICATIONS  IN  DUBH&H  AND  NOBTHUHBBBULND.    377 

Auckland,  and  Kdloe,  and  a  ^teway  chapel  at  Durham.  In  Eelloe 
church  is  a  remarkable  ancient  croea  ecalptuied  with  the  legend  of  >St. 
Halea 

St.  Ahthont,  the  Egyptian  patriarch  of  monachiam  (d.  356),  gives 
name  to  a  church  in  Neweagtle  of  recent  foundation,  but  the  locality  has 
borne  the  name  of  St.  Anthony's  from  olden  times. 

St.  Nicholas,  hiahop  of  Myra,  in  Asia  Minor,  about  a.d,  326,  This  is 
the  well-known  dedication  name  of  the  principal,  now  the  cathedral,  church 
of  Nevxaeile.  The  name  is  found  in  seaport  towns,  the  legendary  St. 
Kicholas  being  the  patron  of  the  mariner,  the  toiler,  Uie  captive,  the  poor 
and  the  children.  Two  churches  which  were  originally  ofi^hoots  from  St. 
Nicholas,  Newcastle,  bear  the  same  name,  Oosforth  and  Cramlington,  and 
there  is  another  in  the  north  at  Kyloe.  In  Durham  the  chunji  of 
Boldon,  and  one  in  the  city  of  Darham,  are  of  this  dedication. 

St.  AnorsTiNB. — The  church  of  Alston,  which,  though  in  Cumberland, 
beloi^  to  the  diocese  of  Newcastle,  is  dedicated  to  St.  Augustina  There 
ie  a  local  tradition  that  the  church  was  founded  by  8t  Augustine  of 
Canterbury,  but  this  ie  a  mere  plausible  invention.  It  belonged  to  tiie 
Augnetinian  canons  of  Hexham,  the  chief  rules  of  whose  order  were 
derived  from  the  great  St.  Augustine,  bishop  of  Hippo  (d.  430),  and  the 
ascription  may  thus  be  derived  from  its  connection  with  Hexham ;  but 
perhaps  the  parish  name,  which  is  locally  pronounced  "  Auston,"  may, 
like  Simonbum  and  Ancroft,  have  suggested  the  church  name. 

St.  Patrick. — The  church  of  LamUey  in  South-Tynedale,  where  there- 
was  an  ancient  nunnery,  is  dedicated  to  St.  Mary  and  St.  Patrick.  Why 
the  name  of  the  apostle  of  Ireland  should  be  found  in  this  remote  Noriih- 
umbrian  locality  does  not  appear.  It  should  be  remembered,  however, 
that  St;  Patrick  (d.  465)  was  not  himself  an  Irishman,  but  a  native  either 
of  Britain  or  GauL 

St.  Lbonabd  (d.  559)  a  Frankish  saint,  the  patron  of  captives.  Several 
ancient  and  vanished  hospitals,  as  those  at  Alnwick  in  Northumberland, 
and  Butterby  in  Durham,  were  dedicated  to  him. 

St.  Brandon,  to  whom  the  chuicb  of  Braneepnth  is  dedicated,  was  an 
Irishman,  who  is  said  to  have  voyaged  to  America,  nearly  1000  years 
before  Columbus.  He  founded  and  presided  over  the  abbey  of  Clonfert, 
and  died  in  577.  I  can  discover  no  reason  why  this  saint  was  chosen  in 
the  bishopric  of  Durham.  The  dedication  is  undoubtedly  a  very  ancient 
one,  being  mentioned  by  Reginald  of  Durham  in  the  twelfth  century  as 
the  name  of  an  earlier  structure  than  the  present  church.  The  derivation 
of  Brancepeth  from  the  "  path  "  of  the  legendary  "  brawn ''  is  mytbicaL 
The  similarity  of  the  name  of  the  saint  with  the  place  name,  and  the 
identity  of  the  name  with  that  of  the  adjacent  village  of  Brandon,  suggests 
that  Brancepeth  is  "Brandon's  peth";  the  Anglo-Saxon  paeth,  repre- 
sented in  our  modem  word  path,  had  also  the  meaning  of  a  dene  or  valley 
(see  Lake  xvi,  26,  in  Lindisfame  and  Bosbwori^h  gospels,  Surtees  Society, 
vol.  43.) 

St.  Munoo.— The  church  of  Simonbum  is  said  to  be  dedicated  to  St. 
Simon.  This  has  obviously  been  su^ested  by  the  name  of  the  viUage, 
and  is  of  later  date  than  the  first  foundation  of  the  church.  The  name 
Simonbum  is  not  from  any  one  called  Simon,  but  from  Sigmund  an 
Anglo-Saxon  warrior.  The  church  ie  one  of  the  most  ancient  foundations 
in  the  county  of  Northumberland,  having,  according  to  tradition,  been 


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37B    DEDICATIONS  IK  Dt^HAU  AND  NOBTHUUBRBLAND. 

founded  by  the  disciples  of  Keutigem,  otherwise  Uungo,  biehop  of 
Glasgow,  who  died  601.  A  well  ia  the  viuinity  of  the  church  culled 
"Muggers'  well,"  appears  to  be  a  corruption  of  "Mungo'a  well," 
The  ancient  dcdicaiion,  if  any,  being  probably  St.  Mungo,  that 
name  has  lately  been  resumed.  Mungo  was  preeminently  the 
saint  of  Tweoddidu  and  Clydesdale,  aod  his  name  is  associated  with 
some  churches  in  the  Scotti»b  border  counties  which  are  amoog  the 
oldest  in  that  district. 

St.  Grxoort,  or  Gregory  the  Great,  bishop  of  Rome,  590-60i.  One 
of  the  miasionarics  whom  he  sent  to  assist  Augustiae  in  preaching  the 
Christian  faith  to  the  Anglo-Saxons  was  I'aulinua.  Many  liundreds  of 
Northumbrians  were  baptized  by  Pauliuus  in  the  river  Glen,  where  now 
is  the  parish  of  Kirk-Newton,  and  the  church  of  that  parish,  which  is  a 
twelfth  century  foundation,  is  dedicated  to  St.  Gregory. 

St.  Pauunuh,  came  to  England  in  601,  and  became  bishop  of  tho 
Northumbrians  in  625.  In  the  same  district  where  he  baptised  his  name 
ia  found,  between  Glendale  and  the  Tweed,  in  Pallinsbum  (i—  PaulinuK - 
bum) ;  and  in  the  adjacent  parish  of  Branzion  the  church  is  dedicated  to 
St,  Paul,  which  appears  to  be  a  contraction  of  St.  Paulinua.  There  is  a 
sinular  instance  in  the  city  of  Lincoln,  where  Paulinne  was  also  occupied 
as  a  mission  preacher,  and  the  church  named  in  his  honour  is  now 
shortened  into  "  St  Paul." 

St.  Edwih,  the  convert  of  Paulinus,  and  the  first  Christian  king  of 
Northumbria  (d,  633)  ia  commemorated  in  the  church  of  Coniscliffe  on 
the  Tees.  Coniscliffe  means  "  King's  Cliff,"  so  that  there  ia  evidently  ao 
ancient  connection  between  the  names  of  church  and  parish. 

St.  Oswald,  king  of  Northumhria,  631-42,  who  established  Aidan  the 
monk  of  lona  in  the  see  of  Lludisforne,  gives  name  to  a  little  church 
St.  OmBold's,  a  few  miles  north  of  HesLam,  which  stands  on  the  site 
where,  in  a.d.  634,  this  king  fixed  the  standard  of  the  cross  around 
which  he  and  bis  army  mode  their  prayer  on  the  eve  of  battle  against  the 
Cymric  chief  CadwaUader.  The  place  was  named  Hefenfeld,  the 
Heavenly-field,  and  the  original  church  on  tho  site  was  built  to  com- 
memorate Oswald's  victory.  In  the  city  of  Durham,  the  church  of  St 
Oswald  crowns  tho  height  opposite  the  cathedral  church  of  SL  Cuthbert, 
and  his  name  also  occurs  in  the  Nine  Altars  chapel  of  the  cathedral  church. 
In  art  8k  Cnthbert  is  represented  bearing  the  head  of  St  Oswald,  the 
head  of  Oswald  having  been  placed  in  the  coffin  or  shrine  of  Cuthbert  at 
Lindiafame. 

St.  Aidah. — It  ia  a  matter  of  some  surprise  that  there  is  only  one 
anciei]^  church  in  Northumberland  and  not  one  in  Durham,  named  from 
this  distinguished  missionary  bishop,  the  real  founder,  with  the  aid  of 
king  Oswald,  of  the  Christian  church  in  the  northern  half  of  England. 
It  is  lemaikable  also  that  while  historians  dwell  upon  the  succeaafQl 
mission  ot  Augustine  at  Canterbury,  there  seems,  till  recent  times,  to  have 
been  a  want  of  due  appreciation  of  that  of  Aidan  at  Lindisfame,  notwith- 
standing that  it  was  a  pennonent  success  in  the  north,  which  that  of 
Paulinus  had  not  been.  And  if  among  southerns  Aidan  has  been  over- 
shadowed as  a  missionary  by  Augustine,  among  northerns  he  has  been 
overshodowed  as  a  saint  by  Cuthbert  As  he  was  the  first  bishop  of 
Lindisfame  (635-51),  the  palatinate  bishops  of  Durham  might  as  well 
have  been  lallcd  St.  Aidan's  successors,  as  successors  of  St  Cuthbert. 


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DEDIOATIOKa  ITS  DUBHAH  AKI>  HORTHDMBBKLARD.     S79 

That  Cnthbcrt  should  hsve  beon  more  honoured  than  Aidan  is  chftracteristio 
of  the  middle  nges,  when  monastic  sanctity  was  more  esteemed  than 
missionary  enterprise.  But  Aidan  was  a  Gael,  and  in  comparison  with 
Cuthbert  suffered  from  the  disadvantage  of  being  to  the  Anglo-Saxons  a 
foreigner.  He  died  at  Bambargh,  and  hence  the  chnrch  of  that  parish  is 
colled  St  Aldan's,  the  only  one  so  dedicated,  unless  HaHwhistie  is 
another.  Haltwhistle  is  classed  as  Holy  Cross,  bat  Hodgson  (Hist  of 
Northum.)  gives  St.  Aidan,  which  appears  inaccurate.  In  the  Nine  Altars 
at  Durham,  the  name  of  St  Aidan  occurs. 

St.  OawHf,  a  humble-minded  Christian  monarch,  king  of  Deira,  mur- 
dered A.D.  661,  and  buried  or  enshrined  at  Tynemouih,  lA  which  he  is 
called  the  patron  saint.  The  priory  church  of  Tynemouth  was  dedicated 
to  the  blessed  Tirgin  and  St.  Oewin  king  and  mutyr. 

St.  Hilda,  princess  of  Northumbria  and  abbess  of  Whitby  (d.  680). 
Hei  memory  is  preserved  in  the  names  of  the  fine  old  storm-beatrai  church 
of  Hartlepool,  and  in  the  principal  church  of  South'Shielde,  with  both 
which  localities  she  was  connected,  having  first  estabUshed  a  small  nun- 
nery between  South  Shields  and  the  Wear,  the  site  of  which  is  now  un- 
known, and  afterwards  a  more  important  one  at  Hartlepool,  before  she 
finally  removed  to  Whitby. 

St.  Ebba,  sister  of  St.  Oswald  (d.  684)  is  commemorated  in  the  church 
as  well  as  in  the  place-name  of  Ehchegter,  where  she  founded  a  small 
monastery  among  the  ruins  of  the  Roman  station  on  the  Derwent.  She 
afterwards  founded  and  was  abbess  of  Coldingham  in  Berwickshire,  where 
also  her  name  survives  in  St  Abb's  Head.  A  modem  church  on  the 
Xorthumbrian  coast  at  BeadneU  is  named  St  Ebba's  from  an  ancient 
chapel  onoe  existing  on  an  adjacent  promontory  called  "Ebb's  Snook." 

St.  Cuthbert,  shepherd  of  Lauderdale,  monk  of  Old  Melrose,  and  suc- 
cessively prior  and  bishop  of  Lindisfame,  died  at  his  retreat  on  the  Fame 
island  in  687,  liaving  filled  the  see  of  Lindisfarne  only  two  yearsL  His 
great  fame  rests  on  the  sanctity  of  his  personal  character,  which  has  made 
him  pre-eminently  the  saint  of  the  old  diocese  of  Durham.  His  special 
church  is,  of  course,  that  wherein  his  remains  were  finally  deposited  in 
A.D.  999,  the  gmnd  cathedral  church  of  "  the  blessed  Mary  the  Virgin  and 
St  Cuthbert  the  bishop"  at  ZJurAam.  Previously  the  relics  of  St.  Cuthbert 
had  been  113^  years  at  dtetter-le-atreet,  which  church  is  also  dedicated  to 
St  Mary  and  St  Cuthbert,  and  its  thousandth  anniversary  was  celebrated 
in  1883,  In  the  palatinate,  (which  territory  was  "the  patrimony  of  St 
Cuthbert ")  we  have  also  the  important  church  of  Darlington,  and  tho 
churches  of  Billmgham,  Redmar^udl,  and  Satley,  dedicated  to  St  Cuth- 
bert ;  and  Oreaiham  hospital  is  St.  Mary  and  St  Cuthbert  Keginald  of 
Durham  mentions  that  the  monastic  church  of  lAndisfame,  when  re- 
erected  as  a  IJenedictine  priory  at  the  end  of  the  eleventh  century,  was  in 
honour  of  St.  Cuthbert  (Surtees  Soc,  voL  1,  p,  45.) 

Islandshire,  Norhamshire,  and  Bedlingtonshire,  now  parts  of  yorthum- 
herland,  formerly  belonged  to  "  the  patrimony  of  St.  Cuthbert,"  and 
remained  detached  parts  of  the  county  palatine  down  to  1844,  and  of  the 
churches  in  these  districts,  Norham,  Carham,  and  BedlingtoR,  and  the 
chapel  on  Farw  Inland  are  dedicated  to  St.  Cuthbert. 

The  other  churches  of  St  Cuthbert  in  Northumberland  are  EUdon, 
which  was  one  of  the  resting  places  of  the  saint's  body  in  the  wander- 


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380     DBDICATTONB  IN  DUBHAH  AND  NOBTHUMBBBLAND. 

inga  of  the  monks,  BdUngham  (where  also  the  saint's  hod;  lestod,  and 
where  there  is  a  well  of  St  Gathbert  mentioned  by  Reginald  of  Durham, 
e.  1150),  Hebbrott,  Allendale,  Haydon,  and  its  modem  sacceseor  at 
Baydon-Bridge,  and  Beltittgham. 

St.  Wilfrid. — This  zealous  prelate  (d.  709)  was  the  great  chuich- 
builder  of  his  day,  and  the  temarkable  crypt  of  Hexham  atill  rmoains  of 
the  church  which  he  founded  there.  There  are  two  dedications  to  his 
name  in  Northumberland,  the  church  of  Kirlt-BaHe,  and  the  rained 
chapel  of  Quieance. 

St.  Jobk  of  Bkvsklkt  (d  721),  at  one  time  bishop  of  Hexham,  girea 
his  name  not  only  to  the  neighbouring  church  of  8t.  John  l^ee,  but  also  in 
that  contracted  form  to  the  parish  itsell  Here  at  one  period  of  his  life 
he  dwelt  in  a  hermitage  on  the  hill  where  the  church  stands.  The  chnich 
was  originally  founded  by  Wilfrid,  and  at  first  named  St  Michael's, 

8t.  Aoga,  the  friend  of  Eede,  who  succeeded  John  of  Beverley  as 
bishop  of  Hexham  (709-32)  has  already  been  referred  to  in  connectiati 
with  Aydiffe,  p.  374. 

St.  Bboe,  commonly  called  the  Venerable  Bede  (d.  735). — Why  so 
saintly  a  person  should  not  have  had  churches  dedicated  to  his  iUuetrious 
niemory  is  dif&cult  t«  understand.  It  can  scarcely  be  becaose  there  was 
no  papal  authority  for  calling  him  "  saint,"  for  saints  became  so  recognised 
at  first  by  popular  opinion  sustained  by  merely  the  authority  <rf  the 
diocesan  bishop.  Cuthbert,  and  Aidon,  and  Hilda,  and  many  others  were 
not  styled  saints  because  of  any  record  of  Roman  canonization  ;  which 
does  not  appear  to  have  become  exclusive  till  about  the  twelfth  century. 
Though  Bede  is  not  commemorated  in  any  ancient  church  dedication,  tus 
name  was  not  without  honour  in  the  cathedral  church  of  Durham,  Near  his 
tomb  in  the  Galilee  chapel  was  once  an  altar  to  lus  memory  ;  and  in  the 
chapel  of  the  Nine  Altars,  the  central  altar  was  dedicated  to  St  Cuthbert 
end  St  Bede. 

St.  Cbolwdlf. — The  church  of  Norham  when  first  founded  by  Ecfrid, 
otherwise  Ecgred,  bishop  of  Lindisfame  (830-45)  was  in  honour  of  St 
Peter,  St  Cuthbert,  and  8t  Ceolwnlf,  (Surtees  Soo.,  vol.  51).  The  latter 
was  the  king  of  Northumbria  to  whom  Bede  dedicated  his  history,  and 
who  spent  the  last  twenty-seven  years  of  his  life  as  a  monk  at  Lindis- 
fame, and  died  764. 

St.  Giles,  a  French  hermit,  who  died  about  712,  became  a  popular 
saint  in  England,  but  why  he  should  be  commemomted  in  this  county  is 
unexplained.  We  have  of  this  dedication  the  church  of  St  Giles  in  the 
city  of  Durham,  with  which  was  also  connected  the  neighbouring  hospi- 
tal of  St  Giles  at  Kepier  of  which  only  a  gateway  now  lemains ;  and 
in  Northumberland  are  the  churches  of  ChoUerton,  Biriley  in  North 
Tynedale  and  Nether-Wittim. 

St.  EnmTND,  king  and  martyr  (d.  870)  from  whom  the  town  of  Bury 
St  Edmund's  in  his  kingdom  of  East  Anglia  b  named.  The  name  of  St 
Edmund  occurs  four  times  in  the  "  bishopric"  At  Beaitrepaire,  now 
Bearpork,  the  ruined  chapel  was  St  Edmund  the  king,  and  a  modem 
church  revives  the  name.  Edmundbyem  has  probably  had  the  church 
name  sirggeeted  by  the  place  name  or  oice  wma.  A  modem  church  of 
St  Edmund  at  GatcthfJi'l  has  succeeded  to  the  name  of  a  hospital 
founded  1248,  aud  then  styled  "  the  chapel  and  hospital  of  St  Edmund, 
kin^  and  confessor,  and  of  the  glorious  bishop  Cuthbert,"  and  it  ig 
pipg^^lH^  that  wo  meet  with  the  name  of  the  hospital  two  centuries  latej 


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DBDIOAnOMS  nt  DTTROAH  AND  NOBTHUICBBBLAND.    S61 

as  "  St  Edmund  the  bishop."  The  chorah  of  Sedg^field  is  called  St. 
Edmund  the  bishop.  The  only  episcopal  St  Edmund  b  archbishop 
Rich  of  Canterboiy  (d.  1340)  who  was  canonized  as  St  Edmund  of 
Pontigny.  I  think  it  is  open  to  doubt  whether  St  Edmond  "the 
bishop,"  has  not  been  a  mistake  foe  "  the  king." 

St.  Bobsbt  was  the  Grst  abbot  of  NewnUntter  in  Northumberiand 
{died  1159).  The  abbey  church,  of  which  only  the  foondations  now 
remain,  was  like  all  Ciateician  chnichea  dedicated  to  St  Mary,  but  in 
popolat  estimatian  the  name  of  St  Bobert  was  also  associated  witii  it 

Bt.  Thoius  a  Bmokbt,  otherwise  St  Thomas  of  Canterbury,  or  8t 
Thomas  the  Martyr  fd.  1170),  was  very  popular  in  medisTal  times.  The 
principal  chnnh  of  tne  town  of  Sloekton-CM-Teei,  originally  a  chapel  to 
Iforttm,  was  dedicated  to  St  Thomas  of  Canterbury,  though  now  it 
appears  to  be  generally  called  simply  St  Thomas.  The  old  and  disnaed 
church  of  Grindon  in  the  same  part  of  the  county  palatine  is  also 
dedicated  to  St  Thomas  &  Beoket  The  chapel  formerly  on  Tyne 
bridge  end,  and  rebuUt  in  modem  times  on  another  site  in  NmocagOe,  wsb 
dedicated  to  St  Thomas  the  Martyr ;  and  a  hospital  at  B6U<m  in  North- 
umberland was  asaribed  to  the  blessed  Virgin  and  Bt  Thomas  the 
Martyr. 

St.  Oodbio,  the  wandering  pedlar  of  Norfolk,  the  pilgrim  seaman,  and 
finally  tlte  hermit  of  Finchale  (d.  1179)  has  his  name  joined  with  that  of 
St  John  the  Baptist  in  the  dedication  of  the  church  of  the  raised  priory 
of  Finchale,  near  Durham. 

There  still  remain  some  diarofaes  which  have  either  no  dedication 
names,  or  these  names  have  been  lost  In  Northumberland  are  the  ancient 
churdtes  and  chapels  of  Slalej/,  Halton,  DiUton,  Enaresdaie,  Conengiile, 
Throekriitglon,  Seaion-Delaval,  Hartbum.  Long-Framiingtim,  and  Taghall 
(in  ruins)  ;  and  in  Durham,  Whilwortk,  Munglenmek,  Elton,  and  Emble- 
ton,  and  the  chapels  of  Dnrham  and  Auehkmd  castles. 

ALPBABBTlOAIi  UBIB   OP  BZIBTIirG  OHUBOBBS  07  BARLIBB  DATE  THAN  TBB 

PRBBIHT    OBNTURT,    INCOLITDIHQ  HOSERN  FODNDAHORS  BBVIVIHQ 

ANCIXKT    NAMBS. 

AtMaritia  :— 
;B)  Lihtr  lUgU  (Bacon  178S],  wd  wh«re  the  name  is  not  thare  given,  or  in  cua  of  a 

ditTetenoe,  the  following  tm  refeiTDd  to— 
(R]  Randal's  State  of  the  Churchei  tppended  to  Hutchinson'a  Hiit  of  Korthumber* 

Imd,  1778. 
(H)  Hutchinun'*  HUt  of  Duriiam,  1787. 
(3)   Suitaee'  Hist  of  Durham,  181B,  stc 
Where  do  authority  is  referred  to,  ths  name  is  given  hy  common  lepute. 

COUNTT   OP  NOHTBDIfBlllLAlID,    ARD   SOV  TBB   DlOClSl   OF   NBWCUTLI. 

Allendale,  Bt  Cutbbert  BeadneU,  St.  Ebhe 

Alnham,  8t  HtchMl  (B)  Bedlington,  St.  Cuthbert  (B) 

Atnmoath,  St.  John  Che  BaptJot  (B)  Belfoi^,  St.  lUry  (B) 

Alnwick,  St.  Hacy  and  St.  Michael  (R)  BeUingham,  St  Cuthbert  (B) 

Aliton  (Cumberland),  St  Auguitine  (St  Beltinghatn,  8t  Cuthbert  (RJ 

Anrtln,  B)  Berwick,  Holr  Trinity  (B) 
Alwioton,  StUiohaelandAUAngeUfSt  „        StHaiy 

Michael,  B)  (Sea  iho  Tweedmoutb) 

AncToft,  St  Anne  Bewick,  Holy  Trini^  (B) 

Banbui^h,  St  Aldan  (B)  BingOeld,  St  Muy 

VOL.   XLIL  3  0 


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DEDICATIONS  IN  DURHAM  AND  NOBTHUHBERLAND. 


BirtlcT  in  North  Tyned^  St.  Oilea 

BluichUiid,  St.  Mu7  the  ^IrgtD 

Bolam,  St  Andrew  (B) 

Botli&l,  St  Andrew  (B) 

Bntniton,  8L  Pud 

Brinkbnn],  St.  P«ter  tud  St  P»ul  (St 

Peter,  R) 
Bywell,  St.  Andrew  (B) 

„        St  Peter  (B) 
Cambo,  Holy  Trini^ 
Cirham,  St.  Cuthbert  (B) 
Chatton,  Holy  Cran  (6) 
Chillingliani.'St  Pel*r  (B) 
Chollerton,  St  Oilea  (B) 
Corbridge,  St  Andrew  (B) 
ComhDI.  Bt  Helen  (R) 
Coreenade,  unmuned 
Cnmlington,  St  Nicholaa  (R) 
Doddington,  St  Hair  uid  St  Hiohael 
Eandon,  St  Albon  (R) 
Edlinghim,  3t  John  tlie  Baptjat  IB) 
Eglinghin,  St  Hanrioe  (B) 
EUinghim,  St  Haurioa  (B),  or  St  Ifuy 

(H) 
Eladon,  St  Cuthbert  (B) 
Embleton,  St  Uuy  (B),  or  Holj  Trinity. 
Pelton,  St  Hichad  (B) 
Ford,  fit  Hkhael  (B) 
eoaforth,  St.  Nicholas 
Haltoji,  unnuned 
Haltwhistle,  Holy  Cnwa  (B] 
Bartbum,  unnamed 
Eavdan  Bridge,  St  Cuthbert  (B) 
Hebbron,  Ht  Cuthbert 
Beddon-on-the  Widl,  3t  nulip  and  St 

Jamei  (R),  or  St  Andrew  (B) 
Hexhani,  St  Andrew  (R) 
Holy  Island,  St  Hary,  or  St  John  the 

Enngelist(B) 
Holystone,  3t   Mary    the    Virgin    (St. 

Mary,B) 
Horton,  St  Hary 
Howick,  St  Maiy  .    „ 
Ilderton,  8t  Uichael  (B) 
Ingram,  St  Michael  (B) 
Kitl-Sarle,  St  Wilfrid  (B) 
KiiUiaugh,  Holy  Paraclete 
KiA-BaatoD,  St  Bartholomew 
Kirk-Newton,  St  Oregoi?  (B) 
Kirk-Whelpington,  St  Bariibolomew  (B) 
Knareadale,  unnamed 
Eyloe,  St  Nicholas 
Lunbley,  St  Uary  and  St  Patrick  (R) 
Leaban,  St  Mary  (B) 
Long-Bmitrai,  St  Barthnlomew  (Bj 


Long-FYeunHngton,  umumMd 

Long-Honley,  Bt  Helen  (B) 

Long-Houghton,  St  Peter  (B) 

Lowick,  St  John  the  Bapliirt 

Meldon,  St  John  the  Evangelist  (R),  (St 

John,  B) 
Hitfoid,  St  Maty  Uagdalen 
Morpeth.  St  Mary  (B) 
Nether- Witton,  St  Giles  CB) 
Newbiggin,  St  Bartholomew  (B) 
Newbrough,  St  Pnter  [R) 
Nawbum,   St   Michael  and   AU   Angela 

(St  Michael,  B) 
NewcaatU,  St  Nicholas  (B) 
„         St  Andrew  (B) 
„         St    John   the    Baptist     (St 
John,  B) 
All  SniuU  (B),  or  AU  Uall<nn 
(R) 

■    „         St  Anne  (B) 

„         Bt  Mary  Oie  Tirgm 

St.  Thomas  the  Martyr  (B) 
Norham,  St  Cuthbert  (B) 
North  Shields,  Chrtatchurcb 
Oringham,    St    Mary    the  Virglii    {8t 

Mary.B) 
Fonteland,   St   Maij   tlie    Virgin    (SC 

Maty,B) 
Rennington,  All  Bunts  (B) 
Rock,  St  Philip  and  St  James  (B) 
Rothbnry,  AU  Saints  (B) 
Ryall,  All  Saints 

St  John  Lee,  St  John  of  Beverley  (R) 
St  Oawald'e,  St  Oswald 
SeatoQ-Delaval,  unnamed 
ShilbotUe,  St  Jsmea  (B) 
Simonburn,  St  Simon  (B),  or  St  Htingo 
Slaley,  unnamed 

Stomfordham,  St  Mary  the  Virgin 
Stanuington,  St  Maty  (R) 
Throcknnglon,  uoBanwd 
Tweedmouth,  St  Bartholomew  (B) 
Ulgham,  St  John  the  Baptist  (St  John, 

R) 
Warden,  St  Michael  (B) 
Wark  in  Tynednle,  St.  Uichael 
Warkworth,  St  Laurence  fB) 
Whalton,  St  Mb^  Magdalen 
Whitfield,  Holy  Trinity 
Whitley  in  Htihamshire,  St,  Hflen 
Whittinghom,  St  Bartholomew  (B) 
^Vhitto□■tA^,  St  FhUip  and  St  James  (R) 
Widdrington,  Holy  Trinity 
Woodhom,  St  Macy  (B) 
Wooler,  St  Mary  (fl) 


AycUffe,  St  Aeca  (B),  or  St  Andrew  (H) 
BBmard-Csstle,  St  Mary  (B) 
Bearpark,  St  Edmund  the  King 
Billingham,  St  Cuthbert  [B) 
Bishop- Auckland,  St  Anne  (B) 
Bishop-Middlebam,  St  Uicliael  (B) 
Bishopton,  St  Peter  (B) 


Couutt  akd  Diocibi  or  Dub  ham. 

Bisbop-Wearmouth,  St  Uiohiu^l  (B) 
Boldon,  St.  Nicholas  (B) 
Brancepeth,  St  Brandon  (6) 
Castle-Eden,  St.  Jamea  (B) 
Cheeter-le-Street,  St  Maiyand  St  Cuth- 


bert (I , 
Cockfleld,  St  Vary  the  Tirgin 


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DEDICATIONS  IN  DUBHAM  AND  NORTHUlIBEBLAND.     383 


Coniscliffe,  8t  Edwin  (fi) 

CroidBlo,  St.  BttrtholoDiew  (3 ) 

DaltoQ-le-Dide,  St.  Andrew  (B) 

Darlingtoii,  St.  Cuthbert  (B) 

Denton,  St,  Utiy  (H) 

Dinadale,  Sb  John  [B] 

DuTham  (cathedral  church),  St.  Uar;  lilid 

St  Cuthbart 
Durhun,  St.  Gilea  (B) 

„  St.  MuVBTCt  (B) 

St.  Mary-le-Bow  (B) 
„        St..  M«7-the-LeB(i 

St  Nicbolu  (B) 

St.  Oswild  (B) 
EasingtoD,    St    llfiy   the  Virgin    (St. 

Hm7,  B) 
Ebcheeter,  St  Ebba  (B) 
Edmundbvera,  St  Edmund  (B) 
EegleMlif^,  St  Jobn  the  BapUrt  (B) 
EUtoD,  unnuned 
Elwick  Hill,  St  Peter  (B] 
Embleton,  unnamed 
Eocombe,  St  John  the  Evangelut 
Ksh,  St.  Itichitel  (B) 
Oainford,  3t  Ktry  (B) 
Oatoheod,  St  H1117  (B) 
.,         Holy  Trinity  (H) 
„         St  Edmund 
Ore^ham,  St  John  the  Baptist 
OiindoD,  St  TboDUU  &  BeckeC  (B) 
Humrtertey,  St  James  (B) 
Halt,  St  Maiy  Magdalen  (B) 
Hanlepool,  8t  HildA  (B) 
HausfatoD-le-Skenie,  St  Andrew  (B) 
Heighington,  St  Michael  (B) 
Heworth,  St  Maty 
HaDghttm-Ie-Spring,  St  Mi(^Ml  (B) 
Hnnatanwcrth,  St  jamea  (S) 
Burwoith,  AU  SaicU  (B) 
Jarrow,  3t  I^ol  (B) 
EeUoe,  St  Helen  (B) 
I^mexley,  St  Andrew 
Luichsstar,  All  Saints  (&),  or  St  Utij 
Long-Newton,  St  Mary  (HJ 
Hedonuley,  St  Muy  Magdalen  (B) 
Hemngton,  St  John  the  Snu^Ust  (H) 

(St  John,  B) 
Hiddleton  St  Gewge,  8t  Oeocgt  (B) 


Middlet«n-iii-Tee«d»Ie,  8t  Uary  dte 

Virgin 
HonkHeeleden,  St  Mary  (B) 
Honk-W«anaantb,  St  Peter  (B) 
Huggleewick,  unnamed 
Norton,  St  Mary  t:ie  Virgin  (3t  HaiT,*B) 
Peneher,  AU  Samls 
Pittington,  St  LaurenM  (B) 
BedmanhaU,  St  Cuthbert  (B) 
RytoQ,  Holy  Croaa  (B) 
Sadberge,  St  Andrew  (H) 
St  Andrew  Auckland,  St  Andrew  (B) 
St  Helen  Auckknd,  St  Helen  (B) 
St.  John  Wcordala,  St  John  the  Baptut 

(St  John,  B) 
Satley,  St.  Cuthbert 
Seafaiun,  St  Hary  (B) 
SedgeSeld,  St.  Edmimd  the  Bishop  (B) 
Sherbum  Hospital,  Chriat'e 
Sockbum,  AU  Sunts  (B) 
South  Shields,  St  Hildft  (R) 
Staindrop,  St  Mary  t^e  Virgin  (St  Hary, 

B) 
Stninton-le-Street,  AU  Sainta  (B) 
Stanhope,  St  Tbotoas  the  AponUe  (B) 
Stocktou,  St  Thomae  (B),  or  St  Tbomaa 

of  Canterbury  (H) 
StrsDton,  All  Sainta  (B] 
Sunderland,  Holy  Trmity 
„  St  John  (B) 

(See  BiBhop-Wearmouth  and  Monk- 
Wearmouth] 
Tanfield,  St  James  (B),  or  St  Margaret 

(H) 
Trimdon,  St  Mary  Magdalen  (B) 
Waahington,  St  Uaiy  (S.) 
Whickham,  St  Maiy  (B) 
Whitburn,  St  Mary 
Whitwoith,  unnamed 
Whorlton,  St  Maiy 
Winaton,  St  Andrew  (B) 
Witton-OilbErt,  St.  Michael  (H] 
Witton-le-Wear,  St  FhUip  and  St  Jotnes 


(B) 
Wolstn^um,  St  Mary  and  I 

(B),  orStHatUiew 
Wolriahm,  8t  Peter  (B) 


:  Stephen 


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^coceebings  at  ffUttingia  ot  ttje  Xtogal  Sc^arological 
Institute. 

ThuiBday,  May  7th,  1885. 
The  Fbbbidkkt  in  the  chair. 

The  Rev.  J.  L.  Fibb  read  a  paper  od,  and  exhibited  a  portion  of  the 
ancient  records  of  the  parish  of  St  Margaret  PattonB,  in  the  city  of 
London.  The  earliest  of  these  ia  a  book  of  inventonea,  commencing  in 
1470,  and  ending  in  1648.  A  tiwiscript  of  tht:  whole  of  these  inventories 
ia  printed  at  page  3 1 2  of  the  current  number  of  the  Journal.  The  church- 
wardens' aocounta  b^in  in  1607,  and  are  Tery  full  and  complete. 

Mr.  C.  Drurt  Fobtkcm  then  exhibited  and  read  a  paper  descriptire  of 
some  early  Christian  gems  which  he  has  acquired  since  the  publication  of 
his  former  contributiona  on  kindred  eulyecte  to  the  pages  of  the  Are/iato- 
toffiail  Journal  He  also  exhibited  a  bronze  statuette  and  aome  eariy 
Christian  lamps  iUuatrativa  of  the  subject  matter  of  his  paper, 

Mr.  Fortnum'e  paper  ia  printed  at  page  159. 

Mr.  B. 'S.  FBRaoBOtf  read  the  following  notes  on  a  ring  dial  and  a 
seal: — 

"  Some  time  ago  I  exhibited  at  a  meeting  of  the  Institute  a  portable 
brass  ring  dial  or  iTuifonum,  generally  known  as  a  poke  or  pocket  dial, 
which  is  engraved  in  ArrAaohgieai  Journal^  vol.  xxzvii,  p.  110.  I  now 
exhibit  a  more  complicated  instrument  of  the  same  character,  namely,  an 
universal  or  astronomical  equinoctial  ring  dial :  consisting  of  two 
rings  of  bntss  that  open  and  fold  together,  and  a  bridge  or  axis,  on  which 
is  a  cursor  or  slider :  the  cursor  has  a  small  hole  in  it  for  the  sun  to  shine 
through.  There  should  also  be  a  sliding  handle  with  ring  for  suspensioti, 
travelling  in  the  grove  round  the  edge  of  the  larger  brass  ring^  but  this  is 
lost  in  the  example  now  exhibited.  The  outer  ring  represents  the  meri- 
dian of  the  place  the  instrument  is  used  at ;  the  inner  represents  the 
equator ;  the  central  line  of  the  bridge  the  axis  of  the  world,  and  its 
extremities  the  north  and  south  poles. 

"  This  instrument  serves  to  t^  the  hour  of  the  day  in  any  latitude  of 
the  earth  :  with  the  aid  of  a  common  pin,  stuck  in  a  hole  that  will  be 
observed  in  the  outer  ring,  it  will  serve  to  find  the  sun's  altitude  and 
declination,  and  hence  the  ^titude  of  any  place  on  the  earth.  A  woodcut 
of  the  instmnient  is  given  in  Harriaon'a  Lexicon  TVAni cum  (London,  1716), 
cited  by  Mr.  Syer  Cuming  in  the  Jourtud  of  the  Britisfi  Archeeolotjieal 
Astociation,  volume  xix,  p.  73  ;  and  also  in  old  editions  of  the 
Encyclopaedia  Britannica  (e.q.,  1810),  eah  voce  Dialling. 

"  The  instrument  now  before  us  has  engraved  on  the  back  of  the  inner 
ring  in  script,  '  The  owner  Ben  Cole  Engraver  in  Oxford,  to  him  that 
finds  it  a  Reward" 


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PBOOEEDINQS  AT   MEBTINOS  OF  I'HE   INSTITUIX.     385 

"  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Arthur  EvaiiB,  for  the  following  extract 
from  SeliqttuB  Heamiante,  toL  iii,  p.  37  : — 

'  1729,  Nov.  30.  Last  Wednesday  died  suddenly  Ur.  Beqjamin  Cole 
of  All  HidlowB  parish,  Oxford,  and  was  buried  next  day  in  Ai\  Hallows 
Choichyard.  This  petson  was  originally  a  bookbinder,  bnt'he  performed 
bnt  indifEbrently.  Afterwards  he  tamed  engraver  and  practised  heraldry 
and  surveying.  He  was  a  man  of  parte,  but  conceited.  He  might  have 
proved  eminent  bad  not  he  been  giddy-headed,  so  as  to  follow  no  one 
single  profeesioD.  He  published  a  map  of  Fort  Meadow,  another  of  20 
miles  round  Oxford,  and  a  third  of  20  milae  roond  Cambridge.  Some 
time  ago  he  published  proposals  for  printing  a  folio  book  of  heraldry, 
which  he  shewed  me  in  MS.  several  times,  being  a  coUection  of  arms 
made  by  himself  ;  to  which  would  have  been  prefixed  a  discourse  about 
heraldry,  and  other  things  would  have  been  added.  But  I  believe  he  met 
with  little  encounigemeut  by  reason  'twas  not  thought  he  had  learning 
enough  to  write  anything  well  on  the  eubject,  notwithstanding  his  col- 
lections might  be  good  He  died  in  the  63rd  or  grand  climacterial  year 
of  his  age.  He  was  of  no^juring  prindplee,  particularly  he  was  against 
the  abjuration  oath.' 

"  How  Ben  Cole's  equinoctial  ring  dial  came  to  Cumberland  I  cannot 
tell,  but  it  was  purchased  at  a  sale  with  some  other  old-fashioned  mathe- 
matical instraments,  and  the  purchaser  brought  it  to  me  to  ask  what  it 
was. 

"I  also  exhibit  a  seal  of  white  cornelian  set  in  gold.  This  was  found  by 
the  children  of  a  platelayer  on  the  Caledonian  railway  in  a  hedge  near 
Eirtlebridge  station,  witii  some  other  articles,  which  were  lost  The 
seal  has  on  it  an  inscription  in  some  Oriental  language,  which  experts 
at  the  British  museum  read  as  "James  Carter,"  and  I  am  informed  that 
a  person  of  that  name  from  the  neighbourhood  where  the  seal  was  found 
was  leaident  in  the  East  long  ago.  I  have  seen  several  seals  with  English 
namee  on  them  in  Oriental  langnagee — the  last  I  saw  had  on  it  "  Oeorge 
Brown  "  in  Arabic,  and  belonged  to  the  author  of  a  huge  book  of  travels 
who  was  killed  in  Persia  about  100  years  ago.  Travellers  and  merchants  in 
the  East  found  it  neceBsary  to  have  tfaeii  name  in  the  letters  of  tiie 
country  they  were  travelling  in  or  were  residenti  in  azAer  to  authenticate 
their  contracts,  the  seal  and  not  the  signature  being  the  eeaenttal  to  a 
conbaot  in  tire  East" 

A  vote  ti  thanks  wns  passed  for  theee  commnnicatlime. 

Notice  was  ^ven  of  a  special  meeting  to  be  held  on  Hay  2Ist  in  place 
of  the  usual  monthly  meeting  in  April,  which  Was  postponed  Owibg  to  its 
falling  in  Holy  week. 


Jkntt^aitiM  nib  ttorbs  of  |ixt  itxiabU^. 

By  the  Rev.  J.  L.  Fista  >— A  book  of  iuvMtories  (1476-1548),  ahd  a 
volume  of  churchwardens'  accounts,  belonging  to  the  parish  of  St 
Margaret  Fattens,  in  the  city  of  London. 

By  Mr.  C.  D.  E.  EosTNUM : — A  number  of  early  Christian  gems,  a 
bronee  statuette  and  a  number  of  lamps. 

By  Mr.  R.  S.  FaiiausoH : — A  ring  dial  and  a  gold  seal 

By  Mr.  T.  H.  Batlis.— A  Tel^u  MS.  epic  poem. 


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PROCEB0INOS  AT    HEBTINQS   OF  THE 


Thursday,  May  21st,  1885. 
Mr.  Hilton  in  the  chair. 

M&  W.  T.  Watkin  commuDicated  the  following  uote  on  thu  dis- 
coveries of  a  Bomao  inscription  near  Bala  — 

"  An  inscribed  fragment  of  a  tombstone  was  found  in  Maruli  last^  whilst 
ploughing  a  field  adjoining  the  Roman  station  at  Caer-Gai,  about  4^  miles 
south-west  of  the  town  of  Bala,  and  close  to  the  south-west  estremity  of 
Bala  lake.  The  upper  part  of  the  stone  had  been  broken  ofT,  but  therv 
remained  the  feet  of  a  human  being,  and  of  an  animal.  The  insciiption 
(which  is  surrounded  by  a  uioukling)  was  beneath.     It  runs  thus  ; — 


I.e.  Julius  Gaveronie  F(ilius)  i"B{eerunt)  Mil(ites)  C(o)hor(tis)  L 
Ner(viorum),  or  translated,  Julius  the  sou  of  Gavero.  The  soldiers  of 
the  Ist  cohort  of  the  Xervii  made  (this).  Caer  Gai  has  for  the  last  three 
centuries  yielded  quantities  of  Koman  coins,  bricks,  tUes  and  pottery,  but 
the  outiine  of  it  is  now  nearly  obliterated.  This  is  the  first  inscription 
that  has  occurred.  It  is  also  the  first  inscription  by  the  1st  cohort  of  the 
Nervii  found  in  Britain,  though  from  the  tabula  of  Trajan  found  at 
Sydenham,  we  know  the  regiment  was  in  Britain  in  a.d.  105.  Several 
inscriptions  by  the  2nd,  3rd,  and  6th  cohorts  of  the  -same  people  have 
been  found  in  Britain.  An  um,  containing  burnt  bones  and  charcoal  wa^ 
beneath  the  stone,  which  is  also  ornamented  with  a  moulding  &c.,  on  the 
back." 

Mr.  E.  Walford  exhibited  and  made  some  remarks  on  a  tine  engraving 
of  the  battle  of  the  Boyne. 

Mr.  Fabk  Hakrison  described  a  necklace  obtained  from  a  mummy  pit 
st  Arica,  and  now  in  the  Oxford  inuseum.  It  is  composed  of  long  blue 
bugles,  alternating  with  minute  chevron  or  snn-beads.  A  bronze  bell- 
ahaped  ornament  is  the  only  pendant  The  bugles  are  of  various  sizes 
and  tints,  shewing  that  they  once  formed  part  of  earlier  necklaces.  They 
ate  square  in  section  like  some  of  untaiown  date  and  origin  in  the 
Ashmolean  museum  ;  and  also,  like  them,  they  are  formed  with  n  core  of 
clear  glass,  coated  with  opaque  white,  which  again  ia  covered  with  a  glass 
of  a  greetdsh-blue  colour.  The  chevron  beads  resemble  those  that  are 
found  in  E^ypt,  and  maritime  districts  in  Europe,  principally  in  the 
north ;  and  they  have  also  been  met  with  in  mounds  and  ossuaries  iu 
Florida,  and  other  Atlantic  states  in  America.  At  Arica  the  beads  are 
associated  with  objects  strongly  suggesting  an  Eastern  origitL  Dr.  E.  B. 
Tyler  was  quoted  as  believing  that  the  knowledge  of  bronze  reached  the 
coast  of  central  America  and  Peru,  through  the  drifting  of  some  Chinese 
or  Japanese  junks;  and  the  percentage  of  tin  in  Peruvian  and  Chinese 
bronze  being  only  half  that  of  the  alloy  in  Mexico  and  countries  east  of 
the  Atlantic,  supports  this  view.  M.  Ber  also  accounts  for  a  bhie  glass 
ewer  of  Oriental  form,  discovered  by  him  at  Aucon,  in  a  similar  way. 
Since,  however,  it  appears  from  a  recent  paper  by  Dr.  Edkin,  that  ancient 
Chinese  authors  of  contemporary  date  speak  of  commerce  by  sea  with 
Arabia  in  the  eariy  centuries  of  our  era,  vessels  would  probably  have  been 


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ROYAL  AHCHAEOLOOICAIi  INSTinrrE.  387 

driven  by  gales  from  the  coast  of  Bouthera  India,  throngli  Tonea  Straits, 
vhoDce  there  is  a  drift  current  that  flows  for  three  moaths  in  the  year  in 
the  direction  of  F^i  or  Easter  island,  fand  then  joina  the  Peruvian 
stream.  At  Quito  the  Spaniarda  were  told  that  giants  arrived  from  the 
west  at  a  lemote  period  in  vessels  sewn  together  with  sinnet ;  a  mode 
of  construction  once  peculiarly  Arabian.  Glasa  beads,  I^yptian  works 
of  art,  Cypriote  forms  of  pottery,  and  the  practice  of  embalming,  would 
thus,  in  ail  probability,  have  been  introduced  into  Pern  from  our  East  by 
a  southsrn  line  of  drifting.  Here  and  there  traces  appear  to  be  left  that 
indicate  its  courao. 

The  Kev.  G.  F.  Browne  read  a  paper  on  some  "  Scandinavian "  or 
"  Danish  "  scnlptored  atones  found  in  London ;  and  their  bearing  on  the 
supposed  "Scandinavian"  or  "Danish"  origin  of  other  English  sculp- 
tured stonea     Mr.  Browne's  paper  is  printed  at  page  251. 

The  Rev.  J.  L.  Fibh  exhibited  a  small  silver-gilt  Communion  cup  and 
i;over,  and  a  paten,  belonging  to  the  parish  of  St.  Margaret  Fattens, 
London,  the  gift  of  Newbrough  Swinjiland,  pariah  clerk,  1744. 

The  cup  and  covet  bear  the  London  hall-marks  for  1743-4,  but  are  by 
different  makers.  The  paten  is  a  small  salver  on  three  feet ;  it  has  the 
London  marks  for  1738-9. 


Jlntiiitutiee  anti  SBoiks  of  ^t  (txbihii^. 

By  Mr.  W.  T.  Watkin  :— Rubbing  of  a  Roman  inscription  fonnd  near 
Bala. 

By  Mr.  E.  Walfobd  :— Engraving  of  the  battle  of  the  Boyne. 

By  Mr.  Park  Harrison  : — A  necklace  of  chevron  beads  and  blue 
bugles  from  a  Peruvian  grave. 

By  the  Rev.  G.  F.  Browne  : — A  fine  aeries  of  rabbiuge  illustrative  of  hia 
paper. 

By  Eev.  J.  L.  Fish  : — Communion  cup  and  cover,  and  a  paten 
belonging  to  the  parish  of  St.  Margaret  Pattens  in  the  city  of  London. 

Thanks  were  returned  for  these  communications  and  exhibits. 


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Ill:  f '. 


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S))E  ^ccfiaeolostcal  Sournal. 


DECEMBER,  1885. 


OPENING  ADDRESS  TO  THE  HISTORICAL  SECTION 
AT  THE  DERBY  MEETING.* 

By  the  Very  ReTsrand  the  DEAN  OF  LICHFIELD. 

I  feel  much  honoured  in  being  called  upon  to  preside 
over  the  Historical  Section  of  the  Eoyal  Archieological 
Institute  on  this  occasion ;  and  I  must  ask  you  to 
listen  with  indulgence  to  one,  who,  although  lie  has  always 
felt  an  interest  in  pursuits  of  this  kind,  has  been  chiefly 
occupied,  during  a  busy  life,  with  studies  more  im- 
mediately connected  with  his  sacred  calling. 

Archieology,  if  I  rightly  understand  the  term,  comprises 
the  pursuit  of  every  thing  which  tends  to  illustrate 
history,  or  to  increase  our  knowledge  of  the  lives  and 
habits  of  our  forefathers.  All  those  relics,  which  time  or 
disaster  have  spared  to  us,  come  within  the  province  of 
history,  and  even  words  and  names  and  proverbs  and 
popular  traditions  are  of  the  number  of  those  things  with 
which  it  is  conversant.  We  all  know  how  much  light 
has  been  thrown  upon  the  history  of  our  country  by  an 
intimate  and  critical  acquaintance  with  its  composite 
language  ;  and  hence  I  feel  sure  of  your  sympathy  when 
I  say  that  we  are  not  at  all  obliged  to  the  advocates  of 
a  system  of  what  is  called  "  phonetic  spelling,"  which 
would  sweep  away  many  an  interesting  and  instructive 
historical  land  mark. 

The  history  of  our  country  is  really  enshrined  in  its 
language.  We  find  stereotyped  in  our  words  of  daily  use 
the  intimations  of  the  past  fortunes  ofonrland ;  and  we  can 
trace  out  in  those  words  the  history  of  our  connection 

»  Bead  at  Derby,    July  28th,  1886. 

VOL.  XLu.  (No.  168).  -i  u 

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390  OPENING  ADDRESS. 

with  other  nations,  and  the  relations  which  we  have  held 
to  them ;  and  we  can  thus  measure  the  amount  of  influence 
which  successive  invasions  have  exercised  upon  us.  And 
thus  too  do  the  patient  researches  of  the  archEeologist  in 
another  direction  reveal  to  us  those  material  fragments 
and  remnants  which  have  come  to  us  "  tanquam  tabulie 
ex  nanfragio"  ;  and  by  means  of  which  we  can  construct 
the  proofs  and  furnish  the  illustrations  of  successive 
foreign  occupations  of  our  island.  But  I  need  hardly 
remind  this  audience  that  there  are  portions  of  our 
history  atiU  remaining  in  much  obscurity.  Something 
has  been  done  in  recent  times  by  the  skill  and  patient 
research  of  men  like  Professor  Rhys,  Prebendary  Scarth, 
Mr.  Elton  and  others,  to  lift  the  cloud  of  obscurity  which 
rests  upon  our  most  ancient  traditions.  I  csJl  them 
ancient,  although  I  do  not  forget  the  dictum  of 
Bacon,  "  Antiquitas  sseculi,  juventus  mundi."  "  Those 
times,"  he  says,  "  are  the  ancient  times,  when  the  world 
is  ancient,  and  not  those  which  we  account  ancient, 
'  ordine  retrogrado,'  by  a  computation  backward  from 
ourselves."  Then  again,  anything  which  tends  to  illus- 
trate the  period  between  the  Eoman  and  the  Saxon  domina- 
tions, is  of  peculiar  value,  as  exhibiting  the  influence 
exerted  upon  our  forefathers  by  the  Eoman  occupation  of 
our  island.  That  influence  I  apprehend  to  have  been  far 
greater  both  in  its  political  and  religious  aspect  than  is 
commonly  supposed.  Let  me  add  further  that  we  are 
living  in  an  age  in  which  these  relics  are  rapidly  dL*^ 
appearing.  Tlie  disturbances  of  the  soil,  caused  by  the 
general  enclosure  and  cultivation  of  waste  lands,  and  by 
the  formation  of  railways  and  other  extensive  works  (to 
say  nothing  of  the  density  of  our  population)  have  a 
direct  tendency  to  displace,  if  not  to  sweep  away,  what 
remains  to  us  of  the  materialism  of  antiquity.  Now 
this  Institute  has  been  and  will,  I  doubt  not,  continue  to 
be  of  eminent  service  in  rescuing  some  of  these  memorials, 
in  receiving  and  imparting  light  respecting  them,  and  in 
treasuring  up  facts,  which  will  help  to  enrich  the  pages 
of  some  future  historian  of  our  country. 

I  will  venture  to  remind  yon  of  some  of  the  more 
interesting  of  the  discoveries  by  which  in  recent  times 
light  has  been  shed  upon  our  history. 


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OPENING  ADDRESS.  391 

I  would  first  mention  the  aids  which  have  been  afforded 
to  us  by  coins  and  medals.  It  was  Addison,  I  think,  who 
said  that  "  medals  give  a  very  great  light  to  history,  in 
confirming  such  passages  an  are  true  in  old  authors,  in 
determining  such  aa  are  told  after  different  manners  -.  and 
in  recording  such  as  have  been  omitted.  In  this  case  a 
cabinet  of  medals  is  a  body  of  history'." 

The  histqry  of  Britain  in  the  iuterv^  between  the  inva- 
sions of  Julius  and  Claudius  Cteaar,  namely  from  54  B.C. 
to  43  A.D.  is  chiefly  to  be  learnt  from  the  coins.  The 
coinage  of  Britain  was  modelled  after  that  of  Gaul,  which 
in  its  turn  can  be  traced  to  the  Greeks  of  Masilia  or 
Marseilles,  through  whom  the  Gauls  became  acquainted 
with  the  gold  stater  of  Philip  II.  of  Macedon,  about  350 
B.C.  This  coin  had  on  one  side  the  head  of  Apollo, 
wreathed  with  laurel,  and  on  the  other  a  charioteer  driving 
a  pair  of  horses ;  underneath  the  chariot  is  the  name  ot" 
Philip.  This  beautiful  Greek  coin  was  fairly  imitated  by 
the  Gauls  at  first ;  but  by  degrees  the  figures  degenerated 
into  grotesque  and  fantastic  forms.  Mr.  John  Evans,  the 
greatest  living  authority  on  this  subject,  is  of  opinion  that 
the  inhabitants  of  the  south  and  south-east  of  Britain  must 
have  begun  to  coin  gold  pieces  of  this  kind  from  200  to 
150  B.C.  There  is  one  portion  of  this  island  whose  history 
is  curiously  illustrated  by  the  peculiarity  of  its  coinage, 
namely,  the  country  of  the  Iceni  or  Eceni,  embracing 
that  part  of  the  island  now  known,  speaking  roughly,  as 
Norfolk  and  Suffolk.  These  Iceni  were  a  brave  and  hardy 
race.  They  made  an  alliance  with  the  Bomans  about  43 
B.C.  Some  of  their  coins  are  remarkable  as  shewing  the 
name  of  the  people  to  whom  the  coin  belonged,  in  the 
abbreviated  form  of  Ecen.,  from  which  it  has  been 
conjectured  ingeniously  by  the  Professor  of  Celtic  at 
Oxford,  that  these  Eceni  may  have  had  a  revolution  which 
put  an  end  to  the  kingly  power.  At  all  events  the 
Professor  gives  it  as  his  opinion  that  they  were  never 
conquered  by  Cjinbeline. 

The  Celts,  with  whom  our  ideas  of  the  earliest  inhabi- 
tants of  this  country  are  most  identified,  are  a  branch  of 

'  In  oinnecti.pn  with  thU  I  maj  refer  Qeurne  11,"  compiled  by  Uie  late  Eilw^ird 
to  nit  intvrwting  wurk  entitled,  "Modallic        Huwkiiui,  F.L.S.  uiil  Herbert  A.    time- 


ig  of    tbo    llUturf    of    OreHt        Wr ;  reuoutlj   printeil  by    uider  of    the 
Bdtniti    Hod  Iriikad    to    Uie  dvath  of       TnuteM  of  the  Brituh  MuMuio, 


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392  OPENINO  ADDRESS. 

the  great  family  of  nations  calleil  Ar)'an.  Tliose  who 
appear  most  frequently  in  history  are  the  race  called 
Gothic,  the  name  ■  indicating  that  they  were  warriors. 
No  one  knows  when  they  first  settled  in  Britain.  There 
appear  to  have  been  two  invasions  of  the  Celtic  races 
properly  so  called.  To  the  one  race  belong  the  ancestors 
of  the  people  who  si)eak  Gaelic  in  Ireland,  in  the  Isle  of 
Man,  and  in  tlie  Higlilands ;  the  other  group  is  represented 
in  point  of  speech  by  the  Welsh  people  and  the  Britons. 
The  Welsh  form  of  this  word  is  Brj'thon.  The  ancient 
Gauls  must  be  clar-sed  with  them ;  for  the  Brj-thous  must 
be  regarded  as  Gauls  who  came  over  to  settle  in  Bntain. 

The  Br}'thons  appear  to  have  invaded  England  later 
than  tlie  Gaelic,  or  Goidehc  people,  and  to  have  driven 
them 'westwards.  And  here  I  may  observe  in  passing, 
that  the  great  movements  of  the  earth's  population  have 
for  the  most  part  been  from  east  to  west.  But  the  Goidels 
when  they  arrived  in  this  island  did  not  find  it  without 
inhabitants.  They  had  previously  driven  another  race 
westward.  Thus  there  are  indications  of  three  difierent 
races,  two  Celtic  and  one  pre-Celtic,  the  pre-Celtic  being 
a  people  whose  remains  belong  to  an  age  called  the 
"later  Stone  age."  It  is  probably  to  this  remote  period 
that  such  vast  megalithic  structures  as  those  of  Avebary 
and  Stonehenge  are  to  be  referred ;  and  also  the  earthworks, 
or  fortified  camps  remaining  in  elevated  positions ;  the 
most  elaborate  and  most  strongly  fortified  being  generally 
regarded  as  the  most  ancient.  Then  there  are  also 
the  barrows  to  be  seen  in  Wiltshire,  and  in  this  your 
county  of  Derby.  These  barrows  appear  upon  examina- 
tion to  have  been  the  sepulchres  of  a  rude  and  primitive 
people.  And  it  is  singular  and  interesting  that  interments 
of  Bomans  have  sometimes  been  found  in  mounds  outside 
these  barrows,  evidently  of  later  work. 

What  then  is  the  fearliest  historical  information  that  we 
possess  of  our  island?  There  were  two  ways  by  which 
it  might  be  approached  from  the  east,  through  the 
Mediterranean.  One  would  be  through  the  Straits  of 
Gibraltar  (the  pillars  of  Hercules,  aa  they  were  called); 
the  other  by  land  through  Gaul,  and  so  across  the  narrow 
channel  which  separates  it  from  England.  Xow  it  appears 
that  about  350  b.c.  an  expedition  was  fitted  out  l^  some 

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OPENING  ADDRfiSS.  398 

merchauts  of  Marseilles,  to  ascertain  whether  a  trade  in  tin 
might  not  be  opened  out  with  advantage  in  certain 
unknown  regions  lying  north.west  of  Spain.  It  was 
known  in  these  early  times  that  there  was  a  trade  in  tin 
carried  on  in  the  west  of  this  island ;  and  that  it  was 
purchased  from  the  natives  by  merchants,  who  came  for 
it  from  Gaul  to  the  eastern  shores  of  Britain.  Now 
amongst  those  who  formed  the  expedition  to  which  I 
have  just  referred,  was  an  eminent  astronomer  named 
Pytheas,  a  native  of  Marseilles.  His  works  unfortunately 
have  perished ;  but  fragments  of  his  diary  have  been 
preserved  in  ancient  authors.  He  sailed  through  the  pillars 
of  Hercules,  and  round  the  coast  of  Spain  and  Brittany, 
and  thence  to  Kent,  and  other  parts  of  the  shores  of 
Britain.  He  went  northwards  at  least  as  far  as  Shetland  ; 
but  he  paid  more  attention  to  Britain  than  to  any  other 
country.  Curiously  enough,  however,  he  does  not 
appear  to  have  visited  the  tin  district  at  the  south-west 
corner  of  the  island ;  nor  does  he  give  a  hint  to  shew 
that  there  was  any  communication  between  those  districts 
and  the  continent.  That  intercourse  was  probably 
confined  to  the  south-east  of  the  island,  where  the 
channel,  the  "silver  streak"  as  it  has  been  called,  is 
narrowest.  It  is  possible  that  commercial  reasons  may 
have  restrained  him  from  saying  anything  about  the  trade 
in  tin  then  existing  between  Cornwall,  the  ancient 
Bamnonia,  and  Gaul.  But  he  gives  some  interesting  facta 
with  reference  to  the  inhabitants  of  Britain  at  that  time. 
They  were  so  far  civilized  as  to  have  become  agriculturists; 
at  all  events  the  south-east  comer  of  England  was  at  that 
time  a  rich  corn-producing  district.  These  early  tillers  of 
the  soil  had  large  barns  in  which  die  corn  was  thrashed 
out ;  for  the  chmate  of  this  island  was  very  much  the 
same  2000  years  ago  that  it  ia  now  ;  and  the  British 
farmer  can  trace  his  ancestry  to  at  least  the  third  century 
before  Christ. 

Another  eminent  Greek,  named  Fosidonius,  a  contem- 
porary and  friend  of  Cicero,  visited  Britain  about  80  B.C., 
and  extended  his  travels  to  the  extreme  south-west  corner 
of  the  island,  the  furthest  extremity  of  Cornwall,  which  he 
named  Belesius,  where  tin  was  found.  He  describes  the 
people,  and  their  methods  of  working  tin.     He  says  that 

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394  OtENINO  ADDRfiSS. 

their  dwellings  were  mean,  made  for  the  most  part  of 
reeds  and  wood ;  and  that  their  harvest  consisted  in 
cutting  off  the  ears  of  corn,  and  storing  them  in  pits 
nnderground.  Thus  the  necessities  of  the  climate  com- 
pelled the  inhabitants  at  that  remote  period  to  have 
recourse  to  a  system  of  ensilage,  not  very  different  from 
that  wliich  is  coming  into  use  in  this  generation  for 
storing  food  for  animals. 

"We  cannot  learn  much  from  ancient  authors  as  to  the 
religion  of  our  forefathers.  It  is  probable  that  Druidism 
had  found  its  home  in  Britain  amongst  the  pre-Celtic 
inhabitants  before  the  two  Celtic  invasions.  But  we  may 
reasonably  infer  that  so  far  as  they  were  Celts  they 
brought  with  them  into  this  island  the  religion  of  the 
Gaufi  and  other  Aryan  nations.  The  gods  whom  they 
worshipped  would  be,  roughly  speaking,  those  of  Rome, 
such  as  Jove  and  Minerva,  Apollo  and  Mars,  and  especially 
Mercury.  It  must  not  however  be  forgotten  that  during 
the  time  of  the  Eoman  occupation,  which  lasted  more  than 
three  centuries  and  a  half,  Christianity  made  considerable 
progress  amongst  the  Celts.  It  appears  in  all  probability 
to  have  planted  itself  in  this  island  in  the  time  of  Claudius; 
nor  is  there  any  reason  to  doubt  the  truth  of  the  tradition 
that  the  apostle  St.  Paul  actually  visited  this  island  in  the 
interval  betweeii  his  first  and  second  imprisonments  at 
£ome.  This  interval  comprised  some  eight  years.  We 
know  that  he  contemplated  a  journey  into  Spain ;  and  if  we 
combine  with  the  words  of  St.  Clement,  his  contemporary, 
who  says  that  he  came  to  "  the  extreme  Umit  of  the  west," 
those  of  Tertullian  a.d.  208  "the  places  of  the  Britons,  in- 
accessible to  the  Eomans,  are  subdued  to  Christ,"  we  can 
hardly  doubt  that  the  Church  in  this  island  was  planted 
by  apostolic  hands.  The  Latin  language  also  became  pre- 
valent during  that  period.  It  was  the  official  language  of 
the  province,  and  the  ordinary  means  of  communication 
over  the  south  and  south  eastern  portions  of  the  island. 
York,  Lincoln,  Colchester,  and  London  were  the  strong- 
holds of  the  Eoman  dominion ;  and  the  municipal 
institutions  of  Rome  bad  to  a  great  extent  established 
themselves  in  Britain.  But  the  prevailing  .spirit  of  !lie 
country  was  miUtary,  rather  than  civil,  a  spirit  which  was 
no  doubt  fostered  by  its  insular  position,  and  its  liability 


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OTVSTSa  ADDBE8S.  395 

to  invasion  from  barbarians  on  all  sides.  And  it  is 
recorded  by  Basda  {li.  c.  xii)  that  when  the  Eomans  were 
about  to  leave  the  island,  they  helped  the  inhabitants  to 
build  a  strong  stone  wall  from  aea  to  sea  in  a  straight  line 
connecting  the  fortified  towns  which  had  been  built,  not 
far  from  the  walla  of  Severus,  to  protect  them  from  the 
Picts  and  the  Scots.  They  also  built  a  series  of  towers 
at  regular  intervals  on  the  south  eastern  shore,  within 
sight  of  the  sea,  which  were  designed  to  assist  the  inhabi- 
tsuits  in  their  defence  of  the  country.  Nor  need  I  remind 
you  that  the  Romans  have  also  leil  their  mark  on  this 
island  in  the  roads  the  remains  of  which  still  exist,  and 
whose  names  indicate  their  origin ;  as  the  "  Watling 
Street,"  so  called  from  Vitellianus,  who  is  supposed  to  have 
directed  it,  and  whose  name  was  corrupted  by  the  Britons 
into  "  Ouatelin  " ;  the  "  Ickneild  Way  '  from  the  Iceni  or 
Eceni,  in  whose  country  it  began ;  and  the  "  Ermin 
Street"  from  the  German  "Irmunsul"  meaning  "Mercury," 
the  favourite  God  of  the  Gauls. 

We  have  been  accustomed  to  regard  Brittany  in  Prance, 
as  having  derived  its  name  from  the  Bretons,  when  they 
were  driven  from  England  by  the  Saxons ;  a  tradition 
which  has  been  perpetuated  by  Milton  when  he  speaks 
of  "  British  and  Armoric  Knights "  as  the  customary 
retinue  of  king  Arthur  {Paradise  Lost,  Book  I.  579). 
But  recent  ethnological  investigations,  for  which  we  are 
indebted  to  the  Oxford  Celtic  Professor,  have  I  think 
thrown  a  new  light  on  this  matter.  The  Professor  is  of 
opinion  that  the  question  turns  very  much  upon  the 
source  from  whence  the  word  Britain  is  derived.  He 
thinks  that  this  word,  together  with  the  Welsh  Brydan, 
or  Prydan,  must  be  traced  back  to  the  Latin,  which  was 
commonly  written  Britannia.  The  inhabitants  of  this 
island  were  known  to  the  Eomans  as  Britanni.  Now  it  is 
probable  that  it  was  from  the  Greeks  of  Marseilles  that 
the  Komana  first  heard  of  these  islands ;  and  it  is  equally 
probable  that  the  Greeks  heard  the  word  from  the  natives 
of  the  south-west  part  of  the  island,  who  brought  their  tin 
in  market.  When  however  the  Eomans  came  to  Britain, 
they  found  that  the  name  which  the  Brythens  gave  them- 
selves in  the  south-east  of  the  island  was  not  Britanni,  but 
Britt6ne8(singular  Britto),  which  among  the  Welsh  becomes 

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396  OPENING  ADDBBSS. 

Brythen.  Now  the  root  of  this  word  haa  to  do  with  cloth 
or  clothiDg ;  and  thus  the  Professor  makes  out  Biythen 
to  mean  a  "clothed  people,"  as  distinguished  from  a  people 
wearing  little  or  no  clothing.  Who  then,  he  asks,  could 
this  people  be?  Not  the  Celts,  either  of  the  first  or  of  ihe 
second  invasion ;  because  the  art  of  making  clothes  seems 
to  have  been  known  to  the  earUest  of  those  who  ever 
landed  here.  He  concludes,  therefore,  that  the  unclothed 
race,  with  whom  the  Brythens  favourably  contrasted 
themselves,  must  have  been  some  of  the  aboriginal  tribes 
whose  country  they  invaded  on  the  continent ;  especially 
^a  there  are  reasons  for  beUeving  that  they  called  them- 
selves Brythens,  before  they  invaded  England.  In  fact, 
remnants  of  this  people  are  supposed  to  shew  traces  of 
their  existence  in  Gaul  in  historic  times.  Pliny  speaks  of 
continental  Britanni,  who  lived  on  the  borders  of  the 
Ehine;  and  it  is  believed  that  most,  if  not  all  the 
regiments  termed  Brittones  in  the  Roman  army  in  Britain 
were  natives  of  Gaul.  At  all  events  the  old  tradition 
that  Brittany  was  colonized  by  fugitive  Brythens  from 
this  country  is  of  doubtful  authority. 

But  1  must  not  detain  you  longer.  Allow  me  to  remind 
you  in  conclusion  that  it  is  the  province  of  Archasology 
to  assist  in  moulding  the  mind  of  successive  ages.  Upon 
the  archEBolo^st  lies  the  grave  responsibility  of  helping  to 
transmit  that  which  is  truth  to  posterity,  with  as  little 
admixture  of  error  as  human  infirmity  will  admit.  We 
should  learn  wisdom  therefore  by  the  faults  as  well  as  by 
the  merits  of  our  predecessors,  and  endeavour  to  hand  on 
the  history  of  the  past,  checked  by  what  the  present  has 
revealed,  and  chastened  by  the  genius  and  scholarship  of 
our  age. 

But  surely  this  is  not  the  only  end,  or  the  ultimate 
scope  of  our  aims.  "  The  greatest  error,"  says  Bacon, 
"is  the  mistaking  or  misplacing  of  the  last  or  furthest 
end  of  knowledge.  For  men  have  entered  into  a  desire 
of  learning  and  knowledge,  sometimes  upon  a  natural 
curiosity  or  inquisitive  appetite, — sometimes  to  entertain 
their  minds  with  variety  and  delight, — sometimes  for 
ornament  and  reputation ;  and  sometimes  to  enable  them 
to  victory  of  wit,  and  contradiction  ;  and  most  times  for 
lucre  and  profession ;  and  seldom  sincerely  to  give  a  true 

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OPBNTNQ  ABDBES8.  397 

account  of  their  gift  of  reason  to  the  benefit  and  use  of 
men ;  as  if  there  were  sought  in  knowledge  a  couch 
whereon  to  rest  a  searching  and  restless  spirit;  or  a 
terrace  for  a  wandering  and  variable  mind  to  walk  up 
and  down  with  a  fair  prospect ;  or  a  tower  of  state  for  a 
proad  mind  to  raise  itself  upon ;  or  a  fort  or  commanding 
ground  for  strife  and  contention ;  or  a  shop  for  profit  or 
sale ;  and  not  a  rich  storehouse  for  the  glory  of  the 
Creator,  and  the  relief  of  man's  estate."'  And  if  this  is 
true  of  all  knowledge,  how  true  is  it  of  those  pursuits  in 
which  we  are  engaged.  It  is  surely  an  object  of  laudable 
ambition  to  strive  to  gather  up  such  facta  as  may  aid  us^ 
in  constructing  a  more  exact  and  copious  history  of  the 
past.  But  it  would  be  an  unprofitable  result  indeed,  if  our 
spirits  were  to  slumber  in  the  midst  of  the  materialism  of 
our  work,  and  we  were  to  accustom  ourselves  to  examine 
a  coin.orto  trace  the  etymologyofa  word,  or  to  endeavour 
to  reconcile  conflictiug  statements,  without  drawing  for  our- 
selves the  moral  lessons  which  these  studies  suggest.  Even 
the  rusted  ring  of  the  Roman  knight  may  tell  us  of  the  end 
of  human  ambition ;  for  the  earth  which  has  kept  his  ring  ■ 
could  not  keep  him ;  and  the  little  hoarded  treasure,  it  may 
be  of  the  12th  century,  which  the  ploughshare  of  the  19th 
century  has  turned  up,  may  speak  to  us  of  some  un- 
prospered  act  of  covetousness  or  theft.  The  pursuits  of 
archteology  are  indeed  full  of  moral  and  spiritual  lessons. 
Happy  are  those  students  who,  while  adding  to  the  stock 
of  general  knowledge,  are  thereby  bracing  and  elevating 
themselves. 


con,  Adntuumtnt  at  Leunilti 
VOL.   JUL 


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ON   THE   PRESENT    PROSPECTS    OF    ARCHiEOLOGY 

AT    ATHENS.! 

BT  THE  BEV.   JOSEPH    HIRST. 

Pabt  I.  Athens. 

According  to  an  image  as  old  as  Pindar,  the  Acropolis 
of  Athens  was,  as  it  were,  the  boss  of  a  shield  around 
which  revolved  four  concentric  circles,  Athens,  Attica, 
Greece,  the  World.'  The  reason  of  this  figure  is  of  deep 
suggestion.  Of  all  cities  in  the  worid  Athens  was  pre- 
eminent in  philosophy,  in  literature,  in  art,  and  in  the 
knowledge  of  a  free  and  enlightened  scheme  of  govern- 
ment ;  while  the  Acropolis,  which,  as  a  vast  museum  of 
sculpture  and  architecture,  was  the  flower  of  Grecian 
culture,  was  to  Athens,  what  Athena  was  to  the  world. 
No  wonder  then  if  in  all  ages  the  minds  and  hearts  of 
men  have  turned  for  inspiration  to  this  magic  scene  ;  and 
if  modem  nations  have  instinctively  wished  to  imitate  the 
ancient  Romans,  amongst  whom,  as  they  advanced  in 
civilization,  the  opinion  came  to  prevail  that  their 
education  was  incomplete  without  the  study  of  Greek 
and  a  residence  in  Athens,' — that  land,  described  by 
Euripides  of  old,  as  a  land  sacred  and  unconquered, 
nurturing  sons  "  whose  food  is  most  glorious  wisdom,  and 
who  ever  walk  delicately  through  the  brightest  air."* 

It  may  be  permitted  then  to  a  member  of  the  Institute 

'  RetMl  st  Derby,  itt  Uie  Heetiog  ot  the  '  'EpfxSdSoi  ri  irnAai^  lU^m 

lOBtitute,  JbIj  31>t,  18B6.  «aj  dtS*  »<«?«  fuatipm',  Itpat 

*  V.  I*ake'«  Topi^rapby   o(    Athena,  xh^  irap^av  *■"  iao^f fiM/um 

I,  p.  308.  Kktirarirar  m^eii.ifl  I>i  XataptT^rwm 

t  lb.  ^nrrn  i^t  idtlpo, 

Guripidn,  Hed<«,  S24.& 


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ABCH^EOLOGT  AT  ATHiMS.  399 

who  has  jast  returned  from  an  eight  months'  residence  in 
that  classic  home,  to  enlarge  upon  some  of  the  material 
helps  for  the  study  of  archEeology  that  may  be  reckoned 
upon  by  those  who  may  wish  to  take  advantage  of  a  stay 
in  Athens,  especially  in  connection  with  the  now  more 
than  projected  British  school  of  classical  studies  in  that 
city.  Nothing  need  be  said  about  the  number  of  friends 
one  will  meet  in  Athens,  where  most  of  the  educated 
understand  and  speak  more  or  less  fluently  either  English, 
German,  Italian  or  French.  It  may,  however,  be  well  to 
observe  that  the  chief  Enghsh  reviews  and  more  serious 
literary  and  scientific  serials  can  easily  be  consulted  every 
day  at  the  parhament  house  reading-room  (with  the 
proper  introduction),  while  a  great  favour  is  accorded  to 
foreigners  at  the  university  or  national  hbrary,  and  at 
that  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  (which  latter  is  very 
well  stocked  with  EngUsh  topographical  works  on  Greece), 
by  their  being  allowed  to  take  out  to  their  homes  what- 
ever books  they  may  require. 

I  will  begin  with  a  brief  description  of  three  Institutions 
kindred  to  the  one  now  to  be  founded  by  ourselves. 
The  school  of  classical  and  of  ancient  art  studies  founded 
and  supported  in  Athens  by  the  French  government  has 
now  been  in  existence  forty  years.  It  is  a  handsome  and 
imposing  building,  and  possesses  a  fine  hbrary.  Its 
director,  M.  Foucart,  is  one  of  the  first  scholars  of  France, 
and  a  man  of  European  reputation.  There  are  in  it  six 
burses  of  4000  fr.  a  year,  to  be  held  for  three  years,  and 
one  of  these  burses  can  be  appropriated  to  the  study  of 
Christian  arclueology.  In  exceptional  cases  the  place  of 
a  student  may  be  held  for  a  fourth  year.  The  whole 
school  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Paris  Minister  of 
Pubhc  Ihstruction,  who,  however,  hands  over  all  reports 
he  receives  therefrom  to  the  Institute  of  France,  which  is 
divided  into  four  academies.  To  one  of  those  academies, 
that  of  Inscriptions  et  Belles  Lettrea  each  student  must 
present  a  memoir  on  some  subject  connected  with  the 
work  of  the  school,  every  year  of  his  residence  in  Athens, 
exceptions  however  being  made  for  the  first  year,  which 
is  naturally  one  of  preparation.  All  excavations  and 
researches  are  undertaken  at  the  cost  of  the  French 
government,    and  the  journeys    and    expenses    of   the 


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400  ABCHiEOLOGY   &T  ATHENS. 

Students  who  are  sent  to  superintend  them  are  defrayed 
according  to  the  guidance  of  the  Director,  who  hinweif 
visits  these  distant  sites  from  time  to  time  to  direct  or 
control  the  outlay.  During  the  past  year  students  of  the 
French  school  have  been  engaged  in  important  studies  and 
excavations  at  Elateia,  at  the  Oracle  of  Apollo  on  Mount 
Ftoum,  in  Boeotia,  and  in  Asia  Minor.' 

Next  to  the  French  school  comes  that  established  by 
the  German  government  some  eleven  years  ago,  in  con- 
nection with  the  well-known  German  Institute  founded 
by  Bunsen  and  Niebuhr  in  Rome.  It  is  presided  over  by 
Dr.  Kohler,  who  has  now  been  long  acknowledged  iu 
Greece  as  a  critic  in  ancient  art  and  in  epigraphy  of  a  very 
high  order.  The  Director  of  the  (rermaa  sdiool  at 
Athens  receives  18,000  marks  a  year,  besides  romns  in 
the  house  belonging  to  the  school,  which  was  not  however 
built  for  the  purpose,  but  is  sufficiently  spacious  and  is 
conveniently  situated  near  the  Greek  university,  the 
Academy,  and  the  Greek  national  library. 

The  German  government  provides  five  burses  of  3000 
marks  a  year  between  the  two  schools  of  Bome  and 
Athens,  one  burse  being  available  for  the  study  of  Chris- 
tian archieology ;  but  by  exception  a  burse  may  be 
retained  for  a  second  year.  In  the  Institute  of  both 
Kome  and  Athens  a  few  rooms  are  placed  at  the  disposal 
of  the  students,  for  which  they  pay  rent.  They  do 
not  however  have  their  meals  in  the  house  as  in 
the  French  school.  This  year  three  burses  have  been 
held  by  German  students  in  Athens,  but  two  other  gentle- 
men are  attached  to  the  school,  the  one  as  hbrarian,  and 
the  other,  an  architect  employed  by  the  Director,  as 
government  representative  for  antiquities.  No  essay  or 
memoir  is  required  by  rule  from  the  students,  but 
fortnightly  meetings  are  held  from  November  to  May,  at 
which  there  are  papers  or  lectures  each  time  frcan  two  or 
three  of  the  members  or  associates  of  the  school.  These 
meetings  are  open  by  courtesy  to  all  those  who  understand 


'  The  Director  ran  tllow  each  student.  The  atudenta   beudee  their  Balary  We 

at  hJB  discretiiiD,   1000  in.   a  jear  for  todgiog   and   fuel,   chamber  and  tible- 

travetUng  eipenaiH.     The  Director  of  the  linen,  ooukiog  uid  attendance  provided 

French  Bcbool  at  Atbeua  han  a,  eidary  of  fur  tJieu), 
24,000  in,  ■  jaar,  with  home  and  lad.  ' 


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AACHJEOLOGV  At  AT&EiSS.  4dl 

German,  as  were  the  meetings  in  Freaach  formerly  hdd 
at  the  French  school,  and  those  in  English  at  the 
American,  to  those  who  wished  to  attend  them. 

The  American  school  is  at  present  located  in  a  large 
and  commodious  house,  underneath  the  Acropolis  and 
near  the  temple  of  Olympian  Zeus.  The  Greek  govern- 
ment, however,  has  just  presented  America  with  a  plot  of 
land,  between  the  site  already  granted  for  the  British 
school  and  the  gardens  of  me  monastery  of  -  the 
"  Incorporate,"  to  which  all  the  land  thereabouts  originally 
belonged.  The  Enghsh  and  American  schools,  having  the 
advantage  of  a  common  mother-tongue,  will  be  able  to 
react  on  each  other,  and  perhaps  establish  a  serviceable 
bond  of  union  and  scheme  of  united  action  by  means  of 
joint  discussions,  meetings,  lectures  and  exhibitions.  The 
American  school  of  classical  studies  at  Athens  was 
projected  by  a  society  known  as  the  Archaeological 
Institute  of  America,  and  is  organized  and  supported  by 
some  fifteen  of  the  leading  American  colleges,  which  have 
agreed  to  contribute  eacdi  an  annual  sum  in  furtherance 
of  the  object  for  which  the  school  was  founded,  and  to 
send  each  year  from  their  number,  according  to  election, 
a  director  to  take  charge  of  its  work.  Every  eSbrt  is 
being  made  to  raise  the  endowment  to  such  a  sum 
as  will  allow  of  the  appointment  of  a  permanent  resi- 
dent director  in  Athena.  The  school  has  now  been  in 
existence  three. full  years,  and  during  its  second  year  had 
seven  regular  students  in  attendance.  At  present  the 
committee  contribute  nothing  towards  the  journey,  board 
or  lodging  of  the  students ;  but  it  is  hoped  that  sch<^&r- 
ships  may  be  founded  in  connection  with  the  chief 
American  seats  of  learning,  which  will  enal^e  a  goodly 
succession  of  students  to  be  maintained  for  tme  or  more 
years  at  Athens.  During  the  school  year,  which  extends 
from  the  1st  of  October  to  the  Ist  of  June,  each  member 
of  the  school  must  pursue  some  definite  subject  of  study 
or  research  in  classical  literature,  art  or  antiquities,  and 
must  present  yearly  one  or  more  theses  embodying  the 
results  of  his  work.  These  theses,  if  recommended  for 
publication,  are  issued  in  the  papers  of  the  school.  Of 
these  papers,  the  first  volume  has  just  been  issued.  The 
German  school  has  long  possessed  a  Quarterly  Journal  of 


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402  AllCH^X>LOaY  AT  ATfiSNB. 

high  scientific  value,  and  the  French  school  has  also  a  no 
less  learned  organ  which  appears  eight  times  a  year.' 

To  the  mention  of  these  schools  I  must  add  ^at  of  the 
two  Arclueologica!  Societies  founded  and  directed  by  the 
Glreeks  themselves.  The  great  Archeeological  Society  of 
Athens,  which  now  enjoys  an  income  of  some  £4000  a 
year,  was  founded  in  1837,  and  comprises  some  250 
paying  members,  a  number  more  satisfactory  thtai  the 
800  more  or  less  complimentary  names  it  once  exhibited 
on  its  muster-roll.  The  funds  of  this  society  are  spent  in 
the  moat  patriotic  manner  in  discovering  and  in  preserving 
the  monuments  of  antiquity,  and  in  publishing  a  beauti- 
fuUy  illustrated  and  handsome  journal  in  quarto,  which 
appears  four  times  a  year.  The  society  does  its  work  in 
the  most  thorough  manner,  and  wherever  ancient  remains 
of  value  are  disinterred  in  out-lying  districts,  takes  care 
to  build  small  sheds  or  museums  on  the  spot  for  their 
preservation,  and  to  appoint  a  custodian  at  a  fixed  salary. 

Ihiring  the  present  year  a  kindred  society  has  been 
founded  in  Athens  for  the  Study  and  Preservation  of 
Gtreek  Christian  Antiquities.  This  society  has  for  its  object 
the  collection  and  preservation  of  the  remains  of  Christian 
antiquity  found  in  Greece,  the  preservation  and  study  of 
which  may  be  calculated  to  throw  light  on  the  history 
and  art  of  the  nation.  Such  remains  are  coins,  inscriptions, 
crosses,  rings,  bells,  baptismal  fonts,  seals,  sacred  vest^ 
ments,  images,  church  furniture,  diptych^,  sculptures, 
ornaments,  manuscripts,  &c,,  &c.  This  society  has  been 
founded  none  too  soon,  as  irreparable  harm  has  already 
been  done  to  numberless  Byzantine  mosaics  through  the 
decay  of  time  or  through  injudicious  restoration.  The 
originators  and  leading  spirits  of  this  new  foundation  are 
two  Athenian  gentlemen,  Barouchas  and  G.  I<amparchis. 


otduury     exouraioni      incladed.      Dr.      >  (Jermau   fomi^,  whare  he  t. 

EfiUer  MUm&tcB  it  at  4000  fn.  for  the  satisfied,  and  paid  onl;  160  tn.  a  monUi. 

year.       Liriitg   a   dear    in    ACheni  and  A  good  authority  however  telli  ma  that 

lodffin^  dif&cuJt  to  find.     The  Qerman  it  would  be  difficult  for  an  KiigliiTbn<<i" 

coloDv   has  eatabliahed  a  kind   of   dub  to   live   on  lees  than  250  or  200  fn.  i 

called    Philadelphia,    where     they     pay  month,  for  board  and  lodging  alone^     At 

ilO  fn.  a  montii  for  dinner  and  nipiier.  tho    French  achool,   the   atudeuts    meet 

A  room  can  hardlj  be  obt&iaed  [or  leaa  together  st  an  eipenae  of  from  5  to  S  fn- 

thau  60  fn.  ■  month,  m>  the  minimum  a  day,  including;  the  uanal  Qicee  meal* 

■zpenae  for  Oerman  itudenti  would  be  and  a  auffideuUy  libeitd  diet. 
170    fn.    J                     -,.... 


Oraek    itudents 


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ASXmXOJJOOY  AT  ATHENS.  <403 

Let  me  now  aay  something  about  the  land  itself. 

We  leam  from  Pliny'  that  after  the  spoUation  of 
Greece  by  Nero  (and,  after  Nero,  Greece  had  not  much 
to  fear),  there  still  remained  8000  statues  at  Athens,  and 
as  many  at  Olympia.  Now  the  statues  already  found 
at  Olympia,  where  ^e  German  Gx>vemment  has  spent  some 
£50,000  on  excavations,  are  enough  to  fill  a  large  museum, 
and  one  of  tbem  the  Hermes  of  Praxiteles,  the  only 
authentic  work  we  have  of  that  artist,  is  perhaps  the  finest 
work  of  ancient  art  the  world  now  possesses. 

But  those  best  qualified  to  judge  have  declared  that  two- 
thirds  of  the  site  of  Olympia  stUl  remtun  to  be  excavated. 

Leake,  in  his  Introduction  to  the  Topography  of  Athens', 
^ves  a  list  of  some  sixty  places  in  Greece  which  are 
moat  likely  to  stUl  preserve  valuable  remains  of  anti- 
quity concealed  below  the  surface,  where  tixe  state  of  the 
soil  appears  to  indicate  that  the  sites  have  been  little 
disturbed  since  the  respective  places  fell  to  ruin,  and 
to  promise  a  rich  harvest  of  ancient  remains.  Bat 
still  more  favourable  localities,  he  says,  for  excavation, 
afiording  better  prospect  of  finding  productions  of  ancient 
masters,  are  the  'AXaij,  or  sacred  groves,  which  were 
generally  removed  from  the  ordinary  habitations  of  men, 
and  sometimes  in  sequestered  valleys  or  mountain  solitudes, 
and  have  been  comparatively  secure  from  spoliation.  Of 
such  promising  sites  Leake  mentions  fourteen,  but  five 
of  these  have  already  been  explored  by  the  students  of  the 
French  and  German  schools  of  Athens. 

But  the  ground  of  Athens  itself  is  stUl  unexplored. 
The  modem  city  has  shifted  altogether  from  the  site 
occupied  by  the  city  of  Pericles  and  Demosthenes.  I  have 
seen  a  field  of  barley  growing,  and  half  a  dozen  shepherds 
watching  their  flocks  on  a  piece  of  ground  between  the 
Fnyx,  the  Areopagus  and  the  Acropolis,  which  must  have 
been  the  heart  of  the  ancient  town  of  Athens,  but  upon 
which  not  a  single  buUding  is  now  visible.  Further 
away,  between  the  hills  of  the  Muses  and  the  Pnyx,  are 
the  remains  of  the  Pelasgic  or  rock-built  settlements  of 
the  very  earliest  times,  and  here  the  ground  when  furrowed 
by  the  hUl-side  torrents  after  r^n  is  shewn  to  be  full 
of  ancient  pottery.    Though  most  of  the  tombs  have  been 


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404  ASXMMSLOCtV    AT  ATSXN8. 

opened  on  thifl  secluded  spot,  I  can  say  that  walking 
through  Uiis  uncultivated  waste  with  a  friend,  bj  what 
u  the  shortest  way  to  Fhalermn,  we  have  come  almost 
casually  upon  heaps  of  very  interesting  archaic  pottery ; 
while  one  day — passing  along  the  dry  bed  of  a  stream  in 
the  very  centre  of  this  region,  within  call  firom  AthHis — we 
espied  a\goId  'olive  leaf  stnck  in  the  neck  of  a  broken 
lachrymatory  peering  out  from  the  recently  denuded 
bank  at  a  depth  of  8  or  9  feet  from  the  surface. 

These  however  are  mere  trifles,  though  pieces  d  pottery 
with  coloured  patterns  and  mutilated  painted  fignrea 
rewarded  our  researches,  made  with  no  other  help  than  the 
aid  of  an  umbrella  and  a  penknife.  It  must  moreover  be 
remembered  that  the  whole  of  the  north  and  west  sides  of  the 
hill  of  theAcropolis,  occupied  by  very  sparsely  scattered 
cottage8,8till  remains  to  be  explored,  and  the  arclueological 
society  of  Athens  keeps  thia  task  steadily  in  view.  The 
tombs  outside  the  Ceramic  Gate  have  also  never  yet  been 
opened,  and  it  has  been  resolved  to  open  some  ancient 
tombs  here,  aswell  as  on  some  of  the  islands,  as  at  Syra  and 
at  Santorin,  and  within  the  walls  of  Mycense,  on  the 
occasion  of  the  visit  of  the  learned  men  of  Europe  for  the 
congress  of  Prehistoric  Anthropology  to  beheldnext  spring 
in  Athens.  A  still  more  important  work  of  excavation  has 
only  just  now  been  begun  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Athenian  market  place,  known  as  the  Stoa  of  Hadrian. 
Last  summer  an  outbreak  of  fire  destroyed  the  mean 
stalls  and  buildings  of  the  Agora,  over  a  space  which 
may  be  roughly  set  down  as  sixty  yards  square.  Lord 
Elgin's  tower,  which  stood  in  the  centre  of  this  ancient 
nuu-ket  place,  has  entirely  disappeared,  and  the  area  is  now 
levelled.  When  we  reflect  that  rubbish  has  there  accu- 
mulated during  the  last  two  thousand  years  to  a  depth  of 
25  feet  we  can  well  imagine  what  a  harvest  of  treasure  trove 
may  reward  the  labours  of  a  well  conducted  and  systematic 
search. 

Such  then  are  the  prospects  of  profiting  by  actual  re- 
search, and  of  gaining  knowledge  at  first  hand,  for  those 
whose  good  fortune  may  lead  them  to  spend  the  coming 
years  in  Athens.  There  can  be  no  manner  of  doubt  that 
80  many  German  and  JPrench  students  could  not  have 
obtained  the  world-wide  reputation  they  now  enjoy,  had 

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aucbmovooy  at  athens.  405 

they  not  been  trained  in  the  actual  labour  of  deciphering 
day  by  day  the  inscriptions  found,  and  of  piecing  and 
reconstructing  the  broken  statues  and  architectural 
ornaments  disinterred  in  the  course  of  the  excavations 
undertaken  by  their  respective  governments  at  Olympia, 
atDelos,  and  on  a  host  of  other  historic  sites. 

This  rapid  sketch  would  not  be  complete  without  some 
mention  of  the  rapidly  increasing  means  of  communi- 
cation by  which  the  various  parts  of  Greece  can  be 
reached  and  visited. 

On  my  arrival  in  Greece  in  November  1884,  the  only 
railway  open  was  the  short  span  connecting  Athens  with 
the  Fineus,  and  another  8  miles  between  Katakolo  and 
Pyrgos  on  the  way  to  Olympia.  Since  then  I  have  seen 
the  Une  connecting  Attica  with  the  Peloponnesus  opened 
past  Eleusis,  as  far  as  Megara,  and  later  on  as  far  as 
Corinth.  In  a  few  more  months  the  line  will  be  opened 
as  far  as  Nauplia,  passing  Mycence  and  Argos  on  the  way. 
Next  came  the  line  to  Kephisia  and  Laurium,  which  has 
also  been  opened  at  intervals  during  the  year.  As  for 
Thessaly,  there  is  a  railway  running  between  Volo  and 
Larissa,  and  from  Yolo  to  Fharsalus,  and  in  a  few  weeks 
the  line  will  be  opened  from  Fharsalus  to  Karditza; 
while  in  another  six  months  it  will  be  carried  on  as  far  as 
Trikola  iind  Kalabaka,  where  the  Greek  and  Turkish 
frontiers  meet.  If  Mr.  Tricoupis  had  remained  in  power 
another  fortnight  the  contract  would  have  been  signed 
for  a  riulway  between  Athens  and  Salonica,  all  the 
necessary  measures  having  been  already  taken  ;  and  this 
railway  would  have  brought  Greece  into  the  life  current 
of  Europe  by  the  establishment  of  dwly  intercourse  with 
Vienna  and  the  western  capitals. 

Pabt  II.  Elbusib. 

I  wiU  conclude  with  the  notice  of  some  excavations 
which  I  have  watched  from  month  to  month  on  the  site 
of  the  celebrated  ancient  city  of  Eleusis,  within  a  walk  or 
afternoon  drive  from  Athens. 

The  repeated  discoveries  of  noble  lines   of  masonry,, 

often  covered  up  again  after  a  few  weeks  of  exposure,  and 

the  strange  '  transformation  scene3,'or  dissolving  views  as 

I  may  call  them,  the  ruins  thus  seemed  to  present  at  each 

VOL.  xm.  3  r 

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406  ABCELtfiOLOOT  AT  ATHENS. 

succeeding  visit,  as  difierent  levels  were  struck,  reminding 
one  at  times  of  the  web  woven  by  Penelope,  when  (he  work 
done  in  the  day  was  undone  at  night,  may  give  one  some 
idea  of  the  importance  of  a  residence  near  the  place  where 
such  important  revelations  of  ancient  architecture  are  made. 

Unlike  the  temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus,  the  site  of  the 
great  temple  of  Eleusis  has  never  been  a  secret  to  be 
made  known  in  modern  times  by  a  course  of  skilful 
deductions,  or  by  a  chance  stroke  of  the  pickaxe.  But 
so  well  has  the  secret  of  the  solemn  mysteries  that  adorned 
that  temple  been  kept,  that  the  eyes  of  all  the  world  are 
continually  turning  to  Eleusis  in  the  vague  hope  that  each 
fresh  excavation  may  reveal  something  calculated  to  throw 
light  upon  them.  I  have  known  enthusiastic  travellers 
even  nowadays  try  to  rehearse  the  grand  annual  or 
quadriennial  procession,  and  starting  &om  the  virgin 
temple  of  the  Acropolis  at  Athena,  would  painfully  seek 
out  the  Sacred  Way  through  the  Ceramic  Gate,  across 
the.  moist  plain,  over  the  stream  Kephissos  by  a  bridge, 
which  owed  its  far-reaching  name  to  the  coarse  jests  and 
mockery  that  there  sometimes  greeted  the  motley  throng 
of  pilgrims,  and  through  the  mountain  pass  to  Daphne, 
down  on  to  the  shore  over-against  Salamis,  where  some 
would  f:fo  over  the  bare  shelving  rock  round  the  aacred 
fish-pools,  for  fear  of  missing  one  spot  perhaps  trod  of 
old,  and  arrive  at  the  far  off  shrine  after  having  com- 
pressed into  three  or  four  hours,  a  journey  that  in  former 
times  occupied  the  whole  of  a  long  and  exhausting  day. 
Certainly  a  thrilling  sense  it  is  to  be  brought  thus  near  to 
the  thoughts  and  feelings  of  those  ancient  worshippers, 
by  meeting  in  succession  the  same  scenes  that  met  their 
eyes,  and  by  experiencing  the  same  fatigue,  mingled  with 
some  of  the  same  joys,  from  the  natural  beauty  of  the 
scene,  a  realisation  and  an  identification  in  the  present  of 
the  past  that  has  ever  such  a  charm  for  the  archoeologist. 

At  Eleusis  itself  the  excavations  round  about  the  once 
glorious  temple  have  now  been  going  on  without  inter- 
ruption since  June,  1882,  and  but  for  sundry  buildings 
that  stood  in  the  way,  for  which  too  high  a  price  was 
ilenianded,  would  have  been  finished  long  a^o.  All 
formalities  having  at  length  been  concluded  concerning 
the   wished    for    expropriation   of   the    two   remaining 

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archj:ology  at  athbns.  407 

obstacles,  namely,  a  small  church  with  enclosure  and  a 
two-storied  house,  now  occupied  by  the  laboarers,  the 
archffiological  society  of  Athens  hopes  to  bring  the  whole 
work  to  an  end  within  the  present  year.  From  first  to 
last  the  excavations  at  Eleusis  have  cost  this  well-deserving 
Greek  society  some  £10,000,  of  which  £8,000  had  to  be 
paid  the  villagers  for  cottages  that  then  occupied  the  site 
of  the  ancient  temple. 

At  Eleusis  the  works  are  directed  by  Mr  Philios,  who 
represented  the  Greek  government  and  watched  the 
operations  during  Dr.  Schliemann's  famous  excavationa 
at  Tirjns,  excavations  which  have  this  spring  been 
continued  by  him  with  the  aid  of  Dr.  Dorpfeld.  Nothing 
can  exceed  the  courtesy  and  intelligence  with  which 
Mr.  Philios  welcomes  any  visitor  properly  recommended 
to  him,  placing  his  plans  and  time  entirely  at  their  service. 
Without  his  assistance  I  should  not  have  been  able  to 
compose  the  present  record  with  exact  measurements. 
Mr.  Philios  received  his  archfeological  training  in  Ger- 
many, and  also  speaks  French  and  Italian  fluently. 

On  my  first  visit,  last  November,  I  found  that  the 
unusually  wet  autumn  having  made  the  work  of  carrying 
off  in  baskets  and  in  wheel  barrows  the  mass  of  earth,  in 
which  parts  of  the  noble  Temple  still  lay  embedded,  more 
laborious  and  expensive,  it  had  been  interrupted  for  a  time, 
only  a  few  workman  being  then  employed  in  rolling  up 
the  huge  blocks  of  marble  or  of  stone  that  required 
removing  from  the  strange  positions  into  which  they  had 
fallen. 

The  excavations  at  that  time  had  laid  bare  certain  walls 
about  the  courtyard  of  the  temple,  just  before  the  great 
eastern  portico,  but  the  nature  of  the  buildings  for  which 
they  served  as  foundations  can  be  only  surmised  Various 
buildings  are  mentioned  in  an  ancient  inscription  as 
existing  within  the  sacred  enclosure  which  hare 
not  yet  been  discovered  or  identified.  Such  buildings 
are  a  temple  of  Bacchus,  the  house  of  the  priestess,  the 
treasury  of  the  goddesses,  the  house  of  the  sacrist. 
viuKnpiov,  and  the  KiifuKuov  or  house  of  the  heralds.  It 
is  expected  that  the  sites  of  some  of  these  may  be 
discovered  when  the  later  buildings  that  still  encumbo' 
the  ancient  area  are  removed.  , 

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406  ASCBXOLOGY  AT  ATHENS. 

The  sacred  heralds  held  the  third  rank  amongst  the 
sacred  offices  of  Eleusis,  coming  immediately  after  the 
Hierophant  or  high  priest,  and  the  SnSuuyoH  who  carried 
the  sacred  torch  of  Ceres.  The  ofhce  of  herald 
in  the  solemn  ceremonies  of  Eleusis  consisted  in  pro- 
clmming  the  aacred  truce  during  the  daya  dedicated 
to  the  mysteries,  then  in  making  the  numerous  customary' 
appeals  and  exhortations  to  the  initiated  during  the  course 
of  the  ceremonies,  and  lastly  in  fulfilling  for  the  Eleusiniau 
sacrifices  the  part  played  by  other  heralds  in  ordinary 
sacrifices.' 

The  courtyard  itself,  which  is  an  irregular  space  some 
25  yards  broad  by  50  in  its  greatest  length,  seems  at  some 
far  distant  time  to  have  been  purposely  filled  in  with 
pebbles  and  sand  from  the  sea-^ore,  (as  I  was  then  able 
to  see  by  the  regular  nature  of  the  material,  as  revealed 
in  the  cuttings  at  that  time  visible  all  round,)  apparently 
with  the  view  of  bringing  up  the  area  to  the  level  of  the 
portico  or  of  the  temple,  to  which  it  led,  in  order  it 
would  seem  that  houses  might  be  more  easily  built  upon 
the  site,  or  the  surface  turned  into  gardens.  Huge  stones 
had  already  at  that  time  been  piled  up  upon  the  found- 
ations of  the  outer  wall  of  the  courtyard,  in  order  thus 
to  preserve  the  fines  of  the  original  precinct,  while  the 
intermediate  space  has  now  been  filled  in  again  in  order 
to  form  an  inclined  plane,  affording  an  easy  approach 
from  the  main  road  to  the  sacred  ruins. 

At  my  first  visit  in  November  of  last  year,  there  was 
visible  immediately  in  front  of  the  temple,  at  the  far  end 
of  the  newly  disinterred  courtyard  H,  a  magnificent  piece 
of  masonry,  1 1'  I',  50  metres  long,  by  8  m.  in  height, 
which  served  as  the  foundation  for  the  grand  eastern 
portico,  a  dodecastyle  structure  which  now  no  longer 
exists.  The  ground  before  this  wall  had  been  dug  out 
down  to  the  very  rock  on  which  it  stood,  but  the  trench 
was  even  then  being  rapidly  filled  in  again,  and  the  wall 
itself  was  fast  disappearing  from  view,  so  that  when  I 
returned  a  month  hence  it  was  no  longer  visible,  save  at 
the  two  ends.  Where  the  rock  was  lowest  I  counted  1 7 
courses  of  regular  masonry,  consisting  of  blocks  of 
irwpoc  stone  from  the  Pirasus,  some  two  feet  thick  by  four 

'  LeBomuuit    BechirchM  Archfr^dugique*  b  Eleuniii,  Puit  ISSS,  p.  168. 


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AXUCBMOhOay  At  ATHSxa.  40d 

in  length.  At  the  northern  end,  owing  to  the  rock  being 
slightly  higher,  the  same  level  above  was  reached  by  the 
wail  having  only  15  courses  of  masonry,  with  a  height  of 
.  7^  metres.  Of  course  the  wall  was  not  meant  to  be  seen, 
but  having  once  seen  it,  one  naturally  regretted  losing 
sight  of  a  work  two  thousand  two  hundred  years  old. 

In  making  this  excavation  (of  which  no  trace  now 
remains)  some  bones  were  found,  but  no  certain  remains 
of  any  tomb,  and  in  clearing  out  the  whole  courtyard  (now 
filled  in  again)  nothing  of  importance  was  found.  The 
baring,  however,  to  view  of  the  walls  of  the  outer  court,  of 
the  enclosure,  of  the  foundations  of  the  cella  behind  the 
portico,  and  of  the  two  buttresses  of  which  one  on  the 
southern  and  the  other  on  the  northern  side  support  the 
substructure  of  the  cella  or  temple  proper  itseli',  at  the 
point  where  it  was  broken  off  and  joined  by  the  founda- 
tion wall  of  the  great  portico  constructed  at  a  later  date, 
has  clearly  proved,  from  the  fact  of  their  all  having  the 
same  mason's  marks,  which  do  not  appear  on  the  other 
walls,  that  all  these  walls  are  of  the  same  early  date. 
These  marks  consist  of  rude  archaic  Doric  letters  painted 
on  the  stone  with  some  red  pigment,  the  nature  of  which 
has  not  yet  been  made  known  by  chemical  analysis.  On 
the  interior  face  of  the  walls  in  tlie  north-east  corner  of 
the  courtyard  (now  no  longer  visible),  I  observed  on  one 
of  these  stores  AIIH,  the  A  and  11  being  hgulate,  on 
another  MH,  on  another  a  horizontal  sigma,  while  on 
another  stone  on  the  wall  facing  south  (now  covered  up) 
GEO  written  backwards  way,  while  there  was  evidence  of 
another  red  letter  having  stood  both  before  and  after  in 
close  connection  with  this  word.' 

Of  the  buttresses  just  mentioned  the  southern  one 
consists  of  16  courses  of  masonry,  the  four  lower  ones 
being  of  the  common  blue  Eleusinian  marble  of  the 
neighbourhood,  and  is  6^  metres  high.  The  foundation 
wall  of  the  portico  adjoining  the  northern  buttress 
supporting  the  cella  has  been  figured  in  the  last  annual 

'  The  bet  of  Uiiti  word  bring  iDTertad,  preaent  surfaoe  was  oorered  up  and  this 

thill  0301  ahews  that  it  mnat  hare  been  little  curiuatj  hidden  from  view,     dl, 

painted  on  the  stone  before  the  latter  "  welt,"   "  tfood,"  was  often  put   upon 

VM  plamid  in  position,  where  it  amy  in-  stoDes  in  the  quarrj  by  the  srohitect  to 

ndvOTtetitly  in  this  outljing  court-jud  denote  thoae  that  aeemed  to  him  to  be  of 

trail  have  beeu  put  wniiig  way  up.     On  good  qutUty  and  fit  for  hia  puipoae. 
my  last  viait  this  bit  of  waUing  beluw  the 


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4lO  AHCH^OLOOY  AT  ATHBiNa. 

report  of  the  Athenian  archseological  society,'  as  the 
singular  appearance  revealed  by  the  spade  and  pickaxe 
at  this  point  has  come  to  the  aid  of  science,  and  has 
confirmed  the  statement  of  history  which  assigned  two 
different  epochs  to  the  temple  and  the  portico. 

Where  the  northern  buttress  stands  an  irregular 
transverse  line  may  be  seen  dividing  the  original  wall  of 
the  cella  from  the  new  wall  built  for  the  foundation  of  the 
portico  120  years  later.  The  older  wall  looks  much 
■whiter  than  the  new  one,  though  apparently  built  of  the 
same  kind  of  stone,  and  a  thin  outer  coat  breaks  off  from 
it  now  it  is  exposed  to  the  air.  The  later  wall  however 
is  still  more  easily  discriminated  by  the  rough  mason's 
marks  chiselled  on  every  stone  that  has  its  end  outwards, 
the  other  stones  that  lie  longitudinally  having  their  marks 
hidden  from  view.  These  marks  consist  of  rude  sprawling 
letters,  and  the  commonest  used  are  M,  N  and  Q ;  P  and 
A  occur  frequently  Ugulate  and  oftentimes  askew.  Thus 
do  we  verify  the  assertion  of  Vitruvius,  who  says  that  the 
temple  jilanned  by  Ictinus  in  the  days  of  Pericles  was 
built  a  considerable  time  before  hand  was  set  under 
Demetrius  Phalerius  to  that  noble  and  lofty  portico, 
which,  looking  out  straight  over  the  blue  waters  of  the 
bay  of  Eleusis  on  to  the  hills  of  Attica,  far  beyond  which 
could  be  seen  the  flowery  flanks  of  Hymettus,  while 
on  the  right  the  eye  was  captivated  by  the  soft  flesh-like 
slopes  of  the  mountain  Isle  of  Salamis,  gave  the  throng  of 
worshippers  at  that  world-renowoed  shrine  one  of  the 
most  exquisite  views  in  Greece. 

Directly  in  front  of  thb  lettered  northern  wall  were 
found  cut  in  the  rock  four  tombs,  two  of  which  were 
large  enough  for  youths  and  two  for  infants.  All  these 
tombs,  which  were  apparently  older  than  the  existing 
buildings,  had  been  opened  and  rifled,  except  one  of  the 
larger  tombs,  which  was  found  only  half  covered,  and  which 
yielded  8om§  crumbled  bones,  and  two  or  three  fragments 
of  pottery,  on  one  of  which  besides  some  black  figures, 
could  be  read  the  tetters  LEO"*,  expanded  AE0KPATH2. 

Advancing  to  the  front  of  the  portico  and  turning  to 
the  north-east  corner  of  the  temple,  we  have  displayed  to 
view  by  the  recent  excavations  a  fine  stretch  of  three 

'  npa«ruiiT4iir'AAiHiiik|>;(BWXv¥(d)*  tnupiat  too  irtSi  1383. 


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ABCHJEOLOOT   AT   ATHENS.  411 

different  kinds  of  walling,  which  hapjHly  remain  undis- 
turbed. The  first  of  these  extremely  interesting  structures, 
£,  is  a  wall  of  polygonal  uncemented  blue  marble,  looking 
like  an  English  granite  wall;  only  the  stoneii  of  the  former 
fit  in  one  to  the  other  so  much  more  cleverly,  and  present 
a  more  even  face.  This  wall,  which  stands  a  few  paces 
from  and  partially  masks  the  unbroken  line  ot  the  w^pag 
Fineus  or  island  of  ^gina  stone  of  the  foundations  of  the 
temple  and  portico,  must  be  of  very  ancient  date,  as  it 
has  been  cut  through  in  order  to  build  the  latter.  It  is 
in  two  stages,  the  lower  being  of  more  regularly  squared 
stones  closely  fitting  together,  the  upper  being  of  irregular 
shaped  stones  having  smaller  stones  in  their  interatices. 
It  is  moreover  at  K,  unmistakably  blackened  by  fire,  and 
in  the  burnt  earth  near  it  a  gold  ear-ijng  was  discovered. 
This  wall,  as  well  as  others  both  in  and  outside  of  the 
present  temple,  seems  to  have  belonged  to  the  buildings 
destroyed  during  the  invasion  of  Attica  by  Xerxes. 

Withdrawing  further  away  from  the  temple,  and 
looking  towards  it,  we  discern  on  the  left  another  wall, 
L,  running  from  north  to  south,  which  presents  a  very 
handsome  appearance,  being  built  of  fine  squared  white 
stones  drafted  aU  round  at  the  jointings,  so  that  it  looks 
panelled.  This  wall  is  faced  only  to  the  east  andis  filled  in 
behind  with  earth  (into  which  stones  run  at  intervals  length- 
wise) as  though  it  had  supported  a  terrace.  This  terrace, 
which  may  have  belonged  to  the  pre-Periclean  temple, 
would  have  faced  due  east,  the  later  portico  not  being  due 
east  but  rather  south-east. 

Further  off  ^ain  to  the  north  has  been  next  discovered 
a  thick  wall  of  unbaked  bricks,  M,  standing  upon  two 
courses  of  regular  masonry.  This  wall,  now  reduced  to 
the  consistency  of  an  almost  undistinguishable  mass  of 
clay,  will  soon  melt  away  from  the  action  of  the  weather 
to  which  it  has  suddenly  become  exposed  after  a  burial  of 
more  than  2000  years.  Such  walls  are  mentioned  by 
Pausanias  as  common  in  the  fifth  century  b,c.,'  as  they 

'  Bk.    vii.,  ih.    S,    j.    Tii-nii.       These  cak«H  Htande  upos  anntlMr  ioTming  two 

mud  walls  are  still  common  is  the  out.  rows  luid  thiu  making  a  nail  8  ft.  high. 

skirtfl  of   Atheiw  for  encloaing  gardens  Their  coat  is  some  two  fra.  a  piece  and 

and  fields.     Tbej  are  ewdljr  made  and  wheiic(iFered,asiiUBua],vrithbruRblTood, 

last  a  good  time.     The  clay   dug  upon  will  atuid  the  brunt  uf  the  weather  for 

the  spot  ii  thrown  into  a  mould  soiofl  twelve  er  fifteen  Tears.     It  Ls  sapposed 

four  (eat  equwe,  and  when  dry  ia  turned  that  the  famous  lung  walls  itf  Athens 

out  and  set  up  on  a  raiied  loundation,  were  tfaua  hastily  built  to  a  good  height, 

wImd  aometimea  one  of  theae  hardened  on  a  aolid  stone  foundation. 


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413  ABCHJBOLOGY  AT  ATHEKS. 

are  common  in  Greece  now,  and  this  particalar  wall 
would  seem  to  have  been  a  wall  of  enclosure  to  the 
temple  destroyed  by  the  Persians.  There  are  evidences 
that  its  thicknesa  had  been  almost  doubled  at  some  later 
time  by  tlie  addition  of  a  slighter  wall  on  its  inner  side, 
the  space  between  the  two  being  then  filled  in  with 
rubble,  and  the  whole  width  being  thus  raised  to  4^ 
metres.  Outatde  this  wall,  and  cutting  it  at  an  obtuse 
angle,  has  been  discovered  a  lozenge-shaped  quadrangle, 
or  rather  trapezium,  formed  by  eight  square  stone 
columns,  N,  the  tops  of  which  are  not  higher  than  the 
pavement  of  the  portico  of  the  temple.  Though  thb 
structure,  and  a  massive  conglomerate  or  friable-looking 
stone  wall  towards  the  north,  both  belong  to  Byzantue 
times,  the  former  biuldinga  into  which  they  were  sunk  as 
foundations,  may  have  been  subterranean  apartments 
used  for  some  purpose  or  other  in  connection  with 
preparation  for  the  mysteries. 

As  for  the  temple  or  sacred  adytum  itself,  it  may  be 
described  as  a  haU  about  55  metres  square,  divided  into 
MX  or  eight  aisles  by  seven  rows  of  six  pillars  each,  the 
whole  number  of  pillars  within  the  cella  being  42, 
Only  on  my  last  visit,  in  the  month  of  June,  had  the 
causeway  of  earth  and  rubbish,  which  until  then  ran  at 
a  raised  level  across  the  temple,  been  removed  and  the 
sites  of  those  somewhat  rude  jrwpoc  stone  pillars  (IJ 
metres  in  diameter)  laid  bare,  as  well  as  the  openings, 
two  on  each  of  three  sides,  for  doorways.  On  several 
of  the  foundation  piers  a  few  feet  of  the  original  stone 
pillars  still  remain,  but  all  were  at  first  covered  by  the 
mass  of  earth  that  encumbered  the  spot,  and  their 
number  was  ascertained  only  during  the  course  of  the 
present  excavations. 

The  back  of  the  temple,  facing  the  eastern  portico,  the 
only  side  on  which  there  is  no  entrance,  is  cut  out  of  the 
rock,  that  part  being  built  up  against  the  hill  on  which 
was  the  Eleusinian  Acropolis.  The  rock  is  rudely  cut 
all  along  that  side  of  the  cella,  and  for  some  way  on  each 
of  the  two  sides  contiguous  to  it,  into  seats  for  the 
accommodation  of  assistants  or  spectators  at  the  solemn 
rites  of  worship,  or  for  the  initiated  after  the  ceremony  of 
their  initiation  was  over.     These  steps  or  seats,  arranged 


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ABCB^EOLOOY  AT  ATEOasa.  413 

one  row  towering  above  another  as  in  an  amphitheatre, 
instead  of  being  cased  with  marble  as  in  many  of  the 
ancient  Greek  theatres,  seem  more  probably  to  have  been 
covered  with  cushions,  carpets  or  matting. 

Owing  to  the  inequalities  of  the  surface  in  the  incom- 
plete state  of  the  excavations,  visitors  had  hitherto  almost 
invariably  gone  away  with  die  notion,  that  the  pavement 
of  the  temple  was  lower  than  that  of  the  portico  by 
which  they  had  entered  it,  and  many  were  the  theories  of 
dark  caverns  for  initiation,  &c.,  that  were  built  upon  this 
supposed  fact.  Only  within  the  last  two  months  has  the 
floor  of  the  temple  been  wholly  cleared  to  view,  and  its 
level  made  apparent,  but  it  had  already  been  ascertained 
by  actual  measurement  made  by  Mr.  Penrose  th»t  the 
floor  of  the  cella  was  just  25  centimetres  higher  than  that 
of  the  portico,  an  imperceptible  difference  in  that  great 
space,  but  enough  to  allow  of  the  outflow  of  water,  when 
the  temple  was  cleaned. 

Mr.  Philios,  the  intelligent  and  learned  director  of  the 
excavations,  inclines  to  the  opinion  that  the  temple  may 
have  been  divided  into  two  stories,  the  groond-floor  being 
in  this  case  5J  metres  high  the  height  at  which  stands  a 
platform  cut  in  the  rock  behind  the  back  of  the  temple. 
The  cella  would  be  thus  almost  wholly  buUt  up  against, 
or  cut  out  of  the  rock  except  on  the  side  shut  in  by  the 
portico,  and  the  want  of  apertures  for  the  admission  of 
light  would  not  be  felt,  as  the  more  solemn  mysteries  of 
initiation  took  place  in  the  dark,  and  indeed  at  night 
time.  There  is  a  flight  of  steps  cut  in  the  rock,  just  out- 
side the  ceUa  on  the  south  side,  narrow  at  the  beginning 
but  of  greater  width  above,  where  it  widens  out  into  a 
noble  terrace,  on  which  the  worshippers  might  wander 
out  to  enjoy  the  fresh  air  and  the  view  over  sea  and 
mountain,  and  these  steps  may  have  given  access  to  the 
upper  storey  of  the  temple,  reserved  for  those  not  at  the 
time  taking  part  in  the  rites  of  initiation  or  of  sacrifice 
that  were  being  performed  in  the  hall  or  sanctuary  below. 
This  theory  of  the  cella's  being  divided  into  two  stories 
may  find  countenance  in  the  circumstance  mentioned  by 
Plutarch,  that  the  lower  columns  of  the  temple  were 
erected  by  one  architect  and  the  upper  ones  by  another. 
At  the  foot  of  the  staircase  leading  up  to   the  rocky 

VOL.  ZUL  3  o 

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414  ABCH,£OLOGT  AT  ATHENS. 

platform  which  over-hangs  the  cella  (the  atiurcase  itself 
was  imbedded  until  recently  in  20ft.  of  earth),  a  little  to 
the  left,  has  been  disinterred  a  square  niche  cut  in  the 
rock,  large  enough  for  a  life-sized  statue  or  for  an  altar. 
The  plaster  on  its  sides,  which  has  a  finely  pohshed 
surface,  is  now  fast  crumbling  away  from  exposure  to  the 
atmosphere. 

On  my  second  visit,  at  the  end  of  December,  I  found  a 
terraced  wall  of  large  blocks  of  the  polygonal  stone  of  the 
neighbourhood  running  across  the  southern  end  of  the 
temple,  of  which  it  formed  the  hypothenuse.  This  wall, 
faced  and  regular  only  on  its  outer  aide,  and  filled  in  with 
earth  and  rubble  at  the  back,  seems  to  have  been  built  to 
support  some  terrace  or  portico,  of  the  pre-Pericleian 
temple,  which  would  thus  face  due  south.  As  however 
this  newly  discovered  structure  interfered  with  the  level 
of  the  existing  ruined  temple,  the  fioor  of  which  a  little 
further  back  is  now  simply  the  naked  rock  ori^naliy 
levelled  for  the  purpose,  it  was  even  at  that  time  being 
covered  in  again,  so  that  when  I  returned  later  on  aU 
trace  of  it  was  gone.  Even  at  that  time  fresh  indications 
of  walls  had  been  discovered  at  the  same  depth  nearer 
the  centre  of  the  present  cella,  while  a  foundation  pier  of 
a  column  found  in  the  same  southern  angle  of  the  temple 
pointed  to  some  design  or  other  not  having  been  carried 
out,  as  the  pier  was  out  of  line  with  the  other  pillars  of 
the  portico. 

At  my  next  visit,  at  the  end  of  April,  the  scene  all  about 
the  entrance  of  the  temple  from  the  portico  seemed  quite 
changed,  so  many  pieces  of  wall  below  the  surface 
running  one  way  or  another  had  been  laid  bare ;  but 
when  I  went  again,  on  that  day  month,  the  director  was 
able  to  point  triumphantly  to  the  piers  of  some  eight 
columns  crowded  into  the  north-eaatern  angle  of  the  cella, 
which  belonged  unmistakably  to  the  original  temple  of 
Eleusis  destroyed  by  Xerxes,  to  which  these  various  walls 
had  led,  or  with  which  they  were  somehow  connected. 
On  my  return  in  another  month  the  outer  walls  of  this 
pre-historic  temple  were  laid  bare  and  its  dimensions 
fixed  with  sufficient  certainty.  It  may  be  described  as  a 
square,  about  half  the  dimensions  and  occupying  there- 
fore one  quarter  of  the  space  of  its  successor,  bmg 

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ABXmMOUOQY  AT  ATHENS.  415 

about  25  metres  square,  and  contained  apparently  25 
pillars,  disposed  in  five  rows  of  five  pillars  each.  It 
occupied  abnost  so  exactly  the  north-east  angle  of  the  later 
temple,  that  its  eastern  and  northern  walls  seemed  at  first  to 
coincide  with  those  of  the  latter,  fis  their  exact  line  had  not 
been  quite  made  out  when  I  left,  nor  had  the  foundations 
of  all  the  pillars  of  this  ancient  cella  been  found.  A 
groove  in  the  rocky  floor  at  the  south-west  comer 
seemed  to  point  to  the  site  of  the  foundation  walls  of 
the  old  temple  on  that  side  and  thus  fix  its  dimensions. 
This  discovery  of  the  past  two  months  is  one  of  the  most 
interesting  imt^nable,  and  was  I  think,  almost  wholly 
unexpected.  The  earth  is  to  be  filled  in  around  these 
primordial  traces,  but  the  surface  of  wall  and  pier  is  to 
be  left  visible  so  that  within  the  last  temple  of  Eleusis 
we  may  clearly  read  the  outline  of  its  venerable  parent. 

In  the  courtyard  of  the  director's  house  are  two  rooms 
into  which  have  been  gathered  all  the  architectural  and 
artistic  remains  of  small  bulk  that  have  been  found 
during  the  course  of  the  present  excavations.  These  com- 
prise many  statues,  chiefly  however  of  the  Eoman  period, 
inscriptions,  friezes,  and  a  large  and  very  valuable 
collection  of  archaic  pottery. 

In  this  temporary  museum  ia  preserved  a  small  marble 
relief  about  a  foot  square,  which  seems  to  refer  to  the 
Eleusinian  mysteries  and  their  procession.  So  little  is 
known  about  the  rites  and  ceremonies  of  initiation  that 
any  record  on  stone  or  painted  vase  of  the  costumes, 
attitudes,  or  appurtenances  used  in  the  mysteries  becomes 
of  the  highest  value.  Perhaps  the  only  large  representa- 
tion of  the  kind  having  undoubted  reference  to  the 
Eleusinian  mysteries  is  the  pedestal  or  altar  now  broken 
in  twain,  wmch  being  sculptured  on  three  sides  only, 
may,  in  Eoman  times,  have  stood  with  its  back  to  the 
wall  of  the  eastern  portico,  with  the  other  st^lai  or 
altars,  amongst  which  on  the  outer  ledge  of  the  portico 
it  now  stands.  On  each  of  these  three  sides  is  represented 
a  procession  of  men  carrying  torches,  the  leader  of  whom 
however  may  be  a  woman.  The  torch  as  is  well  known 
is  the  attribute  of  Demeter.  The  figures  themselves, 
about  a  foot  high,  are  so  mutilated,  that  of  some  only 
the  head  appears,  and  of  others  only  the  feet.    On  the 

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416  A3lCtta»L0GT  AT  ATHBNB. 

best  preserved  side  I  counted  14  figures  ou  the  other 
two  13  and  12,  but  on  these  two  sides  the  comers  were 
broken  ofi".  On  another  white  marble  slab  hard  by  may 
be  observed  a  delicately  carved  sheaf  of  wheat  elegantly 
bound,  with,  at  the  other  end,  the  almost  obliterated 
figure  of  the  garlanded  bead  of  an  ox,  while  in  the  middle 
there  is  the  celebrated  bread-basket,  as  is  natural  in  the 
home  of  Cerea.  Fausanias'  says  the  sacrificial  cakes  were 
made  of  barley ;  and  Origen,*  accoi-ding  to  Lenormaut 
the  younger,  says  that  the  apparition  of  a  fresh  cut  sheaf 
of  wheat  rtOtpnifiivo^  arajfy^  was  the  lofty  symbol  which 
concluded  the  mystic  representation  of  iiroTfrua. 

The  bread-basket  may  be  a  measure  of  com.  It  stands 
on  feet.  Kaviov  is  the  name  of  the  basket  in  which  the 
sacred  barley  oukat  was  carried  at  sacrifices  ;  hence 
Kavqf  o/Mc  the  maiden  basket-bearer  of  the  Parthenon. 

Both  wheat  and  barley  were  however  offered  to  the 
goddesses  Demeter  and  Core  at  Eleusis.  The  Rharian 
plain,  which  stretches  out  immediately  before  Eleusis, 
where  com  was  first  sown  in  Greece,  is  like  the  whole  pf 
Attica,  the  soil  of  which  is  light  and  poor,  more  suitable 
for  the  growth  of  oats  and  barley  tlian  of  wheat.  Hence 
the  great  bulk  of  the  wheat  was  brought  from  beyond  the 
State  or  from  the  islands.  Of  this  fact  we  have  an 
interesting  confirmation  in  an  ancient  inscription  dis- 
covered last  year  at  Eleusis,  and  illustrated  by  my  friend, 
M.  Foucart,  in  the  Bulletin  de  Correspondence  Hell^nique, 
for  March  1884.  The  inscription  is  on  the  lower  part  of 
a  stele  of  which  the  upper  part  had  been  found  the  year 
before.  It  contains  an  extract  from  the  accounts  of 
Eleusis  under  the  magistracy  of  Kepliisophon,  and  a  date, 
Olymp.  112-4,  B.c.  329-8.  From  this  inscription  we 
learn  that  the  Athenians  in  their  ten  tribes  offered  of  first 
fruits  at  Eleusis  564  medimni  of  barley  and  a  little  less 
than.  23  of  wheat.  The  proportion  between  the  cultivation 
of  barley  and  wheat  at  that  time  was  as  ten  to  one. 
Salamis  produced  nothing  but  barley.  At  Skyros,  at 
Myrina,  at  Lemnos  the  proportion  was  one  to  three ;  in 
another  part  of  Lemnos,  Hephiestia,  it  was  one  to  five ;  at 
Imbros  the  proportion  is  inverted,  there  was  twice  as 
much  wheat  as  grain.     On  the  confines  of  Attica  and 

'  L  U.  *  FfailoHipboumeiia,  v,  viii,  p.  US,  ed.  Hilkr. 

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ARCHEOLOGY  AT  ATHENS.  417 

Boeotia  we  observe  from  an  account  ^ven  in  the  inscription 
that  the  wheat  produced  13  more  than  four  times  that  of 
the  barley,  the  proportion  of  barley  to  wheat  in  that  place 
being  600  medimni  of  barley  and  2900  medimni  of 
wheat. 

By  an  ordinance  voted,  under  the  adrainiatration  of 
Pericles,  in  order  to  establish  or  rather  re-inforce  the 
ancient  custom  of  offering  the  first  fruits  of  the  harvest  to 
the  Eleuainian  goddesses,  it  was  decreed  that  the  Demarchs 
should  make  the  levy  by  their  dfimes,  and  that  they  should 
hand  them  over  to  the  upan-otoi  of  Elensis  at  Eleusis. 
Further  that  the  latter  should  have  built  at  Eleusis, 
according  to  the  usage  of  their  ancestor.-^,  three  grain-pits 
on  the  spot  that  should  be  judged  suitable  by  them  and 
by  the  architect,  and  that  they  should  pour  therein  the 
grain  which  they  shall  receive  from  the  Demarchs. 

Now  in  the  inscription  under  consideration  we  find 
these  same  prescriptions  of  the  fifth  century  still  followed 
in  328.  The  first  fruits  are  here  offered  in  stiU  greater 
abundance,  the  grain  is  delivered  at  Eleusis,  however 
distant  the  colony  whence  it  comes.  In  Attica  it  is  levied 
and  delivered  by  the  Demarch;  the  aUiea  however  could 
choose  whom  they  wUled  to  fulfil  that  office.  At  Salamis 
it  is  a  KXf^p^>v■)^nt ;  80  also  at  Liibroe  ;  at  Skyros  a  orpoTtjyoc  ; 
at  Hephffistia  and  at  Myrina  the  Athenian  or/iaDiyoc  is 
assisted  by  two  frAi)pou)^oi.  In  place  of  the  three  atpol 
ordered  to  be  dug,  a  tower  had  been  fitted  up  to  secve  as  a 
magazine  for  both  the  barley  and  thewheat.  fa  the  annexed 
plan  the  sites  of  two  towers  will  be  observed  at  the  south- 
east and  north-east  corners  of  the  outer  enclosure  of  the 
sacred  area,  but  whether  for  this  purpose  or  not  I  cannot  say. 

An  extraordinary  and  interesting  circumstance  revealed 
by  this  inscription  is  the  series  of  bad  harvests  that  then 
visited  Greece,  as  may  be  argued  from  the  diminished 
revenue  of  the  sacred  temple.  This  conjecture  has  been 
raised  to  certainty  by  some  documents  recently  published 
by  T)r.  Kbhler.'  From  these  it  appears  that  the  preceding 
year  B.C.  330-29,  had  been  one  of  only  moderate 
production.  There  is  a  decree  granting  a  crown  of  gold, 
of  the  value  of  500  drachmas,  to  a  merchant  of  Cyprus 
who  had  brought  to  Athens  3000  medimni  of  wheat,  and 

'  HitthMlungBiKrftbeOeniuuilMtituto  itAtbma,  toL  viii.,  p.  311,  ftc 


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418  ABCH^»LOOT  AT  AtUSm. 

had  sold  ihem  to  the  people  at  5  drachmas  (about  5  &s.) 
the  medinmus  {very  nearly  12  gallons).  The  harvest  was 
still  worse  in  the  year  when  taese  accounts  were  made, 
for  in  the  following  year,  under  the  magistracy  of 
Enthycritos,  (S28-7)  recourse  had  to  be  made  to  free  gifts, 
in  order  to  enable  the  people  to  purchase  com,  and  to 
sell  it  retail  at  the  price  of  5  drachmas  the  medimnus. 
The  ordinary  price  of  barley  was  3  drachmas  the 
medinmus  and  that  of  wheat  6.  According  to  our 
inscription  only  400,000  medimni  were  offered  that  year 
of  bad  harvest.  This  figure  represents  but  one-third  or 
one-fourth  the  regular  contribution,  which  M.  Foucart 
sets  down  at  one  million  or  at  a  mUlion  and  a  half,  but 
■which  Boeckh  thinks  was  twice  as  much. 

As  for  the  ox  sacrificed  at  Eleusia,  we  have  in  a  very 
important  inscription,  discovered  in  1860,  giving  us  the 
details  of  an  official  sacrifice  at  that  place,  Oiatv  rpirntav 
^oap\ov  iv  rii  tapT^.  In  the  Inscription  just  discovered, 
we  see  that  the  sacrifices  were  accor^ng  to  ancient 
prescription.  Three  kinds  of  victims  had  to  be  bought, 
the  ox,  the  sheep,  and  the  goat,  constituting  altogether 
the  TpiTTota.  Three  oxfen  had  to  be  provided ;  indeed  to 
each  of  the  two  goddesses  a  r/)irroia  fiodap'^^ot  had  to  be 
sacrificed,  namely,  they  began  by  offering  an  ox,  while  a 
third  ox  was  destined  for  Athena. 

The  ox  as  trained  to  draw  the  plough  was  sacred  to 
Ceres,  though  Lenormant'  thinks  Ovid  mistaken  when 
he  deems  that  for  that  reason  the  ox  was  not  sacrificed 
in  the  Eleusinian  mysteries : 

A  bove  succincti  cuUroa  removete  miniatri. 

Bos  aret :  ignavam  sacrificate  suem. 

Aptajugo  cervix  non  estferienda  securi: 

Vivatf  et  in  dura  saepe  lahoret  humo. 

(Tasti,  IV.  V.  413,  etc.) 

The  bones  of  oxen,  as  of  other  animalH  that  had  served 
for  sacrifice,  have  been  found  in  the  subterranean 
chambers  within  the  enclosure  of  the  Hierum,  in  front  of 
the  great  portico. 

At  a  great  depth  and  near  the  clay-built  wall  have 
been  found  grayish  or  yellowish  coloured  tiles,  sun-baked 

>  BadiarebM,  p.p.  BG  ud  84. 

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ABCHJEOLOOY  AT   ATHENS,  419 

and  afterwards  hardened  before  afire,  as  the  outer  surface 
is  of  a  reddish  hue  and  slightly  burnt  and  glazed,  which 
are  supposed  to  have  belonged  to  the  first  temple,  or  to  the 
annexes  of  the  later  temple,  as  some  of  the  substantial 
and  handsome  marble  tiles  of  the  latter  have  been  found. 
In  the  temporary  museum,  the  contents  of  which  will  be 
properly  arranged  in  a  more  spacious  building  later,  a 
great  number  of  fragments  of  pottery  are  collected  which 
have  been  found  mostly  at  a  great  depth.  Some  of  these 
are  beautifully  figured  in  red  on  a  black  ground  with 
men,  women  and  ornaments,  and  belong  to  the  best  period 
of  Grecian  art.  Some  however  are  very  archaic,  and  date 
from  long  before  Fhidias.  No  single  vase  however  has 
been  found  entire.  A  great  number  of  lamps  have  been 
discovered,  and  a  number  of  beautifully  designed  cup-like 
hearths,  with  perforated  covers  which  must  have  been 
employed  for  burning  perfumes. 


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THE    FERNYHALGH    CHALICE    AND    PATEN. 
By  T.   H.   FALLOW,  H.A. 

There  is  preserved  at  the  Roman  Catholic  church  at 
Femyhalgh,  in  Lancashire,  the  very  curious  silver-gilt 
chalice  with  its  paten,  of  which  illustrations  are  given 
from  photographs  by  Mr.  Beattie  of  Praston, 

The  bowl  of  the  chalice  is  somewhat  conical  in  form. 
The  stem  and  knot  are  hexagonal.  The  knot  is  almost 
exactly  in  the  centre  of  the  stem,  and  its  six  facets  are 
filled  with  a  four-leaved  ornament  in  blue  enamel;  the 
upper  side  only  has  open  tracery.  The  chief  peculiarity, 
however,  is  the  base,  which,  unlike  that  of  any  other 
known  chalice,  is  octagonal,  instead  of  being  either 
circular  or  hexagonal.  This  is  the  more  noteworthy  when 
tixe  hexagonal  form  of  the  stem  and  knot  is  taken  into 
account.  On  the  front  compartment,  in  a  small  square,  are 
the  letters  l\fl^  and  in  a  band  surrounding  the  base  is  the 


O05II5 1 ntogntr I m  felrmanoclme  ft  f^lml 
cccu  I  xm  I 

The  dimensions  are : — Height  5f  in.  ;  diameter  of  the 
bowl  3  in. ;  depth  of  the  bowl  1|  in. ;  diameter  of  the  base 
from  point  to  point  5  in.,  and  from  hollow  to  hollow  4  in. 
The  chalice  is  entirely  gilt,  and  in  constant  use;  it  has  no 
hall-marks. 

The  paten  has  a  narrow  rim,  and  a  plaiu  circular 
depression.  In  the  centre  is  a  circle  containing  an  unusual 
treatment  of  the  Manus  Dei,  the  Divine  Hand  being  gloved, 
and  on  either  side  of  it  are  tlie  sun  and  moon.  The  paten 
is  parcel-gilt,  and  3|  in.  in  diameter ;  it  is  not  in  use,  and 
has  no  hall  marks. 

How  this  chalice  and  paten  came  to  Lancashire,  and 

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The  Fernyhalgh  Chalice.        .  ,  Google 


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THE  FKRIfYHALaH  OHALICB  AOT)  PATKN.  421 

into  the  possession  of  the  Boman  Catholics  of  Eemyhalgh 
U  not  known,  nor  is  there  any  direct  evidence  as  to  their 
former  history,  or  the  churdi  to  which  they  belonged. 
There  seems,  however,  some  ground  for  the  presumption 
that  they  may  have  been  a  gift  by  the  Magoire,  whose 
name  the  chalice  bears,  to  the  Franciscans  of  Donegal, 
Conosus  or  Cuconnaught  Maguire  became  prince  of 
Fermanagh  in  1527,  and  was  ten  years  later  treacherously 
murdered  by  some  of  his  rival  kinsmen.  He  was  on  very 
friendly  terms  with  the  Donegal  Franciscans,  and  the 
history  of  Donegal,  well-known  as  the  Armals  of  the  Four 
Masters,  was,  it  will  be  remembered,  compiled  by  members 
of  the  Franciscan  order  in  Don^al.  It  thus  refers  to 
him: — "  1537.  Maguire  (Cuconnaught,  the  son  of  Cucon- 
naught, son  of  Brian,  son  of  Philip)  Lord  of  Fermanagh, 
a  charitable  and  humane  man,  the  most  renowned  for 
dexterity  of  hand,  nobleness,  and  hospitality,  that  came 
of  the  race  of  the  Collas  for  a  long  period  of  time ;  who 
had  brought  under  his  jurisdiction  [that  tract  of  country] 
from  Clones  to  Cael-Uiage ;  the  suppressor  of  thieves  and  evil 
doers ;  a  man  who  possessed  happiness  and  afiBuence  in 
his  time,  was,  on  the  8th  of  October,  treacherously  slain 
on  Creachan,  an  island  on  Lough  Erne,  belonging  to  the 
Friars,  by  the  descendants  of  Thomas  Maguire,  and  the 
descendants  of  Turlough,  i.e.  by  Flaherty,  the  son  of  Philip, 
son  of  Turlough  Maguire.  He  was  first  buried  in 
Deveniah,  but  was  sometime  after  disinterred  by  the  Friars 
Minor,  who  carried  hiiii  to  the  monastery  of  Donegal,  and 
there  interred  hun  in  a  becoming  manner."' 

In  1601  the  Franciscan  convent  of  Donegal  was  occupied 
by  a  garrison  of  EngUsh  soldiers,  and  the  friars  fled  into 
the  fastnesses  of  the  country,  carrying  with  them  their 
chalices  and  vestments. 

I  am  indebted  to  the  Rev.  James  OXaverty,  of  Holy- 
wood  CO.  Down,  for  the  followiiig  extract  relating  to  this. 
It  is  confined  in  a  MB.  history  of  the  Irish  Franciscans 
compiled  in  1617  at  Louvain,  by  Father  Anthony  Purcell.' 


'  Aniub  at  the  Kiogdinn  of  IreUnd,  *  So.  31S6  Haniucrit,  Bibliothique  de 

by  the  Four  Maitera  ;   edited  bf  John  Buifpjgne,  BnueUeg.   Fathar  O'Laverty'a 

O'DonoTui,  2nd  ed.,  Dublin,  ISCiB,  tqI.  t.  extinct  ii  from  a  copj  of  this  HS.  in  the 

p.  IMl.  .   ..      w       . 


possesuon  o 
UdR, 

a  a 

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422  THE  PERNYHALGH  CHAUOE  AKD  PATEIT. 

"  Anno  1 600  eramus  ibi,  scilicet  conventu  Dunangallensi 
40  fratres  de  familia,  et  officia  divina  noctuma  et  diuma 
fiebant  cum  cantu  et  soleittnitatibus  magnis.  Habebam 
ipse  curam  sacristiee  in  qua  habui  40  indumenta  sacerdo- 
talia  cum  suis  omnibus  pertinentiis  et  multa  erant  ex  tela 
aurea  et  argentea  aliquot  intertexta  et  elaborata  anro ; 
reliqua  omnia  aerica.  Erant  etiam  16  calices  argentei,  et 
magni,  ex  quibus  duo  turn  erant  qui  non  erant  deaurati ; 
erant  et  duo  ciboria  pro  s"  Sacramento.  Suppellex  satis 
honesta ;  ecclesia  ne  vitro  quidam  caruit.  Sed  ingravis- 
cente  bello,  et  hereticis  aliqualiter  prsevalentibus,  tandan 
potuerant  id  efficere,  ut  principe  OT)onneIo  in  aliis  negotiis 
occupato,  ipsi  ad  oppidum  Dunangall  pervenerint  com 
exercitu,  et  anno  1601  in  festo  8.  Laurentii  martyris,  in 
monasterio  prsesidinm  militwn  colloc&runt.  Fratres, 
quidem,  prsemoniti  fugerunt  ad  loca  silvestria  inde  aliqnot 
miliaribus  distantia,  et  suppellextilem  monasterii,  navi 
impositam,  ad  alium  tutiorem  locum  transtulerunt ;  ego 
ipse  eram  ex  ultimis  qui  e  conventu  egressus  sum.  *  * 
*  *  *  Frinceps  ODonnell  in  Hispaniam  se  contnlit, 
annoqne  sequenti  1602  omnia  loca  sui  dominii  in  heereti- 
corum  potestatem  devenerunt,  et  inter  ctetera  quie  ibi 
perierunt,  suppellex  ilia  ecclesiasUca  conventus  de 
Dunangall  fuit  pnedce  Olivero  Lamberto,  gubematori 
Conaciie  ex  parte  hEereticorum,  qui  calices  in  cyphos 
profanes  convertit,  et  vestes  sacras  in  diversos  profanra 
usus  convertendos  scindi  et  delacerari  curavit ;  et  sic  turn 
ipse  conventus,  turn  omnis  suppellex  ejus  periit." 

General  Lambert,  into  whose  hands  the  spoil  of  the 
Donegal  convent  fell,  was  connected  with  Lancashire, 
and  had  married  into  the  old  Lancashire  family  of  Fleets 
wood.  It  seems  not  unreasonable  to  believe,  therefore, 
that  if  the  Pernyhalgh  chalice  with  the  inscription  it  bears 
was  among  the  spoil  of  the  Donegal  Franciscans  which 
came  into  his  possession,  it  would  be  specially  preserved 
as  a  trophy,  and  so  taken  back  by  him  into  England. 

Hence,  I  think,  we  may  venture  to  agree  with  Father 
O'Laverty,  who  suggests  that,  although  there  is  no  proof 
of  it,  yet  there  is  fair  ground  for  the  double  presumption; 
first,  that  the  chahce  was  given  by  Cuconnaught  Maguire 
to  the  Donegal  Franciscans,  and  was  one  of  the  sixteen 

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The  fernyhalgh  Paten. 


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raS  FERNYHALOH  CHAUCE  AND  PATEN.  423 

chalices  which  fell  into  General  Lambert's  hands.  Secondly, 
that  Lambert's  connection  with  Lancashire  accounts  for 
the  presence  of  the  chalice  at  the  present  day  in  that 
county. 

These  vessels  are  of  unusual  interest;  and  I  have  to 
thank  the  Eev.  W.  Gordon,  the  priest  pf  the  church  at 
Femyhalgh,  for  the  opportunity  afforded  me  of  examining 
them. 


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THE  ROMANO-GREEK  INSCRIPTIONS  IN  ENGLAND. 
>r  E.  C.  CLARK.' 


Some  months  ago  I  endeavoured  to  give  a  rendering  of 
a  remarkable  Greek  inscription,  on  what  is  known  as 
"  the  Brough  stone,"  from  Brough-under^tainmore,  now 
in  the  Fitzwilliam  museum  at  Cambridge.  In  the 
course  of  my  investigations  I  had  to  consider  the  other 
Greek  inscriptions  found  in  England.  They  are  few  in 
number,  and  I  was  struck  by  some  common  features 
which  I  thought  I  could  discern  in  t^em,  besides  their 
common  language.  This  is  the  subject  which  I  have 
briefly  treated  in  the  following  paper,  asking  myaelf  the 
questions :  when  and  by  whom  were  these  inscriptions 
made,  why  in  Greek,  and  in  what  sort  of  Greek?  I 
will  proceed  at  once  to  enumerate  the  five  or  six  Greek 
inscriptions  which  appear  in  the  7th  volume  of  the 
Prussian  Corpus  Inscripiionum^  edited  l^  Professor 
HUbner.  I  have  added,  in  each  instance,  what  indications 
of  the  nationality  of  the  settlers  I  can  gather  from  the 
local  names  of  the  auxiliary  forces  stationed  in  the  place. 
The  legionary  soldiers,  though  of  course  more  important 
in  their  time,  do  not  give  us  this  kind  of  information, 
except  in  one  or  two  instances. 

In  Chester  {Deva),  where  we  can  trace  cohorts  of 
Aquitani  and  Frisiavones,  was  found  in  1856,  an  altar 
bearing,  in  neat  or  elegant  letters,'  an  inscription  of  which 
this  is  the  legible  part : — 

HPCIN 

EPMENECIN 

EPMOFENHC 

lATPOCBnMON 

TONA    ANEGHKA 

>  Head  at  the  Derby  meeting  at  tlie  Inatitute,  July  Slrt,  1S8S.  '  Hiibiwr,  p,  4S. 

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BOHAlfO-OREBk  INBCBIFTIONS.  4^it 

The  lacuna  ib  supplied  by  Htibner  [Btrnt  ffwr]  ^p<nv  [iir] 
fpfuvtmv. 

A  slightly  different  emendation  may  perhaps  be  sug- 
gested. The  last  three  lines  of  the  inscription  form  a 
hexameter.  If  we  can  believe  the  reading  intended  by 
the  composer,  in  the  previous  word,  to  have  been  the 
Homeric  iinpfuviiaatv,  we  may  infer  the  loss  of  an  inscribed 
line  above  the  fragmentary  H  P  0 1 N  which  would  give  us 
another  hexameter.  I  cannot  however  advance  this  theory 
with  any  confidence,as  I  have  been  unable  to  procure  a 
fac-simile  of  the  inscription.' 

Habner  notes  a  suggestion  that  the  dedicator  of  this 
altar  may  have  been  the  Hermogenes  whom  Dion  Cassius 
mentions  in  his  last  chapter  on  that  emperor's  life  as 
Hadrian's  physician.  Hadrian's  partiality  to  the  profession 
is  otherwise  on  record  :  witness  the  epigram  on  Marcellus, 
of  Side  in  Pamphylia,  for  whose  works,  or  library,  a  special 
repository  was  erected  by  this  prince,  or  his  successor,  at 
Home.'  Hubner,  however,  drily  adds  that  there  were  a 
good  many  doctors  called  Hermogenes.  The  form  of  the 
letters  in  the  inscription  he  admits  to  suit  the  time  of 
Hadrian. 

In  the  Museum  at  York  {Eburacum)  are  two  tablets  of 
bronze,  found  in  the  excavation  for  the  railway  station, 
about  1840.  On  each  is  a  Greek  inscription,  in  punctured 
letters ; — 

(I) 

eEOio 

TOIO   TOY    HFE 

MONIKOY  nPAI 

TQPIOY    OKPIB- 

AHMHTPIOC 

(n.) 

□KEANQ 
KAI  THOYl 
AHMHTPI* 

The  ninth  or  Spanish  legion  was  quartered  at  York,  and 
this  is  the  only  locally  named  force   of  which   1  have 

■  See  final  Dote.  from  Uie  Infant  edition  of  tia  iuudbook 

'  Antholosie  Oraeoo,  7.  158  to    the    miueum,    with    which    Cuiotl 

*  See  floal  note.     Theee  ineoHptione  Reine  kindly  furniBhed  me. 
an  not  token  from  Hiiboer,  (p.  62),  but 


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426  BOUANO-GBEEk  INSOBlPtlOKS. 

evidence  there.  A  Greek  was  obviously  the  author  of 
the  two  inacriptions,  which  speak  fcH*  diemselves.  The 
one  is  to  the  household  gods  of  the  governor's  residence. 
This  fact  I  take  to  indicate  that  Demetrius  was  a  de- 
pendent of  the  governor,*  though  it  does  not  throw  much 
light  on  the  occasion  of  dedication.  The  other  inscription 
shews,  I  think,  that  Demetrius  was  a  person  of  some 
culture,  perhaps  of  some  consequence,  and  that  he  wished 
to  indicate  his  arrival  in  the  island.  Oceanus  and  Tethys 
were  rather  creatures  of  literary  fancy  than  objects  of 
real  worship,  even  in  the  times  of  Domitian.  Whether 
Demetrius  was  a  sariboniiLS  or  a  scriba  does  not  appear. 
I  should  prefer  the  latter  suggestion,  which,  as  wdl  as 
the  probable  date,  is  Mr.  C.  W.  King's. 

All  the  other  Greek  inscriptions  come  from  the  Eoman 
wall  or  near  it.  At  Ellenborough  {UxeUodunum),  near 
Maryport,  south  west  of  the  wall,  was  found  a  stone  tablet, 
now  at  Netherhall,  bearing  the  dedication,  to  .^culapius, 

ACKAHnitJ 
AEFNATIOC 

nAOTOP     EGHKEN 

On  a  squeeze  of  this  inscription  (exhibited)  I  think  a  sort 
of  stop  is  perceptible  after  the  first  letter  of  tlie  second 
Une.  The  whole  is  obviously  a  hexameter,  the  final  s  of 
Egnatius  being,  as  is  often  the  case  in  provincial  and  late 
Latinity,  not  sounded,  and  the  a  before  this  word  repre- 
senting a  spondee.  A  succession  of  antiquaries  has 
"  restored  "  this  A  as  the  praenomen  Aulus,  which  restora- 
tion is  accepted  by  Hiibner.  This  old  praenomen  occurs 
once  elsewhere  in  British  inscriptions.  I  doubt  it  here, 
and  am  ahnost  inclined,  in  spite  of  the  mixture  of 
languages,  to  suggest  an  abbreviation  for  abah.  ab 
for  ARAM  has  been  found,  at  IJncoln  last  year.*  The 
coCTomen,  if  it  he  one.  Pastor,  does  not  occur  elsewhere 
in  Hubner's  book.  The  local  auxiUaries  at  Ellenborough 
were  Baetasii  (a  German  race),  Dalmatians  and  Spaniard. 
Making  my  way  north-east  to  the  Roman  wall,  by  the 


'  For  tliU  general  teme  of  in*!"^  Bee      our  Keeidence. 
Mattliew  zxvii,  2 :  LukeiJl,2,uidAU(ird'B  *  ArckcailiiiiicalJmimal,  tuL  zli  p.  21T, 

note  on  the  Utter,     vpair^pni  is  esactir      and  p.  ]G0  of  this  volume. 


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BOUANO-GREEK  INSORIFnONS.  427 

route  through  the  head  of  the  Lake  country,!  must  men- 
tion, as  connecting  linka,  one  or  two  Latin  inscnptiouB. 

At  Old  Carlim  (Boman  name  oncertain)  I  find  an 
Egnatiu3  Yerecundus  erecting  a  votive  tablet  for  the 
welfare  of  the  emperor  Septimus  Severus,  who  spent  the 
failing  years  of  his  life  (208^211  a.d.)  in  Britain.'  At  the 
same  station  was  also  found  an  interesting  Latin  inscription 
of  the  time  of  Gordian  {a.d.  242)  now  in  the  library  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  I  cannot  be  sure  about 
the  local  auxiliaries  here. 

.  I  now  proceed  eastward  to  where  the  great  north  road, 
the  Watlmg  street,  crosses  the  wall.  Oha  Watling  street, 
north  of  the  wall,  I  find  a  Greek  inscription,'  of  which 
the  letters  6E0IS  are  all  that  can  be  read  wit^  certiunty, 
on  a  small  altar  at  High  Bochester  (BreTnenium).  From 
other  inscriptions  we  learn  that  a  cohort  of  VarduUi 
was  stationed  here,  in  the  times  of  the  emperor 
whom  we  call  El^abalus  (218-222  a.d.),  and  (Jordian 
(238-243  A.D.).  An  altar  was  raised  Deo  invicio  soliior  tibe 
welfare  of  Elagabalos,  under  his  proper  name  of  M.  Aure- 
Iiu8  Antoninns  Pius,  by  a  tribune  of  these  VarduMi;  and 
another,  to  the  genius  of  their  standards,  by  an  JB^atius 
Lucilianus,  legate  of  Gordian. 

A  votive  tablet  from  Iianchester,  on  Watling  street, 
south  of  the  wall,  is  preserved  in  the  library  of  the 
palace  at  Durham.  The  identification  of  Lanchester  with 
its  true  Boman  original  is  not  certain.  The  inscription 
is  bilingual — Greek  and  Latin — and  appears,  by  a  pro- 
bable restoration,  to  be  a  dedication  to  .^culapius. 
The  dedicator  is  T.  Flavus  Titianus,  tribune,  as  we  learn 
from  another  inscription,  of  a  cohort  of  VarduUi.*  There 
is  nothing  else  remarkable  about  the  inscription  and  I  have 
not  got  a  facsimile  of  it.  It  maybe  observed,  however,  that 
at  this  station  a  bath  and  basilica  were  erected  for  the 
emperor  Gordian  by  the  same  Egnatius  Lucilianus  just 
mentioned.  Finally,  at  Corbridge  {Corstopitum),  on 
Watling  street,  south  of  the  wall,  I  find,  besides  the  altars 
next  noticed,  a  monument  erected  by  another  Egnatius, 
sumamed  (sic)  Dyonisms,  together  with  his  coheir  Suriua, 
to  the  memory  of  a  Koman  soldier  their  testator.*    The 


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428  BOJCANO-QBEEK  INSCRIPTIONS. 

inscription  is  in  Latin,  but  the  names  of  the  two  coheirs 
are  Greek  and  Oriental,  with  a  mis-spelling  which  may 
perhaps  indicate  that  Latin  was  not  the  language  of  the 
author  or  inscriber. 

I  have  put  together  these  two  or  three  last  inacriptions, 
because  they  possibly  shew  a  thread  of  conDection  in  the 
famUy  of  the  Egnatii  or  the  corps  of  the  Vardulli.  Of 
the  former  I  shall  speak  presently.  The  latter  are 
believed,  on  the  authority  of  Ptolemy  and  Strabo,  to  have 
come  from  Celtiberia,  in  the  north-east  of  Spain. 

At  Corbridge  were  found  two  most  interesting  altars 
dedicated,  in  beautiful  Greek  inscriptions,  to  Aatarte  by 
one  Pulcher,  and  to  the  Tyrian  Hercules  by  a  high- 
priestess  Diodora} 

(I.) 
AOTAPTHO 

B  flM  0  N  U 

EOOPAC 
nOYAXEPM 
ANEeHKE 

(11.) 
HPAKAEI 

TYPin 

AIOiftPA 

APXIEPEIA 

These  inscriptions  are  alike  in  caligraphy. 

Not  much  light  is  thrown  on  them  by  the  names 
of  the  dedicators,  which  do  not  occur  again  in  our 
British  inscriptions.  Pulcher  is  the  well-known  cognomea 
of  a  family  of  the  patrician  Claudii,  some  of  whose 
members  we  learn  from  coins  to  have  held  office  under 
the  earlier  emperors.  But  I  find  no  Roman  Pulcher  in 
our  island.    Diodora  is  obviously  Greek. 

These  are  the  only  Greek  records  in  Hubner's  British 
Inscriptions  upon  which  we  can  rely.  Beside  potters' 
marks,  the  sole  succession  of  words  amounting  to  an 
inscription  is  a  fragment  said  to  have  been  found  in 
London,  now  lost,  probably  a  modern  importation  from 
Italy,  and  possibly  not  genuine  to  begin  with.* 

'  Hiibner,  p.  97.  '  Ibid.,  p.  21. 

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BOHANO-ORBBK.  INSCRIPTIONS.  429 

&nce  the  publication  of  HUbner's  Inscriptumea  Biitan- 
nine  two  important  records  have  been  discorered,  bearing 
on  the  connexion  of  Boman  settlers  with  the  east.  One 
is  the  grave-Btone  of  Regina  at  South  Shields,  with  its 
bilingual  inscription  in  Latin  and  Aramaic.  The  other  is 
the  Brough  stone.  The  former  scarcely  touches  my 
present  subject,  except  as  shewing  the  settlement  of  a 
native  of  Palmyra,  at  \hR  east  end  of  the  Boman  wall.  The 
second  bears  the  most  important  Greek  inscription  in  this 
country.  It  is  an  epitaph  written  in  Greek  hexameters,  on  a 
youth  of  16,  named  Hermes,  from  Commagene,the  northern 
part  of  Syria.  I  camiot  take  up  your  time  at  present  with 
the  difficulties  of  interpretation  in  this  inscription,  which 
are  considerable.  My  own  view  as  to  that  matter  is  fully 
stated  in  the  Cambridge  University  Reporter  for  March  3 
of  this  year,  and  in  the  transactions  of  the  Cumberland 
and  Westmorland  Antiquarian  Society,  pp  205-219, 
and  briefly  epitomized  by  Mr.  Watkin  in  his  paper 
on  Boman  inscriptions  recently  found  in  Britain. 
{See  above,  pp.  146-7).  You  will  there  find  the  original 
reading  of  the  stone,  so  far  as  it  has  been  made 
out,  a  reading  with  the  lacuTme  supplied  and  the  errors 
corrected  according  to  my  view,  and  an  English  metrical 
version.  The  points  which  bear  on  my  present  enquiry 
are,  not  so  much  the  exact  interpretation  of  the  inscription, 
M  its  general  character,  style  and  form. 

Reverting,  then,  to  the  questions  with  which  we  began, 
I  ask  myself,  when  and  by  whom  were  these  Greek 
inscriptions  made,  and  why  in  Greek  ?  These  three 
questions  go  together — the  other,  in  what  sort  of  Greek, 
is  a  rather  different  matter. 

The  when  I  have  to  some  extent  answered  by  anticipation, 
in  calling  the  inscriptions  Romano-Greek.  I  have  no 
hesitation  in  dating  them  all  during  the  Homan  occupation, 
not  later,  that  is,  than  the  beginning  of  the  5th  century  a.d. 

All  are  from  known  Boraan  stations;  the  York  and 
Lanchester  inscriptions  are  connected  with  Boman  officers; 
and  the  documents  generally  denote  a  degree  of  settled 
life  and  tranquillity  which  can  scarcely  have  existed  for  a 
long  time  after  the  departure  of  the  Bomans.  On  the 
last  ground,  too,  I  should  be  disposed  to  put  these 
inscriptions  certainly  not  earlier  than  the  construction  of 
VOL.  xm.  3  I 

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430  BOUANtHSBBBK  INSOBIFTIONS. 

the  wall  by  Hadrian  (about  121  a.d.)  ;  probably  not 
earlier  then  the  time  of  Septimus  Severus,  who  more 
securely  established  the  peace  of  the  North  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  third  century.  You  will  have  observed  that 
they  all  come  from  the  northern  part  of  England. 

The  only  approzimatiou  to  a  more  exact  date  at  which 
I  can  arrive  u  on  the  supposition  of  some  comiexion 
between  theEgnatiua  of  the  Ellenborough  inscription,  and 
the  Egnatius  of  the  times  of  Sevenis,  or  of  "EUgabalus" 
and  Gordian,  more  probably  the  latter.  This  would 
place  the  Ellenborough  inscription  about  the  middle  of 
the  third  century,  'a..d. 

Upon  the  question  by  whom  were  these  inscriptions 
made,  certain  scattered  facts  about  tkis  family  of  !E^atii 
have  some  bearing — at  least  as  to  one  possible  source. 
I  will  give  the  upshot,  not  to  weary  you  with  detail.' 

There  is  some  reason  to  connect  the  origin  of  these 
Egnatii  with  Spain,  the  country  of  the  Vardtdli,  whom 
they  and  the  Greek  inBcriptions  appear  in  two  or  three 
cases  ouriously  to  accompany.  "Hiere  is  also  reason  to 
connect  the  subsequent  fortunes  of  one  Egnatius,  at  least, 
with  Tarsus  in  Cilicia  and  the  learning  of  Tarsus  Greek 
or  Oriental  or  both.  There  is  nothing  special  to  be 
made  out  of  the  Vardtdli  themselves,  a£  bearing  directly 
on  the  Greek  inscriptions.  I  have  given  the  local  names 
of  the  auxiliaries  when  I  could  find  any  in  proximity  to 
the  Greek  inscriptions.  But  they  afford  us  little  or  no 
clue.  The  soldiers  of  the  cohorts  were  mostly  occidentals, 
coming,  with  the  exception  of  the  Bamii,  whom  I  shall 
mention  directly,  almost  exclusively  from  Europe.  There 
is  nothing  in  the  nationality  of  Spaniards,  or  Germans,  or 
Gauls,  which  would  lead  one  to  expect  any  special  leaning 
to  Glreek  literature  or  Oriental  worship.      I  think  then 


*  CUulliii  (87.  IB)  spoaka  of  ut  Bg-  whom  be  had  hinwelf  inatmcted  in  Uw 

iwtiiu,  ■  oomidtiMUit  Boman  biuybody,  magki  *rt  for  which  she  waa  eoademiMd 

■I  onmlng  frtnn  Celtlberu,    which  wu  (Juvenal,  iiL  116-119,  iind  SchoL  on  tl 

the  bmlM  at  the  VardaUi.   A  dMcendaot  6SS).    Thia   E^atliu  wu  rewaitkd  t^ 

or  connexion  of  tliia  nun  may  have  been  Nbto  with  riches  and  honour,  but  after- 

the  Egnatiua  who   adopted   the   Stcno  warda  condemned  and    exiled   (Ticittu 

philoeophj  at  Tanua  in  Cilioa,  and  ob-  Ann.  16.  32  ;     Hiat.   4.   10,  40.      IHa 

tained  an  infamoui   notoriaty   at  Rome  Cawi'iH,  62.  26),     Waa  his  plaoe  of  eiilc 

under  Nero  in  d6   a.d.      He  waa  the  Britain,  aud  were  the  Egnatii  whom  we 

betrajer  at  bia  friend  Barea  Boiauui,  and  find  in  office  under  Sevsnia  and  Gordian 

the  inlormer  againat  Sorauua'  daughter,  hia  dceeenduita  T 


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ItOMANO-OBBEE  IHSCETFTIOm.  431 

that,  if  there  is  any  common  element  in  the  three  or  four 
inscriptions  to  which  I  am  now  referring,  it  ia  the 
influence  of  the  Egnatii,  of  the  times  of  Elagabalua  and 
Chsrdian,  or  that  of  their  Mends  and  dependents.  I  take 
T.  Flavus  TitianuB,  of  the  bilinguM  inscription  to 
.^culapiua  at  Lanchester,  to  have  been  connected  with 
Egnatius  Lucilianus,  possibly  availing  himself  of  the  same 
medical  services,  and  no  doubt  using  Egnatius'  baths.  I 
take  PastOTy  of  the  Greek  inscription  to  be  ^culaplus  at 
laieuborough,  Dyoniaius  and  his  co-heir  Suriua  of  the 
Latin  monumental  tablet  at  Corbridge,  to  be  Oriental 
G^reek  freedmen  of  the  same  family.  Pastor  is  not  a 
cognomen  likely  to  belong  to  an  imperial  Boman  family ; 
Dionysius  and  Suriua  speak  for  themselves. 

To  a  similar  source  I  am  inclined  to  attribute  other 
inscriptions,  besides  those  connected  with  the  Egnatii, 
viz.  to  Greek  dependents  upon  Boman  patrons.  In  this 
class  I  should  place  Hermogenes  of  Chester  and  Demetrius 
of  York. 

Most  of  the  cases  hitherto  treated  are  evidently  votive 
oJferings  by,  or  prompted  by,  medical  men.  I  do  not 
quite  take  the  cynical  view  that  they  were  mere  adver- 
tisements. I  rather  think  that  a  real  gratitude  may 
have  been  felt,  to  some  power  of  healing,  by  the  doctor 
who  had  brought  his  dangerous  patient  safe  through,  or 
by  the  patient  who  had  come  safe  out  tiie  hands  of  his 
doctor.  So  much  then  for  Asclepius,  and  his  votaries, 
who  were  undoubtedly  Greeks,  and  apparently  often 
Oriental  Greeks. 

Another  class  of  deities  is  cotmected  with  two  of  our 
Greek  inscriptions  (and  with  many  Latin  ones),  of  a  more 
definitely  oriental  character.  I  mean  the  Sun,  Mithras ; 
the  Moon,  Astarte,  or  Dea  Syria;  and  the  mysterious 
Hercules  of  Tyre.  The  introduction  of  such  worship  into 
die  far  provinces  of  the  West,  from  Syria,  is  sometimes 
connected  with  the  accesion  of  Elagabalus  to  power  in 
218  A.D.  But  it  possibly  preceded,  as  it  certainly  sur- 
vived, the  priest  of  the  Sun;  and,  as  it  has,  except 
perhaps  in  the  one  case  of  the  Hamii,  nothing  to  do  with 
the  nationality  of  the  auxiliaries,  I  am  disposed  to 
attribute  it  to  a  geueral  demand,  and  a  consequent  supply. 
The  demand  was,  a  craving  which  the  Boman  settlers 

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433  BOUANO-GRBBK  INSCRIPTIONB. 

seem  to  have  felt  for  some  more  spiritual  or  mystical 
religion  than  the  old  effete  worship  ;  the  supply  was  due 
to  the  influx  of  dependents  and  traders  from  the  Kast. 
These  adventurers,  whether  Greek  Asiatics,  or  Asiatic 
Greeks,  brought  over  the  religious  ideas  of  Syria  and 
Cilicia,  which  were  sometimes  translated  into  uncouth 
Latin,  and  sometimes  remained  in  their  Gbeek  form. 
Pvlcher  may  have  been  a  Roman  patron,  but  I  should 
ratiier  incline  to  consider  both  him  and  his  highly  titled 
colleague,  the  chief-priestess  Diodoraj  as  foreign  setters 
forth  of  strange  gods. 

To  the  Greek  trader,  pure  and  simple,  belongs,  I  think, 
the  touching  epitaph  of  Brough,  in  memory  of  son  or 
friend.  In  writing  on  this  inscription,  I  endeavoured,  I 
hope  with  some  success,  to  shew  the  presence  of  a  corps 
of  Hamii  near  Brough,  who  have,  with  some  probability, 
been  referred  to  Hamath  on  the  Orontes,  and  whose  prox- 
imity might  give  a  special  reason  for  the  occurrence  of  a 
Syrian  at  Brough.  I  referred  also  to  the  curious  leaden 
seals  found  at  the  same  place  (Brough)  some  years  ago, 
as  another  connecting  link  with  the  Bast.  I  have  vainly 
endeavoured  to  get  possession  of  one  of  these  seals,  and 
CMi  only  shew  you  Mr.  Roach  Smith's  carefully  engraved 
sheet  of  some  of  them.*  I  adhere  to  the  opinion  which 
I  have  previously  expressed,  that  these  were  the  fastenings 
or  seals  of  traders'  bales.  They  bear,  in  general,  on  the  one 
side,  a  sort  of  address  to  the  legion  or  cohort  for  which 
they  were  intended ;  on  the  other  side,  less  intelligible 
inscriptions  and  emblems,  which  I  think  may  have  been 
the  trader's  private  mark.  Some  of  these  last  are  what 
we  should  generally  call  Oriental  in  their  character ;  though 
I  am  not  good  enough  scholar  in  Oriental  languages  to 
speak  very  definitely ;  some  few  are  Greek. 

The  question,  by  whom  were  these  inscriptions  made, 
and  why  in  Greek,  I  have  tried  to  answer :  tiie  question, 
in  what  kind  of  Greek,  la  not  perhaps  qidte  intelligible, 
nor  can  I  give  it  a  very  satisfactory  reply.  Grammatically 
all  the  inscriptions  are  well  enough — certunly  no  laxer 
than  the  later  epigrams  in  the  Greek  Anthology.  They 
are,  I  think,  by  people  writing  their -own  language  and 
fairly  versed  in  its  literature.    The  author,  for  instance, 

1  Cdlactauea  Antiqtia,  voL  liL  PL  mil 


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BOUAKO-OREBK  tNSCBIlTtONa  483 

of  the  Brough  epitaph  was  certainly  acquainted  with 
Homer  and  the  tragedians.  In  type,  this  last-named 
inscription  and  that  by  Egnatius  Pastor  resemble  one 
another  and  diSer  from  the  rest,  the  dilTerence  being 
most  marked  in  the  Brough  atone.  You  know,  of 
course,  that  this  inscription  presented  at  first  so  much 
difficulty  as  to  be  taken  and  read  for  Kunic.  I  think 
you  will  see  the  reason  if  you  look  at  the  autotype. 
While  the  letters  of  most  of  the  other  inscriptions  are 
bold  and  round,  these  are  cramped  and  elongated 
almost  beyond  recognition.  I  have  heard  it  suggested 
that  the  peculiarities  of  these  inscriptions  may  be  due 
to  local  stone  cutters.  This  I  cannot  believe.  Local 
stone  cutters  might  account  for  blunders — for  omis- 
sions and  transpositions — but  their  forms  would 
almost  inevitably  approximate  to  the  normal  Roman  type. 
So,  the  British  coins,  although  derived  originally  from  old 
Greek  models,  when  they  begin  to  bear  letters,  bear  Eoman 
ones.  I  have  been  driven,  then,  to  look  in  other  quarters 
for  the  solution  of  this  curious  question.  I  have  tried  the 
coins  of  the  time  of  Elagabalus  and  thereabouts,  from  Tarsus 
and  Syria,  as  well  aa  from  other  Roman  provinces,  but  not 
with  much  success.  Some  of  the  letters,  it  is  true,  approxi- 
mate to  tlie  peculiar  forms  on  the  Brough  stone.  Some  of 
the  ligatures  or  abbreviated  representations  of  one  or 
two  letters  together,  which  we  find  elsewhere  in  inscriptions 
and  coins,  appear  both  in  the  Corbridge  and  in  the 
Brough  inscriptions.  But  in  both  we  have  Hgatures 
which  cannot  be  thus  accounted  for,  which  would  be  per- 
fectly gratuitous  in  working  at  first  hand  on  a  hard 
surface — and  in  the  latter  case  (Brough)  we  have  the 
unmistakeable  resemblance  to  a  cramped  handwriting. 
I  have  therefore  ultimately  come  round  to  a  very 
ingenious  suggestion  of  Dr.  Taylor,  that  the  peculiarity 
of  such  inscriptions  as  these  may  be  due  to  their 
being  copied  somewhat  servilely  from  manuscript,  as 
would  not  be  improbable  if  a  language  foreign  to  the 
stone-cutter  had  to  be  inscribed.  This  theory  accounts, 
to  my  mind,  for  the  occurrence  of  junctions  or  ligatures 
which  would  naturally  be  made  in  writing  with  a  reed 
upon  papyrus,  as  well  as  for  the  difference  in  type  between 
the  Corbridge,  Hlenborough  and  Brough  inscriptions. 

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4d4  BOUANO-QREKfi  tlfSCBIPtlOKS. 

The  Corbridge  lettering  appears  to  me  to  be  copied 
from  a  MS.  of  what  we  Cd3X  the  uncial  type,  tbongh  we 
have  no  uncial  MS.  actually  in  existence  so  old  as  this 
must  have  been.  The  Brough,  and  possibly  the  Ellen- 
borough,  inscription  has  had  for  its  model  an  early  Greek 
cursive  handwriting,  the  existence  of  which  we  learn  from 
papyri  discovered  in  Egypt.  It  is  in  a  fourth  or  fifth  centur>- 
papyrus  from  Thebes'  that  I  have  found  the  nearest 
approach  to  the  pecuUarities  of  the  Brough  stone.  Egypt 
is  the  source  of  our  knowledge  on  the  subject,  because  in 
Egypt  alone  has '  this  early  cursive  hand  been  preserved. 
But  the  copy  for  the  Brough  inscription  was  probably 
a  Syrian  Greek  MS.  furnished,  by  the  mourner  for  the 
Syrian  boy,  to  his  British  or  lloman  stonecutter. 


FINAL  NOTE. 
Since  writing  tho  above  paper,  I  hnvo  iiispeutod  the  Chester  inscription 
and  decided  that  there  w  room  on  tlio  altar  for  Hiibncr's  auj^iostt-d 
additions,  but  jwt  for  my  own.  In  printing  the  inscriptions  generally, 
I  have  been  unable  to  give  exact  fae-Miniles,  particularly  in  the  case  of 
tho  ligatuKui  and  of  certain  leaf  stops  on  the  Corbridge  attots, 
which  also  occur  on  the  Brough  stone.  The  very  peculiar  types  of  the 
last  named  monument  can  only  be  represented  by  photography. 


'  PalaogTBphicul  Society,  Series  L  pL  36. 

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L0GEEB8    FOR    THE    PEOGE8SI0KAL    CROSS. 
Bj  tbe  Rev.  C.  R  HANNINO.  H.A. 

I  produce  a  few  examples  of  an  arran^ment  found  in 
some  chm-ches,  of  ■winch  I  have  met  with  scarcely  any 
notke  in  print.  It  consists  of  a  lofty  narrow  niche, 
aumbry,  or  wall  closet,  seven  or  eight  to  twelve  or  more 
feet  in  hei^t,  and  only  a  foot  or  eighteen  inches  wide, 
Mid  a  foot  in  depth ;  usaally  towards  the  west  end  of  the 
building.  The  irons  on  which  the  hinges  of  a  door  hung 
are  generally  in  the  jamb;  and  in  some  cases  the  aperture 
extends  upwards  in  the  wall,  above  the  external  top.  I 
know  of  no  authority,  or  documentary  evidence,  of  the 
use  of  these  aumbries  or  lockers,  but  it  is  reaeonabld  to 
suppose,  from  their  shape  and  position,  that  they  were 
intended  for  the  safe  keeping  of  the  Processional  Cross  of 
the  palish.  Aumbries  or  almeries,  of  smaller  size  and  '  ^ 
square  form,  are  to  be  found  in  almost  every  old  church, 
often  with  wooden  shelves  remaining,  and  always  having 
had  doors  to  lock  up.  These  may  be  presumed  to  have 
served  purposes  according  to  the  part  of  the  building  in 
which  they  are.  Those  at  the  east  end  would  have  held 
books,  cloths,  cruets,  or  plate,  and  other  requisites  of  the 
altar  service ;  similar  would  be  the  use  of  those  found  in 
chapels,  and  near  side  altars.  Those  near  the  font  would 
have  held  the  articles  specially  required  for  the  baptismal 
service.  Accordingly,  when  they  are  found  near  a  door 
leading  to  the  churchyard,  and  of  sufficient  dimensions, 
(or,  in  conventual  churches,  near  the  cloisters  and  ceme- 
tery), it  is  likely  that  they  would  be  intended  for  the 
Processional  Cross,  and  perhaps  also  for  banners,  or  other 
tall  objects.  It  is  corroborative  of  this  view,  that  at  New 
College  chapel,  Oxford,  the  well-known  pastoral  stafT  of 
bishop  William  of  Wykeham  is  kept  in  a  locker  or  wall 
closet  contrived  for  the  purpose ;  but  which,  I  am  informed, 
is  not  the  original  one,  although  it  may  represent  it. 

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136  LOOKBBS  FOB  THE  PBOCESSIONAL  CROSS. 

It  wotild  seem  that  anmbries  were  even  used  for  the 
reservation  of  the  Host ;  as  in  the  "  Fardle  of  Facions," 
printed  in  1555,  and  quoted  in  the  "  Glossary  of  Archi- 
tecture," {Art.  Almery),  it  is  said,  "Upon  the  righte 
hande  of  ^e  highe  Aulter,  that  ther  should  be  an  Almorie, 
dther  cutte  into  the  wall,  or  iramed  upon  it :  in  the  which 
thei  would  have  the  sacrament  of  the  Lordes  Bodye,  Uie 
holy  oyle  for  the  sicke,  and  Ghrismatorye  alwaie  to  be 
locked."  There  is  frequent  mention  also  m  the  "  Antient 
Bitea  of  Durham  "  of  aumbries  for  various  purposes.  I 
have  not  found  much  notice  of  Processional  Crosses  in 
old  inventories  of  church  goods  :  but  I  presume  that  each 
church  had  one  or  more,  as  processions  were  customary 
on  so  many  occasions,  as  at  funerals,  consecrations, 
perambulations,  Palm  Sunday  and  Corpns  Christi  cere- 
monies, etc.  For  these  it  would  be  necessary  to  have 
some  place  of  safe  keeping,  and  it  is  rather  surprising 
that  the  lockers  for  them  are  so  rare.  They  may,  of 
course,  have  been  often  kept  in  framed  wooden  dosets, 
and  not  in  the  wall ;  and  possibly  where  we  find  the  few 
examples  remaining  which  I  have  to  notice,  it  was  because 
the  crosses  of  those  churches  were  of  special  value  from 
their  material  and  workmanship,  like  the  crystal  cross,  with 
silver  at  every  joint,  "  ordained  for  processions "  in  the 
inventory  of  the  goods  of  old  St.  Paul  s  cathedral  church. 
There  is  frequent  mention  of  crosses  of  silver,  or  copper 
gilt,  or  crystal,  and  jeweUed,  in  inventories,  but  thrae, 
when  not  directly  stated  to  be  for  processions,  were 
probably  altar  crosses.  In  a  letter  on  the  subject  with 
which  I  have  been  favoured  by  Mr.  Mickleihwaite,  he 
observes  that  '*  the  use  of  the  cross  no  doubt  varied,  as 
many  other  things  did,  according  to  the  customs  of 
different  churches,  but  the  Salisbury  Proceasionale  shows 
that  it  was  used  at  every  Sunday  procession.  It  was  also 
of  course  used  at  the  greater  occasional  processions,  and 
at  funerals  ;  and  it  was  carried  before  the  priest  when  he 
took  the  Sacrament  to  any  in  the  parish.  A  wooden 
cross  was  used  for  processions  in  Lent,  and  a  special  one, 
perhaps  the  same,  at  funerals."  Mr.  Micklethwaite  has 
also  furnished  me  with  several  tracings  of  hisdrawings  of 
examples  that  he  has  met  with. 

My  attention  was  called  to  the  subject  by  finding  that 

DigmzecDyGOOglc 


Locker  for  FroceBsional  Croae. 
Loweetoft,  8.  Margaret 


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tOCKSBB  FOB  THE  PKOCBBSIONAL  CBOBS.  4S7 

in  the  neighbourhood  of  Lowestoft,  Suffolk,  there  are  ho 
less  than  six  churches,  within  a  short  distance  of  each 
other,  in  which  these  lockers  occur.  It  is  not  at  all 
improbable  that  there  may  be  others  in  the  same  district 
wMch  have  not  been  noticed.  I  can  only  account  for  this 
by  supposing  that  a  local  fashion  was  set,  and  extended 
round  the  neighbourhood : — as  we  certfunly  find  many 
traces  of  local  usage  in  different  districts,  e.g.  in  the 
execution  of  brasses,  in  fonts,  towers,  window  tracery,  slabs, 
screen  carving  and  painting,  etc. 

First  at  IjOwbstoft,  in  the  fine  old  church  of  St.  Margaret, 
is  a  very  good  example  {See  Plate  I).  It  is  placed  in  the 
west  wall  of  the  nave,  which  is  the  east  wall  of  the  tower,  to 
the  north  of  the  beliry  arch,  and  abutting  against  the  angle 
of  the  nave  arcade.  I  was  not  able  to  get  the  exact 
measurement,  but  it  is  the  largest  I  have  seen,  and  about 
twelve  or  fourteen  feet  high.  It  has  an  ornamental  heading 
of  two  cinquefoiled  arches,  the  space  between  being  filled 
with  a  double  quatrefoil,  enclosing  a  blank  shield.  Above 
this  is  part  of  a  battlemented  cornice.  It  appears  to  be  of 
the  date  of  the  rest  of  the  nave,  about  1400,  or  shortly 
before.   The  recess  begins  at  about  two  feet  from  the  fioor. 

Next,  at  GisLBHAM,  about  four  miles  from  Lowestoft,  is 
another  of  these  lockers  This  is  inside  the  tower,  which 
is  at  the  west  end  of  tht  tiave,  and  in  its  south  wall.  It 
is  seven  feet  high  from  its  present  base  at  one  foot  nine 
inches  from  the  fioor  to  the  arched  head ;  but  the  aperture 
runs  up  in  the  wall  nearly  two  feet  higher,  and  the  waU  at 
the  foot  is  built  up  in  brick,  the  stone  edge  extending  to 
the  ground,  so  that  the  whole  height  from  the  floor  Une  is 
ten  feet  seven  inches.  It  is  one  foot  six  inches  wide,  and 
one  foot  four  inches  deep.  At  about,  four  and  a  half  feet 
from  the  ground  on  the  west  side,  is  an  inner  aumbry, 
or  pocket,  of. somewhat  irregular  shape,  about  one  foot 
six  inches  high,  one  foot  deep,  and  ten  inches  wide.  I  am 
not  aware  that  this  curious  arrangement  is  found  in  any 
other  example.  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope  suggests  it  may 
have  been  for  a  lantern. 

Next,  at  Babnbt,  near  Beccles,  about  six  miles  from 
Lowestoft,  is  another,  and  it  is  the  only  one  I  know  of 
that  retains  its  original  oak  door.  The  church  is  without 
fusles,  and  the  position  of  the  locker  is  in  the  south  wall 

TOL.   XUL  s 

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4S8  LOCEEBS  FOB  THE  FBOOES8IONAL  GB088. 

of  the  nave,  at  some  little  distance  from  the  west  end.  It 
is  six  feet  eight  inches  in  height,  eleven  inches  wide,  and 
one  foot  in  depth.  The  head  is  square,  and  without 
ornament.  The  wooden  door,  which  is  rather  elaborately 
pierced  with  narrow  lights  and  foliations,  seems  to  have 
been  turned  upside  down  at  some  time,  and  replaced  with 
modern  hinges.  There  is  a  quatrefoU  in  what  is  now  the 
lower  part,  and  the  upper  part  has  diminutive  window 
tracery,  now  appearing  reversed  (See  Plate  11),  The  wall 
is  early,  and  thelockeris  no  doubta  Perpendicular  insertion. 
About  two  miles  from  Bamby,  at  Eushbikkk,  is  a  fourth. 
It  is  in  the  south  wall  of  the  nave,  about  one  foot  from 
the  west  end.  It  is  twelve  feet  in  height,  sixteen  inches 
vride,  and  one  foot  from  the  ground.  The  head  is  pointed; 
the  arch  being  slightly  trefoiled  on  the  western  side.  The 
hinge  pivots  for  a  door  remain- 
Again,  about  two  miles  further,  at  HraiSTBAD,  is  a  fifth. 
This  is  placed  in  the  south  wall  of  the  nave,  at  the 
extreme  west  end,  adjoining  the  tower.  It  rises  from  the 
floor,  and  has  a  pointed  head,  but  is  without  ornament. 

Then  again,  at  Shadingfield,  about  five  miles  further,  ia 
a  sixth.  In  this  case,  the  north  wall  of  the  church,  which 
is  without  aisles,  is  connected  with  the  tower  by  a  small 
piece  of  diagonal  wall,  and  in  this  is  placed  the  locker. 
It  is  ten  feet  high,  and  two  feet  from  the  ground.  The 
plan  of  the  recess  is  an  irregular  square,  one  foot  wide 
in  front,  and  sixteen  inches  at  the  back.  There  is  a  groove 
for  a  door. 

At  Kelshall,  Hertfordshire,  is  another  fine  example,  of 
which  I  give  an  illustration  from  Mr.  Micklethwaite's 
drawing  (See  Plate  HE).  Its  position  is  in  the  angle  at 
the  north-west  corner  of  the  north  aisle.  It  is  thirteen 
feet  high,  and  the  plan  of  the  recess  is  circular.  The 
opening  is  arched  at  the  top,  and  the  head  ia  protected 
by  a  triangular  set  ofi',  like  that  of  a  buttress :  and  it 
extends  below  to  the  floor  line. 

At  Earl's  Barton,  Northants,  is  a  locker  of  a  similar 
character,  but  in  a  different  position  in  the  church.  It  is 
in  the  wall  of  the  north  aisle,  opposite  the  first  pillar  from 
the  east.  It  is  six  feet  high  externally,  but  eight  feet 
internally,  the  aperture  rising  inside  the  wall  for  the  head 
of  t^e  cross ;  and  its  base  is  one  and  a  half  foot  from  the 


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I^ck«[  for  Processional  Gi'o 
B&mbjr,  Suffolk. 


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Locker  for  Froceuional  CroH. 
KelBh&U,  Herts, 


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LOCKBBS  FOR  THE  PBOCESSIONAL  CROSS.  439 

ground.  It  is  without  ornament.  It  ia  possible  that  in 
this  case  the  locker  may  have  been  intended,  not  for  the 
Processional  Crofls  proper,  but  for  another  belonging  to  a 
guild  or  fraternity  founded  in  that  part  of  the  church. 

At  St.  Sepulchre's,  Nobthampton,  the  round  church,  is 
another,  at  the  south-east  side  of  the  aisle  of  the  round 
nave,  and  near  a  door.  This  is  a  tall  one,  with  an  arched 
head,  like  that  already  mentioned  at  Kelshall. 

The  sacristy  of  Bristol  cathedral  church,  which  is  a 
vestibule  to  the  Berkeley  chapel,  on  the  south  aide  of  the 
choir,  cont^ns  another  example.  It  is  in  the  north  wall 
of  the  sacristy,  between  the  doorway  into  the  church  and 
a  niche  in  the  angle  of  the  east  wall.  It  is  a  plain  rect- 
angular recess,  7  ft.  9  in.  in  height,  13  in.  in  width,  and 
8^  in.  deep.  It  is  fitted  with  a  modem  door  aud  is  used 
by  the  verger  as  a  closet  for  his  silver  mace.  Sketches  of 
the  interior  of  the  sacristy,  showing  the  locker,  were 
published  in  the  Builder  of  August  8th,  1885. 

I  have  reference  also  to  others  at  St.  Giles's,  Northamp- 
ton, in  the  south  wall,*  and  at  Nuneaton  abbey  church, 
on  the  east  side  of  the  north  respond  of  the  eastern  tower 
arch-  The  late  Mr.  Mackenzie  Walcott  mentions  another* 
in  Chichester  cathedral  church ;  but  it  appears,  from 
information  kindly  communicated  by  jMr.  Gordon  Hills, 
that  he  must  have  referred  to  an  ancient  moveable  wooden 
closet,  now  in  the  south  transept. 


'  fiodfdcdogirt,  xir.  297.  ■Ssend  Ajdueologr,  p.  in. 

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ON    THE    DIFFERENCE    OF    PLAN    ALLEGED    TO     EXIST 
BETWEEN    CHUBCHES     OF    AUSTIN     CANONS    AND 
THOSE    OF    MONKS;    AND    THE    FREQUENCY    WITH 
WHICH    SUCH    CHURCHES    WEEE    PAROCHIAI. 
By  the  Rev.  J.  K.  UUDOSON. 
I  arrive  now  at  the  third  of  the  five  propositions  I  have  andertalieii 
to  refute,  and  vhich  runs  thus :— "  That  the  Austin  canons  boilt  that 
charcheB  on  the  pariah  church  lines,  though  much  larger  than  the  pBriab 
church,   adopting  the  cruciform,  trhich  was  the  finest  type  of  pariah 
church     .     .     .     but  still  keeping  its  characteristic  want  of  aislea" 

Now  here,  the  first  thing  to  be  noted,  and  it  is  a  very  important  one 
—the  more  so  because  it  is  so  little  likely  to  attract  attention — is  the 
assumption  which,  quite  unconsciously,  perhaps,  underlies  the  aseertioii, 
viz.,  this — that  the  Au^in  Canons  built  t/ieir  ehurehes.  In  what  shape 
or  fashion  they  were  built  is,  at  this  incipient  stage  of  oar  inquiry, 
altc^ether  immaterial,  and  need  nut  detain  us.  What  is  material  to 
examine  here  is,  how  far  the  canons,  as  a  rule,  actually  built  them  at 
all  It  seems  to  be  so  constantly  tal(en  for  granted  that  the  canotu' 
churches  were  bnilt  in  a  perfectly  free  and  unfettered  way  by  themaelTes, 
and  "  entirely  out  of  their  own  heads  "  that  the  subject  demands,  from 
such  as  would  really  gut  to  the  bottom  of  it,  a  good  deal  more  careful 
attention  than  it  has  hitherto,  I  think,  received.  Anyone  hearing  tall  of 
them  in  the  usual  way  would  naturally  infer  that  they  consuted  of 
powerful  corporations  which  every  now  and  then  threw  off  colonies  or  off- 
shoots to  settle  hither  and  thither,  and  which  forthwith  began  building 
houses  and  churches  after  a  fashion  of  thair  own,  and  so  pecoliaily 
planned,  as  to  cause  them  to  differ  altogether  from  tiiose  of  any  of  the 
monastic  orders.  Why  the  canons  should  act  in  so  singular  a  manner 
is  not  explained,  though  it  would  seem  to  be  suggested  that,  being  quite 
an  inferior  sort  of  persons,  and  feeling  themselves  to  be  such,  they  built 
in  a  humble  and  parochial  way  at  first ;  but,  as  time  went  on,  and  before 
their  cliurches  were  completed,  they  became  elated  with  pride —like 
bej^ars  upon  horseback — and  began,  first  to  envy,  and  then  to  ape  Uie 
superior  style  of  the  Benedictine,  and  other  monkish  churches,  and  to 
copy  them  as  closely  as  they  knew  how.  "  The  canons  felt  that  their 
churches  were  inferior  to  those  of  the  monka  They  craved  for  the 
addition  of  aisles  which  were  now  becoming  common  even  in  parish 
churches,"  etc. 

Now,  in  order  to  understand  the  jiosition  of  the  Austin  canons  aright, 
it  is  needful  to  bear  certain  facts  in  mind,  both  with  respect  to  tiiem- 
selves  and  the  Benedictines,  with  whose  churches  their  own  are, 
apparently,  so  disparagingly  contrasted.  In  the  first  place  then,  it  must 
he  remembered  that  the  Benedictine  order  was  not  only  introduced,  but 
endowed  with  the  most  profuse  and  lavish  generosity  centuries  before 
the  Austin  canons  ever  set  foot  in  the  land  at  alL     They  then  occupied, 


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THB  caU&CHBS  OS  AVStUS  CAKONS.  Hi 

and  had  long  occupied,  the  foiemoat  and  most  honoui«d  eccleataetical 
poBition  in  the  kingdom,  vhioh  their  immense  revenuea  enabled  them  to 
maintain  with  perhaps  more  than  befitting  splendoat.  Everywhere  they 
wet«  a  power,  and  a  power  that  might  be  felt  Their  position,  onlike 
that  of  all  other  sorta  and  conditions  of  men,  was  not  affected  for  the 
woise  by  the  fatal  field  of  Senl&c.  Far  from  it  The  shock  of  the 
Noiman  oonqueet,  however  disastrous  to  other  men,  however  inimical  to 
tiie  seculats,  had  brought  to  them  at  least,  and  to  them  alone,  an 
enormous  accession  of  power — moral,  materiaJ,  intellectual — and  given 
them  an  impetus  which  reached  to  the  utmost  limits  of  the  kingdom. 

It  was  not  till  forty  years  afterwaida,  however,  and  while  the  Bene- 
dictines were  yet  in  tJie  full  flush  of  their  triumph  and  supremacy  that 
the  order  of  Austin  canons,  without  either  wealth  or  influence,  without 
prestige,  without  the  least  tincture  of  that  charm  of  novelty  or  reaction 
against  an  established  monasticism  whose  pride  and  riches  were  making 
it  everywhere  detested — qualities  which  in  after  days  wrought  so  power- 
fully in  favour  of  the  Mendicants — apiteaied  upon  the  scene  at  all 
And  then,  in  the  qtiietest  and  most  inconspicuous  way ;  a  mere  handful 
of  sober  unobtrusive  men  who,  once  having  gained  a  footing,  worked 
their  way  to  general  favour,  now  here,  now  there,  step  by  step,  and  by 
slow  degrees,  as  members  of  an  order  differing  from  IJiat  of  monks,  but 
differing  also  from  the  seculars,  possessing  somewhat,  as  it  might  eeem, 
of  the  good  of  both,  with  the  evil  of  neither.  Less  wholly  cut  off  from 
the  world  and  its  atlairs,  and  less  filled  consequently  with  the  spiritual 
pride  and  self-righteouaness  resulting  therefrom  which  pertained,  it  may 
be,  to  the  one;  lees  sensual  and  illiterate  than  the  other  ;  it  is  not  to  be 
wandered  at  that  they  succeeded  in  filling  a  void  which  could  hardly 
have  been  unfelt ;  or  that  their  rule  and  manner  of  life  shonld  approve 
themselves  to  that  moderation  and  common-sense  which  even  then, 
doubtless,  lay  at  the  root  of  the  national  character. 

So  entirely  without  observation  was  their  coming,  however,  that  no 
small  degree  of  confusion  and  difference  of  opinion  have  prevailed  amongst 
writers  as  to  when  and  where  their  first  settlement  really  took  place.  And 
even  this,  it  seems,  was  some  live  and  twenty  years  before  Uieir  formal 
reeoguition  and  establishment  as  an  order  by  pope  Irmocent  II  in  1139. 
For  there  can  be  little  or  no  doubt  but  that  it  was  at  Colchester,  and  in 
1105,  that  the  first  little  band  of  canonit  following  St.  Austin's  rule 
WES  settled,  and  that,  singularly  enough,  at  the  instance  of  a  monk,  as 
alleged,  named  EynUll  Who,  and  what  this  Eynulf  was  exactly,  is 
perhaps  uncertain,  and  it  may  suffice  to  accept  the  title  given  him  in  the 
Monasticon — whence  does  not  appear — of  "  vir  religiosus  "  and  *'  primns 
fundator."  By  him,  whether  "  religious  **  in  the  technical,  as  well  as 
practical  sense,  or  not,  they  were  planted  in  the  grand  church  of 
St  Julian  and  8t  Botolph,  whose  well-known  ruins  afford  us  one  of  the 
most  teniarkahle  examples  of  early  Norman  church   building  extant 

Christ  Church,  in  London,  followed  next  in  1107,  or  1106  ;  primarily, 
as  it  would  seem,  on  the  foundation  of  one  Norman,  who  became  first 
prior  there,  but  so  greatly  assisted  by  Bichard  Beaumais,  bishop  of  London, 
and  Matilda,  queen  of  king  Henry  I,  at  the  instigation  of  archbishop 
Anselm,    that   both   of   them   were  accounted  as  the  actual  fouudera. 

No6t«]l,  in  Yoricsbire,  which  is  said  to  have  beeu  their  first  house,  was 
not  founded   till     1121:  Haughmond,    in  Shropehiie,    and   Barnwell, 


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442  thS  cHtmcate  OF  AtterW  cakoks. 

near  Cambridge,  haring  been  founded  by  WiUiam  Fitz  Alan,  and 
Fain  FeTerell,  etandaFd  beam  to  Robert  duke  of  Normandy,  in  1110 
and  1112,  respectively. 

And  so  b;  sure  and  steady  steps  they  made  their  way.  Indeed, 
the  twelfth  century  which  saw  their  rise,  saw  also  the  foundation  of 
almost  all  their  houses,  certainly  of  all  the  more  importaut  of  them. 
And  I  tidak,  a  careful  examination  of  their  foundation  charten — «o 
far  as  they  are  foithcoming — will  shew  that  the  same  rule  which  for 
the  moat  part  eeema  to  have  obtained  in  their  first  settlements, 
prevailed  throughout,  viz. — that  not  only  were  the  canone  established, 
but  that  their  churches,  whether  in  whole  or  in  part,  were  actually 
built  for  them  by  their  founders  personally.  It  is  precisely  what  in 
view  of  all  the  circumstances,  and  without  any  evidence  whatever, 
would  antecedently  seem  to  have  been  most  probable.  But  Uien, 
as  I  have  said,  we  have  evidence,  and  that  too,  as  it  seems  to  me,  of  a 
very  direct  and  conclusive  sort  indeed — for  it  comes  immediately  from 
the  mouths  of  the  founders  themselves  in  almost  every  caae  where  the 
charters  have  been  preserved — that  such,  in  fact,  was  the  case.  In  a 
very  great  number  of  instances,  no  doubt,  the  charters  are  not  forth- 
coming at  all,  and  we  are  left  to  draw  our  inferences  from  analogy,  and 
such  scanty  items  of  historical  fact  as  we  possess.  But  etill,  in  a  great 
many  other  instances  they  are  forthcoming,  and  serve  generally,  either 
to  establish  the  fact,  or  at  least  to  put  it  practically  beyond  all 
reasonable  doubt 

Broadly  speaking  the  charters  of  foundation  may  be  grouped  under 
two  headJs,  viz.- — First,  those  which  either  assert  or  imply  that  the 
churches  were  built  by  the  founders ;  and  second,  those  which  imply, 
or  seem  to  imply,  that  they  were  the  work  of  the  canons,  who, 
having  received  certain  grants  of  land,  tithe,  etc.,  were  then,  as  r^ards 
the  buildings,  left  free  to  follow  their  own  devices. 

Let  us  now,  therefore,  in  order  to  obtain  a  clear  view  of  the  subject, 
teke  account  of  the  several  foundations  seriatim,  as  they  are  set  forth — 
for  the  most  part  chronologically — in  the  Monasticon,  noting  in  each  the 
expressions  which  seem  to  tell  one  way  or  the  other  as  we  proceed. 

And  first,  of  those  in  which  the  churches  would  appear  to  have  been 
built  by  the  founders  themselves.     They  are  as  follows  : — 

Flthpton  Frioby  Churoh,  DKVONSHDtx. — In  this  case  we  have  no 
foundation  charter;  and  our  account  must  therefore,  in  default,  he 
taken  from  Leland,  who  says  that  William  Warlewaet,  bishop  of  Exeter, 
displeased  with  the  canons  of  a  free  chapel  at  Flympton  because  they 
would  not  put  away  their  concubines,  found  means  to  dissolve  their 
college,  which  he  re-erect«d  at  Boaham  in  Sussez.  "  Then  he  get  up  at 
Plympton  a  Priors  of  Chanoiu-Beffttlar,  and  after  was  there  buried  in 
the  Ohapitra  House."  Then,  after  mentioning  many  other  particulars, 
he  adds,  "  One  Frior  Martine,  the  third  or  fourth  Prior  of  Flymtoun 
budded  the  substance  of  the  Chirch  that  there  a  late  stoode."  From 
this,  I  think,  it  is  abundantly  evident  that,  at  the  very  least,  the  eastern 
parts  of  the  church  were  erected  by  the  bishop  himself  during  his  life* 
time ;  prior  Martin,  at  the  utmost,  building  only  tho  substance,  by 
which,  I  suppose,  we  must  probably  understand  the  nave  of  the  churcb, 


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THS  cmmCHBS  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.  443 

or,  what  ia  far  more  likely,  judging  from  analogy,  meraly  completing 
snch  portions  of  it,  the  western  end,  roof,  &c.,  as  were  left  unadiieTed. 

Waltoam  Holt  Crosh  Abbbt  Chdboh,  Ebssx. — Thia  famoos  church 
WBE,  in  the  first  instsnce,  one  of  canons  secular.  That  it  was  originally 
built  by  the  founder  khig  Harold,  is  not  only  what  might  natuially  be 
expected,  but  is  expressly  affirmed  in  the  chaitei  of  Edward  Uie  Con- 
fessor.— "  Enim  vero  latiosali  consilio  ditatus,  ac  sua  non  immemor 
conditiania,  in  prtescripto  loco  mona^eriwn  ad  laudem  Domini  noetri 
Jeau  Chritti  et  sixnda  Crana  conrinait.  William  of  Uahnsbury  also  tella 
us  of  the  Conqueror  that : — "  Corpus  Horoldi  matri,  repents  sine  pretio, 
misit,  licet  il^  mnltum  per  legatos  obtuliaset  Acceptum  itaque  apud 
Waltham  sepelivit,  quam  ipse  eedeiiam  ex  propria  oonatrvetam  inhonore 
Saneka  Omeia  Cananieia  impleofrai."  Of  the  church  built  by  Harold, 
however,  not  a  vestige,  imfortunately,  remains  above  ground.  In 
character,  no  doubt,  it  would  closely  resemble  that  of  the  Confessor's  at 
Westminster.  But  apparently,  like  bishop  Aldhune's  new  Saxon  cathedral 
church  at  Durham,  it  perished  utterly  within  a  century  of  its  foundation  ; 
for  the  whole  of  the  nave,  which  dates  clearly  between  cirea  112040,  is 
doubtless  a  rebuilding,  that  is,  supposing  Hold's  minster  ever  to  have 
been  completed ;  and  one  which  would  never  have  token  place  without  a 
similar  rebuilding  of  the  choir.  Into  the  church,  so  rebuilt,  however, — 
when,  or  by  whom,  is  not  material  to  the  present  enquiry, — the  Austin 
canons  were  inducted  by  king  Henry  II.  in  1177,  as  witness  the 
following  of  Thomas  of  Walsingham  : — "An.  1177,  amoti»  ab  eedesia 
Wakhajnenei  eanonide  seeviaribua,  subindueH  sunt  reguletrea,  author!- 
tate  summi  pontificis  sub  priesentia  regis  patris  (viz.  H  2di.)  in  vigilia 
Pentecostea," 

WitatsattiM  Phiort  CHtntOH,  Nokpolk.  In  the  case  of  Walsingham, 
we  read  in  the  register  of  the  house  as  follows  : — "  In  primis  Sir  GcfTray 
Faverches  Kn^th,  lord  of  Walsingham,  fmondyih  the  Chyrckt  off  the  aeyd 
Priory ;  and  he  gaffe  tberto  the  chapel  of  our  I^dy  with  ol  the  grownd 
withinne  the  syte  off  the  seyd  place  "  &c.  The  charter  of  foundation, 
however,  speaks  only  of  the  famous  chapel  of  St.  Mary  which  had  been 
built  by  the  founder's  mother,  and  which  would  seem  therefore,  to  have 
constituted  their  first  church.  Such  was,  apparently,  the  state  of  affurs 
before  Sir  Geoffrey's  pilgrimage  to  Jemsalem,  ufter  which  event,  probably 
as  the  register  states,  he  laid  the  foundation  of  the  church  itself. 

HtTNTiNODON  Pbiory  Chdrch.— The  priory  of  Huntingdon,  which  was 
of  very  ancient  foundation  as  a  house  of  secular  canons,  was  removed  to 
a  new  site,  according  to  Leland,  by  Eustace  Lovetot  temp.  Stephen,  or 
Henry  II.  He  says: — "C(»iiobium  canonicorum,  quod  nunc  panlulum 
quiddam  distat  ab  opido,  erat  in  loco  ubi  nunc  ecclesia  S.  Mariie  est ; 
quod,  per  Euetachium,  HuntingrlurwTugm  comitan,  iranalatum  eat  in 
locum  pcuth  rmwti^rrem,  propter  (^idi  lirepitum.'' 

Barnwell  Priort  Church  Cambridobshibr. — The  history  of  this 
priory  divides  itself  into  two  distinct  heads  ;  for  before  its  translatiou  to 
Barnwell  it  was  founded,  and  its  church  built  by  Pioot  the  eberii^  in 
the  first  instance  within  the  town  of  Cambridge,  as  thus  recorded  in  the 


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444  THE  CHUBCHBS  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS. 

uchives  of  the  house : — "  Hugolina  uxor  Picotis  S.  Egidinm,  tanqaun 
p&tronum,  coloit ;  qu»  aliquando  gravisaime  oegrotans  monoBtoriDtii  ex 
voto,  si  sklutem  recuperaret,  D.  Egidio  dicatuiam  ae  pionusit,  etc.,  at 
conraluerit,  et  maritum  de  complendo  voto  exoraveiit 

Tandem  Aneelmo  Cantaar.  epiac.  et  Remigio  linooln.  consultLa,  eeele- 
aiam  in  fumore  ieati  Egidii,  et  offidmu  taiia  eo  tempore  eamptteitUt, 
CkmiabfigicB  juxia  eatti-um  eonetmxentnt ;  ^" 

There  for  aome  twenty  years  it  contisned  till  after  the  death  of 
the  founder  and  the  forfeiture  of  his  baiony  hy  h»  son,  when 
Pain  Feveiell  his  successor  therein,  remoTed  the  foundation  to 
Barnwell,  pnrpoong  to  increase  the  number  of  canons  from  six  to 
thirty.  At  Uiis  Uttei  fdaoe  we  read : — Paganns  canon,  regnlam, 
cum  magna   appentu    et    aupellectili,    comitonte  non    modicft  catbrrt 

cleii    et    popnli,  et    borgensium    Cantebrig cum  gaodio 

maifno  collocavit  a.d.  1112.  Eedeaiainque  rmrtB  pHlehtitudimi*, 
et  poruieron  operig,  in  honore  beati  Effidii,  ibidem  inehoaoit"  Ac  After 
which  -"Londinifehie  correptus,  migrayit  adDominum;  Bemteetiamgue 
delattu  t»  aquilonari  parte  rnagni  aliaria  deeenter  ett  eoUaeattu." 
Thus  at  Barnwell  as  well  as  at  Cunbiidge,  it  is  clear  that  the  churches 
were  built  for — not  by  the  canons,  and  altogether  independently 
of  them. 

St.  Oswald's  Priory  Chuboh,  GLononrxR. — ^The  following  is 
Leland's  account  of  this  church,  which  was  of  very  ancient  founda* 
tion  : — "  Tunc  libeis  capella  fuit  regis,  pottea  facta  ett  juris  arehieiAteopi 
Eboraeenais,  qui  OanonicoB  regularea  indvxit.  In  hac  domo  olim  fneie 
canonici  seculaTes,  et  hiec  ecclesia  erat  collegiata,  a  tempore  Dnnomm 
usque  ad  teropus  Gulielmi  Bu£,  ^t  amcemt  lume  eedesiam  arehupiieopo 
Ehoraeensi."  Into  this  same  chnrcb  of  canons,  Henry  Murdac,  ai«h- 
biabop  of  Ynrh,  inducted  canons  regular  of  St.  Austin  in  1153, 
setting  over  them  as  prior,  Humphry,  a  canon  of  Llanthony. 

Brxdon  Friort  Chuboh,  Lbigestbrshibx. — The  church  of  Bredon 
priory — a  cell  to  Noetell — was  also  that  of  the  pariah,  and  ready  built 
for  the  occupation  of  the  canons  who  were  inducted  into  it  after  its  gift 
to  the  mother  house  by  Robert  de  Ferrars,  earl  of  Nottingham,  drea 
1144,  "Bofaertus  comes  Nottingham,  &c  Sciatis  me  dedisse  et  hac 
me&  cart&  confirm fiwae  .  .  .  .ecclesice  sancti  Oswaldi  de  Nostla  .... 
in  liberam  et  puram  et  perpetuam  elemosinam,  eedesiam  sannttB  Maria  et 
emKii  Hardtdfi  de  Bredona,  cum  omnibus  pertiitentiia,"  &c, 

WooDKiRK  Priobt  Chuboh,  Yorks. — Tho  church  of  Woodkirk — 
another  cell  to  Noetell — would  eeem  pretty  clearly  to  have  been  bnllt  by 
the  founder,  William  earl  of  Warren,  temp.  Henry  I,  since  he  speaks  of 
it  as  being  already  in  existence  in  his  charter  of  foundatioa — 
"  WilhelmuB  comes  de  Warenna,  &c.  ^ciatis  me  concessisse  in  elemosi- 
nam Deo  et  ereletia  taneite  Marice  de  Wodeehurdie  ;  et  eatumint  ibidem 
Do}  aenrienti&ii*,  ic  totam  terram  in  qaa praefata  ecelema  tita  ett"  ftc. 

Htrst  Priorv  Church,  Lincolkshihe.— The  little  cell  of  Hyrst — also 
an  appendage  to  Nostell — would  appear,  such  as  it  was,  to  have  been 
already  constructed  when  made  over  to  the  mother  house  by  Nigel  de 


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THE  CHTTRCHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.  445 

AlbiDi,  temp.  Henry  I.  There  was,  apparently,  but  s  single  canon  in  it. — 
"  XigelluB  de  Albini,  Widoni  capdlano,  et  Jeroliuo,  ftc.  Sciatis  me 
dediase  &c.  mtmasterio  de  Hymt,  et  Radvlpho  eanonico  ibidem  inhabilanti, 
et  post  ipgum  Radulphum,  can(mids  ibi  Deo  servientibue,  in  manu  Bemper 
prions  ^ncti  Oswaldi  ....  habitationem  in  Hyret,"  4c. 

Seeveirk  OB  TocKWiTH  pRiORT  Chtrgh,  Yobks. — The  cbapel  of 
All  Saints  at  tbis  place  having  been  given  to  the  priory  of  N^ostell  by 
Geoffrey  fitz  Pain,  a  cell  was  thereupon  established  on  the  spot,  and  the 
canons  were  forthwith  put  into  possession.  In  the  charter  of  confirmation 
of  Henry  II,  to  Nostell  we  read  :  — "  De  Willidmo  de  Areheg  et  Qaufrido 
filio  Pagani,  Capellam  Omnium  Sanctorum  in  Torkmith,  et  tenam  qum 
cspollte  adjocet,"  Ac  It  was  therefore  built  ready  to  their  use, 

Bambitboh  Priory  Church,  Northdiiberlaeid. — Ttie  churches  of 
St.  Oswald  and  Bt  Aidan  at  Bambu^  having  been  given  by  king  Henry  L 
to  the  prioiy  of  Nostell,  some  of  the  canons  were  sent  to  settle 
near  the  latter  building,  which  thenceforth  became  also  that  of  their 
small  priory.  In  the  king's  charter  of  gift  and  confirmation  he 
says  : — "  PrEeterea  contirmo  donum  <]Uod  feci  prtedictte  ecclesie,  et 
canonicis  ejusdem  loci ;  videlicet,  eedmiag  Sancti  Ogwaldi  (probably 
the  castle  chapel)  et  Saitcti  Aidant  de  Bafulntreh,  sieut  Atgan*  prenhiter 
uiiifuttm  t^u  mdius  ienuit ;"  &c. 

Hauohhohd  Abbei  Chdrch,  Shrofshirb. — William  Fits  Alan  of 
Clun  founded  tbis  abbey  in  the  year  1 100,  according  to  the  register  of  the 
house  ; — "  Fundata  est  abbathia  de  Hn^hmon,  anno  Domini  millesimo, 
centesaimo,  et  in  anno  ultimo  regni  regis  Willielmi  Eufi,  et  anno  rcgni 
regis  Henrici  primi  "  &c.  Precise  as  this  statement  is,  however,  it  is 
probably  incorrect,  as  it  would  make  Haugbmond  by  several  years  the 
earliest  established  house  of  the  order  in  England,  a  position  which  has 
never  been  claimed  for  it,  and  which  is  expressly  contro<licted  by  other 
evidence.  But  whatever  the  exact  year  may  have  been,  the  charter  of 
foundation  speaks  of  the  church  (whether  in  whole  or  in  part)  as'being 
already  built. — "'Willielmus  filiuR  Alani  &c.  Noverit  universitas 
vestra,  me  .  .  .  concessisse,  et  pnesenti  cnrta  meft  confinnisse  Deo  et 
eetlmte  8.  Johannis  de  Haghmnn,  et  ca)ioniei»  ibidevt  Deo  seroietdtbus 
in  perpetuam  elemoeinam,  nedem  et  loettm  ecelenicB  eomndem"  && 

WoBKBop  pRioHT  Church,  Nottinohamshirb. — The  priory  church 
of  Worksop  was  founded  in  the  third  year  of  king  Henry  I,  by  William 
de  Lovetot,  who  was  buried  therein  :—"  Id,  Aprilia  obiit  Gulielmns 
de  Lovetot  fundator,  et  sepultus  est  ibidem."  That  it  was  built  by  him 
previous  to  his  decease  is  app.ireut  from  his  foundation  charter,  where 
we  read  ; — "  Notutn  ait  .  .  ,  quod  W,  Lovetot  .  .  .  concedit  et 
confinnat  per  breve  suum  donum  quod  fecit  Deo  et  etmetw  ecctextiB  et 
canunicix  nancti  Cuthherti  de  Wirkefop  in  perpetuam  elemoiinam." 
In  his  son's  charter  of  confirmation  too: — "confinuo  donum  quod  fecit 
pater  meus  Willhelmus  de  Ixivetot  Deo  et  ecdeeice  aaneti  Cutkberti  . 
ik  Wirkemp,  el  canonirig  ibidem  Deo  eervientibus,  ipsam  videlicet  eeclesiavt, 
cum  terria"  &c     And  in  the  poetical  Sfemma  FuHdatorit : — 

VOL,   lUL  L   _^ 

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446  THE  CHtntCHBB  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS. 

"Which  S'.  William  diceet  and  was  tonmUto 

In  the  said  church  on  the  north  side, 
On  the  nederest  gree,  for  his  hye  eBtate, 

Tendyng  to  the  hye  awtet,  and  there  doth  abyde  : 
And  he  gat  S'.  Richard  hia  sonne  in  good  tyde 

Which  beryed  was  beneth  him  under  a  white  stone 
The  left  side  Thomas  Nevill,  and  thereon  gone." 

Cabusls  Catbbdiul  Priokt  CBintoH. — This  church  was  bnilt 
by  Walter,  a  wealthy  Norman  priest,  governor  of  the  caatle  and 
newly  refounded  town  of  Carlisle,  as  one  of  secular  canons,  in 
the  time  of  William  Bufus.  On  completing  the  building,  he  in- 
troduced into  it  canons  regular  of  SL  Austin,  at  the  instance  of  AdehiU, 
prior  of  Xostell;  the  latter,  on  the  establishment  of  the  see  in  113S, 
becoming  the  firat  bishop.  As  to  the  Auguatinians,  therefore,  it  is  clesr 
that  they  had  no  more  concern  with  the  fanning  or  construction  of  the 
building  than  their  snccessora — the  modem  dean  and  chapter. 

LrrrLE  DuKXOW  Friobt  Chdboh,  Esbbx. — ^This  church,  was  built 
apparently  at  the  sole  coat  and  charges  of  Juga  Baynard,  lady 
ol  Little  Dnnmow ;  who,  causing  it  to  be  consecrated  by  Maurice, 
bishop  of  London,  in  1101,  endowed  it  on  the  same  day  with 
half  a  hide  of  land.  Two  years  afterwards,  in  1106: — "Galfridus 
Baynard  filius  et  heeres  Jugte  Baynard,  considerans  derotionem,  tte. 
pasuil  earvmicoi  in  ecelesia  de  Dttnmov),  aaeensu  Anselmi  aichiepiscopi 
Cantuarieusin."  The  ch'irch,  therefore,  was  built  and  finished  two  years 
before  the  canons  set  foot  in  it,  or  indeed  were  ever  intended  to  do  so. 

Holt  Trimitt,  ob  Christ  Cbobcb  Pbiohy  Church,  Lokdom,— This 
church,  founded  by  Matilda,  queen  of  Henry  L  was  also  doubtless  built 
and  completed  by  her  during  her  lifetime.  That  such  was  the  case  ia 
manifest  from  the  following  extracts  from  various  charters  of  hex 
husband  : — "  Henricus  rex  Angliie,  Richardo  episcopo  London,  to:. 
Sciatis  me  conc^ssisse  et  confirmasee  ecdegice  et  eanonida  S.  Trinitatu, 
Land,  toeam  de  Angliea  CnihltengUda"  &c  "Henry,  king  of  England, 
&C.  Know  ye  that  I  have  granted  to  queen  Maud,  my  wife,  thai  »Ae 
place  canons  reffidar  in  the  church  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  in  Landoii',  Ac. 
"Henry,  king  of  England,  ftc.  Know  ye  that  I  have  granted  and  asa.- 
firmed  the  canonry  of  canons  regular  t«  ih^  diurch  of  Ohrixt  in  London, 
tho'e  founded  by  my  vn/e  queen  Mccud  that  it  he  established  for  ever,  "  Ac 
And  again  : — "Henry  king  of  England  &c.  Know  ye  that  I  have 
granted  to  the  Holy  Trinity,  and  to  Norman  the  prior,  and  the  canons 
of  the  Holy  Trinity,  in  London,  that  they  may  enclose  imth  waJli  the  way 
that  woe  butweai  their  church  and  offices,  and  the  wall  of  the  city  of 
London,  both  waye,  as/or  as  the  a/onaid  city  wall,"  &c. 

Tadntou  PaioRY  Church,  Somerset.— This  church  would  appear  to 
have  been  built  during  the  lifetime,  and  at  the  aole  cost  of  William 
Giffard,  bishop  of  Winchester.  There  is  no  charter  of  endowment,  but 
in  the  confirmation  charter  of  Edward  III.  we  read  : — "Henricus  rex 
Angliic,  Ac.  Ex  (Umo  Wiikebni  epiMOpi,  Jundatwis  ejiudem  ecdetta, 
omnea  ecclesiaa  Tantonise  cum  capellis,"  &c 


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THB  CHTTECHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.  447 

St.  Maev  Otkrbt  Priobt  Chuboh,  Southwabk.— This  church  waa 
founded  by  William  Pont  de  I'Areli  and  William  Dauncey,  two  Norman 
knights,  with  the  aasiatance  of  William  Giffard,  bishop  of  Winche«ter, 
who  built  the  iiave  at  his  own  expense.  Being  burnt  down  in  1213,  the 
churoh  was  reedified  by  his  saccesBor  in  the  see,  Peter  de  Rupibos, 
very  shortly  afterwards.     There  is   no   charter  of   foundation   extant 

fiBiBsn'  Magna  Pbiobt  Chuboh,  Sdffoi^  This  chuioh  waa  founded 
by  Ralph  Fitz  Brian,  according  to  Tanner,  area  1110.  That  it  waa 
huilt  and  canons  placed  in  it  during  his  life,  we  learn  from  the  following 
extract  from  his  foundation  chatter  : — "  fiadulfua  filiua  Briani,  et  Emma 
uxor  sua,  ftc.  .  .  .  notifico,  quod  .  .  .  stabilivi  eeciestam  Deo  el  sanda 
MaruB  et  sanctissimo  con/essori  mio  Leonardo  apud  Briaete  in  qua  eanontcot 
regularee  Deo  itndem perhenmter  servituroe  apposui  et  inalitui,"  Sas. 

CotHNOBBiKB  Abbxt  Chuboh,  Glouohbiebbhibb. — A  dean  and  canons 
secular  occupied  the  church  of  Cirencester  before  the  Conquest ;  but 
these  were  (Ranged  into  an  abbot  and  convent  of  canons  regular  of  8*. 
Auatin  by  king  Henry  I,  who  completely  rebuilt  the  church  for  them, 
between  1117  and  1131.  In  his  foundation  charter  the  king  says : — 
"  Hen.,  rex  Anglin,  &c  Sciatis  uuivetsi,  quoniam  .  .  .  dedi,  et 
concessi  Doo  et  ecdeeia  bealm  Mm-ice  Cireeegtriee,  cujusego,  lieei  indignia, 
constructor  extili,  ^c  .  .  abbati  Serloai  prinw,  et  omnibus  sueteeioribuB 
tjua,  et  axvonieia  Tegalaribtu  ibidem  Deo  desenkentibiu,"  &c. 

Hbxhau  Pbiobt  Chuboh,  NoBTHmBBBUBa — ^The  ancient  abbey 
church  of  Hexham  after  having  been  ruined  by  the  Danes,  was  given 
with  its  poseessiona,  by  king  Henry  L  to  the  church'of  York ;  after  which 
archbishop  Thomas  II  introduced  into  it  canons  regular  of  St.  Austin. 
Richard  of  Hexham  writes  thus  ; — "  Igitur  ob  sanctorum  ibi  quiescentiam 
meiita  declaranda,  Deo  miscTante,  super  ejusdem  dyectione,  magno 
compassionis  dolore  condoluit,  ac  de  ipeiua  resuscitatione  ipse  eedulo 
exc<^tare,  et  cum  auis  diligenter  tractare,  ac  retractare  ccepit.  .  .  . 
Anno  igitur  ah  incamatione  Domini  mcxiii,  Ac  aiepedictus  Thomas, 
concilio  et  aiixilio  capituli  eni,  videlicet  ecclesice  Saucti  Petri  Eboracensis, 
&c.  ad  £al.  Kovembiis  duxit  illuc  canonicoe  regulares ;  quibus  cum  suie 
eonguetudinibus,  et  earn  omnibus  ad  earn  pertiiteniibus,  qui^am  el  Uberam, 
aieiU  ipse  eam'in  auo  domtnto  habuerat  ecdeaam  tradidit." 

Laokd  Pbiobt  Cburgh,  LsioBsraRSHiBE. — This  church  was  founded 
by  Richard  Boaaet  and  Maud  hia  wife  in  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of 
Henry  I. — circa  1126.  There  is,  apparently,  no  foundation  charter 
extant,  but  from  a  oontempoiary  one  of  confirmation  by  the  king,  it  is 
clear  both  that  the  church  itself  was  built,  and  the  caoona  installed  in  it 
during  the  founder's  lifetime  : — "  Henricus  rex  Anglite,  &c.  Sciatis  me 
concessisse  et  confirmasse  omnes  donationes  quae  Ricardus  Basset,  et 
Matildls  Ridel  uxor  ejus  fecenmt  Deo  el  carumicis  eedesia  SancH  Jo/tamiis 
BaplieliB  de  Landa,  qvam  fwndaverunt,"  &c 

Dbax  Pbiobt  Chuboh,  Yobkb. — Here,  we  have  the  erection  of  the 
chnrch  expressly  stated  in  the  charter  of  William  Paganel,  the  founder, 
temp.  Henry  I. : — "  Omnibus,  &c  Noverit  ...  me  .     .     confiimjisae, 


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448  THE  CHURCHES  OF  ADBTUf  CA.NONS. 

Deo  et  S.  Nicholao,  et  canouicis  Deo  et  8.  Nicholao  sem'cntibna  in 
temtorio  de  Drax,  iiuulam  qiin  (licitur  Hdlingtoii,  et  Middleholm,  uA* 
fimdaia  eat  eccleiia  S.  Nkholai  prioraiim  dp.  Dtvx,"  Ac 

Bolton  Priort  Cbubob,  Tobkb. — This  church  would  seem  from  iU 
esiating  tasteni  patta  to  have  been  built,  to  rucK  exb\nt  at  leasts  by  the 
foundress  Adeliza  de  Bumilly,  who  oiuaed  the  priory  to  be  trandatcil 
from  Kmbsay  to  Bolton  in  1151;  and  who,  in  her  chartar  of  confirmation, 
apoaJce  of  it  as  being  already  built : — "  Aelii  de  Ruinilly,  &c.  Noveril 
.  .  .  me  concesstsse  .  .  .  Deo  et  e.ccle«im  trnietir,  Mai'ia  de  Bodtoa,  ft 
canonicU  ibidem  Deo  serviealibtu,"  &c 

KiRKHAM  Pbiobi  Church,  Yohks. — The  opening  clauac  of  Walter 
Iijij^c'b  foundation  charter  ^ews  dearly  that  this  church,  as  might 
confidently  be  expected,  was  both  built  by  him,  and  made  over  to  and 
stocked  with  Austin  canons  during  his  lifetime  : — "Turstino  Dei  gntia 
Ebor.  orchiepiscopo,  &c.  Waltenis  Espec,  et  Adeiina  uxor  ejus,  aalotem : 
Sciatis  nos  conceseiese  et  dediase  Deo  et  ecclenitE  S.  Trinitaiit  de  Kirkhiaa, 
at  eanotiieig  ibidem  Deo  nennentibw  .  .  .  totum  manerium  de  Kirkham, 
&c.     £t  ecclesiam  parochiolem  de  Kirkham,"  &c 

Launcbston  Priort  CmntcH,  Cobitwalu  —  Like  that  of  Plympton, 
this  church  waa  built  by  William  Warlewast,  bishop  of  J-jceter,  emn 
1126.  Leland  says; — "One  William  Warfcud,  buhop  »f  Exee«lTr, 
erected  this  priorie,  and  waa  after  buryetl  at  Plymtown  priorie,  that  he 
also  erectyd.  Warwist  for  erection  >of  IiBunston  priorie  euppreased  a 
collegiat  chirch  of  S.  Stephen,  having  prebendaries,  ftc.  llieTe  yet 
standith  a  church  of  S.  Stephen  about  half  a  inyle  from  Launston  on  a 
hill,  where  the  collegiate  church  was."  There  is  now  extant,  apparently, 
no  cliart«r  of  foundation  in  connection  with  this  church,  but  from  the 
substance  of  another  one  of  Warlewast's  in  the  Lanadowne  M3S.  it 
would  seem  that  before,  and  during  the  erection  of  the  new  church  of 
St.  Stephen  by  the  bishop,  he  established  the  Austin  canons  ad  interim 
in  the  existing  one  of  the  seculars.  It  runs ; — "  Noscat  prseaentis  temporis 
letas  quod  Radulfus  eccl.  S.  Steph.  de  I^uncestone  decanus  Decanatum 
mihi  Willielmo  Episcopo  reddidit.  Et  ego  Canonids  regvlaribm  quot  in 
eadem  comtitm  totum  dedi." 

St.  Dbkib  Phiory  Chubcb,  Southampton.— That  the  church  of  this 
priory  was  both  built  and  supplied  with  canons  during  the  lifetime  of 
Uie  founder,  king  Henry  I.,  is  manifest  from  the  following  words  of  his 
foundation  charter  : — "  Henr.  rex  Anglise  tc.  Sciatis  me  dediaso.  .  . 
Deo  et  eedemie  aandi  Dionysii,  riecnun  etcanimieut  meit  in  eadem  eczema 
deeuper  Han^tonam  Deo  lervieniibue",  &c 

Kenilworth  Pbiobt  Church,  Wahwickhhirb. —  The  foundation 
cluirtiT  shews  that  this  church  also  was  built  and  occupied  by  the  canoiw 
during  tlio  life  of  the  founder. — "  Gaufridiis  de  CUntona  Henrici  rcgi* 
camerarius,  &c  Notum  sit  .  .  .  quod  ego  Gaufridus  .  .  .  ipso  n^- 
concedonte,  fundav!  eccleeiam  de  Chcnilleuwdu  in  himore  S.  Marive ;  iV 
rt  cunonieie ibidem  regtdariter  Deo  nervientibut,"  Ac. 


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TflB  CHtJECfiiS  OF  AUSTIK  CANONS.  449 

Stons  Friort  Churgb,  Stapfordbhibb. — The  way  in  wluch  the 
church  of  Stone, — which,  eiroa  670,  had  been  founded  for  secular 
canons,  but  after  the  Danish  devastations  became  occupied  by  nuns, — was 
in  dae  couiae  converted  into  one  of  canons  regular,  as  a  cell  to  Kenil- 
worth,  is  thus  set  forth  in  the  rhymed  history  once  hanging  in  the 
house ; — 

"  In  the  time  of  the  conquest  was  the  lord  of  StaQbtd 

Baion  Robert,  which  here  was  chief  lord  ; 

And  in  his  lifetime  befel  such  a  rase, 

Tbat  two  nunus  and  one  priest  lived  in  this  place, 

The  which  were  alayne  by  one  Enysan ; 

That  came  over  with  William  Conquer,  than. 

This  Euysan  slue  the  nuns  and  priest  aleoe, 

Because  his  sister  should  have  this  church  thoe, 

But  for  that  offence  he  did  to  Saint  Wolfade, 

His  sister  soon  died,  and  himself  great  vengeance  had  ; 

And  when  Enisan  this  cruel  deode  had  doon 

Then  blessed  baron  Kobert  bethaught  himself  soone. 

To  Killingworth  anon  that  he  would  goe. 

And  tell  Geffrey  of  Clinton  there  of  this  woe, 

Which  was  in  the  castle  of  Killingworth  then  dwelling. 

And  was  chamberlain  to  first  Henry  the  King, 

And  founder  of  that  castle,  and  abby  alsoe, 

Which  counseled  this  blessed  baron  Kobert  tho, 

To  restore  and  helpe  Saint  Wolfod'e  house  ^io, 

And  make  canons  there  in  steed  of  the  nuns  that  Euysan  bad 
slayne. 

So  through  baron  Kobert,  and  councel  of  Geofiry  yn  fere, 

Canons  were  first  thus  founded  here,"  &c. 

Enisan's  charter,  conferring  the  church  and  its  appurtenances  to  the 
priory  of  Kenilwortb,  opens  thus  : — "  Ego  Enisanus  et  Emaldus  Alius 
meus,  donavimus  et  concessimus  in  elemosinam  Bernardo  priori  et 
canonicis  suis  eeelentam  S.  Ulfadi  di:  Stimen,  ewii  omnibus  euig  pertuien- 
His,  qua  '•Hi  lie  feodo  nogtro,"  &X.,  from  which  it  is  clear  that,  whatever 
its  architectural  character,  it  served  thenceforth  as  that  of  the  canons, 
while  unbuilt  by  them. 

Dunstable  Priort  Church,  BBDFORDHHiRE.^The  following  extracts 
from  the  Ilietoria  fundationin,  and  the  charter  of  foundation  itself,  will 
shew  in  the  clearest  way  that  this  tine  church  was  built  for  the  use  of 
his  newly  establishcil  town  and  monastery  of  Dunstable,  by  king  Henry  I. 
personally^  and  in  his  lifetime.  After  describing  the  locality,  and  the 
ciicumetances  which  induced  him  to  build  a  town  upon  the  spot,  the 
History  proceeds  ; — "  Tandem  diotus  rex  in  limite  dicti  burgi,  tn 
tumorem  S.  Petri,  'eelagiaih /iibrieavil.  mmutateniim  rx)rtstrturit ;  ft  mad 
lomjii  in  animo  concemtrat, priorem  el  cantmieos  ibidtm 2>oeuit  regutarea" 
&C.  And  in  his  charter  the  king  says : — *'  H.  rex  Angliic,  &c  Sciatts 
me  .  .  .  dedissc  erdfjnm  gandi  Peln  de.  Dumitahle,  quam  ego  inhonore 
Dei  et  >ju»lem  apodiM  fundavi,  et  canonicis  regularifna  ibidem  Deo 
Hervienfihitu  in  ]>erpeluum  .  .  .  latum  jnaneriun  de  Dimstaple/ &i:. 

PoRCBBBTBR   pRioRv   Church,   Uants. — In    1133,   king  Heniy    L 

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450  THB  OHtTBCHB  OF  AtlBtlN  CANOlta.  1 

founded  in  the  ehnrcb  which  he  had  alnodj  hidlt  witiiht  ttw  CMtk  d 
PorcheHter,  a  priory  of  canons  r^olai.  The  date  is  coodBBnlj 
eatsbliahed  by  the  ngnatnies  of  the  witnesses :  the  &et  of  the  king 
being  the  builder  of  the  t^urch,  by  the  words  of  the  charter  iUell, 
which  nms  thus  : — "  H.  rax  Anglonim,  ftc  Sciatia  me  concessine  Dfi  ^ 
eeelfitia  beaUe  Mariie  de  Pareegtra  H  eaiundcig  regulariimt  ihidn 
tervuntibug,  iptam  eeeUgiam  S.  Maria  ibidem,  a  me  Jitmtiatam,  e^m  Urrit 
«t  dedmis  et  omnifnu  ninu  arlem  eedenie  pertineHtiima"  Ac  Fut  i 
Tiew,  and  account  of  Porchestet  chiuch,  see  toL  iii,  214  <rf  this  JoonuL 

OsENvr  Abbkt  Churib,  Oxpobdbhire. — Acconling  to  Lelasd,  tbc 
building  of  Oaeney  abbey  church  by  Bobeit  lyOilley  the  seoood, 
happened  thus : — 

"  This  Robert  tile  second  had  a  wife  caulled  Edithe  Fome,  a  wranu 
of  fame  and  highly  esteemed  with  King  Henry  the  Vint,  by  wbcK 
procuration  Robert  wedded  her. 

This  Robert  began  the  priorie  of  Make  Chanons  at  Oseuey  t^  Oxfonl 
emong  the  Isles  that  Isis  ryrer  ther  makyth. 

Sum  write  thst  this  was  the  occasion  of  making  of  iL  Edith  nnd  ^ 
walte  out  of  Oxford  csetelle  with  her  gentlewoman  to  solace,  and  dial 
oftentimes  wher  yn  a  certm  place  in  a  tree,  as  often  as  she  cam,  a  certen 
Fyee  usid  to  gither  to  it,  and  ther  to  chattre,  and  as  it  were  to  speke  on 
to  her.  Edithe  mnch  mervelying  at  this  nuttier,  and  was  aumtyme  sore 
ferid  as  by  a  wonder,  whercapon  she  sent  for  one  Badnlphe  a  chanon  cf 
8.  Frcdiswides,  a  man  of  vertaous  life  and  her  confessor,  askyng  bjta 
counsell ;  to  whom  he  answered,  after  that  he  had  sene  the  fascbion  of 
the  Fyes  chattering  only  at  her  cnmmyng ;  that  she  shnlde  bilde  saa 
chirche  or  monasterie  in  that  place.  Then  die  entreated  her  hnsband  bi 
build  a  priorie,  and  so  he  did,  making  Radolph  the  first  prior  of  it. 

The  cumming  of  Edith  to  Oseney  and  Radulph  wiuting  on  her,  six' 
the  tree  with  the  chattering  Pyes  be  paintid  in  the  waulle  of  th'  sni 
over  Edith  tumbe  in  Oseney  prioria  Xher  lyetb  an  image  of  Edith  d 
stone  in  th'  abbitc  of  a  Towea  holding  a  hart  in  her  right  hand  on  the 
north  side  of  the  high  altare." 

In  a  MS.  at  Corpus  Christ!  Collate,  Ozon. : — "  Anno  Hcxxa,  Bobertiu 
de  OOi,  filiui  Kigelli  de  Oili  et  Editha  uxor  sAnxere  ecdeaiam  beata 
Maria  in  inavla  Oaeneye." 

In  the  foundation  charter  of  Robert  D'Oilley : — "  Notum  sit  .  .  • 
quod  ego  B.  de  Oileo,  volentibua  et  concedentibus  Editha  uxore  mea  rt 
flliin  meis  Henrico  et  GiUeberto,  do  et  concede  in  perpetuam  alemoainsiii 
eccleaia  Dei  et  taneta  Marim  genetricia  tgue,  et  eatiomdi  in  ea  Dto 
tenHentihue,  guam  ego,  eonml^iie  et  amfirmarUe  Alexandra  Dei  grtd'to 
LiiKolfaenri  qnecopo,  ftmdavi  in  inetda  qtux  didtur  Oaeneia,"  &c 

Ronton  Fbiort  Church,  SrAPFORDHmRB. — This  church  was  foniHk<' 
by  Robert  fitz  Noel,  according  to  Tanner,  temp.  Henry  L  Although  in 
the  charter  of  foundation  Robert  fiti  Noel  only  speake  of  the  "locnm 
qui  dicitur  Sancta  Maria  dee  Essarz",  his  son  Thomas,  the  first  witneR 
thereto,  is  described  08  "Thomafilio  ^herti  guedem  loci  fundaiorit" ', 
and  in  a  second  chaitei  relating  to  the  church  of  Cestford,  the  founder 
speaks  of  the  church  of  Ronton,  oi  8.  Mary  dea  Essnn,  as  already  built: 
"  ecdesia  Sanetix  Maria  de  Exartis,  et  canonide  ibidem  Deo  tarientibw," 


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THH  GHUBOHSa  OF  AUSTIN  CAN0K8.  451 

Ac,  whence  it  ia  evideDt  that  the  expieseioii — "locum  quidioitor  Sancta 
Maria  des  Essan,"  means,  as  miglit  be  expected,  not  oidy  the  place,  but 
the  buildiuga  which  occupied  it,  and  that  they  were  erected,  moTovei,  by 
the  founder  himself  and  during  his  life- 

GnQBORonaH  Prioby  CHnitOH,  Yobkb.— As  the  foundation  chartnr 
abewB,  this  chnrch,  tc^ther  wiUi  the  monastery  attached  to  it,  was 
built  by  the  founder,  Robert  de  Brus,  personally,  and  during  his  life. 
No  part  of  the  original  building  is  now  extant,  it  is  true  ;  the  eailieet 
part  of  the  existing  structure,  of  which  there  are  very  scanty  remains, 
being  a  full  century  later  than  the  period  of  foundation  (1129);  and  even 
they  shew  signs  of  recanatruction,  for  in  the  very  heart  of  the  base  of 
the  south-west  tower  pier,  used  as  a  waller,  I  myself,  some  little  time 
since,  extracted  and  cleaned  a  beautifully  carved  stone  which,  singularly 
enough,  had  formed  part  of  a  rich  triforiol  arcade  of  exactly  the  same 
design  as  that  well-known  one  in  the  secular  canons'  church  at  Beverley. 
The  choir,  the  grandest  in  all  England,  is  later  still,  eirca  1297,  in  wliich 
year  the  masons  left  another  canons'  church — that  of  Bipon — to  start 
work,  as  it  would  seem,  at  Guisborough,  where,  though  on  an  infinitely 
grander  scale,  the  character  of  the  architecture  is  identical  Robert  de 
Brus'e  charter  runs  thus: — "Robertus  de  Brua,  aalutem.  Notum  sit 
cantati  vestrR,  me  consilio  et  ammonitione  Colixti  papte  seoundie,  et 
Tuistini  Eboiacensis  archiepiscopi,  quoddam  nunta^erium  canoniem  relig- 
tome  in  Gygebuma,  ad  ktmorem  Dei  d  S.  Maria  funddese,  ibiqim  eanonieot 
regularei  .  .  .  conitituiue,  et  eidem  ecdeeia,  aique  Deo  in  ea  eervitttris, 
likam  Oystebumam"  <&c. 

Bhidunqtoh  Pkiort  Chdbch,  YoBKa. — Id  the  church  of  St.  Mary  at 
Bridlington,  which  had  probably  been  rebuilt  by  him  for  the  purpose — 
but  in  any  case,  in  the  existing  church,  whatsoever  it  mi^ht  be — Walter 
de  Gant,  early  in  the  reign  of  ting  Henry  I.,  established  a  priorv  of 
Austin  canons.  His  foundation  charter  stales  this  expressly  -.—Y^ 
Walterus  de  Gant  uotefico  omnibus,  Ac.,  quod  in  ecdeaia  eaiietfp  Maria 
tie  Brirllin/omx,  eartontcoa  regtdarea  atabilioi,"  &c.  Like  that  of  Guisbor- 
ough, the  whole  of  the  original  structure  of  Bridlington  church  has  been 
replaced  by  after  work;  the  original  choir — now  utterly  destroyed — 
having,  together  with  the  north  aisle  of  the  nave,  and  the  north  western 
tower,  been  reconstructed  in  the  13th,  and  the  nave  itself  generally 
about  the  commencement  of  the  14th  century. 

St,  Babtholouiw  thb  Grbat  Pbioby  Chdboh,  Lokdon.— This  church, 
at  least  all  the  eastern  part  of  it,  inclusive  of  the  transept,  was  built  by 
the  founder  Rahere  himself  during  his  lifetima  "Hane  ii/itur  eceleaiam 
in  konorem  beatigsimi  Bwlholunitei  apoitolipiw  memorim  Raiierun  fundaw'i, 
et  ibidem  Deo  terviturog  seeundum  ret/ulam  tanetigmnU  pairis  Augiatitii 
virot  religiosog  aggregavii,  eixdeaiqwi  per  viginti  duos  annot  prioris 
dignitaie  et  officio  funetw  praefuit,"  Ac 

Warteb  Priort  Church,  Yorks. — In  the  existing  parish  church  of 
Warter — whether  rebuilt  for  the  purpose  or  not  does  not  appear— 
Geofirey  Fitz  Pain  established  a  prioty  of  Austin  canons  in  1132. 
"Memorandum  quod  domns  Wartrin  fundata  fuit  a  Galfrido  Trusbut 


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452  THE  CHUBOHB8  OF  AOSTIN  CANONS, 

Nino  Domini  Uexxzii,  tampon  regis  Henrici  fflii  Willialmi  oonqnestons, 
videlicet  anno  legni  ani  xxxii.,  cut  m  Jwidatiime  tcaUummodo  wntuiit 
eccksiam  de  Wartria  eitm  xi.  bovnlis  t&n-ie  in  campo  ejuadem  vUUe.' 
"  NoBcat  .  .  .  quod  ego  G.  &liuH  Willinlmi  Trussebuthe,  concedo  illam 
don&tionem,  quam  G&lfridus  filiuB  Pagani  prtedecesdOF  meus  fecit 
canoniciB  legularibus  de  Wartria  .  .  .  viddicet  eaelesiam  S.  JaecJ/i 
ejusdem  viUae,  cum  cap^lii  ef  decimia,"  &c 

Christo&uroh  Twtnkham  Priobt  Chubch,  liAKTS. — This  nobin 
church— of  pre-conquest  faundation,  as  one  of  secular  oanons — was  more 
or  leas  entirely  rebuilt,  together  with  ita  dependent  offices,  by  the 
famous,  or  infamoua,  Ralph  Flambaid,  sometime  dean,  and  his  immediate 
fluccesBors,  previous  to  its  converuon  into  one  of  canons  r^pilar  by 
Baldwin  de  Redver^  earl  of  Devon,  eirea  1 150.  "  Fmidamt 
equidem  hone  axUsiam  epixopug  Randidphia,  qum  nunc  ett  i^md 
Tmpiham,  et  dornot  et  nffieianua  cuUibet  reHgioni.  Obeunte  canonicorum 
aliquo,  ejus  beneficium  in  sua  retinebat  poteetate,  nulli  tribueno  alii 
volens  unamquamque  dare  pnebendam  religioni,  si  eus  omnee  mortis 
fortnna  in  suo  tulisset  tempore."  &c, 

IxwoRTH  Priory  Chubch,  Su?polk. — This  conventual  church  was 
twice  built ;  titst  by  Gilbert  Blund,  and  then  by  William  his  son,  on  a 
fresh  site,  for  the  convent  uf  Austin  canons  csteblished  by  the  former, 
early  in  the  12th  century  at  Ixworth.— "  Gilbertus  lilundus,  veniena  in 
conquestu  cum  Willielmo  bastardo  fimdavit  domum  conventuaiem  bealit 
Maria  de  Ixworth  in  e/mvmUatti  Suffoleiie,  ordirds  S.  Augustiai,  ptt^ 
eedmiam  parochialem  ^uadem  villa,  qu£e  processu  temporia  d^tnicta 
fuit  per  guerram  .  .  .  Guilielmus  filiua,  et  successor  in  h»reditate, 
duxit  Siiram  de  Montecanisio,  et  rewdificavit  et  redrttril  domnm 
pradtclam  in  loco  vii  nwic  sila  e»t  eedaaia." 

Norton  Priory  Chdroh,  Chbshirb. — ^Tbe  priory  of  Norton  was  first 
founded  atKuncom  by  William  Fitz  Nigell  in  1133,  whence  shortly 
afterwards,  during  the  reign  of  Stephen,  his  son  William,  constable  of 
Cheshire,  removed  it  to  Norton  in  the  same  county.  There  is  no  charter 
of  foundation  extant,  apparently,  but  in  the  Fundatomm  Progenia  et 
Historia  we  read  ; — "  Quintus  vero  frater,  scilicet  Wolf atus,  fuit  sacetdos; 
et  ipsi  dedit  ecclesiam  de  Runcorne  Nigellus,  quam  nunc  habont  in 
proprios  usus  canonici  domus  ant«dictas  de  dono  praedicti  Willielmi  filii 
Nigelli,  ^ut  domitm  dieiorum  canonicorum  fimdavit  primb  apud  Ruitcortte, 
scilicet  anno  gratia  Mcxxxiii :  Et  iite  Witlielmus  jilius  Nigelli  jundoior 
dicta  i/omus  oinit  et  septdtiu  ett  apud  Ceetriam.  Cui  in  bsreditate 
Buccessit  filiua  ejus  WiUielmus  junior,  qui  pnedictis  canonicie  dedit  in 
excambium  alias  terras  pro  terra  sua  de  Runcorne,  et  aliis  terns  suia ; 
gcilicet  ad  Northtmam  villain  fransferendo  prioratitm  antedictum."  Thus 
in  translating  his  father's  foundation  to  Norton,  William,  the  son  of 
William  Fitz  Nigell,  was  also  the  actual  builder  of  the  new  church  there, 
as  we  learn  from  an  abstract  of  a  deed  of  Eustace,  son  of  John  de  Buigavil, 
quoted  by  Tanner,  in  which  he  grants  pssture  for  an  hundred  sheep  to 
Hugh  de  Cathcwik,  "ii  amditiim  that-  he  made  a  final  nd  nf  building  thf 
church  of  Nirrton  in  every  paH,  according}  to  the  fir^  foundation  of 
Will.  fU.  Nigetti. 


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THE  0HUB0HE8  OF  AD8TIH  CANONS.        453 

ffiWHUBOH  Abbkt  Chdroh,  Yorks. — This  church,  as  the  opening 
sentences  of  the  foundation  charter  shew,  vaa  built  by  the  founder, 
Bc^r  de  Mowbray,  in  his  lifetime — 1145. — "Univeraia,  && 
Notum  sit  vobie,  me  dediase,  et  concessisse  Deo  et  eedesue  S  Bfarue  de 
NotXhBurgo,  canonieixque  ibi<lem  Deo  gervieniibai,  ipatan  locum  m  qtio 
abbalhia  eorwn /itndata  est."  ftc 

DoRGHKSTSB  Abdby  CimROH,  OxpORDBHDtK. — ^Tbis  chnTch  was  built 
for  the  use  of  the  Austin  canons  established  therein,  by  Alexander, 
bishop  of  Lincoln,  drea  1140.  Very  little  of  his  structure,  how- 
ever, which  was  only  of  modest  character  and  dimensions,  is  to  bo 
detected  in  the  later  and  enlarj^d  fabric  which  has  replaced  it. 

Thornton  Abbxt  Chubch,  Linoolnbhirb. — Although  there  is  no 
foundation  charter  relative  to  this  chuicb  forthcoming,  the  chronicle  of 
tbe'  house  leaves  little  or  no  doubt  but  that  the  founder,  William  ]e 
Qroe,  earl  of  Albemarle,  must,  as  we  should  certainly  expect,  have  built 
the  eastern  parts  of  the  church,  at  least,  during  bis  lifetime,  which  wsa 
prolonged  no  less  than  forty-one  years  after  the  establishment  of  the 
abbey. — "  Anno  Domini  11S9  .  .  .  WiUielmus  Grone,  comen  Albeiiiarli<E 
fimdavit  abhathiam  site  monanterium  de  Ttuimton  guper  Ifumbrenn  .  .  , 
Sabaio  die  Ilitarit.  £1  anno  revoluto  fodem  die,  seilict  S.  Hilarii,  qui  rrai 
dies  dominiew,  per  consilium  venerabiHa  cognati  sui  Wollevi,  prioris  do 
Kyrkham  in  comitatu  Eboraci,  et  fratris  Simonie  comitis  Northampton  ite 
et  Henrici  comitis  ot  hffiredis  regis  Scotiro,  lirwilictue  Wtdlnmw  vmit 
Thornton  duceni  'Kcum  cmverituin  duodeeim  cawniicorum  de  Kijrhhanie 
eupradicta,"  &c. 

"A".  1180,  obiit  pneclaius  comes  et  eximius  monastcriorum  fundftor 
Willielmus  Grose,  xiij.  Kal.  Septembris." 

For  a  shor£  illustrated  account  of  Thornton  abbey  by  the  late  Mr,  J. 
H.  Parker,  see  vol  ii,  p.  357,  of  tins  Journal.  It  contains  extracts  from 
a  chronolc^cal  history  of  the  place  preserved  among  Tanner's  MSS.  in 
the  Bodleian,  which  are  of  much  interest,  though  apparently  misinter- 
preted by  the  writer.  While  serving  to  shew,  ho  we  vpr— what  maybe 
leamt  from  the  ruins  themselves— that  tbc  whole  of  the  ehurtb  and 
offices  have  been  rebuilt  in  a  later  style,  and  on  a  probably  larger  scale 
thou  at  first,  under  William  le  Gros,  they  leave  the  character  and  extent 
of  his  constructions  altegether  undetermined. 

Brinkbubnb  Phiort  Chcbch,  NoRrHCUBsaLAHD. — Here,  the  confirma- 
tion charter  of  William  Bertram  shews  that  the  founder,  Osbertufl 
Colatarius,  was  also  the  builder  of  the  bouse  and  church  :  it  rune : — 
"Noverit  prsBsens  aetas,  &C.,  quod  ego,  Willielmus  Bertram  .  .  .petitiong 
dmnpni  Oaberti  Colntarii,  .  .  .  concedo  locum,  qui  Brinkeburne  dia'tur, 
quein  idem  Osberliis  ie<.lifieamt,  dampno  Sadvlifho  preaUl^o  monasterii 
natiette  Marias  de  Imida  el  /ralribuu  auig,  loatm  hune  pnriaxaiwtt,  .  .  , 
qwe  prcedieto  Otberto  prius  dnleram,  comedo  fratribm  ihidem  Deo 
ncmientibiis,"  &c 

Bruton  Abbey  Church,  Sombeubtohire. — This  church,  which  was  of 
pre-conquest  foundntion,  wa.i  already  built  and  occupied  by  Benedictine 
monks  when,  temp,  btepheu,  canons  regular  were  introduced  into  it  by 


VOL.  ZLU. 


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454  TBB  CHUBCHSS  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS. 

William  Mahim,  eail  of  Somenet,  in  their  stead.  "  Wtilielmos  de 
Moyne,  &c.  Notam  ...  me  piece  Willielmi  capellani,  uxoria  me»,  4c, 
Deo  et  »emet<B  Maria  eanonidsque  r&^aiaribus,  axieeiam  de  Briwetm 
concesgisg^'  &c. 

Bruiki'stokz  Priort  Church,  Wiliwueie. — ^That  this  chntch  was 
built  by  the  founder  of  the  prioiy,  Walter  de  Eurenx  or  de  Saiesbitia, 
1112,  who  took  the  habit,  died,  and  waa  buried  therein,  is  expresslT 
stated  in  the  confirmation  charter  of  Patric,  carl  of  Salisbury,  his  son : — 
"  Univereis  .  .  .  comes  Patricius  Sarum,  salutem.  Noverit  uniTersitas 
veatra  me  concessisse  .  .  .  ecclegiw  nanetai  Marite  de.  Bradengioke,  ijuam 
paler  mevs  Wcdterue  de  Saretbiria,  ad  dilatandum  religionU  cuSim 
eonsfruMf,  et  qua  idem  jntfr  mens  prmfatai  eeeleaia  el  fraiiibne  in  nt 
etaumiei  Deo  servieniibwi  .  ,  .  eontulerai,"  &c. 

Shobdsn  Priobt  CHnncH,  Hbreforishire. — Notlung  can  well  be 
more  intereating  or  inatructiTe  aa  regards  the  foundation  of  religious 
houses,  thau  the  long  and  minute  account  written  in  Norman-French 
and  quoted  by  the  editors  of  the  Moiiaeticon  respecting  that  of  Shobden, 
afterwards  transferred,  with  many  augmentations  both  of  wealth  and 
canons,  to  Wigmore,  where  it  continued  to  the  last  All  the  sevenl 
etages  of  tiie  proceedings,  together  with  their  final  consummation  are 
depict«d  in  the  livehest  colonis,  and  bring  the  times,  and  the  moTeis  in 
them,  before  ua  with  the  utniost  vividness.  The  early  foundation  at 
Shobden  was  due,  it  appears,  to  the  care  of  Sir  Oliver  de  Merlimound, 
chief  seneschal  or  stewajd  of  Sir  Hugh  de  Mortimer,  temp.  Henry  L;  and 
the  following  extracts  wUl  give  an  outline  of  the  way  in  whidi  he 
effected  it ;— "  Cesti  Olyver  aveit  la  terre  de  Ledecote  per  desccnte  de 
heritage,  et  son  aeignur  mounsieiix  Hugh  de  Mortimer  ly  dona  a  ceo  tote 
la  ville  do  Schobbedon,  pur  ly  plus  lealraent  servir  et  plus  peniblement; 
et  a  £ode  fitz  a  dit  Olyver  dona  il  la  personage  del  egliae  de  AyhnoQ- 
deatreo.  Adonk  n'esteit  en  Schobbedon  nide  eglise,  mes  tant  soulement 
une  chapel  de  sainote  Juliane,  et  cele  fut  de  fast,  et  sogette  al  ^ise  de 
Aylmondestreo.  Dount  Olyver  esteit  mout  pensifs  dc  fer  lever  one 
novele  eglise  en  Schobbedon,  et  en  honour  de  quel  seinct  voleyt  que  ele 
fut  dedye  quant  ele  fut  perfete.  An  dorrein  si  elust  il  saiiict  John 
I'Evangelist,  le  quel  Jesu  Crist  olus  devaut  tute  les  autres  disci- 
ples, pur  estre  patron  do  1 'eglise."  Then,  having  settled  with 
parson  Eudes  his  son,  that  Shobden  should  thenceforth  be  inde- 
pendent of  Aymestrey  on  payment  of  an  annual  pension  of  two 
shillings,  he  sets  about  the  building  of  his  new  chureh  ;  and, 
that  work  being  well  in  band,  thereupon  undertakes  a  pilgrimsge 
to  the  shrine  of  St  James  at  Compostella.  Thence,  his  devotion! 
duly  paid,  he  starts  for  home  again — "  tot  dispensif  del  overayne  de 
Schobbedon  ;  et  quant  il  approachea  a  la  cite  de  Paris  un  chanoine  del 
abboye  de  seinct  Victor  ly  atteint,  et  molt  devoutement  le  pria  de  sun 
hostel  prendre  en  I'abbeye,  et  U  a  grant  peyne  ly  otiea,  et  od  ly  en 
I'abbeye  entra  et  fut  bel  et  corteisement  receu  a  graunt  honour.  Tant 
come  il  fut  leinz  si  rogarda  il  et  ententinement  avisa  totes  chosea  q'il  vist 
en  Tanterye,  en  I'oncloystre,  en  le  queor,  et  nomement  le  service  qe  ont 
fist  entour  I'niiter  ;  ct  mut  ly  vynt  al  queot  de  devocion  la  honostfi  q"il 
vist  pareutre  cus  en  tutz  Ileus.     Dont  il  prist  conge  del  abbe  et  de» 


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THE  CHUBCHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.  455 

auties  freree  de  leyns,  si  retnma  a  aun  propre  pais.  Et  qiumt  m  et/liae 
fat  tote  per/de,  d  requiat  it  mid  humhlement,  aire  Robert  de  Betttn  evpuke 
th  Hereford  .  .  .  gn'U  deignant  mi  eglite  de  Schabbetlon  <Udyer."  This 
being  effected  with  much  solemnity,  and  the  odvowson  of  the  church  of 
Burley  obtained  from  the  bishop  who,  "  ii  ly  granta,  pur  ceo  que  nul 
niisa  vyer  a  ly  chose  qu'il  dcaira,  car  il  estoit  !e  second  aprea  sire  Hugh  de 
Motemer,"  and  other  things  being  in  readiness,  lie  had  it  "  en  purpos  de 
les  doner  a  gents  do  religion,  et  se  remembra  del  honeatel«  iju'il  vjs' 
autre  fcez  entrc  lea  chanoynea  de  seinct  Victor  de  Paris,"  whence,  after 
some  little  difficulty  ho  procures  two  of  their  number — ^Boger  and  Eniys — 
to  c<mio  and  settle  at  Shobden,  "  'in  il  ka  fint  habiter  en  uu  nwnutt  (w*^ 
himi'i'te yreg  <le  leglim."  Moreover,  "11  lor  dona  ensement  sa  terra  de 
Lcdecote,  ovesk  les  granges  pleines  de  blees  et  bonfs,  berbiz,  et  pores  a 
grant  plente,  oveak  ii.  carvez  de  terre." 

Such,  in  brief,  is  the  history  of  the  foundation  of  the  priory,  and  of 
the  building  of  the  chiirch  of  Shobden,  in  the  planning  or  construction 
of  which  it  ia  clear  the  canons  of  St.  Victor  had  no  more  share  than 
ourselves.  All,  as  we  see,  was  built  and  settled  for  them  beforehand  by 
the  founder.  "Other  men  laboured:  they  entered  into  their  labours." 
In  connection  therewith,  however,  it  is  certainly  a  most  miserable 
reflection  that  this  church — more  interesting  even  for  its  excessively  rare 
and  rich  sculptures  than  for  the  singularly  circumstantial  history  attached 
to  it- — should,  without  any  aBsignablo  reason,  have  been  wantonly 
destroyed  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  when  three  of  its 
princiiwl  arches  and  their  supports — covered  witji  the  most  elaborate 
car\'iiig — were  set  up  as  a  "curiosity"  in  his  adjoining  park,  by  the 
owner  of  the  village — lord  Bateman.  Some  of  the:?  details  may  be 
seen  liirured  in  a  short  account  of  the  building  in  vol.  I  of  thia  Journal, 
pp.  233-7,  to  which  the  reader  is  referred. 

ViOMORE  Abbky  Chubck,  Hbbbtobdshikk. — The  priory,  founded  as  wo 
have  seen  at  Shobden,  was  destined  to  remain  there  hut  a  very  short  time, 
being  removed,  partly  from  want  of  water  and  other  inconveniences, 
first  to  Kye  ;  thence  to  IVigmore  ;  and  after  that,  to  a  spot  selected  by 
the  canons  themselves  in  the  field  of  Beodune,  which  they  begged  of 
Sir  Hugh  de  Mortimer,  as  being  in  all  ways  suitable  for  their  permanent 
settlement.  "  Et  il  lor  granta  ausi  tot  benemont,  et  a  grant  joye ;  et 
lor  promist  qe  il  les  eidereit,  et  comanda  ausi  toft  que  eus  remewasent 
totes  choses  qe  eus  aveyent  al  Wygemore  jeeke  la.  Et  quant  eus  avey- 
ent  comandement  da  ceo  fere,  ne  targerent  geres  del  mettre  en  fet,  et 
se  feseyent  ondementres  petitea  habetaciuns  de  fust,  per  eyde  et  coneeil 
do  sire  Hugh."  "Apres  ceo  vynt  sire  Hugh  do  Mortemer  de  outre- 
mere,  et  demorra  a  Cleburi  .  .  .  et  ne  mie  longi  temps  spies,  vynt 
sire  Hugh  pur  visitor  les  chanoines  et  lor  lyu ;  et  ileokes  per  reqnenl 
fie  aeons  et  notwnieitt  de  Brian  de  Brompton,  et  de  John  sun  fUa^  manda 
pur  itn  moyn  de  Wyrecenlre,  k  quel  quant  il  oyi  gigne  la  place  del  eglise,  ■ 
jilt  foicer  et  mettre  Ir  /oundement :  a  i/uel  fonnrlement  aire  Hvgh 
de  Mortimer  coclia  le  premier  }>ere.,  et  lor  promint  dye  marez  en  eyde : 
wef  i-n  apres  il  la  cluity  a  wn  cmtages  demfftiie.  .  .  .  En  aprps  les 
chanoines  sontre  luistrent  duroiiient  et  vigroiiseincnt  del  over.iyno  do 
lut  eglise.  .  .  .  Deutre  cestes  dioses  si  fut  sire  Hugh  de  Mortimei 
mut  curious  et  penlble  entoui  I'overaino  do  lor  eglise,  Id  queie  il  flat 


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456  THE  camtcHES  ov  aijstin  canons. 

tote  perfere  a  een  eottagat ;  el  guani  ale  fuf  tote  perfete,  si  la  _fi4 
ilifdytr  per  la  muiju  aire  Robert  Folyolh,  adonk  evaik  de  Hereford,  oi 
le  honur  de  sdnle  Jake   Capottle."  &c 

With  the  above  account  agrees  that  of  the  Hutoria  Findationit  tt 
Fitndatontm,  which  Bays  of  the  same  Sir  Hugh  de  Mortuner : — "Tate 
quidcm  Hugo  .  .  motuiKteriiim  de  Wyggemore,  lAi  Jam  silvahtr,  prHman 
ctiam  lapiJem  propriw  manihuB  ponnndo,  fundavil,  prapriieque  eapeafu 
congtriixit ; .  .  .  »Q  sic,  post  vaiia  et  laudabilis  probitatis  sui  merita, 
prteB«!nt«m  viLuu  tTaDsitoriam,  melioiem  volcns  in  fragem  transmatare 
ordincm  nionaaterii  du  Wyggemore  pnedicti  professus,  in  senectute  bona 
ab'  hac  luce  xxvi.  die  mentis  Februarii  A.D.  m.clxxzr,  subtractus,  filium 
euum  Rogerum  .  .  .  usiveraorum  dtmieit  bfeTedem ;"  ftc 

That  here  again,  as  at  Shobden,  the  church  was  built  throughout  at 
the  sole  expense  of  the  founder,  ia  expressly  stated  -.  nnd  the  fact  is  both 
inti^rcsting,  and  to  our  purpose.  What  i^  more  eo,  is  the  circumstance^ 
unique,  I  think,  in  connection  with  these  canons'  churches — that  we  here 
also  find  oureelvcs  introduced  to  the  architect  of  it  But,  bearing  in 
mind  all  that  has  been  said  about  the  difierencee  between  such  churches 
and  those  of  monks,  that  it  should  turn  out  that  this  man — the  only 
architect  of  an  Austin  canons'  church  of  whom  there  is  any  mention 
whatever^waa  u  lienedictine  monk,  and  sent  for  from  a  distance,  more- 
over, by  the  canons  and  their  friends  for  the  express  purpose  of  planning 
it,  is  surely  the  most  remarkable  point  of  all ;  and,  if  I  may  venture  to 
say  BO— amusing. 

Daelby  OB  Deeley  Abbet  Chdhch,  Dbrbybhibk. — This  prioiy, 
founded  in  the  first  instance  at  Derby,  temp.  Henry  I.,  under  the  invocation 
of  St.  Helen,  was  afterwards  translated  to  a  fresh  stt«  about  a  mile  and  a 
half  higher  up  the  river  Derwent,  given  by  Hugh  the  priest,  dean  of 
'Derby,  expressly  for  that  purpose.  The  following  extracts  from  the 
charter  of  Robert  de  Ferrars,  earl  of  Derby,  the  founder,  make  it  deal 
both  that  tlie  translation  was  effected,  and  the  new  church  in  honour  of 
St.  Mary  erected,  at  his  cost  and  during  his  life. — "  Robertus  comes  de 
Ferrariis,  "Waltero  Coventriensi  episcopo,  &c  salutem.  Egofundavi  dam- 
uw,  nnatn  relif/ionit  in  Derfiei;  in  fisco  r^o,  consensu  et  confinnatione 
regis  Stcphani,  et  consensu  regis  Henrici,  el  posui  in  earn  eanonieoe  et 
abMem  .  .  .  .  et  dedi  eis  de  terris  meis,  et  de  ledditibus  ....  Wee 
omnia  quae  dedi  eis,  concedo  et  confiimo  pnedieta  eeeUeia  Dei,  et  tanelte 
Maritii,  pro  me  et  meia,  &c.  ei  madpio  ipeam  ecdeeiam,  cunt  omttiiHu 
tenuris  euie  in  meam  cuModiam  ....  mlva  digitate  regie  in  ipn 
eeeleeia." 

St,  Augcstikr's  Abbky  Chubch,  Bristol — That  Robert  Fiti  Harding 
was  both  founder  of  the  abbey,  and  actual  constructor  of  the  abbey 
church  of  St  Austin  at  Bristol,  appears  clearly  from  his  foundation 
charter  : — "Roljertus  iilius  Hardingi,  &c  Sciatis  quod  cum  dominns  rex 
Henricus  manerium  do  Berchalle  &c.  mihi     .  dedisset     .     .     . 

Ego     .     .     -     ecck'sias  do  Berchaleiemeses  &c.  dedi  ei  eoncesai  eeclenia 
Saneli  AmjuKtiii'  d<:  Brietoll,   et  canonide  retfularibne  ibidem  Domino 
•iervuMtihnK,"  &c. 
And  again : — "  Robertus  filius  Hardingi,  &c.  Sciatis  quod  ego  ad  bonorem 


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THB  CBTTBOHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.  457 

Dei  .  .  .  concessi  .  .  .  canouicis  S.  Augustini  Bristoldi,  quorum 
pur  gmtimn  Dei,  et  per  uuxilium  domini  mei  regia,  pccletiam  fundavi," 
ftc. 

.     .     .     "  timlk  Robert  Hardyng,  a  reredauth,  I  wyg, 

An  Abbey  of  -Briatow  of  St  Austyn  that  is." 

Boobs  jisBsv  Churoh,  Liircoi-iraHiRS, — The  Airoasian  abbot  and 
cauoiis  of  Bourn  were  listablislied  in  tlie  existing  parish  cburch  of  that 
place — ^whcther  rebuilt  for  the  purpose,  as  would  seem  most  likely,  or 
not,  is  unoertaiu — by  the  founder,  Baldwin  Fitz  Gilbert,  etrca  1138. — 
"Baldwinus  filiusGisIeborti  &c.  Sciatia  me  concessisae  .  .  .  domino 
Gervasio  abbnti  de  Arroasia,  nedeji'am  de  Bitinwi,  li/vnim  r.f  almjiuhim 
&C,  Ita  vidfticet,  quod  prtedictua  abbas  secumluni  consuetudinem  et 
leligionem  aui  onlinis,  aUalmn  et  cnmmieos  in  fwlem  ecch-ma  conatituat." 

Xrektbam  PiuoRY  Ghuhoh,  Stafpobdshirb. — In  this  church,  origin- 
nally  one  of  Benedictine  nuns,  and  of  which  St.  Werburgh  was  abbess 
in  the  8th  century — -Bnnilal,  second  earl  of  Chester,  cstablisheil  a  priory 
nivl  convent  of  Austin  canons  in  the  latter  part  of  tlie  reign  of  king 
Henry  I. — "  Ranulfus  comes  Ceatriffi,  £c.  Sciatis  me  donasae  centum 
aolidntas  terrfiB  raeic  Staffordiesire  Deo  H  Kiiiidw  Manx  ut  omrtibu* 
lanctix,  ad  redaurandam  quondam  abbnthuaa  eatumieorum  in  eedemos 
•li:  Tfentham  in  eleiaosiuam,  ad  aerviendum  l)eo  ibidem  perpetual  iter," 
&c — "Henricusrex  Angliie,  &&  Sciatis  me  coucessisae  .  .  .  Ijieo 
el  ixdetia  Omnium  Sanetoriitn  de  Trenteham,  et  eaaoniciti  ibidem  Dep 
iervinntibuK  "  &c. 

This  cburch  of  St.  Mary  and  All  Saints  was,  and  is  still,  the  parish 
church  of  Trentham. 

Erdburf  Prior¥  Church,  Warwickshire.— The  foundation  charter 
of  Ralph  de  Sudloy  shews  that  the  church  was  in  being  at  the  period 
of  his  grant: — "Omnibus  &c,  Kadulpbus  de  Sudie,  aaiutem.  Notum 
sit  vobis,  me  dedisse  et  concessisse  ecdeeiat  de  Ordburi,  et  canonicig 
ibidem  Deo  gn-vientibwg,  ecclesiam  de  Chilverdescote,"  (the  parish 
.  church)  &c.  "  Omnes  onim  has  donationes  prasdictas  iledi  et  conceaai 
eecleaiw  de  Ordlmri,  et  canonicia  ibi  Deo  servientibus  in  perpotuam 
elemosinam,"  &c 

RoiSTON  Priobv  CBtmcB,  HBRTF0RD3HIB& — Of  this  church,  founded 

by  Eustace  de  Merc  towards  the  end  of  the  reign  of  king  Henry  II., 
Dugdale  supplies  no  charter  of  foundation ;  but  Tanner,  on  the  authority 
of  Chestei's  evidences,  classes  with  him  his  nephew  Ralph  of  Rochester — 
named  immediately  after  Eustace  de  Merc,  in  ths  confirmation  charter 
of  Richard  I. — as  co-founder,  because  "  thit  Balph  htUU  thig  conventual 
church,  and  placed  neven  canom  therein,  quibus  Priorem  pnefecit" 
Leland  also  mentions  him  ae  second  founder. 

RocBSTBR  .Vbbby  Chubch,  Staffordshuu. — The  church  of  Rocester 
abbey  is  mentioned  as  already  exiating  in  the  foundation  charter  of 
Richard  Bacon: —  .  .  .  "Bic.  Bacun  salutom  in  Domina  Xoverit 
"univeraitaa  vcstra,  me  .  .  .  confirmasae,  Deo  et  tecle/na  heatas  Marim  et 
Miionids  regalaribut  Rotuxetrite,"  &c. 

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458  THE  CHUBCHEB  OF  AtTSHN  CANONa 

GoMBWELL  Friort  Church,  Kekt.  —The  confirmation  charter  of  Idiig 
Henry  in.  which  recites  that  of  Stephen  de  Tumeham,  son  of  Robert  de 
Tumeham  the  fuunder,  renders  it  clear  that  the  latter  was  also  the 
builder  of  the  church  ;— ~  ..."  donatianem  Koberti  de  TuraebaD 
patris  mci,  quam  Deo,  et  eeeleeix  heatie  Marim  Magdaienee  tie  CumbteUI, 
et  fratrHnie  ibidem  Deo  gervientibw,"  Ac 

WoRSPMNG  Priory  Church,  Somehsetbhire.  About  1210, 
'William  do  Courtney  translated  to  Worapring  a  small  house  of  Austin 
canons  which  theretofore  had  been  settled  at  Dodclyn^  in  the  sumo  conntr. 
The  church,  or  chapel,  of  the  nsw  foundation  was,  us  will  bo  si-en  ft»m 
the  following  extracts  from  his  lottrr  to  tlie  bishoj)  of  Bath,  ah-eaUy  biiilt 
for  their  reception  beforehand  :— "  Domino  suo  et  patri  in  Christo 
apirituali  J.  Dei  gratia  Batoniensi  episroiio,  suns  devotua  in  omnibuf 
WiUialniua  de  Curtenai  salutem,  &c.  Xnverit  itaque  patemitas  vcstra, 
quod  habui  et  hahco  in  proposito  fundam  npud  Worapring,  in  dominii'o 
nieo,  in  quo  ongiiiicta  exf  caj>ella  l/citi  Thmiue  martyris,  qiiandam 
domum  conventualem  do  ordine  canouicorum  8.  Augustiiii  de  Bristollia, 
vel  do  ordine  aliqtiorum  aliorum,  secunddmquodiuagis  videritis  expedin-, 
viz.  j/ro  satuie  aniimr,  Rohfrti  de  Curf/'iiai  pa/rin  met,  cvjut  eorpur  ibiilmii 
reqiiieeeii  "  ftc 

Old  Buckknham  Prior?  CanBCH,  Norfolk. — The  churcJi  of  this 
priory,  as  we  leam  from  the  express  statement  of  the  founder,  was  built 
by  himself,  and  apparently,  before  the  rise  of  the  conventual  buildings  : — 
'f  Archie  pise  0  pis,  &e.  Willielmus  comes  Cicestriie  salutcm  :  Sciatis  tur 
fundasne fxcleeiam  qiiaiidam  in  mmierio  meode  Bvcheham,  in  honore  Dei, 
et  soucti  Jacobi  apoatoli,  et  omnium  sauctonini  Dei  .  .  .  ad  abbairiam 
fucieiidam  omnino  Ubereim,  &c.  .  .  .  £t  quod  conceascrim  liuic  ecdenite  et 
canonicig  ibidem  Den  KcrvientibiiK,  eccleaias  de  eodeni  manerio  "  &a 

Ovi'sTON  Abbey  Church,  I.BicBSTKRfiHiRE.  —  This  church  was  that  uf 
the  parish  previous  to  the  foundation  of  tlie  abbey,  and  the  introductioti 
of  the  canons  into  it  by  Eobert  Crinibald  the  founder,  temp.  Heniy  II. 
It  was  therefore — witii  whatever  unspecified  alteration  or  rebuilding  it 
may  have  vmdergone  at  bis  hands — ready  for  theit  use  at  their  entry. 
"Notnm  sit  omnibus  .  .  .  quod  ego  Bobertus  Grimbold  ...  do  et 
concedo  ...  ad  honorem  Domini  nostri  Jesu  Christi  et  S.  Marian,  et  S. 
AndreEE  apostoll,  ot  omnium  sanctorum,  eede»iam  de  OsolceHane,  et  iptam 
villam  totam,  &c  .  .  .  eaaonieis ibidem  Deo  etsando  Andrea  aervitniibut 
.  .  .Ego  vero  et  haeredes  mei  predictam  elemosinam  meam ;  scilicet  villain 
et  ecdesiam  de  Osulvestone  versus  omnes  homines  ab  omni  oxactione 
warantizabiffius  et  adquietabimus,"  &c. 

Calke  Prioby  Ghdrch,  Derbyshirb. — Maud,  widow  of  Banult, 
second  earl  of  Chester,  founded  the  priory  of  Callie  prior  to  the  death 
of  Walter,  bishop  of  Coventry,  whidi  occurred  in  1161.  It  was  in  the 
main  translated  by  hi^r  eleven  years  afterwards,  viz.  in  1172,  to  Repton, 
Calke  continuing  iti  existence  as  a  cell— a  condition  which,  during 
the  whole  of  the  intervening  period,  as  her  charter  shews,  she 
both  contemplated  and  intended  ; — "  oonditiono  hac,  quod  concadat 
ibi  conntet  lanqitam  cajiitt,  cum  opportuHita»  idvnea  hoc  ejpdierit,  eui 
Cede  mAjiciaiur  membrum:"  &c. 

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THB  CHDRCBES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.  459 

That  the  chuicb  at  Calke  was  built  hy  her,  however,  appears  from 
another  charter  of  het  son,  earl  Hugh,  who  joined  hsr  in  that  jnst 
quoted,  in  which  he  says — "  Concedo  eidem  preBf<U(B  ecdmce,  terrain,"  &c. 

Rbpton  Priory  Chdboh,  Dbrbishirb. — The  mEyor  part  of  the  canons 
eatablished  at  Caike  being  removed,  as  above  stated,  by  the  foundress  to 
Kepton  in  1172,  were  there  installed,  accoidin;{  to  the  Monasticon,  in  a 
church  and  conventual  buildings  prepared  by  lier  beforehand  for  their 
reception.  That  such  was  the  case,  would  seem  to  be  in  every  way  most 
natural,  though  there  is  no  new  charter  of  foundation,  apparently,  to 
certify  the  fact.  Of  the  church,  as  in  all  probability  built  by  her  in  the 
first  instance,  evidence  has  lately  come  to  light,  and  may  be  seen  in 
VoL  xli.  of  this  JoumaL  It  was  apparently  aisleless  and  cruciforra. 
Hut  then,  it  was  of  Maud  Gemon's  building,  not  the  canons' ;  and,  as  the 
remains  shew,  was  for  a  short  time  only  suffered  by  them  to  retain  either 
its  original  plan  or  dimensions.  Save  in  the  length  of  its  nave  and 
transept,  it  was  extended  in  all  directions ;  the  fonner  receiving  north 
and  south  aisles  ;  the  latter  eastern  ones  ;  and  the  lengthened  choir,  not 
only  aisles  like  the  nave  for  nearly  its  whole  length,  but  a  large  southern 
Lady-chapel  in  addition,  of  the  same  length  as  the  aisles,  and  projecting 
as  far  south  as  the  end  of  the  transept 

Bdbcbbter  Priort  Chcroh,  OxPOBDBHiRK. — The  foundation  charter 
of  this  priory,  recited  in  that  of  confinnation  granted  by  king  Edward  II., 
shews  the  church  to  have  been  previously  constructed  by  Gilbert  Basset 
himself.-—"  Omnibus,  Ac.  Gilbertus  Basset  ealutem  in  Domino,  Xotum 
sit  .  .  .  quod  ego  dedi  Johanni  priori  do  Burcencestria  et  canonicis 
ibidem  Deo  servientibus  .  .  .  unara  virgatam  terrte  in  Strettoii  ad 
luiiiiimre  jircetlicfui  ecch«itB,  &c  Et  prraterea  concessi  conveuciouem 
factam  inter  prradictos  canonicoe  scepedida  ecclesm  et  homines,"  &c 

Habtlahd  Abbey  CBunaB,  DBTonamBB. — Githa,  wife  of  earl 
Godwin,  ia  said  to  have  established  secular  canons  in  the  church  of 
Hartland,  who  continued  there  till  the  time  of  king  Henry  IL,  when 
Geo&ey  de  Dinham  changed  them  for  an  abbot  and  convent  of  canons 
regular.  In  the  church,  as  they  then  found  it,  they  remained  till  the 
14th  century.  From  the  visitation  of  bishop  Stapledou  we  learn  that, 
besides  many  other  attendant  inconveniences,  the  church  was  dark,  and 
the  belfry  insufGciently  covered  in;  defects  which  the  abbot  was  enjoined 
to  see  amended  in  the  new  church  then  about  to  be  built — "  in  Ecclesia 
noviter  construenda." — "  Ricardus  Dei  gratia  rex  Anglisi,  &c.  ...  in 
quorum  feudo  et  <Lominio  eadom  ecctesia  est  fundata,  ita  quidem  quod 
amotii  de  prmfata  ecdeaia  Nf.ctiumi  de  HerHlaada  imperpetuum  canonicis 
iteeidaribue,  abba)  ibi  et  canoniei  retfuiares  mbatituaiUur,  "&c. 

Canons'  Ashby  Priory  Church,  Nobthamftokshire. — Stephen  de 
Leye  the  founder,  as  it  would  seem,  of  this  priory,  bestowed  thereupon, 
among  other  gifts,  that  of  the  parish  church  of  Ashby,  into  which  the 
canons  were  inducted,  temp.  Henry  II.  Witb  the  exception  of  the 
western  end,  the  chnrch  is  now  destroyed;  but  from  the  evidence  of 
plan,  etc.,  it  would  seem  probable  that  it  was  shortly  afterwards  rebuilt, 
in  part  at  least,  and  probably  by  the  founder  himself,  for  their 
accommodation. 


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460  THE  CHUBCHBB  OP  AtTSTIN  CANON& 

WooDHAM  FBRKiRs  Pbioht  Chuhoh,  Essbx. — Thifl  priory  was  built 
and  endowed  by  Maurice  Fitz  Geotfroy  of  Tiretni,  aheriff  of  Esses, 
chiefly  at  the  cost  of  king  Henry  II.  who  on  that  accoUDt  excused  hiiti  in 
several  auma  of  money  due  to  the  Exchequer, — "MauriciuB  de  Tiretai 
reddit  conipotum  de  ec.  et  quatuor  xxl.  ebviK,  et  Tiii'i.  blaiicis  de  veteri 
£rma  de  Essex  et  Uurtfotdscira,  de  iiuibiu  aitontaiue  fvit  ml  faeieiidam 
imam  Abbatican ;  in  thesauro  c  et  vs.  et  xd.  et  in  perdonis  per  hreve 
regis  ipsi  Mauritio  cc.  etlxxvZ,  etixJ,  blanci  pro  ecclesia  canonicotnin 
de  Wudeham,  que  amodo  est  dominica  Regis  olymoayDa."  That  thf 
church  was  actually  built  by  him,  thereupon,  appears  from  the  confirma- 
tion charters  of  the  king  himself  : — "  Henricus,  £c.  Sciatis  me  concts- 
sisse  petitione  ot  prece  Mauricii  filii  Gaufridi  de  Tireteia  .  .  .  terras  rt 
redditua  quoe  idem  Mauricius  concessit  ot  dedit  eedenas  gandi  JobiumU 
Sapliette  de  Wodeham,  et  eanonicu  ibidem,  Deo  mrvientibwi,  pro  pecunia 
jtuim  miehi  debebat."  &c. 

Holt  Trinity  Peiory  Church,  Ipswich. — In  the  parish  church  of 
the  Holy  Trinity  here,  a  priory  of  canons  of  St  Austin  was  settled  eim 
1177,  and  chiefly  endowed  by  Norman  the  son  of  Eadnoth,  one  of 
the  first  canonB,  The  churcli  and  ite  dependent  bnildings  however,  bein^ 
burnt  down  not  very  long  afterwards,  were  entirely  rebuilt  by  John  of 
Oxford,  bishop  of  Norwich,  to  whom  and  his  successors  king  Ricfiard  L  in 
the  fifth  year  of  hia  rei^i,  gave  the  future  patronage  of  the  priory.  With 
respect  to  its  plan  therefore, — whether  in  its  first  or  second  state — the 
canons  could  hiiva  had  no  responsibility  whatever. 

Cabtkl  Hyhel,  oa  Finkbukad  Prioky  Church,  Northamptosshirr — 
On  the  sil«  of  the  fortress  known  aa  Caatel-Hymel,  Richanl  Engayne  the 
elder  founded  a  priory  of  Austin  canons  temp,  John.  His  foundation 
charter  ahews  that  lie  also  built  the  church  belonging  thereto : — 
"  Universis  &c.  Ricordus  Engayne  salutem  in  Christ«.  Xoverit  .  .  . 
me  .  .  .  conceaaiaae  ecclmiB  saiKt(B  MaricB  de  Ca»tro-H!/mel,  ef  fratribiu 
ifiidem  Di-o  et  ganeta  JUarite  i/eni  enlilmn  .  .  .  totura  locum,  qui  dicitur 
Caatrum-Hymel "  &c 

Keynbraii  Abbey  Church,  Somrrsstshiks. — Keynsham  ubbey  was 
founded,  as  we  learn  from  the  foundation  charter  of  William,  cnrl  of 
Gloucester,  at  the  dying  request  of  bis  son  and  heir  Robert,  inter 
1167-1172.  The  terms  of  that  document  leave  no  room  to  donbt 
that  the  whole  of  the  buildings  were  erected  and  completed  by  the 
founder  himself  in  hia  lifetime.  "  Willielmua  comea  Gloccstriie  omnibus 
barortibus  et  hominibiis  suis  Francis  et  Anglis,  atque  Walensibus  &e. 
Sciatis  quod  Robertus  iilius  et  hferes  mous  positus  infirmitate,  qua  Deo 
ita  volente  ex  hsc  vita  subtractus  est,  Deo  sibi  inspimnte,  coram  viris 
religiosia  postulavit  hI  pro  galiite  aninm  ipsiw,  dojnum  religioim  eon- 
etnierem.  Quom  petitionem  .  .  .  cum  domino  meo  legi  .  .  .  significassem 
.  .  .  consilio  domini  Rogeri  Wigomensis  cpiscopi  fratris  mei  .  .  .  rnl 
honorem  JM  et  beatee  Mariw  et  S.  apo«f(>lorKm  Petri  el  Pauli,  abbaliain 
eanonieonim  regvlariwn  in  manerio  meo  de  Cheinesham  fundaei.  "  Sc. 

Cartkel  Priory  Church,  Lancashirb. — William  Marshall  the  elder, 
eail  of  Pembroke,  founded  here,  in   1188,  a  priory  of  Austin  canons ; 


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THK  CHUBCHB8  OF  AUSTIN  OAKOKS.  461 

bestowing  nptrn  them,  boaidea  the  whole  of  his  poesessbnB  at  dtrtmel, 
the  pariah  church  thereto  appnitonant,  in  which  the  canons  were  thence- 
fortji  established.  The  whole  of  that  Btmctme  being  of  rich  and  strictly 
monastic  character,  and  of  the  same  date  as  ^  foundation  of  the  priory, 
tenders  it  toIeraUy  certain  that  it  must  have  been  re-constructed  for  its 
new  purpose  at  that  time,  and  at  the  founder's  cost — "  Onlieknus  Miires- 
calluB  salntem.  NoTerit .  .  .  quod  ego  .  .  .  conceeei  totam  tensm  meam 
de  Eertmel ....  Deo  et  sanctissimfe  ejus  genetrici  Maiiee  et  canonicis 
ibidem  Deo  servientihus,  &c  Dedi  etiam  eis .  .  .  .  ejttsdem  terrat 
ecdeaitm,  mm  vnivenia  c^itUia  suis  &a.  Hanc  autem  domum  prtedictam 
fandavi''&c. 

Westwood  in  Lesnbi  Abbet  Chcroh,  Kbnt. — That  Bichaid  Lucy, 
chief  justice  of  England,  who  founded  the  abbey  of  Lesnes  in  1173, 
was  also  the  actual  constructor  of  the  abbey  church,  is  stated  expressly 
both  in  king  John's  charter  and  elsewhere : — "  Anno  mclxxiii. 
Hoc  anno  Bicmlos  de  Luci  prtefectus  Anglise,  mente  tevolrens  sedula, 
quia  quod  antiquatur  et  senescit  prope  interitmn  eat,  in  villa  sua,  qufe 
^esnes  dicitur,  novam  CBdifteaoit  ecclmam,  H  canoiucax  ibidem  postal 
regularee." 

"  Anno  mclzzix  Mense  Jolio,  Bicardus  de  Luci,  preefectns  Anglite, 
in  KcieHa  de  Liemet,  quam  ipse  fimdaverat,  Teat«  mutata,  vitam  finivit, 
et  in  capitulo  sepnltus  eat" 

"  Johannes  Dei  gratia  rex  Angliie,  &c  Sciatis  noe  .  .  ,  con&rmosse 
Deo  et  eccleaife  beati  Thomae  martins  de  Westwuda,  in  Liosnes,  cd 
canonicis  ibidem  Deo  serrientibus,  locum  ipsum  in  quo  eadem  ccclosia 
fundata  est,  cum  tota  terra  et  bosco,  et  marisco  ques  Riehardtis  de  Litey, 
qui  eeeleaiam  Ulam  fundavU  eis  dedit  in  elemosinam  "  Ac. 

BuBBOOCOH  Fbiobt  CBnBOH,  L&KOASBiBSi  — TMs  priory  was  founded 
by  Robert  Fitz  Henry,  lord  of  latham,  temp.  Richard  L  That  the  church 
waa  also  built  by  him  appears  from  his  charter  of  foundation : — "  ego 
RobertuB  dominua  de  I^thom  .  .  .  confirmavi  Deo  ei  ecdesice  beali 
Nicholai  de  Bwneogh  ei  canonime  ibidem  Deo  regularity-  servimtibua  " 


SiATERDALB  Pbiobt  Ghuroh,  SoHBBSBTaBiBB. — ^There  appears  to  be 
no  foundation  charter  of  this  priory  extant ;  nor  anything  to  throw 
light  upon  the  construction  of  Uie  first  church  there.  It  was,  however, 
completely  rebuilt  in  the  16th  century  by  the  then  probable  repre- 
sentative of  the  founder,  John  Stourton,  as  shewn  by  a  commission 
issued  by  the  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells  for  its  consecration. — "  i  Jun. 
1443.  Uommisaio  Joh.  nuper  Olen.  episcopo  ad  dedicand.  navem  eum 
elutro  bt  eancello  eecletitB  cortoentualie  de  Staverdala  guoi  Joharmea 
Stoartoa  retedifieare  d  ametrui /eeit." 

St  Maxt  DC  Pbatib  Asbxt  CmrsoH,  LmoBffrBB.  — St  Mary's  abbey  at 
Leicester  was  founded  in  1143,  by  Robert  le  fiossu,  earl  of 
Leicester,  who  took  the  habit  of  a  canon,  lived  therein  for  fifteen  years, 
and  dying  in  1 1 67,  was  buried  in  the  place  of  honour  on  the  north  siilo 
of  the  choir  of  his  church.  "  Bobertus  Boasu  .  .  .  de  couccnsu 
Alexandri    episcopi    Lincolnieosis,    anno     gratin    mcxliij.    funds  vit 

"^  •^  ..L?,Google 


462  THE  OHTTBCHEB  OF  AUSTIN  0AH0N8. 

monaBtflrium  beats  Marice  de  Pratis  LeyceetrUe^  in  honorem  AaBomptioDis 
ejusdem  gloriosEB  Virginis ;  .  .  .  qui  etiam  in  eodem  monasteiio,  de 
coDBenau  AmicuB  uxaria  su&i,  canonicuB  regul&ris  factos  est,  et  annii 
XV.  in  habitu  regular!  ibidem.  Cbristo  militans,  canonicos  vitaut 
Hniens,  obdomiivit  in  pnci;,  in  latere  ibidem  chori  dextro  gepuSui^ 
Hfilicet  aitno  graiite  mclxvii." 

"Johannes  Dei  gratia  &c.  Sciatia  nos.  .  .  confirmagBe  ,  .  .  Deo  ef 
ccctesiffl  S.  Mariio  de  Prato  Leirc.  et  canonicis  i^:ulariter  ibidem  Deo 
aervientibus;  ox  dona  Boberti  r.iimiHis  Leire,  fuadcUorig  gusdeta  eeeiaia.'' 
&c 

A  full  and  very  interoeting  account  of  this  fomouB  chon^  mitten 
before  its  destruction,  may  be  seen  in  voL  xzvii,  of  this  Journal.  Ffmb 
this  it  appears  that  it  was  cruciform  j  140  feet  in  lengtli,  by  30  feet  in 
breadth,  and  100  feet  across  the  transept;  nearly  as  high  as  West- 
minster abbey  church,  and — aiddeat.  Thii  latter  fiict — seeing  how 
clearly  and  beyond  doubt  the  planning  and  construction  of  the  btiildlng 
are,  on  histoTieal  evidence,  brought  home  to  the  founder  personally — is, 
it  will  be  noted,  one  of  singular  interest  and  importance  in  the  present 
enquiry. 

St,  Thomaa's  PaioRv  Chtihch,  Stafford.— Though,  according  to 
Tanner,  there  is  reason  to  think  that  Gerard  Stafford  was  the  original 
founder,  or  part  founder  of  this  prioiy  ;  it  is  certain  that  Richard  Pedie, 
bishop  of  Coventry  and  Lichfield,  a  chief  benefactor  thereto,  was,  eina 
1180,  tlie  actunl  builder  of  the  monastic  church. — "  Huic .  .  .  eacceesit 
KicarduB  Foche,  od  etectionem  L.  priorie  et  monachorum  Coventrie,  et 
apud  Coventriain  intronizatus,  sed  non  sepultus.  Sepultus  est  enim  apud 
Stafford  in  eerlt-nia  quam  i)we  niriuxrat  in  Iwnore  btatt  Thoma  martrrit, 
nbi  habitmn  eanunii-orum  r^yidarium  maceperat,  in  quo  habiht  aepultm 


Nkwbtrad  Abbey  Church,  Nottinqhaii8HIRb. — King  Henry  IL  in  his 
foundation  charter  says ; — "  Seiatis  me  .  .  .  dedisse  Deo  et  S.  Mari^, 
locum  quom  fundavi  in  Scirwoda  ;"  &c  and  his  son  kii^  John  in  his 
charter  of  confirmation  amplifies  and  explains  this  expression  "  loatm' — 
which  there,  as  elsewhere,  evidently  means,  not  merely  the  place^  bat  the 
buildings  erected  tlicreon — as  follows  : — "  Jobannis,  &c.  Scutis  nos  .  .  . 
confirntasso  Deo  el  eeolesioi  beatce  Maria  de  Novo  loco  itt  Sehirewde,  quxm 
rex  Henricns  patci  itoster,  et  nos  fundavimua,  et  canonicis  ibidem,"  ft& 

HiCKi.ixa  pRioiiY  CiiuitcH,  NottPOLK, — This  priory  was  foonded  by 
Theobald,  son  of  Robert  de  Valoioes,  in  1186;  and  his  charter,  snd 
that  of  king  John  in  confirmation  of  his  grants,  shew  that  he  was  also 
the  builder  of  the  church  there. — "  Theobaldus  de  Valoinea  .  .  .  salntem. 
Seiatis  DOS  .  .  .  confirraasse  IJeo  et  S.  Marice  et  aedesim  taneti  Augiuiini 
et  Otnnium  Sanctoiitni dc  Hikelinii et canoniein ibidemDeo aervientibut" &c 

"  Johoiuies  Dei  gratia,  &c.  Seiatis  noa  concessisse  .  .  .  donationem, 
qunm  Theobaldus  do  Valoines  fecit  ecdeatee  Dei  et  S.  Maria  et  S. 
Augustini,  et  Omnium  Sanctorum  de  Hikeling,  et  canonicis,"  &c. 

MoBBERLBY  Priory  Chdbch,Cbbshire. — Patrick  deModberley  founded 
a  priory  of  Austin  canons  in  the   parish  church  of  Mohbeiley  envs 


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TBX  0HTT&CHE8  OF  AtfSTIX  CANONB.  463 

1206,  andowing  them  with  half  the  emolmnents.  With  the  building  of 
that  strncture,  therefore,  they  could  have  no  concern. — "  Patridus  de 
Modberleya,  salutem.  Noverit,  ftc,  quod  ego  PatricioB  .  .  .  confinnavi, 
Deo  et  S.  Mariae  et  S.  Wilfrido,  et  cauoniciB  r^ularibus  in  Modbcrleija 
eedesia  perpetuo  mawtrw,"  &c. 

Spinney  Peiort  Church,  CAKBiUDGiSHmB. — "  Sir  Uugh  de  Malebissa 
having,"  saya  Tanner,  "  married  temp.  Joarmis,  Beatrix,  lady  of  the  manor 
of  Wykes,  they,  in  the  banning  of  king  Ileuiy  the  Thiid'a  reign,  Imilt 
and  endowed  liere  a  priory  for  three  Regular  canons  of  the  Order  of 
S.  Austin,"  fte, 

"  Cum  dicta  doniina  Beatrix  in  prima  sua  fundatione  dederit  Deo  et 
Beetatio!  beatas  Marite,  et  Sanefip  Cruns,"  Ac. 

MoiiBPOST  Priory  Church,  IlAHPSHtAB.--"  Memorandum,  quod 
octavo  kalendaa  Deccmbris,  obiit  domlnus  WillielmuB  Briwer,  fundator 
ecdence  rle  Mottee/ouni,"  &c 

"  Sciant  mnsentw  et  futuri,  quod  ego  Willielmua  Brewer  pro  salule 
mea  &c  deai  .  .  .  Deo  et  eccleaice  3.  Trmitatinde  Motea/unt,  el 
ibidem  Deo  nervieniifms"  &c 

Wboxtow  Priory  Church,  OzFORDeHiRs.— 
Belet,  pro  salute  animarum  MichocHs  patris  me: 
&c,  dedi  et  hac  charts  moa  conlirmavi  Deo  et  beatee  Mariae,  et  priori  et 
canonicis  i^;nlaribue  Deo  servieiitibus  *n  eedeaia  quam  ego  apprabunlv  el 
eonfirmatiio  Hwfone  epigcopo  Lineohiie,  et  totiw  eapituli  mi  aeanuu, 
fwttlam  in  maiierio  wuso  rfe  Wroxttm,"  &c. 

Grbtk  Abbsy  Church,  Norfolk.— In  1206,  a  chnrch  was  built 
on  a  place  near  North  Creyk,  called  Lii^eres-croft,  in  honour  of  the 
blessed  Virgin,  by  Sir  Robert  do  Nerford,  who  some  time  after  founded  also 
a  chapol  foi  certain  poor  brethren,  in  honour  of  St.  Bartholomew,  which, 
being  further  endowed  by  hie  widow,  was  changed  into  a  priory  of 
canons  r^^ular,  cirea  1226.  By  king  Henry  III.,  to  whom  the  patronage 
was  made  over,  it  was  erected  into  an  abbey.  That  the  canons  had 
nothing  whatever  to  do  with  the  fabric  of  the- church  is  clear  fiom  the 
following : — "  Anno  Incamationis  Domini  nostri  Jesu  Christi  mccvi, 
.  .  .  fundata  fait  eeeleaiola  .  ,  .  per  quetuiam  tiobilem  virum  ilomimim 
Soberttuit  de  Nerfard,  &c.  Jieinde  idem  dominue  Roberitu  .  .  .  iptan- 
doM  eapeliam  eojutrui  fecit  in  honore  saneli  Bartholomiei  apostoli,  &c. 
Pottea  .  .  ,  WilUdtitat,  eeelfgiee  et  hoepitaii  .  .  .  magieler  .  .  .  tuseepit 
habitutH  canoniecdem  .  .  .  qtumdeditfrairibmsuis  .  .  .  JSt  dicta  capella 
.  .  .    dedieata  fuit  anno  Domini  meexxi,"  &c 

"  UniveTsis  Ac.  Alicia  .  .  .  quondam  uxor  Boberti  Hereford,  solutem, 
&c  Xoveritis  me  .  .  .  confirmaase  Deo,  et  domui  beabe  Maris  de 
Prato  juxta  Creyke ;  et  canonicis  ibidem  Deo  servientibuB  .  .  .  gitum, 
videlicet,  domum  ego  Alieta  in  konorem  beattn  Virginia  Mdi^fundavi,"  &ii. 

MioHBLaAH  Prioky  Church,  Sussbx. — This  priory  was  founded,  and 
its  church  built  by  tlilbcrt,  "  lord  of  the  Kngfo,"  oa  lie  is  styled,  temp. 
Henry  IIL — "  Sciant  prtesentes,  et  futuri  quod  ego  Gilbertus,  dominua 
AquiJte  .  .  .  hac  prtesenli  carta  mea  conlirmavi  Deo  et  ecdeeiai  inVimtore 


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464  THE  CUUHUUKB  OF  AUSIIH  OANOBfl. 

iS.  Triniiatia  apud  Midieteham  eoiutnuta,  et  priori  et  roneeafau 
eiaumuorum  ibidem  Deo  sernenlibtu,  totam  donmucam  raraim  de 
MicfaelehBin,"  Ac, 

Lacook  Abbet  CacitOH,  Wili8Hib& — ^Thia  abbe;  aad  church  were 
built  by  the  fiunoos  Ela,  countesa  of  Solisbniy,  during  her  lifatime, 
Bhe  heraelf  ruling  the  house  as  abbees  for  Bevenleen  jeon — "  momaM- 
erium  eaneltTiumialium  oongtmxit  m  manerio  tuo  de  Laeot,  et  eunm 
habituffl  aompsit  a-d.  mccxxxvi,  et  poetea  abbatiaea  eurum  facta  eat,"  ftc. 
"  Ela  vero  .  .  .  propoauit  autem  asepiua  ut  fundaiet  monastazu  Deo 
placenta  .  .  .  qua  per  rerelatioiiea  habiiit,  ut  in  prato  teetodinmii, 
Anglice  Snajleomede,  piope  lAOok,  monagterium  (edifiearel  m  homort 
S,  Marite,  sanetiqm  Bernardi,  et  vague  ad  finem  eomplemt  mmptibiu  tnu 
pnpriie,  ide^de  eomitaiu  Saruwtf  guaefuit  hareditat  gva." 

KntKBT  Bm^KB  Priori  CHOBca,  JjaottrrsBamsx. — The  chmch  w 
chapel  of  this  priory  was  already  Imlt  when  the  founder  eataUiahed 
within  it  certain  chaplaina,  who  afterwards  were  changed  into  caacou 
r^ular  of  St  Anatin. — "  Bogerna  Beler  de  Kirkeby  fundabat  quandam 
domum  de  uno  cuatode  et  duodecim  capellanis,  tn  eapdla  8.  Petri  de 
Eirkby  supra  Wrethdc" — "qoam  poet  multos  annoa  uxor  ejaademK(^en 
fiUi  eomm,  bsnatulit  in  uaus  oanonicorum  regularium  "  && 

Mazbioeb  Pbiobt  Chdboe,  Wabwiokshir& — Here  again,  the 
chmch  and  priory  were  wholly  built  by  the  founder,  Sir  WiUiaiii 
Clinton,  earl  of  Huntingdon. 

"  In  htmore  aauctee  et  iodiTidus  Trinitatia,  &&  quoddam  moruuterivm, 
«eu  prioratum  etmonieomm  regalarimn  mdinig  Atignttini,  in  guadawt 
ptaeea  mea  tn  Maxetohe  .  .  .  .  de  now  /undavi,  eanstrvsei,  ac  dotam  de 
pmpriii  bonie  meie  "  Ac 

Sabtfobd  Pbiort  Chdboh,  Ksm.^The  priory  and  its  church  or 
chapel,  were  built  by  king  Edward  III.  drea  1365  ;  the  patent  of  en- 
dowment, however,  not  being  granted  till  1371.  Thongh  the  fabric  of 
the  latt«r  ia  not  expressly  mentioned  therein  by  name,  it  ia  abundantly 
clear  that  it  formed  part — and  a  very  important  one— of  the  "  mon- 
aaterium "  therein  mentioned,  and  which  was  then  fully  occupied. — 
"  EdwarduB  Ac.  Sciatie  quod .  .  .  dodimua  .  .  .  Matildi  primisss 
monasterii  S.  Maries  et  S.  Margarets  virginum  de  Dertford,  per  not 
fitndaii,  et  ejusdem  loci  conventui  sororibus  .  .  .  et  sub  onn  fiatmm  . . 
oivmtibvs,  monarierivm  prcedictum ;  neaum  nanaionem  et  ntvm  ejuidem, 
cum  pertinentiis,  in  qua  manaione  ipa^  prioriaaa  et  comomtm  jam  »- 
habitard,"  &c 

Thobt,  OB  GDraw  Pbiort  Chtiboh,  Ebsxz.  Founded  by  Michael 
Capra,  &)ise  his  wife,  and  their  son  William,  inter  1 141-51, — "  Michael 
Capia,  et  Bohecia  uxor  sua  et  Willielmus  Slius  &c.  ^otum  ait  omnibus 
Ac  noe  .  .  .  caaeeswsab  Deo,  ecdeaiaS.  Maria  etS.  Leotiardidenemort 
noatro  de  Oirtgea,  et  domino  Tobie,  ejusdem  loci  priori  et  fratribua  ntii 
ibidem  Deo  eervientibus,"  &c 

Ne4btsad  Pbiory  CHnRGB,  LiMooLBiHiRB. — Built,  tcmp.  HemylU, 

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THS  CHtTBOHES  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.  ,     465 

in  hononr  of  the  Blessed  Viiigin  Maiy,  hj  William  de  Albini  tlie  third, 
for  canons  of  St.  Austin  and  certain  poor  pereons.  "  TJnivereia  &c. 
Willielmns  de  Albiniaco  ealutem.  Noverit .  . .  me  .  . .  confirmosse  . . . 
Deo  et  IwepitaU,  quod  ftmdatvm  est  in  honors  beatm  Maria  .  .  . 
tcUieet  hieum  in  quo  eapeUa  heata  Marite  nta  est,"  &c. 

Sakdlsporu  Priori  CHtntOH,  BBRKsetitB. — Founded  and  built,  as 
appears  fiom  tho  foundation  charter,  by  Geoffirey,  earl  of  Perch,  and 
Maude  hia  wife,  in  honour  of  St  Mary  and  St.  John  Baptist — 
"  Univenis  &c.  Golfridus  comes  Pertici,  et  Matildis  comitiesa .  .  .  nos 
.  .  .  conceesisso  ]>eo  et  sancto  Johanni  Baptistc  et  domui  de  Sandelford, 
et  canonicis  ibidem  Deo  aerrientibus,  ecdeeiam  et  totam  tcrram  de 
Scmddford"  fic.  The  church  here  spoken  of  was  the  conventual 
church,  Sandelford  being  in  the  parish  of  Newboiy.  It  was  clearly, 
therafore,  of  the  founder's  building; 

Graos  DtBO  PaioBX  Cbdbob,  LmotSTKHBiiiBB. — Founded  by  Roesia 
de  Veidiin,  temp.  Henry  III,  in  honour  of  6t  Maiy  and  the  Holy  Trinity, 
"  Sciant .  .  .  quod  ^o  Roesia  de  Verdun  .  .  .  confirmavi  Deo  et  eanct« 
^arita  et  ecdeeim  mncta  Trintatia  de  la  Grace  Dieu  apud  Beleton.  et 
famulig  GhrisH  moniaiibus  in  eadem  eceleeia  famidaniibus,"  &c.  The 
church  was,  thcrefoTo,  clearly  built  at  the  time  of  the  gran^  and  in  the 
occupation  of  the  religioua 


Such  OK  some  of  the  examples  I  am  able  to  adduce  of  canons' 
churches,  which,  on  tho  unimpeachable  evidence  of  the  foundation 
charters,  were  evidently  built  either  in  whole,  or — as  would  usually 
happen,  perhaps — in  part,  by  the  founders  personally,  and  during  their 
lifetime.  So  far  as  the  subject  of  aisles  was  concerned,  however,  it 
mattered  little  whether  they  were  completed  at  the  time  of  foundation 
or  not,  since  their  generol  outline  would  then  be  sketched  out,  and  the  - 
domestic  buildings— which  so  greatly  dominated  their  future  develop- 
ment— would  be  arranged  accoidin^y.  If  the  founder,  for  example, 
determined  that  bis  church  should  have  an  aisleless  nave,  then,  even 
though  it  remained  unbuilt,  one  which  should  have  an  aisle  on  each  side, 
became  afterwards — ^by  reason  of  the  planning  of  the  offices  in  conso- 
nance with  such  determination — in  most  cases,  practically  impo6sibl& 
Of  this  abiding  force  in  the  primitive  arrangements,  a  curious  illustration 
exists  at  Newstead  abbey  in  Nottinghamshire,  where,  in  after  times, 
the  desire  for  a  south,  as  well  as  a  north  aisle  is  made  very  evident 
The  church  however,  having  been  not  only  planned,  but  built  with  an 
aisleless  nave,  and  the  cloister  already  erected  on  the  site  which  such  a 
south  aisle  must  occupy,  its  addition  was,  of  course,  impracticable.  But, 
in  order  that  tiie  church  might  seem,  at  least,  to  have  two  aisles  exter- 
nally, and  that  the  symmetry  of  the  new  Decorated  west  front  might  not 
suffer  from  the  want  of  one  of  them,  a  sham  south-aisle  front  fitted  with 
a  blaak-panelled  traceried  window  and  doorway,  was  contrived  so  as  to 
balance  that  of  the  true  aisle  which  was  then  thrown  out  to  tho  north, 
and  thus  the  most  dehberate  "fraud,"  perhaps,  perpetrated  that  medieval 
English  art  was  guilty  of.  And  as  atNewstead,  so  doubtless  would  it  be 
in  a  taige  numbei  of  other  ualeless,  or  one-aisled  examples :  the  primi- 


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466  THK  CHDBCHEEl'OF  AUSTIH  CJCNOmt. 

tive  diepoeitioii    of    the  fonnden    involving  anangementB  which  inn 
afterwarda  iiremediable,  and  bo  remaining  dominant  to  the  lost. 

But  it  is  only  in  a  few  casee  that  the  foundation  diarterB  which  throv 
80  much  light  on  the  part  taken  by  the  founders  in  the  erection  of  the 
churches  pereooally,  exist ;  or,  what  comes  to  much  the  same  thing,  tit 
generally  acceaaible  ;  and  so  it  is  only  in  a  few  cases  that  we  have  direct 
proof  on  the  subject  at  all.  And  even  in  those  cases  where  they  are 
forthcoming,  it  is  only  in  comparatively  few  instances,  and,  as  it  were  hj 
accident,  that  the  actual  existence  of  the  church  at  the  time  being  is 
distinctly  mentioned.  Very  freqnently  only  such  general,  if  compre- 
hensive terms  are  used  as  "locus," — as  at  Newstead,  Ronton,  Bismeade, 
and  Biinkbnni;  "domus,"-— as  at  Thuigarton,  Selbome  and  Cold- 
Norton;  "  monasterium," — as  at  Biaham,  Maxstoke,  Guisborough; 
"  hospitale," — as  at  Ailsham,  and  Ifewstead,  in  Lincolnahue ; 
"  prioratus," — as  at  X octon  ;  or  "  abbathia,"— as  at  Keynsham.  Bat 
that  such  vagae  and  general  l«rms  do  really — as  is  only  natural 
to  suppose — include  the  church,  or  so  much  of  it  as  was  then 
built,  we  have  dear  proof  in  several  instances.  At  Newstead,  for 
example,  in  the  foundation  charter  itself  of  king  Henr^  II.  we 
learn  that  "locus"  means  something  more  than  the  mere  site,  or 
place  of  the  priory : — that  it  includes  also  the  buildings,  of  whatever 
kind,  that  stood  upon  it,  for  he  uses  the  expression,—"  locum 
quern  fundavi  in  Scirwoda'  ;  et  pnesenti  carta  confirmasse  eundera 
locum  canonicis  ibidem  Deo  servient! bus."  And  his  son  king  John's 
charter  of  confirmation  goes  on  to  shew  that  "fundavi"  includes 
something  further  than  the  mere  domestic  buildings,  for  it  mns : — 
"Sciatis  nos . .  .  conlinnassc  Deo  et  eedenue  beatw  Maria  de  Noooi'ici 
in  Sehirccde,  ijuam  rex  Henrietta  pater  naster,  el  wm  fundammuii,'' 
and, — "  in  porpctuam  elemosinam,  ex  dono  pnedicti  regis  H.  patris  noetri, 
eundem  locum  quo  prw<lictam  ecdeniam  fimdam't,"  &c.,  thus  proving  that 
king  Henry  IL  himself  actually  founded  the  church  in  the  first  instance. 
So  too,  with  respect  to  the  word  "  monastorium  "  in  the  case  of  Guis- 
borough.  Robert  de  Brus,  in  his  charter  of  foundation,  aays ; — "  Notuni 
sit  .  .  .  me .  .  .  quoddam  monasterium  .  .  .  fuudasse."  But  that  "  monas- 
terium" both  included,  and  was  meant  to  include,  the  church  of  the 
monastory,  he  lets  us  know  plainly,  further  on,  by  saying : — "  et  eidax 
eedeeitB,  atque  Deo  in  ea  aervitwrit,"  &c. — words  which  shew  that  the 
church,  oi  part  of  it,  was  then  actually  bnilt  by  him.  And  at  Keynshain 
again,  where  the  expression  "abbathia "  occurs,  it  appears  cleariy  from 
the  words  of  the  charter  that  founding  the  abbey  meant  the  actual  buildii^ 
of  i^  including,  of  course,  the  church,  its  most  important  feature.  Wil- 
liam, earl  of  Gloucester,  therein  records  that  at  the  dying  request  of  hi^ 
son  and  heir  Robert,  he,  with  the  consent  of  the  king,  had  founded  an  abbey 
of  canons  regular  on  his  manor  of  Keynsham : — "  abbathiam  canonicornm 
regularium  in  manerio  meo  de  Cheinsham  fundavi."  But  he  tells  us 
further  that  his  son's  request  went  beyond  hie  merely  assigning  lands  for 
the  support  of  such  an  institntion.  It  was  that  he  shonld  not  only  endow, 
hut  erect  the  abbey. — "  Robertus  filius  et  hiercs  mens  positus  infirmitatc, 
qua  X}co  ita  volentc  ex  hac  vita  subtractus  est,  Deo  sibi  inspiranto  coram 
viria  religioais  poetulavit  ut  pro  salute  anlmic  ipsius,  domum  rcligionis 
cotuiruerem."  And  it  is  to  this  ea'nstrvetion  as  well  as  endowment  of  the 
abl^ey  he  lefsis  when,  lower  down,  he  says,  "  abbathiam  .  .  .  fundavi." 


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TH2  CHDBOHBS  OF  AUSTIN  CANONS.  467 

And  yet  again,  there  oan  be  little  or  no  doubt,  Z  ttiink,  that  in  the 
majoritj,  perhaps,  even  of  those  inetanceB  in  which,  on  the  beatoTal  of 
lands  etc.,  such  expresaiona  as — "ad  faciendam  inde  ecclesiam," — "ad 
fundandam  ecclesiom  aoam," — "  ad  construendun  ecclesiam," — "  ad  con- 
struBudam  quandom  abbathiam," — "  od  pnedictam  domnm  fundandam 
et  dotandam,"— "  od  abbathiam  construendam,"— "  ad  constmendAni 
ibidem  ecclesiam "  oocui,  as  in  the  case  of  Embaay,  Leedi,  Merton, 
Nutley,  Bilsington,  Missenden,  and  Newark  in  Surrey  lespectively,  they 
do  not  mean — as  is  quite  aigueable  perhaps — that  the  community  were  to 
be  put  into  poasessian  of  the  estate,  and  then  left  to  shift  fur  themselves 
as  best  they  could  witti  respect  to  their  buildings  (any  more  than  that  so 
soon  as  such  buildings  should  be  erected,  it  was  thereupon  to  revert  to 
the  donois),  but  that  thenceforth  it  was  to  be  devoted  to  the  eetoHuhToent 
of  such  church  etc.,  its  construction  included,  whether  the  latter  were 
Vlireotod  by  the  founder  himself  personally,  or  not  That  such  was  really 
the  caaa  in  certain  instances,  we  have,  at  any  rate,  clear  and  distinct 
piool  At  I^ewark  in  Surrey,  for  example,  notwithstanding  that  the 
foundere  Kuald  de  Calva  and  Beatrice  his  wife,  say  in  their  charter : — 
"  coneessimus  Deo  et  beatn  Marin  et  beato  maitiri  Thorns  et  canonioiB 
ibidem  Deo  servientibus  et  servituria  ...  tenam  &G.  ad  construendam 
ibidem  ecdeeiam  in  honore  beatce  Marira  virginis  et  gloriosi  martiris 
"DionuE^"  &C.  they  proceed : — "  Hiia  itaque  terras  prsenominataH  dedimus 
et  coneessimus  pnedictss  eccleaiffi  "  &a.,  and  : — "  Fneterea  dedimus  et 
concoeaimus  eidem  ecclesia  et  ejuadem  ecdeais  canonids  "  &c  shewii^ 
that  by  the  expreaaion—  "  Deo  et  beatte  Marite  et  boato  martiri  Thomie  " 
we  are  to  understand  the  church  of  St.  Mary  and  St. Thomas,  and  that  it 
was  in  part,  therefore,  already  built  by  them.  The  well  known  case  of 
Lacock  abbey  too,  furnishes  another  and  striking  instance.  In  the 
foundation  charter  we  read  thus  : — "  Sciant  pneaentes  &c.  quod  ego  Ela 
comitiaaa  Sarum  ,  ,  .  confinnavi  Deo  et  hwttEB  Marife,  totum  manerium 
meum  de  Lacok,  &&  ad  fadendam  ibidem  abbatiam  moniahum,  quam 
volo  nominari  L()cnm  Beatte  Marin,"  &c.  But  that  this  famous  lady  did 
something  more  than  merely  make  a  gift  of  lands  to  the  canonesses, 
appears  horn  the  charter  of  Robert,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  in  which  he 
says  : — "  Concadimus,  quod  preedicta  Ela  comitiasa  abbathiam  fwidet  et 
eondruai  in  manerio  supiadicto  de  Locok,  ac  moniales  de  ordine  sancti 
Angustini  ibidem  constituat ;"  &c,  And  further,  that  she  acted  upon 
Bach  licence,  and  did  really  found  and  conatruei  the  abbey,  appears  from 
the  following  notice  in  the  Register  of  the  House : — "  Ela  vero  uxor 
ejus  septem  annis  supervixit  in  viduitate,  et  prffipoeuit  autem  seepius  ut 
fondavit  monasteria  Deo  placentia,  pro  salute  aninua  auee,  et  mariti  sui,  et 
omnium  anteceasorum  suoTum,  que  per  revelationes  habuit,  ut  in  prato 
testudinum,  Anglicc  Snaylesmede,  prope  Lacok,  monatteriwn  (sdificaret 
in  honore  S.  if  aria  eanetiqae  Bemardif  et  usque  ad  finem  complarii  sump- 
tibus  stiis  propriis,  id  est  de  comitatu  Sarum,  guaifidt  heeredUas  sua," 
I  will  only  further  instance,  by  way  of  illustration,  the  very  analagous 
line  of  action  taken  with  respect  to  the  building,  or  rather,  rebuilding  of 
the  secular  canons'  church  of  Ripon  Minster  by  archbishop  Roger  de  Pont 
1' Ev^ue,  1151-81.  Instead  of  lands,  the  archbishop  provides  money: 
but  that  the  terms  used  by  him,  which  are  precisely  einular  to  thoae  quoted 
above,  refer  to  the  comi^etion  of  a  chnrch  already  commenced  by  him 
sel^  we   learn  distinctly  from  his  own  mouth : — "  quod  dedimus  operi 


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468  THE  0HUBCHB8  07  AUETCIN'  OAKOH8. 

beati  Wilfridt  de  Ripon  od  edifiaandAm  baaUieam  ipaios,  qnsm  de  hok 
iTiehoavimun,  mille  librae  vetene  monete." 

Thus,  I  think,  we  may  see  from  dMume&taTy  evidence  alaoe  hov 
rafih  and  untenable  is  the  asaumption  which,  aa  I  have  aaid  aboTe,  quite 
unconacioualy,  perhapa,  uudarliea  the  assertion  that  "  the  oanona  tmiit 
their  ehurcheg" — no  matter  in  what  faahion.  In  vary  many  cjwm  ' 
perhaps  in  moet — that  was  a  taak  which  would  aeem  to  hare  beta 
undertaken,  in  part,  at  least,  by  the  foundera  themaelrea ;  and  their 
fonndations  being  usually  of  compaiatively  amall  extent,  and  slender 
endowment,  with  churchea  on  a  comapondii^;  acale — small,  and  often 
more  or  less  aisleless.  But,  as  to  the  lines  on  which  they  were  bnilt, 
whether  thoao  of  the  pariah  charch,  aa  aaaerted,  or  not,  that  is  a  part-  of 
the  subject  requiring  detailed  examination,  and  which  I  must  defer  to 
a  future  section. 

(To  be  eontiniied.) 

NOTE. 

1. — On  page  351,  I  have  stated,  by  a  singular  inadTerteoce,  that 
the  exiating  tower  of  Leominater  priory  church  is  at-  the  north-w^ 
angle  of  the  nave.  Thia  is  not  the  case,  though,  in  the  genml 
view,  it  has  very  much  the  appearance  of  being  aa  It  stands 
really  at  the  west  und  of  the  nave  proper ;  the  south  aiale  lA 
whidi  having  been  rebuUt  on  an  enormously  enlarged  scale  at  a  later 
period  under  a  gabled  toof,  and  then  had  another  and  additional  aisle 
of  vast  proportion  added  on  to  it  again,  gives  the  tower — flanked  as  it  it 
by  only  the  very  narrow  and  insignificant  original  north  aisle — the 
nppcantnce  of  standing  nearly  at  the  comer.  Originally,  there  wonld 
appear  to  have  been,  as  at  Wimbome  and  many  other  places,  a  c«ntnl 
and  a  western  towet,  of  which  the  latter — very  much  out  of  the  west 
centre — now  alone  remains. 

2. —In  the  notice  of  Thicket  priory  church  of  nuns,  Yarks.,  aa 
page  367,  there  occurs  a  printer's  error  which  I  hasten  to  correct, 
since  it  flatly  contradicts  the  purpose  of  the  text,  which  is  to  shew, 
from  the  recorded  breadth  of  the  building,  that  it  must  have  been 
aisleless.  As  it  stands,  the  notice  reads : — "  The  churche  Ix  fibotc  brode 
w*yn," — a  proportion  which  would  clearly  involve  the  existence  of  both 
north  and  south  aisles.  It  should  read  thus : — "The  churche  Ix  ffooU 
long  and  xviij  fibote  brode  w'yn," — ^which  makes  all  the  difference. 

3. — In  addition  to  the  list  of  113  Benedictine,  and  other  churches  of 
monks,  either  one-aisled  or  aialetesa,  which  were  therein  enumerated,  I 
may  here,  perhaps,  be  allowed  to  adduce  another  and  very  interesting 
Yorkshire  example  to  which,  since  the  publication  of  that  list,  my 
attention  hae  been  called  by  Mr.  C.  C.  Hodges  of  Hexham,  vii  :— 
that  of  Monk  Bretton  priory  church — Cluniae,  where  the  nave  is 
entirely  aisleless,  and  whero  the  fine  three-light  geometrical  windows 
have  their  tracery  springing  from  a  lower  level  than  that  of  the  window 
arches — a  feature  whicli,  though  common  enough  in  French  and  O^man 
work,  is  somewhat  unusual  in  English  examples  of  so  early  a  date. 


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BISHOP     ANTONY    BEEKE'S     REGISTER     OF     THE 
PREBENDARIES   OF  LINCOLN,   1333,    and    1343. 

By  the  RiVMIIHD  Pbhustob  Vbnablbb. 

Soma  little  tiine  anae  my  friend  Dr.  Jeasopp  called  my  attention  to  a 
MS.  in  the  Harleian  Collection,  (No.  3720)  which  be  aaid  would  reward 
examination.  The  short  title  "  a  Register  of  Bp.  Beek "  did  not 
pTomise  much.  But  the  entry  on  the  printed  catalogaes  "  Registram 
proprium  meraorabilium  ad  se  pertinentium  "  was  more  appetizing.  A 
bishop's  own  register  of  "  memorable  events  conceminf;  himself,"  promised 
to  be  something  very  different  from  an  ordinary  episcopal  register  of 
resigitationB  and  iustittttions,  whicii  though  invaluable  for  historical 
purposes  is  usually  little  more  than  a  catalogue  of  names  and  dates. 
The  document  seemed  to  offer  something  of  human  and  personnl  interest. 
And  so  it  turned  out.  The  little  parchment  volume  on  examination 
proved  to  be  a  series  of  "  Collectanea "  made  either  by  or  for  Antony 
Beeke,  the  younger — a  very  different  person  be  it  remembered  from  his 
kinsman  and  namesake  the  mighty  Antony  Beeke,  bishop  of  Durham, 
(d.  1310)  king  of  Man,  and  patnarch  of  Jerusalem — during  hia  resi- 
dence OS  chancellor  and  dean  of  Lincoln,  and  as  bishop  of  Norwich, 
containing  among  documents  relating  to  the  two  cathedral  chnrches,  a  frag- 
ment of  a  family  chronicle  essential  for  the  history  of  that  powerfnl 
and  distinguished  house. 

Several  of  these  family  docnmenta  are  of  considerable  interest  and 
will  I  hope  some  day  be  printed.  Those  also  relating  to  ecclcgiasticol 
quarrels  at  Lincoln  deserve  attention  from  the  light  they  throw  on  the 
intamal  history  of  a  chapter  which  was  by  many  degrees  the  largest,  and 
certainly  one  of  the  most  distii^ished  in  the  roalm ;  for  many  centuries 
"  the  moet  glorious  and  vastest  of  all  chaptera"'  to  which  Doctors  of  the 
Sorbonne  and  of  Italy  were  once  anxious  to  be  attached  by  the  slenderest 
thread,  "vel  perexili  titulo."  One  of  these  Lincoln  documents  I  now 
present.  It  is  a  catalogue,  or  rather  two  catalt^es,  of  the  occupants  of 
the  fifty-six  prebondol  stalls,  made  at  two  dates  ten  years  apart,  1333 
and  1343;  the  former  while  Antony  Beeke  was  dean  of  Lincoln,  the 
latter  after  he  had  become  bishop  of  Norwich.*  This  catalogue  is  of 
conddeiable  valne  as  affording  authentic  particulars  as  to  the  names  and 

'  Magna  Vila  S,  Btigmtu,  iiL  8,  6,  10.  he  had  been  elected  biahop  of   hii  own 

'  Antony  Beeke  wan   Hppuiuted   pre-  cathedral  church   uf    Lincoln,   but  the 

bendary  ofThomgaU,  1313;  prebendary  slootion  did  oot  taka  effect,  having  buen 

oF  Norai  Kelsey  luid  chancellor,  1316  ;  probably  uiillifled  by  the  po)ie  iu  favour 

dean,    1329  ;     and  became     biuiop    of  of  Henry  of  Burghersh. 
Norwich,  ISSe.    Ha  died,  1311.    In  1320 

VOL.   ZLU.  3  O 


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470  BISHOP  JLSTOHY  BEBKB'b  KSaiSTEB. 

qualities  of  the  prebendaries  of  Lincoln  in  the  latter  part  of  the  briDimt 
Kdwsrdian  period,  enabling  ns  to  check  and  in  some  cases  to  noma. 
the  catalogues  given  in  Hardy's  edition  of  Le  Keve's  Fagti,  and  in  the 
Oafhcdrale  of  the  indefatigable  Browne  Willie  I  would  oSei  tiimi 
to  the  pages  of  the  Archeeoiogical  Journal  as  a  kind  of  supplement  to 
the  memoirs  by  my  Into  lamented  friend  Fiebendary  Wickenden  on  "TIk 
choir  stalls  of  Lincoln  cathedral,"  read  at  the  Lincoln  Meeting  of  the 
Institute,  and  published  in  the  Journal^  The  arrangement  of  the  stalls 
in  the  Minster  given  here  agrees  with  that  of  the  Liber  Kiger  or  Cod- 
suetudinarium  printed  by  Mr.  Wickendenin  that  memoir  (pp.  56,57)  »ilb 
the  exception  that  the  stall  of  Milton  Eccleaia  which  in  his  printed  M 
stands  second  from  the  east  on  the  Decani  ^  or  southern  side  of  the  choir, 
is  the  easternmost  on  the  Cantoris  or  northern  side ;  and  that  the  itdl 
of  Buckingham,  otherwise  Sutton  cum  Buckingham,  which  in  the 
Liber  Niger  stands  twenty-second  on  the  Decani  side,  appeais 
sixth  from  the  east  on  the  opposite  or  Cantoris  aide,  b^we^i 
Cropredy  and  Langford  Ecclasia.  In  the  earliest  transcript  of  the  Liber 
Kiger,  dating  early  in  the  fourteenth  century,  which  unfortunate); 
Mr.  Wickenden  did  not  consult  for  Ids  otherwise  admirable  memoii, 
depending  on  a  later  copy  of  the  document,  Buckingham  does  nol 
appear  eo  nomine;  the  prebend  stands  as  Sutton  alone,  and  occnpiei 
the  place  of  the  other  Sutton,  Sutton  in  Marisco  on  the  Decani 
side.  In  our  list  this  latter  stall  is  added  at  the  foot  of  the  Decani 
stalls  in  a  somewhat  later  hand,  and  has  no  Fsahns  asai^wl  b>  it- 
According  to  Browne  Willis,  Sutton  in  Marisco  was  held  in  eammen^ain 
with  the  chancellorship  until  the  prebend  of  Stoke  was  annexed  to  that 
office  by  Hugh  Tapton  in  1463,  and  was  not  collated  to  as  a  dislanct 
prebend.  This  would  account  for  its  subordinate  position  in  the  Liber 
Niger.  Two  prebendal  stalls  are  wanting  in  Antony  Beeke's  cataloguvi 
those  of  Kilsby,  and  Sexaginla  Solidorum.  The  former  stall  vai 
not  in  existence  in  Beeko'n  days,  having  been  first  founded  by  bishop 
Buckingham  etrea  1380,  and  annexed  to  the  precentorehip,  to  augment 
the  insufficient  revenues  of  that  office.  For  the  absence  of  the  lstt<J 
I  am  unable  to  account.  It  was  a  recognized  stalLat  thi^  period.  Le  Neve 
and  Willis  give  occupants  of  it  as  early  as  1300.  In  the  Liber  Niger  it 
takes  the  place  occupied  by  Buckingham  in  Beeke's  catalogue,  between 
Langford  Ecclesia  and  Cropredy,  but  having  no  estate,  and  being 
a  mere  stipend  paid  by  the  bishop  de  bursa  ^ucqpi  this  prabenil 
may  have  had  sometliing  of  a  precarious  tenure,  unworthy  in  Beeke's 
eyes  to  be  ranked  with  thu  otiier  stalls  which  drew  their  endomnent 
from  land  or  tithes. 

Beeke's  catalogues  in  common  with  all  the  pro-reformation  lists  coDtain 
five  stalls  which  no  longer  exist  in  Lincoln  Minster,  vii,  Banbury, 
Cropredy,  Leighton  Manor,  Sutton-cum-Bucks,  and  Thame.  These 
were  the  most  richly  endowed  stalls  in  the  Minster,  and  consequentlj 

*  Arclueological  Journal,  voL  xzzviii,  and  a,  new  prebend,  MHton  Eod«H>i 
pp  42-ei,  1881.  fanned  out  of  it,  to  which  "tbeluto! 

'  A  document  dated  Aug.,  1290  naa  the  stalla  belon^ng  to  prebendi'  ™ 
diacovGred  by  Mr.  Wickenden,  unong  the  the  north  aide  of  the  choir  was  uaigned. 
linoolu  capitular  munimenta,  ahowing  together  with  Fsaltus  vi.,  "  Domine  bc 
that  under  a  Papal  mandate  of  pope  iofurorB,"  and  viL,  "Domine  DeusMeus,'' 
Kicbolae  IV,  the  prebend  of  Ajlesbuiy  which  had  belonged  to  Ayleabui;. 
vaa  recotuititutedty  biihopOIiverSuttou, 


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BIBHOP  ANTONY  BEEKE's  BEOIB-FBB.  471 

wore  the  firet  to  fall  a  prey  to  the  vile  greed  ot  those  impious  robbers  of 
clinrclies,  protector  Somerset  and  his  compamoos,  at  the  begiiiaing 
of  Edward  VI's.  reign.  May  I  be  permitted  to  suggest  that  the  thirteen 
Psalms  appropriated  to  these  five  stalls,  now  omitted  from  t)ie  daily 
caoonical  recitation,  might  very  suitably  be  distributed  among  t)m  live 
dignitaries  of  the  chapter,  the  dean,  precentor,  chancellor,  sub-dean, 
and  archdeacon.  In  former  days  these  chief  offices  were  hdd  together 
with  a  prebendal  stall,  the  psalms  belonging  to  whicli  naturally  fi'll  t<i 
the  dignitary  occupying  it.  Since  the  recent  severance  of  dignitari(^s 
and  prel)onds,  those  who  now  hold  the  highest  rank  in  the  cathedral  body 
are  unable  to  take  a  part  in  this  time  honoured  daily  recitation,  and 
thus  to  t|Uote  Mr,  Wickonden's  words  "  the  perfect  Psalter  now  is  never 
faid ;  a  matter  for  imnicnsc  regret." 

On  examining  tlio  annexed  catalogues,  drawn  up  as  I  have  said  first 
in  1333,  and  corrected  up  to  date  in  1343,  two  or  three  poiiita  seem  tu 
deserve  notice.  Tlie  whole  number  of  names  is  eiglity-wix,  including 
eighty-three  individuals,  three  of  the  names  occunng  twice  in  connection 
with  different  stalls.  Twenty-seven  of  the  stalls  have  the  some  occupants 
at  Iwth  dates.  Ten  of  those  enumerated  rose  to  the  highest  grade  iu  the 
chiirdi,  including  three  archbishopsof  Canterbury — Bradwai-dino,  Islip  and  ■ 
Olford;  and  seven  hishops — Bateman  and  Antony  Bcuke  (the  drawer  up  of 
the  catalogues)  of  Norwich,  Thomas  Bccke  of  Lincoln,  Edington  of 
Winchester,  Eigham  of  Salisbury,  Montacute  of  Worcester,  and  Thoresby 
of  St.  Davids.  Tlie  subjection  of  the  Church  of  England  to  tlie  papal 
sec,  which  threatened  to  convert  its  richest  endowment.^  into  a  mere 
apponagi!  to  Rome  and  Avignon,  receives  painful  illuslratinn  from  these 
catalogues.  We  lind  no  fewer  than  eiglit  cardinals  intnidcd  into  Lincoln 
])reliends,  in  addition  to  which  seventeen  stalls  wen;  filled  by  tliose  who 
from  their  names  were  evidently  foreigners,  chielly  Italians,  Nassingtou 
had  for  its  prebendary,  Ursus  de  fihis  Ursi,  a  member  of  the  great  Orsini 
family,  another  of  whom,  Fiancescus  de  Ursinis,  held  the  stall  of 
Farendon.  I'aulus  de  Afonte  Floruro  held  the  stalls  in  succession 
of  Banbury  and  Castor,  and  was  also  precentor.  Pugillus  de  Klorentia 
held  Walton,  in  suixession  to  one  Pandalphus  de  Urbe.  An  examina- 
tion of  the  catalogues  will  shew  other  painfully  outlandish  names, 
proving  too  clearly  that  Grossetflste's  noble  protest  a  century  earlier 
against  the  iniquitous  intrusion  of  foreigners  by  the  pope  into  English 
benefices,  a  reaietanco  which  he  declared  was  "  neither  strife  nor 
rebellion,  but  filial  affection  to  my  father,  and  veneration  for  my  mother 
the  Church,"  had  been  so  far  mode  in  vain. 

In  connection  with  this  MS.  of  Antony  Boeke  it  may  be;  interesting  to 
mention  that  among  the  muniments  of  the  dean  and  chapter  of  Lincohi 
is  a  somewhat  oimilar  volume  of  collectanea  made  by  or  for  him  when 
chancellor  of  thechurcb,  owned  by  him  when  dean,  and  taken  with  him  to 
Norwich  when  he  became  bishop.  It  was  present^il  to  thocathcdrol  church 
by  one  Mr.  Gilbert  Bennett,  June,  17.54.  It  is  a  parchment  book  of  33 
leaves,  in  its  original  limp  parchment  cover,  chiefly  containing  tran8cri|it« 
from  the  early  Cunsuetudinarium,  Martilogium,  Collectarium  and 
other  capitular  documents,  but  including  others  of  a  less  offici^il 
character  collected  both  at  Lincoln  and  at  Norwtuh,  whicli  would  rewaiil 
examiuatiuu. 

EDJIUXD  VEXABLES. 


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t72  BISHOP  ANTONY  BEEKB'S  BBQIBIKB, 

XOWNA  PSKBBIfDABIOBini  EOOLBSU   LiNOOLNIEBBIB  IN   FbSTO  SuCTI 

MicHABUa  Amno  Domini  M"  CCC™  XXXU»     [In  later  Am* 
Anno  Domini  M°  CCC"°  qiiADEAQffiiHO  tkboio.J 
N.B, — p.Tn.  indicafoB  the  entries  made  "prima  manu"  in  1331.    Tbe 
othei  names  aie  thoee  added  Babseqaently. 


Episcopua  Lincolnionsis 

i  Prebenda  de  Aylesbniy 

ij  Com^ham 

iij  Walton  et  Haidoi 
iiij  Aiigeib; 

V  Faiindon 

vj  Thomgate 

Tij  Legton'  Manor 

Tiij  Legtiton'  Busard 
iz  Sancti  Botulphi 
X  Oumiiim  Sanctorum" 
xj  Leghton  Ecclcsia 


£z  parte  Decani. 


Joliannes  de  Dalderby' 
HeuricuB  de  Borthwaase' 
Thomas  Beeke^ 
BobertuB  do  Stratford 
EdmunduB  de  Berf  ord 
Amaldua  de  Cusaunto* 
AnfbaleuB  Caidintdis^ 
GalfriduB  de  Scrop 
Pugillna  de  jnorentia« 
Nidiolaiis  de  Hugat^ 
Radulphiis  de  Hei^hm. 
Franciecus  de  Ureinis* 
Pandulphus  de  Urbe* 
Johannes  de  Sutton 
Johannefl  do  Thoresby'" 
Raymundus  do  BoasiUco 
WiUelniiia  de  Edyngton" 
Jobaiuies  de  Podio  Bersaco 
Thomas  Bradewardine^* 
Egidias  de  Redom[cr] 
Raymunilus  de  Judico  ())'* 


({■•■) 


1320.    In  Mb  epucopste  Antony  Beeke 
becBtne  chancellor,  1316. 

*  Henry  of  Burwuli,  or  Batglierth,  was 
ooDMcnled  July  20,  1320,  and  died  Dec 
1340.  In  hu  episcopate  Antony  Beeke 
became  dean,  1329. 

'  Thomui  Beeke,  brother  of  Antony 
Bwke,  was  consBcntal  July  7,  ISll,  and 
died  Feb.  2,  1347.  Hia  brother  Antony 
had  becDDia  biabop  of  Norwich  in  13S7, 
four  Sean  before  Thomas  was  choscD 
UBhpp  of  Lincoln. 

*  Beynaud  de  Cuaantia,  Le  Nm  ;  Ar- 
nald  de  CiuanlJa,  WiUit. 

1  Bishop  of  Tusculum.     Ambaldiia,  Le 

'  Pigellus  de  Hanetti  de  Florence,  Ze 
Neri :  de  Hviotti,  Wmis. 

'  N.  de  Heygate,  Lt  Nm  and  WUHl. 
ProTost  of  Bererley,  d.  1388. 

'  Lc  Neve's  and  Willis'  liata  need  cor- 
nictiun    hire.      They    both 


de  Ursims    held  the  stall  in 


1306,  and  that  Fntiuas  fUut  JImuh 
nnpo/itani  dt  iirfa  MUMt  held  it  in 
1331.     There   is  an  evident  aonfiuM 


ytvt  and  WiJiit. 

'"  John  de  Thoreaby  wss  elevkted  fioil 
tbia  Htikll  U>  the  bishonrick  of  St.  Darid'i, 
1347. 

"  William  de  Bdington  was  derated 
from  tbia  stall  to  the  see  of  WinchMter, 
134G.  Lei^htun  Manor  ww  one  cJ 
the  stalls  dissolved  snd  appropriated  to 
lay  uses  in  the  early  yewe  of  Edwvd  TL 
Browne  Willis  says  pithily  "  having  a 
good  Honae  upon  it  uid  nitng  of  a  opb- 
siderable  Income  oocwdoned  it  to  be 
coveted  by  Courtiers,  and  diasolved  Auto 
1G4B,  in  the  Snd  of  Edward  VI." 

"  St.  Bctolpb,  lincoln.  HooiM  Bnd- 
wardine  became  archlnahop  of  CkEtai- 
burv,  1349. 

>*  All  SaintB,  Hunde^te,  Linoalu. 

"  Baymund  de  FliMO,  Lt  Nett  ind 

wmu. 


oy  Google 


BISHOP  AKIONY  KOKE's  BECtlSTHEL 


[folio  23  veno.l 
xij  Sancti  Martini' 
xiij  Thurleby' 
xiiij  Langestoae^ 


xvj  Bedoford  minor 
xvij  Welton  Brenkill^ 


xviij  Ijingefonl  maner 
[eocl<»ie.  p.m.  delsteil] 


Heniicoe  Motoune 

ip.m.) 

Nicholaus  Capotii* 

tp.«.) 

PhiHppua  de  Weaton' 

Simon  de  Monteacuto» 

(P*- 

Kobertna  do  Wodehouse 

{p.p>: 

NichoUua  de  GwalleT 

{p.m. 

Walterus  de  London 

Simon  de  IslepO 

il>.m.) 

BartbolonieuB  de  Boume 

xix  Bnmpton 

Bnmctus  de  ludico 

(i... 

XX  Welton  Subdecani 

(?.«.) 

NicolauB  Tarrent" 

(y.«) 

rfoL  24.] 

x^  StokM 

Johannes  de  Northwode 

(f.«.) 

xxij  Sancta  Mat^areta  de 

Leycestria 

Adam  de  Lymbeigh 
Comenges  Cardinalia 

(p.".) 

xxiij  Centum  Solidoe 

Galfridua  de  Edcnhami' 

(p."-) 

HenricuB  do  Yddesworthi^ 

(!>.«.) 

xxiiij  Sutton' 

WiUelmua  de  Eylde«by 

Heopolion  Cardinalis" 

(p.") 

XXV  Clifton 

Johannes  do  Hull 

Thomas  Beek>'' 

Cp«..) 

xxvj  Lydyngton 

Johannes  de  Oofford'^ 

,),.«.) 

xxvij  Norton 

Thomas  do  Northwood 

(i>J».) 

xxviy  Decern  Libre 

Radulphus  doErgum" 

r.m.) 

ffoL  24  verso.] 

Ex  p>rt«  boruli  [m 
i  Prebenda  dc  Milton  Maner 

precentoris,  later  hand.] 

Willelmus  de  Norwico,"  docanus 

ij  Thame 


*  Cirlhm 

FayneL 
>  Stow  Longs  io  HudU,  aHat  Bpsld- 

*  Nicholu    CapiloD.       Le   Neve   and 

waiii. 

'  Sitnon  dfl  Hontaeuta  paaied  from  thin 
(taU  to  ths  BM  of  WoroeHt«r,  13S4. 

*  KattuD  in  Rutland. 

'  Nicholaa  ot  Cornwall.     Le  Neve  and 

*  Walton  BrinUialL 

*  Simon  lalip,  archbiihop  of  Canter- 
boTj,  ISM. 

>■  Welton  Worthall,  uaually  annexed  to 
the  ■ubdoumT-  Walter  de  Haideton, 
LeNeve. 

"  Nicholas  Carent,  Lt  Neve ;  Cannt, 
Wmie. 


Manuel  de  Flisco,  prothonotarius 

Petrus  de  Mortuo  Man,  cardinalis 
PBTegoz'"  (y-""-) 

^'  OngJEUilIj  written  Bdeneatoue  ; 
deleted  and  changed  to  Eldenham. 

"  Iddaworih  was  collated  to  this  atalL 
1932  ;  the  same  year  he  ezobanged 
with  Edsnham  for  Sezoginta  Solido- 
nun,  and  naumed  tbia  Itall  1S18. 

'*  KeapoUo  Soooti  Andren  Cai^nalii. 
Le  Neve  and  WOUt. 

"  Thomaa  Beeke,  the  brother  of  the 
oompiler  of  these  lists,  became  bithop  of 
Linooln,  1342. 

"  John  of  Offiird,  archbiahop  of  Can- 
terbury, 1318. 

"  Kalph  Erghum,  biahop  of  Salisbury, 
1S76. 

"  William  Bateman,  succeeded  Antony 
Beeke  as  bishop  of  Norwich,  Hay  23,1344. 
Founder  of  Tnnity  Hall,  Cunbridgs. 

■*  Cardinal  daPerigit,  Mtieve;  Periget, 

wm». 


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474 


BISHOP  ANTOMT  BEKEE  S  BEGI8TKB. 


Hi  Kellesey 

Antonius  Beek> 
WiUelmuB  de  Exonia* 

HiW 

iiij  Bedeford  maior 

Johannes  de  Bourn 

0.-.) 

V  Bannebiry 

PauIviB  de  Monte  flornin* 

pre 

centor 

{p.m.) 

Hugolinos  filiuB   Pauli  de 

Adpigeriia 

Tj  Welton  Payne 

Henricus  de  Glific 
JohanncR  Coleby 

(/'-•-) 

Tij  Welton  Beke* 

Simon  do  lalep 

Galfridus  dc  Edenham 

{j>.m: 

viy  SanctaCrux' 
[foL  25.] 

Johannes"  de  Harynton 

(p.".) 

ix  Crakepur 

WUlolmua  Bacbeler 

(jKm.) 

X  Scarle 

Thomas  de  Crosse 

Petnia  de  Campo  Veteri* 

ip.m.) 

X    Bukedcnc^ 

Hugo  de  Wahneffoid 

ip-m.) 

xij  Luda'" 

GancolinuB,"  Cardinalis 

(i«-) 

xiij  Welton  WaUe" 

Johannes  de  Eton 

(p.m.) 

xiiij  Empingbam 

Ricnrdua  de  Whitwelle 

<%.) 

XV  Grctton     - 

Guydo  de  Calina" 

(r^n.) 

xvj  Nassjnlon 

Thomas  Haatang'" 

UrsuH  de  filiis  XJisi 

(pM.) 

ffol.  25  veraol 
xvij  Bikelswad'S 

Otoniiw  de  Salivie'" 

(JK».) 

xviij  Doniiam*^ 

Willeltima  de  Coleby 

[H.m.) 

Johannes  de  ScaUesby 

(p.m.) 

Hcnricus  de  Dale 

xix  Lafforth" 

WiUelmue  de  Cuaanc' 

Antoniue  do  Fliseo 

iV-M.) 

XX  Caetr'"' 

RobertUB  de  Tawton 

(p.m) 

Olivenia  de  Booto* 

ip-tn.) 

WiUolmus  de  Kildesby 

^.m.) 

Paulus  de  Monte  Flonim 

Robertna  Herwarf 

'  SuliBoquently  Mihop  of  Norwich, 
1330. 

■  PreMator,  1337-1340. 

•  PuiluB  de  Monte  Floruin,  It  Ntvt. 
PraMDtor,  ooUated  to  and  reaigned  the 
offloB,  1337. 

•  WaltoD  B*^*""  Simon  lalip,  sub- 
wquently  an^lnahop  of  Canterbun. 

'  St.  Crou,  or  HolTTOod,  in  IjucdUi. 
'  WiUtMn  of  Huingtmi,  Le  Ntvt  uid 
WiUii. 
'  St.  Horr's,  Crekepoal,  Lincoln. 

•  Poter  OldfieliL 

'  Buckden.  TIuh  prebend  was  attached 
to  the  buihopric  of  Lincoln  on  the  death 
ofSaiili]BlWllitwortl),ein»17l]6,anda^un 
Mp<u»t«d  b;  Uie  late  biohop  Wordswtvth. 


>*  Louth. 

"  Oooelunua  Cardinalis,  Le  Nat  and 
WiUit. 

"  Welton  RiTaL 

"  Quido  de  Cbanline.  U  Ntet,  WiUit. 

>*  Thotoaa  Uaatingi,  U  tfere,  WHU*. 

'•  BiggleewadBi 

"  De  SalviiB,  Le  Ntve,  de  SalncciB  or 
SaluEzi   Willu. 

"  Dunbolm. 

"  Laflbrd  or  Sleaford.  Luchin  <k' 
Flieco,     Lc  jVwG 

"  Cutor.    Robert  de  Tawton,  Lc  !Vete. 

"  Omittod  b;  Le  IVim  and   WOlit. 

■'  Scamtbeal^.  Robert  Harewaid,  U 
Neoe.      Arclideacoii  of  TaunUiiii. 


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BISHOP  ANTONY  BEEKE's  REaiSTEB.  475 

xxij  Langefotd  Ecoleaia^  Johannes  de  Boum 

Episcopus  {p.m.  J 

xxiij  Boaceanam*  Heniicus  de  Iddesworth 

GaUridua  de  Edenliaiu  (p-^-) 

zxiiij  Croppeiie^  BertiauduB  de  Fogeto,  Caidinalia 

[fol.  26.]  (p.m.) 

XXV  Stowe  in  Lindesaey  Waltems  de  fitauien* 

xxvj  Merstoo'  WillelmiiH  de  Dalderby  (p-^f^J 

Petrus  do  Dalderby* 
xxvij  Garleton  Kyme  Heuricus  de  Edenestowe 

xxviij  Milton  Ecclesia"  GaliaidusdeMota,^CardinaliB(';fcm.^ 


I  Muter,  ortMa  manu  duleted.  Higer    Ihe    atall     of    Seia^nta     Soli- 

*  Buckingbom,  or  Suttun  cum  Bucks.  iloruai,     omitted     in    thu    list,  oomee 

"Thia  Prebend,"  aajB  Browne  Willu  (p.  betwsen  Langford  «nd  Cropredy,  oocupy- 

245)    "  naa   ihe   best    endowed  in  the  ing  the  phu»  of   Buckingham,  which  il 

vhole  Cithedial,  and  wuuld  (if  now  in  there  Bbaent. 

being)  have  the  Urgeet  corpii  of  any  in  *  Treasurer,  1831. 

England  ...  Richard  Cox,  S.  T.  P.  after-  >  Precentor,  1340-13G0. 

wards  Biahop  of   Ely,  Dean  of  Oaeney,  '  The  prebend  of  Hilton  Bcdefda  wab 

and  of   WestminBter,  was  preoented  by  formed  out  of  the  prebend  of  Aylesbni; 

the  king  June  3,1642.     He  surrendered  by    a  mandate    of  pope  NicholaB   IV., 

up  this  noble  Prebeud,  .dnno  lt47."  1200. 

^  Croperdy,  or  Cropreily.     Bertrand  de  '  Archdeacon  of  Oxford  ;  Precentor  of 

Bogete,  Le  Neve,   WiUu.     In  the  liber  Chichwter. 

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^roceeUinss  at  Mtttinsfi  of  tfje  itosal  ^^mh^ 

SnstUute, 

June  4th,  1885. 

J.  T.  MicKLffTHWAiTB,  Eaq.  in  the  Chair. 

Mb.  F.  C.  J.  Sfurrell  read  a  piper  "  On  some  early  sites  and  woAi 

on  the  margin  of   the  Thames  {titbl   portion},"  which    is    printed  »t 

paRB  269. 

Mr.  R  S.  FKRanaoN  read  a  paper  on  "Elizabethan  Standard  Weighte, 
and  the  Carlisle  Bushel"     Mr  Ferguson'e  paper  ia  printed  at  page  301 

JLntiquittce  unli  SHorlts  oC  Jltt  €xltibttel). 

By  Mr.  F.  C.  J.  Spubbkli — A  brge  number  of  plans  and  sectim 
illtiHtmtive  of  his  paper. 

By  Mr.  K.  S.  FEnocsoN.— A  set  of  Elizalwtlian  sealed  Troy  and 
Avoirdupois  weights  from  Carlisle,  made  from-  the  cannon  of  the 
Spanish  Annada. 

By  Miss  Ffarington.— Throe  examples  of  the  gold  rings  formerly  given 
by  the  Sergeants-at-Law  to  the  Sovereign,  Judges,  and  others,  on  being 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  the  Coif. 

The  mottoes  on  ^cse  are  : 

1  Beverentia  Leyum. 

2  Htei-editae  a  Legiiua. 

3  Paribm  »e  legibaa. 

Also  a  photograph  of  a  pewter  jug,  temp.  Charles  I. 

And  a  fine  example  of  a  N'ortii  American  Indian  wampnm  belt, 
probably  ISOyeais  old.  These  belts  were  given  as  a  pledge  of  fricndBhi[i 
Examples  are  now  scarce. 

By  Mr.  T.  M.  Fallow.— Medieval  chalice  and  paten  from  HindenrnlL 
Yorka.     Date  eireu  1485. 

The  cluilice  ia  silver  parcel  gilt,  and  measures  six  and  a  quarter  inches  in 
height.  The  bowl  is  deep  and  conicaL  The  stem  is  hexagonal,  witii 
a  brautifully  wrought  hnot  witli  livo-leaved  flowers  in  lozenges  on  the 
points  and  traceried  openings  between.  The  foot  is  mullat  shaped,  will) 
a  molded  chamfered  edge  set  with  four-leaved  flowers.  On  one  com- 
partment is  tlie  crucifix  with  S8.  Mary  and  John. 

The  paten  is  of  silver  and  measures  five  and  a  quarter  inches  in 
diameter.  It  b  in  the  form  of  a  plate,  with  a  delicately  engraved 
rapiesentation  of  the  Agnus  Dei  in  the  centre. 


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PROCEEDINGS  AT  HEETINOB  OF  THE  INSTITUTE.        477 

By  Mb.  T.  W.  Colt  Whjuamb. — A  mBdieval  chalice  and  paten  from 
Bacton,  Herefordahiie.     Date  cirea  1489. 

The  chftlioe  generally  leaemblea  the  Hinderwell  one  exhibited  by  Mr. 
FalloT,  but  the  poiute  of  the  knot  terminate  in  angel  maaks.  The 
mullet  foot  has  a  molded  chamfer  and  the  points  terminate  in  knops. 

One  compartment  haa  a  Crucifix  amongst  foliage.  The  next  com- 
partments on  either  aide  of  the  Crucifix  bear  respectively  the  words  John 
and  Cjl)mU,  probably  the  name  of  the  donor. 

The  paten  is  silver  gilt  and  five  inches  in  diameter.  It  belongs  to  the 
well-known  Nettlecombo  type,  with  the  rayed  leaf  ornament  in  the 
spandrels,  and  for  central  device  a  Vemnole  surrounded  by  a  glory  of 
^ort  rays. 

Mb.  Colt  WiLLUua  also  exhibited  three  Elizabethan  communion 
cups  from  Herefordshin) ;  a  medieval  euir  bouiUi  chalice  cose ;  and  an 
embroidered  altar  cloth,  originally  made  for  secular  purposes. 

ANNUAL  MEETING. 

July  2nd,  1885. 

J.  X.  MioKLBTHwaiTB,  Esq.  in  the  Chair. 

The  Chaibman  in  opening  the  meeting,  explained  that  it  had  hitherto 

been  the  custom  to  hold  the  annual  business  meeting  in  conjunction  with 

the  annual  general  meeting.     This  year,  however,  a  departure  had  been 

made  with  a  view  of  gaining  an  extra  day  for  excursions  duiing  the 

annual  general  meeting  ;  and  the  annual  bueiness  meeting  had  been  held 

in  London,  as  was  empowered  by  the  statutes. 

The  Secrbtart  read  the  balance  sheet  for  the  past  year  (printed  at  page 
388).  He  then  rood  the  following  report  of  the  Council  for  the  year 
1864-5; 

Bbport  of  thb  Coiracu.  wb  ths  Ybab  1884-5. 

la  presenting  their  Report,  the  Council  may  congratulate  the  members 
on  the  improved  financial  state  of  the  Institute.  Their  balance  at  thn  end 
of  1884  amounted  to  £70  16s.  6d.,  which  contrasts  favorably  with  that 
of  1883.  Some  of  the  items  in  the  balance  sheet,  submitted  herewith, 
are  in  discha^a  of  outstanding  account&  It  is  the  hope  of  the  Council 
to  better  regulate  for  tlie  future  the  income  and  expenses  of  the  Institute  ; 
and  they  ask  for  the  help  of  the  members  generally  in  adding  to  our 
numbers.  The  honorary  treasurer  is  yet  unable  to  advise  the  Council  to 
fund  life  comjiositions,  but  it  is  expected  that  this  may  be  done  before 
the  close  of  aiiotlier  year.  The  Council  wish  it  to  be  known  that  the 
professional  services  rttndered  in  obt^uiing  the  incorporation  of  the 
Institute  were  gratuitously  given  by  one  of  their  members.  The  actual 
expenses,  as  wiQ  be  seen  from  the  balance  sheet,  amounted  to  .£15  9s,  4d. 

The  holding  of  the  Annual  General  Meeting  within  the  week  of  the 

Local  Meeting  being  found  to  occupy  time  which  cotdd   otherwise   be 

more  profitably  employt'd,  the  Council  have  thought  lit,  according  to  the 

.   power  vested  iu  them  by  ihi;  Articles  of  Association,  to  try  for  this  year 

the  experiment  of  holding  the  Annual  General  Meeting  in  London. 

The   exhibition   of    Gi'eek    aud    Ruuiau    antiquities  found    by   Mi. 

VOL.  ZLU.  3  P 

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478  PBOCEKDZNOB  AT  HEErnNOB  OF 

Flinders  Petrie  at  San,  under  the  diiectiaii  of  the  Committee  of  tlie 
Egypt  Exploration  Fand,  was  held'  in  the  Booms  of  the  liistitute 
during  the  montha  of  October  and  November,  The  general  inteicat 
ta^ea  by  the  public  in  this  exhibition  cannot  but  be  a  source  of  satisfac- 
tion to  the  members  of  the  Institute. 

In  November,  1884,  a  Committee  conaiating  of  i/Lr.  J.  T.  Mickle- 
thwaito  and  the  Rev.  W.  J.  Loftie  wm  appointed  by  the  Council  to 
watch  and  report  on  tlie  proposed  restontion  of  Westminster  HalL 

After  carefully  examining  the  buildings  and  ancient  work  expoaed  by 
the  demolition  of  the  Law  Coorts,  and  the  drawinga  and  plans  of  tlie 
proposed  reatomtiDij,  the  Committee  made  a  Bepott  which  the  Council 
have  much  pleasure  in  placing  before  the  membeia  of  the  Institute. 

[Copy.] 
"  To  the  Cotmeil  of  the  Soyal  Arehaotogieal  ItuHtuU." 

"  Report  of  the  Committee  on  Westminster  HalL" 

"  We,  the  undersigned,  being  appointed  by  the  Council  of  the  Royil 
Archieological  Institute  a  Committee  to  report  to  them  on  the  woi^  done 
and  proi^Bed  to  be  done  at  Westminster  Hall,  beg  to  report  aa  follows : 

"  That  your  Committee  have  examined  the  remains  exposed  by  tbc 
demolition  of  the  Iaw  Courts  lately  standing  on  the  west  rade  of  tht 
Hall,  and  also  the  drawing  of  Mr.  Pearson's  proposed  new  work  there,  snJ 
his  report  which  accomparues  them. 

"  That  much  ancient  work  has  been  exposed,  chiefly  of  the  eleventh, 
thirteenth,  and  fourteenth  centuries,  and  that  this,  though  not  of  « 
highly  ardiitoctaral  charscter,  is  of  very  great  archseological  interest,  anU 
the  more  so  because  since  the  'restoration'  of  the  Hall  and  the  bumiiu; 
and  subsequent  demolition  of  the  adjoining  buildings  to  make  way  for 
the  new  Houses  of  Parliament,  t^is  aeems  to  be  all  that  is  left  of  th« 
ancient  Palace  of  Westminster  in  any  form  except  that  of  a  moden: 
copy.  That  the  proposed  new  work,  though  called  a  restoratjoQ  and 
defended  as  such,  differs  from  anything  that  can  possibly  have  existed  on 
the  site  in  any  past  timet  and  that  its  execution  will  involve  the  present 
removal  of  some  and  the  ultimate  destruction  or  concealment  of  all  the 
rest  of  the  ancient  work. 

"  That  it  ia  necessary  for  stability  that  some  part  of  the  lately  expoaed 
work  bo  rebuilt,  but  that  the  rest  should  be  kept  and  protected  in  i 
genuine  state. 

"  That  your  Coniiiiittee  boliovo  tliat  this  may  be  done  with  advantage 
both  tu  the  convenience  and  the  appearance  of  the  building,  but  as  tlut 
matter  does  not  directly  concern  the  Institute  they  have  not  felt  it  to  V 
their  duty  to  report  further  upon  it, 

"  In  conclusion,  your  Committee  advise  that  the  Council  of  the 
Institute  should  a^  to  be  heard  by  deputation  by  the  Committee  of  tbr 
House  of  Commons,  which  is  now  enquiring  into  the  matter,  tuid  th«j 
have  reason  to  believe  that  the  evidence  of  a  deputation  as  representing 
the  opinion  of  the  Council  of  the  Institute  wiH  be  gladly  received. 
"(Signed)  W.  J.  LoFnx. 
"(Signed)  J.  T.  Micklcthwaits." 

On  receiving  this  report  the  Council  directed  the  Secretary  to  write  ti> 
Mr.  Shaw  Lefevt«,  the  chairman  of  the  select  Committee  on  "We4- 


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THE  BOTAL  ABOHABOLOGIOAL  mSTTTUTE.  479 

mmater  Hall  lestonttion,"  and  ask  that  the;  might  be  heard  by  depatatioa 
At  tho  same  time  Mr.  Micklethwaite  and  Canon  Venablea  were  aaked  to 
be  the  deputation,  Mr.  Loftie  being  tinable  to  act.  Mr.  Shaw  Lefevre 
answered,  asking  that  only  one  peTeon  might  be  sent,  and  accordingly 
Mr.  Mickletbwaite  appeared  before  the  Committee,  and  the  long  exami- 
nation which  follows!  his  evidence  showed  that  it  had  not  been  wasted. 
Some  other  Societies,  particularly  that  for  the  Protection  of  Ancient 
Buildings,  were  alao.heturl  throngli  their  representatives,  and  although  the 
Committee  have  reported  in  favour  of  Mr.  Pearson's  scheme,  tlie  Council 
fenl  that  good  has  been  done.  What  will  be  done  af  WuRtniinstor 
remains  uncertain  nt  the  writing  of  this  report,  but  even  if  all  is  lost  tlicru, 
as  it  may  be,  the  public  protest  which  hoe  been  made  against  the 
doetruction  of  ancient  monuments  under  the  specious  name  of  restoration, 
is  likely  to  have  a  good  resnlt  in  other  cases. 

The  tbieiitened  destruction  of  some  of  the  most  ancient  churches  in 
York  was  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  Institute  by  the  Council  of  the 
Society  for  the  Protection  of  Ancient  Buildings,  who  invited  our  co- 
oiKration  in  opposing  that  wanton  piece  of  vandalism,  and  for  that 
purpose  to  send  a  representative  of  the  Institute  to  a  meeting  the  Society 
convened  at  York.  Mr.  R.  Popplewell  Fullan  kindly  offered  to  represent 
-the  Institute,  and  on  the  30tb  day  of  May  last,  attended  the  meeting,  the 
Hon.  Richard  Grosvenor  presiding,  andsupported  the  following  resolution, 
which  was  proposed  by  Mr.  Wm.  Morris,  seconded  by  the  Hon.  Charles 
L.  Wood,  and  carried  by  an  overwhelming  m^ority. 

"  That  this  meeting  regrets  the  propoeed  deptruction  of  certain  ancient 
churches  in  the  city  of  York,  and  hopes  that  steps  may  be  taken  for  their 
preservation." 

At  the  Congress  of  the  Society  CetUraie  dee  Architeetsa  which  opened 
in  Paris  on  Monday  the  8th  day  of  June,  Mr.  R  P.  Fullan  again  repre- 
sented the  Institute,  and  was  courteously  received  by  tho  members  of  the 
French  Society. 

The  Council  desire  to  record  their  sense  of  obligation  to  Mr.  J.  T. 
Mick  loth  waite,  the  Rev.  Canon  Venablea,  the  Rev.  W.  J.  Loftie,  and 
Mr.  R  P.  Pullan,  for  the  trouble  and  time  spent  by  them  in  thus 
representing  the  Institute. 

The  Council  have  to  deplore  the  death  of  one  of  the  Yice-Presidents 
of  the  Institute,  who  was  well  known  to  many  of  us  as  a  reguhir  attendant 
at  OUT  meetings.  On  Friday,  the  26th  of  June,  Sir  J.  S.  D.  Scott,  Bart, 
F.S.A.,  died  ^ter  a  short  ilhiese.  For  many  years  the  late  baionet  bad 
served  on  the  Council,  and  at  the  Aimual  Qeneral  Meeting  last  year  was 
elected  a  Yice-President.  As  author  of  the  valuable  work  "The 
British  Army,  its  Origin,  Progress,  and  Equipment,"  be  was  well  known 
to  the  public 

The  Council  further  regret  the  loss  of  several  of  the  members  since 
the  last  Atmuttl  Meeting —Professor  J.  Buckman,  an  occasional  contribu- 
tor to  the  Journal,  the  Rev.  E.  E.  Estcourt,  the  Rev.  Wm.  Grice,  W. 
Parker  Hamond,  M.  Rhode  Hawkins,  J.  W.  McEenrie,  and  Dr.  N. 
Rogers. 

The  raembere  of  the  Governing  Body  to  retire  by  rotation  arc  as 
follows;— Vice-President,  Sir  W.  V.  Guise,  Bart.,  and  the  following 
members  of  the  Council ;— Mr.  C.  T.  Kewton,  O.R,  the  Rev.  W.  J. 
Loftie,  Mr.  T.  H.  Eaylis,  Q.C.,  the  Rev.  F.  Spurrell,  Mr.  J.  B. 
Davidson,  and  the  Rev.  Sir  Talbot  U.  R  Baker,  Bart 


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480  PB0CEBDIN06  AT  MBESIN08  03F 

The  Council  would  recommend  the  appointment  of  Mr.  C.  T.  Newton 
as  a  Vice  President  in  tlie  pkce  of  Sir  J.  6.  D.  Scott,  deceased,  and  Mr. 
R  P.  Pullan  in  the  place  of  Sir  W.  V.  Guise,  and  the  election  of  Sir  W, 
V.  Guise,  B.irt.,  Mr.  T.  H.  Baylis,  Q.C.,  the  Eev.  F.  Spurrell,  Mr.  J.  a 
Davidson,  the  Rev.  Sir  Talbot  H.  B.  Baker,  Bart,  Mr.  llindera  Petrie, 
and  Mi.  Sonters  Clarke,  the  letiiing  honorary  auditor,  as  members  of  Uie 
Council 

The  Council  would  further  recommend  the  appointment  of  Dr.  H.  W. 
Taylor  as  junior  honorary  auditor. 

The  adoption  of  the  Balance  Sheet  and  Report  was  moved  by  Mr. 
W.  H.  St.  Johm  Hope,  seconded  by  Mr.  Hiltom,  and  carried  unanimously. 

On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Niohtinoalk,  seconded  by  the  Bev.  C.  B. 
Mankivg,  Dr.  M.  W.  Taylor  was  appointed  jtiuior  Ifon.  auditor. 

Letters  were  read  from  the  Dean  of  Chentar,  on  behalf  of  the  Bishop 
of  Cheater,  the  Mayor,  and  the  Duke  of  Weatiuinater,  inviting  the 
Inatitute  to  make  Chester  their  place  of  meeting  fur  1886. 

On  the  motion  of  the  Cbaibman,  seconded  by  Mr.  Baylis,  the  invita- 
tion was  accepted. 

Mi^  PUU.AIT  made  some  remarks  as  to  the  threatened  destruction  of 
some  of  the  York  churches,  and  said  that  despite  the  unanimous 
resolution  of  the  meeting  held  in  York,  which  he  had  attended  as  the 
representative  of  the  Institute,  the  Archbii^hop's  Committee  waa  still 
persisting  in  their  programme  of  vandalism.  He  therefore  proposed  the 
following  resolution — 

"That  the  Roynhlrchieological  Institute  learns  with  regi«t  that  notwith- 
standing the  alnioat  unanimous  decision  of  a  meeting  of  influential 
citizens  of  York,  convened  hy  the  Society  for  the  Protection  of  Ancient 
Buildings,  at  which  the  Institute  was  represented,  the  Committee  who 
proposed  the  destruction  or  disuse  of  certain  ui  the  old  parish  churches 
arc  still  persisting  in  their  objectionable  scheme  without  providing  a  fnnd 
for  the  austentation  of  the  fabrics  of  these  churches." 

This  was  seconded  by  Mr.  U.  S.  ruRnuswi,  and  carried  unanimoualy. 

On  the  motion  of  Mr,  Pullan,  seconded  by  Mr.  Batus,  a  vote  ot 
thanks  was  passed  to  the  Chairman. 

July  2,   18$fi. 
Mr.  T.  H    Baylib,  Q.C,  in  the  Chair. 

Professor  Bunnkll  Lswib  read  n  paper  on  the  antiquities  of  langres 
and  Bosan^on,  of  which  the  following  is  on  abstract — 

These  cities,  though  they  present  many  points  of  interest,  have  been 
little  visited  by  English  traveller.  At  the  former,  the  Cathedral,  the 
Porte  Gallo-Komaine,  and  the  Museum,  specially  deserve  notica  The 
Cathedral  is  comparatively  bare  and  devoid  of  ornament,  but  remaikaUe 
as  an  example  of  transition  from  the  round  to  t)m  pointed  arcli.  In  the 
absence  of  documentary  evidence,  we  may  infer  from  the  style  ef  couBtmc- 
tion  that  it  belonged  to  the  twelfth  century.  Gallu-Roman  influence  shows 
itself  in  semi-circular  arches  of  doors  and  windows,  in  fluted  pilasters,  in 
the  frequency  uf  the  acanthus-leaf,  and  the  rarity  of  human  figures  on 
tlie  capitals. 

The  Porte  Gallo-Somaine  was  not  primarily  a  triumphal  arch,  but  so 


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THE  ROTAL  A&CHABOL06IGAL  INSTITITTB.  481 

entrance  in  the  line  of  the  city  walls.  However,  its  decorationa  seem 
to  ahow  that  it  was  also  intended  to  comniBtnomte  some  military  exploits. 
It  may  be  aaaigned  with  groat  probability  to  the  reign  of  Conatantins 
CLluruH,  fother  of  Constantinc  the  Great,  a.d.  305-306.  This  date 
agrees  both  with  the  history  and  ivith  the  eigne  of  decadence  observable 
in  the  nioniiniont  The  gate  was  imitated,  or  rather  uopied,  in  Ixtnge 
Porte;  when  tlie  French  government  converted  Langres  into  a  fortress,  the 
latter  waa  demolished. 

The  Museum  contains  Uallo-Roman,  Koman,  Celtic,  Egyptian,  Medie- 
val and  Renaissance  antiquities.  Thoei;  of  the  first  clasR  are  deposited 
in  the  apse  of  tlie  ehurch  of  St  Uidier,  now  secularized,  and  in 
apartments  leading  to  it  Among  the  bas-ruliefiH  two  are  very  remarkable  : 
No.  184  Topresentfl  a  (Jallic  car  on  whicli  three  men  are  seated,  drawn  by 
four  horses,  wheelcK  and  leaders  as  in  a  stage  coach,  instead  of  being 
abreast  as  in  a  qiuuiriija ;  the  liguree  wear  the  bardoaieidltig,  i.e.  cloak 
with  liooil.  In  No.  240  we  see  three  shelves  arranged  vertically  ;  throe 
sandals  being  placed  on  the  uppermost,  three  bottles  on  the  middle,  and 
three  boxes  on  the  lowest  The  design  perhaps  has  reference  to  baths, 
or  it  may  be  the  sign  of  a  xhop.  The  collection  includes  some  interesting 
inscriptions.  One  of  them  mentions  the  goddess  Matrona — the  KEame 
which  rises  near  Lnngres  ;  another  Litavicus,  an  ^^uon  cliief  who 
vigorously  resisted  Julius  CEeeai''H  invasion;  a  thiid  gives  us  the 
name  Boudoca,  like  our  own  lioadicea ;  and  a  fourth  has  the  name 
MarituB  accentuated,  MAKlTUtJ. 

Besan^on  occupies  the  site  of  Vesontio,  the  capital  of  the  Seqilani, 
whcnt  the  rivpt  Duhis  forms  a  horse-ahoe.  The  Porte  Noire  is  unique 
among  the  Koman  triumphal  arches,  and  that,  too,  in  three  respects ;  it 
has  two  storeys  of  columns,  the  shafts  are  covered  with  sculptures,  and  a 
band  of  rehefs  representing  marine  deities  or  giants  surrounds  the  vault 
The  whole  monument  is  overloaded  with  figures,  and  unquestionably 
should  be  assigned  to  the  period  of  decadence.  Some  place  it  in  the 
reign  of  Marcus  Aureliua ;  but  historical  facts  and  the  excessive  profusion 
of  ornament,  incline  us  to  think  that  it  was  probably  erected  under 
JiJian  the  Apostate. 

The  Theatre  was  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  the  Porte  Noira 
Its  position  was  ascertained  by  the  discovery  of  stone  seats  amnged  in 
a  curve,  of  walls  rising  in  tiers  one  above  another,  and  of  fragments  of 
colonms — bases,  drums,  and  capitals.  These  latter  have  been  le-etected 
in  the  Place  St  Jean,  which  is  tastefully  laid  out  as  a  garden.  The  great 
reservoir  atljoiaed  the  Theatre ;  here  the  aqueduct.  Canal  d'Aicier, 
terminated,  and  hence  water  was  distributed  throughout  the  city.  On 
this  site  some  appropriate  decorations  have  been  found — bas-rehefs  of 
Cupid  riding  on  a  dolphin,  and  an  aged  rive^god  loaning  upon  an 
inverted  urn. 

Professor  Lewie's  paper  will  appear  in  a  future  number  of  the  Jmemal. 

Dr.  M,  W.  Tatlor  then  read  the  following  notes  on  some  Stone 
Moulds    for    casting  Spearheads,    recently   discovered  in  Cumberland  : 

"  I  have  the  pleasure  of  exhibiting  to  the  Institute  a  pair  of  stone 
moulds,  which  elucidate  in  a  peculiar  way  the  process  of  bronze  casting  by 
the  ancient  Britons.  The  earliest  metal  workers  probably  availed  thuiu- 
■elvea  of  the  malleable  and  ductile  properties  of  copper  by  the  process  of 
hammering  the  native  metal  into  a  mass,  and  fashioning  the  lump  into  an 


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482  PR0CEBDING6  AT  HSBTIKOS  07 

axe-heod,  after  the  type  of  the  flat  atone  celt  of  their  neolitliic  anceoton 
— the  true  Copper  Age,  of  wkicli  Bome  few  remains  etill  exist 

After  a  time  the  knowledge  catoe  that  the  addition  of  a  small 
percentage  of  the  softer  metal  tin  to  the  copper  gave  an  alloy  which  was 
much  more  fusible  by  heat,  and  at  the  same  time  was  harder  and  more 
capable  of  maintaining  an  edge.  Whilst  requiring  leea  heat  for  fusion, 
this  material  was  found  very  tractable  for  the  process  of  casting.  Hence 
it  came  that  nearly  all  the  bronze  implements  that  were  in  general  use, 
weM  made  from  the  fused  alloy  by  casting  in  moulds. 

The  area  of  distribution  of  weapons  of  bronze  extended  over  the 
whole  country  from  the  outlying  Hebrides  to  the  En^^lish  Channel,  nnd 
over  the  whole  of  Ireland.  The  duration  of  the  Age  oi  Itronze  probulily 
embraced  many  centuries.  The  production  wtis  probably  limited  only 
by  the  scarcity  of  the  metal  copper ;  and  it  is  possible  that  on  account 
of  the  value  of  the  material,  old  implements  as  they  became  effete  and 
worn  out,  would  be  recast,  it  might  be  over  mid  over  again,  in  repro- 
ducing newer  forms,  leading  to  the  greater  proportionate  survival  of  the 
latest  types. 

At  fUl  events  the  profuuon  of  relics  in  broiize  scattered  through  the 
collections  and  museums  of  the  country,  bears  witness  to  a  copious 
manufacture.  But  though  the  results  of  the  production  as  seen  by 
these  relics  are  considerable,  yet  the  discovery  of  the  utensils,  tools  and 
apparatus  employed  in  the  fabrication  is  comparatively  rare.  Melting 
pote  and  crucibles  of  eorthcrnware  have  been  found  in  the  lake  dwell- 
ings in  Switzerland,  but  very  rarely. 

As  in  brass -founding  in  the  present  day,  dingle  or  double  moulds  in 
boxes  with  the  pattern  or  model  pressed  in  sand  may  have  been  used,  and 
other  methods,  in  all  of  which  the  mould  would  be  destroyed  immediately 
after  its  nsa  But  permanent  moulds  were  also  used,  and  some  of  these, 
being  the  stock  of  foundries,  have  remained  to  us.  I  refer  to  double 
moulds  composed  of  a.  mixture  of  day,  loam  and  sand,  for  obtaining  the 
lateral  halves  of  tiie  pattern,  which  were  afterwards  baked.  Moulds  for 
socketed  celts,  spearheads,  etc,  thus  made  in  two  pieces  have  been  dis- 
covered in  the  lake  dwellings,  hut  none  exist  in  this  country.  It  may 
be  stated  broadly,  that  the  only  moulds  in  use  by  the  bronze  workets 
preserved  in  the  United  Kingdom  are  composed  of  the  metal  bronu 
itself  or  of  stone.     Stene  moulds  only  concern  us  at  present. 

The  pail  of  stones  which  I  now  shew  you  are  the  finest  examples  fat 
casting  spearheads  which  are  anywhere  to  be  seen  in  any  of  the 
museums  of  this  country.  The  only  parallel  pair  was  that  found  a 
few  years  ago  at  Chudleigh  in  Devonshire,  for  cas^g  a  sword  blade,  of 
which  modds  are  in  the  British  Museum,  along  with  two  or  three  otber 
stone  moulds  of  smaller  size.  The  Edinburgh  and  Dublin  Kuaeums 
contain  a  few  stone  moulds  for  smaller  weapona 

The  stones  now  exhibited  were  found  buried  a  little  depth  under  the 
surface  near  the  village  of  Croglin  in  Cumberland  in  June,  1883.  A 
description  of  them  has  already  been  given  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Cumberland  and  'Westmoreland  Aicheological  Society  and  also  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland.  They  are  here 
before  you,  so  that  I  need  not  give  the  dateilB.  They  arc  composed  of  a 
sandstone  of  the  carboniferous  series,  of  exceedingly  fine  grain,  and  soft 
consistence,  so  as  to  be  easily  cut  or  pared  with  a  kmfe.    The  two  Uocks 


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THE  ROYAL  ABCHAEOLOQICAI.  INSTITUTE.  483 

are  a  paii  in  siie  and  ahape.  Each  atone  is  ei^toen  incheB  in  length, 
two  and  a  half  inches  in  thickness,  with  a  lanceolate  leaf-ehaped  outline 
about  three  and  a  half  inohee  broad  at  the  base.  You  see  that  on  the 
anperior  face  of  each  hae  been  carved  out  the  mould  for  the  lateral  half 
of  &»  spearhead.  By  applying  the  two  stonee  together,  they  would  give  a 
casting  in  the  solid  of  the  blade,  the  midrib,  and  two  semicircular  loops. 
But  it  was  necessary,  of  course,  to  have  the  socket  hollow  to  receive  the 
wooden  haft  These  stones  give  you  the  index  to  tlie  means  by  which 
this  provision  was  attained.  On  the  mvui'se  of  each  stone  there  ia  a 
mould  for  producing  a  conical  pike-like  object  of  this  form—this  was 
for  casting  a  metal  core.  This  core  is  provided  with  two  trunnion-like 
projections  to  support  it  in  its  place  within  the  mould  during  the 
casting,  and  also  two  nipple-like  projections  to  fit  into  nicks  in  the  mould 
to  act  aa  ohaplete  or  wedgee ;  by  means  of  theae  a  rivet  hole  on  each  aide 
of  the  socket  was  formed." 

Mr.  Fabk  Habrisok  made  some  remaika  in  continuation  of  his  fonner 
paper  on  Chevron  Beads,  and  exhibited  coloured  drawings  of  examples 
found  in  Bcanan  London. 

^niutnittte  wab  SBotIu  of  3^xi  Cxhibittb. 

By  FBOFsaaoR  Lkwib  :  A  large  collection  of  prints  and  photographs 
of  Dingres  and  Besan^on. 

Also  a  number  of  coins,  illustrative  of  his  paper — some  of  them  form 
the  collection  of  the  Kev.  8.  S.  Lewis,  including  a  very  rnro  one  of 
Vercingetorix, 

By  Da.  M.  W.  Taylob. — A  pair  of  stone  moulds  for  casting  spear 
heads. 


ANNUAL    MEETING    AT    DEBBY. 

July  28th  to  August  5th,  1675. 
Tuesday,  July  28dL 

The  Deputy-Mayor  (Alderman  Hobson) — in  the  unavoidable  abeence 
through  iUness  of  the  Mayor  of  Derby,  Alderman  Fowke— and  the 
members  of  the  Corporation,  preceded  by  iJie  mace  bearers  and  sword 
bearer,  arrived  at  the  Art  Gallery  of  the  Free  Library  at  noon  and 
received  Earl  Percy,  M.P.,  President  of  the  Institute ;  the  Dean  of 
Lichiield ;  Lord  Donington  ;  Sir  Jobn  Alleyne,  Bart.  ;  Sir  James  AUport ; 
and  the  following  members  of  the  Council  and  Presidents  and  Vice- 
President*  of  Sections ;— Mr.  J.  T.  Micklethwaite,  Mr.  R.  P.  PuJlan, 
Mr.  R.  S.  Fe^uson,  Mr.  T.  H.  Baylis,  Q.C.,  Rev.  F.  J.  Spurrell,  Rev. 
Sir  T.  H.  Baker,  Bart,  Mr.  J.  Hilton,  Rev.  Dr.  Cox,  Kev.  H.  M.  Scarth, 
etc  In  the  body  of  the  room  were  a  large  number  of  members  of  Uie 
Institute,  Vice-Preaidenta  of  the  meeting,  and  numerous  ladies. 

The  Dkputt-Mator  said  he  had  to  express  to  Lord  Percy  and  the 
members  of  the  Royal  Archeologicol  Institute  his  deep  regret  that  his 
Worship  the  Mayor,  by  reason  of  protracted  and  severe  illness,  was 
unable  to  pay  their  illustrious  body  the  honour  of  a  formal  reception 


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484  PROCBBDIHOS  AT  HBBTINOB  OF 

that  day.  The  duty  of  thus  publicly  receiving  them,  on  behalf  of  the 
municipality,  dtiTolved,  therefore,  upon  himself  aa  the  Deputy  of  the 
Afnyor.  It  might  be  interesting,  before  he  called  on  the  Town  Clerk  to 
read  the  address,  which  at  a  numerous  meeting  of  the  Town  Conncil  was 
adopted  that  morning,  if  he  prefaceil  that  address  by  a  few  obaerratioDB 
of  his  own. 

It  was  noteworthy  that  thirty-four  yean  ago  this  town  and  county 
had  the  honour  of  receiving  a  kindred  society  to  their  own,  vix., 
the  British  Arch»ologica1  Association.  This  was  as  far  back  as  1851, 
and  he  believed  there  were  not  a  few  gentlemen  present  who  cherished 
pleasant  reminiscences  of  the  visit  of  that  Society  to  Derby.  In  the 
interim,  there  had  sprung  into  existence  n  local  association,  having  atrtmg 
affinities  with  the  Royal  Arch»ological  Institute,  viz.,  the  Derbyshire 
Arclueological  and  Natural  History  Society.  He  was  happy  to  say  that 
asHociatiou  was  a  very  numerous  and  influential  one,  and  that  it  was  in 
a  condition  of  healthy  activity.  The  society  was  entitled  to  much 
credit,  for  it  had  rescued  from  the  bonds  of  the  vandal  and  the  despoiler 
many   a   precious   relic   in   onr  own   neighbourhood. 

They  had  been  singularly  fortunate  in  this  town  and  county  ilnrii^ 
the  laat  few  years,  in  being  honoured  witli  the  visits  of  bodies  cd 
great  importance  and  eminence.  Four  years  ago,  they  had  the  vint 
of  the  Koyal  Agricultural  Society,  under  the  personal  auspices  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales.  That  was  directly  followed  by  the  great  national 
Church  Congress.  In  turn,  succeodeil  the  niectinj,'  of  the  Associated 
Chamberti  of  Commerce,  and  that  wan  followed  by  the  Royal  Archery 
Meeting,  and,  last  year,  by  the  Co-openitive  Conj^ress.  Now.  they 
were  honoured  by  the  presence — not  the  least  important  on  the  list — 
of  the  Royal  Archmological  Institute  of  Urfat  Britain  and  IreluniL  In 
coming  into  Derbyshire,  and  amongst  a  people  like  ouraelves,  they 
came  aniongst  those  of  whom,  in  old  time,  it  had  been  reproachfully 
said  that  they  were-  "strong  in  Oie  arm  and  weak  in  the  head."  He 
was  not  there  intending  to  discuss  the  relative  proportions  of  the 
muscular  and  mental  development  of  the  people  of  Derbyshire.  Bat 
he  would  soy  this,  that  those  of  them,  amongst  whom  he  was  happy 
to  enrol  himself,  who  were  'Derbyshire  bom  and  Derbyshire  bred," 
were  proud,  and  justly  proud,  of  their  native  county.  They  claimed 
for  it  a  pre-eminence,  as  being  not  only  rich  in  thcae  ancient  and 
interesting  memorials  for  which  their  Institute  had  a  special  regard,  but 
it  was  rich  also  in  its  varied  natural  resources,  more  particnlarly  in  the 
picturesque  beauty  of  its  scenery.  With  regard  to  this  he  might  truly 
say  that 


With  regard  to  the  interesting  excursions  which  the  forethought  and 

discrimination  of  the  committee  had  arranged  for  the  Institute  duriug 
the  next  few  days,  he  could  only  say  that  these  would  afford  them  an 
ample  test  of  the  truth  of  his  claim,  and  that  when  they  got  into  tlie 
hill  country  of  the  Peak,  they  would  realise  with  what  truthfulness  to 
nature  the  poet  had  described  some  of  the  scenes  by  which  they  would  be 
BUirouuded — 


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THE  BOYAL  ABCHASOLOQIOAL  INBTITDTE.    '        485 

The  rooks  that  tower  on  either  side 
Builil  ap  a  wUd,  fantaatio  scene, 
Temples  like  those  unoiig  th'  Hindoos, 
And  cutlss  all  with  ivy  gieen. 
Ha  oonld  only  hope  for  them  that  the  elements  might  be  propitious 
dnring  the  comin);;  week,  and  that  the  advantages  and  pleasntas  which 
they    proposed    to    themselves    in    coming  to  Derbyshire   might  be 
abimdantly  realised.     He  had  now  ^e  pleasuro  of  ealliog  upon  the 
Town  Clerk  to  read  the  address  unanimously  adopted  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Council  that  morning. 

The  TowR  Clbrk  (Mr.  H.  F.  Godsby)  then  read  the  address  from  the 
Corporation,  as  follows  : — 

To  the  President,  Vice-Presidents,  and  Merabete  of  the  Royal  Archseo- 
logical  Institute  of  Qreat  Britain  and  Ireland  : — 

"  We,  the  Mayor,  Aldermen,  and  Buigesses  of  the  Borough  of  Derby, 
in  Council  assembled,  desiro  to  convey  to  you  a  hearty  welcome  on  the 
occasion  of  your  visit  to  this  ancient  town.  The  objects  for  which  you 
are  associated  embrace  the  study  and  conservation,  and,  in  esses  not  a 
few,  the  restoration  of  interesting  memorials  that  are  closely  connected 
with  the  domestic,  social,  and  religious  life  of  the  nation,  in  its  various 
stages  of  development  These  objects  cannot  fail  to  commend  themselves 
to  all  enlightened  persons.  To  the  municipal  representatives  of  the 
chief  town  of  the  county,  this  must  be  especially  the  case,  for  the 
Corporate  body  are  the  cnatodiane  uf  tirae-honourtxl  charters,  which 
guarantee  to  us  the  law-abiding  freedom  and  the  statutory  forms  of  local 
government,  under  which  it  is  our  privilege  and  our  happiness  to  live.  It 
were  impossible  to  over-estimate  the  importance  and  the  character  of  tlie 
labours  in  which  your  Institute  is  engaged.  In  awakening  and  stimu- 
lating a  reverent  regard  for  those  historical  and  archceotogical  remains, 
whether  in  abbey  or  priory  ;  in  castle,  manor  house,  or  baronial  hall ;  or 
in  the  hallowed  fanes  which  are  the  pride  and  glory  of  our  land,  yon 
have  a  right  to  expect,  and  can  scarcely  fail  to  receive,  the  encour^emont 
and  sympathy  of  your  intelligent  fellow-countrymen. 

"  We  note  with  satisfaction  that  the  President  of  your  Historical 
Section,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cox,  is  a  member  of  an  old  Derbyshire  family, 
and  the  learned  historian  of  the  churches  of  the  county  ;  and  that  his 
literary  confrere,  our  townsman,  Mr.  W.  H.  8t  John  Hope,  is  the 
accomplished  editor  of  your  "Transactiona" 

"  We  trust  that  your  excursions  to  the  places  of  beauty  and  interest 
with  which  onr  county  abounds,  may  be  alike  pleasant  and  profitable  to 
the  members  of  your  Institute ;  and  we  feel  that  we  are  but  ozpressing 
the  prevailing  sentiment  of  the  town  when  we  meet  yon  at  its  portals 
with  a  hearty  and  sincere  greeting. 

"  Oiven  under  the  Common  Seal  of  the  above-named  Mayor,  Aldermen, 
and  Burgesses,  this  29th  day  of  July,  1889." 

The  Dipdtt-Matob.— It  sow  gives  me  satishction  to  retire  from  the 
chair,  and  to  give  place  to  yonr  President,  Earl  Percy. 

Earl  Pibot  said  he  thanked  the  Deputy-Mayor  and  Corporation  very 

much,  in  the  name  of  the  Royal  Aroheological  Institute,  for  the  honour 

they  had  done  them  in  receiving  tiiem  in  the  hearty  way  they  hail  done. 

The  Depu^-Mayor  was  doubtless  acquainted  with  the  causiis  which  had 

VOL.  XLIL  3  <t 

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486  PBOOEBDINOS  AT  UEEHNOS  OF 

led  him  to  vacate  the  chaii  at  this  junctuie.  He  himseli  ahauld  certainly 
have  tiesitated  greatl;  to  assume  the  chair,  in  tha  pieaence  of  a  repre- 
Bontativo  of  the  head  of  their  municipality,  did  he  not  feel  that  the 
truest  way  of  showing  respect  to  aathority  was  to  readily  obey  its 
injunctions.  When  the  Council  of  the  Institute  had  to  consider  in  what 
part  of  the  country  thoy  should  make  their  excursion,  Qiey  were 
influenced  chiefly  by  two  considerations — first,  whether  it  was  probable 
the  place  they  selected  for  their  visit  would  give  them  a  hearty  welcome, 
and,  secondly,  whether  the  subjects  of  antiquarian  interest  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood were  euch  as  would  repay  them  foi  the  trouble.  After  what 
the  Deputy-Uayor  had  said  as  to  the  attractions  Derby  had  aSorded  to 
many  of  the  large  institutions  of  this  country,  he  was  sure  they  were 
justified  in  anticipating  that  which  they  had  so  fully  received — a  hearty 
and  coidial  welcome  from  the  town  of  Derby.  And  with  regard  to  the 
interest  which  they  might  find  in  the  neighbourhood — although  he  was 
unable  to  speak  from  personal  knowledge — as  far  as  he  could  gather 
there  was  no  county  in  England  that  surpassed  Derbyshire  in  antiquariau 
interest,  ranging  from  the  very  eariiest  times— from  the  times  of  the 
ancient  Britons,  whose  forts  crowned  their  heights,  down  to  the  days 
when  the  Young  Chevalier  turned  his  back  upon  his  hopee  in  the  town 
of  Derby.  The  Deputy-Mayor  had  said  something  about  the  proverbial 
thickness  of  the  brains  of  the  inhabitants  of  Derbyshire.  He  was  nut 
aware  that  that  was  supposed  to  be  an  attribute  of  those  who  lived  in 
this  part  of  the  world,  and  certainly  he  should  not  have  discovered  it  in 
the  address  which  the  Deputy-Mayor  had  delivered. 

Whilst  hoping  that  the  Institute  might  gain  a  great  deal  in  antiquarian 
knowledge  from  the  inspection  of  the  objects  in  the  neighbourhood, 
ho  trustol  he  might  bo  allowed  to  predict  that  perhaps  something  might 
Iw  gained  by  annual  visits— even  in  places  where  the  local  societies  were 
as  flourishing  as  in  Derbyshire — in  stirring  up  a  greater  interest  amongst 
tiie  people  of  the  district  in  antiquarian  knowledge,  and  in  the  ancient 
relics  of  the  past  wliich  surrounded  them,  not  only  near  their  own  homes, 
but  throughout  the  country. 

Lord  Pkbct  proceeded  to  refer  to  the  action  of  the  Select  Committee 
of  the  House  of  Commons  with  regard  to  the  restoration  of  West- 
minster Hall,  and  suggested  that  those  who  had  votes  might  consider 
whether  their  representatives  in  Parliament  did  not  require  some  littta 
education  yet,  at  any  rate  from  an  .antiquarian  point  of  view.  He 
also  condemned  the  contemplated  destruction  of  several  of  the  old 
churches  in  York  for  reasons  which  he  had  been  quite  unable  tu 
ascertain. 

Ho  greatly  regretted  the  absence  of  Lord  Carnarvon,  the  president 
of  the  meeting,  who  was  engaged  in  a  task  perhaps  more  honourable,  and 
certainly  very  much  more  arduous — that  of  controlling  the  unruly  spirits 
of  Ireland.  Ho  regretted  very  much,  independently  of  party  con- 
siderations, that  Mr.  Gladstone  did  not  continue  in  office  until  after  the 
meeting  of  their  aocicty.  Such,  unfortunately,  waa  not  the  case,  and 
they  bad  no  one,  olficially  or  peraonally,  who  could  at  all  adequately 
supply  Lord  Camari'on's  place  on  the  present  occasion,  or  make 
up  for  the  oildresB  which  he  would  have  delivered.  This  meeting  was, 
unhappily,  signalised  by  the  absence  of  those  whose  loss  was  most 
greatly  felt.      The  Mayor  of  this  borough   was  abeent   through  ill 


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THE  KOYAL  ABCHABOLOOIOAL  INSTITUTE.  487 

health,  and  he  wu  sure  they  would  join  with  him  in  expressing 
regret  at  the  canae  of  that  absence,  and  at  the  absence  iteelf.  He 
trusted  that  when  they  met  again  at  Derby — and  he  hoped  they 
might  do  so  at  no  very  distant  period — they  would  do  so  with  as  fine 
skies,  and  with  fewer  absences  than  they  now  deplored. 

The  Hon.  F.  Stuutt  aaid  a  duty  had  been  suddenly  placed  iu  his 
hands  to  perform,  and  that  was  to  express  the  pleasuni  which  the  ' 
Derbyshire  Arclueological  Society  felt  at  the  viait  of  tiie  Instituto  to 
tliis  their  county  town.  That  duty  devolved  upon  him  on  account  cif 
tho  absence  of  the  Bishop  ui  the  diocese,  from  wliom  a  telegram  had  bfcn 
received  stating  that  important  letters  niceivcd  that  morning  would 
pKVeiit  Idm,  to  his  great  r^tret,  from  being  present  with  them  that  day. 
They  would  all  heartily  re-echo  that  regret,  for  they  knew  what  an 
interest  the  Bishop  took  iu  the  subjects  which  were  about  to  occupy 
them  duriuR  the  coming  week.  After  the  exhaustive  speech  of  the 
Deputy-Mayor,  he  thought  it  was  impossible  to  give  them  a  heartier 
welcome  then  the  acting  head  of  the  municipality  had  done.  He  was 
very  much  gratified  by  what  the  Deputy-Mayor  hod  said  as  to 
the  proceedings  of  their  local  society.  He  hoped  their  society,  though  it 
had  only  been  a  few  years  iu  existence,  hod  done  some  good  and  useful 
work  in  this  county,  and,  if  this  was  so,  it  was  because  they  had  been 
particularly  fortunate  in  having  some  gentlemen  on  the  council  of  the 
society  who  were  not  only  well  (luolified  to  deal  with  these  arcfaraolc^cal 
subjects,  but  took  a  deep  interest  in  their  elucidation.  Tt  had  been  said 
tliut  the  county  of  Derby  was  perhaps  excelled  by  none  in  archtnological 
and  antiiiuarian  interest,  fi'othing  had  been  said  about  the  town  of 
Derby,  but  he  believed  the  members  of  the  Institute  would  find  many 
things  in  the  way  of  antiquarian  and  historical  interest  if  they  pui^ued 
their  researches  in  the  county  town.  They  would  find  niany  gentlemen 
resident  in  the  town,  and  members  of  the  Corporation,  well  qualified  to 
assist  them  in  tlieir  researches.  Derbyshire,  as  bad  baen  said,  was  rich 
in  (irchffioiogical  interest.  It  seemed  particukrly  rich  in  buonial  and 
manorial  remains,  and  ^KtsseBsed  two  or  three  of  perhaps  the  finest  old 
houses  existing  in  England,  especially  that  of  Haddon,  which  stood  alone 
in  the  exactness  which  preserved  till  out  own  day  the  distinguishing 
characteristics  of  home  life  in  the  middle  ages.  He  need  say  no  more  to 
prove  to  his  Lordship  that  the  Derbyshire  Atchteologicol  Society  desired 
to  give  to  him  and  the  members  of  the  Institute  a  most  hearty  and 
sincere  welcome. 

Mr.  Arthur  Cox,  {Hon,  Sec.  to  tho  local  society),  then  read  the 
following  address : — 

"  My  Lord  Percy  and  members  of  the  Royal  Archeeological  Institute 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. — In  welcoming  to  Derby  the  me)ubers  of 
the  Royal  Arch»ological  Institute.,  we,  tho  Council  of  the  Derbyshire 
Archaeological  and  Natural  History  Society,  desire  to  express  to  you  how 
deeply  we  feel  the  distinction  that  is  conferred  upon  our  county  by  your 
presence  hero  to-dny. 

We  rejoice  that  yoii  should  have  decided  to  moke  Derby  the 
hea<lquartcra  of  your  meeting  this  year,  and  wc  wish  to  express  to  you  ns 
emphaticolly  as  possible  our  sense  of  the  honour  thus  done  to  us  by 
your  learned  society,  and  the  extreme  gratification  it  affords  us  to 
welcome  you  to-day. 


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488  FAOOBBDINOS  AT  USBTINQS  0¥ 

We  congratulate  oonelTM  to-day  upon  our  existenca  aa  a  local 
Bociety,  becaase  we  feel  that  although  we  ara  a  reij  yoiing  oonnty 
society  as  yet,  without  any  great  ezporience,  still  Uiat  li  we  did 
not  exist  at  all,  you,  my  lord,  and  youi  Isamed  aasociatet  mi^t 
not  now  be  in  oar  midaL 

Wb  hope  and  beliefe,  that  yon  will  not  be  disappointed  in  tJie 
results  of  your  visits  here,  but  that  you  will  find  in  our  coun^  of 
Derby    nut  a  little    that  is  well  worthy  of  your  careful  inspection. 

We  believe  that  Deibyshiie  ia  a  county  very  distinctly  rnnnniwnti 
of  great  and  varied  aidueological  attiBcUons.  If  we  poaseaa  no  faoildinga 
remarkably  diatinguithed  for  their  gtandeor,  we  still  claim  to  be 
especially  rich  in  divenity  of  style.  In  the  matter  of  churches  we 
range  from  the  Saxon  crypt  of  Repton,  to  the  chapel  of  bishop 
Hadcett's  time,  or  the  still  more  recent  work  of  Gibbs  at  AH  Saints' 
church,  Derby.  So,  too,  with  monuments,  while  we  cannot  aspire  to 
individualities  of  counties  such  as  Kent,  we  again  have  remu^able 
diversities  of  all  aorta,  in  brasses,  iu  effigies,  more  eapecially  in  incised 
stones.  We  an  rich,  too,  in  butows ;  we  are  far  from  being  poor  in 
rude  etone  monuments. 

The  various  routes  you  have  selected  for  your  excursiona  will  carry 
you  over  all  the  ground  that  js  richest  in  archeeological  detail,  and  while 
we  trust  that  each  and  all  may  atford  you  some  pointa  for  interesting 
reeearch,  we  ourselves  shall  expect  to  receive  much  instnictian 
from  the  expression  of  the  opinion  of  those  erudite  scholars  whoee 
presence  amongst  us  to-day  we  so  truly  appreciate.  We  shall  try  our 
utmost  to  make  your  visit  a  success,  only  we  must  ask  your  kind 
indulgence  to  overlook,  on  the  ground  of  our  youth,  and  its  inevitable 
accompaniment  of  inexperience,   all  our  shortcomings. 

My  lord  and  members  of  the  Royal  Archraological  Institute,  in  the 
name  of  oui  President,  Vice-presidents,  and  Council,  I  am  desired  lo 
ofier  yon  a  most  hearty  welcome  to  the  county  and  town  of  Derby." 

£arl  Pbhct  thanked  the  society  for  the  hearty  reception  they  had  given 
the  Institute  that  day,  and  also  for  the  exertions  they  had  ma^  in 
asBiBting  the  officers  of  the  parent  organisation  in  arranging  the  pro- 
gramme of  their  visit  to  Derbyshire.  It  appeared  to  him,  as  one 
ignorant  of  the  locality,  to  be  a  programme  eminently  calculated  to 
economise  their  time,  and  to  show  to  the  best  advantage,  in  a  limited 
period,  the  wonders  of  their  district.  And,  aft«r  all,  the  use  they  made 
of  their  time  was  the  real  test  of  their  efficiency. 

One  great  object  of  the  Institute  was  that  the  place  selected  should  be 
as  different  aa  possible  from  that  they  visited  in  the  previous  year,  and 
in  this  respect  Derbyshire  afforded  a  striking  contrast  to  Northumberland, 
which  they  visited  last  year.  There  was  little  of  antiquarian  interest 
in  Northumberland  after  the  middle  ages,  except  for  those  who  took  an 
interest  in  individual  families.  But  in  Derbyshire  they  would  find 
remains  of  baronial  and  manorial  houses  carrying  a  continuation  of 
medieval  life  almost  without  a  break  down  to  oilr  own  times,  and 
that  was  a  matter  which  was  worthy  of  their  attention,  and  which  would 
iiffotd  to  those  who  took  na  interest  in  that  particular  epoch  of  history, 
an  attraction  they  did  not  have  last  year  in  Northumberland. 

He  was  of  opinion  that  the  countiy  squire  of  200  or  260  years  ago  was 


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THE  ROTAL  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  INSTITirrE.  489 

a  much  maligned  man,  and  he  did  not  believe  that  Squire  Western  and 
OsboldiBton  Hall  wtm  true  repreeentations  of  the  life  of  that  class  in 
those  days,  except  it  might  be  in  the  extreme  north  and  the  extreme 
west  of  Enjjland.  He  was  sure  that  they  would  find  a  very  interesting 
chapter  of  history,  bearing  upon  the  improvement  in  the  manners  c^ 
that  class  of  persons  in  Plnglond,  enshrouded  in  these  old  fortified 
manor  bouses,  not  happily  needed  in  these  days,  when  they  were  happy 
enough  to  enjoy  their  possessions  in  peace  and  quietness.  He  simply 
mentioned  this  as  affording  s  strong  contrast  to  the  prevailing  character- 
istic of  lost  year's  excursion.  He  must  repeat  their  thanks  to  the  kindred 
society  in  l)erbyshire  for  their  kind  reception  of  them,  and  for  the 
provision  they  hod  made  for  their  entertainment  throughout  what  pro- 
mised to  be  a  most  interesting  visit. 
The  propeedings  then  terminated. 

At  two  o'clock  the  members  assembled  in  Ht,  Peter's  Church,  where 
Mr.  W.  H.  St  John  Hops  described  the  building. 

It  was,  he  said,  the  only  church  in  the  town  ^at  had  esca])ed  partial 
or  entire  rcbudding  in  recent  times. 

Tn  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Confessor  it  pertained  to  one  Leuric,  and 
at  tlie  time  of  the  Domesday  Survey  (1086)  to  Rnlph  Fitdiubert. 

Robert  de  Ferrers,  temp.  Stephen,  according  to  one  charter,  gave  the 
church  to  Darley  abbey,  probably  as  feudal  lord  only,  for  a  snit  in  lloi 
decided  that  the  advowson  belonged  to  Hugh,  the  dean  of  All  Saints, 
who  was  the  chief  founder  of  Dariey  abbey.  Dean  Hugh  had  shortly 
before  given  the  advowson  of  Rt.  Peter's  to  the  canons  of  Darley,  and  hii 
gift  was  confirmed  by  bishop  Walter  de  Durdent 

St  Peter's  was  a  vicarage  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Henry  II. ;  the  vicar 
being  endowed  with  the  usual  smaO  tithes  and  all  altar  fees  and  offerings, 
but  he  hod  to  pay  an  annual  sum  of  three  marks  to  the  abbey,  which  was 
afterwards  incmased  to  five.  The  Vaior  of  1291  estimated  the  total 
revenue*  of  the  church  at  £13  6s.  8d. 

The  church  belonged  to  Darley  abbey  till  a  few  years  before  the 
suppression,  when  the  canons,  foieseaing  the  fate  of  their  house,  sold  the 
next  presentation  to  Peter  Marten,  of  Stapleford,  whose  executors  were 
allowed  to  present  in  1362,  but  the  patronage  was  then  claimed  by  the 
Crown,  and  granted  to  the  Babingtons.  Queen  Mary,  however,  included 
the  advowson  of  St.  Peter's  in  her  mnnificent  grant  to  the  Bailiffs  and 
Burgesses  of  Derby,  but  her  successor  set  Uiis  aside,  and  it  again 
belonged  to  the  Babingtons  until  their  dovrnfoll  in  1686,  through  their 
complicity  with  Mary  queen  of  Scots.  It  was  then  granted  to  the 
Dixiee,  and  after  descending  through  several  families,  woi  sold  some  20 
years  ago  to  trustees. 

In  1338  John  de  Crich,  priest,  Walter  and  John  de  Shardlow,  Simon 
and  William  de  Nottingham  and  others,  obtuned  the  consent  of  the 
bishop  and  the  abbot  of  Darley  to  found  a  chantry  in  this  church  at  the 
altar  of  the  Blessed  Virgin.  The  chantry  was  definitely  established  in 
1342,  and  John  de  Crich  became  the  first  ch&plsin. 

In  1346  another  chantry  was  founded  in  this  church  in  honour  of  St. 
Nicholas,  by  Adam  de  Shardlow. 

Robert  Lyversogc,  a  wealthy  dyer  of  the  parish,  by  deeil  dated 
November  3rd,  1529,  granted  to  the  vicar  of  St.  Peter's  and  others  as 


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490  FBOCEEDINOS  AT  MfiETINaa  OF 

truatecs,  after  tbe  death  of  himself  and  hU  wife,  certain  tenementa  in 
Derby,  the  rents  to  be  paid  to  a  prieat  for  saying  mass  daily  in  a  chapel 
witfaia  the  parish  church  for  the  souls  of  the  said  Robert  and  Alice  his 
wife,  and  on  every  Friday  a  silver  penny  waa  to  be  given  to  each  of 
thirteen  poor  folk  present  at  mass.  Tradition  says  that  theLyvereage 
chapel  was  a  small  enclosed  structure  with  a  canopy  over  it,  which  stood 
on  the  site  of  the  ptdpit.  Kobert  Lyveraage's  herse  is  also  said  to  have 
stood  in  the  chancel  till  it  fell  to  piece&  The  bequest  of  Kobert 
Lyversage  is  atiU  held  in  trust  for  thn  benefit  of  the  i>oor  i>f  the  iKuish. 
and  is  ^tow  worth  over  £2000  a  year,  out  of  which  tlie  vicar  is  paid 
£50  for  providing  a  I.yveraage  lecture  every  Hiinday  ovt-niiiK- 

The  church  consists  of  a  chancel  witti  nortli  vestry  and  modern  ur;.iin 
chamber,  a  nave  with  north  and  south  aisles  mid  a  north  porch,  nnd  a 
western  tower,  which  once  oi>cned  into  the  south  aisle  as  well  as  the 
nave. 

The  earliest  work  is  of  Normnn  date,  viz.,  throe  out  of  the  four 
resimnds,  shewing;  tint  Xonnan  church  had  itiKlc^,  but  the  arcades  were 
rebuilt  in  Iho  fourteenth  century.  The  north  aislu  is  next  in  jwint  of  date. 
There  are  marks  on  either  side  of  the  ea»t  window,  and  also  on  the  adjoining 
respond,  where  corbels  for  images  or  Ijghtti  have  beon  cut  off.  The 
chiuicel  has  suffered  so  much  restonition  that  its  real  dati-  is 
difficult  to  fix.  It  is  longer  than  the  nave,  but  seems  to  liave  once 
been  even  lunger,  but  shortened  in  Fer|)endiculat  (lays,  when  the  east 
win<low  and  those  on  cither  side  of  it  were  built  On  the  north  of  the 
chancel  ia  the  vestry.  It  fonneriy  hml  the  rare  featum  of  an  upper 
chamber,  which  was  gained  by  a  viae  in  the  south-west  angle;  but  having 
beon  unroofed  and  suffered  to  fall  into  decay,  it  was  rebuilt  without 
much  regard  to  the  old  lines  in  1865.  It  has  a  larj;e  s(|uint  looking  into 
the  chancel,  and  jmrt  of  the  stair-well  remaim<.  Tlie  floor  of  the  lower 
room  is  about  two  feet  above  its  proper  level.  Tlie  steps  of  ascent  into 
the  chancel  and  the  lower  portion  of  the  vice  to  the  upper  room  remain 
under  tlie  floor.  The  jointing  of  the  masonry  sliewa  that  the  south 
aisle  is  of  later  date  than  the  chancel.  The  tracery  of  it^  large  .5-light 
windows  is  jtcculiar.  In  the  south  wall  arc  a  number  of  grave  alaba,  one 
with  an  unusual  amount  of  sculpture.  Part  of  a  coffin  lid  stands  in  the 
comer  and  some  pieces  of  alabaster  slabs  at  the  west  end.  The  nave 
clerestory  is  Ferjiendicular,  but  the  original  hammer-beam  roof  was 
roptoccd  in  164G.  The  westernmost  beam  of  the  old  roof  is  lefL  The 
battlements  xeithin  the  east  end  of  the  nave  are  somewhat  puEzling,  The 
sprawling  chancel  arch  ia  Perpendicular.  The  tower  arch  is  a  Hue 
and  lofty  one  of  early  Perpendicular  character  ;  a  similar  one,  though  not 
so  high,  opened  into  the  south  aisle,  but  was  partly  cut  away  and  tdocked 
up  in  1817. 

The  lower  port  of  the  tower  has  been  entirely  rebuilt  and  recased 
except  on  the  north  aide  internally,  where  the  rude  character  of  the 
masonry  seems  to  be  Norman,  if  not  earlier.  The  upper  stage  is  early 
Perpendicular. 

Of  the  fittings  of  the  church  nothing  original  remains  except  the  fine 
FIcmiah  chest,  wliich  is  identical  in  dcRign  and  date  with  that  seen 
last  year  ut  Urancejictli.  There  are  others  precisely  similar  at  Wiith, 
near  Ripon,  and  at  Wroot  and  Haconby,  Lincolnshire.  The  date  is  Mrrri 
1360,     The  alms  box  is  also  in  [lart  Flemish,  but  was  only  given  to  the 


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THE  ROYAL  ABCHABOLOOICAL  INSTITtrrB.  491 

church  some  thirty  years  ego.  The  rood  acreen  did  not  belong  to  the 
church  originally  ;  until  1861  itatood  in  the  church  at  Cnch,  but  was 
turned  nut  in  the  work  of  "  restoiation,"  and  presented  by  the  con- 
tractora  to  the  present  vicar,  who  placed  it  here.  It  has  lately  been  repaired 
and  oulatged. 

Externally  there  is  not  much  of  interest,  except  that  the  old  stone- 
work mostly  remains  imrestorod. 

Over  the  east  window  of  the  chancul  is  a  shield  witli  a  pair  of  keys 
saltirewisc,  and  the  central  battlement  ha^  lliu  stump  of  a  cross.  The 
aisle  buttressea,  on  both  sides,  once  terminated  in  pinoacles.  Those  on 
the  north  were  slender  ones  rising  from  behind  a  cinquef oiled 
pedimental  head,  while  the  south  buttresses  ran  up  into  a  real  pinnacle. 
The  south  door  has  been  a  fine  one,  but  is  now  sadly  ruined.  The  nave 
and  chancel  have  some  quaint  and  huge  gui^ylea  The  tower  has  been 
much  injured  by  the  ugly  casing  it  received  in  1817,  and  by  the  loss  at 
the  same  time  of  the  belfry  turret  on  its  west  side.  The  clock-face  on 
the  east  may  bo  useful,  but  it  is  certainly  not  ornamental. 

The  old  building  to  the  west  of  the  church  is  the  Old  Grammar  School. 
This  foundation,  now  known  as  Derby  School,  claims  to  be  the  oldest 
endowed  school  in  the  kingdom,  having  been  founded  by  Walter  de 
Durdent,  bishop  of  Coventry,  in  1154.  It  was  refounded  by  queen  Mary 
in  1554,  to  which  date  this  building  may  he  referred.  The  School  was 
transferred  in  1861  to  St.  Helen's  House  at  the  other  end  of  the  town. 

A  move  was  next  made  for  All  Baints  church,  whci-e  Mr.  Hope  again 
took  charge  of  the  parly.  Taking  up  his  stand  in  front  of  the  Consistory 
seat,  Mr.  Hope  read  the  following  remarks  on  the  history  of  the  church: 

"  111  the  days  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  Derby  must  Iiavo  Itcon  a  place 
of  some  ecclesiastical  importauce,  for  it  had  no  less  than  five  churches,  of 
which  two  were  coUegiate.  One  of  thitso  was  All  Saints.  It  then 
had  seven  clerks,  who  held  two  carucates  of  free  Lind  at  Little  Chester, 
and  was  on  the  royal  demesne.  Henry  I.  between  1100  and  1107  gave 
the  church  of  All  Saints  to  the  cathedral  church  of  Lincoln  to  be 
held  tn  jn-ae&endam.  It  was  annexed  to  the  office  of  dean,  and  by  this 
grant  the  dean  of  Lincoln  was  made  dean  of  All  Saints,  and  had  tlie 
sole  right  of  nominating  and  instituting  the  subdean  and  six  prebendaries. 
In  the  letters  patent  of  Henry  III.,  dated  1254,  relating  to  a  dispute  about 
tithes,  the  dean  of  Lincoln  is  described  as  peraona  hujuH  eedexin  pro  ge 
ei  canonieiii  lihere  rapelle.  In  1279  it  was  formally  placed  on  record  that 
All  Saints  was  one  of  the  king's  free  chapels  and  exempt  from  all 
episcopal,  as  well  as  archidiaconal,  jurisdiction,  and  subject  only  to  the 
pope.  This  declaration  was  made  because  of  the  claim  of  the  bishop  to 
exercise  jurisdiction  over  the  church  otlicr  than  the  holding  of  ordinations, 
the  taking  of  synodals,  and  the  onLinary  rights  over  the  parishioners, 
which  he  always  liad  power  to  do.  The  question  was  definitely  settleil 
by  a  composition  made  in  1292,  by  which  the  bishop  was  finally  excluded 
from  all  powers  as  a  visitor  of  any  of  the  royal  free  chapels  in  the 
diocese. 

The  church  of  All  Saints  was  always  paiocltial  as  well  as  collegiate, 
and  the  goods  and  ornaments  were  found  and  maintained  by  the  parish- 
ioners. The  canons  lived  in  a  house  to  the  north  of  the  church  called 
the  College.  ^ 


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492  FBOCEEDTNOS  AT  HEBTINOS  OF 

There  wore  chantries  at  the  altars  of  St.  Mar^  and  Bt  Nicholae,  and  a 
Trinity  guild  ordained  hj  the  bailiffs  and  burgesses  for  a  priest  to  say 
maaa  daily  at  the  Trinity  altar  M  five,  o'clock  in  the  morning,  for  the 
benefit  of  travellers  and  others. 

The  college  was  dissolved  in  l!ii8  and  its  estates  sold. 

On  the  accession  of  <]ueon  Mary,  she  restored  part  of  the  prebendal 
estates  to  the  church  by  grantiiig  Uiem  to  the  Corporation,  on  condition 
that  they  should  institute  and  endow  two  perpetual  vicars,  who  were  to 
'  have  pe^tual  succession  and  be  instead  of  rectors  there  and  maintain 
hospitality  there,  and  have  cure  of  souls  of  the  parishioners  there,  and  do 
and  execute  all  other  things  which  are  known  to  belong  to  the  office  of 
rector  or  vicar.' 

There  is  no  proof  that  the  Corporation  ever  did  maintain  ftco  vicars, 
bat  they  certainly  appointed  aiie,  giving  him  the  stipend  intended  for  two, 
and  for  a  long  time  shewing  themselTes  moat  jealous  of  any  recognition 
of  episcopal  claims  to  institution.  The  first  inatitutioD  made  by  the 
bishop  was  that  of  my  great-grandfather  Charles  Hope  in  1774.  He 
was  in  the  same  year  instituted  to  the  vicarages  of  St  Alkmund'aand  St. 
Werbui^h's,  He  was  succeeded  at  All  Saints  by  his  son  Charles  Stead 
Hope,  wiio  was  nlso  vicar  of  St.  Alkmund's  and  found  time  to  discharge 
with  his  clerical  duties  those  of  the  office  of  Mayor  of  Derby,  which 
office  he  held  five  times. 

In  addition  to  the  vicar,  the  parish  formerly  provided  out  of  the  rates 
(I  '  reader ',  whoso  duty  it  was  to  say  the  deily  raoming  and  evening 
prayers  ordered  by  the  Church.  After  1748  tlie  reader  was  no  longer 
paid  for  out  of  the  rotes,  but  by  voluntary  cimtributions,  and  this  stale  of 
things  continuc<l  until  ]  835,  when  the  ilaily  service  was  cut  down  t« 
Saints'  days,  Wednesdays  and  If'ridays,  and  finiilly  to  Wednesday 
evenings  only. 

The  advowson  of  All  Saints  was  sold  in  1835,  when  the  Corporation 
Reform  Act  became  law,  and  now  belongs  to  the  Simeon  Tiustera. 

This  clturch  is  fortunate  in  possessing  a  very  complete  and  lengthy 
series  of  parish  books.  The  churchwardens'  accounts  are  complete  from 
1620,  and  the  books  of  orders  go  1»ick  as  far  as  1465, 

Wo  leain  from  these  that  in  addition  to  the  officers  already  named  there 
were  others  who  held  more  subordinate  position&  Parish  clerk,  sexton, 
and  beadle  we  might  expect ;  but  in  the  seventeenth  century  there  was  a 
'  dog-whipper '.  who  was  paid  sixpence  a  weak  for  driving  dogs  out  of 
church.  In  1715  we  meet  with  the  first  record  of  another  important 
personage,  the  '  bang-b^gar ',  a  title  sufficiently  expressive  of  his  duties. 
He  was  provided  at  the  parish  expense  with  a  wig  and  a  coat  faced  with 
red  cloth.  In  spite  of  such  a  multiplicity  of  officers,  great  trouble  seems 
to  have  been  caused  to  the  parish  in  the  last  century  by  tlie  irrepressihle 
boys,  who  foould  use  the  churchyard  as  a  playground.  The  nuisanoe 
became  so  gieat  that  in  1771  the  parish  actually  took  counsel's  opinion 
'how  most  effectually  to  suppress  ball  playing  and  gaming>iu  general  in 
the  churchyard,'  Tlio  legal  advice  aeems  to  have  been  that  the  beadle 
should  be  mode  to  do  his  duty,  for  in  the  next  year  we  find  two  shillings 
'  paid  Thomas  Hunt,  beadle  attending  in  churchyard  to  prevent  the  boys 
playing  at  fives.' 

The  church  of  All  Saints  consists  of  a  modem  classical  body  with  s 
fine  and  lofty  Perpendicular  tower  at  the  west  end.     Of  the  building 


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THE  BOTAL  AROHABOLOOIOAL  mSTITUTE.  493 

that  pnceded  this  we  know  reiy  little  beyond  the  gioand  plan,  as 
onfortunately  no  trustworthy  drawing  of  it  exist,  and  tite  entries  of 
the  aocoimtB  do  not  tell  us  much. 

The  old  church  consisted  of  a  chancel  with  Lady  chapel  on  the  north, 
and  St.  Eatharino's  quire  on  the  south  ;  a  nave  with  aisles  and  south 
porch,  and  a  western  tower.  There  was  also  a  vestry.  From  the  accounts 
we  learn  something  of  its  arrangements.  There  were  at  least  six  altars: 
the  high  altar,  aud  those  of  our  lady,  of  St.  Katharine,  of  St.  N^icholae, 
of  the  Holy  Trinity,  and  of  the  Passion.  There  were  images  of  SS. 
Chiistopher,  Clemen^  Edmund,  Eloy,  John  Bt^tist,  and  our  lady  of 
Kty,  and  of  course  the  rood  of  the  diancel  screen.  In  the  Chancel  were 
the  canons'  stalls,  over  which  hung  painted  cloths,  on  one  side  with 
stones  of  the  new  law,  and  on  the  other  with  stories  of  the  old  law. 
In  the  I^r  cha|)ei  in  1527  were  a  number  of  '  Bokee  tyed  with  chenes ', 
including  tna  pignlla  octdi  of  John  de  Burgo,  the  vitas  patrum  (probably 
^t  piinted  by  Wynkyn  do  Worde  in  U95),  the  l^eiuh  aurea,  and 
paielet  pietoU. 

There  remain  to  us  most  full  and  valuable  inventories  of  the  goods 
and  ornaments  in  14G5  and  1527,  for  which  I  must  refer  you  to  the 
Chronicles  of  All  Saints,  fay  Dr.  Cox  and  myself.  There  are  also  some 
equally  interesting  Elizabethan  lists.  In  1560-1  we  find  'a  brasen 
cross  and  a  holy  water  can  of  braase,  a  fyno  cope  of  black  vellevytt,  and 
a  fyne  vestment  that  Mr.  Reyd  gave,  and  blak  vestmeiitos  of  vellvjt 
that  be  in  the  custody  of  Mr.  Wan!.'  The  1562-3  list  proves  that  the 
'  vestments '  were  chasubles,  for  we  find  '  a  vestment  y*  Mr.  Beede  gnvo 
except  y*  albe  and  y"  amysse.'  Copes  continue  to  be  mentioned  yearly 
till  1568,  and  albestill  1577.  The  rood-loft  and  choir  stalls  remained 
for  some  time  after  the  Kefoiination.  In  1643  Puritan  intolemnce 
levelled  the  chancel,  and  three  years  later  the  painted  windows  were 
smaehed  out 

The  most  interesting  of  the  parish  records  are  those  relating  to  the 
building  of  the  tower.  In  1473  an  account  was  passed  by  the  church 
auditors  '  for  poyntyng  of  the  Bteple,'  This  it«m  refers  to  the  old 
tower,  for  in  1509  we  find  mention  of  one  parishioner's  'graunte  after 
ij^  a  weke  to  the  makyin^^  of  the  steple,'  and  after  1S20  an  annual 
aabscription  of  twelve-pence  was  given  for  five  years  by  Sir  George 
Boden,  of  Chellaston,  priest  '  to  the  bildying  of  the  steple,'  and  after 
his  death  he  bequeathed  408.  for  the  same  purpose. 

These  items  are  foUowed  by  a  long  list  of  weekly  '  paymentes  payed 
to  John  Otes  ffremason  ffonde  of  charite  by  Roberto  lyversage  of  sainto 
pet'  parische  Dior  to  the  byldyng  of  Alhaloes  steple'  in  1527,  and 
amounting  in  all  to  £6  13s.  4d.  The  tower  was  apparently  not 
completed  or  paid  for  in  1532,  for  church  ales  were  held  at  Chaddeedon, 
Brailsford,  and  Wirksworth,  which  realised  a  gross  sum  of  £25  Ss,  6d., 
and  £11  3&  4d.  at  the  first  two  places. 

The  tower  is  nearly  180  feet  high  to  the  battlements,  or  to  the  top  of 
the  pinnacles  206  feet.  It  was  designed  to  carry  a  Inntem  or  spire, 
the  sqninches  for  which  were  duly  completed  and  may  be  seen  from  the 
floor  where  the  belle  hang.  The  tower  is  divided  into  three  stages  by 
panelled  and  embattled  bands,  and  the  upper  stage  is  lighted  on  each 
side  by  a  large  single  window  of  four  ligiits.  The  effect  would  have 
been  far  finer  had  the  belfry  windows  been  double.     The  middle  stage 

VOL.  XLIL  *  *     ^-- 

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494  PEOCHKDINGfl  AT  MEBTINQfl  OF 

has  a  two-light  window  lighting  the  ringing  chamber,  but  sadl7 
spoiled  by  great  clock  faces  on  the  south  and  west  sides.  The  lowest 
stage  has  a  large  west  door  with  a  niche  on  each  side  and  a  window 
over.  The  other  two  sides  are  plain,  but  on  a  string  course  a  little  way 
up,  may  be  read  on  each  side 

gonoe  mm  &  ma^hms. 
The  north  legend  is  original,  but  the  south  a  modem  copy.     Tradition 
says  the  tower  was  built  up  to  this  height  by  the  young  people  of  the 
town.     The  whole  tower  underwent  restoration  in  1S44-5. 

In  1714,  a  proposal  was  made  ta  re-build  the  old  church,  which 
appears  to  have  fallen  into  a  sad  state  of  decay,  notwithstanding  frequent 
patchings  up.  The  proposal  was  however  strongly  opposed,  but  Dr. 
Hutchinson,  who  was  appointed  incumbent  in  1719,  made  himself  the 
champion  of  the  re-building  scheme,  and  at  ouce  set  t6  work  to  get  it 
carried  out  M^eetings  and  counter  meetings  were  held  for  some  time 
without  any  agreement  being  come  to,  till  at  length  the  doctor  and  his 
party  lost  patience  and  after  convening  a  hasty  meeting  to  give  colour  to 
their  proceedings,  a  gang  of  workmen  was  let  iuta  the  church  before 
day-break  one  February  morning,  who  proceeded  to  unroof  the  chancel 
and  demolish  the  fittings  before  the  townsfolk  were  thoroughly  awake. 
The  old  building  being  then  considered  past  hope,  the  present  church 
was  erected  from  the  designs  of  James  Gibbs,  at  a  cost  of  over  ;£40U0, 
and  opened  for  service  on  November  31,  1723. 

The  new  church  contains  little  of  interest.  Its  most  ornamental 
feature  is  the  fine  scieenwork  now  dividing  the  chancel  from  the  nave 
and  the  chancel  aisles.  This  was  executed  by  Bakewell,  but  has  been 
terribly  cut  down  and  reduced  within  the  last  fifteen  years.  Some  of 
the  monuments  are  interesting,  fi.g.  an  incised  slab  to  John  Lawe, 
subdean,  circa  1430,  representing  him  in  cassock  surplice  and  almuce, 
and  holding  a  chalice  ;  the  wooden  tomb,  lately  restored,  and  efiBgy  of 
Robert  Johnson,  subdean,  eirea  1530,  in  surplice  almuce  and  cope; 
Elizabeth,  countess  of  Shrewsbury,  better  known  as  '  Bess  of  Haidwick,' 
who  died  1607;  and  Richard  Crowshawe,  master  of  the  Goldsmiths' 
Company,  who  died  1631," 

After  an  inspection  of  the  church  under  Mr,  Hope's  guidance,  the 
members  entered  the  carriages,  which  were  waiting  in  St  Mary's  Gate, 
and  proceeded  to  Eedleston  Hall,  an  imposing  mansion  built  by 
Bobert  Adam  in  1765,  where  they  were  most  hospitably  prorided 
with  t«a  and  other  refreshments  by  Lord  Scaisdale, 

After  viewing  the  chief  apartments  and  the  treasures  they  contain, 
notably  a  fine  collection  of  Derby  china,  a  move  was  made  for  the 
church,  which  though  small,  and  dwarfed  by  the  sIm  of  the  a4jacent 
mansion,  is  full  of  interest. 

In  plan  it  is  cniciforin  with  central  tower,  but  wholly  destitute  of 
aisles,  and  dates  in  its  main  features  from  about  1^00 ;  but  there  is  a 
good  south  Norman  doorway,  with  a  singular  unfinished  tympanum  with 
a  hunting  scene.  The  monuments  are  varied  and  interesting,  and 
entirety  pertain  to  the  Curzon  family.  They  range  from  a  crosa  fleury 
on  a  stone  slab,  recently  found  under  the  flooring  of  the  nave,  to  good 
examples  of  the  modem  sculptor's  art,  and  include  a  brass  of  1496, 
and  two  remarkable  military  effigies,  with  unusual  amngament  of 
armour,  earlier  in  the  same  century. 

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THE  iROYAL  ABCHABOLOGIOAL  nfSTITDTE.  495 

The  chnich  was  described  fay  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cox,  and  as  the 
nave  and  transepts  of  the  church  ore  now  in  process  of  "  restoration  " 
under  Mr.  J.  0.  Scott,  Dr.  Cox  gave  some  useful  general  remarks  on 
the  true  spirit  of  restoration,  deeply  deploring  much  that  had  been 
recently  done  in  the  county.  Mr.  W.  H.  St  John  Hope  drew  the 
attention  of  the  visitors  to  the  different  appearance  of  the  arches  and 
columns  supporting  the  central  tower,  a  part  of  which  was  deeply  scored 
and  practically  rendered  new  by  being  rechiselled  in  removnig  the  plaster 
and  whitewash,  whilst  another  part  was  saved  from  all  such  disfigure- 
ment. This  was  owing  to  Mr.  Hope  having  suggested,  during  the 
progress  of  the  work,  that  "  Manchester  card  "  should  ho  need  for  the 
removal  of  the  plaster  rather  than  the  rough-and-ready  instruments  of 
chisel  and  mallet,  Mr.  Micklethwaite  added  a  word  of  caution  to  this 
saying  that  even  "  Manchester  card "  was  too  destructive  where  the 
stone  was  of  a  soft  kind. 

On  the  proposal  of  Lord  Percy,  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  was  accorded 
to  Lord  Scaradsle  for  his  kind  hoBpitality,  who  in  acknowledging  it 
expressed  the  great  pleasure  which  he  felt  in  entertaining  the  members  of 
the  Institute. 

The  party  reentered  the  carriages  and  after  a  pleasant  drive  reached 
Derby  about  6.30  p.m. 

At  8  p.QL,  the  Antiquarian  Section  met  in  the  Art  Gallery  at  the 
Free  Library,  where  the  Rev.  J.  Charles  Cox,  LL,D.  delivered  his 
opening  address  as  President 

He  took  for  his  subject  "  Place  and  Field  names."  He  claimed  special 
and  peculiar  interest  for  Derbyshire  beyond  all  other  conntiee.  as  being  so 
remarkably  mixed  in  its  nationalities.  The  whole  of  the  village  and 
hamlet  names  had  been  gathered  together,  and  about  one-third  of  the 
field-names,  with  most  interesting  results.  The  first  or  Gadhelicpart  of 
the  great  Celtic  wave  had  left  its  traces  in  Derbyshire  as  well  as  the 
second  or  Cymric  division.  Almost  side  by  side  were  found  the  Scotch 
Ben  and  the  Welsh  Pen.  There  was  the  Welsh  AXLaetree  and  the  Erse 
BailidoTi.  He  also  claimed  that  it  was  possible  in  this  county  to 
distinguish  in  the  place-names  the  three  great  families  of  the  Teutonic 
invasion,  the  Angles,  Jutes,  and  Saxons,  and  gave  many  and  convincing 
proofs  of  the  fact  that  the  Noree  settlers  in  this  shire  were  both  of 
Danish  and  Norwegian  descent  Those  specially  distinguishing  particles 
ihwiiite  and  ihorpe  were  only  to  he  found  in  comparatively  close  juxta- 
position in  Derbyshire.  He  had  found  abundant  proof  of  one  Derby- 
shire valley  being  colonized  or  overran  by  Danes,  and  then  just  over  the 
hill  equally  strong  pro  of  of  a  ITorw^ian  settlement  He  attributed  this 
gt«at  admixture  of  races  partly  to  the  central  and  mountainous 
character  of  the  county,  but  more  especially  to  its  ancient  lead  mines  of 
wide  repute,  that  caused  many  an  invading  tribe  to  look  upon  it  as  their 
eventual  goal 

He  concluded  by  remarking  that  there  was  Vandalism  in  dealing  with 
names  as  well  as  with  material  fabrics,  and  expressed  a  hope  that  a  body 
apparently  bo  well  affected  to  archieology  as  the  Derby  Corpomtion  would 
cease  to  commit  acts  of  Vandalism  like  changing  the  time-honoured 
appellation  of  "  B^  lane  "  into  "  East  street,"  and  "  Dog  Kennel  lane  " 
into  "  Great  Northern  road." 


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4M  FBOCBEDINOS  AT  USSTISQS  OP 

Dr.  Coz'b  reference  to  this  change  of  street  nomenclatiue,  with 
special  relation  to  Bag  lane  (now  East  street)  is  so  interesting— in  view 
of  the  fact  that  an  Irish  Vice-Chancellor  granted  an  injunction  the 
other  day  restraining  the  Corporation  of  Dublin  from  altering  the 
name  by  which  a  street  (the  well-known  Sockville  street]  had  been 
long  known,  that  we  reproduce  his  words  on  the  subject  which 
were  OB  follows : — "  We  hod  recently  been  deprived  of  the  name 
of  '  Bag  lane,'  which  the  thoroughfora  had  held  for  centuries,  and 
we  had  given  to  it  the  modem  appellation  of  East  street  It  was 
under  consideration  to  give  it  the  name  of  Commercial  street,  the 
promoters  apparently  thinking  that  the  '  Bag '  had  something  to  do  with 
bag-men,  but  he  could  assure  them  that  he  had  himself  retd  more  than 
one  charter,  going  back  as  far  as  Edward  II,  where  '  Bag  lane  '  was  used 
as  an  important  factor  in  describing  property  which  was  then  on  the 
outskirts  of  the  borough  of  Derby.  At  all  events  a  name  which  stood 
from  the  time  of  Edward  II,  should  not  be  in  any  light  spirit  chauged 
Being  interested  in  this  question,  and  hoping  the  Corporation  would  give 
back  the  name,  be  had  been  trying  to  find  out  what  waa  the  most 
probable  etymology  of  the  word.  Most  likely  it  was  a  diminutive  form 
of  '  badger,'  indicating  that  in  days  gone  by  these  animals  were  found 
there.  Some  etymologists  would  connect  it  with  the  old  High  German 
'  bagau,'  to  contend  or  do  battle  ;  others  said  it  was  from  a  chieftain  named 
Boga;  whilst  others  made  bold  to  conuect  it  with  the  Celtic,  though  he 
thought  that  was  tatbet  far-fetched.  At  all  events,  though  its  etymology 
was  certainly  doubtful,  we  ought  not  lightly  to  interfere  with  names  which 
had  been  handed  down  to  us  through  centuries  by  our  ancestors."' 

Mr,  B.  S.  Fbboubos,  in  the  course  of  some  remaiks,  said  the 
Ordnance  Survey  were  great  sinners  in  this  matter  by  designating  places 
by  numbers,  iustead  of  by  their  time-honoured  field  names.  He  con- 
cluded by  moving  a  cordial  vote  of  thanks  to  Dr.  Cox,  which  was  seconded 
by  the  Rev.  Prebendary  Scarth  and  carried  unanimously. 

The  Rev.  Prebendary  Scarth  then  read  a  paper  on  "Roman 
Derbyshire,"  with  special  reference  to  the  stations  and  roads ;  illuatrating 
bis  remarks  from  a  carefully  prepared  map  of  the  county. 

A  vote  of  thanks  having  bean  given  to  Mr.  Scarth,  the  President 

announced  that  in  consequence  of  Parliamentary  duties  Mr.  Beresfoid 

Hope's  address,  as  President  of  the  Architectural  Section,  would  be 

postponed.    The  meeting  then  came  to  an  end. 

Wednesday,  July  29th. 

At  9.45  a.m.  a  large  party  drove  from  Derby  to  Ashburae,  passing 
through  Mackworth,  Kirk  Langley,  and  Brailaford.  The  first  visit  was 
to  the  beautiful  chureh  of  AshbumB,  with  its  fine  lofty  spire,  known  as 
the  "  Pride  of  the  Peak," 

The  various  features  of  the  church  were  well  described  by  the  vicar, 
the  Rev.  F.  Jourd^in,  under  whose  direction  the  restoration  of  the  nave, 
transepts,  and  central  tower  has  been  carried  out,  thongh  it  is  much  to  he 
regretted  that  the  jointing  of  the  stonework  has  been  carefully  em- 
phasised with  bliick  cement  The  huddling  together  of  the  really  fine 
aeries  of  tombs  is  another  mistake,  though  it  is  only  fair  to  say  that  ^le 
present  vicar  is  not  responsible  for  this. 

After  luncheon,  which  was  served  under  canvas  in  an  adjacent  field, 

'  Sinoe  tliew  remiuiB  were  delivered,  atredt  ita  time-hoaoured  name  of  'Big 
the   CorpontioD   hire  restored  to  the      Luie.' 

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TOB  BOTAL  ASCHABOLOGICAL  INSTrnTTE.  497 

when  a  bazaoi  waa  being  held  for  th»  church  reslioratdoQ  fund,  the 
mombera  again  entered  the  carriBgeH  and  drove  to  Norbury,  The  very 
interesting  chutch  was  first  visited.  It  is  principally  in  the  Perpendicular 
style,  thouKb  of  difTerent  dotes,  but  the  chancel  is  a  grand  specimen  of 
Decorated  work,  with  some  singular  details.  The  church  contains  a  very 
considerable  quantity  of  fourtecoth  and  fifteenth  ceotury  glass,  much  of 
it  in  fair  preservation.  In  a  window  in  the  eautfa-ea^t  chapel  is  a  figure 
inscribed  "Sanctus  Burlok  Abbas,"  which  gave  rise  to  some  discussion, 
as  this  saint  has  hitherto  escaped  t<lentification.  The  chancel  contains 
some  good  monuments  of  the  Fitzherberta,  including  two  magnificent 
altar  tombs  with  knightly  effigies,  which  it  would  be  difficult  to  surpass. 
Both  knights  wear  the  Yorkist  collar  of  suns  and  roscis,  hut  one  has  the 
white  lion  of  the  house  of  March,  the  other  the  silver  boar  of  Kichaid  III, 
as  jienUtirita.  TJie  arciiit^ctural  features  of  the  building  were  described 
by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cox  and  the  monuments  by  Mr.  W.  H.  8t.  John  Hope. 

The  [tarty  then  proceeded  to  the  adjoining  Manor  House,  which  was 
described  by  Dr.  Cose.  Though  to  all  outward  appeartmce  an  ordinary 
brick  farm-house  of  the  time  of  the  Restoration,  Xorbury  Manor  House 
is  really  a  building  of  exceptional  interest.  Despite  the  briuk  casing, 
there  still  remain  in  fair  preservation  two  sides  of  the  inner  court  of  the 
old  manor  house  of  the  Fitzherberts.  The  most  interesting  part  of  it  is 
the  great  hall,  iemp.  Edward  I,  though  much  mutilated,  and  spoilt  by 
floors  anil  partitions.  The  main  portion,  that  now  inhabited,  retains  a 
variety  of  excellent  sixteenth  century  panelling  and  some  good  fragments 
of  old  glaas. 

A  further  drive  brought  the  party  to  Longford  church,  which  was 
described  by  Dr.  Cox.  The  chief  feature  is  the  fine  series  of  knightly 
effigies  uf  the  Longfords,  which  will  repay  careful  examination. 

After  a  somewhat  prolonged  drive  Derby  was  reached  at  7.15  p.m. 

The  Historical  Section  opened  at  8.30  p.m.  The  Very  Rev.  the  Dean 
of  Lichfield  occupied  the  cbiur  as  President,  and  gave  his  opening 
address  which  is  printed  at  page  389. 

The  Sev.  Sir  Talbot  Baker  moved,  and  the  Bov.  Dr.  Cox  seconded  a 
vote  of  thanks  to  the  Dean,  which  was  heartily  accorded. 

The  Dean  then  vacated  the  chair  in  favour  of  Sir  Talbot  Baker,  who 
called  upon  Professor  E.  C.  Clarke  to  read  a  paper  on  "  BomantvGreok 
Inscriptions  uf  England."  An  interesting  discussion  followed,  in  whidi 
the  Rev.  Father  Hirst,  Mr.  Hilton,  Rev.  Prebendary  Scarth  and  the  Rev. 
G.  F.  Browne  took  port  After  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Frofessor  Clark  for  his 
able  paper  the  proceedings  terminated. 

Thuiaday,  July  30th. 
At  8  50  o-in.,  a  special  train  conveyed  the  membera  and  their 
friends  to  Chesterfield.  Here  carriages  were  in  readiness,  and  leaving 
behind  them  the  fine  parish  church  with  its  carious  twisted  and  bent 
spire,  the  party  drove  at  once  to  Hanlwick  Hall,  the  seat  of  the  Marquees 
of  Hartington.  This  is  a  fine  specimen' of  late  EUxabethan  architectuie, 
and  was  built  from  the  designs  of  the  Smithsons,  between  1590  and  1697, 
for  Elizabeth,  the  famous  countess  of  Shrewsbuiy.  This  lady  was  mairied 
lour  tim(«--<l)  t«  Robert  Barley;  (2)  to  Sir  William  Cavendiahj  (3) 
to  Sir  William  St.  Loe ;  and  (4)  to  George,  earl  of  Shrewsbury :  Alter 


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498  pnocEEDmos  at  keetisqb  of 

her  fourtb  hueband'e  death  afie  developed  a  great  passion  for  building 
and  although  there  was  then  standing  at  Haidwick  a  fine  Hall  of 
considemble  eize,  ouly  rucjuUy  Uniahed,  she  caused  it  to  be  dismantled 
and  the  present  edifice  to  be  erected  close  at  hand. 

The  partj  proceeded  first  to  view  the  picturesque  mins  of  the  old  Hall, 
which  still  retains  in  parts  some  good  molded  and  painted  plastering 
on  the  walls. 

The  present  Hall  contains  an  unrivalled  collection  of  ancient  tapestrj, 
and  a  quantity  of  furniture  coeval  with  the  building.  In  the  chapel  is 
a  remarkable  hanging  thrown  over  the  altar  rail,  entirely  made 
up  of  the  hoods  and  orphreys  of  some  twenty  or  thirty  embroidered 
copes,  as  well  as  several  chasubles,  cut  up  imd  worked  in.  -Vlmoat  the 
whole  is  of  English  work,  but  it  ia  sailly  worn  in  places  and  should 
certainly  be  removed  to  a  place  of  greater  safety. 

A  leisurely  inspection  of  the  whole  house  was  made  under  the 
guidance  of  the  houeekeeper,  for  whom  Dr.  Cox  acted  as  interpreter. 

The  party  then  sat  down  to  luncheon  in  the  great  halL  This 
finished  the  carriages  were  again  entered  and  after  a  pleasant  drive  of 
ten  miles,  Winfield  Manor  House  was  reached. 

Here  are  the  remains  of  a  most  extensive  mansion  erected  by  Ralph, 
lord  Cromwell,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  It  consists  of  two  great 
courts^  in  the  inner  of  which  are  remains  of  considerable  beauty,  prin- 
cipally of  the  great  hall  with  its  porch  and  undercroft,  and  withdiHwing 
rooms  and  kitchen  offices  beyond.  The  range  of  state  apartments 
once  occupied  by  the  unfortunate  Mary  queen  of  Scots  waa  pulled 
down  in  1744,  and  the  materials  used  to  help  build  a  modem  house  at 
the  foot  of  the  hill  on  which'  the  manor-house  is  so  finely  situated.  Dr 
Cox  acted  as  guide,  and  read  an  interesting  paper  descriptive  of  the  plan 
and  history  ;  this  was  followed  by  some  diort  notes  on  the  architecture 
by  Mr.  B.  E.  Ferrey,  which  are  here  reproduced : 

"I  do  not  thiTtk  there  is  much  that  I  can  add  to  the  information  given 
in  my  httle  architectural  monograph  on  the  Manor-House,  published  in 
1870.  The  rough  drawingB  for  all  the  plates  therein  given  were  plotted 
and  finished  to  scale  on  the  spot  during  my  pleasant  sojourn  in  the 
hospitable  farm  house  within  the  old  Manor  House,  at  two  different 
periods,  in  all  about  seven  weeks.  It  was  then  occupied  by  Mr.  John 
Cupit,  and  I  take  this  opportunity  of  again  expressing  my  sincere 
appreciation  of  that  gentleman's  valuable  help,  which  enabled  me  to  get 
actual  measuremeatfi  of  many  parts  of  the  building  that  under  less 
favourable  conditions  I  should  have  had  to  approximately  obtain. 

As  wilt  bo  seen  by  reference  to  the  ground  plan  it  was  somewhat 
difficult  to  measure  owing  to  the  irregularities  of  the  site,  and  that  then 
caused  by  the  very  uneven  character  of  the  ground  within  the  building, 
now  happily  removed.  The  modem  excrescences  and  the  conversion  of 
the  south  quadrangle  into  the  appurtenances  of  a  farm-house  tended  to 
increase  the  difficulties.  But  by  frequent  diagonals  I  was  enabled  to 
test  the  angles  and  thus  to  assure  myself  of  their  accuracy,  I  am 
alluding  particularly  to  the  south  quadrangle,  the  area  of  which  is  so 
large  that  one  can  scarcely  realize  it  can  be  so  out  of  the  square.  But 
those  who  have  been  accustomed  to  study  and  measure  old  buildings 
know  how  common  such  irregularities  are,  and  how  little  noticeable  till 
tested  by  the  crudal  test  of  actual  feet  and  inches. 


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THB  BOYAL  ABCHABOLOOICAL  INSTITUTB.  499 

I  tnist  the  Institute  will  not  omit  to  take  a  glanse  at  the  interior  of 
the  old  barn,  which  owing  to  the  superior  attractions  of  the  north  quad- 
rangle it  might  be  tempted  to  da  Though  the  walls  of  the  barn  are 
substantially  buttressed,  the  roof  seems  to  be  supported  independently  of 
them  on  large  oak  posts  not  placed  concentric  with  the  buttresses. 

Turning  to  another  part  of  the  Manor  House,  the  site  of  the  chapel 
is  popularly  reported  to  have  been  to  the  north-eaet  of  the 
haU.  The  so-called  'crypt'  under  the  hall  might  more  properly  be 
termed  simply  on  undercroft  or  vaulted  chamb.:r,  which  in  the  opinion 
of  a  late  eminent  antiquary  was  probably  used  as  a  retainer's  ball  The 
chimney-cap  to  the  east  end  of  the  hall  I  am  glad  to  have 
actually  measured  by  clambering  up  a  ladder  placed  along  the  top  of  the 
coping,  the  stones  of  which,  some  eighteen  or  twenty  years  since,  were 
BO  loose  that  it  would  have  been  hazaKlous  to  accompli^  it  in  any  other 
way.  The  south  window  to  the  '  state  apartment '  with  its  c^eo- 
shaped  crocketted  hood-mold  Is  an  admirable  specimen  of  its  date,  and 
the  arrangement  of  the  upper  transoms,  (those  to  the  side-lights  being 
bdoie  the  springing  line  of  the  window  arch)  gives  a  very  picturesque 
effect  to  Uke  tracery-head.  I  would  particularly  draw  attention  to 
the  jointing  of  the  jamlnitones  extenudly.  In  the  west  jamb,  near 
the  lower  part  of  the  window,  some  very  large  stones  are  used. 
In  the  central  part  of  the  traeory'haad,  above  the  transom,  the 
treatment  of  the  second  order  of  moldings,  eta,  is  rather  uncommon. 
In  the  two-light  window  underneath  it,  the  pseudo  hood-molding 
is  very  curious,  as  the  mouldings  are  gunk  instead  of  jnvjeeting, 
which  entirely  does  away  with  the  raittm  ^etre.  The  circular 
window  of  the  gable  has  the  axis  of  its  tracery  very  considerably  out  of 
the  perpendiculiu',  and  this  appears  to  have  been  done  designedly.  This 
is  just  one  of  those  peculiarities  which  in  a  nineteenth  century  architect 
would  probably  be  most  severely  censured ! 

A^n,  in  the  porch  it  is  remarkable  that  the  diagonal  buttress  at  the 
south-west  angle  is  not  placed  centrally,  but  is  brought  more  in  front,  and 
for  no  apparent  reason.  The  beautiful  window  on  the  east  side  of  the 
porch  is  very  peculiar,  the  moldings  and  general  treatment  appearing  of 
much  earlier  date  than  the  rest  of  the  building.  The  parapet  to  the 
porch  and  hall  is  very  shallowly  recessed:  I  need  scarcely  comment  on 
the  beauty  of  the  design  of  the  bay-window  to  the  halL 

I  hope  the  foundations  of  two  bold  semi-octagonal  projections,  which, 
in  the  year  1865,  I  was  able  to  lay  far  more  bare  than  they  were 
previously,  ore  still  visible  on  the  west  side  of  the  inner  court.  For 
this  will  give  on  idea  of  what  the  elevation  of  this  part  of  the  north 
quadrangle  originally  must  have  been.  In  this  west  wing  are  aoid  to 
have  been  the  apartments  occupied  by  Mary  queen  of  Scots  during  her 
enforced  sojourn  within  the  waUs  of  Winfield  Manor  House. 

The  entrance  gateway  to  the  north  quadrangle  seems  to  be  one  of 
the  earliest  parts  of  the  building,  judging  from  the  character  of  the 
moldings,  and  its  main  archway,  which,  though  four-centred,  does  not 
appear  be  to  of  Tudor  date.  The  effect  of  the  elevation  of  this  entrance 
front  with  its  array  of  boldly  projecting  chimneys  and  turrets  is  certainly 
most  striking. 

The  beautiful  state  of  preservation  of  the  ashlar  stone  of  which  the 
Manor  House  is  principally  built  cannot  fail  to  attract  the  notice  of  the 


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500  PR0CBED1NGS  AT  UEBTIN08  OF 

IiiBtitut&  It  is  a  crystalline  milktone  grit,  soi'l  to  bare  been  quarried 
at  Aflhover  Moor,  some  four  milM  from  WinfielA  Some  of  the  blocks 
employed  are  of  very  lai^  size  and  in  one  instance,  that  of  the  window 
over  the  south  side  of  the  kitc)ien,  the  whole  of  the  tracery  is  in  one  stone. 
For  the  rougher  walla  red  sand-stone  was  employed,  probably  obtained 
on  the  apot,  as  the  greater  part  of  the  south  quadrangle  is  built  on  the 
Bolid  rock,  which  dips  down  beneath  the  north-east  portion  of  the 
structure. 

Uy  attention  has  been  particularly  drawn  to  the  points  I  have 
mendoned  owing  to  my  long  aojcum,  and  the  measurements  I  then  took, 
at  the  Manor  House.  Though  the  work  involved  labour,  I  always  look 
back  upon  the  honourable  task  with  pleasnre,  and  am  convinced  that  the 
minute  study  of  this  once  magnificent  old  house  was  a  very  valuable 
one  to  me. 

As  several  by  far  greater  authorities  than  I  am  on  the  subject  of 
fortified  Mano^HouBes  of  the  period  of  Henry  VI,  are  examining 
Winfield  I  need  add  no  more." 

Some  discussion  followed  on  the  position  of  the  chapeL  Mr.  W.  H. 
St  John  Hope  said  that  he  and  Major  Beamish,  RK.,  had  corefuUj 
enamined  the  site,  and  by  the  aid  of  excavations  had  come,  to  the 
conclusion  that  it  was  a  detached  building,  approached  by  a  pentise,  at 
the  north-east  angle  of  the  inner  court,  as  Air.  Ferrcy  had  already 
AUimised ;  but  that  it  had  been  removed  as  an  extraneous  part  of  the 
house  when  the  place  was  fortified  during  the  civil  war. 

The  party  then  drove  to  Winfield  station,  where  the  special  train  was 
in  rcndiness,  and  reached  Derby  at  6.30  p.iD. 

At  8.30  p.m.  the  President  and  members  of  the  Institute  gave  a 
eonvertazicne  in  the  Free  Library  and  Museum,  to  which  a  large  number 
of  guests  were  invited. 

in  the  course  of  the  evening  Mr.  Beresford  Hope  delivered  his 
deferred  opening  address  of  the  Architectural  Section  to  a  large  audience. 

Mb.  Hopr  conunenccd  his  address  by  expressing  his  pleasure  at 
meeting  the  Institute  at  Derby,  as  he  was  in  a  way  a  Derbyshire  man. 
Having  spoken  of  the  connection  of  architecture  with  archteology,  he 
asked — 'What  is  architecture !  It  might  be  the  highest  and  moet 
sublime  of  the  fine  arts.  It  might  be  the  most  grovelling  and 
material  of  pursuits,  and  it  might  be  the  summing  up  of  the  visible 
forms  of  the  history,  manners,  customs,  wants,  deficiencies,  and  crav- 
ings after  higherthings  of  many  past  ages.  It  might  be  the  dregs 
of  time,  the  worldly-wise,  unpoetic,  and  practically  summing  up  of 
this  material  age.  It  might  in  short  be  poetry  or  intense  prose. 
There  might  be  the  dreamy  mansions  with  deep  embayed  windows, 
rich  in  lights  and  shades,  projecting  and  receding,  panelled  chambers, 
painted  glass,  solid  staircases,  delicately  molded  ceilings ;  or  the 
baronial  hall  showing  the  poetry  of  life  of  the  olden  time,  but  per- 
haps not  well  drained,  and,  perhaps,  with  surroundings  such  as  a 
modem  sanitary  doctor  would  turn  his  nose  up  at  AJrchitectnre,  in 
short,  might  touch  everything,  because  it  was,  in  fact,  the  great  and 
dominating  instrument  of  civiliaation:  it  was  the  something  which  a 
savage   firat  gete  hold  of   when   he  puts  three  sticks  together  and 


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THE  BOYAI,  ABCHA.BOLOaiCAI,  INSTITUTSL  501 

ttuowB  a  skin  over  them  to  form  for  himself  a  liabitatiou.  That  waa 
not  a  very  noble  cooception,  but  it  vaa  the  beginning  of  architecture, 
and  from  the  beginning,  through  the  changes  and  chancea  of  thia 
world,  they  went  on  witii  weird  and  magoi&cent  traditions  until  they 
got  to  those  astounding  and  elaborate  buildings  of  pre-historic  days 
found  among  the  creepers  and  trees  of  the  Miexicaa  forest  Thus  they 
came  to  the  buildings  of  Cambodia,  Egypt,  Gieeoe  and  Bome,  and  to 
those  of  still  later  data.  All  this  was  architecture,  bat  all  this  was 
equally  archsology,  so  inextricably  intertwined  were  the  twa  Should 
he  call  them  sciences!  He  could  not  see  why  not.  While  architec- 
ture indeed  put  out  likewise  overpowering  claima  to  be  recognised  as 
an  art,  but  with  this  they  were  not  concerned.  Let  him  then  sum  up 
these  thoughts  in  a  short  sentence :  archtsology  was  the  science  which 
dealt  with  buildii^  analytically,  and  architecture  was  the  one  which 
dealt  with  them  constructively. 

Be  then  proceeded  to  ask  whether  the  members  of  the  Institute  had 
acted  wisely  in  coming  to  Derbyshire  1  He  had  no  hesitation  in  answer- 
ing "Tes"  to  the  question.  In  Derbysliire,  it  was  true,  there  was  no 
cathedral  church,  although  in  the  county  town  there  was  a  Georgian 
church  built  by  Gibbs,  Uie  moat  couspicuous  thing  in  which  was  a 
monument  that  no  longer  existed.  The  great  Cavendish  monument 
had  been  pulled  down  by  way  of  improvement,  and  now  the  lords  of 
Devonshire  stood  in  a  row  on  a  shelf.  Then  it  had  had  a  stone  altar, 
but  that  they  had  hung  up,  gibbettod  in  fact,  against  the  wall  with  an 
insulting  inscription.  Well,  that  was  not  very  remunerative  in  the  way 
of  architecture,  and  scarcely  worth  coming  into  the  county  to  see — a 
Georgian  church  with  Cavendishes  on  shelves,  aud  an  altar  flat  against 
a  wail!  But  he  would  remind  them  that  in  the  county  there  was  a 
series  of  good  churches.  There  was,  for  instance,  Ashbume  church, 
with  its  beautiful  steeple,  and  early  English  pointed  work,  with 
chancel  and  transepts  almost  cathedral-like,  and  a  vicar  who  had 
dared  to  restore  his  church  without  an  architect.  Ho  must  refer 
to  the  churches  at  Bakewell,  Tideswell,  Chesterfield,  Youlgreave, 
Bepton,  and  Melbourne,  to  Haddon  and  Hardwick  Ealld,  to  Winfi.eld 
M^or  House,  and  of  early  date,  to  I'evnril's  Castle,  and  the 
remarkable  stone  circle  at  Arbor  Low  ;  and  although  in  the  county 
there  was  no  cathedral  church  nor  such  a  pile  as  Alnwick,  yet  there 
was  a  rich,  varied,  and  most  instructive  treat  in  Derbyshire. 

Ub.  MiOKLirrHWAiTB,  in  seconding  the  vote  of  thanks  proposed  by 
Earl  Percy,  said  he  ventured  to  disagree  with  Mr.  Beresford  Hope  in 
some  of  his  assertions,  and  brought  up  the  subject  of  Westminster  Hall, 
one  which  Mr.  Hope  declined  to  follow,  expressing  a  fear  that  if  he  did 
so,  he  might  be  compelled  to  take  shelter  beneath  the  tableL  But  Mr. 
Micklethwaite  succeeded  in  eliciting  from  Mr.  Hope  tliat  he  did  not 
admire  the  black  cement  lines  at  Ashbume  church. 

Later  on  a  paper  was  read  in  the  Antiquarian  section  by  Messrs. 
W.H.  St.  John  Hope  and  T.  M.  Fallow,  on  Medieval  Chalices  and  Patens, 
illustrated  by  several  actual  examples,  and  a  fine  series  of  photographs. 
The  classification,  for  the  first  time,  of  all  the  known  examples  into  a 
series  of  types  was  most  excellently  and  thoroughly  dona  This  paper 
will  appear  in  a  future  number  of  the  Journal. 

VOL.  ZLIL  3  B    _, 

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502  PROCEEDmOS  AT  UEETINQ8  OF 

Friday,  July  Slrt. 

The  members  left  Derby  by  special  train  at  8-BO  a.TO.,  for  BakeweU. 
Here  carriagea  were  in  readiness  and  conveyed  them  to  the  church. 

The  extensive  and  varied  collection  of  Saxon  and  early  Nonnan 
headstones,  crosseB,  and  other  memorials  in  the  porch  did  not  receive  the 
attention  that  it  deserves,  but  the  party  listened  with  keen  interest  to 
the  description  of  the  monumental  efSgies  by  the  Baron  de  Cosson, 
especially  that  of  Sir  Thomas  Wendealey,  and  the  singular  mural 
monument  with  bitlf  effigies  of  Sir  Godfrey  Foljambe,  who  died  1377, 
and  Avena  his  wife.  The  fine  early  churchyard  cross  waa  also 
inspected. 

Be-entering  the  carriages,  the  party  proceeded  to  Haddon  Hall — so 
well  known  to  all  students  of  medieval  domestic  architecture.  In  the 
unavoidable  absence  of  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope  and  the  Rev.  Ur.  Cox, 
the  main  features  of  the  building  were  most  excellently  pointed  out  at 
very  short  notice  by  Messrs.  MicUethwaite  and  C,  J.  Ferguson, 

After  an  inspection  of  the  varied  and  interesting  details  of  the  mansion 
the  antiquaries  sat  down  to  luncheon,  which  by  the  kindness  of  the 
duke  of  Rutland  was  served  in  the  great  hall. 

A  move  was  next  made  to  Arbor  Low,  a  prehistoric  monument  on  tite 
summit  of  the  moor  between  Hartii^ton  and  Youlgieave.  It  consists 
of  a  circular  platform  173  feet  in  diameter  with  an  outer  circle  of  some 
thirty  odd  stones,  once  probably  erect  and  in  pairs,  but  now  prostrate 
and  broken.  In  the  centre  lie  several  lai^  stones  which  may  have 
formed  a  cist  The  whole  is  surrounded  by  a  vallum,  with  the  almoet 
unique  feature  of  an  intier  ditch. 

This  stone  circle  has  been  scheduled  under  the  Ancient  Monuments 
Act 

Some  discussion  took  place  as  to  its  origin  and  purpose,  in  which  Mr. 
R.  S.  Ferguson,  Mr.  Lambert,  and  others  took  part 

On  the  return  journey  a  brief  call  was  made  at  the  interesting  church 
of  Youlgreave,  with  its  fine  lofty  tower.  The  singular  font,  with  attached 
holy  water  stoup,  attracted  considerable  attention,  as  did  the  miniature 
alabaster  effigy  of  Sir  Thomas  Cokayne  {ob.  1488),  which  was  described 
by  the  Baron  de  Cosson.  The  figure  has  been  "restored,"  and  as  the 
Baron  truly  remarked,  the  armour  lepreseoted  on  the  newly  carved  1^ 
and  feet  was  such  as  could  never  luve  been  used  or  worn,  and  the 
dagger  of  such  a  pattern  as  had  never  yet  been  known  or  seen. 

Roweley  station  was  reached  in  sufficiently  good  time  to  allow  of  a 
visit  to  the  renowned  "Peacock"  inn  hard  by,  and  at  6.25  p.m.,  a 
special  train  conveyed  t!io  party  hack  to  Derby. 

At  8.30  p.m.  the  Architectural  section  met  in  the  lower  room  of  the 
Art  gallery  at  the  Free  Library,  when  the  Rev.  C.  R.  Manning  read  a 
paper  on  "  Lockers  for  the  Processional  Cross,"  a  subject  that  has  not 
hitherto  received  much  attention.  Mr.  Manning's  paper  is  printed  at 
page  435  of  the  current  number. 

A  concurrent  meeting  of  the  Antiquarian  section  was  abo  held  in  the 
upper  room  of  tbe  Art  gallery,  where  the  Bev.  G.  F.  Browne  gave  an 
admirable  address,  rich  in  painstaking  research,  illustrative  of  Uie  pro- 
Norman  "  Sculptured  Stones  of  Derbyshire."  Round  the  room  was 
suspended  a  large  number  of  rubbings  of  early  stones  from   Wilno, 


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THE  ROYAL  ABGHABOLOOIOAL  INSTITDTB.  503 

BakeweU,  Darley  Dale,  Afiton,  Spondon,  Wirksrorth,  Derby  St  AUc- 
mund'e,  etc  Theaei  were  described  in  detail  bj  Mr.  Browne,  whose 
remarks  were  listened  to  with  the  keenest  inteTest  Some  of  the  stones 
he  considered  were  of  as  eoAy  a  date  as  the  seventh  century.  A  hearty 
vote  of  thanks  was  accorded  to  Mt  Browne,  and  the  section  Uien 
adjourned. 

Saturday,  August  Ist. 

At  10  a.m.  a  large  party  drove  to  Sawley  church,  a  building  but  little 
visited,  thoufjh  a  remarkable  one  from  the  remains  of  iti  ancient  littJii)^ 
and  amiUKcments.  Those  anil  the  architectural  features  wore  well 
clesuribcd  by  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  who  called  special  attention  to 
the  stone  wall  at  a  short  ilistance  from  the  east  end  which  forms  the  rere- 
di)S.  The  Saxon  chancel  arch;  the  massive  original  chancel  aeats,  returned 
aguimit  the  screen  ;  and  the  woodwork  of  the  roofs,  and  of  the  parcloses 
screening  off  the  aisles,  were  also  pointed  out.  The  church  is 
fortunate  in  possessing  no  less  than  four  efdgies  of  priests,  three  in  moss 
vestments,  the  fourth  in  surplice  and  amesse.  There  are  also  two  good 
brasses  to  the  Bothc  family. 

Dale  abbey  was  the  next  place  visited.  Here  the  rock  hewn  cell  of  a 
hermit  was  first  inspected,  from  whence  a  move  was  made  to  the  little 
church.  Both  were  well  described  by  the  Bev.  C.  Kerry,  who  graphically 
related  the  chief  incidents  in  the  life  of  the  hermiUbaker,  and  how  he 
took  up  bis  abode  here  in  the  eleventh  century,  and  first  excavated  the 
rock  dwelling,  and  afterwards  built  a  cell  and  oratory  on  the  site  of  the 
church 

The  abbey  was  next  visited  under  the  guidance  of  Mr.  W.  H.  St, 
John  Hope,  who  directed  the  extensive  excavations  on  the  uite  for  the 
local  archLeoIogical  society  in  1878-9.  Mr.  Hope  briefly  described  tlio 
history  of  the  abbey,  which  was  one  of  the  Pnemonstratensian  order, 
and  pointed  out  the  various  features  of  the  plan  of  the  church  and 
conventual  buildings.  A  singular  effigy  of  a  deacon  discovered  in  the 
chapter  house  received  much  attention.  It  is  ofl'ectuaUy  protected  from 
the  weather,  tc^tber  with  a  large  and  varied  assortment  of  carved  and 
molded  stones,  tiles,  glass,  eta,  by  a  wooden  hut  covering  in  the  area  of 
the  chaptw  house. 

After  luncheon  the  party  re-entered  the  carriages  and  drove  to  Morley 
chnich,  which  was  ably  described  by  the  Bev.  Di.  Cox.  After  inspecting 
the  church,  which  is  especially  rich  In  brasses  and  old  painted  glass,  the 
members  were  hospitably  entertained  at  tea,  one  section  by  the  rector, 
the  Rev.  C.  J.  Boden;  the  other  at  Priory  Flatte,  by  Mr.  F.  Walker  Cox. 

The  last  place  visited  was  Breadsall  church.  Here  the  Bev.  Dr.  Coz 
again  took  the  party  in  hand,  and  explained  the  chief  features  of  the 
building,  drawing  special  attention  to  a  beautiful  alabaster  figure  of  our 
Lady  of  Pity,  found  under  the  flooring  during  recent  lepaiia.  It  is  of 
undoubted  English  work  and  of  fourteenth  century  date. 
The  journey  home  was  then  resumed,  Derby  being  reached  at  7  p.nL 

A  meeting  of  the  Historical  section  was  held  at  9  p.m.,  when  Mr. 
H.  S.  Skipton  read  an  able  paper  on  the  House  of  Cavendish. 

On  Sunday  the  deputy-Mayor,  with  aldermen  Boo,  Boiurosc,  Sowter, 
and  BussoU,  and  a  large  number  of  town  councillors,  met  at  the  Guildhall, 


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504  PROCEBDmOS  AT  MEBTDtQS  OF 

and,  accompanied  by  many  members  of  the  Inatitnte,  went  in  state  to 
All  Saint's  cbuicb,  preceded  by  the  mace  beaiere  and  the  swoid  beare^ 
and  the  cnatoraaiy  retinue  of  constables  and  halbeidieis.  The  Bev.  G. 
F.  Browne,  BJ).,  preached  from  EccleeiasteB,  a.  10. 

Monday,  Augoet  3rd. 

The  members  and  a  lai^e  number  of  friends  left  the  Strand  at  9.i5 
p.m.,  and  drove  to  Repton. 

An  inspection  was  first  made  of  the  church  of  St  Wystan,  whers 
Dr.  Cox  gave  a  brief  outline  of  the  ecclesiastical  and  political  history  of 
Kepton.  In  Saxon  times  it  was  the  chief  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Mercia,  and  the  first  seat  of  a  bishopric  in  the  Midlands  before  its 
removal  to  Lichfield.  The  great  monastery  founded  here  in  the  seventh 
century  was  the  favourite  burying  place  of  the  Saxon  kings.  It  waa 
destioyed  by  the  Danes  in  874. 

The  chuK^  is  mainly  of  Decorated  date  with  a  fine  lofty  PerpendicnlaF 
tower  and  spire  at  the  west  end.  The  building  is,  however,  far  better 
known  for  its  Saxon  chancel  and  undercroft  Owing  to  the  compan-  - 
tively  small  size  of  the  latter,  the  party  could  only  visit  it  in  sections, 
to  whom  Mr.  W.  H.  St  John  Hope  pointed  out  its  singular  construction  ; 
a  late  Norman  vault  carried  by  detached  pillars  and  wall  pilasters 
having  been  inserted  into  an  apartment  undoubtedly  Saxon  in 
construction.  Mr.  Hope  also  explained  the  details  of  a  fine  effigy  of  a 
knight,  which  has  been  relegated  to  the  obscurity  of  this  part  of  the 
church.  The  Rev.  G.  Woodyatt,  vicar,  shewed  in  his  garden  to  the 
west  of  the  church  two  rough  arches,  each  carved  out  of  a  single  stone — 
the  one  the  head  of  a  doorway,  the  other  of  a  window.  These  have  only 
recently  been  exposed,  and  after  careful  examination  were  pronounced 
to  be  of  early  Saxon  work. 

A  visit  was  next  made  to  the  remMns  of  the  priory  of  the  Holy 
Trinity,  now  portly  incorporated  with  the  buildings  of  Kepton  school 
which  were  inspected  under  the  guidance  of  Mr.  W.  H.  St  John  Hop& 
The  ground  plan  of  the  priory  church  has  been  recently  laid  bare  by  the 
Rev.  W.  M.  Fumeaux,  head  master  of  the  school 

After  luncheon  at  the  Boot  Hotel,  the  carriages  were  again  in  readinen, 
and  a  pleasant  drive  through  Tickenhall  and  Melbourne  brought  the 
party  to  Ereedon.  On  reaching  the  summit  of  the  hill,  Mr.  W.  H. 
St  John  Hope  pointed  out  the  great  earthwork  encircliI^;  it  In  the 
midst  of  this  stands  the  church,  where  Mr.  Hope  read  Uie  following 
notes  on  the  architectural  history  and  features  of  the  building  : 

"  The  church  of  88.  Mary  and  Hardulf  at  Breedon  was  given  abont 
1144,  to  the  Augustinian  priory  of  St  Oswald  at  Noetell,  Yoiks,  by 
Robert  de  Ferreis,  earl  of  NoUingham,  and  thereupon  a  prior  and 
five  canons  were  established  here. 

The  church  nevertheless  continued  to  be  parochial  as  well  as 
conventual 

A  vicarage  was  ordained  in  1360  by  the  bishop  of  Lincoln,  the  vicar 
to  have  'in  the  name  of  his  vicarship,  for  himself  and  two  chaplains 
whom  he  shall  have  for  companions,  and  for  a  deacon  and  his  two  clerks, 
a  sufficient  allowance  of  victuals  at  the  canons'  table.' 

In  1253,  Robert  dn  Alneto  entrusted  to  the  prior  and  convent  of 
Breedon  '  a  certain  gupurpelieium  which  was  St  Edmund  the  confessor 


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THE  ROTAL  ABCHAEOLOStCAL  INSTITUTE.  505 

of  Pontigny'a,  with  a  certain  aaeida  lineolo  etjkmsolo,  for  the  teiro  of 
eight  f eais  fiom  the  feast  of  the  Invention  of  Holy  Cross.  After  which 
the  letics  were  to  be  returned  to  the  said  Robert,  but  at  his  death  they 
should  tevert  to  the  priory. 

At  the  Buppreeeion  of  the  monaaterieB  in  1537  the  prior  was  the  only 
member  of  the  establishment. 

The  conventual  cbuich — that  ia,  the  eastern  half  the  building — 
was  purchased  of  the  king  by  Francis  Shirley  of  Staunton  Harold, 
for  the  use  of  the  parish  and  as  a  biiryii^  place  for  his  family. 

The  church  now  consists  of  a  choir,  55  feet  long  and  about  18  feet 
wide,  of  four  bays,  with  aisles  10  feet  wide ;  a  tower  at  the  west  end;  and 
a  south  transept  now  tamed  into  a  porch  and  vestry.  The  nave  had  a 
south  aisle  only,  and  was  seemingly  allowed  to  fall  into  ruin  when  the 
parish  acquired  the  conventual  choir.  Some  remains  of  the  walls  were 
standing  in  the  last  century  but  have  now  disappeared.  There  was  no 
north  transept 

The  choir  piers  are  curiously  variable  in  plan ;  tlie  central  pillar  being 
hexagonal,  and  the  one  on  either  side  of  it  quatrefoil,  white  the  responds 
are  again  different.  The  capitals  are  plain,  except  that  of  the  north  east 
respond,  which  has  good  foliage.  The  north  aisle  retains  its  vault,  but 
that  of  the  south  aisle  has  been  destroyed.  At  the  west  end  of  each 
aisle  is  a  stair  turret  The  walls  and  arcades  are  early  English, 
bnt  during  the  Decorated  period  larger  windows  were  inserted  in  place 
of  the  original  lancets,  and  only  three  of  the  latter  are  left,  one  at  the 
west  end  of  the  north  aisle,  and  the  other  two  in  the  east  ends  of  the 
aialea.  The  great  east  window  has  been  replaced  by  the  present  Geor- 
gian monstrosity.  The  south  aisle  windows  are  early  Decorated  with 
intersecting  mullions,  but  those  on  the  north  side  are  somewhat  later, 
with  flowii^  tracery  arm  1336.  There  are  some  fragments  of  old' 
glass  in  the  north  aisle,  including  a  rood  and  the  incredulity  of  St 
Thomas. 

The  nave  clerestory  is  Perpendicular  with  two-light  windows,  but  the 
two  sides  vary.     The  roof  is  modem. 

The  fine  pieces  of  carving  built  into  the  walla  over  the  arcades  and 
beneath  the  east  window,  etc,  deserve  attention.  There  is  also  a  panel 
vrith  an  exceedingly  bold  carving  of  an  angel  built  into  the  tower. 
Most  of  these  carvings  are  of  Norman  date. 

The  whole  of  the  ancient  fittings  have  disappeared. 

When  the  Shirleys  bought  the  choir  the  north  aisle  was  railed  off  for 
their  burying  place.  Here  are  fine  tombs  to  Francis  Shirley  {ob.  1571.), 
and  his  wife  Dorothy ;  to  John  Shirley  (ob.  1670.) ;  and  to  Sir  George 
Shirley  {ob.  1622.),  and  his  first  wife  Fiancee.  Sir  George  Shirley^s 
monument  was  erected  in  his  lifetime,  on  the  death  of  his  first  wife 
in  1698. 

The  draft  indenture  for  the  erection  of  John  Shirley's  tomb,  dated 
August  9,  27  Elii  (1B85),  between  George  Shirley  of  Staunton  Harold, 
Esq.,  and  Bichard  and  Gabriel  Boyley  of  Burton  on  Trent  tombmakers, 
has  been  preserved. 

In  it  the  Royleys  nndertake  'ortificialle,  connin^e,  decentlie,  and 
subetantiatlie  to  devise,  worke,  set  up,  &c  at  Breedon,  before  the  feaste 
of  the  Annunciation  of  Our  Lady  next  eueueinge,  at  or  near  the  grave  of 
John  Shirley,  Esquier,  deceased,  a  very  faier  tombe  of  very  good,  faier, 


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506  PBOCEKDIKQS  AT  HEETIMOS  OF 

well  chosen,  and  danble  ollabaster  stone'  to  be  6(  ft  long,  3  ft. 
broad  and  5  ft  high  ;  and  on  the  upper  part  of  the  said  tomb  to  make 
'a  very  fair,  duLCiite,  luid  wc'.I  proportioned  picture  or  portraiture  of  a 
gentleman,  repmsentinge  the  said  John  Shirley,  with  fnmiture  and 
omamenta  in  armouie,  and  aboute  hia  necke  a  double  cheyne  of  gold, 
with  create  and  helmett  under  his  heade,  w^  aworde  and  dagger  by  his 
syde,  a  lyon  at  his  feete,  and  es  beinge  upon  a  matte  *  and  on  the 
north  side  of  the  tomb  to  make  'three  decente,  usuall,  and  well 
proportioned  escutcheons,  w***  compartments  aboute  every  one  of  thorn, 
the  first  whereof  shall  contain  the  very  trewe  arms  of  the  said  John 
Shirley  only  ;  the  aeoond  the  very  trewu  arms  of  the  said  John  and 
Jane  his  wife,  empannelled  togetlier ;  ami  the  thinl,  the  arms  of  the 
said  Jane  only,  with  one  frenche  pilaster  between  every  one  of  the 
said  escutcheons,  and  likewise  at  y*  wc>t  and  east  end  of  y°  lomb  an 
escutcheon  with  the  trewe  arms  of  the  said  John  and  Jane  quartered 
together ;  the  whole  to  be  painted  and  t,'ilt,  w*""  good  and  convenibtc 
oyells,  golde,  and  culloures.'  The  e{)itaph  and  au  anne:ced  sentence 
were  to  be  enf^ved  on  an  alabaster  slab  ]  yd.  long  and  ^  yd,  wide. 

The  carriage  of  the  t«mb  from  Burton  to  Breedon,  and  the  foundations 
thereof,  were  to  be  at  the  cost  of  Mr.  Shirley,  who  undertook  to  pay  the 
tombmakers  £22  for  the  work. 

Sir  George's  eldest  eon,  tiii  Henry  Shii'ley,  built  the  singular  canopieil 
pew  io  the  north  aisle,  for  which  he  obtained  licence  in  1624.  It  bears 
the  Shirley  and  Dcvereux  arms,  the  motto  Slal  sua  aiiqtie  dtfn,  the 
letters  ^a,  and  the  date  1627. 

The  font,  which  stands  at  the  west  end  of  the  south  aisle,  demands 
attention  from  its  probably  unrivalled  display  of  heraldry. 

The  upper  band  Ims  panels  hllcd  thus  : 

1.  (Stood  against  the  pier  and  is  plain). 

2.  Tracery. 

3.  Shield. — A  wheel  within  an  orle  of  roses. 

4.  Tracery. 

5.  Shield. — 3  flenrs  de  lis  on  a  field  cmsilde  fitchde.     Apparently 
for  the  donor. 

6.  Au  eacarbuncle. 

7.  Tracery. 

8.  A  Tudor  rose. 

Bound  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  is  a  second  band  of  panels  bearing : 

1.  (plain). 

2.  Shield. — On  a  chevron,  3  roses. 

3.  Shield— Barry  of  six. 

^.  Shield. — 3  cinquefoils  and  a  canton. 

5.  Shield. — Bany  of  six,  3  crescents. 

6.  Shield. — A  fess  between  3  roses. 

7.  Shield. — A  chevron  between  3  escallops. 

8.  Shield. — 3  chevronele. 

A  tiiiid  band  round  the  lower  port  bears  : 

1.  (plain). 

2.  Shield — 3  crescents. 

3.  Shield. — 5  fusils  conjoined  in  fess,  and  in  chi^  3  martlets  (i) 

4.  An  uncharged  Shield. 

5.  Shield.— 7  rnasdos  conjoined,  3.  3.  1. 


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THE  BOYAL  ABCHABOLOGICAL  IN8TITUTB.  507 

6.  Shield. — A  chevron  between  3  eagles. 

7.  Shield. — A  chevioii  between  3  gaiba. 
S.     Shield. — On  a  bend,  3  roaee. 

The  tranaept  has  been  much » knocked  about  It  haa  a  nice  door 
openiDf;  into  the  choir  aisle.  The  arch  opening  into  the  tower  is  blocked 
up,  and  the  south  window  has  been  cut  down  to  make  a  door. 

The  lower  part  of  the  tower  is  Nonnan :  it  retaine  its  blocked  nave 
nrcb  with  a  two-light  window  ovet  it,  against  which  stands  externally, 
one  of  the  nave  responds.  The  marks  of  the  uuve  and  aisle  roofs  are 
very  plain.  The  north  side  retains  a  pilaster  buttress.  Tlie  upper  stage 
of  the  tower  is  good  Perpendicular,  with  two-tight  transomed  windows 
and  an  embattled  parapet  with  goi^oyles.  To  ^e  same  period  pertains 
the  choir  parapet,  bnt  it  has  lost  the  pinnacles  originally  at  the  aide  and 

With  one  exception  the  whole  of  the  early-English  side  buttresses 
have  been  considerably  added  to  and  strengUiened  to  carry  the  thrust  of 
the  aisle  vaults. 

Some  very  remarkable  panels  of  Norman  date,  containing  figures  under 
canopies  executed  in  low  relief,  together  with  some  fine  pieces  of  civving, 
will  be  seen  built  into  the  transept  and  choir  east  wallsL 

The  canons  of  the  priorj-  apparently  did  not  live  in  a  r^^ular  cloister 
with  euiTOTinding  offices,  but  in  a  separate  dwelling  on  the  north  side 
of  the  churcL" 

Descending  the  hill  by  a  steep  jiathway  cut  through  the  great  earth- 
work, the  party  re-entered  the  carriages  and  made  the  return  journey  to 
Melbourne. 

Melbourne  church  is  a  well-known  and  grand  example  of  Norman  work, 
cruciform  in  plan,  which  remains  much  as  it  was  erected  at  the  beginning 
of  the  twelfth  century.  The  chuich  was  one  of  the  first  endowment^ 
of  the  see  of  Carlisle,  on  its  foundation  by  Henry  I.  in  1 132.  It  was 
suggested  by  some  members  of  the  Institute  that  the  bishop  then 
commenced  the  building  of  the  church  on  its  present  fine  scale,  but 
others  thought  that  the  style  could  scarcely  be  as  late  as  that.  The  Rev. 
J.  Deans  said  a  few  wonls  as  to  the  churuh  of  which  he  has  been  vicar 
for  fifty-four  years,  and  the  account  was  continued  by  Dr.  Cox. 

Melbourne  Hall,  with  its  beautiful  gardens  laid  out  in  tlie  Dutch  style, 
was  next  visited.  Here  the  antiquaries  were  most  hospitably  received  to 
tea  by  Mr.  W.  D.  Fane,  who  showed  some  valuable  I7th  century  docu- 
ments, including  an  autograph  letter  of  archbishop  Laud. 

The  great  gates  of  Beauvtdc  priory,  a  Carthusian  house  in  Nottingham- 
shire, moved  here  when  the  gatehouse  was  pulled  down,  were  examined 
with  interest  by  some  of  the  party. 

The  drive  back  to  Derby  was  over  Swarkestone  Bridge,  the  most 
southwardly  point  reached  by  the  Young  Chevalier  and  his  army  previous 
to  that  retreat  which  for  ever  destroyed  all  prospects  of  success  for  the 
Stuart  dynasty. 

At  8  p.m.  the  Historical  section  hold  its  concluding  meeting  in 
the  Art  Gallery  of  the  Free  library,  Mr.  R  P.  Pullan  in  the  chair,  when 
Mr.  Theodore  Bent  read  a  paper  on  "The  Survival  of  Mythology 
in   the  Greek   Islands."      On   the  motion  of    Mr.   Hilton,    seconded 


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508  PBOCEBDINQS  AT  UEETINQS  OF 

hy  ProtesBor  Clarke,  a  vote  of  thonki  was  passed  to  If i.  Bent  for  his 
excellent  paper,  which  will  appear  in  a  future  number  of  the  JoumaL 

This  was  followed  by  the  final  meeting  of  the  Antiquarian  section, 
under  the  presidency  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cox,  when  the  Baron  de  Coason 
read  a  really  admirable  paper  on  "  the  Military  Effigies  of  Derbyshire," 
which  he  described  as  being  of  special  vitlue  and  beauty,  and  for  the 
most  part  unusually  well  preserved.  They  are  forty-seven  in  number, 
and  illnstrative  of  most  of  the  types  into  which  the  Baron  divides  our 
English  effigies.  He  specially  commented  on  the  undoubted  portraitUTB 
of  the  alabaster  ef^es  of  Derbyshire. 

A  valuable  discussion  foUowod,  which  was  taken  port  in  by  Hr.  R.  S. 
Ferguson,  Mr.  W.  3.  St  John  Hope,  and  others,  and  instances  were 
given  from  medieval  wills  of  the  bequeathment  of  suits  of  armour  &om 
father  to  sou. 

The  President  made  the  welcome  announcement  that  the  Derbyshire 
Archaeological  Society  proposed  to  accurately  illustrate  the  whole  of  the 
effigies  of  their  county,  and  the  Baron  de  Cosson  promised  to  annotate  them. 

Ma.  R.  S.  FBHanBON  propoeed,  and  the  Rbv,  F.  SPomuELL  seconded 
a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  Baron  de  Cosson;  the  proceedings  then 
terminated. 

Tuesday,  August  4th. 

At  8.30  a-m.  a  laige  party  went  by  special  train  to  Chapel-en-Ie-Fritb, 
where  carriages  were  in  waiting  and  convoyed  them  to  Castleton.  Here 
an  ascent  was  made  to  the  Peak  Castle,  which  was  described  by  Mr.  W.  H. 
St.  John  Hope, 

Little  more  than  tbe  keep  now  remains,  a  small  Xornian  rectangular 
tower  probably  erected  shortly  before  1170;  though  some  remains  of 
herring  bone  masonry  in  the  precinct  wall  point  to  yet  earher  buildings. 
The  chief  feature  about  tlie  castle  is  ite  extraordinary  strength  of  position  ; 
it  being  situated  on  a  lofty  hill,  surrounded  by  steep  precipices  and 
accessible  in  only  one  direction,  and  that  with  difficulty.  On  descending 
the  hill,  a  few  of  the  party  went  through  the  Peak  cavern,  and  a  larger 
number  approached  its  majestic  and  awe-some  portal  They  might  fairly 
claim  to  do  so  on  archieological  grounds,  for  the  rope-walk,  now  in  active 
operation  within  the  vast  entrance  to  the  cavern,  was  certainly  worked 
here  in  Elizabethan  days,  and  probably  much  earlier. 

After  luncheon  at  the  Bull's  Head,  a  more  was  made  for  Tideswell, 
past  Hope  church,  and  the  Roman  station  of  Navio  at  Brough,  and 
through  Bradwell  Dale. 

The  vicar  of  Hope,  the  Rev.  H.  Buckston,  has  recently  made  himseif 
notorious  by  building  a  brand-new  chancel  in  the  place  of  a  most 
exceptionally  interesting  old  one,  without  the  slightest  necessity  and  in 
face  of  repeated  and  intelligent  warnings  of  archsologiste  and  architects. 
The  members  of  the  Institute  in  passing,  expressed  their  indignation, 
though  not  their  surprise,  on  learning  that  Mr.  Bnckstou  had  curtly  and 
positively  refused  the  Bev.  6.  F.  Browne,  of  Cambridge,  all  access  to  the 
valuable  pre-2forman  cross  that  stands  in  the  vicarage  garden,  although 
the  work  on  which  Mr.  Browne  is  engaged  is  recogniced  by  all  scholan 
to  be  of  national  importance. 

The  splendid  church  of  Tideswell  occupied  the  attention  of  the 
Institute  for  some  two  hours.     It  is  a  wondeifully  fine  example  ol  foor- 


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THE  BOYAL  ABOHAXOLOOICAL  DraTTrtlTB.  509 

teontii  century  wo^  asd  the  chancel  and  tzanaepts  abound  in  interest 
The  Rev.  8.  Andrew,  the  vicar,  gave  an  excellent  account  of  the  chnich, 
pointing  ont  many  features  not  often  met  with,  sach  aa  the  st«ne  wall 
built  acroaa  the  chancel,  as  at  Bawley,  to  Berre  for  a  reredos ;  the  ccm- 
secration  ctobsbs  on  the  walls  and  door  jambs,  etc  The  Baron  de  Cossou 
made  some  remarks  on  the  fine  efBgiea  of  Sir  Thurstan  de  Bower  and 
his  lady. 

A  beautiful  drive  brought  the  party  to  Millar's  Dale  stetion,  whence  a 
special  train  at  6.8  pjn.  conveyed  them  to  Duby. 

At  9  p.m.  the  general  concluding  meeting  waa  held  in  the  Art  Gallery, 
Mr.  J.  T.  Micklethwaite,  V.P.,  in  the  chair. 

In.  opening  the  proceedings  the  Chairman  explained  that  he  occupied 
that  position  as  senior  Vice-President,  in  the  regretted  absence  of  their 
President,  Earl  Percy,  who  was  reluctantly  detained  by  busiQess  in  his 
own  county.  This  was  the  last  occasion  on  which  they  would  all  meet 
together  and  have  an  opportunity  of  exprosaing  what  they  thought  of 
their  week's  experience  in  this  neighbourhood.  Tlie  winding-up  evening 
was  at  once  a  pleasure  and  the  reverse — a  pleasure  that  all  bad  passed  off 
so  satisfactorily,  aad  regret  that  it  brought  to  a  close  so  instructive  and 
pleasant  a  gathering. 

The  Rev.  Sir  Taibot  Rakek  said  he  had  pleasure  in  moving  a  most 
hearty  vote  of  thanks  to  the  Uay«  and  Corporation  of  Derby  for  the 
very  cordial  reception  t^ey  had  accorded  to  the  members  of  the  Institute 
during  the  local  meeting.  One  of  the  best  of  our  old  institutions,  to 
his  mind,  which  he  trusted  might  long  continue^  was  "  tJte  Jitayor "  of 
the  various  ^wns  in  which  they  met  The  mayoralty  was  an  arclueo- 
logical  institution  in  itself,  and  of  all  the  important  institutions  which 
had  visited  Derby  of  late  years — a  list  of  which  was  given  the  other 
day  by  the  Depnty-Mayoi — there  was  none,  he  ventured  to  think,  more 
in  accordance  with  the  studies  and  the  bent  of  their  minda  than  that 
ancient  office,  whose  dignity  was  symbolised  by  the  ancient  maces  and 
other  imposing  insignia  of  office  which  interested  them  on  these  occasions. 
In  London  especially,  the  office  of  Laid  Mayor  was  a  most  ancient  and 
important  one, — foreigners  thought  the  X>ord  Mayor  was,  next  to  the 
Sovereign,  the  gieateet  personage  in  the  realms—and  that  office  carried 
them  back  to  the  days  when  Sir  William  Walworth  cracked  the  skull  of 
one  of  the  roughs  of  his  day.  The  Mayors  of  the  various  towns  they 
visited  received  them,  as  &  rule,  most  cordially.  It  was  a  misfortune  to 
them,  at  the  outset,  that  the  Mayor,  through  ill-health,  was  prevented 
from  receiving  them  in  person — ^he  sincerely  trusted  that  His  Woiship 
would  soon  be  restored  to  health.  But,  in  his  absence,  the  Depu^- 
Mayor  made  them  a  very  good  and  appropriate  address  at  the  opening 
meeting,  and  received  them  with  graceful  cordiality.  He  trusted  they 
would  receive  this  leeolution  in  the  spirit  in  which  it  was  given,  as  a 
hearty  vote  of  thanks  to  those  named  in  it,  viz.,  the  Mayor  and  Corpora- 
tion of  Derby.  Mr.  Tyson  seconded  the  motion,  remarking  that  in  the 
r^^tted  absence  of  the  Chief  Magistrate,  the  Deputy-Mayor  had 
certainly  acquitted  himself  with  credit  to  himself,  and  with  equal  credit 
to  the  borough ;  besides  which  he  had  shown  them,  both  peisonally  and 
officially,  a  very  great  amount  of  kindness,  and  that  he  sympathised  with 
the  olyeote  of  the  Institute  of  which  they  were  membeis.     It  had  been 

VOL.  XLU.  3  T,-,  , 

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510  PROCEEDHfOS  AT  MEEmNOe  OF 

a  great  pleasure  to  him  to  take  port  in  these  proceedings,  and  to 
axperience,  as  a  somevfaat  suhordinate  member  ai  the  Institate,  the 
kindneea  and  hospitality  which  the  Mayor  and  Corporation  had,  in 
accordance  with  ancient  cnstoin,  extended  to  tiiem  on  this  occasion.  The 
motion  was  carried  unanimously. 

Mr.  PuiiLAN  Baid  in  their  various  excursions  they  all  knew  what  an 
advantage  it  was  to  be  well  houfied.  In  the  present  instance,  the  Free 
Library  and  Museum  Committee  had  put  them  in  their  best  room — the 
delightful  room,  with  ita  charming  pictures,  in  which  they  were  assembled 
— 'for  their  meetings,  had  given  them  the  loan  of  the  galleries  for  their 
museum,  and  rooms  for  theii  offices.  In  fact,  they  were  as  well  boueed 
as  they  had  beeu  for  years.  He  proposed  a  special  vote  of  thanks  to  the 
Free  Lihiary  and  Museum  Committee  for  the  free  use  of  on  Institution 
of  which  the  town  ought  to  he  proud.  It  was  a  most  picturesque 
building,  commodiouely  arranged  internally,  and  must  be  a  great  benefit 
to  the  town  as  well  as  to  those  vagrants  like  themselves,  who  casually 
viwtedit. 

The  Rev.  F.  Spdrrell  seconded  the  motion,  observing  what  a  privilege, 
it  was  to  have  a  nice  [Jace  of  assembly  like  this.  They  could  not  but 
have  been  struck,  ss  they  went  through  England,  how  art  was  growing 
in  OUT  land,  the  result  of  advancing  education  and  increased  culture. 
The  resolution  was  cordially  adopted. 

The  Bev.  A.  8.  Forteb  said  that  at  the  close  of  a  most  pleasant,  charm- 
ing, and  successful  meeting,  it  naturally  fell  to  them  to  consider  the  causes 
of  the  conspicuous  aucceaa  of  the  meeting.  One  of  the  chief  causes  of  that 
success,  he  ventured  to  say,  was  the  cordial  welcome  and  unsparing 
labours  of  the  council  and  members  of  the  Derbyshire  Arclueological  and 
Katural  History  Society.  Their  welcome  was  most  cordial  at  the  outset, 
and  their  subsequent  kindness  had  loade  them  feel  aa  friends.  All  their 
excursions  had  been  most  skilfully  planned  and  excellently  carried  out. 
In  visiting  the  old  churches  and  manor-houses  of  their  most  interestiiig 
county,  they  had  been  greatly  aided  by  explanations  of  local  atdueologists, 
and  should  go  back  to  their  several  county  societies  to  toll  them  what  an 
excellent  society  the  Derbyshire  Aiclueological  Society  was,  what  an 
admiiable  work  it  was  doing,  and  how  worthy  it  was  that  they  should  all 
follow  its  good  example,  llieir  thanks  were  specially  due  to  the  local 
committee  and  secretary  of  the  society,  to  whom  the  success  of  tlw  Derby 
meeting  was  largely  due. 

Mr.  Wauobd,  seconded  the  motion,  and  rejoiced  in  Ota  good  weak  which 
the  local  archieological  societies  were  doing. 

The  Chairman  said  in  connection  with  tiiis  vote,  they  ought  spedally  to 
thank  Dr.  Cox  for  his  valuable  services — Mr.  Artiiur  Cox,  who  had  had 
much  to  do  with  the  making  of  the  arrangements — and  if  it  was  lawful  to 
couple  with  the  voto  the  name  of  one  who,  besides  being  a  very  excellent 
ofBcer  of  their  own  Institute,  was  also  a  very  active  member  of  the  local 
society  and  a  native  of  Derby,  Mr.  W.  H  8t  John  Hope,  to  whom  a  very 
coiuddemble  part  of  their  success  was  due.  The  vote  was  carried  with 
acclamation. 

Pbofesbor  Claak  moved  a  vote  of  thanks  to  those  country  clergymen 
and  gentlemen  who  had  received  them  with  so  much  kmdnesa  and 
hospitality,  and,  he  thought  he  might  say,  with  so  much  patience — 
the  mult  of  which  bad  been  to  enhanoe  so  greatiy  the  pleasure  of  their 
visit  to  Derbyshire. 

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THE  BOYAL  ABOHABOLOOIOAL  INSTTrUTBL  511 

Mb.  Batus  seconded  the  motion,  bearing  apecial  testimony  to  the 
kindneaa  of  Lord  Scandale,  and  not  oniy  Lord  Scaiadole,  bnt  his 
sons  and  daughters,  on  the  occasion  of  theii  moat  pleasant  ezcuision 
to  Kedleston.  Although  they  studied  archieology,  they  studied  friend- 
ships also,  and  they  had  mode  many  in  Deibyshiie,  which  he  tmsted 
they  mi^t  retain  as  long  as  they  lived.  The  motion  was  earned  with 
much  heartanees. 

Mr.  W.  H.  St  John  Hopk  moved  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  directors 
of  the  Midland  Boilway  Company,  to  vhom  they  were  under  special 
obligations  for  running  them  special  tmina  up  and  down  the  line,  and 
charging  thorn  nothing  for  it.  Mr.  Rowley  seconded  the  motion, 
remarking  that  the  arrangements  made  by  the  Midland  Railway 
Company  in  connection  with  the  Derby  meeting  hod  been  second  to 
none,  and  it  was  such  instanres  of  enterprise  that  had  made  this 
great  system  foremost  in  the  railway  world.  The  motion  was  carried 
unanimously. 

The  following  new  members  were  elected  : — 

Rev.  J.  Charles  Cox,  LL.D.,  proposed  by  Mr.  R  S.  Ferguson;  Mr.  J. 
Langhome,  proposed  by  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  seconded  by  Mr.  B. 
S.  Ferguson  ;  Major  Arnison  Beaumont,  proposed  by  Mr.  B.  S.  Fe^ueon  ; 
Mr.  A.  K  Hudd,  proposed  by  Mr.  W.  H,  St  John  Hope,  seconded  by 
Mr.  T.  H.  Baylis ;  Rev.  Canon  Jackson,  proposed  by  Mr.  T.  H.  Baylis ; 
Mr.  P.  D.  pKinkerd,  proposed  by  Mr.  Back,  seconded  by  Mr.  Keill ; 
Mr.  E.  Boardman,  proposed  by  Mr.  Back,  seconded  by  Mr.  Mottram ; 
Mr.  A.  Cox,  proposed  by  Mr.  W.  H  St  John  Hope,  seconded  by  Mr. 
H.  Gosselin ;  Mr.  H.  S.  Skipton,  proposed  by  Mr.  W.  H.  8t  John 
Hope,  seconded  by  Mr.  T.  H.  BayUs ;  Miss  Sutton,  proposed  by  Mr.  K. 
P.  Pullan. 

A  vote  of  thanks  to  the  chairman  brought  the  meeting  to  a  close. 

Wednesday,  August  6th. 

Although  this  was  an  extra  day,  a  large  party  left  Derby  by  special 
train  at  9.15  a.m.  for  Hassop.  Carriages  were  here  in  readiness,  and 
after  a  beautiful  drive  of  some  miles,  the  antiquaries  reached  the  interest- 
ing desecrated  chapel  at  Padley,  wluch  forms,  with  the  lower  steryj  the 
only  remaining  portion  of  the  inner  court  of  Padley  Hall,  the  old  seat  of 
the  Eyres.  Ttie  chapel  is  built  over  some  minor  ofEces,  and  has  an 
excellent  hammer  beam  roof.  The  sill  of  the  east  window  formed  the 
altar  and  is  still  quite  perfect 

When  visited  by  the  Institute  the  chapel  was  nearly  filled  with 
hay,  so  that  its  proportions  were  not  easily  seen,  though  the  details  of 
the  roof  were  more  accessible. 

The  building  shews  alaiming  signs  of  weakness  on  the  south  side, 
and  unless  speedy  measures  are  taken,  this  valuable  specimen  of  fourteenth 
century  domestic  architecture  will  become  a  ruin. 

After  some  interesting  notes  from  Dr.  Cox  on  the  vicissitudes  nndsr- 
gone  by  the  Eyre  family  in  the  Elizabethan  persecution,  for  the  sole 
reason  that  they  refused  to  conform  to  the  altered  state  of  matters 
ecclesiastical,  the  party  divided — one  section  preferring  to  walk,  the 
other  to  drive  to  the  ei^  of  the  moor,  where  was  the  next  object  of 
pilgrim^e. 

After  a  toilsome  scramble  over  boulders  and  through  fern  and  heather, 


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512  IVOCBBDINGS  AT  HBBTDIGS  OP 

the  ptffty  Again  leassembled  at  the  "  Cari  Wtaik,"  a  [a«hiEitoric  fortrees  of 
great  intereat,  with  dry  walling  of  weD-built  masonrj — probabtj  Britiah. 
Here  some  delay  was  oauaed  by  a  lady  faiBtJng  through  orer^xertico) 
and  a  weak  heart  The  time  was  however  not  aHogether  thrown  away, 
as  opportunity  wan  afforded  to  those  present  to  examine  the  remarkable 
strength  of  this  ancient  fortification,  which  bom  its  position  in  the  midst 
of  the  moor,  and  Bunounded  by  bogs,  has  come  down  to  us'  abnost 
nninjuied. 

After  the  principal  featores  had  been  pointed  out  by  Hr.  W.  H.  St. 
John  Hope,  a  move  was  made  across  the  moor  to  the  carriagee,  the  sight 
of  which  wae  a  welcome  one  to  not  a  fsw. 

A  rapid  drive  down  the  hill  brought  the  party  to  thf  George  Inn 
at  Hathers^e,  but  not  in  time  to  escape  from  the  rain,  which  now 
began  to  descend  in  a  threatening  way.  By  the  time  luncheon  wae 
finished  a  steady  downpour  had  set  in,  which,  however,  did  not  prevent 
a  large  proportion  of  the  party  proceeding  first  to  inspect  Hathersage 
church,  under  the  shelter  of  which  "  Little  John"  lies  buried,  and  then 
to  walk  to  Brookfield,  where  Mr.  and  Mra  Gammell  kindly  entertained 
them  to  tea. 

A  small  but  indomitable  section,  including  a  lady,  was  brave  enough 
to  complete  the  programme  of  the  meeting  by  walking  to  the  old  manor- 
house  at  North  Lees,  a  most  interesting  late  EUzabethui  house  with  some 
good  molded  ceilings. 

On  again  reaching  Hathersage  the  carriages  were  in  readiness  and  the 
return  journey  was  made  to  Hadsop  under  the  dispiriting  influence  of 
continued  wet.  Here  the  special  train  was  waiting  and  the  party  soon 
arrived  at  Derby.  It  was  most  unfortunate  that  the  termination  of  so 
interesting  a  meeting  should  have  been  marred  by  rain,  being  the  only 
wet  day  of  the  meeting. 

The  Museum. 

This  was  arranged  in  the  Free  libiary  and  Musenmi,  under  the  diiectioo 
of  Mr.  Henry  Allpaas,  and  Mr.  W.  T.  Beady. 

The  collectiou  of  antiquities,  though  a  somewhat  smallra  one  than 
usual,  did  not  fall  abort  in  interest, 

The  Corporations  of  Perby,  Chesterfield,  StafTord,  Lichfield,  and 
Tamworth,  contributed  a  fine  collection  of  Macea  and  other  civic 
insignia.  Mr.  H.  H.  Bemrose  lent  an  extensive  collection  o{  early 
printed  books  and  diawii^,  relating  to  Derbyshire.  And  amongst 
othec  objects  exhibited  were  a  fine  suit  of  late  aimoor,  by  the  Baton  de 
Cosson ;  an  unique  Elizabethan  mazer,  hall  maiked  16&6-6,  by  Bev.  H. 
F.  St.  John ;  some  good  illuminated  missals,  books  of  hours,  and  other 
USS.  by  Mr,  Charles  Bowring ;  a  number  of  &ne  early  deeds  with  thui 
seals  in  good  condition,  by  Rev.  CharleB  Kerry  ;  an  ivory  statuette  of 
St.  Sebastian,  and  specimens  of  Swansea  Cluua,  bj  Mr.  W.  H.  Si. 
John  Hope,  eto.  The  most  noteworthy  part  of  the  museum  was 
the  collection  of  church  plate,  principally  from  the  county  of  Derby. 
It  included  magnigcent  sUver  gilt  sets  &om  some  of  the  churches  of 
Derby,  and  some  chalices  hall  marked  for  1640-1,  which  are  a|dendid 
specimens  of  the  revival  of  the  medieval  forms  in  the  Caiolioe  p«riod. 
Some  good  instances  of  pewter  vessels  also  found  a  place  in  the  eolation. 


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THE  ROTAL  ABCHAIOLOOICAL  DISTITDTB.  513 

The  Goancil  desire  to  acknowledge  the  foUawing  donations  in  aid  of 
the  Derby  meeting,  and  of  the  general  purposes  of  the  Institute : — 

The  Derbyshire  ATchaeological  and  Natuial  History  Society,  5/.  ;  W. 
D.  Fane,  5/.  Bs.  ;  the  Mayor  of  Derby,  3/.  38. ;  Mrs.  Lennan,  21.  2*.  ; 
"W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  1/.  U. ;  A  Buchanan,  1/  1*  ;  William  Jolley, 
1/.  Is. ;  J.  S.  Haslam,  1/. ;  Mis.  Sopwith,  U 


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£Mitt9  of  Jlrthitological  ^nblintttone. 

COSTITHE  m  ENGLAND.  A  HISTORY  OK  DRESS  W  theiuid  of  tlie  EightoeoUi 
Century.  By  the  hie  F.  W.  FAreaoLT,  F.S.A.,  third  Editjon.  Enluged  uid 
tboroughl;  revissd  b^  the  Hon.  U.  A.  Dilloh,  F.S.A.,  Dluatnted  witE  abore 
■avBD  hmidred  Engravinga.  Vol  L — HlBTOBV,  Vol  IL — GmmabI.  London  : 
GSOSOB  Bbll  ft  SOHB,  188E. 
We  are  not  aware  that  anyone  has  beun  industrious,  not  to  eay  bold 
enough,  to  attempt  to  set  forth  the  multifarious  causes  that  led  to  tlie 
rise  and  contributed  towards  the  progress  of  what  we  venture  to  call  the 
modem  Elnglish  renaiesance,  though  the  subject  has  almost  naturally 
been  more  or  less  touched  upon  as  regards  certain  branches  of  it.  A 
lenaiasance  appears  to  be  a  natural  phase  of  human  nature,  and  probably  few 
nations  have  not  from  time  to  time  gone  through  some  such  great  mental 
and  material  change.  There  was,  for  instance,  an  !^yptisn  renaissance 
at  the  time  of  the  26th  dynasty  when,  with  Egyptian  sternness  and 
simplicity,  earlier  types  of  art  were,  for  a  moment  only,  so  to  speak, 
reverted  to.  Centuries  after,  and  in  strong  art  contrast,  was  the  groat 
Italian  renaissance  when  the  middle  ages  were  rolled  away  as  a  cloud,  and 
a  rapid  and  widely  spreading  development  came  about,  scattering  through- 
out Christendom  tjie  noblest  buildings,  priceless  pictures,  and  other  works 
of  art,  the  mere  contemplation  of  which,  if  it  has  not  actually  made 
life  worth  living, — many  think  it  has, — certainly  has  contributed  in 
an  extraordinary  degree  towards  ennobling  existence  and  carrying  the 
mind  to  higher  things.  In  our  own  day  has  come  a  second  Itahan 
renaissance,  and  no  one  who  has  watched  the  modem  progress  of  the 
gifted  dw^ers  in  that  wonderful  land  but  has  become  aware,  not  how 
inferior  the  second  renaissance  is  to  the  first,  but  how  much  of  noble 
sentiment  has  descended  through  long  distracted  times  from  the  former 
period  to  the  latter. 

In  this  country  our  first  rsnaissuice  was  but  a  dim  reflection  of  that  in 
Italy,  leavened  first  by  French  foibles,  and  later  by  Dutch  conceits,  but  it 
is  fair  to  say  that  throughout  its  course  men  strove  after  better  things  for 
better  things'  sake,  there  is  nothing  that  is  absolutely  vulgar  or  purely 
ofiensive.  Of  the  second  or  modem  'F-ngHah  renaissance  it  is  unfortunately 
tme  to  say  that  it  has  fallen  at  such  a  time  in  the  life  of  the  country  that  it 
has  from  various  causes,  chiefly  commercial,  been  disturbed  and  dislocated 
in  what  might  have  been  a  dignified  course  by  the  demons  of  "restoration" 
unrest,  notoriety,  and  "shoddy  "' — we  may  thank  the  Americans  for  the 
use  of  the  last  word,  it  is  comprehensive  and  characteristic.  We 
cannot  trace  much  connection  between  the  first  English  reiiaissance  and 
the  second ;  but  we  know  only  too  well  that  within  the  last  fifty  years 
from  thirteenth  century  gotluc  cathedrals  to  eighl«enth  century  nlver 


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SOnCBS  OF  ABCaAEOLOGICAL  PTJBUCATIONS.  515 

spoons,  «7ery  art  has  been  rummaged,  ransacked,  turned  inside  ant,  not  for 
the  sake  of,  or  with  a  national  and  natural  feeling  for  ait,  as  has  ever 
been  the  case  in  Italy,  but  apparently  merely  to  pander  to  a  craze  for 
change,  simply  for  the  sake  of  novelty,  and  a  movement  that  began 
in  reason  has  ended  in  something  very  much  akin  to  art  chaos.  And 
this  present  state  of  things  is  the  more  remarkable  because  at  no  previous 
period  have  the  arts  been  so  int«lUgently  and  closely  studied,  but  the 
result  shows  that  the  "art  mfumfacturers"  have  profited  very  little  from 
the  mass  of  books  that  have  been  provided  for  lliem.  Occasionally  a 
little  bit  of  good  detail  trickles  out  and  somehow  "  tickles  "  the  public ; 
it  is  immediately  seized  upon  and  applied  in  all  directions  to  the  wrong 
purposes,  the  wrongness  apparently  constituting  its  chief  attraction ;  yet 
some  of  us  are  surprised  that  foreigners  do  not  think  us  a  cultivated  nation  J 
If  any  quiet  man  still  has  doubts  in  bis  mind  as  to  the  general  art 
record  of  the  modem  English  renaissance  let  him  spend  on  hour  in  the 
"Emporium"  of  a  modem  furnisher,  for  instance,  whose  "business" 
embraces  "  all  the  arts."  Here  be  will  behold  "  shoddy  "  in  full  cry  and 
let  him  derive  what  comfort  he  may  from  the  most  harsh  and  violent 
productions  in  wood,  glass,  iron,  and  specially  brass, — that  beautiful  metal 
which  will  surrender  with  such  readiness  to  the  artist's  hand, — that  have 
been  since  the  beginning  of  tim&  That  these  horrors  are  to  the  taste  of 
the  average  Englishman  (in  spite  of  all  he  has  gone  through),  is  abown 
by  the  &ct  t^t  they  sell  readily,  and  if  there  were  not  at  last  some 
slight  glimmering  of  improvement  visible  one  would  almost  feel  disposed 
to  give  the  whole  thing  up  in  despair  and  ignore,  oven  in  the  Archceo- 
logical  Journal,  the  appearance  of  any  more  new  books  dealing  with 
"  old  unhappy  far  off  things." 

What  a  number  of  extraordinary  popular  delusions  in  both  taste 
and  dress  a  middle-aged  Englishman  has  witnessed  1  "  Gothic  "  ;  "blue 
china";  "peacocks'  feathers";  "sunflowers";  "high  art";  "Queen 
Anne";  "Japanese";  "Early  English  ";"  Chippendale,"  and  a  hundred 
others  have  wearied  astonished,  or  disgusted  him  by  turns,  tiie  Tulip 
Mania  and  the  South  Sea  Bubble  have  been  quite  put  into  the  shade, 
"  motley "  has  indeed  long  been  his  "  only  wear,"  and  he  may  well 
acknowledge  himself,  in  art  as  in  costume,  a  proper  descendent  of  the 
Englishman  whose  "  mutabilitie "  was  satirized  by  Andrew  Borde 
three  hundred  years  ago ; — 

"  I  am  an  Englishman,  and  naked  I  stand  here, 

Uusingo  in  my  mynde  what  rayment  I  shall  were. 

For  now  I  will  were  this,  and  now  I  will  were  that, 

And  now  I  will  were  I  cannot  tell  what" 

We  have  been  led  to  the  above  considerations  by  the  appearance  of  a 

new  edition  of  a  book  that  has  held  a  good  place  during  the  last  forty 

years,  and  which,  doubtless,  hod  its  origin  in  the  modem  movement,  and 

we   gladly  recognize   that   if    the  results  of    some    studies,    similarly 

encouraged,  have  been  a  good  deal  travestied,  others  have  gone  forward 

in  the  right  way.     Eor  whatever  the  critical  foreigner  may  think  of  our 

artistic  efforts  he  must  give  us  credit  for  the  earnestness,  truthfulness 

and  success  of  our  historical  studies.     To  these,  the  stem  of  the  t^ee  of 

knowledge,  students  of  costume  may  bo  proud  to  feel  themselves  usefully 

and  closely  connected,  in  fact,  as  Mr.  Fairholt  remarks  in  his  preface  to 

the  second  edition  of  Costume  tn  Sngtcmd,  "aknowledgeof  costume  lain 


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516        KoncBS  or  abchaeoumhcal  pdbucathmis. 

Bome  degree  inaeparable  from  a  right  knowledge  of  luBtory."  We  cinoott 
indeed,  conectly  read  the  etorf  of  Seolac  wiUtout  having  before  ub  the 
pictures  that  live  in  the  stitchwork,  onj  mote  than  ve  caa  completely 
reoliiB  the  actors  in  the  Barns'  Wan,  or  the  strife  between  the  rival 
Housoe,  without  some  of  the  information  that  may  be  f^ned  from  the 
Btudy  of  neglected  and  mouldering  figures  in  ontrof-Uie-waj  village 
churohes,  or,  more  iii^iortuit  still,  fitHn  the  attentive  examioatton  of 
illuminated  MSS. 

Yet,  unlike  history,  the  subJMt  of  costume  has  ever  been  in  the  bonds 
of  comparatively  few  workeis,  but  that  it  has  been  sttidied  in  a  sound 
and  Bolid  mannar  has  become  gradually  more  apparent  as,  one  by  one, 
the  books  of  Groee,  iieyiick,  Stothani,  Bloxam,  Waller,  HoUis,  Fairholt, 
Hewitt,  and  PIanch4,  l^ve  set  before  us  the  pictares  of  our  anceetora  in 
court,  camp,  casUe  and  cl(Het«r.  He  would  be  a  captious  critic  who  could 
now  find  much  worth  cavilling  about  in  the  mounting  of  any  historic 
play  or  pageant  that  may  be  set  before  us,  for  what  has  been  learnt  baa 
been  learnt  well 

But  it  may  not  be  at  once  aseumed  that  there  is  nothing  more  to  find 
out ;  there  are  still  many  obscure  points  in  armour  that  demand  solution, — 
what,  for  example,  is  the  pieco  (»Ued  "  tacte,"  and  who  will  finally  solve 
for  na  the  mystery  of  the  conetiuction  of  "  h<mded  mail  "  I 

Within  the  last  few  years  the  subject  of  armour  specially  has  been 
more  critically  examined  and  classified,  thanks,  in  great  measure,  to  the 
acumen  of  the  late'Mr.  Butgcs,  and  other  members  of  the  Archsoiogical 
Institute,  such  as  Way  and  Beruhani  Smith.  We  may  honestly  claim 
credit  for  the  results  and,  above  all,  congratulate  ourselves  that  so 
little  harm, — we  except,  of  course,  such  senseless  miachicf  as  the 
"  restoration  "  of  the  Temple  effigies,  and  the  gilding  of  the  statue  of 
king  John,  at  Worcester, — has  been  done  to  original  examples  in  order 
to  attain  them.  Would  that  we  could  say  as  much  for  the  modem  study 
of  architecture  I 

It  is  well  for  ns  that  we  have  thus  gone  forward  ;  the  Italians  run  ns 
very  close,  as  is  shown  by  the  solid  brick  "  Caatello  Peodalc  del  Sec<^o 
XV  "  set  up  two  yean  ago  in  Turin  and  carried  out  with  all  its  fittings, 
munitions  of  fifteenth  century  warfare,  armour,  decorationa,  and  costume, 
with  extraordinary  accuracy  and  beauty.  Apparently  without  an  effort, 
bascinets  and  chapellee  have  been  forged  in  single  pieces,  on  the  banks  oi 
the  Fo,  and  not  a  rivet  out  of  its  proper  place,  just  as  though  the  course 
of  history  had  been  arrested  and  there  had  been  no  span  of  five  hundred 
years  to  bridge  over. 

It  is  well-known  that  Mr.  Fairholt,  with  whose  work  we  are  now 
particularly  concerned,  was  a  very  painstaking  antiquary  ;  he  was  a 
good  draughtsman, — we  believe  he  made  his  own  drawings  on  the  wood 
blocks,  omitting,  however  sometimes  to  revetse  them, — and  the  first 
edition  of  his  "Costume  in  England,"  brought  out  in  1846,  was 
well  up  to  the  knowledge  of  that  tima  Mr.  Planch^  as  long  ago  as  in 
1834,  had  brought  out  his  valuable  little  book  on  costume,  and  in  the  same 
year,  Mr.  Bloxam,  the  kindly  veteran  happily  still  among  us,  had 
published  his  "Glimpse."  A  second  edition  of  "Fairholt"  was  issued 
in  1860,  much  enlarged,  and  again  up  to  the  knowledge  of  the  day,  and 
the  third,  or  Revised  Edition  is  at  present  before  us. 

This  is,  in  many  respects  anew  book.    It  is  enlarged  to  two  volumss  k> 


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NOnCBS  OF  ABCHAKOLOOICAL  PUBLICATIONS.  5l7 

that  we  have  the  History  and  the  Gloeaary  kept  apart  This  is  a  coa- 
veniencs,  foi  while  the  book  remains  a  Handbook,  in  moTe  Benses-thaa 
oae,  it  is  still  such  that  the  student  may  carry  abont  with  him  on  his 
travels  Wa  may  certainly  congratulate  the  publishers  on  having  obtained 
the  seirices  of  so  capable,  conscientious,  and  enthusiastic  an  editor  ax 
Mr.  Dillon,  and  when  we  say  that  the  book  is  a  third  time  even  with  our 
present  knowledfi^e,  and  in  many  ways  a  good  deal  beyond  it,  we  at  once 
indicate  the  amount  of  careful  hibour  that  has  been  necessary  to  make  it 
sa  We  ascertain  from  Mr.  Dillon's  preface  that  he  "has  striven  to  make 
auch  corrections  and  additions  as  the  present  state  of  knowledge  of  the 
subject  demand."  That  this  is  an  eztremaly  modest  way  of  telling  us  how 
much  he  has  done  soon  becomes  apparent  if  we  turn  over  a  few  pages 
only  of  the  book.  "  The  quotations  have  been  restored  to  their  oiiginal 
spelling."  The  amount  of  vexatious  labeor  that  this  statement  implies  is 
beet  known  to  those  who  have  undertaken  such  a  weaiisome  task.  In 
the  cases  of  armoni  and  costume  no  very  much  depends  upon  the  proper 
reading  of  a  quotation  that  if  this  point  alone  had  been  dealt  with  in 
the  revised  edition  the  gain  would  have  been  great. 

We  rejoice  that  the  editor  has  expunged  the  Druids.  The  little  we 
know  about  them  has  been  surrounded  and  darkened  by  auch  a  mist  of 
nonsense,  that  we  are  glad  to  have  seen  the  lost  of  them  in  a  work  where 
reliable  information — simple  truth, — is  the  first  object 

We  should  also  have  rather  liked  to  have  seen  that  Flaxman'a  notion, 
which  everyone  quotes,  that  the  figures  of  queen  Eleanor  at  N^orthamp- 
ton  and  Waltham  are  the  work  of  Italians  had  also  been  set  aside. 
Mr.  Burges  has  pretty  clearly  shown  in  his  admiiable  paper  on  the 
tombs  at  Westminster  in  Scott's  "  Gleanings,"  that  the  sculptor  of  the 
efGgy  of  the  queen  was  an  Englishman.  And  it  would  appear  from 
sources  which  Botfield  mode  available  in  1841,  in  his  valuable  contribution 
to  the  Roxburgh  Club,  that  the  figures  at  Waltham  and  Northampton 
were,  in  all  probability,  modelled  from  that  very  graceful  statue.  The 
figures  of  the  queen  at  Geddington  are  inferior,  and  seem  to  be  the  work 
of  a  local  sculptor.  But  all  of  them  partake  more  of  the  character  of 
the  purely  Ei^Ush  school  of  sculpture,  such  as  may  be  seen  in  its 
earlier  character,  (in  spite  of  modem  restorations),  in  ihe  wonderful 
array  in  the  west  front  of  Wells  cathedral  church,  than  of  that  of  Pisano. 

Although  Mr.  Dillon's  additions  to  the  letterpress  have  been  very 
sensibly  worked  into  the  "  Fairholt "  text,  or  inserted  in  notes,  we 
think  we  can  nevertheless  without  any  reference  to  the  former  issues  of 
the  work,  track  the  editor's  improving  touch  page  by  page,  and  a  more 
continuous  and  interesting  story  is  the  result,  illustrated  by  apt  and  now 
correct  quotations,  by  Mr.  Fairholt's  well-known  illustrations,  and, — we 
are  grateful  to  him  for  them, — by  numerous  new  wood-cuts  from  the 
delicate  and  faithful  pencil  of  the  editor. 

It  would  be  easy  to  extend  our  remarks  far  beyond  the  limit  of  the 
space  at  our  command.  The  Qlussary  alone  contains  about  two  hundred 
new  headings,  forming  an  addition  of  much  value ;  but  we  cannot,  if  we 
would,  consider  them  one  by  one  on  this  occasion,  nor  can  we  attempt  to 
take  the  sections  of  the  History  neriaiim,  though  we  cotild  linger  long  over 
more  than  one  of  them :  each  student  will  turn  to  his  own  particular 
period.  For  ourselves  we  wont  at  once  to  "  the  Plant^enets,"  passing 
in  review,  as  it  were  for  the  hundredth  time,  "  halm  and  hauberk's 
VOL,  XUL  i  u 


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518  NOnCBB  OF  ABCH&BOLOQICAI.  POBUCATIOHS. 

twisted  mail,"  the  Taried  haniesa  and  fascinatiiig  coetume  of  the 
companionB,  aoldiera,  and  subjects  of  the  great  Edward,  and,  at  this 
distance  of  time,  feeing  rather  disposed  to  be  grateful  to  his  unworthy 
son  for  his  follies  and  extravagaDces,  which  produced  the  richest  snd 
most  interesting  armour  and  dress. 

Mr.  Dillon  recognisee  the  value  of  an  Index,  and,  unlike  many  persoiu 
similarl;  convinned,  has  taken  the  pains  to  give  us  one,  as  w  eas 
a  capital  list  of  illustrations,  giving  tbeii  pnmaiance,  and  a  list  of  books 
beating  of  costume. 

As  we  intimated  before,  the  modem  renaissance  gave  a  great  impetus, 
and  if  some  of  the  seeds  of  that  movement  fell  among  thorns,  others, 
happily,  feU  upon  good  ground,  as  this  book  among  many  otheis 
of  its  class  certainly  shows."  Additions  and  insertions  there  must 
always  be,  but  Mr.  Dillon  tells  ns  "the  selection,  rather  than  the  supply 
of  ii^ormation  has  been  the  chief  difficulty  to  contend  with.  We  may 
therefore  perhaps  oSer  our  sympathy  in  advance  to  the  editor  in  the  next 
century,  who  attempts  to  disentangle  the  amazing  and  bewildering 
intricacy,  the  almost  daily  change  in  the  costume,  if  costume  it  is,  of 
the  last  fifty  years.  To  the  present  editor  our  warm  thanks  sie  justly 
due  for  the  improvement  he  has  made  to  the  picture  of  our  ancestors 
"in  their  habits  as  they  lived"  up  to  the  end  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  and  that  this  will  be  the  feeling  of  every  student  of  coetume 
we  have  not  the  smallest  doubt. 


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Mr.  C.  D.  E.  Fortndh'b  fafer  on  Early  Cbristian  Gems. 

On  again  examining  better  impresaionB  and  the  engraving  of  the  gem 
deacribed  at  page  169,  line  9,  et  stq.,  Mr.  King  finds  that  he  has  here 
g;iven  n  wronf,'  reading,  "in  consequence",  he  writes,  "of  my  ezaimning 
the  letters  through  a  defective  tranBcript.  It  reads  NEMEOIO  H  KYPIA 
MErAAH,  and  thereby  addresses  the  invocation  to  Nemesis  and  not  to 
laiB,  which  adds  greatly  to  the  interest  and  rarity  of  the  gem." 

The  globular  fruit  is,  donbtlees  the  apple,  the  straight  line  above  and 
those  below  the  loft  arm  may  represent  the  bridle,  the  gryphon  holds  the 
wheel,  attributes  of  Kemesia. 

a  D.  E.  FOBTtTDM. 


Mr.  J.  Y.  Greooby's  Paper  on  Dbdiuatioh  Names  of  Ancient 
Churches  in  Durham  and  Northumbbri.and. 

The  church  of  Alnmek  is  dedicated  to  St  Michael  only.  The 
addition  of  St  Mary  occurs  in  Randal  (177S);  hot  it  has  apparently 
arisen  from  a  chantry  dedication. 

Alnwick  abbey  was  dedicated  to  St  Mary  only,  as  appears  from  ita 
charters.     The  addition  of  8t  James  is  also  horn  Rahdd. 

The  name  of  St.  Walbrid,  though  now  extinct,  existed  on  the 
Northumberland  coast,  in  the  twelfth  century,  in  a  chapel  at  New- 
biggin-by-fh6-&ea ;  and  the  church  of  Long-Houghton  is  said  to  have 
been  originally  St  Peter  and  St  Waleric.  St  Waleric  (in  French  St 
Valery),  a  shepheid  of  Auvergne  who  became  abbot  of  Leuconay,  now 
St  Valeiy-Bur^omme,  and  died  about  619,  was  considered  the  ps^n  of 
the  mariners  on  the  coaat  of  Picordy. 

Aud^and  OaeUe. — The  present  chapel,  ^hich  dates  from  1666,  ia 
dedicated  to  St  Peter. 

J.  V.  Greoobt. 


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Aanunl  Meeting  at  Derby,  483. 

Annual  Meeting,  Report  of,  477. 

Abchwiloqicai.  Intkujoemcr  :— Mr.  H. 
E.  Smith's  ConiBboroiigh  CiuUe, 
140  ;  Meeting  of  the  liuUtute  in 
Derbjnbire,  S6S. 


Balance  Sheet  for  1S84,  388. 

Bajlis,  Ur.  T.  H.,  aihibita  a  Telepi  MS. 
epio  poem,  38G. 

Biowue,  KeT,  Q.  F.,  lui  memoir  on 
"  ScHUdinaviui  "  or  "  Daniiili  "  aculp- 
turetl  fltones  found  in  London  ;  and 
tbi.-ir  Ixiaring  on  the  auppueed 
"  ScHndlnaviuiD  "  or  "  Danish  "  ariffn 
of  utber  English  sculptured  Btonee, 
.     261 1  read  887 ;  exliibite  rubbinga,  H. 


0. 

Carey,  Mr.  J.  J.,  cKhiUta  drawing*  of  a 

wall  painting  and  a  iculiilured  atone 

chest  fnim  GuemMV.  S64. 
Clark,    Prof.    K    C,    lu«    memoir    on 

Uie    Romano-Oreek    inscriptiona  in 

England,  424. 
Clark,  Mr.  Q.  T.,  hia  work  on  UeditBTal 

Hilitaij  ATchit«cture    in   England, 

noticed,  132. 
Clarke,    Mr.    Somers.   hia    memoir   on 

Sandridge  church,  HertfordahiTe,247. 

read  2fl0  ;  exliibite  drawing  it- 
Greeny,  Be>-.  W.  F.,  hia  book  of  Facaimilee 

of  monumental  branee  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe,  noticed,  123. 
Creighton,  Bei.  Canon,  on  the  Nortiium- 

briflD  Border,  41. 
CukBBBLAIiD  :— Mr.     B.    S.     Fergnaoii'a 

memoir  on  the  C^irlinle  boahet,  303  ; 

Dr.  H.  W.  I'ltjluiK  memoir  on  some 

atone  moulds  fur  oHntiu 

recently  found  in,  181 


Derby,  Annual  Meeting  at,  183. 

Dillon,  Hon.  H.  A.,  hie  edition  of 
Fairbolt'a  Coetume  in  Bn^and, 
noticed,  SI  4. 

Ddbbah  :— Mr.  J.  V.  Oregory'a  memoir 
on  dedication  namee  of  ondont 
churched  in  the  oountiea  of  Durium 
andtTortiiumberitaid,  370  ;  postscript 


Essex  :— Mr.   R   C.  J.  Spurrell   reporta 
diacovery  of  denehulea  at  Qreye,  262, 


Fallow,  Mr.  T.  M.,  his  memmr  on  the 
Femyhalgh  chalice  and  paten,  420  i 
ezhjbite  a  medieval  chalice  and  pMen 
from  Hinderwell,  Yorka,  47S. 

FeiguBon,  Hr.  R.  S.,  bis  memoir  on  the 
Morpeth  great  mace,  90 ;  hia  mmunr 
on  the  Carliale  buahel,  303  ;  read, 
47S  ;  exhibits  weights,  ib  •  his  notea 
on  a  ring,  dial  and  aeal,  884 ; 
exhitnta  same,  885. 

Pfarington,  Hin,  exhibits  three  Ser- 
geants' rin^  476. 

Fiah,  Rev.  J.  L.,  hia  meouHr  on  the 
ancient  recoida  of  the  panah  of  St, 
Haitptfet  Fattens  in  the  dty  of 
London,  384  ;  exhibits  aam^  38S ; 
exhibits  communion  plate  of  the 
parish  of  St  Mai^ret  I^ttaie, 
London,  387. 

Fortnum,  Mr.  C.  D.  E.,  his  notice  of  a 
few  more  Early  Christian  Oemi^ 
ISe  ;  Poatscrtpt  to  same,  616;  nod, 
384  i  GxhibitMl,  S86. 


D,.i,i,;^..„Google 


FuncB  ;— Iter.  Prabendw^  Scartii's 
memoir  on  the  Ronun  htthe  M 
HertMud,  naar  Poilian,  11. 


O. 

Qomm^  Mr.  Q.  U,  hiB  editiun  ot  tiie 
Ooutlemui'H  HigBsne  Libnuy  :  on 
Dialect,  Froverbi  and  Word-lore, 
noticed,  13S  ;  the  nme,  on  Popular 
Soparvtitiona,  noticed,  265. 

Obbrcb  : — Ber.  Joaaph  Hirat'a  communi- 
cation on  the  efforta  now  bemg  ouda 
to  cleiir  Iha  debriji  frum  the  Summit 
of  the  Acni[HiIU,  ISO  ;  Rev.  Joaeph 
Hirst'*  memoir  on  Uie  present  pros- 
pecta  n{  arch[culif[y  at  Athena,  39S 

Orpgoiy,  Mr.  Juhn  V.,  bia  memoir  on 
dedication  namea  of  anoient  churchea 
in  the  countiaa  of  Durham  and 
Northumberland,  370  ;   pogtaciipt  to 


QuKR.'fSET  : — Mr.  J.  J.  Carej'  eihibita 
drawinga  of  n  wall  painting  and  u 
Bculptiired  atone  cheat  from,  264 


H. 

Ilnrriaon,  Mr.  Park,  hia  notea  on  a  neck- 
lace of  chevron  beads  and  blue 
bugles  from  a  Peruvian  grave,  38S  ; 

exhibita  same,  387 

HKREP0BDSH1HB:-Mr.  T.  W.  Colt  Wil- 
liams exhibita  medieral  chalice  and 
paten  from  Bactoa,  three  communion 
cupfl,  a  cutr  bouiUi  chalice  case,  and 
ut  embroidered  altar  cloth,  477 

HiBTVoBDSHiHB  .—Mr.  Somen  Clarke's 
memoir  on  Saudrige  church,  247 

Hinit,  Rpv.  Joaeph,  hia  memoir  on  the 
mining  op«nntaana  ot  the  ancient 
Bomana,  with  apedal  reference  to 
tdaat  fumacsa,  20  ;  hia  communi- 
eation  on  tbe  eSbrta  now  being  made 
to  dear  the  debria  from  the  lummit 
of  the  AoropoliB,  120  ;  hia  memoir 
"  9  preaent  proapecta  of  Arch- 


teologj  at  Athena,  3Ba 
Hodgson,  B"-  ^-  ^-1  hi*  "^ 


differenoe  of  plan  alleged  b 
hetwaen  churcbea  of  Austin 
and  thoaa  of  monks  ;  and  the  fre- 


quency 


with   wfiich  such  churchea 


were  parocbial,  96,  2U,  S31,  440 
Hope,  Mr.  W.  H.  at  John,  his  memoir 
on  the  Auguatinian  priory  ot  the 
Holy  Trinity  at  Itepton,  Derbjahiro, 
read,  122;  exhibite  plaiis  and  draw- 
ingH,  ib  ;   bia  memoir  un  the  dvic 


521 

f  Hudatooe,   263  ;  exhilxta 


■■me,  264  ;  bia  memoir  o 


IsBUiTD  :— Mr.  E.  Walfocd  eibibJU  en- 
graving of  the  battie  ot  the  Bmne, 
386,  337 


-Mr  W.  H.  8t  John  Hope's 
nnoir  on  and  exhibition  uf  the 
'ic  maces  of  Maidatone,  2S3,  264 


LaKCASBiBB  -.—iSi.  T.  H.  Fallow's  me- 
moir on  the  Femyhalgh  chalioa  and 
paten,  420 

Lewis,  Hr.  Bunaell,  his  msmou-  on  the 
Roman  antiquitiea  of  SwitMrland, 
171  ;  hia  memoir  on  the  antiquitiea 
of  Langrea  and  Beaan^'on,  read,  480  ; 
eihibita  drawings  and  cnini,  483 

liuhGeld,  Dean  of,  lua  opening  addrcHs  to 
the  HiatoHcal  Section  at  the  Derby 
meeting,  SSO 

LiH coLHSimia  :— Rev.  Precentor  Venablea 
communicataa  notea  on  a  Roman 
pilaster  found  at  Lincoln,  261  ;  Bev. 
Freoent«r  Venablea'  memoir  on 
bishop  Antony  Beeka's  reeiater  nf 
the  prabendnrieB  of  lioodtl,  1338 
and  1343,  469 


Muuting,  Bev.  C.  B.,  exhibits  three 
medieral  patens  from  Norfolk,  200  ; 
hia  memoir  on  Lookers  for  the 
Prooeasional  Craa^  43G 

HiDDMaix  ; — Rev.  Q.  F.  Browne's  me- 

sculptoiad  stones  found  in  London  ; 
and  tbur  bearing  on  tbe  supposed 
" Soandinaviflu "  or  "Danish"  origin 
of  other  English  sculptured  stonea, 
261  ;  read,  887 :  exhibita  rubbinge, 
ib.  ;  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope's 
■nemoir  on  ancient  inventories  of 
goods  belonging  to  the  church  of  St. 


,1,1.0,  Google 


S23 


Londtm,  S12  ;  Rer.  J.  L.  FIdi  ez- 
hibita  ccanmnninn  pUte  of  poriih  ot 
St.  Haiguet  Patuiiu,  LoudoD,  ;t87. 
Se*.  J.  Li  Fleh'o  memoir  on  the 
■ndent  reoorda  of  the  puUi  of  St 
Hu^aret  P&ttetU  m  the  dty  ef 
le  exhibited,  3SG^ 


London,  881 ;  I 


NoBFOLK  :— It«v.  C.  R.  Miiinjug  eihibtta 
three  medieral  patens,  260 

tfoBTHCIIBBBLAICD  : — Kev.  Cauon  Creigh- 
ton'a  addiMH  on  the  Northumtman 
border,  41  ;  Ur.  R  8.  FerKoeon'B 
memnir  on  the  Morpeth  great  mace, 
90  ;  Mr.  J.  V.  Gnaory's  memoir  on 
dedication  namea  <a  ancient  churches 
in  ibe  oountiee  of  Duriuun  and 
Northumberland,  370  ;  poatocript  to 
same,  SIS. 


Peacock,  Mr,  E.,  his  additioiul  notes  on 
Swan  Harki,  17  ;  md,  120 

Pmv  :~Hr.  Pork  Hameon'a  notes  on  a 
necklace  of  cherron  beada  and  Uue 
buglea  from  a  ^nsve  at  Aiica,  3S6  ; 
BzhibitB  same,  3S7 

Fetne,  Hr.  W.  M.  P..  Attcnba  and  ex- 
hibita  Roman  Dutiquitiefl  found  by 
bim  at  San.  Egypt,  120 

Flatk  : — Rev.  C.  R.  Manning  exhibits 
three  medieTal  ailver  patens  from 
Norfolk,  200  ;  Mr.  W.  H.  St  John 
Hope's  memoir  on  and  exhibition  of 
the  dvic  macea  of  Haidstoiie,  263, 
264  ;  Rev.  J.  L.  li^sh  exhildte  com- 
munion pUte  of  &t.  Hugaret 
Pattella,  London,  287  ;  Mr.  T.  U. 
Fallow'a  memoir  on  the  Femjholgb 
chalice  and  paten,  420 ;  Mr.  T.  ». 
Fallow  exhibits  a  medieval  chalice 
and  paten  from  Hinderwell,  YorktL, 
478 !  Mr.  T.  W,  Colt  William*  exhibits 
a  medieval  chah'oe  and  paten  from 
Bacton,    Herefordshire,    and   three 


Raine,  Rev.  Canon,  his  opening  addi«M  to 
the  Section  of  Architecbire  at  the 

Newcaetle  Heetjng,  1 
Bolux  AnTiQCiTTM  :— Rci.  Prebendary 
Scarth'a  noticee  of  the  latest  dis- 
coveries made  in  uncuvering  the 
Human  hatha  at  Bath,  and  those  at 
Serbord,  near  to  Poitdera,  11  ;  Rev. 


Jcaeph  Hirat'i  menunr  on  the 
Mining  OperatianB  of  the  ancient 
Romans,  with  special  nSnaox»  ti> 
blast  fomaoee,  20 ;  Mr.  W.  ThMDp- 
aon  Watkina'  memcor  on  Roman 
inaeriptiona  found  in  Britain  in  1SS4, 
141  ;  Mr.  Bunndl  Lewis's  memoa-Mi 
the  Roman  antiquitieB  ofSwitzeriand, 
171  ;  Rev.  Precentor  Venablea  eom- 
mnnicates  notes  on  ■  tdlaater  fonnd 
at  Linooln,  261  ;  Mr.  W.  ThompKn 
Watkin's  note  on  the  discovery  of  a 
Roman  inscription  near  Bala,  386  ; 
Prof.  E.  C.  Clark'a  memoir  on  the 
Romanu-Qnek  inscriptioaB  in  Eng- 
land, 424. 


!  Scflith,  Kev.  Prebendary,  his  notice*  of 
the  lateet  discoverice  made  in  un- 
I  covering  the  Roman  baths  at  Bath, 

and  those  at  Herbord,  near  to 
Poitiers,  11  ;  read  and  drawings 
exhibited,  120 

S«dter,  M.,  exhibitji  phob^^phs  of  me- 
galithic  rttnains,  260 

SoHBRBKTSHlBB  :  —  Rev.  Prebendary 
Scarth's  notioe  of  the  lateet  dia- 
coveriee  made  in  uncovering  the 
Roman  batlu  at  Bath,  1 1. 

Spurrell,  Mr.  F.  C.  J.,  reports  discovery 
of  deneboles  near  Cray's  Essex,  262  ; 
exhibita  plan,  264  ;  his  memoir  oa 
early  sites  and  embankments  on  the 
margins  of  the  Thames  Estuary,  269; 
reikd,  476  ;  exhibits  plana,  eta,  i6. 

Stalilachmidt,  Mr.  J.  L.,  his  memcdr  on 
Church  Belts,  262  ;  exhilat*  rub- 
bings, 264. 

SwiTZKBLAND  : — Mr.  Buimell  Lewie's 
memoir  on  the  Roman  Antiqnitiea 
of,  171. 


Taylor,  Dr.  M.  W.,  his  memcdr  on  some 
stone  moulds  for  mating  speaiheeda, 
recently  found  in  Cambarund,  481 ; 


,1,1.0,  Google 


Lincoln,  201  ;  exhitaU  pbotogntph, 
2S4  ;  hiji  memcnr  on  Inuiop  Antonj 
Beske'i  T^iater  of  the  prebencUriea 
of  Uncoln,  1333  and  13*3,  489 


Walbs:- 


W.  Thompaon    Watkin'a 


inscriptiDa  uesr  Bala,  38S 
AValfurcl,  Mr.  GdvT;irH,  exbibita  engraving 

of  the  battle  of  tlia  Boyne,  3BS,  SS7 
Watkin,  Ur.  W.  Thompaon,  hU  memoir 

on    Roman    initcriptionB   foimd   in 

Britain  in  ISai,  141;  read,  262  ;  bla 


BX.  523 

note  of  the  discovery  of  >  Roman 
insciiptjan  near  Bala,  38S  ;  eihiUlu 
rubbing,  337 
William%  Mr.  T.  W.  Colt,  eihibita 
medieval  chatioe  and  paten  from 
Bacton,  Herefocdahire  ;  three  Com- 
munion cupa,  a  ctiir  bi/uUli  cbolice 
caae,  nnd  an  embroidered  altar  cloth, 
477 


END  OF  VOLUME  XLH. 


WiLUaii  PoLLAKD  k  Co.,  PEiHTSBa,  NoBTB  Stkot,  Eivm. 


itizecy  Google 


,1,1.0,  Google 


Eogal  Jtrchaologiral  Institute  of  (&vttd 
Britaht  anb  Irelattlr. 

OXFORD    MANSION,    LONDON,    W. 
DECBHBBR,    1S8B. 


^atnnts. 

HER    MAJESTY    THE    QUEEN. 

H.RH.     THE    PRINCE    OF    WALES,    K.G.,    F.S.A., 

^leeibcnt. 

THE    RIGHT    HON.     EARL    PERCY,     F.SjV. 


Addia,  W.  J.,  C.E.,  HAuluum,  British 

Bunnah 
Amea,    R.    2,    Albany   Temtce,    Fivk 

Squxre  Eut.  N.W. 
Amlieiat,     The    Earl.    13,    OrasTeuor 
Square.  W. 
•Amherrt,  \V.  A.  TjMeD,  M.P,,  F.S.A., 
DidlingtuQ  Hall,  Bmndon 
Aodeiton,    Sir  C,    Bart.,  Lea,    Guins- 
borough 
'Andra,  John  L.,  Hunt  Road,  Horebun 
'Anthonf,  J.,  M.D.,  6,  GreeDBeld  Crea- 

ceDt,  EiigbaaU)D,  Birmingham 
-Aahton,  R.,  Werwin  Hall,  Chaater 
'  Aatley,  E.  F.,  M.D.,  Dover 

AtiiuMili,  a,  M.,  28,  St  Oawald'B  Ro»d, 
"^       Brompton.  S.W 
yAtldnaoD,  J.,  Wiadisrwath,  Fenritb 


•Btbinrtoo,  C,  C,  M.A.,  F.Ra,  F.S.A. 

5,  Brookside,  Cambridge 
Back,  P.,  Haymarket,  Norwich 
•Bagahaw,  W.  G.,  Fonl  Hall,  Chapel-en- 
iH-Frith,  Derbj 
BwIbj.  G.  H.,  9,  CavendiBh  Pl(U»,  W. 
^Bain,     J.,    K.S.ASoot.,    21,    Chrailton 
Uood,  FulhanT 


Baker,  E.  E.,  Weston-Supar-Mare 
^Baker,  Rev.  Sir  T.  H.  B.,  Bart.,  M.A., 

Haoaton,  BlaDdford 
/Banks,  R.,  Ridgeboume,  Kington,  Here. 
^       ford 

^Barlon,  J.  It.,  areeuthom,  Bulton 
.Barue\Tell,  R«v.  E.  L.,  M.A,  Helkaham 
•Barrow,  C.  H.  Malet.  24,  Firat  Areniie, 

Brighton 
•Barton,  Capt.  R.  J.,  A.D.C. 
•Barttelot,  B.  B.,  Ditton,  Torquay 
•Batten,  J.,  F.S.A,  Aldon,  YbovU 
•Baiter,    S.    T.,    17,    Via    V»l    Fonda. 

Florence 

•Baiter,  W.  E.,  208,  High  Street,  Leww 

Baytay,  Hit.  Honour,  Judge,  F.S.A,,  BS, 

Cambridge  Tenses.  Hyde  Park,  W. 

•Baylie,  T.  H.,  M.A.,  Q.O.,  It,  Poroheatar 


Cumberland 
/Beunont,  W.,  Orlotd  Hall,  Wamngton 
"OBeaalfy.  Rev.  T.  C,  M.A.,  DalUi^toE, 
"'^      Northampton 

.Beck,     Rev.    J.,      M.A.,      F.S.ASooL, 
Bildeaton  Rectory,  Ipawieh 
Bell,  O.,  York  Street,   CoTent  Garden, 


itizecy  Google 


yBAot,  EL  v.,  1,  Sterew'  Tamoe,  Hun- 
stanton 
Beruford,    B.,   ILD.,    Church    Street, 


•Beningtoii,  A.  D.,  Pant-;-Qoitre,  Aber- 

gtvenny 
'Benta,  A.  T.,  Beveli  Qreen,  Sorenoaki 
Bemn,  B.,  Burr  St.  Edmundi 
/BigRe,   Rev.   H.   J.,   M.A.,  F.3.A..  The 
Bniy    House,    Cottmgham,    Bock- 
ingbsm,  RS.O. 
■Blskiatoii,'RaT.  R.  H.,  KA.,  F.5.A.,  2, 
De«ii»  Yud,  Wa>Umil>t«r,  aW. 
Blubill,     ThoiOH,     10,     Old     Jewry 
Chambers,  E.C. 
^BloMto,  U.  H.,  F.B.A.,  Rugby 
.BtnJwn,  Sir  Fraoeu,   Bart,   Kettering- 
^       ham,  Norfolk 
•Bolding,  W.  J.,  Werboume,  Norfolk 
'Botton,  F.  B.  Aahfleld,  EdgbMton 
BoDd,  K  A.,   F.S.A.,   Britkh  Hunwni, 
W.C. 
^ond,  T.,  Trneham,  Wueham 
ySoAue,    W.    C,    M.P..   M.A.,   F.8.A., 

Idr^an,  Penzuioe 
/Boughton,    ffir   C.    H..    Rouse,    Bart, 

Dovnton  Han,  Ludlow 
•Bowyor,  C.  M.A. 
BojIb,  Ker.  J.  R.,  Newcastle 
'Brab^.  F.,  F.O.S.,  Buifaey  Lodge,  Ted- 

dmgton 
'Bradnej,  J.  A.,  Rockfield  House,  Mon- 
mouth] 
Brailsford,  W.  10,  Canning   Place,   De 
'         Vere,  Oardena,  Kensingtou 
yBrandon,   D.,     F.S.A.,     2*,    Berkeley 
■^        Square,  W 
'Braye,  The  Lord,  Stanford  Hatl,  Rugby. 
'Bridger,     E.     K.,     Berkeley      House, 

Hamptnu-on-'ntame* 
.Bririit,     B.,    Lyndon,    Col  wall,    Qrest 
■^      MiUvem 

•Bristol  The  Marqueas  of,  8,  8t  Jamee'a 
Square,  S.W. 
Brooke,   Rev.   J.    I.,   H.A.,    Thombill, 
/^       Dewsbuiy 
"Brooke,   T.,    F.3.A-,   Ainiitage  Bridge 

House,  Huddenfield 
•Brooks,    W.    Cunliffe,    F.S.A.,    Barlow 
Hall,  Hancheater 
/Brown,    J.,    Q.C.,    64,   Avenue    Road, 
R«gents  Park 
Browne,   Rev.    Q.   F„   B.D.,  St  Oath. 
•Browne,  Kbt.  J.,  M.A-,  United  Univer- 
sity Club,  1,  Suffolk  Street,  S.W. 
erine's  College,  Cambridge. 
Bruce,  Rev.  J.  C,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  Fram- 
•'        \iogtoa  Place,  Newcartle-on-Tyne 

Buckler,  C.    A.,   (Surrey),   6,  Hereford 
•"^       Squaiv,  Soutb  Kensington,  S.W. 
-Bnllard,  C,  198,  High  Street.  Rocbeater 
Bullock,  O.  Troyte,  North  Coker  House, 

TeovU 
Burchell-Heme,  Rev.  H.,  U.A.,  Buihey 
''       Onnge,  Watford 


OP  THB 

Bulges,  J.  T.,  38,  BrTMwtoB  Sqnsn^  V 
Buinill,  J.  E.,  32,  Qlooter  Road,  Kew 
Bury,  Hiss,  88,  Tslbot  Road,  W. 
Bute,  The  Mvquew  ol,  CsidifT  Castle, 

Cardiff 


XUverley,  Rev.  W.  S.,  F.S.A.,  Aspatris, 
■^      CailBle 

Cardew.  He»,  G.,  M.A.,  The  Wilda,  East 
"^        Lyta,  Hants 

-Carington,  R.  S,  8t  Cloud,  Woroaater 
•"^  jCarlingford,  The  Lord,  Chewton  PriorT, 
-^      Bath 

XIariisle,  Ri^t  Rev.  The  Lord  BiAop  of, 
■^        Rom  Cartle,  CaHiide 
/Carter,  J.,  Petty  Cury,  Cambridge 
■^  Gates,  A.,  FRf.B.A.,  7,  Whitehdl  Tsrd, 


Cheater,  Bev.  O.  J.,   H.A.,  2,   Rmaall 
Chambers,  Bury  Street,  W.C. 
vChurch,  H  F.,  The  Lawna,  SovUi-nte 
Cbrk,  C  H.,  EA.,  IntemstionalCi^tEe, 
Isleworth 


'Clarke,  PnifMMr  E.  C,  L.L.D.,  Newn- 

ham  House,  Cambridge 
•Clarke,  Somen,  F.3.A.,  15,  Deans  Yard, 
WaBtmioBter,  S.W. 
CUydon,    Rev.    E.    A,,    M.A.,    Luton, 

Chathsm 
Cooke,    Rev.    Csnon,    U.A.,    F.S.A.,    6, 
Clifton  Place,  Sunei  Square,  W. 
■Cooke,  P.  a  D„  Ovrrton,  Doncarter 
Cooke,  His  Honour  Judge,  F.S.A.,  42, 
Wimpole  Straet,  W. 
•Cooper,    Sir    D.,   Bsrt.,    8,    D*   V« 

Qandens,  Kensinf '      "  ' 
/Cooper,  Lieut-Col.  . 

Square,  W. 
•Corbet,  A.  G.,  The  Grove,  Ashbonnie 
CoBBon,  The  Banm  de,  F.RG.S.,  Pyrcnfl 

House,  Cbertsey 
Cowell,  Mrs.  J.,  The  Qrove,  Sidmoolh 
Xoi,  Rev.J.C.LLD.  ,EnviIle,Stt)urbridM 
'^Creigbton,  Rev.  Csnon,  H.A.,  Longdsk 


F.G.S.,    Northrepps   Rectory,    &0. 
Norfolk. 
•CroBsman,  Col.  Sir  W.,  K.C.H.O.,  JLP., 
Cheswiok  House,  Besl,  Northumber- 


,1,1.0,  Google 


BOTAL  AHCHAEOLOGICAL  INSTITtlTE. 


527 


^Davidwm,  U.  a,  28,  PiiaoeeSquBre,  W. 
■DivJM,  W.  R.,  Ovsrthorpe  Houm,  WkI- 

liDgford 
JJawnay,  Hon.  P.,  Bemiugliorough  Hill, 

/Day,  Hij»,  2,  Lome  YDIu,  Rocheater 
^-Dsane,  Bm.   J.   B.,   MA.,   F.3.A.,  20, 
"^       Sion  Hill,  Bath 
^^Devoii,  The  Earl  of,  Powderhun  Cutle, 

Exetar 
/Dewing,  E.  M.,  Bury,  8t  Edmuoda 
,DiekiniioD,  K  H-,  KA..  F.S.A.,  121,  St. 

Georgea  Square,  S.W. 
^ickona,  J.  N.,  12,  Oak  VUla*,  Manning- 
•^        ham,  Bradfonl 
,DU:on,   Hon.   H.   A.,   FAX.,  3,  Swan 
■^       Walk,  CheUea 

Dubaon,  C.,  Bmome  Pail.  Betchworth 
''         Kaigate 

Dodd.   S.,   27,  Eentitib   Town    Road, 

N.W. 
Doa.  a.,  Orwit  Tonington 
Drake,  Dr.  H.  H.,  13,  St  Oeorge'a  Road, 
Tufnell  Park,  N, 
^  Drake.   Sir  W.    R.    Kt,    F.8.A.,    12, 
PrinCH  Oardenx,  S.W. 
^  Dudley,  F.,  19,  Queen  Anne'a  Qate 

--Dunn-Oardnar,  J.,  37,  Groavenor  Place, 
^         8.W. 

^.^uriacbar,  H,,  134,  Harlm  Street,  W. 
"Dyne,  Rev.  J.  B.,  D.D.,  Higfagate 


■Eckeralay,  J.  C,  M.A.,  Slandiah  Hall, 

Wigan 
figerton,  The  Lord  {of  Tatton),  7,  St 
■^        Jamea'a  Square,  S.W. 

-tlwall,  A.  H.,  Union  Oub,  S.W. 
"  Enniitkillen,  The  Eari  of,  Florence  Court, 
Fermanagh 
J^adalle,  Rev.  W.,  Sandford  Orcus,  Sher- 

/ETana,  H.  J.,  Brecon,  Old  Bank,  Cardiff 

Evans,  J.,  D.C.L.,  LLD.,  F.RS.,  P.B.A., 

Maah  MiDa,  Hamel  Hempatead 

^FaUow,  T.  ML,  H.A.,  CoaUiam  Houae, 
-^        Redoar 
^FeltOQ,  W.  v.,  Holfleld  Orange,  Coggle- 
'         ahall,  Elaaez 
'Fenton,  J.,  F.8.A.,  DulbonHaDor,Long- 

lidgs,  Preston 
'Feiguaon,    C.    J.,    F.8.A.,    Ravenaide, 

Carlisle 
FeiguBOD,  R,  BLP.,   F.S.A.,    Horeton, 
Carliale 
•Perguaon.  R-  8-.  M.A.,  LL.B1,  F.aA., 

Lowtlwr  Street,  Carliale 
'FfariogtoD,  Hiaa,  Wordon,  near  Preaton, 
t^ncaahira 
Ffaalkee,  W.  Wynne,  H,StaDl«y  Place, 
Cheater 


yfiaon,  K  H.,  Stoke  Hntua,  Ipawich 
Pitch,  K,  F.S.A.,  F.O.S.,  Norwich 
JiTeteher,  E.  Scott,  The  Orange,  Wetton 
'      Park,  Bath 
Flaury,  The  Ccint  de,  S3,  Avenue  da  la 
Orande  Annie,  Paris 
^oyer,  J.,  M.P.,  Staflord  Houaa,  Dor- 
'       cheater 
•Foliambe,  C.  0.  8.,  M.P.,  F.S.A.,  Cock- 

glode,  OUerton,  Ifotte 

li'oUott,  C.  J.,  78,  Queen's.  Gate,  S.W, 

VFoiater,  W.,  Houghton  Hall,  Cavlisla 

'  Jortnuni,  C.   D.  E,,  F.S.A.,   Stonmore 

HUl  House,  tjtanmore,  MidtUreei 

Foster,  J.  E.,  IS,  Banknda,  Cambridge 

^Foi,   F,    F.,     Tate    House,    CMppmg 

Sodburr 
^ox,   O.   E,   F.S.A.,  4,  Campden   Hill 
''       Road,  Kenaington 
^^Foxorott,   E.    T.   D.,    Hinton  Charter- 
house, Bath 
■Pranka,  A.  W.,  M,A.,  F.RS.,  F.8.A., 
F.O.S.,  103,  Victoria  Street,  Weat- 
minater,  S.W. 
■Freeland,  H.,  Chichaater 
■Freeman,  E.  A.,  M.A.,  D.C.L.,  Somer- 
leaze,  Wella 
^-Frere,   R   Temple,  H.D.,  UB,  Hariej 
Street,  W. 
'FreshGeld,  K,  LL.D.,    F.S.A.,  &,  Bank 


Westboume  Ter- 


Building^  E.C. 

•FreahfieldTW.  D.,  8*, 


Funiisa,  T.  S.,  29,  Kensington  Gardens 


Oibaon,    J.,    IS,    Qmt   Qneen   Street, 

Weitffiinater,  S.W. 
Glai^w,   His  Grace  The  Ltvd  Ardi- 

hiahc^  of,  Olaogow 
yGodduxi,    A.    R,  (AonMelda,   Brox- 

bourne,  Herta 
Oomme,  O.  L.,  F.S.A.,  2,  Park  Tillaa, 

Road,Bacnea 
■Gonne,  W.,  32,  Suawx  Gardens,  Hyde 

Lonsdale  Park,  W. 
Oooden,  J.   C,   38,  Taviatock  Square, 

W.C. 
Oosaelin,  H.,  28,  Cranley  QaideDS.S.W. 

(Stcntary.) 
Quatenhofer,  C.  T.,  18,  Beresfotd  Road, 

Birkanhsad 
Graham,  C.  C,  9,  Cleveland   Row,  St. 

Jamen'B,  8.  W. 
Qraham,  Joaeph,  Q.C.,  B.A.,  18,  Prince 

of  Wales  Terrace,  Kensington 


itizecy  Google 


T.TRT  or  MEMBERS  OF  ^SE 


Onoge,  E.  L.,  &LA.,  LL.M.,  The  Wil- 
low*, QrsSit  Orimiby 
Or««D,  E.,  Junior  Athetuuum  Clab 
QriSithi,    A.    E.,    2G,    Talbot  Sqnue, 
Hyde  P«-k.  W. 
'OuiH,  Sir  W.  T.,  Bart,  Elmore  Court, 
Qlouoeatar 
,'{JunMy,  J.,  SpTOWltOQ  Hull,  Korwich 
'Qnilt,    Mrs.    H.    Jtckacm,    MooDbeam 
Villa,  New  Wimbledon 

EailBtoQe,    E.,   F.EU.,    Walton    Hall, 

Wakefield 
Hamond,    Captain   F.  A.,     Loweatoft, 
SuOblk 
■Hardwick,   P.   C,  F,8.A,  S,   Hereford 
Oanlena,  Oxford  StreBt,  W. 
Hare,  Mrs.,  Edjnton  Place,  Aleiondn 
BiDad,  Nortnton 
•Hu-land,    H.    B.,   F.8.A.,    28,    Biuwa 
Square,  Brighton 
Uairii,   Uiai,   36,  Cambridge    Terrace, 
H;de  Park,  W. 
^^arrii,  Joniea  Peon,  b,  Rodney  Street, 

Harrison,    J.    P.,   H.A,   M.RA.a,  22, 
Connanght  8tr«t  W. 
/HairiKin,  Ven.  Archdeacon,  M.A.,F.S.A, 
Precincts,  Canterbury 
Haniaon,  R.,  London  Library,   12,  St. 

JaiD«-B  Sqiiaie,  a.W. 
Hartahome,  A.,  F.S.A.  ^Editor)  Brad- 
r        bume  Hall,  WiikiworUi 
Haaaal,  H.,  Cheater 
Uaverfield,     F.     J.,    Landng    CoU^, 

Shoieham 
Uawkina,  O.,  28,  City  Road,  Finabnry 
Square,  H.C. 
yHawkioB,    Hev.    H.    &.,  M.A,  Beyton 
^        RectoiT,  Bmj  St  Edmunds 
*Henry,   «.,   M.F.,   Btrathedon   Houas, 
Rutland  Oate,  3.W. 
Hereford,  The  Tiacoont.  Tregoyd,  Three 

Cocka  Jun.,  RS.O. 
.Henick,  Mri.   Perry,  Bnumanor  Park, 
'        Loughborough 
Hewlett,  R.,  80,  E«ei  Stnet,  Strand, 

*HeywM>d,    J.,    ILA.,    F.R.S.,    F.S.A., 

F,0.8.,  Athenwim  Club,  S.W. 
■Hill,  Oey.  K,  H.A.,  Sheerfaig  Reotoiy, 

Harlow 
Bill,  Rev.  J.  H.,  B.A.,  F.a.A.,  Craooe 

Sedoiy,  Market  Harborougfa 
Hill,  Lieuk-Col„  Rock  wood,  UandafT 
Hill.  Min,  Aaby  Loilge,  CaMla  Road, 
Putney 
,  Hilton,  J.,  F.S.A.,  eo,  Hontagu  Square, 
■'        W.  {Hon.  JVemum-) 
'Hippialey,  H.,  Lambome,  Berbi 
"Hint,  Very  Rot.  J.,  Preeident  of  Rat- 
cliffe  College  Leiueater 
HodgM,  C.  C.  Heibani 
■Modgkin,  Tli'ju..   D.C.L,   St.   Nicbobu 
Square,  Newwatle 


Hill 

'^  i 


'Hoare,  R.,  Esq.,  Harden  Hill,  Hertford 
yHodnon,  Rev.  J.  T.,  M.A.,  Witton-le- 

Wear,  DaHingbm 
Hope,  Right  Hod.  A  J.  Bamford,  H.P., 

LL.D.,D.C.L.,F.S.A.,  l.Connaoght 

Place,  Byde  Park,  W. 
Hope,  H.    d,  F.a.A,  F.RS.L.,  All»m 

Crescent,  Scarborough 
Hope,  W.  H.  St  John.  M.A,  8oc  Antiq., 

Burlington  Houas,  W. 
Hopkins,  E.  T.,  23,  St  Auguatane's  Read, 

Camden  Square,  S.Vf. 
Homer,   J.  F.   Forteecne,   Hella  Park, 

Somenet 
Homyold,    C.    G.,   .Blackmore    Park, 

Upton-on  -Serem 
'Howlett,  W.  B.,  F.S.A.,  DnuBtan  Houu, 

K  irton  -in-Lmdee; 
Hiidd,    A.    K,    ei,    Pembroke    Boad, 

Clifton 
'Hu^es,   T.,     F.8.A,    Grove     Tenaoe, 

Cheater 
^ulme,   E.C,   18,  Philbeach   Gardois, 

South  KeUBtugton 
Hunter,  Mn.,  73,  Beluae  Park  Qardau, 

N.W. 
HuBsey,  E.,  Sootney  Castle,  Hurst  Qteen 
Uussey,    R     C,     F.S.A.,   UarUBdoitn, 

CanterbuiT 
^Hutchings,    H.,    81,     Cherter    Street, 

Oroavenor  Place.  S.W. 
Uutt,  A.  Q.,  F.aA.,  S,  Oxford  Road, 

Kilbum 
Uuyahe,  W.,  i6.  Fleet  Street,  K.C. 


*jBokaon,Bev.CaiiaD, 11, BelgiavB  Square 

Nottin^tam 
'Jackvm,  Rev.  W.,   M.A.  F.S.A,  Pen 

Wartlia.  WnCon-auper-Mare 
*JameB,  Edmund,   3.  Temple   Oaxdeaa, 

KO. 
Wamet,  Flanda,   F.S.A,  190,  Cromwel] 

Boad,  S.W. 
Jeremy,  W.D.,  M.A,  10,  New  Square, 

Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 
Jervii,  Un.   W.   Henley,   28,  HoUand 


,  .  Bart.,  Idswortli 

Paik,  HoRidaan 
•Jei.Blake,  Jtey.  J.  T.  W.,  D.D.,  Hugby 
JohnaoD,  R.  J. ,  8,  Arcade,  NewcaaU»«ti' 

Time 
'Jonea,  H.,  IB,  Montpelier  Row,  BilDk- 

heath 
Jones.  J.  CoYe,  F.Sjl..  Loil^,  WeU». 
^        bourne,  Warwick 
Jonee,  W.,  Devon  and  EieterlnatJtntiMl, 

Exeter 
Joelin,  a.,  Beverley  Road,  Colchcater 
^Durdain,  Rev.  F.,  Aahlranie  Vkanfp 


itizecy  Google 


KOYAL  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  INSTITDTE. 


529 


>iCeatiDg,   H.   9..  11,  Princes  Oardena, 
•^        S.W. 

Keene,  C.  ».,  33U,  King's  Road,  Chelsea, 
S.W. 
■Kerr,  Mrs,  A.,  IB,  Warwick  RoRd,  South 
Keusaigtuu 
KeMhftw.  W.  W.,  M.D.,  10,  The  Crtw- 

cent,  Surbitoii 
K«rslake,     Thomaii,     H,    Went    Park, 
Brutfll 
'Kentertoii,  The  Lord,  C'laanick.  StUD' 

f«nl 
/KBywr,  C,   MA.,   F.S.A.,   Merry  Hill 

House,  liushey,  Hertit 
/King,  Rev.  C.  W,,  M.A,  Trinitj  College, 
Cnmbridge 
Kiiij',  Ilev,  E.,  M.A.,  LiiunceAton 
•Koill,   »..    The    CrrwBleta-m-the-Orove, 

BUckbeatb 
^Knocker,  W.,  Castle  Hill  House,  Dover 


W. 

Lambert,  MLu,  6,  Hertford  Street,  May- 
fair,  W. 
/L«nghiirnB,J.,  B.A.,  The  Vines,  Rochester 
•Leaf,  V.  J.,  F.S.A.,  Pains  HiU,  Cobhoin, 

LaBthley,  D.,  M.K,  Ssndrock,  Midhurst 
'^Lee,    J.    E,,    F.S.A.,    Villa    Syiacusa, 
Torquay 
Lees,   Rb».   T.,    M.A.,    F.3.A.,   Wreay, 

,Lefroy,  Geueral  Sir  H.,  RA.,  K.C.M.a., 

C.B.,    F.ltS.,   F.8,A.,    S2,    Queen'a 
Qate,  South  Kenaingtoa,  S.W. 
•Leigh,    The    Lord,    Stoueleigh  Abbey, 
Warwick 
he   Keui,    J.   H.,   M,    Sadler   Street, 
Durhain 


LennuD,  Mrs.,  Algoa  Cottage,  Mapperley, 
Nottingliam 
"Lewis,   T.  H.,  F.S.A.,   12,   Kensington 

Qardens  Square,  W. 
Lichfield,  Very  Rei.  the  Dean  of,  D,D., 
"^       Dennery,  IJehfield 

LoftJe,  Rev.  W.  J.,  B.A.,  F.3.A.,  3  i, 

Sheffield  Terraoe,  W. 

^Long,    W.,    M.A.,   F.S.A.,  West  Hay. 

Wrington,  near  Bristol 

LoDgdea,  Henry,  447,  Oifotd  Street, W. 

•Luwiidea.  O.  A.,  M.A,,  Barrington  Hall, 

Harlow 
•Lubbock,  Sir  John,  Bart.,  M.P.,  F.RS., 

F,S.A.,  15.  I/imbard  Street,  EC. 

.  Lucas,  a..  New  Place.  Woodchurch  Road, 

West  Hampetead 

LucuTich,  Antonio,  Comte  de,  Cardiff 

Lnkis,    J.    Walter,    St.    Fiacrs,    ptCa 

Morlabc,  FiuiiitiaTe,  France 


Macartney,  M.,  14,  Hart  Street,  Blooms- 
bury  Square,  W.C. 
H'Caul,  Rev.  J.,  D.D.,  Toronto,  Canada 
•MackinUy,  D.,  6,  Great  Weatem  Terrace, 

HiUhead,  GUsgow 

,  Unclean,  Sir  John,  Kt.,  F.S.A.,  Qlnabury 

House,  Richmond  Hill,  Ctifton 

McClura.   R«v.   E.,   H.A.,    Society    for 

Promoting     Chriatiui     Kuonledge, 

Northumberland  Avenue,  S.W. 

Mair,  George  J.  J.,  F.8.A.,  11,  Upper 

Bedford  PUoe,  W.C, 
•Malcolm,  J,   (of  Poltalloch),   7,   Qreal 

Stanhope  Street,  Mayfair,  W, 
^  Manning,  Rev,  C,  R,  M.A.,  The  Rectory, 
Dias 
Marlow,    T.,    Ceilar    Court,    Aldridge 
WaUall 
^Marshall,  R.  D.,  Cookridge  Hall,  Leeds 
^Mnrtineau,  J.,  Heckfield,  Winohfield 
^  Martineau,  P.  M.,  Beher,  Surrey 

Mathews,  J.  H.,  142,  Hirley  Street.  W. 
Mauleverer.     Miss    Ann,     The     MiJI, 

Armagh 
Miehell,  W,  G.,  The  School,  Rugby 
■Mioklethwalte,  J.  T.,  F.aA.,  15,  Dean's 
Yard.  Wwtminster,  S,W. 
Middlemore-Whithard,     Rev.     T.     M., 
M.A.,      Upton     Helioo'B    Redoiy, 
Crediton 
^Middleton,   J.    H„    M,A.,    F.S.A.,    4. 
Storaya  Gate,  aW. 
Mills,   R.,  34,  Queen's  Gate,  Terrsoe, 

MUmau,  U.  S.,  M.A..  D.S.A.,  1,  Cranley 

FUoe,  Ooalow  Square,  &W. 
Mitchell,    F.    J.,   LlanfrecbCa    Grange, 
Caerleon 
,  Montagu,  The  Loi^,  3,  Tilney  St..  W. 
'Moore.  J.,  Union  Lel^ue,  PhiUdelpUa, 

U.8.A. 
Morgan,  C.  0.  a,  M.A.,  F.RS.,  F.S.A., 
The  Friars,  Newport,  Hon. 
Morice,  Rev.  F.  D,,  M.A.,  The  Sehool, 

Morrison,  A..  16,  Carlton  House  Tenaoc, 

aw. 


NaoBon,  J„  Town  Clerk,  Carlisle 
,  Nonson.  W.,  B.A,,  F.aA.,  Town  Clerk's 

OfBoe,  Carlisle 
,  Neule,  J.,  F.aA.,10,B]oomsbury  Sqiuuv, 

,  Ne8bitt,'A.,  F.S.A.,  Oldlanda.  Uckfleld 

•Newton,    C.   T.,    C.R,    LLD ,    M.A., 

F.3.A.,  2  Montague  Place,  W.C. 

Nichol,  F,  J.,  120,  Harley  Street,  W. 

^Nichols,   Rev.   W,    L.,    M,A.,    F.S.A, 

Woodlands  Huuae,  Bridgwater 


itizecy  Google 


530 

Hightinmle,    J.    E,     F.S.A.,    Wilton, 

Saliunaj 
'NivOTi,  W,,  F.S.A.,  Dflny  House,  T«d- 

JTizuii,  E,  3BvileHauie,Hethle;,  Leeds 
'NorUiumberUDd,  The  Duke  of,  K.O., 

SjoD  Houie,  laleworth 
.Norton,  CapUJD  L.   S.,  Carlton  Club, 
^       8.W. 

NottinRham,  Right  R«t.  The  Biahop 
Sufiagan  of,  D.D.,  F.S.A.,  Laadtig- 
ham,  SImford 


'Okkes,  U.   P.,   OxEord  and   Cnmbridge 
Club,  PnU  Mall,  aw. 
^kea,   Rev.   R.,   D.D..   King's   College. 

CBmbridga 
.  Oldfield,  E.  M.A.,  F.S.A..  IS,  Thurloe 
^        Square,  S.W. 


LIST  OP  aiBBIBHBS  Of  THE 


•Fagut,    T.    T., 


IP., 


Humberatone, 

lare,  Lincoln's 


Pamel),  H.,  3,  New 

Inn,  W.C. 
Parnell,  J.,   1,    The    Common,    Upper 

Clapton 
Payne,  Rev.  E.,  NewboW,  Shipstou-on- 
Stour 
■Peacock,  E.  F.S.A.,  Botteeford  Manor, 

Brigg 
'Peckover,  Miss,  Harecroft  House,  Wia- 
bech 
Penford,  H..  Ruatington,  Worthing 
•Percy,    Earl,     F.S.A.,    25,    Qroavenor 
Square  (PpttidaitJ 
Petit,  Mlbb,  Lichfield 
•Peto,    Sir   Morton,   Bart.,    9,    Victoria 

Chambers,  S.W- 
^Potrie,  W.  F.,  Bromley,  Kent 

Philippe,  Captain  F,   L.   Lloyd,  Penty 
'         Park,  Haverfordweat 
•Phillipa,  Robert 
Pinney,    Colonel,    M.A.,    F.R  0.8.,    30, 
^       Berkeley  Square,  W. 

¥ite,JL.  B,,5,  Bloomabury  Square,  W.C. 
Pitt-Riven,  Lieut-Qenend  Jl.  H.  Lane- 
Fox,    F.R.S.,    F.S.A.,    Buihmore, 
Salisbury 
•Plowea,  J.  H.,  F.RO.S.,  39,  Ywk,  Ter- 

nwe,  Regents'  Park,  N.W. 
Tatter,    Rot.    A.     3.,    M.A.,    Clainoe, 
WoreeatCT 

■Portsmouth,    Bight    Rev.    The    Lord 
Biahop  of,   Bilhop'a   House,   Edin- 
burgh  Road,  PortsmouUi 
Potte,  F.,  Cheater 
•Powell,  F.,  1,  Cambridge  Square,  W. 
Foyntci',  A-.  3,  Marine  Place,  Dover 
Prenkerd,   P.   D.,    The    Knoll,    Sneyd 

Park,  Bristol 
Prall,  R.,  Town  Gerk,  Rochester 
..Prioh*rd,   ReT.   H.,    Dinam    Qaerwen, 
Anglesey 


/ 


.PuIUn,  B.  P..  F.S.A.,  fl,  Melbntj  Bead, 
Kensington,  W. 
Pusay,    B.    S.,   Pusey    House,    Puaey, 
Berkshire 


fiadcliffe,  B.  D,,  98,  Upper 
Street,  Liverpool 
•Rndford,  W..  M.D.,  Sidmouth 
•Ramsden.  Sir  J.   W.,   Bart.,   M.P.,  6, 

Upper  Brook  Street,  W. 
Baven,  Kev.  J.  J.,  D.D.,  Freanngfield 
Vicnragci.  Harleston 
•Bead,  General  J.    M.,  F.S.A,,  F.BG.S-, 

M.K  I.A-.  7,  Rue  ScriUi,  Paris 
•Reiul,  Harman  P.,  T.  Rue  Scribe,  Pari.* 
Beynsrdson,  Itev     J.   B.,  M.A.,  Careby 

ReoUjry.  Starofoni 
Ripou.  The  Marquess  of,  K.G.,  Studley 

Ri'yal,  Kipon 
Rivington,  W.,  2i,  Phillimore  OardaoJ, 
Kenaiogton,  W. 
^Kobioson,    C.    B.,    Franktou    Qrangv, 
Shroii'sbury 
Robiusou,  .1.  C,  Uoion  Bank,  Maryport 
Kobioaon   T.  W.  U.,  F.a.A.,  Houghton- 
le- Spring,  Fence  Houses,  Duriiam 
.Rolls,      J.    A.,    F.S.A..    The     Uiaidre, 
Monmouth 
Roobi,  0.,  B.A.,  F.S.A.,  2,  Ashley  Place, 
Victoria  Street,  S.W. 
'Rom,  H„  F,3.A.,  ChesUiam  Park,  Hen- 
field,  Sussex 
Itoundell,  C.  8.,  M.P.,  IS,  Curaon  Street, 

Hayfair 
Rowe,  J.  Brooking,   F.S.A.,  Plymptva 

Lodge,  Plymptun,  8.  Devon 
'Howley,    W.,    M.    IiiaL    C.E,    F.G.S>, 

Alderhill,  Meaowood,  l«ida 
Kudler,   F.   W.,  Museum   of  Geology, 


Long  Acre,  W.C. 
•Rylands,  T.  Q.,  F.S.A.,  F.RA.S.,  FLS., 
Hif^elds,  Thetwall,  Wairiitgton 


SL    Davids,  Very  Rev,,  The  Dean  at. 

H.A.,  Cathedral  Cloae,  St  Davids 
'Saundars,  Herbert  QifTord,  Q.C.,  M-P., 

3,  Belton  Oardena,  Kennngtco] 
Scartb,  Rev.  Prebendary,  M.A.,  Wiii«- 

ton,  Bristol 
Scott,  J.  O.,  Blunt  Houae,  Cnmlon 
ShadweU,  C-,  26,   Abercotn  Place,  SC 

John's  Wood,  N.W. 
Shoobridge,  L.  K.  H.,   12,   Hsoderilk 

Place,  W. 
Short,  O.,  Oatlands.  Weybridge 
Sibbnld,  J.  G.  E,  Adminlty,  Wbitehsll, 


itizecy  Google 


BOTAI.  ABCHAEOLOQICAL  mSTITDTB. 


531 


Skrine,  H.  D.,  Ckverton  Muior,  Bath 

Smith,  Lndy,  30,  Berkeley  Square,  W 
Smith,   Rev.   A.    C,   H.A.,  Old  Puk, 

Derius,  Wilts 
Smith,  R.  H.  Soden,  M.A.  P.S.A.,  South 

Kemiagton  Hiueum,  3.W. 
Smith,  T.   Roger,  10,  Luoater  Place. 

Strand,  W. 
Sneyd,  Rev.   W.,  M.A.,   fAi.,   Keele 

Hall,  Newcastle,  Staffordahire 
Sopvith,  Mrs.,  37,  Qaudeu  Rood,   Hap- 

'Spence,  C.  J.,  The  Bunk,  NewcatUe-on- 


Spumdl,  Rer.   F.,  H.A., 

WithuD 
Spunell,  P.  C.  J.,  Belvedere,  Kent 
Staoya,    Ber.    J.,     H.A.,    Shrewabiuy 

Honntal,  Sbel 

Uhlechmidt,  J. 

Street,  W.C. 
StSDheoa,  Rev.  W.  R  W.,  M.A.,   Wool- 

bedinK  Reetoiy,  Chicbetter 
Stewart,  Rev.  D.   J.,  H.A.,  7],  Morn- 

iogton  Road,  N,  W. 
Stokee,  Uiin,  l^idale  Houw,  Chelten- 

'Stuart,  J.   Heliite,   11,  Queen   Victoria 

Street,  E.C. 
Sutton,  Miss,  ShardJow  Hall,  Derby 
Swallow,  Rev.   Henry  J.,  M.A.  Brance- 

peth,  Durham 
Swintnu,  A.  C,   Kimmerghame  Dudk, 

N.B. 
•Sjkes,  C,  M.P.,  Bmntingham   Thorpe, 

Brough,  Yorkahire 
Syms,  W.,  Rooheater 


Talbot,  R.,  Rhode  HDl,  Lyme  Regia 
Tajler,     F.,     Endstaigh,      Park     Hill, 

Croydon 
Taylor,  M.  W.,  M.D.,  202,  Earrs  Court 

Road,  S.W. 
•Taylor,   R,   W„  B.A.,  LL.B,  New  Hull, 

Buton-on-  Humbar 
Thomaa,   J.   L,   F.S.A.,   F.R.Q.S.,  28, 

aiouceatflr  Street,  Pimlico,  S.W. 
Thomaeen,  T.,  Aiondale,  Ampton  Road 

Edgbastou 
TbompBon,  Hre.  W.  J.,  Elmer,  LAther- 

Thompuou,  D.,    Manor  House,   Squirrel 

Heath,  Rumford 
Thwaitea,  Mm.   W.,  IS,  Durham  Vilks, 

Kensington,  W. 
Tolhurat,  J.,  F.S.A.,  Qlenbrook,  Becken- 

TotnkioB,  Rev.  H.  Q.,  H.A.  Park  Lodge, 

WeatoD-Buper-Hare. 
Tooth,  F.,  Park  Farm,  Sevenoaki. 
TlCgellaa,    W.     H.,    War    Office,    Horte 

Quaids,  S.W. 


Tremlett,  Kear-Admii«l  F.  S.,  Balle  Vue, 

Tunhridge  WellB 
Tiibe,    W.     P.,    Bioadwatsr      Manor, 

Worthing 
Tritton,   H.   J.    Ewell    House,    Ewell, 

•Troilope,  Rev,  A.,  H.A.,  Carlton  Cur- 
lieu  Leioeater 
Tucker,  Ste{Aen,  (Somerset,  Hanlda' 
College,  QiK^n  Victoria  Street  E.C. 
Turner,  it.  b,,  a6,  Albany  Piccadilly,  W. 
■Tyson,  E.  T,  Majyport 


'Varley,   Min   E.,    4,    Hildmay   Qivve, 

Highbury 
Vau^ian,  H.,  F.&A.,   28,   Cumberland 

Terrace,  Regent's  Park,  Tf.W. 
Venahlee,    Rev.    Precentor,    H.A.,   the 
Precentory,  Lincoln 
■Vernon,   W.   F.,   Harefield  Park,    Ux- 


•Wagner,  H.,  M.A.,  F.R.Q.S ,  F.aA.,  13, 

Half  Moon  Street,  W. 
Waite,  C.  D.,  3,  Old  BurUngton  Street, 

W, 
Waldron,  C ,  LlaodafF 
Waldy,    Rev.  J.   E,   M.A.,    Claverton 

Rectory,  Bath 
Wolfoid,  E.,  M.A.,  2,  Hyde  Park  Man- 
sions, Kdgware  Road,  N.W. 
Walker,  Rev.  H,  A.,  M.A.,  East  Berg- 
holt,  Colchester 
•Walker.  J.  L.,  71,  Oriotd  Terrace,  W. 
Walmisley,  E.,  2fi,  Abingdon  Straet,S.W. 
Walah,  Rev.  W.,  M.A.,  Qreat  Tey,  Kel- 

vedon,  Essei 
Wsrburton,    R.    K    E.,     Ariey    Hall, 

North  wich 
'Waterton,    Edmund,    F,8.A.,   Deeping 

WitertoD,  Market  Deeping 
■Wataon,    0.    L.,    Rockingham    Castle, 

Stamford 
Wfttaon,   Rev.   F.,   M.A.,  Wigborough, 

Colijieatsr 
Way,    Hon.    Mra.,    B,    Wilton    Street, 

OroBvenor  Place,  S.W. 
Weir,  A.,  H.D.,  St.  Mungboes,  Malvern 

Link 
"West,  C,  M.D.,  66,  Harlsy  Street,  W. 
Weston,    Rev.    0.    F.    M.A.,    Crosby, 

Ravenswortb,  Penrith 
WestwDod,  J.  0.,  H.A.,  Walton  Manor, 

Oxford 
•White,  W. 

WicUuun,  H.,  Strood,  Rocheater 
■Wilkipson,   Hiss,  2,    Park  Side,   Cam- 
Wilson,  F.,  Wavertree  Nook,  Liverpool 


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LIST  OP  MBMBBR8  OF  THE 


Wnmartoigh,  Tlis  Lord,  Winmarieigh 

HouBe,  Oarstnng 
WiDwood,  Rev.  H.  H,,  H.A.,  11,  CiTea- 

dith  CrSBCellt,  Bath 
Wweman,  J.  F.  T,,  The  Oha«e,  Pigle- 

Hlinm.  Basel 
Wood,    Eev.  J.   R.,  M.A.,  The  ao*e, 

Worceeter 
•Wood,  B.  H.,  F.3.A.,  F.RG.8..  pMirhoe 

Bouse,  Rugby 


'Worceiter,  Veiy  ReT.tlieDean  of,  D.D.' 

Deanerj,  Worcarter 
Worau,  B»roQ  O.  da,  F.S.A.,  F.K.G.S., 

F.Q.S.,  17,  Pork  Craecent,  Regent's 

Park,  N.W. 
Wright,  J.,  Terringt«n,  Yoriuhire 
Wurtzburi;,  John  H.,  Clnvering  Huiur, 

2,  de  Qrey  Road,  Leede 
Wyatt,   Rev.   C.    F.,   M.A.,  Broughlim 

Reotcry,  Banbuiy,  Oxon 


SUBSCRIBING    SOCIETIES. 

Baltimore,  U.S.,  The  Pwbody  Institution. 

BEDTORDBmHE,  ArchEeuIogicitt  Hnd  Architectural  Society. 

BluarOL,  Town  Mviaeum  and  Ubraiy. 

Cahbhidok,  Trinity  College  Library. 

Chhistiania,  Ilniveraitv  Library. 

CniiK,  Queen's  Col1ege.'_ 

Glasooiv,  Univerwty  1  jbrrny 

LiKDH  Public  Library. 

LircKNTKR  Town  MuReuin. 

Lkiuestbrxhiue  ArchBJnlogical  and  Arcliitectiiral  Society . 

LiNcd-N  Diocesan  Architectuiiil  Siicicty. 

Livkhpool  Public  Library. 

London— Antiquaries,  The  Society  of. 

British  Museum. 

The  Koyal  Institution. 

C-irporation  Library. 
Maschbstbr— Public  Free  Libraiy. 
Cheltenham  Library. 
NewcaSTLE-On-Ttnb  Literary  and  Philompliical  Society. 
SaLIBBURT,  The  Blaokmore  Museum. 
WoRciOTKli  Diocesan  Architectural  and  ArohiPological  Society. 


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ROTAL  ABOHAEOUXnCAL  MtHTrUTg. 


LIBRARIES  AND  PUBLIC  INSTITOTIONS   WTTB  WHICH  PUBLICATIOWS 
ARE  EXCHAKOED. 

BiBUQAL  Arohfeologj,  Sodety  of 

Brbiol  and  OLODcnBTtRaHiBB  ArchnoIopoKl  Sooistf 

B&inaH  Anihmilogicia]  Aasocuitian 

BucEiHOBAH  Architectural  oA  ArdueDlogioal  Society 

Cambruk  Archsological  Awodalion 

CAMBHrDoR  AntiqiiftriBii  Society 

DiBBTamBS  Ardusotogica]  and  Natoral  Historr  [Sodety 

Esaix  Ardueoltwical  Socie^ 

Fbavob  Soeiet£  de  Bord>,  Dttz 

SooiM^  PolTmathique  da  HorUttfri 
Oliboow  AioluBoIoKMsd  Soctet; 
lBii.un),  lie  Rojd^Iruh  Amdmny,  Dublin 

The  Rt^at  Hiitorical  and  Archceologual  Association 
EllTT  ArchKOli^cal  Society 
Lahcabhiri  and  Coeshihe  HiBtarioa]  Sodetj 
LiBBON,  Acadsima  Real  doa  Scienoias  d« 
London  Roysl  Duited  Sorrioe  Inatituttoo 

Antiquaries,  The  Socfatj  >if 
tfiwcABrLB-DH-Trm  Somety  of  Aotiqueiiee 
PowTsi-aini  Club 

RoHB,  Imtituto  Archmlogiw  Osrmanico 
ScuTLAKD,  Societiea  of  Aatiquariei  of 
SHnoraHlRE  Archayilagicat  aod  Natiind  Histor;  Society 
SoMWUiBT  ArchieoIogicM  mid  Nntural  Hiiitory  Society 
Sdrbby  Archawlugical  Society 
ScaaES  Archonloeical  Society 
■Wabiunqton,  U,&,  Sinith»oniaii  laatitiition 
WlLTSUlRH  ArcbEeoLogical  aud  Natural  History  Society 
WooLnicB  Royal  Artillery  iDstitution 
VORKBHISE  Archemlngical  Aisociatioa 
Zdbicr,  llie  Society  of  ADtiqiiarin  of  SwitaerlaDd 


HONORARY  AND  CORRESPONDINO  1 
\Tht  niunier  oj  JBrittik  Honorary  and  CaTraponding  Mtmbrri  it  linitcrf  (o  Trn) 

AlTin,  H.,  Conaerrateur  en  Cbefde]aBibIiathiqa«Piildiqae,et  Hembredel'Acsdemie 

Boyal^  Bninela 
Bancroft,  Hon.  Q.,  Hon.  F.S.A.,  New  York 
Barthftemy,  H.  Anatole  de,  Pari* 
Krch,  Samuel,  LLD.,  British  MuBsum 

Bonatatten,  Thi  Butm  Ouot&ve  de,  Hon.  F.S.A.,  Thun.  and  Berne,  Switzorland 
Camesina,  IL,  Vleniia 
Ctubouillet,    M.   Anatole,    Hon.  F.S.A.,   Conwrratear   dee  HedaDloa  Bt  Antiquea, 

Bibliolhdque  Imp&iale,  Paris 
Deloye,  H.  Aogustin,  Caaaemtfiur  de  la  Bibliothiqus  eC  du  Mua^,  Avignon 
De  Roaai,  II  Commendatore  C.R,  Hon.  F.S.A.,  Rome 
Door,  H.,  Hon.  F.S.A.,  Neuch&tel,  Switaerland 
Fiorelli,  II  Conunendatore,  Hon.  F.S.A.,  Rome 
Qarudi,  II  Padre,  Hon.  F.S.A.,  Rome 

Ooaob,  H.  Charlea  B.,  Attach^  to  the  Legation  of  H.H.  thi  King  of  Denmark,  London 
Qozndini,  Connt  Giovanni,  Hon.  F.3.A.,  Bologna 
Qreenwall,  Rar.  W.,  ILA.,  Duriiam 


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LIST  OF  MEBIBBBS  OP  THE  THSTTTUTE. 


Undeaachmit,  Dr.  Luding,  B 

Huiette,  H.,  Cairo 

Hanir,  IL,  Hraibs  of  tho  Iiutituts  of  Prknoe,  Pui* 

M-'iYi'nf™!  Dr.  Ttiodar,  Hon.  F.3.A-.  Bojal  Aoadsmy,  Bertin 

McmteToIi,  II  Stgnor,  RonM 

Pstrie,  OeoTge,  Kirkwall,  Orknev 

Philtips,  PufoKT,  F.B.S.,  Oxford. 

It«eT«s,  B«T.  W.,  D.D.,  libnriu,  Anugh 

SmAoi],  Baron  Edouard  Von  Hon.  P.S.A.,  K.  K.  Uiueurn,  Vieniu 

St.  Hil*in,  H.,  Paria 

Schlismuin,  Dr.  Uenrj,  Hon.  P.8.A. 

Schlieiouiil,  Hr>. 

Smith,  Charles    Rouh   P.S.A.,    Hon.   MemW  of   the   Society   of   Antiquariu  of 

Mawcutte-upoD-'I^e,  and  of  Sootland,  F^anoe,  Spain,  Konnondy,  kc ,  TampU 

P)Me,3troad 
Stnunenrd,  IL  E.  du,  ConMrvateur-Adininictnteur  do  H<uie  de  I'Hottl  de  Cluny, 

&c,Parii. 
Eboier,  E.  Q.,  Hon.  P.3.A.,  New  York,  U.K 
llMeDhBUBan,   H.   W.,   Siutdt«it«   de   U  Oomnunion  lm[iftiale  Archfologique,  SL 

Petanbiug 
l^lkiawics,  Tbe  Count  Conatantine,  Member  of  the  Andueolo^oal  Society  o(  WSu, 


Voad,  H.,  ProfeWOT,  Piv^e. 

Ymiin,  U.  I'Abbi  Tonniay 

Wadduioton,  W.  H.,  Hembo*  of  the  Inatitut  of  FTai>a&  Paru 

Witte,  The  Baron  Jolea  de,  Hon.  PA&.,  Kambre  de  I'UiaUtut,  Paria. 

SubocriptionH  to  the  lottituta  (due  annually,  in  adranoe,  on  January  lat)  an  pay- 
able to  the  Bankere  of  the  Sodety,  Meaara.  Cocm  and  Ca.,,GS,  Strand,  or  by  Poat 
Office  Order  on  the  Charing  Oroa  OjJKi,  addreisad  to  Hellier  Ooeselin,  Eaq.,  Seci«t«y 
Oxford  Xanuon,  London 

Hemben  (not  in  arrtar  ofthtir  nUMeripUont)  are  entitled  to  reoeiTe  the  QDaitnBLT 
Journals,  delivered  gratuitously.  In  order  to  obviate  diaappaintment  by  noa-delivpir 
of  tbe  Archjuukiical  Journal,  Hembera  are  requeated  to  remit  their  Subactiptioiis 
and  to  send  infonaation  oe  tn  any  change  in  their  addn— m,  or  any  inaccuracy  wfaidi 
may  have  occurred  in  the  foregoing  liat. 

Any  member  wishing  to  withdraw  muit  signify  hia  [intention  in  vr^tig  preriomly 
to  Januanr  1  of  the  enauing  year,  otherwiae  he  will  be  oooaidered  liable  to  pay  hu 
Subscriptuni  fok*  that  yew.  After  being  two  yean  in  airear,  notice  being  given,  his 
name  inll  be  removed  from  the  liat  of  Hemben. 

All  peraona  demnnia  uf  beooming  Kemboa  of  the  Inatilute,  and  <A  rooiviDg  the 

PnbliatiotM  of  theSoetBty,  r  -  -■'  •      — ^    -      -      -         -  >- 

required  that  each  Candidate 
Hembera  d  tbe  Inatitute. 

''AMOoi*t«dlCmnb«n"aiealaa  admitted  to  all  tbe  laivilegea  of  ordinary  aabaciUing 
Hembera— except  that  of  reouving  tbe  Journal  gratuitously — an  paymnit  d  Half-a- 
Oainea  annually.    Application  to  be  made  to  the  Secretary  for  maimer  of  election. 


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