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HARVARD COLLEGE 
LIBRARY 




PKOM THE FUND OP 

CHARLES MINOT 

CLASS OP 1828 



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PU BUSHED UNDER THE 



OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE 



€f)t aSrJttsS attfiatologiral association 



POP. THE ENCOURAGEMENT AND PROSECUTION 



OF RESEARCHES INTO THE ARTS AND MONUMENTS 



%bt Garlg a»0 iWfBBU &g«*. 



SECOND EDITION. 

LONDON: 

LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS; 

'. PICKERING, 177, PICCADILLY; G. BELL, 186, FLEET STREET. 

OXFORD : J, H. PAKKER.— CAMBRIDGE : /. & /. /. DKIGHXON, 



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CONTENTS OF VOLUME I. 



p.g. 



IjmtoDUCTum, by Albert Way. 

On NumifiiiMin* C. R. S 7 

On Painted jfrm C. W H 

On Anglo-Saxon Architecture T. Wright. 34 

On Bell-Turrets Rev. J. L. Petit 88 

On the Med ietal Antiquities of Anglesey Bev.H. 1- Junes 40 

The Uom-sliHi.ed Lailies' Hued-Diew. in U.<; ■,,.->, .. 

reignofK.l.ardl. JT.WfighL 45 

On Cross-I.eirged Effigies commonly appro- w . u , 

prialed to Templars J 

Catalogue of I he Emblems of Saints C. "«" 83 

On Military Architecture Q T.Clark. 93 

Roman London C. R Smith 108 

Remarks on some of the Churches of Anglesey Rev. II. L. Jones. 1 18 

Iconography aud Iconoclasm Dr. Ingram 13] 

On the Preservation of Monumental Inscriptions j io-M Dracon 13a 

ObserrationB on the Primeval Antiquities ufl T ,. r i,.h. \ao 

the Channel Islands | F. C. Lube. 142 

On Sepulchral Brasses and Incised Slabs Albert Way 197 

Illustrations of Domestic Architecture, from! _, w . ., _,_ 

popular Medieval Writers t L WnpW ' Jla 



e Primeval Antiquities of the Channel) y r, t„].j. 
Islands ' 



On the Remains of Shobdon Old Church, 

Herefordshire 
On the Medieval Ecclesiastical Architecture ) 



T.Wright 033 



ofPariV «"»-»■■»■» arcnlle,,Mre |Bev.H.L,Jones.... 237,336 

Abstract of Report of the First Meeting of the British Archaeological 

Association at Canterbury, September, 1844. 267 

Suggestions for the Extension of the British 1 w ,^^ 

Archaeological Association I "•"™" ,u *•" 

Illustrations of Domestic Architecture from] T w . ,, __, 

IUu»ta»iMSS. (T.Wnjbt 301 

On ancient mixed Masonry of Brick and Stone M. H. Blozam 307 

English Medieval Embroidery Rev.C. H.Hartshonie.... 318 

On the Kimmeridge "Coal Money" John Sydenham 347 

Norman Tombstoue at Coningsborough D. H. Haigh 364 

Rockingham Castle Rev. C.H.Hartshorne.... 306 

Omomu. Documents r — 

Early English receipts for Painting, Gilding, See. T. Wright. 64 

Early English Artistioal Receipts T. Wright 153 

Description of the Interior of a Chamber in a) , q Halliwell 243 

PnocssmiirGs or ihb Genxbal Committee 67, 156, 246, 379 

Notices 01- New PrjBLiCAnoNS 72, 169,284,405 

Lists op Recent Abchjsolooioai, Publications 85, 194, 292 

It is requested that all communications for the Archaological Journal be 
addressed to Albert Wav, Esq., Honorary Secretary, 12, Rutland Gait, Hyde 
Park ; and that all donation/ and subscriptions be paid to the account of the 
Central Committee of the Archaological Association with Meters. Cockbunu luui 
Co., 4, Whitehall. 



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atcijaeologttal journal. 



MARCH, 1844. 



In presenting to public attention & new project for the encourage- 
ment of intelligent researches into British antiquities, and vigilant 
care for their preservation, no preliminary commendation of such 
subjects of enquiry may now appear to be requisite, such as the 
oration delivered in 1589, by the Historian of Cornwall, Richard 
Carew, in praise of the stndy of antiquity, and received on his 
admission to the Society, formed in 1572 by Archbishop Parker, 
with no small applause. Out fellow countrymen need not to be 
reminded now, as in the charter granted by George II. on the 
foundation of the existing Society of Antiquaries of London, that 
" the study of antiquity, and the history of former times, has ever 
been esteemed highly commendable and useful, not only to improve 
the minds of men, but also to incite them to virtuous and noble 
actions." At the present time, the love and the study of ancient 
and historical monuments, which appear to have first assumed a 
definite character under the influence of Archbishop Parker, no 
longer confined to a limited number of curious enquirers, have 
become a national and a prevalent taste. The progressive advance 
of such a taste may be marked from year to year, not less in the 
formation of numerous local societies, and private collections, or in 
costly undertakings for the support or restoration of ancient public 
monuments, than in publications, by means of which the obscurities 
of the science of Antiquity have been rendered comprehensible and 
acceptable to the public. 

The general impulse which, of late years, throughout almost all 
countries of western Europe, has caused an increasing attention to 
be paid to ancient memorials of a national and medieval character, 

"'■'■ 



» INTRODUCTION. 

in place of the exclusive admiration of objects of more remote 
antiquity, and more pure and classical taste, but of foreign origin, 
has now attained a great degree of popular favour. The collectors 
of fossils, termed by them " figured stones," in the last and previous 
centuries, have been succeeded by geologists, who have found the 
ground-work of a science in facts, formerly incomprehensible, and 
objects of mere curious admiration. Thus also are the students of 
Antiquity now no more compelled to have recourse to vague terms 
in describing objects which present themselves, attributing to a 
Druidic, a Roman, or a Danish period, remains which formerly 
might have perplexed them by their antique aspect : the charac- 
teristic distinctions of every period are now in great measure under- 
stood, and Archaeology, even as regards medieval relics, assumes 
the position of a defined science. Some effort then, in extension 
of the operations of an Institution, such as the Society of Anti- 
quaries, which, although of a national and distinguished character, 
no longer fully supplies the exigencies of the occasion, as it did 
most amply at the period of its foundation, may now appear not 
only desirable, but almost indispensable. As the number of persons 
who take a lively interest in ancient National Monuments increases, 
the monuments themselves gradually disappear, either by decay of 
time, wanton destruction, or injuries inflicted, without ill intention, 
by those whonre ignorant of their value. To preserve from demo- 
lition or decay works of ancient times which still exist, is an object 
that should merit the attention of Government, not merely on 
account of their interest as specimens of art, but because respect 
for the great Institutions of the country, sacred and secular, and a 
lively interest in their maintenance, must, as it is apprehended, be 
increased in proportion to the advance of an intelligent apprecia- 
tion of monuments, which are the tangible evidences of the gradual 
establishment of those Institutions. No preservative control, how- 
ever, which could be exerted by any legislative measure, could, as 
it is believed, prove so efficient in protecting public monuments 
from injury, as the more general extension of snch a feeling through- 
out all classes of the community. The charter of the Society of 
Antiquaries of London makes no allusion to the preservation of 
national monuments by influence, or direct interference, when 
menaced with destruction. From peculiarities of its constitution, 



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INTRODUCTION. 8 

it may be doubtful whether it ever could attain the requisite degree 
of extended influence for such purpose : the operation of the Society 
being at present almost exclusively limited to the portion of its 
members who reside in London, with few, if any, means of secur- 
ing local co-operation throughout the country. In pursuance of 
these considerations the British Archceological Association has 
been devised, wholly independent of the said Society, yet wholly 
subsidiary to its efforts, and in extension thereof; the system of 
operation, of which the project is now submitted to the public, 
being such as has been deemed more generally available to all 
classes, as a ready means of obtaining any desired information on 
ancient arts and monuments, and of securing their preservation, 
through the medium of an extended correspondence with every 
part of the realm. Conducted with the immediate concurrence of 
the officers of the Society of Antiquaries, and favoured by the 
sanction and patronage of its most distinguished members, no 
kind of rivality or interference with the recognised province and 
professed objects of that Society is contemplated, or can justly be 
apprehended. The new project is adapted, as far as has been at 
this moment practicable, to form a subsidiary means of more fully 
supplying the exigencies of the present occasion, which have arisen 
from the more extended, and rapidly advancing interest in Archaic 
researches. 

The means now proposed for attaining the objects desired may 
be thus concisely stated. A central and permanent Committee has 
been formed of persons resident in London, and purposing to hold 
meetings every fortnight during the greater portion of the year. 
In the composition of this body it has been endeavoured to secure 
in every department of Art or Antiquarian research, the co-opera- 
tion of the persons best qualified, whose aid could possibly be se- 
cured, to represent each subject respectively, such as Primeval An- 
tiquities, Numismatic Science, Architecture, Art, Sculpture, Faint- 
ing on glass, or other accessory decorations. To persona living far 
from London or chief towns, an occasion is thus presented of readily 
obtaining practical suggestions on any point which might induce 
them to desire reference to such a Committee, either on the resto- 
ration of sacred or other ancient structures, and their appropriate 
decoration, or general information on any subject of research 



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* INTRODUCTION. 

connected with Antiquity. The primary intent of the Committee 
is to collect and to impart such information; it is therefore de- 
sirable to organize a system of local correspondence throughout 
the country ; and in order that, if possible, corresponding associates 
may be obtained in every town and parish of the realm, no onerous 
annual contribution is required, the observation of such facts as 
may present themselves, and the contribution of them towards the 
common stock of knowledge, being all that js expected. The im- 
mediate wants of the Committee have been supplied, sufficiently for 
the present purpose, by voluntary annual contributions, and as the 
occasions of rendering such funds available for purposes of general 
interest may quickly increase, contributions of small amount will 
be thankfully received from any persons, whose means or inclina- 
tion dispose them to aid the Committee in this manner, without 
encroaching upon domestic, parochial, or other more imperative 
claims. The Committee have indeed in view means of obtaining 
from other sources funds sufficient for their purposes; and it is 
obvious that some such resources will be essential to give full effect 
to their preservative efforts ; but it is distinctly to be understood 
that there is no intention at any future time of exacting any 
annual subscription. Until adequate supplies may be at disposal, 
it is not unreasonable to believe that in any sudden emergency, 
when the existence of a monument of public interest may depend 
on the advance of a small pecuniary aid, it would be only requisite 
to submit the case properly to public consideration, either through 
the agency of correspondents, or in the quarterly publication of the 
Committee, to secure, without any direct solicitation, the desired 
assistance. That publication, edited by a sub-committee, is in- 
tended to serve as a medium of exciting interest and imparting 
information, of recording all facts and discoveries, brought under 
the notice of the Committee, even of a kind which at first sight 
may be deemed trifling, and of calling attention to cases when pub- 
lic monuments may be exposed to injury or desecration. On such 
occasions it is proposed, by courteous representation or remonstrance 
on the part of the Committee, to seek to excite a more just value for 
ancient objects of public interest; and to offer pecuniary aid in some 
cases, as far as the available funds of the Association may permit, 
not however with the intention of intruding on the proper depart- 



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INTRODUCTION. 5 

men I of those whose position should render them the guardians of 
such objects entrusted to their care, but of encouraging their efforts, 
and giving aid in carrying them into effect. It is proposed to give 
in this Journal summary and familiar suggestions or instructions 
on every department of research, so as to direct the enquiries of 
correspondents, and explain to those, who may be uninitiated in 
such matters, the practical means whereby their researches may be 
carried forward in a manner most agreeable to themselves, and 
most available for the common object. The best publications, in 
which more extended information may be found, will be pointed 
out, and notices of all new works on Antiquities published at home 
or on the Continent, or announced for publication, will be regularly 
given. Long and elaborate dissertations, or detailed descriptions 
of monuments, requiring numerous illustrations, will not properly 
find a place in a journal of unpretending character and moderate 
price. Such communications addressed to the Society of Antiqua- 
ries, through the medium of any member of its body, will always 
be acceptable, and received with due attention; and it may be 
further observed that the Society is accustomed to allot to the 
author of any communication considered by the Council deserving 
to be printed in the Archseologia, a certain number of copies. From 
time to time, however, the Journal will present illustrated descrip- 
tions, exhibiting characteristic specimens of camps or primeval 
works, roads, edifices, sacred, military, or domestic, and antiquities 
of every kind, so as to supply general observations in a more in- 
structive manner, and models for the preparation of illustrated 
descriptions of similar monuments. Whenever any structure may 
unavoidably be condemned to demolition, it is recommended that 
a proper description, with plans and drawings, should be carefully 
prepared; but as these descriptions may be too extended to allow 
of their publication in full, such an abstract, as may properly be 
brought within the scope of the Quarterly Journal, will be given, 
and the originals preserved for reference, or subsequent use. ' 
Documentary evidences, charters, inventories, or wills, may be 
made available with explanatory comments, when they illustrate 
things substantial, by supplying either facts, such as the date of 
a structure, the expenses incurred in its construction, or details 
connected with costume, heraldry or decoration, and so forth. 



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O INTRODUCTION. 

But such evidences bearing solely on local or genealogical history, 
are not considered as within the scope of an endeavour which 
addresses itself properly to the illustration of tangible things. 
Foreign discoveries, the proceedings of the French " Comite des 
Arts et Monuments," and other Continental Societies, will be 
noticed, especially as illustrative of our national Antiquities : and 
with the view of instituting a comparison of analogous facts, an 
extended correspondence, both with Societies and individuals in all 
parts of Europe, is desired. 

During the progress of public works, such aa cuttings in the 
formation of railways, sewers, or foundations of buildings, the 
Geologist has often reaped a rich harvest of facts, but numerous 
discoveries of equal interest to the Antiquary continually present 
themselves on such occasions : the Committee purpose, as far as 
may be possible, to secure the careful observation and record of 
such discoveries, and preservation of the objects found. Lastly, it 
is hoped that a proper representation of the importance of the 
desired object, in any case that may occur in regard to the preser- 
vation of public monuments, will be found promptly to secure not 
only the concurrence of individuals, but the sanction and support 
of Government, according to the exigency of the occasion. So 
long as no Preservative Commission, or other National effort, may 
be considered requisite by the State, the Committee purpose to 
take such measures as may appear consistent with propriety, to 
solicit, whenever it may be necessary, the attention of the Govern- 
ment to the preservation of all the substantial evidences which 
serve to Bhew the progressive establishment of the Institutions of 
the Country. albert way. 



>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



NUMISMATICS. 

It was formerly supposed that prior to the invasion of 
Caesar the Britons did not possess a coinage of their own, and 
indeed, the testimony of Caesar himself has been often adduced 
in Bupport of the opinion of those who assign the origin of a 
British stamped currency to a period subsequent to the Roman 
conquest of Britain. 

The patient labour and indefatigable zeal, with which, in 
the present day, numismatists have prosecuted researches on 
the early and obscure coins found throughout England, have, 
however, gone far towards establishing a satisfactory appro- 
priation of many of them to periods anterior to the invasion 
of Caesar, and have determined others to have been struck in 
Britain posterior to the Roman domination. 

Indeed, when it is considered that Caesar came into Britain 
as a military invader, that his stay was brief and confined, 
and his means of obtaining information necessarily circum- 
scribed and difficult, we shall be justified in qualifying his 
statement that the Britons used iron rings instead of coins, 
in the belief that metallic rings worn as ornaments may have 
been applied to the purposes of money. 

It is very clear that many of the rude coins found in this 
country present types distinct from those on the purely 
Gaulish coins, and which types cannot be traced to have been 
derived from Roman models. Like the earliest Gaulish, they 
seem to be imitations of Greek coins, more or less resembling 
the originals, but often so rudely copied that it is only by 
comparison with others graduating towards similitude to the 
prototypes, that the fantastical objects upon them can be 
detected as imitated portions of designs on Greek coins, 
deteriorated more and more, by ignorant workmen attempting 
to imitate bad copies without a knowledge of their source, and 
without any aim to attach a meaning. Thus the earliest British 
coins have often on one side an ill-formed and disjointed horse, 
and on the other, an equally misshapen human head, laureated, 
but of which the wreath, or the curls of hair, only remain ; 
some are stamped, on one side only, with a grotesque horse; 
others have symbols and ornaments of various kinds, such as 
wheels, flowers, and animals, many of which are evidently 



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8 NUMISMATICS. 

attempts at imitation, and others, if design or object may be 
suspected, altogether difficult of explanation. They occur in 
gold, more or less pure, in silver, and in brass, and are usually 
concave and convex. 

Under the Roman rule, the British coins exhibit great 
improvement ; both consular an3 imperial Roman coins are 
obviously the models of many, and the names of British 
princes or chiefs, with towns and localities, are introduced. 
It is true that at present some of these are disputed, but there 
is every reason to infer from what has already been done, that 
well-directed research, aided by future discoveries, will decide 
their correct appropriation. The coins of Cunobelinus are very 
numerous and well executed. They often bear on the reverse 
the letters camv, for Camulodunum, the chief city of the 
territory under his rule. These pieces may he adduced as an 
instance of the importance of recording the places where coins 
are discovered. They are found in the greatest abundance in 
the neighbourhood of Colchester, which occupies the site of the 
ancient Camulodunum, where there is every reason to believe 
they were struck. By carefully noting the places that yield 
iu greatest abundance the uninscribed British coins, the best 
foundation will be laid for their explanation and classification. 
The same mode may be adopted to classify the imitations of 
Greek coins, particular types of which may with safety be 
assigned to the people of the territories that were within the 
limits of the localities where they are found in the greatest 
number. The coins of Cunobelinus, and others probably 
contemporaneous, are the last as well as the finest of the 
British series, which appears to have been shortly after entirely 
superseded by the Roman money. 

Many of the early coins found in England must have been 
in common circulation in Germany, in Britain, and in Gaul, 
as they are found in abundance throughout these countries. 
Fresh discoveries, however, of coins hitherto unknown, and 
which mature investigation will probably lead to their being 
assigned to the British series, are from time to time taking 
place, and induce a hope that, ere 'long, the facts already 
collected will not only be much augmented but better illustrated 
and explained. 

For the study of British and Gaulish coins, the Numismatic 
Chronicle*, and the Revue Numismatique*, periodical publica- 

■ London: Taylor md Walton. b P«ri»: Rolliii, Rue Vmunoe. 



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NUMISMATICS. 9 

tions containing elaborate essays on the subject, and copious 
examples of the coins themselves, should be jointly consulted. 

Roman coins, both consular and imperial, but especially the 
latter, are found throughout England in vast numbers. They 
occur in gold, silver, and brass ; the gold and silver being 
about the size of our sixpence, but much thicker ; the brass 
are classified in three series, called, first, second, and third ; 
or, large, middle, and small ; they accord in size with our 
penny, halfpenny, and farthing. Bat at the same time coins 
of intermediate and smaller dimensions will be met with ; 
those in brass, of the later times of the Roman empire, 
decrease to a minute size, the silver coins become thinner, and 
the designs upon them in lower relief, and the gold coins 
decrease in weight and extend in dimensions. 

In all cases of discoveries of coins, it is of the first import- 
ance that they be examined in mass as early as possible, and 
accurately catalogued, to ensure their record before casualties 
occur, and to secure the advantage of inspecting a large 
number of each type in order to correct or restore defective 
legends. When coins are badly struck, as is frequently the 
case in the British and Gaulish series, it is sometimes neces- 
sary to compare a dozen specimens before the complete type 
can be restored ; and the assistance of an experienced numis- 
matist should be obtained whenever the coins are illegible, 
or doubt arises as to their classification. 

A few simple directions for cleaning coins may be useful, it 
being to be borne in mind that the advice of a practised 
numismatist is always indispensable to the novice, who will at 
times find it difficult to judge of the metal of which coins 
are composed when obscured by rust. 

Silver coins are often coated with a dense green oxide. To 
remove this they should be steeped for ten minutes in a solu- 
tion of ammonia, then immersed in water and wiped with a 
Boft towel ; if necessary, a fresh quantity of the solution may 
be applied. The red rust which often attaches itself to silver 
coins, and is frequently found beneath the green, must be 
removed by lemon juice, or by a solution of citric acid. Tar- 
taric and sulphuric acids may also be used, but the citric will 
be found the most effectual as well as the safest. 

The numismatist in the progress of his researches will meet 
with numerous examples of ancient as well as modern forgeries. 
The ancient false coins are not void of interest ; they are of 

VOL. I, q 

D-sitizeOtvGoOgle 



10 NUMISMATICS. 

lead, iron, and brass, plated with silver, and will be found fully 
described and treated of in the works recommended here* 
after. 

Coins in brass and copper are injured by subjection to the 
action of acids, which destroy the pieces themselves as well as 
the rust, and for the same reason the application of solution of 
ammonia is objectionable. The thin rust or patina of various 
hues, which brass coins acquire from lying in particular soils, 
should never be disturbed ; when this is so thick as to obscure 
the effigies or inscription, a graver or penknife may be used, 
provided the operator can discern, from any portion of the 
inscription that may be legible, the nature and position of the 
hidden parts. If not, an experiment so delicate and hazardous 
should not be attempted. 

Brass coins which are found in marshy and boggy soils, 
and in the beds of rivers, are usually free from rust, and 
when first brought to light, often exhibit the appearance of 
gold. 

As gold never rusts, the coins in that metal merely require 
washing in water with a soft brush. 

All circumstances connected with the discovery of coins 
should be noted with care : such as, the locality, its natural 
and artificial features ; whether urns, or fragments of pottery, 
tesserae of pavements, walla, weapons, ornaments, and skeletons, 
are, or have been, noticed ; as, on the absence or presence of 
one or more of these various remains, safe and sound conclu- 
sions may depend. 

In giving these brief instructions to such of our correspond- 
ents as may need them, it will be unnecessary to do more 
than merely advert to the great utility of ancient coins in the 
illustration of history ; they serve to elucidate and to confirm 
events recorded by ancient writers, and, in some instances, 
are the sole memorials of others, forming connecting links in 
the great chain of historical records ; they familiarize us with 
the civil and religious usages and customs of ancient times, 
and afford, in many instances, examples of the highest artistic 
skill. 

In the Roman series many of the coins bear direct allu- 
sion to events connected with the history of our own country, 
while others, struck in Britain, furnish authentic and copious 
information at an important epoch in the annals of the 
province. For a full account of these interesting medallic 



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NUMISMATICS. 



monuments, Akerman's Coins of the Romans relating to 
Britain* may be recommended, and his Descriptive Catalogue 
of rare and unedited Roman Coins may be referred to for 
general ideas as to the rarity of Roman coins. As, in the 
latter work, only the rarer coins are given, the student may 
conclude that those which are not to be found therein are 
common. Banduri's Coins of the Romans from Trajanus Decius 
to the termination of the Byzantine Empire* ', an elaborate com- 
pilation, gives the common as well as the rare coins. The 
consular coins are fully described in the Thesaurus Morel- 
lianus. As an elementary work on coins in general, Aker- 
man's Numismatic Manual, 2nd edit., will be found useful, 
nor should Pinkerton's ' Essay on Medals' be disregarded by 
the entire novice, especially if he be forewarned against placing 
confidence in the correctness of the list of prices at the end of 
the second volume. 

The Roman and continental coins appear to have consti- 
tuted the circulating medium in Britain, from the departure 
of the Romans to about the seventh century. The rude unin- 
scribed Saxon coins in silver termed rceattar are probably 
earlier, but those the appropriation of which admits of no doubt 
commence about A.D. 670. The former exhibit undefinable 
marks, circles, squares, birds, dragons, and grotesque animals. 
Letters are found on some, together with a crowned head, and 
the cross, the symbol of Christianity, which, consequently, 
may be considered of later date ; the others may be ascribed 
to the pagan princes anterior to the general propagation of 
Christianity. 

The Saxons, long subsequent to their settlement in Britain, 
do not appear to have had any coinage of their own, and it 
would seem that for two centuries they chiefly used the Roman 
money with that of France, as well as personal ornaments 
adapted to answer the purposes of stamped money. Thus 
among the funereal remains of the Saxons, we find Roman, 
Byzantine, and Merovingian coins, which are of the greatest 
service in enabling us to determine the date of the object 
discovered with them, often exhibiting nothing in themselves 
sufficiently characteristic to fix dates. The earlier rcentraj- 
are occasionally found in barrows with the remains of the 



' 2nd edit London, 1844. 
' Nanuamata linperitorum Rominoium 
a Trajano Decio ad Palawilogui Auguntos. 



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13 NUMISMATICS. 

dead ; but by the time that the Saxons had established a 
regular coinage of their own, the usages of society had 
changed, and the practice of burying upon the hills after the 
manner of the pagans, had given way to the Christian custom 
of interring in church-yards. The absence of an early Saxon 
coinage is further accounted for, by the use of ornaments 
as a medium of commerce and traffic. Mr. Wright, in an 
article in the Gentleman's Magazine*, has cited several passages 
from the poem of Beowulf to shew that rings were as commonly 
used for money among the Saxons and other Teutonic tribes, 
as among the Celts. There is internal evidence, from the use 
of archaic forms and allusions to events, that this poem, in an 
older and more perfect form, was contemporary with the period 
when, as corroborative evidence proves, the Saxons had no 
stamped coinage of their own. Of Hrotbgar (the Danish king) 
it is said, 

He beiit ne a-leh ; He belied not his promise ; 

beagas d&lde, he distributed rings. 

Sine et symle ; treasure at the feast ; 

The same king is also styled bedk-horda weard, the keeper of 
the hoards of rings. Another king is spoken of as owning a 
nation, a totvn, and rings, and as the giver of rings, and 
throughout this poem the word rings is synonymous with that 
of treasure or money. 

The other Saxon coins are the styca in brass, and the penny 
in silver. Examples of the halfpenny are also known, but of 
the farthing, mentioned in the Saxon laws and gospels, no 
specimen has come down to us. Many of the Saxon coins are 
rude imitations of the Roman small brass, although, from the 
low relief of the designs on the thin pieces of silver, as well as 
from the unskilfulness of the artists, the imitation is not easily 
detected. On the coins of "Eadweard," A.D. 901 to 924, the 
gate of the Praetorian camp on the very common small brass 
coins of Constantine, is obviously copied, and on another, the 
hand of Providence, taken from Byzantine coins. The coins 
of Offa are however well executed, and those of other Saxon 
princes are not without occasional mediocrity of skill. The 
obverse of the Saxon pennies gives the name of the king, 
sometimes with and sometimes without the portrait ; the 
reverse, the moneyer's name and place of mintage, the great 

« Grat.'s Mag. 1837. p. 497. et seq. 

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NUMISMATICS. 13 

variety of which renders them valuable for the orthography of 
names of persons and places. On some of the earlier coins, 
Runic characters and Saxon letters are occasionally combined. 

Recent discoveries have considerably increased the list of 
Saxon coins, and, notwithstanding the diligent researches of 
able numismatists, much remains to be done towards the 
explanation of many novel types. The chief works for the 
study of the Saxon coins, conjointly with the British and 
English, are, Ruding's Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain, 
Hawkins's Silver Coins of England, and Lindsay's Coins of the 
Saxon Heptarchy. 

The transmission of the actual coins in all cases where 
correspondents are in doubt is recommended, but the frequent 
loss of money-letters entrusted to the Post Office, should 
caution persons against committing valuable coins to such a 
dangerous medium of conveyance. Provided the coins cannot 
be procured for inspection, impressions in sealing-wax should 
be taken of both sides of the coins, which should be simply 
pressed into the melted wax dropped on card or paper, as if 
sealing a letter. From these matrices, plaster casts can be 
taken, which for all common purposes will supply the place of 
the real coins. The great objection to casts is, that they do 
not warrant decision as to the genuineness of coins ; and here 
it is necessary to guard collectors against the practices of 
forgers of ancient coins, who, both in Paris and in London, 
are continually fabricating imitations of ancient Greek, Roman, 
Saxon, and English money, which is dispersed by means of 
their agents throughout the country, and sold, often for high 
sums, to the inexperienced. It is practice alone that will 
enable the student to detect forged coins, and no rules, how- 
ever clear and explicit they may appear, will supersede the 
necessity of a careful examination of ascertained forgeries, and 
their comparison with genuine specimens. c. R. s. 



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PAINTED GLASS. 

It would hardly be proper in a publication like the present, 
to pass over without notice the most brilliant of the pictorial 
art — that of glass painting, as practised by our medieval 
ancestors. We therefore gladly embrace the present oppor- 
tunity of directing the attention of our readers to the Bubject, 
with a view not only to the preservation of existing specimens 
of ancient painted glass, but to the ultimate and complete 
revival of the art itself. No apology can be necessary for 
this ; the intrinsic excellence of the art of glass painting, 
when, as in the middle ages, practised according to its true 
principles, and with due regard to the peculiar properties of 
glass, its brilliancy and transparency, and the value of the 
specimens now remaining to us, as illustrative of customs 
and decorations, and especially of the condition of the arts 
at various periods, alike entitle it to our attentive con- 
sideration. 

Glass painting may be emphatically termed a medieval 
art ; its development took place during the middle ages, and 
it attained its greatest perfection towards, or almost imme- 
diately upon, their close. The models for our imitation are 
consequently of somewhat ancient date ; their number is daily 
diminishing ; and we therefore cannot too strongly urge upon 
all, especially upon those charged with this duty, the extreme 
importance of preserving what time and violence have spared. 
It is not merely to the preservation of the greater and more 
perfect works that we would call the attention of our readers. 
Every little fragment of painted glass is interesting to the 
observant student : insignificant though it be in itself, it is 
a fact, which may confirm or qualify some preconceived 
opinion. 

It is lamentable to think of the quantities of old glass that 
have been, and are in process of being, wholly lost through 
neglect alone. An ancient glass painting is composed of 
many pieces of glass, of various sizes, held together by means 
of leads, i. e. narrow strips of that metal, having a groove on 
either side sufficiently wide to receive the edges of the glass. 
From age, and other causes, the leads become decayed; a 

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PAINTED GLASS. 



piece of glass drops, or is blown out of the leads by the wind ; 
the leads, deprived of its support, become gradually relaxed 
in other parts ; other pieces of glass are in consequence lost, 
and so the painting rapidly perishes. A similar result follows 
the loss of a piece of glass occasioned by a stone thrown by 
an unlucky boy, or other accident. It may safely be affirmed, 
that nearly as much glass has been lost in this manner during 
the last two hundred years, as fell a victim to mistaken zeal 
during the Reformation and Rebellion. Now all this might 
have been prevented by a little care in the first instance. 
Had the work been examined occasionally, and the old leads 
repaired, or replaced with new, the loss arising from mere 
decay would not have occurred : or, had the lost piece of 
glass been promptly replaced with a piece of new, the further 
progress of decay might in all probability have been arrested. 
The old adage, " a stich in tune saves nine," applies with 
peculiar force to a painted window. Again : had the work 
been protected by a wire guard on the outside, much wanton, 
as well as accidental injury, would have been prevented. 

Let us in future adopt these precautions ourselves. Whenever 
a glass painting, although in other respects perfect, appears to 
bag, or bulge out in places, that is a symptom that its leading 
requires reparation or renewal. If the latter, the restoration 
ought to be most carefully conducted. The pieces of glass of 
which it is composed should be retained in their original 
positions, and the forms of the ancient lead-work preserved 
as much as possible. When the work is complicated, it is 
better to have it re-leaded by a regular glass painter, than to 
trust it to the tender mercies of an ignorant glazier ; but even 
this is better than to suffer it to fall to pieces without an 
effort to save it. If the painting should be already much 
shattered, no time ought to be lost in repairing or renewing 
the leads, and in replacing the missing pieces with new glass. 
And here we condemn the practice of what is called restoring 
an ancient glass painting, by supplying its defects with 
modern painted glass. It may be allowable, in some cases, 
to fill the place of what must have been plain colour with a 
corresponding plain piece of coloured glass ; or even perhaps 
to restore a portion of ornament, or other matter, where 
sufficient authority exists for the restoration ; but in all 
other cases it is safest to make up the deficiency with a 
piece of plain white glass, slightly dulled, or smeared 



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16 PAINTED GLASS. 

over, so as to subdue its brilliancy*. It should never 
be forgotten, that the value of an ancient authority depends 
upon its originality. The moment it is tampered with, its 
authenticity is impaired. There is no true artist who would 
not rather contemplate an antique torso, in its mutilated con- 
dition, than however well restored to what, according to con- 
jecture, might have been its original state. These venerable 
remains ought to be preserved intact. The ancient artist 
alone should be permitted to address himself to us through 
them. A figure which has lost its head, or is otherwise muti- 
lated, no doubt renders a glass painting defective ; but it is far 
more disagreeable to detect an imperfect, or conjectural 
" restoration," of an ancient work. Indeed the restoration is 
the more dangerous in proportion to its deceitfulness — its 
similitude to the ancient work. A practised observer may 
discover the cheat, which therefore only excites his suspicions 
as to the originality of the rest of the painting ; but it is to 
the student that authorities are of the greatest use ; and he, 
through inexperience, is the more likely to be misled, by what 
he honestly supposes to be a genuine relic. If a showy effect 
is desired, that can be safely obtained by supplying in a copy 
all the defective parts of the original. Good teste is better 
evinced by treating an ancient specimen of glass as an 
authority, than as a mere matter of ornament. 

It may be urged, that the ragged and mutilated condition of 
an ancient painting on glass has, in many instances, occasioned 
its entire destruction ; the painted fragments having been cast 
aside and replaced with plain white glass. But this again has 
been occasioned by the default, or indifference, of those whose 
duty it was to preserve, rather than to consent to the destruc- 
tion of any harmless remnant of antiquity : and we must hope 
that the awakened taste for ancient art will prevent the recur- 
rence of similar barbarism. 

Fainted glass loses so much of its interest and value, in every 
point of view, when removed from its original situation, that a 
collection of fragments fromvarious places into one window, with 

• An instance of a real reiteration of an white glass, by Mr. Willement, Under the 

ancient painted window is afforded by the superintendence, and we believe principally 

central eaat window of the chancel of West- at the cost, of William Twopeuy, Eaq., of 

well church, Kent The remnant of the the Temple. We have had occasion to 

painted glass in this window was re-leaded, examine this window ourselves, and can 

and many of the missing pieces of glass bear testimony to the good taste displayed 

supplied with plain bits of coloured, or in its repair. 



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PAINTED GLASS. 17 

a view to their better preservation, is a measure, which, however 
laudable on account of the motive, should not be resorted to 
except in an extreme case. We cannot, however, be too grateful 
to those who, actuated by this spirit, at a time when these things 
were treated with greater neglect than at present, formed such 
collections, and thus have been the means of preserving to us 
much old glass. We may mention in particular Colonel Kennett, 
to whose exertions we owe the greater part of the glass now 
existing in Dorchester church, Oxfordshire. Whether it would 
be advisable to attempt the removal of such remains to their ori- 
ginal positions is a question worthy of much consideration. It 
would require great care and experience in many cases, to dis- 
cover whence the glass had been originally taken, and a misplace- 
ment of it would be a worse evil than suffering it to continue in 
its present place. In those cases, however, where there is suffi- 
cient evidence to shew the original situation of the glass, it 
ought certainly to be put back again : as, for instance, the glass 
of the clearstory windows of the choir of Canterbury cathedral, 
the greatest part of which, being now scattered about other 
windows of that building, and mixed with other glass of 
various dates and styles, no longer affords, at least to the casual 
observer, any idea of its original arrangement ; and by the 
generality of persons passes wholly unnoticed. 

We cannot too earnestly recommend the protection of painted 
windows by means of external wire guards. The present good 
condition of the beautiful glass at Fairford church, Gloucester- 
shire, is no doubt, in great measure, owing to the munificence 
of the Hon. Mrs. Farmer, who, about the year 1725, at her 
own coat, supplied those windows with their present wire 
guards. It is sad indeed to witness the serious injury annually 
sustained by painted windows, even in some of our cathedrals,, 
for want of such protection. Much expense must necessarily 
be incurred by the re-leading of a window, or even by supply- 
ing it with wire guards, and this without producing any 
apparent show. Considering, however, the extreme value of 
ancient authorities in glass, to the artist especially, and even to 
the antiquary, their fragile character, and the irreparable nature 
of their mutilation, or loss ; we will venture to affirm, that such 
spirited individuals as Colonel Kennett, the Hon. Mrs. Farmer, 
and other true preservers of ancient glass, have been greater 
benefactors to the art itself, and are even more deserving of 
our praise, than those, who with perhaps more ostentation, 

VOL. I. d 

D, B itizeot> V GoOgIe 



18 PAINTED GLASS. 

and with a hardly increased outlay, erect modern painted 
windows as monuments of their own liberality. 

We are unwilling to take leave of this portion of our subject 
without a slight reference to the cleaning of painted windows, 
concerning which some difference of opinion we believe exists. 
All, we trust, are agreed as to the degree of caution which 
ought to be observed in such a matter. Upon the whole, we 
have arrived at the conclusion, that the later glass, i. e. that 
painted since the first half of the fifteenth century, is as much 
improved in appearance as the earlier specimens are injured by 
this process. We would, however, refer our readers to the 
windows of Cologne cathedral, which contain painted glass of 
various dates, the greater part of which has been cleaned; and 
beg them to judge for themselves. The latest glass in that 
cathedral is contained in the five north windows of the north 
aisle of the nave ; and as a true specimen of glass painting can 
hardly be surpassed. Almost the whole of the glass in these 
windows is of the same period, and painted in the same style, 
that of Albert Durer ; some of the subjects are respectively 
dated 1508, 1509. These windows are now as fresh in ap- 
pearance as on the day when they were first executed. Yet 
there is no unpleasing glare ; no confusion of colour ; all is 
grand, harmonious, and quiet, although the colouring is of the 
most brilliant character that can be conceived. On the other hand, 
the eastern window of the eastern chapel of the choir, in particu- 
lar, (a work of the thirteenth centuryat least,) which has also been 
cleaned, presents to the eye a very confused, and speckled ap- 
pearance, whether viewed closely, or from a distance ; although 
its colouring is hardly so brilliant as that of the windows before 
mentioned. It is true that a good deal of modern glass has 
been inserted into this window ; but the most original parts 
have nearly the same effect as the restored parts. A similar 
result has been produced by the cleaning of other early win- 
dows in the choir ; whose general effect contrasts but poorly 
with the grandeur and solemnity of such of their contempo- 
raries as are still permitted to retain the rust of antiquity. 

This difference, as it appears to us, may in some measure 
be accounted for by considering the peculiarities of an early 
and a late glass painting". The one is a mosaic, being com- 

b It is not our intention at present to liaritics of glass paintings of different 

enter into any detailed account of the periods are aa well defined as those of 

various styles of painted glass. We may the corresponding styles or architecture, 

however, nimark, ™ patsmit, that the pecu- And inasmuch as the general change of 



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PAINTED GLASS. 19 

posed of very small pieces of various coloured glass, vary- 
ing greatly in depth, and much intermixed. The natural 
tendency of this arrangement is not only to give by con- 
trast undue prominence to the lighter colours, but also, 
through some optical delusion, to produce confusion of colour, 
in proportion to the smallness of the coloured particles em- 
ployed. Thus we observe, that an intermixture of very small 
pieces of red and blue glass, has at a distance the appearance of 
purple. These defects are in some measure corrected by age. 
The brilliancy of the lighter colours is subdued by the partial 
obscuration of the glass ; which also has the effect of more 
completely separating the various tints, and of thus preventing 
confusion of colour. The rust of antiquity, therefore, greatly 
adds to the effect of an early glass painting, by increasing its 
breadth and harmony. A later glass painting requires no such 
adventitious aid. Larger pieces of glass are mostly employed 
in its construction, and thus its individual colours (which 
possess a greater equality of depth than those of early paint- 
ings) are originally arranged in broad and distinct masses. 
Amongst other late windows which we think have been im- 
proved by cleaning, we may mention those superb specimens 
of cinque cento art, the windows of St. Jacques church, Liege : 
and also such of the windows of King's chapel, Cambridge, as 
have already undergone this process. 

We will now offer some remarks on the present low state 
of glass painting, considered as an art. 

It cannot we fear be denied, that the works of our 
modern glass painters are, in general, inferior, not only to 
ancient examples, but also to the productions of modern con- 
tinental artists; and that this is owing, not indeed to the 
nature of the materials employed, — for glass of every kind 
(with the important exception of white glass, that silvery white 
which forms so essential an ingredient in every old glass 
painting) may now be easily procured at a reasonable rate, 
and equal, if not superior in quality, to the glass used on the 
Continent, or in the ancient times, at the most flourishing 

style in both branches of art took place continued to be punted according to tine 

nearly at the ume time, we see no impro- principles as late as 1S+6 ; and as its or- 

priety in denominating, for the future, the namental details, ffcc, in great measure, 

various classes of medieval glass by the losttheirGothiceharacteraboutl520,if not 

terms of " Early English," " Decorated," earlier, wa shall in future distinguish the 

and " Perpendicular;" terms, which, from style of glass painting which prevailed dur- 

their long use, have now acquired a certain ing the short interval between those dates, 

aud definite meaning. As, however, glass by the name of the "cinque cento" style. 



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PAINTED GLASS. 



period of the art, — but, because the hand to execute, and more 
especially the faculty to design an artistical glass painting, are 
in general wanting. The cause of this deficiency exists not in 
any inferiority of native British art, to that of foreign states, — 
such an imputation, if made, could be instantly refuted by a 
reference to the recent exhibition of the fresco cartoons in 
Westminster Hall, — but in the general indisposition of the 
patrons of glass painting, at the present day, to encourage 
artists in practising this branch of art. It is unfortunately too 
much the custom to regard glass painting as a trade, not as 
an art, to favour the tradesman at the expense of the artist. 

Upon the whole, we are inclined to think, that the period 
embracing the latter part of the last, and the commencement 
of this century, was more favourable to a development of art 
in glass painting, than the present age. However justly we 
may condemn the mode of execution, and the design of the 
works of that period, as being contrary to the fundamental 
principles of glass painting, and unsuitable to the nature of 
painted windows, we cannot deny the artistical character of 
such works, in general. At the present day, however, although 
we see the practical part of glass painting conducted according 
to truer principles, it is seldom that we meet with a window 
which is really entitled to be regarded as a work of art. Let 
us not be supposed by this to condemn the present preference 
for imitations of ancient glasB, — far from it ; being ourselves 
very ardent admirers of ancient painted glass, we are the morte 
anxious to see real imitations of it, — such works indeed as may 
resemble ancient authorities in spirit, that is, in artistical 
feeling and composition. 

That glass painting during the middle ages, and for some 
time afterwards, was almost universally practised by artists 
in no wise inferior in skill to their cotemporaries in other 
branches of art, we need only refer in proof to existing 
examples. We will venture to assert that it will be extremely 
difficult, if not impossible, to point out any ancient glass 
painting, whatever may be its age, or subject, that is totally 
devoid of artistical feeling, and propriety of taste. Every 
ancient glass painting in general bears the stamp of origin- 
ality ; a certain style, or character, pervades it ; all its parts 
are rendered subservient to some leading principle, or gene- 
ral design. This propriety of feeling may be observed in the 
simplest, as well as in the most elaborate works; it is not 

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PAINTED GLASS. 21 

confined to any period, and is the best proof that the ancient 
glass painters were artists. It is a common opinion that in 
the earliest styles of glass painting in particular, the represen- 
tations of the human figure are unartistical, and ridiculous, 
because generally out of drawing, and sometimes grotesque. 
To the careful observer, however, hardly any ancient figure 
appears unartistical. Whether it occupies a place by itself, 
or forms part of a group, and however rude ra execution it 
may be ; its attitude and aspect to him appear calculated to 
convey some definite meaning, according to the design of its 
original imaginer. The representation of the artist's idea 
may indeed be more or less strongly given, according to 
the nature of the subject itself, the state of art at the time, 
his power of conception, and his skill in carrying it out in 
execution i and it may consequently require an educated eye 
to read the painted story; but we should not ridicule the 
ancient artists, because we ourselves happen to be dull of 
apprehension. 

If then the ancient glass paintings are so replete with 
good taste, and proper artistical feeling as we have asserted, 
and upon which point we fear no contradiction, it follows, 
that in order successfully to imitate them, we must employ 
those who possess these artist-like qualities. That this point 
has hitherto been much neglected, we do not scruple to 
affirm. By an indiscriminate exercise of patronage, we have 
greatly discouraged those few artists who already practise 
glass painting, and have deterred others from adopting it: our 
glass paintings are gradually becoming more correct in point 
of ornamental detail, but we see little amendment in respect 
of general design, and artistical feeling. We quite agree, that 
if the style of any one period is selected as that in which an 
intended glass painting is to be executed, that style must be 
entirely followed, consequently the painter is not at liberty to 
import into a painting, designed in an early style, the improve- 
ments of a later period ; but he should always select as his 
model the best and most artistical specimens of the particular 
style adopted, and endeavour to enter into their spirit. This, 
we apprehend, is the view an artist would take of the subject. 
We leave it to our readers to judge for themselves, whether 
our modern glass paintings have in general been designed and 
executed upon this principle. With the exception of certain 
heraldic windows, the work of Mr.Willement, we fear that we 



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23 PAINTED GLASS. 

could point out but few modern glass paintings really entitled 
to rank with the productions of former ages. Of the rest, 
some are indeed examples of composition and drawing ! others 
are inharmonious compilations from various authorities, parts 
of different designs having been indiscriminately huddled to- 
gether : or else weak copies of ancient examples, the timidity or 
coarseness of the drawing betraying both the mediocrity of the 
painter, and his inability to embrace the spirit of the original. 

The only sure mode, we apprehend, by which similar results 
may be avoided in future, will be by adopting the system so 
successfully practised abroad, — of seeking out artists, and em- 
ploying them. We would therefore wish to see glass painting 
regarded again as an art, not as a mere decorative trade ; and 
we would advise all persons to bestow their patronage in future 
with discrimination, making the artistical skill and knowledge 
of the practitioner the principal cause of his employment. By 
acting thus, we should not only stimulate to further exertion 
such of the present glass painters as are entitled to be called 
artists, but open as it were a new field of enterprise to artists, 
and encourage them to enter upon it. We have that confi- 
dence in the energy, industry, and skill of our native artists, 
that we feel assured that with fair play, and proper encourage- 
ment, we should witness them not only soon successfully 
imitating ancient glass paintings, but even at length bringing 
the art itself to a degree of perfection which it has never yet 
attained. We would strongly recommend the adoption of 
some vigorous measure for raising the standard of taste in 
regard to glass painting : it is absurd to leave things as they 
are. It should be recollected that every bad glass painting 
may be considered almost as an absolute waste of so much 
money as has been expended upon it. 

The means that we would propose for effectuating this object 
would principally be, the subjecting to competition at least all 
the greater intended works in painted glass, and the submitting 
the rival designs to the judgment of competent persons, in whom 
artistical competitors might be induced therefore to place con- 
fidence. We cannot help thinking that such a censorship 
might be constituted, by associating with somejirst-rate artists, 
a select number of antiquaries, possessing a competent know- 
ledge of glass painting ; and that great results might be ex- 
pected from such an union of artistical and technical know- 
ledge. The difficulty of understanding the principles of glass 

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PAINTED GLASS. 



painting, ia often held up as a bugbear by interested persons ; 
but we are convinced that those who have already mastered 
the practical part of glass painting, (at least as practised by 
the medieval glass painters,) will agree in saying that its diffi- 
culties have been grossly exaggerated. A very little attention 
to the subject, would soon enable any artist to pronounce an 
opinion as to the suitableness of a design for a glass painting, 
as well as upon the merits of the work itself when executed ; 
and as the good effect of every glass painting depends in 
reality, less on the mere technicalities of detail, than on com- 
position, artistical feeling, goodness and character of outline ; 
we are sure that artists should always be consulted as to the 
choice of one of several designs. We are convinced that a tri- 
bunal of antiquaries and amateurs exclusively, would fail in 
its object. No real artist would submit to its decision. Such 
judges would often be misled by a reverence for mere antiquity, 
and correctness of detail ; and for want of that experience 
which nothing but an habitual, and professional contemplation 
of works of art can give, would often fail to appreciate the 
most truly artistical design. 

We would also suggest the adoption, to a certain extent, of a 
system pursued in trials at the Royal Academy. We are aware 
that it is the practice of many glass painters to employ artists to 
make their designs for them, and afterwards to pass them off 
as their own. And as our chief object would be to secure a 
fair trial, and to raise the character of glass painting as an art, 
we think that each competitor should be required himself to 
design, and execute some subject, under the inspection of com- 
petent judges. No true artist would shun this ordeal ; and we 
should thus become acquainted with many of the most improv- 
ing of modern glass painters, whose names and merits are, at 
present, not generally known or appreciated. A step in the 
right direction has been taken in the matter of the designs for 
the painted glass for the Houses of Parliament ; and we should 
gladly see it followed up in other quarters, and indeed more 
fully carried out. We confidently predict, that the example 
which would be afforded by a few of our leading institutions 
adopting some such plan as that above submitted, would be 
eagerly followed by private individuals ; and that the result 
would be, the creation of a good school of glass painting in 
this country, and the raising of the art in public estimation. 

C. WINSTON. 



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ANGLO-SAXON ARCHITECTURE, 

ILLUSTRATED PROM ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS. 

The subject od which it will be my endeavour to throw 
some additional light in the present paper is one of great 
obscurity. Old writers on architectural antiquities carelessly 
jumbled together almost all monuments distinguished by the 
absence of the pointed arch under the title of Saxon. Some 
more recent antiquaries have gone into the opposite extreme 
of asserting that there are now remaining no specimens of 
Anglo-Saxon buildings. The difficulty attending this ques- 
tion arises from the absolute impossibility of identifying exist- 
ing structures of an early period with historical dates. This 
difficulty has been increased by the adoption of several general 
assertions, which I am inclined to believe altogether incorrect. 
It has been stated that parish churches were very rare among 
the Anglo-Saxons, that they were small unsubstantial build- 
ings, and even that they were built of nothing but wood. I 
think the notion that Anglo-Saxon churches were all built of 
wood will now hardly find supporters. We know that there 
were structures of this material ; a few wooden churches are 
mentioned in Domesday Book ; Ordericus Vitalis mentions 
a wooden chapel on the banks of the Severn, near Shrews- 
bury, which was probably built a very short time before the 
Norman conquest" ; and there was a wooden church at Ly- 
tham in Lancashire, which was destroyed, and a stone church 
built by its Norman lord, as we learn from Reginald of 
Durham b . This last writer, only two pages after, mentions 
a church of stone at Slitrig in Teviotdale, although only a 
chapel dependant on the church of Cavers, and which must 
have been older than the Conquest, for in the twelfth century 
it was a roofless ruin e . The notion that the Anglo-Saxon 
churches were few and small, is chiefly founded upon some 

' Tllic nimirum lignea capeHa priacia page constniefam, a fundamentis dirucrst; 

temporibua a Siwardo Edelgari filio, regis pro qua et alism lapidcam in honore Bancti 

Edward! conaanguineo, condita fuer.it.— confesaoria, licet nun omnino in eodem loco 

Ord. ViL ed. Le Prevoat, »oL ii. p. 416. confederal. — Reginald. Dunelm. (Surteu' 

b Nam predict! militia gvua eccleaiam Publication), p. 282. 
pnefatam quondam iiscnim viliora com- E Reginald. Dunelm. p. 264. 



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ANGLO-SAXON ARCHITECTURE. 35 

general assertions of the Anglo-Norman monkish chroniclers, 
to which we ought to give very little value ; for not only was 
it the fashion for at least two centuries after the Conquest to 
speak contemptuously of every thing Saxon, but general asser- 
tions of the old monkish chroniclers are seldom correct. It is 
my belief that a careful perusal of the early chroniclers would 
afford abundant proof that churches were not only numerous 
among the Anglo-Saxons, but that they were far from being 
always mean structures. It is not the object of the present 
observations to enter into this part of the subject, but I will 
cite two passages which offer themselves almost spontaneously 
on accidentally opening two well-known writers. Ordericus 
Vitalis, speaking of the state of England in 1070, only four 
years after the Conquest, says, "Fiebant et reparabantur 
basilicee, et in eis sacri oratores obsequium studebant Deo 
debitum persolvere V Churches to be repaired at this time 
must have been Saxon, and I think of stone ; if they had been 
mean structures, and in need of repairs, it is more probable 
that the Normans would have built new ones. There can be 
no doubt that the Anglo-Saxons paid much less attention to 
architecture than the Normans. William of Malmesbury*, 
speaking of the laxity of manners among the Anglo-Saxons in 
the age preceding the Conquest, says, " Potabatur in com- 
mune ab omnibus, in hoc studio noctes perinde ut dies per- 
petuantibus, parvis et abjectis domibus totos sumptus absume- 
bant, Francis et Normannis absimiles, qui amplis et superbis 
ecdificiis modicas expensas agunt." And a few lines after he 
adds, " Porro Normanni .... domi ingentia eedificia (ut dixi) 
moderatos sumptus moliri." This passage must not be 
taken as a proof of the meanness of Anglo-Saxon architec- 
ture in general ; it is merely a somewhat indefinite statement 
of a well-known fact, that the Saxon nobles did not establish 
themselves in vast feudal castles like those of the Anglo-Nor- 
mans. William of Malmesbury goes on to describe the change 
among the clergy under the Normans, and observes, " Videas 
ubique in villia' ecclesias, in vicis et urbibus monasteria, novo 

* Orderio, Vital., toI. iL p. 216. interfuit, et in aliia conflirtihua .... mm 

* De Reg. AngL, lib. liL p. 102. cci. gister mililum fair, dono Gnillelmi regis 
Savile. ducenu et octoginta villa* (quia a manen- 

' The meaning or the Hard villa at this do ntancrioi valgo cornnu) obtinujt. It ia 

period !* fixed by the fallowing passage of aaid of Lmifrsnc (A.D. 1070—1089) in 

Ordericus Vitalis, vol. if, p. 223. Gaufre- MS. Cotton. Claud. C. vi. fat. 168. v°. 

dus ConstantiniensU episcopua . . qui eer- (written in the twelfth century), In maneriu 

tamini Senlacio fautor acer et eonaolator ad arch iepiscop urn pextinenlihm multai et 



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ANGLO-SAXON ARCHITECTURE. 



cedificandi genere consurgere." The expression, a new style of 
building, is important in two points of view : the way in which 
it is introduced shews that churches in another style of build- 



ing were in existence, and that they were numerous, for 
William of Malmesbury (who is good authority on this point) 
does not tell us that the number of churches was at first mul- 
tiplied greatly by the Normans ; and, secondly, it proves that 
there was a marked difference of style between the ecclesiastical 
buildings of the Anglo-Saxons and those of the Anglo-Normans. 
Recent antiquaries have accordingly found architectural re- 
mains in several parish churches where other parts of the 
building are Norman, differing so remarkably from the Nor- 

havriiai eccletiat tedificavj:. We might er- probable that the churches built by I. an - 

peel to find good specimens of the ear lie it franc would need rebuilding before the 

Norman in some chinches in Kent, in the thirteenth or fourteenth centuries. We 

estates which formerly belonged to the may identify these estates by Domesday 

Archbishop of Canterbury. It is not Book. 



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ANGLO-SAXON ARCHITECTURE. 27 

man parts of the same building, and from Norman architec- 
ture in general, that they have not hesitated to attribute them 
to our Anglo-Saxon forefathers. These characteristics are 
chiefly observed in massy steeple-towers, such as those of 
Sompting in Sussex, and Earl's Barton in Northamptonshire ; 
and it is probable that the tower was the strongest and most 
durable part of an Anglo-Saxon parish church, and would 
therefore be most likely to be preserved amid Anglo-Norman 
repairs. 

There is a source of information on the subject of Anglo- 
Saxon Architecture which has hitherto been neglected, and 
which has always appeared to me to be of great import- 
ance. I mean, illuminated manuscripts ; and it is the object of 
the present essay to shew how remarkably they support the 
belief that the remains just alluded to are Anglo-Saxon. 
Illuminated manuscripts are, for the middle ages, what the 
frescoes of Pompeii and Herculaneum, and the paintings of 
the Egyptian pyramids, are for more ancient times; they 
throw more light than any other class of monuments on the 
costume and on the domestic manners of our forefathers. 
These manuscripts, which extend through the whole period of 
the middle ages, are full of architectural sketches. At the 
time when they are most abundant, i. e. subsequent to the 
twelfth century, these sketches are of less value, because the 
monuments themselves are numerous, and their dates more 
easily established ; still they afford much information on domes- 
tic and military architecture. But at an earlier period, they 
furnish data which we have no other means of obtaining. It 
may be observed that the medieval artists, whatever subject 
they treated, represented faithfully and invariably the manners 
and fashions of the day ; and that from the language and 
character of the writing we are enabled to fix their date with 
great nicety. The manuscript to which attention is now 
called, is a fine copy of Alfric's Anglo-Saxon translation of the 
Pentateuch, now preserved in the British Museum, MS. Cotton. 
Claudius B. IV. It was written in the closing year of the 
tenth century, or at the beginning of the eleventh, i. e. about 
the year 1000 or very shortly after, and is filled vrith pictures, 
containing a great mass of architectural detail. The propor- 
tions are often drawn incorrectly, (the universal fault of the 
Anglo-Saxon artists,) but the architectural character is per- 
fectly well defined. 



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28 ANGLO-SAXON ARCHITECTURE. 

The cut, fig. 1, presents some of the characteristics of most 
frequent occurrence in 
this manuscript. It re- 
presents an arcade, with ' 
a door under one of the , 
arches. Columns and , 
capitals of this simple 
formaremost common, 
and the arches, when 
round, are all re-pro- 
ductions of this type. 
It has not been thought 
necesBaryto give in our 
cuts the figures of per- - 
sonageswith which all ( " 1) '*"* **■<*■"■>•' a ~" t a-*'-**.*"* 
these drawings are accompanied in the originals. Under 
the arches and doorways we not unfrequently observe kings 
and ministers seated, and distributing justice, in the man- 
ner represented in our cut, fig. 2, where a messenger is 
entering, the bearer of intelligence, through the triangular- 



r~\ 



n 



headed doorway on the left. The manner in which the 
messenger places his hand at the top of one of the columns 
must be accounted for by the unskilfulness of the artist. The 

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ANGLO-SAXON ARCHITECTURE. 29 

compartments of the walls which are lightly shaded in the en- 
graving, are in the original painted yellow. Polychromy is 
observable in all the architectural subjects throughout the 
manuscript ; the arches, and even the mouldings, and differ- 
ent parts of the columns, are painted of various hues. The 
colours most frequent are yellow and blue. It may perhaps 
be doubted how far we may depend on the strict truth of the 
colours employed by the early artists, for in some instances 
they seem to be extremely fanciful. I have met with pictures 
in which men's hair was painted of a bright blue ; but it is 
not impossible that at some period it may have been the custom 
to stain the hair of that colour. However, be the colours true 
or not, these drawings appear to establish the fact, that the 
Anglo-Saxon buildings were painted in this variegated manner. 
The figure given above contains other characteristics of im- 
portance, which frequently recur in the manuscript, especially 
the baluster columns. Among other instances of similar pillars, 
one of the most remarkable is that given in 
the margin (fig. 3), which occurs at folio 74, r°. 
Here again (as in all the cuts I have taken 
from this manuscript) the part shaded in the 
engraving is coloured in the original. These 
are precisely the kind of columns which are 
still found in some remains of buildings sup- 
posed to be of the Saxon era. They occur in 
the oldest parts of the church of St. Alban's, 
where we find also the same triangular-headed 
arches which occur so frequently in our manu- 
script. A series of the baluster columns at 
St. Alban's are engraved from drawings by 
Carter, in the plates published 
by the Society of Antiquaries 
(Muniment. Antiq., vol. i. pt. - 
1 5), from which the example n « •■ 

given in the present page, fig. 
4, is copied. These columns are characterized 
by the same double and treble band-mould- 
ings, in the different parts of the column, as 
appear in our cut, fig. 2. I see no reason for 
disbelieving that the baluster columns and tri- 
angular-work are parts of a church of St. 
Alban's built early in the eleventh century 




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30 ANGLO-SAXON ARCHITECTURE. 

with the Roman materials which had been collected from the 
laborious and continued excavations of many years, by Abbots 
Ealdred and Eadmar, among the ruins of the ancient city of 
Verulamium". Most of the church-steeples supposed to be 
Anglo-Saxon, contain belfry-windows with columns of this 
description. For the sake of comparison, I give two examples 
(figs. 5 and 6) from the towers of Earl's Barton church in 



_a^i3__ 



Northamptonshire, and St. Benet's in Cambridge. They have 
only that difference in design from the specimens selected 
from the Cottonian manuscript, which we might expect to 
find between the columns of a small window in a parish 
church-steeple, and the larger ornamental columns of a door- 
way. 

One of the most striking, and constantly recurring charac- 
teristics of the architecture of our Anglo-Saxon manuscript, is 
the triangular-headed doorway. We have already seen an 



* II ha* been observed, I think by Rick- 
man, that the great quantity of tiles ob- 
served in the old puts of St. Alban's church 
render it probable that tbejf were not taken 
from older Roman building*, but made for 
the occasion. I think, however, that this 
assumption in by no mean* of sufficient 
strength to outweigh the distinct testimony 
of the old chronicler relating to the excava- 
tion! carried on during the lives of the two 
successive abbots, both of whom, he says, 
collected in this manner the tiles and stories 
for the building: of Ahbot Ealdred, he 
states, Tegulai veto integral et lapides quo« 



invenit, aptas ad cdiflcia aeponens, ad ftbri- 
cam eccleais reservavit (M. Paris. Hist 
Abb. p. 40); andof his successor Eadmar, 
Et cum abba* memoratu* profiiudiora terr« 
ubi civitatis Verolamii apparuerunt vestigia 
diligentur perscrutaretur, et antiques tabu- 
late lapideos cum tegulit et columni* in- 
vent ret, qua ecclesia? fsbricandse fucrunt 
uecessaria, sibi reservaret, &c (p. 41 ). It 
maybe observed that the Anglo-Suon tcgel, 
our lilt, signified tiles and bricks of what- 
ever description (if made of baited earth) : 
hrttf-ttgcl was the term used for the tiles 
used to cover roofs of buildings. 



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ANGLO-SAXON ARCHITECTURE. 



instance in fig. 2. The cut, 
fig. 7, represents an arrangement 
which is frequently repeated in 
the manuscript : the difference in 
the shades represents the two 
different colours with which it is 
painted. In fig. 1, we have seen 
a low round arch within a tri- 
angle. In fig. 8, we have a double 
arch, joining in a sort of pendant, 
similarly placed within a triangle. 
Fig. 9. represents a triangular 
tympanum. The first of these 
two last-mentioned figures ap- 
pears, by the capitals, to be in- 
tended as part of a more richly 
decorated building than that to 
which the other belonged. 





I have already stated that triangular arches are found in 
the oldest parts of the abbey church of St. Alban's. They 
occur as windows in most of the steeple-towers of the character 
supposed to be Saxon, and are also found in some instances as 
doorways. "We have a doorway of this description in Bar- 
rack church, Northamptonshire, and another in Brigstock 
church, in the same county. Windows of this description are 
still more common. Of the following cuts, fig. 10. represents 
a doorway in the church of Barnack ; fig. 11. a very curious 
belfry-window in the church of Deerhurst, in Gloucestershire ; 



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ANGLO-SAXON ARCHITECTURE. 



and fig. 12. a window from the tower of Sompting church 

in Sussex. 




The church of Sompting presents a very interesting speci- 
men of what appears to be an Anglo-Saxon 
steeple, and one which seems to have pre- * 
served its original form, even to the roof. It \ 
is joined to a church of late Norman style, > 
but apparently containing also some relics of 
an earlier building. From the difference of the , 
stone, and its much greater corrosion by the 
atmosphere, in the steeple, we are at once led (F18 ''■' ■""*"-» 
to believe it to be at least more than a century (perhaps two) 
older than the body of the church ; and it is remarkable that 
Domesday bears witness of there being a church in this parish 
in the time of William the Conqueror, which must then have 
been old, to need rebuilding so soon as the middle of the 
twelfth century, which appears to be about the date of the 
body of the present church. There can be little doubt that 
the present steeple belonged to the older church, which was 
standing here at the time of the Conquest. It is very much 
to be desired that a list should be made of all the parish 
churches mentioned in the Domesday Survey, and that the 
churches now existing in the same places should be carefully 
examined. Among the illuminations of the manuscript of 
Csedmon, pi. 59, as published in the Arclueologia, vol. xxiv., 
there is a rude but curious figure of an Anglo-Saxon church, 
the steeple of which bears considerable resemblance in form to 
those of which we are speaking. The date of Deerhurst tower 



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ANOLO-BAXON ARCHITECTURE. 33 

appears also to be justly fixed to a period antecedent to the 
Norman conquest. The original inscribed stone is still pre- 
served among the Arundelian marbles at Oxford, which states 
that the church of Deerhurst was consecrated on the 11th of 
April, in the fourteenth year of the reign of Edward the Confes- 
sor, which would be A.D. 1056,or 1057, according as the regnal 
year may have been counted from Edward's accession or from 
bis coronation. A new steeple could hardly have been wanted 
during the Anglo-Norman period ; and as the one now stand- 
ing cannot have been built at a later period, we seem justified 
in concluding that it was the original Saxon tower. 

Fig. 13. represents another of these triangular-arched door- 
ways from the Cottonian manuscript. It 
is accompanied with what is intended to 
represent a dome. Domes occur fre- 
quently in the manuscript, and form a 
connecting link between Anglo-Saxon and 
Byzantine Architecture. The dome repre- = 
sented in our cut appears to be covered I 
in a very singular manner with parallel 
semicircles* apparently of tiles; the form mniww" .«*» 
which occurs more generally in the manuscript has a knob or 
ball at the summit, from which, as a centre, the rows of tiles 
radiate. It may be observed also, that in these drawings the 
roofs are generally covered with tiles which, in form and 
arrangement, bear a close resemblance to the scales of a fish. 

The capitals of columns in this manuscript are also deserving 
of attention. Several examples have been given in the cuts 
which illustrate the preceding pages : the following additional 
varieties are selected from different parte of the volume. 





The most simple and common form is that which has been 
represented in figs. 1, 2, 9, and 13. The capitals more richly 

VOL. I. w 



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84 ANGLO-SAXON ARCHITECTURE. 

ornamented are generally formed of leaves, as in figs. 3, 8, 14, 
and 19. The foliated capitals, of course imitated from the 
older Roman, are characteristic of the Byzantine and Roma- 
nesque styles. I think they are not found in early Norman, 
but begin to be introduced towards the period of transition. 
Foliated capitals of a peculiar and elegant description (fig. 20.) 




occur in the doorway of the tower of Sompting church. An 
arch in Corhampton church, in Hampshire, rests upon imposts 
bearing a very close resemblance to the rudely drawn capitals 
of the manuscript represented in our figs. 17, 18. The 
manuscript presents some other architectural characteristics, 
and in particular several figures of fonts, all of one form, a 
plain basin on a shaft, somewhat resembling an egg-cup. But 
enough has been said for the object I had in view. 

We have then, in the manuscript under consideration, a 
series of architectural drawings which are pure Saxon, and of 
the date of which there can be no doubt. They present a 
number of characteristics which are sufficient to distinguish a 
peculiar style, which probably was the general style of Anglo- 
Saxon buildings. It is certain that the old artists produced 
nothing on parchment which was not modelled on what really 
existed before their eyes. I would add, that although illumi- 
nated manuscripts become more numerous after the Conquest, 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



ANGLO-SAXON ARCHITECTURE. 35 

I never met with one of a later date exliibiting any of the 
peculiar characters mentioned above. "We find a similar style 
on parts of existing buildings which are evidently of a very 
early date, and which therefore, as it appears to me, we are 
justified in attributing to the same age as the manuscript, in 
the same way that we should ascribe an unknown effigy to the 
age in which its costume is found to prevail in similar illumi- 
nations. It remains for further examination to shew how far 
we ought to refer every example of this style to the same age. 
The dates of early buildings appear to have been often 
fixed too arbitrarily. I would merely cite, as an instance, the 
church of "Waltham abbey. This is considered as early 
Norman, and ascribed to the date of about 1120, because 
Henry I. and his two wives are recorded as special benefactors 
to the monastery. In the two most authentic accounts of the 
early history of Waltham abbey, both written apparently late 
in the reign of Henry II., the Vita Haroldi and the tract De 
Inventions Sanctis Cruris Walthamensis (the latter of which 
brings the history up to the time at which it was written), we 
have a particular and curious account of Harold's church, 
which was very spacious and massive, and which agrees per- 
fectly with what now remains; and these same documents 
give us every reason to believe that no remarkable alterations 
had been made in the building up to the time at which these 
histories were written, that is, up to the period of transition. 
This is very easily accounted for, because the acknowledged 
character of Harold's building would preserve it from dilapi- 
dation, and the jealousy with which it was looked upon by the 
Normans (as we are informed in the documents) caused it to 
be treated with neglect. It may be observed also, that Harold's 
church was most probably built by architects brought over 
from Normandy, and would therefore have a decidedly Norman 
character. I will merely add that a copy of Prudentius in the 
British Museum, written apparently about the middle of the 
eleventh century (or very soon after), MS. Cotton. Titus D. 
XVI., contains one or two rows of columns of which the 
shafts are ornamented in precisely the same style as those 
which still remain in Waltham abbey. t. wright. 



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ON BELL-TURRETS. 

No belfry is better adapted to a small village church than 
that which is supported by a single wall, as it saves much 
expense of material, and does not interfere with the simplicity 
of ground-plan desirable in an edifice of this description. 
Accordingly we find many instances of the plain fiat bell- 
gable, sometimes standing over the chancel-arch, as at Skelton 
near York, and Binsey near Oxford, but more usually set 
upon the western wall, as at Northborough in Lincolnshire, 
and many other places.' This kind of belfry has been much 
used in modern churches, though not often very successfully. 
As it is really no easy matter to design a good west front 
comprising a bell-gable, and the width required in our new 
churches much increases the difficulty, by placing the belfry 
over the chancel-arch, according to some of Mr. Pugin's de- 
signs, a more pleasing general outline may be obtained ; but 
even in this case, when viewed from the north or south, the 
belfry will present to the spectator the mere end of a wall, and 
appear an unsightly excrescence to the building. 1 was there- 
fore much pleased when my 
attention was called to some 
bell-turrets, which, standing 
like those above named upon 
a single wall, yet present the 
appearance, on a small scale, 
of steeples whose substruc- 
ture affects the ground-plan 
of the building : and I was 
fortunate in seeing'these spe- 
cimens in their right order, 
not perhaps as regards date, 
but according to their deve- 
lopment in point of design 
and ornament. 

The first of these is Hares- 
comb in Gloucestershire ; a 
church mentioned by Rick- 
man as having a singular 
belfry at the east end of the 
nave, but with little or no 



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A-fc»SMl 



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ON BELL-TURRETS. 87 

further description. This belfry serves as a key to all the rest. 
The wall over the chancel-arch is crossed by a block of masonry 
projecting eastward and westward, and forming each way a sort 
of corbel or bracket. This gives support to the eastern and 
western faces of an octagonal spire, the other two cardinal 
sides resting on imposts raised upon the wall itself, two spaces 
or apertures being thus left for the bells. The diagonal faces 
of the spire are supported only by their connection with the 
others ; but from the small size of the belfry it is plain the 
stone may easily have been cut in such a manner as to obviate 
any difficulty in the construction. The whole is strengthened 
as well as enriched by octagonal pinnacles at the cardinal 
sides, and at present it is banded with iron. The style of the 
church appears to be early Decorated ; the windows consist of 
single lancet lights, but foliated ; the west window is modern ; 
the font has an Early English character. This church stands 
at a short distance to the west of the road between Gloucester 
and Stroud, about six miles distant from the former ; it is not 
easily visible, as.it lies in a deep hollow. 

In the next specimen, the church of Acton Turvill, in Glou- 
cestershire, the transverse block of masonry supports piers or 
imposts similar to those on the north and south sides ; and the 
addition of shafts renders these 
sufficiently large to meet all the 
angles of an equilateral spire, its 
cardinal faces being supported by 
their corresponding imposts, and 
its diagonal ones resting between 
them, like the entablature of a 
colonnade. The cardinal sides 
have round pinnacles. This bel- 
fry, which stands over the chan- 
cel-arch, is of an Early English 
character. Some Perpendicular 
insertions have been made in the 
body of the church. The village 
of Acton Turvill is about ten 
miles westward of Malmsbury 
in Wiltshire. 

At Leigh Delamere the design 
is improved upon by the intro- 
duction of a beautiful pointed 



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88 ON BELL-TCRRETS. 

arch between the cardinal sides of the belfry, which are 
enriched by shafts. The lower part of the belfry forms, in 
its section, a cross, the upper part, an octagon, of which 
the cardinal sides are smaller than the diagonals. The spire 
being equilateral, its angles evidently do not correspond 
with those of the turret, and there is also a small space left 
upon each of the cardinal sides, uncovered by the spire ; this 
is filled up by what appears to be the base of a pinnacle, 
the upper part of which has been destroyed. This belfry is 
also of Early English character, though the chancel-arch, and 
indeed the whole of the church, leads me to believe that in 
point of date it belongs to the period in which the Decorated 
style prevailed. The reason why shafts are introduced, both 
in this and the last, is obvious, namely, to form a graceful 
finish to the diagonal openings, and to give the impost the 
character of a clustered pier instead of a bare wall. This 
belfry is also central, and the addition of a south aisle gives, in 
some aspects, a very picturesque outline to the church, which 
contains other portions worth notice, for instance a late stone 
pulpit, and some beautiful taberaacle-work at the east end, in 
the interior, the east window 
being blocked up. Leigh Dela- 
mere is about eight miles from 
Chippenham, to the north- 
west. 

The belfry of Corston church 
stands upon the west gable, 
and in its construction is per- 
haps the most elegant of any. 
Here the transverse block 
springs from a corbel immedi- 
ately above the west window, 
and is carried, as at Hares- 
comb, up to the base of the 
spire as a wall, dividing, in two 
equal portions, the space be- 
tween the northern and south- 
ern piers. Here the diagonals 
of the spire can neither be 
said to rest upon an arch, as 
at Leigh Delamere, nor to be 
supported like an entablature, ' ;L "™ , L " haHb - 

D, B itizeot> V GoOgIe 



ON BELL-TURBETS. 39 

as at Acton Turvill, nor yet by mere connection with the 
others, as at Harescomb. But the turret beneath the spire, 
which, like all the others, has a cruciform section below, be- 
comes octagonal at the top, by means of a kind of bracket, 
which extends the cardinal faces sufficiently to make them 
correspond with the cardinal sides of the spire, and then, 
forming an obtuse angle in the horizontal plane, gives support 
to its diagonals. The form of the opening, as projected on a 
vertical plane, is trefoil-headed, the top being square. Round 
the base of the spire, which is ribbed, is a delicate moulding 
with a battlement, and on the top is a beautiful fimal ; there 
are no pinnacles. This belfry is difficult to deecribe, and not 
very easily drawn ; but by examining it attentively, an artist 
would at once see its construction, and be able to form a 
model. Its style and date are clearly Perpendicular. Corston 
is about two miles from Malmsbury, on the Chippenham 
road. 

These four turrets, it will be seen, are alike, in having a 
cruciform base and an octagonal spire, but they differ in the 
adaptation of the one to the other ; and this variety gives 
them value in the eyes of the architect, as it will authorize 
him in forming combinations according to his skill, instead 
of scrupulously adhering to a given copy. They are also 
valuable as comprising all the pointed styles, and as admitting 
any degree of ornament. And it will be observed, that the 
belfry of Corston very gracefully occupies a position which 
could not have been properly occupied by a turret springing 
from the ground, viz. the middle of the west front. 

If these specimens are worth imitation, a fortiori they are 
worth preserving. Now, though 1 am by no means in the 
habit of travelling through the country to spy out the naked- 
ness of the land, I need feel no hesitation in saying, that one 
or two of the churches mentioned are in a state which must 
before long demand attention. In these days far less is to be 
feared from neglect than from injudicious restoration, or from 
the necessities of a parish forced to enlarge, repair, or rebuild, 
but unsupplied with funds sufficient for any thing beyond the 
least expensive mode of providing for the exigency. I am 
totally unacquainted with all the parishes which I have named, 
and know nothing of either their claims or resources, but I 
surely am not wrong in directing attention to the subject. 

J. L. PETIT. 



>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



THE MEDIEVAL ANTIQUITIES OP ANGLESEY. 

The antiquities of this remote and little-known district, may 
be commodiously arranged under three heads : — 

(1.) The British or Cymric, before the introduction of 
Christianity. 

(2.) The Cymric, posterior to the introduction of Chris- 
tianity, and prior to the conquest of Wales by 
Edward I. 

(8.) The antiquities posterior to the English conquest. 
It is not, however, by any means easy to determine, first, at 
what period Christianity was actually introduced into Wales 
and Anglesey; and secondly, to pronounce what remains, 
usually classed as Cymric or Celtic, (such as Carneddau, 
Maen-hir, Cromlechs, &c.), were erected before, or what 
after, the existence of the Christian religion in this district. 
It is highly probable that a large portion of the ancient 
military works, and many of the tumuli, cairns, &c, were 
constructed at a time later than the coming of the Saxons into 
Britain, and prior to the eighth or ninth century. In the 
absence therefore of written testimonials and other evidence, 
as to the date of such remains as we now find pretty numer- 
ously throughout the island, it is better to class all such re- 
mains under the head of " Cymric Antiquities ;" this epithet 
being quite applicable to them at whatever period they first 
came into existence. The head of "Medieval Antiquities," 
will include all such edifices and ruins of edifices, &c, as are 
clearly posterior to the introduction of Christianity ; and will 
also embrace the military buildings erected by Edward I., aa 
well as the houses constructed down to the end of the six- 
teenth century. 

It is only this latter head which is taken briefly into account 
in the present paper. The author of it is occupying himself in 
making an accurate survey, admeasurement, and delineation, 
of all the antiquities in the island; and has already termi- 
nated a large portion of the Medieval, with a small part of 
the Cymric division*. He hastens to give a brief sketch of 

■ He ii alio engaged in ■ similar surrey counties attracting the notice, and occu- 
of the antiquities of Caemarronshire, and pying the leisure, of sume of his anti- 
would be glad to hear of the other Welsh quartan friends. 

;gi,7 5t ^Google 



ANTIQUITIES OF ANGLESEY. 41 

the result of his observations as far as they have yet been 
carried. 

The isle of Anglesey has always been a district of great sim- 
plicity and comparative poverty, notwithstanding that its soil 
is by no means unfruitful, and that its mineral riches are of 
high value. Still, not being the scat of any manufacturing 
population (at any period that we know of), and the attention 
of its inhabitants being exclusively directed to agricultural 
occupations, it has never seen the wealth of great feudal land- 
lords spent in adorning its villages or towns, — and it has not 
been devastated by the liand of modern vandalism. Anglesey 
remains nearly what it was some hundreds of years ago ; the 
manners of the people are very simple and primitive ; its 
ecclesiastical buildings have never been improved ; they have 
been allowed to decay more or less, but they have not been 
bo much injured by this neglect as they would have been by 
positive interference in days of archaeological darkness. On 
the one hand, therefore, while we are not to expect to find any 
buildings of importance or even of magnitude (with one ex- 
ception — King Kdward's castle at Beaiimarais), so, on the other, 
we may expect to find the medieval remains less injured than 
in other parts of the country, a circumstance which, with one 
or two exceptions, (such as the friary of Llanvaes, destroyed 
soon after the Reformation, and an abbey near Abcrflraw, also 
destroyed), is found universally to prevail. Much therefore 
may be learnt of village ecclesiastical architecture in Anglesey, 
but very little of what would adorn a town. 

The total number of the parochial churches in the island is 
seventy-four, nearly all of very early date in their principal 
parts : rude in form and small in size : often badly con- 
structed : many barely adequate to the accommodation of a 
slowly increasing population : nearly nil of them untouched 
by modern hands. Every parish in Anglesey bears the name 
of its patron saint, or else of the holy man who first intro- 
duced Christianity, and built a place of worship in it i this is 
common indeed throughout Wales ; but it is peculiarly so in 
Anglesey, and is of great value to whoever searches into the 
history of the district. 

The common form of the Anglesey village church is cruci- 
form, always built with strict attention to the orientation of 
the edifice: small in size, being commonly from thirty to 
sixty feet in extreme length : low in height, the gable seldom 

voi» t. Q 



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42 ANTIQUITIES OF ANGLESEY. 

being more than twenty feet from the ground : the walls 
always thick, never under three feet : the original windows 
very few in number, and those being only circular-headed 
loopholes, without any ornament whatever : every thing being 
exceedingly plain, ornamentation of any kind being evidently 
beyond the means of the simple people. A bell-gable almost 
always at the west end of the church (there being only three 
or four old steeples in the whole island) : the gables carefully 
topped with crosses, supported upon canopied trifoliated 
bases, terminating the coping of the gables ; the font always 
at the west end of the nave, of the simplest form, and gene- 
rally of high antiquity : no side aisles, no triforia, no clear- 
stories (except at Beaumarais, Holyhead, and perhaps one or 
two more places) ; hardly a pillar or shaft to be met with in 
the whole district. 

After such a description of the general character of these 
churches, it may well be asked what interest they can possess ? 
It is true that they have little or no architectural value, but 
they have much archaeological interest ; they form a numerous 
and unbroken series of village churches, from perhaps the 
ninth or tenth century (probably much earlier) down to the 
fifteenth; and they are untouched: they are as they were built, 
and they are likely to remain so, until they fall to pieces in the 
lapse of future years. Though, therefore, they cannot compete 
with any of the grander edifices of the middle ages, they supply 
types of the humbler buildings used by a peasantry almost 
unchanged at the present day ; and they are therefore entitled 
to consideration by all who enquire into the archaeological re- 
mains of this country. Unless (which is very unlikely) the 
condition of the population should change very much, — they 
are still so simple and happy that no change in their worldly 
wealth is at all desirable ; — it is to be hoped that these primi- 
tive buildings will be allowed to retain all the quaintness of 
their grey and venerable antiquity. Repairs they will un- 
doubtedly need, but modifications few, improvemeuts none. 

The survey of all the parochial churches being as yet incom- 
plete, it would be premature to pronounce an opinion as to 
which is the oldest ecclesiastical building still existing on the 
island : but that which is the most interesting, and at the 
same time one of the oldest and least injured, is the conven- 
tual church of Fenmdn, with its dependent buildings. The 
monastic establishment of Fenmdn, founded by St. Seiriol in 

D, B itizeot> V GoOgIe 



ANTIQUITIES OF ANGLESEY. 43 

the sixth century, was connected with one on the small island 
named after that saint, at the north-eastern extremity of 
Anglesey. The information contained in Dugdale, concerning 
it, is scanty, and not altogether reconcileable to the present 
appearance of the localities. On the island of Priesthokn, Puffin 
island, or Ynys Seiriol, there is only the tower of the conven- 
tual church, with a few foundations of walls, remaining ; but 
there are some very curious subterranean galleries of small 
dimensions, and of unknown purpose, with numerous founda- 
tions of circular British huts. The buildings at Penmon itself 
consist of the conventual church, of the tenth or eleventh cen- 
tury : part of the conventual building, the walls of the refec- 
tory, the pigeon-house, &c, while on the hill above the place is 
one of those early circular-headed crosses which are to be met 
with in Ireland, and some remote spots in England. In inte- 
rest, Penmon stands at the head of the ecclesiastical edifices 
of Anglesey. Next in importance to it would have been the 

Kriory of Llanvaes, near Beaumarais ; but few remnants are 
:ft standing, and a large plain building, the original destina- 
tion of which is not yet fixed, but now used as a stable and 
barn, is almost all that remains of it. The splendid altar- 
tombs, however, which enriched the church, have been pre- 
served, though dispersed among neighbouring churches ; and 
they constitute the principal sepulchral riches of the island. 
The collegiate church of Holyhead, and the parochial church 
of Beaumarais, are large structures, and, the latter especially, 
present good details of architectural execution. There is a 
good deal of late Decorated and early Perpendicular work in 
them. In nearly all the churches throughout the island. 
Decorated and Perpendicular windows have been introduced, 
some of them with good effect. Porches too of various dates 
have been appended to the buildings, and in one or two cases, 
such as Llanvihangel, and Penniynydd, curious wooden carved 
pulpits and minstrel-galleries exist. 

Of tombs and monumental inscriptions, no small variety is 
to be met with : from a fragment of one commemorating 
St. Saturninus (of the eighth or ninth century ?) to the sarco- 
phagal tomb of St. Jestin, of the thirteenth century, and the 
elaborate alabaster altar-tombs of Llanvaes of the fifteenth 
century, and eveu to others of Elizabethan date at Beaumarais 
and elsewhere. 

The civil buildings of Anglesey are headed in interest and 



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44 ANTIQUITIES OF ANGLI8ET. 

importance by the stately Edwordan fortress of Beaumarais. 
It is possible that some remains of the old palace of the Welsh 
princes may be traced at Aberffraw their capital : but' here the 
survey is as yet deficient. In interest, however, the castle of 
Beaumarais is perhaps the chief medieval remain upon the 
island, and in some respects it is more valuable to the military 
antiquarian than the more stately contemporary structures of 
Conway and Caernarvon. It is very complete ; its parts and 
their destinations may all be readily made out ; its military 
position (the warfare of the time considered) is very remark- 
able ; and it possesses the only complete military chapel to be 
found in the Principality. The survey of this is almost entirely 
finished, and the subject of it is important enough to form 
either a monographic account, or to be placed in a series of 
accounts of the Edwardan buildings of Wales. A few other 
military b\iildings may probably be traced in some parts of 
Anglesey, but sufficient observation has not yet been made on 
this branch of its medieval remains. 

Several ancient houses remain in various parts of the island, 
Buch as Plas Goch near Moel y Don, Plas Goch iu Beaumarais, 
(the ancient manor-home of the Bulkelcy family,) and various 
detached manorial or farm-houses throughout the district. 
The site, if not the buildings of Plas Peumynydd, the original 
Beat of the Tudors, near Llanfmnan, is of no small interest to 
the historical antiquarian ; just as their fnniily-vaidt and the 
altar-tomb (executed anterior to the royal fortunes of that 
house) now preserved in Peumynydd church, nre to the artist 
and the architect. One of the most remarkable houses is 
Plas Goch, mentioned above, at Beaumarais. Though greatly 
dilapidated, and indeed tenanted by poor families, the details 
of the house may be made out satisfactorily. The great dining- 
hall is in tolerable preservation, though blackened by smoke, 
and converted into two or tliree dwelling-rooms. But its 
canopied dais and its ceding, fretted with ever-varying pen- 
dants of good execution, would not be misplaced at Hatfield, 
Burghley, or Andley End. 

On the whole, the antiquities of Anglesey, though but little 
known, are not without interest and value ; they are im- 
portant to the national antiquarian and the national historian : 
and the two great classes into which they may be divided — 
Cymric and Medieval — are sufficient to occupy the attention 
of a careful observer for a considerable period. 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



THE HORN-SHAPED LADIES HEAD-DRESS. 45 

We may add that a good feeling of veneration for local anti- 
quities prevails in the island, especially among the clergy :• — 
the people are not naturally destructive nor desirous of change ; 
they are proud of their isolation, yet they are courteous and 
obliging to strangers who will come to explore their remote 
parochial edifices ; they are full of old traditions, and they can 
point out the scene of many an interesting event, preserved 
chiefly in the recollection of those living on the spot. 

As yet Rowland's Mona Antiqua is the only work of autho- 
rity on the antiquities of Anglesey. It is a book of much 
learned research as well as of good common sense, and fully 
deserving the attention of a new and careful editor. The 
medieval remains of the island are however worthy of descrip- 
tion as well as those of the Cymric period ; and it is with this 
view that the present survey is earned on. 

REV. H. L. JONES. 



THE HORN-SHAPED LADIES' HEAD-DRESS 

IN THE BEIGN OF EDWAHD I. 

The study of costume is of considerable importance to the 
antiquary, as affording the means of fixing the age of sculp- 
tures or paintings which bear no other certain indications of 
date. "We in the first instance derive the knowledge of cos- 
tume itself from the study and comparison of monuments of 
different ages, and especially of the illuminations of manu- 
scripts. Knowing the date of these monuments, we are 
enabled to say with certainty what costume was in use at a 
certain period ; but we are too opt in this and other things 
to take the silence of writers, or the absence of pictured repre- 
sentation, as a negative assertion, a proof that a certain thing 
did not exist. It is tlie object of the following observations 
to point out an example of the danger of this practice. 

No portion of medieval costume underwent more frequent 
changes than the head-dress of ladies. In the fifteenth century 
the female coiffure was made to take the form of two horns, a 
fashion which excited the indignation and mirth of contempo- 
rary moralists and satirists. This horned head-dress appears 



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46 THE HORN-SHAPED LADIES HEAD-DRESS. 

(we believe) in no pictorial monuments older than the reign 
of Henry IV. ; nevertheless, a French writer of the beginning 
of the fourteenth century, Jehan de Meun, (who completed 
the famous Romance of the Rose,) speaks very distinctly 
of women's fiorxa: he describes the gorget or neck-cloth as 
being twisted several times round the neck, and pinned up to 
the horns — 

La gorge et li goitrous soot hors de la touelle, 
Oii il d'i que .iij. lours a la tourne bouelle ; 
Mais il j a d'espingles plus de demie escuclle 
Fichiees es .§. comet et entour la rouelle. 

After observing that these horns appear to be designed to 
wound the men, he adds, " I know not whether they call 
gibbets or corbels that which sustains their horns, which they 
consider so fine, but I venture to say that St. Elizabeth is not 
in Paradise for having carried such baubles. Moreover they 
make a great encumbrance; for between the towel (gorget), 
which is not of coarse linen, and the temple and the horns, 
may pass a rat, or the largest weasel on this side Arras." 

Je ne say s'on appelle potences ou corbiaux 
Ce qui soustient levr cornet, que taut tiennect a biaux ; 
Mais bien voub ose dire que sainte Elysabiaux 
N'esi pas en Paradis pour porter tiex b&biaux 

Encores y font tiles un grant hnrribounu, 
Car entre la touelle, qui n'est pas de bourras, 
Et la temple et let cornet, ponnoit passer un ras, 
Ou la greigneur moustelle qui soit jusques Arras. 

{Le TetttmeiU Jehan de Meun.) 

This passage was observed by Strutt, who has been blamed 
for attributing (on this single authority) the horned head- 
dress to so early a period as the reign of Edward 1. of 
England. Jehan de Meun's description appears, however, 
to be tolerably explicit ; and it is supported by passages from 
poems the dates of which are not doubtful. M. Jubinal, in 
his volume entitled "Jongleurs et Trouveres," has printed 
a very curious little satire on the fashions of the time, which 
appears under the title Des Cornetes, " Of Horns." It is 
taken from a manuscript in the Bibliotheque Royale at Paris, 
No. 7218, written, (as I am informed by M. Paulin Paris) 
within the first ten years of the fourteenth century. In this 
poem we are told that the Bishop of Paris had preached a 



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THE HORN-SHAPED LADIES HEAD-DRESS. 47 

sermon against the extravagant dress of the ladies, and that 
he had blamed particularly the bareness of their necks and 
their horns. He had directed people, on the approach of 
women thus dressed, to cry " Hurte, belin," and " Beware of 
the ram" ..." If we do not get out of the way of the women, 
we shall be killed ; for they carry horns to kill men. They 
carry great masses of other people's hair upon their heads." 

Et commande par aatie, 

Que chascun ' hurte, bclhi ,' die. 

Trap i tardon, 
■ Hurte, belin,' pur le pardon. 

Se des fames ne nous gardini, 

Oris serommes ; 
Cornet ont por tuer les homines. 
D'autrui cheveus portent granz sommes, 

Des us lor teste. 

We learn from the two last lines of this extract that the horns 
were supported with (or made of) false hair. After having fur- 
ther warned people of the danger of such a horned animal, 
and expatiated on the impropriety of going with the neck un- 
covered, the satirist returns again to the horns, and says that 
the Bishop had promised ten days' pardon to all who would 
cry " Heurte, belier," at their approach. " By the faith I owe 
St. Mathurin ! they make themselves horned with platted 
hemp or linen, and counterfeit dumb beasts" — 

Et a toz eels .x. jors pardone, 
Qni crieront a tel personne, 

' Uiirte, belin 1' 
Foi que je doi saint Mathelin ! 
De chanvie ouvre ou de lin 

Se font cormtet, 
Et contrefont les bestea roues. 

" There is much talk of their horns, and in fact people laugh 
at them throughout the town" — 

De lor rornei est grant parole, 
Genu s'eD gabent, n'est pas frieole, 
Parmi la vile. 

The foregoing extracts prove the existence of this descrip- 
tion of head-dress in France at the beginning of the four- 
teenth. As might be expected from the known analogy in 
the history of costume in the two countries, we find the same 
fashion existing at the same time in England, which proves 



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46 THE HORN-SHAPED LADIES HEAD-DRESS. 

that it was not partial or transitory. A satire on the 
vanity of the ladies, written in England about the end of 
the thirteenth century, and preserved in a mannscript in the 
British Museum of that date", commences thus — " What shall 
we say of the ladies when they come to festivals ? they look 
at each other's heads, and carry bosses like horned beasts ; if 
any one be without horns, she becomes an object of scandal." 

Quel diroras des dainc* luiuut viencot u feslcs f 
1*8 unes den unties aviscnt lea U'stes, 
Portent les boccs cum conitwi lettet ; 
Si mile seii descoruve, de ecle font les geatea. 

A Latin song on the venality of the Judges, preserved in an 
English manuscript of the beginning of the fourteenth cen- 
tury 1 ', speaking of the influence of the fair sex in procuring 
judgments, says — "But if some noble lady, fair and lovely, 
with horned head, and that encircled with gold, come for 
judgment, she dispatches her business without having to say 
. a word." 

Si'd si qusdam nobilis, 
Piikro vcl amabilis, 

cum capile comuio, 

auro ci re i in i vol uw, 
Arcedat ad judicium, 
H ec expedit ucgotium 

These horns are compared above to the horns of ranis ; per- 
haps we may be assisted in forming an idea of their shape by 
the consideration that the writers of the age apply the term 
horned to Bishops when wearing the mitre — thus in the Apo- 
calypsis Goliae Episcopi c , 

VtB geuti mutilee, eoraufu duribtu ! 
Qui mukttnt mutilos armatu 11011111)118, 
Dum habet quilibet foamm in comibut, 
Noil pastor osiimi sed pastus ovibus. 

We thus find in written documents a particularity of costume 
described very distinctly at a period when it has not yet been 
met with in any artistical monuments ; a circumstance not 
easily accounted for, but which should make us cautious in 
judging too hastily of the absolute non-existence of any thing 
from mere negative evidence. t. weight. 

* Printed in the Reliauite Antiquis, den Society publication,) p. 234. 

toL i. p. 162. • Poenu attributed to Walter Mapet, 

* Printed in tna Political Songa, {Cam- p. 8. 



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ON CROSS-LEGGED EFFIGIES COMMONLY 
APPROPRIATED TO TEMPLARS. 

On the occasion of the cleansing and restoration, recently 
effected by Mr. Edward Richardson, of certain effigies in the 
Temple Church, which I have for many years known and been 
accustomed to regard with great interest, and the details of 
which I was much gratified to see once more brought to light, 
I became curious to ascertain on what authority cross-legged 
effigies of knights, habited in mail and aurcoata, are generally 
reputed to be representations of knights of the order of the 
Temple. I have been frequently reminded of the prevalence 
of this opinion by the remarks of intelligent friends with 
whom I have at various times examined the Temple effigies, 
and it may suffice to ahew how general it is even among 
archaeologists by reference to the "Hints of the Cambridge 
Camden Society," where, under the head of Ancient Armour, 
(p. 86, 4th edit.,) effigies of Knights Templars are mentioned 
as if they were numerous. I have not much acquaintance 
with matters of this kind, but after having given to the sub- 
ject of these remarks all the attention which my limited Leisure 
would permit, I have arrived at the conclusion that such 
effigies are not those of Templars, and moreover that there 
does not exist a single effigy of a knight of that order in this 
country. In support of these positions, which may appear 
novel to many, I adduce the following observations. 

If any effigy of a Templar do exist in England, it is surely 
most likely to be among those in the Temple Church here in 
London ; but possibly some one elsewhere, hitherto over- 
looked, may from its costume or historical testimony have a 
better claim to be ao considered. Now, we have at the 
Temple nine effigies, all in military costumes of the era of the 
Templars except one, which is perhaps of a later date, being 
in a sleeved surcoat and chain mail, the others being in ring 
mail ; but this effigy was not originally in the Temple, having 
been brought thither from Yorkshire about 1682, as Mr. E. 
Richardson, in his recently published work on these effigies, 
has satisfactorily shewn. Of the nine effigies, six are cross- 
legged, but three of these six, there is great reason to believe, 
represent persons who, though buried there, were not of the 

VOL. I. h 

xiflno « Google 



ON CROSS -LEGGED EFFIGIES. 



order, and therefore I doubt whether any of the nine be 
effigies of Templars. The effigy brought from Yorkshire — one 
of the cross-legged — represents, we have good ground for 
supposing, a Lord de Ros, who was not a Templar. There 
are two however not identified, that have a great resemblance 
to each other. They may possibly be representations of 
knights of the order, but only one of them is cross-legged. 
I do not infer from the circumstance of some gilding and 
painting having been found upon them, that the living 
originals were not Templars, because the order, or at least the 
superiors among them, may have departed from the plainness 
of attire enjoined by St. Bernard. No one, however, of the nine 
effigies is bearded or habited in a mantle, or has any cross 
apparent ; but some of those not identified have mustaches, 
and their chins being hidden by the hoods or helmets, they 
may be supposed to have also beards. I can hardly believe 
that a Templar would be represented without the peculiar 
distractions of his order being made quite evident. 

As far as my information extends, the only known effigy of 
a Templar is or was to be found in the church of St.Yvod de 
Braine, near Soissons in France, and is figured by Montfaucon 
in his " Monumens de La Monarchie Francaise," (tome ii. 
planche 86). It appears to be that of John de Dreux, second 
son of John first Count de Dreux, who is said to have been 
living in 1275. He is not mentioned in the list of those con- 
fined at Paris, A.D. 1310, given in the "Memoires Histo- 
riques sur les Templiers," (published in 1805). Probably he 
died some years previously. He is represented bearded, and 
wearing the coif or cap, but, what is very remarkable, without 
armour of any kind, in a gown and a mantle with a cross 
upon it ; probably the undress habit of the order. The cross 
on the mantle is of Greek form, but the horizontal arms of it 
are rather shorter than the perpendicular arms, and it is not 
at all of patee form. This example is therefore altogether 
unfavourable to the supposition of the effigies in the Temple 
Church here being those of Templars. 

There would not, I conceive, be much difficulty in shewing 
that many of the cross-legged effigies in this country are 
representations of persons who died seised of manors and 
estates — a fact inconsistent with the opinion of their having . 
been Templars; — and others must be known from direct 
evidence not to have belonged to the order. The surcoat 

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ON CROSS-LEGGED EVPIQISS. 51 

commonly worn by the knights of the twelfth and thirteenth 
centuries may have been sometimes mistaken for the religious 
habit of the Templars. 

My enquiries have been likewise directed to monumental 
effigies of knights of other military religious orders. I have 
not been able to find, or hear of, any effigy of a Hospitaller ; 
none I believe are known to have existed at Clerkenwell. As 
far as I can learn there were no monuments of this kind in 
the church of St. John at Valetta on the dissolution of the 
order of Malta, though the floor was almost covered with 
sepulchral stones. Of the order of St. Lazarus and the Teu- 
tonic order, I have no information. Stothard, in his well- 
known Work, (p. 62,) has given two effigies — those of Sir 
Roger de Bois and his lady — in the mantle of the order of 
St. Anthony, with the Tau-cross on the shoulder. 

Were it not for the solitary instance which I have men- 
tioned from Montfaucon, I should be much disposed to infer 
from the result of my enquiries, that there was some rule or 
statute of the order of the Temple, or some tacit understanding 
among them, forbidding the representation of the knights by 
monumental effigies ; although I can find no such prohibition 
in the rule of St. Bernard. With the German translation of 
the statutes by Miinter, (Berlin, 1794,) I am not acquainted 
farther than from the account given of them in the " Memoires 
Historiques." They seem to have furnished much of the in- 
formation contained in an article on the Templars published 
in the " Library of Entertaining Knowledge." Many of them 
appear to be of later date than the rule of St. Bernard. They 
required, for example, that each knight of the order should 
have a white ' cotte d'armes' ensigned with a red cross before 
and behind : which cotte d'armes I conceive was the Burcoat, 
and this new regulation was probably made after it had 
become customary for secular knights to display armorial 
bearings on their surcoats. Such regulations no doubt were 
subordinate to the rule of the order, and only enacted from 
time to time by a general chapter, in the same manner as 
were the statutes of the knights of Malta. 

After all, whether there be or be not effigies of Templars 
existing, is a fit subject for archaeological enquiry. Should 
there eventually be discovered any effigy refemble to their era, 
representing a man, whether in armour or not, habited in a 
mantle with a cross on his breast or shoulder, and with a long 



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52 ON CEOSS-LEGOKD ETF1GIES. 

beard, or having either of these peculiarities, such an effigy 
may probably be that of a Templar or a Hospitaller. At this 
distance of time, however, the colours which distinguished the 
two orders would hardly remain ; but the form perhaps of the 
cross, or, in the absence of a helmet, the coif, cap, or chapeau, 
might furnish the means of determining to which of the orders 
he belonged. 

I have confined these remarks to knights of the order of the 
Temple. Some of the effigies in the Temple Church may very 
likely represent persons who were attached to the order as 
lay associates, or affiliated. These however were not properly 
Templars ; they were not of the order ; they neither took the 
habit nor the vows ; and in fact lived and died as if they were 
quite independent of them. 

I may mention, in conclusion, on the authority of Mr. Ad- 
dison's History of the Knights Templars, (p. 97. 2nd edit.,) 
that a monumental effigy of a priest of the order, holding a 
chalice, may be found in the church of St. Mary at Bologna, 
in Italy. The time of his death appears in the following 
epitaph. 

" Stirpc Rotii, Pebus virtutia munere clams, 
Strenuua, ecce, pngil Christi jacet online charm*; 
Vfistc ftrens menteque crucem nunc sidera scandit, 
Exemplom nobis spectandi ocelicu pandit: 
Annis tcr trinis riginti mille trecentia 
Sexta quarto maii fregit lux organs, mentis." 

Although this monument was executed after the dissolution 
of the order, viz. A.D. 1829, or later, it would be interesting 
to see a careful drawing of it. For I think it highly probable 
that it represents the Peter of Bologna, who, with Raynal de 
Pruin, defended the order from the charges preferred against 
them before the Papal commission. Mr. Addison calls him 
Peter de Rotis ; but though " Stirpe Rotis," he might also 
have been called, from the place of his birth, Peter de 
Bologna. Mr. Addison also mentions a clock at the Temple 
House in Bologna, on which are the words "Fe. Petecb de 
Bon (Bononia) Peocue. Militle Templi in curia Romana 
M.CCC.III." Surely this Peter and that in effigy were one 
and the same person ! w. s. w. 

Middle Triple, Feb. IS, 1844. 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



CATALOGUE OF THE EMBLEMS OF SAINTS. 



8. Fbjlypp* S. Hiribylmew 



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54 CATALOGUE OF THE EMBLEMS Or* SAINTS. 

It is the object of the following catalogue to supply a clue 
to the practical antiquary in his interpretation of ancient art, 
where, but for this sacred heraldry, he must have worked in 
the dark. In the middle ages, pictures were the books of the 
unlearned ; and those who were unable to read, could at once 
recognise a Saint by his appropriate emblem. The memory of 
these things has long since faded away in our country ; but 
illuminated manuscripts, painted glass, the paintings which 
decorate the screen-work or walls of many of our churches, 
monastic seals, and early wood-engravings, furnish us with 
the means of resuscitation. 

Saints of the highest order had a double feast, or nine 
lessons assigned to them in the Breviary, so that the reader 
may easily ascertain to which he ought to give a preference in 
cases of doubt. When the same emblem belongs to many 
Saints of the same denomination, an asterisk (*) is prefixed to 
the emblem as a caution, that he may not too hastily appro- 
priate. 

The following abbreviations have been employed throughout, 
to which are here added the vestments belonging to each 
order, as a means of distinguishing from each other different 
Saints who had the same emblem. 



A. Abbot or Ahhtu, commonly dressed lite an ordinary monk or nun, (see C.) 
bat with a crosier in the right hand and a book in the left. On seals (and 
prrhapt sometimes in paintings,) Abbots have a Mitre, Chasuble, Dalmatic, and 
other insignia of a Bishop. 

Ap. ApoitU, usually without an; tonsure, a long beard, a close tonic and mantle. 
At an early period the feet are usually bare. 

Abp. Archbuhop, like a Bishop (see Bp.) but with the pall over the Chasuble, and 
a Cross-staff in the left hand, instead of a Pastoral staff. 

Bp. BUkop. A Mitre, Crosier (or pastoral staff) in his left hand, blessing with 
the right, or holding a book. Vested in the Chasuble, Maniple, Dalmatic, 
Tunic, Stole, Alb, and Amess. Sometimes a Bishop wears a Cope over a 
Dalmatic and Alb ; sometimes a Mozzetta, Rochet, and Alb, but the latter very 
rarely. 

C. (Ccenobite) Monk or Nun. The Monk has a frock, cowl, and usually a sca- 
pular ; the Nun a frock, often a scapular, and a close fitting kerchief or veil, 
covering the chin. 

D. Deacon. A Dalmatic, a Stole, (which sometimes is represented as worn over 
the left shoulder ;) a Maniple, Amess, and Alb. 

E. Evangelitt, like an Apostle. (See A.) 

H. Hermit, like a Monk, but with a long beard. Commonly he has a scull before 
him, and large beads hanging at his girdle : sometimes he is clad in skins of 



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CATALOGUE OF THE EMBLEMS OF SAINTS. 55 

K. King. A Crown, Sceptre, Ball and Crow, (or Hound,) and the other well- 
known insignia of royally. 

M. Martyr. Usually dressed in the vestments belonging to his rank in the 
Church, with the emblem of his martyrdom in his right hand, and a palm- 
branch in his left. 

P.P. (Pater Patrum) Pope. Triple Crown, triple Cross-staff, and Cope. 

P. Priett. Vested in the mass- vestment, composed of the Chasuble, Maniple, 
Stole, Amess, Alb. 

V. Virgin. Commonly as a young woman with flowing hair: sometimes as a 
Nun. (SeeC.) 

W. Widow. An aged woman, wearing a mantle, a kerchief or veil, and wimple 
covering the chin, resembling the attire of a Nun. 

The reference to the day of the Saint's anniversary may be 
considered as an index not only to the various Breviaries, but 
to nearly all the collections of the Uvea of Saints that have been 
published. In every instance that occurs to my recollection, 
the legends are inserted according to the place which they 
occupy in the order of the year : so that the reader may refer 
to them without any difficulty, in case of his wishing to under- 
stand the rationale of any particular emblem. 

The chief work to which reference may be made with ad- 
vantage for information regarding the legends of Saints, is the 
Ada Sanctorum, in which they are found arranged according 
to the order of the year : this great work, comprised in fifty- 
three folio volumes, extending only to October, comprises a 
mass of valuable historical materials, and dissertations on nu- 
merous subjects connected with sacred antiquities. A contin- 
uation of this work is now in progress in the Netherlands. 
The Acta of the Saints of the Benedictine Rule, edited by 
Mabillon, are exceedingly valuable, and afford authentic evi- 
dences for the early history of Great Britain, which are not 
published elsewhere. The numerous versions of the Golden 
Legend, by Jacob de Voragine, are well known ; the rare early 
edition by Wynkyn de Wbrde, presents many little wood-cut 
figures of Saints, and some of the French editions are more 
fully illustrated in this manner. The Nova Legenda Angliee 
of John Capgrave is the most important authority as regards 
English Hagiography, and the Liber Festivals may be con- 
sulted with advantage. The most curious relations, however, 
illustrative of the usages of the Church, of history, and of 
manners, are still to be found only in the MSS. preserved in 
our public libraries. Many compilations have been published 
in various countries which may be found useful ; -such as the 



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56 CATALOGUE OF THE EMBLEMS OF SAINTS. 

Lives of the Saints, by Alban Butler ; Petri de Natalibus 
Catalogus Sanctorum, Lugd. 1 542 ; Haraei ViUs Sanctorum, 
Antw., 1690; and Grassii Vitce Sanctorum, Cologne, 1616. 
With respect to the Roman Breviary, preference should be 
given to the editions which were printed before the Council 
of Trent ; and with reference to the Saints of any particular 
country, to the local BreviarieB. 



RULES OF APPROPRIATION. 

1. In cases of doubt, recollect that the Apostles, the most 
popular Saints in the Christian world, and in that particular 
country or neighbourhood, the patron Saint of the Church it- 
self, or those whose reliques are known to have been deposited 
there in ancient times, are more likely to have been depicted 
than others. In addition to which I would remark, that 
connected with some Churches, there were guilds dedicated to 
particular Saints. 

2. When two or more Saints bear the same emblem, those 
who are most popular ought to have the benefit of the doubt ; 
and observe carefully the quality of the Saint ; whether he 
was a Bishop, Abbot, or so forth, for this will often supply a 
certain criterion. 

8. Observe well the juxtaposition, for this will be often 
a clue to your interpretation. Thus, if you discover two or 
three Apostles, you may reasonably expect to find the others 
also. 

4. In applying this catalogue to the interpretation of ancient 
art, abstract as much as possible the emblem from its unim- 
portant circumstances, making a logical distinction between 
the proprium, and the accidens. Even in cases where they 
rigorously adhered to the ancient symbolism, the painters 
varied considerably in the detail. Of this many examples 
could be given. The same martyr is sometimes represented 
as transfixed with arrows, and sometimes he bears an arrow 
in his hand. 

5. We have no reason for supposing that the inferior Saints 
(many of whom were martyred in exactly the same way) had 
any emblem exclusively assigned to them. In early printed 
books, (the Legenda Aurea, for example,) the same wood-cut is 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



CATALOGUE OF THE EMBLEMS OP SAINTS. 57 

continually repeated ; but Saints of this order would scarcely 
be represented except in places where they had a local 
interest, discoverable by county history or the tradition of the 
neighbourhood. 

6. Ancient paintings in fresco, on panel, or glass, and 
manuscript illuminations, have of course an authority which 
cannot belong even to the earliest wood-cuts ; as the artist 
had oot the same temptation to generalise or repeat. Never- 
theless, many of these early wood-cuts were unquestionably 
designed after more ancient models on panel, glass, &c, and 
where they can be identified by their circumstances are of 
very great value. 



Almsgiving , . . Female employed in distributing alms . 
Ai-TAE Martyrdom of * Pope at the Altar . . . 



• Altai Martyrdom of a 

Altar King lying at th 

Anchor At the feet . . 



it the Altar . 
an Altar . . 



AltOCL u 



I Boy . Walking together, (ace book of Tobtt) . 



AcMonn Warrior in 

Arms and Lesi . Cut off 

•Arrow oiSpeak. In hand, sometimes the emblem of . ■ . 
•Aeeow & Booe . In hand 

Arrows Saint stripped, and transfixed with . . . 

Banhee&Cbom . Sees in the air 

Basket Held in the hand, containing bread . . 

Basket Of Fruit, Flowers, and Spices in hand . 

,. I Two Physician* Attending a Bishop it 

HBD t Bei 

Beehive In the back ground 

Blind Man .... Heatored to sight, by a Saint 

Block Saint kneeling at, the sun rising . . . . 

■Block A Pope kneeling at the 

■ Pmbablj othn r Blind thai. 



. StPotentiana",V. Hay 19 
. St. Stephen, P. P. Aug. 2 

/St. Thomas a liecket", 
1 \ Dec 39 
. St Canute, K. M. July 10 

(St, Clement, P. P. M. 
. i Nov. 23, or St Felui, 

( Up. M. March 8 
\ St. Michael, Sept. 29 

S Raphael the Archangel, 
Oct. 24 
[ St. George, M. April 23, 
. \ or St. Maurice, M. 

(. Sept 22 
. St Adrian, M. March 4 
. St. Thomas, Ap. Dec 21 
. St Ursula, V.M. Oct 21 
r St Edmund, K.M.KOT. 
. i 20, or St Sebastian, 

1 M. Jan. 20 
. St Constantius', Empcnr 
. St Philip, Ap. May 1 
St Dorothy, V. M. Feb. « 
St Coamaa and St Da- 
mian, M. Sept, 27 
St Ambrose, Bp. Dec 7 
St Magnus, M. Aug. 19 
St Waltheof 
St Fabian', P. P. M. &c 



M 



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58 CATALOGUE OP THE EMBLEMS OP SAINTS. 

Boat or Shi*. . . Held iu the hand St Judo, Ap.»,Oet 2* 

•Boilino Caul- j pemlle Ssin , mlrtyred , herdn St Afra, V.M. < e. Aug. S 

Book A Female with ■ Book, teaching » Child . St Anne", July 16 

[ King, holding the Gospel of St John f St Edward, K. Confea- 

B°°* i in ihe hand I sot, Jan. S 

Books Bishop, holding three St Hilary, Bp, Jan. 13 

Books Burning before a Saint, who holds a sword St Dorainiek, C. Aug. ♦ 

•Book & Crosier. The former in right hand, the latter in left St Bridget", V. C. Feb. 1 

m . .... . „. . . 'St Cosmaa and St Da- 

Bottle Two figures holding a bottle and shears . | m j an i H g ept jj 

_ . . „ __ rSt Erasmus, Bp. M. 

Dowels Wound round a windlass or a staff .... I j un£ 2 r 

Bow and Arrow . Held by a Man, aiming at a naked Virgin St Christina, V. July 24 

kdnu.lkl.WAtali {"l.53 "'* lta 

. . »■ v v 1 j n 1 fSt Gertrude, V.. and 

Bread A loaf ro the hand of > Female [ Abbess, March 17 k 

Breast Tom by pincers, or Breasts in a dish ... St Agatha, V, M. Feb. 5 

Bull or Bulls. . Dragging a Saint over a stony place ... St Satuminus, Ma; 2 

Candle In the hand St Genevieve, V. Jan. 8 

n.BTwun f With a lion near him, or the feet of a' 



e, P. Sept 30 



, ( St Matthew, An. Sept 

Carpenters T n ih e b.nd ) 21,SUoseph,Mar.I9, 

heuARE . . . .) ^ orStJude,Ap-Oct2S 

•Caulwoh. ■•■ A Saint boiled in { ^M^o ^ ^ **" 

Chains A figure in prison, loaded with fetters . . { ^j^" "* F '" c ^ a ' 

Chains Or Mauactea in a Saint's hand St Leonard, C. Nov. 6 

Chalice At the feet St. Richard, Bp. April 3 

Chalice or Cur . With a winged Serpent issuing from it . . St John, Ap. Dec 27 
Child In the arms St Britins, Bp. Nov. I3 1 

Child I ™ * ^ T^w n ™l' " d M St Augustine, Bp. Aug. 28 

I spoon in the hand, before a Bishop 1 

Children Three in a tub before a Bishop St Nicholas, Bp. Dec. 6 

{St Boniface, Abp. M. 
June 5, St Maccabea, 
M. Aug.l.&a&c. 

Comb A wool-comb in the hand St Blaise, Bp. M. Feb. 3 

Confessional . . A Bishop seated in St Gothard, Bp. May * 

Cross With single tranaverae bar A Primate or Metropolitan 

Cross With triple bars ' .... A Pope 

c — «•* { A J9£,S£S£ 

Cross Inverted, a Saint thus crucified St Peter, Ap. Jam 29 

Cross Saltier X> * Saint leaning on St Andrew, Ap. Nov. 30 

Cross Saltier in background St. Beoignus, D. June S 

Cross Like iTisdi spear or double cross J . St Philip, Ap. May 1 



mGertrade.V. Nov.lS. 



He uid Si. Mutlbrw m ■oraelimei rnpzv- 


s Huj Bifehaps u 














SomitUMi on tUt B00I11.11! Ltuwordj" Radii 


' Bimaoa and the B. 



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CATALOGUE OP THE EMBLEMS OF SAINTS. 

( SL Helena, 



.A Urge -me in the arm. { & Aug. 18 

I St. Anthony of Padua, 



C.owned F.ouEE {^^J* TT*™.°? . Witb .* V T}st Bridget, V. July 21 

Cups Two cops or goblet* SL Odilo, Abbot, Dec. St 

Dea» Rained to life St Marcialis, Bp. July 2 

•Devil Beating a Sunt with a club { fc s^££" kWy11 

•*«" S.Onta.tormentedby i^TS™,^"' 

Dob or Hind . . . Crouching near an Abbot SL Giles, A. Sept. 1 

Dog Setting a globe on fin St Dominic*"', C. Aug. 4 

{Seated neat a Saint, with a loaf in hii 1 
mouth, a plague-spot on the Saint's VSL Roche, C. Aug. 16 
thigh ) 

Dove Lighting on (he head St Eunuchua *, e. July IS 

Dote Bringing a letter St Oswald, K. Aug. S" 

Doves In a basket, and otafTiu the hand St Joachim, April 1G 

Dbaqoh Under the feet of an armed figure . ... St. George, M. April 23 

n „ /Under the feat, and spear with a cross I ( SL Margaret, V.M.July 
U " 400M I at the top in the hand f \ 20 

EaoL« Standing by the aide | S '" D ^J E ™ , K d[l,tl '' 

BzPoarromiDM . . Of Blessed Sacrament in the hand . . . . St Clare, V. August 12 
Espousal. .... To die Saviour {*£t$n" ****' 

Face i 0t . *• J"**"™ -pw • cloth «), Veronica, Sept S 

f kerchief, usually called the Vernitlt J ' r 

FaLnaTOOL .... A mitred Figure kneeling at a St Ambrose', lip. Dec 7 

T '~A«iston h " } At ' *"■**• feet SL Henrv VL ' K - 

Fawk or Doe. . . Before a Female, who holds a cross .... St Withburgs, V. C. 

Female With a Devil taxing her hand St Theodora, C. Nov. 22 

FE N*c*E° r M *"}H«ldbyanecclesiastio St Leonard, C. Nov. 6 

Fire A Saint lighting a SL Januariua, Bp. SepLlS 

Fish Held in du hand ; sometimes two .... St Simon, A p. Oct 28 

•Ftooowo A Saint scourged to death with rod. . . . j S \^ e T hcodo re , < &c?° n ' 

*— { H ;r o a,"' y . ^^/^StVeren^Aug.30 

Flower In one band, and Sword in the other ... St Dorothy, V. M. Feb. 6 

Flowees Sprouting from the neck, head in hand . St Flora, V. M. June 13 

Fkuit An animal eating at the feet of a Saint . SL Maiigen, circa Sept 6 

F»ll..'.B., .,hhu ChJJT "" 1 ~' AP ' 

OnULinicu I f UJita Ik. ndtali.8 Hgm rf «,) ,_. fc p arUrf , 

• See Books, mpra. aniarallr a 17011101 of Pope Gregory (he Qreal. 

' The Slew! Virgin and nunj 9ain<i thni. ' See CuLica, mpra. 

■ A ZtoMwhu-purinE In the see of ■ Agar, with * See Baa-Hivs, enavw. 

■ triple crown ia a coeeBuen BTmbal of a Pop*. — ' See lit Bear, riprti- 
Th* Don bnatning kilo the ear o( a Pope in 



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CATALOGUE OF THE EMBLEMS OF SAINTS. 



Carrying (be infant Saviour < 
shoulder, across a river ; he 
on i rude staff, which off 
represented as hunting inlo 1 
Hermit usually in the distanc 



St. Christopher, M. July 25 



I SL Denys, J 

. 1 9, StWL 

( Nov. 3 



Goat Satan appearing in the form of { ^jS^*' H<T ' 

Gridiron, or),,,., ,, (SL Lawrence, D. M. 

IbonBsd . .J Held by a Deacon | Aug. 10 

Crowd J E wSJ'1 1 £b* WWT . r . tre "! ,re } SL Gunteri ""«.K.Ap.27 

HaIrt Han . . . Wearing a crown, before a double crosa . Si. Onofrius, June 1 1 

Halbert In liia hand, sabre by his aide St Theodore, M. No*. P 

Hammer & Anvil. Id one hand, iword in the other SL Adrian, M. March 4 

Hauheh and) . .. . , (St Kloy, (Eligiua) B. 

Okm .T./^'''^* ) De*.. 

Hand Cut off SL Cyriacns, M. Aug. 8 

CStCecilia,V.M. Not .22, 

Harp Figure playing on the < St.Dunstac.Abp.May 

t IS, or King David 
Hatchet, Hal "i 

BERT, or Bat- I In the hand SL Matthias, Ap." Feb- 2+ 

TLE-AlB . . .} 

Head Carried in the bands 

Head Carried in a dish or charger S~L John Baptist, Aug. 29 

Head Of King Oswald in his hand SLCuthbert,Bp.March20 

Head Of Goliath in the hand St. David the Psalmist 

Heart In the hand, or sometimes in the air . . . SLAugustinet.Bp.Aug.28 

Hermit Kneeling with beads in hand SL Fiacre, C. Aug. 30 

Hiu A Saint preaching on a St David, Abp. March 1 

Hind i w ° unded "»* an arrow reating her 1 Sl gl , a s , 

( feet in the lap of an Abbot J * r 

HORN! { G1 ofth i J'la , w*' f T' ,taff '" nd ^'"'JstMoscSepL* 

Horsebac. . . . ) ABi ^°P mount f' raillin E hi ' Bro " e 'isLDonatua,Bp.SepL6 
I against a monster \ ™* r r 

Horseback .... Several mounted figures, one crowned . . St. Maurice, M. Sept 22 

Hoar A Bishop delivering it into a man's hand St Lupus, Bp. July 29 

Idol Falling from its pedestal St Philip", Ap. May 1 

Infants Murdered by Soldiers Holy Innocents, Dec. 28 

**»» i 0ne or two ' n n " hand, the one fre- { s , Drf „ »„ t„„„ «>o 

KBr t quenlly of gold, the other of .ilver J SL Peter, Ap. June 2B 

{SL Caspar, St Melcbior, 
and Sl Balthazar, 
K. K. Jan. 
TT...„ (A Dove over his head, and the Arms') * T ■ v i .. t 

K, *° \ of France \ SL Loul8> K Ao * 2S 

Kinq'b-head . . . Guarded by a wolf St Edmund, K.M. Nov. 20 

Knight Armed on horseback, Dragon at hia feet . St George 1 , M. April 23 

i» nj™ Mdtog » { *■£££""• Ap - 

»•— { E £3,, =7. .". . * ?~" }o 

Lakh At her feet St Agnes, V. M. Jan. 28 

■ Hut othan are so represent**. • Tha aanu !■ introduced in the Flight lots 



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CATALOGUE OF THE EMBLEMS OF SAINTS. 

Lamb At the feet, and e cross in hit hind . . . 

(Sl Gudula,V. M. J aa . 
Lahtekn ..... In hand J 8, or St. Hugh, Bn. 

(. April 1 

Leprous Spot* on the body St. Angradesma 

L.lt In an Angel's hand { SL M G 1 S ths A "« d '' 



gelisf, 



Liliks In & pot near the B. Virgin ■ . . 

Lion Lying near ■ Saint 

Lion See Cardinal 

*— «*-*■« «•■—»• j •^Rsasaffl 

Io.,„dRo...r.I lU ,.W {"AbM'^"™""' 

Nails Inn boy's head and in his hand St. William* M. Mir. 21 

o« .p*..™,^^ jvsjS?* 1 * -* 

Oil Distilling from the hand SL Walburga, V. Ms; I 

Oman Figure playing on the St Cecilia, V.M.'Not. 22 

o. t^,_u. {«■£%■ >""«■»* 

Pastoral Staff . Fixed into a rock or tomb St. Wulitan, Bp. Ian. 1ft 

„ I SaintctadinsUvine,withhat,bourdon,\ J St. James the Great, An. 

**"»■*•* ( ttanT, and escallop .hell /J July 25 

Pope On horseback, blessing the people . . . . SL Leo, P. P. April II 

(Sl Msternua, SL Ru- 
PuLPIT Saint preaching from a < pert, SL Peter, St. 

( Panl.SJc 

Race Sajnt upon the rack SL Vincent, M. Jan. 22 

Raven Bringing food to two Honnita SL Paul Jl. Jan. 10 or 1* 

fin the hands, the former bestowed on >„ ■,.__, r - , 
Btxa ft SceptRR. | SL John J;., disguised M a pilgrim J K " Ed * ,Td ' C - **"• * 

River Saint thrown into a river or a pit SL Vitalii, April 28 

Rock Saint embracing a rock SL Rosalia, V. SepL 4 

Rom A bundle of, in the hand St Faith, V. M. OcL 6 

Saracen Under the feet SL Pancras, April 3 

Saw A long saw in hand SL Simon, Ap.' OcL 28 

Scales HeldbyanAngelinarmonr.weighingsouli SL Michael*, Sept 2» 

Scoubqk Held in a Prelate's hand SL AmbroM, Abp. Dec 1 

•Scull At feet, or in hand { ^s^^J^^f* 

ScrTHB In the hand SL Welstan, Bp. 

_ . , I The Seven Sleepers, 

Seven Pkhhonh , praying, or asleep in a cavern J Ju j ^7 

J St Crispin and St Cris- 
Shoem AEEES . . . Two at work ^ pinian, M. M. OoL 20 

A saint worshipping before it, with') 
beads in his bind, and a dog at his ^StWendelin.circaSeptSO 



I feet ) 

' Bee Harp, tupra, 

Swhil sl s tabla. ' A Sen II -M eomn»n to all Hannld. Tim 






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62 CATALOGUE OF THE EMBLEMS OP SAINTS. 

Sr ade In left hand, open book in right St. Fiacres, C. Aug. SO 

„,,. _ ... , (StlLonginus, Soldier, 

Sfeab Held by a Soldier In imour ■ . . j M M ^ ch , 6 

Stao With a cross between the home { ^Eu^^m^"?^ 

g Tlla Crouching at a Prelate'* feet St Aidan, Bp. Aug. 31 

■«« { p '^s^.f! rf :°.*:* ,e !""T d l s, - L »™ i -' i "- t 

Stones In the skirt or lap of a Prelite'i chasuble' Si. Alphage, Abp. Ap. 19 

Stone Id Mi band, or stones in his lip St. Stephen, D.M. Dec. 28 

f The Utter descending from the former, ) o, a-..-.. r„ i»„ i • 
Sun and Biu . . ( ^ , aleepmB £„, {St Sew-tns, Bp. May IS 

Sword In hand St Paul, Ap." June 2S 

Swots In band, on some Norfolk screens .... St Matthias, Ap. Feb. 24 



Swoua Tbrongh his body as lie standi at the Altar St Quiriacus, July 22 

Table Ministering to Saint* at a table St PetroniHa, May 31 

Thorks Bishop dragged oves St Mark, E. April 25 

Tooth in Pihceu. And Palm-branch 11 in the band St Apollonia,V.M.Fab.S 

Tower In the hand St Barbara, V. M. Dec 4 

!,„ | B1 aT»he i i B °™ ** ""^ "' * *'"**' } 3t Etheldred »* ,une M 

T ?h°mmgk ra [ ln " B '« h °P'« h" 10 St P»«ic«. M"* I7 

Tub Some liquid poared from, held over 1 ... St Alexius, July 17 

Viboib i Som " im " ™7t' ,™ ndod by 1 St Ursula, V. M. Oct 21 

I many others of smaller size . , , . I 
Virgin and Child Appearing from Heaven to a Saint .... St Bernard, A. Aug. 20 
w » m ■ .• . (StLoui»,K.orStEdith, 

Washing Poor Men a feet J y ^ u( , 25 

w ^ , t , 1 u_u J St Catharine, V. M. 

Wheel 8r bwoed Or sererel wheels, commonly broken , . . < jjor. 25 



. .—-.-e bearing the firewounda of Our"! 
Wounds I Lord, commonly radiating from a }St Francis, C. Oct 4. 



WOMAK Covered with her flowing bail J April's 

( Figure bearing the five wounds of Our 1 
. < Lord, commonly radiating from aVStF 
t crucified Seraph in the air J 

EMBLEMS OF FESTIVALS. 
Dedication of a Church . . Altar, with three men before it 

Founder ob Benefactor . . Church in miniature, bold in the hand 
Invention of the Crqbi . . Crete lifted out of a tomb among spectators, May 3 
Assumption or the Vikoin . Virgin carried to Heaven by Angela, August 15 
Exaltation of the Cboss . King kneeling before a cross in the air, September 14 
P„.™ r ■„„„,., f Shrill supported by two Men, or an Expository with 

Coefus Cubism | ft( Eucharist carried in procession, May 31 

/ Three Men in purple, exactly alike— alao, the Father aa 
Tbikitt \ ao old Man with triple crown, the Son aa a young 

t. one, and the Holy Spirit as a dove. 
,. B „ rA Pope seated, a lumbal inrrounding his head; 

Cathedea S. Petbi { CaSiuals around him, February 22 



' A. Palm-branch, as tho inml erablna of 
ariitdom, ia oflnu found with other Saints. 



' Dirt/ water thrown dim hi™ by hw fatherV 
with a Monk itand- 



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CATALOGUE OF THE EMBLEMS OF SAINTS. 63 

OF THE APOSTLES' MOST USUAL EMBLEMS. 
SI. Peter, a key, or two keys, gold and silver, representing the keys of heaven and hell — 
St, Paul, > sword — .Si. Andrew, a cross saltier I— St. John, • chalice" and serpen t~ 
SI. Philip, a taii-cross, or a double cross, or spear" — Si. Bartholomew, a„ butcher' a 
knife — St. Thoxia; an arrow or spear — St. Mattkea, a club, a carpenter 1 * equate, or 
a money-box, to receive custom or tribule — St. Jamti tht Great,' m e. pilgrim'* staff, 
wallet, ttc—SL Jama the Leu, a fuller's bat and tn- St. Judt, a boat in hi* hand, 
or a club — St. S'rmon,\ Gib or fishes in his hand, and sometimes a saw — St. MalOuat, 
a hatchet, battle-axe, or sword. 

EVANGELISTS' EMBLEMS. 
It. Uke, u 
y period these emblems wer 

FOUR DOCTORS OF THE CHURCH. 
St. Jerome, a lion — St. AuguMtine, a heart — St. Amtron, a bee-hive or a mar ge — 
St. Gregory, at Mass, Christ appearing to him over the chalice. 

SUBJECTS REPRESENTED COMMONLY IN CHURCHES. 
Seven Ca.oinalV.btde. . |F^Ho^.J^arity, Joeric^ Pnuler^, Tenq^mn^, 
Seven Moetal Sim .... j **%£&?• LnWry ' E " ,y ' Glutton * An « er - " ,d 

Alleqosies Sundbt (Angela and Archangel*, PrincipaKtiea end Powers, 

ALLEOOBIEI, SUNDET. ■ ■ ■ [ VirtucsUnd ExceUeucUa, Glories and Dominions. 

Seven Works or Mercy . . Feeding the hungry, Clothing the naked, 4c. 

p . J Crown of thorns, naila, hammer, sponge, spear, dice, 

A genealogical tree proceeding from the root of Jesse 
' a old Man), our Lord 1 ! anceaton being represented 

the branches. 

o....^.,..,, {•t&sssSiSsr Eu "^ "^ 

Hell A many-headed monster, vomiting fire. 

•«• In an enaning Number it is intended to give the converse of the foregoing Catslogne, 
the name* of Saints being arranged alphabetically, with a mora detailed account or tlx 
Symbols, and references to existing representations, especially in our own country. 



(. in 



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©rfgfnal So en aunts, 

ILLUSTRATING THE ARTS &C. OF THE MIDDLE AOES. 



EARLY ENGLISH RECEIPTS FOR PAINTING, GILDING, &c. 

The old monastic artists frequently inserted in the margins 
or blank pages of a manuscript, receipts and directions for the 
different materials and processes connected with their work. 
These receipts deserve being collected : they are curious illus- 
trations of the progress of art, and they may even afford 
valuable hints for modern times. The colours used in the 
Middle Ages were often more brilliant and durable than 
any we have at present. The following examples of these 
receipts are furnished by a manuscript in the British Museum, 
(MS. Harl. No. 2253. fol. 52. v°.,) written at the beginning 
of the reign of Edward II., and therefore in, or soon after, 
1307. 

Vorte make cvnople 1 . Tac brasyl and seoth in dichwatm b to the 

halfendel other to the thridde partie, ant eeththe tac a aton, of chalk, ant 
mak an hole ithe chalk, as deop ant as muche as thu wenest that thi watur 
wol gon in, ant heldit therin, ant eeththe anon riht quicliche tak a bord 
other a ston ant keot er hit that noc eyr ne passe out, ant let hit etonde 
vorte bit beo colt. 

Yorte temprene aeure. jef thin aeure is fin, tak gumme arabnk i-noh, 
ant cast into a etandya* with cler watnr vorte bit beo i molten, ant sethtbe 
east thereof into thin aenire, ant stare ham togedere, ant jef tber beth bobeles 
tberon, tac a lutel erc-wai ant pule therin, ant thenne writ. Et* ne grynt 



* A bright colour, apparently red, in regionis Pontics in urbe eorum qusm solent 
Medieval Latin called linepit, which Du- ipsi Sinopem vocitare."] 



a pretends was greeu. The lexico- b Room for three 01 four words is here 

grapher quotes the following passage from left blink in the MS. This is the earliest 
a life of St. Willelm, in the Acta Sancto- instance I Lave yet met with in English 



_" Qui enim solebat paulo ante in of the word bratil, which signified a kind 

puaciis degere, aura radiantibuaac dtpictu of wood, from which perhaps the name 

nnujiide." [Since tbil was in type, I have was afterwards given to the country. See 

met with the following more definite ac- Mr. Way'a note on this word in the Promp- 

eount of thil colour (wliich appears to hare torium. In Latin documents written on 

been Used very extensively) in Whetham- the Continent the word isfound as early as 

atede'i Granarium, MS. Cotton, Nero c. vi. the twelfth century, 

folio. 156, i". " Sinopim, colorem videlicet ' A wine- vessel. 

ilium cujus ires sunt species, videlicet * This word et occurs frequently at the 

rube*, subrubea, et inter has media, invene- commencement of a phrase, apparently 

runt primitus, ut scribit Ysidorua, viri written for and. 



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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. 65 

lLu nout thin aeure nevermore. Et jef hit nis noht fin, tac i-tempret gleyr, 
ant cast therto, ant let hit stonden ant resten vorte al the asure beo i-v alien 
adoun to grounde. Et bote thu aeo hit fin, cast out the gleyr softeleche, 
ant cast therto more gleyr, ant wash hit eft sonus ithe selve maner. Et 
whan bit is wel i-puret ant the gleyr i-hald out clene, thenne cast therto 
thi gum met- water, ant writ, aa ic seyde ei. 

Vorte make grasgrene. Tac verdigres ant grynt hit, ant cast hit into 
thin etaundys, ant caat therto the fineste wort that thu myht i find en, ant 
ature togedere ant writ. 

Vorte maken another maner grene. Tac jus of a rotet appel, ant tempre 
thi verdigris mid, ant wryt. 

jet for gaudegrene". Tac peniwort other gladene, whether thu wolte of 
the two erbes, ant tempre thi verdigres, ant writ. 

Vorte couche' eelverfoyle. Tac gumme arabuk, ant caat it into tempre t 
gleyr vorte bit beo i molten, ant Beththe tac chalk ant grynt bit as emal 
as thu myht, ant tempre hit with thilke water that is i-cleopet gleyr as 
thikke aa thu wolt leggen hit with a pinsel, other with what thu wolt. Et 
ther as hit is i-leyd let hit resten that hit beo druye, ant thenne tac thi 
selverfoyl ant ley theron, ant jef hit is i-druyet to druye ethe theruppon 
with thi bretb, ant hit wol tnoysten ajeyn, ant thenne hit wol cachen the 
foyl fast and alike wel the bet ere, ant wit an hare tayl thac* hit to, ant 
Beththe tac an houndus tooh h ant vasne in a stikkes ende, ant robbe uppon 
thi lettre, other uppon whet other thing hit beo, ant that that hath the sise 
Bchal stunte atylle, ant that that nat nout the sise wol awey. 

Ithe selve maner mac the sise to goldfoyl, save tac a lutel radel ant grynt 
to thin asiee, vorte loosen is colour, bi resun of the goldfoyl, ant bo vorth 
as I seyde er. 

Vorte maken iren as hart as stel. Tac axgul 1 , a thing that deyares deyet 
with, ant giint hit smal, and seththe tac a wollene clout, ant couche thi 
poudre theron as brod as hit wol. Gluppe the egge of thi lome*, other of 
whet thu wolt, and seththe ley the egge ithe middel of the poudre, ant 
seththe wint thi clout faste abouten thi lome, ant pute hit into the fure that 
hit beo gled 1 red, ant thenne anon cast hit into water. 

Vorte maken blankplum m . Tac a vessel of eorthe, other of treo, of a 
galun, other more other lasse, cheoe thu. Et seththe bore holes acros ithe 
.iiij. sides, that is to siggen, the verste .iiij. holes an .v. uncbun, other 

* The Promptorium explains " Gawdy 

1 To couche, ia to lag down, here used dungs, — 

technically for to lay or fasten the silver- _ .... 

foil or goldfoil on the vellum. vV£?. S* T "S "™>." d £ 

• To thac, is to pat U. °' Ur '™' " l ™ ,^ «•"■ b " at ' ™*> " a " lmi, ■ 
k I believe the dog's tooth is still used I doubt if Tyrwhitt has rightly interpreted 

among book-binders to bumiih gold on il poller' i clay . 

-n .... " 

jives, that this was a word of only 
very restricted use— "a thing that dyers 
voi„ I. 



1 Lome, an intlrumenl, egge (if tlii Ionic, 



appears, by the explanation the edge of thy it 

rives, that this was a word of only ' Gled. a i,_.. _, ,..., „._..__, .. 

mi. 

Google 



66 ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. 

more other lasse, from the grount to the meeure of thi vessel tint in. Et 
seththe an .iij. unchun other more herre other .iiij. holes acroa, and so 
herre an t herre vorte thu come to the ovemoste ende, whether the vessel beo 
more other lasse. Et seththe tac led ant melt hit. Et jef tut nie nout fin 
nnt clene i-noh, cast hit into dene water, ant bote hit beo Em ant dene 
thenne, eft sone meltit ant cast hit into watnr. Et bo pure hit vorte nit 
beo fin ant clene i-noh. Et seththe meltit ajej-n, ant cast hit into an empti 
bacvn, other into whet vessel thu wolt of bras, that hit vieote" abrod vorte 
beo thunne. Et jef hit nis nout thunne i-noh, tac an homur ant bet hit as 
thunne as thu myht. Et seththen tac stikken ant ptrte acroa fthe .iiij. 
holes, in everuch degre herre ant herre. Et uppon everw ch stikke honge 
of that thunne led, as thicke as thu miht, from gre to gre", so that no degre" 
touche other. Et seththe tac vinegre ant held into the vessel i-noh, so 
that the nethemoste led ne touche nout the vinegre. Et seththe tac a ston, 
other a bord, that wol kerere the vessel, ant doe hit above wel ant faste. 
Et seththe tac fin cley ant good, ant dute al the vessel that non ejr ne go 
out, bothen the holes ant eken above rvht wel. Et thenne tac thi vessel 
ant sete hit into home dunge depe, bi the space of .ix. niht, other more, 
ant thenne tac up thi vessel, ant unclosit above, ant jef thu findest eni led 
uppon the stikkes undefijet , hit is in deflate of to lutel vinegre ; ant jef 
thi led is defljet al ant findest vinegre ithe grounde, thenne hit is wel, 
thenne held out softeliche that vinegre, ant tac up thi biankplum, ant do 
therwith whet thu wolt. Ant (hah thu finde eni led, as ic sayde er, undc- 
ii jet, kep hit that another time, that thu wolle make more. 

T. WEIGHT. 

■ Flow. 

• Deficit, to dilutive ; defifct, iitiolvtd ; vin define!, unditiolaei. 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE 



Vtttifft ftttjutologtcsl association. 



The earlier meetings »f the Committee basing been chiefly occupied with the forma- 
tion and ettabliahmaat of the Association, it hu not been thought necessary at present to 
give a regular report of each meeting. The following ace the principal matters of Anti- 
quarian interest, which hare hitherto been laid before it 

A letter from the Rev. W. L. Girardot, curate of Godshill, in the Isle of 
Wight, respecting some paintings recently found on the walls of tin church of 
Godshill. 

The subject is that of the Saviour on the cross, which Mr. Girardot imagines, is 
placed against a shrub or tree, as bright green colours surround it ; the lower 
parts being entirely defaced, the stem cannot be traced out. The crown of thorns, 
and the bloody arms extended, are tolerably clear, as well as some scrolls painted 
in red colour, one of which is legible, ©h pro nobis Bom. 

Mr. Girardot questions the possibility of restoring the paintings, which hare been 
covered with many coatings of whitewash, in attempting hi remove which the 
colours came off with it ; any hints are desired as to die best mode of cleansing 
such paintings from the whitewash. 

A letter from the Rev. W. Dyke, curate of Cradley, Herefordshire, concerning 
the site of St. Michael's chapel, Great Malvern, which appears marked in the map 
given by Dr. Thomas in his account of that priory published in 1725, and of 
which all memory had been lost Some small remains of this chapel, which was 
probably the oratory of St Werstan, who first made the settlement on the Malvern 
hills, adjoining the position subsequently occupied by the priory, were reported 
■till to exist within a walled garden in the upper part of the village. 

A letter from the Rev. John L Petit, on some peculiarities of Church Archi- 
tecture in Wiltshire and Gloucestershire. 

Mr. W. II. Rolfe, of Sandwich, forwarded for inspection some minute pieces of 
worked gold, found on the sea shore, under the cliff opposite the Infirmary, at 
Margate. 

The fragments exhibited appear to be portions of coins and ornaments. One is 
evidently part of a half-noble of one of the Edwards or Henrys, another resembles 
the loops attached to Roman and early French gold coins for the purpose of wear- 
ing thein as decorations of the person. 

Mr. C. Roach Smith informed the Committee that Mr. Joseph Clarke, of Saffron 
Walden, had recently visited Woo t ton in Northamptonshire, for the purpose of 
obtaining authentic information respecting a discovery of coins, reported to have 
been made at that village about a year since. 

Mr. Clarke's visit proved successful, and although many of the coins had been 
dispersed since the discovery took place, he succeeded in obtaining the remainder, 
(615) for examination. They were deposited in an urn; the mouth protruded 



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68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

from the side of a bank in which it had been buried, and had been noticed for 
years by labourers in going to and from their work. 
The coins, all of small brass, are as follows: 

Reverses. Total. 

GaltieDua 29 66 

Saloowa 8 16 

Pott um us 16 35 

Victorious 12 212 

Marius 2 3 

Tetricos Pater 9 117 

Ttrtricus Filius 6 46 

Claudius II 24 63 

QuintiUus 4 6 

Aurelianoa 10 15 

Tacitus 9 18 

Probus 16 28 

NumeriaDus 1 1 

615 
Among these coins not a single new variety occurs, and but very few rare reverses. 
They afford, however, another example to those noted in many similar discoveries, 
of the usual occurrence of this and other series of coins in conformity with their 
accepted degrees of rarity. 

A note from the Ven. Archdeacon Hill, giving an account of the discovery at 
Bonchurch, Isle of Wight, of some urns containing burnt bones and ashes. These 
remains were found by the Rev. James White, during excavations for building a 
cottage, at a distance of about 600 yards from the sea. 

Mr. Thomas Charles, of Maidstone, communicated a notice of researches now 
under prosecution by himself and Mr. C. T. Smjthe, which he hopes will be of 
interest to the antiquary, as they may furnish particulars respecting the discovery 
of a Roman building on the banks of the Med way, close to Maidstone. The ex- 
cavations, as far as they have yet proceeded, have disclosed walls, pavements of a 
coarse kind, fresco paintings, &c. 

Mr. Fitch, of Ipswich, forwarded for exhibition an aureus of Vespasian, found 
at Helmingham, county of Suffolk. The reverse exhibits the Emperor, crowned 
by Victory ; in the exergue, COS* VIII. 

Mr. C. B. Smith exhibited drawings, executed by Mr. Rennet Martin, of 
Ramsgate, shewing the positions of two human skeletons, and also of some urns, 
which, a few years since, were discovered during excavations for the foundations 
of a house on the Western Cliff, near Ramsgate. 

The skeletons were deposited in a horizontal position, at a considerable distance 
from each other, in a basin-shaped grave, dug out of the solid chalk, and filled in 
with chalk rubble. This grave appears to have been of more extensive dimensions 
than would have been absolutely necessary for two corpses. In a recent discovery 
of skeletons at Stow Ling, in the same county, it was noticed that in a grave scooped 
out of the chalk soil, which was capacious enough for seven or eight bodies, only 
one skeleton was discovered. 

The urns were found arranged in groups on either side of, and a few feet from, 
the grave. Some of them contained burnt bones, and with them was found a 



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PROCEEDINGS OE THE COMMITTEE. ™ 

bronze fibula and a patera of the well-known red Roman pottery, with the ivy-leaf 
pattern on the rim. 

These sepulchral interments, although so contiguous to etch Other, would ap* 
pear to belong to different times. The ums are unquestionably Soman, and their 
contents warrant their being referred to the Romano-British epoch, but the ske- 
letons would appear to indicate a burial of a later period. 

Mr. Martin also contributed a sketch of the excavations which uncovered part 
of the remains of the ancient pier of Ramigate, with the depth in feet, the nature 
of the soil, the specimens of coins, and other objects found. 

At the depth of from seven to eight feet, coins of the Henrys and Edwards were 
met with ; three or four feet lower, large flints and bricks (presumed to be Roman) ; 
at the depth of from sixteen to twenty feet, piles of wood snnk in the solid chalk 
were discovered, and among them Roman coins, in small brass, of the Constantino 
family. 

Mr. C. R. Smith informed the Committee that in consequence of a communi- 
cation from Mr. W. Bland, of Hartlip, in Kent, he (Mr. a) had visited the village 
of Stowting, in the same county, and inspected some ancient remains recently dis- 
covered in cutting a new road up the hill leading towards the common. 

They consist of long swords, spears, and javelin -heads, knives, and bosses of 
shields, of iron ; circular gilt brooches, set with coloured glass and vitrified pastes ; 
buckles of bronze, silvered ; beads of glass, amber, and coloured clay i a thin cop- 
per basin, and three coins, of Pius, Plautilla, and Valens. These objcctB were 
found deposited by the sides of about thirty skeletons, at from two to four feet deep, 
in the chalk of which the hill is composed. The graves in which the skeletons 
were found were filled in with mould. One of the bosses, like a specimen noticed 
in Douglas's Nenia Britarmica, is ornamented on the top with a thin plate of sil- 
ver, and the tops of the nails or rivets, which fastened the boss to the shield, are 
also silvered. 

Since Mr. Smith's visit, an urn has been found and some other objects, of the 
whole of which careful drawings will be made by the Rev. Frederick Wrench, who 
has promised to forward them, as soon as the excavations are completed, for the 
Inspection of the Committee. 

The village of Stowting is situated in a secluded nook in the chalk hills called 
the Back-Bone of Kent, about two miles from Lyminge, and seven from Folkstone, 
In a field below the hill where the antiquities before mentioned were discovered, 
two skeletons were dug up, many years since, together with iron weapons ; and in 
a field called Ten-acre Field, some hundreds of large brass Roman coins were 
ploughed up. Five of these, now in the possession of Mr. Andrews, the proprietor 
of the field, are of Hadrianus, Aurelius, Faustina Junior, Commodus, and Severus. 
Coins are often found in the adjacent fields, and in the village. Two small brass 
coins of Carausius and Licinius, picked up in a locality termed the Market-place, 
are in the possession of the Rev. F. Wrench. On the hills are barrows, some of 
which seem to have been partially excavated. 

Mr. John G. Waller made three communications. The first related to the 
state of the monument of Brian Rocliff, in Cowthorpe church, twelve miles distant 
from York. Mr. Waller observes, "The monument to which I allude is one of 
peculiar interest It records the founder and builder of the church, as the inscrip- 
tion states, fundator el constructor Aujus Kcletice tortus opens usque ad consumma^ 
cionem. It is fortunate that this curious portion of the legend yet remains, or did at 
the time I visited the church, nearly four years since. The founder is represented 



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70 PROCEEDINGS OP THB CCUUUTTBB. 

with his lady holding a model of the chinch between them ; ewer their heads era 
canopies and heraldic decorations. I found this interesting memorial in a moat 
disgraceful Mate of neglect; the canopies much mutilated, many fragments with 
eseocheona of arms, and the whale of the inscription, in the pariah chest, liable to 
constant spoliation : added to this, a large stone was pawed upon the figures. 
Surely a monument like this, a record of a benefaction and an event (for so we 
may call the erection of the church), deserves to be rescued from a lot but too 
common to such remains. The history of Brian Bod iff is found in the very in- 
teresting volume published by the Camden Society, Tit Wanspsss , C»rrt tp e n i 

The second c oinniuui cation of Mr. Waller was a notice respecting some effigies 
of wood, at Little Horkealey, in Essex, which when Mr. Waller visited the church 
about six yean ago were placed near the porch. They represent two knights and 
a lady, apparently of the early part of the fourteenth century. Mr. Waller states 
that he was informed they had been recently displaced from their proper position 
in the church, and were then, with unbecoming neglect, put out of sight in a cor- 
ner near the porch. 

The third communication described not the destruction of a monument only, 
but that of a cfewrcA and it* savaameatt. Mr. Waller states, " About fire years 
ago I visited the ruins of Qnarendon Chapel, in the Immediate neighbourhood of 
Aylesbury, county of Bucks: I found the walls in good condition as far as regards 
stability, and only Buffering from neglect and wanton injury. The interior pre- 
sented all the pillars and arches supporting them in good condition, save the 
injury oaused by the visitors cutting their names thereon, and everything shewing 
how little share time had had in the work of demolition. To shew that the de- 
struction is comparatively recent, even at my visit most of the oaken rafters of the 
chancel remained, and I believe within memory portions of the roof of the nave 
were In existence. In the chancel, among a heap of rubbish, lay the fragments 
of the alabaster effigies of Sir Henry Lee, of Ditchley, and his lady ; of this 
tomb fragments arc dispersed in the neighbourhood, indeed the cottages adjoining 
prove the manner of the demolition." 

Mr. Way reported that the monumental bran of Sir John Felbrigg, the founder 
of Playford church, Suffolk, had been torn up, and, at the time when he visited 
the church, not many year* since, was in the church chest. By a subsequent 
communication from Mr. D. Davy, of Ufford, it appears that this interesting me- 
morial baa been affixed to a stone in the chancel, but many portions are now de- 
fective. 

Dr. J. Jacob, of Uxbridge, announced that he proposes to publish a new series 
of the Monumental Brasses of England. 

Mr. William Sidney Gibson, of Newcastle, communicated to the Committee, 
that the corporation of that city propose to demolish an interesting example of 
ecclesiastical architecture, the ancient church of the Hospital of the Blessed Virgin, 
on the wreck of which a grammar school was founded by Queen Elisabeth. Mr. 
Gibson promises a detailed description of this curious structure, the preservation 
of which for the purposes of public worship in a populous city, where increased 
church accommodation must be highly desirable, could not tail, at a period when 
much attention has been given in Newcastle to architectural decoration, to benefit 
and gratify the public It also appears that this venerable monument interferes 
with no local convenience, and that persons who take an interest in its preserva- 
tion would gladly contribute. 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 71 

At the late meetings of the Incorporated Church Building Society, money was 
Toted towards rebuilding the church at 8a wdeswell, Norfolk, and for enlarging the 
churches of 



Paulerspury , Northamptonshire 

Berron, Somerset, 

Upton cum Cbalvey, Buekingkam- 

Emanuel church, at Bolton -le-M oors, 
Lancashire 

Moukeilrer, Somerset 

SL Mary, Harerford west, Pembroke- 

Kentiah Town church in the parish 
of St. Pancras, near London 



Westmeon, Hampshire 

Bathwell, (BulwellJ Notts 

Honley, near HuddeTsfield, Yorkshire 

Wicken, Ely, Cambridgeshire 

Fawley, Hants 

Kirkdale, Liverpool, Lancashire 

Tottington, parish of Bury, Lancashire 

Austrey, Warwickshire 

Uzmaston, Pembrokeshire 

Full Sutton, Yorkshire 



Correspondents in the vicinity of these places are therefore requested to keep 
watch upon the work, and (• fiummh information of any painting* en the walls, or 
other matters of ArchewJogical inteaest. 



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Notftes of We to ^publications. 



IcosoouAvniK Chbetiexne. Eistoibe de Diet/, pab M. Didron, se 

I.A BlBLIOTHEQUE RoYALB, SEOHETAieE DC COMITE HlSTOBIQUE TIES 

Abib et Monuments, 4to. pp. 600. Parti, imprimerie royalc, 1843. 

Fbanck owes to the enlightened administration of M. Ouizot (then 
Minister of Public Instruction) the formation in 183. of a comiti (or com- 
mission) for the publication of historical monuments, on a much more 
liberal and extensive plan than our Record Commission. Under the term 
historical monuments, not only documents of history, but monuments of art 
and literature, were included, and it was proposed to publish gradually a 
complete antiquarian surrey of France, with descriptions and delineations 
of all its monuments of antiquity. At first the whole business was trans- 
acted by one commission, but subsequently this commission was separated 
into four or fire, according to the different classes of monuments it was 
intended to publish, purely historical, philosophical, scientific, artistica!, &c. 
This new plan appears not to have worked well, and more recently the 
number of comitit has been reduced to two, that of historical documents, 
and the Comiti dee Arts et Monuments, Both these comit^s have already 
issued many valuable publications, some of which we shall have other 
occasions to notice. 

The subjects embraced by the Comiti det Arte et Monuments had hitherto 
been less systematically studied than those of the other departments of 
historical research, and the comiti found it necessary to publish short 
popular treatises on different branches of archeology in the form of in- 
structions for the use of its numerous correspondents. These instructions, 
at first brief and incomplete, have by degrees grown into learned treatises, 
such as the profound volume on Christian iconography, which has just been 
completed by M. Didron, the Secretary of the Comiti. This volume is 
itself only a portion of the subject; a second, on which M. Didron is now 
employed, will include the iconography of angels and devils ; and there will 
still remain for future labours other scriptural subjects of pictorial repre- 
sentation, with saints, martyrs, &c. 

The work now before us contains the history of the artistical representa- 
tions of the Persons and attributes of the Deity during the middle ages. It 
is only necessary to know that it appears under the name of M. Didron, to 



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DIDRON S CHRISTIAN ICONOGRAPHY. 73 

be assured that the subject is ably treated. Alter an introduction of some 
length on the object and practice of pictorial representations of religious 
history and doctrine, M. Didron enters upon his subject by treating first one 
of the most striking characteristics of divinity and sanctity, which, when it 
appears about the head is calied the nimbus, and when it encircles the whole 
body he distinguishes by the term aureole or glory. The nimou* ie used 
very extensively ; but the aureole surrounding the whole body is almost 
entirely restricted to the Divine Persons and to the Virgin, and does not dis- 
pense with the use of the other at the same lime. The following figure, 
(fig. 1,) taken from an illuminated Italian MS. of the fourteenth century, 
in the Bibliotheque Boyale at Paris, represents Christ carried up to heaven 
by angels ; the Saviour has the nimbut about His head, and an elliptical glory 
about His whole body; the angels are also nimbed, but with a nimbus of 
an inferior rank. 



By far the most general form of the nimbi* 1 is a circle, but it sometimes 
occurs under other forms, particularly in early monuments. In Italy, and 

• M. Didron'i observations on the Nim- abridged translation appeared in the Lite- 
bus were first published in an article in M. rsry Gasette. Thej have been revistd, 
Cesar Daly's Rome Generate de V Architrc- newly arranged, and much amplified, in the 
lure tt dti Traeaux public: of vhich au Iconograpliie Chrrtienne. 



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74 NOTICES OP NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

more especially in Greece, the nimbus is found in a triangular form : in 
other instances it becomes square or lozenge-shaped. The circular nimbus, 
when it belongs to the Divine Persons, is always distinguished by four rays 

at right angles to each other, one of 

which is concealed by the head. The j 1 

three Persons of the Trinity are thus 

nimbed in fig. 2, taken from a MS. of 

the thirteenth century in the Bibl. 

Royale at Paris. M. Didron proceeds to 

describe other varieties of the nimbus, 

which (as well as the aureole or glory) 

he believes to have been intended merely 

as the outline of the rays of glory sup- p 

posed to issue from the head or body of | 

the divine or sainted personage. These 

rays are sometimes found without the j 

line of circumference, and in some of the | 

figures given in the book before us, we I -j 

see how the line came to take these differ- " 

ent forms. As we have already observed, 

the nimbus of God is always (unless by a rare instance of negligence or 
ignorance in the artiBt) distinguished by two cross perpendicular bars, ar- 
ranged in the form of a Greek cross, one being partly concealed by the 
head, above which it rises vertically. 
In fig. 3, taken from a MS. of the 
thirteenth century, in the same collec- 
tion as the former, we have another re- 
presentation of the Trinity, each Person 
of which bears the cruciferous nimbus. 
M. Didrou gives reasons which appear 
satisfactory for believing that this 
form was not allusive to the cross on 
which our Saviour suffered. The nim- 
bus appears to be derived from the 
pagan symbolism of the eastern nations: 
it is not found in Christian monuments 
of the earlier ages. We have just ob- 
served that the cross of the divine nim- 
bus appears to have no connection with 
the Christian symbol of the cross : one ' 

of the cuts given by M. Didron fur- (f*. 3> tiu iitauy nimnm 

nishes a curious proof of this. In the 

more ancient monuments, where the nimbus is absent, the Person of Christ 
is frequently accompanied by, or typified by, a lamb, which lamb always has 



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DIDRON S CHRISTIAN ICONOGRAPHY. 



75 



a cross, which is often placed on the 
forehead. In fig. 4, taken from an 
Italian sculpture of the tenth cen- 
tury, we have the Iamb with the divine 
nimbus, and the figure of the cross 
in each limb of the cross of the 
nimbus. 

In its original application, the nim- 
bus appears to have been understood 
as repre se n ting po we r an d in telligen ce , 
and was given to all supernatural be- 
ings. Even in Christian monuments 
it is not uii frequently used thus : and 
we find it not only applied to saints, 
but to the various personages of the 

Old Testament, to kings and emperors after their death, and even to 
the spirit of evil, and to allegorical personages. Living persons, who 
had reached a certain point of reputation of sanctity or greatness, were re- 
presented with a nimbus, but in this case it was always iquart. "We are 
assured by Johannes Diaconus that this was the case ; and his statement 
is supported by various monuments, which appear, however, only in 
Italy. M. Didron gives a cut of a bishop, - 
from a Latin MS. of the ninth century, 
written before his death, with the square 
nimbus in the form of a roll of paper; 
another from a mosaic in the Vatican of the 
same century, representing St. Peter, with 
the plain circular nimbus, and Charlemagne 
and Pope Leo III. (who were alive at the time 
the monument was executed) both bearing 
a square nimbus ; and a third, from a mosaic 
likewise of the ninth century, in the church 
of Santa Cecilia at Rome, representing Pope 
Paschal with the square nimbus. We repro- 
duce this latter cut in our fig. 5. Various 
other examples of the square nimbus are 
cited, many of them very curious. Accord- 
ing to the doctrines of the Neoplatonists, the 
square was of less dignity than the circle, a 
notion which appears to have given rise to 
this square form of the emblem. It has been 

already observed that the nimbus is not — -— - '^^~^~ n ~~~-, 
found in the earlier Christian monuments. 
The Divine Person is there also frequently represented without a beard, 



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NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. 



which was quite contrary to the 
notions of a later period. The 
following cut (fig. 6), taken from 
a very early sarcophagus in the 
Vatican, represents God, without 
nimbus or beard, condemning 
Adam to till the earth and Eve 
to spin wool. At the period of, 
the Renaissance , and subsequent- j 
ly, the real character and distinc- 
tion of the nimbus was almost 
entirely neglected. 

From the nimbus, M. Didron 
proceeds to the aureola, or the 
nimbus of the body. " The 

aureole," he observes, "is a!_ ___ _, 

nimbus enlarged, as the nimbus («*••) o »i ™4™.i.i tin, ^ b» m nun. 
is an aureole diminished. The nimbus encircles the head ; the aureole but- 
rounds the whole body. The aureole is as it were a drapery, a mantle of 



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DIDRON 8 CHRISTIAN ICONOGRAPHY. 



77 



light which envelopes alt the body from the feel to the top of the head, 
The word aureolt is much used in Christian iconography ; but it is vague, 
and people apply it sometimes to the ornament of the head, and at others to 
that of the body. We here restrict and adopt it entirely to the great nim- 
bus, which incloses, almost always, Jesus Christ, and sometimes the Virgin. 
It is true that antiquaries call this nimbus the fish's bladder (vesica piscis) ; 
hut a dignified terminology ought to reject such an expression for its 
coarseness ; it was invented by the English antiquaries, who repeat it per- 
petually. Moreover this denomination is false, for very often the aureole 
has not the form of a bladder, as we shall see. It has also been called the 
divine oval, and the mystic almond; the word mystic prejudges, before any 
examination, a symbolical intention, which we have very good reasons for 
doubting. Moreover, it is frequently neither an oval nor an almond ; it is 
simply wbat the nimbus is to the head. The head being round, the nimbus 
is round ; the body when upright forms a lengthened oval, and the aureole 
also lengthens itself generally into a form nearly oval. But when the body 
is seated, the oval contracts itself into a circle, sometimes into a quatrefoil ; 
because tben the four protruding parts of the body, the head, legs, and two 
arms, have each their particular lobe, their section of the nimbus, and the 
torso is collected into the centre of the four leaves." M. Didron gives 
many examples of the aureole in its different forms. The most com- 
mon is that represented in our fig. 1, where Christ is seated on a 
section of a rainbow : this figure is the vesica piscis of the English 
antiquaries. In the preceding figure (fig. 7), taken from a MS. of the 
tenth century in ther 
Royal Library at Pa- 
ris, Christ appears ir 
an aureole formed of 
clouds, which mould 
themselves to the 
shape of the body. 

In Italy especially, 
and indeed most gene- 
rally in other coun- 
tries, the outline of the 
aureole is more regu- 
lar and geometrical. 
It is in some instances 
a perfect circle- The 
accompanying cut 
(fig. 8) is taken from 
a fresco in the great 
church of the con- 
vent of Salamiua ir 



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78 



NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. 



Greece, executed in the eighteenth century; but, as M. Didron ob- 
serves, Christian Greece of our times is a country of the middle ages, 
and a monument of art there executed in the eighteenth century answers 
to one of the thirteenth century in western Europe. Here the aureole 
is circular, and supported at the four cardinal points by four cherubim. 
The field of this aureole is divided by symbolical squares, with concave 
sides, which intersect. 

The Divinity has here His feet on one rainbow while He is seated on 
another. In fig. 9. we have the Virgin, with a plain nimbus, seated in an 




oval aureole, intersected by another lesser aureole of the same form, which 
encloses her feet. It is taken from an illuminated manuscript of the tenth 
century, in the Bib!. Boyale at Paris. 

We have said so much on the nimbus and the aureole, that we must pass 
much more rapidly over the remaining, and much larger portion, of the im- 
portant volume before us. In the first section, M. Didron treats of the 
different manners of representing the first Person of the Trinity, God the 
Father. The Father Is properly represented as the Creator; yet in some 
monuments, and especially among the Greeks, the Son usurps the place of 



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DIDRON 8 CHRISTIAN ICONOGRAPHY. 79 

the Father, and is frequently represented in the act of creating, as well as 
in other acts and attributes belonging to the Father. In the following 
figure (fig. 10), from a fresco of 
the eighteenth century, at Sal ami na, 
Christ is represented as the Almighty 
— & mnrTOKpartofi. In some instances 
we find the second Person of the 
Trinity placed in asuperior position, 
or with higher attributes, than the 
first. In other instances we find 
the Father clothed in the attributes 
of pagan deities, as the god of com- 
bats, &c. Some of the singularities 
of this kind may perhaps be attri- 
buted to sectarian doctrines which 
ruled at the time and place where 
they were made. Flatonism, Ju- 
daism, and Gnosticism, are some- 
times traced distinctly in early mo- 
numents. The Father is frequently 
represented by a mere hand, inclos- 
ed in n nimbus, and issuing from 
the clouds: He generally appears 
aged and with a beard, and is frequently clad in the mantle and crown of a 

The different events of the history of our Saviour, and His immediate 
intercourse with mankind, give to the Son a much more varied character 
than the Father in the hands of the medieval artists. " In iconography," 
as M. Didron observes, " the God /wr excellence is Jesus." We prefer 
sending our readers to the book itself than to attempt giving any notion of 
the mode in which this extensive part of the subject is treated. It embraces 
many collateral emblems, such as the cross, the fish (tx&vs), &c. With 
regard to the fish, we think that M. Didron has shewn satisfactorily that 
this figure, when sculptured on the early Christian sarcophagi in the cata- 
combs, signified nothing more than that the person buried there was a 
fisherman. There has been a tendency in archaeology to extend too widely 
the system of symbolism. The Holy Ghost, the third Person of the Divine 
Trinity, also occupies a considerable space in Christian iconography. Its 
most common form is that of a dove, always accompanied with the nimbus. 
The following miniature (fig. 1 1), taken from a French manuscript of the 
fifteenth century, represents the Holy Ghost carried upon the face of the 
waters in the work of creation. The nimbus of the Creator is here not 
bounded by an outline. 

At other times (and not unfrcquently) the Holy Ghost is represented in 
a human form, sometimes with the dove seated upon the head or arm of 



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NOTICES OF NKW PUBLICATIONS. 




the figure : this occurs 
represented together, a: 
and the Son. In these 
cases a regular grada- 
tion of age is most 
commonly observed : 
the Father appearing 
in the character of a 
man far advanced in 
years, the Son ob a 
man in the vigour of 
age, and the Holy 
Ghost the youngest of 
the three. The last 
cut we borrow from 
the book before us 
(fig. 12). was taken 



chiefly when the three Persons of the Trinity are 
id the Holy Ghost appears as joining the Father 



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PICTURESQUE ANTIQMTIFS OF IPSWICH. 81 

from a French m i nia ture of the fifteenth century, and represents the three 
Persons of the Trinity, each with a cruciferous nimbus, and enveloped 
together in a flamboyant aureole, not limited by an outline. M. Didron'a 
book ends with the chapter on the Trinity. The importance of this work, 
and the complete and satisfactory manner in which the subject is treated, 
seemed to call for a longer notice than we shall be able, except in few 
cases, to give to new publications. t. wbioht. 



Picturesque Antiquities of Ipbwich, drawn and etched by 
FfiEngHicK Russell and Walter Hagbeen, Parts I. and II. folio. 
Ipswich, Pawsey. London, Longman and Co. 

Time, casualties, and the indiscriminate removal of ancient buildings for 
modern improvements, are contributing to deprive our old towns of their 
most attractive features, the remains of the monastic and domestic architec- 
ture of the middle ages. In many towns which, a few years ago, abounded 
in memorials of the taste and skill of our forefathers, scarcely a solitary 
example is now to be found in each street. The skill of the artist is there- 
fore demanded to perpetuate the character of the remains and their locali- 
ties before impending decay and removal render the project fruitless. 

No town has suffered more than Ipswich from the bad taste of the per- 
sons entrusted with the care of public buildings, and of owners of ancient 
edifices, who, because they felt they could do a» they liked with their own, 
seem to have studied to illustrate the bad maxim, by pulling down their 
property and substituting fantastic and incongruous piles. 

The Parts of this work already published exhibit views of buildings 
recently destroyed, and of others which are fast disappearing ; such as 
Christ's Hospital ; Gateway of WoUey' * College ; interior of the Grammar 
School; Archdeacon Pykenham's Gateway; the Neptune Inn; Sec. The 
execution of the drawings and the etchings reflects great credit on the 
artists, both of whom are natives of Ipswich. 



Seances Obnebai.es tekues en 1841 fab la Societe Fhancaise pour 
la. Conservation des Monuments Historiqvbs, 8vo. pp. 272. 
(With many wood-cuts.) Caen, 1841. 

The above-named work shewing the good that has been already done 
in France by a Society whose objects are similar to those of the " British 
Archaeological Association," is therefore selected for review in order to 
demonstrate what may also be eventually achieved in this country. 

The "Bocie'te' pour la Conservation des Monuments Historiques de 
France" was founded about nine years ago by the zeal and talent of M. de 
Caumont, a gentleman of Caen in Normandy. He was immediately joined 

VOX. I. H 



hgitiz 



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82 NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. SOCIETY FOB. 

by M. Lair of Caen, by the Comte de Beaurepaire de Louvagny, and by 
the Abbe* Daniel, Rector of the 'Academic' at Caen ; and shortly afterwards 
by many members of the ' Institut de France' and other learned societies, 
besides several of the noblesse and enlightened persons of its agricultural 
and industrial classes. At first the Society held its meetings only in Nor- 
mandy ; but it was soon invited to visit other provinces of France, in order 
to confer with their various literary bodies, and the clergy and gentlemen 
who were laudably endeavouring to restore their desecrated churches, and 
to prevent that destruction of feudal castles, sod Roman and Gaulish remains 
then daily perpetrated : and this feeling has since so much increased, that 
the Society is now called on to visit several provinces in one year, dif- 
fusing thus its civilizing influence over nearly the whole kingdom. 

The meetings of the Society in 1841 took place at Clermont, at Le Mans, 
at Angers, at Cherbourg, and at Lyons, during the sessions there of the 
Congres Scientifique de France. The meeting at Clermont was held on 
the 11th of June, under the presidency of M. Bouillet, its divisional 
inspector ; but as Us object was only to visit those churches and other 
monuments in that province, which, with the aid of government, it had 
recently restored, I shall proceed to relate the transactions of the sitting 
at Le Mans, on the 17th of June, under the presidency of the venerable 
M. Cauvin, and at which his wife, with a few other ladies of acknowledged 
literary acquirements, were permitted to be present. Business commenced 
by a report on the restoration of a window of the twelfth century in the 
cathedral there, and a description of its subject, (the history of St. Julien ;) 
followed by a notice of a Dolmen lately discovered in the vicinity, and the 
presentation of sundry archieological prints and drawings. M. de Caumont, 
as Director of the Society, then distributed a list of the questions for 
discussion at its subsequent great meeting at Angers, in which those ques- 
tions not otherwise intelligible were illustrated by marginal woodcuts, and 
he afterwards read an essay on the Lantern-towers of ancient cemeteries, 
which was succeeded by a description of a beautifully carved organ-case 
put up A.D. 1531. A grant of money was then voted for two casts from 
some ancient sculpture at Le Mans ; one for the museum there, and one 
for the Society's museum at Caen. A statistical report was next made on 
the civil and religious edifices in the diocese of Le Mans, whence it appeared 
that of seven hundred churches 'therein no fewer than five hundred were 
as old as the eleventh and twelfth centuries — many of them having crypts 
and stained glass, of which a tabular view was in course of publication for 
the Society. An enquiry was thereupon addressed to the Clergy present 
as to what particular restorations were most urgently requisite in the diocese, 
and their replies having been noted by the Secretary, the sitting at Le Mans 
then terminated. 

The Society subsequently met on the 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, and 25th 
of June, at Angers, into which city it was honourably welcomed by the 
Bishop, the Clergy, and the literary societies there. The business was 



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PRESERVING THE HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OF FRANCE. 83 

opened with a panegyric by M. Cauvin on the general utility of Archae- 
ology ; the services which it had already rendered towards the settling 
of several historical opinions previously doubtful, and an enumeration of 
those towns wherein branches of the Society bad been planted. The 
architect of the department having then reported on the church repara- 
tions recently effected in it, funds were voted for casts from a capital, which 
he had spoken of as very remarkable, and for the purchase of a certain 
tumulus which seemed to him likely to afford, on excavation, some interest- 
ing objects. A map of the Celtic monuments of Le Maine having been 
presented, the director suggested that its value might be much augmented 
by the addition to it of the Roman roads. 

At the afternoon sitting of this industrious Society, under the presidency 
of the Bishop, notice was given of a Credence-table of the twelfth century 
lately found in a church, remarkable also for containing an equestrian 
statue. A request was then made that a grant of money voted in 1839 
for the restoration of certain carved stalls should not be revoked because 
of such restoration not having been commenced within the period assigned 
by the Society for so doing. M. Barraud announced that he had instituted 
a research into the several materials and ornaments of chalices and other 
ritual vessels of known date. A notice of a mass of bronze fish-hooks, 
and bronze celts, arms, and ornaments, all found under one large stone, 
then led to an enquiry bow such heterogeneous articles became so placed 
together. Next followed a report on the monuments of the Upper Loire, 
chronologically and geographically arranged, and again subdivided according 
to their supposed purport or style of art : its author eloquently deprecating 
the frequent indifference to such things on the part of the authorities to 
whose guardianship the laws of France now commit them, and, in some 
degree, also of the clergy, even towards sacred objects. A new edition of 
the map called Feutinger's table was afterwards exhibited ; and the Bishop 
having announced that a Chair of Archeology was about to be established 
in his diocesan seminary, M. de Caumont, in the name of the Society, there- 
upon offered its best thanks to his lordship, and suggested the introduction 
of some archseological instruction into the Government school of mechanical 
arts at Angers. 

At the morning sitting on the 22nd, the chief judge of the Cour Royale 
condescendingly acted as Secretary, and business began by a report from 
the Society's inspector of the Aisne (no less a person than the Preset him- 
self) upon the several works recently executed in that department. Among 
these were some restorations in the cathedral at Laon, and other churches 
there, and the upholding of certain feudal castles and Roman camps— 
naming the members under whose special superintendance these works had 
been conducted. The inspector of the Moselle then enumerated the 
labours of the Society in his department, one of which was the preservation 
of a Roman aqueduct, and the purchase of which structure was recom- 
mended as an instructive example of ancient subterraneous masonry. He 



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84 NOTICES OP NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

stated, moreover, that the PreTet had forbidden any appropriation of the 
stones of a certain Roman causeway in the vicinity of some modern road- 
making, and that he had ordered all designs for any ' beautifications' of 
the cathedral at Mctz to be previously subjected to the approval of a com- 
mittee of taste ; and concluded by informing the Society that a sum bad 
been granted by the department for the maintenance of an interesting 
edifice formerly serving both for sacred and military purposes. 

The director then commenced the following series of questions addressed 
especially to members inhabiting the neighbouring departments. Are there 
any Dolmens ? Of what stone are they formed ? What are their dimen- 
sions ? Are they single or divided ? Is their chief opening to the east or 
south? Have any bones or cinerary urns, or instruments of stone or bronxe, 
been found beneath them ? Are there any Celtic tumuli in their vicinity, 
and are there any collections of upright stones artificially placed in circles 
or otherwise ? These questions elicited much information, (but which it 
would take too much space here to detail,) and led to a vote requesting the 
Pre'fets of the several departments in which Celtic remains had been thus 
shewn to exist, authoritatively, to forbid their destruction. 

At the second sitting on the 22nd, which was again presided over by the 
Bishop, the director put the following questions. Are there any villas 
in the departments bordering on Angers referable to the Gallo-Roman 
epoch ? Or any remains of ancient masonry near mineral springs ? Do 
the fragments of Gallo-Roman sculpture, hitherto found, throw any light on 
its general system of ornamentation ? and of what form was the architec- 
tural capital usually adopted ? The subject of the middle age geography of 
Anjou having been introduced, M. Marchegay, the departmental archivist, 
furnished some documentary information thereon. The Secretary then read 
a memoir on the tombs of certain Dukes of Anjou, formerly existing in the 
cathedral of Angers, one of which, that of King Ren£, he concluded with a 
motion for entreating government to restore. At seven in the evening 
the Society visited some of the principal buildings in Angers, inspecting 
first, under the guidance of the Bishop, his cathedral, and the ancient por- 
tions of his palace ; then the interesting castle, and, finally, the pretty little 
chapel of Lesvieres, one of the many Angevine edifices erected by ' the 
good' King Reh£. 

(Td be amtiHMtd.) 

W. BBOMET. 



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&rcf)aeoiogtcal Journal, 



MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. 

The military works of the Saxons were formed by throwing 
the contents of a ditch inwards as a rampart, upon the ridge 
of which they appear in some cases to have placed a palisade 
of timber. The spot chosen was usually the top of a hill, and 
the figure of the entrenchment depended upon the disposition 
of the ground. Additional banks and ditches were added 
upon the less steep sides, and the road winding up from 
below passed obliquely through the defences. 

In more permanent intrenchments a wall was constructed 
upon the outer face of the mound. The Romans, whose 
works were defended on this principle, called the ditch, bank, 
and wall, the fossa, agger, and vallum*. 

The Romans, who carried heavy baggage, trusted more to 
the discipline of their sentinels, and cared less for a distant 
view. Their field works lie in the lower country, and though 
formed of earth, are set out by the rules of castrametation, and 
are commonly rectangular, with two or four entrances 1 '. 

Their permanent stations were constructed upon a greater 
scale. A rectangular area' was enclosed by a thick wall, from 
fifteen to twenty feet high, strengthened by buttresses, or 
towers projecting externally, and a ditch. The 'Praetorian' 
and ' Decuman' gates were in the middle of opposite sides, and 
the ' Principal' gates were similarly placed in the remaining 
sides, the roads crossing at right angles in the centre. The 
direction of the main streets of Chester, Wallingford, and 
Caerwent, shew the Roman origin of each place. The mate- 

• Bower walla, Bristol. ' Portcherter, 4J acres; RichborouRh ; 

h Billon and Lamdown, nut Bath; Pevensey ; Burgh; Lincoln; Silcheater. 
Wallingford. 



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94 MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. 

rial employed in Roman buildings is that of the country, the 
work frequently herringbone, or some Roman pattern, with 
occasional bonding-courses of flat Roman brick. A mail coach 
road still enters old Lincoln under the Roman arch, and the 
road from Chepstow to Newport passes through the Praetorian 
and Decuman entrances of Caerwent. 

These Roman works, however, are rather walled camps 
than castles. It is certain that the Conqueror found no for- 
tress in England at all resembling those whose ruins have 
descended to the present day. William, however, constructed 
very many castles, and before the death of Stephen their number 
is said to have amounted to eleven hundred and fifteen. 

These castles at first supported the Sovereign ; but as the 
feudal system took root, they by degrees became obnoxious to 
his power. By a treaty between Stephen and Henry Duke of 
Normandy, many of the later castles were rased, and upon 
Henry's accession to the crown he destroyed many more. 
Power to grant a Licentia kerwettare et tenellare, or permission 
to crenellate or embattle and to make loop-holes for defence 
in the walls of a dwelling, became a part of the royal pre- 
rogative. 

The crown castles were held by constables or castellans, and 
the feuars of the castle lands held them by tenures, chiefly 
military, and connected with the defence of the castle, or of 
the lord when residing in it. The twelve knights of Glamor- 
gan held their estates by the tenure of castle guard at Cardiff, 
and the Stanton tower at Belvoir, was long repaired by the 
family of Stanton, whose arms were a grant from the lords of 
that castle. The Tower, Dover, Windsor, St. Briavel's, and 
other crown castles, are still held by constables. Castle guard 
was abolished with the other feudal tenures by Charles II. 

The general type of a Norman castle was composed of the 
following parts. 

The keep. The walls of the enceinte. The base court. 
The mound and donjon. The ditch. 

The Norman keep, both in England and Normandy, is 
commonly formed after one model. Its plan is a square or 
oblong, its height from one to two squares 11 , strengthened 

4 Rochester, TO feet by 70 feet, and 104 snd 70 feet high. Castleton, 38 feet square, 
feet high. London, 116 bj 86, snd 69 feet Bowes, 75 by 60, and 53 feet high, all ex- 
high. Canterbury, 87 feet square snd 60 elusive of turrets. The inequality in the 
feet high. Newcastle on Tyiie, 60 by 60, dimensions is chiefly caused by the exterior 
and 80 feet high. Guildford, 44 by 44, stair un one side. 



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MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. TO 

along the sides by the usual flat Norman buttress', rising from 
a general plinth, and dying into the wall below its summit. 
The end pilasters of each face unite at and cap the angle, and 
rise a story above the walls to form four angular turrets'. The 
wall at the base is from twelve to eighteen, or even twenty- 
four feet thick, and diminishes usually by internal onsets to 
eight or ten feet at the top, with a battlement of from one to 
two feet thick. 



The lower openings are loops, the upper the usual Norman 
window, frequently double and of a good size, as in the keep 
at Goodrich. 

The entrance is usually by an arched door upon the first 
floor, placed near one corner, and approached by stairs parallel 
to the wall. The stair is either defended by a parapet or arched 
over, when the whole forms a smaller square tower appended to 
the keep, and reaching, as at Newcastle and Dover, to its Becond 

• At Loches they in parti of circlet. itnd London have semicircular projection 

' At London on* turret is round; at from one lide. 
Ncwcasde one ii multangular ; Colchester 



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96 MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. 

story. This appendage is commonly applied to the east side of 
the keep. Sometimes, however, as at Prudhoe, Canterbury, and 
Ogmore, co. Glamorgan, the only entrance appears to have been 
by a small portal on the ground floor; in other cases, as 
Dover, Portcnester, and Newcastle, both methods are em- 
ployed. 

The ground floor is sometimes vaulted ; at Portchester, New- 
castle, and Bowes, the groins spring from a central column. The 
upper floors are usually of timber. Newcastle is a rare instance 
of an apparently original vault in the upper story. 

Large keeps, as London, are sometimes divided by a wall 
into two parts ; but commonly, as at Hedingham, Rochester, 
and Beaugency near Caen, upon the principal floor an arch 
springs from wall to wall, with perhaps an intermediate column 
dividing it into two and carrying the upper floor beams. 

The walls are hollowed out at different levels into staircases, 
galleries, chambers for bedrooms, chapels, sewers, and openings 
for various purposes*. The windows are splayed so as to form 
a large interior arch, and the galleries thread the walls and 
open in the jambs of the windows like the triforial galleries of 
a cathedral. Usually, as at London, Hedingham, and New- 
castle, the uppermost gallery runs quite round the building, 
communicating with each window without entering the great 
room. At one angle a spiral stair rises from the base to the 
summit, and opens into each floor and gallery. 

The mural chambers are sometimes ribbed, the galleries have 
the usual barrel vault. 

The principal floors have fire-places with ascending flues. At 
Ogmore and Rochester, the fireplaces are handsomely worked ; 
at Rochester the flue is wanting, and the smoke escapes out- 
wards by a guarded vent a little above the hearth. At Barn- 
borough there appear to be no flues. At Dover the flues are 
said to be original, but the fire-places are very late Perpen- 
dicular. They open from the mural chambers instead of from 
the principal rooms. 

ITie well is commonly in the substance of the wall, through 
which its pipe, of from 2 feet to 2 feet 9 inches diameter, 



" At Newcastle, the chapel, ■ beauti- Norman churches. At Ludlow the chapel 

ful one, is under the staira. At Conings- is circular. Bamborongh has a chapel. 

borough, it occupies part of a buttress, The chapel at Dover ia in the entrsjice 

and there is a piscina in each upper story, tower; it it a fine example of late Norman- 
London and Colchester contain regular 



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MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. 97 

ascends to the first and second stories, opening into each h . At 
Newcastle and Dover the pipe terminates in a small chamber, 
and has no other aperture. In some castles a similar pipe 
seems to have been used for the passage of stores and ammuni- 
tion to the battlements. 

At Portchester, Bamborough, Oxford, and Castleton, are 
traces of an original ridge and valley roof; this also appears 
in an old drawing of London. The large arches sometimes 
seen in the wall above the line of the roof, seem intended for 
the play of military engines placed in the valley of the roof. 
At Portchester this arrangement causes the east and west ends 
to rise as low gables, battlemented. 



The walls and turrets were probably surmounted by a battle- 
ment, but those now seen are rarely if ever original. Machico- 

h Canterbury; Dotct; Rocheiter; Kenilworth; Porlchester; Carliile. 



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Wo MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. 

lationa are described in some of the castles near Caen, but they 
are probably additions. 

The portal seems to have been closed by a hinged door, 
secured by one or two wooden bars sliding into the wall, as in 
the lower portal of Dover. At Hedingham are grooves for a 
portcullis, but this is rather unusual '. 

The Norman keep is not always quadrangular. Orford is a 
multangular tower of great solidity, ninety feet high, of small 
circular area within, and heavily buttressed without. Conings- 
borough is of the same class : the base story is domed, and the 
door in the upper story was probably approached by a temporary 
stair. These keeps seem to be of late Norman date. Tretower, 
Skinfrith, and Brunlys towers in S. Wales, are probably of 
the same class. The Cornish circular towers, as Trematon, 
Launceston, and Restormel, have not been critically exa- 
mined. 

The materials of Norman keeps are usually the rubble-stone 
of the country, sometimes faced, and always groined and dressed 
with ashlar. When constructed upon a Roman site, the old 
materials were employed, and sometimes the herringbone and 
other old styles of work were introduced*. The work is gene- 
rally good. Coningsborough, both inside and out, is, even 
now, one of the finest specimens of ashlar extant. The whole 
interior of Rochester is highly decorated, and the entrance, 
upper windows, and fire-places, are usually more or less so. 
The chimney-pieces of Rochester and Coningsborough, and the 
portal of the latter, are stone platbands, the parts of which are 
joggled together, and have Btood well over a wide space with 
little or no abutment. From its great solidity and simple 
figure, the Norman keep is more durable than later structures, 
and continues, as at London, Dover, Bamborough, Rochester, 
Frudhoe, to give the distinguishing feature to the fortress 
through every subsequent addition. 

The wall of the enciente. The keep occasionally forms a part 
of the circuit of the wall, as at Portchester, Rochester, Castleton, 

1 Ann the quadrangular Norman there*; DoTer(HenrjIL); FaUUe; Good- 
keeps, are Norwich, Oxford (which appears rich; Guildford (late Norman); Heding- 
tohaTebeeniutendedalsoforthe towerora ham ; Hclmslcy; Kenil worth; Lancaster; 
church 1078); London (1079); Newcastle Lewes; Loches ; Middleham ; Penlinc; 
(1080); Ogmore (circa 1100); Bam- Frudhoe; Peak. 

borough; Bowea; Bridgend (destroyed); * Aa at Penlinc, Tatnworth, Colches- 

Bridgcnorth; Bristol (1147 destroyed); ter, Corfe, and Guildford, the latter late 

Brough; Brougham: Canterbury; Carlisle; Norman; also in the south-west staircase 

Chepstow ; Chester; Corfe ; Colchester; Cll- at Canterbury. 



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MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. 99 

Richmond, Oxford, and Coningsborough ; at Dover and Prud- 
hoe it stands in the centre. The masonry of the Norman 
walls was inferior to that of the keep, and where these have 
not been removed they have generally fallen into decay. Their 
height was from 20 to 25 feet, and their general plan either 
irregular, as at Coningsborough, Richmond, and Dover, or 
circular, as at Oxford. At Richmond and Hastings they 
enclose a considerable space, but more commonly, as at Ox- 
ford, Coningsborough, and Newcastle near Bridgend, the area 
is very small. Prudhoe, on the south bank of the Tyne, 
affords a rare instance of a Norman keep, with both its own 
and a second or supplementary enclosure on one side, with 
a gate-house and ditch all Norman. The outer gate-house, 
though late Norman, has no portcullis. At Portchester the 
keep occupies one angle of the Roman enclosure, and at 
Lincoln the castle wall stands upon the wall of the Roman 
city. 

The Norman buttress-towers were few, and their exterior 
projection small, as at Ludlow, Middleham, and Richmond. 
They rarely constructed a regular gate-house, but erected 
two towers near to each other. Good examples of Norman 
entrances remain at the inner bailey Dover, and at Newcastle, 
near Bridgend. Sometimes, as at Cardiff, access to the walls 
is rendered easy by a bank of earth behind them. 

A Norman wall may usually be detected by its dressed 
quoins, flat buttresses, and its square buttress-towers of little 
or no interior projection, as at Lincoln, Coningsborough, 
Chester, and Carlisle. The battlements of Orford wall are 
possibly Norman, but it is probable that they used sometimes 
the plain parapet, sometimes the parapet notched at long inter- 
vals. The wall, towers, and gates of the inner bailey of Dover 
are Norman, as is part of the battlement, and the whole form 
a very fine example. 

The base-court contained garrison lodgings and offices, and 
often a second wall. 

The mound 1 , or mote, is a tumulus of earth, from 80 to 

1 Norman mound, remain at Bedford, Kngford, Warwick, Windsor, Yielden, York. 

Berkhainp*tead,Cainhc«,Cariabrook,Christ At Chateau aur Epte, in Normandy, there 

Church Cattle, Cambridge, Clare, Cardiff, are two mounds, one within and one forming 

Durham, Eaton-Socon, Fontenay-le-Mar- part of the enclosure. At York and Can- 

mion, Hinckley, Lewes, Lincoln, Marl- terbury are mounds just within the city 

borough, Oiford, Pleahy, Pevensey, Rising- walls. In modem fortificatious they are 

hoe, SandaL Tamworth, Tonbridge, Tod- called Cavaliers. There ia one in the citadel 

dington, Worcester (now destroyed), Wal- of Antwerp. 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



Iw MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. 

60 feet high, and from 60 to 100 feet .diameter at the top. 
At Cambridge it stands without, at Cardiff within the walls, 
in some instances it forms part of their circuit. Within a 
radius of twenty leagues of Caen are sixty castles with these 
mounds. 

They have not been carefully examined. That at Oxford 
contains a ribbed Norman chamber and well in its base, acces- 
sible by steps from the summit. At Wallingford, the well is 
in the side. These mounds were certainly thrown up by the 
builders of the castles, and could not have supported any 
heavy load ; occasionally, they appear to have been crowned 
by a light shell of wall, circular or multangular ■», regularly 
embattled for defence, but not roofed over, or so roofed as to 
leave an open court in the centre. Part of that at Tamworth 
is a Norman tower, with a curtain wall, shewing herring-bone 
masonry. These buildings probably are founded as deep as the 
bottom of the mound. 

The ditch was either wet or dry, according to circumstances ; 
where the place is defended naturally, as at Castleton or Peak 
Castle, it is omitted. 

The Early English period, rich in ecclesiastical, is poor in 
military structures. Walls and buttresses were added, but 
the ornaments of the style are rare. The middle wall of 
London was the work of Henry III., 1239 ; and one of the 
towers contains a groined Early English chamber. There are 
also Early English additions to the keep. The gateways of 
the inner bailey at Dover, with their portcullis, though Nor- 
man, bear some features of the Early English style. 

Much of Cardiff is Early English, upon a Norman founda- 
tion, as are the additions to the keep of Chepstow. The chapel 
in Marten's tower, with its ball-flower moulding, and part of 
the wall, is late in this style. The ruins of Cambridge seem 
to be Early English, as are parts of the outer bailey of Dover. 
Some of the small castles erected in Glamorganshire, of Fitz- 
hamon's sub-infeudatories, were in the EaTly English style, 
though for the most part on a Norman ground-plan. Ogmore 
is decided Norman. Sully, the ground-plan of which has 
been recently excavated, appears to have been upon a Nor- 



"> The shell or remaine of it ire seen 
■t Chatcau-GailUrd, built by Richard I., 
Oxford, Cardiif, Durban), Clifford's tower 



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MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. 



man plan, but the work is decided Early English. The fine 
circular keep of Coucy, near Caen, 200 feet high, and vaulted 
in every story, the chateau of Gisors, and other circular 
towers, are executed in this style. 

In the works of this period there was a tendency to econo- ■ 
mize men and material by a more skilful disposition of the 
parts of the fortification. 

The Norman castle held a small garrison, who trusted to 
the passive resistance of their walls ; their successors diminished 
the Bolidity to increase the extent of their front, and by throw- 
ing out salient points were enabled to combine their forces 
upon any one point. A wall cannot be advantageously de- 
fended unless so constructed that the exterior base of one 
part can be seen from the interior summit of another ; hence 
the advantage of buttress or flanking towers, which not only 
add to the passive strength of the line, but enable the garri- 
son to defend the intermediate or curtain wall. By this 
means, the curtain, that part of the line of defence least able 
to resist the ram, became that in defence of which most 
weapons could be brought to bear, whilst the towers which 
had not the advantage of being thus flanked, were, from their 
form and solidity, in but little danger of being breached. If 
we suppose a square or polygon to be fortified by a wall, 
with towers at its angles, it is evident that the centre of 
each curtain wall, midway between its towers, will be pas- 
sively the weakest part of the wall, but that in defence of 
which most weapons can be directed ; and the centre of each 
tower, midway between its curtains, will be the strongest part 
of the work, but that in defence of which fewest weapons can 
be directed ; or, in other words, if from the centre of a poly- 
gon we draw straight lines, passing one through each of its 
angles, and one midway through each of its sides, the prolon- 
gations of the former will be the safest, the prolongations of 
the latter the most exposed directions in which an enemy can 
approach. 

Lines drawn from the centre of a place through its angles are 
called "capitals;" they are the lines of approach at present 
employed. 

The changes introduced with the thirteenth century as- 
sumed a determinate form under Edward I., and produced the 
second great type of English castle, the " Edwardian" or 
Concentric, 



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W* MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. 

In the Edwardian castle, the solid keep becomes developed 
into an open quadrangle, defended at the sides and angles by 
gate-houses and towers, and containing the hall and state 
apartments ranged along one side of tine court. The term 
* keep is no longer applicable, and around this inner ward, or 
bailey, two or three lines of defence are disposed concentrically. 
Such castles frequently enclose many acres, and present an 
imposing appearance 11 . 

The parts of a perfect Edwardian castle are : — The inner 
bailey, the walls of the enceinte, single, double, or triple. 
The middle and outer baileys contained between the walls. The 
gate-houses and posterns. The ditch. The inner bailey con- 
tained the hall, often of great size, the chapel, the better class 
of apartments, and an open court. The offices usually were 
placed in the middle bailey, on the outside of the wall of the 
nail. The outer bailey contained stabling, at Caerphilly a mill, 
at Portchester and Dover a monastery, and often a moderate 
sized mound of earth or cavalier to carry a large engine. The 
walls were strengthened by "mural," or towers projecting in- 
wards, but flush with the face of the wall, and "buttress-towers" 
projecting outwards beyond it. These towers were sometimes 
circular, as at Conway and Caerphilly ; sometimes square or 
oblong, as at Dover and Portchester ; sometimes multangular, 
as at Caernarvon and Cardiff. The Beauchamp tower at 
Warwick is a fine example of a multangular tower, as is Guy's 
tower of one formed of portions of circles. Such towers were 
all capable of being defended independently of the castle, and 
usually opened into the court and upon the walls by portals, 
regularly defended by gates and a portcullis. The fine bold 
drum-towers that flank the outer gateway of so many castles, 
as Chepstow, Beaumaris, &c, are Edwardian. Circular and 
octagonal towers of this age frequently spring from a square plan 
or base, the angles of which gradually rise as a half pyramid 
cut obliquely until they die away into the upper figure of the 
tower towards the level of the first story. These towers are 
common in Wales, as at Marten's tower, Chepstow ; Castel 
Coch, near Cardiff; Carew castle, near Pembroke ; Newport, 
Monmouthshire, &c. This description of tower also occurs 
next the Constable's gate at Dover. 

The gate-houses are distinct works, covering the entrance : 

■> Bernard's castle includes seven walls, twelve. Windsor and Caerphilly 
acres. The Tower of London, within the still more. 



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MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. 



Ill: 1 ' 



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104 MILITARY AECHITECTDEB. 

they contain gates, one or two portcullises, boles for stockades 
of timber, and loops raking the passage. Overhanging the 
arch at each end are funnels for pouring down hot matter upon 
the assailants, and above are ovens and flues for heating it. 
The Constable's gate, at Dover, is very early Edwardian ; the 
gate of Caernarvon, 1283, and that of Lancaster, half a century 
later, are fine examples, and both the latter have statues over 
the gateway. 

The draw-bridge dropped from the front of the gate ; when 
the ditch was broad, a pier was erected in it, and the space 
spanned by two bridges, as at Holt and Caerphilly. The 
barbican was an outwork, or tete du pont, on the outside the 
counterscarp of the ditch. It seems to have been commonly 
of timber, so that when deserted, as it was intended to be, at 
a certain period of the siege, it might be burnt, and thus afford 
no cover to the assailants. The barbican of the tower of 
London is of stone, and evidently intended to be defended 
throughout a siege. There is a very complete stone barbican 
at Chepstow. Another description of barbican was attached 
to gates, viz., a narrow passage between walls in advance of 
the main gate, with an outer gate of entrance, as at Warwick 
and the Bars at York. 

The posterns were either small doors in the wall, or if for 
cavalry were provided with smaller gatehouses and drawbridges. 

The ditch was usually wet. At Caerphilly, Kenilworth, 
Berkhampstead, and Framlingham, a lake was formed by 
damming up the outlet of a meadow. 

The top of the wall was defended by a parapet, notched into 
a battlement ; each notch is an embrasure, and the intermediate 
piece of wall is a merlon. The coping of the merlon sometimes 
bears stone figures, as of armed men at Chepstow and Aln- 
wick, at Caernarvon of eagles. Sometimes the merlon is 
pierced by a cruciform loop, terminating in four round holes 
or oillets. 

In many cases a bold corbel-table is thrown out from the 
wall, and the parapet placed upon it, so as to leave an open 
space between the back of the parapet and the face of the wall. 
This space is divided by the corbels into holes called machicola- 
tions, which overlook the outside of the wall, as at Hexham 
and Warwick, or later at Baglan, and later still at Thornbury. 
If the parapet be not advanced by more than its own thickness, 
of course no hole is formed ; this is called a false machicola- 

D^itizeoByGoOgle 



MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. 105 

tion, and is used to give breadth to the top of the wall. It is 
common to ail periods, being found upon Norman walls as 
well as upon those of late Perpendicular date, as Coity and 
Newport. 

Some of the smaller Edwardian castles in Wales are very 
curious ; that of Morbus, near Merthyr, has a circular keep of 
two stories, of which the lower is internally a polygon of 
twelve sides, with a vault springing from a central pier. The 
up-filling of the vault is a light calcareous tufa. This castle 
contains within its enclosure a singular pit, twenty-five feet 
square, and excavated upwards of seventy feet deep in the 
mountain limestone rock. It was probably intended as a well, 
though a clumsy one. The ruins of a somewhat similar castle 
remain at Dinas, near Crickhowel. The upper story of the 
tower of Morlais, as of Castle Coch, contains a number of large 
fire-places; something of the same sort is seen at Conings- 
borough, with the addition of an oven. 

The Edwardian castles are frequently quite original" ; they 
occur also as additions encircling a Norman keep, as at Dover, 
Portchester, Bamborough, Corfe, Goodrich, Lancaster, Carlisle, 
and Rochester. Edward I. completed the tower-ditch of 
London. The existing walls of towers are commonly Edwar- 
dian, though on an older foundation, as York, Canterbury, 
Chester, Chepstow, and their various bars and gates. 

The Norman and Edwardian, the solid and concentric, may 
be regarded as the two great types of English castles, of which 
other military buildings are only modifications. After the 
death of Edward III., the Decorated gave place to the Per- 
pendicular style; and though a few fine castles, and very 
many embattled gateways 1 *, continued to be erected, far less 

° Among the castles cither originally The nest sate is one of the finest city gate- 
constructed, or thoroughly re-edified in this ways in England, but its drawbridge ia 
Sic. am Cilgarran, 1222; Flint and destroyed, u ia ils connexion with the city 
uddlan, 1275 i Hawarden and Den- wall on each side. 
bigh about the same time; Caernarvon, The gateways of Leicester castle and 
1283; Conway, modified in plan by its Alnwick abbey are both Perpendicular ; 
position, 1284; Beaumaris, 1295; Caer- Newport, Monmouthshire, and St. Dc- 

E hilly, Harlech, Morlais, the same reign; nat's, Glani organ shire, still later; Caiator, 
[ucenborough, 1361; Cowling and Raby, Henry V. and VI.; part of Coity and 
1378 ; Bolton castle, and the weat gate of Rye House, Henry VI. ; Fowey towers, 
Canterbury, in the same reign ; moat of Edward IV. ; Raglan, the great gate of 
Dudley and Warwick are a little earlier. Carisbrook, Nettle Hall, Essex, Henry 
P The gateway of St. Augustine's, and VIL ; Buckenham, Eaaei, and Tateratutll, 
the weat gate of Canterbury, the one Early are both very late Perpendicular; Thorn- 
Decorated, and the other Perpendicular, bury 1511, and Tichfield house the same 
afford a fine example of the contrast be- reign. 
"'o and military architecture. 



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106 MILITARX ARCHITECTURE. 

attention was paid to their defences, and more to their h 
convenience. The introduction of gunpowder, by rendering a 
lofty wall an evil rather than a safeguard, led to the construc- 
tion of a description of edifice having no pretension to with- 
stand artillery, and in which the lofty turrets, embattled gate- 
ways, and moat of the ancient castle, were combined with the 
slight wall, exposed roof, and spacious windows of a modern 
dwelling. Tins description of building, sometimes called a 
Castle, but more properly a Hall, belongs rather to domestic 
than military architecture, although some of them present a 
very warlike appearance, and were effectively defended 
under Charles I. 

As the country became more peaceful, those who possessed 
old castles found them inconvenient dwellings. Some were 
altered, as Fowis castle ; others pulled down, as Queenborough ; 
and the materials employed in the construction of a new house, 
as that of the Van from Caerphilly; others left in ruins, as 
Hedingham, Rochester, Prudhoe, Canterbury ; and some were 
converted into prisons and store-houses, as Fortchester and 
London, Dover and Newcastle. 

A sort of Peel-tower, with bold machicolations, as at 
Hexham and Morpeth, or with bartizans at the angles, as in 
Tynemouth and Cockle-park tower, continued to be erected 
and defended on the Northumbrian border, until the union 
of the two crowns under James, when these also fell into 
disuse. 

Henry VIH., anno 1589, erected a number of block-houses, 
something between a castle and fort, with a round tower, 
casemates, embrasures, and a moat, upon the southern coast 
of England ; some of these, as Sawdown, near Deal 1 ', have been 
preserved ; others, as Brighton, have been destroyed. 

Many old castles were hastily repaired during the wars be- 
tween Charles and his Parliament, and strengthened with 
earth-work according to the system of that day, as may be seen 
at Caerphilly ; Domiington, Berks ; and Dover ; these when 
taken were commonly blown up, and it is to this period 
that we owe the leaning ruins of Corfe, Bridgenorth, and 
Caerphilly. 

In the absence of ornaments, circles, and buttresses, in the 

* WuMngton, Hints, belong! to the Sandford, Sandgste, »n<i Soath-iea caalktt, 
reign of Henry VII.; West Cowes, Cam- were erected circs 1S39, and Upnor in 
bet, Fowey Castle, Hurat, Motes Bulwark, 15*9. 



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MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. 



ruins of a castle, the thickness of the walls, and the general 
disposition of the foundations, will usually afford some clue to 
the date. 

The following may be considered as an approximation to 
the number of the castles, and remains of castles, in Britain : — 



Bedford .. 2 


Durham .... 13 






Somerset . . . 


9 


Berks 7 


Essex 9 


Middlesex . . 


. 1 


Stafford 


1'/ 


Bucks 2 


Gloucester , . 7 


Monmouth . . 


14 






Cambridge . 2 


Hants 16 


Norfolk .... 


« 


Surrey 


5 


Cheshire .. 8 


Hereford . .29 


Northampton 


. 4 




» 


Cornwall . .21 


Herts 4 


Northumberland 5 1 




« 


Cumberland 22 




Notts 


4 


Westanorelanc 


13 


Derby 6 


Kent 39 


Oxon 


4 


Wilts 


H 


Devon 18 


Lancashire . . 7 


Rutland 


2 


Worcester . . . 


. 7 


Dorset ....11 


Leicestershire 5 


Salop 


.13 


York 


aw 


Eng 




461 










. 155 




Sco 


tland 












Gre 


at Britain and Ire] 






. 843 





This number, however, if accurate search were made, would 
probably be found nearer to a thousand. 

G. T. CLARK. 



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ROMAN LONDON. 

It has been suggested that notices of some of the features 
of Roman London, together with the various works of ancient 
art which, within its limits, during the last few years have 
been brought to light, might prove interesting and perhaps 
useful to such of our correspondents as may be engaged 
in researches on the early antiquities of our country, especially 
if the publications, in which from time to time, detailed 
accounts of the discoveries appeared, should not have fallen 
under their observation, or be conveniently accessible. 

It must be obvious to all who consider the present condition 
of the metropolis of England, that great difficulties would beset 
any attempt to carry on a systematic exploration of the wreck 
and ruins of the ancient town, buried beneath the accumulated 
soil of centuries and the crowded masses of modern buildings. 
Under the most favourable circumstances such a project would 
encounter objections almost insurmountable ; but when under- 
taken by individual zeal on a partial and confined scale, 
at uncertain times and places, whenever the earth may 
be excavated for public works, without assistance or coun- 
tenance from the directors, and usually in contention with ob- 
structions and annoyances of all kinds, it is fortunate, in such 
a state of things, should any discoveries be rendered avail- 
able to the topographer and antiquary. 

In the course of the last fifteen or twenty years, excavations, 
ordered by the Court of Common Council, and placed under 
the management of Committees elected from their own body, 
have been made throughout the city, for sewerage, for ap- 
proaches to the New London Bridge, for foundations of houses 
in the new streets and in those which have been widened, as 
well as on the sites of churches destroyed, and on that of the 
Royal Exchange. These excavations penetrated to depths 
varying from twelve to thirty feet and more, and it is from 
opportunities thus accidentally afforded that some faint glim- 
merings have been obtained of rich stores of subterranean 
antiquities. Had the work been conducted in an intelligent 
as well as mechanical spirit, important antiquarian results 
would have been effected. Thus when a rich tesselated pave- 

D, B itizeot> V GoOgIe 



ROMAN LONDON. 109 

ment was discovered, the workmen should have been pro- 
hibited from breaking it up until at least drawings had been 
made. In many instances, at a trifling expense, the various 
rooms of a Roman building might have been opened, and 
plans and drawings made ; the direction, width, and pecu- 
liarities of buildings recorded ; and moreover and chiefly, as it 
is not to be expected that people, whose habits and pursuits 
do not qualify them to appreciate the use and value of works 
of ancient art, should of themselves promote antiquarian re- 
search, it is desirable that competent persons, willing to devote 
their time to investigations having a public and general object 
in view, should be at least permitted to do their beet, free from 
hindrance and annoyance. 

It would appear that the first settlement of the Romans was 
made on the banks of the Thames, about the centre of the 
present city. Whether they fixed on the spot from its natural 
advantages, or because the Britons had already established 
there a town as a medium of continental traffic, it is impossible 
to say ; we have met with no remains indicative of a British 
town, nor works of art anterior to the Roman epoch. 

The line of the Roman wall is well known, stretching from 
the Tower through the Minories to Aldgate, Houndsditch, 
Bishopsgate, along London Wall to Fore-street, through 
Cripplegate church-yard, thence between Monkwell-street and 
Castle-street to Aldersgate, through Christ's Hospital to New- 
gate and Ludgate towards the Thames. The erection of this 
wall was probably a work of the latter days of the Romano- 
British period. We refer to other evidence to shew that 
originally the bounds of the Roman town must have been 
confined within narrow compass on the rising ground border- 
ing the river. 

It is well known that respect for decency and regard for 
human health restrained the Romans from mixing up together 
the living and the dead. The offensive and pernicious modern 
practice of interring the dead within towns, contiguous to the 
abodes of the living, was never tolerated by the Romans, who 
made its prohibition effectual by legislative enactment. We 
find this custom adhered to in the provinces, and the burial- 
places belonging to most of their stations and towns in Britain 
have been discovered at a considerable distance from the 
habitations. 

In various central parts of the city, imbedded in the 



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110 ROMAN LONDON. 

natural gravel, Roman skeletons have been found, accom- 
panied with tiTDS, coins, and other remains, which leave no 
doubt of the sepulchral character of the deposits. As late as 
within the last month several skeletons were discovered in 
King William-street, at the comer of St. Swithin's-lane, and 
with them fragments of pottery, and coins, in second brass of 
Antonia, Claudius, Nero, and Vespasian. As all the coins 
found under similar circumstances in the centre of the city are 
invariably of the Higher Empire, these interments we infer 
were made in early times, and probably soon after the time 
of the last named emperor, when no buildings stood near, 
and when the district was resorted to for the burial of the dead, 
as being remote from the town. 

During the excavations made for the foundations of the New 
Royal Exchange, an ancient gravel-pit was opened. This pit 
was filled with rubbish, chiefly such as at the present day is 
thrown on waste places in the precincts of towns ; dross 
from smithies, bones and horns of cows, sheep, and goats ; 
ordure, broken pottery, old sandals, and fragments of leathern 
harness, oyster shells, and nearly a dozen coins, in second 
brass, of Vespasian and Domitian. Over the mouth of the pit 
had been spread a layer of gravel, upon which were the foun- 
dations of buildings, and a mass of masonry six feet square, 
two sides of which still retained portions of fresco-paintings 
with which they had been ornamented. Remains of buildings 
covered also the whole site of the present Exchange. 

The pit itself is an interesting example of the gradual pro- 
gress of Londinium. From this locality was gravel obtained 
for the flooring of buildings and various other purposes of 
the infant colony ; but as the town increased in extent, it was 
abandoned, filled in, and subsequently, by an artificial stratum 
of gravel, adapted for buildings. Here coins are again useful 
as evidence. The only one obtained from this pit, besides 
those above mentioned, was a plated denarius of Severus, 
but the agents and servants of the United Gresham and City 
Improvement Committees, prevented my making those close and 
uninterrupted observations which otherwise would have en- 
abled me to authenticate the exact position of the last coin. 
The fact of there not being found any coin of the century 
between the time of Domitian and that of Severus, would 
raise a doubt as to whether the specimen of the latter emperor 
may not have been in the vicinity of, rather than in the pit 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



KOMAN LONDON. Ill 

itself. In antiquarian investigations much depends upon 
minute and careful observation : important conclusions result 
frequently from a connection of facta trivial in themselves but 
of importance when combined, and the record and registra- 
tion of these facts can only be satisfactorily carried on under 
auspicious circumstances. Taking the coins of Vespasian and 
Domitian into consideration, we may infer that Londinium 
had considerably extended its bounds not long subsequently 
to the reign of the latter emperor ; but the presence of the coin 
of Severus suggests a later date, did not the absence of coins 
from Domitian to Severus, favour the supposition that this 
isolated specimen may have been found on some other part of 
the area excavated. 

Roman London thus enlarged itself by degrees from the 
banks of the Thames towards Moorfields, and the line of the 
wall east and south. The sepulchral deposits alluded to 
confirm its growth ; others, at more remote distances, indicate 
posterior enlargements; while interments discovered at Holborn, 
Finsbury, Whitechapel, and the extensive burial-places in, 
Spitalfields and Goodman's Fields, denote that those localities 
were fixed on when Londinium, in process of time, had 
spread over the extensive space enclosed by the wall. 

The vast moor and marsh lands on the north side of Londi- 
nium were unquestionably, by draining and embanking, ren- 
dered in part suitable for buildings, particularly the enclosed 
portion ; that beyond the wall, probably, retained until the 
last century much of its original character. Opposite Finsbury 
Circus, at the depth of nineteen feet, a well-turned Roman arch 
was discovered, at the entrance of which, on the Finsbury side, 
were iron bars placed apparently to restrain the sedge and 
weeds from choking the passage. In Prince' s-street, on the 
west side of the Bank, in Lothbury, Token-house Yard, and 
the adjoining parts, the natural boggy soil descends to a 
great depth, but the superficial strata contain the remains 
of houses and their pavements. In many parts of this dis- 
trict wooden piles were driven through the unstable founda- 
tions into the natural gravel to form a solid substructure. 

The mode of obtaining a sure foundation by means of piling, 
was as general on the bank of the river as in the marshy dis- 
trict above noticed. It was observed throughout Thames- 
street and Tower-street, and also on the Southwark side of 
the river. In the last-mentioned locality, when excavations 



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11$ ROMAN LONDON. 

were made for the south wing of St. Thomas's Hospital, the 
foundations, walls, and pavements of a Roman house were dis- 
covered, which had been laid upon piles driven into the sand. 
On this side of the river there was evidence in the remains 
of buildings reaching almost close to its banks, that much 
ground had been reclaimed from subjection to periodical over- 
Sowings of the river when its banks were low, straggling, and 
undefined. 

These remarks involve the question whether Londinium was 
confined to the north side of the river. Discoveries of tessellated 
pavements on and about the site of St. Saviour's church, 
and other remains of buildings, pottery, lamps, glass vessels, 
and various domestic utensils and implements . through- 
out the line of High-street, nearly as far as St. George's 
church, demonstrate the claims of a portion of the Southwark 
side of the Thames to be comprised within the bounds of 
Roman London ; and these claims are further supported by an 
ancient extensive burial-ground discovered on the site of that 
. now attached to the dissenters' chapel in Deverill-street, New 
Kent Road. When the approaches to the new bridge were 
being cut, an excellent opportunity was afforded for ascer- 
taining at what point the Roman road from Kent did, or 
did not, reach the river; but the persons in authority over 
the works made no provision either for the preservation of 
the antiquities brought to light, or for instituting or even 
countenancing investigations, which, without impeding the 
progress of the excavations, might have furnished additional 
facts to clear up disputed points. 

It may, for the present, be sufficient to adduce some argu- 
ments in support of the belief that the two divisions of Londi- 
nium had a connecting medium somewhere about the site of 
Old London Bridge. The uninterrupted possession of this 
locality by a succession of bridges up to the time of the 
Anglo-Saxons is well authenticated, and is of itself presump- 
tive evidence of a prior erection. Dion Cassius", who lived 
in the early part of the third century, when recording the inva- 
sion of Britain by Claudius, incidentally mentions a bridge over 
the Thames, and this notice, however indefinite as to locality, 
seems to determine the early existence of a bridge which the 
context may incline us to fix at or near London. Other consi- 
derations in favour of this opinion, are the extent, population, 

• Lib. lx kc. 30. 

xiflno « Google 



ROMAN LONDON. 



and commerce which Londiniura then possessed. It was also the 
focus, to which converged the military roads, and the thorough- 
fare for troops from Gaul and Italy to the various stations in 
the northern parts of Britain. In such a town, situated as 
has been shewn, on both sides of the river, and to a people like 
the Romans, accustomed to facilitate communication with all 
parts of their provinces, as well as to adorn their towns with 
public works, a bridge would be much more indispensable than 
at such places as Pontes, ad Pontem, Pons -&lii, Tripontium, 
Jherolipons, &c, the etymology of which names shews that 
bridges were not uncommon in Britain. 

That this presumptive evidence is supported by recent dis- 
coveries, I proceed to shew. Throughout the entire line of the 
old bridge, the bed of the river was found to contain ancient 
wooden piles ; and when these piles, subsequently to the erec- 
tion of the new bridge, were pulled up to deepen the channel 
of the river, many thousands of Roman coins, with abundance 
of broken Roman tiles and pottery, were discovered ; and im- 
mediately beneath some of the central piles, brass medallions 
of Aurelius, Faustina, and Commodus. All these remains 
are indicative of a bridge. The enormous quantities of Roman 
coins may be accounted for by consideration of the well- 
known practice of the Romans to make these imperishable 
monuments subservient towards perpetuating the memory, not 
only of their conquests, but also of those public works which 
were the natural result of their successes in remote parts of 
the world. They may have been deposited either upon the 
building or repairs of the bridge, as well as upon the accession 
of a new emperor. The great rarity of medallions is corrobo- 
rative of this opinion, for medallions were struck only for par- 
ticular purposes. The beautiful works of art which were dis- 
covered alongside of the foundations of the old bridge, — -the 
colossal bronze head of Hadrian, the bronze images of Apollo, 
Mercury, Atys, and other divinities, an extraordinary instru- 
ment ornamented with the heads of deities and animals'*, — and 
other relics bearing direct reference to pagan mythology, were 
possibly thrown into the river by the early Christians in their 
zeal for obliterating all allusions to the old supplanted religion. 

Some excavations made for sewers in Thames-street led to 
discoveries which confirm the truth of Fitz-Stephens' assertion 

itingi of the bronie bJUft* 



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114 ROMAN LONDON. 

that London was formerly walled on the water-side, and although 
in his time the wall was no longer standing, at least in an 
entire state, there was probably enough left to trace its 
course by. The cause of its destruction, this writer tells us, 
was the water ; but it is difficult to conceive how the overthrow 
of a work of such solidity and strength could have been thus 
accomplished. This wall was first noticed at the foot of Lam- 
beth hill, forming an angle with Thames-street, and extending, 
with occasional breaks, to Queenhithe ; and some walling of 
similar character, probably a part of the above, has been 
noticed in Thames-street, opposite Queen-street. It was from 
eight to ten feet thick, and about eight deep, reckoning the top 
at nine feet from the present street level, and composed of rag- 
stone and flint, with alternate layers of red and yellow, plain 
and curve-edged tiles, cemented by mortar as firm and hard as 
the tiles, from which it could not be separated. For the 
foundation strong oaken piles were used, upon which was 
laid a stratum of chalk and stones, and then a course of hewn 
sand-stones from three to four feet long, by two and a-half 
in width. 

Some of the materials of this wall had evidently been used 
in an earlier public building, the destruction of which may have 
been accomplished during some insurrection of the Britons, 
such as that under Boadicea. Many of the foundation-stones 
above-mentioned were ornamented with mouldings and sculp- 
ture, and had been cut for adaptation into a frieze or entabla- 
ture of an edifice, the dimensions of which may be conceived 
from the fact of many of these stones weighing half a ton. 
Fragments of sculptured marble, among which was a portion 
of a decorated stone, which appears to have formed part of an 
altar, had also been worked into the wall. 

At what period Londinium was first fortified with walls, 
there is no evidence to certify. It is probable that this did not 
take place until after the recovery of the province by Con- 
Btantius, or even later, when Theodosius restored and garri- 
soned the towns, and fortified the stations and camps against 
the northern pirates. 

Foundations of other walls of great thickness have been dis- 
covered in Bush-lane, in Five-Foot Alley, in Cornhill, and other 
localities, but the circumstances under which they were observed, 
forbid our hazarding any satisfactory conjecture as to their 

c Ammianui MarcellimM, lib. siviil c 3. 



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ROMAN LONDON. 115 

original uses. The plan of modem London gives na little or 
no assistance in forming a notion of that of the Roman town ; 
for in many instances streets, which during centuries have 
retained their present course, cover the foundations of dwelling- 
houses, and thus prove the non-existence of Roman roads or 
streets in such sites. 

Recent discoveries, however, while they leave us in doubt of 
the sites of public edifices, and of the arrangements of streets, 
reveal, by an abundance of scattered facts, the populousness 
of the place, and the comforts and luxuries of its inhabitants. 
At depths varying from ten to twenty feet, we notice through- 
out the city the remains of houses, and of a variety of domestic 
utensils. Some of the houses, as may be expected, exhibit 
evidences of the superior rank or wealth of their owners in the 
rich tessellated pavements of their apartments. The more 
remarkable of these were found in Bartholomew -lane, connected 
probably with that discovered on the site of the Bank of Eng- 
land, in Paternoster-row, in Crosby-square, in Bush-lane, in 
Lad-lane and Wood-street, and on the site of the Hall of Com- 
merce in Threadneedle-street, but all were cut to pieces and 
destroyed, with the exception of the last, which having become 
private property, met a more worthy fate, and is deposited 
in the British Museum, as an example of one of the most use- 
ful and elegant of the ancient arts, by the good taste and public 
spirit of its conservator* 1 . 

The absence of inscribed stones is remarkable, and only to 
be accounted for upon the supposition of their having been 
broken up in past times for building materials. Two only 
have been discovered, both sepulchral; the one, inscribed to 
a speculafor of the second legion*, was found imbedded in a 
wall of the Old Blackfriars' Monastery ; the other, in memory 
of Grata, the daughter of Dagobitus, was discovered at London 
Wall, Moorfields. Some stamped tiles are interesting as af- 
fording perhaps the earliest instances of an abbreviation of the 
word Londinium. They read | pbk lon | and |^5S^O!T| , 
and may mean Probatum Londinii, proved (of the proper 
quality) at London ; or Prima (cohors) ERiimum LON<&'mm, 
the first (cohort) of the Britons at London. 

The fictile urns and vessels, in an endless variety of shape 
and pattern, contribute evidence of domestic comfort, and of 



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116 ROMAN LONDON. 

that combination of elegance and utility which charac- 
terizes these works of ancient art. Some of these are proved 
to have been manufactured in Britain from specimens procured 
from the Roman potteries, discovered by Mr. Artis at Castor', 
and from the debris of others on the banks of the Medway*. 
The handles of amphora?, and the rims of a peculiar kind of 
shallow pans, have frequently the names of the makers. A 
superior kind of pottery, of a bright red colour, usually termed 
" Samian," has been found in great abundance throughout 
London. It has been supposed with reason to be of that kind 
so termed by the younger Pliny, who mentions its being made 
at various continental towns, and exported to all parts of the 
empire; and its identity seems confirmed from being met with 
wherever the Romans had established themselves. This pottery 
is not more remarkable for its fine texture and rich coralline 
colour, than for the great diversity of its ornaments. The 
shallow dishes or paterae of this ware, if not plain, are usually 
adorned with a simple ivy-leaf pattern, but the bowls are 
covered with embossed designs, comprising mythological, 
bacchanalian, and hunting subjects, gladiatorial combats, 
games, and architectural and fanciful compositions. Some 
exhibit figures which are probably copies from sculptures whose 
excellence made them universally popular ; for instance, that 
of a Venus in attitude and character mnch resembling the 
well-known statue of the Medicean Venus. These vases have 
been usually cast in moulds, but fragments of others have 
been discovered, the ornaments and figures on which have 
been separately moulded. The names of potters are usually 
stamped on the bottom of the interior of these vases. Of 
these, such as bonoxvs, divixtvlvs, daqodvbnvs, &c., have 
a harsh and outlandish sound, bespeaking a Gaulish origin, 
or perhaps a Spanish, as Saguntum is one of the manu- 
facturing places specified by Pliny. Many of the names as 
well as patterns accord with specimens preserved in museums 
in France and Germany. A familiarity with the frequent 
arrangements of the letters of the potters' names in mono- 
grams and ligatures, will tend to assist the reading of sculp- 
tured inscriptions. 

The use of glass must have been common throughout 
Britain j fragments of beautifully-worked vessels in this mate- 
rial having been collected in abundance, and some in rich 

' Durobriv* of Antoniaiu. illustrated. * Aichsologia, vol, xxii. p. 283. 

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ROMAN LONDON. 117 

striped blue, green, and yellow colours, which formed parts of 
ribbed bowls, shew the perfection to which the Romans had 
attained in the art of colouring and annealing glass. 

Many of the articles which individual exertion has preserved 
strongly illustrate their arts, manners, and customs ; and any 
artist engaged in attempts to revive the art of fresco-painting 
may derive useful hints from a close examination of the paint- 
ings from the walls of the houses of Roman London, which 
retain a freshness of colour as if executed only a few years 
ago. Many of the objects in steel, such as knives, styli, and 
implements, apparently modelling tools, are in an admirable 
fine state of preservation, to which the wet boggy soil they 
were taken from has materially contributed ; and to the same 
cause we owe the conservation of leathern reticulated san- 
dals, and other antiquities, among which may be mentioned 
some little wooden implements, such as are still used in the 
west of England for yarn-spinning, and which carry us back 
to the infancy of one of the greatest staple manufactures of 
this kingdom . 

C. ROACH SMITH. 

b For detailed accounts of discoveries Esq. ; and various communication! to the 

made during (lie last few years in London Gentleman's Magazine, made chiefly by 

see the papers in the Archicologia, by the the latter gentleman. 
writer of these notes, and by A. J. Kempc, 



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REMARKS ON SOME OF THE CHURCHES OF 

ANGLESEY. 



COMMOT OF TYNDAETHWY. 

The churches of this commot, or hundred, sixteen in num- 
ber, are mostly of great simplicity of form, and include 
probably some of the earliest Christian edifices built within 
the island. The county town of Beaumarais stands within 
this commot, and its parochial church (which is in reality only 
a chapel dependant upon Llandegvan) is the largest ecclesias- 
tical building in the district ; but it is of a period rather later 
than that to which attention will be drawn in this paper : and, 
though an edifice of much architectural interest, must remain 
for more ample notice on a future occasion. At present all 
that will be attempted is to give a brief account of a few of 
the more notable churches of the commot, which may serve as 
types (and they are well suited to this purpose) for the rest of 
the island. In general, the villages in the commot of Tyndaethwy 

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THE CHURCHES OF ANGLESEY. 119 

are small in size, and scattered in arrangement ; — the parishes 
are not small, but the' houses lie far apart from each other, 
and the district, though well cultivated, has on the whole a 
wild and bleak appearance. It forms the most easterly portion 
of the island, and is easily accessible to visitors of all lands : 
it contains the frowning feudal castle of Beaumarais, and the 
beautifully secluded retreat of Penmon Priory ; it is washed 
by the blue strait of the Menai on the one side, and the stormy 
inlet of Traeth Coch (Red Wharf Bay) on the other : — so that 
for many reasons there can be little hesitation in recommending 
its mediaeval remains to the notice of modern antiquarians. 

It is the opinion of the learned and acute Henry Rowlands, 
author of the Mono. Antiqua Bestaurata, that the earliest eccle- 
siastical edifices erected in Anglesey (and indeed in Britain) 
were cells or hermitages, built by the first professors of Chris- 
tianity who settled within its limits : — that to such cells small 
chapels, or places of prayer, were attached ; and that the people, 
resorting thither for spiritual instruction during the lifetime of 
the holy founders, continued to regard them as sacred spots 
after their decease, and, either immediately or ultimately, con- 
verted them into churches under the name or invocation of 
the holy men, whether canonized by proper authority or con- 
secrated by popular opinion. There is much probability in 
this hypothesis, when the local peculiarities of Anglesey are 
taken into consideration : — and it is strengthened, not only by 
tradition, but also by several circumstances connected with 
buildings of this class, in other parts of Wales as well as in 
the island. It is not to be expected that any of these original 
cells are now to be found standing, though the contrary can- 
not perhaps be affirmed ; but there is such a similarity in the 
construction of many churches here, and their history generally 
tallies so well with the suggestion of the author named above, 
that it may be received as a good starting-point of Cambrian 
antiquarian doctrine. 

One of the local circumstances corroborative of this view of 
the case, is that the earliest churches still extant are of that 
small simple form which might have been expected had they 
been built for the use of a single holy man and a few followers. 

The original form of the Anglesey churches seems to have 
been that of a small oblong edifice from thirty feet by ten feet 
to fifty feet by twenty feet internally. These would hold 
about fifty or a hundred persons, and perhaps in early times 



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120 REMAEKS ON SOME OF 

the rural congregations of these districts rarely surpassed this 
number. The addition of transepts and chancels seems to 
have been made at much later periods, generally in the thir- 
teenth and fourteenth centuries : but in the conventual esta- 
blishment of Penmon, which can hardly be classed with the 
ordinary parochial churches of the island, the original form 
of the building was no doubt that which it still retains, cruci- 
form. It is very difficult for a casual observer to recognise 
the original nucleus of these early churches, but it may be 
generally discovered in the nave, where the walls are commonly 
of rude though solid construction, the level of the building 
sunk beneath that of the external earth, and the windows 
evidently inserted at some recent period, (often in very late 
times,) so that originally no light could have been admitted 
except by the door, or else perhaps by a small eastern window. 
Without asserting that many of these early buildings remain 
in the present churches, it may be considered probable that 
even when a new edifice was erected on the site of an older 
one, the first plan was adhered to, and that the only change 
made was that of stone for wood and rubble. The church of 
Llansadwrn (the church of St. Sadwrn or St. Saturninus) may 
be referred to as a good instance of the absence of all windows 
in the original nave : — there are some in the southern side, of 
the fifteenth century, and a small modern loophole at the 
western end ; but without these the building could originally 
have had no light. The naves of Llangoed and Llandegvan 
are similar instances : so is that of Llanvihangel Tyn Sylwy : 
and even in the conventual church of Penmon the only fenestra] 
openings in the nave are small circular-headed loopholes con- 
temporary with the building, twenty-four inches by nine exter- 
nally, but expanding within to a considerable size. These 
early churches seem never to have been paved or floored, very 
few of them are so at the present day : the earth, like the soil 
in the peasants' cottages, is beaten hard, more or less even, and 
being generally dry serves the purpose of the hardy congrega- 
tions. The roofs must always have been of wood: no trace 
of vaulting is to be found anywhere within the commot : and it 
is by no means improbable that some of the original timber 
used for these purposes may be in existence at the present day, 
though the feet can hardly be verified. The universal covering 
of these roofs is the schistose stone, which composes the largest 
geological formation in the island. The only approaches to 



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THE CHURCHES OF ANGLESEY. 121 

stone-vaulting are to be found at Penmon and Ynys Seiriol. 
Here the towers of the two churches are covered with low 
conical quadrilateral spires, or rather pointed roofs, in the for- 
mation of which no wood is employed, but the stones keep 
lapping over each other from the lowest course laid on the side 
walls until at length they meet in the apex. A much later 
example of this rude vaulting, if it can be so called, is in the 
monastic pigeon-house at Penmfin, a curious square building of 
the fifteenth century, almost unique in its kind : — the towers 
above mentioned are about sixteen feet square at Penmon, and 
eighteen feet by twelve feet at Ynys Seiriol, but in the pigeon- 
house the area is twenty-one feet square, and the quadrilateral 
vaulting approaches to the domical form (like the roofs used 
by Delorme in the Tuileries, and other French chateaux), and 
it is entirely covered by stones laid in this manner, without 
any wood in the whole building, and with a light louvre or 
lantern in the midst. 

Towers were evidently too costly for the construction of the 
primitive churches of Anglesey, and whenever bells came to be 
used, the erection of a simple gable at the western end of the 
building served the purpose. All these gables however have 
pointed arches, either of the end of the thirteenth or the four- 
teenth centuries ; and hence it may be suspected that the use 
of bells was an ecclesiastical luxury of comparatively late intro- 
duction into Anglesey. However this may be, their form is 
very simple : covered generally with a straight coping, but at 
Llansadwrn with one of a peculiarly elegant curve. At Pen- 
mynydd (which is the largest church in the commot next to 
St. Mary's at Beaumarais) the gable is pierced for two bells ; 
but this is a rare instance of parochial wealth. 

The churchyards retain perhaps the same size and form 
which they originally possessed : a fact which, in the absence 
of documentary evidence, may be inferred from the peculiarly 
religious spirit of the inhabitants, who still retain in undimi- 
nished vigour the national respect for sacred things : and 
which has never allowed them, except in the calamitous period 
of the dissolution of the monasteries, to encroach on consecrated 
ground. The absence of monumental slabs would lead to the 
inference that no interments (as a general rule) took place 
within the churches. There are exceptions to this at Pen- 
mynydd, where the tomb and vault of the Tudor family still 
remain, and where there is also a tomb under an arch in the 



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REMARKS ON SOME 07 



northern wall of the building, to accommodate which a small 
erection like a chapel (without any windows) has been added 
to the original edifice. This tomb is of the fourteenth cen- 
tury (?), but bears no sculpture or inscription of any kind by 
which its possessor's name can be discovered, though it is very 
probably that of a Tudor, the seigneurs of the parish from time 
immemorial. 



Of early fonts only two remain in this 
commot : one at Penmon, probably the 
earliest : the other at Llaniestin : they are 
both no doubt contemporary with the 
buildings in which they are placed. The 
other fonts, which more or less resemble 
that of Llanvihangel Tyn Sylwy, appear 
to be of the fourteenth century. At Pen- 
mon until within a few years a water- 
stoup, of the same date as the font, was 
used; and at Llandegvan another water- 
stoup (of the fourteenth century P) is 
still employed for the baptismal sacra- 
ment : in all cases these fonts are placed 
at the western ends of their respective 



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THE CHURCHES OF ANGLESEY. 123 

edifices, sometimes against the northern, sometimes against 
the southern walls. 

The gables appear to have been always topped with 
crosses, the pediments of which, commonly quadrangular 
with trifoliated canopies, still remain : but of the crosses 
themselves a considerable proportion have perished. Those 
at Llanvihangel, Llangoed, and Llansadwm are the most 
remarkable*. 

The chancels and transepts seem to have been all added 
posterior to the conquest of Wales by the English, and their 
architecture indicates in general the style of the fourteenth 
century. The chancels are mostly of the same design : the 
transepts, if indeed they may be so called, have been only 
chapels added by the parochial gentry, as at Llangoed, Llan- 
degvan, &c. 

The following is a list of the ecclesiastical edifices in this 
commot : — 

Ynts Seiriol, (St. Seiriol's Isle, Priestholme, or Puffin 
Island.) The tower of a small conventual church still remains 
here : and the foundations of part of the church, with per- 
haps part of the monastic cells, may be traced : it is exactly 
similar to the tower of Penmon. This small conventual esta- 
blishment is noticed both by Dugdale and Tanner, though 
they do not seem to have been aware of the existence of 
two distinct establishments, churches, &c., on the mainland 
at Penmon, and on the island, the original name of which was 
Glannauch, or Ynys Lenach, " the Priest's Island." St. Seiriol, 
according to Rowland's Mon. Anliq., flourished with St. Cybi 
in the seventh century. 

Penmon, an Augustine priory. Here are to be found the 
conventual church, the refectory, part of the 
prior's lodgings (?), and some of the con- 
ventual farm buildings. With the house 
on Ynys Seiriol, it owes its foundation to 
Maelgwyn Gwynedd, king of Wales, in the 
sixth century, and was re-founded by 
Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, prince of Wales, 
at the beginning of the thirteenth cen- ^i™^ <* *»* 
tury. The conventual church consists of "■■""" 

is cross, or crowed atone, standing in the pwk at Pen- 

IhSitizeOByGoOgle 



124 REMARKS ON SOME 07 

a nave and south transept of early date, and a chancel of 
the fifteenth century; the northern transept has been de- 
stroyed, but the central tower 
still remains. The south 
transept was used as a chapel, 
and a curious series of small 
circular-headed arches, with 
zigzagged mouldings and fil- 
leted shafts, formed seats 
round its sides for the monks 
and their attendants. The 
buildings are in good pre- 
servation, though somewhat 
in need of repair ; but they 
belong to a gentleman of 

enlightened taste and public - '.- 

spirit, Sir R. W. Bulkeley. 
The chancel only is used as 
a parochial church. 

Llan Sadwrn. A small church consisting of a nave, and 
a chapel on the north- 
ern side. The nave is 
probably of very early 
date. The chapel and > 
the eastern window 
may be assigned to the 
fourteenth century. By , 
the side of a window . 
in the eastern wall of 
this chapel is an in- 
scription commemo- "™'""™ * *■ B °*""" 
rative of St. Sadwrn, which the early form of the letters would 
lead us to suppose older than the Norman conquest of Eng- 
land. I conjecture the reading to be — 

H1C BEATVB BATVRNINVB BEP" (SEFULTOS) JACBT ET 9YA Sc" (BANCTA) 

Llan Jestyn. A small church with a southern transept 
or chapel, and a porch on the southern side of the nave. The 
nave very early : the eastern window of the fourteenth cen- 
tury. In this church, dedicated to St. Jestyn, or Jestinus, 
great-grandson of Constantine, duke of Cornwall, is the early 



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THE CHURCHES OF ANGLESEY. 125 




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126 REMARKS ON SOME OE 

font mentioned above, and the table-monument of the saint, 
of the thirteenth century. 

Llan Ddona. A small church dedicated to St. Ddona, a 



grandson of Brochvael Yscythrog, who commanded the Britons 
in the fatal battle at Bangor Iscoed, at the beginning of the 
seventh century. It consists of an early nave with a northern 
porch, and a chapel or aisle on the south side. To this nave 
is added a cruciform building forming a chancel, and two 
transepts of the fourteenth century. 

Llan Degpan, (or Llandegvan.) A long low church with 
an early nave, and a chancel of the fourteenth century. Two 
chapels have since been added, forming north and south tran- 
septs. A tower was built at the west end of the church in 
1811 by the late Lord Bulkeley. Dedicated to St. Tegvan. 

Llangoed. A small church with early nave j chancel and 
transepts of more recent date ; the eastern window is as recent 
as 1613. 

Llanfaes. This is the parish church of the village in 
which the friary of Llanfaes was subsequently built. The 
nave is of the thirteenth century, as a doorway in the northern 
side testifies : the choir is of the end of that century, or the 
beginning of the fourteenth. The lower was erected by Lord 
Bulkeley in 1811. Of the religious house just mentioned, 
which was founded and filled with Franciscan friars in 1237 

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THE CHURCHES OF ANGLESEY. 127 

by Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, in memory of his consort the Prin- 
cess Joan, daughter of King John of England, hardly any 
thing remains except the church, now converted into a barn 
and stable. The nave and chancel are still entire, though the 
interiors are scarcely to be made out. Of the magnificent 
altar-tombs contained in this church, one is in the church at 
Beaumarais, another at Penmynydd, a third at Llandegai in 
Caernarvonshire, and a fourth at Llanbublig, the Roman 
8egontium, in the same county. 

Penmynydd. This church, which constitutes a prebend in 
the cathedral church of Bangor, consists of a nave with a 
sepulchral chapel on the northern side, and a chancel. There 
is a porch on the southern side of the nave. The whole 
building is of the end of the fourteenth, or beginning of the 
fifteenth century. In the chancel stands the magnificent 
alabaster monument of the Tudor family, whose vault is 
underneath. It is a work of the fourteenth century, of 
admirable execution, but rather mutilated. Some careful 
repairs (not restorations) have been ordered of this valu- 
able work of medieval art b . At the western end of the 
nave is a minstrel gallery in wood of the sixteenth century. 
The church is dedicated to St. Gredivael. 

Llanfihangel Tyn Sylwy. So called from its being situ- 
ated beneath the elevated t p ( 
British station of Dinas Sylwy ;■■ ■ 
— orBwrdd Arthur, Arthur's '^^^^^^^^^mmm^^ma' 
Round Table — is a small ;H ^^^^^^M- 
church apparently altogether ;M Wu. 
of the fourteenth century, ^LJ m~ 
though the nave has pro- H a^la^flLH 
bably re-placed one of ear- '^^^^mc '^^^^^^^^' 
lier date. The chancel is ■^^^^^ i2L -^^ B 
decidedly of the fourteenth «-- i-w*«. 
century, and is of remarkably elegant proportions. In the 
southern corner of the chancel stands a curious moveable 
wooden pulpit of the seventeenth century, the elaborate deco- 
rations of which have been burnt out by a red hot iron stamp, 
leaving the surface of the wood charred black to the present 

* It b a curioua and unfortuD ate super- rium for weak eyes. The depredation! 

stition of the peasantry, that a portion of which have hence resulted ire moat aeriouj. 

this and similar monuments, if ground The tomb is going to be re-set, and a atout 

into powder, will form a specific colly- railing placed round it. 

>,Sitizeot>vGoOgIe 



REMARKS ON SOME OF 



day. This church like others of the same name is dedicated 
to St. Michael the Archangel. 

Llan Ttsilio. A small and remarkable church, built in a 



most picturesque situation, 
on a little islet immediately 
on the southern side of the 
Menai Bridge. The nave 
is probably an early one : 
the eastern window is of 
the fourteenth century. The 
wood-work of the roof is 
curious, from the trifoliation 
of the side springers where > 
they meet in a point above, 
and from their edges being 
chamfered, withsquarepoint- 

ed bosses left in the midst tl* pi«.. i.n» T^m, 

of the chamfer, giving a most excellent effect at a very mode- 
rate cost of labour and expense. Dedicated to St. Tysilio. 

Beatjharais. This is a chapel under Llandegfan, dedicated 
to St. Mary : but from the importance of the town in which 
it is situated has become the most considerable church in the 
commot. It comprises a large and lofty nave with side aisles 
of the end of the fourteenth century, and a good chancel of 
the fifteenth. There is a tower much altered (spoiled) by 




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THE CHURCHES OP ANGLESEY. 129 




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130 THE CHURCHES OF ANGLESEY. 

modem repairs : and a small vestry on the northern side of 
the nave containing one of the alabaster tombs from Llanfaes. 
This tomb, though mutilated in former days, is now in a place 
of comparative safety, and is well taken care of. There are 
numerous mural tablets in the church, one of which, a small 
brass, commemorates some early members of the Bulkeley 
family : and another, an incised slab south of the altar, bears 
the armorial coats of Sir Henry Sidney and other officers of 
Queen Elizabeth's reign. The richly carved oaken roof of this 
church is well worthy of note : in the chancel the carved stall- 
work (brought from Llanfaes?) has been arranged in a judicious 
manner. The whole edifice is in good repair with the excep- 
tion of portions of the chancel. 

There are some other churches in this commot which have 
not yet been included in the author's survey, viz. : 

Llan Bedr Goch, Llan Ddyfnan, Llanfair yn Mathafam 
Eithaf, Llanfair Pwll Gwyngyll, and Pentraeth. The latter is 
figured in Grose's Antiquities. 

H. L. JONES. 



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ICONOGRAPHY AND ICONOCLASM. 

Iconography, carried to excess, and addressed to the ima- 
ginations of an ignorant, an idle, and a vicious populace, natu- 
rally leads to idolatry. Hence it was that the inspired lav- 
giver of the Israelites, who was learned in all the wisdom of 
the Egyptians, that is, was intimately acquainted with the 
whole system of the Egyptian philosophy and mythology, and 
had witnessed the pernicious effects of this system on the 
moral and religious conduct of the Egyptian population, was 
instructed to guard the Israelites most rigorously, when they 
came up out of Egypt into the promised land of Canaan, 
against the sin of idolatry ; as the natural consequence of the 
perversion, the abuse, and the excess of that which in itself, 
perhaps, and in its origin, might be thought innocent. " Thou 
shalt not make to thyself any graven image, nor the likeness 
of any thing," &c, is the second commandment of the first 
table, and therefore cannot be resisted or evaded. But the 
Iconoclasts are led by their zeal and enthusiasm to overlook 
the qualifying and important member of the sentence, — " to 
thyself." Painting, statuary, sculpture, — all the imitative 
arts, — nay, the very cultivation of the soil, the reproduction of 
the animal form, and the advances of science, would be re- 
tarded, or even annihilated, as far as it depends upon us, were 
we to attempt to carry into effect, in its utmost latitude, the rigid 
and literal interpretation of this commandment, which the 
Iconoclast, without any reserve, limitation, or qualification, 
would persuade us to adopt. But what iB the very substance 
of the injunction ? Thou shalt not make these similitudes, — 
these works of thine own hands, — " to thyself" — from any 
selfish motive, for any selfish use or gratification. Much less 
shalt thou bow down to them and worship them according to 
thine own will and pleasure. Whenever this was done, the 
idols, the objects of this perverted taste, were destroyed on the 
common maxim, that when the cause is removed the effect 
will cease. And, however much we may regret the loss of 
many splendid works of art, which might gratify and instruct 
every generation of mankind, yet we may console ourselves 
with the reflection that enough remains to illustrate almost 
every page of history, if we be careful and industrious enough 
to examine and study them. Much has been lately accom- 
plished in this way ; and we are particularly indebted to the 



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132 ICONOGRAPHY AND ICONOCLASM. 

learned author of the " Christian Iconography," of whose 
work some account was given in the first number of the 
Archaeological Journal. 

In illustration of the same subject the following specimens 
of Christian Iconography from coins are here submitted to the 
consideration of the readers of this Journal : — 



No. 1. A sold coin of Basiliue I. and his father Const&ntinus, 
c A.D. 867. 

No. 2. A copper coin of Johannes ZlmisceB, c. A.D. 969. 

No. 3. A gold coin of Alexiua Comnenus, c. A. D. 1080. 

No. 4. A gold coin of GonBtantinus VII. and his associate in the empire, 
RomanuB Locapenus, c. A.D. 912. 



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ICONOGRAPHY AND ICONOCLASM. 133 

Of all the coins here engraved that of Zimisces is the finest 
and most interesting. This is of copper ; and the superiority 
of that metal for decision of outline is well known to Numis- 
matists. There is also a peculiarity of character, which dis- 
tinguishes this coin from the rest. The head of Christ is on 
the obverse, instead of the head of the reigning emperor. 
Hence the Byzantine coins, not otherwise distinguished, are 
easily appropriated to Zimisces. Perhaps some reasons < 
state prevented this politic prince, though his coronation was 
publicly solemnized, and his reign was popular, from assuming 
all the external signs of his imperial office. Under his usur- 
pation or regency of twelve years, according to Gibbon, though 
Zonaras and most other authors say six, Basil and Constantine 
had silently grown to manhood. On the 10th of January, 
975-6, these youthful brothers ascended the throne of Con- 
stantinople. Their reign is designated, by the historian of the 
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, as the longest and 
most obscure of the Byzantine history. Yet it was during this 
eventful period, here so carelessly and contemptuously de- 
spatched, that those great struggles were made both in Europe 
and Asia, which laid the foundation of the modern dynas- 
ties both of the east and west. In subsequent chapters of 
the work some compensation is made for this hasty and abrupt 
dismissal of the subject. The entire reign of these two 
brothers combined together exceeded fifty-three years, of which 
Basil occupied fifty, dying suddenly at the age of seventy. 
This was the second of that name. The first Basil, who is 
represented on the obverse of his coins in company with his 
son, a youth who died at the age of thirteen, holding an 
elevated cross between them, is the first emperor who placed 
the figure of the Saviour, with His titles and attributes, on his 
coins, if we may trust to the Beries engraved in the Thesaurus 
Palatums of Beger ; who candidly admits, nevertheless, that 
Justinian the Second, called Rhinotmetus, was by some sup- 
posed to be the first ; probably because his own mutilated face 
was unworthy of being perpetuated. The custom certainly 
prevailed through several reigns. There are eleven examples 
engraved in Beger's work ; from which four have been here 
selected, as containing something peculiar. They all have the 
radiated nimbus, bounded by a circular outline, with flowing 
hair, generally parted over the forehead, and a slight portion 
of beard, except in the coin of Manuel, who came to the 



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■134 ICONOGRAPHT AND ICONOCXA8M. 

throne in 1143. This is the last of the series given by Beger, 
who concludes his work with a short review of the Roman 
empire from its commencement to its fall. In none of 
these examples of imperial Iconography does he discover any 
traces of idolatry, or any license and authority for that adora- 
tion of images, the controversy about which occasioned so 
much animosity and Iconoclasm in the eastern and western 
world for so. many centuries. The usual monograms and titles 
of Jesus, of Christ, of Emmanuel, the King of kings, with 
K6 BO — KYPI6 Botfiei, &c., only serve to remind both sove- 
reigns and subjects of their dependence on Divine Providence 
for the continuance of their prosperity, or their deliverance 
from adversity. But the invocation of the " Mother of God," 
which soon followed, is a departure from this simplicity. 

The transition to Mariolatry may, perhaps, be a curious and 
interesting subject for investigation. The word GEOTOK02 
is ambiguous. It may signify the " Mother of God," or it 
may be synonymous with Diogenes, that is, " of Divine origin." 
Accordingly, we find the first invocation of the Virgin Mother 
by this name on a coin of Romanus Diogenes, who came to 
the imperial throne of Constantinople in the year 1068. He 
is represented as crowned by the Virgin Mary; and the legends 
of this and some subsequent coins exhibit those revolting in- 
vocations for help from the Mother of God which have been so 
frequently condemned as derogatory from the supreme Majesty 
of heaven. For about four or five centuries, therefore, " jew 
frabe macs, #9arj ftrlp," were invocations too commonly united. 
In another coin there is the figure of St. George assisting the 
emperor, Calo-Johannes, in holding a patriarchal cross, with 
the figure of the Saviour, sitting on a chair, on the reverse. 
The nimbus, surrounding the heads both of the Virgin and 
St. George, is quite plain. From the coins of Alexius Com- 
nenus, as well as others of the Comnenian family, we may 
infer, that they acknowledged Christ as their only helper and 
defender. i. I. 



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ON THE PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTAL 
INSCRIPTIONS. 

Ih the course of my pursuits connected with genealogy it 
has occurred to me that, amongst the various means of " per- 
petuating" evidence, sufficient attention has not hitherto been 
given to the preservation of Monumental Inscriptions ; either 
by legislative enactment, or by some collateral authority in 
the shape of government interference. We owe much to the 
latter species of semi-legislation in the origin of our parish 
registers ; and, although the earlier parochial records exhibit 
little else than lists of names and dates without immediate 
personal identity, yet the progressive improvement in their 
character by the wholesome interference of the legislature has 
rendered them more useful, and more applicable to the pur- 
poses of genealogy, than in earlier times. The evidence of the 
Inqumtiones post mortem, and of court rolls ; of funeral cer- 
tificates taken under the authority of the earl marshal of Eng- 
land ; and of the periodical visitations made by the heralds in 
virtue of commissions from the crown, has been acknowledged 
to be of signal and lasting importance. The testimony af- 
forded by wills, and other instruments of legal transfer of 
property, is unimpeachable from the very nature of such docu- 
ments.soas to be beyond controversyor suspicion. The genuine, 
and if I may use the term, unsophisticated, domestic records 
preserved in many families of genealogical occurrences, have 
been solemnly admitted in the highest courts of judicature 
as evidences of family pedigree; hallowed by their insertion 
on the fly-leaves of that holy Record, which it is presumed no 
man would listlessly employ to give a colouring or sanction to 
falsehood, while he conscientiously believes the sacred volume 
to contain the revealed will of his Maker, and to exhibit the 
means of his own eternal salvation. Monumental inscriptions 
too, which seem also to partake of the same sacred character 
as that of registering events in the family Bible, have received 
the sanction of judicial functionaries, as records of truth, by 
admitting their testimony to have the weight of legal evidence. 
On this branch of evidence I presume to offer a few observa- 



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130 ON THE PRESERVATION 

tions as regards the importance of preserving the memorials of 
the dead from wanton or careless destruction. I shall take, 
however, the example of our Church only, for this purpose. 

It may first be observed that no separate or distinct class of 
evidence to which I have alluded, will in itself always prove 
sufficiently the correctness of a genealogical descent, as it is by 
the combination of the various results to be derived from 
consulting the equally various resources of evidence that the 
genealogist is enabled to arrive at the truth of his propositions : 
thus, by taking parish registers, in the first instance, we may 
draw the fainter outlines of pedigree ; and, from the dates 
which those records afford us, we are enabled to seek the 
depositories of the muniment chamber, or of the Courts of 
civil and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, for documentary dispositions 
of acquired wealth, which necessarily contain valuable genea- 
logical information, and so fill up chasms which the former 
source left us to complete. The sacred remembrance of those 
who have no longer an " abiding place "amongst us, frequently 
suggest the terms of near and dear relationship to be inscribed 
on the sarcophagus; the memory of whom is perpetuated 
by the record of virtues in proportion as their survivors esti- 
mated their worth, or appreciated the merit due to a parent, 
or a friend ; and such memorials frequently supply, as it were, 
the conclusive testimony of family connections, and are invalu- 
able from the sanctity which surrounds them, as being dictated 
in moments of sad recollection, or in the brighter hopes of 
mooting again in futurity. 

To resume :— Sometime ago I was induced, on a visit to the 
large and populous town of Yarmouth, in Norfolk, to amuse 
myself by taking abstracts of the monumental inscriptions in 
its venerable church ; and I could not but mournfully reflect 
on the devastation and havoc which a few years had made 
amongst these memorials of the dead. I was enabled by 
comparing former memoranda, both in printed books and in 
MS. collections, to detect the loss of many valuable monu- 
ments from the church and the church-yard ; and felt that if 
it were possible to arrest this frightful progress of destruction, 
it would be most desirable. But to accomplish such a mea- 
sure was far beyond any power or influence of a solitary indi- 
vidual, and could only be reserved for a combination of men 
of taste and judgment to stimulate by example, precept, and 
encourngemcnt, the exertions of persons interested m the 



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OF MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTIONS. 187 

locality, or in general in genealogical pursuits, to preserve 
these records of mortality from wanton or careless demolition. 
I trust a period has now arrived in which much may be done 
towards effecting this important end ; and I would suggest as 
one means, that copies, or faithful abstracts, should be taken of 
the inscriptions on tombstones, or other monuments, by intel- 
ligent individuals in the respective localities, who should either 
cause printed copies to be made from time to time, or place 
their own transcripts in the custody of the minister; and 
though such transcripts would not be received in courts of 
justice as evidence, yet the preservation of names, dates, and 
circumstances affecting families, would be of the highest utility 
to the historian and the genealogist. 

In the natural course of events we must expect the conse- 
quent dilapidation of monumental inscriptions ; — a demolition 
of these monuments of our ancestors, as the effect of time 
alone, is daily taking place ; — the devastation sometimes com- 
mitted by the hand of the destroyer, by the ruthless arm of 
the inconsiderate, or by the unhallowed designs of interested 
delinquency, does much to obliterate the memorabilia of the 
dead, which have been, from time to time, erected in pious 
regard to departed worth. We shudder at such deliberate 
acts of sacrilege and impiety ; but we may even be surprised 
that so many monuments of the dead still exist which have 
been exposed to the infuriated aggression of political or reli- 
gious fanatics of different ages, or which have tempted the 
more criminal to destroy them for private and fraudulent pur- 
poses. In the utter carelessness of some, as regards the 
preservation of monumental inscriptions ; or in the total 
disregard of others for the value of them as a source of evi- 
dence, either in a legal, or in a genealogical point of view, we 
may perhaps find something to extenuate: — their pursuits, 
their defective education, or want of experience in such 
matters, may be pleaded in their behalf. We have not all the 
same views ; do not possess the same acquirements ; or have 
not seen, in the same light, the importance of these records. 
It is a subject of the greatest regret to the genealogist and 
the antiquary that such memorials should fall, as it were, a 
sacrifice to this uncertainty of human views respecting them ; 
but that regret is greatly enhanced when we find these conse- 
crated monuments of our ancestors treated with every mark 
of disrespect, of unconcern, or of indecency ; and, frequently, 



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loo ON THE PRESERVATION 

with open violence by those who have pretensions to re- 
spectability, education, wealth, and influence beyond their 
fellow men. We contemplate the devastation arising from the 
various causes to which I have adverted, with a holy jealousy, 
that these sacred memorials have not been the subject of legis- 
lative interference ; and committed to the care of those whose 
sacred offices would well adapt them to be the custodes of such 
a source of evidence, by means of some effective mode of 
registration; such evidence being alike useful to the com- 
munity at large, and of serious importance to the descendants 
of those persons to whose memory such monuments had been 
erected. 

Yarmouth church has not been an exception to the numer- 
ous instances of outrage so often observable as regards monu- 
mental inscriptions ; on the contrary, we find the melancholy 
truth recorded of the sepulchral brasses having been, in 1551, 
torn from their places, and devoted to the purpose of making 
weights for the town ! Whatever motive incited the commis- 
sion of this act of Vandalism, it surely could not have been one 
of economy merely ; many an " orataprd anima" was, probably, 
sacrificed to the mania of the day ; and this destruction of the 
most interesting of almost all monumental records may be 
attributed rather to fanatic zeal, than to the wretched parsi- 
mony of saving the expense of metal for the purpose to which 
those brasses were employed. Several stones now remain 
from which the brasses were removed, and have been devoted 
to recent inscriptions. 

The earliest monumental inscription now remaining in this, 
church is that to the memory of John Couldham in 1620, in 
the middle aisle of the chancel, upon a flat stone*; which 
ib inscribed on the edge of the stone, so as not to be injured 
by the traffic of persons passing over it b . This plan is admir- 
ably adapted for preserving the inscription from injury ; for 
many of the flat stones in the aisles, and passages between the 
pews, are so completely worn, as to cause the inscriptions to 
be entirely effaced. The oldest tablet remaining, is one to the 
memory of " Hanna Basset, virgo" 1637* ; but the inscription is 
becoming very illegible. The total number of flat stones within 

* Copied in Saindtn'i ffiitrn-y qf For- same Tnannot to the memory of (ho Suncroft 

mouth. Ho. 177!, p. 804. family, 1830. 

■ Another instance also occurs in this t Swiadrn, p. 865 ; and Le Neve't Met. 

church of the inscription being cut in the Aagl., toL i. p. 176. 



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(Bailivt 
and Uhis Toune*;" 



OF MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTIONS. 189 

this building is above 450, of which nearly 200 are in the 
spacious and magnificent chancel alone; and there are also 
nearly 50 tablets and mural monuments, some of which are 
exceedingly interesting". 

In the course of my researches I found several instances 
among the flat stones, of modem families availing themselves 
of vacant spaces upon stones to place in them inscriptions 
relating to events of recent date, without any regard to the 
incongruity of such proceeding. In one instance the decease 
of a party is recorded to have taken place in 1650 ; as in the 

It lik 
iBurges forj 

followed by a memorial of the date of 1823, preceding "the 
wife of Edward Owner" 1672. An instance also occurred in 
which the whole inscription, together with arms of a family of 
Felstead, was erased by the chisel; and the stone was appro- 
priated to the memorials of deceased relations of another 
family now existing'. I could cite many similar occurrences 
of the former description : — that is, of strangers taking the 
grave-stones of other families, and using them for the insertion 
of their own inscriptions ; but I have confined myself to the 
relation of the foregoing instances to shew the usefulness 
which a register of monumental inscriptions would be in de- 
tecting the errors which result from the confusion consequently 
arising from the practices adverted to. The identity of fami- 
lies is not only destroyed by such means, but sometimes ren- 



d This chancel, which consists of three been especially evinced by the entire resto- 
ajsles, ni in 178+ ordered by a vestry ration of the beautiful ciat window of the 
meeting to be pulled down; a better spirit, south aisle of the chancel, 
lowever, soon after prevailed, andtheorder • Edward Owner wae one of the bur- 
le* ita demolition was rescinded ; by which genes in parliament for Yarmouth in the 
it not only survives the threatened destine- parliaments summoned in 1620, 1625, 1639, 
tion, but has received, of late years, some and 1640. 

material repairs in good taste and beeping ' The Felstead inscription thus erased 
with its style. A short time ago the sedilii, was probably to the memory of Thomas 
piscina, and a reredoa, which had formerly Felstead, in the time of Charles II. ; as 
been rich in paintings, some of the colour enough was left to detect a portiun of the 
yet remaining, were discovered ; portions of Christian and surnames. The name of 
which, under the excellent and praiseworthy Thomas Felstead still remains over the 
eaertionsorMr.CufandeDaTieofYarmouth, vestry door as one of the bailifis of that 
its spirited and enlightened churchwarden, town ; while that of his coadjutor was 
have been restored. It is but justice to add, erased, aa inimical to the restored govern- 
that the trustees, in whose care the fabric men! of 1660. My first notice of this stone 
is placed by act of parliament, have given was in 1H39 ; since which it has been en 
their aid and support in conducting the ne- tirely removed. 
cewary repairs t and their good taste has 



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ON THE PRESERVATION 



dered incapable of being recovered by these false lights of 
mixed inscriptions. The clue sometimes discernible in the 
genealogical pursuit is suddenly cut off, or interwoven in all 
the intricacies attending the developement of pedigree, in the 
defective or suspicious evidence of such mutilated and injured 
memorials. The modern insertion may be questioned in 
future ages ; while the ancient one is also rendered unavailable 
by the inference which might be suggested by the recently 
introduced matter : — the natural conclusion that parties men- 
tioned on the same monument were connected in blood. 

I have been induced, from a review of these facts, to sub- 
mit these remarks in connection with what, I believe, was 
suggested to the legislature a few years since upon this 
subject: — that all monumental inscriptions should be regis- 
tered. Numerous difficulties necessarily arose in viewing the 
adoption of such a measure retrospectively; but it is to be 
regretted that some arrangement towards a registration of these 
important testimonies of family circumstance, and genealogical 
events, was not attempted to have a prospective effect, under 
proper restrictions so as to exclude the possibility of fraud; 
and so stamping with legal authority these records of departed 
worth ; the utility of which to posterity would be incalculable. 

Much has been done, and I trust much may yet be effected, 
by the industry of local historians. No topographical work 
can be considered complete without a collection of monumental 
inscriptions accompanying it : — we have before us the labours 
of an Ormerod, and other great county historians of the pre- 
sent day ; of a Weever and a Stowe of former times, replete 
with memorials from the cemetery ; and if the exertions of 
the British Archaeological Association be at all conducive to 
awaken the attention of the local clergy and gentry to a 
zealous and watchful care over the monumental records of 
families, a great object may be achieved, which even the legis- 
lature found it difficult to grapple with : — the preservation 
op our national sepulchral monuments from utter 
oblivion. 

t. w. king, rouge HRAGON. 

P.S. I have since been informed that several clergymen 
have laudably taken transcripts of the monumental inscrip- 
tions in their churches and burying'grounds, a practice which 
if generally adopted, would tend much to obviate the disastrous 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



OF MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTIONS. 141 

consequences to which allusion has been made. These trans- 
cripts, by being bound in a separate volume, together with 
plans of the church and church-yard, and appropriate refer- 
ences, will be invaluable. The Leigh case before the house 
of lords, on the claim to the barony of Leigh, in 1828, 
exhibits one of those instances of the want of similar care in 
the preservation of family sepulchral monuments, in whieh not 
only a title of peerage, but claim to property was deeply 
involved. It was alleged in that case that a stone affording 
important evidence had been removed from Stoneley church 
some years previously, and much conflicting testimony respect- 
ing it was given on that occasion. It may be difficult to say 
what regulation could be adopted to prevent the surreptitious 
removal of monuments, but when it becomes necessary that 
they should be removed for any legitimate purpose, the parties 
desirous of so doing should be bound under a penalty to return 
them to their former place within some given period, a copy 
of the inscription having been also previously deposited with 
the minister, and to remove any sepulchral stone otherwise 
should be made a punishable offence. 



>v Google 



OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRIMEVAL ANTIQUITIES 

OF THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. 



The love for Archaeological knowledge which has been re- 
vived of late, and the present endeavours to render the subject 
more universal and encouraging, induce me to give an outline 
of those researches which have recently been made in my im- 
mediate neighbourhood. To mark with some degree of pre- 
cision the different periods in the history of man, when the 
ancient memorials still left for our contemplation were con- 
structed, or, at least, were in the occupation of their original 
founders, has ever been, and is still, the chief object of the 
antiquary. The outward evidences which present themselves 
to the eye of the observer are sometimes few, and, in many 
instances, vague and unsatisfactory ; in such cases, if the spade 
and the mattock can be resorted to, these powerful auxiliaries 

D-sitizeoByGoOglC 



OF THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. 143 

will disclose much useful information. The value of these 
means can scarcely be questioned, but the careful and judi- 
cious use of them must be impressed on the mind of the 
student, who, in his zeal after hidden treasures, may mar or 
ruin the most interesting points of his practical researches. 

It will not be inconsistent with this outline of my labours, 
nor will it less accord with the chief and laudable object of 
the present Journal, to place before the reader the following 
tables, shewing the position of the substances exposed by 
these means during the investigation of the remains in ques- 
tion in some parts of these islands. 

Table I. — The relative position of the layers as they occurred in a 
section of the soil on the northern district of the island of Guernsey ; — 

I f Turf and soil, animal bones, shells, atony 1 ™ 
' ( rubbish. J 

j White sand, silted, dark coloured deposits 1 
II. | ofsand, loam, sheila, portions of mill-stones, j Medieval. 
( querns, bricks, glsied pottery, coins, &c. ) 
Stony rubbish, rolled pebbles, flints, peat, \ gjjjj. 
stone quoits, stone mullers, and portions of d—™' 
grinding.troughs, coarse bricks and tiles, ,, .. .' 
bronze instruments and coins, burnt animal ,-, ,,- ' 
. o ) Ueluc. 

bones, Stc. ' 

I Clayey soil, stone implements, charcoal (rare), | 

fragments of burnt clay, sun-baked pot- 
I tery, portions of tig-zag borders, human [Celtic and 
| bones, burnt and unbumt, stone hammers, [Primeval. 

flint arrow-heads, yellow clay, fractured 
^ pebbles, ate. J 



Table II. — Position of substances in several other parts of the island of 
Guernsey, in the vicinity of churches or ecclesiastical buildings. 



Loam and sand, gravel, bricks, pottery and ~| 
tiles, clippings of slate, lime mortar, con- 
taining crushed unbumt shells, clippings of I ,, ,. . 
Caen stone, Purbeck marble, animal bones, f eV ' 

coins, mill-stones (basalt), human bones, 
submarine peat, &c. j 

(Stony rubbish, horses' bones, teeth, stone \ j, ... , 
mullers, flint arrow-heads, querns and 5" ' 
grinding- trougha, coins, bricks and tiles, Y „ .. ,' 
Samian ware, unbumt pottery, stone im- j p ,,. ' 
plemcnts, stone celts, and hammers, &c. ' e 



* Google 



144 OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRIMEVAL ANTIQUITIES 

Although the regularity of the strata, as shewn in the fore- 
going tables, was subject to some variations, from accidental 
disturbances, yet the general arrangement of the materials was 
similar over an extensive district ; and it may be further 
stated, that wherever the examinations were pursued, these 
indications were found to correspond. 

The isolated situation commonly occupied by the Cromlech, 
the Stone Circle, and the Maen-hir, has associated these struc- 
tures with those localities over which a halo of mystery and 
awe has ever been spread. 

The grave, the church-yard, the dark cavern, and the lonely 
cairn, stilt in our day continue to fill the mind of the ignorant 
with timid fears or apprehensions of evil. The "heaped-up 
earth" and turf, which once lay over the covering stones of the 
cromlech, having been long ago removed" or levelled by time, 
these ancient depositories of the dead have become exposed 
and left in detached portions, standing like giant spectres 
deprived of those accessories which completed their original 
form. Neglected throughout many generations, their once 
venerated site and hallowed use forgotten, their very name lost 
or doubtfully preserved amid the changes which the soil has 
undergone, they are left standing in solemn ruin, the gaze of 
ignorant wonder, the perplexity of the antiquary. Attracted 
by the magnitude of their dimensions and peculiar forms, our 
forefathers regarded them as the work of super-human agency. 
Their various names have thus become associated with fairies, 
hobgoblins, giants, and dwarfs, in all countries where they exist. 
The "Cromlech," or " inclined stone" of Britain, the "Grotte 
aux Tees," "La chambre du Diable" of the French, and the 
Celtic "Pouquelaye" of these islands, all designate certain 
localities under elfin influence, and from which the vulgar 
mind is yet apt to recoil with feelings of superstition and 
dread. These terms are however significant, for they testify 
to that ignorance of their original use which followed the ex- 
tinction of the race which erected them. Those structures 
which have resisted the effects of time and remain entire, owe 
their preservation, in many instances, to their remote distance 
from the haunts of man, or to that superstition which has in 
after ages paralyzed the hand of wanton destruction. 

The names " Druid's Altar," " Temple des Druides," con- 
vey a definite meaning when applied to the cromlech, properly 
so called, and probably owe their origin to the generally re- 

><)>tircaty G00gle 



OP THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. 



ceived opinion, and the incorrect translation of the word crom- 
lech, or " inclined stone," affirmed by certain writers as 
disposed to permit the blood of the victims to flow from west 
to east ! all which is mere conjecture and equally untenable. 
The more approximate derivation of the word, if ever it was 
originally applied to these structures, would be from the 
" croum ' (Breton), or "cromen" (Welch), signifying a domeor 
vault,— sad " lech," a stone, or " lie," a place or room, (lieu, 
Fr., locus, Zal.,) or, as in these islands, " pouque," and " laye" 
or " lee," (from whence puck, an elf, or dwarf,) meaning the 
place of the fairy. 

The " inclined stone'* again, on the contrary, is frequently 
horizontal, exhibiting a position at once bold and hazarded 
almost beyond the laws of stability ; thus it stands a monu- 
ment invested with wonder, inducing the illiterate to ascribe 
to it extraordinary uses, and its erection to some invisible 
power. Names, however common, have some meaning, there- 
fore they should be well considered, and the antiquary knows 
the value of examining further when these occur. The writer 
has had on many occasions within the range of his researches 
nothing but the name to stimulate or encourage him, and 
seldom has he been disappointed. 

It is scarcely necessary to state, that ancient remains which 
have outlived their generation, and have lost their original 
purpose, are like the dead over which they preside, the subjects 
of much speculation and hypothesis. From the want of 
favourable opportunities to investigate these structures, con- 
jecture has been excited and coupled with traditionary fables 
so predominant in the country : these opinions are maintained 
with great obstinacy, and it is still difficult to raise a doubt 
contrary to the received creed. 

These monuments have been subjected to the rapacity of 
plunderers from the period they fell into other hands, who did 
not fail to destroy or annihilate every vestige of their contents; 
and it is to the ponderous masses with which they were formed 
that so many of them are yet left, after having lost the precious 
materials they once enclosed. 

The primeval antiquities, to use a term which distinguishes 
the earliest period from that which is more recent, have essen- 
tial characters assigned to them, and include all those massive 
structures of whose origin no authentic record has been ob- 
tained or discovered. The early antiquarian remains in these 

WizeotvGoOQle 



146 OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRIMEVAL ANTIQUITIES 

islands belong to a period connected with that which has 
usually been called British, Gaulish, Cymric, and Celtic, and 
were certainly the works of the primeval race which inhabited 
them. They have been but imperfectly examined, and with 
the exception of two or three Druid's altars, described in the 
Archseologia, little had been done to investigate them before 
the present time. 

Without entering into the subject of *' Druidism," or the 
habita and customs of the Celtic race, it will suffice to describe 
the materials and appearances in those monuments which have 
been explored in these islands. 

The Cromlechs. — After the investigation of about twenty 
of these chambers of the dead, and examining their contents, the 
result has been convincing and satisfactory as to their original 
use, and they can no longer be considered otherwise than as 
ancient catacombs, erected by a remote people. 



The first cromlech which was inspected is situate on the 
summit of a gentle hill, standing in the plain of L'ancresse, in 
the northern part of Guernsey. The spot was well chosen, 
being remarkable at a distance, and the highest ground in the 
neighbourhood. Large blocks of granite are here and there 
visible on the sides, and in their form emulate the quiet 
resting-place now described. Five large cap-stones are seen 
rising above the sandy embankment which surrounds the 

IhSitizeOByGoOgle 



OP THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. 147 

place : these rest on the props beneath, and the whole cata- 
comb is surrounded by a circle of upright stones of different 
dimensions. The length of the cromlech is 41 feet from west 
to east, and about 1 7 feet from north to south, on the exterior 
of the stones. At the eastern entrance the remains of a 
smaller chamber is still seen ; it consisted of three or four cap- 
stones, and was about 7 feet in length, but evidently within 
the outer circle of stones. At the period it was constructed 
the sea was at a greater distance from the Bite of the hill than 
at present, for the whole neighbourhood bears marks of the 
inroads of that element : the near approach of the sandy hills 
around it was caused by those events which have so materially 
changed the coast of these islands, as well as that of the oppo- 
site continent. The period assigned for this devastation is 
doubtful, but as early as the fifth or sixth century, the Mont 
St. Michel, in France, once standing in the midst of a wood, was 
left " in periculo maris" by the incursions of the surrounding 
ocean. Before these events however happened, the cromlech 
now spoken of was in existence, and it stood like a faithful 
guardian of the trust reposed within its sacred limits. The 
discovery of this monument, and its partial disturbance, took 
place in the year 1811, by a party of soldiers, who were per- 
mitted to dig about it, but after a few days of unprofitable 
Labour, the fears that the massive cap-stones would fall in, 
induced the then lieutenant-governor to discontinue the work. 
The sand being allowed to accumulate, the whole was nearly 
again covered, when in 1837 I commenced the investigation 
of this ancient monument of the dead. 

Tradition has left us no trace of its original name. Its 
earliest appellation is that of Le Mont St. Michel, given it 
most probably in the mediaeval period, when the monks of 
Mont St. Michel established an abbey in the neighbourhood, 
part of which is still seen, near the Vale church, which is also 
dedicated to that saint. The " Temple des Druides," " Druid's 
Altar," and L'autel des Vardes," are all modern names, given 
it since 1811. 

As soon as an entrance could be obtained so as to work the 
interior, the upper stratum was found to consist of white sand, 
of the same description as that which is universally spread over 
the land in the vicinity, called the Common of L'ancresse. 
The next layer was sand of a dark colour, which appeared to 
have been silted at an earlier period than the first mentioned. 



v Google 



148 OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRIMEVAL ANTIQUITIES 

The same appearances 
are observed over vari- 
ous parts of the com- 
mon. Immediately be- 
low was found stone- 
rubbish, and portions of 
the sides of the crom- 
lech, which had at some 
distant period fallen in ; 
this was accompanied 
by animal bones, these 

were chiefly of the horse, ^ CB . inWfB 

the ox, and boars' tusks. -> ■ ° „ tTOrM 

After this followed a dark stratum, containing limpet shells, 
broken pottery, stones worn on two sides by rubbing for 
grindingprocesses,which 
were called mullers, por- 
tions of stone troughs 
used for pounding, flat 
stone quoits, animal bones 
burnt, and stone ham- 
mers. The lowest bed 
now appeared, in which 
were found jars and ves- 
sels of sun-baked pot- 
tery, human bones, burnt 

and unburnt, mixed with °"'" 1 "" ™*,£jj ™ "JSCT"" " "" 
smooth pebbles of dark blue sienite and greenstone, flint arrow- 
heads, and stone celts. The mass in the centre of the cromlech 
lay in greater confusion and disturbance than the substances 
which were found near the sides. On the south side a flat slab 
of granite was discovered , it was supported upon small blocks, 
having the appearance of a diminutive cromlech, and as the 
inside was still unmolested and free, the first complete jar was 
removed carefully, with stone and bone ornaments and clay 
beads. It was then observed that this lowest stratum lay upon 
a flat pavement of rude flags of granite, and that the jars and 
bones were placed in distinct heaps on the floor of the crom- 
lech, and that the rolled pebbles mentioned above had been 
used to separate them in detached spots. The vessels con- 
tained only the dark mass which had fallen in, mixed with 
limpet shells, but in no instance could be perceived the least 



v Google 



OP THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. 149 

vestige of human remains within them. The yellow clay, or 
original soil, was mixed with the contents, without any sand, 
exhibiting at once its previous state before the inundations of 
that substance, as stated above. No vestige of any metal was 
observed during the examination, and the many rude stone 
implements found therein made it evident that none was then 
in use ; many pieces of clay of a peculiar form were found, 
from three to six inches in length; these were made by 
rolling a piece of clay in the hand, and striking each end 



against a board ; they still bear the marks of the inside of 
the fingers, with the joints and impression of the skin of the 
maker. The quantity of human bones found within this 
chamber was great, and corresponded with the number of 
vessels of all sizes discovered with them. In the spaces be- 
tween the props were lodged vases, bones, and skulls, as in a 
recess, after the manner of a catacomb. No attempt at orien- 
tation could be here adopted, and the bones were, from their 
position, brought to their final resting-place after the flesh had 
x 

IhSitizeOByGoOgle 



150 0BSEEVATI0NB ON THE PRIMEVAL ANTIQUITIES 

been removed by burning, or some other means. The burnt 
human bones appeared in distinct heaps, and the jars in con- 
tact had partaken of the colour of them. The very perfect 
calcination which had been adopted made it difficult to con- 
ceive what kind of process had been used j little or no charcoal 
was observed ; the teeth were of a fine jet black, and the bones 
of the jaws grayish white, and in some instances tinged with 
turquoise green colour. 

It will be easy to perceive that the various heaps of human 
remains, which lay scattered on the floor of the cromlech, had 
been therein deposited at different times. The shapes of the 
urns in like manner, denoted an improvement in their manu- 
facture, but it was only after having explored Beveral crom- 
lechs that the primeval deposit was clearly ascertained, as 
consisting of materials of different periods. In some districts 
which might be imagined of contemporaneous origin, the 
character of the pottery was found to be very similar, both in 
respect to their pattern and the quality of the substance used. 
As several vessels bore the marks of use previous to inter- 
ment, there can be no doubt but that the most valuable and 
useful articles were deemed the most worthy of accompanying 
the remains of the departed. The same practice still prevails 
among different tribes in the Southern ocean, as well as 
among the Esquimaux. The original contents of the vessels 
could not be ascertained, and excepting limpet shells, no trace 
of other substances was observed. The fragments of the jars 
were carefully collected, and being easily distinguished by the 
thickness or colour of the pottery, they were rejoined together 
by means of strong glue or cement, and restored to their 
former shape. 

In most instances the mode of fracture was indicated by the 
edge of the fragments, and confirmed the supposition of the 
gradual filling of those vessels which had retained an upright 
position in the cromlech. When the primeval deposit con- 
sisted of two or more layers, the difference was easily per- 
ceived by the yellow clay which prevailed in the lowest bed, 
and in which the more ancient materials were always dis- 
covered. The next stratum was of a dark colour, and con- 
tained a greater number of limpet shells and vessels, differing 
in shape and material. 

The lower stratum, which contained the original or more 
ancient materials, must have lain undisturbed for many years 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



OF THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. 151 

before the next layer covered it. A singular proof of this was 
exhibited in exploring a cromlech in the island of Herm, 
where a human skull, found in the lower stratum, was curiously 
covered with snails' shells, which had hibernated upon its 
surface. The death of these snails (Helix Nemoralis) must 
have occurred after the falling in of the sides, or second 
deposit, when being covered over they remained fixed to the 
spot. This circumstance, with the appearances of the crom- 
lech at L'ancresse, and the observations made at the Creux 
des Fees, in the parish of St. Saviour's, prove the original state 
of the dark sepulchral chamber. 

About forty urns of different sizes were obtained from the 
cromlech at L'ancresse, but from the quantity of pottery found 
therein, not fewer than one hundred varieties of vessels must 
have been deposited from time to time during the primeval 
period. The figures of the urns will form the subject of 
another paper. The largest was about eighteen inches in 
height, the smallest four. 

The markings and zig-zag borders appeared to have been 
made by the hand with some sharp instrument, during the 
period of the hardening of the clay in the sun's rays. The 
clay beads were of various sizes. Some measured two inches 
in diameter; others were fiat, with the perforation counter- 
sunk. No coin or metal of any sort was discovered, although 
the greater part of the contents was passed through a sieve, 
the use of which cannot be too strongly recommended in such 
researches. 

The grinding-troughs were doubtless in use at a very early 
period, and appear to have been succeeded by the querns, 
which existed in private families till the introduction of mills. 
The process of pounding could be well performed by means of 
the stone mullers here shewn. They were simple rolled peb- 
bles of various sizes, and were used as a pestle, or worked 
round the trough with the hand. This method is still 
observed among the natives of India and South America, 
where rice and other grain is to be pounded. Some of these 
are worn on one side, others on both sides, until they became 
wedge-shaped, whilst some are flat at both extremities. 

J. C LDBJS. 



>v Google 



©rfgfnal Bocunurits, 

ILLUSTRATING THE ARTS, be. OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 



EARLY ENGLISH ARTISTICAL RECEIPTS. 

The following receipts are taken from a manuscript in the 
British Museum (MS. Sloane, No. 73), written in the earlier 
part of the. fifteenth century, and are therefore about a century 
more modern than those we gave in our first number. Com- 
pared with those, and other similar documents, they afford 
information on the composition and nature of the colours used 
by the medieval artists at different periods. The receipt for 
softening glass is particularly curious. 

[Fol. 173, v".] 

For to make reed vex. Take a pound of whijt wex, and throwe therinne 
a quartroun of terbentyne, and melte hem two togidere ; and if thou volt 
asaye it if it be weel gummed, carte a litil in coold watir, and thanne asaye 
it if it be tendre, and if it be tendre it is weel gummed. Thanne loke thou 
have redy oj.l of rermyloun, smal grounde, al so amal as ony poudre, and 
whanne thi wex and thi terbentyne ia hoot molten, anoon rijt throwe yn thi 
poudre of thi venneloun, and sette it adoun of the fier, and atyre it weel, and 
meynge it weel togidere til it be coold, and thanne thou hast good reed 
wex y-mad. 

For to make grene wex. Take Ij. 1 of whijt wex, and quart 1. of 
terbentyne, and medle hem togidere, and asaye if it be weel gummed as thou 
haddist the rede wex rijt in the same maner, and thanne take an ounce of 
vertegrece amal broken, and y-grounden upon a marbil stooo, and throwe it 
in the matere, and atyre it til it be coold, and thanne thu hast good grene 
wex. 

[Fol. 138, V.] 

Here it tecbjth how thou achalt make good vermyloun to alle maner 
preves where thu wolt. 

Take a pound of quyk silvyr, and v. Ij. of quyk brimatoon, and putte it in 
a pott of erthe, and loke that thi pott have a wide mouth that thou mygtse al 
to the botme, and loke that thou have a lid of tree* upon the pottis mouth 
weel y-cloaid, and thanne sette it on a fewe coolie, and alwey have thin yje 
into the pott, and atyre it otherwhile, and whanne thu seest the leyt b fle out 
of the pott, anoon smat adoun the lid, and holde adoun the leyt ij. or ttj. tymes 



Google 



ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. 158 

til thou seest the mater in the pott wez blak y-nowg, for thanne ie thi quik 
ailvir akyn. Thanne sette it adoun of the fler, and grinde it weel on a atoon, 
ud thanne make a fay coole fler, and loke thou have a good thicke Jordan" 
of glas, and take good cley and hors-dounge, and make a good lute therof, 
and therwith daube thi Jordan al aboute half ynche thicke, and putte al thi 
mater in the Jordan, and hange it over the fler by the necks that (he glas be 
ahncost an hond-brede fro the coolia; and ordeync thee anothir glaa that the 
mouth be ahuooat ae the jordana mouth of largenes, and sette that Htil glaa 
upon the jordana mouth, mouth ajena mouth, and the botme upward of the 
lease glas, and the botme dounward of the more glaa, and thanne thou schalt 
ae the leyt of the mater rengynge upward into the upper glaa, and thanne 
bigynne first esy fier and aftirward make good fler, and alwey be blowynge 
the fler, and othirwhile atyre the Jordan with a amal jcrde of yren at the 
botme for to make the hatt arise out of the mater, and thanne thou schalt as 
manye dyvere colouris of the leyt arise into the uppere glaa ; and whanne 
thou seest the leyt arise rift blood reed, thanne is thi vermyloun maad, 
thanne breke thi Jordan, and loke what thou fyndist therinne. And al I 
fbrbede thee that the Jordan be not longer on the fler than the leyt bigynneth 
to wexe rede, for if it be it ia lost al togidere ; and also another thing I fbr- 
bede thee, that day that thou wolt make it, go not therto faatynge, for thou 
achalt fynde a wickid breeth of amel, and therfore ete a mossel and drinke ; 
and also another thing, make but esy fler at the Arete tyme, lete it be 
aokynge fier. 

[Fol. 138,1".] 
Here it techith how thou schalt make fyn vertgrece and good. 
Take copur y-rilid" ae myche as thow wolt afltir thi pott is of greetnesee, 
for thou my jt not fille thi pott but litil more than half fid of copur ; thanne 
take fyn vynegre, and helde into thi pott, to the vynegre vilynge of the 
copur, and atyre it weel togidere, and thanne loke thou have to v. li of copur 
a potel of vynegre, and therto li. ij. and half a quart of vynegre, and this is 
the proporciouns of this craft, and thus thou maist chese how myche thou 
wolt make. But whanne thou hast proportioned thi vynegre and thi copur, 
thanne putte it in a pott, and hele it cloa that no breth go out, and sette it in 
hors-dounge, and loke that ther be two feet bitwene the pottis botme and the 
ground of hors-doung, and ij. feet thicke on ech aide, and tweie feet above on 
the mouth, and so that it be over al lich in hors-doung ; and so lete hem 
stonde ij. monethis atille on hors-doung or evere he be removed ; and at the 
ij. monethis ende take it up, and thow schalt fynde fyn vertegrece and rijt 
good for aothe. 

■ A Jordan waa a kind of pot or vessel in this sense by Chancer and other writers 

used by physicians and alchymists, .— . of that age. At a later period it was 

nf the form represented in the ac- J~[ naed in the tense of a chamber-pot, as in 

companjing figure, which ia taken / \ Shakespeare. 

from the margin of our receipt in I 1 <i Filed copper, i. e. copper filings. 

theSloaneMS. The word is used V_/ 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



154 ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. 

[Fol. 213, 1".] 

For to make whit leed. Tak a gret erthen pot or a barel, and put 
therynne a poreioun of good strong reed wyn drestis*, and hong is the pot 
faire brode platis of newe leed bo that noon louche other an ynche fro the 
drcBtis, and close it in hoot hors-dunge so that now eyer com yu ne out, and 
let it stonde bo yj. wokis or more, for legger it stondith the betre is. 
Whanne thu wilt opene thy vessel, and tak owt al thi platis of leed, take 
an humor and smyte of al the white leed that is gederid above upon a faire 
whit lether or a clene vessel, and thanne hast thu whit leed faire and good. 
But if thu wilt make this leed into picis as summen usen for to aeUen, tak 
the white poudre of the leed that thu hast of thi plates, and put it in a newe 
erthen pot, and put clene water therto that the leed be biwose' in the water, 
and stere it wel togidre, thanne covere wel thi vessel, and let it stonde so 
stille to thi water be drunken up, and that it be as it were tbikke pappe ; 
thanne gedre it out of the pot with a spone, and sprede it abrod on papere 
leves, or on a fair table, and thanne sete it in a faire clere sonne and let it 
drie up, and thanne breke it on faire square gobetiss. 

Now for to make reed leed. Whaoe thi whit leed is drie, grinds it to 
smale poudre, and thanne put it in a pot of ertbe, and ley that pot asid aa 
thu woat, and make under fire, and evere among stere it as thu wost with a 
ladle, and so alwey make fire therunder till thou se that thi leed be as fyne of 
colour as thou wilt have. 

For to make vertegrece. Take platis of clene coper, or eDis of pannes or 
caudrones, but nether pot-bras ne of basenes, for that is latoun h , and ia not 
therfore ; and hong thes platis in the same maner as je doth platis of leed, 
and vynegre or stronge lies in the botme of the vessel as bifore of leed, and 
that the vessel stonde bote as in hors-dunge or in mattis or in good pese 
straw, but hors-dunge is the beste and most kinde therfor; and whanne it 
hath stonde a vj. wokes or more aa bifore is seid, thanne opene joure pot, and 
if joure platis beth wel gederid with faire grene poudre aboven and al aboute 
in colour of fair vertegrece; and if the thynkith that ther is gadered aboven 
bote litel in quantity, late hem hange stille in the same vessel, and close wel 
the vessel ajeyn, and whanne je opene it and fynde hem grene, take out ?oure 
platis, and scrape hem clene with a knyf al the grene poudre into a clene 
panne or a skyn, and thanne grynd it on a clene ston, and put it in a clene 
cometrey, and medle it with good strong vynegre in manere of nesche past, 
and thanne lat it stonde so still in the same cometrey to it be waxen sumdel 
more stef, and thanne gadere it clene out of thi cometrey with a crokcd 
knyfe that be ordeyned therfore, and put it up in a clene letheren bagge 
toward the greyn side, and thanne presse it down togidres al on a gobet, and 
lat it drie so up in the same bagge, and thanne is don ; and alle the platis 
that ben scraped so bifore times, hong hem ajeyn in her vessel aa bifore is 
eeid, and so doith alwey to thei be al defied l and clene rotid into faire vertegrece. 

* Lees. ' Walked. « Lumps. appear to be known. It ii very frequently 

' Latmai, or lalten, wu a bard mixed mentioned in aid writer). 

metal closely resembling bras*, but the > Consumed. 

precise nature of its composition doei not 



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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. 155 

[Pol. 213, v».] 
To multiplie vertegrece. Tak a pound of fyn vertegrece of Spayne, and 
breke it to poudre on a eton, and with that poudre medle another pounde of 
fyn lyinay le) of coper, with good vynegre that be strong in manere of nosche, 
nappe* ; thanne take al that matere bo medlid and put it in a dog erden pot, 
and stoppe it wel and cIob, and sete it in hot hors-dungge, bynethe, above, 
and al aboute, and let it stonde bo to the lemaile of coper be al turnyd into 
Yertegrece, as is the other of Spayne that is medled thcrwith ; and whanne 
it so is, tak it out and medle it ajeyn with more lymayl of coper, and with 
more vynegre, in manere bifore seid. And on this manere thou myjt multeplie 
evermore; for wete wel that this is kyndery therfore, and of his owen rote 
that he cometh first of, and therfor this the beste moner of multeplyinge of 
vertegrece that is, for it is ful fyn and faire. 
rjFoL 215, V.] 
For to make glas nesche 1 . Take the gotes blode, lewke, and the juse 
of senevey, and boile hem wel togederis, and with tho tweye materes boyle 
wel thi glas, and thi glas schal bycome nesche as past, and if it be cast 
ajeyne a wal it schal not breke. 

For to make fyn azure without* past. Take and grynde salarmonyak 
on a marbel ston, and put it to dissolve, and thanne take lapis lazuli the ston 
al hoi, and make it reed hoot in the fire, and al hot qwenche it in the water, 
and lat it rente awhile therynne, and it schal be amal and fyn of colour; 
after wasche the salt clene fro the colour with faire comoun water, etc., 
thanne drye it upwiththesonneorwithacler smal fire, and thanne put it up. 
Lupus kusuly, that be a fyne blew colour, and with many strokes of gold 
schewinge ther among as it were strokes on a towche, and also loke that if 
ther be in the ston as litil gravel schewing in colour as whit, for if ther be 
the ston is not fyn. Also loke wel evermore if thu schalt bye eny manere of 
lapis lazuly, and it have not withynne him many sruale speckles as it were 
golds, loke that thu bye it not bi no manere of wey ; but if thu assay it first 
er than thu bye it with the moste verrey assay that longith therto ; thus thu 
schalt assaye it ; Tak a ston therof, and make it reed hoot in the fire, as it 
were reed glowyng yren, and thanne tak it out and lat it kele bi itself on a 
clene tyle, and whanne it is cold if it be fynere of colour and as hard as it 
was bifore thanne it is lapis lazuli ; and whanne the ston is cold, if he turns 
eny thing blak liche syndre, and that it be more brokel than it was bifore, 
triste wel that it is not lapus lazuly, but it is lapis almanie, of whiche men 
maken a blewe bize azure. 

On this manere thu myjt make azure bis. Take and grynd faire poudre 
of whit leed.orof ceruse, on a marble ston with the juse of ablewe flour that 
groweth in corn in somer, and lat it drie up, and thanne grynd ajeyn with 
more juse of the blewe flour, and drye it ajeyn, and thus grinde it and drie 
it evermore to the colour be as fyn as thou wilt have it ; for wite wele the 
ofter that it is so grounds with juse of the blewe flour and dried after, the 
more fyn of colour wole it be whanne it is al maad. I. weight. 

1 Filings. ' Soft ' Soft 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE 



Wrftish arc&aeo logical ftgdjociatian. 



Mabch 13. 
Mr. William Wire exhibited drawings of Roman d- British and Middle Age 
Antiquities, found in and about Colchester within the last few years. The former 
consist of a great variety of earthern vessels, lamps, enamelled bronze fibula', 
coloured clay and glass beads, buckles, bracelets, rings, bone pins, a fragment of a 
bone comb, a small bronze statue of Mercury, and an ornament in jet, on which 
is carved, in high relief, a representation of two winged Cupids filling a bag. It 
appears to have been worn suspended from the neck. The fictile urns and vases 
are numerous, and of a great variety of shape. Many of these remains were (bund 
an the site of the Union Workhouse, and between Butt and Maldon lanes, both 
of which localities, from the great number of skeletons and urns containing burnt 
bones which have there been discovered, were doubtless appropriated as burial 
places. The objects of Middle-Age art comprise a brass image of the Saviour, 
the eyes of which are made of a blue transparent substance, a small brass crucifix 
made in two parts with a hinge, so as to contain a relic, seals, and a tap, the 
key of which is in the form of a cock. Mr. Wire also forwarded a map of 
Colchester on which is marked in colours the various spots where Soman buildings, 
pavements, and burial places, have been discovered. 

Mr. Thomas Bateman, jun., exhibited sketches of twenty-two crosses on grave 
slabs, discovered beneath the church of Bakewell in Derbyshire. 

The Bev. Allan Borman Hutchins, of Appleshaw, Hants, communicated an 
account of the opening of a barrow, situated seven miles to the east of Sarum, 
near Winterslow Hut Inn Inclosures, on a point of land within a yard or two of 
the Idminster parish road, which leads into the Salisbury turnpike. Mr. Hutchins 
remarks i — " One toot and a half from the top of the barrow, towards the south, my 
labourers came to a strong arch-work composed of rude flints wedged together 
remarkably secure, without cement of any kind, with the key-stone. Having 
carefully removed the flinty safeguard, I was highly pleased with the view of the 
largest sepulchral urn, 18 inches by 18, the mouth of which was placed down- 
wards and perfectly entire, with the exception of one of its massy handles, which, 
in my bumble opinion, was accidentally broken by those who conveyed it to its 
appointed spot for interment, owing to the great weight of the new-made urn. 
The neck was ornamented within and without, in a handsome, though somewhat 
rude, manner, with a victor's laurel pattern. With the assistance of my two men, 
the urn was removed, and immediately some linen, beautiful to the eye and perfect 
for a time, of a. mahogany colour, presented itself to oar view, and resembled a 
veil of the finest lace. I made an accurate drawing of the linen which originally 
contained the burnt bones, of a yellow hue ; underneath there were blood-red 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 157 

amber beads, of a conical form, with two holes at the base, a small pin of mixed 
metal, and among the bone* some human hair, short, brittle, and of a bronze colour, 
four beautiful amber beads, and a small Anted lance-head of mixed metal. A 
email urn was placed beside the large one, on the tame floor, surrounded by flint 
■tones, but containing nothing besides bones. It holds two gallons, measures 
12 inches by 111, and is rmiely ornamented with plain indentures round the neck, 
and imitation handles. Second Deposit : — The centra of the barrow shewed 
smother mode of interment. The ashes had been deposited in a wooden box, 
which was reduced to a powder. Among the aahee we found a spear-head, and 
four arrow-heads of iron, together with a small round rase. Third Deposit: — 
Four feet below the natural earth of this barrow we discovered the third and 
original interment, consisting of a skeleton of an immense size, the skull very large, 
and the teeth all perfect The skeleton was placed with the head to the north, 
and the feet to the south. A handsome but rudely ornamented red vase, of the 
capacity of three pints, was laid between the knees and feet, and in it were two 
arrow-beads of flint, the one black, the other white. A metal spear-head, inclining 
to roundness at the point, was under the right arm, and also a slate gorget, or 
badge, with three holes at each end." Mr. Hutchins adds that he is in possession 
of an excellent oil-painting of the whole of the contents of the barrow, made by 
Mr. Quest of Sarum. 

Mahch 27. 

A second commnnicatiou was received from Mr. William Sidney Gibson relating 
to the ancient church of the Hospital of the Blessed Virgin at Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne. Mr. Gibson observes, " When I wrote the communication touching the old 
chapel at West Gate, in this town, I had no expectation that the interference of 
the Association would now arrest the hand of the destroyer, and I fear my neglect 
to explain this has occasioned to yon and your learned colleagues a trouble that 
will be fruitless. The result of my subsequent enquiries into the matter is, I regret 
to say, that I see no prospect whatever of success attending any effort that may 
now be made as far as this building is concerned. Its doom has been sealed by 
the corporation for some considerable time, and the wort of demolition is going 
on, though slowly. In its progress a fine chancel-arch, sedilia, &o. have been 
stripped of the unsightly modern barbarisms which concealed them, as well as the 
east and west windows. The corporation collectively authorize the spoliation. 
The municipal body purchased the edifice and site for the purposes of what are 
called town improvements, in which they were busily engaged. The Tendon — 
the representatives of the feoffees of the ancient charity — ought to be ashamed of 
themselves for having sold for such purposes a building once consecrated and set 
apart from worldly things. Mr. Leadbitter, who lives— a wealthy bachelor — in a 
neighbouring picturesque old house, (the last relic here of the stately buildings of 
its date that once adorned the town,) offered to purchase of the corporation the 
site and building, wishing to restore the chapel, and, as so little remains of it that 
the chapel could not be usefully appropriated to public worship, he desired to have 
annexed it as a chapel to his own mansion. His offer was rejected." 

Mr. Stapleton read a letter upon the same subject from Mr. George B. Richard- 
son, who states that " No sooner had I read your letter than I perceived the itn- 
perfectness and paucity of my remarks respecting the chapel, which fault I now 
proceed to rectify, for we cannot expect that the mere plea of antiquity, powerful 
as it is to us, will avail with a money-making age like this, unless indeed some 
such interposition be made as this Society can exert It is quite certain that its 
destruction is unnecessary, for no good or sufficient reason whatever has been 



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158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

adduced for the propriety of removal ; for, firstly, a large party of the council 
(though of course not the majority) were averse to it ; secondly, its removal would 
create a blank in the street which would hare to be replaced with tome other 
erection ; in fact, in the same breath which ordered its destruction, the council 
considered of the necessity of erecting on its very site modem buildings ; thirdly, 
the street at present possesses its proper breadth, even at die aide of the building ; 
fourthly, the present filthy appearance of the building, say they, makes it a. nuisance 
or an eye-sore : in this they forget both who has been instrumental in making it 
so, and that these excrescences are easily removed ; fifthly, the council, even if 
they had wished it, reported the building unfit for repair from its ruinous condition, 
but now that workmen are engaged in removing it, even these opposers of its pre- 
servation confess that it is in good condition, and are surprised at the beauty of 
its details, now that they are being cleared from the filthy incumbrances which 
have so long defiled them ; and sixthly, it is not the wish of the inhabitants that 
it should be removed, on the contrary, there exists among them a deep sense of 
the injustice of the measure, and many appealing letters have appeared on the 
subject in the local newspapers. My conclusions then are, that the council were 
actuated by bad, or a total absence of, taste ; and secondly, by a mania for what 
is moat incorrectly called im p nrvament. Mr. Dobson, an architect of this town, has 
designed and made plans for its restoration as a chapel in connection with the 
Church of England, for church accommodation is wanted ; and yet we find those 
who willingly and wilfully remove that which already exists, or at least that which, 
with a small expense, might be made available. Beside this infinitely important 
claim, it has others : it is a sacred structure, good men have worshipped within its 
walls, and little did the founder think that his pious work would be cast to the 
ground by man, after the storms and tempests of four or five hundred long yean 
had passed over its venerable walls and left it unscathed. It is indelibly associated 
with all that is honourable and worthy in the town, from it have emanated some 
of our most remarkable men, and for this alone, even if it had none other claims 
upon the corporate body, as a public monument it has this." 

Mr. C. B. Smith read a letter from Mr. Edmund TyreU Artis, of Castor, in 
Northamptonshire, stating that paintings had recently been discovered on the 
walls of five of the churches in that neighbourhood, namely, in those of Castor, 
Etton, Orion, Peakirk, and Yaxley. The subjects, which are accompanied with 
inscriptions, are scriptural, and differ from each other, but the colours are the same 
in all, and the great similarity in style leads Mr. Artis to believe that they were 
executed by the same artists. 

Mr. Thomas Bateman,jun., exhibited a drawing of a pewter chalice, found with 
a patina, and one or two coins of Edward II., in a stone coffin in the churchyard 
of Bakewell, Derbyshire. 

Mr. Thomas Clarkson Neale exhibited a richly-ornamented jog of Flemish ware, 
of a greyish white colour and of elegant shape. It was found at Bntley Priory, 
Norfolk, and is now preserved in the Chelmsford and Essex museum. Its date is 
of the close of the sixteenth century. A drawing of the jug by Mr. John Adey 
Bepton accompanied the exhibition. 

Apbil 10. 

Mr. C. R. Smith read the following communication from Mr. Joseph Clarke of 
Saffron Walden, and exhibited the various objects therein described. 

At the most northerly extremity of the parish of Saffron Walden in Essex, about 
three miles direatly south from Chesterford, (supposed by some to be theCamboricum 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 



159 



of the Romans,) and on one of the most elevated spots in the vicinity, as the progress 
of land draining was proceeding, the workmen stumbled frequently upon what they 
called pieces of old platters, and bits of old glass, but which the eye of an antiquary 
would at once detect to be fragments of Romano-British funeral utensils ; unfor- 
tunately these peasants had no one at hand at the time to instruct them better, 
or to save from farther mutilation those relics which time and accident had 
dealt too rudely with already. The rising and elevated ground which formed (he 
place of deposit of the articles just alluded to, is, on three sides, a rather steep slope, 
and on the west side, the natural connection with the adjacent hills is interrupted 
by a gully, now a lane, with a wooded slope next to the ground in question, and 
which lane, it is within the hounds of possibility, may hare been the ditch or 
defence from that side, the ground being sufficiently elevated to have formed some 
protection on the other three sides. The following articles, numbered from one 
to fifteen inclusive, were all found together, and not more than two feet from the 
surface, and from the occurrence of iron hinges, and part of a hasp, or what may 
be supposed to have been a fastening, the conclusion to be drawn is, that they 
were buried in a box, not an uncommon custom among the Romans, for there 
were evident traces that those beautiful vases found in the Bartlow tumuli were 
enclosed in a box. The vessel marked No. 1 is a glass bottle, 3i 
inches high, of the class to which the term laeiymatory is given. 2. A 
vessel much broken and rudely mended, of square shape, i 
of tolerably thick green glass, with a small neck, and an elegant 
striated handle, in size six inches high, and about four inches 
square at bottom. 3, Fart of a cinerary urn, of which there a 
several other pieces ; some of those belonging to the middle part 
are slightly ornamented ; it must have been of large size. 4. Small i 
portion of a mortuary urn, of coarse manufacture, and light- 
coloured earth ; this urn the workmen say was upside down, 
and contained burned bones, Src, but was so fra- 
gile that only a small part of it could be got out 
5. Small patera of red or Samian ware, of elegant shape, 
and foliage or the lotus-leaf running round its edge, 
and bnt little more than three inches over. 6. Plain 
un ornamented patera of highly glazed Samian ware, ori- 
ginally with handles, which are broken off, size 6, inches 
over, H inch deep. 7. Large simpnlum of red Samian 
pottery, with the ivy-leaf running round its edge, nine 
inches over, of elegant shape, but defaced. 8. Wide 
mouth or rim of a small vessel of nearly colourless 
glass, which from the remnants must have been unor- 
namented, and small at the bottom and very much 
bulged or protuberant at the sides. ». Iron lamp- 
holder, generally considered to be the stand in which 
the earthen lamp stood, no vestige of which lamp 
could be discovered. 10. Part of a spear-bead, of 
iron, barbed on one side. 11. Shaft of the above, or 
another. 12. Pair of rude iron hinges, one of which 
is perfect and acting. 13. Parts of au iron staple and 
hasp, probably the fastenings of a box. 14. Pieces of 
lead, one of which looks as if it had been folded round N ° s 

something. 15. Six bronze ornaments, of tolerable workmanship, with iro 




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160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

in die centra of each, and five rings 
of bronze, one peculiarity of which 
| will be the groove or indentation run- 

ning round the outermost side, and 
two or three of them will be found 
"- attachments, probably of leather. All 
. .... '* the abore, as before staled, were found 

Ha & together, and from the binges, fast- 

enings, nails, ice. the inference to be drawn is, that they were buried together. 

At other parts of the field were found a 
vessel marked 16, a full-sized red dish, 
nine inches over, much broken, and plain, 
except a circle of rays round the inner 
part; in the centre is the potter's stamp. 
17. Small plain simpulum, about six 
inches over, with potter's mark, of. TXBI, 
much mutilated. 18. Small deep patera, "°- " 

differing iu form from any of the rest, 3j inches over and 2 inches deep. 19. A 
few fragments of a large patera-like vessel, exhibiting appearances of having 
been mended before the time of iu entombment ; 
a slight inspection will be sufficient to ascertain 
that it has been riveted together with leaden 
rivets, much after the manner that china is 
mended now-a-days with copper wire, and it is an 

exemplification of the saying that there is nothing ;■„ 

new under the sun. 20. Part of a very thick bottle 
of very green glass, bottom 3 inches square, found 
entire, but wantonly broken by the peasants who 

discovered it 21. Wide-mouthed vessel of very thin 
greenish glass, 41 inches high, mouth 3] inches wide, 
holding about half a pint, embossed with protuberances 
after the manner of the cone of the fir, which in all proba- 
bility was the model ; this vessel is novel and possibly 
unique. 23. Lachrymatory, 3, inches high. 23. Three 
very small bronze ornaments, similar to those at No. IS, 
and probably may have been used for a like purpose. 

24. Coin of Trajan, second brass, with radiated head. 

25. Small portion of an immense amphora. 
Numerous fragments were found beneath the surface 

Ho n. al different parts of the hill, and pieces of glass in 

considerable quantities, but all of the gTeenish cast, similar to those vessels 
before mentioned. ,.- 

Although the site of this discovery is but three <f ' 
miles from the Human station at Chesterford, it > 
does not appear that it was at all connected with f 
it, as the character of the vessels found clearly 
demonstrates, in one essential particular especially 

bo, as no glass vessels have ever been found \ 

at Chesterford ; indeed they are much more like 
those found at Baitlow, which is about four miles ""■ * 

distant. The only clue as to date is that near the spot where the principal part of the 



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PROCEEDINGS OP THE COMMITTEE. 161 

remains woe found, was also found the coin of Trajan, which if it could be at all 
relied on would fix the date a very early one. A email brass coin of Hadrian was 
found in an urn in a bustum at Bartlow, which would go gome way to strengthen 
the idea that the; were nearly coeval, but the foregoing must be taken only as a 
conjecture. Another conjecture maj be also hazarded with respect to the orna- 
ments No. 15: may they not have been the bosses of a buckler or shield, 
the iron rivets through the centre indicating that they have been fastened to some- 
thing, and may not the rings have been attached to the inside of the shield, for 
-the purpose of fastening straps thereto for the arm to pass through 'I 

Assn. 24. 

Mr. C. B. Smith read a note from Mr. John Green Waller on the possibility of 
restoring paintings on walls covered with many coats of whitewash. Mr. Waller 
states his opinion to be that the paintings frequently found on the walls or our 
churches and designated " fresco," are in reality nothing more than distemper, for 
the cleaning of which he suggests the use of vinegar, carefully applied with a 
brush alternately with water, to modify its action and prevent the add from 
injuring the layer of plaster containing the paintings. 

Mr. Thomas Farmer Dukes, of Shrewsbury, presented two drawings of painted 
glass existing in that town. The one from the window of St. Mary's church, 
which contains the greater portion of the painted glass formerly in the eastern 
window of old St. Chad's church, represents the genealogy of our Saviour. At the 
bottom is depicted the patriarch Jesse, as large as life, being six feet in length. 
He is in a deep sleep, reclining upon a cushion. From the loins of this figure 
proceed a vine, the branches of which extend nearly over the entire of the window, 
enclosing within small oval compartments the descendants of Jesse down to 
Joseph. Under these paintings there appear amongst others the representations 
of Sir John de Charlton, Lord of Powis, and his wife Hawis, who seems to have 
been the donor of this window sometime between the years 1333 and 1393. Mr. 
Dukes remarks also that the representation of the Lady Howis differs in its details 
from a drawing taken from the window by Sir William Dugdale in 1063, and 
understood to he now deposited in the Heralds' College, wherein it appears that 
the lady's robe is surmounted by armorial emblems. This painting has been 
engraved by Carter. The other drawing is from a piece of glass in Mr. Duke's 
possession, and represents Alexander slaying Clitus. 

Mr. Dukes also presented a drawing of an ancient wooden chapel at Melverley, 
about ten miles from Shrewsbury, and nearly adjoining the conflux of the riven 
Severn and Vimiew, and a sketch of the remaining portion of an octagonal font, 
bearing an inscription in Greek reading forwards and backwards the same, 
" NITON anomhma mh MONAN OTIN." . This fragment, it appears, was acci- 
dentally rescued from destruction by a gentleman passing by the church of 
Kinneriey in Shropshire, at the moment when some workmen were breaking the 
font to pieces for the purpose of repairing the church-yard wall ; but its preservation 
was accomplished by an offer of money, when the men permitted it to be removed 
to a place of safety. This inscription, Mr. Duke observes, appears not only upon 
various fonts, but is inscribed also upon ewers, dishes, and other kinds of vessels 
used in baptismal ceremonies both in England and on the continent, as at St 
Martin's church, Ludgate; Dulwich college ; Worlingworth, Suffolk; at a church 
in Cheshire ; at various places in France, and at St Sophia at Constantinople. It 
is likewise engraved upon a capacious basin at Trinity College, Cambridge, which 
is used by the collegians for washing the fingers after dinner. 



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162 PROCEEDINGS OP THE COMMITTEE. 

Mr. Albeit Way exhibited a forged bran veal of Macarius Bishop of Antioch, 
which the owner had purchased upon the assertion of its having been found in the 
Thames by the ballast-hearers. The seal is circular, about one and a half inch in 
diameter ; the upper part is in form of a tortoise, on the back of which is a semi- 
circular handle: the inscription runs round a figure of St Peter. It was re- 
marked that many similar forgeries, executed in the immediate neighbourhood of 
Covent Garden, were now dispersed not only throughout England but also in the 
various towns in France most frequented by English travellers. Many of these 
seals are merely lead electrotype d, the weight of which alone would lead to their 
detection. They have moreover in most cases a light mouldy-green rust, the 
surface is uneven and covered with very minute globules, and the edge has a coarse 
look and appears filed. 



Mr. Wright laid before the Committee a letter he had received from the Minister 
of Public instruction of France, acknowledging the reception of a copy of the 
Archnological Journal for the Comite des Arts el Monuments, and sending copies 
of the following works for the library of the Association. Instructions du Comite 
Historique des Arts et Monuments. 1. Collection de Documens Inedita sur 
lhistoire de France-Architecture. 2. Architecture Militsire. 3. Mnsique. 
4. Iconographie Chretienne. Histoire de Dieu, par M. Didron. 

The Committee requested Mr. Wright to return the thanks of the Association to 
the Minister of Public Instruction for this valuable donation. 

Mr. Wright laid on the table a vase of stone apparently of the time of James I., 
dug up within the precincts of the priory of Leominster in Herefordshire, and a 
fragment of a head sculptured in stone (Norman-work) dug up at the depth of 
1 2 feet in a field in the neighbourhood of Leominster. These articles are the pro- 
perty of John Evans, Esq., F.S.A., of 17, Upper Stamford -street. 

Mr. C. R. Smith read a letter from Mr. E. B. Price, of 29, Cow-cross-street, 
West Smithfield, giving an account of the discovery of vast quantities of human 
remains during excavations for sewerage at the west end of Newcastle-Street, Far- 
ringdon -street, within a short distance eastward of an old brick wall which 
Mr. Price thinks formed part of the barrier of the river Fleet These remains 
were found at the depth of about five feet Another similar deposit was discovered 
at the depth of six or seven feet about twenty or thirty feet farther up the street, 
near Seacoal-lane. Mr. Price observes, " it is very evident that this district has 
been somewhat extensively used as a place of interment, hut at what period it is 
now difficult to conjecture ; it may have been a portion of the parish burial-ground, 
some centuries back, or it may have been annexed to some religious house in the 
neighbourhood. This latter supposition may derive a little support (if such it may 
be termed) from the discover; of several abbey counters during the excavation. 
You are probably aware of the existence of a very ancient wall at the foot of that 
precipitous descent named Breakneck Slain. It was a relic in Stowe's flay. He 
alludes to it as an old wall of ttone inchting a piece of ground up Scacoal Lane, 
wherein {by report) lomelime itood an Inne of Chancery, which home being greatly 
decayed and ttanding remote from other hotuet of that profeerion, the company re- 
moved to a common Hosiery called of the eigne of our Lady Inne not far from 
Clementt Inne; (since called New Inn.) But whether a monastic edifice or 
Chancery Inn, there exists no objection to the supposition that there was a 
place of interment attached to it" Mr. Price further states that when the ex- 
ii had descended to the depth of 14 feet, numerous fragments of Roman 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 163 

pottery, an iron ttylut, and two small brass coins of Constantino, were dis- 
covered. 

Mr. Smith then read a note, and exhibited a drawing in illustration, from 
Mr. A. Stubbs of Boulogne, on two stone capitals of pillars sculptured with the Tudor 
arms, deposited in the museum of that town. These capital*, Mr. Stubbs states, 
were found on taking down a house on the Tintilleries in 1607, and he conjectures 
that they belonged to the jubt or rood-loft of the church of St. Nicholas in 
Calais, taken down to make room for the citadel erected by the French after the 
recovery of the town from the English ; and which jube, it appears, was by order 
of Charles IX. transferred in 1961 to Boulogne. 

Mr. Pettigrew read a note from Arthur W. Upcher, Esq., of Sheringham, Cromer, 
on the discovery of a small bronze figure of the crucified Saviour in a field adjoining 
Beeston Priory, near Cromer. Mr. Upcher also communicated an inscription 
from a monumental brass in the church of the same parish. It is as fellows : 

THE YEiBE OF OUB LORD A.M. OCCCXXXI 

THOMAS BTSO FBIBT DPTVTJ AND LTETH UNDEB THIS BTO 

THE IX DAT OF JANUARY ALTO AND AI/LSO GOO. 

HOI FOB NO ORNAMENT OF THB BODV THIS BiONl! ftl LAID HEBB 

BUT ONLI THE SOWLE TO BE PEATS FOB AS CHABITE BJMJWERB. 

Mr. Pettigrew also read a note from Sir Arthur Brooke Faulkner, mentioning the 
finding of a small brass coin of Victorious and some tradesmen's tokens of the 
seventeenth century, in excavating the foundations of a house at Broadstairs, near 
suunsgaie. 

A letter was then read from Mr. Charles L. Fisher, of Aldenham Park, pro- 
mising an account of the Prior's House at Wedlock, an interesting monastic house, 
almost the only one remaining habitable which has not been altered or modernised. 
The abbey, Mr. Fisher remarks, is not preserved as it should be. The farm- servants 
are permitted to disfigure the remains of the church in the most wanton manner, 
making a practice of tearing asunder the beautiful clustered piers, a few only of 
which are now left, with crow-bars, for mere amusement Mr, Fisher solicits the 
kind interference of some member of the Association with Sir W. W. Wynne, the 
owner of the property, to put a stop to such Vandalism. 

Mr. W. H. Bolfe exhibited a small enamelled and gilt bronze figure, apparently 
of a mass-priest, found at Hammel, near Eastry in Kent. 

Mat 22. 

Hr.C.R. Smith, in the name of Monsieur Lecointre-Dupont of Poitiers, foreign 
member of the Association, presented the following works. 1. Catalogue des 
Objects Celtiques du Cabinet d'Antiquites de la Ville de Poitiers, et du Musee 
de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest, par M. Lecointre-Dupont. 8vo. Poitiers, 
1 839. 2. Essai sui les Monnaies du Poiton, par M. Lecointre-Dupont. 8vu. Poitiers, 
1940. 3. Notice surun Denier del'Empereur Lothaire.parM.Lecointre-Dupont 
8yo. Blois. 4. Traite conclu a Londres, en 1369, entre les rois Jean et Edouard, 
par M. L. D. 8vo. Poitiers, fi. Rapport present* a la Societe des Antiquaires 
de 1'Ouest, an nom de la Commission chaigee d'examiner la Facade de l'Eglise 
Notre- Dame de Poitiers, par M. Lecointre-Dupont. 8yo, Poitiers. 

Mr. William Edward Rose presented through Mr. C. B. Smith a spear-head 
in iron, 23 inches in length, a bronze ornament attached to a portion of a chain, 
and a small brass coin of Constantine (Rev. sfeb beipvbl '), a figure on horseback 
with the right arm elevated, and holding in the left hand a javelin ; before the 



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164 PROCEEDINGS OP THE COMMITTEE. 

hone a captive seated ; in the exergue, flu. These objects were discovered a few 
years since on the apex of Shooters' Hill, Pangbourn, Berks, in making excavation* 
for the Great Western Railway. At the same tune and place were brought to 
light a variety of urns, coins, and spear-heads, together with nearly a hundred 
skeletons lying in rows in one direction. There was also discovered, Mr. Rose 
states, a structure resembling the foundations of a lime-kiln, about 30 feet in 
diameter, and 3 feet deep, composed of flints cemented with mortar of intense 
hardness ; the interior contained a large quantity of charcoal and burnt human 
bones. It was remarked that an account of these discoveries, with a description 
of the skulls of the skeletons, was published by Dr. Allnatt, F.S.A., in the Medical 
Oaxttte. 

Richard Sain thill, Esq., of Cork, forwarded a coloured drawing of an ancient punt 
or canoe with a descriptive letter from J. B. Gumbleton, Esq., of Fort William, near 
Lismore. Mr. Gumbleton writes," The canoe was found on very high though boggy 
land, a few feet under the surface, on the lands of Coalowen, the estate of Richard 
Gumbleton, Esq. The river Bride is about a mile and the Blackwater river about 
two miles distant, but I do not think the canoe was ever on either. Its length is 
16 feetG inches; breadth, 4 feet; depth inside, 1 foot 2 inches; depth outside, 2 feet 
It is hollowed out from the solid timber with I should say the smallest and rudest 
axes; it seems also to bear marks of having been partly hollowed out by fire; 
there is no appearance of seats, or places for oars ; the timber is oak, and so hard 
that a hatchet can make but little impression on it; there are four large holes, two 
at each end, the use of which I cannot guess. Its weight is I think about three 

John Adey Bepton, Esq., F.S.A., exhibited a coloured drawing of various orna- 
ments from some ancient tapestry in his possession, apparently of the time of 
Henry VIII. 

Juste 12. 

Mr. C. R. Smith informed the Committee of the existence of the remains of 
some Roman buildings in the church-field at Snodland in Kent. About two 
years since, Mr. Smith having observed Roman tiles in the walls of the cburch, 
whs induced to examine the neighbouring field with a view to ascertain whether 
these tiles might have been taken from Roman buildings in the immediate 
vicinity, as in several instanoes where Roman tiles compose in part the masonry 
of church walls, he had discovered indications of ancient habitations in the 
adjoining fields. He found the field in which the church of Snodland is situate, 
strewed in places with the tessera of Roman pavements, and fragments of roof and 
flue tiles, and pottery, and also observed in the bank of the field which overhangs 
the river Medway other evidences of buildings. Daring a recent visit to Snod- 
land, Mr. Smith examined the latter more circumspectly, which he was better 
enabled to do from a part of the bank having foundered from the action of the 
water. The remains of the walls and flooring of a small room are now distinctly 
visible in the bank, at about six feet from the surface of the field. The walls, two 
feet thick, are composed of chalk and rag-stone ; the pavement, of lime mixed with 
sand, small stones, and pounded tile. In continuing his search along the bank 
towards the east, Mr. Smith discovered the remains of other buildings, of one of 
wbioh, part of a well-built wall of stone, with alternate layers of red and yellow tiles, 
is to be seen beneath the sedge and underwood with which the bank is covered. 
Mr. Smith hopes the attention of some of the members of the Association will be 
directed to these remains, with a view to effect a more complete investigation. 



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PROCEEDINGS OP THE COMMITTEE. 165 

Mr. Albert Way presented from Monsieur Joseph-Octave Delepierre, — 1. Precis 
des Annates de Bruges, par Joseph-Octave Delepierre. 8vo. Bruges, 1835. — 2. 
Precis Analrtique des Documens qui renferme le depot des archives de la Flandra 
Occidental a Bruges, par Octave Delepierre. Vol. i. — iii., Bruges, 1840, 1842. 
Denxieme Serie. Tome i. 8vo. Bruges, 1843; aud Mr. C. R. Smith from 
Dr. Benihard Kohne, Die auf die Geschichte der Deotscheu uud Sarmaten 
bezliglichen Romiachen Miinzen. Par Bemhard Kohne, 8vo. Berlin, 1844. 

Mr. C. R. Smith exhibited a coloured drawing, by Mr. John Alfred Barton, of 
the painting on the wall of Godsbill church, in the Isle of Wight, and one 
forwarded by Mr. Robert Elliott of a fresco painling recently discovered in pulling 
down an old house in Chichester, the property of Mr. Mason. The punting is in 
two compartments, the upper of which represents a view of a row of houses ; the 
lower, figures of birds and flowers. The date is apparently that of the sixteenth 
century. Mr. Smith also exhibited a drawing by Miss Sabina Heath, of Andover, 
of the two urns and other antiquities taken from the barrow on Winterslow Down, 
near Sarum, by the Rev. A. B. Hutching?.. Mr. Charles Spence exhibited a 
rubbing from Anthony church, Cornwall, of the monumental brass of Margery 
Arundel, an ancestor of the far-famed Richard Carew, the author of the Survey of 
Cornwall. Mr. T. C. Neale exhibited an earthen vessel found at Chelmsford in 
digging the foundation of the Savings Bank. A drawing of this vessel by 
Mr. Repton, together with drawings of other antiquities in the Chelmsford and 
Essex museum, Mr. Neale states, he intends to have lithographed, to accompany 
a catalogue of the collection. 

The following communication was read from Mr. Henry Soma of South 
Petherton:— 

"On the 23rd ult., as a boy was ploughing in an elevated spot of ground called 
StroudshiU, near Montacnte, a village about five miles hence, he turned up 
between seventy and eighty iron weapons, which at first sight appeared to be 
a word blades, hut on closer inspection, seemed more probably to be very long javelin 
heads, from the total absence of any thing like a hilt, as well as from the circum- 
stance that each of them has a socket, or the remains of one, evidently intended for a 
shaft Those that are in the most perfect state are about two and a half feet long, 
their greatest breadth one inch and three quarters. They were found in a mass, 
covered over with a flat stone, and are in such a corroded state, that there can be 
no doubt of their being of high antiquity ; this is rendered more probable from 
the feet that the Geld in which they were discovered is continuous with Hamdon 
hill, the site of a British Roman encampment, where numerous remains in iron 
and bronze have been found, such as coins, arrow-heads, fibulae, &o. The 
weapons above alluded to are of very rude manufacture. A sketch of one is here 
subjoined." 



Mr. G. It. Corner, F.S.A., informed the Committee that Mr. George Woollaston, 
of Welling, has recently discovered some fine fresco paintings on the walls and 
window-jambs of the church of East Wickham, Kent. Mr. Woollaston is now 
engaged in making tracings of these paintings, which he offers to lay before 
the Association at the proposed meeting at Canterbury. They consist of a double 



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166 PROCEEDINGS OP THE COMMITTEE. 

row of Scriptural subjects in colours, extending originally (it Is believed) all round 
the church. The lower range is within an arcade of pointed trefoil arches, each arch 
containing a distinct subject The subjects at present made put are, the three 
sings bringing presents to Herod ; the flight into Egypt ; the meeting of Eliza- 
beth and Mary; the presentation of Jesus in the Temple; and die archangel 
Michael overcoming Satan. Mr. Comer states the paintings to be exceedingly 
well drawn, and to be in his opinion as early as the thirteenth century, the probable 
date of the chancel. 

Mr. John Sydenham informed the Committee, that in consequence of a reser- 
Toir being about to be erected by order of government in Greenwich Pari, for the 
purpose of supplying the hospital and dockyard with water, the Saxon barrows, 
the examination of which by Douglas forms so interesting a feature in his Naua 
Britannica, would be nearly all destroyed, a fate which Mr. Sydenham thinks 
may be averted by a representation to the Government from the Association. — The 
Committee suggested to Mr. Sydenham to make application on the subject to 
Captain Brandreth of the Royal Engineers. 

A letter from Mr. E. J. Carlos was read, containing remarks and suggestions 
relating to alterations said to be contemplated in Westminster Abbey. He 
observes , — " Feeling that one of the objects of the Archieological Society will be 
Answered by calling the attention of the Committee to the projected alterations 
in Westminster Abbey, I venture to make the following suggestion, which yon will 
oblige me by laying before them at the next meeting. It is now understood that 
it Is proposed to afford additional accommodation for those who may attend 
Divine service in the abbey church, to throw open the transept to the choir, and 
occupy the area with seats for a congregation. The principal objections to 
this measure are, the interference with the integrity of the design of the choir 
and the placing of the worshippers with regard to each other and to the church 
in a novel and hitherto unknown position : it having been, as far as I am able to 
judge, an universal practice to arrange the congregation so that during Divine 
service they shall look towards the east, at least whenever the Altar is raised in that 
quarter. I need not urge the ancient and pious feeling which sanctioned, if il did not 
give rise to, the usual arrangement, nor indeed any argument based on the eccle- 
siastical arrangement of churches, as on the ground of mere utility it is obvious 
that the proposed arrangement will not answer the designed object In every 
public assembly, and for whatever purpose it is convened, the eyes of the persons 
present are centered in that part in which b contained the main object for which 
the meeting is brought together- thus in a meeting for any public purpose the 
husting or platform, in a theatre the stage, in a concert-room the orchestra, will be 
the part to which the attention of the assembly will be directed, and an architect 
proceeding to arrange the seats of a building for either of these purposes, would 
so construct them that the eyes of the persons assembled should be directed to the 
principal object, and if be did not do this the inconvenience would be manifested 
by the interruptions occasioned by the auditors endeavouring to arrange them' 
selves more conveniently. If he were to arrange a large portion of the auditor; so 
that one half should look directly at the other, and neither see the principal object, 
greater confusion would ensue, and he would he blamed for making an unsatis- 
factory arrangement. Now in a Christian church the Altar, in consequence of the 
sacred mysteries there celebrated, would be the part to which the vision of the 
congregation should be directed, and to effect this object the seats of churches, 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 167 

wherever there are. an;, have ever been directed to that point. How then could 
this object be effected, if the transept in the instance of Westminster Abbey is 
opened as proposed? Two bodies of persons will be seated in the church, one of 
which would look exactly into the facet of the other, if the view were not inter- 
rupted by a third body occupying the present seats and standing-room in the 
choir; sorely the effect of such an arrangement would he incongruous and 
irreverent. The persons who would occupy the seats in the transept would be 
those who coming late could not obtain a sitting in the ohoir, us they could not 
see either the clergy, the choristers, or the Altar, and, in all probability, hear very 
imperfectly the service ; all that would be gained by the alteration, would be a body 
of persons constantly moving and endeavouring to obtain a better seat, to the 
annoyance of the service and of those whu were attentive listeners. It will bow- 
ever be asked, how can the increasing congregation be provided for if the tran- 
septs are kept in their present state? The answer to this is, that the nave 
offers sufficient accommodation for any congregation which may be reasonably 
expected to assemble there. If the proposed accommodation is given in the 
nave, it will be strictly in accordance with Church principles, and will occasion no 
alteration in the choir, at least no alteration destructive of its ancient character. 
A pamphlet has recently been published in the shape of a letter addressed to 
the Dean and Chapter, in which an arrangement of seats in the nave has been 
advocated, and a plan appended to the pamphlet shews the entire practicability of 
the alteration. The only objection to the plan is, that it contemplates an altera- 
tion in the present dimensions of the choir; in other respects it appears to present 
a possible arrangement, and which might be effected without any alteration in the 
choir." Mr. Carlos then proceeded to make some suggestions as to steps which 
ought to be taken to secure this noble monument from any unnecessary innova- 
tions and injuries. It was stated confidently before the Committee that there 
existed at present no decided intention on the part of the Dean and Chapter to 
make the reported alterations ; and Mr. Carlos' h communication was therefore re- 
served for future consideration. 

The following letter in reference to Mr. Sydenham's communication, has been 
received by Mr. C. R. Smith. 
My deab Sib, 

You expressed a wish to be apprized of what might transpire in regard to the 
menaced destruction of the majority of the barrows in Greenwich Park. I grieve 
to have to report that the efforts made for their preservation have failed. The 
Yandalic spirit of utilitarianism has prevailed ; and the monuments of a thousand 
years have yielded to its influence. 

A public meeting of the inhabitants was fixed for last evening, and, in the 
meanwhile, memorials were presented to Mr. Sidney Herbert, the Secretary to the 
Admiralty, to Lord Haddington, the First Lord of that Board, and to the Earl of 
Lincoln, as the bead of the Woods and Forests' Committee. The immediate re- 
sult was that the works were suspended, and that an interview was appointed for 
Thursday on the lacvt in quo. The Earl of Lincoln, the Hon. Mr. Herbert, and 
the Hon. Mr. Corry, then attended, with a numerous staff of engineers ; and the 
vicar of the parish (who has acted with much earnestness in the matter) urged the 
objection to the proposed measure, the force of which was admitted. Other spots 
were suggested for substitution, and it was arranged that the vicar should the same 
evening be informed of the result of a deliberation between the authorities. That 
result was, that the work was to proceed as previously ordered, and that the Admiralty 



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168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

engineer hid given the contractors directions to recommence on the following 
morning. 

In the face of the parish-meeting to be holder! the same daj, this was at least 
unseemly haste ; and the works were carried forward with such earnestness that 
by this evening the greater number of the twenty-six barrows marked for destruction 
have been levelled. In some three or four of them excavations were made somewhat 
below the level of the surrounding surface, but the keen eye of a Douglas left 
nothing for subsequent delvers. The others hare been merely cut down to the 
level of the soil, so as effectually to obliterate their site, and embarrass any watching 
on subsequent excavations. 

At the meeting a deputation was appointed to wait on the Government autho- 
rities, and a petition was agreed to, for presentation to the House of Commons on 
Monday, but the active obedience of the engineers and contractors has superseded 
these measures so far as they affect the barrows. 

I am, my dear Sir, yours very truly, 

JOHN SYDENHAM. 

GrtenvAck, June 15, 1844. 



The Committee has fixed the second week in September for the Antiquarian 
Meeting at Canterbury. Circulars will be immediately addressed to the Mem- 
bers of the Association, stating the plan of the meeting, and the preparations 
which are making for it. 



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JJolitts of JStto ^ufalicalfons. 



Vithacx Prints de Saint Etienne db Bocroeb. Recherchks Detachers 

D'USE MONOOBAI'HIE DE CETTE CaTHEDUALE, FAR M M. ARTHUR MaRTIS ET 

Cuarles Cahieb, Pbetrrb. Folio. Paris. Livraisons i. — xi. pp. 226. 

Oub wish to draw the attention of our readers to this truly magnificent work 
has induced us to notice it thus early. It will be completed in fifteen 
livraisons. The eleven already published contain fifty-two folio plates, most 
of which are richly coloured by the cromolithograpbic process. 

The first plate of the series (of which we give 

a diagram) represents a window of Bourges 

cathedral, in which are the following subjects : — 

Noa. I and 3. In each is represented an arm 

issuing from a cloud, and holding a censer. 

2. Jacob blessing Ephraim and Manasseh. His 

arms are crossed, which, according to the 

authors, is typical of the cross of Christ. 

8. The Resurrection. 

4. Elijah raising to life the eon of the widow 

of Zarephath. 

5. Jonah issuing from the fish's mouth. 

6. David seated, a tree bearing a nest, and the 

pelican shedding its blood on its young. 

7. Three lions : one is stretched out on the 

ground, apparently dead ; a second stand- 
ing by closely regards it ; the third is 
seated at some distance. 

9. Moses causing water to issue from the rock. 

10. The Crucifixion. 

1 1. The brazen serpent 
16. Christ bearing the cross. 

12. The woman of Zarephath gathering wood, 

her child, and Elijah. The wood is in the form of a cross. 

13. The sacrifice of the paschal lamb. A figure is marking the door-posts. 

The words " Scribe Thau ' ' are on the glass. 




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170 NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

14. Abraham and Isaac going to Mount Moriah. The wood borne by 

Isaac is in the form of a cross. 

15. The sacrifice of Isaac. 

17, 18, 19, represent butchers engaged in their trade. This shews that the 
window was given by the corporation of butchers, and is called by 
the authors the signature of the window. 



This window is a fine specimen of the thirteenth century, and exhibits the 
usual characteristics of that period. The subjects are placed within medal- 
lions, and, from the large proportion they bear to the surrounding orna- 
mental details, are the most prominent and striking objects in the design. 
The whole window presents to the eye one great mass of Tarious colours, 
among which blue predominates, sparingly relieved with white. 

The next fifteen plates represent windows in the same cathedral, resem- 
bling the last in general character, but differing from it in slight particulars 
of arrangement and colouring. Such windows are frequently termed by 
French antiquaries " mosaiques," to distinguish them from "grisaille*," 
i. e. windows in which white glass predominates. 

Plates No. 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, exhibit a series of windows, containing 
in each of their principal lights one large figure, drawn in a vigorous but stiff 
style, and standing under & low-crowned canopy, similar to those met with on 
the tombs and seals of the thirteenth century. The figures represented in 
these plates, besides the Virgin Mary and St. Stephen, are fifteen of the 
prophets, and the twelve Apostles, and evidently form part of the series of 
saints and prophets, which, according to M. Lasteyrie, (Histoire de la Feinture 
but verre, p. 96,) occupy the clearstory windows of the choir of fiourges 
cathedral. The tracery lights of some of these windows are represented 
in Plate 28. The whole of these windows are richly coloured. The figures, 
from their great size, must have a magnificent effect, and are admirably 
calculated to adorn positions so distant from the eye. The original glass of 
the clearstory windows of Canterbury cathedral was somewhat similar in its 
arrangement; two figures, however, one above the other, appear to have 
occupied each of the lancets, of which that clearstory is composed. 

Plate 19 represents figures of Christ and the Virgin Mary, each figure 
within the divine oval ; these figures are of a very large size, and occupy a 
great portion of the lights in which they are placed. 

Thirteen of the plates are called Planches delude, some of which are 
illustrative of the authors' views of symbolism ; the subjects represented are 
taken partly from illuminations, but principally from glass at Bourges, 
Chartres, Tours, Beauvais, Mans, St. Denys, Lyons, Troyes, Strasbourg, 
Rheime, and Sens. Some of the plates exhibit details of the full size of the 
original glass ; others give views of entire windows. Of these, No. 14, 
which represents a remarkably fine window of Strasbourg cathedral, is 
interesting, as exhibiting in particular the change from what we should call 
the Early English to the Demmted style of glass painting. This window 



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NOTICES Ot MEW PUBLICATIONS. 171 

lias a marked German character, and bears a German inscription at the 
bottom. 

One plate is termed ' Usages cwilet,' and appears intended to form part 
of a series, which, if completed, will prove interesting and valuable from the 
light it will throw on the manners and costumes of the age. 

In addition to the plates already enumerated are fourteen others, eight of 
which represent details of " mosaiyues," and the remaining six of " grisailles," 
collected from the cathedrals of Bourges, Angers, Mans, Clermont- ferrant, 
Fribourg, Lyons, Soissons, Laon, Rheims, Sens, and Salisbury, from St. 
Thomas and St. William of Strasbourg, St. Denys, Colmar, and St. Kemi 
at Rheims. 

It is almost impossible to speak too highly of the plates in this work, 
which are by far the most magnificent representations of painted glass which 
we have yet seen. If we were to make any distinction among the plates, 
we should say that Nos. 3 and 6 of the frdl-sized details are the most 
valuable, as best exhibiting the peculiar character of the shading used in the 
thirteenth century. All the plates, however, preserve to a wonderful extent 
the spirit of the originals, and appear to be executed with great fidelity. 
We could wish that in some of the plates the leading had been more dis- 
tinctly marked- This point, which is very important, is frequently too much 
neglected in representations of painted glass. The work acquires an addi- 
tional value from having specimens of glass selected from different countries. 

It is to be hoped that our own artists will derive a useful hint from this 
publication. A single work, which should attempt to illustrate the whole 
of the glass contained in this country, would necessarily be imperfect, and, 
at the same time, too expensive to be within the reach of persons of 
moderate fortune. But detached publications, representing with care the 
whole of the glass in any one building, would, we are convinced, be valu- 
able additions to our archaeological works, and do much towards propagat- 
ing a correct taste in glass painting. At the present time, when public 
attention is so strongly directed towards subjects of this nature, an under- 
taking, such as we have mentioned, would, if properly executed, hardly fail 
to meet with deserved success. 

We have not met with any thing in the letter-press of this work which 
throws light on the history and antiquities of glass painting. The subject 
which occupies by far the largest portion of it, is Christian symbolism ; and 
this is so evidently the favourite topic of the authors, that we were by no 
means surprised to meet with the avowal (page 175, note), that " these their 
first researches into the cathedral of Bourges are, in truth, only an intro- 
duction to the study of figured symbolism during the middle ages, in its 
relation with written symbolism." 

The symbolism discoverable in the windows is very elaborately treated, 
and leads to the discussion of more subjects than can be noticed in a brief 
review. Many of the topics, moreover, are, from their theological cast, 
little calculated for this journal. All that we can attempt is, to state con- 
cisely the general view of symbolism entertained by the authors, and to 



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172 NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

notice in particular a few symbols, a knowledge of which may be of practical 
use in rendering more intelligible some of the productions of medieval art. 

According to their view, the twelfth and thirteenth centuries were ages of 
grandeur, of earnestness, and of faith ; the people, though illiterate, were not 
ignorant ; and religious art, addressing itself rather to their well-instructed 
understandings, than to their senses, endeavoured to express something be- 
yond mere historical events or sensible objects. 

Fainted windows were constructed conformably to this principle, and, 
except in some particular instances in which the subjects represented are 
in themselves sufficiently expressive, or do not admit of any ulterior mean- 
ing, every window is intended to convey to the spectator's mind some one 
abstract idea, some sentiment, or point of doctrine. The particular 
subjects which compose the work, when taken in connection with each other, 
express something beyond their individual, literal, or symbolical import. 

Thus our authors designate the window before described, " the window of 
the New Covenant," the combination of subjects being such as to bring to 
mind the call of the Gentiles. Another window, in which is depicted, in 
a series of medallions, the parable of the Prodigal Son, is considered by 
them to be a symbolical representation of the admission of the Gentiles 
into the number of the children of God, and the abrogation of the 
Sabbath by the consummation of the law of Moses. 

Subsequently to the thirteenth century, the kind of symbolism which has 
been mentioned fell into disuse, and artists were contented with bringing 
into juxtaposition events, of which one was the type, and the other the anti- 
type, or which were parallel to each other. This latter method of treating 
Scripture is apparent in the ecclesiastical writers as well as in the artists of 
the fifteenth century. It was not altogether unknown in the thirteenth 
century. 

The interpretation put by the authors on the windows described in this 
work, is of course mere conjecture ; it is nothing more than their manner of 
reading a language, which, however it might formerly have existed, has long 
been a dead one ; but they abound in authorities which justify the symbolical 
meaning they attach to individual subjects. Indeed they more than once 
insist on the principle that in endeavouring to discover the secret meaning 
of a work of art, the euquirer is not at liberty to indulge his own imagina- 
tion, but must submit to be guided by the authority of contemporary or 
earlier writers. He must interpret figured monuments through the medium 
of written authorities. The profusion of quotations which are employed for 
the purpose just mentioned, are also brought forward with a view of shewing 
the prevalence of the figurative mode of biblical interpretation in the ages in 
question, and the consequent tone of thinking which was likely to be im- 
parted to artists, end to the people at large. 

We have already specified the subjects represented in the "window of the 
New Covenant." To do justice to our authors we ought to follow them 
through their commentary on this window, which occupies above one hundred 
pages ; but this is impossible ; we can merely state that in every one of the 



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VITBAUX FEINTS DB S. ETIENNE DE BOURGES. 178 

subjects represented (excepting of course the "signature," and Nos.l and 3), 
they find a type of the call of the Gentiles, or some special allusion to it. 

We shall now, as we proposed, mention a few of the numerous symbols 
commented upon in the course of the work, premising however, that our 
notices of them are in general very much abridged. 

In No. 13. of the diagram the words "Scribe thau" are found. The letter 
Thau, or T, particularly in some ancient alphabets, resembles a cross, and is here 
directed to be inscribed because it has been supposed that the mark placed 
by the Israelites on their door-poets was a cross. The words are taken from 
Ezekiel (ch.ii. ver. 3,4}, the Thau or mark there ordered to be placed on the 
foreheads of the righteous having been in the middle ages universally con- 
sidered to be a T. 

In Nos. 12. and 13. the wood, as has been noticed, is in the form of ft 
cross. Death having been brought into the world by means of wood (the 
tree of knowledge), and the human race having been saved by means of wood 
(the cross), wood as a symbol attracts great attention in ecclesiastical 
writers, and in the mention of it in the Old Testament a symbol of the cross 
is generally detected. 

No. 10. is the Crucifixion. The figures on the right and left of the cross 
represent respectively the Church and the Synagogue, or the old and the 
new law. These figures are of frequent recurrence, though with occasional 
variations. The Church is veiled and crowned, and bears a sceptre. In the 
window at Bourges, she has a cup to receive the blood which flows from our 
Saviour's side ; sometimes she holds the chalice of the altar surmounted by 
the host ; in the right hand she generally has a long pastoral staff. In a 
window at Chartrea,her cross bears a veil (velum, sudarium, orarium, pallium) 
suspended from the upper part of the shaft. At Chartres too, instead of a 
cup, the left hand holds a church, or model of a church, a type often used 
by other artists ; sometimes the figure is placed in a shrine, in the form of a 
church. The Synagogue is almost always represented with bandaged eyes, 
and a drooping head, from which a crown is falling. Commonly she has no 
cloak. Frequently she has a banner, the shaft of which is broken in two or 
-three places; the banner is almost always pointed, sometimes it has two 
points, here it has three. The tablet inscribed on the windows at Bourges 
with the word Synagoga, which she bears in one hand, is the text of the 
-Divine law, which in her blindness she Buffers to fall. The figures of the 
Church and Synagogue are the only allegorical ones which occur in the 
present composition, but they are not surrounded by a polygonal nimbus, the 
usual mark of an allegorical personage, perhaps, because in the thirteenth 
century they were looked upon rather as real (though immaterial) beings 
than as mere personifications, (p. 43.) The cup in which the Church is 
receiving the Saviour's blood, shews that the Church is in possession of the 
tnie Sacrifice. This becomes more apparent when the Synagogue is accom- 
panied by a sheep, goat, or ram, indicating that the figurative victims have 
given place to the real One. 

The bandage on the eyes of the Synagogue is a Biblical type. Moses 



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174 NOTICES 07 HEW PUBLICATIONS. 

covered his face when he came from the Divine Presence. In Suger'B glues 
at St, Denis, Christ, from the cross, rmieee the bandage from the eyes of the 
old law. 

The Virgin and St John, who are often found at the side of the cross, are 
to be looked upon not as mere historical personages, but as representatives 
of the Church and Synagogue. 

There is much symbolism in the vine. The Fathers all compare the blood 
of Christ to the juice of the grape, and the Passion to the wine-press. The 
origin of the idea is in Isaiah. The blood of the grape is spoken of in many 
places in Scripture. Christ compares Himself to a Vine. The bunch of 
grapes carried by the two spies was universally looked upon in the middle 
ages as a symbol of Christ crucified. St. Austin admits it in the fourth 
century; after him Evagrius sees in the two bearers the Jew and the 
Christian. The one who goes first never sees the mysterious bunch of grapes, 
the other has it always before him. This idea has subsequently been much 
enlarged upon. Hence the old artists transformed the cross sometimes into a 
vine*, sometimes into a wine-press. Hence too the bunch of grapes which 
is sometimes placed in the hand of the Virgin, and the idea found in several 
windows of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, of angels holding cups 
under the wounds of the crucifix. The Virgin also has been compared to 
the promised land, from which the bunch of grapes was brought. 

In No. 7. lions are introduced. The Lion of Judah is the symbol of the 
triumph of Christ, and of the Divine Power ; in ecclesiastical writers, how- 
ever, it is frequently taken with reference to the Resurrection. It is on 
account of its being symbolical of the Resurrection, that the lion is assigned 
to St. Mark as an emblem, St Hark being called the historian of the Resur- 
rection. This title he has probably obtained from his gospel being used on 
Eatter-day. The reason why the lion is taken as a symbol of the Resurrec- 
tion, is to be found in the fabulous history of the animal; according to which 
the whelp is bom dead, and only receives life at the expiration of three days 
on being breathed on by its father. 

In Nob. 9. and 10. of the diagram, Moses is represented with horns, but 
it seems that this type was not adopted by the majority of artists in the thir- 
teenth century. The idea of the horns appears to have originated in the 
word carmta, applied in the Vulgate (Exod. xxxiv. 29 — 35.) to Moses' tux, 
or in some earlier tradition, which caused St. Jerome to adopt that word. 
The authors do not know a single Byzantine work representing Moses, in 
which the horns occur. 

In a window at Lyons (Planches d' etade, No. 8.) the c 



Kent, Christ is represented nailed to a viae pens to call attention to the proceeding of 
in the form of a Y, rising from the middle the monk, and another ia bending over that 
of ■ square cistern, from one ride of which channel in order to fill a veuel from ii 



ir appears to flow. People of all ranks AboTe the vine ia the text, (John riL 37,) 

re approaching the cistern, and lome are " If ani man thirst come to me and drinck." 

llingveneU from it. A monk ia digging Hie date of this glass is about 1620. 
channel to let the water flow freely 



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VITEATJX PEINTS DE 8. BTIBNNE DE BOTJRGES. 175 

i occurs. The word is there written gladrvu or glabrhts. The 
chaJadriua, in fabulous natural history, is a bird perfectly white, which, by 
looking on a sick person, takes away bis diseases. It is a symbol of our 
Saviour. 

The amcom is a symbol of the Incarnation. The description of the animal, 
together with the well-known method of taking it, is given from a French 
Bestiary. According to this, it is a beautiful and not large beast, with the 
body of a horse, the feet of an elephant, the head of a stag, a loud and clear 
voice, and a tail curled like a pig's; in the middle of the forehead is a straight 
■harp horn, four feet in length. It can only be taken by means of a virgin 
beautifully arrayed. She is placed near the haunts of the animal, which, on 
perceiving her, runs towards her, kneels down, and laying his head on her 
lap, falls asleep and is taken. In the Bestiary of Philippe de Thaun, the 
unicorn is described as having merely the body of a goat. The application 
of the fable to the Incarnation may there be found. In the present work it 
is given in the following lines from a MS. in the Bibliotheque Royak. 

Si ceMe merraiUoM bote 

Senafle noatra nignor 
Ihemeriit, notra Suiveor. 
C'eK l'nnicorne opiiitct 
Qui ea la vierga prift octal, 
Qui est tsnt de grant dignitt. 

En ceite priit liuiuuuilt! 
Pit qooi an mnnde i' aparuL 

Towards the sixteenth century, the Incarnation is found represented under 
the uUegory of a chase. The animal is pursued by two couple of hounds, 
followed by an angel sounding a horn, and throws itself into the bosom of 
the virgin, who is waiting for it. The two couple of dogs are Mercy and 
Truth, Justice and Peace, (Psalm lxxxiv. 11.) The huntsman is the arch- 
angel charged with the Annunciation. 

In the Pelican (No. 6. of the diagram) the authors do not see the com- 
monly received emblem of the Eucharist, or the body and blood of Christ, 
with which we are fed ; but the restoration of the human race to life by 
means of Christ's blood. This interpretation they justify by the position 
which the emblem holds in the present window, and in some others, by the 
early fables respecting the bird, which represent it as restoring its young to 
life by the blood which it causes to flow from its breast: and by several 
passages in ecclesiastical writers. They have met with no author anterior 
to the fifteenth century who speaks of the blood being given as nourishment. 

The tree bearing a nest in this medallion appears to be an allusion to 
the text in Job, which, according to the Vulgate, is, " I will die in my nest, 
and spread myself as a palm tree." 

The dragon's or tchale't throat, by which, in the middle sges, the mouth 
of hell is represented, is " an extension of the symbolism of the Leviathan." 
From want of space the authors abstain from doing more than giving this 



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176 NOTICES OP NEW PUBLIC ATIOM8. 

hint, and referring to various writers who treat of the allegory. For the 
benefit of those who will be satisfied with a brief and ready explanation of 
the form adopted, they quote a passage from the Bestiary of Philippe de 
Thaun. (Edited by Mr. Wright, London, 1641, p. 108.) 

E ceo dit eecripture, eetu* ad ttl nature, 
Que quand 11 volt manger, cumence ■ balier ; 
Et el baliemeat de m bucbe odur rent 
Taut laef e tant bon que li petit peiuun 
Ki 1' odur ameruat en ia buche enterunt, 
Lorea lei ocdret, isai lem Qanaglutarat. 
E l'diable easement ■trenglnermt la gent 
E ceo dit Beatiaire un livre de gramnuire. 

An illumination accompanying the verses is mentioned, which has these 
words. " Cetus hie pingitur.. . . et quomodo piaces entrant in os ejus .... 
Cetus diabolum significat . . . et pieces animas." 

Besides the window of " the new covenant" there are described those re- 
presenting the History of St. Thomas (Plate 2), the last Judgment (Plate 
3 and 19, the latter Plate is not yet published), the Prodigal Son (Plate 4), 
the Passion of Christ (Plate 5), the Good Samaritan (Plate 6), and the 
Apocalypse, or reign of Christ through the Church (Plate 7). Our 
limits prevent us from doing more than merely enumerating these Platea. 
We have also abstained from making any remarks on the costumes, and oa 
the colours and artistical treatment of the windows, as the authors have re- 
served these subjects to be treated of in a subsequent part of the work. 

We ought not to omit noticing that in the commentary on the window 
containing the History of St Thomas, occasion is taken to give an analysis 
of part of " Les Catholiques (Euvres et Actes des Apfltres," a mystery, or mira- 
cle play, represented at Bourges in 1536. It contains 66,000 lines, and 
occupied between thirty and forty days in the representation. But we are 
under the necessity of omitting all particular mention of this curious produc- 
tion, as well as of many other subjects, the consciousness of having already 
too greatly exceeded our limits obliging us to rest satisfied with a very im- 
perfect notice of a work which, from the care and labour that have been 
bestowed upon it, might well deserve to be treated of more at length. 

f. b. & o. w. 

*** Since the above was written we have been informed that fourteen 
tivraUons are now published : but we have not had an opportunity of seeing 
any more than those we have already noticed. We have also learned that 
Messrs. Cahier and Martin are not priests of the cathedral of Bourges, 
as we had been led to suppose, but are Jesuits resident at Paris : and that 
the descriptions of the windows, Sic,, were written by le Pen; Cahier, and 
the drawings made by le Pere Martin. 



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ARCHITEC. ANTIQ. IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OP OXFORD. 177 

A Guide to the Architectural Antiquities in Tax Neighbour- 
hood op Oxford. Part I, Deanery op Bicester. Fart II, Deanery 
op Woodstock. Published by the Oxford Society for Promoting the 
Study of Gothic Architecture. 8vo. Oxford, J. H. Parker. 



Although this work has to a certain degree a local object, yet it d 
be generally known to all lovers of ancient ecclesiastical architecture, as pos- 
sessing a general interest and utility. When the student is familiar with the 
first principles of a science, nothing is more useful than the study of a mis- 
cellaneous collection of examples ; and few districts afford examples of 
architectural antiquities so varied, and so well grouped for historical study, 
as the neighbourhood of Oxford. We have there, within a small compass, 
every style from the supposed Saxon to the debased Gothic of the seven- 
teenth century. The hook is published by a very praiseworthy Society, 
under the immediate care of its Secretary, Mr. Parker, and is illustrated 
profusely with woodcuts, of which we can best convey an idea to our readers 
by giving a few specimens. 

The ' neighbourhood of Oxford,' comprised in a circuit of about ten miles, 
is divided into four deaneries, those of Bicester, Woodstock, Cuddesdon, 
and Abingdon, of which the first two are already published, and the others 
are, we believe, in an advanced state of preparation. The Deanery of 
Bicester commences with Islip, the birth-place of King Edward the Con- 
fessor, and includes sixteen parishes ; that of Woodstock contains twenty- 
nine parishes, in several of which the churches are remarkably interesting. 

The church of Caversneld, in the 
Deanery of Bicester, presents in its tower 
a remarkable example of the style sup- 
posed to be Saxon, joined, as usual, with 
Norman additions. In the nave of Bices- 
ter church is a triangular.headed arch, 
supposed also to belong to the Saxon 
style. The tower of Northleigh church, in 
the Deanery of Woodstock, has also been 
supposed to be Saxon ; it contains curious 
belfry -windows of two lights, with a 
balustre, supporting a long stone through 
the wall, corresponding with the im- 
posts, Be'Jry niudo«,KojthUl«llChUTCll 

Interesting specimens of Norman architecture are found in the churches 
of Islip, Caversneld, Bucknell, Cassington, Begbroke, Northleigh, South- 
leigh, Stanton Harcourt, See. The north porch of Caversneld has a good 
doorway, ascribed to about the year 1180. The pillars in Islip church 
are also late Norman. The tower of Bucknell church is a specimen 
of plain Early Norman, with interesting belfry windows. Large portions 
of the churches of Begbroke and Cassington are of this style, as well as 
the nave of that of Stanton Harcourt. The inner doorway of the south porch 



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178 NOTICES OP NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

of the church of Middle ton Stoney is a rich example of late Norman, 
with varieties of the zigzag moulding, and very angular foliage in the 

The Early English style is found in ^ . .— . 

the naves of Bicester and Charlton- | ,"( ^...J | T.J 

on-Otmoor, in the nave of Kirtling- 
too, in the tower of Middleton Stoney, 
in the east windows of Hampton Poyle, 
and one or two other churches, and in 
various parts of Stonesfield and Stanton 
Harcourt. The chancel of Bucknell 
church is pointed out as a fine specimen 
of the manner in which country churches 
were built in the thirteenth century. 
The nave and aisles of Bicester church 
present some interesting examples of 
Early English clustered columns, many 
of which have been mutilated. They 
have capitals, with the stiff-leaved foliage, 
as represented in the cut. cmaa, mwn cam*. « uno 

Merton church is nearly a perfect specimen of the Decorated style. The 
church of Ambrosden is a very fine example of the same style ; as are also 
KidHngton, North Aston, Ches- 
terton, Hampton Poyle, and seve- 
ral others. Of these the south 
aisle and porch of Kidlington 
are particularly worthy of notice. 
That of Chesterton contains some 
elegant early Decorated sedilia, 
consisting of three cinquefoil 
arches, with a square label over 
them, with ball-flowers. 

The Perpendicular style is found 
in the later additions to, and 
many windows inserted in, nearly 
all the churches, and it is hardly 
necessary to mention particular 
examples. F-""^"" 1 is a fine 
church of this style ; and those 

of Handborough and Coombe, E««d<,(s«ii>*ui..x»nii 1 «™.c.i»>. 

in the Deanery of Woodstock, and of Bicester, contain many parts 
deserving of study. 

Most of the parishes described in these two Parts are connected with 
interesting historical events, and many of them contain other ancient re- 
mains, besides their churches. Islip, as we have already observed, was 
the birth-place of King Edward the Confessor ; and there appear to bo 



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ARCHITEC. ANTIQ. IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF OXTORD. 170 

some remains of the old palace, afterwards the manor-house of the abbots 
of Westminster. There are several good specimens of old domestic archi- 
tecture in various parishes. Of these the most remarkable are the remains 
of an ancient seat of the Harcourte at Stanton Harcourt, with the tower in 
which Pope translated the Odyssey, and the kitchen, a valuable specimen of 



a class once numerous, but of which the only examples remaining, that we are 
acquainted with, are this and that at Glastonbury. Remains of monasteries 
are found at Bicester, Godstow (the burial-place of Fair Rosamond), and 
Woodstock. Some of the churches contain early crosses. Traces of a 
castle are seen at Middle ton Stoney. British, Roman, and Saxon remains 
are found scattered over the whole district. r. weight. 



Corn or thb Romans bxlatuhi to Britain, dssckdhd an» hj.fbtxatxd 
ri John Yohoi AxnnmaN, F.S.A., &c. Second Edition. 8vo. London. 
1844. John Russell Smith. 

Among the many claims which the Roman coins and medals have upon 
the consideration of the historical antiquary, are those which arise from their 
direct reference to events connected with the history of countries which suc- 
cessively fell beneath the arms and arts of the then mistress of the world. 
"Upon these imperishable monuments, which have outlived, in all the beauty 
is of early youth, the sculptured trophy, the triumphal arch, the 



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1$0 COINS OF THE ROMANS RELATING TO BRITAIN, 

pompous and elaborate inscription, and the many costly and gorgeous works 
of art that were erected to commemorate the conqueror's achievements, may 
be read the meaning, though sententious legend, which, assisted by appro- 
priate designs, tells its story plainly and effectively. In the progress of 
Roman provincial history, coins and medals occasionally bear allusion to 
friendly relationship between the subjected countries and imperial Rome, in 
the establishment of colonies, the raising of temples, and other public build- 
ings, the formation or improvement of highways, as well as in the visits of 
the emperor himself as the redressor of grievances and the restorer of peace. 
The historical importance of these coins is usually accompanied by well- 
designed and executed representations, in which the painter, the sculptor, 
and the poet, may each find something to admire and instruct, and from 
which the superintendents of modern mints, and governments themselves, 
might derive useful hints for the improvement of national coinages, by 
making them the medium of recording national events, and of conveying 
some sort of popular instruction. The coins of the Romans relating to Gaul 
and to Britain, are among the most interesting of the series, as they include 
many not struck by the imperial powers of Rome, but issued at times when 
rulers in these provinces assumed the purple, and, more or less effectually, 
maintained an independence which, obtained by means of military power 
more frequently than by the general will of the people, lasted only until the 
fortune of war led to the re-establishment of the foreign yoke, or that of 
some more successful usurper. From the immense quantities of coins struck, 
it would appear that in many instances these revolutions were much more 
extensive and general than the notices given by historians would of them- 
selves lead us to imagine. These are often so brief, and so palpably partial, 
that it is impossible, without having recourse to the aid of inscriptions and 
coins, to form even an imperfect notion of the true state of the provinces at 
these important epochs in their history. The six years' sway of Fostumus in 
Gaul is but incidentally alluded to by historians, but the vast quantities of 
his coins still extant, many of them executed by the best artists of the time, 
evince the success of his arms and the undisturbed tranquillity of the pro- 
vince under his rule. 

Mr. Akerman's work is, as its title shews, confined to Roman coins relating 
to Britain. Of these the first are of Claudius, whose gold and silver coins 
exhibit the front of a triumphal arch, surmounted by an equestrian figure 
between two trophies, with de bhitannib, or, more rarely, the emperor in a 
quadriga, and the same inscription. In the reign of Hadrian, the Britons 
revolted, but the opportune arrival of the emperor himself seems to have 
smothered the insurrection, and left him but little to achieve after repelling 
the Caledonians, who had broken through the northern frontiers of the pro- 
vince. The visit of Hadrian is commemorated by a large brass coin, 
inscribed on the reverse, advxntvs ayg. bbttahh lab. s.c. The emperor is 
represented clothed in the toga, and holding a patera over an altar, with the 
fire kindled, on the other side of which stands a female figure with a victim 
lying at her feet In the second middle brass corns of Hadrian, the province 



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NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. 181 

of Britain is personified as a female seated on a rock, holding a javelin, her 
head slightly inclining on her right hand, by her side a large oral shield; 
beneath, the word beitannia. The attitude exhibits a mixture of repose 
and of watchfulness, happily emblematical of the state of the province, free 
from dread of her enemies, yet provided with the means of repelling future 
invasion. These latter coins are frequently discovered throughout England. 
Nearly a dozen, differing in some slight degree from each other, were found 
in the bed of the Thames near London Bridge a few years since. 

The coins of Antoninus Pius give us many interesting references to 
Britain. The reverse of one of great beauty is here given and described : — 
Qbverte : — justojtikys . Ave . pits . p. p. 

TH . P. COB . III. 

Aitomtu Augmtiu Pint, Pater Potria, Tritnmitia 
Poleitole, Connl lertium. The bearded and Unrated 
bud of Fins. 

Reverse : — ikpekatob ii. (Imperator iienaa) ; 
serosa the field of the coin, Britan. An elegant 
winged Victory standing on a globe, holding a 
garland in her right hand, and a palm-branch in 
her left. 

This coin, Mr. Akerman remarks, " in all probability commemorates the 
victory gained by Lollius Urbicus over die revolted Brigantes, who made 
incursions upon their neighbours, then leagued with the Romans. Victory 
was an important deity among the Greeks and Romans, and she is accordingly 
figured on great numbers of their coins. Tacitus says that, besides other 
prodigies which preceded the revolt of the Britons under Boadicea, the 
image of Victory, set up at Camulodunum, fell down without any apparent 
cause, with its back to the enemy. Sylla built a temple to Victory at Rome ; 
and we are told that Hiero, king of Sicily, made a present to the Romans of 
a statue of Victory in solid gold. She had a fine statue in the Capitol, of 
which the figure on the reverse of the coin here described, may have been a 
copy." The reverse of another, with the same inscription, exhibits a 
heuneted female figure seated on a rock, holding a javelin in her right hand, 
her left reposing on a large ornamented shield by her side, her right foot 
resting on a globe. The author remarks, " the reverse of this coin differs 
materially from those of all the others of this series. Instead of a female 
figure bare-headed, as on the coins of Hadrian, we have here doubtless a 
personification of Rome herself, her dominion being aptly enough portrayed 
by the globe beneath her right foot, while she grasps a javelin (a barbarian 
weapon) instead of a spear." Another specimen presents us with a female 
figure seated on a globe, surrounded with waves ; in her right hand a 
standard, in her left a javelin ; her elbow resting upon the edge of a large 
buckler by her side ; a type illustrative of the oft-quoted line of Virgil — 

" Et penitiis loto diviios orbe Britanaos »," 

and similar descriptions by Claudian b and Horace . The most common 
' Eel. I. 67. k De Mall. Theod. Com. v. 51. ' Carra. lib. 1. Od. US. v. 29. 

b b 



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182 NOTICES OF NEW PCBLICATIONS. 

of the whole Britannia series are the second brass of Pius, reading on the 
reverse, round a female figure seated in a dejected position on a rock with 
shield and standard, beitabnia. cos. nir. 

The reign of Commodus, during which the Caledonians invaded and 
ravaged the north of Britain, afforded opportunities to that emperor for 
recording upon medals and coins the successes of his legions, whose victories 
also gave him a pretext for taking the name of Britannicus, although he never 
visited the province in person. There are three or four medallions of this 
emperor relating to Britain, a variety of which is given below. On the 
obverse his titles commence, and are continued on the reverse, on which is 
represented a Victory seated on a heap of arms, inscribing on a shield 
vict. bbit. (Victoria Britannica) : before her a trophy. 



The cobs of Severus, and his sons Caraealla and Gets, afford the author 
ample scope for a dissertation on the events connected with their visit to 
Britain and their military operations in it. The following coin is one of 
many varieties relating to this important period in the Romano -British 
history. It is of Geta, and in second brass : the reverse presents a Victofy 
seated on shields, holding a palm -branch, and a shield resting on her knee ; 
legend, victoriae bbittannicae. It will be observed there is a change 
in the orthography of the word Britannia : for this alteration Mr. Akerman 
gives some pertinent reasons. 



From the reign of Caraealla to that of Diocletian and Maxiinian, no Roman 
coins have been found bearing direct allusion to Britain. During the reign 
of these emperors, however, we find a new and extensive series of coins 
struck in Britain, and affording curious and valuable information relative to 



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COINS OF THE ROMANS RELATING TO BRITAIN. 183 

one of the most important epochs in the early history of this island. Carau- 
sius, the admiral of the Roman fleet stationed in the British channel to pro- 
tect Gaul and Britain from the depredations of the Saxons, being accused 
or suspected of appropriating to his own uses the rich booty he had cap- 
tured from the pirates of the north, and anticipating in consequence the 
worst from the emperors at Borne, landed in Britain with several legions pre- 
viously under his command in Gaul, took complete and permanent possession 
of the province, and assumed the titles of Augustus and Imperator. From 
some remarkable coins to which the reader is referred, it would appear that 
the Britons, hoping perhaps that any change would be for the better, invited 
and awaited his coming. Defended by his fleet, Carausius defied with suc- 
cess the attempts of Diocletian and Maximian to recover the lost province, 
and a peace, to which it seems the Roman emperors unwillingly but unavoid- 
ably conceded, confirmed the adventurer in the undisturbed possession of 
Britain for upwards of six years. Numerous coins of Carausius refer to the 
establishment of this peace, and appear from the inscription pax . ayogo. 
(Pax Auguatorum) to imply the free concurrence therein of Diocletian and 
Maximian, especially as coins also of these emperors are extant with a 
similar legend. The careful numismatist, however, detects these coins from 
certain peculiarities to have been struck by Carausius himself, to give an 
appearance of being recognised in his assumed titles and power by the 
emperors at Rome. One of the rarest from the collection of the writer of 
these notes, is here given. It is in gold, and was found a few years since 
in the bed of the Thames. 




The ml in the exergue of the reverse is believed to stand for Moneta Lon- 
<fiw»i». It may also be remarked that these coins with the three o's are 
not recorded to have been found in any other country except England, but 
the coins of Diocletian and Maximian with two o's, as pai avoO, — flAivS 
avgg, &c. are exceedingly numerous, and are continually discovered wher- 
ever the Soman rule extended. Descriptions of isolated coins, from the 
extensive series of the coins of Carausius and his successor AUectus, would 
only afford a bint notion of the various points of view in which they interest 
the historian and the antiquary. Mr. Akerman's volume, which contains a 
notice of every known variety, with copious illustrations, and is published 
at a very moderate price, should be consulted, not merely for these particular 
coins, but also for facts most valuable to all who are interested in Romano- 
British history. c. n. smith. 



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NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. 



Ancient and Modesn Akchitectube, consisting of Views, Pities, 
Elevations, Sections, and Details of the Most Remarkable 
Edifices in the Woeld: edited by M. Jules Gailhabatjd. Series 
the first. Royal 4to. London, Firmin Didot et Co. 1844. 

This work has been published with the praiseworthy design of offering science 
in a popular and inviting form. While furnishing pure and correct examples 
of the architectural styles of different peoples and different ages, it forms at 
the same time a handsome ornament even to the drawing-room table. It is 
particularly calculated to give wide and general views to popular readers, by 
leading to habits of comparison, and for this reason it is especially deserving 
of encouragement. The drawing is correct, and the plates are beautifully 
executed. It ought to be stated that the work was originally published in 
France, and that the plates are the works of French artists ; the text, written 
by some of the most distinguished of the French antiquaries, has been trans- 
lated into English, with the addition of a preface by professor Donaldson. 
The volume we have before us forms the first series, or year, and we have 
also received five parts of the second year, which give promise of a volume 
fully as interesting as the first. 

The subjects in the first volume commence with the Indian temples. It is 
remarkable that the most durable monuments of the far east were temples, 
while those of the west which have lasted longest are its tombs. Several, 
plates are devoted to the wonderful temples of Elora, excavated from the solid 
rock, which, although they are placed first in the series, are probably not much 
older than the commencement of the Christian era. They hold the position 
here given to them by their primeval character, rather than by their early 
date. The Egyptian style is illustrated by interesting details of the little 
temple of Ebsamboul, one of the most remarkable monuments of that singular 
country. From Egypt we are led to the primitive monuments of Persia, 
which are illustrated by the celebrated tomb of Nakshi Rustam, and by some 
details from the ruins of Persepolis. There can be little doubt that the tomb 
of Nakshi-Rustara was the burial-place of some one of the early Persian 
kings, and it is supposed to be that of Darius, described by the Grecian 
writers. 

From these eastern monuments we are brought to the primeval monu- 
ments of the west, which are here divided into Pelasgian and Celtic. One 
of the most remarkable examples of the former has been discovered in the 
small isle of Gozo near Malta, of which several views and ample details are 
given in the volume before us. It is interesting as furnishing a more perfect 
specimen of a building which appears to bear some analogy in form to the 
supposed circular temples left by the earlier inhabitants of our islands. The 
selection of Celtic monuments engraved in the present work is especially 
interesting to the English reader, because they are all chosen from examples 
in Brittany, and afford the means of comparison with similar monuments in 
our own island. The Celtic monuments consist entirely of unon Lamented 



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N0TICE8 OP NEW PUBLICATIONS. 186 

.■tones, of colossal dimensions. A single stone, or Msen-hir, at Locinariakar, 
was, when unbroken, sixty -five feet in length. These monuments have always 
been objects of reverence among the lower orders, and they often bear marks 
of the superstitious worship of the peasantry in modem ages. "Near Join-. 
ville (Meuse), there is a maen-hir remarkable for a Roman inscription, at 
about two-thirds of its height. It consists of the words Vibc-habus Ibta- 
tii.if ; Viromams ton of Islalilius, and was evidently engraved long after 
the erection of the monument. ... A few maen-hirs have been found covered 
with rude sculptures, but these decorations were doubtless added at a later 
period. There is a stone of this kind near Brecknock, in Wales ; it is called 
the maiden stone, and bears a rude carving of a man and woman in high 
relief. But notwithstanding all that has been said on this subject, we do 
not think it possible a single specimen of carving on a Celtic monument can 
with any certainty be attributed to the Druids ; of course we do not consider 
as sculptures a few lines or shapeless ornaments, scarcely visible, which may 
be seen on some stones of that epoch." After having shewn how, in the earlier 
ages of Christianity, these monuments of paganism were doomed to destruction, 
and great numbers must have perished, the writer of this article proceeds to 
state the feelings with which they were subsequently consecrated to Christian 
purposes. " At last the epoch arrived when Christianity, become more tolerant 
from the feet of its triumph being no longer doubtful, condescended to appro- 
priate the monuments of polytheism, and converted the Roman temples into 
churches. The lower orders had been accustomed to perform acts of devo- 
tion at the foot of the Druidical stones ; so instead of throwing these down, 
they were sanctified and consecrated to the worship of the true God. Some- 
times the maen-hir itself was hewn into the form of a cross, as one of those 
near Camac ; sometimes one or more crosses were cut upon them, as on that 
of the Mountain of Justice on the road from Auray to Camac ; at a more 
recent day, crosses and religious symbols were sculptured upon them in a 
more advanced style of art, as those on the maen-hir of Ploemeur (north 
coast), which can scarcely be older than the sixteenth century." The numer- 
ous figures of the Celtic monuments of France given in this first volume, and 
in the parts published of the second series, are extremely valuable. 

The monuments of primeval architecture, however wonderful by their 
mass, or interesting by their associations, have little of real beauty and are 
totally deficient in purity of taste. These important qualities first present 
themselves in the works of the Greeks and Romans, which are here illus- 
trated by views and details of the elegant temple of Segesta and the noble 
Parthenon, and of the amphitheatre of Nismes and the arch of Trajan at 
Benevento. We are then introduced through the Roman basilicas to the 
Christian architecture of the middle ages. The succeeding subjects are the 
basilica of St Clement at Rome, the existence of which may be traced from 
the fifth century ; the church of St. Vital at Ravenna, begun in the sixth 
century, a good example of the Byzantine style ; the Catholicon, or cathedral 
of Athens, another early example of the same style ; the church of St. Mary 
at Toecanella, a beautiful example of the earlier ecclesiastical architecture of 



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186 NOTICES OF SEW PUBLICATIONS. — SOCIETY FOR 

Provence ; the cathedral of Bonn, a specimen of the style prevalent in 
Germany at the beginning' of the thirteenth century ; the mosque of Ibn 
Ttilun at Kairo, said to have been completed in S78, a valuable specimen of 
Saracenic architecture ; and the cathedral of Freyburgh, an imposing monu- 
ment of the Gothic style as prevalent in Germany. All these form very 
excellent studies, and the outline will naturally be filled up by other ex- 
amples in the two following volumes ; for it appears by the preface that the 
whole work is to extend to three volumes. 

This volume concludes with two specimens of modern buildings, the church 
of the Invalides at Paris, a work of the age of Louis XIV., and the Halle-au- 
Ble, or Com Exchange, with its remarkable dome of cast-iron, executed 
in the earner part of the present century. x. wbight. 



Seances qen era les tenues en 1841 par la Societe Fbancaise pour 

la Conservation des Monuments Historiqves, 8vo. pp. 272. (With 

many Woodcuts.) Can, 1841. 

(Continued from our hut.) 

At. the morning sitting of the 23rd of June, business was commenced by 
an account of some renewed excavations on the site of the castellum at 
Jublains, lately purchased as a specimen of transition from Gallo-Roman to 
that of early feudal military architecture, and the Society had the pleasure 
to learn that a habitation having thereon been built for the superintendant 
of the roads thereabout, this monument bad been put under his protection ; 
and it was also announced that an arch Ecological map of Anjou had recently 
been published. M. de la Sicotiere having then read an account of the pre- 
ceding evening's archaeological promenade, the Director, in continuation of 
his former questions, asked. What were the most ancient churches of the 
neighbourhood, and what peculiarities of construction and decoration did 
they exhibit ? In answering this, the Abbe Bonrasee took occasion to sug- 
gest the advantage of carefully studying all those churches built by Gregory 
of Tours, in order to ascertain therefrom the principles of Bomano-Bysantine 
architecture in Touraine. Other questions discussed, were — Whether any 
Angerine churches of the eleventh and twelfth centuries were of circular or 
Greek-cross form, or with unusually arranged masonry, or peculiarly shaped 
buttresses, or the beak-moulding, the pearl-studded moulding, or that called 
by the French flabelliform, and more especially what churches had been 
fortified with machicolations. The archivist of the department having 
then presented sundry documents illustrating the dates of several churches 
therein, and of the old stone bridge at Angers, the President closed the sit- 
ting by inviting the Society to visit at noon the abbey church of St- Serge. 

At the second sitting, at two o'clock, M. Godsrd, the author of an excel- 
lent monumental history of Anjou, informed the Society as to the mouldings 
most worthy of remark in that province. M. de Caumont then animadverted 



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PRESERVING THE HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OP FRANCE. 187 

on the great utility of locally studying the peculiarity of mouldings towards 
the formation of what might be termed architectonic zones ; an opinion which 
M. Segrestain corroborated by referring to the beautiful cloister of St. Aubin, 
the mere physiognomy of which at once demonstrated the locality of its 
author's architectonic studies. A conversation then ensued upon the different 
systems of ornamentation in different provinces, and a comparison of the 
simplicity of Romano-Byzantine edifices in one part of Touraine with the 
highly adorned churches of the same epoch, near the rivers Cher and Vienne, 
and on those Mosaic-like incrustations composed of different volcanic stones 
bo common in the churches of Auvergne. 

The Director then proceeded to enquire, illustrating his several questions 
with large drawings, as to the usual shape of columns of the eleventh and 
twelfth centuries in Anjou ; whether the Attic base was not constantly 
adopted ; what was the mode of grouping them, and whether any are 
encircled with pearled bands. In reply to these, it having been incidentally 
remarked that arches were sometimes made of pointed form so early even as 
the twelfth century, not merely from caprice but upon the well-understood 
principle of their constructional utility; M. Godard combated the opinion 
that pointed arches were of eastern origin, for otherwise they would have 
been introduced by Foulque Nera in some of the many churches built by 
him after his return from the first crusade. It was then asked whether 
there existed in Anjou any columns based on lions, or any allusion in its 
ancient charters to the administration of " Justitia inter leones." Whereon 
M. Marchegay stated that the church and the bishop's residence were places 
In which public justice was often administered, and alluded particularly to a 
document dated " in veteri camera Episcopi Pictavensis ;" M. Godard 
relating also, on documental authority, that so lately as 1640 — 1650, the 
common place of justice at S. Georges des Mines, was the porch or nartbex 
of its church. This led to a long conversation on the manumission of slaves 
having always taken place in the church, and also on the heating of ordeal 
water and iron therein, — M. de Caumont eloquently descanting on the deep 
impression which judgment pronounced in such holy places could not but 
have had on the bystanders. 

The Director having then made a remark upon the rarity of historically 
sculptured shafts in Anjou, enquired whether there existed any with foliated 
bases, or any such channelled pilasters as are common in Burgundy- A con-, 
venation afterwards ensued on historied capitals and their colouring, which, 
it was said, is generally either red and blue, except where green foliage is 
Introduced, and there the ground is always red, the colouring matter being 
fixed with fat oil or varnish. The resemblance of corbel-heads in Anjou 
and other provinces was next discussed, and M. de la Sicotiere having read 
an account of the Society's visit to the church of St. Serge, the meeting 
adjourned to the next day. 

At the morning sitting of the 24th of June, under the presidency of the 
Marquis de la Porte, a memoir on the cathedral of Cabers was read, and a 
proposition thereon made that the Society should take down a wall then 



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188 NOTICES OF NEW PUBLIC ATI OMB. 

hiding a fine Byzantine doorway. Nest followed a report upon the monu- 
ments of die province of Saintonge, proving that many of the towers therein 
said to have been erected by the English during their occupation of that 
district, were not built until alter their departure. 

The Director then continued to put the arclueological questions on the 
programme, and first. Whether the large Angevine windows of the twelfth 
century had any bas-relief on their archivolts — whether certain windows 
with exteriorly semicircular heads had not interiorly pointed heads, or vice 
versa ? (M. de Caumont being of opinion that many windows were originally 
so formed.) The usual decoration of doorways, and the symbolical mean- 
ing of the statuary columns at the western entrance of Angers cathedral, was 
next learnedly investigated, and the peculiarity of Angevine vaulting demon- 
strated to consist in the central portions of each compartment being some- 
what higher than its sides, so that a series of longitudinal ribs (unless 
observed from directly beneath it) is seen to be a succession of curved lines, 
as those of King's College chapel evidently are when seen from between its 
two roofs. As to the most ancient vaults in Anjou — with the exception of 
the Byzantine cupolas at Loches and Fontevrault, which are completely 
domical— M. Godard stated them to be generally either of eemicirculaily 
wagon-form or very flatly groined and ribless ; observing that Angevine 
churches, being usually without triforia, are not so lofty as those of other 
provinces. It appeared also that in Anjou pier-arches and their spandrels 
are plain, and that church-towers are mostly placed over the transepts, and 
consist of cubes surmounted with octagons. M. Biseul then read a learned, 
report on the Boman roads of Anjou, and at eleven o'clock the morning sit- 
ting terminated. 

The business of the afternoon sitting having been opened by a comparison 
of the sum expended for restoring the spires of Angers cathedral in 1839 
with that of building them in 1516, the consideration of the questions in the 
programme was then resumed by the Director enquiring. What were the 
subjects generally represented on Angevine bas-reliefs of the twelfth and 
thirteenth centuries ? upon which attention having been drawn to an infant 
Jesus on the Virgin's knees in the cloister of St. Aubin, the Director 
stated that, during the Romano- Byzantine epoch, our infant Saviour was 
almost always represented with the intellectuality of a good man, however 
inferior the art of sculpture then was in portraying the human figure, com- 
pared with that of representing vegetable substances. 

With regard to the former existence of any canon for religious symbolical 
sculpture, M. Godard thought that sagi Mary centaurs and mermaids holding 
fish— the emblem of Christ — should be so considered ; but that many of the 
monstrous figures met with on corbels and capitals had their prototypes in 
the east, whence they were brought by Greeks and the early crusaders, 
referring in aid of this opinion to the figure of a camel at Nevers, and of 
several plants only indigenous in the Holy Land— not to mention other 
forms of gnostic or hieroglyphic origin. The mermaid, so common in 
Foitou, M.de Caumont, from having seen it often upon ancient fonts, could 



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PRESERVING THE HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OP FRANCE. 189 

not but deem allusive to baptism, and remarked that sometimes, instead of 
die figure holding in both hands a fish, it had in the light hand a knife — 
expressive perhaps of the vindictive power of God. In reply to a question 
as to the manner of depicting Vice, reference was made to certain repre- 
sentations of men entwined by serpents, and of women sucked by toads and 
snakes. The Director then enquired the usual mode in Anjou of figuring 
Christ — whether by surrounding Him with the evangelistic emblems — one 
band being in the attitude of benediction, and the other holding an open 
book— or by the Cluniac mode, with His arms spread out on each side ; and 
whether the representation of God the Father by a hand placed on a crossed 
nimbus was ever met with in Anjou. 

An interesting discussion then ensued as to the infrequency of Christ 
being represented on the cross previously to the end of the twelfth century — 
earlier figures of Christ being either in an attitude of glory or as a good 
shepherd — M. de Caumont remarking that the last judgment and the pains 
of hell were not depicted before the eleventh century. A question whether 
there existed any general collection of inscriptions from the churches of 
Anjou was replied to in the negative. Borne well-executed drawings of the 
several mouldings, sculptured shafts, capitals, Sec. of the cloister of St. 
Aubin, and of David's combat with Goliah, were then exhibited, and this 
ted to a conversation on the Polychromy of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, 
which terminated the general afternoon sitting ; but at seven in the evening 
an assembly of the Society's administrative council took place, when various 
sums were accorded for the reparation of several churches, and the uphold- 
ing of certain interesting ruins. 

At the morning sitting of the 25th, business began by an account of the 
remarkable objects observed during the preceding evening's archaeological 
promenade, especially of certain melon-like ornaments in Trinity church, and 
the hexagonal masonry of the church of Ronzeray, built A.D. 1025. It was 
then announced that a course of archaeology had been established in the 
Diocesan Seminary of Touraine, and that several churches in that province 
had been restored in consequence of a circular address from the Archbishop 
to bis clergy. A sum having been voted for the upholding of the aqueduct 
at Luines, and of another Roman monument near it, the Director then com- 
menced his usual questions relative to Pointed architecture, but from the 
rarity in Anjou of this style, except in castles, the only observation on it was 
that its mouldings were less boldly undercut than in Normandy and else- 
where. It was next asked if there existed in the vicinity any represent- 
ations of Christ on the cross reposing in the bosom of the Father, but of this 
die only known example was in a stained glass window of the thirteenth 
century in Tours cathedral. The introduction of what is called the Renais- 
sant style having been briefly observed upon, the Director requested infor- 
mation as to the ancient interments in the city of Angers, and especially those 
with medals or arms, from which it appeared that though skeletons were 
sometimes found in rude excavations of the rock, they were generally in 
uncovered coffins either of coarse shelly stone or ferruginous nand-stone. A 



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190 NOTICEB OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. SOCIETY FOR 

memoir was thereupon read shewing that in the province of Le Maine the 
use of stone coffins, and the occasional depositing therein of perforated pots 
filled with charcoal and cinders, existed even so lately as the end of the 
seventeenth century. M. de Caumont having then remarked on our want of 
a chronological essay on the former modes of sepulture, the sitting was ter- 
minated by a memoir on the sepulchral statues of the English monarchs at 
Fontevrault. 

At the afternoon sitting, a notice was communicated of a certain chapel 
of the thirteenth century at Fontc vraul t , having at its top one of those ceme- 
tery lanterns described to the Society at Le Mans. The Director then 
enquired as to stone altars and baptismal fonts in Anjou, but reference was 
only made to a foot in the chapel of Behuard, which contains also a contem- 
porary fresco-portrait of Louis XI. M. Marchegay then enumerated from 
ancient abbey-inventories lists of articles of gold-work and enamel, and 
referred to M. Grille's collections of Byzantine ornaments as well worthy of 
a visit from the Society. With regard to reliquaries, M. de Cauvin described 
a remarkable one at Evron, a wooden statue covered with silver plates, and 
having a girdle of precious stones, alluding also to several ancient crosses, pixes, 
chalices and censers, and silken tapestry, &c. at Le Mans and in its vicinity. 
Of the most remarkable stained glass in Anjou, the oldest was said to be in 
the cathedral and the hospital chapel at Angers, but the most beautiful at 
Champigne. The church-music of Anjou, during the eleventh and twelfth 
centuries, was then enquired into, with allusion to the form of certain musical 
instruments represented in that mine of archoological information — the 
cloister of St. Aubin. As examples of ancient penmanship, the archivist 
laid before the Society some facsimiles of charters varying in date from 
A.D. 847 downwards, shewing (bat the small Roman character introduced 
by Charlemagne was not commonly employed before the eleventh century, 
and that the long Gothic character arose in the thirteenth, when the use of 
Latin in public documents had given way to the vulgar tongue. 

The origin of various manufactures in Anjou, and the influence of monas- 
teries on agriculture, having been discussed, an account of the castle and 
church of Noatre was read, and M. de Caumont, in the name of the Society, 
then thanking the inhabitants of Angers for their hospitality, concluded the 
session by requesting their assistance at the session to take place the next 
year at Bordeaux. 

This review might here terminate, but as some of the subjects noticed 
are, from their novelty and import, we conceive, worthy of consideration by 
our readers, and since it is probable that other subjects equally interesting 
may be met with in the account of the Society's sessions at Cherbourg and 
Lyons, I shall proceed with an analysis of what was there transacted. 

The Cherbourg meeting took place on the 18th of July, during the 
session of the Norman Association, M. de Caumont being president. 
Business began by voting thanks to M. Renault, for having stopped the 
demolition of a gateway of the twelfth century at DomponL A letter was 
then read from the Abbe Terier, stating that he was busily engaged in a 



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PRESERVING THE HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OP PRANCE. 191 

work describing the stained glass (not less than 9000 square yards) still 
existing in the diocese of Limoges, promising also in addition to his notice 
on enamels (published in the sixth volume of the " Bulletin Monumental" 
of the Society) an account of not fewer than 57 Byzantine reliquaries, which 
he saw at the late septennial exhibition of relics at Limoges, and of which 
some — donations from the kings of Jerusalem— strongly illustrate the intro- 
duction of Byzantine architectural ornamentation into France. Next followed 
a communication from the Minister of the Interior expressing his willing- 
ness to accord the aid requested by the Society for the restoration of King 
Rent's tomb at Angers. M. du Moncel then gave an excellent report, 
accompanied with a monumental chart, upon the Celtic, Soman, religious, 
military, and civil, antiquities around Cherbourg. Among Celtic monuments 
were noticed a gallery (allee couverte) at Bretteville, nearly sixty feet long 
by three in breadth and height ! an immense logon or rocking-stone ; and 
various other Druidical stones and barrows. Of middle-age antiquities were 
described the twelfth- century churches of Octeville, Martinvast, and Tolle- 
sast, and the ruined chapels at Surtainville and at Querqueville (figured by 
Cotman), and two churches of the thirteenth century at Gouberville and 
Biville, in which latter are still preserved a chasuble and chalice given to it 
by St. Louis. A memoir was then read on that strange inexplicable 
sculpture sometimes found in churches, and a report on the government 
restorations going on at Mont St. Michel. Some curious stone circles were 
then exhibited, similar to those described by Dr. Legrand, of St. Pierre sur 
Dives, with an account of certain discoveries at Avranches, proving that 
city to be the Ingena of the Peutmger table. 

The Society having then decided as to what reparations were most ne- 
cessary to be undertaken near Cherbourg, terminated its session there by 
a vote of thanks to M. de Caumont, for having individually purchased and so 
rescued from destruction, the ground on which stands the magnificent door- 
way to the refectory of the abbey of Savigny. 

The first meeting of the Society at Lyons was on the 5th of September, 
during the session of the Congres Scientifique de France, M. de Caumont 
acting as president, on account of the absence of the cardinal on clerical 
duties. Business was opened by a narration of the origin of the Society and 
of the good works that it had already accomplished, and of which the assembly 
testified its approbation by loud applause. Reports were then severally 
made on the historical monuments in the province of the Lyonnois, M. Branche 
requesting aid towards the restoration of a church in the Bomano-Auvergnat 
style, and of one of the 14th century remarkable for a Dance of Death 
painted on its walls, and for being a good architectural example of a church 
suited to a village congregation. The church is also interesting on account 
of its tower still retaining (in accordance with an ancient canon) an Altar 
dedicated to St. Michael, and the contents of the tomb of a prioress lately 
found, viz., the remains of a hempen shroud, some partly burnt tapers of 
yellow wax, fragments of inscribed parchment, ivory beads, and a gilt 
wooden crazier. The discovery of some Merovingian tombs at Ville sur 



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192 NOTICES 01 NEW PUBLICATIONS. — SOCIETI IOR 

Journoux having been announced, a sum of money was granted for further 
researches in that vicinity ; whereupon a member took occasion to deplore 
the want of municipal authority for preventing objects of antiquity from 
being dispersed among goldsmiths, Sec, alluding particularly to the discovery 
of a jewel-box of some Gallo Roman lady, containing collars of precious 
stones, a gold twisted bracelet, set with a head of the Empress Crispins, 
and cameos, medallions and coins, giving reason to believe that the place in 
which they were found was a Soman villa of the reign of Septhnius Sevenis. 
The Director then, addressing himself to the clergy around him, requested 
to know if in the diocese of Lyons any archaeological lectures had been in- 
stituted, whereupon a member stated that the cardinal had already esta- 
blished a course at L'Argentiere, and a Society at Lyons, denominated 
" L'Institut Catholique," for the preservation and description of the general 
ecclesiastical monuments of that Society, and which he begged might be 
associated with the General French Society he was addressing ; a request 
accorded with acclamation, and with an assurance that Government would 
gratefully recognise so powerful & means of moralizing such a class as the 
manufacturing population of the city of Lyons. It was then asked if there 
existed any work on the ancient inscriptions of Lugdunum, to which 
M. Commarmond replied that the work of the late M. Alard was in con- 
tinuation by him preparatory to a course of lectures on the subject. 
M. Crespet having announced his discovery of the figure of a serpent- 
tailed cock, with the word " BasUiscua" over it, among some atones with 
sodiacal signs of the 12th century, immured in the tower of the church of 
St. Foy, the Director took occasion to recommend the taking of casta 
from all such ancient sculptures, so that the several arclueological museums 
of Europe might interchange them one with another. M. Boilet then noticed 
a credence-table at Chasselay, and a description was given of a newly-dis- 
covered portion of the theatre at Lyons, the only Roman monument, except 
the aqueduct, now remaining in that city, urging the mayor to require 
notice of the discovery of any ancient substructure that may be discovered 
by the engineers now erecting the new fort, and to prevent any new houses 
from being built with Roman remains; all which he graciously promised, if 
possible, to do. M. Dupasquier then requested aid for repairing the Byzan- 
tine chapel of the castle of ChatiUon, complaining of the occasional impedi- 
ment to intelligent restoration by injudicious local authority, and the Abbe" 
d* Avrilly begged to recommend to the mayor the removal of the shops dis- 
figuring many of the churches in Lyons. In reply to a question whether 
the churches of Lyons were as much the victims of whitewash as elsewhere, 
a member begged to know whether such tinting as might harmonize new 
work with old was objectionable ; to which M. de Caumont answered no, 
but only such trumpery colouring, which, pretending to imitate marble, 
carved wood, and Italian mouldings, so spoilt the true character of many 
churches, that their real mouldings could hardly be distinguished from the 
.supposititious ones. He then enquired as to the usual mode of depicting 
Christ in country churches, and whether any gentleman had particularly 



PRESERVING THE HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OP FRANCE. 193 

studied its symbolism during the 12th century; whereupon M. de Barthe- 
lemy presented some drawings of Christ and of die Byzantine doorway at 
Bouxg-Argental. The sitting then terminated by a report from the adminis- 
trative council of the 3rd of September, and the appointment of the follow- 
iug gentlemen as divisional inspectors of monuments, viz., M. V. Simon for 
Mets ; M. Commarmond for Lyons ; M. V. Bailie of Besancon for the Jura ; 
and M. Hubert of Charleville for the Ardennes. 

On the 7th of September the Society went down the Rhone to visit 
Vienne, M. de Lorme the conservator of the museum conducting them 
to the several subjects of peculiar archteological interest there. Of these 
however, not noticing those described in guide-books, we have only space 
to mention — a chapel of Greek croas form ; a circular Byzantine building 
with a dome on a circular series of columns ; a singular mosaic-like insertion 
of bricks into the stone-work of its early churches ; a window-arch (bearing 
the date 1152) springing from columns based on couchant lions; and a fly- 
ing buttress of the twelfth century ; the symbolic statuary of the cathedral 
with its ancient tombs and mural inscriptions, and marble lining set in red 
cement ; besides the many Roman remains yet existing in this capital of the 
Allobroges. 

On the 9th of September the Society inspected the cathedral of Lyons 
under the guidance of his excellency the cardinal, who pointed out as 
especially worth notice, its several symbolic bas-reliefs, tile red cement we 
have seen at Vienne, and a beautiful marble primatial chair of the twelfth 
century. 

At the meeting of the 13th of September, which took place in the town- 
hall, (many members of the 'Congres Scientifique ' having joined the 
Society,) M. de Caumont with the purpose of comparing the phases of 
Christian art in the province where they were then assembled, and of shew- 
ing also to its inhabitants its state in other provinces of France, exhibited a 
large collection of architectural prints and drawings. He then, after having 
alluded to symbolism generally, drew attention to the mermaids on the 
tympanum of the churches at Puy and Autun, and others, and to the mode 
of representing the seven deadly sins. On which M. Branche cited many 
sculptured capitals in Auvergne, and one especially at Mirat, from which it 
appeared that these sins were indicated by attaching to that part of the body 
in which the peccant humour was presumed to reside, the toads and snakes 
represented as devouring it ; that thus by surrounding the bead, for instance, 
with such reptiles, the sin of pride was designated ; while if about the heart, 
envy and malice ; if about the hands, avarice ; and if about the feet, idleness 
&c. M. de Caumont then drew attention to the figures of the Sagittarius 
and Capricorn which are of such frequent occurrence ; Samson conquering 
a lion ; and other symbols, yet more inexplicable. 

M. de Caumont then remarked, as to the various modes of representing 
Christ, that His nimbus is always of crucial form, whereas that of the saints 
is not. He stated also that about the middle of the thirteenth century the 
apocalyptic animals were replaced on the tympanums of churches by angels, 



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194 NOTICES Of NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

the Virgin and St John, and that the representation of Christ crucified and 
lying on his parent's knees, did not occur before the fifteenth century ; M. 
Monnier corroborating this by allusions to the churches of the Jura, and 
M. Laurens to a stained glass at Villefranche, where above the head of the 
Father is a dove. M. Frelet then learnedly discussed the manner in 
which, during the twelfth century, the figures of Christ and the Virgin were 
depicted, observing that in pictures and sculptures the features given to 
Christ were invariably alike. He attributes this similarity to a conceived 
duty on the part of the artist to imitate a Mosaic traditionally said to have 
been given to Prudentius a Roman patrician by St. Peter himself, and of 
which mention was made by church writers of the fourth century, and that 
the manner prevailed until the fourteenth century. M. Frelet stated also 
that he had observed the same conventional similarity in the figures of the 
Virgin and of certain saints, and supposes that there was formerly some 
authentic portrait of the Virgin. 

With these observations the session, the last of the Society in 1841, 
closed. w. BHo*prr. 



RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS.— ENGLISH. 

Architectural Nomenclature op the Middle Ages. By Robert 
Willis, M.A., F.R.S., and Jacksonian Professor in the University of 
Cambridge. 4to. Published by the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. 

The Principles of Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture. By Matthew 
Holbeche Bloxam. Sixth edition. Illustrated with 200 woodcuts. 
12mo. London, Bogue. 

Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornament and Costume. Compiled and 
Illustrated from Ancient Authorities and Examples. By A. "Welby 
Pugin, Architect, Large 4to. Richly illustrated. London, Bohn. 

Antiquities of Shropshire ; from an old Manuscript of Edward Lloyd, 
Esq., of Drenewydd : revised and enlarged, from private and other 
Manuscripts, with Illustrations, by Thomas Farmer Dukes, Esq., F.S.A. 
4 to. Shrewsbury. 

Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes : geographically arranged and 
described, by John Younge Akerman, F.S.A. No. 1, — Hispania. 8vo. 
J. R. Smith. 

The New Testament of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ : with 
historical notes and numismatic illustrations. No. 1. By J. Y. Aker- 
man, F.S.A. To be completed in about eight numbers. 8vo, J. R. 
Smith. 

Oriental Cylinders. Impressions of Ancient Oriental Cylinders or 
Rolling Seals of the Babylonians, Assyrians, and Mode-Persians. By 
A. Cullimore. Nos. 1 to 4. London, Nickisson. 



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RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS. — ENGLISH. 195 

An Essay oh Tofooraphical Literature ; its Province, Attributes, 
and varied utility : with accounts of the sources, objects, and uses of 
national and local records, and Glossaries of Words used in Ancient 
Writings. By John Britton, F.S.A., &c. J. B. Nichols and Son. 

Collectanea Antio.ua, No. 3. Etchings of Ancient Remains, illus- 
trative of the Habits, Customs, and History of Fast Ages. By Charles 
Roach Smith, F.S.A. 8vo. Nichols and Son. 

Picturesque Antiquities of the City of Norwich, drawn and etched 
by Henry Ninham. To be completed in four parts, each containing 
eight plates. Folio. Norwich, H. Ninham, Chapel-field. Parti. 1842. 

Elevations, Sections, and Details, of St. John Baptist Church, 
at Shottesbroxe, Berkshire. By J. Butterfield, Esq., Architect. 

Architectural Antiquities of the Collegiate Chapel of St. 
Stephen, Westminster, the late House of Commons, drawn from 
actual survey and admeasurements made by direction of the Com- 
missioners of Her Majesty's Woods, Works, &e. ; accompanied by 
observations on the original and perfect state of the building, and a 
Description of the Plates. By Frederick Mackenzie. Large Atlas 
Folio, £A. 4s. 

The Remains of the Ancient Monastic Architecture of England, 
drawn and engraved by Joseph Potter, Esq., Architect, Lichfield. 
Folio. Parts 1. and 2. Tintern and Build was. Price to Subscribers 
7s. each part, containing on an average eight plates. 

Views of Ancient Monuments in Central America, Chiapas, and 
Yucatan. By P. Catherwood, Architect. With descriptive letter- 
press by J. L. Stephens. Imperial folio, 25 plates. £5. 5s. 

The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Great Britain, from the Con- 
quest to the Reformation ; illustrated by views, plans, elevations, 
sections and details. By Henry Bowman and James Hadfield, Archi- 
tects. Royal 4to. Parts 1 and 2, each 3s. 6d. 

Memorials of Codfobd St. Mart in the County of Wilts. By 
James Ingram, D.D., author of "Memorials of Oxford," &c. With 
six plates, and several engravings on wood. Royal Svo., 7s. 6d. 



ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS PREPARING FOR 
PUBLICATION. 

The Ecclesiastical Gothic Architecture of Great Britain. By the 
Messrs. Brandon ; to be published in monthly numbers, each containing 
five plates engraved in outline. Royal 4to. size, price 2s. od. 

An English Translation of M. Didron's Iconooraphib Chretienke, 
with additional notes and illustrations. 

The Curiosities of Heraldry, by Mark Antony Lower, author of 
" English Surnames," &c. In post Svo. 

Speculations ok the History op Playing Cards in Europe. By 
W. A. Chatto. Svo. With numerous illustrations. 



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196 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS PREPARING POR PUBLICATION. 

A Brief History of the Parish op Stowting, Kent, containing some 
account and drawings of the antiquities lately discovered there. By 
the Rev. F. Wrench. In two parts, 8vo., at 2s. 6d. each. 

The History and Antiquities op Wo kc esters hire, compiled from the 
earliest historians ; from records in the Tower, and other ancient Regis- 
ters ; the libraries of Oxford and Cambridge ; the College of Anns ; 
and various public and private repositories. By Hans Busk, M.A., of 
Trinity College, Cambridge, and Barrister- at- law of the Middle Temple. 
To be comprised in three volumes, folio. 
By subscription, 

Illustrations op the Anglo-Saxon Coinage. To be completed in 
about eight quarterly parts. The support of those who are interested 
in the subject is respectfully requested by D. H. Haigh, Leeds. 
By subscription, 

The Antiquities op Crosby Hall, with an historical and descriptive 
account of the building. The work will be illustrated by fifteen line 
engravings. By Henry J. Hammon, Architect, 4, Devonshire-square, 
Bishopsgate, by whom subscribers' names will be received. 

Memorials op the Parochial Church of the Assumption of the 
Blessed Virgin: the Collrgiate Chantry of the Holt Cross, 
and the Chapel of St. Mary, commonly called Mortimer's 
Chapel, in the Parish of Attle bo rough, in the Cotjntt of 
Norfolk, together with some Account of the Service at the Conse- 
cration of Churches. From the Anglo-Saxon to the present time. By 
J. T. Barrett, D.D., Rector of Attleborough, and Prebendary of St. 
Paul's, In large Svo., with engravings and woodcuts, price one guinea. 
Subscribers' names may be sent to the author. 
By subscription, 

History and Antiquities op the Parish op Chiswick and its 
Environs, including the Chapelry and Town of Brentford and Ealing. 
To be illustrated with a map and engravings. By Thomas Faulkner, 
author of the " History of the Parishes of Chelsea, Fulham, Kensington, 
and Hammersmith." To form one volume, Svo. Subscribers' names 
received by Nattali, Southampton-street, Strand, and Nichols and Son, 
Parliament-street, Price one guinea, or royal, two guineas. 
By subscription. 

The Heraldry op Herefordshire, being a Collection of the Armorial 

Bearings of Families which have at various periods been seated in this 

County, By George Strong, Esq., M.D. Subscribers' names may be 

sent to the booksellers in Ross or Hereford. Price one guinea. 

By subscription, 

Gerlevar Cerhewac, a Dictionary of the Cornish Dialect op the 
Cymraeg, or Ancient British Language : in which the words are 
elucidated by numerous examples from the Cornish Works now remain- 
ing, with Translations in English ; the Synonyms will also be given in 
the Cognate Dialects of Welsh, Armoric, Irish, Gaelic, and Manx : so 
as to form a Celtic Lexicon. By the Rev. Robert Williams, M.A., of 
Christ Church, Oxford, Perpetual Curate of Llangadwaladr, Denbigh- 
shire. To be published in three parts, price 10s. 6d. each, to form one 
volume 4 to. 



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RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS.— FRENCH. 



Bulletins trihestribls oe la heme Socibte a Poitiers. 

BULLETIN MONUMBNTAL OU COLLECTION DZS MeHOIRES BUR LES Monu- 
ments Historibues de France, public sons les auspices de la Societe 
Fraucaise pour la Conservation et la description des Monuments nation- 
aux, et dirige par M. de Caumont. 9* volume, de l'Annee 1843. 

Memoires de l'Ihstitdt des Provinces. 4tO. 

Revue Aucbeolooique, dirigee par M. Gailhabaut, par&itra cbaque mois. 

L'abt en Province, avec des vues de Chateaux et de Monuments, fl 
Moulins. 

Memoires de la Societe des Ahtiquaires de Picakdie, le 0* volume. 

Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de Norm an die, le 13" vol. 

La Legends db S. Julien le Pauyks, d'apres uu MS. de la Bibli- 
otheque d'Alencon. Svo. pp. 24. Poitiers. 

Statistique Monument ale de la Ch a rente, par M. J. H. Michon. 4to, 

Recberches bur l'Histoirb et l' Architecture de l'Bglise Cathe- 
drals de Tooenai, par M. Le Maistre d'Anstaing. 2 vols. Svo. 
Tournai. 



Notice sub une Chasuble de Saint-Rambert-bor-Loire, par M. Bone, 
cure de Saint-Just a Lyon. Svo. Lyon. 

Boissereb, Uebek die Kaiser- Dalmatic a in der St. Petbbshircue 
ed Rom. 4to. Munich. 

Catalogue deb Orirts Cbltiaubs du 
villb db Poitiers, et du Mubbr di 
db l'Ourst. Svo. pp. 48. Poitiers. 

Hibtoirb Monetairb db la Province d'Artois et des Sbioneuribb 
qui bn dbpendaibnt, Beth une, Fauquembbrouss, Boulogne, Saint- 
Pol, bt Calais. Pat Alexandre Heimand. Svo. St. Omer. 

Ansai.es Archeolouiques, dirigees par M. Didron. 4to. Parts 1 and 
2. Paris. 

Votaoe Archeoloqique dans le Departement de l'Aube, par M. 
Aruaud. 8vo. 

Dd 



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33rftts& archaeological Association 



PARTICULARLY IN ENGLAND, 
Under the Direction of a Central Committee, raident hi London. 



Central Committer, Junk 25, 1844. 
THE LORD ALBERT CONYNGHAM, F.S.A., 



Thomas Amtot, Esq., P.R.S., Treasurer of the Society of Antiquaries. 
Charlkh Frkdrrick Barnwbll, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., late of 

the Numismatic Department, British Museum. 
Edward Blorr, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.8.A. 
William Bromkt, M.D., F.S. A. , Corresponding Member of the "Sori^ti 

Francaise pour la Conservation des Monuments Historiquea." 
Thomas Cbofton Crokrr, Esq., F.S.A., M.R.I.A., &c. 
Rkv. John Bathurst Dranr, M.A., F.S.A. 
Charlbs Lock Eastlakb, Esq., R.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., Secretary to the 

Commission on Fine Arts. 
Sir Hknry Ellis, K.H., F.R.S., Principal Librarian of the British 

Museum, and Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries. 
Benjamin Frrrrt, Esq., Fellow of the Institute of British Architects. 
Edward Hawkins, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Keeper of the Antiquities, 

British Museum. 
Thomas William Kino, Esq., F.S.A., Rouge Dragon Pursuivant. 
Sib Frrdrbic Maddkn, K.H., F.R.S., F.S.A., Keeper of the MSS. 

British Museum. 
Charlbs Manbt, Esq., Secretary of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 
Thomas Josbph Phttiqrkw, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Tretururer. 
Ambrose Poynter, Esq., Honorary Secretary of the Royal Institute of 

British Architects ; Member of Council of the Government School of 

Charlbs Roach Smith, Esq., F.S.A., Honorary Secretary of the 

Numismatic Society of London ; Honorary Secretary. 
Thomas Staplbton, Esq., F.S.A. 
Albkrt Wat, Esq., M.A., Director of the Society of Antiquaries ; 

Corresponding Member of the " Comitf des Arts et Monuments ;" 

Honorary Secretary. 
Sir Richard Wibtmacott, R.A., F.S.A,, Professor of Sculpture, 

Royal Academy. 
Charlbs Winston, Esq., Inner Temple. 
Thomas Whisht, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Corresponding Member of the 

Institute of France, (Academic des Inscriptions,) and of the " Comity 

des Arts et Monuments." 



hgitiz 



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archaeological journal. 



SEPTEMBER, 1844. 



SEPULCHRAL BRASSES, AND INCISED SLABS. 

The engraved sepulchral memorials, which are found in 
remarkable profusion in England, and present so many fea- 
tures of interest, as well as sources of curious information, 
have of late years attracted much attention, and become the 
objects of assiduous research to those who love to investigate 
the progress of the arts of design, the peculiarities of costume 
in ancient times, or the intricacies of family history. It were 
needless to commend the value of these memorials to the 
genealogist, as authentic contemporary evidences; to the 
herald also, as examples of ancient usage in bearing arms, and 
of the peculiarities of heraldic design, which supply to the 
practised eye sure indications of date ; or as authorities for 
the appropriation of badges and personal devices. During a 
period of three centuries these curious engravings supply a 
most interesting series illustrative of the costume of every 
class of society ; they furnish examples of the conventional or 
prevalent character of ornament and design at each successive 
period, as also of architectural decoration, introduced with 
striking effect as an accessory in the rich and varied design of 
these memorials. As specimens of palaeography, moreover, 
the inscriptions deserve attention, and supply authorities which 
fix the distinctive form of letter used at certain periods, 
conformable for the most part to that which is found in the 
legends on painted glass and on seals. Upon evidences such 
as these, the student of art during the Middle Ages, is en- 
abled to form a positive opinion as to the precise age of any 
object, or the country whence it was derived, with as full con- 
fidence as if a date had been inscribed upon it : when charac- 
teristic ornament of a general kind may be insufficient for the 
purpose, he has recourse to some peculinrity of costume ; even 
Dd 



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198 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES, AND INCISED SLABS. 

the quaint fashion of an heraldic bearing or device may be 
sufficient to define the age of the work in question. The 
fidelity, with which at different periods the propriety of such 
details was uniformly observed, is remarkable ; there was 
indeed great variety in dress and the character of ornament, 
but it arose from the caprice of the period, not of the artist ; 
each period had its distinctive prevalent fashion, each country 
its own marked peculiarities, which were faithfully observed in 
all works of art and decoration. It was only when the re- 
vived classical style, termed by the chronicler Hall "antique 
Romaine woorke," was introduced from France during the 
reign of Henry VIII., that artists and decorators ceased to 
observe the proprieties of the costume of the period, and the 
conventional rule which had previously curbed their caprice. 
These observations may serve to remind our readers, that the 
chief advantage which is to be derived from an assemblage of 
examples, such as the numerous sepulchral memorials which 
exist in England present, arises from the evidences which 
they supply towards forming a key to the chronology of art, 
evidences which, taken in combination, will almost invariably 
suffice to fix with precision the date of any works of painting 
or sculpture, or of the productions of the enameller, the 
limner, and the worker in metals, as well as the country where 
they were executed. Without such an aid, the investigation 
of the numerous and ingenious artistic processes which were 
in use during the middle ages, would be deprived of all its 
real interest. 

It is not necessary to repeat here the remarks given in 
various works which exhibit specimens of sepulchral brasses. 
The precise period of the earliest use of such memorials has 
not been ascertained, but it is probable that they began occa- 
sionally to supply the place of the effigy sculptured in relief, 
during the earlier part of the thirteenth century. The fashion 
appears to have become prevalent in England, France, and the 
Low Countries, almost simultaneously ; it is obvious that as 
the practice of interring persons of distinction in churches 
became frequent, the use of table-tombs, or effigies in relief, 
was necessarily found inconvenient, as occupying space in the 
area of the fabric, which was required for the services of the 
church. The advantages, therefore, arising from the introduc- 
tion of flat memorials, which formed part of the pavement, and 
offered no obstruction, must have quickly brought them into 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



SEPULCHRAL BRASSES, AND INCISED SLABS. 199 

common use. Amongst the earliest recorded instances in 
England may be mentioned the tomb of Jocelin, bishop of 
Wells, placed by him during bis life-time in the middle of the 
choir, and described by Godwin as formerly adorned with a 
figure of brass. He died in 1242. Dart describes the slab, 
from which the inlaid brass figure of Richard de Berkyng, 
abbot of Westminster, had been torn, as existing when he 
wrote. This abbot died in 1246. The brass which repre- 
sented Robert Grosteste, bishop of Lincoln, who died in 1258, 
still existed when Leland visited the cathedral ; and Drake 
describes the gilded brass which was formerly to be seen at 
York on the tomb of Dean Langton, who died m 1279. The 
date of the earliest existing specimen is about 1290 ; it is the 
figure of Sir Roger de Trumpington, 
who accompanied Prince Edward in the 
holy wars, and is represented with his 
legs crossed. An interesting addition, 
hitherto unnoticed, has recently been 
made to the small Hat of sepulchral 
brasses of this early period, which re- 
present knights in the cross-legged at- 
titude ; it is preserved in the church 
of Pebmarsh, near Halstead, in Essex, 
and has formed the subject of a beau- 
tiful plate in the series of brasses in 
course of publication by Messrs. Waller. 
It may be observed, that besides six 
existing brasses in this attitude, five 
slabs have been noticed, from which 
brasses of cross-legged knights have 
been torn: these are at Emneth, in 
Norfolk, Letheringham and Stoke by 
Neyland, in Suffolk, and two in Cam- 
bridgeshire. There is no reason, how- 
ever, to believe that the brasses of this*. "sz^SzSjszZuttJPass* 
early period ever existed in England in SS^SraS&SvisS*- 
any large number, and it is only to-s'ssE^ £ £53B™SSu 
wards the latter part of the fourteenth* £££- *-J8&tiZ$!iE" 
century that such memorials occur in abundance, presenting 
in their details a remarkable variety ; so that although a great 
general similarity will be found between several brasses of the 
same date, no two specimens have hitherto been noticed which 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



200 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES, AND INCISED SLABS. 

are precisely identical, or may be regarded as reproductions 
of the same design. 

In the examination of sepulchral brasses, this feature of 
interest may suggest itself to the English antiquary, that it is 
a branch of research which has now become almost exclusively 
national. England alone now presents any series or large 
number of these curious works of the burin, produced before 
the discovery of calcographic impression. The large number of 
brasses which once existed in France, perished in great part 
during the sixteenth century, and were totally destroyed during 
the reign of terror, when all metal was appropriated for public 
purposes. Not only has no specimen been hitherto noticed as 
existing in France, but scarcely can the memory or tradition of 
the existence of such memorials be now traced ; almost the only 
evidence of the numerous assemblage of sepulchral brasses, 
of large dimension and most elaborate execution, which were 
preserved, during the last century, in the cathedral and abbey 
churches in France, is supplied by the extensive collection 
of drawings of French monuments, taken about 1700, and be- 
queathed by Gough to the Bodleian Library. In Flanders 
a few remarkable brasses are still to be seen, and Denmark 
affords some examples, which have not hitherto been described 
by any one conversant with the subject. It is stated that in 
some instances in that country, the heads of the figures are 
executed in low relief, formed of silver hammered out, or 
chased, the rest of the memorial being flat, and wrought with 
the burin in the usual manner. It may be worthy of remark, 
that examples of incised slabs may be noticed in our own 
country, which present this variety, that the head and hands 
only are in relief, the remainder of the figure being flat, and 
pourtrayed by simple lines : a close analogy of workmanship 
may be remarked on the shrines, and other enamelled works of 
the artiste of Limoges, during the twelfth and thirteenth cen- 
turies, which are frequently ornamented with heads chased in 
relief, whilst all the rest of the design is perfectly flat. In 
Germany a great number of tombs formed of metal still exist, 
which are wrought in very low relief, and form the inter- 
mediate class between the sepulchral brass and the effigy. It 
is singular that no sepulchral brass has hitherto been noticed 
as existing in Scotland, and in Ireland two examples only are 
on record, which are memorials of late date, in St. Patrick's 
cathedral, Dublin. Very few are to be found in Wales ; an 

D, B itizeot> V GoOgIe 



SEPULCHRAL BRASSES, AND INCISED SLABS. 201 

altar-tomb may be seen at Tenby, to which a brass, represent- 
ing a bishop, was formerly affixed, supposed to have been the 
memorial of Tully, bishop of St. David's. The brasses at 
Swansea, representing Sir Hugh Jones, knight of the Holy 
Sepulchre, and at Whitchurch, representing Richard, father of 
the famous Sir Hugh Middleton, and governor of Denbigh 
castle, with bis numerous family, are almost the only speci- 
mens of interest which occur in the Principality. The curious 
engraved portraits of the Wynne family, executed by Silvanus 
Crewe in the seventeenth century, and preserved in the Gwydir 
chapel at Llanrwst, Denbighshire, although of monumental 
character, can hardly be included with sepulchral brasses. 

The information which may be derived from incised memo- 
rials is so various, and the features of interest which they 
present are so attractive to persons of many different tastes 
and pursuits, in connexion with antiquarian researches, that, 
encouraged by the singular facility of taking from works of 
this kind impressions or rubbings, and obtaining at a very 
small sacrifice of time and trouble a most accurate fac-simile, 
the number of collectors who have in recent times diligently 
devoted their leisure to the investigation of sepulchral brasses 
is very large, and daily increases. The simple process by 
which such facsimiles are to be made is probably well known 
to the majority of our readers ; to some persons, however, a 
few observations on the subject may not be unacceptable. It 
was only about the year 1780, when Gough was engaged in 
amassing materials for his great work on sepulchral monu- 
ments, that any notice was bestowed upon brasses. The first 
person who began to form a collection was Craven Ord, who, 
accompanied by Sir John Cullum and the Rev. Thomas Cole, 
bestowed no small time and labour in obtaining impressions, 
or "blackings," as they termed them, from the numerous fine 
examples which attracted their attention in the eastern coun- 
ties. Their united collections are now preserved in the print- 
room at the British Museum ; they were purchased at the 
death of Craven Ord, in 1880, by the late Francis Douce, Esq., 
for the sum of £43, and by him bequeathed to the national 
collection, where they were deposited in 1834. This series of 
fine specimens is the more valuable, because it comprises seve- 
ral brasses which have subsequently been destroyed or muti- 
lated, such, for instance, as the curious memorials of Sir Hugh 
Hastings, at Elsing, in Norfolk, and of the aldermen of Lynn, 



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202 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES, AND INCISED SLABS. 

Attelathe, and Coney. This primitive collection will more- 
over be regarded with additional interest, as having supplied 
to Gough, in the progress of his undertaking, information, 
the value of which is duly acknowledged in the preface to the 
second portion of his work. The mode of operation devised 
by Craven Ord and his friends will appear to the collector of 
the present times a most tedious and troublesome process. 
Sir John Cullum gives an interesting description of the outset 
of the party on horseback, " accoutered with ink-pots, flannels, 
brushes," &c, the proceeding being in fact a rude and imperfect 
attempt to obtain an impression by a process analogous to 
ordinary copper-plate printing. The brass was covered with 
printing ink, the surface cleaned as well as it might be, thick 
paper, previously damped, was laid upon it, and with the flan- 
nels, and such means of pressure as could be devised, the 
action of the rolling-press was imperfectly supplied, so that the 
ink which filled the incised lines was transferred to the paper. 
Of course the impressions, for impressions they were, not rub- 
bings, were inverted, and many imperfections occurred in parts 
where the pressure had missed its effect : these were subse- 
quently made good with the pen and common ink, sometimes 
even they were contented to use a very small quantity of print- 
ing ink, so that the whole design, transferred in very faint 
lines to the paper, was afterwards worked over with the pen, 
and an uniform effect produced, but at the expense of much 
time and labour. It were much to be desired that this collec- 
tion, which has been rendered accessible to the public by the 
bequest of Mr. Douce, should be augmented, so as to form 
ultimately a complete series of the sepulchral brasses of Eng- 
land. Independently of the advantages which might be de- 
rived by the topographer or genealogist from ready access to 
such a collection, it would form a valuable exhibition illustra- 
tive generally of the progress of design in England, and espe- 
cially of that branch of it which was preliminary to the art of 
calcographic impression. It is very remarkable that, during 
so long a period, plates, which in some instances display a 
skilful use of the burin, and work of very elaborate and deli- 
cate character, should have been executed in great numbers, 
capable of transferring impressions to paper, and yet that 
calcography should have at length originated in an artistic 
process of a wholly different nature, practised chiefly by the 
Italian goldsmiths, and termed niello, or opus nigellatum. The 

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SEPULCHRAL BHAS6E6, AND INCISED SLABS. 203 

importance of sepulchral brasses, viewed in connexion with the 
history of engraving, was duly appreciated by one to whose 
careful researches upon that subject we are indebted for so 
much valuable information, the late keeper of the prints at the 
British Museum, Mr. Ottley ; his constant attention was given 
during the latter part of his life to the collection formed by 
Craven Ord, in which he appeared to find a new and inexhaust- 
ible source of information. It is much to be regretted that 
the fruits of this assiduous toil, during many months devoted 
to the investigation of this hitherto untouched chapter of the 
art of engraving, should by his untimely death have been lost 
to the public. 

Besides the collection of impressions. Craven Ord was pos- 
sessed of several original sepulchral brasses, which were sold at 
his death, in 1 830, and purchased by Mr. Nichols, with one re- 
markable exception, the cross-legged figure of a knight, of the 
size of life, identified as the memorial of a member of the 
Bacon family, of Suffolk. By the care of the lamented and 
talented historian of Suffolk, the late John Cage Rokewode, 
Esq., and Dawson Turner, Esq., this curious effigy was ulti- 
mately restored to its proper position in Gorleston church, near 
Yarmouth, where the slab still remained, marked with the 
cavity on the surface to which the plate had originally been 
affixed. This laudable act of restoration deserves to be re- 
corded, and specially commended as an example to those 
persons who may accidentally become possessed of similar me- 
morials. It is lamentable to observe the sacrilegious spolia- 
tion which in the course of a few years leaves, as in the case 
of the fine brass of Sir Hugh Hastings, at Elsing, some dis- 
united fragments only, to shew how fair the work had once 
been in its perfection. 

Subsequently to the labours of Craven Ord, the attention 
of antiquaries was drawn to the sepulchral brasses of the 
eastern counties, by a work specially devoted to the subject, 
and illustrated with numerous etchings by Cotman. These 
volumes, originally produced at a costly price, and comprising 
representations of the most remarkable brasses which exiBt 
in Norfolk and Suffolk, have recently been republished in a 
more complete form, and at a price which renders them gene- 
rally attainable. The series which is now in course of publi- 
cation by Messrs. John and Lionel Waller, consists of exam- 
ples selected with much judgment from all parts of England ; 



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204 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES, AND INCISED SLABS. 

the work is distinguished by remarkable fidelity in the repro- 
duction of such elaborate subjects on a reduced scale, as also 
by the taste and assiduous research which are shewn through- 
out the undertaking. The practical utility of such an assem- 
blage of examples chronologically arranged, and represented 
with the most conscientious accuracy, will be fully appreciated 
by the student of middle-age antiquities, who might, with- 
out such aid, in vain endeavour to compare together the widely- 
scattered examples, which are here submitted at one view to 
his examination. 

The various methods which have been adopted by different 
collectors, for obtaining fac-similes of sepulchral brasses, 
deserve some detailed description. The mode which has 
been noticed as the earliest in use, devised by Craven Ord 
and his friends, was attended with much inconvenience; 
the thick paper was not readily damped to the requisite 
degree, the slab soiled by the application of printing ink was 
not easily cleaned again, and moreover the process produced 
at best an imperfect and unsatisfactory impression. It was 
soon found that if paper of moderate thickness were laid upon 
the brass, and any black substance rubbed over the surface of 
the paper, the incised lines would be left white, in conse- 
quence of the paper sinking into them, and offering no re- 
sistance to the rubber, whilst all the other parts received from 
that substance a dark tint; and although the effect of the 
ordinary impression is by this process reversed, the lines 
which should be black being left white, and the light ground 
of the design rendered dark, yet a perfectly distinct fac-simile 
is thus obtained, with little labour, and great precision, in con- 
sequence of the progress of the work being visible throughout 
the operation. The satisfactory result of this simple process 
is probably well known to most of our readers, and it may be 
effected by means of any substance which by friction will dis- 
colour the paper. The first attempts were made with a leaden 
plummet, about the same time that Craven Ord was engaged 
in making the "blackings" with printing ink; but common 
lead, being somewhat too bard for the purpose, is apt to tear 
the paper, an objection easily obviated by the use of a lump 
of the black-lead, or carburet of iron, of which drawing pen- 
cils are made. This substance works very freely, and produces 
an uniform effect, but the fac-similes thus produced are liable 
to suffer by friction, like black-lead drawings. A beautiful 

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SEPULCHRAL BRASSES, AND INCISED SLABS. 205 

series of facsimiles of the numerous brasses of Suffolk has 
been formed by a gentleman in that county, who has devoted 
many years to the collection of materials for its history ; he has 
solely employed the large black-lead pencils, which are used by 
carpenters, and prefers a thick quality of paper, the rubbings 
being subsequently set, like black-lead drawings, with milk or 
beer ; the figures, scutcheons, or other portions of the design, 
are then carefully cut out, and pasted down upon large sheets 
of strong paper. The use of black-lead has this advantage, 
that it is very easy to produce with that substance an uni- 
formly dark effect throughout the rubbing, however large its 
dimension, whereas by all other methods which have been 
devised, the like uniformity is only attainable with much care 
and labour, and the patchy appearance of the rubbing takes 
much from the sightliness of its aspect. Some collectors 
prefer the use of rubbers of soft black leather, the waste 
pieces which remain in the shoemaker's workshop, especially 
those parts which are most strongly imbued with the dubbing, 
or black unctuous compound, with which the skins are dressed 
by the curriers i satisfactory fac-similes are produced by this 
method, provided that the leather be of suitable quality, and 
the risk of tearing the paper in the course of the operation is 
slight. As, however, the unctuous properties of the leather, 
whereby a dark tint is imparted to the paper, are quickly ex- 
hausted, the frequent difficulty of obtaining in remote villages 
a fresh supply has induced most of the collectors of sepulchral 
brasses to give the preference to the use of shoemaker's heel-ball, 
or a compound of bees-wax and tallow with lamp-black, which 
may easily be made of any desired consistence. With heel-ball a 
careful hand will obtain a fac-simile satisfactorily distinct, even 
where the lines are most delicate, or nearly effaced : the work 
thus produced is perfectly indelible, and is not liable to be 
injured by any accidental friction ; tins mode of operation has 
also the advantages of great facility and cleanliness, and is that 
which is at present most generally employed. Messrs. Ulla- 
thome, of Long-Acre, the sole manufacturers of heel-ball, 
have provided for the use of those collectors of brasses who 
may find the heel-balls of ordinary size inconveniently small, 
pieces of larger dimension, about three inches in diameter s 
they have also proposed to supply a waxy compound of a 
yellow colour, in order that the rubbings may assume some 



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206 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES, AND INCISED SLABS. 

resemblance to the original brass*. This resemblance is more 
perfect when dark coloured paper is used with the metallic 
rubber, prepared by Mr. H. Richardson, Stockwell Street, 
Greenwich, and sold by Bell, 168, Fleet Street; Hood, 25, Red 
Lion Square; Parker, Oxford; and Deighton, Cambridge; the 
lines are then black, and the surface assumes nearly the colour 
of the original. If a rubbing of a small brass or of an interest- 
ing portion of a brass, be made on lithographic transfer-paper 
with lithographic crayons, which resemble heel-ball in com- 
position, and may be used as a substitute, the design may be 
transferred to stone or zinc, from which the usual number of 
impressions may be worked off. A lithographed fac-simile, of 
the full dimension of the original brass, and of unerring accuracy, 
is thus obtained, which in some cases may be found desirable : 
for instance, the head and bust of any sepulchral brass is of 
fitting dimension for transfer to stone, and an interesting fac- 
simile will thus be obtained, at a very small expense, suitable 
for the illustration of any topographical or genealogical work. 
The most commodious and effective mode of obtaining rub- 
bings of brasses is undoubtedly by the use of heel-ball, but 
much time and exertion are required in order to produce a 
perfectly distinct rubbing, equally black in every part; if 
therefore the sacrifice of time should be an objection, as in the 
course of a journey it may frequently become, the more ex- 
peditious method adopted by Messrs. Waller will be found 
preferable. Rubbers of wash-leather stiffened with paper are 
prepared, a triangular shape having been found to be most 
convenient, and primed with a thin paste formed of very fine 
black-lead in powder, mixed with the best Unseed oil, or if 
that kind is not at hand, with sweet oil. Tissue paper, of 
somewhat stronger quality than is commonly used, answers best 
for making rubbings by this method, and it is manufactured 
in large Bheets. The rubbings thus produced with great expe- 
dition are perfectly distinct, and this process answers admirably, 
if the chief object be to obtain the means of supplying an accu- 
rate reduction of the design for the use of the engraver; but 
those persons who are desirous of forming an illustrative col- 
lection, will prefer the rubbings produced with heel-ball, as 

• The ordinary heel- balls ire manufac- cut, and the harder hind, where die work 

tured of various degrees of hardness, and ia more delicately executed. During ray 

it will be found convenient to make use of hot weather also, the harder quality will 

a softer quality, where the line! are deeply be found moat serviceable. 



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SEPULCHRAL BRASSES, AND INCISED SLABS. 307 

more sightly, and more durable, the paper employed being 
of stronger quality, although the operation requires much 
longer time and greater pains than are expended when the 
method just described is adopted. 

As regards the selection of paper for making rubbings of 
brasses, great convenience is necessarily found in the use of 
sheets of sufficiently large dimension to comprise the whole 
brass, with all the accessory ornaments, and the inscription. It 
is not perhaps generally known that all machine-made papers 
may be procured to order in sheets of almost any desired 
length; a very serviceable kind of paper, manufactured for 
the envelopes of newspapers, of moderate strength, and not 
too much sized, is supplied to order in long sheets by Messrs. 
Richards and Wilson, in St. Martin's Court. Most persons 
will give the preference to a stouter and rather more expensive 
quality of paper, manufactured specially for the purpose of 
taking rubbings of brasses by Mr. Lunbird, 143, Strand. 
It is of unlimited length, like a roll of cloth; the widest 
kind, which is calculated to comprise on one single sheet of 
paper brasses of the largest dimension, measures 4 feet 
7 inches wide; the narrower quality measures 3 feet 11 
inches wide. It is scarcely requisite to remind the collector of 
brasses, that he should never sally forth unprovided with some 
pointed tool, to clear out such lines as may be filled up, the 
most serviceable implement being a blunt etching-needle, and 
also a small brush, moderately stiff, which is very useful in 
cleaning the plate, an operation which ought always to be 
carefully performed, previously to the paper being laid down. 

It has been affirmed, on insufficient grounds, that many of 
the sepulchral brasses which exist in England were imported 
from Flanders, the only fact which might seem to give proba- 
bility to such a conclusion being this, that memorials of this 
description are most abundant in the eastern counties, Kent, 
Suffolk, Norfolk, and Cambridgeshire, which from their posi- 
tion maintained more frequent commercial intercourse with 
the Low Countries, than any other parts of England. It does 
not however appear that many Flemish brasses exist in Eng- 
land ; the examples which, as there is good reason to suppose, 
were imported from Flanders, are the memorials of Abbot de 
la Mare, at St. Alban's ; of Robert Braunche, Adam de Wal- 
sokne, and their wives, at Lynn; Adam Fleming, at Newark ; 
the beautiful little figure of an ecclesiastic, at North Mimms, 



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208 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES, AND INCISED SLABS. 

Hertfordshire ; and an interesting' plate in the church of St. 
Mary-Key, Ipswich, an excellent representation of which is 
given by Shaw in his Dresses and Decorations. To this list 
may be added the fine brass of Robert Attelath, formerly to 
be seen at Lynn : the plate was sold for five shillings by a dis- 
honest sexton, who is said to have hung himself, through 
remorse, and the only memorial of this figure now known to 
exist is the impression taken by Craven Ord, which may be 
seen at the British Museum. A few other Flemish specimens 
may probably be found in England, such as the noble figure 
of an ecclesiastic at Wensley, Yorkshire, but the greater 
number of our sepulchral brasses appear to have been exe- 
cuted in England, an opinion which is corroborated by certain 
peculiarities of costume and ornament, and the letter used in 
the inscriptions. It particularly deserves to be noticed, that, 
with scarcely a single known exception, the brasses of France 
and Flanders differed from those commonly used in England, 
in this respect, that they were formed of one large unbroken 
sheet of metal, the field or back-ground being richly diapered 
to set off the figures, whereas in England the slab of dark grey 
marble, to which the brass was affixed, served as the field ; 
the figure, the scutcheons, the surrounding architectural deco- 
rations, and the inscriptions, being all formed of separate 
pieces of metal, which were affixed in separate cavities, 
prepared on the face of the slab to receive them. It 
will not be forgotten that the small number of brasses 
which have been noticed above as of Flemish workmanship, 
differ from other brasses in England in this feature, and 
accord with the fashion which appears to have been usually 
adopted on the continent, possibly because the brass plate, 
which was there manufactured, was more readily procured in 
sheets of large dimension, whereas in England no manufacture 
of brass plate existed, previously to the establishment of works 
at Esher by a German, in 1649. A remarkable example, 
conformable in every respect to the brasses of the same period 
which exist in England, has recently been noticed in Con- 
stance cathedral, a representation of which may be seen in the 
Archseologia, vol. xxx. It is the memorial of Robert Halliun, 
bishop of Salisbury, the special envoy of Henry V. to the 
Council of Constance, who dying there in 1416, during the 
sitting of the Council, was interred with great solemnity. 
It is asserted traditionally that this brass was brought from 

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SEPULCHRAL BRASSES, AND INCISED SLABS. 209 

England, and there can be little doubt that such was the case ; 
it precisely resembles the brasses of England in every pecu- 
liarity of workmanship whereby they may be distinguished 
from continental specimens; and the singular fact that the 
only known memorial of an Englishman of distinction, exist- 
ing in any foreign church, should present these peculiar 
details which are to be recognised in the brasses of the period, 
existing in England, appears to afford a corroboration of the 
belief that these engravings were executed in this country. 

One remarkable circumstance has not hitherto been suffi- 
ciently investigated, as regards the workmanship of these 
engraved memorials. The surface of the metal being bur- 
nished, or even in some cases gilded, it is obvious that the 
effect of the incised lines would be lost, if they were not filled 
up with some black composition, and there can be scarcely a 
doubt that in every instance the lines, and all the excised 
parts of the field, or other portions where diapering was 
introduced, were filled in with black, or in many cases 
with coloured compositions. Some 
examples, even of the earliest 
period, still exist, which exhibit 
enamel thus employed for the 
enrichment of works of this de- 
scription, such as the full sized 
brass of one of the d'Aubernoun's 
at Stoke d'Abernon, in Surrey, in 
which instance the bine enamel of 
the shield, a surface of very consider- 
able extent, is still very perfect. The 
date of this work is about the reign 
of Edward II. Other specimens may 
be seen at Elsing in Norfolk, I field 
in Sussex, Broxbourne in Essex, and 
several other churches, and it is very 
probable that the introduction of 
enamel in this manner was much 
more frequent than at first sight 
we might be inclined to suppose ; 
for the contraction and expansion 
of the metal, and exposure to the 
feet of the congregation, would 
quickly throw off every fragment of ■u,*****™*. 



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310 SEPULCHRAL BRASSES, AND INCISED SLABS. 

so brittle a substance as enamel. The subject is one which seems 
not undeserving of attention in connexion with the history and 
practice of artistic processes in our country, both on account 
of the few evidences that exist to shew that enamelling was 
practised in England, with any perfection, and also because 
enamel is usually applied to copper, brass being commonly 
considered incapable of sustaining the requisite degree of heat. 
The curious observer will therefore do well to ascertain, when 
any braes bearing traces of enamelled work comes under his 
notice, whether the metal employed in such cases be copper, 
or the usual hard kind of brass anciently termed latten, a 
mixed yellow metal of exceedingly hard quality, and which 
appears to be identical in composition with that now used for 
making cocks for casks or cisterns, technically called cock-brass. 
A few observations on incised stone slabs must be appended 
to these remarks on brasses ; they are works of an analogous 
kind, the material employed alone excepted, and were probably 
executed by the same artists. Where a saving of expense was 
an object, the slab would often be preferred, but as it was far 
less durable than the brass, the incised Blab, when used as 
part of the pavement, in the course of a few years was wholly 
defaced, and the number of existing specimens is small. Some 
indeed, which were elevated upon altar-tombs, still exist in a 
fair state of preservation, being frequently formed of alabaster, 
which was found in abundance in Derbyshire. Memorials of 
this kind are therefore most frequently to be found in the 
adjoining counties of Leicestershire, Staffordshire, Shropshire, 
and Cheshire. In the remote village church of Avenbury, 
Herefordshire, a remarkable incised slab has been preserved, 
which represents a knight in the mailed armour of the close 
of the thirteenth century, and cross-legged ; a memorial 
equally curious, and of the same period, exists at Bitton, near 
Bath, the cross-legged figure of Sir John de Bytton ; the head 
and hands are executed in low relief, the remainder of the figure 
being represented by incised lines. An early incised slab in 
Wells cathedral deserves notice ; it is the memorial of one of 
the bishops of Wells, a member of the same family de Bytton. 
Examples of later date are to be seen at Mavesyn Ridware, 
Blithneld, and Penkridge, in Staffordshire ; Grafton, in North- 
amptonshire ; Newbold on Avon, Whichford, and Ipsley, in 
Warwickshire ; Pitehford, Beckbury, and Edgmond, in Shrop- 
shire ; Brading, in the Isle of Wight ; and a very elaborate 

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SEPULCHRAL BRASSES, AND INCISED SLABS. 311 

specimen of large dimension exists in the carnaria, or char- 
nel crypt, under the Lady chapel at Hereford cathedral. 
Id France, memorials of this kind were very abundant, and 
the design was frequently most rich and elaborate : the greater 
number have now perished, but the curious drawings which are 
found in Gough's Collection, previously noticed, and preserved 
in the Bodleian Library, sufficiently shew how rich and varied 
was their character. A fine specimen, in fair preservation, 
which is now to be seen at the Palais des beaux Arts at Paris, 
has supplied the subject of a plate in Shaw's Dresses and 
Decorations ; its date is 1350, and it presents a good example 
of the usual character of incised slabs, as they were formerly 
to be seen in profusion in the cathedral and abbey churches 
of France. It is no easy matter to obtain a satisfactory rub- 
bing from an incised Blab, and a good method of operation is 
still a desideratum. In most cases the surface of the slab is 
so weathered and carious, that the most careful rubbing with 
heel-ball or black-lead presents but an indistinct representa- 
tion, for by these means every accidental cavity appears on 
the paper as clearly as the lines, and confusion is the result. 
Sometimes indeed the resinous compound, with which these 
lines were filled up, remains, and in such cases it is usually 
found to project slightly above the surface of the slab, so that 
the lines, if lightly rubbed over, appear black upon the paper. 
When the lines are very deeply cut, as is usually the case on 
the earlier incised slabs, a simple process, devised by the anti- 
quaries of France, will be found effective. Paper, either wholly 
unsized, or sized in a very slight degree, is moistened with a 
sponge, and applied to the surface of the slab ; it is then 
pressed into the cavities by means of a brush of moderate 
hardness, a hard hat-brush, for instance, or even the handker- 
chief will answer in most cases ; if the paper should be broken 
by the pressure, where the cavities are deep, a second or third 
layer of paper may be placed on that part, and compacted 
together with paste or gum ; care must be taken to preserve 
the paper in its place until the moisture has evaporated by the 
effect of the sir or sun, and without much trouble a precise 
facsimile or cast, will be obtained, which is not liable to be 
effaced by any subsequent pressure, but can only be destroyed 
by moistening the paper. This method is applicable for taking 
facsimiles of any sculptured ornament, the relief of which is 
not too great, and is more especially useful where an accurate 



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212 ILLUSTRATIONS OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE. 

representation of an inscription is required. It is even prac- 
ticable, by varnishing the paper with a spirituous solution of 
lac, to obtain from it a cast in plaster of Paris ; such simple 
and ingenious processes are invaluable to those who know the 
importance of minute accuracy in their researches, and furnish 
authorities for reference, which no drawing or transcript, how- 
ever carefully made, can ever supply. albert way. 



ILLUSTRATIONS OP DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE, 



FROM POPULAR MEDIEVAL WRITERS. 

Hitherto the purely literary monuments of the middle 
ages have been little used for the illustration of architectural 
antiquities, in spite of the interesting materials which they 
furnish, more especially for domestic architecture, of which we 
have so few existing remains of an earlier date than the fif- 
teenth century. The literary monuments of the middle ages 
are varied and numerous, and we may form them into a series 
of short articles, arranging them according to dates, so as to 
preserve the historical order of the variations in style, and 
according to the class of literature to which they belong, 
which will keep distinct the architectural monuments of each 
order of society. At present, I propose to take the Fabliaux, 
or popular metrical tales, which belong in date exclusively 
(or nearly exclusively) to the thirteenth century, and which 
describe the domestic manners of the middle and lower orders 
of society. The subjects of the fabliaux (which are written in 
French and Anglo-Norman) are chiefly low intrigues, which, 
from their nature, give us an insight into the arrangement of 
the dwellings of the peasantry and bourgeoisie. 
. The common name for a house was a manor (Fr. manoir, 
Lat. manerisM, from manere), without any apparent distinction 
of character or dimensions. In the Diz dou aoucretain (Moon. 



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ILLUSTRATIONS OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE. 21S 

torn. i. p. 31.8), the house of the burgher (bourgeois) is described 
by this title : — 

Ja Dieu plasce ce soit voir 
Que vous vandiez nostre manoir. 

In the fabliau Du bouchier <T Abbeville (Barbazan, iv. 1), the 
house of the priest is called a manor — 

Venuz est au manoir le preetre : 

while in the fabliau Du voir pciefrov (Barbazan, i. p. 164.) 
the same term is applied to the residence of a knight, which 
appears by the context to have been rather what we should 
now call a fortified manor-house than a baronial castle : — 

— avoit la aeue forterece 
De grant terre et de grant richece ; 
Deus Hues ot de Pun manoir 
Jusqu' a V autre. — 

At the period of which we are speaking (the thirteenth 
century) the houses of the people had in general no more than 
a ground-floor, of which the principal apartment was the aire, 
aitre, or hall {atrium), into which the principal door opened, 
and which was the room for cooking, eating, receiving visitors, 
and the other ordinary usages of domestic life. Adjacent to 
this was the chamber (chambre), which was by day the private 
apartment and resort of the female portion of the household, 
and by night the bed-room. We might give many extracts 
shewing the juxtaposition of the chamber and the hall. In 
the fabliau TfAuberee (Jubinal, Nouveau Recueil, i. p. 199), 
the old woman, visiting the burgher's wife, is led out of the 
hall into the chamber to see her handsome bed:' — 

Main tenant se lieva la dame, 
Et puis dame Auberee apres, 
Qu'en wu chambre ilueques prig 
Enmedeus ensamble en entrerent. 

And when the lady has taken refuge with Dame Auberee, who 
holds a much lower rank in society and is represented as very 
poor, she takes her in the same manner out of the hall into 
her chamber : — 

Lore 1'a menee por couchier 

Ed km chambre, iiuec dejotte. 

Strangers and visitors generally slept in the hall, beds being 

made for them apparently on the floor. In the fabliau Du 

rf 



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214 ILLUSTRATIONS OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE. 

bouchier d Abbeville (quoted above), the butcher sleeps in the 
hall, which is only separated from the chamber in which the 
priest and his mistress sleep by a door, and he lifts the latch 
to enter the chamber and take leave of his hostess in the 
morning : — 

En la chambre, eanz plus atendre, 
Vint u la dame congi£ prendre : 
La clique eache, l'uis ouvri. 

In the fabhau Du munier d'Arleux (printed separately by 
M. Michel), they make a bed for the young maiden who is 
detained all night, in the hall beside the fire: — 

Qant orent mangi£ et beu, 

Li lis fu faia deles le fu 

U la meachine dut couchier. 

Sometimes, however, the whole family appear to have made 
their beds indiscriminately with strangers in the hall, although 
both sexes slept naked, for there was little delicacy of man- 
ners at this period. The story of two French fabliaux 
analogous to Chaucer's Ileves Tale, turns on this indiscrimi- 
nate position of the beds in the hall. The house was in 
general very much exposed. In the fabliau Du clerc qui fu 
repus deriere tescrin (Meon. i. 165), a man enters the hall, 
and seeing no one there, boldly knocks at the chamber door. 
In the fabliau Du meunier d'Arleux, the outer door of the hall 
is left unlatched at night, although a young maiden is in bed 
by the fire-side. In the fabliau Du prestre crucifie (Meon. hi. 
14), the maker of crucifixes returning home at night, before he 
opens the door sees his wife and her gallant in the hall through 
a hole in the wall: — 

A eon hostel en eat venuz, 
Par un pertuia lea a veui, 
Asms estoient au mengier. 

In the fabliau Des treces (Meon. i. 343), the gallant enters by 
night through the window into the chamber in which the man 
and his wife are sleeping. In the fabliau Du segretain moine 
(Barbazan, i. p. 242), the monk takes liberties with the lady as 
they are seated by the fire in the hall, which she repulses because 
they are exposed to the view of those who pass on the road: — 

Quar ge crieng que la gent dob voient 
Qui trespasaent parmi la vole : 
En cele chambre m'en portez. 



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ILLUSTRATIONS OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE. 215 

The chamber is here distinctly pointed out, as being adjacent 
to the hall. We may quote as another proof of this the 
fabliau Des trois dames qui trouverent un anel (Barbazan, iii. 
220), where the lady in her chamber sees what is passing in 
the hall par unpertuis. 

A stable was also frequently adjacent to the hall, probably 
on the side opposite to the chamber or bed-room. In the 
fabliau of Le pome clerc (Meon. i. 104), the same story as 
Dunbar's tale of the Friar of Berwick, when the miller and the 
clerk, his guest, knock at the door of the miller's house, the 
wife urges the priest, who is with her in the hall, to hide him- 
self in the stable (croic/ie) : — 

Esploitei vos tost et muciez 
En cele croiche .... 
Tantost en la croiche a'elance. 

From the stable the priest looks into the hall through a 
window, which must have been in the partition wall: — 

Et il m'aquialt a esgarder 

Tot autresin conme li prestren 

Qui m'esgarde des fenestras 

De cele creche qui eat la. 

Behind the house was the court or corlil, which was 
surrounded by a fence, and included the garden, with a bersil 
(or sheep-cot), and other out-houses. The back door of the 
hall opened into this court. In the Diz dm soucretain (Meon. 
i. 318), the gallant comes through the court, and is let into the 
hall by the back door. In the fabliau Duprestre et d' Alison 
(Barbazan, iv. 427), a woman is introduced into the chamber 
by a false or back door, whilst the hall is occupied by com- 
pany: — 

En une chsunbre, qui fu bele, 

Mist Herceloz Aelison, 

Far una fax huis de la maison. 

The arrangements of a common house in the country are 
illustrated by the fabliau De Barat et de Hairnet (Barbazan, iv. 
258). Two thieves undertake to rob a third of "a bacon" 
which he (Travers) had hung on the beam or rafter of the 
hall:— 

Travers l'avoit a une hart 
Au tref de sa meson pendu. 

The thieves make a hole in the wall by which one enters, 



hgitiz 



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216 ILLUSTRATIONS OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE. 

without waking Travers or his wife, although the door of their 
chamber was open. The thief who had entered 

Rampa tant de banc en astel, 
Qu'il eat venuz au hardeillon 
Oil il vit pendre le bacon. 

The whole description leads us to suppose the house in this 
instance to have been built chiefly of wood. Travers, now 
disturbed, rises from his bed, goes from his chamber into the 
hall and thence direct into the stable. After he has recovered 
his bacon and while he is boiling it over a fire in the hall, the 
thieves come and quietly make a hole in the roof to see what 
is going on below: 

Puis est montez eor te toitel. 

Si le dcscuevre iluec endroit 

La oik la chaudiere boioit. 
The houses of knights and gentlemen seem to have consisted 
frequently, at this period, of the same number and arrange- 
ment of apartments. In the fabliau Du sot chevalier (Barba- 
zan, iv. 255), a party of knights overtaken by a storm seek 
shelter at the residence of the knight who is the hero of the 
tale: they pass through the court or garden to reach the 
house : — 

A tant aont en la cort entre - , 
Puis eont venu en la meson 
Ou h' feus ardoit de randon. 

This was the hall, where they stopped and where dinner was 
served ; after which beds are made there for them, and the 
host and his lady go to sleep in the chamber, which is sepa- 
rated from the hall only by a doorway : — 

Ainz qu' il aient le Bueil paBa£. 

During the night, the knight comes from his chamber into the 
hall to seek a light ; which leads to the denouement. Even in 
the castellated buildings the bed-chambers appear to have been 
frequently adjacent to the hall ; in the fabliau of Guillaume au 
faucon (Barbazan, iv. 407), William enters first the hall, and 
goes out of it into a bed-chamber, where — 

— la dame seule trouva; 
Lee puceles totes ensamble 
Erent alees, ce me sanble, 
En une chambre d' autre park — 

that is, as appears by the sequel, on the other side of the hall. 



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ILLUSTRATIONS OV DOMEBTIC ARCHITECTURE. 217 

The passages hitherto adduced relate to the more humble 
of the two classes of dwellings of the middle and lower ranks 
of society. The second class, which belonged to richer persons, 
differed from the former only in having an upper floor, com- 
monly termed a soler (solarium, probably from sol). In the 
fabliau D'Estourmi (Barbazan, iv. 452), a burgher and his 
wife deceive three monks of a neighbouring abbey who make 
love to the lady : she conceals her husband in the soler above, 
to which he ascends by a flight of steps : — 

Teaiez, vous monterez la sua 

En eel Bolier tout coiement. 
The monk, before be enters the house, passes through the 
court (cortil), in which there is a sheep-cot (berctf). The 
husband from the soler above looks through a lattice or grate 
and sees all that passes in the hall : — 

Far la treillie le porlingne. 

The stairs appear, therefore, to have been outside the hall, and 
there seems to have been a latticed window looking from the 
top of the stairs into it. The monk appears to have entered the 
hall by the back-door, and the chamber is in the story shewn 
to be adjacent to the hall (as in houses which had no soler), 
on the side opposite to that on which were the stairs. When 
another monk comes, the husband hides himself under the 
stairs {souss le deari). The bodies of the monks (who are killed 
by the husband) are carried out parmi me /ansae poslerne 
which leads into the fields (ana dans). 

In the fabliau of La Saineresse (Barbazan, iii. 452), a woman 
who performs the office of bleeding comes to the house of a 
burgher, and finds the man and his wife seated on a bench in 
the hall:— 

En mi l'aire de sa meson. 

The lady says she wants bleeding, and takes her up stairs into 
the soler : — 

Montez la bus en eel Bolier, 
H m'estuet de vostre meatier. 

They enter and close the door. The apartment on the soler, 
although there was a bed in it, is not called a chamber, but a 
room or saloon (perriri) ■. — 

Si Be descendent del perrin, 
Contreval les degrez enfin 
V in d rent errant en la maison. 



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218 ILLUSTRATIONS OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE. 

The expression that they came down the stairs and 'into the 
house shews that here also the staircase was outside. 

In another fabliau De la borgoise d'Orliens (Barbazan, iii. 
161), the burgher comes to his wife in the disguise of her 
gallant, and the lady discovering the fraud locks him up in 
the soler, pretending he is to wait there til] the household is 
in bed : — 

Je voiu metrai priveement 
En un solier dont j'ai la clef. 

She then goes to meet her ami, and they come from the garden 
(vergier) direct into the chambre, without entering the hall. 
She tells him to wait there while she goes in there (la dedans) 
to give her people their supper : — 

Amis, fet-ele, or remaindrez 
Un petit, et c4 m'atendrez ; 
Quar je m'en irai la dedens, 
Por fere mangier cele gens. 

She then goes into the hall : — 

Tint en la sale a sa meanie. 
She afterwards sends her servants to beat her husband, pre- 
tending him to be an importunate suitor whom she wishes to 
punish : " he waits for me up there in that room : "■ — 

La bub m'atent en ce perin. 



' Ne eouflrei pas que il en iese, 
Ainz 1'acueillieT al solier hauL 



They beat him as he descends the stairs, and pursue him into 
the garden, all which passes without entering the lower apart- 
ments of the house. 

The soler or upper part of the house appears to have been 
considered the place of greatest security — in fact it could only 
be entered by one door, which was approached by a flight of 
steps, and was therefore more easily defended. In the beautiful 
story De Permite qui s'aeompaigna a Tange (Meon. ii. 216), 
the hermit and his companion seek a night's lodging at the 
house of a rich but miserly usurer, who refuses them admit- 
tance into the house, and will only permit them to sleep under 
the stair-case, in what the story terms an atevent or shed. The 
next morning the youth (vallef) goes up stairs into the soler to 
find the usurer, who appears to have slept there for security : — 

Le vallet les degrez monta, 
El solier son hoste trova. 

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ILLUSTRATIONS OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE. 219 

The soler appears also to have been considered as the place 
of honour for rich lodgers who paid well. In the fabliau Dea 
trois aougles de Convpiengne (Barbazan, iii. 398), three blind 
men come to the house of a burgher, and require to be treated 
better than usual. He shews them up stairs : — 

En la haute logis lea maine. 

A clerk, who follows, after putting his horse in the stable, sits 
at table with his host in the hall, while the three guests are 
served " like knights" in the soler above : — 

F.t li aviigle du solier 
Furent servi com chevalier. 

It may be observed that a stable was a necessary part of a 
common house, because at this period all householders were in 
the habit of letting or giving lodging to travellers, who gene- 
rally came on horseback. 

By the kindness of the Rev. Lambert B. Larking, vicar of 
Ryarsh in Kent, I am enabled to illustrate the foregoing extracts 
by a sketch of the manor-house of a country gentleman of the 
thirteenth century. It is represented 
on a seal in a perfect state of preser- 
vation attached to a deed by which 
William Moraunt grants to Peter 
Ficard an acre of land in the parish 
of Otteford in Kent. It is dated in 
the month of June, 56 Hen. III. 
(i. e. June, 1272). The inscription is 

8. WILLELMI MOEAVNT. The door, 

which is probably that which led to 
the hall, is represented apparently as < 
opened outwards. It is altogether a 
curious illustration of early domestic architecture. 

In the fabliauD« vair palefroy (Barbazan, i. 164), we have a 
picture of the castellated manor-house of a wealthy knight. 
A young knight who had spent his substance, who lived at no 
great distance, was in love with the rich knight's daughter, but 
was not allowed to have access to her. The " manor' in which 
the lady was confined was built on a rock adjacent to a forest. 
The court, or garden, was large and was surrounded by a foss, 
lined inwardly with a fortified defence which appears to have 
been a thick hedge of thorn (eapinois), strengthened in ex- 



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220 ILLD8TEATI0WS OP DOMESTIC AECHITECTTJBE. 

posed parts with plants. The entrance was hy a gateway 
and drawbridge : — 

M3s molt estoit granz li defoii, 
Quar n'i pooit parler de pres : 
Si en estoit forment engi-es 
Que la cort estoit molt fort close. 
La pucele u'ert pas si oee 
Qu'ele de la porte iasist fore ; 
Me* de tant ert bona sea confore 
Qu'a lui parloit pax mainte foil 
Par tme planche d'un defoiz. 
Li/ogsez ert granz par defers, 
Li tipinou espes et fors, 
Ne se pooient aprochier : 
La meson ert sor un rochier, 
Qui richement estoit fennee ; 
Font lcveia ot a L'entree. 

The young knight goes to the " manor" of his ancle, and for 
the sake of privacy they enter a " lodge" over the gateway : 

En une loge sor la porte 
S'en aont al6 priveement, 
Son oncle conta boaemeat 
Sou convenant et eon afere. 

In the sequel the vair pale/rots carries the lady to the 
"manor" where the young knight hved. This manor was 
surrounded by water, and a bridge led to the gateway. The 
watchman, who was " above the gate," was sounding his horn 
to announce day-break, when he heard the horse on the 
bridge; he then descended and challenged the rider from 
the door : — 

— la guete ert desus la porte, 
Dei-ant le jot come et fretele. 
Cele part vait la damoiaele; 
Droit au recet en eat venue. 



Ainz li palefroiz de aa voie 
N'iesi, ai vint desus le pant 
Qui sUt sot un estiatc par/oat : 
Tout le manoir aviroiwit; 
Et la guete qui la conioit 
Oi deaus le pont l'enroi 
Et la noise du palefroi 



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ILLUSTRATIONS OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE. 221 

Qui maintes foiz i ot este. 
La guete a un pou areste 1 
De corner et de noise fere : 
II descendi de eon repere. 
Si demand a ianelemeut 
Qui chevauche ei durement 
A iceste eure sor cest pont. 

Not satisfied with the answer of the lady, the watchman looks 
through a hole in the poteme (or smaller door for the admission 
of foot passengers), and recognises the palfrey : — 

II met ses iex et eon viairc 
A una partuis de la potornc. 

He then goes to the chamber of his lord to tell him what he 
had seen. The young knight hastily covered himself in a 
surcot, and came to the gate, which was opened to the 
straDger, who at first did not recognise her lover, but asked 
courteously for a night's lodging : — 

Sire, por Dieu ne vouh anuit, 
LesBiez moi en vostre manoir, 
Je n'i quier gueres remanoir. 

In the morning the knight takes the lady " into his court and 
his chapel," by which it would seem that the chapel was 
entered from the court, and was perhaps on the opposite side 
to the house, and he calls his chaplain, who marries them : — 

A lendemaiu quant il ajome, 
Dedenz ga cort et sa chapele 
Venir i fet la damoisele. 

I now quit this class of literary compositions; the long 
metrical romances of the same period describe the interior 
economy of the larger baronial castles, and will probably 
furnish materials for a future article. t. wright. 



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ON THE PRIMEVAL ANTIQUITIES OF THE 
CHANNEL ISLANDS. 



The cromlechs of the Channel Islands, from whose enclo- 
sures, intermixed with the vestiges of mortality, have been 
obtained a variety of stone instruments, well adapted to the 
necessities of a rude and simple people inhabiting the wilds of 
a primitive country, vary in their arrangement and construc- 
tion precisely in the same manner as has been observed in 
other countries. 

It has been remarked that several of them are placed nearly 
east and west ; this is often the case in these islands as well as 
in Prance, but whether from accident or design, it is difficult 
to decide -. many in Brittany are due north and south ; two 
out of three at L'ancresse in this island, are also in that 
position ; and .in the plain in the island of llerm, one due 
east and west is only 30 feet distant from another north-west 
and south-east; with this exception, all the large cromlechs, 
in Guernsey at least, are placed east and west. 

The general shape and position of the stones differ in no 
respect from those of other countries, except in size and 
material. Large and ponderous granite blocks, supported on 
massive props, (usually placed with the smaller ends down- 
ward,) constitute this lonely chamber of the dead. Occupy- 
ing the interstices of the props are found smaller stone works, 
so wedged and adapted as to prevent the falling in of the 
ground, or tumulus, which accompanies the sepulchre. A 
large circle of single upright stones planted at uniform dis- 
tances from each other, and from the first stones laid down, 
completes the structure under consideration. A slab, or a flat 



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ON THE PRIMEVAL ANTIQUITIES, &C. 223 

pavement, is often seen beneath the deposit within it, and 
where such is wanting, I have usually remarked a firm, clean, 
and level base. All these slight differences of construction 
may frequently be accounted for, from circumstances occa- 
sioned by the localities where they exist- It has been customary 
to give different appellations to these structures, according 
to their shape and form, or agreeably to the hypothesis 
endeavoured to be maintained. From the foregoing observa- 
tions it will be easily perceived, that whether the cromlechs 
partake of the circular or square form, or are directed either 
east or northward, their design remains the same. I may, 
however, further state, as regards the object intended, that 
several simple circles of stones of small dimensions, which 
would have constituted the bardic circles of the poets, have 
been opened in these islands, and have presented in like 
manner the mixed remains of our species, with rude works 
of art. 

The fine and interesting monument of primeval architecture, 
once consecrating the island of Jersey, was formed of a circle 
of small cromlechs, with a covered avenue leading into the 
interior. The one now existing on the hill at the Couperon in 
that island, is of a rectangular form, and has not yet been 
accurately examined. The early people whose memorials we 
are investigating, occupied these countries during a long 
series of years. On this ground among others we may ac- 
count for many of the variations observable in their con- 
structions. The description of one cromlech might, prima 
facie, be considered as a type of all such structures; but 
in the present state of our knowledge it is necessary to give 
these particulars, as they tend to elucidate a subject on which 
so much has yet to be learnt. The period we have assigned 
to their construction, involving the manners and customs of 
an early race, requires every little fact to be noted, every 
detail to be given, during the exploring of those few remains 
which have escaped the ravages of time for our contemplation. 
With this view it has been my practice on approaching a 
locality intended to be examined, to proceed with caution. 
An accurate plan and sketch are taken of such appearances as 
present themselves before working. All the undulations of the 
surface near the spot are observed ; a slight ascent of a few 
inches towards the suspected site has often proved a valuable 
indication, and tended to confirm the question of a recent or 



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224 ON THE PRIMEVAL ANTIQUITIES 

primeval disturbance of the original ground ; a dry or barren 
portion of land has often pointed to a shallow depth of soil, 
resting over a concealed grave or catacomb. These few remarks 
are added to those already made in the first part of these 
observations, intended for the use of the student'. 

It may be safely imagined that during the period when the 
Danes and Northmen issued from their haunts, spreading dis- 
may and terror over the lands on either side of the British 
Channel, and when they extended their rapine around the 
shores of ancient Gaul, that the "moraye" or "place of the 
dead" became, as in more modern times, an object of then- 
diligent search for those treasures which might have been 
therein deposited. These, like the tombs of the east, fell a 
prey to their rapacity ; destruction of their more friable con- 
tents followed, all that was valuable was removed, and this 
may account for the few substances which have been discovered 
entire, and shews why so many fragments are now found 
strewed exteriorly, immediately beneath the surface. These de- 
vastations may have been begun by the Romans, or by those 
nations which replaced the original inhabitants of Western 
Europe. Roman coins are not unfrequently found mixed 
with the ancient Gaulish, in the vicinity of these localities ; 
but the original deposit contains no trace of metal, as far as 
my observations have extended. The absence of these memo- 
rials of the dead in the neighbourhood of large towns, may be 
attributed to the increase of population and civilization, their 
gradual removal keeping pace with improvements, or the agri- 
cultural clearing of the ground. Even in the Channel islands 
many have disappeared. The Rev. Mr. Falle, who wrote 
in the year 1734, mentions that many were observable in 
his day. Another writer, quoting a MS. which belonged to 
James II., now in the Harleian Collection, entitled "Csesarea," 
states "there are in Jersey about half a hundred of them." 
Mr. Poingdestre, formerly Lieutenant Bailiff of Jersey, says 
that he " found about fifty collections of atones in that island," 
and he " reckoned only those which were visible above 
ground." It is a painful statement now to make, that not 
more than five or six monuments of this ancient period can be 
enumerated, including that curious and extraordinary arrange- 
ment of stones and cromlechs, which in a moment of enthu- 
siasm and loyalty, was voted and presented to General 

■ Vide No. If. page 142. 



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OP THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. 



Conway, then Governor of the island, and which were 
afterwards absurdly erected in his park, near Henley-upon- 
Thames, where they stand a monument of exile and mistaken 
liberality. 



The two small cromlechs here represented, are both on 
the plain of L'ancresse in Guernsey ; they consist of props 
and capstone, and have their openings to the southward ; 
several portions of earthen vessels, celts, and arrow-points, 
were discovered in them in 1838 ; the quality of the 
pottery was of a finer description in several instances than 
that of the large cromlech on the hill near them. The stone 
celts found were so placed among the contents as to preclude 
the possibility of their having had any handles, or of their 
being attached and fixed, as has been supposed ; none are 
perforated, as mentioned by Mons. Mahe, neither do they seem 
conveniently made for being fixed into a frame, as supposed 
by other authors ; the high state of polish they possess dis- 
qualifying them for being thus held. Their very perfect and 
symmetrical shape and smooth surfaces, would indicate that 



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226 ON THE PRIMEVAL ANTIQUITIES 

they were used in the hand for cutting purposes, and as 
attempts at ornament are discoverable on several of those of 
Guernsey, it cannot be doubted that they had some particular 
and distinct use. The polished edge renders them capable of 
being admirably adapted for flaying animals, and perhaps 
used afterwards for cutting the green hide into thongs and 



That they may have been used for a variety of purposes 
may be well conceived amongst a people apparently deprived 
of metal implements. The heavy wedge-shaped celt most 
probably was used for hewing down trees, and the splitting of 
timber into planks ; indeed those splendid stone celts found 
in Scandinavia seem to have been formed for that end, and 
adapted with a great degree of art for this purpose. 

The term " celt," applied to this instrument, however 
admissible to a stone or flint-cutting tool, should be restricted 
to it ; the metal ferrule, with a small ring attached to one side, 
requires another appellation ; the use of this last has been 
also a matter of conjecture among collectors. If these were 
fixed in a straight or crooked handle, as proposed by some, it 
would render them unfit for use, and equally inconvenient for 
making a stroke in the manner of a chisel. " La petite hache 
en cnivre," is a term designating this instrument in France. 
No less than eighty of these were found some years since in 
the parish of La Trinite in Jersey ; a few were also discovered 
on the common lately brought into cultivation in the island of 
Alderney. After examining the cutting edge of these weapons, 
I could not observe much wearing away by use, and the 
manner of fracture of some of them would rather denote their 
having been broken in combat or by violence. The small 
ring attached to each may have been for the convenience 
of transport or attachment. The elegant spear-head of bronze, 
found also with them in Alderney, could scarcely be used 
indiscriminately for the same purpose, but if fixed to the end 
of the lance as a ferrule, they would deal out a deadly blow on 
a horse, or armed foe. 

About one hundred stone celts have been picked up from 
time to time in Guernsey, where they are, as every where else, 
called " thunder-bolts," or in the dialect of the country, " coin 
de foudre." They vary in size from that of 1 to 18 inches, and 
are most commonly made of fine-grained stones. Out of fifty 
in my cabinet only six are of flint, the rest are of jade or 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



OF THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. 227 

choloritic rock, serpentine and primitive greenstone, agate and 
porphyry, quartz and prehnite, and two or three are of syenite. 
The atone hatchets or axes, intended to be supplied with a 
handle, are perforated, and are beautifully shaped and 
polished. These latter instruments denote a higher state of 
civilization, but as they have been found in or near the Pou- 
quelayes of this island, they must be considered as of the 
primeval period. In the cromlechs here described were also 
found gritstones, fitted for setting and polishing these stone 
instruments. 

Another large cromlech, known by the name of L'autel Du 
Tus, or De Hus, stands upon a rising ground near the district 
called "Paradis." The fine elevated block of granite which 
covers the western end is conspicuously seen from a distance 
on the side of the high road. The interior in form resembles 
(although at present it is in a less perfect state) the celebrated 
cromlech in the isle of Gavr' Innis in the Morbihan. The 
total length is about 40 feet, but the east end near the road is 
abruptly stopped by a large stone, which probably once was 
placed on the adjoining props : if so, some portion of the end 
was destroyed in making the road. The western chamber of 
Du Tus, covered by three capstones, is about 16 feet square, 
or nearly double the size of that at Gavr' Innis ; from this space 
it narrows into another chamber, formed by the lateral props, 
which is 1 1 feet in length by 9 feet wide ; here several upright 
stones traverse the end, separating it from another chamber 
also 1 1 feet long ; adjoining the two last compartments, on the 
north side, is attached another, 8 feet by 7. The shape of 
this cromlech corresponds with the one above mentioned, 
and it is not difficult to perceive the additions which 
have been made to the first, or western chamber, from 
the period when it stood in the centre of the surrounding 
circle, which is nearly 60 feet in diameter. I think it 
may be fairly conjectured from the examination here made, 
that the lengthened form of the tumulus which covers that 
of Gavr' Innis, denotes also additions to the original struc- 
ture, and the steps lying across the "avenue" shew the 
divisions of the chambers, as in Guernsey. The western 
chamber, opened by me in 1837, was found much disturbed, 
and nothing but stony rubbish was met with. 

The elevated and commanding appearance of the large 
granite capstone, which weighs many tons, and rises ron- 



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228 ON THE PRIMEVAL ANTIQUITIES 

spicuously above the rest, had made it an object of attraction, 
and doubtless it had been frequently ransacked. The human 
remains, pottery, and vessels, were discovered in the two long 
chambers, which form what has been termed the avenue to the 
main one. (Additional chambers would be more correct.) 
The third, or northern compartment, contained human remains 
of men, women, and children, with several vases, bone instru- 
ments, and a celt; but some of the pottery belonged to 
urns, of which portions had been found in other parts of the 
cromlech. 

Great diversity of shape was here observed, as had been 
remarked at L'ancresse. Two of these urns are here repre- 
sented — one apparently to hold liquid, the other food. 



The cromlech represented at the head of this article is 
called "the Trepied," a name sufficiently modern to denote 
the loss of its original appellation. It is of an oblong figure and 
was covered by three or four capstones, the principal of which 
remains in its place, the others have fallen in. Jars, human 
bones, and flint arrow-heads, were found in the interior. The 
character of the pottery bore a strong resemblance to that 
discovered in several places in the island of Herm, the urns 
usually being tulip-shaped, with a few markings and borders 
of irregular patterns, evidently done by the hand. In com- 
paring these ornamental designs with those found at Du Tus, 
Le Creux des Pees, and at Camac in Brittany, it was interesting 
to observe the same ideas and the same mode of producing 
the pattern. The streaks are in these instances made with a 
similar instrument, and universally an interrupted and indented 
marking ; its frequent occurrence in the pottery of this period, 
induces the opinion that it was better calculated for the pur- 
pose of receiving the encaustum used. The encaustic borders 
on vases discovered at Carnac are more frequently met with in 
Brittany than with us, but we perceive the same design on both, 



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OF THE CHANNEL I5LAND8. 



although from some accidental cause, the enamelling was not 
always completed. 



The two vases here shewn are of similar clay, the plain one 
from the Trepied, that with markings from Du Tus ; these will 
serve as the type for the prevailing shape of the broad mouth 
urns found at Le Creux des Fees, and in several of the smaller 
cromlechs in Herm and Guernsey. 

It is however proper to remark, that the scored patterns, with 
what is sometimes called the dotted, were more observed in the 
principal cromlech at L'ancresse than in any other, the clay 
being either merely impressed or cleanly cut out ; and these marks 
were found on that sort which bore the appearance of greater 
antiquity. At Carnac, amidst an abundance of pottery of the 
former quality, only one fragment of this last was discovered. 



These urns were taken from the principal cromlech at 
h h 



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230 ON THE PRIMEVAL ANTIQUITIES 

L'ancresse j they are of the finer sort of clay, and appear en- 
tirely done by the hand without any mould or lathe. 

The round and oval compressed clay-beads discovered at 
L'ancresse, as well as at Carnac, cannot but excite enquiry as 
to their use ; their size would render them inconvenient to be 
worn round the neck as ornaments, but if used only at the 
funeral rites, they would tend to express the feelings of the 
attendants on those mournful occasions, and, as we observe in 
the customs of other nations, they would be laid with the 
remains left in the sepulchre. Stone and bone annulets were 
also found with them; the former are of serpentine, clay- 
slate, and lapis ollaria, and are known among the country- 
people as " Les rouettes des Fe6taux ;" these were worn, and 
perhaps believed to possess some preservative charm, as the 
amulet of after ages. A few beads of bone were also dis- 
covered. 

The form and quality of the earthen vessels denote a very 
early attempt of that art which in other parts of the world had 
arrived at a high state of perfection. The vases of Greece and 
Rome possess all the qualifications to distinguish them from 
those of the Barbarians of the west. The very coarse material 
used by the latter, and the laboured devices seen on their sides, 
effected at the expense of much time and rude contrivance, 
convey to the mind those equally-laboured engravings on the 
war-clubs of the Indians of the Southern ocean, the similarity 
of the ornaments also producing the same conviction of the very 
primitive attempts at ornamental design. There is, however, 
enough left, amidst the mass of fragments of the pottery of this 
period, to mark an improvement in the taste of design, as well 
as in the quality of the clay used. Some of the Celtic pottery 
in my possession is scarcely inferior to some Roman jars 
discovered near Etaples in France, which may be dated about 
the period of the invasion of Britain by Caesar. 

The paucity of models and design may stigmatize the first 
occupiers of Britain and Gaul, but we must not lose sight of 
their simple state of life, the absence of luxury and ease, and 
the infancy of taste and genius ; a fair estimate may thus be 
formed of the primitive race of these countries, and it may be 
seen that they do not fall below the standard of the early in- 
habitants of Italy or Greece. 

The cromlech situate on the promontory of Le Ree, named 
Le Creux des Fees, is open at the eastern end, through which 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



OF THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. 231 

you, enter into a fine chamber of 7 feet in height, covered by 
two blocks of granite, each 10 feet wide by 15 in length. 
At the entrance it is only 2 feet 8 inches wide, but increases 
to 11 feet within the interior, a row of upright stones on each 
side forming a passage leading into it ; about midway was found 
a step across the avenue, but whether any separation once 
existed, so as to form an additional chamber, could not be 
determined. In exploring this in 1840, numerous jars and urns 
were discovered, a few bones and ashes were strewed about the 
floor, fragments of several vessels of good pottery were found, 
bearing the same designs as those of Carnac and other similar 
structures in the north part of Guernsey and Hcrm. 

On another hill in the parish of the Vale, may be seen one 
remaining capstone, 13 feet long, by 6 wide, which, accord- 
ing to tradition, formed part of a celebrated cromlech of 
nine stones, perhaps the largest in these islands. The name 
by which it was known to our forefathers is significant of 
some property inherent or accidently pertaining to some one 
of the stones composing this Celtic remains : " La roche qui 
sonne" was ascribed to it from the sound which issued from 
the hollow chamber beneath it, when struck on the surface. 
Urged by the value of the material, the former proprietor of 
this monument endeavoured to accomplish that which time 
and the elements had been unable to perform. The same 
year, however, his dear-bought temerity was arrested by his 
dwelling-house being destroyed by fire, and some of the 
inmates railing a prey to the devouring flames ! This ill-fated 
coincidence has left an indelible impression on the minds of 
the country people, who relate the event, and the antiquary 
may rest assured that the remaining portion of this once 
venerated cromlech will be left for many years yet, to point 
to the spot where stood the mysterious " Roche qui sonne !" 
Under this capstone several vases were discovered in the 
lowest part, or primeval deposit, above which, however, a metal 
bracelet, in the form of a torques, as also one made of jet, were 
found. In this spot was a small coarse earthen vessel, not 
unlike a jug with one handle, being the only one of that 
description met with during our explorings in these islands ! 

The performance of superstitious rites and acts of devotion 
in or near Druidical remains may very properly be admitted, 
but it seems proper to limit these to certain spots and objects, 
and perhaps the Scriptural account of worshipping " stocks and 



>v Google 



282 ON THE PRIMEVAL ANTIQUITIES, &C. 

stones" may be very correctly applied to these nations in this 
dark era. On the plain of L ancresse, in sight of three or four 
cromlechs, is a cairn of granite blocks, now much reduced in 
height, still called " La Kocque fielen" or Balan ; a name too 
significant, and of too frequent occurrence in Celtic districts, 
to be overlooked. At a short distance from this spot is 
another object perhaps of former idolatrous veneration, retain- 
ing the title of " La Fountaine des Druides," not far from 
which, according to the late Mr. Joshua Gosselin, there was a 
fine rocking-stone, now destroyed. Such a variety of objects 
and localities, denoting remains associated with paganism, 
within a short distance from each other, can scarce be the 
effect of accident. The proximity of Christian chapels, built 
almost on the very site of these places in the first years of 
missionary exertions, is a fact which also deserves notice. 
The large cromlech and circle of Du Tub, or De Hus, is 
on the same hill as the first Christian chapel, built by St. 
Maglorius, on the then island of the Vale ; and the spot on 
which the priest's house was situate, is called "Paradis," 
perhaps in contradistinction to the favourite haunt of the 
pagan worshipper, who still held some secret veneration for 
his former associations : nor is this a singular instance in these 
islands, for it may be seen that nearly all the first Christian 
establishments are near to those places which still retain 
Druidical remains. 

The great variety of vessels usually discovered within these 
tombs, were intended to contain food and presents, as offerings 
to the manes of the dead ; the abundant distribution of limpet 
shells throughout the cromlechs of the Channel islands, would 
in like manner lead to the same conclusion, this shell fish 
having been very generally used as food from the earliest 
period. p. c. lukis. 



>v Google 



REMAINS OF SHOBDON OLD CHURCH, 

HEREFORDSHIRE. 



The negligence and archaeological ignorance of the last cen- 
tury was much more fatal to our national monuments than even 
the religious excitement of the period which immediately fol- 
lowed the Reformation. The number of early buildings, 
especially churches, which were sacrificed to the love of 
novelty, was greater than we can easily conceive. It is one 
of the chief objects of the British Archaeological Association to 
put a stop to this wanton destruction, and it is conceived that 
this object will be more effectually secured by spreading in- 
formation and a taste for the monuments of the arts of 
former days, than by more direct interference, except in cases 
where the latter is necessary to stop immediate destruction. 
Many interesting antiquities have escaped the danger which 
threatened them from the contempt of our fathers ; and not a 
few of them, concealed in remote rural districts, have not yet 
met the eyes of those who are able fully to appreciate them. 
It is to be hoped that our Journal will be the means of bring- 
ing many of these unobserved monuments into notice, and 



>v Google 



234 REMAINS OF SHOBDON OLD CHURCH. 

with this feeling we invite our friends and correspondents to 
communicate drawings and descriptions of such remarkable 
and interesting monuments, ecclesiastical or civil, as may 
come under their observation. 

The subject of the present paper can hardly be said to be 
an existing monument. Shobdon is a pretty village in 
Herefordshire, a few miles to the north-west of Leominster, 
the property of Lord Bateman. The ancient church was 
pulled down, (for what reason is totally unknown,) about the 
middle of the last century (in 1752), to give place to a new 
building, in which the old tower seems to have been pre- 
served, though now almost hidden by the modern improve- 
ments. The old edifice appears to have been one of the most 
remarkable Norman churches in the island, and the late Lord 
Bateman was so struck with the singularity of its sculptured 
ornaments, that he caused the three principal arches to be 
carefully preserved and re-erected in his park, where they still 
remain. 

The original church of Shobdon, to which these remains 
belonged, was built about the year 1141 ", previous to which 
the only ecclesiastical building at Shobdon was a chapel of 
St. Juliana, constructed of wood, and dependant upon the 
neighbouring church of Aymestrey. Oliver de Merlimond, a 
Herefordshire knight, obtained the manor of Shobdon of the 
powerful lord of Wigmore, Roger de Mortimer, and having 
bought of the parson of Aymestrey his ecclesiastical rights 
over the district, he founded there a small priory, and built 
the edifice of which we are speaking to serve as the priory 
church. The fate of his monastic establishment was some- 
what eventful ; amid the feuds of the border the monks were 
driven from one spot to another until they settled at Wigmore 
and grew into a famous abbey". 

The remains of Shobdon church in their present state, which 
are interesting only as beautiful specimens of Norman orna- 
mental sculpture, consist of three arches with their various 
appendages, and appear to have been reconstructed with 
tolerable exactness. The middle arch, which is much larger 
than the two others, was probably the one which sepa- 

* The reaaons for filing thii date are ' Their history form! the subject of » 

slated in the History of Ludlow and its curious narrative in Norman French, 

Neighbourhood, by the writer ofthe present printed with a literal translation in the 

article, p. 95, (now in the course of publi- work just quoted. 



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REMAINS OP SHOBDON OLD CHURCH. 235 

rated the nave from the chancel. The two smaller arches, 
one placed on each side of the larger arch, were perhaps the 
two doorways of the original building. Two tympanums, 
each adorned with very bold and 
fine bas-reliefs, are also preserved, | 
but they do not appear to belong 
to the two smaller arches, if we 
may judge from their present ap- 
pearance. That on the right of 
the larger arch is represented in 
the cut (No. 1.) at the head of 
this article; it represents the 
Deity, seated within a round au- 
reole or glory, supported by four 
angels. The left tympanum con- 
tains an allegorical group of figures. 
The pillars supporting the arches 
display an extraordinary richness 
of ornament, of the character of 
which some idea may be formed 
from the fragments given in our 
woodcuts : it consists of figures 
of men, animals, dragons, foliage 

gracefully arranged, elegant knot- v> DiBj _ 

ted work, and various kinds of tra- BfcS , n rnFiilvma:itKa . l ,i^u r t.»^u 
eery. Our specimens are all taken «i «»»*»» ci™*. 

from the shafts of the middle or chancel-arch, which is sup- 
ported by three pillars on each side. The first or outer pillar 
on the left-hand side (part of which is represented in the cut 
No. 2.) is a slender shaft of scroll-work, with a capital, on 
which is sculptured the dragon, which occurs so frequently 
in Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman iconography. The next 
pillar (No. 8.) is ornamented with figures of men supposed to 
represent Welsh knights, arranged in couples and interwoven 
with tracery. Similar figures are found among the sculptures 
on the south door of the church of Kilpeck on the southern 

* Allthesculpturesofthiscuriouschureh t complete series of drawings of the still 

are represented in their minutest details more remarkable omsmenta of the remains 

in Mr. G. R. Lewis's carefully-executed of Shobdon church, from which he has 

" Illustrations of Kilpeck Church." Mr. kindly permitted ui to select the examples 

Lewis (whose talents as an artist are uni- given in our article. It in his intention to 

reraally known and appreciated) hat made publish them by subscription in the tame. 



>v Google 



236 REMAINS OF SHOBDON OLD CHUECH. 

border of Herefordshire, and I 
am told that they are found on 
other monuments on the borders 
of Wales. The late Mr. Gage 
Rokewode called attention to the 
singularity of these figures as 
represented in the sculptures at 
Kilpeck, in a communication to 
the Society of Antiquaries in 
1842 d , and pointed out the re- 
markable character of the cos- 
tume. In the figures at Kilpeck 
church, (built about 1135, and 
therefore contemporary with those 
at Shobdon,) the cap or helmet (a 
sort of Phrygian bonnet) is seen 
to more advantage than in those 
at Shobdon, from the circum- 
stance of the heads being repre- 
sented in profile. The rest of 
the dress is precisely the same, 
except that in the Shobdon figures 

it appears to be more ornamented, ma ha ta SbeMoni 

and that the knotted belts of the °" ' ™" 
knights of Kilpeck are wanting. The two figures at Kilpeck are 
armed respectively with a sword and a kind of mace i one of 
those represented in our cut has a club, and the other Shobdon 
knights have similar weapons. The close vests, trousers, and 
shoes, are very peculiar to these figures, and of rare occurrence 
elsewhere. Mr. Rokewode points out some resemblance 
between this costume and that of the ancient Britons, as 
described by old writers, and as represented on some of the 
Roman coins of the Britannic type. The resemblance is 
perhaps rather imaginary than real. The third or inner 
pillar of the large arch at Shobdon is much larger than the 
others : the ornaments of the one on the right side, of which a 



form aa hi* work on Kilpeck, and we heartily state of dilapidation. A good wor> on the 
wish thathe may obtain a sufficient number architectural antiquities of the churches 
of subscribers to enable him to put his de- on the borders of Wales ii much wanted. 
in the Arehawlogia, »ol. m. 

>,Sitizeot>vGoOgIe 



a may have fallen ii 



REMAINS OF SHOBDON OLD CHURCH. 237 

compartment is given in our cut No. 4, consists of a variety 



of knots and animals (chiefly birds) placed within medallions, 
which are joined together by faces of monsters. t. Wright. 



ON THE MEDIEVAL ECCLESIASTICAL 

ARCHITECTURE OF PARIS. 

[first period.] 

The churches of Paris, as they now stand, afford & good 
school for studying the medieval architecture of the central 
part of France, in its various epochs ; although, taken in their 
several details, they cannot be compared to many edifices in 
the cities of the adjacent provinces. Thus, for the architec- 
ture of the thirteenth century, although there are some 
exquisite buildings of that date in the capital, yet there are 
none to compare to the cathedrals of Chartres or Rouen : and 
the specimens of the Flamboyant style are far superior at 



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238 ON THE MEDIEVAL ECCLESIASTICAL 

Rouen and Troyes to anything that Paris can produce. 
Nevertheless there is a complete series of buildings in Paris, 
from the time of the Roman emperor Julian, down to the days 
of Henri IV., in which all the various characteristics of 
medieval architecture may be studied, and from which a 
tolerably complete idea may be obtained of the main features 
of French ecclesiastical architecture in general. 

Thus we have in this city the remains of the Palais des 
Thermes, once the residence of the Emperor Julian ; the early 
portions of the abbey churches of St. Germain des Pres, and 
Montmartre, of the heavy Romanesque {Bomane) period ; and 
the later portions of the same buildings, with the earlier ones 
of Notre Dame, St. Julien le Pauvre, and St. Severin, for the 
style contemporary with our earliest pointed; and then the 
later parts of the cathedral, with the Sainte Chapelle, 
equivalent to Salisbury ; a blank occurs in the period corre- 
sponding to our Decorated, unless those portions of N6tre 
Dame which were erected during the fourteenth century, may 
be considered as filling up the vacuum ; and indeed it may be 
remarked that the complete pointed style, such as is developed 
in England at the east end of Lincoln cathedral, and in 
France at Amiens, is that which prevailed there until after 
the expulsion of the English in the fifteenth century, and the 
rise of the Burgundian or Flamboyant style. This latter style 
is well illustrated in Paris, from its earliest to its latest epoch, 
(being the French equivalent of our Perpendicular,) in the 
churches of St. SeVerin, St. Gervais, St. Mery, St. Germain 
I' Auxerrois, &c. The style of the Renaissance is most splendidly 
exemplified in the churches of St. Eustache, and St. Laurent, 
while there are numerous civil buildings from the Hotel de 
Sens, and the Hotel de Cluny, to the Tuileries, and the Hotel 
de Ville, tending to complete the series for the portions 
extending from the end of the fifteenth to the middle of the 
seventeenth centuries. 

If we were to extend our researches beyond the walls of 
Paris, so as to include the medieval edifices of a circle of ten 
miles radius, a series quite as interesting and nearly as rich 
as that of the capital itself, would be found; for it would 
comprise many valuable specimens of the Romanesque and 
early pointed styles, and would number among its treasures 
the abbey church of St. Denis, to which Paris has nothing to 
compare. Without, therefore, by any means intending to say 

><)>tircaty G00gle 



ARCHITECTURE OF PARIS. 239 

that the student of French medieval architecture should limit 
his enquiries to Paris (he should, as a matter of necessity, visit 
Caen, Rouen, Chartres, Strasburg, Bourges, &c. and that rich 
mine of architectural wealth, the southern and south-western 
portion of France), we would encourage any antiquarian visitor 
of the French metropolis to examine its medieval buildings, 
for he need not fear to obtain therefrom much valuable archi- 
tectural information. For the aid of any such person we sub- 
join a few notes on the principal ecclesiastical edifices of Paris 
now remaining". 

St. Germain des Pres. — This abbatial church ranks as 
the earliest of any now extant in Paris, although there are 
portions of decorations belonging to the church of Montmartre 
which are of a still more remote epoch. The deed of founda- 
tion was dated A.D. 550, and the buildings of the church 
with the abbey were finished A.D. 557, in which year the 
dedication was made by St. Germanus himself. The church 
and abbey were pillaged by the Normans in A.D. 845, 857, 
858, and burnt in A.D. 861, 885. Although the church was 
not entirely destroyed, a new one was founded by the Abbot 
Morard, A.D. 1014, and this was finally completed and dedi- 
cated by Pope Alexander III., A.D. 1163. Of the original 
church a portion probably remains under the western tower, 
where a massive arch, low and perfectly plain, supports the 
eastern wall of that part of the edifice. The nave is most 
probably of the date 1014, and the choir of the final date of 
1163. Nearly all the abbatial buildings, except this church 
and the abbot's lodgings (of the time of Louis XIII.), with 
the well-known monastic prison called L'Abbaye, have perished. 
The church is cruciform, with a circular east end, and a single 
aisle running all round. At the east end is a circular-ended 
Lady chapel, and chapels join on all round the aisles of the 
choir. Immediately to the east of the transept, on the 
northern and southern sides of the edifice, stood two lofty 
towers ending in spires, which were unnecessarily taken down 
by an ignorant architect within the present century, and are 
now only on a level with the walls of the church ; at the west 
end a single tower, capped with a spire, is still standing. 
Considerable damage was done to the nave and transepts in 

» The damage done at the Revolution the finest churches in the city nte, how- 
wi« immnur, but it fell more on conren- ever, then either destroyed or irreparably 
tual than on parochial edifice*. Some of defaced. 



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240 ON THE MEDIEVAL ECCLESIASTICAL 

the seventeenth century by alterations intended for improve- 
ments ; and during the Revolution the church was exposed to 
destruction by worse enemies than the Normans, for the 
republican Commune turned it into a depot for saltpetre and 
other chemical products, and an accidental fire caused great 
damage to it. The edifice was, however, repaired after the 
Restoration, and is now about to undergo a farther and a 
more scientific restoration than it has ever yet received. 

The nave is exceedingly plain, consisting of simple arcades 
with a clerestory above, and with round piers capped with 
rudely executed capitals. The ornaments on these capitals 
are generally allegorical representations of men and animals ; 
but the original capitals are no longer in situ .■ they were so 
much dilapidated as to render the execution of new facsimiles 
indispensable, a task performed in a creditable manner. The 
ancient capitals are kept in the National Archaeological 
Museum of the Palais des Thermes j all the arches are circular, 
perfectly plain. The choir possesses a triforium, with square- 
headed openings extending the width of each bay, but divided 
by a small shaft in the middle, and above are pointed equi- 
lateral windows. The capitals are here decorated in the most 
sumptuous variety of medieval taste, comprising every variety 
of beautifully executed foliage, birds, human heads amidst the 
leaves, and other devices, affording one of the richest speci- 
mens extant of the late Montane or rather earliest pointed style. 
Here the circular arch mixes freely with the pointed, and it is 
evidently a specimen of the transition from one system of 
curves to the other. The church was exceedingly rich in 
tombs of every description : — but few now remain, — and none 
of the medieval epochs. This is in many respects the most 
interesting church of Paris : and the most ample archae- 
ological information concerning it is to be found in Dom. 
Bouillard's History of the abbey, AD. 1723. 

Montmartre. — This church, although outside the muni- 
cipal walls of Paris, has always been so intimately connected 
with the capital that it may be considered as part of it, and 
more especially now that the military lines have included the 
hill of Montmartre within their circuit. The precise date of 
the earliest portion of the existing edifice is not clearly ascer- 
tained. It has been built over the spot where St. Denis was 
said to have been martyred, and it is known that a conventual 
establishment, with probably a chapel on the site of the pre- 



* Google 



ARCHITECTURE OP PARIS. 241 

sent edifice, existed there in the time of Louis le Gros. This 
monarch removed the monks to the church of St. Denis de 
la Chartre, and then founded a new convent for an abbess and 
sixty nuns in A.D. 1134. Pope Eugenius III,, assisted by 
St. Bernard and Peter the Venerable, dedicated the new 
church in A.D. 1147, and this date tallies well with nearly 
all the portions of the church now standing : a few alterations 
in the vaulting of the nave were made in the fifteenth century. 
The abbatial buildings have nearly all been destroyed: the 
church itself consists of a nave and side aisles, and a small 
circular choir at the east end. The aisles also terminate in 
circular chapels. The oldest portions of the edifice are four 
Roman columns of fine marble, with capitals of the Debased 
style common to the Lower Empire, which were probably 
removed hither from a neighbouring temple of Mars that stood 
on the hill i two of these columns are at the west end of the 
church, and two at the entrance of the choir. On the capital 
of one at the west end, a cross has been cut. The nave 
possesses a triforium, until lately blocked up with human skulls 
and bones, and a mutilated clerestory above, the triforium and 
the capitals of the piers resembling closely those of St. Germain 
des Pres. The choir is of the purest early pointed style, but 
the capitals of the shafts in this and in the other parts of the 
building retain a character of an earlier period than that of 
their presumed execution. The whole of this edifice is to be 
thoroughly restored. Although its annals are sufficiently 
interesting in an ecclesiastical point of view, its monumental 
history seems always to have been rather poor. 

St. Julien le Pacvre. — This small church stands within 
the enclosure of the H&tel Dieu, and dates from the early 
part of the twelfth century, though the precise year of its 
dedication is not known. Gregory of Tours speaks of a 
basilica as standing on this spot, but no traces of any building 
of so early a date as the sixth century are now to be met with. 
It consists of a central and single side aisles, all terminating 
in circular apses, with a clerestory continued above all the 
arcades of the central aisle and apse. The arches of the main 
piers are circular, and the capitals are of the same style as 
those of Notre Dame and St. Germain des Pres ; the clerestory 
windows are pointed, and of much wider proportions than 
were usual in England at that period. At the east end of the 
church is a holy well. 



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243 ON THE MEDIEVAL ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE, &C. 

St. Martin deb Champs. — Parts of the church of this im- 
mense monastic establishment, — particularly the side aisles 
and the eastern end, — are of the Bomane style, and are pro- 
bably of a date as early as the twelfth century ; the major 
part of the edifice is, however, of the thirteenth, and the grand 
refectory, still standing, forms a chef-d'oeuvre of the same 
century. It is known that a church, dedicated to St. Martin, 
stood here in the seventh century, but Henri I. rebuilt the 
whole, and Philip I. constituted it into a priory of Cluniac 
monks A.D. 1079. The church, now much degraded, is hard 
to be made out, from its being used as a magazine for the 
Ecole des Arts et Metiers, but the refectory has been appro- 
priated as a school, and with its beautiful reading pulpit, and 
single row of slender shafts running down the middle of the 
apartment to support the vaulting, produces a most exquisite 
effect. The details are worked out with great care and 
delicacy. 

Notre Dame. — The earlier parts of this building, including 
the lower portions of the western front, the piers of the nave, 
choir, and aisles, date from the end of the twelfth century; 
and, though they are on the very limits of the circular and 
pointed styles, or rather associated with the latter, entitle 
the cathedral to be considered one of the earliest buildings in 
the capital. The high Altar was consecrated A.D. 1182. No 
description of this well-known edifice is necessary : it may be 
observed, however, that the character of this early portion of 
the architecture is very good, rich, and massive, ana that the 
ornamental parts are executed with great taste and skill. A 
considerable portion of* the edifice, indeed all that part which 
most strikes the unprofessional eye, is of the thirteenth cen- 
tury, and no small portion, especially towards the eastern end, 
of the fourteenth, some even as late as the fifteenth. It was a 
building that advanced very slowly towards completion. The 
whole is going to be carefully restored by the French Govern- 
ment, and some injudicious alterations made during the last 
and present centuries will be removed. 

H. LONGUEVILLE JONES. 



>,„itize< ^Google 



©riginal ©otumtnts, 

ILLUSTRATING THE ABTS, &C. OP THE MIDDLE AGES. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERIOR OF A CHAMBER 
IN A CASTLE. 

The following curious descriptive account of the interior of 
a chamber is taken from a manuscript of the fifteenth century 
in the Public Library at Cambridge, containing the metrical 
romance of Sir Degrevant. There is another copy of the same 
romance in the library of Lincoln cathedral, which furnishes 
a few variations. The rarity of such pieces gives consider- 
able interest to this extract. 

Ther was a ryal rooffe 
In a chaumber of loffe, 
Hyt was buakyd above 

With besauntea fill brygth, 
All off ruel bon*, 
Wbygth b oger c and parpon a , 
Mony a dere wrothe * atone, 

Endentyd and dyjth. 
Ther men myjth Be, ho that wolde, 
Arcangelee of rede golde f , 
ffytly mad of o > molde, 

IiOwynge" ful lyjth ; 
With the Focalyps of Jon, 
The Powlea Pyatolea everychon. 
The parabolas of Salamon, 

Payntyd fill ryjth. 

* Thin term is mentioned in Sir Thopas shew* both end*. In Craven, a thin wall, 
and the ballad of Thomas of Ercildoun a* the stones of which are built on the edge, 
the material of a saddle ; and in the Tur- is called a par-point ; in Scotland, a wall 
nament of Tottenham u having ornamented in general, and in Aberdeenshire the parapet 
the head-dress of Tibbe. Its precise mean- of a bridge, is called a parpaxe. SeeJamie- 
kur does not seem to be known; bnt it ia ion, supp. in T. 

explained by Scott to be " the round bone " Wrought with great pains. 

of the knee." ' This probably refers to the carved 

* With. corbels. 

' Ogee moulding*. See Prof. Willis's ■ One. 

Architectural Nomenclature, p, 11. k Shining. 

* A stone through a thick wall which 



>v Google 



244 ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. 

And the foure gospellores, 

Syttyng on pyllores ; 

Hend ', herkeneth and heres, 

Gyf hy t be goure wylL 
Auulyn and Gregory, 
Jerome and Ambrose, 
Thus the foure doctorea 

Lyetened than tylle. 
Ther was purtred k in ston 
The fylesoferes everychon, 
The story of Absolon, 

That lykyd full ylle ; 
With an orrelegge l one hyjth 
To rynge the oura at nyjth, 
To waken Myldore the bryjth, 

With belluB to knylle. 

Square wydowes of glaa. 
The recheet that ever was, 
Tho moyneleB n was offbrae, 

Made with menne handes ; 
Alle the waHes of geete a , 
With gaye gablettea and grete, 
Kyngges ayttyng in their sete 

Out of sure P londea. 
Orete Charles with the crounne, 
Syre Godfrey the Boyloune, 
And Arthur the Bretounc, 

With here bryjt brondeai. 
The floure was paned' overal 
With a clere crystal, 
And overe keveryd" with a pal', 

Afflore" where she stondes. 

Hur bed was of assure. 
With tester and celure', 

1 Courteous people. » Ornamented ei 

' Pourtrayed. * Severs]. 

i A clock. Thii in a curious notice of ' Swords. 

a domestic clock at an early period. For ' Variegated. 

further particulars on early clocks, see ■ Covered. 

Harrington's paper in the fifth volume of < Rich cloth, 

the Archteologia. ° On the floor. 

■ Mul lions. ■ Canopj. 

n Jet 



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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. 245 

With a bryjt bordure, 

Compasyd fid clene ; 
And all a starve at bit was 
Of Ydoyne and Amadas, 
I'erreye' in ylke a plas, 

And papageyes * of grene. 
The ecochenea * of many knyjt 
Of gold and cyprua was i-dy jt b , 
Erode besauntes and bry jt, 

And treweloves c bytwene ; 
There was at hur testere 
The kyngea owne banere ; 
Was nevere bede lychere 

Of empryce ne qwene ! 

This romance, which contains several curious passages 
relating to the manners of the fourteenth century, will shortly 
be published by the Camden Society, with the variations 
afforded by the copy in the Lincoln manuscript. 

J. O. HALLIWELL. 



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PROCEEDINGS OP THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE 



ttrftUi) «(cb8to(ofiicsl association. 



Junk 25. 

Mr. C. R. Smith stated that the Council of the Numismatic Society had autho- 
rized him to present to the Association a complete set of the Proceeding! of the 
Society, 4 vols. 8to. London, 1836 — 44. 

Mr. Manny exhibited two Roman bronze swords, found near the Roman wall 
in Northumberland, and a Norman sword found in the Thames, opposite the 
new houses of parliament. 

Mr. Wright read a note from Mr. John Virtue, of 08, Newman-street, accom- 
panying an exhibition of two fragments of Roman red pottery, an ivory knife- 
handle,an earthen jar and a glass bottle of the middle ages, an abbey counter, and 
a piece of " black money," stated to hare been discovered, about two years since, 
with a quantity of the red pottery, and a considerable number of gold, silver, 
and copper coins, during the formation of the Dover railway, at the depth of about 
17 feet from the surface of the ground, in the immediate vicinity of Joiner-street, 
London Bridge. 

Mr. C. R. Smith exhibited a spur and fibula in bronze, the property of Mr. 
Joseph Warren, of Ixworth, Suffolk. The spur is of the kind termed " prick- 
spur," but differing from the Norman (to which this term is usually applied) in 
form, size, and general character. It is ornamented and studded with small stones, 
or rather coloured pastes. The ends to which the leathern straps were fastened 
are fashioned into the shape of animals' heads. It was found at Fakenham, a 
village adjoining Ixworth. lie fibula is cruciform, and four inches in length, 
the upper and lower parts terminating in grotesque heads. It was found at Ixworth. 
These two objects are considered to be either Saxon or Danish!"" The spur 
is an extremely rare specimen ; the fibula is of a kind common to the counties of 
Norfolk, Suffolk, and Northampton, but in the southern and western counties is 
not frequently met with. 

Mr. Smith then read the following communications from Mr. Thomas Bateman, 
jut!., of Bakewell, Derbyshire : — 

" In making a plantation north of Kenslowe wood, near Middleton, on the 19th 
of May, 1826, the labourers discovered in a natural fissure in the rock some 
human teeth and bones, mixed with bones of rats and other animals, amongst 
others a boar's tusk, all of which are now in my possession. Thinking that by 
making a better search something else might be discovered, in April, 1844, I 
cleared all the soil out of the fissure, and found amongst it some more human 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 247 

bones, which indicate the skeleton to be that of a female, alio a large quantity of 
animal bones, amongst which was the skull either of a wolf or large dog. From 
the absence of any urn or other article, it is questionable if this can with propriety 
be styled a barrow, bnt from the tact of the discovery of human bones I have 
thought it worthy of record. 

u On the 6th of May, 1 844, 1 opened a barrow called Moot Lowe, situated in a 
rocky field of considerable elevation, about a mile south-west of Grange Mill. 
The barrow is about Id yards in diameter, and about 4 feet higher than the sur- 
rounding field. We commenced cutting from the east side towards the middle, 
at about four yards from which we found, just under the turf, on the left-hand side 
of our trench, a large urn measuring about 16 inches in height, and 13 inches in 
diameter at the mouth ; it is made of coarse and badly-baked clay, and is rudely 
ornamented with lines running in different directions. When found, it lay on one 
side, crushed to pieces from having lain so near the surface, t shall be able to 
restore it partially, when I shall make a drawing of it, which I will send you. 
Within the urn was a deposit of burnt bones, amongst which was a lance head, or 
dagger, of brass, measuring fy inches in length, with a hole at the lower end, by 
which it had been riveted or otherwise , 

fastened into the handle ; it has some- 
time been very highly polished. It i* 
here drawn of the original size. It 
is remarkable that this is the only 
brass dagger that I can trace as being 
found in the Derbyshire harrows, al- 
though it is by no means uncommon 
to find them in the south of Eng- 
land, as see Sir B. C. Hoare's Ancient Wiltshire, vol i. Plates 11 and 28, 
where two are engraved, very similar to this one. A little nearer the centre of 
the barrow was a skeleton, with the knees drawn up, lying on some large lime- 
stones, but unaccompanied by articles of any kind. The ground in the centre 
of the barrow was at least four feet lower than the natural soil, and filled up with 
stones without soil, but nothing was found there. Dispersed amongst the soil, of 
which the barrow was in part composed, were found teeth of pigs and other 
animals, a small fragment of an urn, some chippings of flint, and a very few rat 
bones. About 400 yards from the foregoing barrow there was another small 
barrow, likewise called Moot Lowe, which was formerly opened by Mr. Gill, who 
(as I am informed) found some articles of gold there. There is now very little of 
the barrow remaining ; however, I examined it on the 6th of May, and found a 
few human bones and teeth, which had evidently belonged to two skeletons, and a 
few animal bones also. 

" On the 8th of May, 1844, 1 opened a barrow called Sliper Lowe, situated on 
Brassington Moor. It is about twelve yards in diameter, but very low, being 
raised scarcely more than a foot above the ground : it is probably reduced in height 
by having been ploughed over ; indeed, I am pretty confident that such is the 
case, as we found human bones &o. scattered all over the surface of the barrow, 
just under the turf, and broken into small pieces.no doubt by being dragged about 
by the ploughshare. We cut trenches through it in different directions, and found 
that it was raised upon the rock. On coming to the middle, we found a deposit of 
burnt bones, with two flint arrow-heads and two other instruments of flint. Pro- 
ceeding a little deeper, we discovered a cist cut in the rock, which contained a 



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248 ■ PROCEEDINGS OP THE COMMITTEE. 

very fine urn of clay rather under-baked, and orna- 
mented in a very uncommon and tasteful manner, 
measuring 7\ inches in height and fij inches in 
diameter at the mouth. Under the urn, and at the 
bottom of the cut, lay the skeleton of a young per- 
son, apparently about ten years of age. In most of 
the trenches we cut were found human bones, which 
had belonged to three skeletons at the least, also 
teeth and bones of various animals, rats, &o. 
also found the skull of a foumart or polecat, the ss 
as those found in the barrow at Bull Hill, August 1 
24th, 1843, five instruments and various chippings 
of flint, a fragment apparently of a stone celt, and 
a fragment of white pottery with a green glaze, all 
scattered about the barrow at an inconsiderable 
depth. 

" On the 10th of May, 1844, I made a farther examination of Galley Lowe, 
which I first opened on the 30th of June, 1843. We opened two trenches in the 
thicker end, which is raised about fire feet above the ground, and which consists 
mostly of loose stones, held up by a row of large limestones set edgeways near the 
bottom. In one of the trenches, about three feet from the top of the barrow, and 
amongst the loose stones, was fouud a human skeleton, and near it, on a flat stone, 
a deposit of burnt bones. About a yard farther on, at the same depth, was another 
skeleton, evidently that of a very young man ; both of them were unaccompanied 
by any kind of articles. In the other trench nothing was found. In filling up 
again a small piece of a coarse urn was found. 

" On the 10th of June, 1844, I opened a barrow Bituated in a field on Elton 
Moor, by cutting through it in two different directions, so as to leave very little of 
it unexplored. About the level of the ground, in the centre, we found a few 
human bones, which had been before disturbed, some animal teeth, a large flint 
arrow or spear head, and a piece of a small urn, neatly ornamented. When near 
the south side of the barrow, and about eighteen inches below the surface of the 
natural soil, we came to the skeleton of an aged person, the bones of which were 
very much decayed ; near the head was a small fragment of wood, of a half- circular 
shape, encased with iron (it was at first like the half of a small egg, the iron being 
the shell, but it got broke, and I have obtained only a small piece of it) ; behind the 
skeleton was an urn of badly baked clay, very neatly ornamented, which had been 
crushed by the weight of the soil, with which it was in some measure incorporated. 
Inside the urn were found, all in a heap, one red and two light-coloured pebbles, 
an article of iron ore, polished, which was most probably used as an amulet, (one 
of the same material, and something like it, was found in Galley Lowe last year,) 
a small celt of grey flint, a cutting instrument of grey flint, beautifully chipped, 
no less than twenty-one flints of the circular-ended shape, most of which are very 
neatly chipped, and fifteen pieces of flint of various shapes, some of them arrow- 
heads. Very few rats' bones were found in this harrow, but there were some burnt 
bones scattered about the last-mentioned skeleton." 

Mr. Wm. B. Bradfield, of Winchester, forwarded a notice of a recent discovery 
of indications of foundations of a building of considerable extent in the meadow 
on the south-east side of Winchester college. The lines of foundations, owing to 
the long continuance of dry weather, are very distinctly discernible, the grass 

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PROCEEDINGS OP THE COMMITTEE. 249 

growing on them being withered and brown, while that on the ground adjoining 
remains fresh and green. Mr. Bradfield considers they are the remains of the 
chapel attached to the college of St. Elizabeth, founded in 1301, by John dc 
Pontissara, bishop of Winchester. 

Mr. Way exhibited some drawings by Mr. J. B. Jackson, representing, No. 1, 
an artificial mound of earth in the centre of the village of Oye, near FleUcetjord, 
adjoining the Naze of Norway ; No. 2, a circle of stones, which, according to oral 
tradition, was used by the people of that Tillage for judicial proceedings ; No. 3, 
■ketches of churches in the district of Siiedale, and of large fragments of stones 
(apparently portions of Celtic monuments) in Dorsetshire. 

Send a note from Mr. G. B. Richardson : — " While the workmen were remov- 
ing some panelling at the Altar of the church of St Nicholas, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
during some late alterations, they found under the two southernmost mullions of 
the east window a fine sculptured tablet sunk into the wall, representing the cruci- 
fixion, surmounted by a beautiful moulding, and inscribed in black letter Jfltiti 
lbs*. The face of the sculpture is miserably destroyed; probably, in 1783, the 
workmen chipped it off in order to obtain a flat surface for the panelling. The 
stone, which appears to have been monumental, is about 5, feet in height." 

July 10. 

Mr. Wright read a letter from Mr. Robert Cole, of Tokenhouse-ytrd, accom- 
panying an ancient bronze spur of the Norman period, richly ornamented and set 
with coloured stones, which had been recently dug up in the Isle of Skye at 
Monkstot Mr. Cole remarks, " Mugstot, or Monkstodt, is the seat of the Mae- 
donald family, who now represent the celebrated ' Kings of the Isles,' and the 
■pur, I understand, was found near to the ruins of the castle of Durtulm, the 
stronghold of those warlike chiefs." 

Mr. Wright exhibited a wood earring, supposed to be of the end of the fifteenth 
century, representing the entombment of Christ, now in the possession of Mr. 
John Virtue, of 58, Newman-street. 

Mr. Croker stated that be had communicated with Captain Brandreth on the 
subject of the Saxon barrows destroyed in Greenwich Park, and that great exag- 
gerations and misrepresentations had appeared in the public prints. It appears 
that only twelve barrows had been cleared away, and that the Government has, at 
a sacrifice of 850/., selected another situation for the reservoir. Mr. Croker added, 
that the authorities had expressed their readiness to forward the objects of the 
Association in every way in their power. 

Dr. Bromet read a letter from Thomas Brighthomeby, treasurer of the com- 
mittee for the preservation of the ancient Gothic building raised over St. Wine- 
rred's Well at Holywell, stating the measures which had been taken to secure the 
objects of that committee, and expressing a wish to have the name of the British 
Archaeological Association in the list of subscribers. Mr. Pettigrew having made 
a statement of the present condition of the funds of the Association, it was moved 
by Mr. Croker, seconded by Mr. Wright, and resolved, that in the present stage of 
the formation of the Association it would not be advisable to begin to subscribe 
money towards the restoration of buildings. 

Mr. Wright read a letter from Mr. Ferrey, respecting some important renova- 
tions now taking place in Wells cathedral. Mr. Ferrey promises to lay before 
the Committee a report of any discoveries that may in consequence be made. 



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250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

Jdit M. 
Mr. Croker read the following letter from the Rev. Thomas Dean to Albert 
Way, Esq., respecting the state of Little Malvem church, Worcestershire. 

Cvlnall Orm, near Ledbury, May SI, 184*. 

Sib, — I beg to draw your attention, and through yon the attention of the 
members of the British Arch ecological Association, to the state of little Malvern 
church, situate in the county and diocese of Worcester. Notwithstanding the 
silent ravages of time and the rude band of the spoliator, this church contains 
many very valuable remains of medieval piety, and many interesting specimens of 
Christian ornament, which are highly deserving of preservation. The entire re- 
storation of this church is an object more to be desired than expected, but even 
that is not impossible, and would certainly reflect much honour and consolation to 
any benevolent individual or association invested with sufficient means and taste 
and skill to restore its ancient proportions. The east window is a rich specimen of 
the painted glass of the fifteenth century. It is coeval with the rebuilding of the 
church by Bishop Atcock about the year 1490. This window originally contained 
what might be considered a continuous history of the royal family of Edward IV. 
Several of the compartments are still nearly perfect, and a judicious hand would 
probably be able to restore the whole. The royal arms, those of Beauchamp, of 
WoodvUle, and of Alcock, then bishop of Worcester, and probably formerly prior 
of Little Malvern, are nearly perfect. So are also the figures of the queen and of 
Prince Edward, afterwards Edward V., who was murdered in the Tower. Another 
compartment, nearly perfect, contains the figures of three daughters of Edward TV., 
the eldest of whom, the Princess Elizabeth, afterwards became queen of Henry TIL, 
and united the hostile houses of York and Lancaster; she is dressed in rich attire, and 
affords one of the finest specimens now remaining of the female costume of that age. 

The chancel contains some interesting specimens of the tiles of the fifteenth 
century and a few of much earlier data. 

In the window which is inserted in the arch of the south aisle there is a most 
beautiful specimen of painted glass, taken from some part of the ancient church, 
which is probably a representation of the first person in the Godhead; this figure 
is nearly perfect, and the exquisite beauty of it is unique. 

The church originally consisted of a chancel, nave, two transepts, two side 
chapels, and asacristy or holy chapel behind the Altar, of which there now remains 
only the chancel and part of the nave, the remainder is entirely in ruins and over- 
grown with ivy. Portions of the entire walls and windows remain and may easily 
be traced. The rood-beam is of beautiful workmanship and with die miserere 
seats and chancel-screen require attention. The pulpit and reading-desk are in a 
sadly dilapidated and wretched state. Some of the pews are of the most offensive 
character and disfigure the building. 

The decency requisite for the due service of Almighty God demands that some- 
thing should immediately be done to restore this interesting church, which has 
suffered so much from civil and religious discord; but when the state of the parish 
and of the living, only a perpetual curacy of £U. 10s. per annum, is taken into 
consideration, it is evident that local means are inadequate to so extensive a work. 
There are also difficulties of a nature which may in some degree militate against 
any effort to restore the ancient Christian dignity of this venerable structure, but 
I trust these will yield to the influence of proper feeling, and no longer embarrass 
the efforts to renovate this splendid monument of the zeal and piety of our ances- 
tors. And to God alone be the glory. 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 251 

If it be in your power to lay these particulars before the members of the Archie- 
okigical Association, yon wi]] perform anact of Christian philanthropy, and may afford 
seme pions individual an opportunity to render service in the holy cause of religion, 
by restoring the whole or some part of this interesting structure; or at all events 
you may bare an opportunity of drawing such attention to the church u may tend 
to preserve the ancient and historical monuments recorded in the windows, on the 
floor, and in the carved work, and at the same time rescue this temple of Almighty 
God from further dilapidation, and from that culpable neglect to which it baa for 
so many yean been subjected. 

Messrs. Cocks and Biddulph, bankers, 43, Charing Cross, London, will kindly 
receive any donation or contribution for the restoration of Little Malvern church, 
and any further information will gratefully be given on application to the Rev. 
Thomas Dean, Colwnll Green, near Ledbury, Herefordshire. 

I have the honour to be, Sir, your obedient humble servant, 

THOMAS DEAN, 
Perpetual Curate of little Malvern. 

Albert Way, Esq., Honorary Secretary, dec 

Reference having been made to former proceedings, resolved, with consideration 
particularly of the minutes of the last meeting, " that in the present stage of the 
formation of the Association, it would not be advisable to begin to subscribe 
money towards the restoration of buildings." But it was the wish of the meeting 
that Mr. Dean's letter should be answered by the Secretary, assuring him of the 
interest the Association felt in the preservation of Little Malvern church, and ex- 
pressing their regret that the state of their funds does not enable them to contri- 
bute to its support, but that they would call public attention to his communication 
in the Archssological Journal. 

A spur and stirrup, apparently Norman, were exhibited by Mr. J. Perdue, jun., 
found at the bottom of Cottenton's hill, Kingsclere, while making a trench. 

Bead, a letter from Mr. Goddard Johnson to Mr. C. R. Smith, with a drawing 
of a " Gypcyere," or ancient English stretcher for a purse or pouch. Mr. Johnson 
observes : — " The article was formerly known by the name of ' Gypcyere,' and 
is noticed under this name in the 'Fromptorium Parvulorum,' edited by Mr. 
Way, as well as by others. It consisted of a purse or pouch attached to the 
stretcher by sewing thereto, through the holes ; the pouch was commonly of leather, 
and frequently of silk with other costly ornaments. We retain two old sayings to 
this day which relate to and had their origin from the above articles, and which 
we use without being generally aware of the derivation, namely, the term ' Cut- 
purse,' the article in question being formerly worn suspended from a girdU 
round the waist, from whence the purse or pouch was out off by the thieves of 
that time, in lieu of which we now have ' pick-pockets.' Another saying — on 
the frequent application for money by the tax and rate gatherers, as well as others, 
we have the common remark of ' one had always need to have one's purse at the 
girdle.' There is another set of articles which require a further elucidation of their 
history and use than has come under my notice, I mean those known by the name 
of ' roundels' and ' lots,' of which an account is given in Gent. Mag., vol. txiii. 
pp.308,1187; liiv. 407, 8, 3 ; lxrii. 281, and Ixix. 498. In voL lxiii. they are 
called ' lota.' Notwithstanding what is said in the above references, something 
more is yet required to throw further tight upon them." 

Mr. Croftou Croker then stated to the meeting with reference to the minutes of 
the committee of June 12, June 2o, and July 10th, that he had communicated 
with the Hon. Sidney Herbert, Secretary of the Admiralty, respecting the alleged 



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252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

destruction of the barrows in Greenwich Park, and that Mr. Herbert informed 
him he had already explained this matter in the House of Commons. "The facts 
of the esse," Mr. Croker observed, " were briefly these. A tank or reservoir for 
water being required for the protection of Deptford Dock-yard and Greenwich 
Hospital in case of fire, a site was sought by the Admiralty on Blackheath, and 
selected on a spot considered to be most likely to be generally unobjectionable. 
The Board of Admiralty, however, rinding that the expression of popular opinion 
was against an; encroachment whatever upon the heath, which was regarded as 
public property, notwithstanding such encroachment would have been made for 
the security of public works, and that a suggestion had been offered at a public 
meeting, that as Greenwich Park was the property of the Crown, it was the 
proper place for the intended tank, the Secretary of the Admiralty was directed 
to communicate with the earl of Lincoln. Lord Lincoln having represented the 
case to the Princess Sophia, her Royal Highness' consent was obtained for the 
appropriation of the least frequented portion of Greenwich Park for the formation 
of this reservoir. The spot selected under these instructions in the park being 
oojected to on the part of the parishioners, the works which had been commenced 
were stopped as soon as possible. It appears that out of the thirty-six barrows, 
some of which had been formerly opened, twelve barrows had been " tapped" by 
the workmen, but upon a feeling of interest being expressed for their preserva- 
tion, the workmen had not only been taken off, but ordered to replace the earth 
upon the same spots from which it had been removed, and a negotiation had now 
secured, it was hoped, another site for the tank outside of Greenwich Park." 

August 14. 
Monsieur Lecointre-Duponl, of Poitiers, foreign member, 
presented, 1. 'Seances Generates tenuea en 1843 par la 
SocieteFrancaise pour la Conservation des Monuments Hit- 
Uniques,' 8vo. Caen, 1843. 2. ' Bulletins de la Societe dot 
Antiquaires de l'Ouest,' Annees, 1844 — 16. Premier et 
deiixiemetrimestredel844,8vo. Poitiers. Mons. Lecoinlre- 
Dupont also forwarded, through Mr. C. B. Smith, a tracing 
of a drawing of a very curious object in fine gold discovered 
two leagues from Poitiers, in March. It weighs about 11 ( 
ounces, is 21 inches in length, 6 inches in diameter at one 
end, and 1) at the other. It exhibits in form a divided 
cone, adorned with bands, charged alternately with four 
rows of pellets and ornaments, formed of four concentric 
circles, each band being separated by fillets. It has been 
east entire at once, for there is no appearance of solder 
or rivet, and the ornaments have been struck from within 
outwards. It exhibits no appearance of any mode of sus- 
pension. Mons. L.-Dupont writes, " To what people and 
epoch does this object belong, and what was its use, are 
questions to which I call your attention and that of the 
British Archaeological Association. For my part I am 
tempted to assign this valuable relic to the Gauls, and I 
am pleased to rind that M. Baoul Bochette, to whom it has 
been submitted, is of the same opinion. The general notion 
is, that it is a quiver, but in this I do not concur, believing 
rather that it may have been an ornament. I shall be 



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PROCEEDINGS 07 THE COMMITTEE. 263 

happy to have your opinion on the subject, and to know if similar objects hare been 
found in England." 

Hr. Redmond Anthony, of Piltotra, Ireland, exhibited drawing* of a bronze 
circular fibula, found near Carrick bay, co. Waterford ; a white marble inkstand, 
(bund in the ruins of the seven churches, co. Wicklow ; and an urn in baked clay, 
ornamented with two bands of hexagonal indentations, found near Cloumore, co. 
Kilkenny, all of which are now in the Filtown museum. 

Mr. C. R. Smith exhibited a female head in freestone, discovered during recent 
excavations for houses adjoining the church of St. Matthew in Friday Street. This 
piece of sculpture had been used as a building stone in a wall about eight feet 
below the present surface. The work, of the time of Henry III., or Edward I., 
resembles that of the well known effigies of Eleanor; the head bears a trefoil 
Crown ; the face has apparently been painted in flesh-colour ; the eye-brows and 
eye-lids are painted black, and the pupils of the eyes retain a dark-coloured com- 
position. Coins of the early Edwards and of Henry III. were also found during 
these excavations together with earthen cups and other articles of the same period. 
At a more advanced depth many Roman remains were discovered, together with 
walls of houses and vestiges of a tessellated pavement. 

Mr. Smith also exhibited a bronze enamelled Roman fibula of elegant shape, 
and a British brass coin recently found at Springhead, near Southfleet, Kent, in 
the garden of Mr. Sylvester, who had kindly forwarded them for examination. 
Mr. Smith remarked that the coin was of considerable interest, being an addi- 
tional variety to the British series. The obverse (incuse) bears a horse, and between 
the legs the letters cio ; the reverse, (convex,) a wheat-ear dividing the letters c*m, 
CamuJoiJaiHim, which so frequently occur upon the coins of Cunobelin. Several 
British and a great number of Roman coins have heretofore been found with 
other Roman remains at Springhead. In the field adjoining Mr. Sylvester's pro- 
perty the foundations of Roman buildings are very extensive, and in dry summers 
the walls of numerous small houses or of a large villa, (probably the former,) are 
clearly defined by the parched herbage. Advantage might be taken of these indi- 
cations for making excavations to investigate the remains, at a trifling cost, and 
with a certain prospect of success. 

Mr. Wright gave an account of the opening of barrows in Bourne Park, near 
Canterbury, the seat of Lord Albert Conyngham. 

" The hills running to the south of Bourne Park are covered with low barrows, 
which from their shape and contents, and a comparison with those found in other 
parts of Kent, appear to be the graves of the earlier Saxon settlers in this district. 
Three barrows within the park, on the top of the hill in front of the house, were 
opened on Wednesday the 24th of June, in presence of Lord Albert Conyngham, 
Sir Henry Dryden, Mr. Roach Smith, and myself. Several of them bad previously 
been opened by his lordship, but the only article found in them was one boss of a 
shield ; it would appear as though the nature of the soil (chalk) had here entirely 
destroyed the deposit 

"We first opened a large barrow, which appeared to have been rifled at some 
former period. Here, as in all Saxon barrows, the deposit is not in the mound 
itself, but in a rectangular grave dug into the chalk. At the top of the grave 
were found two portions of bones of the leg, and at the bottom a fragment 
of a skull (in the place where the head must originally have been placed), some 
teeth (which were at the foot of the grave), some other fragments of bones, a small 
piece of the blade of a sword, and an iron hook exactly resembling those on the 

l! 



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254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

lower rim of die bucket described below. At each of the four upper camera of 
the grave, was a small excavation in the chalk, which was filled with the skulls 
and bones of mice, with the remains of seed, &c., which had served them for food, 
mixed with a quantity of fine mould apparently the remains of some decomposed 
substance. From the condition of the bones and seed, they would appear to be much 
more modern than the original deposit, but it is a remarkable circumstance that 
the same articles are found in so many of the barrows here and on the Breach 
Downs. The grove itself was of large dimensions, being about fourteen feet long, 
between sU and seven bread, and somewhat more than three in depth, independent 
of the superincumbent mound. 

" The next barrow opened was a smaller one, adjacent to the former, of which 
the elevation was so small as to be scarcely distinguishable from the surrounding 
ground. The grave was filled, like No. 1, with the chalk which had been dug out 
of the original excavation. The body, which was perhaps that of a female, and 
the various articles which it had once contained, were entirely decomposed. A 
small mass of dark-coloured earth a little above the shoulder, apparently decom- 
posed wood, seemed to be the remains of a small box. The bones were distinctly 
traced by the colour of the earth, a small fragment of the skull being all that 
remained entire, and from the quantity of black mould which occupied the place 
of the body, resembling that which in other places was found to have resulted 
from the decomposition of wood, we may be led to suppose that the body was 
placed in a wooden chest Another large quantity of similar black mould lay 
together in an elongated form on the left side of the body towards the foot of the 
grave. In the corner to the right of the feet were found some fragments of small 
hoops imbedded in wood. 



" This small barrow lay on the east side of the one first opened. The last 
barrow opened was a large one to the west of the first barrow. In the accom- 
panying section, Nos. 1 and 3 are the first and third barrows. In this last barrow 
we again found the small boles at the corners of the grave, but they were tamed 
towards the sides instead of being turned towards the ends ; and they also con- 
tained bones of mice. This grave was nearly as long as the first, about a foot 
deeper, and rather broader in proportion to its length. The floor was very 
smoothly cut in the chalk, and was surrounded by a narrow gutter, which was not 
observed in the others. It was not filled with the chalky soil of the spot, but with 

fine mould brought from a distance, and this was 

probably the cause of the better preservation of 

the articles contained in it The second figure, 

which is a plan of this grave, will shew the posi- I 

tion in which these articles were found. At the I 

foot of the grave, in the right-hand corner, had I 

stood a bucket, of which the hoops (in perfect 

preservation) occupied their position one above 

another as if the wood had been there to sup- "* * p 1 " "*" ™"- 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMUTES. 



255 




port them. This bucket (represented in fig. 3) 
appeared to hare been about a foot high ; the 
lower hoop was a foot in diameter, and the 
upper hoop exactly ten inches. A somewhat 
similar bucket is represented in one of the plates 
of Douglas's Nenia. The hooked feet appear 
to have been intended to support the wood, and 
prevent its slipping in the bucket. From the 
similar hook found in the grave No. 1, and the 
fragments of hoops in the smaller grave, I am 
inclined to think that similar buckets were 
originally placed in both. A little higher up in 
(be grave, in the position generally occupied by 
tbe right leg of the person buried, was found a 
considerable heap of fragments of iron, among 
which were a boas of a shield of the usual 
Saxon form (fig. 4), a horse's bit (fig. 5), 
F14. 3. (which appears to be an article of very unusual 

occurrence), a buckle (fig. 7) and other things 
which appear to have belonged to the shield, 
a number of nails with large ornamental heads, 
with smaller nails, the latter mostly of brass. 
From the position of the boss, it appeared that 
the shield hod been placed with the convex 
(or outer) surface downwards. Not lor from 
these articles, at the side of the grave, was 
found the fragment of iron (fig. 6), consisting of 
a larger ring, with two smaller ones attached 
to it, which was either part of the horse's bridle, 
or of a belt On the left-band side of tbe grave was found a small piece of 
iron which resembled the point of some weapon. At the head of the grave, on 
tbe right-hand side, we found an elegantly 
shaped bow) (fig. 8), about a foot in diameter, 
and two inches and a half deep, of very thin 
copper, which had been thickly gill, and with 
handles of iron. It had been placed on its 
edge leaning against the wall of the grave, and 
was much broken by the weight of the super- p * s - 

incumbent earth. The only other articles found in this grave were two small 
round discs resembling counters, about seven-eighths of an inch in diameter, 
flat on one side, and convex on tbe other, the use of which it is impossible to 
conjecture, unless they were employed in some game. One was made of bone, 
the other had been cut out of a piece of Saioiaa wore. The most singular 
circumstance connected with this grave was, that there were not the slightest 
traces of any body having been deposited in it; in fact, the appearances were 
decisive to tbe contrary ; the only ways in which we could explain this were 
either that the body had been burnt, and the ashes deposited in an um concealed 
somewhere in the circuit of the grave (which is not probable), or that the person 
to whom the grave was dedicated had been a chief killed in battle in some distant 
expedition, and that bis friends had not been able to obtain his body. This view 



•O* f 



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256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

of the case seems to be supported by the fact that, although bo many valuable 
articles were found in the grave, there were no traces of the long sword and 
the knife generally found with the bodies of male adults in the Saxon barrows. 

"The three graves lay very nearly north and south, the heads towards the 
south, as was the case with many of those opened in the last century by Douglas, 
and described in his Nenia, the variations being only such as might be expected 
from the rude means possessed by the early Saxon invaders for ascertaining the 
exact points of the compass. It may be added that among the earth with 
which the smaller grave was rilled two small fragments of broken Roman pottery 
were found, which had probably been thrown in with the rubbish. It may be ob- 
served, that the different articles found in this, as in other early Saxon barrows, 
are of good workmanship, and by no means evince alow sUle of civilization." 

3. A letter from Mr. George K. Blyth of North Walsham, Norfolk, giving 
notice of the discovery of some paintings on wood panels, on the screen of the 
church, and inquiring the. best mode of cleaning them tram a coating of paint; 
Mr. Smith suggested the application of a solution of potash and quick lime, in 
the proportions of one pound of the former and half a pound of the latter to a 
gallon of boiling water ; the solution being extremely caustic, must be used with 
care, and if the external coating of paint which it may be desirable to remove be 
thin, diluted with water, and in all cases it is recommended first to try the solution 
on a small portion of the punted surface. 

4. A letter from the Rev. William Dyke, of Bradley, Great Malvern, informing 
the Committee of the threatened destruction of an ancient encampment near 
Coleford, in the Forest of Dean. " The camp," Mr. Dyke states, " is that which 
a line drawn on the ordnance map from Coleford to St. Briavel's (near Stow) 
would intersect. It is elliptical, and is described as presenting marks of a hurried 
construction." It appears from Mr. Dyke's letter, that Mr. C. Fryer, of Coleford , 
is endeavouring to rescue the camp from destruction. The rocks on which it 
stands are being quarried for lime-burning, but there seems no reason whatever 
why the burner might not quarry in another direction. 

6. A letter from Mr. Alfred Pryer, of HoDingbourne, Kent, respecting some ridges, 
presumed to be earth-works or fortifications, extending along the brow of the hills 
from Thomham Castle to Hollingbourne Hill. Mr. Pryer solicited instruction on the 
subject, in order to ascertain whether these ridges were in reality fortifications, or 
whether they may have been formed by the continual ploughing of the land down 
hill, which seems to him the less probable supposition. The Committee 
recommended Mr. Pryer to place himself in communication with the members of 
the Association residing at Maidstone, in order to make a further and more 
complete examination of the site. 

Mr. C. R. Smith drew the attention of the Committee to some constructions 
recently erected in the entrances to the interior of the Soman building usually 
termed " The Pharos,'' on the east side of Dover Castle. This interesting struc- 
ture, probably unique in this country, is well known to antiquaries, and had 
long been an object of admiration and research, for its antiquity and archi- 
tectural peculiarities. It forms moreover the subject of a paper, promised to 
be read by Mr. M. H. Blox&m, at the approaching general meeting of the 
Association, which it cannot be doubted will induce many of the members attend- 
ing the meeting, to avail themselves of the opportunity thus afforded to pay a 
personal visit to the building. They will however be debarred in common with 
the public from gaining access to the ulterior, for the entrances are all blocked up 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 257 

with masonry, so tint admission is utterly impracticable. It is presumed that 
the object of this construction was to preserve the walls from the damage to which 
Ihej are exposed by visitors breaking off pieces of the Roman tiles. This end, 
however, has not been attained ; for the parts exposed to (he bad taste of the 
public are still unprotected, while the character of the structure is destroyed, 
and the antiquary prohibited from seeing its most interesting features. 

Mr. Parker laid before the Committee a drawing of a curious combination of a 
piscina and monument in the church of Long Wittenham, Berkshire. 



The monument is of diminutive size, the effigies of the knight being only two 
feet and two inches in length. 

A note was read from Richard Sainthill, Esq., of Cork, to Mr. Smith, with 
pencil drawings in illustration of Irish ring-money. Mr. Sainthill remarks, — 
" Immense quantities of gold have been annually found in the bogs and other 
soils in Ireland, of a ring form, more or less perfect or circular, and various opinions 
have existed as to their original purpose. Most persons supposed them intended 
for ornaments. A few years since, Sir William Betham, Ulster king-at-arms, 
read a paper before the Royal Irish Academy, published in their Proceedings, and 
almost republished with the illustrations in the Gentleman's Magazine (not 
having my copy of Sir W. B.'s paper at home, I am prevented referring to its 
date). In this paper Sir William gave it as his opinion that these rings, which 
are most abundant in gold, then in copper, and very rare in silver, were money, 
and the smallest weight he had met with was of twelve grains, which will gene- 
rally divide into the weights of all the larger ; and several having lately come under 
my observation, I have found this to be the case. I hare sent you tracings of 
nine silver rings, dug up near this city together in March, 1844 ; the weights of 
seven, which are perfect, are thus: — 

408 grains, divided by 12 34 grains 

768 do 64 

600 do. 50 

372 do 31 

372 do 31 

324 do 27 

384 do 32 



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258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

Two were broken. I bought a small gold specimen, of which you have a tracing ; 
this weight — 168 grains, divided bj 12, 14 grains. On the former sheet of tracings 
you had one of ft copper specimen of ring- money, which also answered exactly 
when divided bj twelve grains — 2,13d grains, divided by 12, 178 grains. Out 
Liverpool merchants trading on the coast of Africa, at Bonney and elsewhere, 
send an article called a manilla, of cast-iron, shaped like the Irish copper or 
bronze ring-money, which is taken on the coust m money ; twenty are estimated as 
a bar, and the bar varies in value according to circumstances, from 3s. to 4s. In 
the interior these msnillas not only pass as money, but are used as ornaments to 
the person. The manillas are manufactured at Birmingham, and formerly were 
composed of copper and block tin." 

August 26. 

Mr. C. B, Smith read a letter from Mr. George E. Blyth, of North Walsham, 
Norfolk, announcing a satisfactory result in the application of solution of potash 
recommended by Mr. Smith at the last meeting of the Committee for the removal 
of paint from some wooden panels in North Walsham church. Mr. Blyth re- 
marks, — " I applied the potash to all the panels, twenty in number ; on eighteen 
I discovered figures, each with a highly and richly ornamented gold nimbus. 

The first panel on the north end of die screen is blank, being painted of a rich 
and deep red, with gilt ornaments, with the circles formed by the foil*. The panels 
are arched, the form being what may be termed the second, or Decorated period of 
Pointed architecture, the heads filled in with a rinquefoil moulding, of an apparent 
later date than the original screen, and painted and pit in a rather meretricious, 
or perhaps what may be termed a bad-taste style. I shall now proceed to enume- 
rate the figures, and describe them as well as I can. 

2nd panel. — St. Catherine, sword in right hand, wheel in left, crowned head 
within a gold nimbus. 

3. Female, bands placed with palms touching each other, the extremities of the 
fingers being together (by this I mean not clasped), a vase or urn at the feet, 
with plant growing from it (the plant is indistinct, but it is very probable 
maybe intended for lilies, as there is the appearance of flowers), flowing hair; 
I suppose St. Mary of Egypt 

4. Winged figure, richly dressed, wings red and bluish green, kneeling, legs and 
feet naked, sceptre in left hand, turbaned, with ornamented cross rising from 
the centre of the turban, and a spiked ball or globe on each side, all gilt, 
hair flowing, feather hanging from sleeves. 

5. St Jude, with boat in right hand. 

6. Apostle, with open book in left hand. 

7. St. Philip, with basket of bread, right hand. 

8. St. Thomas, with spear in right hand, attitude of prayer, standing. 

9. St. James-the-More, staff in right hand. 

10. Apostle, open book in left hand, I suppose St Peter, from his countenance 
and figure, much defaced. 

[These ten form the north part, or end of the screen, there being a continuation 
of the centre aisle through the screen, and no remains of door. ] 

11. Apostle, with clasped book in right hand, and sword in left, I suppose 
St Paul, defaced. 

'2. St. Andrew leaning on his cross X. 

' 3 . St John, palm-branch in right hand, and cup in left, with a serpent appa- 
rently issuing from cup. This emblem is much defaced. 



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PBOCEZDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 259 

14. Apostle, with an escallop in his left band. 

15. St. Bartholomew, with knife. 

16. Apostle, with a plain crook. 

17. St. Barbara, palm-branch in right hand, and castle or tower in left 

16. St. Mary Magdalene, with bos or cap in right hand ; box of spikenard, no 

19. Female, crowned, within gold nimbus, holding a crossed staff in right hand, 
the staff of the cross appearing to terminate in what seems a mitre or mitred 
ornament; the cross itself springs from this ornament, and is highly oroa- 
mented and gilt Probably the Blessed Virgin. 

20. Blank, to correspond with No. 1. 

The pulpit, which has been freed from an old square casing of wood, is of 
an octangular form, and of the later Decorated period, just prior to the introduc- 
tion of the Perpendicular. It was once, no doubt, richly painted and gilt, but the 
panels hare had so man; coatings that I hate been unable to ascertain whether 
there be any figures thereon, and the time I had was so short, that I was obliged to 
give it up. Some interest has been excited already in the parish, and a few per- 
sons have expressed a wish to hare the paintings on the screen restored. The 
whole are much defaced, and were no doubt partially destroyed and covered with 
paint during the Commonwealth, which perhaps may have been renewed from 
time to time. No person in the town, I believe, was aware of their existence, 
although it was possible to trace the outlines of the heads of some figures, and 
some had been cut, so that the features are entirely destroyed. I think that in 
this instance the Society might exercise its influence to some extent, although I 
hope it may not be necessary, as it is not the intention of our churchwarden to 
paint over them at present. If you should not feel it too much trouble, perhaps 
you will endeavour to inform me what the figures are that I have not named, as I 
cannot find any clue. Your list in No. I. does not assist me, although I found it 
very valuable as to the others. I shall have full-sized drawings, or rather tracings 
taken of them, which I will forward the earliest opportunity, although I should 
like to have them returned. I shall not send them unless you think they may 
be of service in illustrating this particular branch of Iconography." 

Mr. Smith then read a communication from Sir. J. A. Barton of Barton village, 
Isle of Wight, relative to the probability of the existence of apartments within the 
mound on which the keep of Carisbrook castle stands, the entrance to which Mr. 
Barton believes he has discovered, and with little assistance could open. Mr. 
Barton remarks, "My first reason for thinking there are subterranean chambers 
was this, — that the keep having been intended as a final refuge for the besieged, 
in its present limited extent is too circumscribed for twenty or a dozen men, and 
it is therefore but a natural inference to suppose there must have been a more 
extensive accommodation. Secondly, in viewing the structure itself, seated as 
it appears to be on a lofty mound evidently not natural, we cannot but reflect that 
he must have been a bold architect indeed who would have ventured to erect so mas- 
sive a building upon an artificial tumulus, when he might more easily have built 
it from the natural ground, and then thrown up the earth around its walls. In 
every part of the keep," Mr. Barton continues, " are abundant proofs of a compli- 
cated and scientific arrangement for the purposes of ventilating and warming 
underground chambers, the entrance to which I believe I have been fortunate 
enough to discover. The formation of the Archaeological Association offers a 
favourable epoch for the settlement of many of these ' vexatte queationea,' and as 



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260 PROCEEDINGS Of THE COMMITTEE. 

one of ita objects is to examine and throw light upon doubtful paints of anti- 
quarian research, I cannot do better than point out this as one worth; of atten- 
tion, and ask its aid to enable me to set the question at rest" 

Mr. Way communicated an account of the discover; of a monument in St. 
Stephen's church, Bristol, furnished by Mr. J. ReyneU, Wreford, who observes ; 
" This discover; occurred about the last week iu Ms.;, 1644. Having been absent 
on the continent for some weeks it had escaped my notice, but from m; friend 
Mr. William Tyson, F.S.A., I have derived the following information respecting 
it, which I have much pleasure in sending you to make an; use of you ma; 
desire. The workmen who hare been employed for some time in altering the 
news in St, Stephen's church in this city, quite accidentally, as in the former 
instance, met with this long-forgotten memorial of the dead. It was previously 
apparent that some arched recesses had been filled up in the south wall of the 
church, and a slight opening had been made in one of them which however led to 
DO discover;, and from the shallowness of the wall it was supposed to be destitute 
of any monument. But in covering the surface with a portion of the pews now 
erecting, a workman found an obstruction in making good his fastenings, which 
led to the removal of some stones, when the recess was found to contain a monu- 
mental effigy. The figure is that of a man, and measures from the head to the 
feet six feet two inches. It is in a recumbent position, with the hands joined in 
supplication. The head is uncovered, with the hair curled round it, so as to re- 
semble a wig. He has a short peaked beard partly mutilated. The dress is a long 
gown, reaching to the feet, with an upright collar and large full sleeves. The 
basilard ia suspended in front by a belt passing over the shoulders. The feet rest 
on a much mutilated animal. From the recess being only eighteen inches in 
depth, the right elbow was of necessity embedded in the wall. The arch of the 
recess is ornamented in a similar style to that recently discovered in the north 
wall. The features of the race are in a remarkably fine state of preservation ; the 
countenance exhibits much individuality of character; and the circumstance of 
the eyes being but partially closed induces the belief that the sculptor worked from 
a cast On the fillet in front of the edge of the slab on which the effigy lies, an 
illegible portion of the usual obituary inscription remains, and which was con- 
tinued round the other sides of the stone. This circumstance, together with the 
inadequate space in which the effigy is placed, would strongly indicate that it has 
been removed from its original position. 

There is good reason to believe that other monumental effigies still remain 
walled up in this church, but unfortunately the vestry were so much dissatisfied 
with the derangement of their plans respecting the pews which the discoveries 
bad occasioned, that they would not permit any further researches. On the re- 
moval of the old pews there was also brought to light the entrance to a newel stair- 
case, leading to the rood-loft, which has been permitted to remain open. A very 
interesting portrait of the fifteenth century, painted on glass, was found in a frac- 
tured state amongst some rubbish on the steps leading to the rood-loft" 

The Rev. Beale Post, of Maidstone, informed the Committee that he had person- 
all; examined the appearances resembling fortifications on the Hallingbourne hills, 
the subject of a letter from Mr. Fryer, recently read at a meeting of the Committee. 
Mr. Post is of opinion that these ridges have been formed by agricultural operations. 

Mr. J. A. Dunkin, of Dartford, exhibited a fiint celt, the property of R. Wilis, 
Esq., found in the bed of the river at Darenth. It is of grey flint, is seven and 
a half inches long, and six inches in circumference in the widest part. 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 261 

Mr. Wright exhibited a drawing of part of the ruins of old St. Clement's 
church st Worcester, which was pulled down a few years ago, when the new 
church of St. Clement was built. They have the apparent character of very early 



Norman work, and the church itself appears to have been an anc 
A curious circumstance connected with these ruins is the discovery of a gold coin 
of Edward the Confessor, said to have been found in the wall immediately over 
the arches by the workmen employed in pulling it down. This coin, now in the 
possession of T. H. Spurrier, Esq., is represented in the annexed engraving. The 
inscription on one side is Edward 
Bkx ; and on the reverse Lypinc on 
Wjehinc, signifying that it was coined 
by Lyfinc at Warwick (for this seems 
to be the place designated). It must 
not be concealed that doubts have 
been entertained of the authenticity of 
this coin, (chiefly from the circum- 
stance of no other gold Saxon coin 

being known,) and therefore of the truth of the story of its discovery. On the 
other hand it may be stated, that no instance of the same type on other 
metal seems to be known ; and Mr. Jabez Allies of Worcester has taken some 
pains to trace the history of its discovery, and has taken the affidavits of the 
persons concerned as to the correctness of their story*. The arches, though in 

* Thn following Itatamnitl are given by Mr. bkviag hord Iblt Tfaatua Hraiy Spurrier, En 
Allw la hii work Or, i», Aodmt Briliik, So- of Edgbuton, hi Birmingham, had th» coin in 

" Til puncoun ■» lb m : _I B th* jw HIT, when h. iturwrd it to me, ud Hid la UB* hongUt 



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262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

chancier early Norman, might be of the reign of Edward the Confessor, when 
Norman arts and customs were introduced rather largely into England. 

Mr. Wright gave an account of the opening of a Roman barrow at the hamlet 
of Holborough (vulgo Hoborow, but in ancient documents Holanbeorge, Hole- 
berghe, dec, which would seem to mean tht hollow borough, or the borough with 
a hollow or care), in the parish of Snodland, Kent, bj Lord Albert Conyngham. 
The party consisted (besides his Lordship and Mr. Wright) of Mr. and Mm. 
Charles Whatman of the Friars, Aylesford, the Be*. L. B. Larking, vicar of 
Byarsh, the Rev. H. D. Phelps, rector of Snodland, and Mr. Aretas Akors, of 
Worcester college, Oxford. The barrow is situated on a rising ground, and is 
overlooked by an elevated field which is supposed to have been occupied as a 
Roman station. The barrow was twenty feet high from the platform on which 
it was raised, which had been cut into the side of the chalk hill. From the 
nature of the ground it was difficult to fix the exact limits of its circumference : 
a rough measurement before the barrow was opened gave a circumference of some- 
what more than two hundred feet, and a subsequent measurement through the 
trench gave a diameter of ninety-three feet, but this probably included a part of 
the raised ground which did not strictly belong to the mound itself. 

A trench from five to seven feet wide was cut through the centre of the barrow 
from east to west. From the discoveries made in this excavation, it appeared that 
the barrow had been raised over the ashes of a funeral pile. A horizontal plat- 
form had first been cut in the chalk of the bill, and on this a very smooth artifi- 
cial floor of fins earth had been made about four inches deep, on which the pile 
bad been raised, and which was found covered with a thin coating of wood-ashes. 
The surface of ashes was not lees than twenty feet in diameter ; among the ashes 
were found scattered a considerable number of very long nails (which had probably 
been used to fasten together the frame-work on which the body was placed for cre- 
mation), with a few pieces of broken pottery, which had evidently experienced the 
action of fire. A part of a Roman fibula was also found. No urns or traces of 
any other funeral deposit were observed during the excavation of the trench, but 
further researches were stopped for the present by the accidental falling in of the 
upper part of the mound. 

Below the barrow, in a large field on the banks of the river adjacent to the 
church, are distinct marks of the former existence of a fioman villa, to which the 
attention of the Committee was called by Mr. Roach Smith on a former occasion *. 
The field adjoining to the church-field bears the significant name of ttom-grave 
field. Some slight excavations were made in the church-field, after leaving the 
barrow : on the further side of the field from the river, part of a floor of large tiles 



it of Mr, Allport, or Boll Street in that town, 


the workmen discovered the coin in qnoattn 


watchmake r, for 10/., who laid ht purchased it of 


among.! the ruin., which ha (Mr. Ball) pnrchaead 


a Mr. Manning, of Birmingham, foe 13t. W., 


of tho workman for it,, ud whn hi got. home to 


who laid ha bought it or ■ Mt. Ball, of Woreetter, 


hi. than reaidence in Woreenler, ht gave 11 to US 


for lOf. who represented that K waa found in the 


wife to take care or; but afterwarda (namely. 


rubbish upon taking down the old St. Clement'* 


about fonr yean previoo.lv to our interview) Bold 


church, in Worceater. Wishing therefore to 


It to Hr. Manning, el Birmingham, for 10*. 


know mora partlcnlan an to tho finding of it, 


Mr.. Ball aleo declared that the nhove- mentioned 


Mr. Spurrier and mjaolf called upon Mr. Allport 


coin waa the one which ber hneband gave her to 


and Mr. Manning, who repeated tho aboro itnto- 






brought to ber, and noticed it particularlv, and 


Jjall, coal-dealer, of Severn Bloke, on the Iflth 


abouJd at nny tune know It from a thanaand 


of October of that roar 1 , and (hewed the coin to 


oUwn." 


him and hij wifo Elizabeth, when he declared 


» Bo Minntc. of the Committee, p. 1M, is 


that he waj at Ht. Clement', chnrch when it ni 


the promt volant. 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE- 263 

was uncovered, and many fragments of pottery were picked up. This floor lay at 
a depth of about a foot below the surface. One or two benches cut nearer the 
river brought us only to the original chalk soil, so that it seems probable that the 
principal buildings did not lay on the water side. The walls observable in the 
bank overlooking the river have probably been passages descending to the water, 
as the floors on which they are raised are about ten feet below the level ground. 
A bath is said to hare been discovered in this Geld about forty years ago, and to 
have been filled up without undergoing any further injury. 

The valley of Maidstone is bounded on the north-west and north-east by two 
ranges of chalk hills, separated from each other by the gorge through which the 
Medway flows to Rochester. On these hills, and in the valley which lies between 
that portion of them commonly called the White Horse Hill and the Blue Bell 
Hill, there are most extensive British remains. Mr. Wright reported an examina- 
tion which he had made of these remains, from the extreme western boundary of 
the parish of Addington on the west, to that of Aylesford on the east. " Some of 
these monuments," he observed, " have been long known to antiquaries, — others, 
in positions more removed from the high road and the general line of traffic, seem 
to have escaped their researches. My attention was first called to them by the 
Rev. Lambert B. Larking, who has resided in their immediate neighbourhood 
from childhood, and has therefore had frequent opportunities of observing them. 
The great extent of these remains had for many years occupied his attention, when 
he at last applied to me for my assistance in a closer and more regular investiga- 
tion of them ; I therefore devoted a few days in the early part of last August to 
that purpose, and we traversed the ground together. In the park of the Hon. 
J. Wingfield Stratford, in the pariah of Addington, which adjoins that of Ryarsh on 
the west, and is situated about a mile from the foot of the Vigo chalk hill, are two 
circles of large stones (long known to antiquaries), and near them is an isolated 
mass of large stones, which appear to be the covering of a subterranean structure. 
Within the smaller circle are trace) of large capstones, which probably form the 
coverings of cromlechs or sepulchral chambers. I would observe that the ground 
withiu this smaller circle appears raised, as though it were the remains of a mound 
which perhaps was never completed. In the southern part of the parish are seve- 
ral immense cones of earth, veritable pyramids, which have every appearance of 
being artificial. The church of Addington is built on one of them. 

" A little to the north of the two circles, in a field at the foot of the hill adjacent 
to a farm named Coldrum Lodge, is another smaller circle of stones, and similar 
appearance* of a subterranean cromlech in the middle. At the top of the Ryarsh 
chalk hill, just above Coldrum, we observed two large stones, resembling those 
which form the circle below, lying flat on the ground, and near them is the mouth 
of a circular well about twenty feet deep, with a doorway at the bottom leading 
into a chamber cut' in the chalk. These pits are found in some other parts of 
Kent In the wood behind this pit, which runs along the top of the hill, and is 
known by the name of Poundgate or White Home Wood, there are said to be other 
masses of these large stones. 

" Proceeding from the circle at Coldrum, towards the east, we observed single 
stones, of the same kind and colossal magnitude, scattered over the fields for some 
distance, and it is the tradition of the peasantry that a continuous line of stones 
ran from Coldrum direct to the well-known monument called Kit's CotXy House, on 
the opposite hills at a distance of between fire and six miles. Hr. Larking and 
myself have indeed traced these stones in the line through a great portion of the 



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264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

distance; and the existence of these stones probably gave rise to the tradition. 
On examining the brow of the hilt above Kit's Cotty House, about three weeks ago, 
I found that it was covered with groups of these large stones lying on the sides of 
the ground in such a manner as to leave little doubt that they are the coverings of 
or the entrances to sepulchral chambers. Each group is generally surrounded by si 
small circle of stones. On Friday, Aug. 23, 1 took some men to this spot, and 
began to excavate, but was hindered by local circumstances of a merely tempo- 
rary nature. I then proceeded further on the top of the hill, and found a few single 
stones lying flat on the ground just within the limits of Aylesford common. Under 
one of these I began to excavate, and found that it was laid across what was appa- 
rently the moutb of a round pit cnt in the chalk, and filled up with flints. Some 
of the cottagers on the top of the hill informed me that these pits woe frequently 
found on that hill, and that generally they had one or two of the large stones at 
the month. When a new road was made a few yean ago, the labourers partly 
emptied some of these pits for the sake of the flints, and I was shewn one emptied 
to a depth of about ten feet, which had been discontinued on account of the labour 
of throwing the flints up. Comparing these pits with the one on the opposite hill at 
Eyarsh, which has at some remote period lieen completely emptied, I aln inclined to 
think that they have all chambers at the bottom, and to suspect that those cham- 
bers are of a sepulchral character. Perhnp9 after the remains of the dead had been 
deposited in the chamber, the entrance-pit was filled up, and a stone placed over 
the month to mark the spot In the middle of a field below Kit's Cotty House is 
a very large group of colossal stones, which the peasantry call The Countless Stones, 
believing that no one can count them correctly." 

Mr. Wright having represented to the Committee the importance of making 
some further researches into the monuments above described, for the purpose of 
ascertaining the objects for which they were originally designed, and having stated 
that the requisite permission had been obtained for digging, a grant of 61. was 
voted for the expenses of excavating, to be applied under his directions. 

Mr. Wright then added,—" A little below the single stone, under which we had 
been digging, in a sheltered nook of the bill, I accidentally discovered extensive 
traces of Roman buildings, which deserve to be further examined. The spot is 
only a few hundred yards to the south of that on which Mr. Charles, of Maidstone, 
lately discovered a Roman burial-ground. The cottagers who live on the hill tell 
me that they find coins and pottery over a large extent of surface round this spot, 
which is covered with low brushwood, and has never been disturbed by the plough. 
I uncovered a few square yards of a floor of large bricks, which had evidently been 
broken up, and were mixed with what appeared to be roof-tiles, with others which 
appeared like com ice-mouldings. They were literally covered with broken pottery 
of every description, among which were several fragments of fine Samian ware, 
mixed with a few human bones, some small nails, and traces of burnt wood, which 
seems to indicate that the buildings have been destroyed in the invasions of the 
barbarians which followed the retreat of tbe Romans from the island. The floor 
lay at a depth of from a foot to a foot and a-half below the surface, and was only 
two or three inches above the surface of the chalk." 

The following letter, addressed by the Rev. W. Dyke to Mr. Albert Way, at one 
of the earlier meetings of the Committee, has been delayed insertion in the Minutes 
by accidental circumstances : — " Crailey, May 10, 1844. 

" Ml Deak Sib,— Of the two preceptorie* possessed by the Knights Templars in 
the county of Hereford, tbe remains are very scanty. The name of Ttmple-Cowt 



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PROCEEDINGS OP THE COMMITTEE. 265 

indicates the nils of the establishment in the parish of Bosbury, and persons now 
living remember the walls of the chapel standing within the moat. Their badge 
of a cross-patee you recognised on a sepulchral stone Id the parish church. 

" Of the other preceptorjat Gar. 
waj little more can be said. The 
foundations of extensive buildings 
may be traced ; only one building 
of any antiquity exists on the site; 
this is a circular dovecot, of which 
I send you an external and inter- 
nal drawing. Whether this can 
be 'assigned to the Templars may 
admit of a doubt The builder 
had no intention of tearing us in 
any uncertainty, for he placed on 
the tympanum of the south door- 
way an inscription with a date. 
Unfortunately the stone is of so 
perishable a nature that little of 
the inscription can now be deci- 
phered. The abbreviation DNI, 
and the Roman numerals MCCC 
are distinguishable ; but what deci- 
mals follow I am unable to dis- 
cover. (See Woodcut m following 
P*ge.) 

"The wall is of stone, and four 
feet in thickness, with twenty-one 
ranges of holes for pigeons. The 
holes are made wider within the 
wall by cutting away the stones 
wbicb form the surface. On in- 
serting the hand into one range of 
holes, they would be found to open 
to the left, while the range above 
would be reversed. The building 
is further strengthened by a course 
of solid stone between every two 
ranges. The house is covered by 
a vaulting of stone, presenting a 
concave surface internally and ex- 
ternally. A circular opening in 
the centre of the vaulting affords 

the means of ingress and egress to ,,„ 

the pigeons, while two doors, at the '""loimtor oiDsncst 

north and south, give the same 

facilities to uo feathered bipeds. The noble owner (Lord Southwell) has recently 
substantially repaired the wall, but it is very much to be desired that the roof 
should be replaced, for the concave form of the vaulting facilitates the effects of 
the weather, and allows the rain to find its way freely through the vaulting. 



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366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

" A. dovecot of similar though inferior construction may be seen at Oldcourt, 
Bosbury. It is probable that many of the round pigeon-house* which one sees in 
passing through the country are similarly constructed. 

" I likewise send you a sketch by the same artist ( Mr. William Gill of Hereford) 
of a chimney at Grosmont castle. It is the principal feature in this picturesquely 



situated fortress. When I saw it eleven jean ago, I was more attracted by its pic- 
turesque than its architectural character-, I can therefore give you no account of 
its construction ; but I thought its elevated position might one day expose it to 
destruction, and it was worth while to have a sketch made of it, that some memo- 
rial might remain of so elegant a chimney. 

" I am, dear Sir, yours very sincerely) 
" Albert Way, Esq. " Wilium Dm." 



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Stllfst arcjatolojital association. 

FIRST ANNUAL MEETING, CANTEBBUBY, SEPTEMBER, 18M. 
GENERAL COMMITTEE. 



Tii« Loku At.hmt Uraiios CoJYBBrnn, K.C.H., F.S.A. 



Tha PnridnU mud Vim-Prwidtma of Urn Boc- 



IUt. William BnktRt, M.A. 

Thomai Cnftcm Crok.r, Exq., F.8.A., M.B.S. A. 

Bar. Fimndi D»wion, M.A., PnbsocUrj of Can- 



WillLvm T. Peitignw, Eiq., M.D. 
Jamaa Kobfoaon Plucba, Bio,., P.8.A. 
Ambruas FDjuisr, Eaq., Hsu. Bbc. Imrt. Biii 

William Henry Rolfs, Eaq. 

Thomu Siapleton, Eaq., F.S.A. 

Ths Right Hon. VUeoonl SlnagtVipd, O.C.B 

B.C.H., F.H.8., F.8.A. 
Jama WhUBU, Eaq., M.A., F.R.8., F.B.A. 
TJu>™ Wright, Eaq., M.A., t 

tog Mamber of tbi lulitnta 



F. V. Pairholt, Eaq., F.S.A. 



SECTIONAL COMMITTEES.— Primeval Section, 

PitsUrtiu. 

William Rkhard Hamilton, Enq., F.H.B., V.P.B.A. 



Cbmrlea Bath Bmiih, Esq., F.B.A. 



Edmund Tjmll AHk, Eh,., F.B.A. 

CbcDM Bataman , Jan., Eaq. 

Ilr WUli.mB.Uuim,F.a.».,lI).torKiDg»t Aran. 

iuul Birch, Kaq., F.B.A. 

aatthaw HolbHha Bloum, Eaq., F.S.A. 

i, D.D., P.B.B. 



William V. PattJgraw, Kaq., M.n. 
R». John Rathant Dcm, M. A ., F.B.A. 
Wil!ip.m J erf™, Eaq., F.B.A. M.H.B.L., and 

CorrtripoiidiDg Membar of tha Sal Aeadamia 

da It Hiitoria of Spain. 
Chariot Konig, Eaq., K.H., P.B.B. 
Thomaa Joaapb Petllgnw, Eaq., F.B.B., F.S.A. 
John SydoDli.in, Eaq. 



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FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE 
MEDIEVAL SECTION. 



ITlct-ftraHtofj. 

The Bar. I. H. Spry, P.D., Prebendary of Cantertmry. 

Sir Richard Weetmecott, B.A., F.S.A. 

ftcmtirlt*. 

pleton, Eeq., F.S.A. Jinn Bobinaon Plancbf, 

., M.D. | Ber. Lambert B. Larking 

*, M. A., F.H.8., F.S.A. John Noblr, Eeq., F.S.A. 



Bn. I. J. Ellif . H.A., F.S.A. Albert W.y, Baa.., H.A., Dii. 

Bn. H. Pur Hamilton, M.A., F.R.B. Meltbe- Cotae Wj»«, Eaq. 

Eot. Cherira Haaaella, MA. I Matthew Wyatt, Eaq. 



ARCHITECTURAL SECTION. 

The Bar. Robert WUIi., 1 
Charlie Berry, Eaq., R.A. Edward Blore, E>q., D.C.L., F.R.B., F.S.A. 



Benjamin Fmay, E-q., F.I.B.A. 

Ambnee Popular, Baq., Hduvt Secretary of lha Inititntioo of Bribjh 
Cuarlea Manby, Baq. 



John Britton, Eiq., F.S.A. 
Decimal Burton, Baq., F.H.S., F.S.A., F.I 
Oeorge Godwin, Jan., E«q., P.B.S., F.S.A. 
Joeepii Gwilt, Eta., F.S.A. 



John Bnirr Parker, Baq., Secretary of the Arebi- 

teetnrej Society, Onfcid. 
Charlea Jamea Bichnrdaon, Eaq. , F . H . A., F. I . B . A . 
Henry Wyatt, Eeq. 



HISTORICAL SECTION, 
•eneunat 

Lord Albert Denieon Cunjugham, K.C.H., F.S.A. 

Vtat-vnaAMM. 

Thomee Amyol, Kaq., F.B.S., Treat B.A. Bar. Joaaph Bneworth, D.D., F.8.8., F.8.A. 



William Harrietm AlnaVDrth, Eaq. 

Joeeph Arden, Baq. 

William Ayrton, Eeq., F.B.S., F.S.A. Q. P. B. Jamee, Eiq. 

Bar. Richard Harrii Barium, M.A. Thomaa William King, Eaq., F.S.A., Rouge 

John Barrow, Esq., F.S.A. Dragon. 

William Barge, Baq., Q.C., F.B.8., F.S.A. John Ooogb Nlcholi, Baq., F.S.A. 

Patar Cunningham, Baq. Sir Cotbbart Sharp. 

LOCAL COMMITTEE. 

Qaorga Nannie, Eiq., Mayor of Canterbury. Oaorga Atutan, Baq., Town Connrillor. 

John Brant, Baq., Alderman. John Brant, Ian., Baq., Town Councillor. 

Henry Cooper, Eaq., Alderman. William Fliimmer, Eiq., Town Council]™, 

William Haatera, Eaq., Alderman. Henry Kingatbrd, Baq. 
Edward Plummet, Esq., Alderman. 



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british archaeological association. £69 

Monday, Sept. 9. 

The proceedings of the general meeting were opened at half past three 
o'clock by an address from the President upon the objects of the Associa- 
tion, and the benefits it was calculated to realize. His lordship remarked 
that a disposition to cultivate intellectual pursuits was making rapid progress 
in this country, as well as on the continent, and this growing feeling was 
especially manifested with regard to archaeology. Most men of cultivated 
minds were now beginning to take an interest in examining and pondering 
over the remains of past ages. They were no longer satisfied with taking 
for truth the baseless vagaries of the human mind ; they wished to judge 
for themselves, and to form theories that would spring from a study of 
nets, well scrutinized and established by the test of personal examination 
and severe criticism. Archeology, thus placed on a sound footing, would 
go hand in hand with history. The antiquary was no longer an object of 
ridicule, for it was becoming too palpable that bis researches and discoveries, 
perhaps in themselves apparently trivial, if not immediately applied to 
practical purposes, were often seized by some master-mind, and rendered 
subservient to the elucidation of unsettled points of the highest historical 
importance. In order to foster and direct this growing taste, the Archaeo- 
logical Association had been formed, purposing to embrace a more numerous 
class of persons, and to enter upon a wider field of active research, than that 
to which the exertions of the Society of Antiquaries have hitherto been 
directed. It aspires to enrol among its members, individuals in all parts of 
the kingdom who will examine and describe antiquities that may be brought 
to light in their respective localities, and co-operate to preserve them. His 
lordship then gave a long list of reasons for the selection of Canterbury for 
the first annual meeting, and referred to the peculiar attractions it afforded 
to every section of the Association, from an investigation of which the 
institution could not fail being benefited. 

Mr. C. Roach Smith, the Secretary, then read the list of papers which 
were to be brought before the meeting, and subsequently an address 
explanatory of the objects, operations, and prospects of the Association. 

It having been suggested, that owing to a large accumulation of papers it 
would be desirable at once to bring forward some portion of them, Sir 
William Betham read from an elaborate paper on the origin of idolatry. 

In the evening, at 

THE PRIMEVAL SECTION, 
the chair was taken at eight o'clock by the very Rev. the Dean of Hereford, 
and the proceedings commenced with a paper by the Rev. John Bathurst 
Deane, on the early sepulchral remains extant in Great Britain, and the 
connection with similar monuments in Brittany. The paper was illustrated 
by a large and beautifully executed plan of the extensive Celtic monuments 
on the plains of Camac. 

D, B itizeot> V GoOgIe 



270 FIEST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE 

Sir William Betham, in reference to certain portions of Mr. Dearie's 
paper, observed that it was very gratifying to trace a progress towards 
truth by the examination of these ancient remains. It was not long since, 
that any one presuming to think they were sepulchral, would have been 
laughed at. Many which had generally been considered as altars, modern 
researches have proved to be sepulchral monuments. To tins class he also 
referred the well-known round towers of Ireland. 

Mr. C. Roach Smith read an account by Mr. Thomas Bateman, jun., of 
the opening of barrows in the vicinity of Bakewell, in Derbyshire ; illustrated 
by drawings, and an exhibition of objects discovered. 

The meeting then adjourned to Barnes's rooms, where a conversazione was 
held. The tables were covered with an interesting variety of antiquities, 
which from their nature could have been only imperfectly inspected at the 
sectional meeting. Around the walls were suspended numerous well-executed 
rubbings of brasses, executed by Mr. Sprague of Colchester, and by 
Mr. Richardson of Greenwich ; the latter by a new process and peculiar 
composition, exhibiting perfect facsimiles, in colour as well as in form, of 
the brasses themselves. Among other articles exhibited were beautiful 
specimens of carved ornaments, in wood, executed by the newly-invented 
process of Mr. Pratt, of New Bond-street. 

Mr. £. J. Carlos exhibited rubbings of the brass of Thomas Cod, vicar of 
St Margaret's church, Rochester, in a perfect state. The entire restoration 
has been effected with great difficulty, on account of the thinness of the 
metal. It has been surmised that both sides of this brass represent the 
same individual, but Mr. Carlos has reason to believe that the reverse side is 
of earlier date than the other. 

Mr. Edward Pretty, of Northampton, exhibited a coloured drawing of a 
painting on the wall of Lenham church, in Kent, representing a nimbed 
angel weighing souls; one is in the lower scale praying to the Virgin 
Mary, who is throwing a rossry upon the beam to give weight to the scale ; 
her right hand is raised, as bestowing a blessing, or interceding for the 
good soul. The other scale, which is upraised, has two devils or evil 
spirits, using every exertion to pull down the scale, and another imp is 
seated on the upper part of the beam with a soul in his hand, and blowing a 
horn. There has been an inscription underneath the figures. Mr. Pretty 
also forwarded drawings of an ancient house, and of the lich-gate at 
Le nham , with sketches of the Druidical monument at Coldrum, near TroU 
terscliffe, and of Ooddard's Castle. 

Lord Albert Conyngham exhibited some ancient gold ornaments found 
in Ireland, and a variety of amethystine beads, fibula?, and other objects, 
chiefly from barrows on Breach Downs opened by his lordship. 

Mr. Frederic Dixon, of Worthing, exhibited a pair of bronze torques, 
with other remains found near Worthing. 



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british archaeological association. 371 

Tuesday, Sept. 10. 

Between nine and ten o'clock the members assembled on the Breach 
Downs to be present at the opening of some barrows, under the superintend - 
ance of the noble President. The workmen employed had previously 
excavated the barrows to within a foot of the place of the presumed 
deposit. Eight barrows were examined. The general external character of 
the Breach Downs borrows, together with the objects found in many others 
of this extensive group, have been well described in the last volume of the 
Archsologia. They are generally of slight elevation above the natural chalky 
soil, the graves, over which the mounds are heaped, being from two to four 
feet deep. Most of them contain skeletons, more or less entire, with the 
remains of weapons in iron, bosses of shields, urns, beads, fibuhe, armlets, 
bones of small animals, and occasionally glass vessels. The graves contain- 
ing weapons are assigned to males ; those with beads, or other ornaments, to 
females. The correctness of this appropriation seems determined by the 
fact that these different objects are seldom found in the same grave. The 
deposit in one of the barrows opened this morning, presented the unusual 
association of beads and an iron knife. All contained the remains of 
skeletons much decayed ; in some, traces of wood were noticed, and vestiges 
of knives. 

After the examination of these barrows, the whole party visited the mansion 
of the noble President, at Bourne, and having inspected his lordship's 
interesting collection of antiquities, and partaken of a substantial repast, 
attended the excavation of two barrows in his lordship's paddock, forming 
part of the group of which some had been recently opened, and described 
by Mr. Wright in the present volume, p. 253—256. 

PRIMEVAL SECTION. 

The chair was taken at eight o'clock by the Dean of Hereford. The 
various objects discovered in the barrows at Breach Downs and Bourns 
were exhibited on the table, together with an urn and glass cup found in 
one of the latter, the former of which had been repaired, and the latter 
restored as far as the fragments remaining would permit, by Messrs Bate- 
man and Clarke. The restoration of the vessels by these gentlemen was 
effected in so skilful a manner, as to call forth the marked approbation of 
the meeting. 

Mr. C. H. Smith made some remarks on the perfect correspondence of the 
barrows excavated in the morning with others on the same sites previously 
examined. The successful results of the day's explorations fully confirmed 
the opinions of those who had referred the date of these barrows to the fifth 
and sixth centuries. Their extension over a large tract of ground, systema- 
tic arrangement, number, and the care with which the objects interred with 
the bodies had been arranged in the graves, denote the appropriation of the 



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272 FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OP THE 

locality as a cemetery through a considerable range of time. The urn and 
glass vessel placed before the meeting, afforded excellent specimens of Saxon 
manufacture. To the experienced eye, they presented as distinctive an 
impress of the character and style of the times to which they belonged, as 
the more classic shapes of Greek or Roman fabric. Mr. Smith added, that 
the chalky mould having been extracted from the urn, the remains of a brass 
rim, apparently belonging to a small bag or leathern purse, had been found 
near the bottom. 

Dr. Pettigrew gave an interesting description of the bones found in the 
various barrows, and remarked that the articles accompanying them in the 
graves were such as would be likely to be deposited by the friends of the 
respective deceased. Thus with the skeleton of a child were noticed beads, 
necklaces, and toys, the evident offerings of parental affection ; with that of 
the hunter or warrior lay the knife and spear. The state of the teeth in all 
the barrows, with the exception of those of the child, indicated that the 
people had lived chiefly on grain and roots. Dr. Pettigrew, in alluding to a 
skeleton found in the mound above one of the graves, stated that from a close 
observation of the bones, it was his opinion that the interment was quite of 
recent date, the skeleton could not in fact have been deposited fifty years. 

Professor Buckland compared the barrows on Breach Downs and in 
Bourne paddock with tumuli in various parts of England. Having read 
extracts from Mr. Wright's report of the examination of some of the barrows 
in Bourne paddock. Dr. Buckland proceeded to describe the appearances 
presented during the exploration on the present occasion, particularly with 
respect to the state of the bones, which he considered as no proof of 
age, having noticed the bones of Roman skeletons in several instances 
quite as perfect as those in the skeleton from the mound spoken of by 
Dr. Pettigrew*. 

The Rev. Stephen Isaacson read an account of the discovery of Roman 
urns, and other remains, at Dymchurch, in the spring of 1844. The paper 
was illustrated by forty-five sketches, and by an exhibition of specimens 
of the various objects discovered. 

Mr. C. It. Smith remarked that Mr. Isaacson's discoveries were extremely 
interesting, and topographically important, as they disproved the notion that 
in the time of the Romans Dymchurch and the surrounding low grounds 
had been covered by the sea. 

Mr, John Sydenham read a paper on the ''Kimmeridge Coal Money," 
illustrated by an exhibition of a large collection of specimens of every 
variety. These remarkable remains of antiquity are extensively found in a 
secluded valley district of Purbeck. They are made of bituminous shale, 
and from their fragile texture could never have been used as money. The 

* Mr. Hall, of Blandford, who ni pre- nkeletona from the topi of barium, under 
sent at this discuaiioii, observes that he has circumstances which decided theii high 
in numerous inalancw diaipterrcd similar antiquity. 



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BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 273 

writer's conclusion* were that the; were but the waste pieces tin-own out of 
the lathe in the construction of annillre, and other ornaments, by the 
Romanised Britons. 

Mr. C. B. Smith read a communication from the Rev. Beale Post on the 
place of Ctesar's landing in Britain. The author believes that Dr. Halley's 
discoveries, deduced from astronomical calculation, must after all be the 
basis of our reasoning on this point, but that a want of proper consideration 
of localities, and of the changes effected by partial recession of the sea, 
induced Halley erroneously to fix on Dover and Deal as the places of 
arrival and debarkation, for which Mr. Post proposes to substitute Folk- 
stone and Lymne. 

The Rev. R. H. Barham expressed an opinion that the alteration in the 
Kentish coast, in the tune of Earl Godwin, precluded any inference being 
drawn from the appearances of the present line of coast 

The President made some observations on Roman remains, which he had 
noticed at the excavations for building the bridge at Kingston-upon-Thames. 

Mr. M. H. Bloxam exhibited a variety of Roman and Romano-British 
antiquities from Warwickshire. 

The meeting then, at a late hour, separated. 

Wednesday, Sept. 11. 
MEDIEVAL SECTION. 

At eleven o'clock in the forenoon the sittings of the members were 
resumed in the Town Mall. The business was confined to the medieval 
section, of which the Ven. Charles Parr Burney, Archdeacon of St. Alban'a, 
was the president, who took the chair, supported by the vice-presidents, the 
Rev. Dr. Spry and Sir Richard Westmacott. 

The President opened the business of the section by a lucid exposition of 
the signification of the term 'medieval' period. He looked with peculiar 
interest to the operation of this section, as it was well calculated to 
unfold matters of the moet stirring interest in connection with the general 
enquiry. By such an investigation the glory and even the prejudices 
of Englishmen would be awakened in defence of those noble ecclesias- 
tical edifices which adorn our land. Architecture, in its most interesting 
phases, would be exhibited to them. The triumphs of that art, as evinced 
in the erection of such buildings as the cathedral of Canterbury, would be 
manifested. Its external beauties would be shewn, and its internal grandeur 
made known. That morning, with feelings of no ordinary gratification, he 
had visited the noble pile, and while viewing its gigantic proportions- 
massive in their harmony and magnificent in appearance— he could not satis- 
factorily conclude, indeed he repudiated the idea, that the age in which such 
buildings were erected could with any propriety be called the "dark age" 
of our country. He would now draw the attention of the meeting to the 
business before them. 



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374 riRBT ANNUAL MEETING OP THE 

A large and beautifully executed model, in colours, of Old Sarum, by 
W. H. Hatcher, Esq., of Salisbury, was exhibited, accompanied by a descrip- 
tive note, read by J. R. Planche, Esq., Secretary. 

The Rev. Dr. Spry read a paper which had been entrusted to his care 
by a private friend, on a fresco- painting on the wall of Lenham church. It 
was accompanied by a drawing in pencil. A coloured drawing of the same 
subject bad also been forwarded by Mr. E. Pretty of Northampton. Mr. 
G. Godwin, jun., enquired whether the painting in question was really a 
fresco? Was it not probably a distemper colouring? There was a great 
difference between the two. 

The Rev. Dr. Spry said he was not of his own knowledge aware of its 
decided character. It might be a distemper colouring. He knew that in 
Canterbury cathedral there was a large painting of a similar kind in appear- 
ance, and he believed more trouble had been taken to destroy that painting 
than ever was employed to restore any work of ancient art. It was in fact 
nearly indelible; for aa fast as it was apparently washed out, so fast it 
appeared again, and now it was fresh, and would, in his opinion, last while 
the stone itself endured. 

Mr. Planche exhibited to the meeting, at the request of W. H. Blaauw, 
Esq., of Beecbland, Uckfield, a curious relic of brass, discovered in 1835, 
together with some human bones, near the entrance gateway of the castle 
of Lewes, about a foot under the surface. In a letter to Mr. Planch*;, it was 
suggested by Mr. Blaauw that the object exhibited had been the pommel of 
a sword, and that the heater-shaped shields engraved upon it bore the arms 
of Richard, king of the Romans, who was taken prisoner at the battle of 
Lewes, May 14th, 1284. Mr. Planche" admitted the interest of the relic, 
which he considered to be of the thirteenth century, but stated it to be hie 
opinion that it was not the pommel of a sword, but a portion of a steel-yard 
weight of that period b . 

The Rev. C. H. Hartshorne read a paper on embroidery for ecclesiastical 
purposes. It was illustrated by several coloured drawings ; and a beautiful 
specimen was exhibited of embroidery on yellow silk with gold thread, 
executed in the reign of Edward III. The figures represented the Cruci- 
fixion, and the martyrdoms of St Stephen and of several other saints. 

Mr. George Wollaston read a paper on the frescoes upon the walls of east 
Wickham church, and exhibited drawings in illustration. Mr. Wollaston 
stated that these frescoes were about to be destroyed in consequence of the 

* We have lince been referred by Mr. arms, which were exhibited to the Society 

Planche to the 94th plate of the 25th vol. of Antiquariea of London, February 2nd, 

of the Archeologia, in which will be found 1832, by Mr. Samuel Woodward, of Nor- 

the engraving! of two ancient steel-yard wich. They are also of the thirteenth 

weight! of precisely Che same form and century, and the armorial bcarii 

material (but possessing the upper por- sumed to be those of -"■- 

tiona by which the; were hooked to the Icing of the Romans. 
beam), and engraved with nearly the tame 



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BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 275 

obstinacy of a party who had paid the fees for the erection of a mural tablet 
over them, which no inducement would tempt them to forego. 

Dr. Buckland said that he thought it necessary that some decisive and 
immediate steps should be taken to stay this spoliation of our sacred edifices. 
He instanced several cases of destruction, and pressed upon the considera- 
tion of the meeting the necessity of acting with prompt energy to stay the 
desecration and destruction now going forward. It was proposed then by Dr. 
Buckland, and seconded by Mr. Wollaston, that a letter should immediately 
be addressed to the proper authorities, urging them to suspend the erection 
of the mural monument in East Wickham church. The resolution was 
carried unanimously. After which Mr. Croker moved, and Mr. Noble 
seconded, that the proper authorities in all such cases be interceded with, 
and that the rural deans be written to, in order that the efforts of the Com- 
mittee in so holy a work might be assisted by their powerful co-operation. 

Mr. Planche* read a paper by Mr. M. A. Lower, of Lewes, on " the Badge 
of the Buckle of the ancient House of Peiham." 

Mr. Stapleton read a paper on " the Succession of William of Arques," 
after which the meeting separated to visit the museum of Dr. Fauasett. 

Heppihotok, Wednesday aftehxoow. 

By two o'clock a large number of the members and many ladies assembled 
at the mansion of the Rev. Godfrey Faussett, D.D., where Sir John Fagg 
had very obligingly forwarded for inspection a large collection of Saxon 
antiquities, which were arranged in Dr. Faussett' s museum. Dr. Buckland, 
Mr. Wright, Mr. G. Roach Smith, Mr. Bland of Hartlip, and Dr. Faussett 
himself, superintended the arrangements made for admitting the company 
to the museum by small parties, in order that all might obtain a view of this 
extensive collection, and hear such a description as limited time and circum- 
stances would permit. 

This collection was made by the Rev. Bryan Faussett, the contemporary 
and associate of Douglas, who engraved and published many of the objects 
in his well-known " Nenia Britannica." In that able and sound work, 
however, justice has not been done in the engravings to many of the most 
interesting specimens, while a vast quantity of invaluable materials for illus- 
trating the manners, customs, and arts of the early Saxons, are altogether 
unpublished. Nearly the whole of the collection inherited by Dr. Faussett, 
was accumulated from the barrows of the county of Kent. It consists chiefly 
of weapons in iron of various kinds, of ornaments of the person, many of them 
of the richest and most costly kind, articles of the toilette, vessels in glass 
and in copper and brass, coins, &c. The greater portion of these seems to 
claim unquestioned appropriation to the Saxon epoch. There is also a valu- 
able department of Roman and Romano-British antiquities, and a small but 
no less valuable collection of Celtic implements and weapons. Almost every 
article is labelled, and is fully described or drawn, with an account of itsdis- 



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270 FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE 

covery, in Ave" MS. volumes by Bryan Faussett. Each party after leaving 
the museum was conducted to a room Bet apart for refreshments. 

Wednesday Eveumo, Sept. 11, 1844. 

ARCHITECTURAL SECTION. 

The meeting of the Architectural Section took place at eight o'clock. 
Professor Willis in the chair. 

The Secretary read a letter from John Adey Repton, Esq., on the subject 
of the chronological progression of Gothic capitals. Mr. Repton says it is 
a common observation, that all semicircular arches are Saxon or early 
Norman, and that the sharp-pointed arch (exceeding the equilateral triangle) 
is the earliest Gothic. On the contrary, the round-headed arch may occa- 
sionally be found as late as the thirteenth, the fourteenth, and even the 
fifteenth centuries ; and the sharp-pointed arch may be seen at a very late 
period, as in Bel! Harry's steeple at Canterbury. We must therefore depend 
more upon the general forms of the capitals of columns, or the contour of 
mouldings, to ascertain the dates of buildings. This communication was 
illustrated by drawings of specimens of capitals, arch -mouldings, string- 
courses, hood-mouldings, and sections of munnions, chronologically arranged 
from the Norman period to the year 1500. 

The Secretary laid upon the table a drawing of a Norman tomb at 
Coningsborough, and read a description of it, by Daniel H. Haigh, Esq., of 

Professor Willis read a translation of Gervase's account of the destruction 
by fire, in 1 174, and the rebuilding of the ancient cathedral of Canterbury in 
1 175 — 84, and compared the description of the new work, as described by 
Gervase, with the present condition of the cathedral, tested by measurement, 
and illustrated by a plan and section, shewing how exactly they agree. He 
pointed out the distinct character of the work of Lanfranc, by its ruder 
masonry, smaller atones, wider joints, and ornaments cut with the hatchet 
instead of the chisel, and traced the work of each year after the fire, 
proving by this means the date of the introduction of the Early English 
style; the work of 1175 being late Norman, while that of each succeeding 
year shews a progressive change, until in 1184 we hare nearly pure Early 
English work. 

A paper was read by Mr. Godwin on certain marks of the masons, which 
he had observed on the stone-work of various churches abroad and at home, 
many of which he had also recognised in Canterbury cathedral. 

The Rev. C. Hartshoroe described the keep at Dover castle, and the 
block-houses erected on the coast of Kent by Henry Vlll., and exhibited 
plans of the same. 

Mr. Abraham Booth read a paper on the preservation of public monu- 
ments, as an object worthy the attention of the Association. 

During the meeting it was announced that Mr. Beresfbrd Hope had pur- 



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BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 277 

chased the nuns of St. Augustine's monastery, for the purpose of preserving 
them from destruction. 

The meeting prolonged its sitting to & late hour, when it adjourned 
to the conversazione at Barnes's Booms, which was numerously attended. 
The tables, as before, were covered with a variety of interesting objects, in 
addition to those exhibited on the Monday evening, including coloured 
drawings of paintings recently discovered in churches in Northamptonshire, 
by E. T. Artis; coloured drawings and sketches of various ancient remains 
in Kent, by Edward Pretty ; sad the beautiful piece of embroidery work 
exhibited at the meeting of the Medieval Section was suspended on the 
wall. Some lately published topographical works were laid on the table, 
among which were, " The History and Antiquities of Dartford," by Mr. J. 
Dunkin, and "The History of Oravesend," by Mr. Cruden. There were 
also exhibited the proofs of the plates of a forthcoming work on the Anglo- 
Saxon Coinage, by Mr. D. H, Haigh, of Leeds. 

Lord Albert Conyngham exhibited a beautiful ornamental sword of the 
period of the renaissance, and a head of John the Baptist, finely sculptured 
in marble, by Bennini. The first impressions had also arrived, and were 
exhibited, of a handsome medal struck to commemorate the first meeting of 
the Association, by Mr. W. J. Taylor, of London. 

Mr. C. R. Smith laid on the table numerous specimens of fibuke, or 
brooches, in lead, found in the rivers at Canterbury, at Abbeville in 
France, and in the Thames at London. These brooches are stamped out of 
thin pieces of lead, and bear a variety of figures and devices, all of a reli- 
gious tendency ; they were obviously wom by devotees and pilgrims in the 
middle ages, as a kind of certificate of their having visited a particular 
shrine, or joined in some sacred ceremony. One of these fibulee bears a 
mitred head, with the inscription CAPVT TH0M6. This, Mr, Smith 
observed, had unquestionably been brought from Canterbury to London 
(where it was found) by some visitor to the shrine of Thomas a Becket, and 
be quoted a passage in Oiraldus Cambrensie, in confirmation of this opinion. 
These brooches are from the collections of Mr. W. H. Bolfe, Mr. Welton, 
and Mr. Smith. 



Thubsday, September 12. 

The entire day was devoted to excursions to Bichborough and Barfreston, 
and to visits to the antiquities of the city. Professor Willis visited the cathedral 
and recurred to the work of Gervase, continuing his exposition of that writer 
to .numerous members of the Association by whom he was accompanied. 
The party to Bichborough comprised the Dean of Hereford, Dr. Buckland, 
Dr. Spry, the Rev. S. Isaacson, Messrs. Ainsworth, Bateman, Clarke, Hall, 
kc*— Bichborough, the Rutupium of the Romans, has acquired new interest 
from the researches recently made by Mr. W. H. Rolfe, with a view to dis- 
O 



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278 FiaST ANNUAL VESTING OF THE 

cover the extent and nature of an immense subterranean building in the area 
of the station. Mr. Rolfe hag ascertained the extent of the masonry, bnt 
has been unable as yet to discover any entrance to the chamber* which he 
and others believe it encloses. After inspecting Bichborough, a few of the 
members called at Sandwich, and examined the collection of antiquities at 
Mr. Bolfe'e, one of the most extensive and interesting in the county, and 
arranged, as all collections should be, with reference to the localities in 
which the specimens have been discovered. The party then accepted an 
invitation to lunch at John Godfrey's, Esq.. of Brook House, Ash, and then 
proceeded to Barfreston and inspected the church, so celebrated for its 
architectural peculiarities. Another party, under the guidance of Lord 
Albert Conyngham, visited the Castle, Pharos, and Churches, at Dover. 

Fbiday, Sept. 13. 
HISTORICAL SECTION, at eleven a.m. 

Lobd Albert Conynoham, who presided, introduced the business of 
the meeting by some observations on the importance of historical science, 
and on the attention shewn to it in the arrangement of this section. 

Mr. Crofton Croker read a tetter from Miss Caroline Halsted, relating to 
a commission issued by Richard HI. in 1485 for collecting alms for the new 
roofing of the chapel of St. Peter, St James, and St Anthony, at our Lady 
of Beculver in Kent. Mr, J. G. Nichols stated that there formerly existed 
at Beculver a chapel independent of, and at a distance from the church, 
which was probably the one here alluded to. 

Mr. Croker laid before the meeting a series of extracts from a book of 
accounts of expenses relating to the repairing and storing of the king's 
■hips in the river Thames in the reign of Henry VilL, communicated by 
Mr. John Barrow. The original MS. is preserved at the Admiralty. 

Mr. Croker then read a paper by himself on the character of Richard 
Boyle, first earl of Cork, in which he compared that nobleman's auto- 
biography with other contemporary authorities, and shewed that he was by 
no means the honest and good man described by himself and his friends. 
Mr. Croker's evidences were partly taken from the pariah registers of 
St. Paul's in Canterbury. 

Mr. Halliwell made a few observations on some early MBS. preserved in 
the library of Canterbury cathedral. He mentioned, among others, a curious 
collection of satires in English verse, written about the year 1590, and there- 
fore to be ranked among the earliest compositions of this class known, and 
an early chartulary of the monastery of St Augustine. 

Mr. Wright read a short communication from Mr. Halliwell, relating to 
the coronation of Henry VI. of England at Paris. 

Mr. Wright afterwards read a paper on the condition and historical im- 
portance of the municipal archives of the city of Canterbury, illustrated by 
a considerable number of extracts from the documents themselves. 



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BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 279 

Mr. Wright laid before the meeting a series of extracts from the bursars' 
accounts of Merton college, Oxford, from 1277 to 1310, presented by 
Mr. J. H. Parker, and read a communication from Mr. Parker on the sub- 
ject. These accounts shew that the chapel of Merton college, a beautiful 
example of the Decorated style of architecture, was built in 1277, the high 
Altar being dedicated in that year ; and therefore carry the first introduction 
of that style in England to an earlier date than had previously been ascer- 
tained, although it had been conjectured. 

PRIMEVAL SECTION, at three o'clock p.m. 
The Dean of Hereford in the chair. 

EXHIBITIONS. 

1 . Romano-British urns and earthen vessels, excavated about twelve years 
since at Bridge-hill, near Canterbury, during the alteration then made in the 
line of road from Canterbury to Dover. These and many other urns with 
skeletons and fragments of weapons, were deposited about midway from the 
foot of the hill to the top.— By William Henry Rolfe, Esq. 

2. Roman glass vessels and pottery, discovered a few yean since in 
excavating for the foundations of Victoria-terrace, St. Dunstan's, Canter- 
bury.— By Ralph Royle, Esq. 

3. Roman urn, found four and a half feet from the surface of the 
earth, about a quarter of a mile from the riding gate of the city of Canter- 
bury, on the old Dover road. Several skeletons, lying abreast of each other, 
with other remains, were found at the same place. — By Mr. John Alfbrd 
Smith. 

4. A large collection of Roman vases, discovered in the precincts of the 
cathedral.— By George Austen, Esq. 

5. Gold Byzantine and Merovingian coins, mounted and looped for deco- 
rating the person, discovered with other ornaments in gold near the church 
of St Martin's, Canterbury.— By W. H. Rolfe, Esq. 

Mr. C. Roach Smith remarked, that these coins had evidently been 
arranged as a necklace, a custom common to the later Romans and Saxons. 
Roman coins and gems seem to have been much sought for by the Saxons, 
who used them not only as elegant ornaments but also, as Mr. Wright (in a 
paper lately read before the Society of Antiquaries) has shewn, as amulets or 
charms. One of these gold coins is in itself particularly interesting, as it 
appears to have been struck by Eupardus, a bishop of Autun, who lived in 
the early part of the sixth century, but of whom history is almost silent, 
neither does it appear that any other coin bearing his name has been found. 
Mr. Smith added that the discovery of these ornaments may be taken into 
consideration as evidence of the early appropriation of the locality as a place 
of sepulture. 

6. Specimen of a rare Roman goblet or bowl in variegated opake glass, 



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£8Q FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE 

with bronze statuettes and other articles of Roman art found in London.— 
By William Chaffers, jun., Esq. 

7. Drawings of some Roman statues recently found in Northamptonshire. 
A wax model of a Roman ki ln for pottery, with specimens of various kinds 
of pottery found therein, and in other Roman kilns discovered in North- 
amptonshire. — By Edmund Tyrrell Artis, Esq. 

8. Drawings of Celtic, Romano-British, and Saxon remains, found at 
Sittingbourne, Kent, together with a map of the locality, shewing the rela- 
tive position of the sites of their discovery. — By the Rev. Win. Vallance. 

9. Roman vases of very remarkable and elegant shapes, said to have been 
excavated in a barrow in Wiltshire. — By Joseph Clarke, Esq. 

10. Roman urn, and a basin, apparently of later date, found in the gar- 
den of W. G. Gibson, Esq., of Saffron Walden. — By Joseph Clarke, Esq. 

11. Plan of foundations of extensive Roman buildings, near Weymouth. — 
By Professor Buckland. 

12. Full-sized copy of an inscription on a stone at the east end of the 
churchyard of Thursby, near Lincoln.— By John Gough Nichols, Esq. 

Mr. C. Roach Smith read a communication from Mr. Edmund Tyrrell 
Artis, on a recent discovery of Roman statues, and a kiln for pot- 
tery, in the vicinity of Castor, Northamptonshire. The statues were 
discovered on the site of the brickyard, at Sibson, near Wansford. They 
are of fine workmanship, and sculptured from the stone of a neighbouring 
quarry. The kiln described by Mr. Artis, had been constructed upon the 
remains of an older one. It appears to have been used for making the 
bluish black, or slate-coloured kind of pottery, so frequently met with 
wherever Roman remains are found in England. This colour, Mr. Artis 
has ascertained, was imparted to the pottery by suffocating the fire of the 
kiln at the time when its contents had reached the proper state of heat to 
insure a uniform colour. The entire process of making these urns is 
minutely described by Mr. Artis. 

The Rev. C. Hartshorne observed that he had seen the statues mentioned 
by Mr. Artis, which he considered to represent Hercules, Apollo, and 
Minerva, executed in a good style of art. The Duke of Bedford has taken 
pains to preserve them. 

Mr. Smith then read a paper by James Futtock, Esq., on the Soman 
Itineraries in relation to Canterbury ; an account of Celtic, Romano- British, 
and Saxon remains found at Sittingbourne, Kent, by the Rev. William 
Vallance ; and notices of Roman and British encampments near Dun- 
stable, by Mr. W. D. Saull. 

Mr. Pettigrew read a paper on a bilingual inscription, from a vase in the- 
treasury of St. Mark at Venice, which had been forwarded to him by Sit 
Gardner Wilkinson, The inscription was in the arrow-headed character 
and in Egyptian hieroglyphics, which in a cartouche contained the name 
of Artaxcrxes. 



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BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 281 

Professor Buckland gave a description of the remains of a Roman temple, 
and of a very extensive town and Roman burial-ground, recently discovered 
near Weymouth, and illustrated hie remarks by drawings, and specimens of 
some antiquities from the locality. 

Mr. Pettigrew read a note by Samuel Birch, Esq., F.S.A., on a gold Saxon 
buckle found in Hampshire. 

THE MUMMY. 
The members met in the theatre at eight o'clock, where Mr. Pettigrew 
first read an essay on the different kinds of embalmments among the Egyp- 
tians, and then proceeded to unroll the mummy, which had been obtained from 
Thebes by Colonel Needham, and secured for the Association by Mr. Petti- 
grew. It measured five feet two laches, and was invested with a considerable 
quantity of linen bandage, stained of the usual colour by the gum of the 
acacia, as supposed by Mr. P. ; over the whole a large sheet of a pinkish 
colour was thrown, dyed with the carthamus tinctorius. Bituminous matter 
having penetrated through the sides, the bandages could not be unrolled from 
the body ; they were therefore cut away, and among them numerous com- 
presses were found, filling up all spaces. Time would not permit of the com- 
plete display of the mummy, but the head was fully developed, and the face 
was found to have been gilt, large portions of gold-leaf, upon the removal of 
the bandages, presenting themselves in most vivid brightness. The brain bad 
been extracted through the nostrils, and bitumen injected into the cavity of 
the skull. The head had been shaven some little time before the death of the 
individual, who was therefore conjectured to have been a priest, though his 
occupation or position in life was not expressed in the hieroglyphics upon the 
case. The arms were folded across the chest, and at the bottom of the neck 
the remains of a lotus. Many other things will probably be found when the 
examination shall be proceeded with, which will be done at Mr. Pettigrew' s 
leisure, and a regular account of the examination drawn up. The hierogly- 
phics, according to Mr. P., aided by the knowledge of Mr. Samuel Birch of 
the British Museum, read thus :— 

1. Royal offering to Anup attached to the embalmment, that he may give wax, 
clothes, manifestation, all on altar ? to go out in the West nappy — that he may 
give air the movement of breath for sake of HAR (or Horus) truth speaking, son 
of UNNEFER child of Lady of the House SAHERENEB. 

2. Royal Gift offered to Osiris resident in the West — great God — Lord of the 
East that he may give a good painted case (sarcophagus) in Nouteker (Divine 
Hades or Subterranean Region.) 

3. Oh support Maut — mistress living Nutpe — great one rejoicing in Tetu (or 
Tattu or Tut) with thy mother, the Heaven over thee, by her name of Extender of 
the Heaven — that she may make tbee to be with the God annihilating thy enemies 
in thy name of a God, directing or suffusing with other things all giving great in 
her name of water — great her name of thy mother .... over thee — in her name 
.... thee to be with the God annihilating thy enemies in thy name of a God ; 



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282 FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE 

that she may suffuse, making II AH, son of UNNEFEB truth speaking, bom 

of Lady of the Home nuking SAHENNEH. 

There were also upon the cases the addresses to Amset, Kebhsoof, Simauf, 
and Hapee, the four Genii of the Amend, who were figured on the case. 

A part of the inscription above given, Mr. Pettigrew observes, seems 
carelessly and hurriedly written, and the end is a mere repetition of one of 
the previous clauses of the sentence. The formula, No. 3, is the same as 
that which occurs on (he coffin of Mycerinus, from the third pyramid, on the 
side of a tomb of the epoch of Psammetik III. or Apnea at Giieh, and on a 
gilded mummy case in the possession of Mr. Joseph Sams. The mummy 
is probably not to be referred to an earlier period than the fifth or sixth cen- 
tury before the Christian era. 

The reading of the following papers was postponed in the different sections 
for want of time. 

1. On the Origin of the Celts, by Sir W. Betham. 

2. On the Astronomical Chronology of Egypt, by Isaac CuIIimore, Esq. 

3. A Review of Roman Remains extant in the county of Kent, with Obser- 
vations on recent Discoveries of Roman and Saxon Remains in various parts 
of the county, by C. Roach Smith, Esq. 

4. On the Connection between the late Roman Architecture, and that pre- 
vious to the twelfth century, by M. H. Bloxam, Esq. 

5. On the Prospects and Anticipated Influence of the British Archse- 
ological Association, by W. Jerdan, Esq, 

6. 7. On Automata, or Moving Images, and on the Magical Operation of 
Numbers, by the Rev. Henry Christmas. 

Satttbdat, Sept. 14. 
At the general meeting held at eleven o'clock, A.M., after the reports of 
the Sections had been read, the thanks of the meeting were voted to, — 

1. "The Dean add Chapter or Cantebbuby," moved by Thomas Supleton, Esq., 
F.S.A., seconded by Sir James Annesley, F.R.S., F.S.A. 

2. " The Mayor and Corporation of Canterbury," moved' by H. C. Robinson, 
Esq., F.S.A., seconded by Charles Konig, Esq., K.H., F.R.S. 

3. "The President," moved by the Dean of Hereford, F.R.S., F.S.A., seconded by 
T. J. Pettigrew, Esq., FJI.S., F.S~A. 

4. "The Treasurer," moved by tbs Very Rer. Archdeacon Bnrney, F.R.S, F.S.A, 
seconded by the Rer. Dr. Spry, F.S.A. 

5. "The General Secretaries," moved by the Rev.J.B. Deane, F.S.A., seconded 
byT. C. Croker, Esq., F.S.A. 

6. " The Presidents, Vi ce -Pee ii dents, Secretaries, and Committees," moved 
by T. I. Pettigrew, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., seconded by the Rev. J. J. Ellis, M.A., F.S.A. 

T. "The Local Committee," moved by T. Wright, Esq., F.S.A., seconded by J. O. 
Nichols, Esq., F.S.A, 

8. " The Rev. Dr, Fausibt?, for his great conrtesy and kindness in receiving the 
members of the Association to inspect his most interesting collection of antiquities," 
moved by C. Roach Smith, Esq., F.S.A., seconded by i. O. HaUiwell, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A. 



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BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 



283 



9. "Alexander James Bemesfoid Hope, Eiq., M.P., for the noble example he baa 

set in purchasing the remalni of St. Auguatine'a Monastery for the purpose of prewiring 
them from further desecration and repairing the original work," moved by the R«T. S. 
Isaacson, M.A., seconded by the Rev. Charles Hauelli, M. A. 

10. "The Authors or Papers and Exhibit osa or ANTIQUITIES," moved hy 
Dr. W. V. Pettigrew, seconded by Thomas Amyot, Esq., F.R.S., Treaa.S. A. 

The Treasurer announced the desire which had been expressed by many 
members of the Association, to contribute to a fund for the exploration of 
antiquities, for aiding the publication of important and expensive works 
on antiquarian subjects, and for the other general purposes of the Asso- 
ciation ; the following gentlemen have already forwarded their contributions 
for the same. 



Hudson Graney, Esq. 
John Norris, Esq. 
L. H. Petit, Esq. . 
Archdeacon Burney 
Rev. Dr. Spry . . 
William Salt, Esq. 









at 


a. 


p. 


... 21 














20 














10 


10 











10 10 











10 10 











10 10 






Walter Hawkins, Esq. . . 
Matthew Bell, Esq. . . . 
Sir John Swinburne, Bart. . 
Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P. 
Sir Jonas Annealey . . . 



Francis Benthall, Esq. 
Re*. Wm, Thornton . 
Joseph Arden, Esq. . 
Sir James Boileau, Bart. 
Dr. Jephson . . . 
Edward Bridge?, Esq. 
William Chaffers, Esq. 
Rer. A. W. B urnside 
T. W. King, Eaq. . . 
Thomas Stapleton, Eaq. 
Count Mortars . . . 
Bolton Corney, Esq. 
W. J. Booth, Eaq. 
Ambrose Poynter, Eaq. 
Rer. Neville Whits . 
Janus Whatman, Esq. 
Rer. J. Lee Warner . 



Henry Phillip*, Eaq. 
Charles F. Barnwell, Eaq. 
Dr. John Lee .... 
Charles Newton, Eaq. , 
J. B. Bergne, Eaq. . . 
Augustus O'Brien, Esq., J 
Mies Anna Gnrney . . 
John Huitable, Eaq. . . 
3. 9. Rogers, Eaq. . . 
James Dearden, Eaq. 
John Bidwell, Eaq. . . 
Re v . Henry Dsibe Baker 

John Smith, Esq., L.L.D. 
— Mae Lellsn, Esq. . . 
Charles J. Whatman, Eaq. 
D. Price, Esq. .... 
Alfred White, Esq. . . 



After the general meeting on Saturday, a select party, including Arch- 
deacon Burney, Dr. Spry, Mr. C. R. Smith, and Mr. Wright, paid a visit to 
the interesting church of Chartham, and were kindly and hospitably enter- 
tained by the Rev. H. R. Moody, vicar of Chartham. 



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Notices of Xito publications. 

DkESSES AND DECORATIONS OP THE MIDDLE AGES, FEOM THE SKVBHTH 

to the Seventeenth Centueies. By Henht Shaw, F.S.A, 2 vols. 

imperial 8vo. London, Pickering, 1844. 

This very attractive and superbly embellished publication presents the 
most instructive scries of specimens of the arts, and decorative artistic pro- 
cesses of the middle ages, that has ever been offered to public attention : 
it comprises ninety-four elaborate plates, the greater number of which are 
very richly coloured, and a profusion of characteristic woodcuts. The sub- 
jects, selected at home and on the continent with much judgment, are repre- 
sented with the skill and minute accuracy which stamps Mr. Shaw's pub- 
lications with so high a value, and renders them not merely elegant table- 
books suitable for the drawing-room, but treasuries of curious and valuable 
information, to which the antiquary or the artist may constantly have 
recourse with fresh interest and advantage. In a former production, this 
talented artist had given a few striking examples of the taste displayed by 
our forefathers in the utensils or appliances of ordinary life, such as deco- 
rated the table or the dwellings of the higher classes of society ; in the 
present work, he has taken & wider range, and brought together, as a chrono- 
logical series, an interesting selection of objects which are preserved in 
public and private collections in England and abroad, scattered far apart, 
and in many cases scarcely accessible to the curious. By representations 
executed with a. degree of care and fidelity hitherto unequalled, Mr. Shaw has 
now in some measure supplied the deficiency so heavily felt in this country 
by the student of medieval art and antiquities. England is the only country 
in Europe which has up to the present time farmed no public collection illus- 
trative of national art, and specially destined to receive objects interesting 
from the historical associations attached to them, personal relics valuable 
from their connexion with the memory of eminent characters in ancient 
times, and not less to be prized as supplying characteristic examples of the 
gradual progress of art and taste from the earliest periods. Mr. Shaw has 
materially enhanced the value of his work in the eyes of the F.n gliah anti- 
quary by the judicious selection of numerous interesting memorials connected 
with the history of the realm. Such are the enamelled ring of Ethelwulf, 
the jewel which Alfred caused to be made, and which he is supposed to 
have lost at the eventful period of his career, when he fled before the Danes 
into the west; the contemporary portraits of several of our monarchs and 
personages of the blood royal, and the nuptial present of Henry THE. to 
Anne Boleyn, the elegant clock which was purchased at Strawberry Hill 
for Her Majesty the Queen. 

It would be difficult to mention any kind of art, or decorative process, 
practised during the medieval period which is not exhibited and illustrated 
in these volumes. There is scarcely any branch of antiquarian research 
upon which they do not throw a new light by some of the varied examples 



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DRESSES AND DECORATIONS OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 285 

which embellish every page. Mi. Shaw has availed himself of the recent 
improvements in the process of printing in colours by the use of woodcuts : 
the effect is most satisfactory, the brilliant initial letters and coloured deco- 
rations introduced in the letter-press, render it scarcely less attractive to the 
eye than the plates themselves. 

This work will prove particularly serviceable to those who investigate the 
details of costume, which are constantly found to be the most valuable key 
to the chronological arrangement of works of art during the middle ages. 
The examples of ecclesiastical cos- ( 
tume, as also of sacred ornaments and 
appliances, are of a very interesting 
character, especially the mitre and 
vestments of St Thomas of Canterbury, 
preserved in the treasury of the cathe- 
dral of Sens, where he resided for a 
time after his flight into France in 
1164. The apparel of the Amice, of 
which a. representation is here given, 
may serve as a specimen of the designs 
of the embroidery which adorns these 
curious relics. The colours, which 
alternate at short intervals, are red, 
blue, and green ; the crosses, the run- 
ning design on the border, and some 
other portions, appear to have been 
wrought with gold, whence embroidery 
of this kind received the appellation 
oKrifrigum, or an orfrey. The width of 
the original apparel is 4 j inches. The 
most curious object preserved at Sens, 
as having belonged to Becket, is the 
mitre, of which Mr. Shaw has given a 
beautiful representation. It appears to 
be the mitra aurtphrygiata of the Roman 
Ceremonial, which was formed of tissue 
of gold and embroidery, without any 
gems or plates of gold and silver. It 
is adorned with a remarkable orna- 
ment, which was very frequently in- 
troduced on the vestments of the Greek 
Church, and of which several examples 
occur on sepulchral brasses or other 
memorials in England : this symbol, 
originally formed by a combination of 
the letter gamma four times repeated, 
was termed Gammadion. The confor- 
mity of fashion between this mitre attributed to St. Thomas, and the mitre 
Pp 



286 notices of new publications. 

which appears in the representation of Hedda, bishop of Winchester, 
executed about the same period, deserves notice. The same form appears 
in both, the elevation is Blight, compared with mitres of a subsequent period, 
and the apex forms a right angle. This curious subject is taken from the 
Roll, which presents a series of drawings illustrative of the Life of St. 
Guthlac, and it exhibits his admission into priest's orders. These designs 
have been engraved for Nichols' History of Leicestershire, and the original 
roll, a remarkable specimen of English design during the latter part of the 
twelfth century, is preserved at the British Museum*. 



The successive variations in the form of the mitre, or other similar details, 
serve to the practised eye as indications of date ; it is on this account inter- 
esting to compare the simple embroidered mitre of the twelfth century with 
the superb, but less elegant work of the fifteenth, the splendidly jewelled 
mitra pretiosa, wrought by Thomas O'Carty for Cornelius O'Deagh, bishop 
of Limerick, about the year 1408, which has supplied Mr. Shaw with the 
subject of one of his most beautiful plates. This valuable relic of Irish 
workmanship in the precious metals had previously been represented in the 
Archteologia, vol. xvii., accompanied by a dissertation from the pen of the 



' Hsrl. Charter, V. 6. 



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DRESSES AND DECORATIONS OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 287 

late learned Dr. Milner, but a very erroneous notion of its real form is there 
conveyed, inasmuch as the plate exhibits the design of one moiety of the 
mitre, as if it were developed, or as a flat object, instead of shewing it in the 
true perspective. This defect has been properly corrected in Mr. Shaw's plate. 



The student of military antiquities and costume will find in these volumes 
a profusion of well-choseu examples, some of which, like the splendidly em- 
blazoned monumental effigy of William Longuespee, at Salisbury, are of the 
highest interest as specimens of ancient English art. This beautiful early 
work of sculpture is formed of the grey marble which formerly was quarried 
in great abundance at Corfe, and various places on the Dorsetshire coast. 
The figure is in great part highly polished, but was richly painted and 
gilded throughout, as a lively portraiture of the warrior in his complete 
equipment. Mr. Shaw has bestowed much care and pains in the endeavour 
to give, from indications which are still to be found on certain parts of the 
statue, a restoration of the original effect. It should be observed, that all 
monumental effigies, of what material soever, of stone or wood, of marble 
or alabaster, were, from the earliest periods down to the seventeenth cen- 
tury, invariably painted and gilded, in accordance with the proper colouring 
of the original costume. An interesting exhibition of the military accoutre- 
ment of a later period is afforded by the delineation which is copied from 
the Life of Richard Beauchamp, preserved in the British Museum. It re- 



n 



288 NOTICES OP HEW PUBLICATIONS. 

that doughty earl of Warwick and Sir Pandulf Malacet (? Malatesta). In 
the porter's lodge at Warwick castle may be seen a specimen of the 
singular long-handled axe, such as is represented in the drawing in question ; 
possibly it may be the identical weapon which was used by Earl Richard at 
that memorable feat of arms, but it has been fitted with a short handle, as if 
intended for single-handed use, like a battle-axe. Besides the numerous 
subjects illustrative of armour and arms, much information is to be gained 
in regard to the details of ancient warfare, The curious military engines, 
which were used with dire effect previously to the invention of gunpowder, 
are exhibited in active opera- 
tion, as in the annexed repre- 
sentation, taken from a draw- £ 
ing executed about the close 
of the fourteenth century, 
which shews the machines 
used for projecting huge 
stones. It is said that these 
powerful machines, which were 
called pierritres, calabrei, mm- 
yonel*, &c, were introduced 
during the reign of Henry III. 
by the second Simon de M out- 
fort. It is singular that the 
only specimens which have 

been noticed of the large stone balls or pellets, with which the walls of a 
fortress were battered by 
means of such artillery .were 
found a few years since in 
the soil, on the site of the 
extensive lake which for- 
merly washed the walls of 
Kenilworth castle, granted 
by Henry III. to the same De 
Montfort, earl of Leicester. 
Possibly these might have 
been some of the ponderous 
projectiles which had been 
employed during the ob- 
stinate siege maintained 
against Henry by the par- 
tisans of the rebel baron, 
under bis younger son, after 
the battle of Evesham. The 
fashion of the stately pavi- 
lion, which served to shelter 
the warrior in the field, of 
the galley in which he crossed the seas, with its lofty quarter-deck, and 

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DRESSES AND DECORATIONS OP THE MIDDLE AGES. 289 

contrivances suited for warfare with the sling and the cross-bow, as well as 
many other curious details, are to be studied in the delineations faithfully 
copied by Mr. Shaw. It is surprising, that in s country which makes its 
boast of the dominion of the seas, no antiquary should hitherto have taken 
up a subject of research so fraught with curious interest as the history of 
ancient shipping ; we may, however, anticipate that ere long this deficiency 
in national archaeology will be supplied from the pen of Sir Samuel Meyrick, 
by whose assiduous research another most obscure and intricate subject has 
already been elucidated, and whose valuable collection at Goodrich Court, 
hud open with the utmost liberality to the student and the curious, affords 
the most instructive chronological series of armour and arms which exists 
in Europe. 

The admirer of the quaint and elaborate works of the middle-age 
goldsmiths and enamellers will find in Mr. Shaw's attractive plates many 
objects of more than ordinary interest One of the most elegant is the gold 
coronation spoon, which is used for receiving the sacred oil from the 
ampulla, at the anointing of the sovereign ; it is probable that this is the 
sole relic of the ancient regalia which has been preserved to the present 
time. Its date is about the twelfth century. A rich display of chalices, 
crosses, crosiers, reliquaries, and other sacred ornaments, is given, as also of 
elegant works destined for ordinary or personal use, jewellery, arms, the 
beautiful parcel-gilt covered cups, which served to garnish the court 
cupboard of the sixteenth century, and amongst them that unique specimen 
of German niello, which is now 
preserved in the print-room at the 
British Museum. The elegant little 
reliquary, of which a representation 
is here offered to our readers, is a 
work of the fifteenth century ; the 
original exists at Paris. 

It would not be possible to advert 
in detail to all the artistic processes, 
of which specimens are here brought 
together. Painted glass, illumi- 
nated MSS., tapestry and embroid- 
eries, decorative pavements, the 
sepulchral brass and the incised 
slab, as well as works of a higher 
class of art, such as the remarkable 
portraits of Richard II., at Wilton, 
Margaret, queen of Scotland, at 
Hampton Court, and Francis I., 
attributed to the pencil of Janet, all 
are presented to view in rich variety. 
The portrait of King Richard may 
be regarded as the most curious painting in the earl of Pembroke's 



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290 NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATION 8. 

collection, and is known by the etching executed by Hollar, which gives bat 
an imperfect idea of the original. This picture 
has been cited as a specimen of painting in oil, J 
the date assigned to it being 1377, thirty-three years | 
previous to the supposed invention of the art by I 
John ab Eyck. Mr. Shaw, however, considers it t< 
be painted in distemper, and supposes the resemblance 
to oil-painting to be occasioned only by the varnish. 
The scattered objects which are preserved in 
the mansions of the aristocracy in Great Britain, and 
must be regarded with special interest on account of 
historical associations which are connected with them, 
are very numerous. Of an interesting little relic of this 
description, which has now been brought to light by 
Mr. Shaw, a representation is here submitted to o 
readers. It is the penner, which, as tradition affirms, 
was left at Waddington Hall by Henry VI., during i 
his wanderings in Yorkshire, after the fatal battle of I 
Towton. At Bolton Hall, the previous place of his I 
concealment, he had parted with his boots, his knife, f 
fork, and spoon. The case for pens and ink, des- I 
tined to be appended to the girdle, is formed of ■ 
leather, neatly ornamented with patterns in relief. T 
The process of impressing designs on leather soft- 1 
ened by heat, and termed cuir-botdlli, was anciently 
carried to singular perfection, and rendered available 
for a variety of purposes. Defences formed of this 
material supplied the place of the more cumbers 
armour of iron plate, and greaves or "jambeuz of 
coorbuly," which are mentioned by Chaucer, as part 
of the equipment of Sir Thopas, may be noticed on 
the monumental effigies of the period. It is recorded 
that the figure of Henry V., which was exposed to 
public view during his obsequies, was formed of cwr- 
bouilli. The remarkable durability of ornamental 
work impressed upon leather by such means, is 
shewn by the very curious specimens which have 
been discovered in Moorfields, in positions where 
they had been much exposed to damp : they consist 
of shoes, belts, and pouches, and are preserved in the 
interesting collection which has been formed by 
Mr. Charles Roach Smith, consisting almost exclu- 
sively of antiquities, of every period, which have been 
brought to light in the city of London and its 
environs. albert VfAT. 



>v Google 



an analysis of gothic architecture. 391 

Am Analysis of Gothic Architecture, illustrated by Drawings 

made from actual m ea8urement 07 existing examples thr0ugh- 

out England, and carefully delineated to Scale. By R, & J. A. 

Brandon, Architects. Noa. 1. and II. London, P. Richardson. 1844. 

We cannot better explain the object of this publication than by reprint- 
ing the first paragraphs of the Prospectus : — 

" The want of a work on this important subject has long been felt by the 
profession. The many beautiful pictorial works that are now being pub- 
lished are quite inadequate to the purpose, and seem designed rather for the 
amateur than for the architect : it is with the view of supplying this defi- 
ciency and with the earnest hope of contributing a work of real value and 
interest to the libraries of scientific, professional, and practical men, that the 
authors have been induced to place before the public the result of deep re- 
search and study, laying claim to nothing new or unattainable by others, but 
merely to a careful and patient investigation of the truly beautiful remains of 
Gothic architecture in this country and an accurate representation thereof. 

" All the different examples will be classified according to their date, and 
when complete the work will take that arrangement, but it is not proposed 
to publish them in chronological order. 

" Each subject will be accompanied with plans and ample sections of the 
mouldings, and whenever any particularly interesting constructive feature 
occurs, it will be carefully drawn out to a larger scale." 

The publication being intended chiefly for architects, we must not expect 
the plates to be made intelligible to unprofessional eyes ; they are accord, 
ingry executed in such a manner, that few besides architects can enter into 
the spirit of them, or take much delight in beholding them. They are 
drawn on stone with a pen, in outline only, without any attempt at shadows 
or effect, but fairly done in their way, with general accuracy and attention 
to details, sections of mouldings. Sec. So far as the work has yet gone, we 
cannot say that the selection of subjects appears very judicious : it would 
be easy to point out finer examples of the respective styles. The use of the 
term Semi- Norman on the first plate is unfortunate ; this term has been 
always repudiated by our beet- informed architectural antiquaries, and the 
Messrs. Brandon have not shewn much discretion by commencing then- 
work with the use of it In this example, (a doorway from Orpington, 
Kent,) if the mouldings are drawn with tolerable accuracy, the style is much 
more Early English than Norman. Our limits forbid any detailed criticism 
of each plate ; we can only observe that several of the specimens are not 
pure specimens of the styles, but partake more or less of a transition 
character, and therefore should not have been selected as models of the 
style. For instance, the distinction between the Decorated windows at 
Cheuies and Ghesham, Bucks, and the Perpendicular window at Kings- 
worthy, Hants, is not apparent ; the designs are nearly the same, and the 
variation in the mouldings very trifling ; neither the one nor the other is a 
pure specimen of either style. Still, on the whole, the work deserves to be 
recommended as cheap and useful. i. h. p. 



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RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS.— ENGLISH. 

Fresco Decorations and Stuccoes of the Churches and Palaces in 
Italy, burino the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Taken 
from the principal Works of the greatest Painters, never before engraved, 
and containing a store of examples, patterns, &c, fitted for the use and 
adoption of Architects, Decorators, Manufacturers, and Dilettanti in 
Building. With English Descriptions, by Louis Gruner. With forty- 
fire Plates. John Murray, London. 

The Natural History, Antiquities, Manufactures, &c. of thr 
County of Stafford. By Robert Garner, F.L.S. fivo., with many 
illustrations, price one guinea. 

The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Great Britain, from the Con- 
quest to the Reformation ; illustrated by views, plans, elevations, 
sections, and details. By Henry Bowman and James Hadfield, archi- 
tects. Royal 4to., in Parts, each 3s. bds. Parts I. and II., Norbury 
Church, Derbyshire ; Parts III. and IV., Lambley Church, Nottingham- 
shire ; Part V., Castle Rising Church, Norfolk. 

Monastic Ruins of the County of Yorkshire, from Drawings made 
expressly for the work by Mr. W. Richardson, architect, with copious 
Historical and Descriptive Notices by the Rev. Edward Churton, M.A. 
Lithographed by G. Hawkins. H. Sunter, York ; Ackermann and Co., 
London. Royal folio £1. Is., Proofs £1. lis. 6d. Parts I. II. and 
III. The County of Yorkshire will be completed in about Six Parts, 
of four plates each. 

Ecclesiastical Architecture of Italy, from the time of Constan- 
tine to the Fifteenth Century ; with text by Henry Gaily Knight, 
Esq., M.P. Second aeries, 51 plates. £S, 5a. 

Anecdota Litbraria ; a collection of short Poems in English, Latin, and 
French, illustrative of the Literature and History of England in the 
thirteenth century, and more especially of the condition and manners of 
the different classes of society. Edited by Thomas Wright, Esq. 8ro. 
fa. 6d. 

History of Grittlkton. By the Rev. J. E. Jackson, illustrated by 
engravings. 4to. For the Wiltthire Topographical Society. 

An Essat on Topographical Literature, its province, attributes, and 
varied utility ; with an account of the sources, objects, and uses of na- 
tional and local records, with Glossaries of words used in ancient Wilt- 
shire. By John Britton, F.S.A., &c. 4to. For the Wiltshire Topogra- 
phical Society. 

An Account of the Opening of the Roman Tumulus at Roughah, on 
the 4th July, 1844. By the Rev. J. S. Henslow. 8 pp. 8vo. 



>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



MCINT ARCHAEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS. ENGLISH. 293 

A Supplement to the Suffolk Traveller ; or Topographical ahd 
Genealogical Collections concerning that County. Compiled 
by Augustine Page. In one vol., royal 8vo. Price to Subscribers, 
£1. 15s. ; to Nun -Subscribers, £2. 

The History and ANiiauiTiEs of Dartford, with topographical notices 
of the neighbourhood. By John Dunkin, gent., M.A.S., in 1 vol. 8vo. 
with engravings. 

The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society. 
No. XXV. containing, 1. Unedited Autonomous and Imperial Greek 
Coins, by H. P. Borrell. 2. New Proposed Reading of certain coins of 
Cunobelin, by Samuel Birch. 3. On Bullion Currency, by W. B. Dick- 
inson. 4. On the term " bar," employed in African exchange compu- 
tation, by W. B. Dickinson. 5. On some Anglo-Saxon Stycas dis- 
covered at York, by C. R. Smith. 6. Miscellanea. 7- Proceedings 
of the Numismatic Society, with engravings and woodcuts. 8vo. 

An Olla Podrida, or Scraps, Numismatic, Antiquarian, and Literary. 
By Richard Sainthill, of Top sham, Devon. Large 8vo. London, 1844. 

Abchkologia Aeliana, or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity, pub- 
lished by the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Vol. III. 
Part iii. 4to. 1844. 

Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. xix. Part II. 

Archsologia. Vol. xxx. Part II. 4to. London, 1844. 

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Nob. Land 
II. 8vo. London, 1843.4. 

A Seribs of Monumental Brasses, extending from the reign of Edward 
I. to that of Elizabeth. Part XIV. By I. G. and L. A. B. Waller. 

The Antiquities of Crosby Hall, including an Historical and Descrip- 
tive account of the Building, from the foundation to the present period, 
with fifteen line engravings. By Henry J. H amnion, Architect. 4to. 

Lectures on Heraldry, in which the principles of the Science are fami- 
liarly explained, and its application shewn to the study of History and 
Architecture, illustrated by numerous drawings of various kinds of armo- 
rial bearings, badges, and other devices, including those of the Kings 
and Queens of England, with an examination of the causes which are 
said to have given rise to their adoption. By A. Barrington, M.D., 
fcap. v o., 7s. 6d., or with the plates, coloured, 10s. 6d. 



Introduction to a Scientific System of Mythology. By C. O. Muller. 
Translated from the German by J. Leitch. 8vo., 12b. 



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294 RECENT. ARCHAEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS. — FRENCH. 

A History of Illuminated Books, from the 4th to the 17th century. 
By H. N. Humphreys- Illustrated by a series of specimens, consisting 
of an entire page of the exact size of the original, from the most cele- 
brated and splendid MSS, Printed in gold, silver, and colours. To be 
completed in about 24 Parts. Part I., Imperial 4to., I2j,, large 
paper, 21s. 

A Survey of Staffordshire ; containing the Antiquities of that County. 
By S. Erdeswick, Collated with MS. copies, and with additions and 
corrections illustrative of the History and Antiquities, by the Rev. T. 
Harwood, D.D. New edition, considerably improved, 8vo- pp. 694, 
8 plates, cloth, 25s. 



RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS.— FRENCH. 

Memoireb de la Societe des Aktiquairbs de l'Ouest. Annee, 1843. 
Poitiers. 8vo. 1844. 1. Catalogue du Musee. 2. Seance Publique. 
3. L' Amphitheatre, ou les Arenes de Poitiers, par M. le baron Bourg- 
nor de Layre. 4. Essai sur les Lanternes des Moils, par M. A. de 
Chasteigner. 5. Statute et Usages de l'ancienne Abbaye de Montier- 
neuf de Poitiers, par M. Redet. 6. Memoire sur la Bataille de Moneon- 
tour, par M. AUonneau. 7. Attribution de quelques Tiers de sol d'or 
au Poitou, par M. B. Fillon. 8. Recherches sur un Tiers de sol d'or 
inedit de Melle, frappl au type Visigoth, par A. de Chasteigner. 
9. Compte Rendu des Seances du Congres Archeologique de Poitiers. 

Bulletins db la Societe des Antiqu aires de l'Ouest. Annies, 
1844-46. Poitiers. 8vo. 1844. 

Bulletin db la Societe deb Antiquaires de Picakdie. Annee, 1844. 
No. 2. Amiens. 8vo. 1844. 

Essai sur les Nous Propres Normands, par M. de Gerville, F.S.A., 
&c. 4to. Caen, 1844. 

Monuments Romains d'Alleaume, par M. de Gerville. Valognes. 8vo. 

1844. 
Lett re bur l'Architecture des Eglises du De partem en t db la 

Manche, par M. de Gerville. Valognes, 8vo. 1843. 

Revue Numismatique, publiee par E. Carticr et L. de la Saussaye. 
Annie, 1844. No. 3. 1. Attribution d'une metlaille gauloise & Age- 
dincum Senonum ; par M. Ad. de Longperier. 2. Recherches sur lea 
epoques et sur les causes de Amission de I' tea grave en Italic ; par M. 
Ch. Lenormant. 3. Tiers de Sol d'or inedit de Sigebert l", roi d'Aus- 
trasie ; par M. Fillon. 4. Catalogue d'une decouverte de monnaies du 
rooyen-age faite dans la crypte de Saint-Eutrope, de Saintes, le 10 Mai, 
1843; par M. de Chasteigner. r>. Bulletin Bibliographique. 6. Me- 
langes, 8vo. Paris. London, Mr. Curt, 65, Prince's Street, Leicester 
Square. 



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RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS. HERMAN. 295 

Rapport a la Societe des Antiouaireb de la Morinie surles Fouilles 
Archeologiques que son Comite de Boulogne a fait executer in 1842, 
Saint Omer, 8vo. 1843. 

Antiquites de Pologne, de Lituanie et de Slavonie, explique'es par 
Joachim Lelervel, par livraisons, 8vo. Paris et BruxelleB. 

Notice Historique sur le Chateau de la Ville i>k Bouloonb, par 
M. Franqois Morand. 8vo. Boulogne, 1843. 

FaoSihile de L'Evanoeliaire Slave dk Reims, vulgairement 
homme Texts do Sacre, public par J. B. Silvestre, Traduit de Slave 
en Latin et precede - d'une dissertation en forme de preface pax B. Kopitar. 

Compteone Historique rt Monumentale, par Lambert de Ballypier. 
2 vols. gr. in 8, with plates and woodcuts. 12a. 



RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS.— GERMAN. 

Obnamentik des Mittel alters AUB Italien undSicilien. v. J.O. Cra- 
mer. 2 Heft. 4to. Regensburg. 7s. 

Trachtrn d. Christlichen Mittbl alters, v. J. .Hefner. I. Abtb. 
7 Lief. II. Abth. 9, 10 Lfg. III. Abth. 7 Lfg. 4to. Mannheim. 8s. 

. Edition on fine large 

paper, beautifully coloured, each number £1. 

Gothisciies ABC Buch, das igt: Lehrbuch der Gbdndregeln des 

GoTlllSCHEN STYLS,UNDlNSBESONDRRE DER GoTHlSCHEN ArCHITECTUR. 

v. Fr. Hoffstadt. 8 u. 4 Lief. Imp. fol. In portfolio. Frankfurt. Ed. 
splend. £3. 12s. — Lief. 5, completing the work, will be published in 



Denkmalrder Baukunst des Mitt ela iters in Sachben. v. L. Puttrich. 

Impl. 4to. II. 1. Leips. Subs. 133. 6d. Chinese Pap. £1. Os. 6d. 
Altteutscher Bilderbaal. mit 24 Kupp. v. J. Bader. 8vo. Carlsr. 10a. 
Jahrbocher des Vxreins von Alterthumspreunden in Rhein- 

lande IV. 8to. Bonn. 7s. 
Mittheilokg der Antiquar. Gbsellschapt in Zurich. V. 2. with 

plates. 4to. Zur. £1. 10s. 
Zeitbchbiet pur Deutsches Alterthum, iirgb. v. M. Haupt. 4 vols. 

No. 1 and 2. 8vo. Leipz. 9s. 

ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS PREPARING FOR 
PUBLICATION. 
Pbrranzabuloe, with an Account of the Pbesent and Past Condi- 
tion of the Oratory of St. Piran in the Sands, and bomb remarks 
on its probable Date, together with a General Introduction to 
the Early Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Cornwall. By the 
Rev. W. Haslam, B.A., Curate of Perranzabuloe. With several illus- 
trations. Small 8vo. London, Van Voorst, 



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296 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS PREPARING FOB PUBLICATION. 

By Subscription. 
The Military Antiquities op Kent. By the Rev. Beak- Post, B.C.I.., 
of Bydews Place, near Maidstone. In 2 vols., 8vo., with Maps and 
Engravings. 

By Subscription. 
Illustrations of the Anolo-Saxon Coinage. To be completed in about 
eight quarterly parts. The support of those who are interested in the 
subject is respectfully requested by D. H. Haigh, Leeds. 

By Subscription. 
An Essay on the Celtic Languages, compared amongst themselves, 
and considered in their Affinity with the other Languages of 
the Caucasian Stock. By Dr. Carl Meyer, of Rinteln. This Essay 
obtained the prize of eighty guineas, at the Eisteddvod of the Aber- 
gavenny Cymreigyddion, October, 1842. In one volume, 8vo. Price 
to subscribers not to exceed 10s. Subscribers' names received by the 
publisher, W. Rees, Llandovery, or by Messrs. Longmans, London. 

By Subscription. 
A History of the Island of Barb a does, prom the Earliest Period 
to the Present Time, compiled from Public and Private Records, 
Printed Works, &c, containing a Distinct Account of each Parish, with 
Genealogical Tables of the respective families now or formerly resident 
there, Agricultural and Ecclesiastical History of the Island, Engravings 
of Churches, Houses, Monuments, Portraits, &c. By W. D. Bruce, Esq. 
Subscribers' names to be sent to Messrs. Nichols and Son. 

By Subscription. 
The Natural System of Architecture as opposed to the Artificial 
System op the present day, with illustrations, in 1 vol. Royal 8vo. 
By William Pettit Griffith, F.S.A., Architect. 

History and Description of the parish op Kington St. Michael, 
Wiltshire: with a Memoir of the Life and Times of John 
Aubrey : illustrated by a map of the parish, and a portrait of Aubrey. 
By John Britton, F S.A., &c For the Wiltshire Topographical Societg. 

A brief History op the Parish of Stowting, Kent, containing some 
account and drawings of the antiquities lately discovered there. By the 
Rev. F. Wrench. In 2 parts. 8vo. 

Drawings and Descriptions of the lately- discovered Sarcophagi 
and Remains of the Knights Crusaders in the Temple Church, 
London. By Edward Richardson, sculptor. Folio. Price to sub- 
scribers one guinea, plain, or a guinea and a-half tinted proofs. Sub- 
scribers' names to be sent to the author, 6, Hales Place, South Lambeth, 

The Church of St. John the Evangelist, in the Parish of Slvm- 
hridge, in the County of Gloucester. In royal 8vo. Subscribers' 
uames to be sent to F, Niblett, Esq., architect, Haresfield Court, neat 
Gloucester. 



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archaeological Journal. 



DECEMBER, 1844. 

SUGGESTIONS FOR THE EXTENSION OP THE 
BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 

[The following piper, which will fbrm u Ippropriftto introduction to the completioxl of the Ant j-air 
but wwm iLccideD tiy raivlud by ths Bttcntmry of the Sectional Committee J 

Anticipating from the high auspices under which The 
British Archaeological Association has commenced its career, 
that it will speedily establish for itself a very important and 
permanent position in regard to the literature and antiquities 
of the country, I have ventured to throw together a few sug- 
gestions upon its future destination and management. 

Called into existence by the strong and general feeling that 
the objects about which it proposes to interest itself have been 
far too long and most injuriously neglected, it will not be 
sufficient to remedy the evil, so far as may yet be practicable, 
by redeeming these objects from oblivion, unless pains be 
taken, at the same time, to classify and preserve them. If 
British, Celtic, Roman, Saxon, Banish, Norman, and other 
remains, are only to be brought to partial light and scattered 
throughout a number of private collections and receptacles, 
we might almost as well refrain from our researches. Allotting 
to every one a few specimens and a mouthful of intelligence 
can never achieve a national undertaking ; and if we intend 
our labours to be adequately useful, we must, from the very 
beginning, prepare, and lay the foundation for a Museum to 
concentrate and arrange the products of our investigations. 
"Without tins, written description would but poorly effect the 
ends we have in view, viz. the engendering and extending 
of a disposition to discover and take care of the relics left 
by our ancestors from the earliest dates, the recording and 
doing honour to those who unite with us in this pursuit, 
and the ample and judicious disposal of the memorials by 
means of which the manners and history of bygone ages are 
made known. When we consider the great pleasure with 
b r 

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298 SUGGESTIONS FOE THE EXTENSION OP 

which every intelligent person examines even a few rare and 
curious specimens, we may imagine the intense delight which 
would be afforded by an enlarged museum, containing every 
variety of the antiquarian remains which our island discloses. 
By the success which may attend our own exertions, by gifts 
from patriotic individuals in possession of similar treasures, 
and by the exchange of duplicates and liberality towards 
others, there cannot be a question but that within the space 
of a very limited period, the British Archaeological Association 
would be enabled to exhibit a rich, instructive, and most in- 
teresting Institution of this kind. 

Settled in the metropolis, it would be a focus of meeting 
and intercourse for members ; and out of it ought to grow 
opportunities for cultivating both individual benefits and 
general good. In due season and attached to it, an 
Archaeological Club might be formed, and literature and 
science be found no unfit allies to the union of social gratifi- 
cation in the interchange of mind directed to the elucida- 
tion of points in common with all. Co-operation, instead of 
insulation, would become our order of the day ; and the result 
would soon appear in the most satisfactory way that an English 
antiquary could wish. 

And let it be remembered that science and literature are 
the only true republics impervious to " class" doubt or censure. 
The equality is a noble one, and such a Club as I have alluded 
to would need no canvassing for the admission of members, 
no ballot boxes to guard against the ingress of the unworthy. 
Being enrolled in the British Archaeological Association would 
be title enough ; for the simple fact of being devoted to pur- 
suits of this description, ought to be admitted as proof of in- 
tellectual ability and respectability, which should make the 
candidate, lowest perhaps in the gifts of station and fortune, 
an eligible associate, fully as far as such institutions require, 
for the most exalted in rank and the most powerful in 
wealth. For how graceful are the contentions in these re- 
publics ! The highest ambition of the humblest jostles no 
superior, creates no fear, excites no envy. The utmost efforts 
of the loftiest, only endear them to their fellow-workers in the 
same emulative line, and as a touch of nature makes all men 
kin, so may we truly say of literary cultivation, it disposes 
all men to friendliness and mutual assistance. In our Club, 
then, peers would have no dislike to meeting with the well- 



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THE BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 299 

informed husbandman, nor the heads of the Church with the 
unpresuming lay-brother. A cairn or a barrow would make 
them companions ; and as we have hinted with respect to 
minds imbued with and regulated by a love of research and 
similarity of intelligence, there would not be the slightest risk 
of undue or incongruous intrusion. 

In connection with the Museum a Library would be indis- 
pensable ; and it is reasonable to expect, from donations, that 
it would speedily be one of valuable reference : and, as in the 
formation of the Museum, an exchange of duplicates might 
add greatly both to its establishment and increase. But it 
will be said, that though these may be desiderata, they must 
be attended with cost ; and where are the funds to come 
from ? In answer, I would state that the Club, even at a 
moderate entrance-fee and annual subscription, iu comparison 
with other clubs in London, would well support itself. Bat 
as an adjunct I would suggest that every member who fre- 
quented the Museum and Library, should pay ten shillings for 
every year he availed himself of their resources. Perhaps it 
might further he deserving of consideration how far the social 
accommodations of the Club could be placed at the disposal of 
members visiting the metropolis from the country, and seeking 
at the same time to consult what the association had accumu- 
lated, and to mingle more freely with the associates in town than 
they could do if scattered in hotels and lodging-houses. Sup- 
posing that out of the vast number of gentry, clergy, and pro- 
vincial antiquaries, with whom we are courting a steady inter- 
communication, there are hundreds who only come to London 
occasionally and for brief periods, it is not easy to overrate 
the pleasure and economy of such accommodation as could thus 
be readily provided, with saving to them individually, and 
profit to the funds of the general body. 

In the event of these hints being adopted and acted upon, 
the yearly revenues of the Association would be large enough 
to bear the expense of antiquarian operations upon a greater 
scale than could otherwise be undertaken. There would be 

1. The voluntary subscriptions. 

2. The guinea subscriptions at the anniversaries. 

3. The ten shillings for the use of museum and library. 

4. The entrance-fee for the club : say five guineas. 

5. The annual payments to it : and 

6. The occasional payments of country visiters. 



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300 SUGGESTIONS FOR THE EXTENSION &C. 

From all which sources combined, there cannot be a question 
but that a very important amount would be annually raised, 
conducing much to the comfort and information of members, 
and to the extension and prosperity of the Association, and 
leaving a surplus for such purposes as time and experience 
pointed out as expedient for perfecting the design. 

A severe illness having prevented me from the much-antici- 
pated enjoyment of the British Archseological Meeting at 
Canterbury, but rejoicing to hear of the sure foundations it 
has laid for the fulfilment of all I have hoped from the insti- 
tution, I beg leave to add a few words to the hasty sugges- 
tions I had thus far committed to the Secretaries, (with the 
intention of revising and extending,) should they be deemed 
worthy of being read. 

My purpose is only to request my fellow-members not to 
be startled by any of my propositions, and like all the sceptics 
in regard to new views or plans, start hastily into opposition 
to what they may at first sight think impracticable or inapphc- 
able. Rome was not built in a day ; nor is there one of these 
hints for the future offered except for mature deliberation as 
the Society rises in power and importance. Nor is there one 
of them so connected with the rest, that, if deemed worthy, 
it might not be adopted whilst the others were postponed or 
dismissed. 

But I trust I may be permitted to say that none have been 
rashly thrown out, nor indeed without much consideration; 
and had I not been, so much to my regret, disabled by sick- 
ness from taking part in the proceedings, I should have been 
ready with strong arguments to support the opinions I have 
ventured to indicate. No inconsiderable experience in the 
formation and early care of now great National Associations, 
may, I trust, entitle what I have put together, however roughly, 
to be thought of in due time, not as vague or sanguine specu- 
lations, but parts or wheels which may be incorporated into 
this great antiquarian machine, with advantage to its practical 
working, and with satisfaction to all who may take an interest 
in enlarging and improving its operations. 

Praying at any rate forgiveness for the imperfections of a 
sick couch, I heartily congratulate the Association on the 
splendid result of its first public effort. Esto perpetua. 

W. JERDAN. 

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ILLUSTRATIONS OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE, &c. 

FROM ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS. 



We have already given some instances of the valuable 
assistance to be derived from the literature and from the 
illuminated manuscripts of the middle ages, especially in 
treating of the domestic and military architecture of the mid- 
dle ages. The present article will be confined to one book 
(an illuminated MS. in three volumes), preserved now in the 
British Museum (MSS. Addit. Nos. 1 0,292, 10,293,and 10,294), 
containing the series of romances relating to the San Graal 
and the Round Table, written in French prose by Robert de 
Borron and Walter Mapes. Our first figure, one of the earlier 
illuminations in the first volume of the book alluded to, is a 
curious representative of a master and his two workmen em- 
ployed in cutting incised monumental slabs. The chapter to 
which it belongs is entitled in the MS., Eim que une duckoiae 
fel taiUier lea tombea et lea lettrea eacrire; and it goes on to 
inform us how the duchess sent for workmen far and near 
{elle manda ouvriera pres et loins), and "caused them to write on 
each of the tombs letters which told how each had come by 
his death." It is important that to one of these tombs the 
scribe has given a date, 1316, which there can be no doubt is 
that of the year in which these illuminations were executed, 
and this gives a still greater value to the architectural infor- 
mation they may convey. 



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802 ILLUSTRATIONS OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE, &C. 

Our second figure | 
is a good illustration 
of what was said in 
our last number on 
the juxtaposition of 
the hall and cham- 
ber in houses of 
the thirteenth cen- 
tury, as described 
in the fabliaux of 
that age. The chap- 
ter to which it be- 
longs is entitled, Un- 
it que Gal. parole 

a Lancelot en une .i B ,ea-aa™hrmAii».»»Mi>i" 

chambre, et It che- 
valier lea atendoient en la sale; and the hall is represented 
open on one side in order to exhibit the knights within, while 
the door of the chamber shews us the king in conversation 
with Lancelot. The next cut (fig. 3.) furnishes an exceedingly 
good picture of a house 
of the beginning of the I 
fourteenth century (the 
age of the MS.)': it is 
entitled, EnsiqueLan- i 
celot ront les fers d'une 
fenestre et si entre de- 
dens pour gesir avoec la 
royne. The queen has ; 
informed Lancelot that \ 
the head of her bed 
lies near the window 
of her chamber, and 
that he may come by I 

night to the window, '■ * H "°- «~ us « MltKo "" SSjll * T * 
which is defended by an iron grating, to talk with her, and she 



■ The cut also shews the simple form of 
the houses even of the great. In a tract in s 
MS. of the thirteenth century (MS. Reg. 3. 
A. *. fol. 180), an alphabetical list of names 
of things, and their definitions, gWes the 
folia wing account of a house : — 
Domul sic ■difleatur. 



Primo terra foditur. 
Deinde fund amentum jacitur 
Post parietes eriguntur. 
Diversa laquearia interponuntui. 
Tectum superponitur. 
Qnadrala est. 



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ILLUSTRATIONS OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE, &C. SOS 

tells him that the wall of the adjacent hall is in one part weak and 
dilapidated enough to allow of his obtaining an entrance through 
it; but Lancelot prefers breaking open the grating in order 
to approach directly into the chamber, to passing through the 
hall, in which it appears in the sequel that the seneschal Sir 
Kay was sleeping for the purpose of acting as a spy on the 
queen's conduct. It is an interesting drawing, even in its 
details, for the door of the hall exhibits the lock, knocker, and 
hinges of that time, and the roof is a perfect example of early 
tiling. The chimney also is distinguished by a peculiar style, 
which runs through all the drawings in this MS., and may be 
compared with that of the house in the seal engraved in our 
last number. Over Lancelot's head is the soler, with its 
window. In addition to the passages already cited from the 
fabliaux relating to the soler, or upper floor, it may be observed 
that it appears to have been in the thirteenth century a pro- 
verbial characteristic of an avaricious and inhospitable person, 
to shut his hall door and live in the soler. 

Encor eseommeni-je plus 

Riche homme qmferme ton huts, 

Et va mengier en tolitr tut ". 

We have a very elegant example of the chimney in fig. 4, 
representing part of the house of a knight, whose wife has 
an intrigue with one of the heroes of 
these romances, King Claudas. The 
knight laid watch to take the king as 
he was in the lady's chamber at night, 
but the king being made aware of his 
danger, escaped by the chamber 
window, while the knight approached 
by the hall door — the illumination of 
which this is a fragment represents — 
Enai que li roys Claudas s eiifuit par 
mi un fenestre, for le signour de I'ostel ( Trom „„_ 4<Mit , 0!W M , „ 
gu'il veoit venir. 

The manuscript from which we are quoting contains many 
interesting illustrations of the minor castellated buildings, of 
which some description was given in our former article, repre- 
senting the manner in which the towers, &c. were roofed, with 
the wood-works on the top. In one of the romances a duke of 

' Wriglifi AnecdoU Litetari*, p. 61. 

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304 ILLUSTRATIONS OP DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE, &C. 

Clarence wanders in 
a wood, till at length 
he finds a beaten 
path, which leads him 
to a chatelet or little 
castle (et voit qu'il y 
a un castelet.) "This 
castle was in ap- 
pearance very strong, 
for there were good 
ditches round it full 
of water, and near 
the ditches were great 
'roeillis' and wonder- 
fully strong, and after 
there were walla won- 
derfully strong and 
thick and lofty, and 
they were as white as 

chalk"." The duke „. tc ^,. lrvm¥ , a iMit iiM .tm .*■ 

rides up to the outer 

gate, which he finds open and without guard — et c'estoit la 
bertesce desouz lee fosses — he passes through it into the court, 
and rides up to the gate of the bailie or body of the building, 
which was dosed" 1 . He knocks hard, and a 'valet' comes, of 
whom he asks a lodging. Our cut (fig. 5.) shews — End que 
U due de Clarence parole au vallet a le porte du castel. We 
have here the ditch and fence, apparently of strong wooden pali- 
sades, surrounding the court, with the fortified tower (or bretesce) 
defending the bridge, and (within it) the castle or body of the 
building. We might be led by the words of the text to suppose 
that the walls of the castles were whitewashed, or painted ; 
and in a translation of Grosteste's Chasteau d'Amour, in a 
MS. of the end of the fourteenth century (MS. Bibl. Egerton. 
in Mus. Brit. No. 928), the walls of a castle are spoken of 
as being painted of three colours : — 

Therfor a castel has the king mode at his devys, 

That thar' never drede assaut of any enemys. 



" Pai samblant ycila caaliaue estoit mult fort et espi 

fbra, quar il y avuit bona fosses en tour et estoient am . . 

pining d'aigue, et pr*j avoit gratia roeillia d Et puta cnvii 

et fort a grant merrcille, et apres aont li niur qui frcmes estoit. 



haul a grant merrelle, c 



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ILLUSTRATIONS OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE, &C. 305 

He sette hit on a whit roche thik and hegh, 
With gode dykes al aboute depe and dregh'. 
Men may sever with no craft this castil doun myne, 
Ne may never do harme to hit no maner engyne. 
This castil is ever ful of love and of grace, 
To al that any nede has socour and solace. 
Four toures ay hit has, and kernels fair, 
Thre bailliees al aboute, that may nojt apair ; 
Nouther herts may wele thinke ne tung may wel telle, 
Al the bounty and the bewtd of this ilk castelle. 
Seven barbicans are sette so sekirly aboute, 
That no maner of shoting may greve fro withoute. 
This castel is paynted without with thre maner colours, 
Rede brennand 11 colour is above toward the fair tours, 
Meyne colour is y-myddea of ynde and of blewe, 
Grene colour be the ground that never changes bewe. 

The poem goes on to state that internally the walls are 
painted white. 

In another part of our romances we learn how Sir Iwain 
loses his way similarly in a wood, and how he finds a path 
which leads him to the castle of a poor gentleman on the border 
of the forest. He hastens thither because he hears a horn 
sounding for assistance. He finds the breteske open, and a 
young man (pallet) 
in the upper part 
who is sounding the 
horn. It appears 
that this castle is 
occupied by the 
young man, his mo- 
ther and sister, and 
a small number of 
Serjeants or house- 
hold servants, and 
that a party of rob- 
bers from the fo- 
rest have succeed- 
ed in surprising it, 
and are occupied 



and the servants, « l .t;*e*.r«, ra uB.imi.ww.toi.vn.*K 

and in outraging his sister, he alone having taken refuge in 

t dry. < heart h burning. 



* Google 



306 ILLUSTRATIONS OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE, &C. 

the breteske. Sir Iwain rushes into the court and attacks the 
robbers, while the young man having obtained a bow shoots 
down upon them from his place of refuge. The cut, fig. 6, 
(see previous page) represents — Ensi que Twains se combat 
en A. castel as larons. We have here again the court sur- 
rounded by the ditch and fence of wooden palisades, (qui estoit 
close de haute lande et de dons fosses grans et parfons,) and the 
castellated residence within. The latter appears to consist 
simply of the hall, (indicated by its two large windows,) the 
entrance of which is in the tower, on the right end of it, 
while the chambers occupy the tower at the other end, and 
a watch-tower rising above the other buildings. 

The last illumination we select from this MS. is a bridge 
with a breteske, or tower of defence ; it is described in the 
rubric as being ben bretesktet 1 . The sequel of the story, how- 
ever, seems to indi- 
cate that it was a 
ford, with a breteske 
or fort on the shore k . 
The wood-work a- 
bove is very clearly 
delineated. In the 
middle ages, bridges 
were generally, and 
fords sometimes, 
defended by for- 
tresses of this de- 
scription, the object 
of which was not 

only to hinder the ,. itonutodB0 ^ * mmia .um.*m. •**-. 

advanceof an enemy, 

but also to enforce the toll levied upon travellers (especially 
merchants) passing over the bridge or ford, or sailing along 
the river. The following curious account of an enchanted 
city, taken from a Cambridge MS. of the English romance 
of Bevis of Hampton, describes the bridge with its tower 
of defence. 



1 Ensi que j. chevalieni ben txmil Tint 
iTmnt j. pont li quel estoit ben btetei- 



rienent i. V iuie li n'i roent point de pont, 
mill .;. gut i »voit, et desus chel gne 
d'sutre put estoit one bertesque haute, 11 
k Tant que.j.ior Mint qu'il tprothie- eitoit 1'iaue close de heut palii ben nne 
at d'une Uue lee el biue, et qiunt il uchie entor le beitesque. 



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ON ANCIENT MIXED MASONRT OF BRICK AND STONE. 3 

Soche a c.yt6 was noone undur Sonne, 

Hyt was never nor schalle be wonne. 

Ther be abowte syxty gatys y-wya, 

And .ij. bryggea and .ij. portcolys ; 

Ovyr the watur ys a brygge of brasae, 

Man and beste ther -ovyr to passe ; 

Whan ony bestys there-over gone, 

Ob bellys ryngyng faryth hyt thane. 

At the brygge ende stondyth a latere, 

Peyntyil wyth golde and asewre ; 

The toret was of precyus stonys, 

Ryche and gode for the nonys. t. weight. 



ON ANCIENT MIXED MASONRY OF BRICK 
AND STONE. 

The specimens of ancient masonry we meet with in this 
country, of a date anterior to the thirteenth century, exhibit 
such a diversity of construction as to lead to the inquiry, 
whether there are any decided marks of discrimination which 
we may apply so as to affix to each its proper epoch and 
character, whether as belonging to the ancient British, the 
Roman, the Anglo-Saxon, or Anglo-Norman era. 

It is doubtful whether we have any remains of early masonry 
to evince that, prior to the Roman invasion, the use of lime in 
a calcined state mixed with water and sand, or any other sub- 
stance, so as to form an adhesive cement by which stone could 
be joined to stone, was known to the ancient inhabitants of this 
island. On the contrary, iu most of the existing remains of 
ancient British masonry, or those which may be presumed to be 
such ; in the stone walls with which some of the fortified posts 
of the Britons are surrounded, or nearly so ; in the vestiges of 
their huts or dwellings, which are still in some places appa- 
rent ; in their structures of a sepulchral class formed of large 
and irregular-shaped stones, such as the cromlechs, where one 
huge flat but irregular-shaped stone is raised in an inclining 
or horizontal position on the points or edges of other large and 



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308 ON ANCIENT MIXED MASONRY OF BRICK AND STONE. 

irregular-shaped stones placed on edge, by means of which a 
rude chamber is formed ; or the cistvaens constructed in like 
manner, whether found singly or in a continuous range of cells 
with a rude passage between each to connect them, the whole 
being composed of stones set on edge supporting other flat 
stones as a roof or covering and then coated over with earth : 
we find a total absence of any thing like mortar or cement 
Even at Stonehenge, where the stones have been worked by 
the tool, where the trilithons exhibit the mortice and tenon, 
and could only have been upraised by mechanical force of con- 
siderable power, no traces of cement or mortar are visible. If 
there is any instance in which the existence of masonry 
cemented with lime occurs in this country before the Romans 
formed a settlement within it, such was an exception to the 
general rule. 

On the summit of Worle Hill near Weston-super-Mare, 
Somersetshire, very extensive remains of ancient British 
masonry are visible. This hill forms a ridge about three 
miles in length, the western point projects like a promontory 
into the Bristol channel, and this point is cut off from the 
remainder of the hill by a series of sunk ditches, and two 
stone walls, one behind the other in parallel lines crossing the 
hill from north to south, and these walls are continued along 
the southern face of the summit of the hill in a westerly direc- 
tion, and in other parts where the declivity of the face of this 
part of the hill is not formed by a precipitous rock, as it is in 
great measure on the north side. 

It is very difficult to ascertain from the present appearance 
of this waning its original height or breadth : exposed to the 
storms of centuries acting on a bleak and elevated situation, 
and composed of loose stones without mortar, this rude 
masonry, if so it may be called, now presents the appearance 
of a ruinous rampart or bank of irregular-shaped stones ; for 
the upper part of the wall having* been displaced and thrown 
down, either by human violence, or by the natural force of the 
winds, or probably by both, the base is increased in width 
whilst the height is diminished, and the original masonry of 
the lower part of the wall is concealed by the stones thus 
ejected from the upper part, so that in one part the stones 
cover the base to the extent of sixty feet in breadth, and the 
bank now rises to the height of ten or fifteen feet externally, 
and to the height of five or six feet internally. Here and there 



>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



ON ANCIENT MIXED MASONRY OF BRICK AND STONE. 309 

however the loose stones having been cleared away, the 
masonry of the wall is visible, and this discloses a regular 
surface or flat facing of irregular-shaped atones put together 
without mortar, few of the stones being larger than what a 
man might lift, and, as far as can be judged, the thickness of 
the walls thus constructed may be from eight to ten feet. 

Within the area inclosed by these walls is a space of about 
twenty acres, this has been planted with trees, and in the 
course of a few years many interesting features will be oblite- 
rated, or nearly so, but at present numerous small pit-like 
cavities or excavations of a circular form are visible, most of 
them no more than from five to six feet in diameter, though 
some are of a larger size. Many of these are now filled with 
stones, and there is, I think, little doubt but that these cavities 
are the sites of the huts of the ancient Britons, and that the 
stones with which they are filled are those of the walls ; whilst 
this apparent reason may be assigned for the formation of 
these cavities, that they served as a protection from the cold 
and bitter winds of the wintry storms to which this elevated 
site was much exposed. 

Some of these excavations are nine or ten feet in diameter, 
and in some places there appears to have been a continuous 
range or cluster of huts, or one much larger than usual, and 
in one place on the south-east side of this inclosed area is a 
space, whether of a circular or square form can now with diffi- 
culty be ascertained, sixteen or eighteen feet square or in 
diameter. In one part are the apparent remains of the walls 
of one of these huts standing to the height of eighteen inches 
or two feet ; these walls are eighteen inches in thickness, con- 
structed of stones, mostly small, piled one above another, in- 
closing a space not more than four feet six inches long by four 
feet wide. Some of the excavations are not filled up with 
stones, and some of the stones seem to have undergone the 
action of fire. 

The whole of these remains are worthy of a more minute 
examination than that which, in the course of a recent and 
hurried visit, I was able to bestow upon them. 

In the Munimenta Antique, remains and traces of what are 
supposed to have been the ancient dwellings of the Britons, 
very similar to those at Worle Hill, are enumerated as existing 
in several places in the Isle of Anglesey, in Caernarvonshire, 
in Cornwall, and elsewhere ; remains also of ancient British 



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310 ON ANCIENT MIXED MASONRY OP BRICK AND STONE. 

masonry, or dry stone walls without mortar, similar to those 
on Worle Hill, are described as the ramparts round many 
ancient British fastnesses, as at Caer Bran Chun castle, and 
castle An Dinas in Cornwall*; and this kind of masonry 
agrees with the description given by Tacitus, who describes the 
Britons under Caractacus as occupying fortified posts situated 
on steep mountains, and that wherever the access was easy he 
blocked it up with stones like a wall b , and Strabo describes 
the huts of the Gauls as being of a circular form. 

The remains of this supposed ancient British masonry are yet 
considerable, and in the works of Rowland, Pennant, Borlase, 
and King, we have the position of several described and pointed 
out. On a more minute investigation and comparison than 
has perhaps yet been exercised, there may be found in these 
remains some peculiarities or features of construction which 
have not hitherto been noticed. It is a point of Archaeology 
on which the field is still open for research. 

That the Romans after they had obtained a permanent 
settlement in this country soon commenced the construction 
of public edifices, is evident from the notice taken by Tacitus 
of the temple of Claudius at Camalodunum, when that colony 
was attacked and the temple destroyed in the revolt of the 
Britons under Boadicea. 

But of the numerous structures, both of a public and private 
nature, erected by the Romans during the four centuries of 
their occupancy of this island, we have, notwithstanding their 
gradual demolition and destruction during fourteen centuries, 
ample vestiges remaining, though not in an entire state, to 
shew their peculiar masonry and construction. 

These remains consist principally of walled inclosures or 
fortified posts, such as those at Richborough and Pevensey : 
of fragments of public edifices, as at Leicester and Wroxeter : 
of the walls of their cities, of which remains exist at St. Alban's, 
York, Lincoln, and Silchester : of towers, such as that within 
the precincts of the castle of Dover : of gateways, as at Lincoln. 
It is much to be regretted that the ancient Roman gateways, 
which existed in the city of Canterbury till within the hist 
century, should have been destroyed, and that a similar fete 
should have befallen the old east gate of Chester, which is said 

■ Of these an Account appears in tha menter ucedi poterant in raodum vaili 
22nd vol. of the Archeologis, ssia pnestniiL Ann. Lib.zii. 

b Tunc montibus arduis ct si qua cle- 



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ON ANCIENT MIXED MASOHRY OP BRICK AND 8TONB. 811 

to have been Roman, though in the twelfth century it appears 
to have been cased over with the masonry of that period, as 
the tower of Dover was in the fifteenth century. 

Independent of these, other fragments of Roman masonry 
are occasionally brought to light in the foundations of villas 
when such are discovered, and fragments of the plaster which 
covered the walls exhibit remains of painting either in fresco 



The regularity observable in the works of the Romans, 
deviated from only occasionally, when some particular circum- 
stance required it, may be in a peculiar manner noticed in 
their mixed masonry of brick and stone, which it was their 
general plan to adopt even in districts abounding with stone ; 
plain and simple stone masonry, without any admixture of 
brick, being apparently very rare exceptions to their general 
rule. 

We have one of the many examples of this mixed kind of 
masonry in the multangular tower called the Pharos, situate 
within the precincts of the castle at Dover, for though in the 
fifteenth century the exterior walls of this tower were recased 
with flint masonry, many of the original windows blocked up, 
and the upper part probably added, the main body of the 
structure is still of undoubted Roman construction. Where- 
ever the outer casing is worn away, or has been removed by 
violence, the walls exhibit the usual mode of Roman building, 
with the material of the district; in this case with tufa or 
stalactite, brought perhaps from the opposite coast of France, 
and flint, with layers of large flat Roman bricks, some of them 
two feet long, each layer two courses deep, placed regularly 
and horizontally in the walls at equal intervals, or nearly so. 
No less than eight of these layers of brick-work are visible on 
the south-east side, other layers are apparently concealed by 
the external and subsequent casing of flint and stone, and 
where the casing of flint is perfect, coins of stone appear at 
the angles. 

It is somewhat difficult to ascertain the exact character of 
this tower in its original state, from the changes which have 
subsequently taken place, the original windows having been 
blocked up and cased over, so that externally few vestiges of 
them are visible. 

This tower is externally octagonal in form. Internally 
the space inclosed forms a square. The doorway, recently 



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812 ON ANCIENT MIXED HASONET OF BRICK AND STONE. 

blocked up by a hideous mass of masonry, is on the south 
side, and the arch, turned and faced with a single row of 
large Roman bricks, springs from a kind of rude impost- 
moulding, somewhat resembling that of the Roman gate- 
way at Lincoln, but this is not now visible. In the interior, 
the constructive features of the original Roman work were, 
before the entrance was closed up, far more visible and 
perfect than on the exterior, and the facing of the bricks 
was quite smooth ; yet the effect of the alterations is here 
also plainly apparent, and the original windows, the arches of 
which are turned with Roman brick, have been filled up with 
flint masonry. Both the external as well as the internal facings 
of the entrance-doorway on the south side were, a few years 
back, when the interior could be readily examined, far from 
perfect. Over this doorway were two windows, one above the 
other, each arched with brick-work. On the east side of the 
tower is a rather lofty arch faced with stone, the soffit of which 
however appears to have been turned with brick; this probably 
communicated with some building adjoining. Over this arch 
is a window now blocked up. 

To that indefatigable antiquary, Dr. Stukeley, we are 
indebted for plans and sections of the interior of this building 
as it was about a century ago. We have perhaps elsewhere 
more extensive remains of Roman masonry than here, but 
it may be doubted whether we have anywhere so curious a 
structure of the Roman era, or one more deserving of a minute 
and attentive examination. As public property, and in the 
custody of the government of this country, it may well be 
considered in the fullest sense as one of our national auti- 

auities. Much therefore is it to be regretted that the effect of 
le care now taken of it is to preclude the examination of 
what is left. 

The remains at Leicester of the ancient Roman building 
called the Jury wall, exhibit the like construction, being com- 
posed of rag-stone embedded in mortar, bonded at intervals 
with regular horizontal layers of Roman brick. The arched 
recesses, in the only wall of this structure which remains, are 
likewise soffited and faced with Roman brick. Fragments of 
Roman columns of the Doric order, have been found not far 
distant from the site of this structure, and the adjoining 
church of St. Nicholas appears to be in a great measure con- 
structed from the materials. Geoffry of Monmouth mentions 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



ON ANCIENT MIXED MASONRY OF BRICK AND STONE. 313 

a temple of Janus existing in his time at this place, and, as far 
as may be ascertained from engraved representations, on com- 
paring the present appearance of the ruins of the temple of 
Janus at Borne, with the remains of this building at Leicester, 
there exists a certain degree of similarity which is very 
striking. 

The fragment of Roman masonry at Wroxeter, Salop, con- 
sists of a wall faced with ashlar or cut stone, with bix inter- 
vening rows of Roman bricks laid horizontally, as bonding- 
courses, at intervals, in the following manner : first ten courses 
of stone, then two of brick ; then eight of stone, then two of 
brick ; then six of stone, and two of brick ; six more of stone, 
and two of brick ; and six more of stone, and two of brick ; 
cemented together with strong mortar : this also is, I think, 
the portion of some structure, and not merely the fragment 
of a wall. It is however deserving of a minute examination. 

The specimens of Roman masonry which still exist in the 
walls of Richborough, of Pevensey, of York, of Lincoln, of 
Verulam, and of other places, and in the foundations of various 
Roman villas, all exhibit this well-known feature, the regular 
and horizontal interposition of the large flat Roman bricks at 
intervals as bonding-courses. These bricks, however, vary much 
in thickness and size. 

The general destruction of public edifices and churches 
which took place in the struggles which ensued in this country 
after it was finally abandoned by the Romans, and before the 
Saxons had obtained a mastery, are pathetically adverted to 
by Gildas. Bede however mentions one church, that of 
St. Martin, near Canterbury, as an old Roman church in 
existence on the arrival of St. Augustine and his companions 
at the close of the sixth century. Now the present church 
contains in no portion of the walls features of Roman con- 
struction, having been entirely rebuilt from the foundation, 
but with the old materials of brick and stone. The exact 
period of such re-edification can only be ascertained by a 
removal of the coating of plaster with which the walls of the 
chancel are covered. Some of the bricks still retain portions 
of the original Roman mortar, partly composed of pounded 
brick, adhering to them. 

The Anglo-Saxons appear, as far as we can judge from the 
scanty remains of mixed masonry in those structures which 
may fairly be attributed to that people, to have made use of 



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814 ON ANCIENT MIXED MASONRY OF BRICK AND STONE. 

the materials procured from the ruins of pre-existing Roman 
buildings ; they did not however work up the materials of 
stone and brick in the same regular and systematic mode as 
the Romans, but though they formed some of their arches 
with brick-work, they seem to have inserted bricks in the walls 
just as they may have come to hand, irregularly and without 
rule or order. This is particularly observable in the construc- 
tion of the masonry of Rrixworth church, Northamptonshire, 
supposed to be an Anglo-Saxon edifice of the seventh century. 
This church stands in a district abounding with stone, which is 
found on the spot in such quantities, that the greater part of the 
houses in the village are built of it, yet here we have numerous 
senucircular-headed arches, of a single soffit, constructed of 
Roman brick, and springing from massive square piers i those 
on the north side of the nave, the north aisle having been 
destroyed, are blocked up, but the facing shews the arches to 
have been constructed of a double row of Roman bricks. The 
mixed masonry of brick and stone, the latter rag, of which the 
walls of this church are partly composed, exhibits, not the 
regular disposition of bricks in courses, as in Roman work, 
but brick irregularly intermingled with rag. This church is 
perhaps the most ancient existing in this country; it has 
apparent marks of having had additions and alterations made 
to it at a very early period, and the arches constructed of brick 
are very numerous. It displays however no features of either 
Roman or Norman work, but the rude baluster shafts, one of 
the features of presumed Anglo-Saxon work, are found in a 
triple window in the tower, and in some recent excavations, 
when the foundation wall on the north side of the chancel was 
exposed, the same kind of rude Bquare-edged string-course, 
found in other presumed Anglo-Saxon work, was disclosed to 
view. Roman remains have been discovered at this place, 
and the ruins of some Roman building must have supplied 
the materials of brick with which the arches are constructed, 
and which also appear, but irregularly disposed, in the walls. 
It ought not to escape notice that the masonry in this church 
has been fully brought to light by the judicious removal of 
the plaster which formerly concealed it. It is to be wished 
that the same interest was taken with the walls of St. Martin's 
church, Canterbury. 

Whether the old church now in ruins within the precincts of 
the castle of Dover, and close to the Pharos, be in any part 

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OH ANCIENT MIXED MASONRY OF BRICK AMD STONE. 315 

of Anglo-Saxon construction, of which there are certainly some 
apparent tokens, or only a Norman structure, may be a matter 
of investigation and opinion ; it contains round-headed door- 
ways and windows constructed of Roman brick, and the same 
material mixed with stone worked up irregularly in the walls, 
but this building has undergone many vicissitudes. 

The church of St. Michael at St. Alban's, assumed to be 
the one built by Ulsinus, abbot of St. Alban's, in the tenth 
century, and of which the nave of the original structure, with 
the single soffited semicircular-headed arches springing from 
square massive piers, still remains, is in all probability con- 
structed of mixed masonry of brick and stone, from the ruins 
of the ancient city, within the site of which it stands. Inde- 
pendent of one object of attraction which it contains, — in a 
monument of no mean sculpture, placed by a servant to the 
memory of his master, that master the possessor of a mind 
of no ordinary mould, — the interest felt in entering this church 
would not be diminished if the plaster was removed from 
the arches and piers of the nave, and the Anglo-Saxon masonry 
of brick and stone, if such it be, exposed to view. 

Although in general the Normans do not appear to have 
been desirous, like the Saxons, of making use of old materials 
for their buildings, they nevertheless did so in cases of neces- 
sity ; this is apparent in the abbey church of St. Alban's, the 
Norman portion of which, built by abbot Paul at the close of 
the eleventh century, is composed of mixed masonry, vast 
quantities of brick having been used. The materials were 
collected, as Matthew Paris informs us, by a former abbot 
from the ruins of the old Roman city, and here they were 
almost indispensable, inasmuch as the district in which it is 
situated affords little or no stone fit for building purposes. 
Such materials must otherwise have been brought from a 
distance. The exact disposition of the bricks in the ancient 
part of this edifice is not very apparent, but in all probability 
it is irregular. 

So also in the ruins of the abbey church of St. Botolph, at 
Colchester, an Anglo-Norman edifice seemingly late in the 
style, vast quantities of Roman brick, brought from pre-existing 
edifices, are worked up, but, as regards the mere wall-masonry, 
irregularly, whilst as regards an attempt at ornament, the in- 
tersecting arcade in the west front, though formed of Roman 
material, is clearly in plan and disposition late Norman. 



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316 ON ANCIENT MIXBD MASONRY OF BRICK AND STONE. 

But in the castle at Colchester, which also appears to be a 
late Norman structure, we may perceive an attempt made to 
imitate the appearance of Roman work in the regular and 
horizontal layers or courses of Roman brick throughout the 
walls at intervals, and this is perhaps the nearest approxima- 
tion to Roman work in external appearance we have, but 
when examined closely, the number of intervening courses of 
stone and brick greatly differ, and do not present the same 
degree of proportion generally observable in Roman work ; for 
instance, in examining the courses upwards, from the Norman 
set-off, of plain stone cut sloping, of the basement, to a certain 
height, we find most of the courses of brick and stone to be in 
single and alternate layers, though sometimes we meet with 
two courses of brick and sometimes with two of stone, and 
here and there we find a row of bricks set edgewise. The 
stone with which the walls are externally cased is cut, but the 
inner portions of the walls are rubble. The basement up to 
the set-off exhibits fragments of brick irregularly disposed in 
the masonry, but no regular layers or bonding-courses, as 
above the set-off. The pilaster-like buttresses are con- 
structed with cut stone at the angles of the lower portion, and 
with Roman brick at the angles of the upper. The walls are 
twelve feet in thickness. In the interior we find arches of 
doorways, windows, and fire-places, formed of single rows of 
Roman brick, with brick-work disposed in herring-bone fashion 
at the back of the fire-places, and circular and twisted funnels 
for the emission of the smoke. In a lofty partition-wall, we 
find at a considerable height eight rows of Roman brick set 
edgewise, and disposed in herring-bone fashion without any 
admixture of stone. These bricks if procured, as they pro- 
bably were, from the ruins of some old Roman structure, do not 
appear, from a cursory examination, to have retained any traces 
of the ancient mortar adhering to them, which we frequently 
find to be the case where Roman materials have been worked 
up in structures of a much later date. Not unfrequently the 
Roman mortar was partly composed of pounded brick. 

The windows in the castle at Colchester are small and plain 
semicircular-headed Norman lights, with external casings of 
cut stone flush with the wall, whilst the portal on the south 
side exhibits features of late Norman work in the facing of 
the architrave, which has bold round mouldings with a pro- 
jecting hood-moulding. 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



ON ANCIENT MIXED MASONRY OF BRICK AND STONE. 817 

The bricks found in the walls of this structure vary in size 
both superficially as well as in thickness ; this we find to be 
the case in most Boman work, for no certain scale of dimen- 
sions appears to have been followed in the making of their 
bricks: perhaps the average size may be stated to be 15 
inches long by 10 inches wide, and 2J inches thick, but the 
thickness of these bricks or tiles vary from j of an inch to 
3 inches. 

What is called herring-bone work, is by itself no criterion 
of any particular era ; whether it may be found in any of the 
rude masses of ancient British masonry, is a question still to 
be solved. It is found in Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Anglo- 
Norman masonry. It has also been met with in masonry of 
bo late a period as the fourteenth century. 

Though this subject has been here treated of in a very 
cursory and superficial manner, and nothing has been stated 
but what is probably well known to many, the object is rather 
to call attention to the investigation of the remains of early 
masonry wherever they exist, not merely with regard to con- 
struction, though that is and ought to be a primary considera- 
tion, but also with regard to external appearance, so as to 
ascertain, if possible, whether the differences between the 
masonry of Boman, Anglo-Saxon, and Anglo-Norman con 
strnction, are really such as will afford us any evident marks 
and positive rules of discrimination. u. h. bloxam. 



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ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDERY. 



The subject of embroidery, as practised during the middle 
3 sufficient claims to entitle it to notice in our 



Journal. It constituted one of the most prominent decora- 
tions in ecclesiastical and civil costume during that lengthened 
period, and served to occupy the leisure of the English gentle- 
woman when there were but few other modes in which her 
talents could be employed. Apart from the exercises of devo- 
tion, or the pleasures of hawking, it was probably the only 
recreation she could enjoy. Shut up in her lofty chamber, 
within the massive precincts of a castle, or immured in the 
restricted limits of a convent, the needle alone supplied an 
unceasing source of amusement ; with this she might enliven 
her tedious hours, and depicting the heroic deeds of her absent 
lord, as it were, visibly hasten his return ; or on the other 
hand, softened by the subdued influences of pious contempla- 
tion, she might use this pliant instrument to bring vividly 
before her mind the mysteries of that faith to which in her 
solitude she fondly clung. 

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ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDERY. 319 

It would be unavailing to seek for the origin of this art in 
Great Britain j it is one as ancient as any now existing, and 
must have been imported from the East. Still it is not out of 
our power to shew from contemporaneous sources, that whilst 
it was practised at a very early period in this country, the 
specimens which found their way to foreign lands were most 
highly prized for their beauty. Embroidery is comparatively 
a modern term, (Brit. Brout, Broad, acupingere, and Brun/d 
instrumentum acu pingendi; Lat. Barb. Brustus, Brusdus, 
Aurobrmtus, Brodatus,Bacuatus; Fr. Broderie;) the art in ques- 
tion is better known in medieval writers under the title of auri- 
frasium, or aurifrigium, the opus Phrygium ; Fr. frange d'or, or 
work of gold, and hence the different names of Orfrais, Or/rays, 
or Orfreys, words indicating in their general signification, 
borders, guardings, facings, or any parts of a material in 
which gold tambour was used. It is not the opus phimalum 
of the Romans, for that was feather tapestry, resembling the 
dresses worn by the natives of Central America. There 
is clearly a distinction to be made in the various applications 
of the word plumatce. When Lucan so fervidly describes the 
extraordinary change introduced by the Imperial Cleopatra 
into the habits and domestic economy of the Roman citizens, 
his use of the words pars auro phmata nitet, implies couches 
embroidered with gold, in the same way as Appian speaks of 
the iogapicia; but the Glossaries, which are our best authority, 
render the title plumarius a feather dyer, and the opusplumarii 
or opus plumatwn, certainly, even as Seneca (Epis. 90.) speaks of 
it, denotes a work in which feathers form the chief ornament. 

English embroidery has consistently enough been called the 
opus Anglicanum, from being a manufacture extensively and 
skilfully pursued in our own country. These Orfrais are con- 
tinually mentioned by medieval writers, but as will be 
gathered from the ensuing extracts, their appropriation was 
various. In the Roman de Rose, for instance, the word is 
found in connection with the head : — 

Et un chapeau d'Orfrays eut neuf, 
Le plus beau fut de dix-ncuf, 
Jamais nul jour oft je n'avoyc 
Chapeau si bien ouvre 1 de soye. 

And again, as Chaucer speaks of them : — 

Kichesse a robe of purple on had, 
Nu trow not that she it mad, 



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320 ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EHBBOIDEET. 

For in this world is none it Uche, 
Ne by a thousand deale bo riche, 
Ne none bo faire, for it full well 
With orfreis laied was every dell. 
And purtraid in the ribanings 
Of dukes stories, and of kings. 

And in the Roman de Garin : — 

Bien fu veetue d'un paille de Biterae, 
Et un Orfroia a mia deseua aa. teste. 

It is in the reign of William I. (1066 — 1087) that we 
begin to meet with any historical illustration of the present 
subject. The Norman chronicler Vitalis, in recounting the 
incidents connected with his own abbey of St. Evroul, narrates 
that Matilda, the monarch's queen, having heard of the exem- 
plary lives of the monks of this establishment, was induced to 
pay them a visit, and she placed a gift upon the Altar worthy 
their heartfelt recollection. In this visit she was accompanied 
by Adelina, the wife of Roger de Bellmont, who brought with 
her an alb richly adorned with Orfrais, and presenting it to 
the church, the priest wore it whilst celebrating mass*. 
Matilda also left, by her will, to the abbey of the Trinity at 
Caen, which she had founded, a chesable worked at Winchester 
by the wife of Alderet, and a cloak worked in gold made 
for a cope, and also another vestment wrought in England. 
From this time down to the reign of Henry VIII. there are 
copious notices scattered throughout our historical documents, 
which serve to shew the extent to which needlework was 
employed in beautifying various articles of ecclesiastical and 
secular costume. Some notion, however, may be formed of its 
extensive application, by merely looking over the catalogues of 
church vestments which were preserved in the cathedrals of 
York, Lincoln, London, and Peterborough. In Lincoln alone 
there were upwards of six hundred, wrought with divers kind 
of needlework, jewelry, and gold, upon Indian baudekyn, samit, 
tarterain, velvet, and silk. Even in the succinct way in which 
they were described by a common inventory, we cannot help 
being struck with their splendour: the constant repetition 
of such terms as " an orphrey of goodly needlework," " the 
arms of England and squirrels of gold \" or, as in the instance 
of mortuary copes given to the church of St. Paul's, " embla- 
zoned with the arms of Eleanor, of England and of Spain," 

• Order. Vital, lib. ri. p. 60S. 



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ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDERY. 321 

knights jousting, lions fighting, amices barred with amethysts 
and pearls, &c. Without enumerating more, all are cumulative 
proofs of the gorgeous effects produced by the English needle. 
They were finished too in the most elaborate manner, the 
nicest details of Gothic tracery or personal peculiarity of ex- 
pression being accurately pourtrayed. 

An idea of the pecuniary value of these works of art may 
be gleaned from the Liberate Roll 24. Hen. HI." (1241), 
where among other entries of a similar kind, we find this 
monarch ordering the payment of £24. 1*. 6d. to Adam de 
Basinges, for a cope of red silk, given to the bishop of Here- 
ford : also to the same person £17. 18a. lOd. for two diapered 
and one precious cloth of gold, for a tunic and dalmatican 
entirely ornamented with gold fringe, and also £1 7 and one 
mark, for two embroidered chesables for the royal chapel. 
Reckoning the comparative cost of these vestments according 
to the present increased rate of money, which the calculations 
of Dr. Henry and of Adam Smith have made out to be fifteen 
times greater than at that period, the cope presented to the 
bishop of Hereford must have been worth £861. 2a. 6d. The 
monarch also gave to this newly-elected bishop (Peter de 
Aqua Blanca) a mitre costing £82 c , which, pursuing the same 
kind of calculation as that just instituted, must have equalled 
in value £1,230 sterling. And a sum as large as £140, 
equalling it is presumed £2,100 now, was given to Thomas 
Cheiner for a vest of velvet embroidered with divers work, 
purchased by Edward III. for his own chaplain 3 . I must 
confess upon applying the test of the two cambists already 
mentioned, this computation appears exaggerated. Yet even 
reverting to the charge first named, £140 for a vest of 
embroidered velvet, indicates that the skill displayed must 
have been something extraordinary, or it would not have 
drawn so large a reimbursement from the royal exchequer ; 
whilst it adds another to the numerously-existing evidences 
of the encouragement afforded to this species of English work- 
manship, afforded, at a period too, when the arts had risen to 
their highest state of perfection in Great Britain. 

It may be true that very little is still existing by which 
their merit may be fairly tested, since from various causes these 
works have generally perished; in some measure through an 



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822 ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDERY. 

insufficiency of strength and texture in the material itself on 
which they were wrought ; through the want of that unselfish 
and advanced taste which, whilst it properly estimates, also 
preserves, that the future also may have the means of enjoying 
and admiring ; partly destroyed through an ungenerous fear 
that such things would tend to beget a grovelling super- 
stition, or else through a cause to which the destruction of the 
greater portion may be assigned, a sacrilegious love of the gold, 
which formed their prominent attraction, and consigned them 
to the Jewish broker, and then reduced them to ashes. 

There are several other such entries as the foregoing in the 
Liberate Roll of Henry III., all tending to shew that at that 
time the art of Embroidery had reached a high degree of per- 
fection in this country. Amongst those who practised it, 
frequent mention is made of Adam de Basinges, Adam de 
Bakering, John de Colonia, Thomas Chenier, John Blaton, 
William Courtenay, Stephen Vyne, Thomas de Carleton, &c. 
In this list we find Stephen Vyne so highly commended by 
the Duke de Berry and d'Auverne, that Richard II. and bis 
queen appointed him their chief embroiderer, and their nephew 
Henry IV. granted him at their decease a yearly pension in 
reward for his skilful services*. 

Doubtlessly these labours were also pursued by females, both 
for their amusement as well as their profit, and there exists 
another entry (Apr. 24, 1242.) on these same Rolls in proof 
of it, authorizing a payment to Adam de Bakering of Qs. Sd. 
" for a certain cloth of silk and a fringe purchased by our com- 
mand, to embroider a certain embroidered chesable which 
Mabilia of St. Edmund's made for us'." It seems most 
reasonable therefore to conclude, that the men commonly 
travailed at the orfevrie department, whilst the women under- 
took the needleworks. And in the 10th of Edward II. (May 
10, 1817.) fifty marks in part payment of a hundred, were 
given by Queen Isabella's own hands, to Rose the wife of 
John de Bureford, citizen and merchant of London, for an 
embroidered cope for the choir, lately purchased from her to 
make a present to the Lord High Pontiff from the Queen h . 

In such high estimation was the opus Anglicanum held on 
the continent in the Latin Church, that John bishop of Mar- 
seilles in his testament (1345) made a special bequest to the 



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ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDERY. 823 

church of his alb that was wrought with English Orfrais. Nay, 
even at Borne, where it might have been expected that the 
most costly works of this description would have been suffi- 
ciently common, the English Orfrais excited both admiration 
and cupidity. For as we are informed by Matthew Paris, the 
Pope, who was Innocent IV. (1246.), observing on the copes 
and infulae of certain of the ecclesiastics some very desirable 
Orfrais, he enquired where they were made, and being 
answered in England, he exclaimed, "Truly England is our 
garden of delight ; in sooth it is a well inexhaustible ; and 
where there is great abundance, from thence much may be ex- 
tracted :" and accordingly his holiness dispatched his official 
letters to nearly all the abbots of the Cistercian order in Eng- 
land, to the prayers of whom he had just been committing 
himself in the chapter-house of their order, and urged them 
to procure for his choir, for nothing if they could accomplish 
it, yet, at all events, to purchase things so estimable. An order 
which, adds the chronicler, was sufficiently pleasing to the 
London merchants, but the cause of many persons detesting 
him for his covetousness 1 . 

Truly one cannot help feeling surprise that these Orfrais, 
costly and gorgeous as they no doubt Were, should have excited 
in the eyes of the Pope such wonder and unrestrained avarice. 
For certainly productions of a similar kind had adorned eccle- 
siastical apparel from as remote a time as Leo III. (795.), 
since this Pontiff is commemorated by Anastasius the librarian 
as a great benefactor of them to the Church 1 ; whilst the frequent 
enumeration of aureate and purple tissues (cktysoclaba) in his 
valuable catalogue of the benefactions made to various churches 
in Rome by the earlier Popes, is full and minute, even to the 
very subjects represented on the vestments, which were usually 
the Nativity, the Passion, and the Resurrection of our Lord. 

Yet, it must not be supposed that this species of work was 
exclusively confined to ecclesiastical uses. It was the prevalent 
decoration of royal as well as of military costume, besides being 
employed upon various kinds of domestic furniture. King John 
orders Reginald de Cornhull (April 6, 1 21 5) to furnish without 
delay five banners of his arms embroidered with gold k . Nor 
ought mention to be omitted here of a passage in the French 

1 M«tt Par. Hist Aug!., p. 478. edit Rom. p. 122. 
Ptrii 1644. k Rot Lit CUw., p. 193. 

I Amuta*. Biblioth. de Vitis Pontif. 



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324 ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDEBT. 

poem descriptive of the siege of Carlaverock, which records 
that the banners and caparisons of the knights and soldiers 
who accompanied Edward to that memorable scene were em- 
broidered on silk and satin with the arms of their owner. 

IA out meinte riche garncment 
Brod£ but cendeaua et samis. 

Sometimes, however, the banners and jupons of the knight 
were painted, as is the case in the fragment floating in the 
church of Elstow, Bedfordshire. Without filling these pages 
with too many elucidations of the subject, attention shall 
be directed to an entry on an Issue Roll of 9 Edward 
III. (1835.) illustrative of the application of embroidery 
to domestic purposes. On the 28th of June we find pay- 
ment made to John de Colonia towards the cost of two 
vests of green velvet, embroidered with gold, one of which 
is described as being decorated with sea sirens, bearing 
a shield with the arms of England and Hainault; and for 
making a white robe worked with pearls, and a robe of velvet 
cloth, embroidered with gold of divers workmanship, made by 
him against the confinement of the Lady Philippa, Queen of 
England 1 . Edward of Westminster is commanded to order 
(35th Hen. III., 1252.) a banner to be made of white silk, 
and in the centre of it there is to be a representation of the 
Crucifixion, with the efligies of the Blessed Mary and St. John, 
embroidered in Orfrais, and on the top a star and a new 
crescent moon™. Such modes of ornamenting chambers are 
frequently alluded to in the early wills. Amongst the effects 
of Henry V. was a bed called " the bed of embroidered figs." 
In short, the art of Embroidery appears to have been displayed 
on every material where elegance of design and richness of 
effect was capable of being produced by such means. 

The Monarch himself wore garments embroidered after the 
same fashion as the Churchmen. In fact, one of them, the 
dalmatic, was common to both orders, and there is an entry 
on the Issue Roll of the 40th Edward III (1366.) recording 
a payment made to William Courtenay for one of these royal 
habits, describing it as being embroidered with pelicans, 
images, and tabernacles of gold". 

The dalmatic on the effigy of Henry II. was painted to 



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ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDERY. 328 

imitate the original, and flowered over with golden stars. The 
coronation robes of the same Monarch, of Richard I. and John, 
were all splendidly embroidered. The order is extant for . 
making the robes of Henry III., one of which was commanded 
to be of the best purple-coloured samit, embroidered with 
three little leopards in front and three behind. His sandals 
also were to be fretted with gold, each square of the feet con- 
taining a Hon or a leopard. 

This truly elegant mode of decorating the dress is minutely 
described in the following entry from the Close Rolls, not yet 
published, but given by Mr. Hardy in his learned introduction 
to the first volume of these important records. "John de 
Sumercote and Roger the tailor are commanded by Henry III. 
(1252.) to get made without delay four robes of the best 
brocade which they can procure, namely, two for the king's 
use, and two for the queen's, with Orfrais and gems of various 
colours ; the tunics to be of softer brocade than the mantles and 
supertunics, and the mantles are to be furred with ermine, and 
the supertunics with minever." Besides the robes for the king's 
use, three were ordered for the queen, with 'queyntisis,' one of 
which was to be of "the best violet-coloured brocade that could 
be procured, with three small leopards in the front and three 
others behind ." These magnificent dresses were ordered in 
anticipation of the marriage of his daughter, the Princess 
Margaret, with Alexander III., King of Scotland. 

The costume of the military opened a wide field for this 
elegant species of decoration. The countenance of the Knight 
being shrouded by his bacinet of steel, it became necessary that 
he should bear some device by which he might be readily re- 
cognised by his friends and followers, and nothing appeared 
more suitable than that his own armorial bearings should be 
emblazoned on his shield, or embroidered on his dress. And 
such, as is well known, was the constant practice of the period, 
it being the usual custom to charge the jupon, cointise, and 
cote hardie of the men, and the open surcoats of the females, 
with the heraldic badge of the wearer. In nearly every 
monumental effigy, traces of this practice are discernible, and 
as there is not the smallest reason for doubting that all these 
creations of the sculptor were as faithful representations of the 
deceased as he could possibly exhibit, both as regarded his 
very features, as well as his dress, they will become invested 

* Introduction to Cloie Roll, p. 41. 



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826 ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDERY. 

with an additional degree of interest when it is ascertained in 
what manner, and to what extent, the various diaperings, 
powdcrings, and other methods of adornment were produced. 

We have fortunately one specimen, and it is much to 
be regretted that it is the only one at present conceived to 
exist, which affords the necessary corroboration to the truth 
of these remarks. 

It was at the first meeting of the Archaeological Association 
held at Canterbury, a session when British antiquities began 
to assume a definite and scientific complexion, that I became 
enabled, through the courtesy of the cathedral authorities, to 
give a minute inspection to the rapidly decaying jupon sus- 
pended over the tomb of Edward the Black Prince. From 
this examination I ascertained, to my own entire conviction, 
first, that there was a prevalent and systematic mode of work- 
ing the elaborate ornaments which decorate the military cos- 
tume of the middle ages ; and secondly, that the habits them- 
selves were conscientiously delineated on the sepulchral monu- 
ment of the departed warrior. With feelings of no ordi- 
nary emotion, I pressed forward to handle a garment, that the 
spirit of chivalry and courage alike had consigned to the pro- 
tecting regards of posterity. For who could allow his fingers 
to grasp but a fragment of what had once enwrapped that model 
pf regal dignity and magnificence, without carrying his impres- 
sions backwards to those scenes which witnessed the prowess 
of this flower of English knighthood, or without throwing a 
hasty recollection over the fields of Britain's glory, where he 
had nobly fought, Crecy and Poitiers P 

The exquisite monument of the Prince is partially known 
by numerous engravings and descriptions, but it may however 
be questioned whether, as a work of art, it has yet been suffi- 
ciently appreciated, but the period is at length approaching, 
it is ardently hoped, when the value of these works will 
be better known, when their intrinsic merit as statuary 
will be acknowledged, and when their evidences of history, 
personal and national, will, if it cannot excite an admiration 
and generate a higher taste, serve, at least, to protect them 
from wanton spoliation. So much ruthless and ignorant de- 
struction has been perpetrated, that, on recounting it, one 
cannot suppress a sigh, and mournfully contemplate the dis- 
honoured fragments that have been accidentally spared. I 
have seen these time-honoured memorials of the dead torn 

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ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDERY. 827 

from the sacred fanes where affectionate devotion had fondly 
placed them, to be cast in the public highways, or stuck up 
as incongruous embellishments, to eke out the paltry enjoy- 
ments of a suburban parterre. 

The influence of the Archaeological Association can never be 
more legitimately, or more wisely exerted than in preventing the 
recurrence of wilful havoc in the monuments of the country ; 
and by such a preservative course of action, should their ex- 
ertions effect nothing more, they will protect the national 
character from the unnatural imputation, that Englishmen 
have no respect for the sacred monuments of their fatherland. 

Reverting, however, to the two facts which I have stated as 
being established from the examination of the Black Prince's 
jupon, I will remark that as concerns the first, namely, the 
mode of decoration, that the vest is of one pile velvet, at 
present of a palish yellow brown colour, faded probably 
from crimson. Its foundation is of fine buckram or calico, 
stuffed or padded with cotton, stitched and quilted in longitu- 
dinal folds, gamboised (pam6oi#e), as the proper term for such 
work is, and the velvet covering is ornamented with the arms 
of the Black Prince, quarterly France and England, embroid- 
ered in gold. As the mode of effecting this is precisely the 
same as that pursued in ecclesiastical habits, which will be 
presently fully described, it will be unnecessary to enter 
upon it here. 

The second inference drawn is fully borne out, by com- 
paring the jupon with its antitype in the latten effigy. So close 
indeed is the imitation, that not only in length and in general 
appearance do they exactly correspond to each other, but even 
to the half one of the fleur-de-lis semee, is the resemblance 
carried out. Had the artist merely intended to personify the 
Prince in the dress of the period, such scrupulous attention 
would scarcely have been considered deserving his notice, but 
he intended to produce, what there can be no reason for dis- 
puting was the universal custom, a faithful portrait of the 
garment itself. And if this exact attention were bestowed 
on the dress, can it be imagined that less regard would be 
paid to representing the countenance of the deceased P In that 
age, nothing was deemed too minute or elaborate to engage 
the talents of the sculptor, the limner or the embroideress, 
and portraits could not, amid all their love of truthful detail, 
be overlooked. 

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828 ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDERY. 

Such a fondness for costly raiment had at this period crept 
into fashion that it became necessary to repress it by legislative 
enactments. And hence the statute of 37 Edward III. (1363.) 
against excess of apparel, by which it was ordered that none 
whose income was below four hundred marks a year should 
wear cloth of gold, or drapery enamelled (aymelez) or em- 
broidered'. How far this enactment may have been efficacious 
it is difficult to say, since Embroidery still prevailed, and in 
those ages of correct design, as in these of servile imitation, no 
one probably liked to be left behind his neighbours, and as 
every one's resources were not equal to bear the same cost, a 
spurious method of embroidery found customers ; so that in the 
2nd year of Henry IV. it was represented to the Parliament, 
that whereas divers persons occupying " the crafte of Brauderie, 
maken diverse werkes of Brauderie of unsuffisaunt stuff, and 
unduely wrought as well upon velowet, and cloth of gold, as 
upon all other clothes of silk wrought with gold or silver of 
Cipre, and gold of Luk, or Spaynyssh laton togedre, and 
Buiche warkes, so untrewely made by suiche persons afore- 
said, dredyng the serene of the wardens of Brauderie in the 
said citie of London, kepen and senden unto the fayres of 
Steresbrugg, Ely, Oxenford, and Salesbury, and ther thei outre 
hem, to greet deseit of our soverain IA the Kyng and all his 
pepte." To which it was replied that all such counterfeits 
should be forfeited to the king*. 

Compared with the great number of splendid church vest- 
ments that once existed in this country, very few at present 
remain. At the cathedral of Durham, where copes continued 
to be worn as late as the prelacy of Bishop Warburton, there 
are three, said to be as old as the fourteenth century. The 
Roman Catholic college of St. Mary's, Oscott, has a very 
beautiful suit, found walled up in the cathedral of Waterford, 
and subsequently presented to the institution by the Earl of 
Shrewsbury. One 
of crimson velvet 
at Black Ladies, 
Staffordshire.One 
of cloth of gold, 
atStonyhurst.One 
of crimson velvet, 
embroidered with 

» Rolli of Pari, *ii. p. 37B. i Roll, of ParL, vii. p. 2SS. 




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ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDERY. 339 

crowns and stare of Bethlehem, at Chipping Campden, Glou- 
cestershire. One of s~\ 
purple velvet, in the I 
Roman Catholic cha- ^- — . 

pel at Weston Under- / v^ \_ 
wood, Northampton- \J ^- — ^^X 
shire. One, probably <^0 d\\ 

acope,atLlaugharne, ^ (^ 

Caermarthenshire. if)*. ^ 

One of green velvet in 
the cathedral at Ely. 
One of the earlier part 
of the thirteenth cen- 
tury, formerly belong- 
ingto the nuns of Sion 
House, now in the pos- 
session of the earl of 

Shrewsbury; and several in the possession of Edw. Wilson, 
Esq., Lincoln. Besides these, there are portions of embroidery, 
formerly used as vest- » 

ments,generally copes, ,, .'/' 

at Buckland, Worces- *• /. ■/* 

tershire; Ling, Nor- "■y 7" .'/.•' 

folk ; East Langdon, Wf\ / /' 

Kent ; Bacton, and . . . 
Kinnersley, Hereford- •"•"•^ • 

shire ; Hullavington, • • . o 

and Cirencester, Glou- 
cestershire ; Stoke 
Canon, Devonshire ; ,*-! 

all converted into pul- ^ 

pit and altar cloths : 
there is not sufficient 
evidence that the frag- 
ment so carefully pre- 
served atLutterworth, 
really formed a portion 
of the vestment worn by John Wickliff : — Kettleston, Norfolk ; 
Wool, Dorsetshire; Conway, Caernarvonshire; Careby, Lin- 
colnshire ; at Cothele Chapel, Cornwall ; there are two altar 
fronts of velvet in a perfect state at W ardour Castle, a cope 
formerly belonging to Westminster Abbey, and other speci- 

Dmtinaty G00gle 




330 ENGLISH MEDIEVAL BMBKOIDE&Y. 

mens; another vestment from this abbey is at Stony hurst; 
at Talacre a chesable from 
BasingwerkAbbey,(?)and 
an ancient alb at Shrews- 
bury ; at Prior Park, near 
Bath, and Bath Abbey, 
are various ancient spe- 
cimens; Madeley Chapel, ^ ,_._ 
Shropshire, has two vest- 
ments of the fourteenth 
century, probably from 
the priory of Much Wen- 
lock, Little Dean, Glou- luLut^iiu. i&.) 
cestershire. This list, imperfect and brief as it is, the reader 
will probably be able to augment, and to correct those defici- 
encies for which I feel myself incompetent. 

The embroidery at Stoke Canon seems to have been an 
altar-cloth; it has three 
central figures; the Con- 
ventional Devices are the 
eagle displayed, a fish, and 
candlestick. The pulpit- 
cloth at Hullavington, ori- 
ginally a cope, is a beau- 
tiful specimen of the work 
of the period i the Re- 
deemer is represented in iV 
the centre suspended on 
a cross, with angels catch- 
ing the blood in chalices ; ^* 
the velvet ground is pow- 
dered over with angels 
with outspread wings, 
standing on stars of Beth- 
lehem, with fleur-de-lis, 
and with one of the pat- 
terns found on the Com- 
munion table-cloth at East 
Langdon, represented in 
theaccompanyingfig.(A.) y "' L,n41 '"'***"- 

The repetition and recurrence of these Conventional Devices 
is very general. The same patterns, for instance, occur at 



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ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDERY. SSI 

Buckland, in Worcestershire, as are found on the fragments 
supposed to have formed * 

portionsof Wickliff'svest- 
ment at Lutterworth ; on 
the Ely and Weston-Un- 
derwood copes the same 
patterns are observable ; 
at St.Thomas, Salisbury, 
Careby, Weston-Under- 
wood, and Stoke Canon, 
the same style and pat- 
terns prevail. The Com- 
munion-cloth at Emneth, 
Cambridgeshire, given by 
Sir Thomas Hewar (circa 
1570), has the same pat- 
tern as may be seen b .«i«m«>.i««. 
amongst the four on the cope at Weston-Underwood. At 
Hullavington and Cirencester the same Conventional Design 
may also be traced. In 
the latter church there is 
a pulpit-cloth, no longer 
used, which appears to 
have been made out of 
some ancient vestment, 
probably a cope, as it has 
been cut into long strips, 
and sewed up into its pre- 
sent shape. It is made 
of blue velvet, with a 
wide border, which is 
now quite faded, but was 
perhaps purple. Both the 
middle and border are 
covered with spangles, 
and embroidered with 
cherubim standing on 
stars of Bethlehem ; and 
with pine-apples, in gold 

and colours. The border I 

at the upper part seems c Bp .«B .u«a,w™.t™hi™. 

meant to be worn round the back of the neck, as the pine- 



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332 ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDERY. 

apples are inverted. One of the cherubim holds a shield 
of armorial bearings ; — Argent, on a chevron sable, three 
roses, or. Under which is a scroll, with the words " Orate 
pro anima domini Radulphi parsons." Under the other cheru- 
bim are the words " Gloria tibi trinitas." Over the pine-apples 
on the border are the words " Da gloriam Deo." At the en- 
trance of the chancel is the brass of a priest, bearing the 
chalice and paten, who appears to be the donor of this vest- 
ment. The inscription to it runs thus : 

"Orate pro anima domini Radulphi Parsons quondam Capellani per- 
petuEB cantaria: sanctte Trinitatis in hac Ecclesia fuudata. qui obiit 22 die 
August! Anno Domini 1478, cujua animte propitietur deus. Amen." 

It seems probable by this that the vestment was left by 
Ralph Parsons for the use of the chapel of the Holy 
Trinity, which will give both the date of the vestment and 
the conventional pattern. This chapel was founded before 
the year 1478, though the present building was made at the 
expense of Richard Ruthal, bishop of Durham, a native of the 
town, in the reign of Henry VIII. 

There is, moreover, another form, under which the art of 
embroidery was displayed. The Hangings, Frontals, and 
Antependia of the Altar received the same care as the priestly 
vestments. Still fewer of these remain, a fact easily accounted 
for, by the destruction of the Altar itself, and the substitution 
in its place according to Queen Elizabeth's letter, Jan. 25, 
in the seventh year of her reign (1565) of "a decent table 
provided at the cost of the parish, standing on a frame." 
Of these Antependiums I have seen three. Two of white 
watered silk [holoaericus) beautifully wrought, having the re- 
presentation of the Assumption in the centre, and the other 
part of the ground powdered with a conventional pattern, ten 
feet ten inches long, and three feet wide, preserved at Chip- 
ping Campden. One probably of tarterain, (Tartarinus, tarta- 
riscus, Cloth of Tars,) temp. Edw. III., a most interesting speci- 
men of this kind of manufacture, at Steeple Aston, Oxford- 
shire. It is purfied {pourfle, bndlatus) with various patterns, 
two of which are introduced (see figures, p. 318 and 343); 
others represent the crucifixion of the Redeemer, the death of 
St. Stephen and other holy martyrs ; these are heightened by 
needlework, and the countenances have been pressed with a 
hot iron, to give the more prominent parts higher relief. 



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ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDERY. 333 

Another figured in Home's Wiltshire, belonging to St. Thomas's 
church, Salisbury. And this list also, the reader will most 
likely be able, from his own observation, to augment. 



It remains merely to offer an explanation of the mode by 
which this kind of decoration was effected. 

In the first place let it be noted, that velvet, having a shift- 
ing surface, it necessarily becomes one of the most difficult of 
materials to work upon. No doubt the early embroideresses 
fully experienced the inconvenience, for they did not, at least 
in all the examples to which my attention has been directed, 
attempt a labour that would have been both perplexing and, 
certainly to the extent they followed it, insuperable. All their 
needlework is first done upon some other material {en rapport), 
such as linen, canvass, silk, or vellum, and their operations (ap- 
pliquees) subsequently sewn upon the velvet. This was simply 
the universal method adopted to produce these very beautiful 
specimens of manual ingenuity that now elicit our admiration. 
A more particular account, however, shall be given, for 
knowing the process by which Early English embroidery 



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834 ENGLISH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDERY. 

was fabricated, there will not then exist any obstacle in en- 
deavouring to copy it. Apprehending, too, the principles that 
directed the manufacture, its imitation will become an easy 
and agreeable accomplishment, as well as form an elegant and 
refined occupation for those spare hours, which our fair 
countrywomen have of late years so toilsomely spent, over the 
coarse materials, and the tasteless patterns, imported from 
Germany. 

The materials that may be legitimately used to produce 
English embroidery like that already described, are limited 
to five : namely, gold and silver tambour {passe), jewels, velvet, 
and silk r . Having chosen the substance that was to be 
wrought, the first point was to make out the pattern (prendre 
la taiUe) of the conventional device that was to be powdered 
on the surface. This might be done by tracing it by 
means of chalk upon white paper, and piercing that so as to 
shew its contour ; several others could then be cut out to the 
same size and figures. The foundation (le fond) of c 
vellum, or any other suitable stuff, most 
commonly the former, was then shaped 
in a similar way, the edges being bound 
(galonner) with cord, which was after- 
wards cast over (en guipure) with gold . 
or silver tambour. The inner part off 
the design was then worked, either plain \ 
or in shades, in tapestry stitch with 
silk; this too was sometimes raised 
above the foundation by felt (embouttin). 
If a leaf were to be represented, (passe 
en barbiches,) the fibres were expressed ^^p ■- ^ T . - .^- - 
by a fine thread of tambour being «-^»-rt5'-** , ^£W5i£ 
lightly passed among the silk, to indicate the vegetable tissue. 
In fact, neither gold nor silver could ever be inappropriately, 
or too profusely introduced, in delineating the object. 

There were two ways of introducing the gold or silver portion. 
A very common method was to take a piece of gold lace, and 
cutting it out in the required shape, to attach it to the foun- 
dation, and the surface of this (le passe epargne) was raised 
(embouttin) in certain lines (as, for instance, in representing 



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BNGLIBH MEDIEVAL EMBROIDERY. S35 

the sacred monogram) by cord or common twine, which in its 
torn waa whipped over (jpiipe) but completely covered with a 




thread of the same metal. The other mode (en couckure) was 
the most ancient of embroideries ; it was made with coarse 
gold thread or spangles, sewn in rows one beside another. 
The introduction of spangles (pailletes) took place at an 
early period. They are 
often seen representing m tfk ^fc 
tendrils, springing from ^P' ^tf 
the points of leaves, and jflft^ S^k? AA, 
are very rarely found K^J ,: VP' lMP 
sewn upon the device vmT "' ^^ 

itself. '-'-i'SS'.^^Lr-" 

The conventional devices most usually 
adoptedin Medieval Embroidery, were leopards 
of gold ; black trefoils; white harts having 
' crowns round their necks, with chains, silver 
and gilt ; Catherine wheels ; falcons ; swans ; archangels ; 
stars ; fleur-de-lis ; lions ; griffins ; hearts ; moons ; stars ; 
peacocks ; dragons ; eagles displayed ; lihes ; and imaginary 
leaves and flowers. charles henet hartshorns. 




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ON THE MEDIEVAL ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHI- 
TECTURE OF PARIS. 

[second period.] 

There is always this difficulty attendant on any endeavour 
to classify the medieval buildings of Paris, that they have 
been so much altered and added to at various periods, as often 
to make it a work of impossibility to range a given edifice 
within a distinct chronological class. The same edifice may 
contain examples of every different style of the middle ages, 
and therefore a strict classification in order of time is not to 
be expected in an account like the present. In noticing, how- 
ever, the second period of French Medieval Architecture, — 
that period which corresponds to the age of the early and the 
complete pointed with us, — we come upon a building nearly 
perfect in itself, and less spoiled by additions of later times 
than any other in the capital. We allude to 

La Sainte Chapelle. This beautiful building, which has 
always been considered a master-work of the middle ages, was 
built by Pierre de Montereau, under order of St. Louis, was 
finished A.D. 1245, and was dedicated A.D. 1248. Since 
that period it has had a wheel-window of the fifteenth century 
inserted in the western gable, and some trifling additions 
have been made at the west end and on the south side, but, 
with these exceptions, it still remains a glorious monument of 
the piety of its founder and the skill of its architect. It stands 
in the middle of what was once the principal residence of the 
kings of France, and which is still called the Palais, though 
now appropriated only to the Courts of Judicature. Here St. 
Louis determined to erect a suitable building to receive the 
relics which he had purchased on his first crusade, — part of 
the true cross, the sacred napkin, &c. — and the monarch seems 
to have spared no expense in effecting his object. The edifice, 
built on the foundations of one that dated from the reign of 
Louis le Gros (A. D. 1108 — 1137), consists of a lower and 
an upper chapel, each with four bays* on either side, with an 
octagonal eastern end, a roof of high pitch, and a lofty spire. 
On the northern side stood a chapter-house and vestry, on the 

* The term "compartment" is perhaps mare appropriate; for "bay" it more gene- 



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MEDIEVAL ECCLES. ARCHITECTURE OF PARIS. 837 

southern a sacristry and treasury : the entrance to the lower 
chapel was on a level with the ground of the court-yard, while 
that to the upper was by a flight of steps, over which a French 
prince once galloped his horse, and on which is laid part of the 
scene of Boileau's Luirin. The lower chapel comprises a central 
and two aide aisles, with short massive pillars, and very strong 
vaulting, intended to support the floor of the upper chapel. 
Some curious horizontal stone springers, going from the side 
walls to the piers of the central aisle, form a distinctive feature 
of this part of the building. In the upper chapel there are no 
aisles ; it forms one exceedingly lofty room, in which (as in 
King's College Chapel, Cambridge) the walls may be said to 
have disappeared, and to have left only vast panels of the most 
gorgeously coloured glass. Beneath the windows runs a series 
of niches all round toe chapel, and the vaulting, quadripartite 
and plain, but very bold, rises domically over head. Every 
internal space not occupied by glass was originally covered 
either with gold, colour, or glass enamel b ; and the effect was 
splendid in the extreme. The glass filling all the windows 
still remains almost as perfect as when it was put up in the 
time of its founder ; and, next to that of Chart-res, it is the 
most splendid in France. At the eastern end of the chapel 
stood a grand shrine, and the whole was profusely decorated 
with sculpture. The style of the edifice is the purest and the 
most beautifully finished early-pointed throughout, although 
the western wheel-window is of the Flamboyant period : all 
the details are most carefully executed, and the building 
(which is now restoring, together with the whole of the Palais, 
at the joint expense of the government and the city) is well 
worthy of careful professional study. 

There are several parts of the Palais do Justice, such as the 
towers of the Conciergerie and other portions of the inner courts, 
which are nearly of the same date as the Sainte Chapelle, but 
they are not of great architectural value. This period may be 
considered rich in illustration at Paris, when we include in it 
the Sainte Chapelle, Notre Dame, and the portions of the 
other churches mentioned in the last number as belonging to 
it. The great model for the style in this part of France is the 
abbey church of St. Denis. There are also several exquisite 
churches of the same date in various parts of the surrounding 

* In the Chateau of St. Germain en Lave there ia still to he teen the chapel of the 
tiraeofChailwV. (A.D.1364— 80),the inner walls of which are M(irWy<»«*Mi(«t>ttA£iif<i 



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338 MEDIEVAL ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 

country. A small church of this date, St. Pierre aux Boeufs, 
stood, till within six or seven years, in a street close to Notre 
Dame. It had been desecrated during the Revolution, and 
was taken down to allow of the street being widened. The 
best portions of the western front were then transferred to the 
western front of St. Severin, which is in part of the same epoch, 
under the superintendance of one of the most able architects 
of Prance, M. Lassos. Before quitting this period we must 
again remind our readers that its principal existing specimens 
are in St. Denis, Notre Dame, and the Sainte Chapelle. 

THIRD PERIOD. 

We now come to the buildings erected in the fourteenth 
century and the beginning of the following one, previously to 
the introduction of the Flamboyant style. This period corre- 
sponds in date to that of the Decorated style with us, — that 
style which nourished under the second and third Edwards, 
but began, even so early as the reign of Richard II., to shew 
symptoms of perpendicular stiflhess and ultimate decay. To 
the flowing osculating curve of our Decorated style, Prance, 
and Paris in particular, offers no contemporaneous analogy. 
The architecture of the fourteenth century was characterized 
there by a style differing but little from that of the thirteenth, 
though always tending to a gradual opening and softening 
down of mouldings, as well as ultimately to an interflowing 
and intersecting of tracery. The examples of the earlier por- 
tion of this century are hardly to be distinguished from those 
of the preceding, except by an experienced eye, and the period 
may be designated as one of comparative plainness and even 
poverty. The cause of this stop in the progress of French 
architecture may perhaps be found in the dreadful wars and 
eivil troubles which desolated the country throughout that 
period, and exhausted the resources of the kings as well as the 
nobles. One of the earliest buildings of this style extant in 
Paris is 

The Chapel op St. John the Evangelist, in the College 
de Beauvais. In plan it resembles the Sainte Chapelle, though 
it has no under chapel, and has not a vaulting of stone, but 
merely a king-post and coved roofing. The windows have 
lost their stained glass, and the building is at present dese- 
crated. Its details and plan are pure, and it is a model that 
might well serve for a plain, and yet very effective, chapel for 
any collegiate edifice. 



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The Chapel of St. John Lateran, or the chapel of the 
Commandery of the order of Malta, is a small building of the 
same date, near the College de France. It has an aisle of 
nearly the same dimensions as itself added to its southern 
side, but of later date. A square tower, connected with this 
religious house, is still standing. 

The Convent of the Bernardins is also of this date. It 
was founded as early as A.D. 1244, by Stephen of Lexington, 
an Englishman, abbot of Clairvaux, but the church, once 
attached to it, though now destroyed, was built A.D. 1338, 
and the grand refectory, which still remains, was apparently a 
contemporaneous building. This vast edifice consists of a crypt 
or cellar and two upper stories, with a loft of unusually high 
pitch above the whole. The cellar and refectory are vaulted, 
and divided down their length by two rows of seventeen 
columns each ; the capitals are simple, and all of the same (a 
perfectly unique) design ; the details plain, the workmanship 
exceedingly solid and good. In a building attached to the 
refectory, and as M. A. Lenoir supposes in the church also, 
the tracery of the windows is decidedly of the Decorated or 
flowing character, forming early examples of this style in the 
French capital. 

The College de Navarre was of the date 1302, but few 
of the medieval parts now remain — two buildings, probably 
the chapel and refectory, being all now extant ; and of these 
the exteriors only are to be made out, the interior and the 
details having been entirely altered. The edifice is now appro- 
priated to the Ecole Polytechnique. 

The College de Bayeox has a beautiful little gateway of 
this epoch, bearing on its front the date 1305, still standing 
in the Rue de la Harpe. Other portions of a later style are 
to be found in the court within. 

The Conventual Church of the Celestins was a 
more important example of this style, and, though of small 
dimensions, was one of the richest in the capital in monu- 
mental erections. It consisted of a nave and two south aisles : 
one of the latter is destroyed, and the church itself desecrated, 
being used as a storehouse for a regiment of horse quartered 
in the conventual buildings. There was no clerestory nor 
triforium : the capitals of the shafts, as is common in this style, 
were ornamented with small crisped thistle-leaves delicately 
wrought, the mouldings very open, and producing little effect 

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340 MEDIEVAL ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 

of light and shade. On either side of the western doorway 
stood statues of the founder of the church and his consort, 
Charles V. of France and Queen Jehanne de Bourbon. The 
cloister of this convent was a remarkably beautiful and chaste 
specimen of the latest epoch of the Renaissance. 

The Church of St. Leu and St. Gilles in the Rue St. 
Denis is of the fourteenth century, although the western door- 
way may be of the end of the thirteenth, and would be desig- 
nated in England as early pointed. The building consists of 
a nave and side aisles with chapels, an octagonal eastern end, 
and a small recent crypt serving as a chapel of the Holy 
Sepulchre. There is a clerestory, but no tnforium : parts of 
the church are of the Flamboyant Btyle. 

The Tower op St. Genevieve (the old church) is partly 
of this century, but the foundations are of the Romane epoch 
and the crowning battlements of the Flamboyant. In its pro- 
portions this is an excellent example of the style, although ra- 
ther plain. It is now incorporated in the buildings of the 
College Henri IV. A few windows of one of the conventual 
buildings of the great abbey of St. Genevieve still remain, but 
they serve only to fix the date of their erection within the 
fourteenth century. 

The College de Montaiqc was also of this century, and 
some windows of a building that probably formed the chapel 
were till lately extant on the side facing St. Genevieve. The 
building was not in other respects of much architectural, 
though of high academical, interest. 

The havoc of the two revolutions and their consequent 
periods of Vandalism, was made principally upon buildings of 
the fourteenth century, moat of the Parisian convents having 
been either founded or re-endowed and enlarged during that 
period ; and this is another cause why the capital is poor in 
ecclesiastical edifices of the time in question. A splendid 
military structure of that epoch still exists close to Paris, — we 
allude to the chateau of Vincennes, — and this, with the chapel 
of the chateau of St. Germain en Laye, form the best models 
of the style to be found near the French capital. 
fourth period. 

The great change from the geometrical spirit of the archi- 
tecture of the fourteenth century to the flowing lines and 
fanciful combinations of the Flamboyant style, began to take 
place soon after the year 1400, but did not become fully 



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developed until after the expulsion of the English from France, 
or towards the middle of the fifteenth century. In the state of 
comparative peace which ensued, the nation became wealthy ; 
noble patrons and founders again enriched the Church ; and 
Arcbitecture took a new spring. As is well known, it is not 
in Paris that the great examples of this style are to be sought: 
they must be looked for in the provincial cities. Notwith- 
standing, Paris has several good edifices in this style, although 
of comparatively small size: and of these one of the best 
is the 

Church of St. Germain l'Aexerrois. This building 
stands on the site of a chapel founded as early as the seventh 
century : but the only portion anterior to the thirteenth 
century is the tower, which is of the Romane style, probably 
of the eleventh century, and which is placed at the south-east 
junction of the south transept and choir. The western portal 
is of the thirteenth century, and still retains the figures of 
saints with which it was originally ornamented : the rest of 
the edifice is entirely of the fifteenth century. The church is 
cruciform, with side aisles and a polygonal apse i there is a 
lofty clerestory, but no triforium : elaborate wheel-windows 
at the ends of the nave and transepts, and a porch, with rooms 
in the upper story, covering the western end of the nave. 
The portals of the transepts are lofty, wide, and profusely 
decorated with niches in their mouldings. The aisles are 
accompanied by a complete series of chapels, some of which 
contain remarkable monuments and altar-frames. Some 
buildings of the seventeenth century, adjoining the western 
end of the nave, have been taken down during a complete 
reparation and restoration of the church, which has lately 
been effected under the superintendance of M. Lassus. The 
choir is not yet restored, but the building, as it now stands, 
is one of the most valuable, in an architectural point of view, 
which Paris possesses. It is needless to do more than allude 
to the historical associations connected with the name of this 
church. No portions remain of its cloister and the schools 
once dependent on it. 

The Church op St. Mederic, or St. Mert, (as it is usually 
called,) is another excellent example of the Flamboyant style. 
In plan it is similar to St. Germain l'Auxerrois, but it is 
smaller in dimensions. The character of the tracery is good, 
and the western front, above which the tower rises, possesses 



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843 MEDIEVAL ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 

some sculptured decoration, — not original, unfortunately, but 
recently copied with several blunders from old models. Some 
of the original glass of this church remains ; and the general 
character of the architecture is good. The tower is of the 
same date as the church, and is very plain without a spire. 

The Church of St. Severih is the richest example of this 
style in the capital. It consists of a nave with double side 
aisles, triforium and clerestory, no transepts, and a complete 
series of chapels running all round the church, and giving 
almost the effect of triple lateral aisles. The western end of 
the church, the tower at the north-west angle of the nave, 
and the three western bays of the nave, are of the thirteenth 
century, although a Flamboyant window and gable have been 
added to this front, and the spire of the tower is of the same, 
if not a later, period : the rest is of the early and late Flam- 
boyant styles. All the details of this building are peculiarly 
rich and well executed ; the tracery of the windows elegant 
in design, the curves flowing freely without being too intricate. 
The chapels have externally a small gable over each, filled 
with admirable tracery of great variety in design : the vaulting 
throughout the church is good, and the bosses of beautiful 
workmanship. At the eastern end, in the centre of the apse 
and aisles, occurs a curious twisted column, from which the 
vaulting-ribs spring off with an elaborate intricacy of inter- 
section hardly to be equalled elsewhere. This church, which 
has been placed, we believe, for restoration in the hands of 
M. Lassus, is one of the most important buildings to be studied 
by the architectural visitor of Paris. 

The Church op St. Nicolas des Champs is another 
edifice of the fifteenth century, standing near the monastery 
of St. Martin des Champs before mentioned. It has an ample 
nave, with large side aisles, and a tower at the south-west 
angle of the church. In general character it closely resembles 
St. Mederic and St. Germain l'Auxerrois, but the aisles at 
their western ends have larger windows inserted. Some of 
the ancient glass preserved here is worthy of notice. The 
nave arches are lofty, and there is a good clerestory, but no 
triforium. 

The Church of St. Medard is of the same epoch as the 
foregoing, but is not of so good a character in its details. 
Here there are no transepts, but the aisles have side chapels. 
The tower, on the northern side of the nave, has a late spire 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



similar to that of St. Severin. The orientation of this church 
(like that of several medieval churches of Paris) deviates widely 
from the usual direction, being nearly north-east and south- 
west . 

The Church op St. Gervais is a late but very beautiful 
edifice of this period. It is cruciform, with single side aisles 
and lateral chapels, a lady chapel appended to a polygonal 
apse, and a tower at the northern side of the choir. The 
western front is of the time of Louis XIII. The arches of this 
edifice are peculiarly light and lofty — so is the clerestory above 
them — and the roof, which covers a bold vaulting, is of un- 
usually sharp pitch, to be equalled only at Rouen or St. Denis. 
Much glass of excellent character remains here, especially 
in the lady chapel, where it has been all preserved, and is the 
best of its date in the capital. One of the most remarkable 
features of the church is a magnificent pendant crown in the 
lady chapel, coming down from the central boss, and con- 
nected with the side ribs of the vaulting, in a manner that to 
the professional eye gives great pleasure, and with the 
uninitiated passes as a miracle of architectural prowess. Its 
size is unusually large, and for depth we have not seen it 
equalled, except in a similar instance at Caudebec in Nor- 
mandy. 

The Towee of St. Jacques de la Boucherie is all that 
remains of one of the principal Flamboyant churches of the 
metropolis, and it is still the finest edifice of the kind in 
Paris. Its spire has long been destroyed, but its other parts 
are in good preservation: and the panelling, with flowing 
tracery and crocketed pinnacles, covering the sides and 
buttresses, and running up among the lofty windows, gives it 
a peculiarly rich effect. Immense gargouilles and upright 
figures of animals at the upper corners add to its picturesque, 
if not to its architectural, value. 

The Convent op the Brothers op the order op Charitt 
of our Lady, (afterwards of Augustinian, and finally of 
reformed Carmelite monks,) still exists ; and in its cloister, 
which is nearly perfect, oners a good example of the Flam- 

1 The church of the famous abbey of east; 80 alio were the chape] of the Corde- 

St Viator, ■ beautiful Flamboyant edifice, liers, and the church of the Celestins. The 

had the Mine orientation ; so had those of Parisian cbnrchea of the seventeenth cen- 

the abbey of SLAntoine and the House of tury followed no law of orientation : many 

the Third Order of St Fronde, The Temple were built north and south. 
church was built a little to the south of the 



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344 MEDIEVAL ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 

boyant style. The dimensions of the cloister are very small, 
(suited however to the foundation) ; the arcades are open 
down to the level of the ground ; the moulding of the ribs 
descend continuously along the piers, and their profiles, 
though open, are of good design. As the only medieval 
cloister extant in Paris, this, though rarely seen, should 
certainly be visited*. 

FIFTH PERIOD. 

We come now to the closing style of the middle ages, that 
which in France has been termed the style of the Renaissance 
des Arts, — a strange misnomer, — as if art had not existed in 
the most intense degree throughout many preceding centuries ! 
A more appropriate appellation would have been that of the 
Franciscan style, as having derived its birth from the intro- 
duction of Italian art into France during the reign of Francis 
I. — just as we apply the terms Tudor and Elizabethan to its 
equivalents in England. The remains of this style in Paris 
are, however, to be found principally in secular buildings, such 
as the older portions of the Louvre, the Hotel de Ville, the 
Palais de Justice, some of the colleges of the University, and 
numerous private mansions. Of ecclesiastical edifices we have 
only three that are of considerable note. The first of these is 

The Church of St. Etienne do Moht. This, though a 
fantastic building, is one of great interest and architectural effect. 
It occupied all the sixteenth century in building, and therefore 
touches in some details on the Flamboyant style, while in 
others it passes into Franco-Italian. It consists of a central 
and side aisles with lateral chapels, pseudo-transepts, and a 
polygonal apse. A lofty and curiously elongated tower stands 

* If we were examining lay building), Terj Ute.it period of the Flamboyant style, 

we might here notice the three magnificent has been purchased by the French govern- 

hotcls of Palis, the Hfltel de Sent, the meat, with the magnificent collection of 

Hotel de Chmy, and the Hotel de La medieval antiquities formed ill it by the 

Tremoille: buildingsof the greatest beauty late M. Do Sommirard. It has been 

end Talue in every sense of the word, and appropriated to the purposes of a national 

of a class to which we have no parallel! in museum for medieval remain* ; an insti- 

England : our domestic edifices indeed tution which England ha* either not the 

have seldom equalled those of France. means, or else not the taste, to establish. 

The last of these three hotels baa been The third, we are Sorry to say, the mnni- 

demalished ; but its sculptured details, cipality of Paris has not yet had the good 

with all its parts of value, (and great sense to purchase, and thereby to aan 

indeed is theirworth,)haTe been preserved from farther destruction ; an act of 01 



in order to be re-erected into a palace for of the same nsture, as if any one should 
the archbishop of Paris, the design for neglect to purchase a genuine picture by 
whioh ha* Uri> apMtiaii ktf tha FmncK p D <r« B n> a-hen offered for a few pounds, if 
n opportunity could occur. 

;oira i.Google 



which has been accepted by the Fre 
government from the hands of M.Lassus. 
The second of the three, a building of the 



OF PARIS. 346 

at the north-west angle of the nave, and various buildings 
connected with the edifice join on at the eastern end. A 
small tower of the thirteenth century is among the buildings. 
A splendid stone screen, or Jttbe, of most elaborate workman- 
ship and design, separates the choir from the nave ; there is 
some good but late glass in the windows, and the edifice is 
peculiarly rich in pictorial decorations. In a chapel on the 
southern side of the choir stands the tomb of St. Genevieve, 
transferred hither from the ancient church, under her invoca- 
tion, which used to touch the south side of this building. It 
is a plain monument of the twelfth century. 

Thk Church of St. Laurent is another building of the 
fifteenth century. It is a pseudo-cruciform church, with a tower 
on the northern side of the choir. Parts of the building, 
especially on the northern side, are Flamboyant in their 
character, but the rest is of the Renaissance. Among the 
more remarkable details of this edifice are deep pendants, 
proceeding from the bosses of the vaulting; and these, at the 
junction of the nave and choir, are sculptured most elaborately 
into groups of figureB anything but ecclesiastical in their 
design. Their effect is rich and striking, and the character of 
the whole edifice is one of considerable lightness and elegance. 
The workmanship throughout is good, and all the sculptured 
portions are delicately finished. Its date is A. D. 1548 — 1695. 

Thk Church of St. Nicolas du Chardonnbt has a curi- 
ous tower of this period, but the rest of the edifice is of the end 
of the seventeenth century. This tower is probably the latest 
erection of any in the capital containing pointed details. 

Thk Church of St. Eustachb, (A.D. 1532 — 1642,) the 
last ecclesiastical edifice in Paris to which the appellation of 
medieval can be applied, — if indeed the use of that term be 
allowable in speaking of it, — is the grandest instance extant of 
a church built on a medieval plan, and with medieval ideas, 
but entirely with Italianized details. There is not a trace of 
a medieval decoration in the building ; every ornament, every 
capital every detail, is of semi-classical design ; there is not a 
single part of it which, taken in itself, may not be called 
barbarous, and yet the effect as a whole is splendid in the 
extreme, — very harmonious, full of indescribable grandeur, 
bold in construction, good in workmanship, admirable in 
suitableness to its purpose, and, from its vast proportions, fit 
to be placed before the cathedral of Notre Dame. Of its size, 



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846 MEDIEVAL ECCLES. ARCHITECTURE OF PARIS. 

and its capability of accommodating a congregation (of course 
there are neither pews nor seats, but only chairs in it), some 
idea may be formed, when we state that we have counted 
8000 persons in the side aisles of the nave only. The church 
is cruciform, with double side aisles and lateral chapels all 
round, a circular apse and projecting lady-chapel annexed, two 
towers at the western end, and a truncated spire at the 
intersection of the nave and transepts. A triforium, and a 
clerestory with wide windows, run round the church. There 
are wheel windows in each transept, and the clerestory windows 
of the choir are filled with fine stained glass of the epoch. 
The western front was once a grand specimen of the style, but 
has been long since spoiled by the introduction of Doric and 
Ionic orders, principally in consequence of a bequest made by 
the celebrated Colbert, who lies buried here. The portals of 
the transepts are gorgeously decorated with niches in their 
mouldings, and are admirable examples of the workmanship of 
that day. Within, the extreme elevation of the arches of the 
nave, giving the effect of great lightness to what are really 
massive piers, the consequently vast height of the vaulting, 
and the well-conceived interlacing of the curves of the various 
arches, as they come one behind the other on the eye, cause 
a mixed emotion of surprise and delight. The sensations 
produced by the interior of this edifice on some great day of 
solemn festival, such as the Nativity or the Assumption, when 
all the resources of architectural, pictorial, and musical art, 
combine to heighten the devotion of the thousands of wor- 
shippers there assembled, can never be forgotten by those who 
have experienced them. 

In concluding this brief sketch of the medieval ecclesiastical 
architecture of Paris, we may observe that partly from previous 
alteration, partly from revolutionary fury, hardly any of the 
ancient stall- work of the churches has been allowed to remain, 
and wooden screens probably never existed "in them. Nearly 
all the medieval tombs have disappeared, and we do not know 
of a single brass or incised slab in any church of the metropolis. 
All the old bells too have been lost, or if any remain (as at 
Notre Dame) they have been replaced there by some fortunate 
concurrence of events. The principal interest of these 
buildings lies in their walls, and we repeat, there is much to 
be seen in them which will gratify the curiosity of the 
antiquary or the architect. h. lorgubville jones. 

Dmtinaty G00gle 



ON THE KIMMERIDGE " COAL MONEY." 



An investigation of that antiquarian puzzle, the so-called 
" Kimmeridge Coal Money," may not be considered inapt on 
this occasion, as furnishing facts from which indications may 
be afforded of the state and progress of the arts amongst the 
earlier inhabitants of Britain. 

The articles termed " Kimmeridge Coal Money" are found 
only in one locality, in the pseudo-isle of Furbeck, on the 
southern coast of Dorsetshire. They are mentioned and briefly 
described by Hutcbins, the historian of Dorsetshire; who, 
however, offers no opinion in regard to them. A short treatise 
on them was published a few years since by Mr. W. A. Miles, 
who constructed a very ingenious hypothesis on the subject, 
attributing these obscure relics to the hands of Phoenician 
artists, and regarding them, not as money in the way of a 
circulating currency, " but as representatives of coin, and of 
some mystical use in sacrificial or sepulchral rites." 

These curious articles are found in two little secluded 
valleys open to the sea, divided by an intervening ridge 
of considerable elevation, and known as Kimmeridge and 
Worthbarrow bays. These bays are in the wildest and 
least frequented part of Purbeck, where the ploughshare is 
scarcely known, and the scanty population, retaining much of 
a primitive character, live remote from the busy world with 
which they have but rare intercourse. It is beneath the un- 
broken pastures of this romantic district, that the " Kimme- 
ridge Coal Money" is to be sought for and found. 

The material of which these articles are formed is a bitumi- 
nous shale, of which an extensive bed exists on that part of 
the coast. It has been much used in the neighbourhood as 
fuel, and is still in request by the inhabitants for that purpose. 
It burns freely, with a white ash and slaty residue, and diffuses 
a disagreeable bituminous odour throughout the apartment in 
which it may be consumed. 

In form these articles are flat circular pieces with bevelled 
and moulded edges, from li inch to 2i inches in di- 
ameter, and from i to $ of an inch in thickness. The 
accuracy with which the circular form is preserved, and 



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348 KIMMERIDGE "COAL MONET. 

the sharpness of the mouldings, even after the lapse of many 
ages, shew that the pieces were turned in a lathe. They have 
on one side, two, three, or four round holes, apparently for 
fixing the point of a chuck, and on the other side a small 
pivot hole. In a few instances these round holes are absent, 
and the pieces are wholly perforated with a single central 
square hole, so that the piece may be fixed on a small square 
mandril-head, circumstances which prove that the people who 
made these articles were well accustomed to the use of the 
lathe, not in its primitive rude form, but as an improved and 
somewhat perfected instrument. Much irregularity is observ- 
able in the number of the holes. The greater proportion of 
pieces have two holes; where three occur they are by no 
means arranged with mathematical exactitude, but sufficiently 
so for the purposes of turning. Pieces with four holes are 
rare, and generally of a small size. 

As already stated, the " Coal Money" is exclusively found 
in the two bays of Kimmeridge and Worthbarrow. Here, in 
the primitive pastures unbroken by the plough, or by any 
operation of man, these antiquarian problems are discovered 
beneath the surface, at depths varying from five to eighteen 
inches, or occasionally perhaps at a still greater depth. In 
some spots they are much more numerous than in others ; in 
one instance upwards of thirty pieces were dug up within the 
compass of about a square yard. They are frequently brought 
to light in some numbers in the construction of drains for the 
purpose of bringing the land into cultivation. The clifls that 
constitute that portion of the coast are of a yielding nature, 
giving way rapidly to the frosts and storms of winter, and 
after a portion of the summit has crumbled into the surf 
below, it is not unusual to observe pieces of the "Coal 
Money" projecting their edges from the new face of the cliff. 
They are generally found at the bottom of the superior 
stratum of mould irregularly scattered about, and having no 
appearance or association to indicate an intentional and careful 
depositure. 

Of the substances with which the " Coal Money" is found 
associated, the first place must be assigned to fragments of 
pottery. The ware thus found is of the same well-established 
character as that met with in all our Romano-British settle- 
ments. Chiefly of a hard close-grained texture, with a smooth 
black surface, it is occasionally mingled with pieces of a 



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KIMMEBIDGE " COAL MONET. 349 

lighter, reddish colour, and coarser manufacture; and rare 
instances have occurred of fragments of that peculiarly fine 
red decorated ware termed Samian being exhumed. Of the 
coarse unbaked early British pottery, very few fragments have 
been observed. The ware is invariably found in dispersed 
fragments of vessels of various descriptions, some shallow 
paterae, others large wide-mouthed jars. No authenticated 
instance of an entire vessel having been discovered can be 
adduced; Hutchins indeed mentions the "Coal Money" as 
found in kistvaens and urns, but he speaks solely upon hear- 
say, and repeated and patient personal observation and re- 
search in the neighbourhood, extending over some years, and 
much oral communication with the peasantry of that part, 
have failed to ascertain any such instance. The " Coal Money" 
is frequently found mixed with small flat pieces of stone 
having each but a few inches of surface. 

Fragments of the Kimmeridge shale) the " raw material" of 
which the articles are formed, are very frequently discovered 
mixed with the " Coal Money," or under the same circum- 
stances. Some of these shew the marks of cutting tools, as 
if prepared for the lathe, whilst the shale, being fresh from the 
quarry, was comparatively soft. Others exhibit lines, angles, 
circles, and other figures, drawn with mathematical accuracy, 
the central point, in which one leg of the compasses was in- 
serted, being observable in some of the circles. Pieces of rings 
of the same material, apparently from two to three inches in 
diameter, and about i of an inch thick, have likewise been 
turned up ; and in one instance a perfect ring was dug up in 
the formation of a drain, the inner diameter of which was li 
inch, and the thickness of the ring f of an inch, making a total 
diameter of two inches. One piece of the shale has been 
rudely cut by some very sharp instrument into an irregular 
form with a large perforation, as if worn about the person. 
Small fragments of charcoal are also frequently found mixed 
with the " Coal Money." 

Ab to the origin of these articles, and the purposes for which 
they were constructed and to which they were applied, the 
hypotheses hitherto advanced have been equally varied and 
unsatisfactory, and those antiquaries under whose notice they 
hare fallen, have been, to use the language of Sir R. C. Hoare, 
" in doubt and uncertainty respecting the use to which these 
articles were originally appropriated. ' The notion that they 



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360 K1MMERIDGE "COAL MONET." 

were used as money needs not a word of refutation; no one 
has seriously advanced such a position; there is nothing 
whatever to support it ; and the circumstances that the fragile 
nature of the material utterly unfits it for passing from hand 
to hand, and that the articles are found only in the Kimme- 
ridge mint, are sufficient negative evidence to controvert any 
conclusion that may be drawn from a name, doubtless popu- 
larly acquired from the circular form of the pieces, and tradi- 
tionally preserved amongst the peasantry. 

All the considerations as to the use to which these articles 
were destined, resolve themselves into a negative character. 

The "Coal Money," for instance, is not found in direct 
association with any sepulchral deposit. An interment in a 
kistvaen, in a low tumulus, has indeed been found in the same 
locality, with specimens of the " Coal Money" near, but mani- 
festly from their position and all other circumstances not in 
connection with any sepulchral intention. 

Nor is there any evidence that these articles were applied to 
any sacrificial purpose. It is true that Mr. Miles found a 
kistvaen, containing evidence of a sacrifice of the head of a 
bullock, but he distinctly says, that tmthin this chamber there 
was no deposit of " Coal Money," though around it fragments 
of pottery and " Coal Money" were abundant; but this is the 
case all over the neighbourhood. 

And on another occasion an instance was brought to light 
of a manifest sacrifice, consisting of the head and other parts 
of a bullock, but equally destitute of all evidences of direct 
association with the " Coal Money," specimens of which were 
irregularly scattered in the neighbourhood. Again, during the 
course of some investigations for " Coal Money" in the face of 
the cliff in Worthbarrow bay, evidences of sacrificial remains 
were discovered about two feet below the surface. A number 
of small flat stones were found, between and on which were 
ashes, charcoal, black mould, and other indications of the 
action of fire. These burnt materials were in some places in 
considerable abundance, and at one spot was a large quantity 
of charred wheat, the grains still retaining their form, resting 
on a flat stone somewhat larger than the average size. No 
" Coal Money," however, was found in immediate connection 
with these remains, but several pieces were observed lying as 
if accidentally and irregularly placed around them. 

For the purposes of such an enquiry as this, it may avail to 

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KIMMERIDGE " COAL MONEY. 851 

see whether any analogy or information can be derived from 
other articles to the construction of which the same material 
has been applied; and in this respect some very conclusive 
facts were brought to light early in 1839. Excavations 
were then made in what was proved, beyond all question, 
to be the cemetery or burial-place of the Romano-British 
settlement of Durnovaria, (the present Dorchester,) and 
amongst the discoveries then made were several armillse of 
the Kimmeridge coal, all of which had been evidently 
turned, highly polished, and finished in a manner indicat- 
ing an advanced state of art. One was grooved and neatly 
notched by way of ornament ; the interior diameter of this 
ring was 2i inches. Others were polished but not orna- 
mented, presenting a similar appearance to the larger speci- 
mens of ring-money. One of these rings was round the 
wrist of the skeleton of a female. At the same time were 
found two or three amulets, or large beads, of the same mate- 
rial. These were nearly spherical, of a flattened barrel shape, 
being 1£ inch in the longer, and 1 inch in the shorter diameter. 
Associated with these relics were all the ordinary indicia of 
Romano-British interments ; pottery, precisely similar in de- 
scription to that found in Kimmeridge and Worthbarrow, urns 
of various descriptions, coins of Hadrian, Gratian, and others. 
Under these circumstances, and in the absence of any trace 
of careful and intentional depositure, but with every indication 
that the pieces of " Coal Money" were thrown on the ground 
and left for disposition as chance might direct, there seems 
good reason to arrive at the conclusion that they were mere 
waste pieces thrown out of the lathe as the refuse nuclei of such 
rings as those found at Dumovaria. Three pieces of the 
Kimmeridge shale, now submitted to inspection, would 
appear to be conclusive on the subject. Two of these 
have been cut into a circular form, each 3J inches in dia- 
meter, and prepared for the lathe, by a keen cutting tool, 
the shape having been determined by compasses. One has a 
small pivot point indented on one side, with holes on the other 
side for retaining the points of the chuck. The other piece 
has been wholly perforated with a square hole for a mandril- 
head. On the formation of rings from such pieces whilst in 
the lathe, it is manifest that circular waste pieces of the same 
size, form, and description as the " Coal Money," must neces- 
sarily be produced. 



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352 EIHMEBIDQE " COAL MONET." 

The third specimen is exactly such a piece as must be 
placed in the lathe for the formation of a bead, like that found 
at Durnovaria. A comparison between these pieces and the 
specimens of Coal Money and beads, can leave scarcely a doubt 
of the origin. 

It may indeed be said that the material is ill fitted for the 
construction of armlets, because of its fragile nature ; but the 
fact is established in the above instances, that such rings have 
been found, and have been used as armlets; and there are 
also other instances of a somewhat similar material having 
been appropriated to the same purpose in the other extremity 
of the island. An armlet of precisely similar form and dimen- 
sions to those discovered at Durnovaria, has been found in 
Scotland, and is figured in the volume of "Transactions of 
the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland." This bracelet, with 
other ornaments, was formed of " cannel coal," a material 
Somewhat similar to the Kimmeridge shale. A difficulty may 
also, at first sight, appear in the depth at which these articles 
have been found beneath the surface, and which would seem 
to imply a purposed depositure by inhumation. But it is 
remarkable that they are generally found in unbroken pasture 
ground, where no trace of any disturbance of the soil is to be 
observed. By what means, then, were they buried at the 
depth at which they are now found? The problem is of 
easy solution. These pieces of "Coal Money," with the accom- 
panying stones and fragments of pottery, carelessly left on the 
surface, have reached their present position by the steady and 
long-continued operation of a natural cause, the effect of which 
is frequently observed on digging into soil that had been 
chalked or marled some years previously, and where the chalk 
or marl will invariably be found in a layer at a depth below 
the surface proportionate to the time that may have elapsed. 
The certainty of this effect, and the nature of the operating 
cause, are well noted in a paper "On the formation of Mould, 
read before the Geological Society of London, by Charles Dar- 
win, Esq., F.G.S., in which the writer adduces a number of 
instances conclusively demonstrative that this effect is attri- 
butable to an operation which, however trivial it may appear, 
is proved to be sufficient for the purpose, viz., the natural 
operation of the ordinary earthworm, — that the whole is due 
to the digestive process by which the earthworm is supported. 
It is well known that worms swallow earthy matter, and that 

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KJMMERIDGE " COAL MONET." 353 

having separated the nutritive portion, they eject at the mouth 
of their burrows the remainder in little intestine-shaped heaps. 
The worm being unable to swallow large particles, and as it 
would naturally avoid lime and other noxious matters, the fine 
earth beneath those things would by a slow but certain pro- 
cess be removed and thrown to the surface. The earthworm, 
moreover, requires moisture, and in dry weather finds it neces- 
sary to burrow beneath the parched surface ; and the depth to 
which these animals descend to avoid the drought of summer 
and the frosts of winter, is frequently very great. This agency, 
trifling as it might at first be thought, is not so slight, the great 
number of earthworms (as every one must be aware who has 
ever dug in a grass field) making up for the insignificant 
quantity of work which each performs. The rapidity with 
which the operation is sometimes carried on, in soils of favour- 
able description, is astonishing ; a very few years compara- 
tively being sufficient to bury the refuse matters beneath the 
whole of the surface soil. In one field chalked fourteen years 
since, the chalk now forms a perfect layer about twelve inches 
beneath the surface. In another instance the chalk was buried 
three inches in ten years. The time required for the work 
varies much with the nature of the soil. 

The circumstances already stated will therefore indicate that 
amongst the Romanized Britons, in the remote vales of Kira- 
meridge and Worthbarrow, an establishment was founded for 
the manufacture of ornaments, amulets, beads, and other arti- 
cles, out of the easily worked material here provided by the 
hand of nature ; and the great quantity of fragmental ware 
here found, the charcoal and coal ashes, of which great quan- 
tities have been exhumed, and other local indications, render 
it not unlikely that a pottery had been previously founded 
in this locality, to render available the convenient contiguity 
of the Purbeck clay and the Kimmeridge coal, and that acci- 
dental circumstances had demonstrated the facility with which 
the coal might be converted into articles of utility or orna- 
ment, and thus suggested the manufactory which, we have 
seen, was here established. john Sydenham. 



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NORMAN TOMBSTONE AT CONINGSBOROUGH. 

Read at Canterbury, September 11, 1844. 



Very few sepulchral monuments of undoubtedly Norman 
date are known to exist, and for this reason I hope that the 
accompanying drawing, a faithful representation of one which 
is preserved in the church of Coningsborough, will be re- 
garded with some degree of interest by those members of our 
Association, whose attention has been directed to this class of 
our national antiquities. 

This tomb is of grit, slightly ridged, and tapering from 
head to foot : it is 5 feet 9 inches long, 2 feet broad at the 
head, and 1 foot 7 inches at the foot, 15 inches high in the 
centre, and 13 inches at the sides. It must originally have 
been placed close to the north wall of the church, either in the 
nave or chancel, its northern side as well as its ends being 
destitute of ornament, whilst its top and its southern side are 
decorated with a profusion of rude sculpture. The temptation 
of our first parents in Paradise on one side, and a combat 
between two mounted knights on the other, are represented 
on the top at the head, and below them are several other 
devices, contained in roundels, generally too much defaced to 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



NORMAN TOMBSTONE AT CONINGSBOBOCGH. 355 

be intelligible. From the sagittary in the first roundel on one 
side, and the fishes in the fourth on the other, we might be 
led to suppose that the signs of the zodiac were intended to 
be represented, but the number is only eleven, and the other 
devices do not correspond. The front, or southern side of the 
tomb, presents a scroll issuing from the month of a monstrous 
head, — a bishop, with his crosier, standing by a font, and rais- 
ing his right hand in benediction, — and a knight on foot, armed 
with sword and kite-shaped shield, attempting to rescue from 
a winged monster a human being, whom it holds in its claws. 
The scroll-work on the front, and the medallion carvings of 
the top, are in the taste which decorated the doorways, the 
capitals of piers, and the chancel-arches of many of our Nor- 
man churches ; and the armour of the knights, their conical 
helmets, and the kite-shaped shield, clearly point to the be- 
ginning of the twelfth century as the date of this monument. 

In the church-yard are some ancient tombstones, of great 
thickness, quite plain, not ridged, but slightly chamfered, and 
tapering from head to foot. The church itself contains much 
to interest the ecclesiologist. The south door, the piers and 
arches of the nave, and the chancel-arch, are of Norman archi- 
tecture. There is a Norman piscina in the chancel, and one 
of peculiar form in a chapel at the east end of the north aisle 
of the nave. It is detached, square, decorated with foliage 
like the capital of a pier, and supported on an octagonal shaft. 
Above it is a hagioscope, commanding the chancel door, and 
the piscina near it, but not the Altar. 

Nearly all the ancient open seats remain on the north side 
of the nave : they are quite plain, of massy oak, and well 
adapted to the solid simplicity of a Norman church. Modern 
pews of thin deal have been built over some of them, and the 
contrast is striking indeed. At the west end of the nave is an 
elegant Perpendicular font : it is of octagonal form, supported 
on a clustered shaft, 3 feet 5 inches high, and 2 feet 2 inches 
wide at the top. The figure of our Saviour, rising from the 
tomb, between two sleeping soldiers, and holding the banner 
of the cross, is carved on one side ; and on the opposite one is 
a seated figure not easily to be identified, apparently holding 
two palm-branches. The remaining Bix sides of the font have 
blank heater-shields in quatrefoils. One of the staples re- 
mains, the other has been broken out. The bowl, 1 foot 
8 inches in diameter, is leaded, and has a drain. 



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356 ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 

The Rev. Joseph Hunter, in his History of the Deanery of 
Doncaster, vol. i. p. 287, states that "the lid of a Saxon 
cistus," with ornaments not unlike those on the tomb at 
Coningsborough, exists in the church-yard of St. John's, 
Laughton-en-le-Morthen. I am satisfied that the date of this 
monument, ■which is of great beauty, and of which I purpose 
forwarding a sketch and description ere long, is at least two 
centuries later than that of the Norman tomb described above. 

DANIEL H. BAIOH. 



ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 



On the verge of one of those ancient Forests which originally 
covered a great portion of the northern parts of Northampton- 
shire, and on a lofty eminence overlooking the green vale of 
the Welland, stands the formerly Royal Castle of Rockingham. 
Its position was equally well chosen as a place of retirement 
and defence, being sheltered on the south-eastern side by 
deep and nearly impenetrable woods, and in the contrary 
direction protected by the natural acclivity of the tongue of 

>,Sitizeot> V GoOgIe 



ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 




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358 ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 

land on which the crowning fortress was built. This ridge, 

jutting out like a peninsula from the long tine of escarpment, 

commands a far view up and down the valley, and a still more 

extensive one over the ver- ^.mm 

dantand undulating heights 

which form its opposite 

horizon. ^ 

Besides the attractions 
which nature so profusely 
displayed in this variety of 
prospect, the neighbouring 
preserves of Dene, Bryg- 
stock, Cliff, Benefield, and 

Geddington, were abund- \ 

antly stocked with the hart \ 

and the roe, and here the J 

English monarchs, from the 
Conqueror to the last of the 
Plantagenets, were conti- ^ 

nually accustomed to repair ■.»«, * m^^, 

for the sake of following 1 £££££££*"' t"£2y.y£ , Er£i 
with less interrupted ardour the pleasures of the chace. It is 
more than likely that this con- 
tiguity to the royal demesnes 
originally induced William the . 
First to erect on the confines of 
> Rockingham Forest a castle, to 
which he and his successors might 
retire when, disencumbered of the 
burdens of the state, they wished 
to enjoy the sports of the field. 
■ Although the forest of Rocking- 
S ham has been much denu ded since 
'"'■' ,,, ''~ thetime whenthe English monarchs s^™ B , u-^u,.. 

"""""SLT" 11 *° made it so frequently the scene of t SST ';fiS5?* 
their diversions, many venerable trees, scattered throughout 
the unreclaimed district, towering above the underwood, serve 
to point out its ancient boundaries. The deer are but rarely 
visible in the old enclosures, but within the limits of 
the romantic park, surrounding the castle, numerous herds 
of the same breed may yet be observed bounding in then- 
native wildness amid the waving avenues of beech and sunless 



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ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 



glens of oak, that lend so great an allurement to seek sylvan 
nature here in her solitary retreat. 

Whenever the monarch visited this place, during his sojourn 
his horses had right of herbage in the pasture land of the 
Welland, and the constable of the castle shared in the same 



privilege. The latter also possessed the right of cutting down 
in the wood of Cottingham any timber he chose, to repair the 
buildings, or brushwood to burn, or fagots to mend the 
fences. 



John de Cauz, abbot of Peterborough, however, gradually 
deprived the crown of these rights, so that at the inquisition 
held the 4th of Edward I. (1276), they became lost". 

It appears too, from the same authority, that a chaplain 

i Rot. Hund. p. 15. 



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ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 



was appointed to the little church of St. Leonard's, below the 
castle, to pray for the souls of the deceased monarchs, for 
which duty the sheriff of the county was charged to pay him 
forty shillings a-year; this celebration, however, had fallen into 
desuetude eight years before the inquisition took place". 

The partiality of King John and his successors for hunting, 
is shewn by numerous entries on the Close Rolls. In these 
valuable documents the most minute particulars are often 
recorded respecting the treatment of their hounds and hawks, 
even to specifying the quantity of flesh they were daily to be 
fed upon, and to the number of times the royal girfaloons 
were to be let fly. John orders the sheriff of Nottingham, for 
instance, to procure for their food young pigeons, and swine's 
flesh, and once a week the flesh of fowl 1 . At a later period, 
namely, in the early part of Edward the First's reign (1277), 
the following entry occurs on a Roll in the Queen s Remem- 
brancer's Office, shewing the care with which the royal dogs 
were tended. 

" Paid to Thomas de Blatheston for his expenses in taking 
the greyhounds with the king (Edward the First) ninepence, 
with twopence in bread for the same, on that day on which 
the same Thomas departed from Rokyngham. Also for bread 
for the same, when Master Richard de Holbroc tarried at 
Rokyngham, in the week next before the feast of St. Barnabas 
the Apostle, fivepence halfpenny. In bread for two grey- 
hounds of the prior of la Launde, from the day of the Apo- 
stles Peter and Paul, even to the Sunday next before the feast 
of the blessed Mary Magdalene, for nineteen days, nineteen- 
pence. Sum of the expenses on the greyhounds, eight 
shillings and sixpence halfpenny 11 ." 

Independently of being a favourite residence of the English 
kings, very few of the royal castles have been the scene of 
more historical events than the one now under notice. In 
1094, the great council of British nobility, bishops and clergy, 
assembled here to settle the fierce dispute, then in agitation, 
betwixt William the Second, and Anselm, archbishop of Can- 
terbury, concerning the right of investiture, and the monarch's 
obedience to the papal see. The council sat on Sunday the 
fifth of March, in the chapel within the precincts of the 
castle, when this question was proposed for their discussion ; 



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ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 361 

" Utrum salva reverentia et obediential sedis Apostolicie pos- 
set Archiepiscopus (Anselmus) fidem terreno regi servare, 
annon'?" 

The bishops, who seem to have known their duty towards 
their Sovereign better than their intractable leader, advised 
Anselm not to insist on any reservations on the grounds of 
spiritual authority, since there were general complaints against 
him for intrenching on the king's prerogative. But on his 
still endeavouring to compromise the freedom of the English 
Church, by yielding a higher allegiance to Urban II., who had 
offered him a pall, the prelates at once renounced him as their 
archbishop. 

King John more especially delighted to resort hither, and 
as will be seen from the following extracts from his Itinerary, 
visited it once, and sometimes twice or thrice, nearly every 
year of his reign. 

1204. Aug. 30.— 1205. Sep. 24.— 1207. Feb. 20', 21, 
22, 23; Aug. 10, 11.— 1208. July 26, 27, 28; Nov. 30.— 
1209. April 1 ; Sep. 1 ; Novemb. 13, 14, 15.— 1210. March 
18. — 1212. July 10 : when he acknowledged the receipt of a 
coat of mail, which had belonged to the constable of Chester*. 
—1213. Sep. 24.— 1215. Dec. 23.— 1216. Sep. 20, 21. 

Besides these fourteen recorded royal visits, the members 
of the House of Plantagenet were frequently in the habit of 
passing their time in this agreeable retirement. From the 
attesting of writs, it appears that Henry the Third was here, 
1220. June 26", 27', 28 k .— 1226. July 16'.— 1229. June 26 m . 

Edward the First, 1275. Aug. 24-.— 1279. Aug. 20°.— 
1290. Sep. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6e.— 1300. April 20, 21, 25, 26, 28". 

Edward the Third attested more than twenty writs at 
Rockingham between 1334', March 25 and April 1. — 1345. 
Dec. 9'.— 1354. Aug. 28t._- And here, Aug. 24-, 1375, the 
truce concluded at Bruges, between Edward the Third, and 
Charles the Fifth of France, was duly ratified*. 

During the absence of the king, Constables (Comites 



Spelman, Cone., vol. ii. p. 16. 


membrancer's Office. 


He was at Lamport the preceding inj. 


» Ibid. 


Introd. to Pat. Holla, p. 37. 


i Ibid. 


Lit. Rot. Claus., p. 422. 


' Rymcr, Fojder., vol W. p. 597: end 


Rot. Fin., voL L p. 49. 


vi-l.il p. 881—888. 


Ibid. 


• Ibid., vol. iii. p. 64. 


Rot. Lit Claac, p. 129. 


' Ibid., vol. iv. p. 608. 


1 Ibid., p. 422. 


■ Ibid., vol. iv. p. 608. 


Rvmec, Fteder., ml. iii. p. 82. 
Itinerary of Edw. I., in Queen's Re- 


' Ibid., vol vii. p. 82. 





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362 ROCKINGHAM CASTLR. 

Stabidi) were officially appointed to the custody of the royal 
castle. They usually possessed the grant for three years, 
sometimes for life, but generally during the king's pleasure, 
' cum pertinentiis habendum quamdiu Regi placuerit ;' or in 
the terms of the ensuing entry upon a Miscellaneous Roll in 
the Tower, No. 50, 9th and 10th Edward I., a document which 
will serve to shew both the manner of holding, and also the 
connection that existed betwixt the constableship of the castle, 
and the seneschalship of the forest of Rockingham. 

Be easiro de Rokingham et officio Beneacalcia foreatarum, et 
diversis maneriia commissis. 

Rex commisit Ricardo de Holebrok custodiam castri Regis 
de Rokingham et officium Senescalcise forestarum Regis infra 
pontes Oxon et Staunfford cum redditu Regis de Wnitele et 
cum maneriis Regis de Sahara, Oneston et Silveston, habenda 
cum omnibus pertinentiis suis a festo Sancti Michaelis anno 
regni Regis nono usque ad finem trium annorum proximo sc- 
quentium completorum. Nisi de castro praedicto Rex aliud 
interim duxerit ordinandum. Reddendo inde Regi per annum 
ad Scaccarium Regis de exitibus castri praedicti et Senescalcia; 
prtedictse quaterviginti libras. De manerio de Saham quhi- 
quaginta et sex hbras, de manerio de Selveston quindecim 
libras, videlicet unam medietatem ad festum Sanctis Trinitatis, 
et aliam medietatem in festo Sancti Martini proximo sequenii. 
Ita tamen quod prsedictus Ricardus nihil capiat in forestis 
prasdictis vel in parco Regis de Selveston, nisi rationabile 
estoverium ad domos castri pnedicti inde faciendas et ad eas- 
dem domos et alias que sunt in maneriis Regis prsedictis sits- 
tentandas, et cum necesse fuerit reparandas. Et quod habest 
herbagium in parco praedicto, salva sufficienti pastura ad feras 
Regis ibidem. Et si contingat quod Rex interim castrum 
illud resumat in manum Regis, prjefatum Ricardum indemp- 
nem conservabit. Teste Rege apud Westmonasterium xvi. 
die Novembris 1 . 

The duties of a constable consisted in seeing that the royal 
grants in his district were not abused 1 " ; such as the transfer 
of mills 1 , and of land'; in assisting at the execution of traitors* ; 

' MiiMll. RolL, No. 60 ; 9, 10, Edw. I. ■ Ibid., p. 25!. 

' Rot. Claua., p. 261. * Rolls ofP«ri„ toL ii. p. 256. 

• Ibid., p. 261. r 



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ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 363 

in keeping state prisoners in safe custody ; in paying the 
garrisoned soldiers 4 ; in observing the legal provision concern- 
ing such as came to tournaments* ; in defending the posses- 
sions of the Church'. Henry III. ordered, for example, the 
constable of Rockingham (Jan. 25, 1217.) to protect the 
goods of the abbot of Peterborough; and the privilege of 
holding a castle as its constable, was considered so honourable, 
that it was only confided to men of high military renown, 
never to the Welsh, but only to persons of ascertained courage 
and attachment to the Crown, as is evidenced in the present 
day, in the instances of the Most Noble the Marquis of 
Anglesea being constable of Caernarvon, and His Grace the 
Duke of Wellington constable of Dover castle. 

The constables of Rockingham, as far as I have been en- 
abled to make out the list, were the following : — 

Constables. 

1199. Robeet Macdct*; he pays a fine of £100, in four 
quarterly payments, for having had granted to him the cus- 
tody of the castle. 

Hugh de Neville". 

1213, Feb. 25. Roger de Neville, held it by the tenure 
of annually presenting the king with a pair of gold-embroidered 
shoes'. The manors of Pornstoke, Shenley, Stamford, and 
Kayngham, were held on the same conditions. He is directed 
to release (Nov. 1, 1213.) Robert de Mara, then in prison at 
Rockingham castle, who had been taken at Cracfergus' : the 
apostolic legate had induced John to order his liberation. 
He is ordered by the king (May 11, 1215.) to entertain with 
hospitality William de Harecourt, when he comes thither k , 
April 13, 1216, he is ordered to hold for the use of the 
castle the manors of Geddington, Clive, Brigstock, and Corby, 
and the custody of the soldiers, formerly the fee of the abbot 
of Peterborough 1 . 

1215, June 24. William Mauddit™. 

1216. William Aindre, ordered (March 3rd) to settle for 
forty days with the foot cross bowmen, at the usual rate of 



RoLCl«ii». 1 p.2e3. 




i Ibid. 


Ibid., p. 250. 




J Rot. Lit Pat, p. 105. 


Rolls of Pari., vol. i 


. p. 85. 


k Ibid., p. 135. 


Rot. Claim., p. 297. 




' Ibid., p. 177. 


Rot Oblw., p. B. 




■ Ibid., p. 14*. 


Rot. Chut, p. 209. 







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364 ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 

threepence a-day, and to see that those soldiers who had been 
maintained at the royal charge, should for the future live at 
their own, and that the garrisoning of the castle should be 
made as secure as possible and the dues of the Bailiwick 
properly collected". 

William Earl oi Albemarle". 

1222. William de Insula*. 

Robert Passelawe''. 

*1255 r . Hugh de Goldingham'. The fine effigy in forest 
marble in Rushton church, is probably to his memory. 

*1260. Alan la Zouch'. 

*1280. Richard de Holebroc, for three years", paying 
eighty pounds a year. This Richard de Holebroc was 
escheator of the forest, and in the 18th Edward I. William 
de Latimer complained to the king that he, holding the 
manor of Corby, and a wood therein, from the king in 
capite, rendering ten pounds a year, and that the king 
ought to defend that manor with all its rights, but that 
Richard de Holebroc, seueschall of the royal forest of Rocking- 
ham, before the king went over into Gascony, destroyed the 
aforesaid wood, cutting down great oaks without number, and 
also cart loads of underwood and branches without number, 
keeping charcoal burners there, who had destroyed it, for sis 
years, of whom each gave to him ten pounds per annum, so 
that they should not be removed. Also that he had in the 
same wood twenty-four swine, and a hundred goats, with their 
young ones, for a whole year, contrary to the terms of the royal 
charter. Lawrence Preston, who held the manor of Gretton, 
complained in the same way. Both of them asserted that he 
had abused the royal grant, diverting it from the repairs of 
the castle, and converting the property of the Crown to private 
purposes ; all of which accusations he denying, and urging 
that he had husbote and haybote in their manors, the king 
replied that he would make enquiry when he came thither, or 
appoint his justices to do so 1 . 

1283. Elie de Hamcll*, during the royal pleasure, on the 
same terms as his predecessor. 

» Rot Lit- Clans., p. 250. ' Rot. Orig., p. 16. 

■ Ibid., p. 406. ' Ibid., p. 17. 

l' Ibid., p. .17 3. <■ Ibid., p. 46. uid Misc. Roll in Ihe 

' luquis., 34 Hen. Ill No. 49. Tower, No. 50. 

' Those merited wilh an eeteriik, held * Rolls of Pari., vol. i. p. 36. 

the cuitodjr of the foreit with the castle. 1 Rot Orig., p. 6H. 



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ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 865 

•1293. Thomas de Hamull, his predecessor accompanying 
Edward I. into Gascony 1 . 

•1296. William de BeauchampV 

M298. Adam de Welles 6 . He was at the siege of 
Carlaverock. 

*1307. Baldwin de Manners, on the same terms as his 
predecessor . 

*1307. William de Latymer* 1 . He was at the siege of 
Carlaverock. 

*1311. Alan la ZoocheV He was at the siege of 
Carlaverock. 

*1313. Atmer de Valence', Earl of Pembroke. 

*1324. John de Morteyn'. 

*1326. Donenald de Mar\ for his life. 

*1330. Simon de Drayton, rendering to the king forty 
pounds a year 1 . 

1331. Robert de Veer*. 

1337. John de Verdodn, office confirmed, on his paying 
to the end of his life to Queen Philippa forty pounds a 
year 1 . 

* 1372. Almaric de St. Amando (Chivaler), paying twenty- 
four pounds a year as long as he holds it™. 

*1442. Robert Roos n , by a special grant to him and his 
male heirs, paying the Crown annually seventy-five pounds, 
sixteen shillings, and eight pence. 

*1475. William Lord Hastings and Ralph Hastingb, 
for their lives". 

Among the minor circumstances that have been recorded 
respecting this royal fortress are the following, some of which 
are found entered upon the Close Rolls. 

In 1214, preparatory to his annual visit, Kin g John, accord- 
ing to his usual custom of ordering the wine intended for the 
royal use to be sent before him in readiness, commanded five 
casks of the best that could be found in London to be dispatched 
for his drinking into Northamptonshirep. (Nov. 7th.) Of 
these five casks which he ordered, one was to be sent to Cliffe, 



Rot. Orig., p. 83. b Ibid., p. 300. 

[bid., p. 100. ' Ibid., vol. ii. p. 40. 

" k Calend. Rot. Pat, p. US. 

1 Rot. Orig., vol. ii. p. 116. 

m Ibid., p. 325. 

" C»lend. Rot Pit, p. 285. 

° Ibid., p. 323. 

v Rot Lit Claua.,p. 177. 



b Ibid., p. 
■ Ibid., p. 
1 Ibid., p. 157. 
' Ibid., p. 187. 
' Ibid., p. 203. 
< Ibid., p. — * 



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366 ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 

one to Geddington, one to Silveston, one to Salcy, and one 
to Rockingham, whilst to ensure their safe carriage, if there 
were need, one of the royal vehicles was to be used for their 
transport. The carriage of wine forms a long entry on the 
Close Rolls at a later period, 9th Henry III. (1224), when 
the Sheriff of Northampton is charged to pay for the transit 
of ten casks to Northampton, ten to Rockingham, three to 
Geddington, and two to Cliff, for the royal use q . In 1226, 
we find ninepence paid to Scogernel, a messenger, for going 
to Rokingham'. This person seems to have been a King's 
messenger, as now called, being employed in other errands. 
In 1226, five casks are sent to Rokingham, three to Cliff, 
four to Geddington, and four to Silveston*. 

In 1215 (April 30), King John sends Peter de Barr and 
Nicholas de Hugevill, foot cross bowmen, commanding that 
they should be placed in the castle of Rockingham for its 
defence, and have sixpence a day as long as they are there*. 

In 1220, Henry III. orders his barons to pay Falk de 
Breaut £100, which he had expended on his behalf in the 
siege of Rockingham . 

In 1221, Henry HI. orders Hugh de Nevil that the con- 
stable of Rockingham castle should have materials for its re- 
paration, namely, to be allowed to make rafters and cleft wood 
in the forest of Rockingham 1 . The sheriff of the county is 
also ordered to pay twenty marks for the same purpose 7 . 

In 1222, Henry III. sent William de Insula ten marks 
to repair the building in as efficient a manner as the sum 
would allow". And in the following year, five marks are 
ordered to be paid by the sheriff of the county, for repairing 
the gutters of the royal chamber*; and on Jan. 28. the year 
following (1215), four tuns of wine are ordered to be sent to 
Rockingham . 

In 1224, the sheriff of Northamptonshire" was allowed bis 
expenses for the carriage often pipes of wine from Southamp- 
ton to Rockingham, and in 1230 a similar charge is allowed 
for the freight of three casks from Boston, in Lincolnshire 11 . 

In 1225, Henry HI. issued a writ to the sheriff of North- 

* Rot. Lit. Clam., p. S. > Ibid. 

' Ibid, p. 48. * Ibid., p. 417. 

* Ibid., p. 121. ■ Ibid., p. 673. 
' Ibid. » Ibid., p. 185. 

■ Ibid., p. 439. < Rot, 0j«, 9 Hen. III. 

■ Ibid., p. 467- « Ibid., 15 Hen. III. 



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ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 367 

amptonshire, directing him to take with him proper and discreet 
persons who thoroughly understood carpentry and masonry, 
to examine the royal chamber in the castle of Rokingham in 
which repairs were necessary, and to order the same to be 
carried into immediate execution'. 

Henry III. orders (1226.) the sheriff of Northamptonshire to 
give William, son of Warm, the constable of Rokingham, twenty 
marks for the works at the castle, and Hugh de Nevill to let 
him have sufficient materials from a proper part of the forest 
to repair the royal chapel, and for other works then in pro- 
gress'. Three days afterwards Robert de Lexinton is ordered 
to allow him a load of lead for the gutters of the castle'. 

In the 34th of Henry III. (1 249), it was certified that the last 
constable, Sir Robert Passelawe, had left the castle in a very 
ruinous state ; the towers, walls, battlements, and lodgings, 
being in great measure fallen to the ground, and the chapel 
entirely destitute of vestments, books, and the necessary articles 
for the performance of divine service". 

In the 36th of the same reign (1251), Geoffery de Roking- 
ham was found seized of half a virgate of land in Rocking- 
ham, which he held by service of collecting the castle-guard 
rents, from such fees or lordships as were subject to that pay- 
ment. He had also, by virtue of this tenure, right of husbote 
and haybote in the abbot of Peterborough's meadows, of 
fishing in the Welland, and his food in the castle whenever 
the king or the constable resided there 1 . 

He was succeeded by his son Geoffrey de Rokingham. It 
appears also by inquisition taken in this reign, that a virgate 
of land late in the possession of Simon le Wayte, who had 
fled for theft, had been held by him on the tenure of being 
castle-wayte, (Per servicium essendi Wayia in castro Rokyng- 
ham,) a kind of musical watchman, similar to those who dis- 
turb the nocturnal slumbers of citizens of the present day. 
The same custom was observed in other castles*. 

In the 20th of Edw. III., 1347, the king gave to his wife 
Philippa, sixty acres in the forest of Rokingham, for the term 
of her life, in aid of the reparation of the castle, which had been 
lately destroyed and thrown down . 

• Rot. Lit. Claoi., p. S6. 47. ' Escotel. 35 Hen. III., No. 43. 

' Ibid., p. 129. * Inquii. Hen. III., No. US. See also 

« Ibid., p. 131). Blount's Tenures, p. 7. 

h Inquin. 34 Hen. III., No. 49. ' Rot Orig., vol. i. p. 181. 



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368 ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 

Baldwin de Gisnes (1216), held the manor of Benefield, on 
condition of finding one soldier to keep guard at Rockingham 
castle™. 

Berengarius le Moygne (1276), builder of Barnewell castle, 
was bound to pay twenty pence yearly towards the ward of 
Rockingham castle". 

Edward the Third took fealty (1388) of Hugh Doseville 
for lands at Medbourn, in Leicestershire, on condition of ren- 
dering to the king, as often as he came here to hunt in the 
adjacent forest, a barbed arrow . The manors of Lanton, 
Upanry, and Hole, were held on the same conditions". 

The permission to hunt was seldom yielded to the subject, 
and so highly valued, that even when the Crown granted a 
manor to one of its vassals, the monarch reserved this privi- 
lege to himselfi. And with such strictness was the forest 
preserved that, in 1256, (Oct. 11,) four men are returned as 
being confined in Rockingham castle, and fined two marks for 
trespassing', and in 1 21 8, Richard Trussel was fined for merely 
taking his dogs through the forest'. 

In 1219, Henry the Third orders the constable to permit 
Walter Preston to catch forty deer for the royal larder, in the 
forests of Rockingham, Cliff, and Geddington 1 . 

As a great favour the feudatories of the Crown were however 
sometimes allowed to catch deer on the borders of the forest". 
Such minuteness prevails in these early notices, and with such 
extreme care was the royal chace preserved, that not even a 
single oak could be felled here without first obtaining the 
king's sanction 1 . 

The castle was also used as a State prison, for on August 20, 
1347, a writ was addressed to John Darcy, constable of the 
Tower of London, ordering two Scotch prisoners to be sent to 
John Vardon, constable of Rockingham, or to his locum tenens, 
Thomas Stone 7 . 

Among the sources of information on the military antiquities 
of this early period, the Operation Rolls, as I shall venture to 
call them, hold an important place. The entries on these un- 
published documents are. generally the counterpart of each 

■ Rot. Chart, p. 222. * Rot. Lit. Clans., p. 380. 

•' ™- Hiind.,p. 8. ■ " ' 

Orig., vol. ii. p. 

Chart., p. 222. 
Pin., toL il p. 2 

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i Rot. Himd., p. 8. < Ibid., p. 396. 

• Rot. Orig., vol. ii. p. 122. ■ Ibid., p. 138. 

' Ibid. ' Ibid., p. 9. 

i RoL Chart., p. 222. » Rymer'B Feeder., voL iii. p. 188. 



ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 369 

other, inasmuch as the marginal notes on each successive 
membrane follow each other in the same sort of order, the 
contents merely varying for the most part in the number of 
workmen employed throughout a particular week, and in the 
relative sums paid for their labour. These side-titles are 
arranged under the heads of fodiatores, foundation or fosse 
diggers ; cementarii, masons : dealbatores, plasterers ; Cuba- 
lores, layers; quarrealores, quarrymen; carpentarii, carpen- 
ters j plumbarii, plumbers ; ciasores, smiths ; servatorea, 
labourers ; and all the weekly expenses incurred under these 
workmen, according as they were employed, are entered under 
their own peculiar divisions. The same regular system of 
arrangement is pursued in all the Rolls I have examined, and 
being once understood, it becomes a simple matter to refer 
to an item of expenditure under any of these departments. 
They are a class of records little consulted, and still less ap- 
preciated, but they are nevertheless a most curious and valu- 
able series of documents, serving to illustrate in a most 
instructive manner, the comparative value of labour in Great 
Britain. They are replete with Medieval statistics, copious 
in architectural nomenclature, and above all they throw great 
light on the science of Pyroology, developing the nature of 
military tenures and military defences, at a period when the 
barons of England were living in continual rebellion against 
the Crown, and when the nation at large had its thoughts and 
energies entirely turned to resistance and war. 

It cannot, I think, but be deemed an historical loss that all 
these documents should have remained almost unexamined, 
and perhaps it is a fond hope that the unpatriotic economy 
which checked the publication of even a specimen of one of 
them, should be compensated for by the zeal of those societies 
whose aim and institution is professedly to elucidate British 
History and Antiquities. The talents and discrimination of 
the Rev. Joseph Hunter, have shewn however, how they may 
be rendered subservient to increasing our knowledge of art, 
when it rose to its greatest height in our country, and Mr. 
Botfield by printing at his own charge an entire Roll, has fur- 
nished a memorable example of taste and munificence. But 
as regards the future, while the press will reek with the ink of 
unread reprints and impure Elizabethan pamphlets, these, the 
varied records of England's greatness, the genuine sources 
of history, civil, military, and ecclesiastical, the evidences of 
8c 

Dmtinaty G00gle 



S70 ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 

by-gone events that serve to cast a ray of intellectual sunshine 
over the dusky town and the ruined hamlet, will be left 

To the memorial majesty of Time, 
Impersonated in their calm decay. 

The Miscellaneous Rolls in the Queen's Remembrancer's 
Office, give the following disbursements for repairs carried on 
at Rockingham castle. 

In the year 1279', expended on 
Carpenters' work . £12 2 8 

Quarrymen . 12 

Plasterers . . 17 

Carpenters . . . 4 8 5 

Ralph the baker making an oven 3 9 

The purchase of a stool (stapnum) . 2 

For glazing the windows . . .50 

For boards bought at the fair of St. Botulph's 118 

At Melton . . .46 

For nails . .66 

Master Milo the carpenter, for making the passage 
{claustrum) and door to the chamber of the 
Queen . . . .14 

For the expenses of Master Thomas, in the week in which 
was the feast of St. Lawrence, upon the stars, in the little 
chamber of the king and in the great chamber of the king — 
{circa astres or astros), probably stars of Bethlehem (a common 
conventional decoration, as may still be seen on a cope of 
crimson velvet preserved at Chipping Campden, and also on 
the vaulting of the Blessed Virgin s chapel in the cathedral of 
Canterbury), and upon stools (alanna) in the Queen's chamber, 
stairs and windows in the tower, and plastering the rooms 
there, and placing a cage {cables) upon the wall of the tower 
and barbecan, with his eight underlings, because they were 
found in victuals {quia praebentur), Qs. 6d. The cage was a 
kind of defence in which men standing under shelter might 
throw down stones and fire on the besiegers ; it was sometimes 
called a lantern. 

To Michael de Welydon, John de Cotingham, and Maurice 
de Stanerne, layers, making the walls about the green* 
house (viridaritem) near the chamber of the Queen, 3*. 6d. 
namely to each, Is. 2d. In payment to seven labourers 

* Miscellaneous Roll, 7 Edw. I. 

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ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 871 

of the aforesaid with spades (facets) removing earth, 5*. 8rf. 
And it is to be noted, that of the said nine labourers, as 
appears in the preceding week, two of them, to wit, Henry 
Amund and Ralph de Essex left Master G., of whom one 
departed altogether, and the other joined himself to the 
plasterer and served him, because his workman had left him. 

In payments to Rosa, the daughter of Alexander the baker, 
Agnes de Colevile, Avicia Cooke, Avicia the daughter of the 
plumber, John Scot, Ivota the wife of Adam le Chapman, and 
John Cooke, workpeople, moving the earth with shovels and 
barrows ('cum hoccis et civereia,' ***&>, moveo) towards the 
granary, 5s. 3d., each per week 9d. 

In payments to Ralph the painter for whitewashing the 
closet and vaulting (circa claustrum dealbandtm et volticium), 
Is. 4d. In payments to Alexander his son, Is. 3d. In pay- 
ments to William his son, 9d. " 

In payment to a carpenter for carpentering in the ward- 
robe of the Queen by task-work, and working in the donjon, 
40s. — et condubandum (condulandum ?) — V. Du Cange sub 
voce, Dido. Against Edward the carpenter, for one great rope 
of hemp, brought for lifting materials, 20d. In payment made 
to a plumber for the gutter of the aforesaid wardrobe, 20d. 
For grease (uncto) bought for the same plumber, 5£tf. b 

The expenses of William Newport, from the feast of Easter 
to that of St. Michael, 1278, were £21. 6s.; on the castle 
alone, £17. 19s. e On this roll there occurs, 

In payments to four men digging and cleaning the sun-dial 
of the gable (gabelle solarium), near the hall, by task-work, 
2s. <ad. (Solarium is also a balcony.) 

For carrying slate from Harringworth (carriacio petra de 
slalte), for stone from Welledon and Stanerne, £12. 10s. 9d. 
Purchase of boards at St. Botulph, 20s.; of lead, £3. 16s. ljtf.; 
of nails, in the summer, at Nottingham, 16s. 9t/. d 

The following entry furnishes the price and names of the 
different sorts of nails that were then used. 

For ten thousand of lath nails (lathe nayle), bought at Not- 
tingham, 7s. Id., namely, S^d. a thousand. For two thousand 
and a half of board nails (bord nayle), bought at the same place, 
£1. 17s. 9d., namely, at Is. 6d. a hundred. For a thousand 

• Miicellimeouii Boll, 7 Ed*. I. 

> Roll, *, 5, Edw. I. 

c Mitcellin. Roll, Queen'i Remembnn- 



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372 EOCKINGHAM CASTLE. 

great spike nails (magnis spikingg), bought at the same place, 
&s. Aid., namely, at 2^d. a hundred. For two hundred and a 
half of wyt nayle, bought at the same place, 2a. Bd. namely, 
at 6d. a hundred. For four hundred of clout nail (ciut nayt), 
bought at the same place, for the fastenings and bars (ad 
cyntiea (cittffo) el barres), 4t/., namely, a hundred for a penny. 

In payments to Master Milo, the carpenter, for joists for the 
chapel, 1*. Ad. (ad capeUam gistandam'.) 

Paid John Smith of Peterborough, for three great plate- 
locks (plateloke$), with keys bought for the gate of the castle 
and Gillot's door (ostio de Gittot), 2a. 3d. ; and to the same, 
for two pair of fastenings (garneitis) for different windows, 
at id. a pair, (infra castrum ibidem pendendum*.) 

Among the expenditure of the 5th of Richard II. (1381- 
1882.), which amounted to £208. 3s. 2d., there is an entry to 
Robert de Corby, for different stones called ' ashlers, corbeles, 
and tables,' for the works, 12*. 6d. h 

The expenses of repairs from the last day of January in the 
5th year of Richard II. (1382.), to the feast of St. Michael, in 
the 8th year, 1385, were £129. 8*. Id. 

Amongst the miscellaneous items appear the following : 

Twenty cart loads of stone bought at Stanerne, and used in 
corbeles and tables. For six Tribulets of iron, 2*. 3d., (Iribv- 
lis ferrets.) This military engine was probably the same as the 
Trebuchet. (See Du Cange, sub voce.) For three iron spades 
(vanyis), 15rf., and for two crocks (crokis), and .one riddle 
(redele) for sifting lime and sand, and for a vessel (atna) 
bought for putting water in for the mortar of the tilers, 2s. 4rf. 
And for two iron-hooped buckets, bought for drawing water 
from the fountain, Bs. And in fine cords bought as well 
for drawing water, as for the clips (sterynges), (stringo?) and 
strengthenings of the scaffolds, containing 161b. at 2Jrf. per lb. 
And for two ladders bought at Ryhale, 4<£ ' 

And for twelve pair of lesser hooks and hinges (hokes et 
hengles) bought for the small doors and great windows of the 
castle. 

In payments to Robert Patrick, for making hurdles or clayes 
and barrows (cleyas et civeris), lOd. In payments to Hugh 
the Blacksmith, for repairing stancheons (stauxzontim), 10d. In 

• Roll, 9 Edw. I. h Ibid.; 5 Kir. II. 

' ibid., 10 Edw. I. I Ibid, 

i Ibid., 3 Bio. II. 



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ROCKINGHAM CASTLK. 373 

payments to Ralph Pacy, for repairing the shingles (roof?) 
(cgndidis), \&d. In payments to Richard of Cotingham, the 
smith, for mending the iron-work {ferramenio) of the masons 
and quarrymen, lis. Ad. In payments to four men emptying 
the bakehouse? (torallum, torreo?) and carrying lime into the 
hall, 3*." 

For 8J lb. of wax, bought' for cement {ad cimenium), 21rf. at 
Qd. a lb. In 2 lb. of frankincense, 6d. In 5 lb. of lees (coda) 
and 1 lb. of pitch, did. Amongst the cost of utensils are the 
following ; For a fork (Una) bought at Rothwell, for the use of 
the masons, A\d. For a stoup (sloppa), l$d. For six spades 
(vanga), lOrf. In payments to Baldwyn de Rokingham, for 
placing twelve rings (ciradoa) upon the forks and stoups of the 
material belonging to our lord the king, and for six wooden 
hoops of his own material upon the large standing vessels 
(cunos) with water near the cistern (mortuarium), §\d. For six 
large hoops (opis) bought for one large vessel, with the wages 
of one man making a vessel, and mending other different 
forks, 6& 

The next entries having reference to a quantity of iron 
bought at Nottingham, the account is rendered according to 
the pieces used. For two new wedges, made at the quarry of 
Welledon, and for mending a wedge, and for two small wedges 
for fastening the head of a hammer (marcell) with the same, 
three pieces ; for mending a hammer, and making a new one, 
four pieces : for two irons for extending the cistern (mortar) 
from the wall, and buying one wedge, one piece : for eight 
bills (goiones), eight hoops (hopes), eight stocks, and half a hun- 
dred of nails for four barrows (cyveria), and in mending one 
wedge, four pieces : for making two new hammers, five pieces : 
for one iron dish (patella) in which the cement is burnt and 
made, together with an old dish, one piece : for mending three 
wedges, and making two new ones, three pieces : for making 
one new iron rake for the mason, and mending another rake, 
one piece : for making two new mattocks (ligonibus), three 
pieces : for four fastenings (gump/iis") for the door of pantry 
(del vit) near the small chamber close to the chapel, and for 
one fastening for the door of the same chapel, and two fasten- 
ings for the door of the pantry (del vit) in the tower, four 
pieces: for four fastenings for a door of the small privy 



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874 ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 

(cloaca) near the new chamber, and for a door inside the closet 
(le vif) near the chapel and the castle wall, and for fourteen 
bars for two windows within the great cellar and the pantry 
(dom del vif) near the chapel, and for a window in the small 
cellar between the chapel and the castle wall, and for a small 
window in the pantry, and for eighteen stays (clavonibug) for 
the wall of the tower beyond the fountain; and for twenty 
spiknails (qaikingg) for the seat of the aforesaid privy, near 
the new tower (turriolum), five pieces : for two buttons (verte- 
nelUs) and two fastenings for a window in a room of the tower, 
and mending one poleaxe, one piece -. for two pointed bars 
(lancets), eight transoms (iraversenis) and four fastenings 
(jfimfig) for the cellar near the chapel and under the chapel, 
nine pieces : for making a large new hammer, seven pieces, to 
wit for the quarry of Weldon : for making one new gaveloc 
for the quarry of Weldon, and mending another, nine pieces : 
for twenty-four transoms (traversenis), twenty-two hooks and 
one pointed bar (lancea) for the rooms in the tower and the 
small chamber near the chapel, seventeen pieces : for three 
pointed bars (lanceis) for the windows under the chapel and 
the king's chamber, three pieces : for one poleaxe for the 
quarry at Stanion, three pieces : for mending one pickaxe 
(pikoys), ' one piece: for three fastenings (guviphis), and one 
transom (travarsent) for the window towards the — (Sanso- 
riu), one piece : for two hundred of nails and staples (atag- 
natis) made for different doors, three pieces : for twenty-four 
sales for two doors of the salting-room, two pence ? (sules ad 
duo hoslia salsarii) -■ for one fastening (serura) for a door of a 
certain little cellar in the tower, four pieces". 

The history of the Manor, is so intimately woven with that 
of the Castle that even were it essential, it would become diffi- 
cult entirely to separate them. Yet as they are occasionally 
mentioned without immediate reference to each other, a few 
facts connected with the former will not be deemed irrelevant. 

At the great survey of the Norman Conqueror, Rocking- 
ham was in the hands of the Crown. It was returned as 
having one hide ; the arable land was three carucates ; and 
five villanes with six cottagers had three carucates. It had 
been held by Bovi, with sac and soc. In the Confessor's time 

■ The reader mnat be aware that the 
meaning of aeveral of tbeae terms ij ambi- 
guoiu, and I hr.ie therefore printed the 



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ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 875 

it lay waste, but William ordered a castle to be built. The 
demesne was valued at twenty-sis shillings . 

It probably continued in the hands of the Crown for several 
years, the first grant of the manor with the Fair distinct from 
the castle, being made to Alianora, grandmother of Henry 
III., (Eleanor of Guienne), in 1224 p . The profits arising 
from fairs and markets, must in those times have been some- 
thing considerable, since we find Henry III., in the eighth 
year of his reign (1224), directing William de Insula (Lisle) 
who was then constable of the castle, that the proceeds of 
the fair held on the exaltation of the cross in the preceding 
year, should be reserved for the use of the king's mother, 
Isabella of France' 1 . It had, however, been included previously 
in the ample dowry of her Majesty by King John'. (1203.) 

In 1271, we find the manor in the hands of Edmund, earl 
of Cornwall, son of Richard, king of Germany', who then ob- 
tained the grant of a market here every Friday 1 . 

In 1815, Edward the Second possessed the manor'. 

In 1329, Edward the Third confirmed the grant to his 
mother Isabella 7 . 

la 1346, he granted to his consort Philippa, for her life, a 
certain spot in the forest of Rockingham, containing sixty 
acres, in aid of the repairs of the castle, described as being 
then ruinous 1 . 

The castle, domain, and manor of Rockingham, were confirmed 
to Queen Margaret, wife of Henry VI., with all their privdeges, 
together with the village and manor of Brigstock, and the 
wood and bailiwick of Cliff, for the term of her natural life". 
Granted March 19, 24th of Hen. VI., confirmed 32nd Hen. VI., 
resumed by the Crown 4th Edw. IV. 1 In 1464, the manor, 
with the castle and forest, was settled on the Queen Elizabeth, 
by Edward the Fourth, for her natural life*, and confirmed 
to Elizabeth, 7th of July, 7th of Edw. IV. b Raulf Has- 
tynges, esquire, keeper of the royal lions, William Has- 
tynges, knight, Lord Hastynges, constable of the castle, and 
surveyor of the verte and venison in the forest of Rokyngham, 
steward of the lordships and manors of Rokyngham, Brigstock, 

* Dompsdsy, voL i. p. 220. ■ Plac. de quo Wan-., p. SB8. Nomina 
P Lit. Hot. Clans., p. 581. Villarum spud 1'arl. Writs, p. SB1. 

q Ibid. * Author, apud Bridget, p. 834. 

• Cslend. Rot. Chart., p. SO. Ryraer's a Rot Orig., p. 181. 
Foedr., roL L p. 88. 6th John. ' Roll oFPari., toL t. p. 261. 

■ Calend. Rot Chart, p. 307. * Ibid., p. SIT. 

t Bridge'! NorthanU, toL ii. p. 33*, * Pat, 1 Ed*. IV. 
quoting Cart. 56 Hell. III. * Roll of Pari., vol. v. p 1527. 



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376 ROCKINGIIAM CASTLE. 

and Cliffe, master of the forest and parkes e , 4th Edw. IV. 
These privileges were confirmed to them the 7th of Edw. TV.* 

The act of resumption, 1st of Hen. VII., confirms the office 
of constable and of steward of the castle, lordship, and manor 
of Rockingham, and the office of master forester of the forest 
of Rockingham, and all the parks within the same forest, to 
John Lord Welles'. 

By virtue of the tenure of this manor with Wymundham'.John 
de Clyfton, knight, 5th of Richard II., claimed to discharge 
the office of butler at the king's coronation, which had been, 
he stated, unjustly given to the earl of Arundell, at the coro- 
nation of Richard the Seconds. 

In 1396, the custody of the Lordship was granted to Wil- 
liam Brauncepath for the term of twelve years, at the annual 
rent of four pounds two shillings and one penny b . And by 
this rent, it was afterwards held by Thomas Palmer, of Rock- 
ingham, in the year 1442, for the same term 1 . 

In 1551, it was given to Edward Lord Clinton. 

The manor next came to Sir Edward Watson, subse- 
quently to Sir Lewis Watson, who, zealously attached to the 
royal cause, garrisoned the castle for the service of Charles the 
First, and who, in consideration of his loyalty, was afterwards 
created (1645) Baron Rockingham, of Rockingham. 

In 1714, Lewis Watson, created Earl of Rockingham, pos- 
sessed the manor. The title devolved in 1745 upon his 
brother Thomas, who dying in 1746 the earldom became ex- 
tinct, but the barony came to his cousin, Thomas *Wentworth, 
created Marquess of Rockingham, 1746, and this dignity also 
became extinct in 1750. The manor, however, has from the time 
of Lewis, Lord Rockingham, been vested in the Watson family. 

Leland describes the castle as presenting the following 
appearance in his time : " The castelle of Rokmgham standith 
on the toppe of an hille, right stately, and hath a mighty diche, 
and bullewarks agayne withoute the diche. The utter waulles 
of it yet stood. The kepe is exceeding fair and strong, and in 
the waulles be certein strong towers. The lodgings that were 
within the area of the castelle be discovered and faul to mine. 
One thing in the waulles of this castelle is much to be notid, 

c Roll of Pari., toI. v. p. 533. to. Rutland. 

* Ibid., p. 698. « Roll of Pari., vol. ill p. 131. 

• Ibid., voL fi. p. 370. > Fin., 20 Ric II. 
' The lord of the manor of Wymondley, ' Ibid.,21 Hen — 



Wjrmci___„ _ .. 

aunty Herts, patent! ■ maple cup at ' Ibid., 6 Edw. VI. 
nation. There i> a Wymondlian 



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ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 377 

that is that they he embattelid on booth, so that if the area of 
the castelle were won by cumming in at either of the two 
create gates of the castelle, yet the kepers of the waulles might 
aefende the castelle. I marked that there is a stronge tower 
in the area of the castelle, and from it over the dungeon dike 
is a drawbridge to the dungeon toure'." 

After the frequent reference that has been made to repairs 
carried on through several succeeding reigns, the reader will 
naturally enquire about its present state. Viewed in the dis- 
tance, the building exhibits an appearance rather remarkable 
for solidity and extent, than for a bold and varied outline. Yet 
on a closer approach, after having wound through a rugged 
defile partially overgrown with furze and ancient timber, the 
entrance gate, with its long extending curtain walls on either 
side, stands prominently forward in all the severe simplicity of 
form that characterizes an Early English castle. It is more 
than probable that one of the preceding extracts has relation to 
this barbican, at all events the profile of the mouldings authorizes 
us in referring its erection to the time of Edward I. Hence pass- 
ing onward we reach what was originally the outer bailey, but 
which at present, as the drawing (p. 857) will better explain, 
forms the immediate entrance to that portion of the castle, 
partly of the 18th and partly of the 16th centuries, which is 
still inhabited. The equilateral-headed arch, with its deep mould- 
ings, (see fig. 8, p. 858), the opposite door communicating with 
a second quadrangle, and the exterior mouldings yet visible, 
where a huge chimney is buttressed out from the present hall, 
(which was probably also the ancient one,) indicate that the 
whole of this portion of the building is of the same age. 
Though they be but mere fragments, there are always some 
unerring marks to be met with, which will clearly reveal the 
history of a place, and which, amid all subsequent alterations 
or embellishments, carry us back to an earlier date. There is 
an instance of this kind here : and though the inexperienced or 
wandering eye may for a moment be detained from pursuing 
the search after truth, by stopping to examine the two royal 
coffers which adorn the hall, (see p. 359,) or on passing onwards 
through the spacious room adjacent, be again arrested to ad- 
mire the curiously sculptured armorial bearings that mark the 
succession of noble possessors whohave lived and acted within 
its walls j yet once more breaking away from the memorials 

1 Itiii., vol. i. p. 14. 

3d 

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378 ROCKINGHAM CASTLE. 

which the taste of each has amid all the successive changes 
and restorations engrafted, we still discover other evidences, 
externally, to prove the same antiquity for the whole of this 
portion of the castle. 

We have now again reached the spacious enceinte (cincta), 
but are tempted to loiter on the level grass, and among the 
ever verdant topiaries, resigning ourselves to the enchantments 
of the glorious prospect that lies in unending variety and rich- 
ness below us. At the extremity of this enclosure we reach 
the mound on which formerly rose the massive keep, but be- 
yond the mound there are no traces of it discernible. The 
whole of this enclosure, comprehending about three acres and 
a half, is bounded by the old wall (promurale). 

We now pause to draw a momentary contrast between the 
early state of Rockingham Castle and that exhibited at the 
present day. We deplore the loss of much of the ancient 
fortress, but we recognise in its place a variety of Elizabethan 
and Jacobean architecture that is marked by the peculiar 
features of those styles : the imagination strives to recal the 
glittering array of visor'd bowmen and feudal state, but these 
are supplanted by the smiling aspect of happy cottagers with 
their neatly cultivated gardens : a spacious school, (itself no 
unworthy structure,) and the glittering spires thickly rising 
out of the vale of the Welland, shew that an attention to the 
highest interests of the population has kept pace with their 
knowledge of an improved system of agriculture, and thus far 
tended to verify the truth of that apothegm appropriately written 
by Sir Lewis Watson in letters of gold on the beams of the 
castle hall, that " the : howbe : shal i be : preserved : and : 

NEVER : WIL : DECAYE : WHEARE : THE J ALMIGHTIE : GOD : IS : 
HONOEED : AND : 8EEVED : DATE : BT : DATE : 1579." 

'CHARLES HKNET BAETSHOHNE. 




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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE 



British Archaeological association. 



SEFrEMBER 28. 

Mr. T. Crofton Croker read an account of further excavations of barrows on 
Breach Downs, made subsequent to the Canterbury meeting. 

" On the 16th of September, 1844, Lord Albert Conyngham resumed bis examina- 
tion of the barrows on Breach Downs, and opened eight more in the presence of 
the Dean of Hereford and Mr. Crofton Croker. 

In No. 1. The thigh bones and scull were found much decayed; close by the 
right hip was a bronze buckle, which probably had fastened a leather belt round 
the waist, in which had been placed an iron knife, the remain! of one being dis- 
covered near the left hip of the skeleton. 

No. 3. The only thing found in this grave was a very small fragment of a dark- 
coloured sepulchral urn, with a few small bones, and the jaw of a young person in 
the process of dentition. 

No. 3. The bones in this grave were much decayed. Several fragments of iron 
were found near the head, and on the right side of it a bronze buckle, very similar 
to that found in No. 1. but rather smaller. By the left side of the scull an iron 
spear-head was discovered, about ten inches in length. 

No. 4. In this grave the bones were remarkably sound, and were those of a very 
tall man ; the thigh bone measured twenty inches. An ornamental bronze buckle 
was found on the right hip, attached to a leather belt, which crumbled to pieces 
upon exposure to the air, and the right arm was placed across the body. To the 
buckle was attached a thin longitudinal plate of bronze, which had two cross- 
shaped indentations or perforations in it, and the face of the plate was covered 
over with engraved annulets. 

No. 6. Presented a skeleton, in the scull of which the teeth were quite sound and 
perfect. At the feet some iron fragments were found, supposed to be parts of a 
small box, and this, on subsequent examination, has proved to be the case, as a 
binge of two longitudinal pieces of iron connected by a bronze ring hag been 
developed. At the right side was part of an iron spear or arrow-head. 

No. 6. In this grave the bones were so much decayed that they could only be 
traced by fragments mixed up with the chalk rubble, and the only article found 
was the remains of an iron spear-head. 

No. 7. Although it was conjectured from the confused state in which several 
beads and other articles were found in this grave that it had before been opened, 
it was the most interesting of the eight At the foot several broken pieces of a 
slight sepulchral urn of unbaked or very slightly baked clay, some of them marked 
with patterns, were discovered ; and also fragments of iron presumed to have been 



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380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

parts of a small box. An iron knife was found on the left aide of the body, which 
appeared from the jaw being in the process of dentition to bave been that of a 
young person, and probably a female, from the discovery of the following beads 
about the neck and chest: — 

Three beads of reddish vitrified clay ; a spiral bead of green glass ; a bead of 
green vitrified clay ; an amethystine bead of a pendulous form ; a small bone bead, 
and a small yellow bead of vitrified clay, with a small bronze pin not unlike those 
at present in common use, except that the head appeared us if hammered out or 
flattened, and close under it, and about the centre of the pin, ran three ornamental 
lines. 

No. 8. Was remarkable from the body having been buried at an angle with the 
other interments, lying nearly north and south (the head to the south). The scull 
was a finely formed one and evidently that of a very old man. Nothing besides 
the bones was discovered in this grave. 

On the 17th of September, Lord Albert Conyngham accompanied by Mr. Crofton 
Croker, resumed the examination of the barrows at Bourne, in the vicinity of those 
which had been opened in the presence of the members of the British Archssolo- 
gical Association on the 10th instant In the first grave opened some fragments 
of hone were round in a state of great decay, and a small bit of green looking 
metal, (supposed to have been part of a buckle,) near the centre of the grave. From 
another barrow part of a bone ornament or bead, stained green as was conjectured 
from contact with metal was obtained. Several mounds which appeared like 
barrows were examined, and it was ascertained they did not contain graves. 

A slight examination of two or three barrows upon Barbara Downs, most, if not 
all of which are known to have been opened by Douglas, was entered upon, but 
nothing beyond several fragments of unbaked clay ums was turned up. 

It is remarkable that large flint stones are found at the sides and at the head 
and feet of almost all the graves examined at Breach Downs and Bourne; from 
which it is presumed that these flints might have been used to fix or secure some 
light covering over the body in the grave before the chalk rubble, which had been 
produced by the excavation, was thrown in upon it. 

Mr. Wright read the following communication from the Rev. Hany LongueviUe 
Jones, relating to the neglect and destruction of some churches in Anglesey : — 

"The church of Llanidan stood close behind the house of Lord Boston, 
the church-yard wall being the boundary of his lordship's premises, and one 
of the areas of the house passing slightly under the church-yard. The church 
itself was a building principally of the Decorated period, but a north aisle, 
going the whole length of the edifice, was of late Perpendicular work. The 
church consisted of a central aisle, that on the north just mentioned, and a 
southern transept or chapel, which might have corresponded to a northern 
transept or cbapel, before the north aisle was added : this chapel or transept 
was of early and very rude Decorated work. The east window of the cen- 
tral aisle was of good Perpendicular execution, but of singular design. There 
was a south porch to the nave, and a ltcll-gable at the west end, stayed up by 
strong buttresses, the walls having apparently given outwards at this spot I 
arrived at this church (July, 1M4) at a period when the roof had. been completely 
stripped off, and all the wall between the south transept and the south porch bad 
been pulled down : the workmen were then building a wall across the nave so as 



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PROCEEDINGS OP THE COMMITTEE. 381 

to convert the two western bays of it and of the north aide into a chapel, which I 
was informed was to be used in future lot die performance of the burial service. 
All the walls of ike church, then standing, all the pillar*, all the windows with 
their mulliont, with the exception of the wall at the west end under the bell-gable, 
were in perfectly sound condition, very good in their masonry, quite vertical, with- 
out any symptoms of decay. The only part of the church that teemed weak wot 
that part which the worhmen wen then converting into a chapel. The roof which 
had been taken off was good, and the timber had been purchased by a gentleman 
in the neighbourhood to use in the repairs of his house, and were of excellent oak 
(commonly called ehemut.) 

" Now, it may be asked, why should this church have been demolished: wai it 
ruinous i> Certainly not : £200 or £300 at the outside would have rebuilt the 
west end and reshingled the roof. Was it too mill? apparently not; fur the new 
church built to replace it dues not occupy a greater abea. The new church built 
on a spot about a mile distant, is of ttt"St barbarous pseudo-Norman design ; of 
stout execution apparently, but not stouter than the old edifice, and it has been 
erected at a cost of upwards of £000. 

" Many of the details of the old church were exceedingly valuable ; there were 
several stones bearing armorial shields ; the font was a very remarkable one, and 
it lies in the part now converted into a chapel: there was a famous stone kept in the 
old church to which one of the most interesting legends of the country was 
attached. Fortunately I was able to measure and carefully delineate every portion 
of the edifice as it then remained. 

"The church of Llanedwen in the grounds of Plas Newydd, (the Marquis of 
Anglesey's,) a building in perfectly good condition, and of high interest from vari- 
ous circumstances attending it, is also threatened with demolition. 

" The church of Llanvihangel Esgeifiog, one of the most curious churches in the 
island, (of the early Perpendicular period,) of beautiful details, and quite large 
enough for the parish, has been abandoned, because the roofs of the south transept 
and part of the central aisle want repair. About £300 would restore this church 
completely, a new one will cost from £600 to £700. It is said that it is to be 
pulled down shortly, and a new one built in another part of the parish. 

" The churches of Llechylched and Ceirchiog, as well as the church of 
Llaneugmid (the latter one of the earliest and most valuable relics of the island) 
have been abandoned for some time past ; their windows are mostly beaten in, 
without glass, and they serve only as habitations for birds, which frequent them 
in flocks. Service is performed in them only for burials, the inhabitants go for 
worship to other neighbouring churches." 

An abstract of Mr. Jones's letter was ordered to be forwarded to the Bishop of 
Bangor, and to the Archdeacon of Bangor. 

Mr. Smith read a communication from Mr. George K. Blytb, of North Walsham, 
on some Roman remains recently discovered at about three miles from that town. 

" Some labourers on the farm of Mrs. Seaman, of Feliningham Hall, Norfolk, 
were carting sand from a hill, when part of the sand caved in 
exposed to view an earthen vase or urn, of a similar shape U 
annexed, covered with another of the same form, but c 
earth ; the top urn or cover had a ring-handle at the lop, within 
were several bronze or brass figures, ornaments, &c. ; the 



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382 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

bottom vase is very perfect, and made of a similar clay to that called 'terra 
cotta.' Amongst the brasses a female head and neck, surmounted with a helmet, 
like to that we see on the figures of Minerva, the (ace is flattened and the 
features rather bruised ; an exquisite little figure about 3 inches, or HJ high, hold- 
ing in one hand either a bottle or long-necked cruet, and in the other a patera, 
or cup, probably intended for a Ganimede, certainly not a faun ; a larger 
head, thick necked, close curling liair and beard, features well formed, the 
scalp made to take off, evidently only part of a figure, originally from 18 
inches to 2 feet in height, not unlike some drawings I have seen represent- 
ing Jupiter; this specimen is hollow, and the eyes are not filled. A small 
square ornament, something like an altar, stands upon four feet; a small wheel ; 
a pair of what appear to have been brooches or buckles with heads in the 
centre ; two birds, one holding a pea, or something round, in its beak, these 
were originally attached to something else, probably handles to covers ; a 
round vessel, very shallow, about 10 or 11 inches in circumference, having a top 
and bottom soldered together, but now separated, the top having a hole in the 
centre about the size of a sixpenny piece ; two small round coven ; a long 
instrument about 11 feet, not unlike a riding-whip in form, of the same 
metal, it has an ornamented handle, and terminates in shape to a speai-head, 
but at the point it finishes with a round ; another, similar to the above, the 
handle gone ; the head differs in being double, two spears at right angles 
springing from the same point with small wings at die bottom of each edge; 
several narrow strips of the same metal, one apparently intended to be worn 
at the top of the mantle or tunic, just below the throat, the others are of various 
lengths." 

Mr. Smith also read a letter from Mr. W. S. Fitch, of Ipswich, enclosing a 
notice of this discovery from Mr. Goddard Johnson, of Norwich. Mr. Smith re- 
marked that these communications afforded an exemplification of the utility of the 
Association, in the fact of three members having thus interested themselves so 
promptly in making a report of this discovery. 

Mr. W. Sidney Gibson, of Tynemouth, informed the Committee that the report 
published in the 'Times' respecting the contemplated destruction of the remains 
of Berwick Castle, to make way for a terminus to the North British Railway, is 
not strictly correct. 

Mr. G. Godwin communicated the substance of his remarks made in the 
Architectural section at Canterbury, on the masons' marks he had observed in 
many of the stones in the walls of Canterbury Cathedral. These marks appear to 
have been made simply to distinguish the work of different individuals, (the same 
is done at this time in all large works), but the circumstance that although found 
in different countries, and on works of very different age, they are in numerous 
cases the same, and that many are religious and symbolical, and are still used in 
modern free-masonry, led him to infer that they were used by system, and that the 
system was the same in England, Germany, and Prance. 

In Canterbury Cathedral there is a great variety of these marks, including 
many seen elsewhere iu various parts of Europe. They occur both in the oldest 
part of the crypt, the eastern transept (north and south), and the nave. The 
wall of the north aisle of the latter is covered with them, and here the stones 
are seen in many cases to have two marks, as in the cut ; perhaps that of the 



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PBOCEEDINQB OF THE COMMITTEE. 888 

overseer, in addition to that of the mason, as the former (the N. t 

shaped mark in this case) appeals in connexion with various M ^*\; 
other marks in other places. la the nave the marks are from V 

1 inch to 1} inch long ; in the earlier parts of the building they are larger and 
more coarsely formed*. 

Ootobbh 9. 

Mr. Way exhibited several carefully detailed drawings, representing a stone 
cross, which is to be seen on the shores of Lough Ncagh ; they were executed by 
Thomas Oldham, Esq., of Dublin, who communicated the following account of 
this remarkable piece of sculpture. 

" As far as I know, yon have not in England any thing of equal beauty. Here 
these stone crosses are abundant ; that at Arboe, of which I send the drawings, is 
situated on a small projecting point on the western shore of Lough Neagh, in the 
county of Tyrone, and being in a district but little frequented, is less known than 
many others. Whether we consider its situation, or its intrinsic beauty of pro- 
portion and elaborate ornaments, it is a splendid monument of the good taste and 
piety of the times in which it was erected. It is close to the old church of Arboe, 
near which is also the ruin of an ecclesiastical establishment or college, which, 
tradition says, was very famous. The cross itself is formed of four separate 
pieces; the base or plinth, of two steps ; trie main portion of the shaft, a rectangle 
of IB inches by 12 inches; the cross, and the mitre, or capping stone. These 
pieces are let into each other by a mortice and tenon-joint The total height 
from the ground, as it stands, is SI feet 2 inches. The material is a fine grit, or 
sandstone. The subjects of the sculptured compartments appear to be all 
scriptural : Adam and Eve, the garden of Eden, the sacrifice of Isaac, the 
Crucifixion," Sec. Mr. Way observed that the early sculptured crosses which 
exist in various parts of the realm deserve more careful investigation than has 
hitherto been bestowed upon them. The curious group of these crosses at 
Sandbach, in Cheshire, affords a remarkable example, of which a representation 
may be found in Onnerod's History of tbat county ; a singular and very ancient 
shaft of a cross on the south side of Wolverhampton church, Staffordshire, merits 
notice. Several crosses, most elaborately decorated with fretted and interlaced 
work, are to be found in South Wales ; some of them bear inscriptions, which 
might probably serve as evidence of the period, or intention, with which they were 
erected. Those which best deserve observation exist at Carew, and Nevem, in 
Pembrokeshire ; Margam, Porthkerry, and Llantwit Mayor, in Glamorganshire ; 
and not less curious examples are to be seen in the North of the Principality ; at 
Tremeirchion, Holywell, and Diserth, in Flintshire. Mr. Way shewed also some 
sketches, recently taken by him, of the ornamental sculpture on a stone cross, and 

■ " A circumstance occurred the next to the cathedral ; when there, he called 

morning in connexion with this subject one of the elder men, and told him 'to 

which ii perhaps worthy of mention. A make his mark upon a piece of stone.' 

member of the Association believing that The man having complied, and being 

the marks were quite arbitrary on the part uked why he made that particular form, 

of the workmen, and had no connexion said it was his father's mark, and his 

eilher one with another, or with ' free- grandfather'* mark, sod tliat hi* grsnd- 

maaonry,' requested Mr. Godwin to ac- father had it from 'the Lodge.'" 
cornpany him to the inason's yard attached 



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884 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE, 

portions of two others, existing at the tilde church of Penally, near Tenby. One 
perfect cross remains erect in the church- 
yard ; two portions of a second were found 
employed as jambs of the fire-place in the 
vestry; these, by permission of the vicar, 
the Rev. John Hughes, were Mien out, and 
one of them was found to be thus inscribed, 
Hec est crux quam tedificauit raeil dornnc. . . 
A Urge portion of tbeshaftof the third, most 
curiously sculptured ou each of its four sides, 
was extricated from concealment under a 
gallery at the west end of the church, and 
it will be placed in a suitable position in 
the churcli-yard. It had been noticed by 
some writers as the coffin, according to local 
tradition, of a British prince. By compa- 
rison with the curious sculpture of the twelfth 
century, noticed by Mr. Wright in his ac- 
count of Shobdon church, Mr. Way con- 
jectures that possibly these crosses may have 
been reared at the period of Archbishop Bald- 
win's Mission, in 11B7, but some of the orna- 
ments appear to bear an earlier character. 

Mr. George White, of St Edmund's Col- 
lege, Old Hall Green, Herts, communicated 
the following note on the emblems of saints. 
"I perceive with great pleasure that the 
interesting subject of the emblems of saints 

will again be brought forward by the Society ; I beg to supply a few omis- 
sions and corrections of the article which appeared in the first number of the 
Archaeological Journal. 
Page 07. After " St Waltheof," read Aug. 3. 

Page 69. St. Henry VI. K. this is a mistake ; Henry VI., though held in great 
veneration by his subjects, has never been canonized or added to the number of 
the saints. The mistake may have arisen from his name occurring on the day of 
his death (May 22.) in the Sarum Missal. But this was only the case with those 
printed in Henry the Seventh's reign, in order that mass might be recited for the 
repose of his soul. 

Ibid. After " St Withburga," read July 19. 

Page 00. The ladder was an emblem of perfection, portraying the various steps 
by which the soul arrived at perfection. This figure is taken from Jacob's dream. 
It was also one of the emblems of our Saviour's passion. 
Page 61. After St. Wolstan, read May 30. 
Ibid. After St. Wendelin, read Oct 20. 

Page 63, Instead of " Seven cardinal virtues," read " Three theological virtue*. 
Faith, Hope, and Charity ; and four cardinal virtues. Justice, Prudence, Temper- 
ance, and Fortitude." 

Ibid. "Seven Mortal," read "Seven Deadly. 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 385 

Page 63. For " Aocedia" misspelt for " Aceidia," read " Sloth." 

Mr. Goddard Johnson forwarded some further particulars relative to the dis- 
covery at Fehningham. He writes, " Among the objects discovered is a fine head 
or the Emperor Valerian, 6J inches high ; a head of Minerva A\ inches high ; a 
beautiful figure of a cup-bearer, 3 inches high, dressed in a tunic and buskins ; all 
these are in bronze. There are man; other articles the names of which I do not 
know, but I shortly hope to be able to send lithographic representations of all of 
them, together with full particulars of the discovery. I may add there were two or 
three coins, one of which in base silrer is of Valerian." 

The Rev. Dr. Buchland informed the Committee that be was about to prosecute 
his researches into the Roman remains near Weymouth, an account of which he 
had laid before the Association at Canterbury. He and the Rev. W. D. Cony- 
beare had visited the site, and found abundant evidence confirmatory of ex- 
tensive subterranean works. They had already uncovered the angles of a build- 
ing, some curious walls, and the corner of a pavement. It appears that in the 
time of George the Third a large tessellated pavement was discovered at the 
spot, which was excavated at the cost of the king, who had it covered up again. 

Mr. Smith exhibited drawings of three inscribed votive altars forwarded by Mr. 
Joseph Fairless, of Hexham, and read the following note from that gentleman : — 
" The three rough sketches are of Roman altars, found at Rutchester, a week or 
two ago ; this is the fourth station on the line of the Roman wall westward from 
Newcastle. There were Jive altars turned up, lying near the surface of the soil, 
outside the southern wall of the station. The three altars delineated are in ex- 
cellent preservation ; one of the others appears to be dedicated likewise to the sun, 
but the inscription is nearly obliterated. The last is smaller, about 2 feet high, 
without any apparent inscription. With regret I add, that a statue likewise 
found was broken up, for the purpose of covering a drain by the labourers em- 
ployed ; timely intervention saved the altars." 

1. 2. 3. 

Within a wreath the word dro ; deo soli ihyic deo ihvicio 



lbgvt. D. p. on the base, a figure holding a bull by the horns. 

No. 2. of these inscriptions informs us that a temple of the Roman station which 
had from some cause become dilapidated, had been restored by the Prefect Cor- 
nelius Antonius, and the dedications on Nos. 2. and 3, ehew that it was a temple 
erected to the Sun or Mythras, which deity is implied in the word deo on No. 1, 
a votive altar, the gift of a soldier of the sixth legion, named L. Sentius Castas. 
The altars are probably as late as the middle of the third century, or later. 

Mr. Smith also exhibited a drawing forwarded by 
Mr. Parker, of a sceatta, the property of the Rev. 
G. M. Nelson, of Boddicot Grange, near Banbury, XWf^si VV 
and observed that it was an unpublished specimen, MB f* - 
and extremely interesting, as shewing in a striking 
manner the way in which the early Saxons copied 

Si 



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886 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

the Roinau coins, then the chief currency of the country. Without compar- 
ing this with the prototype, it would be impossible to conjecture what the 
artist had intended to represent, but by referring to the common gold coins of 
Valentiniaii, it will be seen that the grotesque objects upon the reverse of the 
Saxon coin are derived from the seated imperial figures on the Roman ' aureus,' 
behind which stands a Victory with expanded wings. This practice of imitation 
is strikingly exemplified by the accompanying cuts kindly furnished by the 
Council of the Numismatic Society. The joined cuts represent the obverse and 
reverse of a coin of Civlwlf, King of Mercia, A.D. 874 ; the Other is the reverse of 




a gold coin of Valentinian. Mr. Hawkins, who has published this coin in his 
paper on the "Coins and Treasure found in Cuerdale," observes: "The diadem and 
dress of the king is, like that of many other Saxon kings, copied from those of 
the later Roman emperors: but a reverse upon an indisputably genuine coin, so 
dearly copied from a Roman type, has not before appeared*." The inscription 
on the reverse of the penny of Civlwlf is lUDOTTLr. menta. for Ealdtdf 
Monetaritu. 

A letter was read from Archdeacon King, acknowledging the receipt of a letter 
from the Secretary, and a copy of the " resolution" passed at Canterbury, relative 
to the paintings in Bast Wickham church, and stating that he had, immediately 
upon the receipt of the letter, requested information upon the matter from the 
minister and churchwardens. 

A letter was read from Messrs. Hodges and Smith, of Dublin, to Lord Albert 
Conyngham, on an account attached to the genealogy of the Waller family, under 
the name of " Richard Waller" upon a roll dated 1 626, which refers to the building 
of Groorobridge House in the county of Kent, for Richard Waller, by the Duke of 
Orleans, taken prisoner by him at the battle of Agincouit. 

Upon the suggestion of the Rev. J. B. Deane, it was resolved, that the Com- 
mittee authorize their secretary, Mr. Smith, to visit, inspect, and report upon some 
remains on the site of a supposed Roman villa on Lanham Down, near Alresford, 
Hants, with a view to enable the Hon. Col. Main waring EUenker Onslow to form 
an opinion respecting the probable success of an excavation on an extended scale 
about to be undertaken, if advised, by that gentleman. 

Mr. Wright read a communication from the Rev. Lambert B. Larking, who 
stated that " a few weeks since some labourers, in digging for gravel on the hill 
above the manor-house of Leckhampton, about two miles from Cheltenham, 
suddenly came upon a skeleton, in a bank at the side of the high-road leading 
from Cheltenham to Bath. It was lying doubled up about 3 feet under the 
surface ; it was quite perfect, not even a tooth wanting. On the skull, fitting 

° Numismatic Chronicle, vol v. p. 10. 

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 887 

as close]; is if moulded to it, was the frame of a cap, consisting of a cir- 
cular hoop, with two curved bars crossing each other in a knob at the top of the 
head. This knob, finishing in a ring, seems to have been intended for ft feather, 
or some such military ensign. The rim at the base is nearly a perfect circle, and 
the ban are curved, so that the entire framework is itself globular. Tbe bars are 
made apparently of some mixed metal, brass fused with a purer one; they are 
thin and pliable, and grooved ; the knob and ring are brass, covered with verdi- 
gris, while the ban are smooth and free from rust When first found, there was a 
complete chin chain, of this only three links remain, those next the cap very 
much worn. The skull is tinged at the top with green, from the pressure of the 
metal, and in other parts blackened, as though the main material of the cap had 
been felt, and the bars added to stiffen it They are hardly calculated from their 
slightness to resist a sword cut, but the furrowed surface gives them a finish and 
proves that they must have been outside the felt Nothing else whatever was 
found. A black tinge was distinctly traceable all round the earth in which the 
body lay." A Roman camp rises immediately over the spot where this relic was 
found, and large traces of Roman interment are found within a hundred yards 
of it 

Octobbb 23. 
Mr. C. R. Smith, referring to the minute of the proceedings of the Central 
Committee on October 9th, stated, that in compliance with the request of the 
Committee be bad visited the site of the Boman remains atBighlon, in Hamp- 
shire, and in the following report detailed the result of his examination of 

" The field in which indications of Roman buildings had been noticed is called 
Bighton Woodshot, and is situate in the parish of Old Alreaford, on the border of 
the parish of Bighton, within the district of Lanham Down. Until within about 
ten or twelve years, that portion of the field occupied by the buildings was a waste 
tract covered with bushes and brushwood. It is now arable land, but in conse- 
quence of the foundations of tbe buildings bring so near the surface, is but of Utile 
worth to the agriculturist Some years since many loads of flints and stones were 
carted away as building materials from the lower part of tbe field, when it is 
probable some portion of the foundations may have been destroyed, as the 
labourers state they found walls and rooms which, from their being roughly 
paved, and containing bones of horses, they supposed were the itabla. From 
irregularities in the surface of the ground, as well as from vast quantities of flints 
and broken tiles, the foundations appear to extend over a space of, at least, one 
hundred square yards. Across about one half of this area, I directed two labourers 
to cut two transverse trenches, and ordered them to follow out the course of such walls 
as they might find, and lay them open without excavating any of the enclosed 
parts. The Rev. George Deane, the Rev. W. J. E. Rooke, and the Rev. Rrymer 
Belcher, from lime to time attended tbe excavations, and afforded me much 
assistance. 

" In the course of a week's labour we have laid bare tbe walls of two rooms, 
each measuring 15 paces by 61, and distant from each other about 20 paces; an 
octagonal room distant 215 paces from the nearer of the other rooms, and measuring 
9 paces across ; portions of a wall near the octagonal room, and of one about 20 



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388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

paces in another direction. The walls of the octagonal room ire constructed of 
flints, and coped with stone resembling the Selbouroe slime; those of one of the 
long rooms are of flints coped with red tiles. The mortar in all is of a very in- 
ferior description, and in a state so decomposed, that in no instance have I found 
it adhering either to the flints of the walls or to the tiles, which have been used in 
the buildings. 

" It would be premature upon such a very partial and superficial investigation, 
to predict what may be expected to be discovered should these extensive founda- 
tions be thoroughly examined ; but it may be reasonably expected that several 
more apartments would be easily met with adjoining those already indicated by 
the recent excavations. It is possible that some may contain tessellated pave- 
ments, although the floor «f one of the rooms, as far as we could ascertain, is un- 
paved ; others as yet unexamined may be of a superior description, as vestiges of 
painted wall, flue and bypoc&ust tiles, would lead us to suppose. The splendid 
tessellated pavements found at B ram dean eight miles distant, at Thruxton.and in 
other parts of the county of Hants, afford additional inducement to any authorized 
individual to carry on the researches I have commenced by the wish of the Com- 
mittee, especially when it is considered that the loose building materials would 
alone repay the trifling expense incurred, and that the land would be materially 
improved by the removal of the masses of fallen masonry which at present prevent 
its cultivation. In the same field is a barrow bearing the significant appellation 
of Borough-shot." 

Mr. Smith then stated that he had visited and inspected Carisbrook Castle, 
In the Isle of Wight, which is in a sad state of dilapidation, and apparently going 
fast to utter decay and rain, far the want of proper precaution being taken to 
hinder visitors and others from wantonly destroying the walls and buildings. 

Mr. Thomas King, of Chichester, forwarded drawings of some Egyptian anti- 
quities in the museum of that town, and the Rev. T. Beauchamp presented four 
lithograph drawings illustrative of Buckenhara Ferry church. 

Novehbeb 13. 

Moris. Lecointre-Dupont presented through Mr. C. R. Smith: 1. Pro-jet de 
Cartes Historiques et Monumentales. Poitiers, 1839. 2. Histoire dea rois et 
des dues d'Aquitaine par Mm. de la Fontenelle de Vaudore et Dufour. 3. Notice 
sur deux tiers de sol a" or Meroringiens, et Note sur un denier de Catherine de 
Foix, par M. Lecointre-Dupont. Mans, de Caumout presented through Dr. 
Bromet: — 1. Inspection des Monuments Historiques; par M. De Caumont, 8vo. 
Caen, 1844. 2. Rapport Verbal sur les Antiquites de Treves et de Majcace ; par 
M. de Caumont, 8vo. Caen, 1843. 

Mr. Wright read a letter from W. II. Qomonde, Esq., of Cheltenham, announc- 
ing the formation of a branch Committee of the Archaeological Association at that 
place for the county of Gloucester, of which Mr. Oomonde had been chosen chair- 
man, and Mr. H. Davies had consented to act as secretary . Good service is to be 
expected from the exertions of this committee, and the formation of such branch 
committees in different parts of the country cannot be too strongly recommended. 

Mr. Wright at the same time exhibited an electrotyped impression, forwarded 
by Mr. Gomonde, of a gold British coin found at Bodmarton. It is one of those 
hitherto attributed to Boadicea. (See finding, fig. 3. pi. 29.) Mr. Gomonde questions 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. S89 

the correctness of this appropriation, and suggests the probability of (he inscription 
bosvo referring to the Boduni. 

Sir. Way kid before the Committee the following instances of impending 
desecration : — 

" St. John's church, near Langbton le Morthen, Worksop, Yorkshire, having 
ceased to be of utility as a place of worship for the parishioners, and used only at 
present on the occasion of funerals in the adjacent cemetery, is to be left to fall into 
decay, and is now in a state of great dilapidation. The vicar is the Rev. J. Hartley. 
Mr. Galley Knight has great influence in that part of the country. The Trinity 
College Kirk, Edinburgh, is condemned to be demolished, to accommodate the 
projectors of a railway, in the line of which it chances to be placed. The town 
council hare been in vain petitioned on the subject. The few remaining traces of 
Berwick Castle are also condemned, to suit the convenience of a railway company. 
However inconsiderable the fragments of construction may be which mark the site 
of this border fortress, they surely deserve to be preserved, as a memorial of no 
email historical interest At all events these kind of " vandal" acts should be 
brought under the notice of the public in our Journal, as statements made at the 
Committee meetings.'' Mr. Way also stated that the Rev. George Osborne, of 
ColeshiD, Warwickshire, reports the discovery of a small brass in the church 
at that place, which is now detached from its slab, but the indent to which it 
appertains appears in the pavement of the chancel, and the brass will shortly 
be replaced. " This brass appears to be mentioned by Dugdale, in his detailed 
account of sepulchral memorials at Coleshill, as Alice Clifton, widow of Robert 
Clifton ; she died in 1606. It represents a lady, temp. Hen. VII., she wears the 
pedimental fashioned head-dress, with long lappets, the close fitting gown of 
the period with tight sleeves, which terminate in a kind of wide cuff, by which the 
hands are covered excepting the fingers, so as to have the appearance of mittens. 
Her girdle falls low on the hips, being fastened in front with two roses, from which 
depends a chain with an ornament at the extremity in the form of a large bud, or 
flower, of goldsmiths' work, which served to contain a pastille, or pomander, ac- 
cording to the fashion of the sixteenth century, esteemed as a preservative against 
poison." Numerous detached sepulchral brasses exist in parish churches in the 
country, and almost every year we hear of one or more which for want of being 
secured in time, are mislaid and lost. 

Dr. Bromet remarked that some brasses commemorative of the family of 
Mauleverer, have been within a few years removed from a stone in the chancel of 
St. John's church near Laughton le Morthen. 

Mr. Smith, in reference to the destruction of ancient remains by railway pro- 
jectors, observed, that the directors of the Lancaster and Carlisle railway were 
about to carry their line through and destroy one of the few Celtic monuments 
remaining in this country. It consists of thirteen large stones of Snap granite, and 
is situated in a field the property of the Earl of Lonsdale on the road from Kendal 
to Shap, and about two miles from the latter place*. The attention of the Earl of 
Lonsdale has been drawn to the circumstances in which this ancient monument is 
placed, with a view to effect its preservation. 

Mr. Wright observed that it was very desirable that the Committee should keep 



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890 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

a watchful eve on the progress of the numerous railways lately projected. During 
the progress of excavating, many remains of antiquity had already been destroyed, 
and although some articles had found their waj into private collections, no exact 
account had in moat cases been preserved of the position and circumstances of 
their discovery. If the monument alluded to by Mr. Smith must be destroyed, it 
is to be wished at least that some intelligent observer should be present to note 
down any discoveries which may be made. Mr. Wright had heard that antiquities 
had been recently discovered in excavating for the Margate and Ramsgale nil- 
way, but could not learn what they were or what had become of them. 

Mr. Smith exhibited a sketch of some early masonry in the cellar of a house in 
Leicester, forwarded by Mr. James Thompson, with the following letter: — 

" On September 28, Mr. Flower of this town was informed by the sexton of St- 
Martin s church, that there were some curious arches in a cellar in his occupation. 
Mr. Flower was sketching some Norman arches in the belfry of the church, at the 
time, which, the sexton said, reminded him of those in his cellar. In the evening 
Mr. F. visited the place in company with a few Mends, and was so much struck 
with the remains, that he bestowed considerable examination upon them, and took 
a rough sketch on the spot. I should state that the house under which the cellar 
is situated is an old one, it has rather a large projecting gable, and is probably 
of the date of Queen Elizabeth's reign. The masonry of the wall in the cellar is 
composed mainly of rough irregular-shaped pieces of stone, principally granite, 
which are laid together in convenient portions, but not in regular rows. Over 
the heads of the arches, intended to be round, are rows of tiles, which are similar 
in shape to those used in the Jewry wall, and which, as you will perceive, resemble 
those to be met with in remains of Roman origin. There are also, in various 
parts of the wall, other bricks of the same shape, but not laid in order. 

" The following are the measurements of the openings : from the top to the 
bottom of the first arch on the left band, 48 inches ; width, 23 inches. Width of 
the opening in the recessed part, 8 inches. This was the entire width of the aetmat 
opening. The depth of the splaying is 23 inches, leaving 12 inches on the outer 
side, which is not to be seen, as there is nothing but earth-work beyond: the 
entire thickness of the wall is however 35 inches, from which 
the extent of the splaying outwardly is inferred. From the 
angle at the base of the outer orifice to that of the inner (on 
the cellar side) is 3fl inches ; from (he bate of one to the bate of 
the other is 23 inches ; thus, the second arch is on the surface 
of the wall, 44 inches high, 22 wide ; the third, 60J inches by / 
32; and the fourth, (on the right of the picture, and filled up --■ 
with rubbish,) 60 inches by 34. 

" On the opposite side uf the cellar, that is, the eastern one, are four square re- 
cesses, which are situated 2 feet 10 inches above the floor, and in a line nearly 
corresponding in position with the arches on the other side. They are 15 inches 
wide by 10 deep; from the surface of the wall to the back of each recess is II 
inches. The bottom of each recess has been covered with a large tile. There are 
three hollows, of less size and irregular shape, higher up in the wall, but they 
may have been made by accident On measuring the dimensions of the cellar, I 
found them to be as follows: length from north to south, 9 yards 29 inches; 
breadth from east to west, 4 yards 33 inches. It is almost exactly two cubes. 

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 391 

The height I forgot to measure, but think it is nearly three yards. The thickness 
of the wall on its south tide is at least 36 inches. The floor of the cellar is 
about It feet below the level of the street I have forgot to mention, that the 
arches are divided by a space of from 28 to 32 inches. Thus far I have given you 
the facts; conjectures about the origin of this singular and (to me) mysterious 
remain, I leave to he made by your better-informed friends. 

" I may add, that the street in which the relic was discovered, is called Town-hall' 
lane. Formerly, I learn, it was known as Holyrood-lane, and the neighbouring 
church, now St. Martin's, was designated St. Cross. The Town-hall, a building of 
the Elizabethan era, is nearly opposite — its western extremity is exactly opposite 
the old house under which the cellar is situated. 

" The original level of the ground (before the made earth had accumulated) 
would not, it seems to me, have been less in depth than that which lies between 
the level of the street and the floor of the cellar. In some parts of the town the 
made earth lies much deeper than six or seven feet" 

NoYEMBEB 13. 

Mr. John Dennett, of New Tillage, Isle of Wight, presented, through Mr. 
Smith, a rubbing of a sepulchral brass of a knight of the fourteenth century, in 
Calbourne church, Isle of Wight. " The brass," Mr. Dennett states, "has been 
broken in several places, and is badly embedded in a new stone, very uneven ; in 
some places it is above, and in others considerably below, the surface of the stone. 
It is no longer in its original place, having been removed during the late rebuild- 
ing of the church. It was in a slab of Furbeck marble, which covered an altar- 
tomb close to the south transept, which has been pulled down, and the tomb in 
consequence destroyed. It seems that an inscription and date was cut on the 
marble, but not a fragment of the slab is to be found. The effigies probably repre- 
sents one of the Montacutes, earls of Salisbury, the ancient possessors of Calbourne, 
from a female descendant of whom the property came by marriage to the Bar- 
rington family." Mr. Smith observed that Mr. J. G. Waller, editor of the 
" Monumental Brasses," from a peculiarity in the execution of this brass, as well 
as from a striking resemblance of features, believes it to have been engraved by the 
same artist as one in Harrow church, Middlesex, to the memory of John Flam- 
bard, and another to the memory of Robert Grey, at Rotherfield Greys, Oxford- 
shire : the latter bears the date of 1387. 

Mr. W. H. Brooke, of Hastings, exhibited a drawing of a monumental brass 
just discovered beneath the flooring of the second corporation-pew in the chancel 
of All Saints church, Hastings. It represents a burgess and bis wife, the figures 
being two feet one inch in length. Above them is the word Erjtsns in an encircled 
quatrefoil, and beneath an inscription : — " Here under thys ston lyeth the bodys 
of Thomas Goodenouth somtyme burgee of thys towne and Margaret his wyf of 
whose soules of your charite say a pater noster and a ave." There is no date, 
but from the costume of the figures this monument may be assigned to the latter 
part of the fifteenth century. 

Sir Henry Ellis communicated a document from a chartulary of the priory of 
Carisbrook, relating to the founding and dedication of Chale church, in the Isle of 
Wight. Sir Henry remarked that the late Sir Richard Worsley possessed another 
register of the deeds of Carisbrook priory, from which, in hit " History of the III* 



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S92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

of Wight," 4to. 1781 , p. 244, he gives the substance of this same instrument, bat 
he could not have seen its importance for the present purpose, that of ascertaining 
frith certainty the actual date of one of our old parochial churches, as he has 
omitted to (five us its exact date, describing it mere); as a deed of the lime of 
Henry the First ; and he has said nothing of the age, the structure, or even of the 
existence at the present time of a church at Chale. It was under this instrument 
that Chale was made a pariah, separate from Carisbrook, and it is evident from it 
that no previous ecclesiastical structure existed at Chale, so that whatever features 
of the original architecture are still to be traced in Chale church, however few, 
they may be of use as teats for comparison in forming an opinion of the age of 
other parochial churches. Henry the First's was a reign in which many new 
parish churches were erected'. 

Mr. Smith read an extract from a letter from Mr. B. Weddell, of Berwick- 
upon-Tweed : — " I was recently at Gilsland, and from thence took several short 
trips to examine the Boman wall in the vicinity. At Caervoran not a vestige 
remains. The tenant has recently filled up the baths, &o., and the site of the camp 
is covered with potatos and turnips 1 Notwithstanding all that has been done and 
said, down to Hodgson, much remains for investigation, and I hope some of the 
Members of the Association will soon direct their steps to that district. At Caer- 
voran I saw an inscription which I suspect has never been printed. It is on a 
stone with fluted sides, ornamented on the top with a vase, and reads - — — j 
At Burdoswald another stone has been recently found, but the inscription csdbo 
is much defaced, and part of the upper side has been lost. All I can ■ 

make out of it is, I o acb . . I T" e tenant also shewed me a small 

brass coin of the c o . . . 4 . c o s emperor Licinius, much defaced, which he 
lately found on i-icini vsc . . hisfann. The entrance to the camp through 

the west wall is — '-^ '-^ distinctly seen, and about midway between 

it and the wall to the north are several large stones clasped together with iron 
rods. I have some other rough memoranda, which I shall hereafter write to you 
about, having previously compared them with Horseley's "Britannia Romans," 




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PROCEEDINGS OP THE COMMITTEE. 393 

and Hodgson's account of the Roman wall from Newcastle to Carlisle. The latter 
author (Part II. vol. iii. p. 209. cxiv.) prints the dedication to the god Silvanus, 
now at Lanercost, correctly, but does not anew bow the letters are placed, and 
omits to notice that in the last line tbe letter e is joined to the preceding n. 

The Rev. Brjraer Belcher, of West listed, Alresforil, Hants, communicated a 
notice of Roman remains at Wick, near Alton. It appears that man; years since 
a portion of a field in which are vestiges of extensive buildings, was opened, when 
pavements and walls were discovered, and immediately broken up for repairing 
the roads, bat Mr. Belcher says that the foundations of other buildings are still 
remaining and would well repay an excavation. 

Tbe Rev. E. G. Watford, of Chipping Warden, contributed a brief notice of the 
discovery of some stone coffins at Clalcombe Priory, Northamptonshire, the 
property of Mr. C. W. Martin, M.P-, accompanied with a sketch of the most per- 
fect specimen. 

Mr. Joseph Jackson, of Settle, Yorkshire, presented through Mr. Smith, a 
lithograph of ft Norman font, lately rescued from obscurity in Ingleton church. 
Mr. Jackson reports that a font of beautiful workmanship is lying unnoticed and 
nearly covered with grass in Kirkby-Malhamdale church-yard. It is used for 
mixing up lime for whitewash, with which the arches and pillars of the church 
are periodically bedaubed. The repeated application of the whitewash has bow- 
ever not yet entirely obscured all traces of their elaborate workmanship- 
Mr. John Adey Repton communicated notices of discoveries of three skeletons, 
and weapons or instruments in iron, much corroded, on the site of an ancient camp 
at Witham called Temple Field, and of urns containing bones and ashes in a field 
at the east end of the town of Witham. The former were discovered in cutting 
the railway, the latter were turned up by the plough. A map and drawings were 
exhibited in illustration. The urns were so much broken by the plough, that out 
of the fragments of six different specimens, Mr. Repton and Mr. VV. Lucas (who 
assisted in the examination) were able only to form a single one. It is sixteen inches 
high, ten inches in diameter at the top and seven at the bottom, in colour a light 
gray, with a raised indented rim, about three inches from the mouth. The other 
fragments arc of a dingy red and brown black, and are mostly stamped with circular 
and triangular holes. The urns have been worked by hand and are rudely ex- 
ecuted ; the clay of which they are composed is mixed with small white stones and 
bits of chalk. 

A letter was read from the Rev. Arthur Hussey, of Rottingdcan, on peculiarities 
of architecture in the churches of Corhampton, .Warnford, and East Tisted, 
Hants. Although the quoining of Corhampton church consists not of Saxon 
"long and short work," but of large stones, such as appear in more modern edifices, 
the walls are sufficiently characterized as being Saxon by that peculiar kind of 
stone-ribbing which, having been depicted at page 26 of the Archie ologicalJoum a 1, 
does not require to be further described or remarked on than by stating that this 
peculiarity is yet in good preservation on all the walls of Corhampton church, 
except those of the eastern end of the chancel, which are of modern brick. The 
present entrance to this church is through the south wall, and at the same part 
where the former entrance is indicated to have been, by an arch with a short rib 
ascending from its crown to the wall-plate, similarly to a rib above a perfect arch 
opposite in the north wall ; although this last does not appear to have contained a 

3f 



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394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

doorway. Id the south wall is a square stone, having at its angles a trefoil-like 
ornament, and engraved with a circle which incloses on its lower half nome lines 
radiating from n central hole. This is said to be a consecration-stone, which, from 
its little elevation above the ground, it may have originally been, although its lines 
would lead us to infer that it has served also for a sun-dial. Corhampton church 
has no other tower than a modern wooden bell-turret at its west end, above an 
original window divided hy a rude oval balustre. The chancel-arch, also rude, 
springs from impost-like capitals, and is of depressed segmental shape. A stone 
elbow-chair, formerly occupying part of the altar-steps, has lately been placed 
within the altar-rails ; and in the chancel pavement is a rough irregularly oblong 
stone, rudely incised towards its angles with crosses, denoting it to have been the 
altar-stone. 

The Norman church at Warn ford is a long plain edifice, comprising a chancel, 
a nave, a west tower, and a south porch. Its walls, being very thick, appear still 
to be in excellent condition, although the church is rendered damp by trees which 
closely surround it. The chancel and nave, being of equal breadth and height, 
are externally distinguished only by the juxtaposition of two of the roof-corbels. 
The tower is square, and from certain marks on its north and south sides, is pro- 
bably older than the nave ; but it possesses nothing of Saxon character except, as 
at Barton and Barnack, the absence of an original staircase; unless, perhaps, 
originality may be due to the existing stairs, composed of triangular blocks 
of oak, fastened to ascending beams supported by carved posts, and a semicir- 
cularly recessed landing-place in the south-eastern comer of the wall. The upper 
part of the tower has been repaired with brick, but its belfry-windows, two on each 
face, are original large circular holes, splayed inwardly and lined with ashlar. 
The porch and inner doorway are of a pointed style. Inserted in the north wall, 
one within and one without the church, are two small stones with inscriptions, 
evidently of great antiquity ; but the letters, partly illegible from age, are wholly 
so, except to those conversant with ancient characters. Against the south wall is 
t, precisely similar to that of Corhampton, but in better pre- 
i, it having been secluded from the weather by the porch. The present 
east window is an insertion of the fourteenth century, but on the inside of the east 
wall is a large arch, which probably contained windows corresponding to the 
Norman windows in the side walls. The ceiling is flat and modern, but some roof- 
brackets and corbels below it indicate that the ancient roof-timbers may probably 
remain. This church is sadly disfigured by high pews and a huge monument at 
its east end. 

At East Tistud, Mr. Hussey saw a hagioscope with openings in the Perpen- 
dicular style ; but as a new church is there in course of elevation, this interesting 
ecclesiastical feature is now, probably, no more. 

Dr. Bromet observed tliat in one part of this communication, Hr. Hussey seemed 
to doubt whether Corhampton church may not have been restored since Saxon 
times, with some of the materials, and on the plan, of a preceding Saxon 
edifice. But such doubts, he thought, are not admissible ; fur otherwise they 
might be applied to every church without a recorded date. Considering it, there- 
fore, as really Saxon, he thought that this church is a monument peculiarly 
valuable; our few other Saxon ecclesiastical remains being only towers, door- 
ways, or smaller portions of buildings. 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 895 

Mr. Thomas Inskip, of Shefford, Beds, communicated an account of Roman 
remains found a few years since in the vicinity of that town. It appears that for 
a long time this locality has been productive of vast quantities of interesting 
objects of art, of the Romano-British epoch, most of which, discovered previous to 
Mr. Inskip' s researches, have been either lost or dispersed. "Roman vaults 
hare been emptied of their contents, vases of the most elegant forms and the 
finest texture have been doomed to destruction for amusement, and set up as 
marks for ignorance and stupidity to pelt at. In another direction, I have known 
a most beautiful and highly ornamented urn with a portrait and an inscription on 
its sides stand peaceably on the shelf of its discoverer, till being seised with a fit 
of superstitious terror lest the possession of so heathenish an object might blight 
his corn or bring a murrain amongst his cattle, he ordered his wife to thrust it 
npon the dunghill, where it perished." Mr. Inskip 's descriptive narrative proceeds 
as follows :- — 

" A similar late inevitably awaited the relics found at Shefford, and in its 
immediate neighbourhood at Stan ford -Bury, had not he who now records their 
escape been the humble instrument of their preservation. Indeed a number 
might have been destroyed previous to my becoming acquainted with their exist- 
ence, the earliest intimation of which arose from a denarius having been carted 
with gravel from a neighbouring pit, and laid in the public road ; it was after- 
wards picked up and brought to me for sale ; this led me to inspect the scene of 
operation, and to watch and assist in future discoveries. The first objects of 
gratification were two large dishes of the reputed Samian ware, one of which is 
ten inches in diameter, radiated in the centre, and having the maker's name 
crossing it. The other was a beautiful specimen, with horizontal handles, and 
ornamented with the usual pattern round the edge. The larger dish of the two is 
doubtless the lanx, as its large size, and the prefix U) the maker's name, sufficiently 

" Some time after, a Roman urn, surrounded by eleven Samian vases, was dis- 
covered, most of which were in a perfect state. A great quantity of broken glass 
also was found here, together with a whitish-coloured bottle of earthen manu- 

"A fresh supply was subsequently found of terra cotta vases, somewhat larger 
than an ordinary sized tea-cup, with various names impressed across their centres ; 
also a great quantity or greenish-coloured glass, but loo much mutilated to admit 
of restoration. The bottom of one of these glass vases is round, eight inches in 
diameter, remarkably thick, and wrought in concentric circles ; the Deck and 
mouth are three aud a half inches in width; the handle being of much thicker 
substance is preserved entire, and is exquisitely wrought into the device of a fish's 
tail. 

" At the same time and place was fonnd a brass dish or pan, which one of the 
labourers, suspecting to contain money, wrenched Id pieces in his eagerness to 
secure it. This was greatly to be regretted, as the form of this vessel was of a high 
order of taste ; but with much patience I have succeeded in restoring it to its 
primitive shape. On one side is a looped handle, the top of which, representing an 
open-jawed lion 'a head, is joined to the upper rim; on the opposite side protrudes 
a straight handle, terminating with the head uf a ram ; the bottom is turned in 
beautiful concentric circles, and has still adhering to its inside (however strange 



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390 PROCEEDINGS OP THE COMMITTEE. 

it ratty appear to the sceptical) a portion of its original contents. A similar vwe 
was found at the opening of Bartlow hills in 1935, which has but one handle 
and is far inferior in point of elegance ; a drawing of it is given in the Arcbseo- 
logia. A coin of first brass was lying close by, much corroded, bearing on the 
obverse an imperial head, though not contrasted or lanreated ; on the reverse a 
faint impression of a Human altar. Not far from these was found an iron stand 
or case for holding a lamp. Another coin of third brass in fine preservation, and 
covered with a beautiful patina, was found on this spot 

"Afterwards, when digging by myself, I struck ray spade on a large amphora, 
and added many fractures to those it had received ; by cementing it together, I 
soon restored its original shape and dimensions. It has two handles, its height 
exactly two feet, and its broadest diameter eighteen inches. Near to this amphora 
were placed three terra cotta vases of great beauty, ornamented round their 
margins with the usual leaf of the laurel or the lotus, or whatever else it may here- 
after be determined to be. These were taken from the earth without the slightest 
injury, and are still perfect as when first made. 

"A beautiful glass vase was the companion to these, — its size double that of a 
modem sugar basin, it is radiated with projecting ribs, its shape is nearly globular, 
it has no handles, is of a fine pale amber colour, and was doubtless used for a 
funereal purpose. 

"A small glass funnel was found here, which is restored from fragments to its 
original ehape. A lachrymatory, or unguentarium, was lying near, but too much 
mutilated to invite an attempt to mend it. On one side of the vault, and close to 
one of the vases, a hole had been scooped in the earth, in which was deposited a 
quart or perhaps three pints of seeds, charred, and still perfectly black ; through 
the dryness of the soil they had been admirably preserved. 

" At a small distance from the three beautiful vases last mentioned, was dis- 
covered a quantity of blue glass, which from the newness of the fractures 1 con- 
cluded bad been just broken by the spade. I collected the pieces, and cementing 
them together, they formed a beautiful jug or ewer, the shape of which is the most 
chastely elegant that taste could design or art execute. Its graceful neck and 
handle, its beautiful purple colour, and the exquisite curl of its lips, so formed to 
prevent the spilling of the fluid, proclaim it to be one of the most splendid remains 
of antiquity. It is radiated longitudinally, and unites great boldness of design 
with delicacy of execution. In contemplating this precious relic we feel that time 
and a reverence for taste and antiquity, have given to it a much more sacred 
character than the pagan riles it may have assisted to administer. At various 
times numbers of Saraian vases were disinterred from this spot, amounting to 
more than three dozen, and of great varieties of shapes; the names impressed 
across several were haccivs — caivinvs — lvppa — tbsevm — bilenvs — ubebalis — 

81LVVS OFCOKT, &C. &C. 

" The ground in which the foregoing relics were discovered, like many other 
places of Roman sepulture, was by the way side, lying on the Iknield road in a 
straight line between Dunstable and.Baldock, not indeed on the main street 
which passes through the Ichniel ford, but (as I judge) on a vicinal way, for which 
opinion there is strong presumption, from its passing so near to the old military 
station at Stanford Bury, and which road Salmon has traced as far as Cainho, from 
whence he says it went on to Buldock ; if so, it doubtless passed through Shetford, 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 897 

and close by the very spot where these relics were discovered. This burial ground 
forms three sides of a square, which has originally been enclosed with a wall of 
sandstone from the neighbouring quarry ; the foundation may be easily traced at 
the depth of three feet, the present high road forming the fourth side of the square. 
The depth of these deposits was about three feet from the earth's surface. 

" That the whole of this inclosure contained the ashes of persons of distinction, 
may be inferred bom the great beauty and value of the relics interred with them ; 
some of these are of the most sacred character, such for instance as the bronze 
acena or incense pan, the blue jug or simpulum,and a sacrificial knife found with 
them. All of these implements belong to the priestly office, the two last of which, 
with the cyathtis, are frequently seen on the reverses of Soman coins, indicating 
the union of the imperial and pontifical dignity. 

"A considerable time elapsed after the before-mentioned discoveries, when I con- 
jectured from the official uses and purposes of many of the remains themselves, 
the probability of finding a place of pagan worship in their immediate vicinity. 
1 commenced a search accordingly. After much labour and patience, I found the 
site of a Human building at the distance of about half a furlong from the ceme- 
tery, and by digging ruund it, ascertained it to occupy an area of thirty feet by 
twenty, round which, about the foundation, was deposited a great quantity of 
mutilated remains of Samian pottery, and other coarse ware, most of the latter 
having probably been manufactured from the earth of a contiguous spot, which 
for ages, and to this day retains the name of 'Oman's Pond.' The clay dug from 
hence is well adapted for the purpose of making such articles, and I have no doubt 
a pottery once formed a part of the site of this (RJoraan's pond. This success 
induced me to try once more the old scene of my labours. By digging round the 
outside of the cemetery, I found a silver trumpet, of very diminutive size, being 
only sixteen inches in length ; also a curious iron instrument, used as I presume 
to fasten the nails and pick the hoofs of the horse whose rider's ashes reposed with 
bis bones in this place. Here was formed a trench or cist, about twelve feet in 
length, filled with the usual deposit of ashes, burnt bone, and charcoal ; over this 
were placed Roman tiles leaning against each other at the top, so as U) form an 
angle and protect the dust beneath. Here also was deposited a denarius of Geta. 
Another denarius of the above prince was found at some distance ; they are both 
in fine preservation and of exquisite workmanship, and represent the ages appa- 
rently of nine and of twelve years. 

"Some copper moulds for pastry were also found here, very highly ornamented. 
Although almost every deposit contained abundant evidence of cremation, yet no 
discovery has been made of a regular Ustrinum. On one occasion the workman 
employed to dig, &c. found at the depth of eighteen inches a ring adhering to his 
mattock, which escaped the slightest injury. It is a signet-ring of the age of 
Henry the Second, and bears a cypher and an ear of corn in intaglio. Imme- 
diately beneath this u beautiful Roman urn was found, adorned with elegant 
scroll-work in high relief; and descending fourteen feet deeper a mammoth's 
tooth lying on the sandstone rock. These three last articles were deposited 
beneath each other in a perpendicular line, and no doubt further fossil remains of 
the mammoth lay contiguous, of which several indications presented themselves. 
The tooth weighs seven pounds and three quarters. A variety of articles have 
been found occasionally deposited at the bottom of the urns, such as rusty nails. 



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398 PEOCEEDINOS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

whutpsofhay or sedge-grass, bits of iron, pieces of lead, &c. ; in otters a quantity 
of the common snail-shell, sea-shells, &c A bit of lead found in one has the pre- 
cise shape of a pot-hook. A ball of pitch was found at the bottom of a very large 
amphora, a vessel capable of containing more than four gallons. Balls of pitch 
were thus frequently put by the Romans into their wine to give it a flavour, and 
the inside* of amphoras were often pitched throughout for that express purpose. 

" In one urn was found several balls of clay, which appear to have been kneaded 
by the hand, and are somewhat elongated." 

Dr. Bromet read a note from Mr. H. J. Stevens, of Derby, offering to send 
drawings of some singular fragments of apparently early Norman work in the 
church-yard of St. Alkiuund. 

Dr. Bromet stated that, through the civility of Mr. Stevens's clerk of the works 
he did examine the fragments alluded to. They are of that coarse reddish grit- 
stone which, it would seem, was employed even for sculptural purposes in Derby- 
shire and Yorkshire previously to the use of lime-stone. Many have been door 
aud window-jambs, and arc embellished with the various interlacing! and chime- 
rical animals sometimes found on the more ancient church-yard crosses. Two of 
them have on one side a series of semicircularij-arched panels, divided by short 
flat columns, with large flat capitals, such as we often see on ancient fonts, and as 
these were found in the south-east comer of the chancel, they are possibly parts of 
the tomb or shrine of St. Alkmund, who was killed A.D. 819. 

Dr. Bromet suggested, in furtherance of the objects of this Association, that the 
secretary be requested to communicate with the minister and churchwardens of 
SLAlkmnnd's, and the secretary of the Derby Mechanics' Institution, recommend- 
ing, in the name of the Society, that all the more ancient sculptured fragments 
found on pulling down the late church of St. Alkmund, be deposited either 
in the said Institution's museum, the town hall, or such other place easily ac- 
cessible to the inhabitants of Derby as to the minister and churchwardens may 
seem fit 

The following letter from Mr. Charles S pence, of Devon port, was read. It was 
accompanied by rubbings of incised slabs, &c. : — " I transmit a few observations 
respecting the church of Beer Ferrers, in this county, which I recently visited. 
Every admirer of genius will recollect that this edifice possesses a melancholy 
notoriety as having been the place where Charles Stothard, the author of the 
' Monumental Effigies,' was killed. In the church-yard, and against the eastern 
wall of the church, stands an upright stone which at once relates the manner of 
his death, and commemorates a man whose fame will never die while archaxriogj 
has a lover, or science its votaries. The church itself is beautifully situated on 
the bunks of the Tavy, and not far from the confluence of that river with the 
Tamar ; it is built in the form of an exact cross, the length of the two transepts, 
with the intervening breadth of the nave, being exactly the same as the length of 
nave and chancel, viz. 90 feet. On the north side of the upper portion of the cross 
is the vestry room, once the chantry chapel, which according to Lysons was 
collegiate, and founded for six priests in the year 1328, by William de Ferrers, 
aud endowed with the advowson of the church at Beer Ferrers. This chantry 
chapel is separated from the rest of the church only by the beautiful canopied 
monument which probably covers the remains of its founder and his lady : in form 
it resembles the monument of Aueliuc, countess of Lancaster, iu Westminster 



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PROCEEDINGS OP THE COMMITTEE. 399 

Abbey, and like it, is dishonoured by having its interior Mocked up so that part of 
the monument is in the chapel, and part forms the wall of the vestry. 

" Altar, — Tbe floor of the Altar (immediately under the coram union-table) 
consists of a dab of marble, eight feet long by four feet wide, which is most 
beautifully caned with rose-wheel circles and hexagonal elongated departments, 
sustaining what would seem to have been an altar-stone, about six inches in 
height, the sides of which are deeply grooved or fluted, in one hollow, with roses 
interlaced with leaves car*ed thereon in bold and beautiful relief. The Altar is 
ascended from the nave by three steps ; the edge stones of the upper compartment 
or step have been beautifully cut in bas-relief with shields, arabesques, etc. 

"Chancel. — The chancel and its chapels were separated from the nave and side 
aisles by a cancellum or screen, the basement of which is still left; it is of 
Decorated character, and has been richly painted ; each of its compartments 
formerly contained a painting of some saint, and in one the figure of a female 
may yet be deciphered, but it is in so mutilated a condition that it would be 
difficult to guess whom it was intended to represent. 

" Nave. — The nave is filled with the original open sittings of Perpendicular 
character, quite entire, and beautifully and elaborately carved. At the north-east 
corner of these pews is a shield cut in wood, and on the south-east comer is another, 
whereon are blazoned horse-shoes (arms of Ferrers), and rudders of ships or vessels. 

" Windows. — Those of the north transept are very beautiful specimens of 
Decorated work, as is also the great window of the south transept. Those of the 
south side of the church are Perpendicular. On the north side the windows are 
debased aud bad. The eastern window, which ftickman states tu have been ' a 
fine one,' has been destroyed since his survey, and a choice specimen of (he true 
Church warden ic style inserted in its place. 

" Pa ikied Glass. — In the south transept is a shield of arms blazoned quarterly, 
bnt at too great a height for me to decipher them. Such also was the case in a 
debased window in the north side of the nave, where appears to be a figure 
resembling a knight, and a shield argent, charged with a cross gules, but turned 
upside down. The glass representing Sir William Ferrers and his lady, in 
tracing which C. Stuthard fell and was killed, and which was in the east window, 
is probably in a deal case (marked glass) which is kept in the north transept. An 
engraving of it may be seen in Lysons' ' Magna Britannia.' 

" Font extremely rude. It is described by Rickman as being of rather singular 
character. To me it appeared only as a rude imitation by unskilful hands ; it 
consists, to use the words of Lysons, ' of a truncated polygonal shape, resting upon 
four foliated ornaments, encircled by a band of rather rude execution.' 

" Pabvisb is yet left, but much mutilated. The door and steps leading to it are 
nearly choked up with rubbish, &c 

" Tombs. — Beside that in the chancel previously alluded to, there is a very beau- 
tiful effigy in an arched recess, in the wall of the north transept, representing a 
knight cross-legged, in the act of rising from his recumbent position and drawing 
his sword. He is armed completely in mail, over which is a sureoat. The sword 
is suspended from a broad belt, and his heater-shaped shield is pendent fiom his 
neck by a guige or strap— his mailed head rests upon his helmet The effigy has 
been broken off at the knees, and the body of the animal on which his feet rested 
is gone, but the four paws and tail yet remain. The whole monument bears great 



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400 PBOCEEDINOS OP TFIE COMMITTEE. 

resemblance to that of Sir Robert de Vere, in Sudborongh church, Northampton 

" North Tjianseit. — An Altar has evidently been erected here. The elevated 
altar-step yet remains, and just before it lies an 

"Incised Slab. — It represents a cross, and at the intersection a heart. 
Irradiated above is an inscription, ' Hie jacet Rogerus Champernowne Anniger 
cujus anime propicietur Deus Amen.' The Champernowuea became possessed 
of the manor of Beer Ferrers before the close of the fourteenth century. I 
have seen other, and hope to send for the inspection of the Society specimens 
of these engraved slabs, which, though somewhat rare in the eastern parts of 
England, do not appear to be uncommon in this western portion of our country ; 
indeed the old Norman practice of inscribing round the edge of the flat grave- 
stone is etill practised here, and almost every church presents instances of iL 
There is another stone near the foregoing, apparently very ancient ; the letters 
are cut in very deep relief, the words, ' Orate pro Will'mo Champernoun.' 
Royal anna very coarsely executed on four penuouccls ; around are painted a 
rose, harp, portcullis, and fleur-de-lis. 

" Hoof entirely modernized, and chancel-arch spoiled. 

" In conclusion, I may state that the exterior of the church has a pretty 
appearance ; its nave, side aisles, and the little chapels iu the upper angles of the 
cross, together with its low tower surmounted by a kind of corbel-table, resembling 
machicolations, look well from every point of observation. 

" Such is the church of Beer Ferrers, which Lysons states to have belonged iu 
the reign of King Henry the Second to Henry de Ferrariis or Ferrers, ancestor of 
the numerous branches of the ancient family of Ferrors in Devonshire and 
Cornwall." 

Nov p. mis eh 27. 

Mr. M. W. Boyle presented through the Rev. J. B. Deanc a portfolio of prints 
and drawings, illustrative chiefly of places in London. It comprises, 1. Illustra- 
tions of Crosby Hall. 2. Occupiers of Crosby Hall. 3. Illustrations of St. Helen's 
Church and Priory. 4. Illustrations of Gresham College. 5. Illustrations of 
Leathersellers' Hall. 6. Miscellaneous Illustrations. 

Tub Paintisqs is East YVickha.ii Church, Kent. — The Secretary read letters 
from Archdeacons King and Buruey, in reply to communications from the Com- 
mittee. Archdeacon King writes, " Having upon the receipt of your former 
letter, cautioned the churchwardens of East Wickham against farther proceeding 
in the matter of the fresco-painting in the church, I was desirous of obtaining, 
as it was a new case, the opinion of the Bishop upon the subject. His Lordship 
has inspected the painting, and his opinion, «ith which mine agrees, is, that the 
fresco is not worth preserving." — Archdeacon Barney says, " I am very sorry to 
say that the paintings will not be saved. It is quite impossible, however, for me 
not to express myself very greatly indebted to the bishop of Rochester not only 
for his courtesy and prompt reply to the letter addressed to him by me from 
Canterbury, but for his having likewise visited the church himself, and stayed all 
proceedings, until I could accompany his Lordship, and inspect the paintings with 
him. Tbey were in a much more decayed slate, I confess, than I had expected, 
and any restoration would have amounted to almost an entirely new work, even if 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 401 

there had been any funds, or the least inclination on the part of the church- 
wardens to restore them. No authority could of course be officially exerted for 
«ay mch expenditure: and the frescoes, in their present condition, though highly 
curious and interesting to the antiquary, are not to common eyes, it must be 
admitted, ornamental or attractive. Neither the archdeacon of Rochester, who 
had also visited them, nor the vicar of the parish, I ought to add, had testified the 
least wish for their preservation. As far as I was informed also, the parishioners 
were quite indifferent about them. We must therefore rest satisfied with the nice 
and careful drawings which Mr. Wollaston has executed. The Association also 
may rejoice in having done their duty, however unsuccessfully, in drawing the 
attention of the competent ecclesiastical authorities to these relics of ancient art." 

Bead a letter from Mr. Daniel Henry Haigh, of Leeds, giving an account 
of an examination of several churches in the county of York. Mr. Haigh writes: 

" On the 30th October, I made a short excursion to the southern border of this 
county, and visited on that and the following day, the parish church of Laughton- 
eu-le-Morthen, the neighbouring chapel of St John's, and the churches of Anstan 
and Thorpe Salom. A passage in Mr. Hunter's Deanery of Doncaster, which 
states that the 'lid of a Saxon cistus,' resembling in its ornaments that at 
Coningsborongh, is preserved in the church-yard of St. John's, and Mr. Hickman's 
notice of the remains of Anglo-Saxon architecture in the parish church of Laugh- 
ton, led my steps in this direction. There is no mention in the Domesday Survey 
of any church in this parish, but its importance in the times of our Anglo-Saxon 
forefathers is proved by the fact there recorded, of its having been the residence 
of Earl Edwin ; ' Ibi ten. comes Eduin aulam.' Westward from the church, about 
fifty yards distant, are the remains (as I believe them to be) of Edwin's hall, con- 
sisting of a high circular mound, standing between the extremities of a crescent- 
shaped rampart of earth. The Anglo-Saxon portion of the church is small. It 
consists of the west wall of the north aisle, and the western bay of the north wall. 
It is easily distinguished from the rest of the church by its masonry, and the dark 
red' sand-stone with which it is built; the magnesian limestone being employed 
in the Norman chancel, as well as in the Perpendicular nave. Mr. Hickman has 
given a good representation of the doorway in the north wall, iu his communica- 
tion on Anglo-Saxon architecture, printed in Archseologia, vol. xxvi., but an 
erroneous impression may be conveyed, by his having given the same dark tint to 
the hood-moulding of the original doorway, and to the low segmental arch which 
now forms the doorway,, which is of much later date ; and to make room for which 
the under sides of the original imposts have been cut away. Since Mr. Rickmun's 
time, mnch of the rough-cast which covered this portion of the walls has been 
removed, and disclosed long and short quoins east of the door and close to the 
second buttress of the north wall ; proving that here there was an angle in the 
wall, and leading to the supposition that this was a porch of the Saxon edifice. 
In digging graves on the south side of the church, the foundations of a wall have 
been met with ; this seems to prove that the Saxon church was of greater extent 
than its Norman successor. Of the latter, the cbancel walls, and the piers on the 
north side of the nave remain. The rest of the church is of early and good Per- 
pendicular work, or rather transition from Decorated to that style. The capitals 
of the Norman piers on the north side of the nave have abaci placed upon them, 
corresponding with those of the piers on the opposite side, so as to make them of 

3a 

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402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

equal height with Che last The spandrels of the arches in the north Bide, hate 
angels holding scrolls, and those on the south side, demi-angels. There is nu 
clerestory, the nave being lighted by the windows of the aisles only, foot on the 
north, three on the south, each of three cinquefoiled lights, square-headed. The 
dripstones of these windows are good, and terminate in Tery well-carved corbels 
of the following designs : 

South. North. 

1. Bust of a man and woman, the I. A lion, and a monster. 

bees much distorted. 2. Half figures of a giant, devouring 

2. Busts of a king and queen. a child -, and of a. knight in the armour 

3. Busts of a merchant and a bishop, of the time of Edward III. 

3. As South 2. 

4. A fiend tormenting a lost soul, and 
St- Michael embracing a redeemed one. 

"There is no chancel-arch. Of the rood-screen the lower portion only remains, 
and that is partly concealed by pews. It is of stone and of good character. In a 
line with it, the lower portion of an oak screen extends across the north aisle. 
Close to it is a handsome wooden eagle gilt, rather an unusual feature in a parish 
church. The font is Decorated, of octagonal form, and of the following dimen- 
sions : height, 3ft 7in., width across the top, 2ft. Sin., width of bowl, 1ft 10in., 
depth of same, 1ft lin. A figure of it is given in Hickman's * Attempt.' The 
panelling and tracery differ in each of its sides. 

" In the chancel is a recess under a semicircular arch, 3ft lOin. wide, serving 
the purpose of a double sedile; and a piscina 2ft 4in. wide, with a triangular- 
headed arch. The ascent to the Altar is by four steps. The ancient altar-stone 
is fixed in the pavement of the south aisle, at its south-east corner, partly hidden 
by pews. The crosses in the uncovered part are very distinct. 

"The tower is a beautiful structure, and is surmounted by a lofty crocketed octa- 
gonal spire ; its height is said to be 1 86 feet ; of the bells, one is ancient and hit 
the legend, in Lombardica, 'Are Maria gracia plena dominus tecum.' In the loner 
story the springers remain of what would have been a fine vault of fan-tracery hid 
it been completed. The neighbouring chapel of St John is in a state of ruinous 
disorder, but it contains some objects of great interest These are a rood-screen, 
a parclose, a pulpit, and several open seats, with good Perpendicular tracery at the 
ends, of oak ; a font somewhat similar to that at the parish church, but scarcely 
so finely carved ; and the tomb already mentioned. The font is 4ft 4in. high and 
2ft. 7Jin. wide at the top ; the diameter of the howl is lit lOin. and its depth lit 
It has on one side a shield of arms, barry of six, on a chief, a lion passant dexter. 
The tomb is of Early English date, ridged, 6ft 7in. long, 2ft 4io. wide at the 
head, and 1ft. 7in. at the foot Its ornaments consist of a rich cross with a slender 
shaft, and ten very deeply-cut circular scrolls of foliage and fruit, two aboveaod 
eight below the transverse limb. The altar-stone of this church is under the seats 
in the nave ; the crosses rudely formed. 

"From Laugh ton I proceeded to Anstan, passing in my way some remains of 
earth-works which I had not time to examine. I was prevented from taking such 
notes as I wished of Anstan church, by the presence of a party of men who ww 
busy making arrangements for some festival, and putting up a temporary gallery 
for the purpose. I noticed however that the end of each aisle had formerly been 



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PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 403 

■ chapel, the central bay of each east window containing a canopied niche of 
stone, and on each side of these windows were brackets. In the chancel was an 
ancient tomb-stone reared against the wall, on which was the figure of a lady 
with an infant. I think that the tower and spire of this church, although on a 
much smaller scale, are of the same date, and perhaps designed by the same hand 
as that of Laughton. 

"1 now proceeded to the village of Thorpe Salvin. The font and the south door- 
way of this church are well known to antiquaries, having been figured in ' Arch* 
seologia' and in Hunter's ' Deanery of Doncaster.' I was gratified to find that by 
the taste and good feeling of the present incumbent the font has been cleared of 
whitewash, and it is now a beautiful specimen of Norman work, the sculpture being 
nearly as sharp as it ever was. The various subjects afford some useful infor- 
mation respecting the costume of the twelfth century, ecclesiastical and civil. 

" In this church also the altar-slab remains within.the altar-rails, but broken into 
several pieces. There are three sedilia, level, with trifoliated heads, under ogee 
hoods, and an embattled cornice above. The sedilia at Anstan are of the same 
character. The piscina is a small square recess ; the orifice plastered. There is 
a lychnoscope, an Early English window widely splayed internally, with a transom 
near the sill. The lower part as well as the upper has been glazed. It commands 
a small square recess in the opposite wall, which, I think, were the plaster removed, 
would be found to bare pierced the wall. In the north wall of the chancel is an 
aumbry with a segmental-arched head. North of the chancel is a pretty chapel 
of Decorated date. It has a piscina with a trifoliated bead under an ogee arch, 
and a shelf above it, which is rather unusual; and east of this, close to the ground, 
a square recess in the wall, slanting westward. In the south-east window of the 
nave, in its eastern splay, is a trefbiled niche. The general character of this 
church is Norman, but it has many later additions. This was the limit of my 
excursion." 

2. A letter from Archdeacon Jones of Llanfachroth rectory, Bangor, in refer- 
ence to the statement made to the Committee by the Rev. H. L. Jones on the 
condition of several churches in Anglesey. In consequence of a communication 
from the Committee the Archdeacon writes: — 

" I considered it my duty in my new capacity of Archdeacon, to go and inspect 
the condition of Llanphangel Ysceifiag church. Accordingly 1 requested the 
dean of Bangor, tie patron, the incumbent, and the rural dean, to meet me on 
the premises last Tuesday. The dean could not attend, but the rural dean and 
myself went over the interior of the church, ami after examining it thoroughly, we 
came to the conclusion that the wall) were in such an unsafe condition as barely 
to admit of any improvement or repair ; in tact they project in several places so 
much from their perpendicular, as to give the appearance, at least, of being wuafe. 
However, of this any common mason or builder would be a better judge than 
either the rural dean or myself. If the wall* can be depended upon, I do not 
doubt but that the roof and other disrepairs could be sufficiently set right by an 
outlay of perhaps a £100 or at least £130 or so. But I very much doubt the 
safety of the wattt. We found what Mr. H. L. Jones called the south transept 
roof in a shocking state and ready to fall in. This is entirely owing- to the leaden 
gutter on the roof having been so long neglected, and indeed the whole church 
bears evident marks of neglect, wilful or otherwise, on the part of those whose 



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404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 

duty it was to keep It in order and repair. Let Mr. Jones, who has Tinted the 
church, himself inform us whether he thinks the walls safe to rebuild on, and what 
are the ' beautiful details' he speaks of, the preservatiou of which he deems it of 
such moment to contend for. To our tinarchi lectured eye there did not appear 
any details deserving of the epithet ' beautiful,' and a great portion of the building 
is decidedly modem ; built, I mean, not further back than 1626, by the Beoo family. 
The body of the church is doubtless much older, and the doorway or entrance is 
somewhat striking-. Tbe main reason, however, which the dean assigns for 
abandoning the old building, is that (besides its being in a dangerous state} it ia 
too far from the main population. This argument, however, would not weigh 
much with me, if Mr. Jones can shew me that the walls of the old church 
are safe." 

3. A letter from Mr. James H. Dixon of ToTiington Park, Middlesex, respecting 
a locality called Abbey Hill, on the high road between Calton and Winterburn, 
about eleven miles from Skipton in Craven, in the parish of Kirkby Malhamdalc. 
Here Mr. Dixon has noticed extensive foundations of buildings, and enquires 
what abbey or religions edifice stood here. He does not find these remains alluded 
to by the local historians, and the only reasons he has for believing them to have be- 
longed to an ecclesiastical building of consequence are their extent, and the names 
of the adjacent fields, which are "Friar's Head," "Kirk Syke," "Kirk Garth," 
" Great Church Doors," " Little Church Doors," " Chapel Maze,' Sec. 

Mr. Wright read a letter from the Bev. Lambert B. Larking, stating that the 
Members of the Association residing in the neighbourhood of Maidstone bad 
formed themselves into a Local Committee for furthering the objects of the Asso- 
ciation, and that he, Mr. Larking, had been requested to act as Chairman to the 
Committee. 

Dr. Bromet quoted a letter from the Bev. W. S. Hartley, to shew, in reference to 
a statement made by Mr. Way at a former meeting, that service is performed at 
St John's, Laughton, seven times a year. 

The Bev. J. H. Barbara exhibited a flint celt recently found in a field at 
Betherden, Kent 



It has been determined that the Archaeological Meeting for 1845, shall be held 
at Winchester, in the first week in August. 



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J£otfce» of iieto $uultratfons. 



TttB IHTTOIKATED CaIMTDAB AMD HoMB DlABT MB 1845, COPIXD 

7B0X the Houas or Assi of BniiTANT. 4to. Loudon, Long- 
man and Co. 

This charming volume is the most successful attempt that has yet been 
made to reproduce at a moderate expense the rich colouring and effect of 
the elaborate miniatures which enrich the illuminated manuscripts of the latter 
half of the fifteenth century. Most of those who have visited the manuscript 
department of the Bibliotheque Ruyale at Paris have seen and admired the 
" Hours of Anne of Brittany," with its numerous embellishments, which 
may be considered the finest examples that exist of the brilliant school of 
artists who at that period (it was executed about the year 1499) devoted 
their talents to this lucrative branch of art. These illuminations consist of 
a series of subjects connected with each month of the calendar, with 
borders, &c., also bearing reference to the season; a considerable number 
of pictures of sacred subjects ; and many other ornamental devices 
and letters. The subjects of the borders, which are gorgeously rich, are 
flowers, with various kinds of insects. The volume before us contains the 
whole of the calendar, with its miniatures and borders. They are partly 
printed in colours, by Mr. Owen Jones (whose artistical skill in this depart- 
ment is so justly celebrated), and partly coloured by the hand by Mr. 
Humphries ; and by means of both processes the resemblance of the copies 
to the original is surprising. Twenty years ago no one would have believed 
it possible to produce such a volume at five times the price, so great is the 
perfection and facility to which the processes necessary for its production have 
now been brought. In the part occupied in the manuscript by writing, the 
editor of the copy has inserted the more useful entries of a calendar for the 
year 1845, so as to render the ornaments of the past applicable to the pre- 
sent. It forms an elegant and appropriate Christmas gift, and will help not 
a little to make our countrymen and countrywomen conversant with arts and 
manners as they existed in former days. We rejoice to see that the pub- 
lishers intend to issue similar volumes in succeeding years ; we hope it 
may be a profitable enterprize. 

We will not undertake to describe the numerous borders of gold and 
colours, with beautiful and accurate drawings of the flowers peculiar to each 
season, and hosts of butterflies, moths, beetles, caterpillars, £cc. contained 
in this illuminated calendar. The miniatures of the months are not only 
attractive as finished pictures, but they comprise faithful delineations of the 
buildings and costumes of the age to which (hey belong. The month of 



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406 NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

January is illustrated by a charming little landscape covered with snow, in 
the foreground of which a weather-beaten traveller is Been arriving at the 
place of his destination ; an open gallery in the house he is about to enter 
leads us to conclude that he will be received with the festive entertainment 
which has always characterized the commencement of the year. February 
introduces us to the interior of a house in which a portly btm vivant is 
enjoying the pleasures of the table beside a glowing fire, whilst an upper 
compartment of the picture shews us the dreary season without. In March 
we have the first operations of the countryman, the lopping of trees, while 
the wife of the labourer is seen gathering the sticks for fire-wood ; in the 
distance a strong castle, with a party of armed knights issuing from its 
gate, perhaps to indicate that at this period they began to ride forth after 
tournaments and adventures. April is the month of flowers, and we are 
presented with a lady (the 'chatelaine' of the fortress seen in the back- 
ground) in her garden, occupied in making garlands, while her maidens are 
gathering flowers. In the merry month which follows, we have a singular 
May-pole, with two youths in front of the picture bringing home their 
" May," whilst others are seen in the distance inarching in procession with 
their branches. The miniature of the month of June is a charming picture 
of mowing, executed with so much delicacy that we even distinguish the 
flowers and weeds among the grass ; the back-ground being occupied by a 
village, and a pretty church in an elevated position in the middle of it. In 
July we have reaping, with another village and church. In August we 
have the winnowing of the grain : the back-ground exhibits one of those 
chateaux or hotels of which we still see many remains in France and Flan, 
ders, but of which we have none, and perhaps never had any, in England. 
The transition from the feudal castle to the gentleman's mansion appears to 
have been more sudden and abrupt in this country than on the continent. The 
illumination of the month of September exhibits the process of the vintage, 
men pressingoutthe juice of the grapes by treading them in large tubs, bare- 
footed and bare-legged. In October people are occupied in sowing the 
earth, and the back-ground is occupied by a pretty landscape, with 
farmers' houses, and a pond of water with swans. November was the 
season of fattening pigs, the flesh of which was one of the great articles 
of food among our forefathers. The swineherds are here represented 
leading them to the woods to feed on acorns. In the back-ground we 
have another chateau. December winds up the series; the pigs are being 
killed preparatory to the approaching festivities of Christmas and a new 
year ; and the upper compartment again gives us a glimpse of steeples 
and roofs covered with enow. 

This is the general series of subjects which appears in the old illuminated 
calendars, but varying considerably in the manner in which they are treated, 
and in the style of execution. A few calendars of different dates, selected 
with taste, and published during us many successive years, will form a series 
of volumes beautifully illustrative of the manners and condition of different 
periods of medieval history. T. w. 



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MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTS. 407 

Collection op Architectural Ornaments of the Middle Ages in 
the Byzantine and Gothic styles. By Charles Hfjdeloff, Archi- 
tect, and Professor of the Polytechnic School of Nubemreko, 
Gebjlany. With 64 Plates. London, Hering and Remington, 1844. 4to. 

This is a valuable work, deserving to be better known, and the English 
translation of the letter-press, which now accompanies the plates, will 
greatly facilitate this object. It is desirable that English architects 
should make themselves acquainted with the foreign varieties of Gothic 
architecture, although it is seldom to be wished that they should 
imitate them : to architectural amateurs the comparison is so extremely 
interesting, that there is little fear of their neglecting any opportunities 
for investigating it. The work consists of a series of examples of 
capitals and other details of Byzantine and German architecture, corre- 
sponding to our Norman and Gothic, carefully drawn and well engraved at 
Nuremberg, where it was originally published in eight parts : the chief 
objection to the work, in its present form, is that this arrangement is still 
adhered to, instead of a chronological or systematic one of some kind, which 
would be much more convenient : the continual jump from the twelfth to 
the sixteenth century, and back again, is rather puzzling, especially for 
students. 

The subject which this work naturally brings before the mind of an 
English antiquary or amateur of Gothic Architecture, is the comparative 
chronology of this style in England and in Germany ; and here he will find 
on commencing, the same stumbling-block as in most other foreign works on 
the subject; the dates assigned to particular specimens are very inconsis- 
tent and unsatisfactory, in general, though by no means always, they assign 
dates about a century earlier than we should affix to similar buildings in 
England, after making allowance for the variation of style, or rather of the 
ornament and mode of working in each successive style, which might 
naturally be expected between one country and another ; the same in kind, 
only greater in degree, as the provincialism which is so strongly marked 
between the different parts of the same country. Whether- these authors 
are right in assuming this priority of date, may fairly admit of question, and 
it will generally be observed that those amongst them who have most care- 
fully investigated the subject, have been the most ready to abandon the 
claim as untenable, and to acquiesce in the chronology adopted by the 
English authorities since the time of Rickman, as the most consistent with 
reason, and with ascertained facts : for instance, M. De Lassaulx in 
Germany, and M. De Caumont in France, in their recent works have 
adopted the English chronology, or have arrived at the same results. 

So far as the work before us affords evidence, it is remarkable that in 
almost every instance in which an ascertained date is mentioned, it agrees 
with the received English chronology. For instance, the chapel of the 
Klostre Heilbronn, founded in 1135, (I. 4 ; and VII. 3, 4.); Walderich's 
chapel at Murrhard, the work of Abbot Herbot in 1180, (III. 1 — 3; and 



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408 



NOTICES OP NEW PUBLICATIONS. 



V, 1 — 3); Holy Rood monastery at Vienna, founded in 1134, (IV. 1); 

S. Michael's Schwabischall, built by Geb- 

hard, bishop of Wurzburg, in 1156. All 

these agree perfectly in style with English 

buildings of the same periods, and although 

there is a marked national character, they 

would naturally be assigned to the twelfth 

century by any person acquainted with the 

general history of architecture, hut ignorant 

of these particular examples. 

On the other hand it seems impossible to 
reconcile these with the other examples of 
the same style given in this work to which 
such verydiSerent dates are assigned: with- 
out any apparent difference of style, we have 
several referred to the beginning of the 
eleventh century, and others to the eighth. 
The only ground for these strange vagaries 
appearing to be that the monasteries were 
founded at those periods ; this very obvi- 
ous mistake has been continually made, and 
is still persevered tn to an extraordinary 
extent. The date of the foundation of an 
abbey or of a church is satisfactory evidence 
that no portion of it is earlier than that 
time, but none whatever that it is not 
later; it is at least as probable that in the course of ages every vestige of 
the original buildings of a religious establishment, which has greatly 
increased in wealth at a subsequent period, should have disappeared amidst 
repairs, restorations, rebuilding, and enlargement, without any distinct 
record of the fact, than that any given building was erected at a remote 
date in a style earlier by some centuries than that generally in use at the 

The numerous buildings assigned to Charlemagne are in so many different 
styles of masonry as well as sculpture, that it is impossible they can all be 
of the same period : one of the best authenticated appears to be the portico 
or gatehouse of the abbey of Lorecb, in the Bergstrasse, engraved by Mollcr ; 
the style of this is very late and debased Roman, such as we might expect 
to find at that period, before the arts of the Romans were quite lost : the 
addition of a staircase at one end of this building, in rude and clumsy 
Norman work, concealing part of the Roman cornice, was probably made 
in the eleventh century, and serves to confirm the impression that the rest 
is a genuine piece of work of the time of Charlemagne. If this is correct, 
then the Kaiserberg, (VI. 1, 2,) to which the same date is assigned, 
must have been rebuilt in the thirteenth century, the period to which the 
ornament clearly belong*. 




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MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTS. 409 

Bamberg cathedral, founded in 1004, and the original building completed 
in 1012, may be considered as a more doubtful case. The style of that 
obscure period is not easily ascertained : it is possible that the same style 
continued in use for two centuries from this period to the end of the twelfth, 
but it seems hardly probable that ornaments so nearly identical as those at 
Bamberg and others, here engraved side by side with them, acknowledged 
to belong to the latter period, can be the work of the same age. The 
trefoil arch (1. 4) is found abundantly in the churches on the Rhine, in the 
rich Romanesque or Byzantinesque, which M. de Lassaulx has convincingly 
shewn to belong to the very end of the twelfth or beginning of the thirteenth 
century ; and all the ornaments here engraved from Bamberg appear to be 
of later character than those found in the interesting church of Schwartz- 
Rheindorf, opposite Bonn, which is recorded in a cotemporary inscription 
behind the Altar to have been commenced in 1148 and consecrated in 1151. 

In England it is pretty clear, from a variety of evidence, that the masonry 
of the early part of the eleventh century was so bad that such buildings 
as were erected of stone at that period would scarcely stand above sixty 
years ; and the more usual material for buildings of all kinds was wood : 
even quite at the end of that century the works of Lanfranc at Canterbury, 
of RemigiuB at Lincoln, and of Gundulph in the white tower, London, 
are still extremely rude, and the joints of the masonry wide enough to admit 
two fingers, while the principal part of the ornament is cut with the hatchet. 
Some parts, such as the capitals at Canterbury, cut with the chisel, have 
evidently been worked at a subsequent period, some of the caps being still 
left half finished, and others not even commenced, but left ready for carving. 
In Germany the state of the arts, both of masonry and sculpture in stone, 
may have been much more advanced, but no satisfactory evidence of this has 
yet been produced. 

St. Sebald's, at Nuremberg, is assumed to be of the eleventh century, 
from its resemblance to Bamberg, having no records of its own: it bears 
an equally close resemblance to the other examples before mentioned as 
undoubtedly of the twelfth century, and this date would appear far more 
probable. 

Subsequently to this period the dates appear to be all well authenticated, 
and the style to agree with what might be expected at those dates. 

Of the thirteenth century we have a capital from Denkendorf, still 
Byzantine, (II. 2) ; two curious capitals from Lilienfeld, in Lower 
Austria, (IV. 1) ; a very beautiful piece of sculpture in relief of a knight 
and his betrothed, from the head of a doorway at Rotweil, in the Black 
Forest, (VI. 5) ; and a richly carved wooden chair, or throne, with the 
arms of king William of Holland, crowned in 1247, probably in this very 
chair ; the ornament agrees with that period, and it is a highly interesting 
specimen of early oak carving. 

Of the fourteenth century, M. Heideloff gives no specimens, unless per- 
haps some of the beautiful ironwork (II. 3, and III. 5) or the wooden panels 
(V. 8, and VI. 8) may be of that period. 

3H 



hgitiz 



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410 NOTICES OP NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

Of the fifteenth century, however, he has numerous and beautiful exam- 
ples of sculptured ornaments, both of stone and wood; some good and 
characteristic crockets, (I. 5, II. 5, and IV. 6). 



A very rich piece of sculpture in wood, said to have been the oratory of 
Count .Eberhond, atUrach, in 1472, with various details of it on seven plates, 
(IV. 2 — 8); these are quite luxuriant, and in general appearance more 
like what in England would be called Decorated work, though the profiles 
of the mouldings would mark the fifteenth century here as well as there ; 
nor was it unusual in England for the ornaments of wood-work of that 
period to resemble at first sight the style of the preceding century. In 
Germany, however, there is a boldness and vigour in the sculpture through- 
out this century which we do not find at home ; witness the panel from a. stall 
in St. George's, Tubingen (III. 6). Our Perpendicular style is peculiar 
to ourselves ; the German work of the same period is much more free and 
bolder, and rather resembles the French Flamboyant, but still has a distinct 
national character of its own. One marked peculiarity is the studied resem- 
blance to twigs, or branches of trees, preserved in the tracery, with the con- 
tinual recurrence of stumps as if cut off: this is very distinctly shewn in the 
specimen from Aix la Chapelle (VI. 4). 

Of the ornaments of the sixteenth century, M. Heideloff also furnishes a 
number of beautiful specimens, but rather of furniture than of architecture ; 
such as the stamped leather from the panels of a state carriage in 1555 
(I. 6, 7), from a book-cover (II. 3). In wood-work there are also nume- 
rous and beautiful examples, from desks, stalls, &c. 

Altogether this work is a fit companion for Mr. Shaw's Specimens and 
other beautiful works. The coloured door which forms the frontispiece is 
an excellent example of the rich effect of Polychrome. i. h. p. 



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THE HISTOKT AND ANTIQUITIES OF CLEVELAND. 411 

The History and Antiquities op Cleveland. By J. Walkek 
Ord, Esq. 4 to. Parts I. to VI. London, Simpkin, Marshall, and Co. 
Mr. Ord has entered upon a laborious and praiseworthy undertaking with 
the zeal of an amateur and the industry of a practised antiquary. It is 
advertised to be completed in twelve Farts, of which we already possess six. 
The earlier pages consist of a general account of the history and anti- 
quities of the district, which, in parts, is to our taste a little too diffuse, — 
there is too much of general matters which have little or no connection with 
the locality, and which, by repetition in every local history, are repeated ad 
nauseam — but in excuse for this it may be said that it is a work, the chief 
circulation of which will be in the locality and among readers who cannot 
so easily gain access to the mass of materials and observations on early 
history and antiquities here presented to them. The writer is evidently a 
man of talent, and his book gains upon us as we advance, by the agree- 
able style in which it is written, and by the quantity of interesting and 
novel local information which it offers. The first Part contains the history 
of Britain, rather than of Cleveland, under the aborigines or original 
inhabitants, under the Romans, under the Saxons, and under the Danes. 
In the second Part, under tba title of " The Norman Conquest," the history 
becomes more local. After this we have a succession of interesting and 
ably-written chapters on the geology of Cleveland and its agricultural 
condition, and on its monuments of antiquity, primeval and medieval. In 
the fifth Part we have the detailed history of Gisborough priory, followed 
in No. VI., by that of the town and parish. It appears to us to be deserving 
of the high patronage under which it is put forth, and we hope that its 
extended sale will repay with interest the labours of its author. It is an 
extremely good specimen of provincial typography, is illustrated with 
numerous woodcuts inserted in the text, and by many large lithographed 
and copper-plate engravings. 

It is in our power, by the kindness of the author, to give a specimen or 
two of the woodcuts which illustrate his work, and we select as the first, a 
figure of a curious carved stone, found near a stone coffin taken up in 



Newton church in 1827. We believe Mr. Ord is not right in supposing it 
to be Saxon ; it is evidently not older than the twelfth century, and the 



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412 NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

style bears some resemblance to the Coningsborough tombstone given in 
tbe present number of our Journal. Mr. Ord has given a very interesting 
account of the opening of some barrows in 1843, on Bemaldby Moor, near 
Erton Nab, and of other British and Roman antiquities in this neighbour- 
hood. Of one of these barrows he says: — " Brown or black loamy earth, 
fine and powdery, mixed with masses of pure charcoal in dense layers, 
seemingly of oak, small red burnt atones, and portions of human bones, were 
alternately thrown up by the workmen, and in this manner our labours pro- 
gressed till dusk. In this case the men reversed their mode of proceeding, 
digging a tunnel-shaped passage direct east and west through the centre of 
the tumulus. We had now (half-past four) gone beyond the middle line, 
and were about to relinquish the task in despair, when a lad, who was plying 
vigorously with his spade, cried out, ' Dom it, here's a bit o' carved stean !' 
and was on the point of aiming a final et In Brute blow at the precious relic 
when the narrator leaped down, and arrested the fatal stroke. On examin- 
ing the place, I found the outline of a noble urn-shaped vessel (see sketch, 
fig. 2), standing upright, covered with a large shield-shaped stone (fig. 1), 



curiously carved in the interior with some metallic instrument, representing, 
as I conceived, either a rude armorial bearing, or a religious device. . . . 
With great care and some difficulty (for it was nearly dark) I worked round 



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ESSAY ON TOPOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE. 413 

the urn with a knife, detaching it gradually from the adjacent mould, and 
having at length fairly disengaged it from the surrounding matin, held it 
aloft to the delighted assemblage, who hailed the long-expected sarcophagus 
with acclamations. The largest circumference of the urn (now in my 
possession) is 40 inches, the circumference of the top 36 inches, height from 
the base to the rim 13 inches, from the rim to the top 3 j inches, total height 
16£ inches. The composition is of fine clay, burnt almost black in the 
interior, moulded apparently by the hand. The upper portion above the 
rim is marked with fine zig-zag lines, and the whole dotted with some 
pointed instrument. Inside we found a quantity of white calcined bones, 
comprising portions of the frontal, temporal, and parietal bones, several 
zygomatic processes, lumbar vertebra; , and portions of the tibia very com- 
plete, the femoral articulations of different individuals, numerous ribs, 
finger joints, and bones of the feet, besides a great many teeth in a remark- 
able state of preservation. The bones were evidently those of several per- 
sons mingled together, as they had been collected from the funeral pile, 
some of them evidently adult, others, from their size and form, of a tender 
age — not more than ten or twelve years old." It was a bell-shaped barrow, 
and Mr. Ord considers it to have been a British interment. He adds, 
" Fig. 3 is a small um, preserved entire, in the possession of Dr. Young, of 
Whitby, discovered a few years ago at Upleatham, within a larger urn. It 
contained ashes similar to the exterior urn. Fig. 4 represents a stone 
found near Court Green, in one of the tumuli which I opened by the kind 
permission of Sir John Lowther, Bart." t. w. 

Am Essay on Topographical Literature. By John Button, F.S.A., 
&c. 4to. London, J. B. Nichols and Son, 1843. 
Many years ago Mr. Britton attempted in vain to accomplish for the 
county of Kent that which it is to be hoped he has now achieved for Wilt- 
shire. During the career of a long life devoted to rescuing the antiquities 
of our country from the neglect in which they were still held, visiting 
in turn all parts of England with one ruling object in view, he had opportu- 
nities of witnessing the ruin towards which many of our national ancient 
remains were fast declining, and of seeing how little had yet been done to- 
wards their preservation, and what vast efforts were to be made ere their 
value could be appreciated to an extent that would secure them from further 
and final spoliation and decay. Mr. Britton entered the field of archaeological 
research when it possessed but few labourers, and his recorded exertions 
honourably shew how assiduously, for upwards of half a century, he has done 
his duty, and he must be gratified in witnessing the matured and ripened 
public regard for our antiquities which at the present moment is being de- 
veloped, and which, all must own, his zeal and perseverance have essentially 
served to promote. The appeal which Mr. Britton long since made to the 
public to commence a systematic investigation of English antiquities, failed 
in iU object, not from want of judgment or ability on his part, for in prin- 
ciple his project assimilated to those which are now so successful, but solely 



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414 NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

because hie aspirations were in advance of the capacity of the public mind 
to second or comprehend them. It is beyond the power of individual talent 
to counteract general apathy and supineness, and to induce a universal dis- 
position to further so great a change as that from utter ignorance to intelli- 
gence, a transition which time and long teaching can alone effect The 
Wiltshire Topographical Society, for whose use this Essay is especially 
published, though it is also of general application, has set an example to the 
antiquaries of other counties to gather together those materials for tbeir 
respective histories which can only be properly collected by themselves 
through division of labour applied to their own districts and neighbourhoods. 
The best County Histories we possess in many respects fall far short of what 
is really wanted, from the impossibility of one individual doing full justice 
to a work which requires so much time, patience, judgment, and minute 
research, to be executed properly and completely. As Mr. Britton observes, 
" The author who reasonably expects to be paid for his labours, cannot afford 
either the time or the expenses which are required, and the wealthy country 
gentleman has usually other and more seductive demands on his attention. 
A resident clergyman or private gentleman may accomplish with complete- 
ness and minuteness a history of his own parish, as White, in the History of 
Selboume ; Cullum, in the History of Hawsted j WhUaker, in the History 
ofWhalley; Gage, in the History of Hengrave ; and a few others: but that 
of a whole county is more than ought to be attempted or could ever be 
adequately executed by one person." The Eev. Joseph Hunter, in his 
" History of Hallamshire," has forcibly shewn the great use of Topography. 
and its comparative neglect. "If this," says he, "has fallen amongst us into 
some degree of disrepute, who will venture to say that it does not lend i 
useful light to enquiries into almost every department of our national litera- 
ture ?' Who will say that there is not room for the exercise of some of the 
higher powers of the mind ? or that learning, both classical and indigenous, 
may not be successfully applied ? Topography, in the sense it is now used, 
is a literature peculiar to the English nation. It cannot be said to bare 
extended itself even to Wales or Ireland. No shire of Scotland has yet 
been described as our English counties are described. Foreign nations 
have admirable descriptions of their principal cities and towns, but their 
topographical writere have not yet learned to ascend the rivers, and pene- 
trate the recesses of their pasturable forests, shewing us where men in the 
infancy of society fixed their habitations, and where and how the village 
churches arose in the infancy of Christianity. So little do foreign nations 
know of their country, that even Pactum remained to be ducovered within 
the memory of man." 

For the benefit of the students in topography, Mr. Britton has gives 
notices of the plans adopted by the chief writers in this department of litera- 
ture, a brief and useful account of our national, historical, and topographical 
records, and a glossary of words in Domesday Book, so that the essay may 
extend its sphere of influence beyond the limits of the Wiltshire Topo- 
graphical Society. c. &. smith. 



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THE HANDBOOK OP LEICESTER. 415 

The Handbook or Leicebteb, bt James Thompson, 12mo. pp. 96. 
Leicester, 1844. 

We are glad to see local guide-books compiled with some degree of taste 
and accuracy ; they are humble works of utility, which may in general be 
made attractive and interesting, but which have too often been ' got up' in 
the most contemptible manner. The little volume before us is an honourable 
exception, and as such the more gratifying as it relates to so interesting a town 
as Leicester. Mr. Thompson has entered upon the task with a taste for 
his subject, and for the antiquities of all ages so thickly strewed around him, 
and the visitor may safely proceed under his guidance without any fear of 
being misled or misinformed. It is embellished with a few neat woodcuts of 
objects of antiquarian interest. We select as examples the cuts of two of the most 
interesting of the Roman monuments of Leicester. The first is an inscribed 
Roman milestone, of new red sandstone, which "is now placed in the 



n of the Literary and Philosophical Society. It was dug up on the 
side of the Fobs road, about two miles on the north of Leicester, in 1771. 



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416 NOTICES OP NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

It is cylindrical in shape, it measures about 3 feet 6 inches in height, and 5 
feet 7 inches in circumference. The letters of the inscription are rudely cut. 
In 1781 they appeared to be nearly as follows:" — 



This inscription fixes, beyond any doubt, Leicester as the site of the Roman 
town of HaUc, and might, from the spot in which it was found, be of some use 
in determining the measure of the Roman mile in Britain. The other cut we 



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ANCIENT COINS OP CITIES AND PRINCES. 417 

select is a view of the part of the ancient Roman wall, called now the Jewry 
wall, the general appearance of which in here very well represented ; but the 
layers of bricks are not sufficiently well defined, and the engraver has given 
the appearance of a receding arch to what was merely intended for a breach 
in the masonry under the third archway. Much doubt has existed on the 
original object for which this building served. It has been by some supposed 
to have been a temple of Janus, while others consider it to have been one of 
the Roman gateways of the town. Mr. Thompson has given a brief abstract 
of the various opinions on this subject, and concise accounts of the numer- 
ous other remains of Roman and medieval antiquity in Leicester, and we 
leave bis book with the wish that it may serve as a model to similar guides 
to many an old and interesting locality. t. vr. 

AlTCFEHT GOUTS 07 ClTIES ANT) PbINCES, GbOOJIAPHICAXLY AJUtUTOXD 

asd dssobibed. By John ToffOE Ajramjf, F.S.A., (cc. Noa. I and 
II., 8vo. London, John Russell Smith. 

Such a guide to the collector and student of coins struck in the cities and 
provinces of the ancient world has long been required. The great work of 
Eckhel is expensive, and new discoveries have rendered it as a perfect list 
exceedingly incomplete, particularly in regard to the coins of ancient Spain, 
with which Mr. Akerman's geographical arrangement commences. The 
" Description" of Mimnet, excellent and most useful as it has been 
found, is yet very incorrect, and the little attention that had been paid to 
paleographical studies (a subject with which Eckhel seemed averse to 
grapple) at the period of the commencement of that work, has led him in 
some instances to confound the coins of three or four cities of Bretica, 
merely because their types resembled each other, though the inscriptions 
were altogether dissimilar. Moreover, from the number of supplements, 
Mionnet's work, until it be entirely remodelled, will be as troublesome for 
reference as it is costly to the numismatic student. To remedy these defects, 
and to afford to the less wealthy collector the information to be found only 
in many expensive volumes, is the object of the present undertaking, which 
has the additional advantage of being accompanied by most accurate en- 
gravings of every coin to which the editor can obtain access in the cabinets, 
both private and public, of England and the continent ; almost every indivi- 
dual specimen in which, if purchasable, would perhaps cost the price of half 
a dozen numbers of this publication. It is scarcely necessary to add that 
this cannot be a pecuniary speculation, and that nothing hut an ardent love 
of the subject, could have led the author to undertake a work requiring so 
much patience and labour, research and application. c. k. smith. 



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418 NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

The History amd Antiquities or Dartpord, with Topographical 
Notices of the Neighbourhood. By John Dunkin, Gent., M.A.S. 
8vo. London, 1844. John Russell Smith. 

Mr. Dunkin has industriously recorded a mass of facta, chiefly relating 
to the ecclesiastical and social history of Dartford, all of more or less 
value, and has thus earned the gratitude of all who can appreciate the utility 
of topographical compilations, which, requiring much zeal, discrimination, 
and labour, contrary to works of more direct and immediate interest, seldom 
repay the authors the expense incurred in publishing them, to say nothing 
of that incurred in various ways during the progress of compilation. The 
town of Dartford, lying on the direct and ancient road from London to 
Canterbury and Dover, ia unquestionably of high antiquity. There are 
doubts as to its having any very strong claims to be identified with the 
Noviomagus of the Romans, but the discovery of an extensive Romano- 
British burial-place on East Hill adjoining the town, shews that the imme- 
diate neighbourhood was well populated during the Roman occupation of 
Britain. The two stations or posts next to London on the great road to 
Dover, namely, Noviomagus and Vagniacsj, have yet to be satisfactorily 
located. According to the Itinerary of Antoninus, the former should be 
placed much nearer London than Dartford, while that of Richard of Ciren- 
.cester, fixing it about Dartford, renders thereby the sites of the proximate 
stations somewhat uncertain ; the latter is marked in Antoninus as a position, 
about Southfleet, not far from which place, in the immediate vicinity of 
Springhead, are extensive foundations of Roman building more than suffi- 
cient to indicate a station such as Vagniacfe probably was. It must be con- 
sidered that places in the Roman itineraries, coming next to strong military 
stations, are always the moat difficult to be traced at the present day, and the 
reason seems obvious ; they were most likely places of secondary considera- 
tion, often neither walled nor fortified, on account of the protection afforded 
by the important stations to which they were intermediate. A more careful 
personal examination of places may assist in appropriating some of these 
dubious settlements. There are, no doubt, vast quantities of the remains of 
Roman buildings throughout England, in very unsuspected localities, the 
discovery of which will speedily follow a more general attention to indica- 
tions unnoticed by the unpractised eye. In the neighbourhood of Dartford, 
as well as in other parts of the 'county of Kent, are numerous pits sunk 
perpendicularly sixty or seventy feet, and connected by passages which in 
some instances are said to lead to spacious rooms. If, as is probable, 
these subterranean apartments were tenanted by the early inhabitants of 
the district, there can be but little doubt of some of their implements or 
weapons being discovered were an excavation of the floors of the caves to be 
made, and it is to be hoped that Mr. Dunkin, with his practical knowledge 
of these mysterious works, may have leisure and opportunity to institute a 
regular exploration. Hasted describes these pits as having in some instances 
several rooms or partitions one within another, strongly vaulted and sup- 



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HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OP DARTFORD. 419 

ported with pillars of chalk. Mr. Dunkin refers to a passage in Tacitus, 
which shews that these caverns were common to the German tribes. It 
runs thus : " They are accustomed also to dig subterraneous caves which 
they cover over with dung-, thus rendering them suitable for a retreat in 
winter, and a storehouse for corn; for by this means they assuage the rigour 
of the cold : and should the country be invaded, they retreat into the cavet 
and escape through the ignorance of the deceived enemy*." Mr. Dunkin 
has collected much curious information relative to St. Edmund's Chapel and 
the Priory, " The celebrity of the former in the middle ages gave name to 
the ancient road itself, which is called in many records St. Edmund's High- 
way." The following extract from the testament of an inhabitant of Dsrtford, 
in the time of Henry VIII., shews something of its internal arrangement. 
" Hugh Serle, of Dertford, directs his body to be buried in the chapel of 
St Edmund, before his image; he gives to the rode light, \2d.\ to our lady 
light under the rode, 12d. ; to St. John Baptist, St. Peter, and St. James, 
Vid. ; for a taper before St. Edmund in the chapel, I2d., &c." The Priory 
founded by Edward III. for Sisters of the Order of Preachers, the successive 
prioresses, the grants and benefactions to the monastery, the privileges of 
the sisterhood, are consecutively and minutely described down to the visita- 
tion and eventual suppression of the monasteries by Henry VITJ., who con- 
ferred upon Joane Fane, the last prioress, a pension of one hundred marks 
per annum, and upon the sisters grants varying from six pounds to forty 
shillings per annum. The situation of the several conventual buildings, 
Mr. Dunkin states, may be tolerably well ascertained from the present 
remains, and a faint idea of the church of the convent, he thinks, may be 
g.ithered from a representation of the model borne in the hand of the founder, 
on an ancient seal, attached to a deed in the archives of the Leather Sellers' 
Company, in London ; it is there represented as consisting of a nave, choir, 
and short transepts, intersected with a low tower surmounted with a spire. 
That ill-managed but just struggle of the people of Kent, under Wat Tyler, 
to free themselves from intolerable oppression and degraded vassalage, finds 
a prominent place in the annals of Dartford, and a painful interest is attached 
to Mr. Dunkin's faithful narrative of burnings at the stake for religious 
notions heretical in respect to those of the reigning sovereign and her clergy. 

c. H. SMITH. 

* Solent et subterraneoB apeca* aperire, populaiui : abdila autem et defoaaa aat 

eosque multo iniuper finio onerant, suffu- ignorantur, ant eo ! " 

jrium hiemi el rcceplaculum fmgibtu : rendu sunt De I 

quia rigorem frigorum ejusmodi locia mol- cap. XvL 
Hunt : et si quando hoatia advenit, aperta 



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The Litt of Recent Arckatological PubUeationt, the Title-page and 
Index to volume I., are unavoidably postponed, and wilt be given 
in the next number. 



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Abbey Hill, at KM 
buildiugn it, 404 
Aberttnw Alitor, AnglMpy, 41 
Aria Sanccnrora, 33 
Aclon Tun-ill Church , QlonrHta 
Addingi™ Chnrch, K«u, SOS 
Aciitiion'i " Hijiiory ufihc KnijrhL 
Adellu, »ift of Roger de Bollnu 



" Dwcriplive CiiBlofno of is 



Albnurl 


Km 


of 304 "" nU > 


J 


















Al deputy 










Pop., S3B 








King of SeutlMHl, 3M 






S84 








NorttramborUiid, 104 


Mill 












Vh 








:hed«l, IS* 




















bjM.< 








A.X CI BUT 


Mn 


id Muosiy oi Bm 


CI 



irilish romiiu in, 309 



i, aioucMKnhira, SI 
., Sunn, 10, IT, 34 



Animal* Aporilyptfc, 183 
Anjoo. M*p of, 188 
Qeogrophy of, 84 

Church e* of, ie« 

Aiuielm, Abp., hi. dUpiite wirh WllHra II., 300 
Am tun Ubnrch, York, hi re, 401 
Authouf Chnreh, Cornwall, bnu In, 163 



Apocal jpaii Goli» Epiicapl 
Apontlca, imMimi of, 03 
Aqueduct, prKcrvmtioci or, ( 
Arohnologlo, Si, 116, 117, 



f B, lti, IB3 
AHCHiTBCTBm, HniTAkt 




330 

tie. of, 184 


— Ehsiiis 1 



A rand *], Mirgaret, br 
Arnndoliu MirbleJ, Oifbid, 33 
Alhcni Cut hear. I, 169 
AlWUthc, Alderaun, brui of, 101, ! 
Aureole, form, of, 70, 77 
Anion Chareb, IBS 
AoTtrgae. Churrtc. of, 187 
Avcnbnry, Horefottlihlre, laeiud ill 

Aj-niMtrey Chores., Honford, 134 



Blcon family, brua oT, 101 
BacLon, HemfordKlii™, ambroi 
Batewell, Derbyshire, graye-i 



d Modibit," no- 
tin of, 184 
rn or BluflTlKI 

■ of, io; 



117, 1(0,131,133,101, 
•stand at, 130,180, 101 



Beaomnraia Culls, Anzfaey, 41, 101 

■ Chorch, 111, 117, 118 

Beaovnki, painicd gl» »t, 170 
Btcibnry, Shropshire, incued alab at, 1 
Bedford CuUc, n 
Beer Ferrera Churtb, Doyon, incaud ■■ 

M,8»B 

Beano. Piiory, Norfolk, flgnra and in 
■4,101 

Begbroka Church, Oion, 177 



( GooqIc 



>ii Caatle,] 



«,8u. 



o, areh of Trajan at, IBS 
Baownlf, pawn of, 11 
Berkhampltaed Cutl*, Herti, 99, 10* 
Bemaldby Moor, Vorbahire, barrowi a 
Bsturdiiu, Conrent of, Perla, 331 
Bernard') Caatle, Durham, 101 
Berwick Caatle, Northumberland, Sal 
Be.lr.rj- of P. de Thnun, 171, 170 
Bsthvndou, Kent, call found at, 401 
Belie of Hunptoa, nmua of, SOS 
BSbliotheqne Royal* at Pari., 10 
Simitar Church, Oioa, 177 
Bighton, Hants, Roman 



187 



it Bath, inched tomb at, U, 110 






Blaton, John, HI 

Blithncld, BtaOonbhire, in died ■lab at, 110 
Blockbonaaa, emoted by Homy Till., 100 
Blfixan, M. H., on ancient Mygnrr, 007 
Bodleian Library, Oafbrd, drawings by Cough in, 

900,111 
Bologna, St. Mary". Chore b. at, $1 
Bolton Cailla, Yorkabire, I0J 

Hall.Yorklhlre, S90 

of Wight, nrna cnacoreted at, 08 



Bonn Cathedral, .180 



ifbrdahln, Praceptory at, 103 
>ne Capital, in, 100 
h, doorway at, 103 



nin,MS, SS0 
lab at, 110 



— etCalbonrni, Irk of Wi g h 1,39 1 
— at Hatting!, 391 

rubbing! of, 101, 101; paper 



nerd hi, 107 

Bmonwpalh, William, 370 
Brannche, Robert, brawl of, 107 
Breach down., Kant, barrowa at, 1 
Brecknock, Walaa, carred jtone na 



Brian Bociiff, brat 
Bridgend Caatle, 

Brighton, Bueei, 



at Cowthorpe, lorkahire, 09 
:k- lion io at, 100 



Brio.li Kuwom, MSB. In, 17, IS, 18, 01, 

ltl. Ml 
" BniTTon'it Biiar o« Toroaunucu Lira- 

utdh," nofioa of, 113 
Brtiworth Chnnh, Nonhamploninii*, 111 
Broedatain, Rant, csini (blind at, 101 

la SocieteFrancaiH," 81, 180 
Brother! of the Order of Charity, at Park, US 
Brongh Caatle, Wtatmoreland, 08 
Brougham Caetlc, Weetmoreland, 08 



Baeltland, Worceetenhiie, embroidery at, 

831 
Buckle, badge of «ia, 171 
— —— found in Hemptblie, 181 
Baekoall Chnnh, Onon, 177 
Balkelev luikily, luenor-aoueu nf AntlmtJ, 
Bnlletln Honnmental, 111 
Bnrdoawald, Roman Inscription at, 101 
Burgh Caatle, BnBblk, 93 

81, Etiaunaa Bourgee, 100 
Batlay Priory, Norfolk, jo g found at, 1M 
Byttnn, Bp. of Weill, incuad tomb ol, 110 

. Sir Joan da, incund tomb of, 110 

ByaanrJue and Gothic style!, omejnenle of, 



dmon, M8. of. It 
en, 139 

— Abbey of the Trinity, 310 



, Northuabailand, 101, 109, 



Calhoqrna Chan 



Cambridge, Public Library at, 113 

— mound at, 09; Ca.tl, at, 100 

Camden Society, 10, HI 

Cambridge, Hum of, 19 

Camel, Ogare of, 188 

Campe, Roman, 81 

Cam ulod o nan, 8, 181, 110 

Canterbury, Bell-Harry ereeple *-r., 171 

Cathedral, cleantory window! ii 



— 8t. AngMllne'. Moaaatery, t 

- 8t. Martin'. Chnrch, SIS 

■ " Nora legend. AngHB," 11 



* Google 



Cardiff Culll, 94, OB, 100 

Richard, Hietorian of Cornwall, 

C.riibrook Cert]., lale of Wight, 368 

Priory, Ohertnlarie. of, SSI 

Carlm™*, aioge of, 3*4, 383 
Carleton, Tbomn. da, 311 
Cnrliele Ceetle, Comberlnnd, 07, 98 
Cum, Brituur, 118; croee mu, IBS 
Chut, diurinn by. *9 

CsHington Chi 

„ ._ _ , t cumui m, %U 



minuet Hal 1, S( 



-Kocki: 



1,396 



Colchealer, SI 3 

Cartlw, 83, 84, OS— 107, 193 

— la England, namber of, 10? 

Cealletoo, Uer byehire, keep et, 94 

Cm CnrC horr. b .Northemplou. lu™, paint ing 



Ceirchiog Choreh, Aaglouy, 381 
Celeethui, Connnl of, Full, 339, 343 
CelUo Monument!, 83, 84, 184, 1(1, 133 

Pottery, 130 

Cement, ted, of 



1, Ilia of Wight, foundation of, SSI 
vunoea, w, 190, 191 

Clwn pernaiF d i:, Roger end Wi 1 liem, tomb, of, 1 00 




[. , cutle guard ml 
Charlton on Otmour, Oxoa, 178 
Chwtham Chorcb, Keot, 183 



Cherl 



ml, 137 



jdgliMln, 170, |M 



Chain bk, IB 

Chilean Oaill.nl, Normnndy, 100 

do Coney, Normandy, 101 

Ch.tillon Cutle, IBS 

• ■" or, t-Edw. III., 311 
nod at, 1*5* 



Lthihire, B8, 103 




:u painting la old honae at, 
_. cum, Egyptian aotiquitieH i . 
CUppingC»indeo,Gleore.ter.hl re.cop* nl,JSS ,370 



Ugarru, Cattle, Sooth Wain, 103 
Cireoeeetar, Gloueeelerflhire, embroidery at, 3i 



Clare, Buflblk, mound at, M 
ice, Doc it, 304 
I, G. I.. Military Architecture, * 



Camru, of .tone 

notice of, 117 
Coin., Bridah and Qanlieh, 8 



— of Edward the O 



rgerint of. In Pari, and London, 11 
vpreaaloaa of, in wax, 13- 
OfJa.II 

- W of Mcrcie, 388 

ConroKOr, 131 

[fnperial, 9, 8 

Roman, .truck In Britain, 10, 11 

dlncorered in London, 148 

" Rous, BruiuD to Bnllaur," 

of, i»* 

Colty, Glamorgamhln, valla at, 103 
Colehciler, Euun, entlqoitiei found at, S, 1 

— — Bt. Botolph'a Chorch at, 311 

Cold mm Lodge, Eent, cromlech at, 333 

Col furd, Fore. [ of Dean, Qlonoea tan hire, a 

IU 
College de Reran* , Peri., 389 



Cologne Call 
Comit* del A 



1B7 



•1 of, 18 

ant*. «, 71 

o, 131, 134 



1. of, 181 
omnenni,' Alanine, o 
onrterge rie, Pari., S&7 
May, Alderman, bra., of, 101 
on log. borough Celtic., Yorkohir., 98 

* — CuoncH, tom IF, 174, 334 

Mutable, of Rockingham Ca.Ho, 381, 383 



Cathedral, 108 
Convtantlne, coin, of, 11 
CounuHnoplB, 81. Bophla, i 



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Corbel ■, 187, IBS 

Caihy, Honor of, 363, SS4 

Cordelinra, Chapel of the, Tmlk, 341 

Cotfe Cattle, DoiMUhiw, SB 

Corhamplon Church, Hampihire, 34, 393 

Corneliua O'Deogh, Bhsbop of Limerick, hii 

Coraball, Reginald de, fDmiauee bantien Kit 






Cnni Ord, collection ofbruw b?, SOI, 101 

Creation, r«pr«Miblian of the, 80 

Credence- tahlm, 83, 191 

Crem ill Ffee, BL Hayioor'i, Channel Mend., 

i>i,ns,iH 

CromUch., It*, 148, 148, 149, 151, 111 

Cnotl-LianaD Errieiu, 49, IV* 

Craden'i " HUitorj of (ii.tB.anrt," antirw nf, 177 

Cuir-boullli, aitjclei made if, 190 

Cullum'i Hialorj of Hawited, Suffolk, 41* 






.,40 



Dance of Death ngnred on Church walle, 191 



* or," notice of, 177, 418 

meat of, 138 

in Middli Aon," 184. 

Blanc*, Peter, Mishap of Hereford, Sll 

KH, Adam, 811, 311 

of VattminiMr, 

07,301 



De Berkjng, Richard, 

tomb of; 199 
De Boil, 8ir Roger, 31 

De Barron, Robert, Bo 






ipp*, 311 

oandet of the Bocit a P 






4,190 



bo, 311, 314 

.moti, 363 

n, efflgy of, 30 



De Hamuli, Elie, 864;' 



De Manner., Baldwin, 1 
De Mat, 
D. Men 






o, Machine, introduce! by, i«H 



DeMontJbrt,8l 

De Mortejn, Joon, oua 

Do Hortlner, Roger, lord of Wiimora, 134 

De Rokingbam, GeoSV, 337 




I, Oxon, glaai praeoTTed bj 
eiia.17 
E, atOarwuy, Herefbrdehh-e, 163, 

1, 93, 100, 101, 104, 106, 310, 

it Fham at, .SO 



•eqneat of rubbing, frc 

.in DicoaATIOH or tbi Middle 



tame labile, 351, MS 
e. collected b)-,344 
la, *e., found at, 171 



i, NnrthamptoDahin, 13,17 



4, 810, 330 

,>in, 163, 



nond, Kail of Cornwall, 373 



>v Google 



- the CimfM.Br, 31, 177, 101 

hirth-pl»ce uf, 177 

- gold coin of, Ml 

:lr pTinc., tomb of, SIB 






uiuor ai uuienne, 375 
Elii.beih, Bust, 46 

Quran BfK.dw.nl IV., J7S 

Elan, temple, of, 184 

Riling, Norfolk, monument Hi, 401, SOS, 10 S 
El.tow, Bedfordihira, 35* 
El r , F«ir of, 118; cope u, 319, 331 
Kkblimi or 8*1 m», S3, 301 
BmoiMii, Meiuctai, 474, 318 
Kmneth, Norfolk, communion cloth el, 331 
n-hnni Church, Oxon, 178 
■ ■ - ■ 63 

t, 108 



Geddington, m.nor I 
OeoSNT of Monmoa 



At of Wight, pt 



" Goth i u Aci;hitk"1' 
rjongn, hit collection i 
Oou, I.l.nd of, near 1 
Grafton, Northampton 



Enpardu, Bishop of Ad tun, en 



F.blUm, or M.'triiral tilei, til 
Feirfctd Chonh, aiooeutenhlre, gl 
then bj> Ihi Hon. Mr.. Furmar, 1 
Fnlun Cutl., Normuul j>, SB 

Fohrteiul fnm'ilj-, mraiuni.nl of, 138 



Celtic, 8 



Fc.tiv.hj, r. 

Flunhorut .trio, S38, 338 

Fleming, Aim, brue of, it Ne 
Hint, weapon, (brmed of, 147 
Flint wd Bhoddl.a Cull™, FUatahln, 
Font, Normia, m! lagleton, Dothua, 81 
bearing m Qnelt huDriptk ~ *" 



107 



.t, H 



FoDtemult, Chipel at, 180 . 
Foulq.ce Nrr», Churche. built h; 
Fou Docton of the Church, ml 
Fotrej foirer., Cornwall, 103 
Fnujilisghun Ctutl., Suffolk, 10 
Fmu-ii I., portrait of, 188 
Crura .t Pompeii, and Hercnhu 



BtUhr.bHd , i " Ancirjti u>d Mod 
a.Jlo-Romu Villa,, 84 



Oem* lou«, lul.nd of, 117 



Gnildfnrd Cutle, 8u. 
Chmdnlnh, Bilhop, . 
CtTpeyen, or poueh, 



UUnHl J. O., Original Docoinent., 143 
■jnme-1, near Eistrr, Kent, figure found .1, 103 







Harloeh Cutle, Heriou.eth.hlrr, 1 




H.rold 11., Kug, 33 




Hum. Church, Middle.**, brui 


in, 381 






H» b tbh u b in, Rer . C.) Mediiml E 


n c*ti., »; 


Hutingi, Sniux, All Biint. Chun- 


Lord William; ud Balph, 131, (71 


Sir Hngb, monnmrnt of, 101, 103 


H.wnrden Cutle, FlinUhlre, 103 




Hnwlcina'i Sllrer Coun of Enul.n 


.13 


Hrnd-dreM, Ladie.', 43 




Hedd., Blahop of Winchester, 188 




Hedinghim Cut]., Bern, 83, 106 




" HlIDUOTF'l AncHlTICTEitll, 


OliB.HIJ.1, 


notice of, 407 




Hell, depicted, 180 


t, 68 


Heluilcj- Cutle, Yornhlre, S3 


Henley, Oxon, Celtk monument d 








11,33; etngror. 314 




III., robe* of, 313 




IV., 48 




V., bed of, 314 





- Till., Bloekhoo.i 



* Google 



Hertford Cathedral, bulled .l.b in, 110 

Bn, IiUad of, 1.11, ftp 

Env, Sir Tnomai, 111 

Henheo Culls, Nortlimbetland, 104 

Hinckley, Lnieeiterebire, monnd at, 90 

Holboiougb , Kent, bemiw. at, HI 

Haii, manor of, 568 

Hollingboorne, Kent, earthwork! et, 133, MO 

Holt Ciilli, Denbighshire, bridge et, 104 

Holjhsuti, Angleeej, 4 1 

Holjwell, Flinuhlra, cm* at, US 

St, Winifred'- Well, 140 

Home, Mom npnmied with 174 



if Parliament, deeigne for painted g. 



•bin, 35fi 

HlrtoreofHellein 

Intel Caetlo, Hunpahire, 



ibroldarj' it, 
■aster Deenorj, Yort- 
ihire, Yorkshire, 4U 











Jordan, ated bj Alehemiiti, 133 












Judgment, the last, depicted, ISO 




Julian, the Emperor, 138 




Justice, ancient places of, 187 





Keiro, nun que at, IBS 

Knrnghem, manor of, 3S3 
KenUwoeth Oertle, Warwickshire, 07 
Xanslowa Wood, naar lCddlMon, Derbyshire, 
Kettleeou, NorMk, embroider* «, SIO 



IcovooaaniT axd 



CnniTiajrni," notice uf, 71 
Of, 111 

MM., ill n* truing Anglcfiknon 
f Domestic Arehltaotote, 111, SOI 



Incorporated hureh bail ding Sorietj, grant, I 
India, and Booth America, natiTaa of 141 
Ingloton Ghumh, Durham, Norman rout at, 
Lseinani, J., D.D., on Iconography and 1 



tstioh or, IS* 
meised slab at, 110 



Issbells, Qnnan, 111, 374 

lulip Cbnroh, Onon, 177 

I wain, Sir, reprssentstioni of hii adventures 

liwarth, BontJk, antiquities found at, 14a 



Jacob da Voragine, Qolden Lagand bj, J J 

Jaoua, tampla of, at Home, 113 

Jinan da Mean, Author of the " Roman d 

'"JUS W " **>"*" *" ™» "tnaion 01 






paisting ineooled by, 1 



King'. College Chapal, c 



Kingtwortor, Hante, window at. If 
Ktnnerlee Cbnroh, Shropshire, font 
Kinnerslej, Berefordrhire, om braid 
Klrkbj-Mslnnmdnlo, Yorkshire, Kir 



1,111 

1, Kent, MS 



» Draidss, Oairw,, Ml 



L'ancrasse, plain of, On. 



.rrhbisbop, architectural 



s, naar Bath, Somersetshire, OS 
tower, in cemeteries, BS, 1M 
itoratuu at, 8S; painted flaae 



us, St., Order of, 31 
neb, Alan, 534, SIS 



London, Archrree of. 



" I.HIL-UTCH Eua.K 



' oolite of, 411 

Goo 



gle 



INDEX. 

, I1D, Lyons, 



re Church, wilt,, 87, 38 



L. Maine, Prorate of, ISO 
La Mam' Cnthadrnl, IlS 
painted glw at, 17 1 




Llanfaea, friary uf, Anglenay, 11, liS 

Llangbarue, Caannnrthanahire, «pc at, 31* 
Llangoed Cbnrcb, Angleeay, HO, 113, 136 



LlanTihangel ijgtiiog Cliurrh, Angleaey, 381 

401 
Tin Sjlwy Church, Angl«er, 43, 110 

111, 1S3, 117 
Llanwnt, TJajnbighahire, Gwydir Cbnpel it, 101 
UethvlefaedCt ■ • ■ ' - "' 



rofWulaa, 111, 117 



Lolliu. Urbkoi, Tktory of, 181 



Long Wittenham 
Longucepla, Willi 
Lonch, in Quran* 
Lough Noagh, in 
Loo* XI., fewer 



OB, 110, 113 

dimd, 111 



portrait of, ISO 

rehitectnml charade 
i, St. Mariiu'. Chop 






1' laedtot Cuboltqoe, ui 

tr at, 1« 

painted glaee at, 170, 174 



Buhop of Antioch, forged ir 
bnpel, 8hropehtnj, raiment 



Mal*»l, Sir Pandnlf, 188 

Malta, knighta of, Si 

Manuel, coin of, 1JJ 

Mapee, Walter, potroj by, 48, Ml 

Map., Anhanlogitnl, 188, 101 

Uargain, Glamorganshire, 



Margate, Kent, worked gold found at, t 
Murlborougb, Wilte, monad at, 90 
MaraeilUu, John, Bilhop of, 311 
Martinnat Cburcli, Normandy, 111 
MaeoHir, uci»r HiiiD, 307 

Medieval, 64, ISO 

Meaana> marka, 176,881 
Matilda, Qoeen of William I., 810 
Maudut, Hubert, 893; William, 3«1 



lb* Archieolngiml 




Lena, P. C . , Antlqoiti 
1«, sm 

Lull in gi'-oEB Church, B 
Lutterworth ,Leieaaterek 



College, Oiftrd, 170 

Uiddlehatn Cattle, Yorkahlre, 18 
Middle.™ , Bicbnrd, hunb of, 101 



Mint, in Aonrgne. capital at, 113 

Monhltot, Ul of 3kye, spur found at, ll 

Montfuueon, Mnnnmana Francai. of, 30 
Montmurtre, near Pari., Abbey Church 

140 
MonnmnrTax Isacairriom, nwiTi 

lit 
Monro, Abbot, ISO 
Morannt, William, aaml of, ll» 
Morl.i. Caatle, Wain, 193 
Morpeth (over, Northumberland, 106 
Mneaie, 187, 190 



rl, 187, 180 

utiqua, by King, 800 



* Google 




Nawcsalh 



ugh and Roger, 168, US 
ortinghninshiro, uonimeot at, M7 
a Aron, Warwickshire, incised slabs at. 



of the Bleated Virgin 



Nnreaatla Stmt, London, < 
Newport, Monmouthshire, I 
If awtnn Chnreh, YorkaMra, 
Nimbus, rarlon. forma of, 7 
Nlamei, amphitheatre of, It 
Noaln, Church and Outte 
Normandy, nrehfteoh. brooj 



- — ■ — — Lolliagttone Church, Kant, 174 

Anjoo, 190 

La Mau Cathedral and Dio- 

EM, 81 

Limoges Diooeae, 1(1 

Cologne Cathedral, 18 

S. Jaeqnee' Chnreh, Liege, IB 

■ - — ' — - at Bonrgea, Chsrirea, Tonre, 

BeanTale, La Uui, St. Denys, L/ddi, Tjoyw, 

Stmiboorg, Ac. 170, 171 

at Villefmnche, 1(4 

Painting, gilding, *c, receipts for, 64 
Paintings on wells, restoration of, 161 
Panenham, HoSolk, nntiqaitic. found a(, 148 
Pal ail da Ju-tice, Peris. 337, 944 

a, Paris, MB, 140 



Palmar, Thou 



a, 376 



antiquities foond at, 1B4 



Norfolk, paintings at, 150, SS9 
08, 73, IB(, 184, 
Natn Dame Cathedral, Paris, 198, 14 1, 944 



- Church of the Innlidee, 1M 

- Hetle-aa-Ble, 181 

- La Sainta Chepelle, 936 

- Palais daa beau Arts, incised slab at. Hi 

- EdjmI Library at, 48 

la, J. H., notice of Brandon's Analysis nf 
, Ml 
e of Heideraff'e Amhrtae 



■hi, Ralph, tomb or, 931 

lenon, of Athens, 1S9 
Paschal, Pope, representation of, 71 
"-iselawe, Kobert, 984 
.k Cnitle, Derbyshire, 9S 



Pel as pen monument*, 184 

Pelham family, badge of, 179 

Pelican, lymboltonl, 179 

Penalty, near Tenby, Pembrokeshire, r; 

984 
Penkridge, Btnlrbrdahira, incised slab* at 
Penllne Castle, 98 
Penmanship, aaclsot, 1(0 
Penman, Anglesey, Con» D tanl Chore} 

110,111,114 
Psnmynydd Chnreh, Anglesey, 43, 131, 
Penner of Henry VI., 1(0 
Pentaleach, translation of by Aclfric, 17 
Pertepolls, rains or, 184 
Persia, monuments or, 184 
Peter de Rutii, 91 

- of Bologna, it 

- the V.nerable. 141 
II, Re». J. L„ on Bell-turrets, 38 



* Google 



•m Mbia, tha map called, 83, 191 
mnuy, Boatex, 93, 99, 110 
Philippe, Queen of KU™d III., SSI, 367, 37J 
Pinkerton'a Bitty on Mcdmln, 11 
PitchCord, Bhropahin, incitwl ilub at, 110 
Plu Oooh, Angleety, 44 

Pluyford Uhnrch, Buflblk, brau in, 70 
Plahy, Eoai, mound it, OB 



lichboroogh Cattle, Kent, 03, 1 
lichmond Cattle, Yorkthire, 00 




i mm, mini of, ISO 
Powia Caetla, North WilIm, 106 
Prntt'e procena far earring wood, *70 
Pntoriu, Dmnmin, mud Principal gits, 03 
Premchrn, ordwr of, 410 
PmtOD, Uimn, 384 
Prissthol m, lllud of, AngleteT, 4) 
Frimarnl AntiqnitiM af the Channel Itlanda, 141 

m 

Prior'. Home, Wmloek, Salop, 183 
Prior Park, uu Beth, embroidery at, 330 
PnocMDItioi OF TBI Cuiiu CoMITTU, 31 

1S8, ISO, 370 
Pradeot™, 33 

Motile grren to St Petarby, 19t 

Prudhoe Cattle, North omhailand, 98, 90, 103 
Pcdlicxtiobb, noUcei of, 71, 85, 100, 104, 164, 



.n Iilud, Angloney, 43 



in Gmge, Eeq., hiatoriaa of 



cation of, lfil 

■eh of, U Angm, ISO 



mi, found In Qnaratay, 
net of the, 301 
Antique, 43, 110, ISO 



Ruthal, Richard, Blahop of 



eattquititi found at, 138, 



Baby Cattle, Durham, 1 OS 
Raglan Cuatla, Monmanththii 
Ruugute, Kant, ■kaletoni fat 



iftijio, oildiho, *«., 34, IH 



<w, 104, sm 

Baginald'ofDn'rh 
Baliqaeriee, 190, 
HflliquilF Anliqua 



Salntnsge, prorinee of, France, IBS 
"huts, EnattKB or, S3, S04 

ilmmmm, fncoo at, 70 

.litbnry, WiKa, 171 

fair, S18 

St. Thomaa' Choreh, i 

embroidery in, 331, 333 
Band*] Cattle, Torkahlre, monnd or, 00 
Sudbeeh, Cheahira, eroatee at, 381 
Banditti Cattle, Kent, 103 
Bandown Cattle, Kent, 100 
Ban One], romance of, 301 
Serum, Old, WUta, modtl of, W4 
Balunniu, Saint, tomb of, 13, 1J4 
Saion SceatUr, 11, l» 

Bit™, IS 

?chwarta>Rheindorf, Germany, Church of, 
" Sunn IJUHU.M iduu pan i» St 

Fujicim," account of, 84, 183 
Segeate, ttmple of, 183 
Beiriol, Saint, founder of lunaatery at Pi 

41,113 



>v Google 



St. Ln ud St. allies. Clinch of, Pin., 140 
.[. Mania do Champ., Church al, Fuu, 141. 341 
■I. Muilnl Chntc-h, yrirt.j-.I~rl, Lnnik>D,M3 
■[. Madud. Church of. Pub, 141 
Si, Mciy, Church of, Pari*. ISO, 141, Ml 
11. Michael'. Bchnburhall, Ofmu r , 108 

dll Chardouuct, Church of; Paria, S4S 

It. Fill, Church of, Pari., 810 

It. Plana mi Btaub, Church of, Pirn, SS8 

II Sersc, Church of, Angara, 1HT 

L Seicrin, Church or, Paria, SSB, 118, 141, MS 

- ""-—,nhb*» of, Paria, 141 



Buulton Church, Torluhir 



utioldn]*, Church at, 14 



Dartford, 118 



'n Topographical 



Springhead, Kont, imliqnitim round it, SiS 
Spar, found *t Mankltot, Ilk of Skju, 140 

of brouna, found in Suffolk, 148 

EH. Atbw'i Abbtr, Heru, IS, 310, SIS 



Be BHitt'i Church, Cambridge, 90 
St. Bernard, 141 

Bt. BriiTri'i Cutle, GlonceaW rehire, 61 
St. Denis, Abhe, Church of, 3)7 

painted glaaa at, 170, 171,194 

81. Donij ae la Cbartre, Church of, 141 

Si. DouBt'n, Olamorganihire, 101 

St. Ellenna da Haul, Church of, Furii, 144 

Bi. Euiluhe, Chareb of. Pull, 118, 811 

BLErroal, AbhaTof, SI0 

St For, Chun - ' ■"■• 



f , third order of, S- 




portniis bj, Ml 
lib bandaged (eta, 171 



■re, aueisnt ehuublc at, 110 
rorlh Cauda, Stunwduuin, OS, 90 
«re, 100 
Taunehal) cutlc, Linroluahin, 101 



■ Minx, Anjou, ponb, 187 

In. Pie., Abbey of, Peril, US, S3. 

q Life, ChlUeu of, 117, 340 



irch, Loud. 



id, Churchof, nt Lnugbton, Yorkihire, ISO, 

n the Eeangellol'i Ctaipcl, Piri., SS8 
id do Lntorun, Chip*] oT, Puil, 110 
leu. Chapel of, Shobdou, 134 
lieu la Pnum, Church of, Pari., 118, 141 



>o.™. MorelliaDUj, coniul 
ia> i Bucket, 177, IKS 
- of Erdldoun, ballad a: 



TiehJIald Home, HenU, 103 
Toddlngum, Bedfonlihire, inoand nt, 00 
Tollmen I'hureh, Normandy, 101 



>v Google 



onbridge, Kent, mran.l it, 9( 



Tmyee, ptiiiUd gieae K, 170 
Trutnpington Church, Cambridge, hire, IBB 

■ ■■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Sir Roger do, braee of, 199 

Tnbingten, St. George'i, ecolptured panel ■ 
Tnilariee, Peri., Palace of the, 111, 138 
Tally, Biihap of Bl. Dayid'., tomb of, 101 

Tournament or Tottenham, 143 
Tnrner, D.w.on, Eeq., replacing or a braae t 
Tyndaethwr, comma! of, Angleiey, 1 18 
Trnemouth Tom, Northnmborlaiid, 10(1 

U. 

Ullathomo'e heel-ball, for rubbing) from b> 
Ml 

Ul.inu., Abbol of St. Albeit'., J1S 

UpuiJ, minor of, 368 

Upleathnm, Tork.hiro, an found it, 113 

Cpoor Ce«tle, Kant, 11)6 

Upper Loire, racnnmnli of the, 83 

Uriah, Germany, cured wood it, 410 



Waliingford Cm! In, Berk., 93, S9 

"' 'them Abbey, Herte, date of, lb 

blinglun Caetle, HlDbJ, 106 

in, constable of Rockingham Cattle, 367 
ifcrd Churn Ji, Han!*, SB S 
*iekCMt]e,»9,101, 104 

urn, Lewie, Ear] of Hoekinghnm, 370 
— Sir Edward, and Bit Lnri, S7fl 

(Hoc, 197 i'lUrlnr ot " Bhiw'i Dram and 

uid, right nf nulling bl the, 387 
Welloa, Lord Jobs, 876 
" le Cathedral, Somenet, inclaed ilib in, 110, 

Wenlock, Saropabin, Prior 1 ! Houoe at, ItS 
Weneley Church, Torkihin, braee Id, 108 
WunCwDitb, Thomae, tfarqneaa of RocaLDghain, 



Weeron Underwood, Northamplituebire, cope 

319,331 
Wwiw.ll Church, Kent, wt window of, Id 
Weymouth, Dorset, Unman building* near, \ 

BBS 
Whichford, Wenrickehlre, IncUwl slab at, ill 
Whitaher'. "History of Wh.lley," 414 
Wbitchurch, North Wile*, blue »t, 101 
»'e " History of Belboorne," 414 



n, E., Esq., cope, in Che poeeeaeion of, 319 
hire end Gloucestershire, Church Architoe- 

Wiluhire, Roman cases found In, 180 

Topographical Society of, 414 

■teeter, Hante, remains of a chapel at, 149 



Valuta, Malta, Bt. John'e Church at, 31 

Vardon, John, constable of Rockingham, 388 

Vaulting, 188 

Venice, treasury of fit Hark at, ISO 

Verolaminm, rnios of, 30 

Veeiea piecie, a form of aureole, 77 

Vice depicted eymbolically, 189 

Victory, images end temple of, 181 

Vienna, Holy nod moneatery at, date Of, 40rl 

Vmnne, Chapel of Qreek-cniee-rbrm at, 191 

VUlebanohe, peinled glue at, 194 

Vincennee, chateau of, 340 

Virgin, the Blessed, rapreeeDtaHoB of, 78, 194 

Vita Raroldi, 31 

"Vinuum riiBTi d» Bt. BriBi-a Da Boot 

aae," notice of, 169 
Vyna, Stephen, 3!S 



d« fit. Utienne de Boor ges," 109 
Wltham, Eeeei, skeleton. 4c. , round 
Wolverhampton, Staffordnhire, cross I 
Wool, Doreotebire, embroidery at, 311 
Wootton, Northamptonshire, coin* fat 

Bt. Clement 'a Church at, 16 

Work) Hill, Bomenelehira, enei 

orlingworth, Suffolk, 161 

orthing, Snaei, entiquiliee font 
"1HHT, T., Anglc-Saion Archil 



4S 



at, 170 
Ho re, 14 
Heed-dre. 



"Ouida to (he I 



arise of brasses pnbliahed by, 



d Modem Architecture, 



>v Google 



INDEX. 

Wrlghlt, T., Motto of Ofdl •' Hi.lt.ir of CWo- Ytiltr Cbirrb, Hu 
Wad." 411 Ylildra, mound u,9 



rfWwi..,"'ll 



York, mound at, 9°, 310 



Yuinoutb, Norfolk, lb 



>v Google 



33ritfsJ) arci)atolociftrtI Association 



f IN ENGLAND, 
Under the Direction of a Central Committee, rtiittent in London. 



i, Sbptbmbbr, 1844. 
THE LORD ALBERT DENISON CONYNGHAM, K.C.H., F.S.A., 



Thomas Ahtot, Esq., F.R.S., Treasurer of the Society of Antiquaries. 
Charms Frbdbuck Barnwell, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., late of 

the Department of Antiquities, British Museum. 
Edwabd Blobs, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A. 
William Brombt, M.D., F.S.A. , Corresponding Member of the "Society 

Francaise pour la Conservation dea Monuments Historiques." 
Thomas Crofton Cbokkb, Esq., F.S.A., M.R.I.A., &c. 
Rrv. John Bathurst Deank, M.A., F.S.A. 
Sir Hrnrt Ellis, K.H., F.R.S., Principal librarian of the British 

Museum, and Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, 
Brnjahin Fkrrbt, Esq., Fellow of the Institute of British Architects. 
Edward Hawkins, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Keeper of the Antiquities, 

British Museum. 
Thomas William King, Esq., F.S.A., Rouge Dragon Pursuivant. 
Sir Fbbdbric Maddrn, K.H., F.R.S., F.S.A., Keeper of the MSS. 

British Museum. , 

Charles Manrt, Esq., Secretary of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 
Thomas Joseph Pbttigrhw, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Treasurer. 
Ambrose Poyntrr, Esq., Honorary Secretary of the Royal Institute of 

British Architects ; Member of Council of the Government School of 

Charlrs Roach Smith, Eso,., F.S.A., Honorary Member of the Society 

of Antiquaries of Spain, late Honorary Secretary of the Numismatic 

Society of London ; Honorary Secretary. 
Thomas Staflrton, Esq., F.S.A. 
Albert Wat, Esq., M.A., Director of the Society of Antiquaries ; 

Corresponding Member of the " Comite 1 des Arts et Monuments ;" 

Honorary Secretary. 
Sib Richard Wbstmacott, R.A., F.S.A., Professor of Sculpture, 

Royal Academy. 
Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Corresponding Member of the 

Institute of France, {Aeademie des Inscriptions,) and of the " Comite" 

des Arts et Monuments." 



>v GoogIe 



The object of this Association is to investigate, preserve, and 
illustrate all ancient Monuments of the History, Manners, Cus- 
toms, and Arts of our forefathers, and in furtherance of the 
principles with which the Society of Antiquaries of London was 
established, to render available the researches of a numerous 
class of lovers of Antiquity, who are unconnected with that 
Institution. 

The means by which the Central Committee propose to effect 
this object, are, 

1. By holding communication with correspondents through- 
out the Kingdom, and with provincial Antiquarian Societies ; as 
well as by direct intercourse with the Comiti des Arts et Monu- 
ments of the Ministry of Public Instruction in France, and with 
other similar Associations on the Continent instituted for the 
advancement of Antiquarian Science. 

2. By holding frequent and regular meetings for the con- 
sideration and discussion of communications received from cor- 
respondents and any other persons. 

8. By promoting careful observation and preservation of 
Antiquities discovered in the progress of Public Works, such as 
railways, sewers, foundations of buildings, &c. 

4. By encouraging individuals, or associations, in making re- 
searches and excavations, and affording them suggestions and 
co-operation. 

6. By opposing and preventing, as far as may be practicable, 
all injuries with which Ancient National Monuments of every 
description may from time to time be threatened. 

6. By using every endeavour to spread abroad a correct taste 
for Archaeology, and a just appreciation of Monuments of An- 
cient Art, so as ultimately to secure a general interest in their 
preservation. 

7. By collecting accurate drawings, plans, and descriptions of 
Ancient National Monuments, and by means of correspondents 
preserving authentic memorials of all Antiquities which may 
from time to time be brought to light. 

8. By establishing a Journal devoted exclusively to the ob- 
jects of the Association, as a means of spreading antiquarian 
information and maintaining a constant communication with all 
persona interested in such pursuits. 

9. By taking every occasion which may present itself to 
solicit the attention of the Government to the Conservation of 
our National Monuments, and to the other objects of the 
Association. 



>v Google 



It is not intended to require at the present time, or hereafter, from 
those persona who join this Association, any annual contribution, but as 
many members have expressed their desire to contribute pecuniary aid 
towards the preservation of National Monuments, and the general pur- 
poses of the Association, the Central Committee will receive thankfully 
any voluntary contributions, or annual subscriptions, which may be paid 
to T.J. PxTTiaaaw, Esq., Treasurer, 8, Savile Row; C. R, Smith, 
Esq., 5, Liverpool Street, City; or Albrbt Wat, Esq., 12, Rutland 
Gate, Knightsbridge, Honorary Secretaries, or to any Member of the 
Committee. All communications may be addressed iu like manner. 



TO BE CONTINUED QUARTERLY, Pmcb 2». «. 
Thb Arch abolooical .Touhnal, No. I., Second Edition. 

Cobtkbts.— IiiTttosucTKHr, by Albert Way,.- Numismatics, by 0. R. Smith. -Painted aim, 
by C. Winston.— Anglo- Saaoo Architecture, by T. Wright.— Bell-Torrats, by Ret. J. L. PatiL— 
Madiaml Antiquities of Anglesey, by Rer. H. L. Jonas. — Tha Hom-ihsped Ladies' Hoad-Dress 
in lha Reign of Edwmid I., by T. Wrights- Crom-Leggad SOgiai commonly appropriated to 
Templars, * j W. S. Waltod.— Catalogue or Iba Emblems of Saints, br Ber. C. Hail. — Oatauru 
DocoaailTi: Early Eagtt.li Receipts for Painting, Uildlng, Ac., by T. Wright. — Proaaadinga 
of thi Central Committee of tha British Archaeological Association. — Norton OF Nia 
Ponilca.TlOn'n 1 Ironographis Chretienne, par M. Didron.. — Illustratlona of Ipswich. — Seances 
Generales Tennea go 1841 par la Socitte Frursise poor la Conservation das Monuments Hiato- 
riqoes — List of Recant Arohirologicnl Publications. — List of Aichsfolagics.1 Works preparing for 
Pnblieetion. 

Tan Ahcbaso logical Journal, No. II. 

ConT«flT«. — On Military Arohllaetnro, by O. T. 
— Remarks oa rata of tha Churches of Anglesey, by 
aad Icoooclum, by tha Her. J. Ingram. — On tha Pi 

Islands, by 7. C. Lnkis.— Obtbib.i DocDHIlfTS: Early English Artistlenl Race: 
Wright.— Proceedings of tha Central Committee of tha British Arebaolagical Ah 
Noticii or Nnw Fnuuitom: Vitraua Paints da Saint Ebanne da Bonrgea, by I 
and C. Winston. — A Goide to tha Architectural Antiqaitfss in tha Neighbourhood 
by T. Wright. — Coins of tha Romans relating to Britain deecribed aad illustrated, by (.'. It. 
Smith. — Ancient and Modem AnhitaotDra, consisting of Views, Plana, Elavationi, Section., 
and Dtt.il I of the Host Remarkable EdUcaa In th* World, by T. Wright.— Wan res General- 
Tonnes a 1841 par la Boeltta Franchise poor la Conservation d» Uonnmanta Blstoriqnas, by 
W. Bromet.— List of Recant Arrtueolngical PabUcasona.— UR of Atchieological Works prepar- 
ing for Pnblication. 

The Arc b a eo logical Journal, No. III. 

CoiniNTt: — On Sepulchral Brasses and Incised Slabs, fay Albert Way. — lllEstretioDS of 
Domestic Arehitaetaro, from Popular Medieval Writarl, by T. Wright.— On the Primers! Anti 
qniriM of the Channel Islands, by P. C. Lakis.— On lha Remains or Bhobdon Old Church, 
Herefordshire, by T. Wright.— On the Medieval EeeleiiastleaJ Architecture of Paris, [First 
Parted], by B. Longosville Jones.— Original Doeomcnte UlnsBathlg tha Arts, Ac. or thi, Middle 
Ages ; Description of the Interior of • Chamber la a Can tie, by 1. O. Hallraall. — Proeeadinae of 
tha Central Committee of tha British Areh*ologicsl A»ool»tion, by C. B. Smith. — Report of 
tba First General Blasting of tha British ArcluKlogJcal Assoeiatiori at Cuterbnry, September, 
18JJ.— Noticia or Hi* Pekicatiobb: Dreaan and Decorations of tha Middle Agas, by 
Henry Shaw.— An Analysis or Gothic Architecture, by B. and J. A. Brandon.— List of Recant 
Arcluwlogical PnbUentlona— List of Arclurological Works Preparing for Publication. 

London, Longman, and Co, ; Pickering : 
Oxford, John Henry Parker ; Cambridge, Deighton. 



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MEMBERS 

or 
THE BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 



The Lobd Abchbishop op Cantbbbobv ; F.R.S., F.S.A, 
The Duke of Hamilton and Brandon, E.G., F.B.S., F.S.A. ; Loid Lieutenant 

of Lanarkshire, Hamilton Palace. 
The Duke of Manchester, Kimbolton Castle, Huntingdonshire. 
The Marquis of Northampton, President of the Royal Society ; Castle Ashby, 

Nortliam ptntishi re . 
The Marquis of Chandos, Stowe, Buckingham. 
The Earl of Aberdeen, K.T., F.R.S., President of the Society of Antiquaries ; 

Argyll House, London. 
The Earl Spencer, Althorp, Northamptonshire. 
The Earl of Powis, Lord Lieutenant of the County of Montgomery ; Walcot, 

Bishop's Castle, Shropshire. 
The Earl of llchester, Melbury, Dorsetshire. 

The Earl Jermyn, M.P., Treasurer of the Queen's Household, 6, St, James's sq. 
The Viscount Alford, M.P., 1, Carlton Gardens. 
The Lord Brooke, Warwick Castle. 
The Lord Stavordale, Melbury, Dorsetshire. 
Rev. the Lord Charles Thymic, Hector of Longbridge, and Kingston Deverill, 

Wiltshire. 
The Lord Albert Denison Conyngham, K.C.H., F.S.A., President of the 

Numismatic Society ; Bourne, Canterbury. 
The Viscount Sandon, M.P., Sandon Hall, Staffordshire- 
The Viscount Adare, M.P., Dunraven Castle. 
The Viscount Eastnor, Eastnor Castle, Herefordshire. 
The Lord Bishop of Durham, F.B.S., F.S.A., Auckland Castle; 28, Curxon 

Street 
The Lord Bishop of Iiandaff, F.S.A.: Deanery, St. Paul's; Hardwick House, 

Chepstow. 
The Lord Bishop of Oxford. 
The Lord Bishop of Exeter. 
The Lord Bishop of Ely ; Dover Street 
The Lord Bishop of Bipon, F.S.A., Bishopton Grove, Bipon. 
The Lord Bishop of Salisbury. 

The Lord Bishop of Norwich, F.B.S., Clerk of the Closet to the Queen. 
The Lord Bishop of Hereford. 
The Lord Bishop of Worcester, Hartlebury Castle. 
The Lord Bishop of Chichester. 

The Lord Bishop of Lichfield, Eccleshall Castle, Suffolk. 
The Lord Dormer, Grove Park, Warwick. 

The Lord Braybrooke, F.S.A., Audley End, Saffron Walden, Essex. 
The Lord Thurlow, F.S.A., Ashfield Lodge, Ixworth, Suffolk. 



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MEMBERS OF THI BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 

The Lord Hatherton, Teddesley, Penkridge, Staffordshire. 

The Lord Stanley of Alderley, F.R.S., F.S.A., F.R.S.E., Alderley Park, Con- 

filetoo, Cheshire. 
The Lord Colhome, West Harling Hall, Norfolk. 
Hon. George Stuart, Castle Stuart; Daniawaj Castle, Inverness-shire. 
Hon. and Rev. J. T. Pelham, Rural Dean, Rector of Burgh Apton, Norfolk. 
Hon. Cavendish Richard Cavendish, Eastbourne, Sussex. 
Right Hon. Charles W. W. Wynn, M.P., Llangedwin, Oswestry ; 20, Grafton 

Street 
Sir Edward Hall Alderson, Knt, Baron of the Exchequer-, 9, Park Crescent. 
Hon. William Henry Dawnay, M.P., 30, Upper Brook Street. 
Hon. and Rev. J. Evelyn Boseawen, Prebendary of Canterbury; Rector of 

Wootton, Surrey ; Vicar of Ticeliuret, Sussex. 
The Hon. George Ponsonby O'Callaghan, 3, Lowndes Street, Belgrave 

Square. 
Hon. Richard Watson, Rockingham Castle, Northamptonshire. 
Hon. Lieut.-Gerieial Sir Edward Cust ; Leasowe Castle, Chester. 
Hon. and Rev. Gerard Thomas Noel, II. A., Prebendary of Winchester ; Rural 

Dean ; Vicar of Romsey, Hampshire. 
Hon. and Rev. Charles Ajnyand Harris, M. A., Canon of Salisbury ; Rector of 

Wilton ; Fellow of All Souls, Oxford. 
Hon. E. M. Lloyd Mostyn, Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire ; Musty n Hall, 

Flintshire. 
Hon. and Rev. Sidney Godolpbin Osborne, Rector of Durweston, Dorset. 
Hon. William Owen Stanley, M.P., 40, Dover Street. 
Hon. and Rev. George Darner Parnel, Bradenham, Buckinghamshire. 
Sir Edward Blaekett, Bart., Matson Hall, Northumberland. 
Sir John Boileau, Bart., Ketteringham, Wymondham, Norfolk ; 20, Upper 

Brook Street. 
Sir Montague Cholmeley, Bart, Easton Hall, Colsterworth.and Norton Place, 

Lincolnshire. 
Bev. Sir Thomas Gery Cullum, Bart, M.A., Hawstcad, and Hardwick House, 

Bury St Edmund's ; Rector of Enoddishall, Suffolk. 
Sir Henry Dryden, Bart., Canon's Ashby, Daventry, Northamptonshire. 
Sir Perceval Hart Dyke, Bart., Lullingston Castle, Kent 
Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart, M.P., F.R.S., Onlton Park, 

Tarporley, Cheshire ; 7, Eaton Place 
Sir Stephen R. Glynne, Bart, M.P., F.S.A., Hawarden Castle, Flintshire. 
Sir Alexander Gordon, Bart, Queen Square ; Kinstair, Ayrshire. 
Sir Benjamin Hey wood, Bart, Claremont, Manchester. 
Sir Robert H. Inglis, Bart, M.I'., D.C.L., F.B.S., F.S.A., Milton Bryan, 

Woburn, Bedfordshire. 
Sir Charles Lemon, Bart, M.P., F.B.S., Carclew, Truro, Cornwall ; Charles 

Street, Berkeley Square. 
Sit John Mordaunt, Bart, M.P., Walton d'Evile, Warwioksbire. 
Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart, F.B.S., F.S.A., Middle Hill, Broadway, Worcester- 
Sir James Ramsay, Bart, Bamff House, Alyth, Perthshire. 
Sir John Edward Swinburne, Bart., F.B.S., F.S.A., President of the Anti- 
quarian Society of Newcastle; Capheatou House, Northumberland. 
Sir John Trevelysn, Bart, Nettlecombe Court, Taunton, Somerset 



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MEMBERS OF THE 

Sii William Earle Welbj, Bart., Denton Hall, Grantham, Lincolnshire ; 

8, Uppei Belgmve Street. 
Sir James Annesley, F.B.S., F.S.A., Albany. 
Sir Henry Edmund Austen, Knt, Shalford House, Surrey ; Chelsworth Hill, 

Suffolk ; Gentleman of the Privy Chamber. 
Sir William Betham, Knt., F.S.A., Ulster King of Arms, Dublin Castle. 
Sir Henry De la Beche, F.R.S., 6, Craig's Court, Charing Cross. 
Captain Sir W. Henry Dillon, R.N., K.C.H., Hanwell, Middlesex. 
Sir Henry Ellis, E.H., L.L.B., F.R.S., Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries ; 

Principal Librarian of the British Museum. 
Sir Arthur Brooke Faulkner, M.D., Cheltenham ; Physician to the Forces. 
Sir Wm. Jackson Hooker, K.H.,F.B.S.,F.S.A. ; Royal Botanic Gardens, Ken. 
Sir Frederic Madden, K.H., F.B.S., F.S.A., Keeper of the MSS., Brit Museum. 
Sir Samuel R. Meyrick, K.H., F.S.A., LL.D., Goodrich Court, Herefordshire. 
Sir Francis W. Myers, K.C.S., Pentlow Hall, Sudbury, Suffolk. 
Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas, K.C.M.G., 65, Torrington Square. 
Colonel Sir Charles O'Donnell, commanding at Waterford. 
Sir Francis Palgrave, K.H., F.B.S., Public Records Office, Bolls Yard, 

Chancery LaDe. 
Sir Cuthbert Sharp, Knt., Sunderland. 
Sir Bichard Westmacott, Knt, B.A., F.S.A., Professor of Sculpture, Royal 

Academy ; 14, South Audley Street 
Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson, M.A., F.B.S. 

Sir Charles Geo. Young, Knt, F.S.A,, Garter King at Arms, Heralds' Collage. 
The Very Rev. the Dean of Bangor. 
The Very Bev. the Dean of Chichester, F.R.S. 
The Very Rev. the Dean of Durham. 
The Very Rtr. the Dean of Ely, F.B.S. 
The Very Rot. the Dean of Exeter. 
The Very Bey. the Dean of Hereford, F.R.S., F.S.A. 
The Very Rev. the Dean of Jersey. 
The Very Rev. the Dean of Norwich. 
The Very Rev. the Dean of Peterborough, F.B.S., F.S.A. 
The Very Rev. the Dean of St Asaph. 
The Very Rer. the Dean of Wells. 
The Very Bev. the Dean of Winchester. 



Aeland, Thomas Dyke, Esq., M.P., 12, Qneen Street, May Fair 

Aeland, Arthur H. D., Esq., Wollaston House, Dorchester, Dorset 

A damson, John, Esq., F.S.A., Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle 

Aldington, Henry, Esq., B.A., Secretary of the Oxford Architectural Society 

Addison, Charles G., Esq., Inner Temple 

Addison, William, Esq., F.L.S., Surgeon to H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent; Great 

Malvern, Worcestershire 
Ainalie, Philip Harrington, Esq., F.S.A.E., St Colme House, Fifahire 
Ainsworth, William Harrison, Esq., Manor House, Keusal Green 
Akennan, John Yonge, Esq., F.S.A., Honorary Secretary of the Numismatic 

Society; Lewisham, Kent 
At era , Aretes, Esq., Tunbridge Wells 
Akers, Aretas, Esq., Jim., Worcester College, Oxford 



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BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, 

Allcard, William, Esq., Warrington 

Allen, Rev. Samuel Jameo, M.A., Vicar of Easingwold, Yorkshire 

Allies, Jaber, Esq., F.S.A., 13, ForegMe, Worcester 

Allnatt, Richard Hopkins, Esq., M.D., F.S.A., Parliament Street 

Atmack, Richard, Esq., F.S.A, Long Melfbrd, Suffolk 

Alston, Rev. Edward Constable, Curate of Cransford, Framlingham, Suffolk 

Amyot, Thomas, Esq., F.R.S, Treasurer of the Society of Antiquaries; 13, James 

Street, Westminster 
Ancell, Henry, Esq,, Norfolk Crescent, Oxford Square 
Anderdon, Rev, William Henry 

Anderion, James, Esq., New Bridge Street, Black friars ; Dulwich Common, Surrey 
Angell, Samuel, Esq., Fellow of the Institute of British Architects ; 18, Gowar Street 
Anstice, Robert, Esq., F.O.S., Bridgewater, Somersetshire 
Anthony, Redmond, Esq., Piltown, co. Kilkenny, Ireland 

Arden, Joseph, Esq., RickraanswoRh Park, Hertf ordahire ; 1 , Upper Bedford Place 
Armstrong, Rev. John, M.A., Priest Vicar of Eieter Cathedral 
Arnold, George Matthews, Esq., Oravesend 

Artis, Edmund Tyrrell, Esq., F.S.A., Caistor, Northamptonshire 
Aahford, William Ker, Esq., Twickenham, Middlesex 
Ashmore, Thomas, Esq., Crosby Hall Chambers 
AshpiteL Arthur, Esq., Clapton Square 
Aahton, John, Esq., Warrington, Lancashire 
Atherley, George, Esq., Southampton, Hants 
Auldjo, John, Esq., F.R.S., Noel House, Kensington 
Austin, George, Esq., Clerk of the Works, Canterbury Cathedral 
Ayrton, William, Esq., F.RS., F.S.A., Dorset Square 
Ayrton, William Scrope, Esq., F.S.A, Dorset Square 



Bagot, Rev. Lewis Francis, Rural Dean, Rector of Castle Rising, Norfolk, Secretary 

of the Weat Norfolk Society for the encouragement of Ecclesiastical Architecture 
Bailey, Charles, Eaq., F.S.A., Graceohurch Street 
Bailey, George, Esq., Curator of the Sonne Museum; Honorary Secretary of the 

Institute of British Architects 
Baker, Anthony St John, Esq., Mount Calvary Lodge, Tunbridge Wells, Kent 
Baker, Rev. Henry De Foe, Vicar of Greetham, Rutlandshire 
Bandinel, Rev. Bnllcley, D.D., F.S.A, Rector of Hanghton la Skerae, Durham; 

Bodley'a Librarian, Oxford 
Bannister, S. Esq., M.A., 4, Thurloc Place West, Old Brompton 
Barnes, Ven. George, D.D., Archdeacon of Barnstaple, Rector of Sowton, Devon 
Barnes, William, Esq., Dorchester, Dorset 
Barnwell, Charles Frederick, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A, Vice-President of the 

Numismatic Society j 44, Wobuni Place 
Barrett, Rev. J. Tyers, D.D., Rector of Attleborough, Norfolk; Prebendary of 

St Paul's 
Barrow, Rev. G., Risington Wick, Stow on the Wold, Gloucestershire 
Barrow, John, Esq., F.S.A., Admiralty 
Barry, Charles, Esq., R.A., Fellow of the Institute of British Architects; 32, Great 

George Street, Westminster 
Barter, Rev. R. S., D.C.L., Warden of Winchester College 
Bartlett, John Pemberton, Esq,., Kingston Rectory, Canterbury 
Barton, John Atkins, Esq., Barton Village, Isle of Wight 
Basire, Mr. J., Engraver, Quality nurt, Chancery Lane 



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MEMBERS OF THK 

Bateman, Thomas, Esq., Bakewell, Derbyshire 

Baylis, Thomu, Esq., F.3.A., Prior's Bulk, Fulham, Middlesex 

Biyly , Charles Villiers, Esq., Privy Council Office ; 2, Mount Street, Berkeley Square 

Bayly, Rev. Francis T.J , B.A., Vicar of Brooktborpe and Whaddon, Gloucestershire 

Bclttie, William, Esq., M.D., 6, Park Street, Regent's Park 

Beaufort, Captain, R.N., Admiralty ; 11, Gloucester Place, Portman Square 

Becher, Commander A. B., R.N., Admiralty 

Beck, Mr. 711118111, Stamford Hill 

Bedford, Charles Desborough, Esq., Doctor's Commons 

Belcher, Rev. Brymer, Curate of Welt Tisted, Hampshire 

Bell, Matthew, Esq., Oswald's, Canterbury 

Bellamy, T., Esq., 6, Charlotte Street, Bedford Square 

Bennet, F., Esq., Wadhara College, Oxford 

Bennett, Rev. William, M.A., Vicar of Milton, next Sittingbourne, Kent ; Minor 
Canon of Canterbury 

Benson, Rev. Francis, M.A., Perpetual Curate of Beltiugham, Haltwbistle, North- 
umberland 

Bentball, Francis, Eaq., F.S.A., 11, York Street, Portman Square 

Bergne, John B., Esq., F.S.A., 19, Hans Place ; Treasurer of the Numismatic 
Society 

Bemers, Ven. H. D-, L.L.B., Archdeacon of Suffolk 

Bemers, Rev. Ralph, M. A., Rural Dean, Rector of Harlestead and Erwarton, Suffolk 

Berton, Rev. W. K., Wiekham St. Paul's, Castle Hedingham, Essex 

Bevan, Beckford, Esq., Christ Church, Oxford ; 16, Devonshire Place 

Bevan, James, Esq., B.A., Trinity College, Cambridge 

Bewsher, Rar. C. W., Canterbury 

Biddulph, Rev. Henry, B.D., Rector of Birdinbiuy, Warwickshire, and Stanrtlake, 
Oxfordihire 

Bidwell, John, Esq., F.S.A., 2, Park Place, St James's 

Bilton, Rev. William, M.A., F.G.S., Perpetual Curate of Lamorbey, Kent 

Bingham, Rev. Charles W., M. A., Vicar of Sydling; Rector of Melcombe Horsey, 
Dorset 

Birch, Samuel, Esq., F.S.A., Department of Antiquities, British Museum 

Bird, Rev. Roger, B.D., Rector of Donnington, Ledbury, Herefordshire 

Birkbeck, Henry, Esq., Keswick, Norwich 

Blaauw, William Henry, Esq., M.A., Beechland, Newick | Uckfield, Sussex 

Slack, W. H., Esq., Rolls House, Chancery Lane 

Blackford, John, Esq., North End, Fulham 

Blake, Robert, Esq., Swafield, Suffolk 

Bland, William, Esq., Hartlip, Kent 

Btencowe, Rev. E. Everard, Rector of West Walton, Norfolk; one of the Secretaries 
of the W. Norfolk Society for the encouragement of Eccleaiastioal Architecture 

Bleneowe, Robert Willis, Esq., The Hooke, Lewes 

Bliss, Rev. Philip, D.C.L., F.S.A., Registrar of the University of Oxford 

Blore, Edward, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., *, Manchester Square 

Bloate, Rev. Henry Lynch, Vicar of Newcastle, Glamorganshire 

Bloxam, Rev. John Rouse, M. A., Magdalene College, Oxford 

Bloxam, Matthew Holbeche, Esq., Rugby, Warwickshire 

Blyth, George K„ Esq., Nortb Walsham, Norfolk 

Bode, Rev. John Ernest, Christ Church, Oxford 

Bolster, Rev. John A., M.A., Prebendary of Cork 

Bom ford, Robert George, Esq., RalrinBtown House, Summerhill, Meatb. 

Bond, Thomas, Esq., 7, Fig-tree Court, Temple ; Wareham, Dorsetshire 

Bond, Edmund, Esq., Department of MSS., British Museum 

Booth, Wm. J., Esq., Fellow of the Institute of British Architects! 3*, Red Lion Square 



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BKITI8H ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 

Bosworth, Rev. Joseph, L.L.D., F.R.S., F S.A., Vicar of Waith, Great Grimoby, 

Lincolnshire 
Botfleld, Beriah, Esq., M.P., F.R.S., F.S.A., Norton Hall, Daventry, Northampton- 

Bouverie, Rev. William Arundel, B.D., Rural Dean ; Rector of Denton, near Har- 

leston, Norfolk 
Rowdier, Rev. Thomas, M.A., Secretary to the Incorporated Society for Building 

Churches 
Bowers, Rev. Q. H., F.S.A., Rector of St. Paul's, Covent Garden ; 7, Henrietta Street 
Bowyer, George, Esq., F.S.A., Temple 
Boxall, William, Esq., fl, Hinde Street, Manchester Square 
Boyae, A., Esq., Christ Church, Oxford 
Bradfield, William B., Esq., Winchester 

Bradley, Rev. Charles R., M.A., Curate of Ash, Wingham, Sent 
Brandon, David, Esq., Fellow of the Institute of British Architects ; 75, Great 

Russell Street 
Brandon, Raphael, Esq., Architect, II, Beaufort Buildings, Strand 
Braudreth, Captain, R.E., Admiralty 
Bransby, Rev. John, M.A., Master of the Free Grammar School, King's Lynn, 

Norfolk 
Brayley, Edward Wedlake, Esq., F.S.A., Russell Institution 
Brent, John, Esq., Alderman of Canterbury 
Brent, John, Esq., jun., Canterbury 
Bridger, Edward, Esq., 82, Fin sbury Circus 

Bridges, Rev. B. G., Rector of Orlingbury, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire 
Briggs, John Henry, Esq., Accountant General, Civil Department, Admiralty 
Briscoe, Rev. Richard, B.D., Vicar of Whitford, Flintshire 
Brit ton, John, Esq., F.S.A., Secretary of the Wilts Topographical Society, Burton 

Street, Burton Crescent 
Broadbent, Rev. C. F., Vicar of Worfleld, Shiffnal, Shropshire 
Brockholes, F. Fitzberbert, Esq., Leamington, Warwickshire 
Bromet, William, Esq., M.D., F.S.A., 10, Charles Street, Trevor Square, Knights- 

Bromhead, Rev. H. C, Perpetual Curate of Ridfrway, Chesterfield 

Brook, William, Esq., S2nd Reg. Lt. Infantry; Norton Priory, Sutton, Cheshire 

Brook, Francis Capper, Esq., Ufford Place, Woodbridge, Suffolk 

Brooke, William Henry, Esq., F.S.A., Hastings, Sussex. 



Bruce, W. IX, Esq., Ripon, Yorkshire 
Bryant, Jacob, Esq., Chatham, Kent 
Brymer, Von. W. T. P., M.A., Archdeacon of Bath ; Hector of Charlton Mackrell, 

Somerset 
Buckland, Rev. William, D.D., F.R.S., Canon of Christ Church, Reader in Geology 

and Mineralogy, Oxford ; Rector of Stoke Charity, Hampshire 
Buckler, John, Esq., F.S A., 15, Rockingham How, New Kent Ro;id 
Bullen, G., Esq., British Museum ; 5, Garden Street, Stepney 
Bullcr, Rev. John, Vicar of St. Just, St Agnes, aud Peraniabuloc, Cornwall. (St. Just.) 
Bullock, Major, Bury St Edmunda, Suffolk 

Burge, William, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., Queen's Counsel; Temple 
Burgon, Thomas, Esq., Department of Antiquities, British Museum ; Stoke 

Newington, Middlesex 
Burkitt, Alexander Horace, Esq., Clapham Rise 
Bumey, the Venerable Charles Parr, D.D., F.R.S., P.S. A., Archdeacon of St. Alban's; 

Rector of Sible Hedingham, Essex 
Buroey, Rev. Charles, Halstead, Essex 



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UEMBEHS OF THE 

Bumey , R«r. Edward Kayo, M.A., Fellow of Magdalene College, Oxford j Sible 

Hedingham, Ebhi 
Bum, James, Esq, 1 7, Portman Street, PoHniaii Square 
Bnrnside, Rev. A. William, M.A., Curate of Farningham, Kent 
Bumside, Francis, Esq., Lincoln's Inn ; Farningham, Kent 
Burr, Rev. Henry Scudsmore, Vicar of Tidenbam, Gloucestershire 
Burton, Decimal, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Fellow of the Institute of British Architects: 

6, Spring Gardens 
Suak, Hans, Esq., jun., 1, Fig-tree Court, Temple 
Buas, R. W. Esq., 88, Warren Street 
Butler, Rev. J. O., Rector of Trim, co. Meath 



Caffin, Rev. Charles, B.A., Curate of Chlslehurst, Kent 
Cshusac, John Arthnr, Esq., F.S.A., 68, Gibson Square, Islington 
Caldwell, Charles A., Esq., 3, Audley Square 
Cameron, Rer. Jonathan H. Lovett, M.A., Vicar of Fleet, Dorset 
Capel, Rer. George, B.A., Incumbent of St. James', Dudley, Worcestershire 
Carey, George, Esq, Shacklewell 
Carlo*, E. J., Esq., Lord Mayor's Court, Old Jswry 
Carlyon, Rev. Philip, Perpetual Curate of St James's, Exeter 
Carter, Owen B, Esq., Architect, Winchester 
Carthew, George Alfred, Esq., East Dereham, Norfolk 
Cartwright, Samuel, Esq., F.R.S., F.S. A., Delabere, Pangboum, Berkshire 
Cautley, Rer. George S., M.A., Rector of Castle Ashby, Northamptonshire 
Cauvin, J. Esq., Albert Street, Victoria Square, Fimlico 
Cave, Daniel, Esq., Cleve Hill, Bristol 
Chaffers, William, Esq., Watling Street, London 

Chambers, John David, Esq., 7, Conuanght Square ; Old Court, Lincoln's Inn 
Chapman, William, Esq., Brooke House, Potton, Bedfordshire 
Charles, Thomas, Esq., Chillington House, Maidstone, Kent 
Chessyre, W. T. C, Esq., Canterbury 
Chester, Harry, Esq., Privy Council Office, Downing Street 

Christmas, Rev. Henry, M.A., F.R.S, F.S. A., Honorary Secretary of the Numis- 
matic Society ; Sion College 
Clanny, W. Reid, Esq., M.D., F.R.S.E., M.R.I.A., Sunderland 
Clark, Joseph, Esq., Saffron Walden, Essex 

Clarke, Joseph, Esq., Associate of the Inst, of Brit. Architects ; 1, Lincoln's Inn Fields 
Clarke, Henry Matthew, Esq., 84, Jermyn Street 
Clements, Rev. Jacob, Curate of Upton St. Leonards, Gloucestershire 
Cliffs, Rev. Allen R., Curate of Hampton Lucy, Warwickshire 
Clifford, William, Esq., Perrystone Court, Herefordshire 

dough. Rev. Alfred B., B.D., F.S. A., Rector of Braunston, Northamptonshire 
Clutterbuck, Mr. Charles, Painter on Glass, 2, Maryland Point, Stratford, Essex 
Clutton, Henry, Esq., Associate of the InsL of Brit Architects ; Wi, Queen Ann Street 
Cobbold, John Chevsllier, Esq., Ipswich, Suffolk 
CockereR, Charles Robert, Esq., lt-A., F.S. A., Bank of England ; Highbury Park, 

Cocks, R. T., Esq., 44, Charing Cross 

Cole, Robert, Esq., 14, Tokenhouse Yard 

Cole, John J, Esq., Fellow of the Inst of Brit Architects ; Palace Chambers, Lambeth 

Coleridge, John Duke, Esq., B.A., Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford 

Coleridge, Francis George, Esq., Ottcry St Mary, Devon 

Collier, John Payne, Esq., F.S.A, Victoria Road, Kensington 



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BRITISH iECH A.EOLOGICAI. ASSOCIATION. 

Collins, Rev. "William Lucas, M.A., Rector of Cheriton, Glamorganshire 

Collis, Rev. John Day, B. A., Fellow of Worcester College, Oxford ; Head Muter of 

Bromsgrove School, Worcestershire 
Colls, Somerset Marmaduke Morton, Esq., H. M. Board of Ordnance ; York 
Colneghi, Mr. Dominic, Pell Mell East 
Combe, Thomas, Esq., Printer to tbe University of Oxford 
Combe, William Addison, Esq., Laurence Poultnej Hill , City 
Comport!, John, Esq., Strood, Kent 
Cooper, Henry, Esq., Aldermen of Canterbury 
Copland, James, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., 6, Old Burlington Street 
Copperthweite, William, Esq., Old Melton, Yorkshire 
Corbonld, Henry, Esq., F.S.A., S, Crescent Piece, Burton Crescent 
Corner, George Richard, Esq., F.K.A., Elthem, Kent 
Comey, Bolton, Esq., Greenwich 

Cornish, Rev. Sidney William, D.D., Vicar of Ottery St Mary, Devonshire 
Corser, Rev. Thomas, M. A., Vicar of Norton by Daventry, Northamptonshire ; 

Perpetual Curate of Stand, Manchester 
Cottingham, G., Esq., Chesterfield, Derbyshire 

Courtenay, Rer. Francis, M.A., Perpetual Curate of St Sid well's, Exeter 
Crabb, William, Esq., F.xeter 
Crafter, William, Esq., Gravesend, Kent 

Craig, Rev. John, M.A., Viear of Leamington Prion, Warwickshire 
Cresawell, Francis, Esq., Lynn, Norfolk 
CressweU, Addison P. B., Esq., CressweU, Northumberland 
Croft, Ven. James, MA., Archdeacon of Canterbury, Rector of Cliffe at Hoo, and 

Saltwood com Hythe, Kent 
Croft, Rev. Richard, M.A., Rector of North Ockendon, Romford, Essex 
Croker, Thomas Crofton, Esq., F.S.A., M.R.I.A., Admiralty ; Rosamond's Bower, 

Fulham, Middlesex 
Cruikshenk, George, Esq., Amwell Street, Pentonville 
Cuff, James Dodeley, Esq., F.S J.., New Park, Clapham 
Cunningham, Rev. John W., M.A., Vicar of Harrow, Middlesex 
Cunningham, Peter, Esq., Audit Office, Somerset House 

Currey, Rev. Charles, Vicar of Heath, and Ault-Huckntdl, Chesterfield, Derbyshire 
Curt, Mr. Joseph, 65, Prince's Street, Leicester Square 
Cuxson, Rev. George A., Curate of East Carlton, Rockingham, Northamptonshire 



Dalton, Edward, Esq., D.C.L., F.S.A., Dunkirk House, Nailsworth, Gloucestershire 

Darby, Rev. John Wareyn, Rector of Shottisham, near Framlingham, Suffolk 

Darwall, Rev. Leicester, M.A., Perpetual Curate of Criggion, Alberbury, Shrewsbury 

Davies, Lieut. -Col. Francis, Danehurst, Uckfield, Sussex 

Davies, Robert, Esq., F.S.A., York 

Davis, Major, 52nd Reg. Light Infantry; 73, Portland Place, London 

Davy, David E-, Esq., Uffbrd, Suffolk 

Dawes, Matthew, Esq., F.G.S., Westbrook, Bolton- le- Moors, Lancashire 

Dawson, Rev. Francis, B.D., Prebendary of Canterbury, Rector of Chislehurst, and 

Sinecure Rector of Orpington, Kent; Rector of Allhallows, Lombard Street, 

London; The Oaks, Canterbury 
Dawson, John Thomas, Esq., Woodlands, Clapham, Bedfordshire 
Dean, Rev. Edward, B.C.L., Fellow of All Souls, Oxford; Vicar of Lewknor, 

Oxfordshire 
Dean, Rer. Thomas, Perpetual Curate of Little Malvern, Worcestershire; Colwall 

Green, Ledbury 



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MEMBERS OF THX 

Deane, Ret. John Bathurst, M.A., F.S.A., 31, Finsbury Circus 

Dearden, James, Esq., F.S.A., Orchard Dearden, Rochdale, Lancashire 

Deck, Mr. Isaiah, Cambridge 

Deck, Mr. Norris, Cambridge 

Delagarde, P. C, Esq., Exeter 

Delamotte, Mr. Philip H., Engraver, Oxford 

Delamotte, William, Esq., 10, Queen's Terrace, Bayawater 

Dennett, John, Esq., Newport, Isle of Wight 

Dewe, Rev. Joseph, Rural Dean, Rector of Rockland St. Mary's, Norfolk 

Dewing, Edward M., Esq., 29, Connaught Square 

Diamond, Hugh Welch, Esq., F.S.A., Frith Street, Soho 

Dickenson, William Binley, Esq., Leamington, Warwickshire 

Dickinson, John, Esq., Abbot's Hill, King's Langley, Hertfordshire 

Dixon, Frederick, Esq., Worthing, Snaaex 

Dodd, Rex. Philip Stanhope, M. A., Rector of Peoshurst, Kent, and AUrington, Snaaex 

Donaldson, T. L., Esq., Vice President of the Institute of British Architects ; 7, Hart 

Street, Bloorasbury 
Drake, Rev. William, M.A, Lecturer of St John's, Coventry 
Drewe, Edward Simcoe, Esq., The Orange, Honiton, Devon 
Drurv, Rev. Charles, M.A., Prebendary of Hereford; Rural Dean; Incumbent of 

Ponteabury, Shrewsbury 
Drury, B., Esq., Lincoln College, Oxford 

Duffleld, Rev. Richard, B.D., Rural Dean ; Rector of Frating, Colchester 
DufSeld, Rev. Roger Dawson, M.A., Curate of Lamarsh, Boers, Sudbury, Essex, 
Dugdale, William Stratford, Esq., M.P., Merivale, Warwickahire 
Dukes, Thomas Farmer, Esq., F.S.A., Shrewsbury 
Duncan, Philip B., Esq., Bath | New College, Oxford 
Dunkin, John, Esq., Darttbrd, Kent 
Donkin, Alfred John, Esq., Dartford, Kent 
Dumford, Rev. Richard, M.A., Rector of Middleton, Lancashire 
Dyce, Rev. Alexander, 9, Gray's Inn Square 
Dyke, Rev. William, Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford 
Dyke, Thomas, Esq., Croft- y-bulla, Monmouth 



Eastlake, Charles Locke, Esq., R.A., F.S.A., 7, Fitxroy Square 

Esslon, Reginald, Esq, Leamington, Warwickshire 

Edwards, Rev. Edward, M.A., F.S.A., Rector of North Lynn, Norfolk 

Edwards, Edward, Esq., British Museum 

Egarton, Rev. William, Rector of the lower mediety of Malpaa, Chester 

Egerton, Rev. Thomas, M.A., Rural Dean, Rector of Dunnington, Yorkshire 

Ellacombe, Rev. H. T„ M.A., F.S.A., Surrogate ; Vioar of Bitton, Gloucestershire 

Ellacombe, Henry Nicholson, Esq., B.A., Oriel College, Oxford 

Ellicott, C. J. Esq., M.A., Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge 

Elliott, Robert, Esq., Chichester 

Elliott, James, Esq., New Hall, Dymchurch, New Romney, Kent 

Ellis, Rev. John Joseph, M.A., F.S.A., Rector of St. Martin's Outwich, Bishoptgate 

Ellis, George S., Esq., F.S.A., Dartmouth Terrace, Blackheath 

Engleheart, John Dillman, Esq., Esst Acton, Middlesex 

Easell, George, Esq., Rochester, Kent 

Esteourt, Rev. Matthew Hale, Newnton, Gloucestershire 

Esteourt, Rev. Edmund H. B. , Rector of Eckington, Derbyshire 

Esteourt, Rev. Edgar E., Curate of Cirencester, Gloucestershire 

Evans, John, Esq., F.SA, 17, Upper Stamford Street 

Evans, Rev. Arthur B., D.D., Market Bosworth, Leicestershire 



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BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 

Effing, W. C, Esq., Norwich 

Eyton, J. Walter King, Esq., F.S.A., F.S.A.E., Leamington, Warwickshire 

Eyton, Rev. Robert William, Rector of Ryton, Shropshire 

F. 

Fagg, Charles, Esq., Hythe, Kent 

Fairholt, William Frederick, Esq., F.3.A., Grosvenor Cottage, Park Village East, 

Regent's Park 
Fum, Rev. Arthur, Vicar of Warminster, Wiltshire; Domestic Chaplain to the 

Marquis of Westminster 
Ferrer, Mr. Henry, 14, Wardour Street 
Faulkner, Thomas, Esq., Chelsea 
Faussett, Her. Godfrey, D.D., Canon of Cbriat Church ; Margaret Profesior of 

Divinity, Oxford 
Fawcett, Rev. John, M.A, Perpetual Curate of Holy Trinity, Wibaey ; Bradford, 

Yorkshire 
Fcrrey, Benjamin, Esq., Fellow of the Institute of British Architects ; 7, Bedford 

Street, Bedford Square 
Fife, George, Esq., M. D., Sunderland, Durham 
Fisher, Very Rev. MonBignore Charles L., Private Chamberlain to the Pope ; 

Aldenmun Park, Bridgnorth, Shropshire 
Fitch, Rev. i\, Cromer, Norfolk 
Fitqh, William Stevenson, Esq., Ipswich 
Fitch, Robert, Esq., Norwich 

Fitzgerald, James Edward, Esq., British Museum ; Mitre Court Chambers, Temple 
Fletcher, Rev. William, M.A., Head Muter of the Grammar School, Southwell, 

Nottinghamshire 
Ford, Richard, Esq., Heavitree, Exeter 

Forshall, Rev. Josiah, M.A., F.R.S., F.5.A., Secretary of the British Museum 
Fort, Richard, Esq., Read Hall, Blackburn, Lancashire 
Fortescne-Knottesford, Rev. Francis, M. A., Rector of Billeslev; Alveston Manor 

House, Stratford- on -Avon, Warwickshire 
Foabery, Rev. Thomas Vincent, Westcliff House, Niton, Isle of Wight 
Foordrinier, John Sealey, Esq., Doctors Commons 
Fox, Rev. Samuel, M.A., F.S.A., Morley, Derby 
Francis, George Grant, Esq., Honorary Librarian and Keeper of the Medals, 

Royal Institution of South Wales ; Swansea, Glamorganshire 
Franks, Charles, Esq., Christ Church, Oxford 

Freeman, Rev. John, M.A., Rector of Ashwicken with Lexiate, Lynn, Norfolk 
Freeman, Rev. Philip, M.A., Tutor of Peter- House, Cambridge 
Freer, Rev. Richard Lane, B.D., Rector of Bishopstone-cum-Yaxor, and Vicar of 

Hansel- Lacy, Herefordshire 
French, George Russell, Esq., Professor of Grecian and Roman Architecture in " Ihe 

College of the Freemasons of the Church ;" IS, Sussex Gardens, Hyde Park 
Fripp, Charles Spencer, Esq., Oriel College, Oxford 
Fripp, James, Esq., M.D., King's Square, Bristol 
Frost, Charles, Esq., F.S.A., President of the Literary and Philosophical Society of 

Hull, Yorkshire 
Fronde, William, Esq., Civil Engineer, Collumpton, Devon 
Fryer, Charles, Esq., Colefbrd, Gloucestershire 

G. 
Gallon, Rev. John Lincoln, M.A., Leamington, Warwickshire 
Garden, Rev. Francis, M.A., Incumbent of Trinity Church, Greenwich 
Garner, Robert, Esq., F.L.S., Stoke upon Trent, Staffordshire 



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MEMBERS OP THE 

Garrard, Thomas, Esq., Council House, Bristol 

Gaunt, Rev. Charles, M.A., Rector of Isficld, and Vicar of West Wittering; 

Uekfield, Sussex 
Gery, Thomas Lewin, Esq., Daventry, Northamptonshire 
Gibson, William Kidney, Esq., F.S.A., Newcastle 
Gifford, Edward, Esq., Admiralty 
Oilman, W. A., Esq., 21, Hanley Road, Hollowly 
Girardot, Her. W. L., M.A., Curate of Godshill, Isle of Wight 
Glenie, Rer. J. Melville, Curate of St Martin'*, Salisbury 
Glover, Yen. George, M.A., F.R.S., Archdeacon of Sudbury; Rector of Sooth Repps ; 

Vicar of Gayton, Norfolk ; Perpetual Curate of Bungay, Suffolk 
Godfrey, John, Esq., Brooke Street House, Aih, Kent 
Godwin, George, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Pelham Crescent, Brompton 
Goldsmid, Augustus, Esq., Barrister -at-law, Inner Temple 
Goldsmith, George, Esq., 9, New Square, Lincoln's Inn 
Goodwin, Rev. H., Cambridge 

Gordon, Lieut. -Col., late 5th Dragoon Guards, Holmwood Park, Chialehurst, Kant 
Gordon, Rev. Richard, Vicar of Elsfield, Oxfordshire 
Gordon, Rev. Osborne, M.A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford 
Gorham, Rev. George Cornelius, B.D., Curate of Pauley, Henley on Thames, Orfordsh 
Gould, Rev. Edward, M.A., Rector of Sproughton, Ipswich 
Gowlaud, James, Esq., London Wall 

G rives, Rot. James Bonis, Diocese of Ossory, Queen's County 
Gray, Rev. J. H., Vicar of Bolsover, Chesterfield, Derbyshire 
Green, Charles, Esq., Bacton. Hereford 
Greene, Thomas, Esq., M.P., Chairman of the Committee of Way* and Meant ; 

10, Duke Street, Westminster 
Greene, Richard, Esq., F.S.A., Secretary of the Lichfield Architectural Society 
Greenwood, William, Esq., Brookwood Park, Alreafbrd, Hampshire 
Gregory, Rev. Edward, M.A., Bridge Hill, Canterbury 
Grice, Rev. William, M.A., Incumbent of Wroihall, Warwickshire 
Grimahawe, Rev. Thomas S-, M.A., F.S.A., Vicar of Biddenham, Hertfordshire 
Ounn, Rev. John, M.A., Rural Dean ; Rector of Iratead, and Vicar of Barton Turf, 

Norfolk 

Gumey, Hudson, Esq., F.R.S., Vice President of the Society of Antiquaries; 

Keswick Hall, Norwich ; 9, St. James's Square 
Gumey, Daniel. Esq., F.S.A., North Runcton, Lynn, Norfolk 
Gumey, Miss Anna, North Repps, Cromer, Norfolk 
Gutch, John Matthew, Esq., F.S.A., Worcester 
Gwilt, Joseph, Esq., F.S.A., 20, Abingdon Street 



H. 
Hackett, William, Esq., Middleton, co. Cork 

Haggard, William Debonaire, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.A.S., Sussex Place, Regent's Park 
Hagreen, Mr. Walter, Engraver, Ipswich 
Hugh, Daniel H., Esq., Leeds 

Hailstone, Edward, Esq., F.S.A., Hortoii Hall, Bradford, Yorluhin 
Hakewill, John Henry, Eaq., Craig's Court, Charing Cross 

Hale, Ven. William Hale, M.A., Archdeacon of London, Master of the Charter- Honte 
Hall, Charles, Eaq., Blandford, Dorset 

Hall, Samuel Carter, Esq., F.S.A., Barrister at Law j The Rosery, Old Brompton 
Hallam, Henry, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., Vice President of the Society of Antiquaries ; 

34, Wilton Crescent 
HalliweU, James Orchard, Eaq., T.R.S., F.S.A., Islip, Oxfordshire 



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BRITISH ARCH A EO LOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 

Hull! well, Rev. Thomas, Wrington, Somersetshire 

Hamilton, William Richard, Esq., F.R.S., Vice President of the Society of 

Antiquaries; 12, Bolton Row 
Hamilton, Captain H. G-, R.N. 
Hamilton, Rev. George, Barton Crescent 
Hamilton, Rev. Walter Kerr, M.A., Prebendary of Wells; Residentiary Canon of 

Salisbury ; Fellow of Merton College, Oxibtd 
Hamilton, Rev. Henry Pan, M.A., F.H.S., L., and E. ; Rector of Wath, near Ripon, 

Yorkshire ; Perpetual Curate of St. Mary Magna, Cambridge 
HammOD, Henry John, Esq., Architect, 13, Brookiby Street 
Hammond, Major, Laureaton House, Dover 
Hampden, John, Esq., Leamington, Warwickshire 
Harding, Colonel, Tiverton, Devonshire 
Harding, Rev. T„ Vicar of Bexley, Kent 

Hardwick, Philip, Esq., R.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., 60, Russell Square 
Hardwick, Philip Charles, Esq., SO, Russell Square 
Harford, John Scandritt, Esq., Blaise Castle, Henbury, Gloucestershire 
Harington, Rev. Richard, D.D., Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford 
Harland, Rev. Edward, M.A., Curate of Sandon, Staffordshire 
Harrison, Henry, Esq., Grantham, Lincolnshire 
Harrison, Rev. H. J., Rector of Bngbrook, Northamptonshire 
Harrison, W. F., Esq., Rochester 
Harrison, J. B., Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge 
Hart, Rev. Richard, Vicar of Catton, Norfolk 

Hartshome, Rev. Charles, M.A., F.S.A-, Curate of Cogenhoe, Northamptonshire 
Haslam, Rev. William, B.A., Curate of St Perran-xabuloe, Truro 
Hasaels, Rev. Charles, Foxesrth, Lane-end, Staffordshire 
Hatcher, W. H., Esq., King's College, London 
Hatcher, H., Esq., Salisbury 

Hawkins, Walter, Esq., F.S.A., Fowke's Buildings, Tower Street 
Hawkins, Edward, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Keeper of the Antiquities, British 

Museum 
Hawtrey, Rev. John, Tutor of Eton College 
Hawtrey, Rev. Stephen H., M.A., Tutor of Eton, Vicar of Broadchalke, Wiltshire, 

Curate of Clewer, Berkshire 
Hayward, John, Esq., Architect, Exeter 
. Hayward, William Webb, Esq., Rochester 

Heaton, Rev. C. W., Fellow of Jean* College, Oxford 

Heaviside, Mr. John Smith, Engraver, Oxford 

Henslow, Rev. John Stevens, MA., Rector of HUcham, Suffolk; late Professor of 

Botany in the University of Cambridge 
Henslow, S. W., Esq., Clement's Inn 

Hewitt, Daniel, Esq., 23, Great George Street, Westminster 
Hewson, Rev. William, D.D., Vicar of Swansea, Glamorganshire i Chancellor and 

Canon of St. David's 
Hey wood, James, Esq. F.R.3., F.S.A., AcrcsSeld, Manchester 
Hill, Ven. Justly, M.A., Archdeacon of Buckinghamshire ; Rector of Tinge wick, 

Bucks, and Bonchurch, Isle of Wight 
Hill, Jeremiah, Esq., Bristol 

Hill, R. H., Esq., Magdalene College, Oxford ; Coomb Bisset, Salisbury 
Hoere, Edward, Esq., 14, Summerhill Place, St. Luke's, Cork 
Hobter, Francis, Esq., Bucklersbury, City 
Hodges, Rev. Frederic Parry, D.C.L., Fellow of New College, Oxford; Vicar of 

Lyme Regis, Dorset, and North Clifton, Nottinghamshire 
Hodgson, Rev. John, Vicar of Hartburn, Morpeth, Northumberland 



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MEMBERS OF THE 

Hodgson, Rev. Beilby Portent, Vicar of Hilliiigdon, Middlaiex ; Clerk in Orders of 
St. Georgfi'3, Hanover Square 

Hodson, Ven. George, M.A., Archdeacon of Stafford ; Vicar of Colwich, Staffordshire 

Hudson, Rev. Junes Stephen, Curate of Sanders tend, Croydon, Surrey. 

Hodion, Rev. George H., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ; Curate of Cookham 
Dean, Maidenhead, Berkshire 

Hodaon, William Stephen Raikes, Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge 

Hogland, William, Esq., Halifax 

Holehooae, Samuel, Esq., F.R.A.S., Charlton Crescent, Islington 

Hollinga, James Francis, Esq., 2, Crescent Buildings, Leicester 

Holmes, John, Esq., F.S.A., Department of HSS., British Museum 

Hook, Rev. Walter Farquhar, D.D., Vicar of Leeds ; Prebendary of Lincoln ; Canon 
of York ; Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen 

Hook, Robert, Esq., 9, Arlington Street 

Hope, J. Esq., Leamington, Warwickshire 

Hopkins, Edward J., Esq., 1, Bedford Street, Strand 

Hopkinson, William, Esq., Stamford, Lincolnshire 

Home, Rev. Edward Melville, M.A, Vicar of St John's, Southampton 

Hoskins, G. A., Esq., Barrister at Law 

Hotham, Rev. John Hallett, Vicar of Sutton at Hone, Kent 

Hothara, W. F. , Esq., Fellow of All Souls, Oxford 

Hotham, Rev. Charles, M. A., Rural Dean; Rector of Rooss i Patrington, Yorkshire 

Houblou, Rev. T. A., Rector of Peasemore, and Catmorc, Berkshire 

Howard, Rev. N. A., M.A., Exeter College, Oxford 

Howell, Rev. Hinds, Curate of Shobrooke, Credit™, Devonshire 

Howmsn, Rev. George Ernest, M.A., Rural Dean ; Rector of Barnslej, Gloucester- 
shire : Master of St. Nicholas' Hospital, Salisbury 

Hughes, John Newington, Esq., Winchester 

Humble, Rev. Michael M„ B.A., Rector of Sutton, Chesterfield, Derbyshire 

Hunt, George, Esq., Southampton 

Hunt, William Powell, Esq., Ipswich 

Hunter, Rev. Joseph, F.S.A., Keeper of the Records, Augmentation Office ; 
30, Torrington Square 

Hussey, Rev. William Law, M.A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford 

Hussey, Richard Charles, Esq., Architect, Ann Street, Birmingham 

Hutchina, Rev. Allan Borman, M.A., Appleshaw, Andover, Hampshire 

Huthersal, Rev. Cort, Leamington, Warwickshire 

Hutton, William, Esq. F.R.S., Newcastle 

HuxUble, John, Esq., 104, St John Street, Clerkenwetl 



Ingram, Rev. James, D.D.,F.S.A.,RectorofGanuiglon; President of Trin.Coll., Oxford 

Innes, John, Esq., Upper Cumming Street 

Inskip, Mr. Thomas, Sheffbrd, Bedfordshire 

Irwin, Thomas, Esq., Audit Office, Somerset House ; S3, Golden Square 

Isaacson, Rev. Stephen, M. A., Rector of Dymcburch, Kent ; Chaplain of the Ettuuni 



Jackson, Rev. Stephen, M.A., Ipswich 

Jackson, Joseph, Esq., Settle, Yorkshire 

Jackson, J. G., Esq., Secretary of the Architectural Committee, Warwickshire 

Arch«ological Society i Leamington 
Jacob, Rev. J., D.D., Uxbridge, Middlesex 



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BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 

Jacob, Rev. Philip, M.A., Canon of Winchester, Rural Dean, Rector of Crawler 
James, Rev. Edward, M. A., Cuuon of Winchester, Vicar of Alton, Hampshire 
James, Rev. Thomas, M.A., Vicar of Sibbertoft, Northamptonshire, and Thedding- 

worth, Leicestershire; Chaplain to the Bishop of Oxford 
James, G. P. 11., Walmer, Kent 
Janson, Joseph, Esq., Stoke Newington, Middlesex 
Jekyll, Edward, Esq., 2, Grafton Street 
Jephson, Henry, Esq., M.D., Leamington, Warwickshire 
Jerdan, William, Esq., F.S.A., M.R.S.L., 7, Wellington Street, Strand 
Jesse, Edward, Esq., Windsor 

Jessop, Rev. Thomas, D.D., Vicar of Wighill ; Bitton Hall, YorW 
Jewitt, Mr. Thomas Orlando Sheldon, Engraver, Oxford 
Jeyec, John W., Esq., Uppingham, Rutlandshire 
Johns, Captain Richard, R.M., 13, Bowater Crescent, Woolwich 
Johnson, Goddard, Esq., Norwich 
Jolliffe, Captain William, KM., Portsmouth 
Jolliffe, Lieut Joseph Henry, R.M., Portsmouth 
Jones, Michael, Esq., F.S.A., S3, Mount Street, Grosvenor Square 
Jones, Rev. Hugh, D-D., Rector of Beaumaris, Angtesea 
Jones, Rev. Longueville, M.A., Manchester, Lancashire 
Jones, John W., Esq., British Museum 
Josi, Henry, Esq., Keeper of the Prints, British Museum 

K. 

Kay, Joseph, Esq., I, Park Road, Kensington Gore 

Kay, Eben, Esq., I, Park Road, Kensington Gore 

Kaye, Rev. Peter, St. George's Church, Soutbwark 

Keate, R. W., Esq., 15, Alhemarle Street 

Keats, Edwin, Esq., 7, Gloucester Terrace, Kensington 

Kempe, Alfred John, Esq., F.S.A., Fulham 

Kendall, Henry Edward, Esq., F.S.A., Fellow of the Institute of British 
Architects; 17, Suffolk Street, Pall-mall East; Kemp Town, Brighton 

Kendrick, James, Esq., jun., M.D., Warrington 

Kennaway, Rev. Charles E., M.A., Vicar of Campden, Gloucestershire 

Kennedy, Rev. Benjamin Hall, D D„ Canon of Lichfield ; Head Master of Shrews- 
bury Grammar School. 

King, Von. Walker, M.A., Archdeacon of Rochester; Rector of Stone, Kent 

King, Thomas William, Esq., F.S.A., Rouge Dragon Pursuivant ; College of Anns 

King, Rev. George, M.A., Vicar of Worstead, North Walsham, Norfolk 

King, Thomas, Esq., Chichester, Sussex 

Kingsford, Henry, Esq., Canterbury 

Kir km aim, Abram, Esq., 89, Chancery Lane 

Knight, Henry Gaily, Esq., M.P., F.R.S., F.S. A., Firbeck Hall, Tickhill, Rotherham ; 
69, Orosvenor Street 

Knottesford-Fortescue, Rev. E.B., M.A., Wilmcote, Stratford-on-Avon, Wsrwicksh. 

K6nig, Charles, Esq., K.H., F.K.S., British Museum 

Kynneraley, T. C, Esq., Woodseat, Staffordshire 

L, 

Lamb, "Edward Buckton, Esq., Fellow of the Institute of British Architects 

10, Burton Crescent 
Lane, Rev. T. Leveson, M.A., Rural Dean ; Vicar of Baswick, Staffordshire, and 

Wasperton, Warwickshire 
Langton, William, Esq., Seedley, Manchester 
Langton, William H. P. Gore, Esq., Christ Church, Oxford 



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MEMBERS OF THE 

Lurking, Rev. Lambert B„ M.A., Vicar of Ryarah, Maidstone, Kent 

Lawson, Rev. James, M.A., Rector of Buckminster, Colaterworth, Lincolnshire 

Layton, Rev. James, Sandwich, Kent 

Lear, Ven. Francis, B.D., Prebendary and Archdeacon of Sarum; Rector of Bishopalone, 
Salisbury 

Lechmere, Edmund H., Esq., Great Malvern, Worcestershire 

Lee, John, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A,, V.P.R.A.S., Harwell Home, Bucking- 
hamshire 

Lee, Rev. Philip H., M.A., Rector of Stoke Brnem, Northamptonshire 

Lee, N. B. C, Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge 

Lemann, Rev. Francis 6., M.A., Rector of Merlon, Norfolk 

Lempriere, William, Esq., M.A., Roiel, Jersey 

Lewis, Captain Locke, R.E., F.R.S., Exeter 

Lewis, G. R,, Esq., 61, Upper Norton Street 

Lewis, Rev. T. T., Vicar of Bridstow, Ross, Herefordshire 

Leycester, Ralph, Esq., Toft Hall, Knutsford, Cheshire 

Liddell, Rev. George Henry, M. A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford 

Lightfoot, Rev. N, Rector of Stoekleigh Pomaroy, Devon 

Lindsay, John, Esq, Maryville, Blackrock, Cork 

Lloyd, George, Esq., M.D., Secretary of the Warwickshire Archaeological Society ; 
Stank Hill, Warwick 

Lloyd, Rev. Maurice Hedd, Perpetual Curate of Goodnestone next Wiugham, Kent 

Lloyd, Rev. H. W. , M.A., Perpetual Curate of Pentre Voelas, Denbighshire 

Lochee, Alfred, Esq., M.D., Canterbury 

Long, Walter, Esq., Preshaw House, Hampshire 

Long, William, Esq., Bath 

Long, Charles Edward, Esq., G2, Upper Brook Street 

Long, Mr. William, 37, Henry Street, Pentonville 

Longman, Thomas, Esq., Paternoster Row 

Lott, Thomas, Esq., F.S.A,, Bow Lane, London 

Lower, Mark Antony, Esq., Lewes 

Lucas, William James, Esq., Chelmsford, Essex 

Lukis, Frederic C, Esq., Grange, St Peter's Fort, Guernsey 

Lukis, Rev. William C„ M.A., Curate of Bradford, Wiltshire 

Lumsdaine, Rev. Edwin Sandys, M.A., Rector of Upper Hardres-oum-Stelling, 
Canterbury 

Lnpton, Harry, Esq., Thame, Oxfordshire 

M. 

Mackenzie, Rev. Henry, M.A., Pembroke College, Oxford; Minister of Great 

Yarmouth, Norfolk 
Mackenzie, Frederick, Esq, I, North Place, Hampstead Road 
Mac Lellan, Archibald, Esq., Glasgow 
Macphail, Major, Lieutenant-Governor of Dominica 
Madan, Rev. George, M.A., Vicar of Cam, Durslsy, Gloucestershire 
Mair, George, Esq., Fellow of the Institute of British Architects; IS, Charlotte 

Street, Bloomsbury 
Mainwaring, Harry, Esq., Peover Hall, Knutsford, Cheshire 
Maitland, Rev. Samuel RoBey, F.R S., F.S.A., Librarian of the Archiepiscopal 

Library at Lambeth 
Majendie, Rev. Henry William, M.A, Vicar of Speen, Berks ; Prebendary of Bangor 

and Sarum 
Malcolm, Rev. H., Incumbent of Dumblane, Scotland 
Manny, Charles, Esq., Secretary of the Institution of Civil Engineers ; 25. Great 

George Street, Westminster 



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BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 

Manning, Ven. Henry Edward, M. A., Archdeacon of Chicheiter ; Rector of Wool 
Lavington, and Graffham, Sussex 

Manning, Charles John, Esq., Wimbledon Common 

Manning, Frederick, Esq., Oxford 

Mansfield, Rev. Joseph, Curate of Shipton Moygne, Tetbury, Gloucestershire 

Mansfield, Rev. Edward, Curate of Dursley, Gloucestershire 

Mantel, Gideon Algernon, M.D., F.R.S., F.O.S., Clapham 

Markham, Rev. David F., M.A., Canon of Windsor; Rector of Great Horkesley, Essex 

Markland, Jaraea Heywood, Esq, F.R.S., F.S.A., 1, Lansdowne Crescent, Bath 

Marston, Edward, Esq., Cobham, Kent 

Martin, Rev. George, MA., Chancellor of the Diocese of Exeter ; Vicar of Harberton 

Martin, Francii, Esq., F.S.A., Norroy King at Anna, Heralds' College 

Martin, K. B., Esq., Deputy Harbour Master, Runagate, Kent 

Mason, Thomas, Esq., F.S.A., Copt-Newick Hall, Ripon 
Master, G. S, Esq., Brasenose College, Oxford 

Master, Alfred, Esq., St Giles's Street, Norwich 

Masters, William, Esq., Alderman of Canterbury 

Maunsell, William Thomas, Esq., Temple 

Maunsell, Rev. G. E., Rector of Thorpe Malsor, Kettering, Northamptonshire 

Maurice, Rev. Frederick, M.A., Chaplain to Guy's Hospital ; Professor of English 

Literature, and Modern History, King's College, London 
Medley, Rev. John, Secretary of the Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society; 

Prebendary of Exeter and Lincoln ; Vicar of St. Thomas's, Exeter 
Meggy, George, Esq., Chelmsford, Essex 
Merewether, Henry A., Esq, Serjeant at Law, Town Clerk of the City of London ; 

5, Victoria Square, Pimlico 
Merewether, Rev. Henry, Curate of Bolsover, Chesterfield, Derbyshire 
Middleton, Colonel C, 3rd Dragoons, Commandant of the Cavalry Depot at Maidstone 
Miles, William, Esq., Treasurer of the Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society ; Dix'a 

Fields, Exeter 
Millard, James Elwin, Esq, Magdalene College, Oxford; Sprowton, Norwich 
Miller, Mr. William, Painter on Glass, Brewer Street, Golden Square 
Mills, Rev. William, D.D, Head Master of the Grammar School, Exeter 
Mills, Rev. Thomas, Rector of Great Saxham and Stutton, Ipswich, Suffolk 
Milman, Rev. H. H, M.A., Canon of Westminster; Rector of Si. Margaret's ; 

Cloisters, Little Dean's Yard 
Milnea, Richard Monckton, Esq, M.P, 26, Pall Mall ; Fryston Hall, Ferrybridge 
Milties, Keith, Esq., 36, South Audley Street 

Hinniken, Rev. Henry J., M.A. , Curate of Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire 
Minty, Richard G. P., Esq, Norwich 
Minty, Joshua, Esq., St Peter's Square, Hammersmith 
Mitford, Rev. John, Rector of Weston and St Andrew, Stratford, Suffolk; 202, 

Sloane Street 
Monckton, Edward, Esq, Soroerford, Staffordshire 
Moody, Rev. Henry Riddell, Rector of Chartham, Kent 
Moody, Francis Wollaston, Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge 
Moore, Rev. Henry, M.A, Vicar of Eceleahall, and Penn, Staffordshire 
Mono, E. R, Esq, Globe Office, Strand 

Morton, Rev. James, B.D., Prebendary of Lincoln ; Vicar of Holbeach, Lincolnshire 
Moxhay, Edward, Esq, Threadneedle Street 

Munford, Rev. George, Curate of East Winch, King's Lynn, Norfolk 
Munn, Rev. George S, Curate of Leigh, Great Malvern, Worcestershire 
Mure, Philip William, Esq, Fenge, Sydenham, Kent 
Musgrave, Rev. Charles, D.D., Archdeacon of Craven ; Vicar of Halifax 
Myuors, Peter Rickarda, Esq., Triago, St Weonard's, Hereford 



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MEMBERS OP THE 



N. 



Nash, Edwin, Eb<i, Architect, S3, Moorgate Street 

Nash, William Llewelyn, Esq., Surgeon, Leatherhead 

Ncnle, Thomas Clarkson, Esq., Secretary of the Chelmsford Philosophical Society ; 

Springfield, Chelmsford, Essex 
Neame, George, Esq., Mayor of Canterbury 
Neave, Richard, Esq., jun., Felcourt, Lingfleld, Surrey 
Nelson, Rev. G. M., B.D., Boddicott Orange, Banbury, Oxfordshire 
Nerille, Rev. William Frederick, B.A., Curate of Butleigh, Somerset 
Newcome, Rev. William, M.A., Vicar of Sutton, Isle of Ely 
Newman, John, Esq., F.S. A., Tooley Street, Southwark 
Newton, Charles, Esq., M.A., Department of Antiquities, British Museum 
Newton, Rev. Hewton Dickenson Hand, Vicar of Bredwardine, Herefordshire 
Newton, Rev. William, Bredwardine, Hereford 
Nicholls, Henry, Esq., Trinity College, Camhridge 
Nichols, John Bowyer, Esq., F.S.A., The Chancellor's, Hammersmith 
Nichols, John Gough, Esq., F.S. A., 25, Parliament Street 
Nicholson, James, Esq., Thelwall Hall, Warrington, Lancashire 
Nightingale, B., Esq., Clare Cottage, Priory Road, Wandsworth 
Nixon, Saznuel, Esq., Sculptor, White-hart Street, Bishopsgate Street 
Nixon, Mr. James H„ Painter on Glass, 67, Frith Street, Soho Square 
Noble, John, Esq., F.S. A., SO, Gloucester Place 
Norbnry, John George, Esq., Merivale, Atheritone, Warwickshire 
Norbury, Thomas J., Esq., Sherridge, Worcester 
Norbury, J. Coningsby, Esq., Sherridge, Worcester 
N orris, John M., Esq., Exeter 

N orris, John, Esq., Hughenden House, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire 
Norris, , Esq., Assistant Secretary to the Royal Asiatic Society, Grafton Street 

O. 

(Jakes, Frederick William, Esq., Walton, Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire 

Oakley, William, Esq., B.A., Lydalt, near Monmouth 

O'Brien, Augustus Stafford, Esq.,M.P.,Blathenrick Hall, Wans ford, Northampton sh. 

O'Connell, Maurice, Esq., M.P., Dublin 

Oddie, Rev. W., Magdalene College, Oxford 

O'Donoghue, Rev. Francis Talbot, Perpetual Curate of Over PeoTer, Knutsford, 

Cheshire 
Okea, ReT. Richard, M.A., Second Master of Eton College 
Oldham, T., Esq., LL.D., t, Suffolk Street, Dublin 
Ord, John Walker, Esq, M.D. F.S.A., Oiiboroogh, Yorkshire 
Ormerod, George, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., Sedbury Park, Chepstow 
Ormerod, Rev. Thomas Johnson, M.A, Rector of Framlingham-Pigott, Norfolk 
Osborne, Rev. William Alexander, Master of the Grammar School, Macclesfield 
Osborne, Robert, Esq., Bristol 

Outram, Rev. Thomas Powys, Rector of Redniile, Grantham, I 
Outram, B. F., Esq., M.D., F.R.S., 1, Hanover Square 
Ouvry, Frederick, Esq., 4B, Oxford Terrace, Hyde Park 
Owen, Rev. William Hicks, Rhuddlan, St. Asaph, Flintshin 
Owen, Rev. E. Price, M.A., Cheltenham 



Paget, Rev. Francis Edward, M.A., Rural Dean i Rector of Elfbid, Staffordshire 
Palliser, R. B., Esq., Hawkhurst, Kent 



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BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 

Palmer, Charles John, Esq., F.S.A., Great Yarmouth, Norfolk 
Fapillon, Rev. John, M.A., F.S.A., Rector of Lexden, Essex 
Parker, John Henry, Esq., Secretary of the Architectural Society of Oxford 
Parks, James Hamilton, Esq., Woodside, Windsor 
Parry, Rev. Henry, Vicar of Llanasa, Flintshire 
. Parsons, H. O. J., Esq., Magd. Coll. Oxford ; Arundel, Sussex 
Paterlon, O. M., Esq., Lincoln College, Oxford 
Pearson, Frederick, Esq.., 131, Piccadilly 

Peel, Rev. John, M.A., Prebendary of Canterbury ; Vicar of Stone, Worcestershire 
Pemblfl, Rev. Henry, Rector of St Peter's, Sandwich 
Pennant, Rev, Thomas, Brynbella, Flintshire 
Penneck, Rev. Henry, M.A., Penzance 
Percival, Richard, Esq., F.S.A., Highbury Park, Islington 
Perdue, Mr. John, 14, Hemingford Terrace, Islington 
Petit, Rev. J. Louis, M.A., The Uplanda, Shiffnal, Shropshire 
Petit, Louis Hayes, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., 9, New Square, Lincolna' Inn 
Pettigreir, Thomaa Joseph, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., S, Savile Row, London 
Pettigrew, Rev. Augustus Frederick, Bishop's Wearmouth, Durham 
Pettigrew, William J., Esq., M.J)., 80, Chester Street, Grosvenor Place 
Phelps, Rev. H. Dampier, M.A., Rector of Snodland, Kent 
Phelps, Rev. T. P., M.A., Vicar of Tarrington, Ledbury, Herefordshire 
Phillips, Thomas, Esq., Barrister-at-law, 21, Hertford Street 
Phillips, Robert Biddulph, Esq., Langworth, Hereford 

Paillpotts, Rev. Thomas, M.A., Rural Dean, Vicar of St. Feock ; Porthgwidrten, Truro 
Pierpoint, Benjamin, Esq., Warrington, Lancashire 
Planche, James Robinson, Esq., F.S.A., Brampton 
Plummer, Edward, Esq., Alderman of Canterbury 
Plummer, William, Esq., Canterbury 

Plnmptre, Rev. Frederick Charles, D.D., Master of University College, Oxford 
Ponton, Thomaa, Esq., F.S.A., Hill Street, Berkeley Square 
Poole, Paul Faulkner, Esq., I, John's Place, Lisson Grove 
Post, Rev. Beale, Bydewa Place, Maidstone 

Postans, Captain T., M.U.A.S., 65, Margaret Street, Cavendiih Square 
Powell, John Powell, Esq.. Quex Park, Isle of Thane* 

Poyuter, Ambrose, Esq., Honorary Secretary of the Royal Institute of British Archi- 
tects; Member of the Council of the Government School of Design; 1, Poet's 

Prater, Rev. Thomaa, M. A., Rector of Hardwicke, and Tuamore, Bicester, Oxfbrdah. 

Pratt, Rev. Jermyn, M.A., Rector of Campsea Ashe, Suffolk 

Pratt, Mr. Henry, New Bond Street 

Pretty, Edward, Esq., Northampton 

Price, E. B., Esq, 39, Cow-crosa Street, West SmithSeld 

Prim, John, O. A., Esq., Kilkenny 

Pryer, Alfred, Esq., Hollingbonrae, Kent 

Pryer, Thomas, Esq., 17, Pavement, Fjnshury Circus 



Raine, Rev. James, M.A., Rector of Meldon, Northumberland ; Crook Hall, Durham 
Raines, Rev. Francia Robert, F.S.A., Perpetual Curate of Milnrow, Rochdale, 

Lancashire 
Ramsay, William, Esq., M.A., F.S.S., Professor of Humanity in the University of 

Glasgow; Barns' House, Alyth, Perthshire 
Reads, Rev. J. B„ M.A., Vicar of Stone, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire 

D.sitizeooyGoOgle 



MEMBERS OF THE 

Reader, Edward Francis Stratton, Esq., Sandwich 

Reeve, Mt. William, Bookseller, Upper Parade, Leamington, Warwickshire 

Replon, John Adcy, Esq., F.S.A., Springfield, Chelmsford, Essex 

Rhodes, Henry, Esq., Architect, 26, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, London 

Richards, Rev. Joseph Lnseombe, D.D., Domestic Chaplain to the Prince Albert; 

Rector of Exeter College, Oxford 
Richards, John, Esq., Jun., F.S.A., Reading 
Richardson, Charles James, Esq., F.S.A. 

Richardson, Wormley Edward, Esq., Riccall Hal), Eserick, Yorkshire 
Richardson, Edward, Esq., Sculptor, Hales Place South, Lambeth 
Richardson, George B., Esq., Grey Street, Newcastle 
Richardson, Mr. H. S., Greenwich 

Riddell, Rer. James, M.A., Vicar of H anbury. Barton on Trent 
Roberto, Henry, Esq., F.S.A. , Fellow of the Institute of British Architects 
Roberta, David, Esq., R.A., F.S.A., 7, Fiutroy Street 
Roberts, Arthur, Esq., Penrose Terrace, Penzance, Cornwall 
Robinson, Henry Crabbe, Esq., F.S.A., Russell Square 
Robson, John, Esq., Warrington, Lancashire 
Rock, Rev. Daniel, D.D., Buckland, Faringdon, Berkshire 
Rogers, Samuel Sandilsnds, Esq., Athol Street, Douglas, Isle of Man 
Rogers, William, Esq., Barrister, 40, Bedford Square 
Rolfe, William Henry, Esq., Sandwich 
Rolfe, Rev. George, Finsbury Circus 
Ruokc, S. P., Esq., Oriel College, Oxford 
Roots, Ladlow, Esq., M.D., F.S.A., Kingston, Surrey 
Rose, Rev. Henry, M.A., Rector of Brington, Northamptonshire 
Rosier, Henry William, Esq., F.S.A., 6, King's Row, Pentonville 
Russel, William Congreve, Esq., Leamington, Warwickshire 
Russell, Rev. John, D.D., F.S.A., Prebendary of Canterbury ; Rector of St Botolph's, 

Bishopagate, London 
Russell, Jesse Watts, Esq., D.C.L.,F.R.S,F.S. A., IUm Hall, Ashbourne, Derbyshire 
Russell, Mr. Frederic, I pawich 

Ryder, Rev. George Dudley, M.A., Rector of Easton, Winchester 
Ryder, Thomas Dudley, Esq., M.A., Oriel College, Oxford 



Salt, Thomas, Esq., Stafford 

Salt, William, Esq., F.S.A., P, Russel Square 

Salt, Rev. Joseph, Perpetual Curate of Penkridge, Staffordshire 

Ssndibrd, Rev. John, M.A., Canon of Worcester; Vicar of D unchurch, Warwickshire 

Sandys, William, Esq., F.S.A., Serjeants' Inn, Fleet Street; 25, Devonshire Street, 

Portland Place 
Stall, William Devonshire, Esq., F.S.A., F.O.S., Aldersgate Street 
Savory, Thomas Field, Esq., F.S.A., Fairmile, Cobham, Surrey 
Scoles, Joseph John, Esq., Fellow of the Institute of British Architects ; 11, Argyll 

Place 
Scott, Rev. William, M.A., Minister of Christ Church, Hoxton, Middlesex 
Scott, George G., Esq., Architect, 20, Spring Gardens 
Sendamore, Colonel John Lucy, Kentchurch, Hereford 
Sedgwick, Rev. Adam, M.A., Canon of Norwich ; Senior Fellow of Trinity College, 

and Professor of Geology in the University of Cambridge 
Shspter, Thomas, Esq., M.D., Exeter 
Shaw, Henry, Esq., F.S.A., 37, Southampton Row 
Shaw, John, Esq., Architect, Christ's Hospital 



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BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 

Shaw, George, Esq., F.S.A.E., Architect, St. Chad's, Uppermill, Saddleworth, 

Yorkshire 
Shepherd, Rev. Edward John, B.A., Rector of Luddeadown, Kent 
Shepherd, Samuel, Esq., P.S.A., Marlborough Square, Chelsea 
Sheppard, Major Edmund, Clapham Common 
Shirley, Evelyn John, Esq., M.F., 20, Belgrave Square ; Eating-ton Park, Sbiptton, 

Warwickshire 
Short, Captain, Heavitree, Exeter 
Sibthorpe, J. Allen, Esq., Bradninch, Devon 
Skipsey, Rev. Richard, B. A., Perpetual Curate of St Thomas', Bishnp Weannouth, 

Durham 
Slack, Henry, Esq. 6, Hackney Terrace 
Smart, T. W., Esq,, Cranbourn, Dorset 
Smith, Dr. AqniUa, M.R.I.A., Baggot Street, Dublin 
Smith, Charles Roach, Esq., F.S-A ; Honorary Member of the Society of Antiquaries 

of Spain ; late Honorary Secretary of the Numismatic Society ; S, Liverpool Street, 

City 

Smith, Rev. John James, M. A, Fellow and Tutor of Cains College, Cambridge 

Smith, John, Esq., L.L.D., Honorary Secretary of the Maitland Club, Glasgow 

Smith, Rev. W. G. P., Torquay, Devon 

Smith, Rev. Edward Herbert, B.A., Rector of Killamarah, Chesterfield, Derbyshire 

Smith, A. C, Eaq., Christ Church, Oxford; Old Park, Devizes 

Smith, Rev. J. T. H., M.A., Curate of Floors, Northamptonahire 

Smith, J. Huband, Eaq., M.A., M.R.I.A., 2, Holies Street, Dublin 

Smith, Captain Henry, R.M., Portsmouth 

Smyth, Clement Taylor, Esq., Maidstone 

Smyth, William, Esq., Little Houghton, Northampton 

Snelgar, Rev.J. 11., Incumbent of St. James', Mathon, Great Malvern, Worcestershire 

Southwell, Rev. George, Curate of Boyton, Heytesbury, Wiltshire 

Spence, Charles, Esq., Devonport 

Spooner, Ven. William, M.A., Archdeacon of Coventry ; Rector of Elmdon, War- 
wickshire, and Acle, Norfolk 

Spooner, William, Esq., 17, Chapel Street, Belgrave Square 

Spragne, A. F., Esq., Colchester 

Spry, Rev. J. Hume, D.D., Prebendary of Canterbury ; Rector of St. Mary-te- 
Bone; 22, York Terrace, Regent's Park 

Stanley, Captain Owen, K.N., 38, Brook Street 

Stanton, W. H., Esq., Stroud, Gloucester!* ire 

Stapleton, Thomaa, Esq., F.S.A., 13, Wilton Place 

Staunton, William, Esq., Longbridge, Warwickshire 

Staunton, Rev. William, M.A., Chairman of the Architectural Committee, Warwick- 
ahire Archaeological Society j Longbridge, Warwick 

Stephenson, Rev. John H oilier, M.A., Rector of Corringham, Essex 

Stevena, Ven. John Moore, M. A., Archdeacon and Canon of Exeter) Vicar of Otterton, 
Devonshire 

Stevenson, Rev. H. Joseph, M.A., Honorary Canon of Worcester, Examining 
Chaplain to the Bishop ; Rector of St. Philip's, Birmingham 

Stothard, Henry, Esq., F.S.A., Charter House 

Strange, Captain, R.N., Junior United Service Club 

Strange, Robert, Esq., 1, New Court, Temple 

Streatfeild, Rev. Thomaa, F.S.A,, Chart's Edge, Westerham, Kent 

Street, James, Esq., Princes Street, Manchester 

Stretton, Henry, Esq., Ramsgate 

Suckling, Rev. Alfred Inigo, L.L.B., Rector of Barsham, Becclea, Suffolk 

Swainson, Rev. Charles, B.D., Rector of Crick, Northamptonahire 



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MKMBEttS OF THE 

Swan, Henry, Esq., St John's College, Cambridge 
Sydenham, John, Bsq., Greenwich 
Sylvester, Mr. Spring Head, Sonthfleet, Kent 



Tait, Her. Archibald Campbell, D.C.L., Head Master of Rugby School 

Talbot, Jamea, Eaq. 

Tatton, Thomas, Esq., Withenahaw, Manchester 

Taylor, William, Eaq., Lynn, Norfolk 

Tennent, J. Emerson, Esq., M.P., Secretary of the India Board, 17, Lower Belgrave 

Street; Tempo Houae, Fermanagh, Ireland 
Tharpe, Rev. Augustus Jamea, Vicar of Chippenham, Milileulia.il, Cambridgeshire 
Thomas, Henry, Esq., St. John's College, Cambridge 
Thompson, Jamea, Esq., Leicester 

Thorns, William John, Esq., F.S.A., 31, Marsham Street, Westminster 
Thornton, Thomaa Reeve, Eaq., Brockhall, Weedon, Northamptonshire 
Thornton, Rev. William, M. A., Vicar of Dodford, Northamptonshire 
Thurlow, Rev. Edward, L.L.B., Rector of Lound and Ashhy , Suffolk 
Tiemey, Her. M.A., Arundel 

Timrns, Samuel, Eaq., Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk 
Tite, William, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Vice-President of the Institute of British 

Architects; 25, Upper Bedford Place, Ruasel Square 
Traheme, Rev. John M., M.A., F.S.A., Coedriglan, Cardiff, Glamorganshire 
Trelawny, Rev. C, Ham, Plymouth 
Trenow, Rev. F. W., Bewdley, Worcestershire 

Tucker, Charles, Eaq., F.S.A., 20, Devonshire Place; Harpford, Devon 
Tupper, Martin Farquhar, Esq., M.A., Brighton 

Turbutt, Q. Eaq., Christ Church, Oxford; Ogston Hall, Alfreton, Derbyshire 
Turley, Edward Astbory, Esq., M.D., St John's, Worcester 
Turnbull, W. B. D. D„ Esq., Advocate, Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries of 

Scotland, 26, Great King Street, Edinburgh 
Turner, Dawson, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Great Yarmouth, Norfolk 
Turner, Rev. Charles M., Rector of Studland, Swanage, Dorset 
Turner, Lieut-CoL F. II., Scots Fuailccr Guards 

Turnor, Rev. Charles, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., 11, Spa Buildings, Cheltenham 
Twopeny, William, Esq., Lamb Buildings, Temple 
Tylden, Rev. William, M.A., Lyminge, Kent 
Tytler, Patrick Fraaer, Esq., 3*. Devonshire Place 



Ullathome, Rev. W_ D.D., Coventry, Warwickshire 

Underwood, Rev. J. Hanmer, M.A., Vicar of Boahury, near Ledbury, Hsrefordahire 

Upcher, Rev. Arthur William, M.A., Sberringham, Cromer, Norfolk 



Variance, Rev. William, Perpetual Curate of Maidstone, Kent 

Valpy, Robert Harris, Esq., Lamboume Woodlands, Hungerford, Berkshire 

Vansittart, G. H., Esq., BUhain Abbey, Berkshire 



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BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 



Vaux, Rev. William, B.D., Prebendary of V, 

Vaux, Rev. Bowyer, Hethersett, Norfolk 

Vbvuc, William Sandys Wright, Esq., Department of Antiquities, British Museum 

Vernon, William P., Esq., Hilton Park, Wolverhampton, Staffordshire 

Vernon, Captain George Augustus, Coldstream Guards 

Virtue, John, Esq., 58, Newman Street 



W. 

Waghorn, Lieut., R.N., Snodland, Kent 

Wakefield, Rev. John Mort, M.A., Shrewsbury Grammar School 

Walbran, John Richard, Esq., Ripon, Yorkshire 

Watford, Weston Stylcman, Esq., Middle Temple 

Walford, Rev. Edward Qibbi, Vicar of Shotswell, Warwickshire; Chipping Warden, 

Banbury, Northamptonshire 
Walker, Rev. Charles H., Werrington, Lavmceston, Cornwall 
Walker, Rev. R. 0., Bewdley, Worceaterahire 
Waller, John G., Esq., 20, Charles Street, Bemers Street 
Waller, Lionel A. B„ Esq., 20, Charles St, Bemers Street 
Wallis, Rev. John, M. A., Vicar of Bodmin ; Official of the Archdeacon of Cornwall ; 

Gluvias Vicarage, Penryn 
Walah, Rev. J., Finsbury Circus 

Walter, Rev. Henry, B.D., F.R.S., Rector of Haselbnry Bryan, Dorset 
Walters, Rev. Charles, M.A., F.R.A.S., Rector of Bramdean, Hampshire 
Wansey, William, Esq, F. S . A., Stamford Hill 
Warburton, Roland E., Esq., Arley, Northwich, Cheshire 
Ward, Mr. Thomas, Glass Painter, 87, Frith Street, Soho 
Ward, Rev. John, MA., Vicar of Great Bedwyn, Wiltshire 
Ware, Rev, Thomas, Second Master of Weatminster School ; Student of Christ 

Church; Dean's Yard, Westminster 
Wame, Charles, Esq., MUbourne St Andrew's, Dorset 

Warner, Rev. Henry James Lee.Perp. Curate of Wslsingbam, Norfolk j Rural Dean 
Warren, John Neville, Esq., The Grove, Kentish Town 
Waaey, Rev. George, M.A., Perpetual Curate of Qualford Morville, Salop 
Watherston, Rev. Peter John, M.A., Vicar of Charlton Horethorne, Somerset 
Watkins.Rev. Charles Frederick, Vicar of Brixworth, Northampton shiro 
Watts, Rev. John, Rural Dean, Rector of Tarrant Gunville, Dorset 
Way, Albert, Esq., M.A., Director of the Society of Antiquaries, 12, Rutland Gate, 

Knightsbridge 
Way, Rev. William, MA., Rector of Denham, and Hedgerly, Bucks ; Glympton 

Park, Oxfordshire ; 9, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square 
Way, Rev. Henry Hugh, Vicar of Henbury, Gloucestershire 
Way, Rev. Charles, M.A., Curate of Iileworth, Middlesex 
Way, John, Esq., Spaynes Hall, Great Yeldham, Essex 
Webb, Rev. Thomas, Tretyre 

Webb, Rev. John, M.A., F.S.A., Rural Dean, Rector of Tretyre, Herefordshire 
Webb, Rev. Benjamin, Secretary of the Cambridge Camden Society 
Webber, C, Esq., Christ Church, Oxford 
Weddell, Robert, Esq., Berwick upon Tweed 
Weed all, Rev. H., D.D., Leamington, Warwickshire 
Welby, Olynne Earle, Esq., M.P., B, Upper Belgrave Street 
Wellbeloved, Rev. a, York 

Wellealey, Rev. Henry, M.A., Vice Principal of New-Inn Hall, Oxford 
Wetton, Mr, Thomas, Upper Clapton 



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MEMBERS OF THE 

WeatmaCOtt, Eiclisi'd, Esq., A.R.A., F.R.S., 21, Wilton Place 

Wetherall, Rev. John, Rector of Eut Carlton, and Rushton, Northamptonshire 

Whatman, James, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., The Vintners, Maidatone, Kent 

Whatman, Charles James, Esq., The Friars, Aylesford, Kent 

Whewell, Rev. William, D.D., V.P.R.S., F.S.A., Professor of Moral Philosophy : 

Master of Trinity College, Cambridge 
Whincopp, W., Esq., Woodbridge, Suffolk 

White, Rev. J. Neville, B.D., Tivetabale Rectory, Long Stratton, Norfolk 
White, Alfred, Esq., IS, Cloudealey Square, Islington 
Wickham, Humphrey, Esq., Strood. Kent 

Wigan, Rev. William Lewis, Curate of Trotteracline, Maidatone 
Wilbcrforce, Ven. Samuel, B.D., Archdeacon of Surrey; Prebendary of Winchester j 

Rector of Alverstoke, Hampshire 
Wflbrabam, Charles, Esq., Rode Hall, Congleton, Cheshire 
Wilde, Rev. Spencer Dod, Vicar of Fletching, Sussex 
Willement, Thomas, Esq. F.S.A., Green Street, Hyde Park 
Williams, Rev. Edmund Turberville, M.A., Exeter College, Oxford ; Vicar of Cal- 

dicot, Monmouthshire 
Williams, Rev. Rowland, M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge 
Williams, Rev. Richard Haywsrd, B.A., Principal of the Grammar School, St Asaph 
Williams, Rev. Robert, M.A., Perpetual Curate of Llangadwaladr, Oaweatry, Den- 
bighshire 
Williams, Re*. Rowland, Rector of Yscemog, Holywell, Flintshire 
Willis, Rev. Robert, M.A., F.R.S., Jacksonian Professor, Cambridge; Honorary 

Fellow of the Institute of British Architects 
Willis, Rev. William Downca, M.A., Prebendary of Wells ; Rector of Elated, Sussex 
Windele, John, Esq., Blair's Castle, Cork 
Winston, Rev. Benjamin, L.L.B., Vicar of Famingbam, Kent 
Winston, Charles, Esq., 2, Paper Buildings, Temple ; 64, Torrington Square 
Wire, Mr. William, Colchester 

Wise, John AaMbrd, Esq., Clayton Hall, Newcastle-under-line, Staffordshire 
Wise, Edward, Esq., 2, Middle Temple Lane 
Wiseman, Right Rev. Nicholas, D.D., Bishop of Melipotamua ; St Mary's College, 

Osoott, Birmingham 
Wodderspoon, John, Esq., Ipswich 
Wodehouse, Rev. Charles Nourse, M. A. , Canon of Norwich ; Rector of Morningthorpe, 

Long Stratton, Norfolk 
Wolfe, Mr. John Lewis, Guilford Place, Kensington 
Woodfall, H. D., Esq., Dean's Yard, Westminster 
Woollaston, George, Eaq., Welling, Kent 

Woodruff, Rev. John, Vicar of Unchurch, Curate of Lower Halatow, Milton, Kent 
Woods, Albert William, Eaq., Lancaster Herald ; College of Arms 
Woodward, Rev. Jonathan Henry, M.A., Perpetual Curate of St. James's, Bristol 
Wordsworth, Rev. Christopher, D.D., Head Master of Harrow School 
Wreford, Rev. John ReyneU, F.S.A., King's Square, Bristol 
Wrench, Rev. Frederick, M.A., Rector of Stowtiog, and Curate of Stamford, Kent 
Wright, Thoraaa, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Corresponding Member of the Institute of 

France (Academic dei Inscriptions) and of the " Comite dea Aits et Monuments," 

18, Gilbert Street, Grosvenor Square 
Wright, Henry, Esq., Knutsford, Cheshire 
Wyatt, Thomas, Esq., Fellow of the Institute of British Architects; 75, Great 

Ruasel Street 
Wyatt, Rev. Arthur Montague, Perpetual Curate of Perry Bar, Staffordshire 
Wyatt, Osmond H., Eaq., Troy House, Monmouth 
Wyatt, Digby, Esq., 75, Great Russel Street 



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BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 

Wyon, E. W., Esq., 48, Gower Street, Bedford Square 

Wyon, Benjamin, Esq., Chief Engraver of Her Mnjesly'i Seals ; Rcj 



Yates, Richard, Esq. 

Young, Rev. George, D.D., Whitby 



Foreign MEMBERS. 
Count Mortara, D.C.L., Member of the Royal Herculauenaian Society of 

Naples ; Chamberlain to H . K. H . the Duke of Lucca. 
Monsieur de Gerville, Valognes, (la Manche) Honorary F.S.A. ; Associate of 

the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland ; associated Correspondent of the 

Institute of France. 
Monsieur Didron, Secretary to the " Comite des Arts et Monuments,'' Paris, 

Rue d'Uhn, No. 1. 
Monsieur Charles Sauvageot, Paris, Rue du Faubourg Poissonniere, 56. 
Monsieur Anatole Chabouillet, Honorary F.S.A. ; Department of Medals and 

Antiquities, Bibliotheque Royale, Paris ; Rue Godot de Mauroy, 20. 
General Nicholas Sabloukoff, in the Russian service. 
Monsieur Cesar Daly, Editor of the " Revue generate de 1' Architecture et des 

Travaux publics ;" Paris, Rue de Furs ten iberg, 6. 
Monsieur de Cauinont, director of the Society for the preservation of Monu- 
ments, in France ; honorary Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of 

Normandy; correspondent of the Institute of France; Caen. 
Le Vicomte de Cussy ; St. Mande. 
Monsieur de la Fontenelle de Vaudore, Poitiers. 
Monsieur Lecointre Dupont, Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of the 

West; Poitiers. 
Le Marquis de la Porte, Vendome. 

Monsieur Godard Faultrier, keeper of the Museum of Archreology at Angers. 
Monsieur Lambron. 

Monsieur l'Abbe Lacurie, Secretary of the Archaeological Society at Saintes. 
Monsieur Augusta le Prerost, Member of the Institute of France, Honorary 

F.S.A. ; Bernay (Eure.) 
Monsienr le docteur Bigollot, Member of the Society of Antiquaries 

Picardy, Amiens. 
Monsieur Alexandre Hermand, Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries 

the Morinie ; Associate of the Numismatic Society of London ; St Omer. 
Monsieur Jacques Bimeb.es de Crevecmur de Perthes, Knight of Malta, 

President of the Royal Society of Emulation, at Abbeville ; Associate of the 

Numismatic Society of London. 
Monsienr Pauliu Paris, Member of the Institute of France, Conserrateui 

adjoint at the Bibliotheque Royale, department of MSS.j Rue Neuve 

des-Petits-Champs, 12. 



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MEMBERS OP THJS BRITISH ABCHAEOLOGICAT, ASSOCIATION. 

Monsieur Achille JubinsJ, Professor of Literature it the Faculte of Mont- 

pellier. 
Monsieur Joseph Octave Delepiene, Arcliiriste Provincial; Member of (he 

Societe des Bibliophiles at Mods ; of the Societe des Sciences, lies Lettres 

et des Arts du IJaiaaut ; of that of the Antiquaries of Morinie, &c ficc, 

Attache of the Belgian Embassy at the Court of London; Ai, Welbeck-street. 
Monsieur D'Avezac, Secretary of the Societe de Geographic, Paris ; Bue du 

Bac, No. 38. 
Councillor Thompsen, Keeper of the Coins and Medals in the Collection of the 

King of Denmark ; Honorary F.S.A. ; Copenhagen. 
Doctor Bo ruhard Kohne, Editor of the "Zeitschrift fur Monze und Wappen- 

kunde," Berlin. 
Rev. James Christian Lindberg, Copenhagen. 
Monsieur Antoine Durand, Calais. 



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