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lxial<trl  Bov.nJ-ij>f'fc 


THE 


iarc|)aeolo5ical    3(ouniaL 


PUBLISHED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION 


OF    THE    CENTRAL    COMMITTEE 


^t)t  Uxitifif)  Urcftaeological  E^^ociation 


FOR  THE  ENCOURAGEMENT  AND  PROSECUTION 


OF    RESEARCHES    INTO    THE    ARTS    AND    MONUMENTS 


^6c  ^atli?  mxn  #lititrU  .^gcg;. 


VOL.  L 


LONDON: 

LONGMAN,  RROWN,  GREEN,  AND  LONGMAN. 

OXFORD;  J.  H.  PARKER.— CAM13RIDGE  :  .T.  &  J.  J.  DEIGHTON. 

MUCCCXLV. 


mUPLlCATEl 

U3RAHV    ^.j'^-^nia   I 


OXFORD 


rUlNTEp  n%\.   i^BRIMl'TON. 


CONTENTS   OF    VOLUME   I. 

Page 

Introduction,  by    Albert  Way 1 

On  Numismatics C.  R.  S 7 

On  Painted  glass C.  W 14 

On  Anglo-Saxon  Architecture    T.  Wright 24 

On  Bell-Tunets  Rev.  J.  L.  Petit 36 

On  the  Medieval  Antiquities  of  Anglesey     Rev.H.  L.  Jones 40 

The  Horn-shaped  Ladies'  Head-Dress  in  the)  x  W  *  bt  45 

reign  of  Edward  I.     ,  [     '  

On  Cross-Legged   Effigies   commonly   appro- 1  -.y   ^  -.y  .„ 

priated  to  Templars  J        

Catalogue  of  the  Emblems  of  Saints C.Hart 53 

On  Military  Architecture    G.T.Clark 93 

Roman  London    C.R.Smith 108 

Remarks  on  some  of  the  Churches  of  Anglesey     Rev.  H.  L.  Jones 118 

IconograjAy  and  Icouoclasm Dr.  Ingram 131 

On  the  Preservation  of  Monumental  Inscriptions  i  T.'      '  rv  "'       135 

^  (Rouge  Dragon. 

Observations  on  the  Primeval  Antiquities  of)  p  r-   t    v.-                           140 

the  Channel  Islands  I  

On  Sepulchral  Brasses  and  Incised  Slabs     Albert  Way 197 

Illustrations   of  Domestic   Architecture,  from)  rp   -it^,-  1.                            j,,^, 

popular  Medieval  Writers  |      *         "     

On  the  Primeval  Antiquities  of  the  Channel)  t?  p  t    i^-                          020 

Islands  )      '     '  

On   the   Remains   of    Shobdon    Old   Church,)  rp  av  •  i »                           oqq 

Herefordshire  [  ^'  ^^""'S^^ ^'^'^ 

On  the  Medieval    Ecclesiastical   Architecture)  -o      tt  t    t  r>o-,  oo/> 

of  Paris  1  L.Jones.  ...  237, 330 

Abstract  of  Report  of  the  First  Meeting  of  the  British  Archaeological 

Association  at  Canterbury,  September,  1844 267 

Suggestions  for  the  Extension  of  the  British)  -.xr    j     ,  „„. 

Archseological  Association  |  ^^- ^e^i^n ^yy 

Illustrations   of   Domestic    Architecture   from)   -r.  -.t^  •  1  ^  om 

Illuminated  MSS.  J  T-^^nght 301 

On  ancient  mixed  Masonry  of  Brick  and  Stone    M.  H.  Bloxam 307 

English  Medieval  Embroidery   Rev.  C.  H.  Hartshorne....  318 

On  the  Kimmeridge  "  Coal  Money" John  Sydenham 347 

Norman  Tombstone  at  Coningsborough    D.  H.  Haigh 354 

Rockingham  Castle Rev.  C.  H.  Hartshorne....  356 

OuiGINAL  DocrSIENTS: 

Early  English  receipts  for  Painting,  Gilding,  &c.  T.  Wright 64 

Early  English  Artistical  Receipts  T.Wright 152 

Description  of  the  Interior  of  a  Chamber  in  a  \  y   o  xr  11"     11  24'^ 


Castle 

Peoceedings  OF  THE  Ckntral  Committee    67,  156,246,379 

Notices  of  New  Pcblicatioxs     72,  169,  284,  405 

Lists  of  Recent  Akch^ological  Publications 85,  194,  292 


It  is  requested  that  all  cnmuiunications  for  the  Archccnlogical  Journal  he 
addressed  to  Albert  Way,  Esq.,  Honorary  Secretari/,  12,  Rutland  Gate,  Hyde 
Park;  and  that  all  donations  and  subscriptions  be  paid  to  the  account  of  the 
Central  Committee  of  the  Archaiolxjical  Association  with  Messrs.  Cockburns  and 
Co.,  4,  Whitehall. 


ILLUSTRATIONS    TO  VOL.  I. 


Those  marked  thus  •  are  plates  to  be  inserted  in  the  places  indicated. 


•Harescomb  Church,  Gloucestershire,  {Etching) 
Supposed  Anglo-Saxon  Tower,  Sompting,  Sussex 


Earl's  Barton,  Northamptonshir 

Anglo-Saxon  Arcade,  MS.  Cotton,  Claud.  B.  iv. 

Arches,  ib.  .... 

Pillar,  ib.      . 

Baluster  Column,  ib. 

Belfry-window,  Earl's  Barton,  Northamptonshire 

St.  Benet's,  Cambridge 


Triangular-headed  Doorway,  MS.  Cotton 

Double  Arch,  ib.      . 

Triangular  Tympanum,  ib. 

Doorway,  Barnack    .  .  . 

Belfry-window,  Deerhurst,  Gloucestershire 

Sompting 

—  Triangular-arched  Doorway,  MS.  Cotton 

Capitals  of  Columns,  ib.        .  . 

Foliated  Capital,  Sompting  Church 

Arch,  Corbanipton,  Hants    . 

♦Acton  Turville  Church,  Gloucestershire,  (Etching) 
*Leigh  Delamere  Church,  Wiltshire,  (Etching)  . 
Bell-Turret,  on  Harescomb  Church,  Gloucestershire 

Leigh  Delamere,  Wiltshire 

Corston,  Wiltshire 

Figures  of  the  Apostles    .  .  .  .  . 

Christian  Iconography. 

Christ  in  an  Elliptic  Aureole 

The  Trinity  creating  Man     .  ,  .  . 

The  Trinity  nimbed  .  .  .  , 

The  Divine  Lamb     .  .  .  .  . 

Pope  Paschal,  with  square  Nimbus  . 

God  condemning  Adam  and  Eve  to  labour  . 

Our  Saviour  in  an  Aureole  of  Clouds 

God  in  a  Circular  Aureole    .  .  .  . 

The  Virgin  in  an  Aureole    .  .  .  . 

Christ  the  Almighty  .  .  .  . 

The  Creation  .  .  .  .  . 

The  Trinity  ..... 

The  Tower,  London  ..... 

The  Keep,  Newcastle  on  Tyne    .... 
Caerphilly  Castle,  restored  from  a  careful  survey 

Penmon  Priory  Church,  near  Beaumarais,  Anglesey 

Font,  and  Water  Stoup     . 

■ Compartment  of  Font 

West  Door  .... 


Page 
Frontispiece 

26 
ib. 
28 
ib. 
29 
ib. 
30 
ib. 
31 
ib. 
ib. 
32 
ib. 
ib. 
33 
ib. 
34 
ib. 

36 
36 
ib. 
37 
38 

53 

73 
74 
ib. 
75 
ib. 
76 
ib. 
77 
78 
79 
80 
ib. 

95 

97 

103 

118 
122 
123 
124 


ILU'STRATIONS  TO  VOL.    I. 


Penmon  Priory,  Inscription  to  St.  Sadwrn 

I  Details  and  Sections  .  .  . 

Font,  Llan  Jestyn,  Anglesey        .... 
Plan  of  Llanfihangel  Church       .... 
East  Window,  and  details,  of  Llan  Tysilio  Church 
Llanfihangel  and  Llan  Tysilio  Churches 

Coins  illustrative  of  Christian  Iconography 

Interior  of  Cromlech,  L'ancresse,  Guernsey 

Position  of  Vase  in  the  northern  part  of  Cromlech,  L'ancresse 
Position  of  Vase  and  Bones  in  Cromlech 
Grinding-trough  and  stone  implements  in  Cromlech 
Jars,  &c.,  interior  of  Cromlech 

Romano-British  urns,  and  other  vessels,  discovered  at  Saffron  Walden 
Diagram  of  Window,  Bourges  Cathedral 

Supposed  Saxon  Belfry  window,  Northleigh  Church,  Oxon 
Early  English  Capital,  Bicester  Church,  Oxon   . 
East  end  of  South  Aisle,  Kidlington,  Oxon 
Kitchen,  Stanton  Harcourt,  Oxon 

Romano- British  Coins  .... 

Sepulchral  Brass  of  Sir  Roger  de  Trumpington,  Trumpington  Church 
bridgeshire        ...... 

of  Sir  John  d'Aubernoun,  Stoke  d'Aubernon,  Surrey 

Ancient  Seal,  representing  a  Manor-house  of  the  13th  century 

View  of  Cromlech,  at  Catioroc,  Jersey 

South  view  of  a  small  Cromlech  at  L'ancresse,  Guernsey 

Soutli  view  of  the  Cromlech  at  La  Mare  aux  Mauves,  L'ancresse 

Specimens  of  Vases,  &c.  discovered  in  Cromlechs  in  the  Channel  I 

Representation  of  the  Deity,  from  Shobdon  Church,  Herefordshire 
Shaft  of  scroll-work,  with  capital,  from  the  same 
Figures  of  Welsh  Knights,  from  the  same     . 
Compartment  of  Pillar,  from  the  same 

Spear-head  and  Urn,  from  excavated  BaiTows  in  Derbyshire 
Supposed  Quiver,  in  fine  gold,  discovered  near  Poitiers  . 
Section  of  Barrows  in  Lord  Albert  Denison  Conyngham's  Park 

Plan  of  Grave  in  Barrow       .... 

Bucket,  &c.  discovered  in  the  Grave 

Piscina  and  Monument  in  Long  Wittenham  Church,  Berkshire 
Ruins  of  St.  Clement's  Church,  Worcester 

Gold  Coin  of  Edward  the  Confessor 

Exterior  and  Interior  of  Dovecot,  Garway,  Herefordshire 
Tympanum,  See.  of  South  Doorway  of  the  same  . 
Chinmey,  Grosmont  Castle,  Herefordshire 

Representation  of  the  Embroidery  on  the  Amice  of  St.  Thomas  k  Becket 

Admission  of  St.  Guthlac  into  Priest's  Orders 

Single  Combat  with  axes  .... 

Curious  Military  Engines,  and  Galley     , 

Reliquary  of  the  fifteenth  century 


Page 
124 
125 
126 
127 
128 
129 

132 

142 
146 
148 
ib. 
149 

159, 160 
169 

177 

178 

ib. 

179 

181, 182, 183 


Cam 


ands 


199 
209 

219 

222 
225 
ib. 
228,229 

233 
235 
236 
237 

247,  248 

252 

254 

ib. 

255 

257 
261 

ib. 

265 

266 

ib. 

285 
286 
287 
288 
289 


ILLUSTRATIUN.S  TO  VOL.   I. 


Supposed  Penner  of  Henry  VI.    . 

Domestic  Architecture  of  the  Middle  Ages,  from  a  MS.  in  the  British  Museum. 
"Workmen  making  incised  Monumental  Slabs 

Position  of  Hall  and  Chamber,  from  MS.  Addit.  No.  10,293,  fol.  139,  v» 
A  House,  from  MS.  Addit.  No.  10,293,  fol.  199,  V. 
A  Chimney,  from  MS.  Addit.  No.  10,293,  fol.  6,  vo. 
A  Castle,  from  MS.  Addit.  No.  10,293,  fol.  157,  v». 
A  Castle,  from  MS.  Addit.  No.  10,293,  fol.  160,  v". 
A  fortified  Bridge,  from  .MS.  Addit.  No.  10,293,  fol.  58,  V. 

English  Medieval  Embroidery. — Antependium  at  Steeple  Aston, Oxfordshire 
Patterns  on  a  Cope  of  crimson  Velvet,  Campden,  Gloucestershire 

Weston  Underwood,  Northamptonshire 

Ely 

Pattern  on  Communion  cloth,  from  East  Langdon,  Kent 

Cope  from  the  same      .... 

Cope  from  the  same      .... 

C(ipe,  Buckland,  Worcestershire 

Antependium,  Steeple  Aston,  Oxfordshire 

Example  of  the  foundation  of  design  to  be  embroidered 

Two  examples  shewing  the  mode  of  sewing  the  bouillon  and  purl 

Example  shewing  the  manner  in  which  the  end  of  the  silk  is  taken  in  the  ey 

of  the  needle  to  the  ends,  when  it  is  wished  to  draw  it  under  the  stuff 
Illustration  of  the  old  method  of  patting  on  the  pailettes 
Paillons,  before  and  after  they  are  sewn  on  with  bouillon  and  purl 

Norman  Tombstone,  Coningsborough,  Yorkshire 

Rockingham  Castle,  Northamptonshire,  Entrance  Gateway    . 
View  of  Rockingham  Castle  .... 

Sections  of  Mouldings,  from  the  same  .  .  . 


Page 
290 


Cross-loop  with  an  oilet,  from  the  same 

Ancient  Chest,  time  of  Henry  V.,  from  the  same      .  . 

John,  from  the  same 

Plan  of  Gateway,  Rockingham  Castle 

Earthen  Vase  or  Urn  discovered  near  North  Walsham,  Norfolk 

Masons'  Marks     ....... 

Ornamental  Sculpture  at  Penally,  near  Tenby,  North  Wales       . 

An  unpublished  Saxon  Sceatta  found  near  Banbury,  Oxfordshire 
Saxon  and  Roman  coins  ..... 

Plan  of  supposed  Roman  ^lasonry  in  a  cellar  at  Leicester 

Capital  and  Base  of  Pillar,  S.  Walderich's  chapel,  Murrhard,  Germany 
Crockets  from  the  Oratory  at  Urach         .... 

Figure  of  a  curious  carved  stone  in  Newton  Church,  Yorkshire  . 
Urn-shaped  vessel,  &c., discovered  at  Bernaldby  Moor,  Yorkshire 

Roman  milestone  dug  up  near  Leicester 

Jewry  Wall,  Leicester  ..... 


301 
302 
ib. 
303 
304 
305 
306 

318 
328 
329 

ib. 
330 

ib. 
331 

ib. 
333 
334 
335 

ib. 
ib. 
ib. 

354 

356 
357 
358 

ib. 

ib. 
359 

ib. 
378 

381 

383 

384 

385 
386 

390 

408 
410 

•111 
412 

41.3 
416 


THE 


arci)aeolo5ical   SfournaL 


MARCH,  ISft. 


Ix  presenting  to  public  attention  a  new  project  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  intelligent  researches  into  British  antiquities,  and  vigilant 
care  for  their  preservation,  no  preliminary  commendation  of  such 
subjects  of  enquiry  may  now  appear  to  be  requisite,  such  as  the 
oration  delivered  in  1589,  by  the  Historian  of  Cornwall,  Richard 
Carew,  in  praise  of  the  study  of  antiquity,  and  received  on  his 
admission  to  the  Society,  formed  in  1572  by  Archbishop  Parker, 
with  no  small  applause.  Our  fellow  countrymen  need  not  to  be 
reminded  now,  as  in  the  charter  granted  by  George  II.  on  the 
foundation  of  the  existing  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London,  that 
"  the  study  of  antiquity,  and  the  history  of  former  times,  has  ever 
been  esteemed  highly  commendable  and  useful,  not  only  to  improve 
the  minds  of  men,  but  also  to  incite  them  to  wtuous  and  noble 
actions."  At  the  present  time,  the  love  and  the  study  of  ancient 
and  historical  monuments,  which  appear  to  have  first  assumed  a 
definite  character  under  the  influence  of  Archbishop  Parker,  no 
longer  confined  to  a  limited  number  of  curious  enquirers,  have 
become  a  national  and  a  prevalent  taste.  The  progressive  advance 
of  such  a  taste  may  be  marked  from  year  to  year,  not  less  in  the 
formation  of  numerous  local  societies,  and  private  collections,  or  in 
costly  undertakings  for  the  support  or  restoration  of  ancient  public 
monuments,  than  in  publications,  by  means  of  which  the  obscurities 
of  the  science  of  Antiquity  have  been  rendered  comprehensible  and 
acceptable  to  the  public. 

The  general  impulse  which,  of  late  years,  throughout  almost  all 
countries  of  western  Europe,  has  caused  an  increasing  attention  to 
be  paid  to  ancient  memorials  of  a  national  and  medieval  cliaracter, 

u 


2  INTRODUCTION. 

in  place  of  the  exclusive  admiration  of  objects  of  more  remote 
antiquity,  and  more  pure  and  classical  taste,  but  of  foreign  origin, 
has  now  attained  a  great  degree  of  popular  favour.  The  collectors 
of  fossils,  termed  by  them  "  figured  stones,"  in  the  last  and  previous 
centuries,  have  been  succeeded  by  geologists,  who  have  found  the 
ground-work  of  a  Science  in  facts,  formerly  incomprehensible,  and 
objects  of  mere  curious  admiration.  Thus  also  are  the  students  of 
Antiquity  now  no  more  compelled  to  have  recourse  to  vague  terms  in 
describing  objects  which  present  themselves,  attributing  to  a  Druidic, 
a  Roman,  or  a  Danish  period,  remains  which  formerly  might  have 
perplexed  them  by  then*  antique  aspect  :  the  characteristic  distinc- 
tions of  every  period  are  now  in  great  measure  understood,  and 
Archaeology,  even  as  regards  medieval  relics,  assumes  the  position 
of  a  defined  science.  Some  efii'ort  then,  in  extension  of  the  opera- 
tions of  an  Institution,  such  as  the  Societj^  of  Antiquaries,  which, 
although  of  a  national  and  distinguished  character,  no  longer  fully 
supplies  the  exigencies  of  the  occasion,  as  it  did  most  amply  at  the 
period  of  its  foundation,  may  now  appear  not  only  desirable,  but 
almost  indispensable.  As  the  number  of  persons  who  take  a  lively 
interest  in  ancient  National  Monuments  increases,  the  monuments 
themselves  gradually  disappear,  either  by  decay  of  time,  wanton 
destruction,  or  injuries  inflicted,  without  ill  intention,  by  those  who 
are  ignorant  of  their  value.  To  preserve  from  demolition  or  decay 
works  of  ancient  times  which  still  exist,  is  an  object  that  should 
merit  the  attention  of  Government,  not  merely  on  account  of  their 
interest  as  specimens  of  art,  but  because  respect  for  the  great 
Institutions  of  the  country,  sacred  and  secular,  and  a  lively  interest 
in  their  maintenance,  must,  as  it  is  apprehended,  be  increased  in 
proportion  to  the  advance  of  an  intelligent  appreciation  of  monu- 
ments, which  are  the  tangible  evidences  of  the  gradual  establishment 
of  those  Institutions.  No  preservative  control,  however,  which 
could  be  exerted  by  any  legislative  measure,  could,  as  it  is  believed, 
prove  so  efiicient  in  protecting  public  monuments  from  injury,  as 
the  more  general  extension  of  such  a  feeling  throughout  all  classes 
of  the  community.  The  charter  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
London  makes  no  allusion  to  the  preservation  of  national  monu- 
ments by  influence,  or  direct  interference,  when  menaced  with  de- 
struction.   From  peculiarities  of  its  constitution,  it  may  be  doubtful 


INTRODUCTION.  3 

whether  it  ever  could  attain  the  requisite  degree  of  extended  influ- 
ence for  such  purpose  :  the  operation  of  the  Society  being  at  present 
almost  exclusively  limited  to  the  portion  of  its  members  who  reside 
in  London,  with  few,  if  an}^  means  of  securing  local  co-operatiou 
throughout  the  country.  In  pursuance  of  these  considerations  the 
British  Archaeological  Association  has  been  devised,  wholly  inde- 
pendent of  the  said  Society,  yet  wholly  subsidiary  to  its  efforts, 
and  in  extension  thereof;  the  system  of  operation,  of  which  the 
project  is  now  submitted  to  the  public,  being  such  as  has  been 
deemed  more  generally  available  to  all  classes,  as  a  ready  means  of 
obtaining  any  desired  information  on  ancient  arts  and  monuments, 
and  of  securing  their  preservation,  through  the  medium  of  an 
extended  correspondence  with  every  part  of  the  realm.  Conducted 
with  the  immediate  concurrence  of  the  officers  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  and  favoured  by  the  sanction  and  patronage  of  its 
most  distinguished  members,  no  kind  of  rivality  or  interference 
with  the  recognised  proA^nce  and  professed  objects  of  that  Society 
is  contemplated,  or  can  justly  be  apprehended.  The  new  project  is 
adapted,  as  far  as  has  been  at  this  moment  practicalile,  to  form  a 
subsidiary  means  of  more  fully  supphang  the  exigencies  of  the 
present  occasion,  Avhich  have  arisen  from  the  more  extended,  and 
rapidly  advancing  interest  in  Archaic  researches. 

The  means  now  proposed  for  attaining  the  objects  desired  may 
be  thus  concisely  stated.  A  central  and  permanent  Committee  has 
been  formed  of  persons  resident  in  Loudon,  and  purposing  to  hold 
meetings  every  fortnight  during  the  greater  portion  of  the  year. 
In  the  composition  of  this  body  it  has  been  endeavoured  to  secure 
in  every  department  of  Art  or  Antiquarian  research,  the  co-opera- 
tion of  the  persons  best  qualified,  whose  aid  could  possibly  be  secured, 
to  represent  each  subject  respectively,  such  as  Primeval  Antiqui- 
ties, Numismatic  Science,  Architecture,  Art,  Sculpture,  Painting 
on  glass,  or  other  accessory  decorations.  To  persons  living  far 
from  London  or  chief  towns,  an  occasion  is  thus  presented  of  readily 
obtaining  practical  suggestions  on  any  point  which  might  induce 
them  to  desire  reference  to  such  a  Committee,  either  on  the  resto- 
ration of  sacred  or  other  ancient  structures,  and  tlieir  appropriate 
decoration,  or  general  information  on  any  subject  of  research 
connected  with  Antiquity.     The  pi-imary  intent  of  the  Committee 


4  INTRODUCTION. 

is  to  collect  and  to  impart  sucli  information;  it  is  therefore  de- 
sirable to  organize  a  system  of  local  correspondence  throughout 
the  country ;  and  in  order  that^  if  possible,  corresponding  associates 
may  be  obtained  in  every  town  and  parish  of  the  realm,  no  oner- 
ous annual  contribution  is  required,  the  observation  of  such  facts 
as  may  present  themselves,  and  the  contribution  of  them  towards 
the  common  stock  of  knowledge,  being  all  that  is  expected.  The  im- 
mediate wants  of  the  Committee  have  been  supplied,  sufficiently  for 
the  present  purpose,  by  voluntary  annual  contributions,  and  as  the 
occasions  of  rendering  such  funds  available  for  purposes  of  general 
interest  may  quickly  increase,  contributions  of  small  amount  will  be 
thankfully  received  from  any  persons,  whose  means  or  inclination 
dispose  them  to  aid  the  Committee  in  this  manner,  without  en- 
croaching upon  domestic,  parochial,  or  other  more  imperative 
claims.  The  Committee  have  indeed  in  view  means  of  obtaining 
from  other  sources  funds  sufficient  for  their  purposes ;  and  it  is 
obvious  that  some  such  resources  will  be  essential  to  give  full  effect 
to  tlieir  preservative  efforts ;  but  it  is  distinctly  to  be  understood 
that  there  is  no  intention  at  any  future  time  of  exacting  any 
annual  subscription.  Until  adequate  supplies  may  be  at  disposal,  it  is 
not  unreasonable  to  believe  that  in  any  sudden  emergency,  when 
the  existence  of  a  monument  of  public  interest  may  depend  on  the 
advance  of  a  small  pecuniary  aid,  it  would  be  only  requisite  to 
submit  the  case  properly  to  public  consideration,  either  through  the 
agency  of  correspondents,  or  in  the  quarterly  publication  of  the 
Committee,  to  secure,  without  any  direct  solicitation,  the  desired 
assistance.  That  publication,  edited  by  a  sub-committee,  is  in- 
tended to  serve  as  a  medium  of  exciting  interest  and  imparting 
information,  of  recording  all  facts  and  discoveries,  brought  under 
the  notice  of  the  Committee,  even  of  a  kind  which  at  first  sight 
may  be  deemed  trifling,  and  of  calling  attention  to  cases  when 
public  monuments  may  be  exposed  to  injury  or  desecration.  On  such 
occasions  it  is  proposed,  by  courteous  representation  or  remonstrance 
on  the  part  of  the  Committee,  to  seek  to  excite  a  more  just  value  for 
ancient  objects  of  public  interest ;  and  to  offer  pecuniary  aid  in  some 
cases,  as  far  as  the  available  funds  of  the  Association  may  permit, 
not  however  with  the  intention  of  intruding  on  the  proper  depart- 
ment of  those  whose  position  should  render  them  the  guardians  of 


INTRODUCTION.  5 

such  objects  entrusted  to  their  care,  but  of  encouraging  their  efforts^ 
and  giving  aid  in  carrying  them  into  effect.  It  is  proposed  to  give 
in  this  Joiu'ual  summary  and  familiar  suggestions  or  instructions 
on  every  department  of  research,  so  as  to  direct  the  enquiries  of 
correspondents,  and  explain  to  those,  Avho  may  be  uninitiated  in 
such  matters,  the  practical  means  whereby  their  researches  may  be 
carried  forward  in  a  manner  most  agreeable  to  themselves,  and 
most  available  for  the  common  object.  The  best  publications,  in 
which  more  extended  information  may  be  found,  will  be  pointed 
out,  and  notices  of  all  new  works  on  Antiquities  published  at  home 
or  on  the  Continent,  or  announced  for  publication,  will  be  regularly 
given.  Long  and  elaborate  dissertations,  or  detailed  descriptions  of 
monuments,  requiring  numerous  illustrations,  will  not  properly 
find  a  place  in  a  journal  of  unpretending  character  and  moderate 
price.  Such  communications  addressed  to  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, through  the  medium  of  any  member  of  its  body,  will  always 
be  acceptable,  and  received  with  due  attention;  and  it  may  be 
further  observed  that  the  Society  is  accustomed  to  allot  to  the  author 
of  any  communication  considered  by  the  Council  deserving  to  be 
printed  in  the  Archaeologia,  a  certain  number  of  copies.  From  time 
to  time,  however,  the  Journal  will  present  illustrated  descriptions, 
exhibiting  characteristic  specimens  of  camps  or  primeval  works, 
roads,  edifices,  sacred,  military,  or  domestic,  and  antiquities  of 
every  kind,  so  as  to  supply  general  observations  in  a  more  instruc- 
tive manner,  and  models  for  the  preparation  of  illustrated  descrip- 
tions of  similar  monuments.  Whenever  any  structnre  may  un- 
avoidably be  condemned  to  demohtion,  it  is  recommended  that  a 
proper  description,  with  plans  and  drawings,  should  be  carefully 
prepared ;  but  as  these  descriptions  may  be  too  extended  to  allow 
of  their  publication  in  full,  such  an  abstract,  as  may  properly  be 
brought  within  the  scope  of  the  Quarterly  Journal,  will  be  given, 
and  the  originals  preserved  for  reference,  or  subsequent  use. 
Documentary  evidences,  charters,  inventories,  or  wills^  may  be 
made  available  with  explanatory  comments,  when  they  illustrate 
things  substantial,  by  supplpug  either  facts,  such  as  the  date 
of  a  structure,  the  expenses  incurred  in  its  construction,  or  details 
connected  with  costume,  heraldry  or  decoration,  and  so  forth. 
But  sucli  evidences   bearing  solely  on  local  or  genealogical  histoiy, 


6  INTRODUCTION, 

are  not  considered  as  within  the  scope  of  an  "endeavour  which 
addresses  itself  properly  to  the  illustration  of  tangible  things. 
Foreign  discoveries,  the  proceedings  of  the  French  "  Comite  des  Arts 
et  Monuments,"  and  other  Continental  Societies,  will  be  noticed, 
especially  as  illustrative  of  our  National  Antiquities :  and  with  the 
view  of  instituting  a  comparison  of  analogous  facts,  an  extended 
correspondence,  both  with  Societies  and  individuals  in  all  parts  of 
Europe,  is  desired. 

During  the  progress  of  public  works,  such  as  cuttings  in  the 
formation  of  railways,  sewers,  or  foundations  of  buildings,  the 
Geologist  has  often  reaped  a  rich  harvest  of  facts,  but  numerous 
discoveries  of  equal  interest  to  the  Antiquary  continually  present 
themselves  on  such  occasions  :  the  Committee  purpose,  as  far  as 
may  be  possible,  to  secure  the  careful  observation  and  record  of 
such  discoveries,  and  preservation  of  the  objects  found.  Lastly,  it 
is  hoped  that  a  proper  representation  of  the  importance  of  the 
desired  object,  in  any  case  that  may  occur  in  regard  to  the  preserva- 
tion of  public  monuments,  will  be  found  promptly  to  secure  not 
only  the  concurrence  of  indinduals,  but  the  sanction  and  support 
of  Government,  according  to  the  exigency  of  the  occasion.  So 
long  as  no  Preservative  Commission,  or  other  National  effort,  may 
be  considered  requisite  by  the  State,  the  Committee  purpose  to 
take  such  measures  as  may  appear  consistent  ^vith  propriety,  to 
solicit,  whenever  it  may  be  necessar^^,  the  attention  of  the  Govern- 
ment to  the  preservation  of  all  the  substantial  e^ddences  which 
serve  to  shew  the  progressive  establishment  of  the  Institutions  of 
the  Country.  '  albert  way. 


NUMISMATICS. 

It  was  formerly  supposed  that  prior  to  the  invasion  of 
Caesar  the  Britons  did  not  possess  a  coinage  of  theii'  own,  and 
indeed,  the  testmiony  of  Caesar  himseh  has  been  often  adduced 
in  support  of  the  opinion  of  those  who  assign  the  origin  of  a 
British  stamped  cm-rency  to  a  period  subsequent  to  the  Roman 
conquest  of  Britain. 

The  patient  Labour  and  indefatigable  zeal,  \\ath  which,  in 
the  present  day,  numismatists  have  prosecuted  researches  on 
the  early  and  obscm*e  coins  found  throughout  England,  have, 
however,  gone  far  towards  establishing  a  satisfactory  appro- 
priation of  many  of  them  to  periods  anterior  to  the  invasion 
of  Caesar,  and  have  determined  others  to  have  been  struck  in 
Britain  posterior  to  the  Roman  domination. 

Indeed,  Avhen  it  is  considered  that  Caesar  came  into  Britain 
as  a  military  invader,  that  liis  stay  was  brief  and  confined, 
and  his  means  of  obtaining  information  necessarily  chcum- 
scribed  and  difficidt,  we  shall  be  justified  in  c|ualif\ing  his 
statement  that  the  Britons  used  iron  rings  instead  of  coins, 
in  the  belief  that  metallic  rings  Avorn  as  ornaments  may  have 
been  applied  to  the  purposes  of  money. 

It  is  very  clear  that  many  of  the  mde  coins  found  in  this 
country  present  types  distinct  from  those  on  the  pm^ely 
Gaulish  coins,  and  which  types  cannot  be  traced  to  have  been 
derived  from  Roman  models.  Like  the  earliest  Gauhsh,  they 
seem  to  be  imitations  of  Greek  coins,  more  or  less  resembhng 
the  originals,  but  often  so  rudely  copied,  that  it  is  only  by 
comparison  v^-iih  others  graduating  towards  similitude  to  the 
prototyi^es,  that  the  fantastical  objects  upon  them  can  be 
detected  as  imitated  portions  of  designs  on  Greek  coins, 
deteriorated  more  and  more,  by  ignorant  workmen  attempting 
to  imitate  bad  copies  without  a  knowledge  of  their  source,  and 
without  any  aim  to  attach  a  meaning.  Thus  the  earliest  British 
coins  have  often  on  one  side  an  iU-formed  and  disjointed  horse, 
and  on  the  other,  an  equally  misshapen  human  head,  laureated, 
but  of  which  the  wreath,  or  the  cm-Is  of  hair,  only  remain  ; 
some  are  stamped,  on  one  side  only,  with  a  grotesque  horse  ; 
others  have  symbols  and  ornaments  of  various  kinds,  such  as 
wheels,  flowers,   and   animals,  many  of  which  are  evidently 


o  NUMISMATICS. 

attempts  at  imitation,  and  others,  if  design  or  object  may  be 
suspected,  altogether  difficult  of  explanation.  They  occur  in 
gold,  more  or  less  pm-e,  in  silver,  and  in  brass,  and  are  usually 
concave  and  convex. 

Under  the  Roman  rule,  the  British  coins  exhibit  great 
improvement ;  both  consular  and  imperial  Roman  coins  are 
obviously  the  models  of  many,  and  the  names  of  British 
princes  or  chiefs,  v^^ith  towns  and  localities,  are  introduced. 
It  is  true  that  at  present  some  of  these  are  disputed,  but  there 
is  every  reason  to  infer  from  what  has  already  been  done,  that 
well-directed  research,  aided  by  futm'e  discoveries,  will  decide 
their  correct  appropriation.  The  coins  of  Cunobelinus  are  very 
numerous  and  well  executed.  They  often  bear  on  the  reverse 
the  letters  camv,  for  Camulodunum,  the  chief  city  of  the 
territory  under  his  rule.  These  pieces  may  be  adduced  as  an 
instance  of  the  importance  of  recording  the  places  where  coins 
are  discovered.  They  are  found  in  the  greatest  abundance  in 
the  neighbom'hood  of  Colchester,  which  occupies  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Camulodunum,  where  there  is  every  reason  to  believe 
they  were  struck.  By  carefully  noting  the  places  that  yield, 
in  greatest  abundance  the  uninscribed  British  coins,  the  best 
foundation  will  be  laid  for  their  explanation  and  classification. 
The  same  mode  may  be  adopted  to  classify  the  imitations  of 
Greek  coins,  particular  types  of  which  may  with  safety  be 
assigned  to  the  people  of  the  territories  that  were  wdthin  the 
limits  of  the  localities  where  they  are  found  in  the  greatest 
number.  The  coins  of  Cunobelinus,  and  others  probably 
contemporaneous,  are  the  last  as  well  as  the  finest  of  the 
British  series,  which  appears  to  have  been  shortly  after  entirely 
superseded  by  the  Roman  money. 

Many  of  the  early  coins  found  in  England  must  have  been 
in  common  circulation  in  Germany,  in  Britain,  and  in  Gaul, 
as  they  are  found  in  abundance  throughout  these  countries. 
Fresh  discoveries,  however,  of  coins  hitherto  unknown,  and 
which  mature  investigation  will  probably  lead  to  their  being 
assigned  to  the  British  series,  are  from  time  to  time  taking 
place,  and  induce  a  hope  that,  ere  long,  the  facts  abeady 
collected  will  not  only  be  much  augmented  but  better  illustrated 
and  explained. 

For  the  study  of  British  and  Gaulish  coins,  the  Numismatic 
Chronicle'^,  and  the  Revue  Numismafique^\  periodical  publica- 

"  London  :  Taylor  and  Walton.  ''  Paris  :   Rollin,  Rue  Vivienne. 


NUMISMATICS.  9 

tions  containing  elaborate  essays  on  the  subject,  and  copious 
examples  of  the  coins  themselves,  should  be  jointly  consulted. 

Roman  coins,  both  consular  and  imperial,  but  especially  the 
latter,  are  found  throughout  England  in  vast  numbers.  They 
occur  in  gold,  silver,  and  brass  ;  the  gold  and  silver  being 
about  the  size  of  om*  sixpence,  but  much  thicker ;  the  brass 
are  classified  in  three  series,  called,  first,  second,  and  third  ; 
or,  large,  middle,  and  small ;  they  accord  in  size  with  our 
penny,  halfpenny,  and  farthing.  But  at  the  same  time  coins 
of  intermediate  and  smaller  dimensions  will  be  met  with  ; 
those  in  brass,  of  the  later  times  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
decrease  to  a  minute  size,  the  silver  coins  become  thinner,  and 
the  designs  upon  them  in  lower  relief,  and  the  gold  coins 
decrease  in  weight  and  extend  in  dimensions. 

In  all  cases  of  discoveries  of  coins,  it  is  of  the  first  import- 
ance that  they  be  examined  i7i  mass  as  early  as  possible,  and 
accurately  catalogued,  to  ensure  their  record  before  casualties 
occur,  and  to  secure  the  advantage  of  inspecting  a  large 
number  of  each  type  in  order  to  correct  or  restore  defective 
legends.  AVlien  coins  are  badly  struck,  as  is  frequently  the 
case  in  the  British  and  Gaulish  series,  it  is  sometimes  neces- 
sary to  compare  a  dozen  specimens  before  the  complete  type 
can  be  restored ;  and  the  assistance  of  an  experienced  numis- 
matist should  be  obtained  whenever  the  coins  are  illegible, 
or  doubt  arises  as  to  then'  classification. 

A  few  simple  directions  for  cleaning  coins  may  be  useful,  it 
being  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  advice  of  a  practised 
numismatist  is  always  indispensable  to  the  novice,  wlio  will  at 
times  find  it  difficult  to  judge  of  the  metal  of  which  coins 
are  composed  when  obscm-ed  by  rust. 

Silver  coins  are  often  coated  with  a  dense  green  oxide.  To 
remove  this  they  should  be  steeped  for  ten  minutes  in  a  solu- 
tion of  ammonia,  then  immersed  in  water  and  wiped  with  a 
soft  towel ;  if  necessary,  a  fresh  quantity  of  the  solution  may 
be  applied.  The  red  rust  which  often  attaches  itself  to  silver 
coins,  and  is  frequently  found  beneath  the  green,  must  be 
removed  by  lemon  juice,  or  by  a  solution  of  citric  acid.  Tar- 
taric and  sulphuric  acids  may  also  be  used,  but  the  citric  will 
be  found  the  most  effectual  as  well  as  the  safest. 

The  numismatist  in  the  progress  of  his  researches  will  meet 
with  nmnerous  examples  of  ancient  as  well  as  modern  forgeries. 
The  ancient  false  coins  arc  not  void  of  interest  ;    \\\q\  are  of 


10  NUMISMATICS. 

lead,  iron,  and  brass,  plated  with  silver,  and  will  be  found  fully 
described  and  treated  of  in  the  works  recommended  here- 
after. 

Coins  in  brass  and  copper  are  injured  by  subjection  to  the 
action  of  acids,  which  destroy  the  pieces  themselves  as  well  as 
the  rust,  and  for  the  same  reason  the  application  of  solution  of 
ammonia  is  objectionable.  The  thin  rust  or  patina  of  various 
hues,  which  brass  coins  acquire  from  lying  in  particular  soils, 
should  never  be  distm-bed;  when  this  is  so  thick  as  to  obscure 
the  effigies  or  inscription,  a  graver  or  penknife  may  be  used, 
provided  the  operator  can  discern,  from  any  portion  of  the 
inscription  that  may  be  legible,  the  nature  and  position  of  the 
hidden  parts.  If  not,  an  experiment  so  delicate  and  hazardous 
should  not  be  attempted. 

Brass  coins  which  are  found  in  marshy  and  boggy  soils, 
and  in  the  beds  of  rivers,  are  usually  free  from  rust,  and 
when  first  brought  to  light,  often  exhibit  the  appearance  of 
gold. 

As  gold  never  rusts,  the  coins  in  that  metal  merely  require 
washing  in  water  with  a  soft  brush. 

All  circumstances  connected  with  the  discovery  of  coins 
should  be  noted  with  care:  such  as,  the  locality,  its  natm'al 
and  artificial  features  ;  whether  m"ns,  or  fragments  of  pottery, 
tesserae  of  pavements,  walls,  weapons,  ornaments,  and  skeletons, 
are,  or  have  been,  noticed ;  as,  on  the  absence  or  presence  of 
one  or  more  of  these  various  remains,  safe  and  sound  conclu- 
sions may  depend. 

In  giving  these  brief  instructions  to  such  of  our  correspond- 
ents as  may  need  them,  it  will  be  unnecessary  to  do  more 
than  merely  advert  to  the  great  utility  of  ancient  coins  in  the 
illustration  of  history ;  they  serve  to  elucidate  and  to  confirm 
events  recorded  by  ancient  writers,  and,  in  some  instances, 
are  the  sole  memorials  of  others,  forming  connecting  links  in 
the  great  chain  of  historical  records  ;  they  familiarise  us  with 
the  civil  and  religious  usages  and  customs  of  ancient  times, 
and  afford,  in  many  instances,  examples  of  the  highest  artistic 
skill. 

In  the  Roman  series  many  of  the  coins  bear  direct  allu- 
sion to  events  coimected  with  the  history  of  our  own  country, 
w^hile  others,  struck  in  Britain,  furnish  authentic  and  copious 
information  at  an  important  epoch  in  the  annals  of  the 
province.     For  a  full  account  of  these  interesting  medallic 


NUMISMATICS.  1  1 

monuments,  Akerman's  Coiiis  of  the  Romans  rt'laiin(j  to 
Britain'^  may  be  recommended,  and  his  Descriptive  Catalogue 
of  rare  and  unedited  Roman  Coins  may  be  referred  to  for 
general  ideas  as  to  the  rarity  of  Roman  coins.  As,  in  the 
latter  work,  only  the  rarer  coins  are  given,  the  student  may 
conclude  that  those  which  are  not  to  be  found  therein  are 
connnon.  Banduri's  Coins  of  the  Romans  from  Trajanns  Decius 
to  the  termination  of  the  Byzantine  Empire^,  an  elaborate  com- 
pilation, gives  the  common  as  well  as  the  rare  coins.  The 
consular  coins  are  fully  described  in  the  lliesaurus  Morel- 
lianus.  As  an  elementary  work  on  coins  in  general,  Aker- 
man's Niniiismatic  Manual,  2nd  edit.,  will  be  found  useful, 
nor  should  Pinkerton's  'Essay  on  Medals'  be  disregarded  by 
the  entire  novice,  especially  if  he  be  forewarned  against  placing 
confidence  in  the  correctness  of  the  list  of  prices  at  the  end  of 
the  second  volume. 

The  Roman  and  continental  coins  appear  to  have  consti- 
tuted the  circulating  medium  in  Britain,  from  the  departure 
of  the  Romans  to  about  the  seventh  century.  The  rude  unin- 
scribed  Saxon  coins  in  silver  termed  j-ceatcaj-  are  probably 
earlier,  but  those  the  appropriation  of  which  admits  of  no  doubt 
commence  about  A.D.  670.  The  former  exhibit  undefinable 
marks,  circles,  squares,  birds,  dragons,  and  grotesque  animals. 
Letters  are  found  on  some,  together  with  a  crowned  head,  and 
the  cross,  the  symbol  of  Christianity,  which,  consequently, 
may  be  considered  of  later  date  ;  the  others  may  be  ascribed 
to  the  pagan  princes  anterior  to  the  general  propagation  of 
Christianity. 

The  Saxons,  long  subsequent  to  their  settlement  in  Britain, 
do  not  appear  to  have  had  any  coinage  of  their  own,  and  it 
would  seem  that  for  tAvo  centmies  they  chiefly  used  the  Roman 
money  mth  that  of  France,  as  well  as  personal  ornaments 
adapted  to  answer  the  purposes  of  stamped  money.  Thus 
among  the  funereal  remains  of  the  Saxons,  we  And  Roman, 
Byzantine,  and  Merovingian  coins,  which  are  of  the  greatest 
service  in  enabling  us  to  determine  the  date  of  the  object 
discovered  with  them,  often  exhibiting  nothing  in  themselves 
sufficiently  characteristic  to  fix  dates.  The  earlier  j-ceartaj- 
are  occasionally  found  in  barrows  with  the  remains  of  the 

'■  2nd  edit.  London,  1844.  Paris,   1718.     Tliere  is   a   Supplement   to 

''  Nuinismatalmperatorum  Romanoriim      Banduri  by  Tanini.     Rome,  1789. 
a  Trajano  Decio  ad  I'alseologus  Augustos. 


12  NUMISMATICS. 

dead ;  but  by  the  time  that  the  Saxons  had  estabhshed  a 
regular  coinage  of  their  own,  the  usages  of  society  had 
changed,  and  the  practice  of  burying  upon  the  hills  after  the 
manner  of  the  pagans,  had  given  way  to  the  Christian  custom 
of  interring  in  church-yards.  The  absence  of  an  early  Saxon 
coinage  is  further  accounted  for,  by  the  use  of  ornaments 
as  a  medium  of  commerce  and  traific.  Mr.  Wright,  in  an 
article  in  the  Genileman  s  Magazine^,  has  cited  several  passages 
from  the  poem  of  BeoAvulf  to  shew  that  rings  were  as  commonly 
used  for  money  among  the  Saxons  and  other  Teutonic  tribes, 
as  among  the  Celts.  There  is  internal  evidence,  from  the  use 
of  archaic  forms  and  allusions  to  events,  that  this  poem,  in  an 
older  and  more  perfect  form,  was  contemporary  with  the  period 
when,  as  corroborative  evidence  proves,  the  Saxons  had  no 
stamped  coinage  of  their  own.  Of  Hrothgar  (the  Danish  king) 
it  is  said. 

He  beot  ne  a-leh  ;  He  belied  not  his  promise  ; 

beagas  daekle,  he  dislributed  rings, 

sine  aet  symle ;  treasure  at  the  feast ; 

The  same  king  is  also  styled  heali-liorda  wcarcl,  the  keeper  of 
the  hoards  of  rings.  Another  king  is  spoken  of  as  oivning  a 
nation,  a  town,  and  rings,  and  as  the  giver  of  rings,  and 
throughout  this  poem  the  word  ritigs  is  synonymous  with  that 
of  treasure  or  money. 

The  other  Saxon  coins  are  the  stgca  in  brass,  and  Xh^penng 
in  silver.  Examples  of  the  half-penny  are  also  known,  but  of 
the  farthing,  mentioned  in  the  Saxon  laws  and  gospels,  no 
specimen  has  come  down  to  us.  Many  of  the  Saxon  coins  are 
rude  imitations  of  the  Roman  small  brass,  although,  from  the 
low  relief  of  the  designs  on  the  thin  pieces  of  silver,  as  well  as 
from  the  unskilfulness  of  the  artists,  the  imitation  is  not  easily 
detected.  On  the  coins  of  "  Eadweard,"  A.D.  901  to  924,  the 
gate  of  the  Praetorian  camp,  on  the  very  common  small  brass 
coins  of  Constantino,  is  obviously  copied,  and  on  another,  the 
hand  of  Providence,  taken  from  Byzantine  coins.  The  coins 
of  Ofl'a  are  however  well  executed,  and  those  of  other  Saxon 
princes  are  not  without  occasional  mediocrity  of  skill.  The 
obverse  of  the  Saxon  pennies  gives  the  name  of  the  king, 
sometimes  with  and  sometimes  Avithout  the  portrait ;  the 
reverse,  the  moneyer's  name  and  place  of  mintage,  the  great 

•    Gcnt.'s  Mag.  1837.  p.  4i»7.  et  seq. 


NUMISMATICS.  1  ;5 

variety  of  which  renders  tliem  valuable  for  the  orthography  of 
names  of  persons  and  places.  On  some  of  the  earlier  coins. 
Runic  characters  and  Saxon  letters  are  occasionally  combined. 

Recent  discoveries  have  considerably  increased  the  list  of 
Saxon  coins,  and,  notwithstanding  the  diligent  researches  of 
able  numismatists,  much  remains  to  be  done  towards  the 
explauiition  of  many  novel  types.  The  chief  works  for  the 
study  of  the  Saxon  cohis,  conjointly  with  the  British  and 
English,  are,  Ruding's  Auuah  of  the  Coinafje  of  Great  Bntai?i, 
Hawkins's  Silver  Coins  of  England,  and  Lindsay's  Coins  of  the 
Saxon  Heptarehi/. 

The  transmission  of  the  actual  coins  in  all  cases  where 
correspondents  are  in  dou])t  is  recommended,  but  the  frequent 
loss  of  money-letters  entrusted  to  the  Post  Office,  should 
caution  persons  against  committing  valuable  coins  to  such  a 
dangerous  medium  of  conveyance.  Provided  the  coins  cannot 
be  procured  for  inspection,  impressions  in  sealing-wax  should 
be  taken  of  both  sides  of  the  coins,  which  shoidd  be  simply 
pressed  into  the  melted  wax  dropped  on  card  or  paper,  as  if 
sealing  a  letter.  From  these  matrices,  plaster  casts  can  be 
taken,  Avliich  for  all  common  pm'poses  will  supply  the  place  of 
the  real  coins.  The  great  objection  to  casts  is,  that  they  do 
not  warrant  decision  as  to  the  genuineness  of  coins  ;  and  here 
it  is  necessary  to  guard  collectors  against  the  practices  of 
forgers  of  ancient  coins,  who,  both  m  Paris  and  in  London, 
are  continually  fabricating  imitations  of  ancient  Greek,  Roman, 
Saxon,  and  English  money,  which  is  dispersed  by  means  of 
their  agents  throughout  the  country,  and  sold,  often  for  high 
sums,  to  the  inexperienced.  It  is  practice  alone  that  will 
enable  the  student  to  detect  forged  coins,  and  no  rules,  how- 
ever clear  and  explicit  they  may  appear,  will  supersede  the 
necessity  of  a  carefid  examination  of  ascertained  forgeries,  and 
then-  comparison  with  genuine  specimens.  C.  R.  S. 


PAINTED  GLASS. 

It  would  hardly  be  proper  in  a  publication  like  the  present, 
to  pass  over  without  notice  the  most  brilliant  of  the  pictorial 
arts — that  of  glass  painting,  as  practised  by  oiu*  medieval 
ancestors.  We  therefore  gladly  embrace  the  present  oppor- 
tunity of  du'ecting  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  the  subject, 
with  a  view  not  only  to  the  preservation  of  existing  specimens 
of  ancient  painted  glass,  but  to  the  ultimate  and  complete 
revival  of  the  art  itself.  No  apology  can  be  necessary  for 
this  ;  the  intrinsic  excellence  of  the  art  of  glass  painting, 
when,  as  in  the  middle  ages,  practised  according  to  its  true 
princi]jles,  and  with  due  regard  to  the  pecidiar  properties  of 
glass,  its  brilliancy  and  transparency,  and  the  value  of  the 
specimens  now  remaining  to  us,  as  illustrative  of  customs 
and  decorations,  and  especially  of  the  condition  of  the  arts 
at  various  periods,  alike  entitle  it  to  our  attentive  con- 
sideration. 

Glass  painting  may  be  emphatically  termed  a  medieval 
art ;  its  development  took  place  dming  the  middle  ages,  and 
it  attained  its  greatest  perfection  towards,  or  almost  inmie- 
diately  upon,  their  close.  The  models  for  our  imitation  are 
consequently  of  somewhat  ancient  date ;  their  number  is  daily 
diminishing ;  and  we  therefore  cannot  too  strongly  m'ge  upon 
all,  especially  upon  those  charged  with  this  duty,  the  extreme 
importance  of  preserving  Avhat  time  and  violence  have  spared. 
It  is  not  merely  to  the  preservation  of  the  greater  and  more 
perfect  works  that  we  would  call  the  attention  of  oiu"  readers. 
Every  little  fragment  of  painted  glass  is  interesting  to  the 
observant  student :  insignificant  though  it  be  in  itself,  it  is 
a  fact,  which  may  confirm  or  qualify  some  preconceived 
opinion. 

It  is  lamentable  to  think  of  the  quantities  of  old  glass  that 
have  been,  and  are  in  process  of  being,  wholly  lost  through 
neglect  alone.  An  ancient  glass  painting  is  composed  of 
many  pieces  of  glass,  of  various  sizes,  held  together  by  means 
of  lead^,  i.  e.  narrow  strips  of  that  metal,  having  a  groove  on 
either  side  sufficiently  wide  to  receive  the  edges  of  the  glass. 
Erom  age,  and  other  causes,  the  leads  become  decayed;    a 


PAINTKD   GLASS.  15 

piece  of  glass  drops,  or  is  blown  out  of  the  leads  by  the  wind  ; 
the  leads,  deprived  of  its  support,  become  gradually  relaxed 
in  other  parts  ;  other  pieces  of  glass  are  in  consequence  lost, 
and  so  the  painting  rapidly  perishes.  A  similar  result  follows 
the  loss  of  a  piece  of  glass  occasioned  by  a  stone  thrown  by 
an  unlucky  boy,  or  other  accident.  It  may  safely  be  aifirmecl, 
that  nearly  as  nuicli  glass  has  been  lost  in  this  manner  during 
the  last  two  hundred  years,  as  fell  a  victim  to  mistaken  zeal 
during  the  Reformation  and  Rebellion.  Now  all  this  might 
have  been  prevented  by  a  little  care  in  the  first  instance. 
Had  the  work  been  examined  occasionally,  and  the  old  leads 
repau'ed,  or  replaced  with  new,  the  loss  arising  from  mere 
decay  would  not  have  occm'red  :  or,  had  the  lost  piece  of 
glass  been  promptly  replaced  with  a  piece  of  new,  the  further 
progress  of  decay  might  in  all  probability  have  been  arrested. 
The  old  adage,  "  a  stitch  in  time  saves  nine,"  applies  with 
peculiar  force  to  a  painted  window.  Again  :  had  the  work 
been  protected  by  a  wire  guard  on  the  outside,  nuich  wanton, 
as  well  as  accidental  injur}%  would  have  been  prevented. 

Let  us  in  future  adopt  these  precautions  ourselves.  AVhenever 
a  glass  painting,  although  in  other  respects  perfect,  appears  to 
hag,  or  bulge  out  in  places,  that  is  a  symptom  that  its  leading 
requires  reparation  or  renewal.  If  the  latter,  the  restoration 
ought  to  be  most  carefully  conducted.  The  pieces  of  glass  of 
which  it  is  composed  should  be  retained  in  their  original 
positions,  and  the  forms  of  the  ancient  lead-work  preserved 
as  much  as  possible.  When  the  work  is  complicated,  it  is 
better  to  have  it  re-leaded  by  a  regular  glass  painter,  than  to 
trust  it  to  the  tender  mercies  of  an  ignorant  glazier ;  but  even 
this  is  better  than  to  suffer  it  to  fall  to  pieces  without  an 
eflbrt  to  save  it.  If  the  painting  should  be  already  much 
shattered,  no  time  ought  to  be  lost  in  repairhig  or  renewing 
the  leads,  and  in  replacing  the  missing  pieces  with  new  glass. 
And  here  we  condemn  the  practice  of  what  is  called  restoring 
an  ancient  glass  painting,  by  su])plying  its  defects  with 
modern  painted  glass.  It  may  be  allowable,  in  some  cases, 
to  till  the  place  of  what  must  have  been  plain  colom*  with  a 
corresponding  plain  piece  of  coloured  glass  ;  or  even  perhaps 
to  restore  a  portion  of  ornament,  or  other  matter,  where 
sufficient  authority  exists  for  the  restoration ;  but  in  all 
other  cases,  it  is  safest  to  make  up  the  deliciency  with  a 
})iece    of    ])laiH    white    glass,    slightly    dulled,    or    smeared 


1(5  PAINTED  GLASS. 

over,  so  as  to  subdue  its  brilliancy.  It  should  never 
be  forgotten,  that  the  value  of  an  ancient  authority  depends 
upon  its  originalit}/.  The  moment  it  is  tampered  with,  its 
authenticity  is  impaired.  There  is  no  true  artist  who  would 
not  rather  contemplate  an  antique  torso,  in  its  mutilated  con- 
dition, than  however  well  restored  to  what,  according  to  con- 
jecture, might  have  been  its  original  state.  These  venerable 
remains  ought  to  be  preserved  intact.  The  ancient  artist 
alone  should  be  permitted  to  address  himself  to  us  through 
them.  A  iigm'e  which  has  lost  its  head,  or  is  otherwise  muti- 
lated, no  doubt  renders  a  glass  painting  defective;  but  it  is  far 
more  disagreeable  to  detect  an  imperfect,  or  conjectural 
"restoration,"  of  an  ancient  work.  Indeed  the  restoration  is 
the  more  dangerous  in  proportion  to  its  deceitfulness — its 
similitude  to  the  ancient  work.  A  practised  observer  may 
discover  the  cheat,  which  therefore  only  excites  his  suspicions 
as  to  the  originality  of  the  rest  of  the  painting ;  but  it  is  to 
the  student  that  authorities  are  of  the  greatest  use ;  and  he, 
through  inexperience,  is  the  more  likely  to  be  misled,  by  what 
he  honestly  supposes  to  be  a  genuine  relic.  If  a  shovry^  effect 
is  desired,  that  can  be  safely  obtained  by  supplying  in  a  copy 
all  the  defective  parts  of  the  original.  Good  taste  is  better 
evinced  by  treating  an  ancient  specimen  of  glass  as  an 
authority,  than  as  a  mere  matter  of  ornament. 

It  may  be  m'ged,  that  the  ragged  and  mutilated  condition  of 
an  ancient  painting  on  glass  has,  in  many  instances,  occasioned 
its  entire  destruction  ;  the  painted  fragments  having  been  cast 
aside,  and  replaced  with  plain  white  glass.  But  this  again  has 
been  occasioned  by  the  default,  or  indifference,  of  those  whose 
duty  it  was  to  preserve,  rather  than  to  consent  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  any  harmless  remnant  of  antiquity :  and  we  must  hope 
that  the  awakened  taste  for  ancient  art  will  prevent  the  recur- 
rence of  similar  barbarism. 

Painted  glass  loses  so  much  of  its  interest  and  value,  in  every 
point  of  view,  when  removed  from  its  original  situation,  that  a 
collection  of  fragments  from  various  places  into  one  window,  with 

"  An  instance  of  a  real  restoration  of  an  white  glass,  by  Mr.  Willement,  under  the 

ancient  painted  window  is  aftbrded  by  the  superintendence,  and  we  believe  principally 

central  east  window  of  the  chancel  of  West-  at  the  cost,  of  William  Twopeny,  Esq.,  of 

well  church,    Kent.     The  remnant  of  the  the    Temple.     We    have  had    occasion    to 

painted  glass  in  this  window  was  re-leaded,  examine    this  window  ourselves,  and    can 

and   many  of  the  missing  pieces  of  glass  bear  testimony  to  the  good  taste  displayed 

supplied  with    plain    bits    of  coloured,   or  in  its  repair. 


PAINTED  GLASS.  17 

•d  view  to  their  better  preservation,  is  a  measure,  which,  however 
laudable  on  account  of  the  motive,  should  not  be  resorted  to  ex- 
cept in  an  extreme  case.  We  cannot,  however,  be  too  grateful  to 
those  who,  actuated  by  this  spirit,  at  a  time  when  these  things 
were  treated  with  greater  neglect  than  at  present,  formed  such 
collections,  and  thus  have  been  the  means  of  preserving  to  us 
much  old  glass.  We  may  mention  in  particular  Colonel  Kennett, 
to  whose  exertions  we  owe  the  greater  part  of  the  glass  now  ex- 
isting in  Dorchester  cluu'ch,  Oxfordshire.  Whether  it  would  be 
advisable  to  attempt  the  removal  of  such  remains  to  their  origi- 
nal positions  is  a  question  worthy  of  nmcli  consideration.  It 
would  require  great  care  and  experience  in  many  cases,  to  dis- 
cover whence  the  glass  had  been  originally  taken,  and  a  misplace- 
ment of  it  would  be  a  worse  evil  than  suffering  it  to  continue  in 
its  present  place.  In  those  cases,  however,  where  there  is  suffi- 
cient evidence  to  shew  the  original  situation  of  the  glass,  it 
ought  certainly  to  be  put  back  again :  as,  for  instance,  the  glass 
of  the  clear-story  windows  of  the  choir  of  Canterbmy  catheckal, 
the  greatest  part  of  which,  being  now  scattered  about  other 
windows  of  that  building,  and  mixed  with  other  glass  of 
various  dates  and  styles,  no  longer  affords,  at  least  to  the  casual 
observer,  any  idea  of  its  original  arrangement;  and  by  the 
generality  of  persons  passes  wholly  unnoticed. 

We  cannot  too  earnestly  recommend  the  protection  of  painted 
windows  by  means  of  external  mre  guards.  The  present  good 
condition  of  the  beautiful  glass  at  Tairford  church,  Gloucester- 
shire, is  no  doul)t,  in  great  measure,  owing  to  the  munificence 
of  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Farmer,  who,  about  the  year  1725,  at  her 
own  cost,  supplied  those  Avindows  with  their  present  wire 
guards.  It  is  sad  indeed  to  witness  the  serious  injury  annually 
sustained  by  painted  windoAvs,  even  in  some  of  our  cathetbals, 
for  want  of  such  protection.  Much  expense  must  necessarily 
be  incurred  by  the  re-leading  of  a  window,  or  even  by  supply- 
ing it  with  Avire  guards,  and  this  Avithout  producing  any 
apparent  show.  Considering,  hoAvever,  the  extreme  value  of 
ancient  authorities  in  glass,  to  the  artist  especially,  and  even  to 
the  anti(piary,  their  fragile  character,  and  the  irreparable  natm-e 
of  their  mutilation,  or  loss;  Ave  AAdll  venture  to  affirm,  that  such 
spirited  individuals  as  Colonel  Kennett,  the  Hon.  ^Irs.  Farmer, 
and  other  true  preservers  of  ancient  glass,  have  been  greater 
benefactors  to  the  art  itseff,  and  are  even  more  deserving  of 
om-  praise,  than  those,  AAdio  Avith  perhaps  more  ostentation, 

D 


18  PAINTED  GLASS. 

and  with  a  hardly  mcreased  outlay,  erect  modern  painted 
windows  as  monuments  of  their  own  liberality. 

We  are  unwilling  to  take  leave  of  this  portion  of  our  subject 
without  a  slight  reference  to  the  cleaning  of  painted  windows, 
concerning  which  some  difference  of  opinion  we  believe  exists. 
All,  we  trust,  are  agreed  as  to  the  degree  of  caution  which 
ought  to  be  observed  in  such  a  matter.  Upon  the  whole,  we 
have  arrived  at  the  conclusion,  that  the  later  glass,  i.  e.  that 
painted  since  the  first  half  of  the  fifteenth  century,  is  as  much 
improved  in  appearance  as  the  earlier  specimens  are  injured  by 
this  process.  We  would,  however,  refer  our  readers  to  the 
windows  of  Cologne  cathedral,  which  contain  painted  glass  of 
various  dates,  the  greater  part  of  which  has  been  cleaned ;  and 
beg  them  to  judge  for  themselves.  The  latest  glass  in  that 
cathedral  is  contained  in  the  five  north  windows  of  the  north 
aisle  of  the  nave  ;  and  as  a  true  specimen  of  glass  painting  can 
hardly  be  surpassed.  Almost  the  whole  of  the  glass  in  these 
windows  is  of  the  same  period,  and  painted  in  the  same  style, 
that  of  Albert  Diu-er  ;  some  of  the  subjects  are  respectively 
dated  1508,  1509.  These  windows  are  now  as  fresh  in  ap- 
pearance as  on  the  day  when  they  were  first  executed.  Yet 
there  is  no  unpleasing  glare  ;  no  confusion  of  colour  ;  all  is 
grand,  harmonious,  and  quiet,  although  the  colouring  is  of  the 
most  brilliant  character  thatcan  be  conceived.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  eastern  window  of  the  eastern  chapel  of  the  choir,  in  particu- 
lar, (a  work  of  the  thirteenth  century  at  least,)  which  has  also  been 
cleaned,  presents  to  the  eye  a  very  confused,  and  speckled  ap- 
pearance, whether  viewed  closely,  or  from  a  distance ;  although 
its  colouring  is  hardly  so  brilliant  as  that  of  the  windows  before 
mentioned.  It  is  true  that  a  good  deal  of  modern  glass  has 
been  inserted  into  this  window ;  but  the  most  original  parts 
have  nearly  the  same  effect  as  the  restored  parts.  A  similar 
result  has  been  produced  by  the  cleaning  of  other  early  win- 
dows in  the  choir;  whose  general  effect  contrasts  but  poorly 
with  the  grandeur  and  solemnity  of  such  of  their  contempo- 
raries as  are  still  permitted  to  retain  the  rust  of  antiquity. 

This  difference,  as  it  appears  to  us,  may  in  some  measure 
be  accounted  for  by  considering  the  ])eculiarities  of  an  early 
and  a  late  glass  painting''.     The  one  is  a  mosaic,  being  com- 

''  It   is  not   our  intention  at  present   to  liarities     of    glass    paintings    of    different 

enter    into    any    detailed    account    of  the  periods    are   as  well    defined    as   those    of 

various  styles  of  painted  glass.     We  may,  the    corresponding    styles    of  architecture, 

liowever,  remark,  im  piinsant,  that  the  pecu-  And  inasmuch   as    the   general   change  of 


PAINTED  GLASS.  19 

})()sed  of  very  small  pieces  of  various  coloured  glass,  vary- 
ing greatly  in  depth,  and  much  intermixed.  The  natural 
tendency  of  this  arrangement  is  not  only  to  give  by  con- 
trast undue  promhience  to  the  Hghter  colom's,  but  also, 
through  some  optical  delusion,  to  ])roducc  confusion  of  colour, 
in  proportion  to  the  smallness  of  the  coloured  particles  em- 
ployed. Thus  we  observe,  that  an  intermixture  of  very  small 
pieces  of  red  and  blue  glass,  has  at  a  distance  the  appearance  of 
purple.  These  defects  are  in  some  measure  corrected  by  age. 
The  brilliancy  of  the  lighter  colours  is  subdued  by  the  partial 
obscm-ation  of  the  glass  ;  which  also  has  the  eflect  of  more 
completely  separating  the  various  tints,  and  of  thus  preventing 
confusion  of  colour.  The  rust  of  antiquity,  therefore,  greatly 
adds  to  the  effect  of  an  early  glass  painting,  by  increasing  its 
breadth  and  harmony.  A  later  glass  painting  requires  no  such 
adventitious  aid.  Larger  pieces  of  ghiss  are  mostly  employed 
in  its  construction,  and  thus  its  individual  colours  (which 
possess  a  gi'eater  equality  of  depth  than  those  of  early  paint- 
ings) are  originally  arranged  in  broad  and  distinct  masses. 
Amongst  other  late  windows  which  w^e  think  have  been  im- 
proved by  cleaning,  we  may  mention  those  superb  specimens 
of  cinque  cento  art,  the  whidows  of  St.  Jac(jues  cIuutIi,  Liege : 
and  also  such  of  the  windows  of  King's  chapel,  Cambridge,  as 
have  already  undergone  this  process. 

We  will  now  offer  some  remarks  on  the  present  low  state 
of  glass  painting,  considered  as  an  art. 

It  cannot  we  fear  be  denied,  that  the  works  of  our 
modern  glass  painters  are,  in  general,  inferior,  not  only  to 
ancient  examples,  but  also  to  the  productions  of  modern  con- 
tinental artists  ;  and  that  tliis  is  owing,  not  indeed  to  the 
nature  of  the  materials  employed, — for  glass  of  every  kind 
(with  the  important  exception  of  white  glass,  that  silvery  white 
which  forms  so  essential  an  ingredient  in  every  old  glass 
painting)  may  now  be  easily  procm-ed  at  a  reasonable  rate, 
and  equal,  if  not  superior  in  quality,  to  the  glass  used  on  the 
Continent,  or  in   the   ancient  times,  at  the  most  flourishing 

style  in  both  branches  of  art  took   place  continued  to  be  painted  according  to  true 

nearly  at  the  same  time,  we  see  no  impro-  princi])les  as   late  as  1545  ;  and   as  its  or- 

priety  in  denominating,  for  the  future,  the  naniental    details,  &:c.,   in  great    measure, 

various  classes    of  medieval   glass  by   the  lost  their  Gothic  character  about  152(),  if  not 

terms  of   "  Early  English,"  "  Decorated,"  earlier,   we  shall  in  future  distinguish  the 

and  "Perpendicular:"   terms,  which,   from  style  ofglass])aintingwhich  prevailcdduring 

tlicir  long  use,  have  now  acquired  a  certain  the  short   interval  butween  those  dates,  t)y 

and  detinite  meaning.      As,  however,  glass  the  name  of  the  "ciiKinr  rriilo"  slyle. 


20  PAINTED  GLASS. 

period  of  the  art, — ^but,  because  the  hand  to  execute,  and  more 
especially  the  faculty  to  design  an  artistical  glass  painting,  are 
in  general  wanting.  The  cause  of  this  deficiency  exists  not  in 
any  inferiority  of  native  British  art,  to  that  of  foreign  states, — 
such  an  imputation,  if  made,  could  be  instantly  refuted  by  a 
reference  to  the  recent  exliibition  of  the  fresco  cartoons  in 
Westminster  Hall, — but  in  the  general  indisposition  of  the 
patrons  of  glass  painting,  at  the  present  day,  to  encourage 
artists  in  practising  this  branch  of  art.  It  is  unfortunately  too 
nnich  the  custom  to  regard  glass  painting  as  a  trade,  not  as  an 
art,  to  favour  the  tradesman  at  the  expense  of  the  artist. 

Upon  the  whole,  we  are  inclined  to  think,  that  the  period 
embracing  the  latter  part  of  the  last,  and  the  commencement 
of  this  century,  was  more  favourable  to  a  development  of  art 
in  glass  painting,  than  the  present  age.  However  justly  we 
may  condemn  the  mode  of  execution,  and  the  design  of  the 
works  of  that  period,  as  being  contrary  to  the  fundamental 
principles  of  glass  painting,  and  unsuitable  to  the  natm-e  of 
painted  windows,  we  cannot  deny  the  artistical  character  of 
such  works,  in  general.  At  the  present  day,  however,  altliough 
we  see  the  practical  part  of  glass  painting  conducted  according 
to  truer  j^rinciples,  it  is  seldom  that  we  meet  with  a  window 
which  is  really  entitled  to  be  regarded  as  a  work  of  art.  Let 
us  not  be  supposed  by  this  to  condenm  the  present  preference 
for  imitations  of  ancient  glass, — far  from  it ;  being  ourselves 
very  ardent  admirers  of  ancient  painted  glass,  we  are  the  more 
anxious  to  see  real  imitations  of  it, — such  works  indeed  as  may 
resemble  ancient  authorities  in  spirit,  that  is,  in  artistical 
feeling  and  composition. 

That  glass  pahiting  during  the  middle  ages,  and  for  some 
time  afterwards,  was  almost  universally  practised  by  artists 
in  no  wise  inferior  in  skill  to  their  cotemporaries  in  other 
branches  of  art,  we  need  only  refer  in  proof  to  existing 
examples.  We  will  venture  to  assert  that  it  will  be  extremely 
difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  point  out  any  ancient  glass 
painting,  whfitever  may  be  its  age,  or  subject,  that  is  totally 
devoid  of  artistical  feeling,  and  propriety  of  taste.  Every 
ancient  glass  painting  in  general  bears  the  stamp  of  origin- 
ality ;  a  certain  style,  or  character,  pervades  it ;  all  its  parts 
are  rendered  subservient  to  some  leading  principle,  or  gene- 
ral design.  This  propriety  of  feeling  may  be  observed  in  the 
simplest,  as  well  as  in  tlie  most  elaborate  works;  it  is  not 


PAINTED  GLASS.  21 

confined  to  any  period,  and  is  the  best  proof  that  the  ancient 
glass  painters  were  artists.  It  is  a  common  o})inion  that  in 
the  earhcr  styles  of  glass  painting  in  particular,  the  represen- 
tations of  the  hnman  figm'C  are  nnartistical,  and  ridiculous, 
because  generally  out  of  drawing,  and  sometimes  gi^otesque. 
To  the  carefid  observer,  however,  hardly  any  ancient  figure 
appears  nnartistical.  Whether  it  occupies  a  i)lace  by  itself, 
or  forms  part  of  a  groupe,  and  however  rude  in  execution  it 
may  be  ;  its  attitude  and  aspect  to  him  ap})ear  calculated  to 
convey  some  definite  meaning,  according  to  the  design  of  its 
original  imaginer.  The  representation  of  the  artist's  idea 
may  indeed  be  more  or  less  strongly  given,  according  to 
the  nature  of  the  subject  itself,  the  state  of  art  at  the  time, 
his  power  of  conception,  and  his  skill  in  carrying  it  out  in 
execution :  and  it  may  conse({uently  require  an  educated  eye 
to  read  the  painted  story ;  but  we  should  not  ridicule  the 
ancient  artists,  because  we  ourselves  happen  to  be  dull  of 
apprehension. 

If  then  the  ancient  glass  paintings  are  so  replete  with 
good  taste,  and  proper  artistical  feeling  as  we  have  asserted, 
and  upon  which  point  we  fear  no  contradiction,  it  follows, 
that  in  order  successfidly  to  imitate  them,  we  must  employ 
those  who  possess  these  artist-like  qualities.  That  this  point 
has  hitherto  been  much  neglected,  we  do  not  scruple  to 
affirm.  By  an  indiscriminate  exercise  of  patronage,  we  have 
greatly  discoiu-aged  those  few  artists  who  already  practise 
glass  painting,  and  have  deterred  others  from  adopting  it :  our 
glass  paintings  are  gradually  becoming  more  correct  in  point 
of  ornamental  detail,  but  we  see  little  amendment  in  respect 
of  general  design,  and  artistical  feeling.  AVe  quite  agree,  that 
if  the  style  of  any  one  period  is  selected  as  that  in  which  an 
intended  glass  painting  is  to  be  executed,  that  style  nmst  be 
entirely  followed,  consecjuently  the  painter  is  not  at  liberty  to 
import  into  a  painting,  designed  in  an  early  style,  the  inqjrove- 
ments  of  a  later  period ;  but  he  should  always  select  as  his 
model  the  best  and  most  artistical  s])eciniens  of  the  particular 
style  adopted,  and  endeavour  to  enter  into  their  spirit.  This, 
we  apprehend,  is  the  view  an  artist  woidd  take  of  the  subject. 
We  leave  it  to  our  renders  to  judge  for  themselves,  whether 
our  modern  glass  paintings  have  in  general  been  designed  and 
executed  upon  this  ])rinciple.  With  the  exception  of  certain 
heraldic  windows,  the  work  of  Mr.  Willenient,  we  fear  fhat  we 


22  PAINTED  GLASS. 

coiild  point  out  but  few  modern  glass  paintings  really  entitled 
to  rank  with  the  productions  of  former  ages.  Of  the  rest, 
some  are  indeed  examples  of  composition  and  drawing !  others 
are  inharmonious  compilations  from  various  authorities,  parts 
of  different  designs  having  been  indiscriminately  huddled  toge- 
ther :  or  else  weak  copies  of  ancient  examples,  the  timidity  or 
coarseness  of  the  drawing  betraying  both  the  mediocrity  of  the 
painter,  and  his  inability  to  embrace  the  spirit  of  the  original. 

The  only  sm-e  mode,  we  apprehend,  by  which  similar  results 
may  be  avoided  in  futm-e,  will  be  by  adopting  the  system  so 
successfully  practised  abroad, — of  seeking  out  artists,  and  em- 
ploying them.  We  would  therefore  wish  to  see  glass  painting 
regarded  again  as  an  art,  not  as  a  mere  decorative  trade ;  and 
we  would  advise  all  persons  to  bestow  their  patronage  in  future 
with  discrhnination,  making  the  artistical  skill  and  knowledge 
of  the  practitioner  the  principal  cause  of  his  employment.  By 
acting  thus,  we  should  not  only  stimulate  to  further  exertion 
such  of  the  present  glass  painters  as  are  entitled  to  be  called 
artists,  but  open  as  it  were  a  new  field  of  enterprize  to  artists, 
and  encourage  them  to  enter  upon  it.  We  have  that  confi- 
dence in  the  energy,  industry,  and  skill  of  om*  native  artists, 
that  we  feel  assured  that  with  fair  play,  and  proper  encourage- 
ment, we  should  witness  them  not  only  soon  successfidly 
imitating  ancient  glass  paintings,  but  even  at  length  bringing 
the  art  itself  to  a  degree  of  perfection  which  it  has  never  yet 
attained.  We  would  strongly  recommend  the  adoption  of 
some  vigorous  measure  for  raising  the  standard  of  taste  in 
regard  to  glass  painting  :  it  is  absurd  to  leave  things  as  they 
are.  It  shoidd  be  recollected  that  every  bad  glass  painting 
may  be  considered  almost  as  an  absolute  waste  of  so  much 
money  as  has  been  expended  upon  it. 

The  means  that  we  would  propose  for  effectuating  this  object 
would  principally  be,  the  subjecting  to  competition  at  least  all 
the  greater  intended  works  in  painted  glass,  and  the  submitting 
the  rival  designs  to  the  judgment  of  competent  persons,  in  whom 
artistical  competitors  might  be  induced  therefore  to  place  con- 
fidence. We  cannot  help  thinking  that  such  a  censorship 
might  be  constituted,  by  associating  with  sovae^rst-rate  artists, 
a  select  number  of  antiquaries,  possessing  a  competent  know- 
ledge of  glass  painting;  and  that  great  results  might  be  ex- 
})ected  from  such  an  union  of  artistical  and  technical  knoAv- 
ledge.     The  difficulty  of  understanding  tlu^  ])rinci})les  of  glass 


PAINTED  GLASS.  23 

painting,  is  often  held  np  as  a  1)ugbear  by  interested  persons ; 
but  we  are  convinced  that  those  who  have  ah'eady  mastered 
the  practical  part  of  glass  painting,  (at  least  as  ])ractised  by 
the  medieval  glass  painters,)  will  agree  in  saying  that  its  difh- 
culties  have  been  grossly  exaggerated.  A  very  little  attention 
to  the  subject,  would  soon  enable  any  artist  to  pronounce  an 
ophiion  as  to  the  suitableness  of  a  design  for  a  glass  jjainting, 
as  well  as  upon  the  merits  of  the  work  itself  when  executed  ; 
and  as  the  good  effect  of  every  glass  pahiting  depends  in 
reality,  less  on  the  mere  technicalities  of  detail,  than  on  com- 
})osition,  artistical  feeling,  goodness  and  character  of  outline ; 
we  are  sm*e  that  artists  should  always  be  consulted  as  to  the 
choice  of  one  of  several  designs.  We  are  convinced  that  a  tri- 
bunal of  antiquaries  and  amateurs  exclusively,  would  fail  in 
its  object.  No  real  artist  would  submit  to  its  decision.  Such 
judges  would  often  be  misled  by  a  reverence  for  mere  antiquity, 
and  correctness  of  detail ;  and  for  want  of  that  experience 
which  nothing  but  an  //r/dit/fal,  nnd  jji'o/essional  contemplation 
of  works  of  art  can  give,  Avould  often  fail  to  appreciate  the 
most  truly  artistical  design. 

We  would  also  suggest  the  adoption,  to  a  certain  extent,  of  a 
system  pursued  in  trials  at  the  Royal  Academy.  We  are  aware 
that  it  is  the  practice  of  many  glass  painters  to  employ  artists  to 
make  then*  designs  for  them,  and  afterwards  to  pass  them  off 
as  their  own.  And  as  om-  chief  object  would  l^e  to  secure  a 
fair  trial,  and  to  raise  the  character  of  glass  painting  as  an  art, 
we  think  that  each  competitor  shoidd  be  required  himself  to 
design,  and  execute  some  subject,  under  the  inspection  of  com- 
])etent  judges.  No  true  artist  would  shun  this  ordeal ;  and  we 
should  thus  become  acquainted  with  many  of  the  most  im])rov- 
ing  of  modern  glass  painters,  whose  names  and  merits  are,  at 
})resent,  not  generally  known  or  appreciated.  A  step  in  the 
right  direction  has  been  taken  in  the  matter  of  the  designs  for 
the  painted  glass  for  the  Houses  of  Parliament ;  and  we  should 
gladly  see  it  followed  up  in  other  quarters,  and  indeed  more  fully 
carried  out.  We  confidently  predict,  that  the  exanq)le  which 
would  be  afforded  by  a  few  of  our  leading  institutions  adopting 
some  such  plan  as  that  above  sulnnitted,  would  be  eagerly  fol- 
lowed by  private  individuals  ;  and  that  the  result  would  be,  the 
creation  of  a  good  school  of  glass  painting  in  this  country,  and 
the  raising  of  the  art  in  })vdjlic  estimation. 

('.   WINSTON. 


ANGLO-SAXON  ARCHITECTURE, 

ILLUSTRATED  FROM  ILLUMINATED  MANUSCRIPTS. 

The  subject  on  which  it  will  be  my  endeavour  to  throw 
some  additional  light  in  the  present  paper  is  one  of  great 
obscurity.  Old  writers  on  architectural  antiquities  carelessly 
jumbled  together  almost  all  monuments  distinguished  by  the 
absence  of  the  pointed  arch  under  the  title  of  Saxon.  Some 
more  recent  antiquaries  have  gone  into  the  opposite  extreme 
of  asserting  that  there  are  now  remaining  no  specimens  of 
Anglo-Saxon  buildings.  The  difficulty  attending  this  ques- 
tion arises  from  the  absolute  impossibility  of  identifying  exist- 
ing structures  of  an  early  period  with  historical  dates.  This 
difficulty  has  been  increased  by  the  adoption  of  several  general 
assertions,  which  I  am  inclined  to  believe  altogether  incorrect. 
It  has  been  stated  that  parish  churches  were  very  rare  among 
the  Anglo-Saxons,  that  they  were  small  unsubstantial  build- 
ings, and  even  that  they  were  built  of  nothing  but  wood.  I 
think  the  notion  that  Anglo-Saxon  clnu'ches  were  all  built  of 
wood  will  now  hardly  find  supporters.  We  know  that  there 
were  structures  of  this  material ;  a  few  wooden  churches  are 
mentioned  in  Domesday  Book  ;  Ordericus  Vitalis  mentions 
a  wooden  chapel  on  the  banks  of  the  Severn,  near  Shrews- 
bury, which  was  probably  built  a  very  short  time  before  the 
Norman  conquest" ;  and  there  was  a  wooden  clnu'ch  at  Ly- 
tham  in  Lancashire,  which  was  destroyed,  and  a  stone  chm'ch 
built  by  its  Norman  lord,  as  we  learn  from  Reginald  of 
Durham''.  This  last  writer,  only  two  pages  after,  mentions 
a  church  of  stone  at  Slitrig  in  Teviotdale,  although  only  a 
chapel  dependant  on  the  church  of  Cavers,  and  which  must 
have  been  older  than  the  Conquest,  for  in  the  twelfth  century 
it  was  a  roofless  ruin".  The  notion  that  the  Anglo-Saxon 
churches  were  few  and  small,  is  chiefly  founded  upon  some 


a  Illic    iiiinirum  lignca    capclla   priscis  page  constructam,  a  fundamcntis  diruerat ; 

teinporibus  a  Siwardo  Edelgari  filio,  regis  pro  qua  et  aliam  lapideam  in  honore  sancti 

Edwardi    consanguineo,  condita   fucrat. —  confessoris,  licet  non  omnino  in  eodem  loco 

Ord.  Vit.  cd.  Le  Prevost,  vol.  ii.  p.  416.  confecerat. — Reginald.   Diinelm.  (Surtees' 

''  Nam  priEdicti  niiiitis  avus  ecclesiam  Publication),  p.  282. 

praefatain  quoiulani  asserum  viliore   com-  '-'  Reginald.  Dunclm.  p.  2S1-. 


ANGLO-SAXON  ARCHITECTURE.  25 

general  assertions  of  the  Anglo-Norman  monkish  chroniclers, 
to  which  we  onght  to  give  very  Httle  value ;  for  not  only  was 
it  the  ftishion  for  at  least  two  ccnturi(3s  after  the  Conquest  to 
speak  contemptuously  of  every  thing  Saxon,  but  general  asser- 
tions of  the  old  monkish  chroniclers  are  seldom  correct.  It  is 
my  Ijclief  that  a  careful  perusal  of  the  early  chroniclers  would 
atibrd  abundant  proof  that  churches  were  not  only  numerous 
among  the  Anglo-Saxons,  but  that  they  were  far  from  being 
always  mean  structures.  It  is  not  the  object  of  the  present 
observations  to  enter  into  this  part  of  the  subject,  but  I  will 
cite  two  passages  which  offer  themselves  almost  spontaneously 
on  accidently  opening  two  well-knoAvn  writers.  Ordericus 
Vitalis,  speaking  of  the  state  of  England  in  1070,  only  fom- 
years  after  the  Conquest,  says,  "  Fiebant  et  reparahantur 
bnsUicce,  et  in  eis  sacri  oratores  obsequium  studebant  Deo 
debitum  persolvere"^."  Cluu'ches  to  be  repaired  at  this  time 
must  have  been  Saxon,  and  I  think  of  stone  ;  if  they  had  been 
mean  structm^s,  and  in  need  of  repairs,  it  is  more  probable 
that  the  Normans  would  have  built  ncAV  ones.  There  can  be 
no  doubt  that  the  Anglo-Saxons  paid  much  less  attention  to 
architectm^e  than  the  Normans.  William  of  Malmesbury^, 
speaking  of  the  laxity  of  manners  among  the  Anglo-Saxons  in 
the  age  preceding  the  Conquest,  says,  "Potabatm*  in  com- 
mune ab  omnibus,  in  hoc  studio  noctes  periude  ut  dies  per- 
petuantibus,  parvis  et  abjectis  donnbi/H  totos  sumptus  absunie- 
bant,  Francis  et  Normannis  absimiles,  qui  ampUs  et  siiperbis 
cedificiis  modicas  expensas  agunt."     And  a  few  lines  after  he 

adds,  "  Porro  Normanni domi  iiiyentia  (edifcia  (ut  dixi) 

moderatos  sumptus  moliri."  This  passage  must  not  be 
taken  as  a  proof  of  the  meanness  of  Anglo-Saxon  architec- 
ture in  general ;  it  is  merely  a  somewhat  indefinite  statement 
of  a  well-knoAATi  fact,  that  the  Saxon  nobles  did  not  establish 
themselves  in  vast  feudal  castles  like  those  of  the  Anglo-Nor- 
mans. William  of  Malmesbury  goes  on  to  describe  the  change 
among  the  clergy  under  the  Normans,  and  observes,  "  Videas 
ubique  in  villis''  ecclesias,  in  vicis  et  urbibus  monasteria,  novo 

''  Orderic.  Vital.,  vol.  ii.  p.  215.  intcrfuit,  et  in  aliis  conflictibus  ....  nia- 

*  De  Reg.    Angl.,   lib.    iii.    p.    102.   ed.  gister  inilitiuii  fait,  doiio  Guillelnii  regis 

Savile.  duccnas  et  octoginta  rillas  (quas  a  nianen- 

'  The  meaning  of  the  word  villa  at  thi.s  do  manerios  vulgo  vocumiis)  obtinuit.     It  is 

period  is  fixed  by  the  following  passage  of  said   of  Lanfrar.c    (A.D.   1070 — 1089)  in 

Ordericus  Vitalis,  vol.  ii.  p.  223.     Gaufre-  MS.   Cotton.    Claud.    C.  vi.  fol.    168.    yo. 

dus  Constantiniensis  episcopus  .  .  qui  cer-  (written  in  the  twelftli  century).  In  manertis 

taniini  Senlacio  fautor  acer  et   consolator  ad  arcliiepiscopuni   pertinentibus  multas  et 

E 


26 


ANGLO-SAXON  ARCHITECTURE. 


cedificandi  geriere  consurgere."  The  expression,  a  new  style  of 
build) iif/,  is  important  in  two  points  of  view  :  tlie  Avay  in  wliich 
it  is  introduced  shews  that  chmxhes  in  another  style  of  build- 


SUPPOSED   ANGLO  SAXON    TOWERS. 


T  S7  ^ 


omptiug.  Su 


Earl's  Barton,  Northamptonshire. 


ing  were  in  existence,  and  that  they  were  numerous,  for 
Wilham  of  Mahnesbury  (who  is  good  authority  on  this  point) 
does  not  tell  us  that  the  number  of  clnu'ches  was  at  first  mul- 
tiplied greatly  by  the  Normans  ;  and,  secondly,  it  proves  that 
there  Avas  a  marked  difference  of  style  between  the  ecclesiastical 
buildings  of  the  Anglo-Saxons  and  those  of  the  Anglo-Normans. 
Recent  antiquaries  have  accordingly  found  architectiu'al  re- 
mains in  several  parish  churches  where  other  parts  of  the 
building  are  Norman,  difl'ering  so  remarkably  from  the  Nor- 


honestas  ecclesias  Eedificavit.  We  might  ex- 
pect to  find  good  specimens  of  the  earliest 
Norman  in  some  churches  in  Kent,  in  the 
estates  which  formerly  belonged  to  the 
Arclibishop    of    Canterbury.       It    is    not 


jn'obable  that  the  churches  built  by  Lan- 
franc  would  need  rebuilding  before  the 
thirteenth  or  fourteenth  centuries.  We 
may  identify  these  estates  by  Domesday 
Book. 


ANGLO-SAXON  ARCHITECTURE.  27 

man  parts  of  the  same  building,  and  from  Norman  arcliitcc- 
ture  in  general,  that  they  have  not  hesitated  to  attribute  them 
to  our  Anglo-Saxon  forefathers.  These  characteristics  are 
chiefly  observed  in  massy  steeple  towers,  such  as  those  of 
Sompting  in  Sussex,  and  Earl's  Barton  in  Northamptonshire  ; 
and  it  is  ])robable  that  the  tower  was  the  strongest  and  most 
dm-able  part  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  parish  church,  and  would 
therefore  be  most  likely  to  be  preserved  amid  Anglo-Norman 
repairs. 

There  is  a  som*ce  of  information  on  the  subject  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  Architecture  which  has  hitherto  been  neglected,  and 
which  has  always  appeared  to  me  to  be  of  great  import- 
ance. I  mean,  ilUimiiiated  manuscripts ;  and  it  is  the  object  of 
the  present  essay  to  shew  how  remarkably  they  support  the 
belief  that  the  remains  just  alluded  to  are  Anglo-Saxon. 
Illuminated  manuscripts  are,  for  the  middle  ages,  Avhat  the 
frescoes  of  Pompeii  and  Herculaneum,  and  the  paintings  of 
the  Eg}q3tian  pyi-amids,  are  for  more  ancient  times :  they 
throw  more  light  than  any  other  class  of  monuments  on  the 
costume  and  on  the  domestic  manners  of  om^  forefathers. 
These  manuscripts,  which  extend  through  the  whole  period  of 
the  middle  ages,  are  full  of  architectural  sketches.  At  the 
time  when  they  are  most  abundant,  i.  e.  subsequent  to  the 
twelfth  century,  these  sketches  are  of  less  value,  because  the 
monuments  themselves  are  numerous,  and  their  dates  more 
easily  established ;  still  they  afford  much  information  on  domes- 
tic and  military  architecture.  But  at  an  earlier  period,  they 
furnish  data  which  we  have  no  other  means  of  obtaining.  It 
may  be  observed  that  the  medieval  artists,  whatever  subject 
they  treated,  represented  faithfully  and  invariably  the  manners 
and  fashions  of  the  day ;  and  that  from  the  language  and 
character  of  the  writing  w^e  are  enabled  to  fix  their  date  with 
great  nicety.  The  manuscript  to  Avliich  attention  is  now 
called,  is  a  tine  copy  of  Alfric's  Anglo-Saxon  translation  of  the 
Pentateuch,  now  preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  MS.  Cotton. 
Claudius  B.  IV.  It  Avas  written  in  the  closing  year  of  the 
tenth  centiuy,  or  at  the  beginning  of  the  eleventh,  i.  e.  about 
the  year  I()()0  or  very  shortly  after,  and  is  filled  with  pictures, 
containing  a  great  mass  of  architectural  detail.  The  propor- 
tions are  often  drawn  incorrectly,  (the  universal  fault  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  artists,)  but  the  architectural  character  is  i)er- 
fectlv  well  defined. 


28 


ANGLO-SAXON  ARCHITECTURE. 


The  cut,  fig.  1,  presents  some  of  the  characteristics  of  most 
frequent  occm-rence  in 
this  manuscript.  It  re- 
presents an  arcade,  with 
a  door  under  one  of  the 
arches.  Cohunns  and 
capitals  of  this  simple 
form  are  most  common, 
and  the  arches,  when 
round,  are  all  re-pro- 
ductions of  this  type. 
It  has  not  been  thought 
necessary  to  give  in  our 
cuts  the  figm'cs  of  per- 
sonages with  which  all 
these  drawings  are  accompanied  in  the  originals.  Under 
the  arches  and  door-ways  we  not  unfrequently  observe  kings 
and  ministers  seated,  and  distributing  justice,  in  the  man- 
ner represented  in  our  cut,  fig.  2,  where  a  messenger  is 
entering,  the  bearer  of  intelligence,  through  the  triangular- 


(Fig.  l.j   Arcade.  MS,  Cotton,  Claud.  B,  iv.  fol,  3G 


iFi^.  2.1      Arcbss,  from    the   same  Ma.,  fol,  37 


headed  door-way  on  the  left.  The  manner  in  which  the 
messenger  places  his  hand  at  the  top  of  one  of  the  columns 
nuist  be  accounted  for  liy  the  imskilfulness  of  the  artist.     Tlie 


ANGLO-SAXON  ARCHITECTURE. 


29 


Tf 


compartments  of  the  walls  which  arc  hghtly  sliadcd  in  the  en- 
graving, are  in  the  original  painted  yellow.  Polychromy  is 
observable  in  all  the  architcctnral  subjects  thronghout  the 
manuscript ;  the  arches,  and  even  the  moiddings,  and  difl'cr- 
ent  parts  of  the  colunnis,  are  painted  of  various  hues.  The 
colours  most  frequent  arc  yellow  and  blue.  It  may  perhaps 
be  doubted  how  far  we  may  depend  on  the  strict  truth  of  the 
coloiu's  employed  by  the  early  artists,  for  in  some  instances 
they  seem  to  be  extremely  fanciful.  I  have  met  with  pictures 
in  which  men's  hair  was  painted  of  a  bright  blue ;  but  it  is 
not  impossible  that  at  some  period  it  may  have  been  the  custom 
to  stain  the  hair  of  that  colour.  However,  be  the  colours  true 
or  not,  these  drawings  appear  to  establish  the  fact,  that  the 
Anglo-Saxon  buildings  were  painted  in  this  variegated  manner. 
The  figiu'c  given  above  contains  other  characteristics  of  im- 
portance, which  frequently  reciu"  in  the  manuscript,  especially 
the  baluster  columns.  Among  other  instances  of  similar  pillars, 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  is  that  given  in 
the  margin  (fig.  3),  which  occurs  at  folio  74,  r°. 
Here  again  (as  in  all  the  cuts  I  have  taken 
from  this  manuscript)  the  pai't  shaded  in  the 
engraving  is  coloured  in  the  original.  These 
are  precisely  the  kind  of  columns  which  are 
still  found  in  some  remains  of  buildings  sup- 
posed to  be  of  the  Saxon  era.  They  occur  in 
the  oldest  parts  of  the  church  of  St.  Alban's, 
where  we  find  also  the  same  triangular-headed 
arches  which  occur  so  frequently  in  our  manu- 
script. A  series  of  the  baluster  columns  at 
St.  Alban's  are  engraved  from  drawings  by 
Carter,  in  the  plates  published 
by  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
(Muniment.  Anti([.,  vol.  i.  pt. 
15.),  from  which  the  exam- 
ple given  in  the  present  page, 
fig.  4,  is  copied.  These  cohunns  arc  character- 
ised by  the  same  double  and  treble  band  mould- 
ings, in  the  different  parts  of  the  colmnn,  as  ap- 
pear in  our  cut,  fig.  2.  I  see  no  reason  for 
disbelieving  that  the  baluster  cohunns  and  tri- 
angidar-work  are  parts  of  a  church  of  St. 
Alban's    l)uilt    carlv   in     the    clevcMith    centurv 


30 


ANGLO-SAXON  ARCHITECTURE. 


with  the  Roman  materials  which  had  been  collected  from  the 
laborious  and  continued  excavations  of  many  years,  by  Abbots 
Ealdred  and  Eadmar,  among  the  ruhis  of  the  ancient  city  of 
Veriilamium^.  Most  of  the  chiu-ch-steeples  supposed  to  be 
Anglo-Saxon,  contain  belfry  windows  with  colmnns  of  this 
description.  For  the  sake  of  comparison,  I  give  two  examples 
(figs.  5  and  6)  from  the  towers  of  Earl's  Barton  chm-ch  in 


iFig.  5.',i     Earl's  Baxton.  Noithamptonshire. 


(Fig.  6.    St.  Beliefs   Cambridge. 


Northamptonshire,  and  St.  Benet's  in  Cambridge.  They  have 
only  that  difference  in  design  from  the  specimens  selected 
from  the  Cottonian  manuscript,  which  we  might  expect  to 
find  between  the  colunms  of  a  small  window  in  a  parish 
clim'ch- steeple,  and  the  larger  ornamental  columns  of  a  door- 
way. 

One  of  the  most  striking,  and  constantly  recurring  charac- 
teristics of  the  architecture  of  our  Anglo-Saxon  manuscript,  is 
the  triangular-headed  door-way.      We  have  already  seen  an 


e  It  has  been  observed,  I  think  by  Rick- 
man,  that  the  great  quantity  of  tiles  ob- 
served in  the  ohl  parts  of  St.  Alban's  church 
renders  it  probable  that  they  were  not  taken 
from  older  Roman  buildings,  but  made  for 
the  occasion.  I  think,  however,  that  this 
assumption  is  by  no  means  of  sufficient 
strength  to  outweigh  the  distinct  testimony 
of  the  old  chronicler  relating  to  the  excava- 
tions carried  on  during  the  lives  of  the  two 
successive  abbots,  both  of  whom,  he  says, 
collected  in  this  manner  the  tiles  and  stones 
for  the  building  :  of  Abbot  Ealdred,  he 
b'tutes,  Tcgtilfts  vero  hilcgrns  ct  lajjides  (luus 


invenit,  aptas  ad  sedificia  seponens,  ad  fabri- 
cam  ecclesis  reservavit  (M.  Paris.  Hist. 
Abb.  p.  40) ;  and  of  his  successor  Eadmar, 
Etcum  abbas  memoratusprofundiora  terrae 
ubi  civitatis  Verolamii  apparuerunt  vestigia 
diligentur  perscrutaretur,  et  antiques  tabu- 
latus  lapideos  cum  tegnlis  et  columnis  in- 
veniret,  quae  ecclesice  fabricandas  fuerunt 
necessaria,  sibi  reservaret,  &c.  (p.  41).  It 
may  be  observed  that  the  Anglo-Saxon  tegel, 
our  tile,  signified  tiles  and  bricks  of  what- 
ever description  (if  made  of  baked  earth) : 
Iirof-lcgel  was  the  term  used  for  the  tiles 
used  to  cover  roofs  of  buiUlings. 


AXGLO-SAXON  ARCHITECTURE. 


31 


instance  in  tig.  2.  The  cut, 
tig.  7,  represents  an  arrangement 
wliicli  is  frequently  repeated  in 
the  manuscript :  the  ditierence  in 
the  shades  represents  the  two  dif- 
ferent colours  with  wliich  it  is 
painted.  In  fig.  1,  we  have  seen 
a  loAV  round  arch  within  a  tri- 
angle. In  fig.  8,  Avc  have  a  double 
arch,  joining  in  a  sort  of  pendant, 
similarly  placed  Avithin  a  triangle. 
Fig.  9.  represents  a  triangidar 
tympanum.  The  tirst  of  these 
two  last-mentioned  figures  ap- 
pears, by  the  capitals,  to  be  in- 
tended as  part  of  a  more  richly 
decorated  building  than  that  to 
which  the  other  belonged. 


ilS.  Cotton,  fol. 


W    X7 


'Fi^.  8.'    MS.  Cotton,  fol.  64 , 


'.Fig. 


I  have  already  stated  that  triangular  arches  are  found  in 
the  oldest  parts  of  the  abbey  cluuch  of  St.  Alban's.  They 
occur  as  windows  in  most  of  the  steeple-towers  of  the  character 
supposed  to  be  Saxon,  and  are  also  found  in  some  instances  as 
door- ways.  We  have  a  door- way  of  this  description  in  Bar- 
nack  church,  Northamptonshire,  and  another  in  Brigstock 
church,  in  the  same  county.  AVindows  of  this  description  are 
still  more  common.  Of  the  followhig  cuts,  fig.  10.  represents 
a  door-way  in  the  church  of  Barnack  ;  tig.  11.  a  very  curious 
belfry-window  in  the  church  of  Deerhurst,  in  Gloucestershire ; 


33 


ANGLO-SAXON   ARCHITECTURE. 


and  fig.  1.2.  a  window  from  the  tower  of  Sompting  church 
in  Sussex. 


N     1   I  dnl'"r(|)| 


(Fi^.  10  )  Baxuack. 


^Rg.  U.)  Deerhtirst.  Gloucestershire. 


The  church  of  Sompting  presents  a  very  interesting  speci- 
men of  what  appears  to  be  an  Anglo-Saxon 
steeple,  and  one  which  seems  to  have  pre- 
served its  original  form,  even  to  the  roof.  It 
is  joined  to  a  chm-ch  of  late  Norman  style, 
but  apparently  containing  also  some  relics  of 
an  earlier  building.  Erom  the  difference  of  the 
stone,  and  its  much  greater  corrosion  by  the  " 
atmosphere,  in  the  steeple,  we  are  at  once  led  (^^  i^  sompting 
to  believe  it  to  be  at  least  more  than  a  centiu*y  (perhaps  two) 
older  than  the  body  of  the  chm'ch ;  and  it  is  remarkable  that 
Domesday  bears  witness  of  there  being  a  chm*ch  in  this  parish 
in  the  time  of  WiUiam  the  Conqueror,  which  must  then  have 
been  old,  to  need  rebuilding  so  soon  as  the  middle  of  the 
twelfth  centmy,  which  appears  to  be  about  the  date  of  the 
body  of  the  present  chm'ch.  There  can  be  little  doubt  that 
the  present  steeple  belonged  to  the  older  chm^h,  which  was 
standing  here  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest.  It  is  very  much 
to  be  desired  that  a  list  should  be  made  of  all  the  parish 
chmThes  mentioned  in  the  Domesday  Survey,  and  that  the 
chm'ches  now  existing  in  the  same  places  should  be  carefully 
examined.  Among  the  iUuminations  of  the  manuscript  of 
Cffidmon,  pi.  59,  as  published  in  the  Archseologia,  vol.  24, 
there  is  a  rude  but  curious  figure  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  chm^ch, 
the  steeple  of  Avhich  bears  considerable  resemblance  in  form  to 
those  of  which  wc  are  speaking.     The  date  of  Deerhurst  tower 


ANGLO-SAXON  ARCHITECTURE. 


33 


appears  also  to  be  justly  fixed  to  a  period  antecedent  to  the 
Norman  conquest.  The  original  inscriljed  stone  is  still  pre- 
served among  the  Arundelian  marbles  at  Oxford,  which  states 
that  the  church  of  Deerhm'st  was  consecrated  on  the  11th  of 
April,  in  the  fom-teenth  year  of  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Confes- 
sor, which  woidd  be  A.D.  1056,  or  1057,  according  as  the  regnal 
year  may  have  been  counted  from  Edward's  accession  or  from 
his  coronation.  A  new  steeple  could  hardly  have  been  wanted 
dm'ing  the  Anglo-Norman  period  ;  and  as  the  one  now  stand- 
ing cannot  have  been  built  at  a  later  period,  Ave  seem  justified 
in  concluding  that  it  Avas  the  original  Saxon  toAver. 

Fig.  13.  represents  another  of  these  triangidar-arched  door- 
Avays  from  the  Cottonian  manuscript.  It 
is  accompanied  Avith  Avliat  is  intended  to 
represent  a  dome.  Domes  occm'  fre- 
quently in  the  manuscript,  and  form  a 
connecting  link  betAveen  Anglo-Saxon  and 
Byzantine  architectm'e.  The  dome  repre- 
sented in  our  cut  appears  to  be  covered 
in  a  very  singular  manner  AA'ith  parallel 
semicircles,  apparently  of  tiles ;  the  form 
which  occm's  more  generally  in  the  manuscript  has  a  knob  or 
ball  at  the  summit,  from  AA'hich,  as  a  centre,  the  roAvs  of  tiles 
radiate.  It  may  be  observed  also,  that  in  these  draAA"ings  the 
roofs  are  generally  covered  AAdth  tiles  Avliich,  in  form  and 
arrangement,  bear  a  close  resemblance  to  the  scales  of  a  fish. 

The  capitals  of  columns  in  this  manuscript  are  also  deserv- 
ing of  attention.  Several  examples  have  been  given  in  the 
cuts  which  illustrate  the  preceding  pages  :  the  foUoAA^ng  adch- 
tional  varieties  are  selected  from  diiierent  parts  of  the  volmne. 


iHg    13. ^  MS.  Cotton,  fol,  33,  v" 


m 


Fig.  14.  Fifts.  15tol8.  Fig.  19. 

The  most  simple  and  common  form  is  that  Avhich  has  been 
represented  in  figs.  1,  .2,  9,  and  13.     The  capitals  more  riclily 

1' 


34 


ANGLO-SAXON  ARCHITECTURE. 


ornamented  are  generally  formed  of  leaves,  as  in  figs.  3,  8,  14, 
and  19.  The  foliated  capitals,  of  course  imitated  from  the 
older  Roman,  are  characteristic  of  the  Byzantine  and  Roma- 
nesque styles.  I  think  they  are  not  found  in  early  Norman, 
but  begin  to  be  introduced  towards  the  period  of  transition. 
Foliated  capitals  of  a  peculiar  and  elegant  description  (fig.  20.) 


(Fig    20.)     Sompliug  Church, 


(Fig. 21.)    Coihampton. 


occur  in  the  door-way  of  the  tower  of  Sompting  chm^ch.  An 
arch  in  Corhampton  church,  in  Hampshu'e,  rests  upon  imposts 
bearing  a  very  close  resemblance  to  the  rudaly  drawn  capitals 
of  the  manuscript  represented  in  om'  figs.  17,  18.  The 
manuscript  presents  some  other  architectm'al  characteristics, 
and  in  particular  several  figm-es  of  fonts,  all  of  one  form,  a 
plain  basin  on  a  shaft,  somewhat  resembling  an  egg-cup.  But 
enough  has  been  said  for  the  object  I  had  in  view. 

We  have  then,  in  the  manuscript  under  consideration,  a 
series  of  architectural  drawings  Avliich  are  pm'e  Saxon,  and  of 
the  date  of  which  there  can  be  no  doubt.  They  present  a 
number  of  characteristics  which  are  sufficient  to  distinguish  a 
peculiar  style,  which  probably  was  the  general  style  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  buildings.  It  is  certain  that  the  old  artists  produced 
nothing  on  parchment  which  was  not  modelled  on  what  really 
existed  before  their  eyes.  I  would  add,  that  although  illumi- 
nated manuscripts  become  more  numerous  after  the  Conquest, 


ANGLO-SAXO^   ARCHITECTURE.  35 

I  never  met  wdth  one  of  a  later  date  exhibiting  any  of  the 
peculiar  characters  mentioned  above.  We  find  a  similar  style 
on  parts  of  existing  buildings  which  are  evidently  of  a  very 
early  date,  and  which  therefore,  as  it  appears  to  me,  we  are 
justified  in  attributing  to  the  same  age  as  the  manuscript,  in 
the  same  way  that  we  should  ascribe  an  unknown  eihgy  to  the 
age  in  which  its  costume  is  found  to  prevail  in  similar  illumi- 
nations. It  remains  for  further  examination  to  shew  how  far 
we  ought  to  refer  every  example  of  this  style  to  the  same  age. 
The  dates  of  early  buildings  appear  to  have  been  often 
fixed  too  arbitrarily.  I  would  merely  cite,  as  an  instance,  the 
church  of  Waltham  abbey.  This  is  considered  as  early 
Norman,  and  ascribed  to  the  date  of  about  1120,  because 
Henry  I.  and  his  two  mves  are  recorded  as  special  benefactors 
to  the  monastery.  In  the  two  most  authentic  accounts  of  the 
early  history  of  Waltham  abbey,  both  ^mtten  apparently  late 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  the  Vita  Haroldi  and  the  tract  Be 
Inventione  Sancta  Crucis  Walthamensis  (the  latter  of  which 
brings  the  history  up  to  the  time  at  which  it  was  ^nitten),  we 
have  a  particular  and  cm'ious  account  of  Harold's  clnu'ch, 
which  was  very  spacious  and  massive,  and  which  agrees  per- 
fectly with  what  now  remains ;  and  these  same  documents 
give  us  every  reason  to  believe  that  no  remarkable  alterations 
had  been  made  in  the  building  up  to  the  time  at  which  these 
histories  were  \mtten,  that  is,  up  to  the  period  of  transition. 
This  is  very  easily  accounted  for,  because  the  acknowledged 
character  of  Harold's  building  would  preseiTC  it  from  dilapi- 
dation, and  the  jealousy  with  which  it  was  looked  upon  by  the 
Normans  (as  we  are  informed  in  the  documents)  caused  it  to 
be  treated  with  neglect.  It  may  be  observed  also,  that  Harold's 
church  was  most  probably  built  by  architects  brought  over 
from  Normandy,  and  would  therefore  have  a  decidedly  Aorman 
character.  I  will  merely  add  that  a  copy  of  Prudent  ins  in  the 
British  Museum,  written  apparently  about  the  middle  of  the 
eleventh  centiuy  (or  very  soon  after),  jMS.  Cotton.  Titus  U. 
XVI.,  contains  one  or  two  rows  of  columns  of  which  the  shafts 
are  ornamented  in  precisely  the  same  style  as  those  which  still 
remain  in  Waltham  abbey. 

T.   WRKIIIT. 


ON  BELL-TURRETS. 


No  belfry  is  better  adapted  to  a  small  village  church  than 
that  which  is  supported  by  a  single  wall,  as  it  saves  much 
expense  of  material,  and  does  not  interfere  with  the  simplicity 
of  ground-plan  desirable  in  an  edifice  of  this  description. 
Accordingly  we  find  many  instances  of  the  plain  flat  bell- 
gable,  sometimes  standing  over  the  chancel-arch,  as  at  Skelton 
near  York,  and  Binsey  near  Oxford,  but  more  usually  set 
upon  the  western  wall,  as  at  Northborough  in  Lincolnslm-e, 
and  many  other  places.  This  kind  of  belfry  has  been  much 
used  in  modern  churches,  though  not  often  very  successfully. 
As  it  is  really  no  easy  matter  to  design  a  good  west  front 
comprising  a  beU-gable,  and  the  width  required  in  om-  ncAv 
churches  much  increases  the  difficulty,  by  placing  the  belfry 
over  the  chancel-arch,  according  to  some  of  Mr.  Pugin's  de- 
signs, a  more  pleasing  general  outline  may  be  obtained  ;  but 
even  in  this  case,  when  viewed  from  the  north  or  south,  the 
belfry  will  present  to  the  spectator  the  mere  end  of  a  wall,  and 
appear  an  unsightly  excrescence  to  the  building.  I  was  there- 
fore much  pleased  when  my  ! 
attention  was  called  to  some 
bell-tm-rets,  which,  standing 
like  those  above  named,  upon 
a  single  wall,  yet  present  the 
appearance,  on  a  small  scale, 
of  stee])les  whose  substruc- 
ture affects  the  ground-plan 
of  the  building  :  and  I  was 
fortunate  in  seeing  these  spe- 
cimens in  then-  right  order, 
not  perhaps  as  regards  date, 
but  according  to  their  deve- 
lopment in  point  of  design 
and  ornament. 

The  first  of  these  is  Hares- 
comb  in  Gloucestershire ;  a 
cluu'ch  mentioned  by  Rick- 
man  as  having  a  singidar 
belfry  at  the  east  end  of  the 
nave,  but  with  little  or  no 


y{<rton2/a/rvi[L 


^ 


ON  BELL-TURRETS. 


37 


further  descri])tion.  This  behry  serves  as  a  key  to  all  the  rest. 
The  wall  over  the  chancel-arch  is  crossed  by  a  block  of  masonry 
projecting  eastward  and  westward,  and  forming  each  way  a  sort 
of  corbel  or  bracket.  This  gives  support  to  the  eastern  and 
western  faces  of  an  octagonal  spire,  the  other  two  cardinal 
sides  resting  on  imposts  raised  upon  the  wall  itself,  two  spaces 
or  apertures  being  thus  left  for  the  bells.  The  diagonal  faces 
of  the  spu-e  are  supported  only  by  then'  connection  with  the 
others  ;  but  from  the  small  size  of  the  belfry  it  is  plain  the 
stone  may  easily  have  been  cut  in  such  a  manner  as  to  obviate 
any  difficulty  in  the  construction.  The  whole  is  strengthened 
as  well  as  enriched  by  octagonal  pinnacles  at  the  cardinal 
sides,  and  at  present  it  is  banded  with  iron.  The  style  of  the 
clnu'ch  appears  to  be  early  Decorated ;  the  windows  consist  of 
single  lancet  lights,  but  foliated ;  the  west  window  is  modern ; 
the  font  has  an  Early  Enghsh  cliaracter.  This  church  stands 
at  a  short  distance  to  the  west  of  the  road  between  Gloucester 
and  Stroud,  about  six  miles  distant  from  the  former ;  it  is  not 
easily  visible,  as  it  lies  in  a  deep  hollow. 

In  the  next  specimen,  the  clnu'ch  of  Acton  Tm-vill,  in  Glou- 
cestershire, the  transverse  block  of  masonry  supports  piers  or  im- 
posts similar  to  those  on  the  north  and  south  sides  ;  and  the 
addition  of  shafts  renders  these 
sufficiently  large  to  meet  all  the 
angles  of  an  equilateral  spire,  its 
cardinal  faces  being  supported  by 
then'  corresponding  imposts,  and 
its  diagonal  ones  resting  between 
them,  like  the  entablatm-e  of  a 
colonnade.  The  cardinal  sides 
have  round  })innacles.  This  bel- 
fry, which  stands  over  the  chan- 
cel-arch, is  of  an  Early  Enghsh 
character.  Some  Perpendicular 
insertions  have  been  made  in  the 
body  of  the  church.  The  village 
of  Acton  Turvill  is  about  ten 
miles  westward  of  ^lalmsbmy 
in  Wiltshire. 

At  Leigh  Delamcre  the  design 
is  improved  ui)on  by  the  intro- 
duction of  a   beautiful  pointed 


38 


ON  BELL-TURRETS. 


arch  between  the  cardmal  sides  of  the  belfry,  which  are 
enriched  by  shafts.  The  lower  part  of  the  belfry  forms,  in 
its  section,  a  cross,  the  npper  part  an  octagon,  of  which 
the  cardinal  sides  are  smaller  than  the  diagonals.  The  spire 
being  eqnilateral,  its  angles  evidently  do  not  correspond 
with  those  of  the  turret,  and  there  is  also  a  small  space  left 
upon  each  of  the  cardinal  sides,  uncovered  by  the  spu'e  ;  this 
is  filled  up  by  what  appears  to  be  the  base  of  a  pinnacle, 
the  upper  part  of  which  has  been  destroyed.  This  belfry  is 
also  of  Early  English  character,  though  the  chancel-arch,  and 
indeed  the  whole  of  the  church,  leads  me  to  believe  that  in 
point  of  date  it  belongs  to  the  period  in  which  the  Decorated 
style  prevailed.  The  reason  why  shafts  are  introduced,  both 
in  this  and  the  last,  is  obvious,  namely,  to  form  a  graceful 
finish  to  the  diagonal  openings,  and  to  give  the  impost  the 
character  of  a  clustered  pier  instead  of  a  bare  wall.  This 
belfry  is  also  central,  and  the  addition  of  a  south  aisle  gives,  in 
some  aspects,  a  very  picturesque  outline  to  the  church,  which 
contains  other  portions  worth  notice,  for  instance  a  late  stone 
pulpit,  and  some  beautiful  tabernacle-work  at  the  east  end,  in 
the  interior,  the  east  window 
being  blocked  up.  Leigh  Dela- 
mere  is  about  eight  miles  from 
Chippenham,  to  the  north- 
west. 

The  belfry  of  Corston  church 
stands  upon  the  west  gable, 
and  in  its  construction  is  per- 
haps the  most  elegant  of  any. 
Here  the  transverse  block 
springs  from  a  corbel  immedi- 
ately above  the  west  window, 
and  is  carried,  as  at  Hares- 
comb,  up  to  the  l)ase  of  the 
spire  as  a  wall,  divicUng,  in  two 
equal  portions,  the  space  be- 
tween the  northern  and  south- 
ern piers.  Here  the  diagonals 
of  the  spire  can  neither  be 
said  to  rest  upon  an  arch,  as 
at  Leigh  Delamere,  nor  to  be 
supported  like  an  entablature, 


Corston  Church. 


ON  BELL-TUKRETS.  39 

as  at  Acton  Turvill,  nor  yet  })y  mere  connection  with  the 
others,  as  at  Harescomb.  But  the  turret  beneath  the  spire, 
which,  hke  all  the  others,  has  a  cruciform  section  below%  be- 
comes octagonal  at  the  top,  by  means  of  a  kind  of  bracket, 
which  extends  the  cardinal  faces  sufficiently  to  make  them 
correspond  with  the  cardinal  sides  of  the  spire,  and  then, 
forming  an  obtuse  angle  in  the  horizontal  plane,  gives  support 
to  its  diagonals.  The  form  of  the  opening,  as  projected  on  a 
vertical  plane,  is  trefoil-headed,  the  top  being  square.  Round 
the  base  of  the  spire,  which  is  ribbed,  is  a  delicate  moulding 
with  a  battlement,  and  on  the  top  is  a  beautifid  finial ;  there 
are  no  pinnacles.  This  belfry  is  difficult  to  describe,  and  not 
veiy  easily  drawn ;  but  by  examining  it  attentively,  an  artist 
woidd  at  once  see  its  construction,  and  be  able  to  form  a 
model.  Its  style  and  date  are  clearly  Perpendicular.  Corston 
is  about  two  miles  from  Malmsbury,  on  the  Chippenham 
road. 

These  four  tm-rets,  it  will  be  seen,  are  alike,  in  having  a 
cruciform  base  and  an  octagonal  spire,  but  they  differ  in  the 
adaptation  of  the  one  to  the  other ;  and  this  variety  gives 
them  value  in  the  eyes  of  the  architect,  as  it  will  authorize 
him  in  forming  com])inations  according  to  his  skill,  instead 
of  scrupulously  adhering  to  a  given  copy.  They  are  also 
valuable  as  comprising  all  the  pointed  styles,  and  as  admitting 
any  degree  of  ornament.  And  it  will  be  observed,  that  the 
belfry  of  Corston  very  gracefully  occupies  a  position  which 
could  not  have  been  properly  occupied  by  a  tm'ret  springing 
from  the  ground,  viz.  the  middle  of  the  west  front. 

If  these  specimens  are  worth  imitation,  a  fortiori  they  are 
worth  preserving.  Now,  though  I  am  by  no  means  in  the 
habit  of  travelling  through  the  country  to  spy  out  the  naked- 
ness of  the  land,  I  need  feel  no  hesitation  in  saying,  that  one 
or  two  of  the  churches  mentioned  are  in  a  state  which  must 
before  long  demand  attention.  In  these  days  far  less  is  to  be 
feared  from  neglect  than  from  injudicious  restoration,  or  from 
the  necessities  of  a  parish  forced  to  enlarge,  repair,  or  rebuild, 
but  unsupphed  with  funds  sufficient  for  any  thing  beyond  the 
least  expensive  mode  of  providing  for  the  exigency.  I  am 
totally  unacquainted  with  all  the  parishes  which  I  have  named, 
and  know  nothing  of  either  theii'  claims  or  resources,  but  I 
surely  am  not  wrong  in  directing  attention  to  the  subject. 

J.  L.  PETIT. 


ON 

THE  MEDIEVAL  ANTIQUITIES  OF  ANGLESEY. 

The  antiquities  of  this  remote  and  little-known  district,  may 
be  commodiously  arranged  under  three  heads  : — 

(1.)  The  British  or  Cymric,  before  the  introduction  of 

Christianity. 
(2.)  The  Cymric,  posterior  to  the  introduction  of  Cliris- 

tianity,    and    prior    to    the    conquest    of  Wales    by 

Edward  I. 
(3.)  The  antiquities  posterior  to  the  English  conquest. 

It  is  not,  however,  by  any  means  easy  to  determine,  first,  at 
what  period  Christianity  was  actually  introduced  into  Wales 
and  Anglesey  ;  and  secondly,  to  pronounce  what  remains, 
usually  classed  as  Cymric  or  Celtic,  (such  as  Carneddau, 
Maen-hir,  Cromlechs,  &c.),  were  erected  before,  or  what 
after,  the  existence  of  the  Christian  religion  in  this  district. 
It  is  highly  probable  that  a  large  portion  of  the  ancient 
military  works,  and  many  of  the  tumuli,  cairns,  &c.,  were 
constructed  at  a  time  later  than  the  coming  of  the  Saxons  into 
Britain,  and  prior  to  the  eighth  or  nuith  centmy.  In  the 
absence  therefore  of  wTitten  testimonials  and  other  evidence, 
as  to  the  date  of  such  remains  as  we  now  find  pretty  numer- 
ously throughout  the  island,  it  is  better  to  class  all  such  re- 
mains under  the  head  of  "  Cyiruic  Antiquities;"  this  epithet 
being  quite  applicable  to  them  at  whatever  period  they  first 
came  into  existence.  The  head  of  "Medieval  Antiquities" 
will  include  all  such  edifices  and  ruins  of  edifices,  &c.,  as  are 
clearly  posterior  to  the  introduction  of  Cluistianity ;  and  will 
also  embrace  the  military  buildings  erected  by  Edward  I.,  as 
well  as  the  houses  constructed  down  to  the  end  of  the  six- 
teenth centmy. 

It  is  only  this  latter  head  which  is  taken  briefly  into  account 
in  the  present  paper.  The  author  of  it  is  occupying  himself  in 
making  an  accm\ate  siu-vey,  admeasurement,  and  delineation, 
of  all  the  antiquities  in  the  island ;  and  has  already  termi- 
nated a  large  portion  of  the  Medieval,  with  a  small  part  of 
the  Cymric  division^.     He  hastens  to  give  a  brief  sketch  of 

*  He  is  also  engaged  in  a  similar  survey  counties  attracting  the  notice,  and  occu- 
of  the  antiquities  of  Caernarvonshire,  and  pying  the  leisure,  of  some  of  his  anti- 
would  be  glad  to  hear  of  tlie  other  Welsh      quarian  friends. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  ANGLESEY.  41 

the  result  of  his  observations  as  far  as  they  have  yet  been 
carried. 

The  isle  of  Anglesey  has  always  been  a  district  of  great  sim- 
plicity and  comparative  poverty,  notwithstanding  that  its  soil 
is  by  no  means  unfruitful,  and  that  its  mineral  riches  are  of 
high  value.  Still,  not  ])eing  the  seat  of  any  manufacturing 
population  (at  any  period  that  we  know  of),  and  the  attention 
of  its  inhabitants  being  exclusively  directed  to  agricultm-al 
occupations,  it  has  never  seen  the  wealth  of  great  feudal  land- 
lords spent  in  adorning  its  villages  or  towns, — and  it  has  not 
been  devastated  by  the  hand  of  modern  vandalism.  Anglesey 
remains  nearly  what  it  was  some  hundi'eds  of  years  ago  ;  the 
manners  of  the  people  are  very  simple  and  primitive ;  its 
ecclesiastical  buildings  have  never  been  improved ;  they  have 
been  allowed  to  decay  more  or  less,  but  they  have  not  been 
so  much  injiu'ed  by  this  neglect  as  they  would  have  been  by 
positive  interference  in  days  of  archaeological  darkness.  On 
the  one  hand,  therefore,  while  we  are  not  to  expect  to  find  any 
buildings  of  importance  or  even  of  magnitude  (with  one  ex- 
ception— King  Edw^ard's  castle  at  Beaumarais),  so,  on  the  other, 
we  may  expect  to  find  the  Medieval  remains  less  injured  than 
in  other  parts  of  the  country,  a  circumstance  which,  with  one 
or  two  exceptions,  (such  as  the  friary  of  Llanvaes,  destroyed 
soon  after  the  Reformation,  and  an  abbey  near  Aberffraw,  also 
destroyed),  is  found  universally  to  prevail.  Much  therefore 
may  be  learnt  of  village  ecclesiastical  architecture  in  Anglesey, 
but  very  little  of  what  would  adorn  a  town. 

The  total  number  of  the  parochial  churches  in  the  island  is 
seventy-four,  nearly  all  of  very  early  date  in  their  principal 
parts  :  rude  in  form  and  small  in  size  :  often  badly  con- 
structed :  many  barely  adequate  to  the  accommodation  of  a 
slowly  increasing  population  :  nearly  all  of  them  untouched 
by  modern  hands.  -]^]very  parish  in  Anglesey  bears  the  name 
of  its  patron  saini,  or  else  of  the  holy  man  who  first  intro- 
duced Clu'istianity,  and  built  a  place  of  worship  in  it :  this  is 
common  indeed  throughout  Wales  ;  but  it  is  peculiarly  so  in 
Anglesey,  and  is  of  great  value  to  whoever  searches  into  the 
history  of  the  district. 

The  common  form  of  the  Anglesey  village  church  is  cruci- 
form, always  built  with  strict  attention  to  the  orientation  of 
the  edifice  :  small  in  size,  being  commonly  from  thu'ty  to 
sixty  feet  in  extreme  length  :  low  in  height,  the  gable  seldoia 

G 


42  ANTIQUITIES  OF  ANGLESEY. 

being  more  than  twenty  feet  from  the  gromid  :  the  walls 
always  thick,  never  under  three  feet :  the  original  windows 
very  few  in  number,  and  those  being  only  circular-headed 
loopholes,  without  any  ornament  whatever  :  every  thing  being 
exceedingly  plain,  ornamentation  of  any  kind  being  evidently 
beyond  the  means  of  the  simple  people.  A  bell-gable  almost 
always  at  the  west  end  of  the  cluuch  (there  being  only  three 
or  four  old  steeples  in  the  whole  island)  :  the  gables  care- 
fully topped  with  crosses,  supported  upon  canopied  trifohated 
bases,  terminating  the  coping  of  the  gables ;  the  font  always 
at  the  west  end  of  the  nave,  of  the  simplest  form,  and  gene- 
rally of  high  antiquity  :  no  side  aisles,  no  triforia,  no  clere- 
stories (except  at  Beaumarais,  Holyhead,  and  perhaps  one  or 
two  more  places) ;  hardly  a  pillar  or  shaft  to  he  met  with  in 
the  whole  district. 

After  such  a  description  of  the  general  character  of  these 
chiuches,  it  may  well  be  asked  what  interest  they  can  possess  ? 
It  is  true  that  they  have  little  or  no  architectm'al  value,  but 
they  have  much  archaeological  interest ;  they  form  a  numerous 
and  unbroken  series  of  viUage  churches,  from  perhaps  the 
ninth  or  tenth  century  (probably  much  earlier)  down  to  the 
fifteenth ;  and  they  are  untouched .-  they  are  as  they  were  built, 
and  they  are  likely  to  remain  so,  until  they  fall  to  pieces  in  the 
lapse  of  future  years.  Though,  therefore,  they  cannot  compete 
with  any  of  the  grander  edifices  of  the  middle  ages,  they  supply 
types  of  the  humbler  buildings  used  by  a  peasantry  almost 
unchanged  at  the  present  day  ;  and  they  are  therefore  entitled 
to  consideration  by  all  who  enquii'e  into  the  archceological  re- 
mains of  this  country.  Unless  (which  is  very  unlikely)  the 
condition  of  the  population  should  change  very  much, — they 
are  still  so  simple  and  happy  that  no  change  in  then*  worldly 
wealth  is  at  all  desirable ; — it  is  to  be  hoped  that  these  primi- 
tive buildings  will  be  allowed  to  retain  all  the  quaintness  of 
their  grey  and  venerable  antiquity.  Repairs  they  will  un- 
doubtedly need,  but  modifications /e^(?,  improvements  none. 

The  survey  of  all  the  parochial  churches  being  as  yet  incom- 
plete, it  would  be  prematiue  to  pronounce  an  opinion  as  to 
which  is  the  oldest  ecclesiastical  building  still  existing  on  the 
island  :  but  that  which  is  the  most  interesting,  and  at  the 
same  time  one  of  the  oldest  and  least  injm-ed,  is  the  conven- 
tual church  of  Penmon,  with  its  dependent  buildings.  The 
monastic  estabhshment  of  Penmon,  founded  by  St.  Seiriol  in' 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  ANGLESEY.  43 

the  sixth  century,  was  connected  witli  one  on  the  small  island 
named  after  that  saint,  at  the  north-eastern  extremity  of 
Anglesey.  The  information  contained  in  Dugdale,  concerning 
it,  is  scanty,  and  not  altogether  reconcileable  to  the  present 
appearance  of  the  localities.  On  the  island  of  Priestholm,  Puffin 
island,  or  Ynys  Seiiiol,  there  is  only  the  tower  of  the  conven- 
tual chm-ch,  with  a  few  foundations  of  walls,  remaining ;  but 
there  are  some  very  curious  subterranean  galleries  of  small 
dimensions,  and  of  unknown  purpose,  with  numerous  founda- 
tions of  cii-cidar  British  huts.  The  buildings  at  Penmon  itself 
consist  of  the  conventual  church,  of  the  tenth  or  eleventh  cen- 
tmy :  part  of  the  conventual  building,  the  walls  of  the  refec- 
tory, the  pigeon-house,  &c.,  while  on  the  hill  above  the  place  is 
one  of  those  early  cu'cular-headed  crosses,  which  are  to  be  met 
with  in  Ireland,  and  some  remote  spots  in  England.  In  inte- 
rest Penmon  stands  at  the  head  of  the  ecclesiastical  edifices 
of  Anglesey.  Next  in  importance  to  it  would  have  been  the 
priory  of  Llanvaes,  near  Beaumarais  ;  but  few  remnants  are 
left  standing,  and  a  large  plain  building,  the  original  destina- 
tion of  which  is  not  yet  fixed,  but  now  used  as  a  stable  and 
barn,  is  almost  all  that  remains  of  it.  The  splendid  altar- 
tondjs,  however,  which  enriched  the  church,  have  been  pre- 
sented, though  dispersed  among  neighbom-ing  churches  ;  and 
they  constitute  the  princi})al  sepulchral  riches  of  the  island. 
The  collegiate  chm-ch  of  Holyhead,  and  the  parochial  church 
of  Beamnarais,  are  large  structures,  and,  the  latter  especially, 
present  good  details  of  architectural  execution.  There  is  a 
good  deal  of  late  Decorated  and  early  Perpendicular  work  in 
them.  In  nearly  all  the  churches  tlu'oughout  the  island, 
Decorated  and  Perpendicular  windows  have  been  introduced, 
some  of  them  with  good  cfi'ect.  Porches  too  of  various  dates 
have  been  appended  to  the  buildings,  and  in  one  or  two  cases, 
such  as  Llanvihangcl,  and  Penmynydd,  cm'ious  wooden  carved 
puli)its  and  minstrel  galleries  exist. 

Of  tombs  and  monmnental  inscriptions,  no  small  variety  is 
to  be  met  with  :  from  a  fragment  of  one  conunemorating 
St.  Saturnimis  (of  the  eighth  or  ninth  century?)  to  the  sarco- 
pliagal  tomb  of  St.  Jestin,  of  tlie  thirteenth  century,  and  the 
elaborate  alabaster  altar-tombs  of  Llanvaes  of  the  fifteenth 
centmy,  and  even  to  others  of  Ehzabethan  date  at  Beaumarais 
and  elsewhere. 

The  civil  buildings  of  Anglesey  are  headed  in  interest  and 


44  ANTIQUITIES  OF  ANGLESEY. 

importance  by  the  stately  Edwardan  fortress  of  Beauinarais. 
It  is  possible  that  some  remains  of  the  old  palace  of  the  Welsh 
princes  may  be  traced  at  Aberffi-aw  their  capital :  bnt  here  the 
survey  is  as  yet  deficient.  In  interest,  however,  the  castle  of 
Beaumarais  is  perhaps  the  chief  medieval  remain  upon  the 
island,  and  in  some  respects  it  is  more  valuable  to  the  military 
antiquarian  than  the  more  stately  contemporary  structm-es  of 
Conway  and  Caernarvon.  It  is  very  complete ;  its  parts  and 
tlieu-  destinations  may  all  be  readily  made  out ;  its  military 
position  (the  Avarfare  of  the  time  considered)  is  very  remark- 
able ;  and  it  possesses  the  only  complete  military  chapel  to  be 
found  in  the  principality.  The  survey  of  this  is  almost  entirely 
finished,  and  the  subject  of  it  is  important  enough  to  form 
either  a  monographic  account,  or  to  be  placed  in  a  series  of 
accounts  of  the  Edwardan  buildings  of  Wales.  A  few  other 
military  buildings  may  probably  be  traced  in  some  parts  of 
Anglesey,  but  sufficient  observation  has  not  yet  been  made  on 
this  branch  of  its  medieval  remains. 

Several  ancient  houses  remain  in  various  parts  of  the  island, 
such  as  Plas  Goch  near  Moel  y  Don,  Plas  Goch  in  Beaumarais, 
(the  ancient  manor-house  of  the  Bulkeley  family,)  and  various 
detached  manorial  or  farm,  houses  throughout  the  district. 
The  site,  if  not  the  buildings  of  Plas  Penmynydd,  the  original 
seat  of  the  Tudors,  near  Llanfinnan,  is  of  no  small  interest  to 
the  historical  antiquarian ;  just  as  their  family -vault  and  the 
altar-tomb  (executed  anterior  to  the  royal  fortunes  of  that 
house)  now  preserved  in  Penmynydd  chm-ch,  are  to  the  artist 
and  the  architect.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  houses  is 
Plas  Goch,  mentioned  above,  at  Beauinarais.  Though  greatly 
dilapidated,  and  indeed  tenanted  by  poor  families,  the  details 
of  the  house  may  be  made  out  satisfactorily.  The  great  dining- 
hall  is  in  tolerable  preservation,  though  blackened  by  smoke, 
and  converted  into  two  or  three  dwelling-rooms.  But  its 
canopied  dais  and  its  ceiling,  fretted  with  ever-varying  pen- 
dants of  good  execution,  would  not  be  misplaced  at  Hatfield, 
Burghley,  or  Audley  End. 

On  the  whole  the  antiquities  of  Anglesey,  though  but  little 
known,  are  not  without  interest  and  value ;  they  are  im- 
portant to  the  national  antiquarian  and  the  national  historian : 
and  the  two  great  classes  into  which  they  may  be  divided — 
Cymric  and  Medieval — arc  sufficient  to  occupy  the  attention 
of  a  careful  observer  for  a  considerable  period. 


THE  HORN-SHAPED  EADIES'  HEAD-DRESS.  45 

We  may  add  that  a  good  feeling  of  veneration  for  local  anti- 
(|uities  prevails  in  the  island,  especially  among  the  clergy : — 
tlie  people  are  not  naturally  destructive  nor  desirous  of  change; 
they  are  proud  of  their  isolation,  yet  they  are  com-teous  and 
obliging  to  strangers  "who  will  come  to  explore  their  remote 
})arochial  edifices  ;  they  are  full  of  old  traditions,  and  they  can 
point  out  the  scene  of  many  an  interesting  event,  preserved 
chiefly  in  the  recollection  of  those  hving  on  the  spot. 

As  yet  Rowland's  Mona  Jntiqita  is  the  only  work  of  autho- 
rity on  the  antiquities  of  Anglesey.  It  is  a  book  of  much 
learned  research  as  Avell  as  of  good  common  sense,  and  fidly 
deserving  the  attention  of  a  new  and  carefid  editor.  The 
medieval  remains  of  the  island  are  however  worthy  of  descrip- 
tion as  well  as  those  of  the  Cymric  period ;  and  it  is  with  this 
view  that  the  present  sm^vey  is  carried  on. 

REV.  H.  L.  JONES. 


THE  HORN-SHAPED  LADIES'  HEAD-DRESS 

IN  THE  REIGN  OF  EDWARD  I. 

The  study  of  costume  is  of  considerable  importance  to  the 
antiquary,  as  affording  the  means  of  fixing  the  age  of  sculp- 
tm"es  or  paintings  which  bear  no  other  certain  indications  of 
date.  We  in  the  first  instance  derive  the  knowledge  of  cos- 
tume itself  from  the  study  and  comparison  of  monuments  of 
different  ages,  and  especially  of  the  illuminations  of  manu- 
scripts. Knowing  the  date  of  these  mommients,  we  are 
enabled  to  say  with  certainty  what  costume  was  in  use  at  a 
certain  period ;  but  we  are  too  apt  in  this  and  other  things 
to  take  the  silence  of  writers,  or  the  absence  of  pictm'cd  repre- 
sentation, as  a  negative  assertion,  a  proof  that  a  certain  thing 
did  not  exist.  It  is  the  object  of  the  following  observations 
to  point  out  an  example  of  the  danger  of  this  practice. 

No  portion  of  medieval  costume  underwent  more  frequent 
changes  than  the  head-dress  of  ladies.  In  the  fifteenth  century 
tilt!  female  coiffure  was  made  to  take  the  form  of  two  horns,  a 
fashion  which  excited  the  indignation  and  mirth  of  contempo- 
rary moralists  and  satirists.     This  horned  head-dress  a])pears 


46  THE  HORN-SHAPED  LADIEs'  HEAD-DRESS. 

(we  believe)  in  no  pictorial  moniunents  older  than  the  reign 
of  Henry  IV. ;  nevertheless,  a  French  Avriter  of  the  beginning 
of  the  foiu'teenth  century,  Jehan  de  ]\Ieun,  (who  completed 
the  famous  Romance  of  the  Rose,)  speaks  very  distinctly 
of  women's  Jionis :  he  describes  the  f/orget  or  neck-cloth  as 
being  tAvisted  several  times  round  the  neck,  and  })inued  up  to 
the  horns — 

La  gorge  et  li  goitrons  sont  liors  de  la  touclle, 
Oil  il  n'a  que  .iij .  tours  a  la  tourne  bouelle  ; 
Mais  il  y  a  d'espingles  plus  de  demie  escuelle 
FicMees  es  .ij.  comes  et  entour  la  rouelle. 

After  observing  that  these  horns  appear  to  be  designed  to 
wound  the  men,  he  adds,  "  I  know  not  whether  they  call 
gibbets  or  corbels  that  which  sustains  their  horns,  which  they 
consider  so  line,  but  I  ventm'e  to  say  that  St.  Elizabeth  is  not 
in  Paradise  for  having  carried  sucli  l)aubles.  Moreover  they 
make  a  great  encmnbrance ;  for  between  the  towel  (gorget), 
which  is  not  of  coarse  linen,  and  the  temple  and  the  horns, 
may  pass  a  rat,  or  the  largest  weasel  on  this  side  AiTas." 

Je  ne  say  s"on  appelle  potences  ou  corbiaux 
Ce  qui  soustieut  leur  comes,  que  tant  ticuuent  a  biaux  ; 
Mais  bieu  vous  ose  dire  que  saiute  Elysabiaux 
N'est  pas  en  Paradis  pour  porter  tiex  babiaux. 

Encores  v  font  elles  un  grant  liarribourras, 
Car  entre  la  touelle,  qui  n'esl  pas  de  bourras, 
Et  la  temple  et  les  comes,  pourroit  passer  uu  ras, 
Ou  la  greigneur  moustelle  qui  soit  jusques  Arras. 

{Le  Testament  Jehan  de  JMeiin.) 

This  passage  was  obsened  by  Strutt,  who  has  been  blamed 
for  attributing  (on  this  single  authority)  the  horned  head- 
dress to  so  early  a  period  as  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  of 
England.  Jehan  de  JMemi's  description  appears,  however, 
to  be  tolerably  explicit ;  and  it  is  supported  by  passages  from 
poems  the  dates  of  which  are  not  doubtful.  i\l.  Jubinal,  in 
his  volume  entitled  "Jongleiu's  et  Trouveres,"  has  printed 
a  very  cmious  little  satire  on  the  fashions  of  the  time,  which 
appears  under  the  title  Des  Cornetcs,  "  Of  Horns."  It  is 
taken  from  a  manuscript  in  the  Bibliotheque  Royale  at  Paris, 
No.  7218,  written  (as  I  am  informed  by  ^I.  Paulin  Paris) 
within  the  first  ten  years  of  the  fourteenth  century.  In  this 
poem  we  are  told  that  the  Bishop  of  Paris  had  preached  a 


THE  HORN-SHAPED  LADIES    HEAD-DRESS.  47 

sermon  against  the  extravagant  dress  of  the  ladies,  and  that 
he  had  Ijlamed  particular^  the  bareness  of  their  necks  and 
their  horns.  He  had  directed  people,  on  the  approach  of 
women  thus  dressed,  to  cry  "  Ilmte,  belhi,"  and  "Beware  of 
the  ram"  ..."  If  we  do  not  get  out  of  the  way  of  the  women, 
we  shall  be  killed ;  for  they  cany  horns  to  kill  men.  They 
carry  great  masses  of  other  people's  hair  upon  theii*  heads." 

Et  commande  par  aatie, 

Que  chascun  '  hurte,  belin,'  die. 

Trop  i  tardon, 
'  Hurte,  belin,'  pur  le  pardon. 
Se  des  fames  ne  nous  garden, 

Ocis  serommes ; 
Cornes  ont  por  tuer  les  liommes. 
D'autrui  cbeveus  portent  granz  sommes, 

Desus  lor  teste. 

We  leani  from  the  two  last  lines  of  this  extract  that  the  horns 
were  supported  with  (or  made  of)  false  hau'.  After  having  fm'- 
ther  warned  people  of  the  danger  of  such  a  horned  animal, 
and  expatiated  on  the  impropriety  of  going  with  the  neck  mi- 
covered,  the  satirist  retmiis  again  to  the  horns,  and  savs  that 
the  Bishop  had  promised  ten  days'  pardon  to  all  who  Avoidd 
ciT  "  Heurte,  belier,"  at  theii"  approach.  "By  the  faith  I  owe 
St.  ^latlnuin  I  they  make  themselves  horned  witli  platted 
hemp  or  hnen,  and  counterfeit  dumb  beasts" — 

Et  a  toz  eels  .x.  jors  pardoue, 
Qui  crieront  a  tel  personne, 

'Hurte,  belin !' 
Foi  que  je  doi  saint  Matlielin  ! 
De  chanvre  ouvre  ou  de  lin 

Se  font  comues, 
Et  contrefont  les  bestes  mues. 

"There  is  much  talk  of  then  horns,  and  in  fact  people  laugh 
at  them  tlnougliout  the  town" — 

De  lor  corms  est  grant  parole, 
Genz  s'en  gabent,  n'est  pas  frivole, 
Pamii  la  vile. 

The  foregoing  extracts  prove  the  existence  of  this  descrip- 
tion of  head-di-ess  in  France  at  the  beginning  of  the  four- 
teenth. As  might  be  expected  from  the  known  analogy  in 
the  histoiT  of  costume  in  the  two  countries,  we  find  the  same 
fashion  existing  at  the  same  time  in  England,  which  proves 


48  THE  HORN-SHAPED  LADIES     HEAD-DRESS. 

that  it  was  not  partial  or  transitory.  A  satire  on  the 
vanity  of  the  ladies,  written  in  England  abont  the  end  of 
the  thirteenth  centiu-y,  and  preserved  in  a  manuscript  in  the 
British  Museum  of  that  date^  commences  thus — "  What  shaU 
we  say  of  the  ladies  when  they  come  to  festivals  ?  they  look 
at  each  other's  heads,  and  carry  bosses  like  horned  beasts  ;  if 
any  one  be  without  horns,  she  becomes  an  object  of  scandal." 

Quel  diroms  des  dames  kauut  vienent  a  festes  ? 
Les  lines  des  aiitres  aviseiit  les  testes, 
Portent  les  boces  cum  cortmes  hestes ; 
Si  nule  seit  descornne,  de  eele  font  les  gestes. 

A  Latin  song  on  the  venality  of  the  Judges,  preserved  in  an 
English  manuscript  of  the  beginning  of  the  fomteenth  cen- 
tury^  speaking  of  the  influence  of  the  fair  sex  in  procuring 
judgments,  says,  —  "But  if  some  noble  lady,  fair  and 
lovely,  ?vif//  horned  head,  and  that  encircled  with  gold,  come 
for  judgment,  she  dispatches  her  business  without  having  to 
say  a  word." 

Sed  si  qiifedam  nobilis, 
Fulcra  vel  amabilis, 

cum  capite  cornuto, 

auro  circumvoluto, 
Accedat  ad  judicium, 
Hiec  expedit  negotium 

ore  siio  muto. 

These  horns  are  compared  above  to  the  horns  of  rams ;  per- 
haps we  may  be  assisted  in  forming  an  idea  of  their  shape  by 
the  consideration  that  the  \ATiters  of  the  age  apply  the  term 
horned  to  Bishops  when  wearing  the  mitre — thus  in  the  Apo- 
calypsis  Golise  Episcopi", 

Vae  genti  mutilse,  cornutis  ducibus  ! 
Qui  muletant  mutilos  armatis  frontibus, 
Dum  habet  quilibet  foinum  in  coniibus, 
Non  pastor  oviiim  sed  pastiis  ovilnis. 

We  thus  find  in  written  documents  a  particidarity  of  costume 
described  very  distinctly  at  a  period  when  it  has  not  yet  been 
met  with  in  any  artistical  monuments  ;  a  circumstance  not 
easily  accounted  for,  but  which  should  make  us  cautious  in 
judghig  too  hastily  of  the  absolute  non-existence  of  any  thing 
from  mere  negative  evidence.  t.  wright. 

"  Printed    in    the    Reliquiae    Antiquiae,       den  Society  Publication,)  p.  224. 
vol.  i.  p.  162.  '  Poems   attributed   to  Walter   Mapes, 

''  Printed  in  the  Political  Songs,  (Cam-      p.  8. 


ON   CROSS-LEGGED   EFFIGIES   COMMONLY 
APPROPRIATED  TO  TEMPLARS. 

On  the  occasion  of  the  cleansing  and  restoration,  recently 
effected  by  ]\Ir.  Ed^vard  Richardson,  of  certain  elfigies  in  the 
Temple  Chiu'ch,  which  I  have  for  many  years  known  and  been 
accnstonied  to  regard  with  great  interest,  and  the  details  of 
which  I  was  much  gratified  to  see  once  more  brought  to  light, 
I  became  curious  to  ascertain  on  what  authority  cross-legged 
effigies  of  knights,  habited  in  mail  and  surcoats,  are  generally 
reputed  to  be  representations  of  knights  of  the  order  of  the 
Temple.  I  have  been  frequently  reminded  of  the  prevalence 
of  this  o})inion  by  the  remarks  of  intelligent  friends  with 
whom  I  have  at  various  times  examined  the  Temple  effigies, 
and  it  may  suffice  to  shew  how  general  it  is  even  among 
archaeologists  by  reference  to  the  "  Hints  of  the  Cambridge 
Camden  Society,"  where,  under  the  head  of  Ancient  Armour, 
(p.  36,  4th  edit.,)  effigies  of  Knights  Templars  are  mentioned 
as  if  they  were  numerous.  I  have  not  much  acquaintance 
with  matters  of  this  kind,  but  after  having  given  to  the  sub- 
ject of  these  remarks  aU  the  attention  which  my  limited  leisure 
Avould  permit,  I  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  such 
effigies  are  not  those  of  Templars,  and  moreover  that  there 
does  not  exist  a  single  effigy  of  a  knight  of  that  order  in 
this  country.  In  siq^port  of  these  positions,  which  may  appear 
novel  to  many,  I  adduce  the  following  observations. 

If  any  effigy  of  a  Templar  do  exist  in  England,  it  is  siu-ely 
most  likely  to  be  among  those  in  the  Temple  Church  here  in 
London ;  but  possibly  some  one  elsewhere,  hitherto  over- 
looked, may  from  its  costume  or  liistorical  testimony  have  a 
better  claim  to  be  so  considered.  Now,  we  have  at  the 
Temple  nine  effigies,  all  in  military  costumes  of  the  era  of  the 
Templars  except  one,  which  is  perhaps  of  a  later  date,  being 
in  a  sleeved  sm'coat  and  chain  mail,  the  others  being  in  ring 
mail ;  but  this  effigy  was  not  originally  in  the  Temple,  having 
been  brought  thither  from  Yorkshue  about  1682,  as  Mr.  E. 
Richardson,  in  his  recently  published  work  on  these  effigies, 
has  satisfactorily  shewn.  Of  the  nhic  effigies,  six  are  cross- 
legged,  but  three  of  these  six,  there  is  great  reason  to  believe, 
represent  })ersons  avIio,  though  buried  there.  Mere  not  of  the 


50  ON   CROSS-LEGGED  EFFIGIES. 

order,  and  therefore  I  doubt  whether  any  of  the  nine  be 
effigies  of  Templars.  The  effigy  brought  from  Yorkshire — one 
of  the  cross-legged — represents,  we  have  good  ground  for 
supposing,  a  Lord  de  Ros,  who  was  not  a  Temphar.  There 
are  two  however  not  identified,  that  have  a  great  resemblance 
to  each  other.  They  may  possibly  be  representations  of 
knights  of  the  order,  but  only  one  of  them  is  cross-legged. 
I  do  not  infer  from  the  cncimistance  of  some  gilding  and 
painting  having  been  found  upon  them,  that  the  living 
originals  were  not  Templars,  because  the  order,  or  at  least  the 
superiors  among  them,  may  have  departed  from  the  plainness 
of  attire  enjoined  by  St.  Bernard.  No  one,  however,  of  the  nine 
effigies  is  bearded  or  habited  in  a  mantle,  or  has  any  cross 
apparent ;  but  some  of  those  not  identified  have  moustaches, 
and  their  chins  being  hidden  by  the  hoods  or  helmets,  they 
may  be  supposed  to  have  also  beards.  I  can  hardly  believe 
that  a  Templar  would  be  represented  without  the  peculiar 
distinctions  of  his  order  being  made  quite  evident. 

As  far  as  my  information  extends,  the  only  known  effigy  of 
a  Templar  is  or  was  to  be  found  in  the  church  of  St.Yvocl  de 
Braine,  near  Soissons  in  Prance,  and  is  figured  by  Montfaucon 
in  his  "  Monumens  de  la  Monarchic  Erancaise,"  (tome  ii. 
planche  36.)  It  appears  to  be  that  of  John  de  Dreux,  second 
son  of  John  first  Count  de  Dreux,  who  is  said  to  have  been 
living  in  1275.  He  is  not  mentioned  in  the  list  of  those  con- 
fined at  Paris,  A.D.  1310,  given  in  the  "  Memoires  Histo- 
riques  sur  les  Templiers,"  (published  in  1805).  Probably  he 
died  some  years  previously.  He  is  represented  bearded,  and 
wearing  the  coif  or  cap,  but,  what  is  very  remarkable,  without 
armour  of  any  kind,  in  a  gown  and  a  mantle  with  a  cross 
upon  it ;  probably  the  undress  habit  of  the  order.  The  cross 
on  the  mantle  is  of  Greek  form,  but  the  horizontal  arms  of  it 
are  rather  shorter  than  the  perpendicidar  arms,  and  it  is  not 
at  all  of  patee  form.  This  example  is  therefore  altogether 
unfavourable  to  the  supposition  of  the  effigies  in  the  Temple 
Church  here  being  those  of  Templars. 

There  woidd  not,  I  conceive,  be  much  difficulty  in  shewing 
that  many  of  the  cross-legged  effigies  in  this  country  are 
representations  of  persons  who  died  seised  of  manors  and 
estates — a  fact  inconsistent  with  the  opinion  of  their  having 
been  Templars ; — and  others  must  be  known  from  direct 
evidence  not  to  have  belonged  to  the  order.     The   sm'coat 


ox   CIIOSS-LEGGED  EFFIGIES.  51 

commonly  worn  by  the  knights  of  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth 
centm-ies  may  have  been  sometimes  mistaken  for  the  religious 
habit  of  the  Templars. 

My  enquiries  have  been  like^^'ise  directed  to  monumental 
effigies  of  knights  of  other  military  religious  orders.  I  have 
not  been  able  to  find,  or  hear  of,  any  effigy  of  a  Hos])italler ; 
none  I  believe  are  known  to  have  existed  at  Clerkenwell.  As 
far  as  I  can  learn  there  were  no  monuments  of  this  kind  in 
the  church  of  St.  John  at  Valetta  on  the  dissolution  of  the 
order  of  Malta,  though  the  floor  was  almost  covered  with 
sepulchral  stones.  Of  the  order  of  St.  Lazarus  and  the  Teu- 
tonic order,  I  have  no  information.  Stothard,  in  his  well-known 
Work,  (p.  52,)  has  given  two  effigies — those  of  Sir  Roger  de 
Rois  and  his  lady — in  the  mantle  of  the  order  of  St.  Anthony, 
with  the  Tau-cross  on  the  shoulder. 

Were  it  not  for  the  solitary  instance  which  I  have  men- 
tioned from  Montfaucon,  I  should  be  much  disposed  to  infer 
from  the  result  of  my  enquiries,  that  there  was  some  rule  or 
statute  of  the  order  of  the  Temple,  or  some  tacit  understanding 
among  them,  forbidding  the  representation  of  the  knights  by 
monumental  effigies  ;  although  I  can  find  no  such  prohibition 
in  the  ride  of  St.  Bernard.  With  the  German  translation  of 
the  Statutes  by  Mlinter,  (Berlin,  1794,)  I  am  not  acquainted 
farther  than  from  the  account  given  of  them  in  the  "Memoires 
Historiques."  They  seem  to  have  furnished  much  of  the  in- 
formation contained  in  an  article  on  the  Templars  published 
in  the  "Library  of  Entertaining  Knowledge."  Many  of  them 
appear  to  be  of  later  date  than  the  rule  of  St.  Bernard.  They 
required,  for  example,  that  each  knight  of  the  order  should 
have  a  white  'cotte  d'armes'  ensigned  with  a  red  cross  before 
and  ])ehind :  which  cotte  d'armes  I  conceive  was  the  surcoat, 
and  this  new  regidation  was  probably  made  after  it  had 
become  customary  for  secular  knights  to  display  armorial 
bearings  on  their  surcoats.  Such  regulations  no  doubt  were 
subordinate  to  the  rule  of  the  order,  and  only  enacted  from 
time  to  time  by  a  general  chapter,  in  the  same  manner  as  w^re 
the  statutes  of  the  knights  of  Malta. 

After  all,  whether  there  be  or  be  not  effigies  of  Templars 
existing,  is  a  fit  subject  for  archaeological  enquiry.  Shoidd 
there  eventually  be  discovered  any  effigy  referrible  to  their  era, 
representing  a  man,  whether  in  armour  or  not,  habited  in  a 
mantle  with  a  cross  on  his  l)reast  or  shoulder,  and  with  a  long 


52  ON  CROSS-LEGGED  EFFIGIES. 

beard,  or  having  eitlier  of  these  pecuHarities,  such  an  effigy 
may  prol)al)ly  Ijc  that  of  a  Teniphu'  or  a  Hospitaller.  At  this 
distance  of  time,  however,  the  colours  which  distinguished  the 
two  orders  would  hardly  remain  ;  but  the  form  perhaps  of  the 
cross,  or,  hi  the  absence  of  a  helmet,  the  coif,  cap,  or  chapeau, 
might  furnish  the  means  of  determining  to  Avhich  of  the  orders 
he  belonged. 

I  have  confined  these  remarks  to  knights  of  the  order  of  the 
Temple.  Some  of  the  effigies  in  the  Temple  Chm'cli  may  very 
likely  represent  persons  who  were  attached  to  the  order  as 
lay-associates,  or  affiliated.  These  however  were  not  properly 
Templars  ;  they  were  not  of  the  order ;  they  neither  took  the 
habit  nor  the  vows  ;  and  in  fact  lived  and  died  as  if  they  were 
quite  independent  of  them. 

I  may  mention,  in  conclusion,  on  the  authority  of  Mr. 
Addison's  History  of  the  Knights  Templars,  (p.  97.  2nd  edit.,) 
that  a  monumental  effigy  of  a  priest  of  the  order,  holding  a 
chalice,  may  be  found  in  the  church  of  St.  Mary  at  Bologna, 
in  Italy.  The  time  of  his  death  appears  in  the  following 
epita})h. 

"  Stirpe  Rotis,  Petrus  virtutis  muuere  clams, 
Strenuus,  ecce,  pugil  Christi  jacet  ordine  charus  ; 
Veste  ferens  menteque  crucem  nunc  sidera  scandit, 
Exemplum  nohis  spectandi  coelica  pandit: 
Anuis  ter  trinis  viqinti  niille  trecentis 
Sexta  quarte  maii  fregit  lux  organa  mentis." 

Although  this  monument  was  executed  after  the  dissolution 
of  the  order,  viz.  A. I).  1329,  or  later,  it  would  be  interesting 
to  see  a  careful  drawing  of  it.  For  I  think  it  highly  probable 
that  it  represents  the  Peter  of  Bologna,  who,  mtli  Raynal  de 
Pruin,  defended  the  order  from  the  charges  preferred  against 
them  before  the  Papal  commission.  ]\Ir.  Addison  calls  him 
Peter  de  Rotis ;  but  though  "  Stupe  Rotis,"  he  might  also 
have  been  called,  from  the  place  of  his  birth,  Peter  de 
Bologna.  Mr.  Addison  also  mentions  a  clock  at  the  Temple 
House  in  Bologna,  on  which  are  the  words  "  Fr.  Petrus  de 
Bon  (Bononia)  Procur.  Militi.^  Templi  in  curia  Romana 
M.CCC.ni."  Sm^ely  this  Peter  and  that  hi  effigy  were  one 
and  the  same  person  ! 

w.  s.  w. 

Middle  Temple,  Feb.  23,  1844. 


CATALOGUE  OF  THE  EMBLEMS  OF  SAINTS. 


OF  THF,  XII.  ARTYCLER  OF  THE  FATTHE.      Ca    XV. 


S.Feter.        S,  Andrew      S   James  ye  more.     S.  Jclian.  S    Thcmas.  S.  lames  ye  lesse. 


3   PLylyppp.       .-1.  BartliylmcT.  3.  Mathew?.  S.  .=;ymou,  d.  Jude.  .SMathya-s. 


54  CATALOGUE  OF  THE  EMBLEMS  OF  SAINTS. 

It  is  the  object  of  the  followmg  catalogue  to  supply  a  clue 
to  the  practical  antiquary  in  his  interpretation  of  ancient  art, 
where,  but  for  this  sacred  heralchy,  he  must  have  worked  in 
the  dark.  In  the  middle  ages,  pictm'cs  were  the  books  of  the 
unlearned ;  and  those  who  were  unable  to  read,  could  at  once 
recognise  a  Saint  by  his  appropriate  emblem.  The  memory  of 
these  tilings  has  long  since  faded  away  in  our  country ;  but 
illuminated  manuscripts,  painted  glass,  the  paintings  which 
decorate  the  screen-work  or  walls  of  many  of  om-  churches, 
monastic  seals,  and  early  wood-engravings,  fmiiish  us  with 
the  means  of  resuscitation. 

Saints  of  the  highest  order  had  a  double  feast,  or  nine 
lessons  assigned  to  them  in  the  Breviary,  so  that  the  reader 
may  easily  ascertain  to  which  he  ought  to  give  a  preference  in 
cases  of  doubt.  \Viien  the  same  emblem  belongs  to  many 
Saints  of  the  same  denomination,  an  asterisk  (*)  is  prefixed  to 
the  emblem  as  a  caution,  that  he  may  not  too  hastily  appro- 
priate. 

The  following  abbreviations  have  been  employed  throughout, 
to  which  are  here  added  the  vestments  belong-ino-  to  each 
order,  as  a  means  of  distinguishhig  from  each  other  different 
Saints  who  had  the  same  emblem. 


A.  Abbot  or  Abbess,  commonlj'  dressed  like  an  ordinary  monk  or  nun,  (see  C.) 
but  witli  a  crosier  in  the  ricfht  hand  and  a  book  in  the  left.  On  seals  (and 
perhaps  sometimes  in  paintings)  Abbots  have  a  Mitre,  Chasuble,  Dalmatic, 
and  other  insignia  of  a  Bishoji. 

Ap.  Apostle,  usually  without  any  tonsure,  a  long  beard,  a  close  tunic  and  mantle. 
At  an  early  period  the  feet  are  usually  bare. 

Abp.  Archbishop,  like  a  Bishop  (see  Bp.)  but  with  the  pall  over  the  Chasuble,  and 
a  Cross-staff  in  the  left  hand,  instead  of  a  Pastoral-staff. 

Bp.  Bishop.  A  Mitre,  Crosier,  (or  pastoral  stafl")  in  his  left  hand,  blessing  with 
the  right,  or  holding  a  book.  Vested  in  the  Chasuble,  Maniple,  Dalmatic, 
Tunic,  Stole,  Alb,  and  Amess.  Sometimes  a  Bishop  wears  a  Cope  over  a 
Dalmatic  and  Alb  ;  sometimes  a  Mozzetta,  Kochet,  and  Alb,  but  the  latter 
very  rarely. 

C.  (Coenobite)  Monk  or  Nun.     The  Monk  has  a  frock,  cowl,  and  usually  a  sca- 

pular ;  the  Nun  a  frock,  often  a  scapular,  and  a  close  fitting  kerchief  or  veil, 
covering  the  chin. 

D.  Deacon.  A  Dalmatic,  a  Stole,  (which  sometimes  is  represented  as  worn  over  the 

left  shoulder  ;)  a  Maniple,  Amess,  and  Alb. 

E.  Evanfjelisi,  like  an  Apostle.    (See  A.) 

II.  Hermit,  like  a  Monk,  but  with  a  long  beard.  Commonly  he  has  a  scull  before 
him,  and  large  beads  hanging  at  his  girdle:  sometimes  he  is  clad  in  skins  of 
beasts. 


CATALOGUE  OF  THE  EMBLEMS  OF  SAINTS.  55 

K.  King.   A  Crown,  Sceptre,  Ball  and  Cross,  (or  Mound,)  and  the  other  well  known 

insignia  of  royalty- 
M.  Martyr.    Usually  dressed  in  the  vestments  belonf^ing  to  his  rank  in  the  Church, 

with  the  enil)lcni  ui"  his  martyrdom  in  his  right  hand,  and  a  palm-branch  in 

his  left. 
P.P.  (Pater  Patruni)  Pope.     Triple  Crown,  triple  Cross-stiiff,  and  Cope. 
P.  Priest.     Vested  in  the  mass-vestment,  composed  of  the  Chasuble,  Maniple, 

Stole,  Amess,  Alb. 
V.   Virgin.     Commonly  as  a  young  woman  with  flowing  hair :   sometimes  as  a 

Nun.     (See  C.) 
W.    Widow.     An  aged  woman,  wearing  a  mantle,  a  kerchief  or  veil,  and  wimple 

covering  the  chin,  resembling  the  attire  of  a  Nun. 

The  reference  to  the  day  of  tlie  Saint's  anniversary  may  be 
considered  as  an  index  not  only  to  the  various  Breviaries,  but 
to  nearly  all  the  collections  of  the  lives  of  Saints  that  have  been 
published.  In  every  instance  that  occurs  to  my  recollection, 
the  legends  are  inserted  according  to  the  place  which  they 
occupy  in  the  order  of  the  year :  so  that  the  reader  may  refer 
to  them  without  any  difficidty,  in  case  of  his  wishing  to  under- 
stand the  rationale  of  any  particular  endjlem. 

The  chief  work  to  which  reference  may  be  made  Anth  ad- 
vantage for  information  regarding  the  legends  of  Saints,  is  the 
Acta  Sanctorioit,  in  which  they  are  found  arranged  according 
to  the  order  of  the  year :  this  great  work,  comprised  in  fifty- 
three  folio  volumes,  extending  only  to  October,  comprises  a 
mass  of  valuable  historical  materials,  and  dissertations  on  nu- 
merous subjects  connected  with  sacred  anticpiities.  A  contin- 
uation of  tins  work  is  now  in  progress  in  the  Netherlands. 
The  Acta  of  the  Saints  of  the  Benedictine  Rule,  echted  by 
jMabillon,  are  exceedingly  valuable,  and  afi'ord  authentic  evi- 
dences for  the  early  history  of  Great  Britain,  which  are  not 
published  elsewhere.  The  numerous  versions  of  t/ie  Golden 
Le(/end,  by  Jacob  de  A  oragine,  are  well  known ;  the  rare  early 
edition  by  A\  ynkyii  de  A\  orde,  })resents  many  little  wood-cut 
figures  of  Saints,  and  some  of  the  French  editions  are  more 
fully  illustrated  in  this  manner.  The  Nova  Jj'fjenda  AHglifB  of 
John  Capgrave  is  the  most  important  authority  as  regards 
English  Hagiography,  and  the  Liher  Fe-siicalis  may  be  con- 
sulted with  advantage.  The  most  ciu'ious  relations,  hoAvever, 
illustrative  of  the  usages  of  the  Chm*ch,  of  history,  and  of 
manners,  are  still  to  be  found  only  in  the  MSS.  preserved  in 
our  public  libraries.  Many  com])ilations  have  been  pid)lislied 
in  various  countries  whiclt  mav  be  found  useful ;  such  as  the 


56  CATALOGUE  OF  THE  EMBLEMS  OE  SAINTS. 

Lives  of  the  Saints,  by  Alban  Butler;  Petri  de  Natalihus 
Catalogus  Sanctorum,  Lugd.  1542;  Harcei  Vitce  Sa7ictorum, 
Antw.,  1690;  and  Grassii  Vitce  Sanctorum,  Cologne,  1616. 
With  respect  to  the  Roman  Breviary,  preference  should  be 
given  to  the  editions  which  were  printed  before  the  Council 
of  Trent ;  and  with  reference  to  the  Saints  of  any  particular 
country,  to  the  local  Breviaries. 


RULES  OF  APPROPRIATION. 

1.  In  cases  of  doubt,  recollect  that  the  Apostles,  the  most 
popular  Saints  in  the  Christian  world,  and  in  that  particidar 
country  or  neighbom-hood,  the  patron  Saint  of  the  Church 
itself,  or  those  whose  reliques  are  known  to  have  been  deposited 
there  in  ancient  times,  are  more  likely  to  have  been  depicted 
than  others.  In  addition  to  which  I  woidd  remark,  that 
connected  with  some  Churches,  there  were  guilds  dedicated  to 
particular  Saints. 

2.  When  two  or  more  Saints  bear  the  same  emblem,  those 
who  are  most  popidar  ought  to  have  the  benefit  of  the  doubt : 
and  observe  carefully  the  quality  of  the  Saint ;  whether  he 
was  a  Bishop,  Abbot,  or  so  forth,  for  this  wiU  often  supply  a 
certain  criterion. 

3.  Observe  well  the  juxtajmsition,  for  this  wiU  be  often 
a  clue  to  yom-  interpretation.  Thus,  if  you  discover  two  or 
three  Apostles,  you  may  reasonably  expect  to  find  the  others 
also. 

4.  In  applying  this  catalogue  to  the  interpretation  of  ancient 
art,  abstract  as  much  as  possible  the  emblem  from  its  unimpor- 
tant circumstances,  making  a  logical  distinction  between  the 
propria  in  and  the  accidens.  Even  in  cases  where  they  rigor- 
ously adhered  to  the  ancient  symbolism,  the  painters  varied 
considerably  in  the  detail.  Of  this  many  examples  could  be 
given.  The  same  martyr  is  sometimes  represented  as  trans- 
fixed with  arrows,  and  sometimes  he  bears  an  arrow  in  his 
hand. 

5.  We  have  no  reason  for  supposing  that  the  inferior  Saints 
(many  of  whom  were  martyred  in  exactly  the  same  way)  had 
any  emblem  exchisively  assigned  to  them.  In  early  prhited 
books,  (the  Lcgenda  Aurea,  for  example,)  the  same  wood-cut  is 


CATALOGUE  OF  TITE  EMBLEMS  OF  SAINTS.  57 

continually  repeated ;  but  Saints  of  this  order  would  scarcely 
be  represented  except  in  places  Avliere  they  had  a  local 
interest,  discoverable  by  county  history  or  the  tradition  of  the 
ncighboiu'hood. 

G.  Ancient  paintings  in  fresco,  on  panel,  or  glass,  and 
niaruiscri})t  illuminations,  have  of  course  an  authority  which 
cannot  l)elong  even  to  the  earliest  wood-cuts ;  as  the  artist 
had  not  the  same  temptation  to  generahse  or  repeat.  Never- 
theless, many  of  these  early  wood-cuts  were  unquestionably 
designed  after  more  ancient  models  on  panel,  glass,  &c.,  and 
where  they  can  be  identified  by  their  circumstances  are  of 
very  great  value. 


Almsgiving   .    .   .  Female  employed  in  distributing  alms  .    .  St.  Potentiana^,  V.  May  19 

Altar Martyrdom  of  a  Pope  at  the  Altar  .    .    .    .  St.  Stephen,  P.P.  Aug.  2 

».    ^   „  Ai     t     1  c     T>-  ^         ^^u     \u  f  St.  Thomas  a  Becket^ 

*  Altar Martyrdom  of  a  ]5ishop  at  the  Altar  .   .    .    <      n    .   oq 

Altar King  lying  at  the  foot  of  an  Altar   ....  St.  Canute,  K.  ^L  July  10 

|-St.  Clement,     P.P.M. 

Anchor At  the  feet <       Nov.  23,  or  St.  Felix, 

(^     Bp.  ^L  ISIarch  8 

Angi- L                        -!  ^"  ^"""'V'  l>7i\at  the  feet,  sometimes!    g^   i^ijchael,  Sept.  29 
■    (      other  Angels  behmd J 

■,,-,,.  ,        ,        ,      ■,     :•n^■,■^  I  Raphael  the  Archaugel , 

Angel  and  Bov    .  \\  alkmg  together,  (see  book  ot  loljit)    .    .   <       A^j.   24 

|-St.George,M.  April 23, 
Armour Warrior  in {      or    St.  Maurice,  M. 

i.     Sept.  22. 

Arms  and  Legs     .  Cut  ofT St.  Adrian,  M.  March  4 

*ARROworSPEAR  .  In  hand,  sometimes  the  emblem  of     .        .  St.  Thomas,  Ap.  Dec.  21 
•Arrow  &  Book  .  In  hand St.  Ursula,  V.M.  Oct.  21 

I  St.Edmund, K.M.Nov. 
Arrows Saint  stripped,  and  transfixed  with  ....-!      20,  or  St.  Sebastian, 

I      M.  Jan.  20 

BANNERS:  Cross.  Seen  in  the  air St.Constantiusc, Emperor 

Basket Held  in  the  hand,  containing  bread     ...  St.  Philip,  Ap.  May  1 

Basket Of  Fruit,  Flowers,  and  Spices  in  hand   .    .  St.  Dorothy,  V.  M.  Feb.  6 

f  Two  Physicians  attending  a  Bishop  in  \      (  St.  Cosmas  and  St.  Da- 
Bed I     ^^^Z ]-    j      ,iii.j,i^  ]VI.  Sept.  27 

Beehive In  the  back-ground St.  Ambrose,  Bp.  Dec.  7 

Blind  Man    .    .    .  Restored  to  sight,  by  a  Saint St.  Magnus,  M.  Aug.  19 

Block Saint  kneeling  at,  the  sun  rising St.  Waltheof 

•Block A  Pope  kneeling  at  the St.  Fabian^  P.  P.  M.  &c. 

»  Probably  other  Saints  thus.  that  the  Emperor  Coiistantiiie  was  roally  intended, 

i-  Several  of  the  Saints  were  martyred  thus.  <!  A  preat  many  Martyrs  are  represented  at  the 

<•   It  seems  probable  that  this   is  an  error,  and        lilot-k. 


58  CATALOGUE  OF  THE  EMBLEMS  OF  SAINTS. 

Boat  or  Ship     .   .  Held  in  the  hand St.  Jude,  Ap.*,  Oct.  28 

}    Female  Saint  martyred  therein St.  Afra,  V.  M.' c.  Aug.  6 

Book A  Female  with  a  Book,  teaching  a  Child  .  St.  Annes,  July  26 

T>  (King,   holding   the  Gospel  of  St.  John   /  St.  Edward,  K.  Confes- 

\      in  the  hand \      sor,  Jan.  5 

Books Bishop,  holding  three St.  Hilary,  Bp.  Jan.  13 

Books BurningbeforeaSaint,  who  holdsa  sword  .  St.  Dominick,  C.  Aug.  4 

*BooK  &  Crosier.  The  former  in  right  hand,  the  latter  in  left .  St.  Bridget'',  V.C.  Feb.  1 

Cosmas  and  St.  Da- 
mian',  M.  Sept.  27 


rst 

Bottle Two  figures  holding  a  bottle  and  shears     .   -J 


Bowels Wound  round  a  windlass  or  a  staff  ...•-!'"  V        o       '      ^' 

(     June  2 

Bow  and  Arrow  .  Held  by  a  Man,  aiming  at  a  naked  Virgin      St.  Christina,  V.  July  24 

BoxofSpiKENARD.  InthehandofaFemale P\  Y^7o  ^^^S*^^^™^' 

{      July  22 

B\  T     c  ■     L^     1      J    e     -c        1  f  St.    Gertrude,   V.    and 

READ A  loaf  m  the  hand  of  a  l^emale <       .,,  ,^      i    ,>tv 

(      Abbess,  March  1 7  " 

Breast Torn  by  pincers,  or  Breasts  in  a  dish     .   .  St.  Agatha,  V.  M.  Feb.  5 

Bull  or  Bulls.   .  Dragging  a  Saint  over  a  stony  place  ...  St.  Saturninus,  May  2 

Candle In  the  hand St.  Genevieve,  V.  Jan.  3 

Cardinal    ....  {  ^Ho^^^' h^^^^^^^  St.  Jerome,  P.  Sept.  30 

Carpenter's       \    ,    ,,     ,      ,  /^oi^«'"J'''''APi  ^To- 
Square  .    .    .}   Inf'ehand <^     21  StJoseph,Mar.l9 

'  I,    orSt.Jude,Ap.Oct.28 


*Cauldron    .    .   .  A  Saint  boiled  in |St.  John  Port  Lat.  Ap. 

\      May  6 

p,,.,,,^  A  *  •        •         1      1    1     -^1    c  .^i  iSt.  Peter    ad    Fincula, 

Chains A  ngurc  m  prison,  loaded  witii  fetters    •    ■    "i      \        -i 

Chains Or  Manacles  in  a  Saint's  hand      St.  Leonard,  C.  Nov.  6 

Chalice At  the  feet St.  Richard,  Bp.  April  3 

Chalice  or  Cup    .  With  a  winged  Serpent  issuing  from  it   .    .  St.  John,  Ap.  Dec.  27 
Child In  the  arms St.  Britius,  Bp,  Nov.  13' 

Child i^''^^  ^  glory  round  the  head    and  a)    st.Augustine,Bp.Aug.28 

(      spoon  in  the  hand,  before  a  Bishop .  )  '^ 

Children  .    .   .   .  Three  in  a  tub  before  a  Bishop St  Nicholas,  Bp.  Dec.  6 

(  St.  Bonifar;' ,  Abp.  M. 

*  Clubs Saints  beaten  with <      June5,St.Maccabea, 

V     M.  Aug.  1,  &c.  &c. 

Comb A  wool-comb  in  the  hand St.  Blaise,  Bp.  M.  Feb.  3 

Confessional  .    .  A  Bishop  seated  in St.  Gothard,  Bp.  May  4 

Cross With  single  transverse  bar A  Primate  or  Metropolitan 

Cross With  triple  bars A  Pope 

C«o.s P.,«e  4. {%^S'„oflS"„' 

Cross Inverted,  a  Saint  thus  crucified St.  Peter,  Ap.  June  29 

Cross Saltier  X>  ^  Saint  leaning  on St.  Andrew,  Ap.  Nov.  30 

Cross Saltier  in  background St.  Benignus,  D.  June  6 

Cross Like  a  T  and  a  spear  or  double  cross  J  .   .  St.  Philip,  Ap.  May  1 


'  He  and   St.  Matthew   arc  sometimes   re])re-  ''   Mai.y  Bishops    iinil  Sniiits  are    represented 

.sentcd  with  ehihs  in  their  hiuiils.  with  Hooks. 

f  Other  in.-irtyriloms  are  so  represented,  parti  '  See  Hed,  xn/zni. 

euhuiy  St.  John  the  Kvanijelist.  ''  N.H.  There  is  another  Gertrude,  V.  Nov.  15. 

K  Sometimes  on  tliis  Book  are  tlie  words  "  Radix  '  Simoon  and  the  U.  V.  M.  are  thus  represented. 
Ji'SSP  floruit.'" 


Dor, 


CATALOGUE  OF  THE  EMBLEMS  OF  SAINTS.  59 

Cross A  large  one  in  the  arms (  St.  Helena,    Empress, 

^  X      Aug.  18 

(Jross                         -f'^   ^^'^   °"'''  ^^'"'*   ^  ^'-■'^    ^^   ^'^^  ^°P'l    ^  ^^-  Anthony  of  Padua, 
\      a  pig  by  his  side f    \       C.  June  13 

Crowned  Figure.   {  ^ '  ^.I^elSg'.  '-■°";';';"^  ^^!'\'.^'!'^'':  }   St.  Bridget,  V.July  21 

Cups Two  cups  or  goblets St.  Odilo,  Abbot,  Dec.  31 

Dead Raised  to  life St.  Marcialis,  Bp.  July  2 

♦Devil Beating  a  Saint  with  a  club ("  St.Apollinaris.July  23; 

(^      &  others 

*Devils Saints,  tormented  by j  St.  Lucy,  V.M.Dec.  13; 

•'  (      and  many  others 

Doe  or  Hind  .    .    .  Crouching  near  an  Abbot St.  Giles,  A.  Sept.  1 

Dog Setting  a  globe  on  fire St.  Dorainick"',  C.  Aug.  t 

{Seated  near  a  Saint,  with  a  loaf  in  liis  1 
mouth,  a  plague-spot  on  the  Saint's  V  St.  Roche,  C.  Aug.  IG 
thigh j 

Dove Lighting  on  the  head St.  Eunuchus",  c.  July  15 

Dove Bringing  a  letter St.  Oswald,  K.  Aug.  o  ° 

Doves Li  a  basket,  and  staff  in  the  hand St.  Joachim,  April  Hi 

Dragon Under  the  feet  of  an  armed  figure    .   .    .    .St.  George,  M.  April  23 

Dragon                      ^  Under  the  feet,  and  spear  with  a  cross!      f  St.Margaret,  V.M.July 
^      at  the  top  in  the  hand /     (      20 

Eagle Standing  by  the  side jSt.^John,^  Evangelist p, 

ExposiTORiuM  .    .  Of  Blessed  Sacrament  in  the  hand  ....  St.  Clare,  V.  Aug.  12 

r.„„^,,„.,  rr    .-,     c     ■  f  St.  Catharine  of  Sienna, 

Espousals  ....  To  the  Saviour <      tt-    .     •,  .,« 

(     V.  April  30 

p  f  Of    the    Saviour    upon    a    cloth   or  I    o,   ^   .     •       c     t  n 

\     kerchief,  usually  called  the  Vernicle  j        "  '  >      I  ■ 

Faldstool     .   .    .  A  mitred  Figure  kneeling  at  a St.  Ambrose <),  Bp.  Dec.  7 

Fawn,   or    rather )   .  .^     i  •     ,    r    ^  c   ti  -it-t    it 

\^,l^,^„r~  >  At  a  king's  feet St.  Henry  VI.,  K. 

Antelope.  .   . )  "  j        > 

Fawn  or  Doe     .    .  Before  a  Female,  who  holds  a  cross     .   .    .  St.  M'ithburga,  V.  C. 

Female With  a  Devil  taking  her  hand St.  Theodora,  C.  Nov.  22 

J-   Held  by  an  ecclesiastic St.  Leonard,  C.  Nov.  6 

nacle  ....)•' 

Fire A  Saint  lighting  a St.  Januarius,  Bp.  Sept.  IfJ 

Fisii Held  in  the  hand ;  sometimes  two  ....  St.  Simon,  Ap.  Oct.  28 

•Flogging.    .   .   .  A  Saint  scourged  to  death  with  rods  .    .    .<      '„    ,k,     ',    .'»,*'     ' 

••■,        „  (Houses   swei)t   away  bv,  figure   at  a  ?    ,,,   -.r  .         .        „„ 

JbLooD <         .  .',  J     .'     s  >  St.  Verena,  circa  Ausr-SO 

(^      prison  window )  ° 

Flower In  one  hand,  and  Sword  in  the  other  .    .    .  St.  Dorothy r,  V.M.  Feb.  6 

Flowers Sprouting  from  the  neck,  head  in  hand  .   .  St.  Flora,  V.  jM.  June  15 

Fruit An  animal  eating  at  the  feet  of  a  Saint .   .  St.  Mangen,  circa  Sept.  G 

„            ,    T.              Till  f  St.  James  tlie  Less,  Ap. 

ruLLERs  Bat  .   .  In  the  hand        <      -^r      ,  ' 

Genealogical  1     5  Bising  from  the  reclining  figure  of  an 
Tree  .    .   .   ./     (      old  man ; 


Jesse,  the  Patriarch 


">  See  Books,  supra.  gener.iUy  a  symbol  of  Pope  Gregory  the  Great. 

"  The  Blessed  Virgin  and  many  Saints  thus.  i'  See  Chalick,  supra. 

"  A  Dot:e  whispering  in  the  ear  of  a  figure  with  ■•  See  Bee-hive,  supra. 

u  triple  crown  is  a  common  symbol  of  a  Pope. —  '  Set;  Basket,  supra. 
The  Dove  breathing  into   the  ear  of  a   Pope   is 


60  CATALOGUE  OF  THE  EMBLEMS  OF  SAINTS. 


Carrying   the   infant   Saviour  on   his\ 
shoulder,    across  a  river  ;    lie  leans  I 


Giant - 


on    a   rude     staff,    winch    often    is      o.  ni    •  .     i       at  t  i    or 
^   ,       ,    '     .       •   ^    1     (■        V   bt.Lliristopher,  M.July  25 
'■""'•esented  as  bursting  into  leai ;  «  '  ^       '  •' 


repr 

Hermit  usually  in  the  distance  with 

a  lantern 


Her- 


^                                 „  ^                  ■       ■     .,      r          c  r St.  Anthony,  the 

Goat Satan  appearing  m  the  lorm  oi <  .     ^     •",  y 

Gridiron,       or)    u  i^  i, ,     t^  o„^„  i  ^^-  Lawrence,    D.  M. 

Iron  Bed  .    .j    Held  by  a  Deacon -J      ^^^^^  ^^ 

Ground (Excavated   for  discovery  of  treasurej   st.Gunterianus,K.Ap.27 

(      before  a  King )  '■ 

Hairy  Man    .   .    .  Wearing  a  crown,  before  a  double  cross     .  St.  Onofrius,  June  11 

Halbert In  his  hand,  sabre  by  his  side St.  Theodore,  M.  Nov.  9 

Hammer  &  Anvil.  In  one  hand,  sword  in  the  other St.  Adrian,  M.  March  4 

Hammer       and|   j,,  ^.^^  ^,,,,i, fSt.Eloy    (Eligius)  B. 

Crosier  .   .   ./  I     Dec.  1 

Hand Cut  off St.  Cyriacus,  M.  Aug.  8 

rSt.Cecilia,V.M.Nov.22, 

Harp Figure  playing  on  the St.Dunstan,Abp.May 

(^     19,  or  King  David 
Hatchet,  Hal-'V 

BERT,  or  Bat-  V  In  the  hand St.  Matthias,  Ap.' Feb.  24 

tee-Axe    .    .j 

St.  Denys,  Abp.  M.  Oct. 
Head Carried  in  the  hands •(      9,  St.  Winifred,  V.  M. 


C  St.  Denys,  I 
{  9,St.Wii 
(^     Nov.  3 


Head Carried  in  a  dish  or  charger St.  John  Baptist,  Aug.  29 

Head Of  King  Oswald  in  his  hand St.Cutlibert,Bp.  March  20 

Head Of  Goliah  in  the  hand St.  David  the  Psalmist 

Heart In  the  hand,  or  sometimes  in  the  air  .    .    .  St.  Augustine',  Bp.Aug.28 

Hermit Kneeling,  with  beads  in  hand St.  Fiacre,  C.  Aug.  30 

Hill A  Saint  preaching  on  a St.  David,  Abp.  March  1 

Hind  5  bounded  with  an  arrow,  resting  her  |   g^^  Q^jg^^  ^   g^p^.  1 

'    '    '    i      feet  in  the  lap  of  an  Abbot    .    .    .    .  > 

Horns                        \  ^^''''y  ^"  *'''^  ^°""'  ^^''^'  ''"'^  ^'''^^''^  °^  I  St.  Moses,  Sept.  4 
'   '    '    I      the  law S 

Horseback    .   .    J^  ^^'.'^°P  mounted, raising  his  crosier  I    g^_  J)^^^^       ^p.  Sept.  6 

(_      against  a  monster ) 

Horseback    .    .    .  Several  mounted  figures,  one  crowned   .    .  St.  Maurice,  M.  Sept.  22 

Host A  Bishop  delivering  it  into  a  Man's  hand .  St.  Lupus,  Bp.  July  29 

Idol Falling  from  its  pedestal St.  Philip",  Ap.  May  1 

Infants Murdered  by  Soldiers Holy  Innocents,  Dec.  28 

-rr  (  One  or  two  in  his  hand,  the  one  fre-  )    o..  -n  i.       a       t         on 

Key -!  ^,      <•     1  ]   u       ti        f  -1  r  St.  Peter,  Ap.  June  29 

(      quently  of  gold,  tlie  other  oi  silver.  J  '     ^ 

C  St.  Caspar,  St.Melchior, 

Kings Three,  with  their  gifts <      and     St.    Balthazar, 

f      K.  K.  Jan.  (i 

King |  ^  '^"^f  °^^^"  ^"'  ^''''^'  ^'"-^  ^^'^  ^'''"^  I  St.  Louis,  K.  Aug.  25 

(      of  I  ranee J  ° 

King's-iiead.   .    .  Guarded  by  a  wolf St.Edmund.K.M. Nov.20 

Knight Armed  on  horseback.  Dragon  at  his  feet  .  St.  George^,  M.  April  23 

TT                               -r-,-          1    1 1-  r  St.  Bartholomew,    Ap. 

Knife Figure  holding  one <       ^^^^  <,^  '■ 

J  f  Emblem    occurring    in    St.    James' 7    .,> 

l      church,  Norwich ) 

Lamb At  her  feet St.  Agnes,  V.  M.  Jan.  28 

»   iSIiiuy  otliers  aro  so  ri'prrsciitcd.  Kgypt. 

'   See  Child,  siipru.  "  Seo  AivMouii,  siiprd. 

"  The  same  is  introduced  in  tlio   Flii^lit  into 


Lantern     ....  In  hand 


CATALOGUE  OF  THE  EMBLEMS  OF  SAINTS.  61 

Lamb At  the  feet,  and  a  cross  in  his  hand    .    .    .  J  St.  John  the   Baptisty, 

(      June  24 

f  St.  Gudula,  V.  M.  Jan. 
<       8,  or  St.  Hugh,  Bp. 
L      April  1 
Leprous Spots  on  the  body St.  Angradesma 

L'- In  an  Angers  hand {''-SSS^if ''''''' 

Lilies In  a  pot  near  tlie  B.  Virgin j  ^'ji!,'''^^'^^'"    ^^'y' 

Lion Lying  near  a  Saint j  St.  Mark   Evangelist  % 

■'     ^  (      April  25 

Lion See  Cardinal 

*LioNs Crouching  at  a  Saint's  feet j  St  Agapetus,M.Sept.l7, 

^  (    also  several  other  M.M. 

Loaf  and  RosAKV.  In  the  hand St.  John    the  Almoner, 

I      Abp.  Jan.  23 

Nails In  a  boy's  head  and  in  his  hand St.  William'',  M.  Mar.  24. 

Oak A  Prelate  hewing  down  an  oak |  ^^"m  Tune  5  ^^^'  ''"'^ 

Oil Distilling  from  the  hand St.  Walburga,  V.  May  1 

Organ Figure  playing  on  the St.  Cecilia,  V.M.*-' Nov.  22 

Ox Lying  near  him i  ^^'^"^"'^o'    Evangelist, 

•'     "  I      Oct.  18 

Pastoral  Staff  .  Fixed  into  a  rock  or  tomb St.  Wulstan,  Bp.  Jan.  19 

Pilgrim  5  Saintcladin  slavine,  with  hat,  bourdon,  }      (  St.  James  the  Great,  Ap. 

I      staff,  and  escallop  shell )     \     July  25 

Pope On  horseback,  blessing  the  people   ....  St.  Leo,  P.  P.  April  11 

rSt.   Maternus,    St.    Ru- 
Pulpit Saint  preaching  from  a J      pert,    St.    Peter,    St. 

t      Paul,  &c. 

Rack Saint  upon  the  rack St.  Vincent,  M.  Jan.  22 

Raven Bringing  food  to  two  Hermits St.  Paul,  H.  Jan.  10  or  15 

iJiNir.  Sr  Qoc„^T,r,      / In  the  hands,  the  former  bestowed  on)    x-    t^  ,        i    /-.    t       r 
KING  &  bCEPTRE.    <      „     T„i,  ,  T-        r       ■     1  -I     ■      T    K.  Edward,  C.  Jan.  5 

(_      St.  John  Ev.,  disguised  as  a  pilgrim  J 

River Saint  thrown  into  a  river  or  a  pit      ....  St.  Vitalis,  April  28 

KocK Saint  embracing  a  rock St.  Rosalia,  V.  Sept.  4 

R"i>s A  bundle  of,  in  the  hand St.  Faith,  V.  M.  Oct.  6 

Saracen Under  the  feet St.  Pancras,  April  3 

Saw A  long  saw  in  hand St.  Simon,  Ap.  ^  Oct.  28 

Scales Held  by  an  Angel  in  armour,  weighing  souls.  St.  Michael  ^  Sept.  29 

Scourge Held  in  a  Prelate's  hand St.  Ambrose,  Abp.  Dec.  7 

*ScuLL      At  feet,  or  in  hand j  ^^  ^H'''^'    ^lagdalene, 

■     [      St.  Jerome,  &c.  &c. ' 
Scythe In  the  hand St.  Walslan,  Bp. 

Seven  Persons    .  Praying,  or  asleep  in  a  cavern C^^^ul^r?^"     Sleepers, 

Shoemakers.   .   .  Two  at  work {  St.  Crispin  and  St  Cris- 

<-      pinian,  M.  M.  Oct.  25 
TA    Saint  worshipping  before  it,  with"] 
Shrine <       beads  in  his  hand,  and  a  dog  at  his  I  St.Waulelin,circaSept30 


"  See  Head,  supra.  c  See  Harp,  supra. 

It   is  peculiarly,  if  not  pxcliisively,    in    the  <•  See  Fish,  supra. 

Annunciation  that  the  arrhaugel  Gabriel  is  thus  «  See  Armouk,  supra. 

liaiuted,  appearing  to  the  Virijiu  seated  at  a  table.  '  A  Scull  was  common  to  all  Hermits.     The 

»  St.  Jerome  is  also  attended  by  a  Lion.  Macdalene  generally  hears  her  Box  of  Simke- 

''  Martyred  by  the  .lews  at  Norwich.  NAlil),  which  see,  supra. 


63  CATALOGUE  OF  THE  EMBLEMS  OF  SAINTS. 

Spade In  left  hand,  open  book  in  right St.  Fiacre^,  C.  Aug.  30 

o  Tj  1 1  I        c  1  r      •  (St.  Lonffinus,   Soklier, 

Spear Held  by  a  Soldier  in  armour <       ,t  tt      i    ir 

•^  (      AI.  March  15 

£,                                w-u               1,4          u     1  f  St.Hubert,Bp.Nov.3,  St. 

Stag With  a  cross  between  the  horns -j      Eustachius.M-May  15 

Stag Crouching  at  a  Prelate's  feet St.  Aidan,  Bp.  Aug.  31 

„  f  Persons  confined  in  the  stocks  rescued)      o*.   t  i    -nt        r 

Stocks ^      i        o  •  ^  V     St.  Leonard,  JNov.  o 

(      by  a  Saint J 

Stones In  the  skirt  or  lap  of  a  Prelate's  chasuble  .  St.  Alphage,  Abp.  Ap.  19 

Stone In  his  hand,  or  stones  in  his  lap St.  Ste^jhen,  D.M.  Dec.  26 

„            ,  T>                  ( The  latter  descending  from  the  former, )     c;^    o        i.       td      tv/t      lo 
Sun  and  Bird    .    .   <                    i       •       o  •  ^  r     >st.  Servatus,  Bp.  May  13 

I      upon  a  sleeping  Saint )  '     ^         •' 

Sword In  hand St.  Paul,  Ap.'' June  29 

Sword In  hand,  on  some  Norfolk  screens    ....  St.  Matthias,  Ap.  Feb.  24 

Sword Fixed  in  the  scull  of  an  Archbishop    •    •    •  ■)      V)      90  ' 

Sword Throughhis  body  as  he  stands  at  the  Altar   .  St.  Quiriacus,  July  22 

Table Ministering  to  Saints  at  a  table St.  Petronilla,  May  31 

Thorns Bishop  dragged  over St.  Mark,  E.  April  25 

Tooth  in  Pincers.  And  Palin-branch'' in  the  hand St.  Apollonia,  V.M.Feb.  9 

Tower In  the  hand St.  Barbara,  V.M.  Dec.  4 

rri  <  Blossoming  over  the  head  of  a  female  )   ^^   -en    u     j      t         o-j 

Tree .<  if  >  St.  Etheldreda,  June  23 

(      as  she  sleeps      J 

'^^rV\r..^   "'1   In  a  Bishop's  hand St.  Patrick,  March  17 

Shamrock  .   . j  ^        . 

Tub Some  liquid  poured  from,  held  over'  .   .    .  St.  Alexius,  July  17 

^r  fSomttimes    crowned,    surrounded    by)    „^   xt      1     ^7•  at   /^  ^  01 

Virgin {  u         e        u       ■  c  St.  Ursula,  V.  M.  Oct.  21 

(      many  others  of  smaller  size    .    .    .    .  )  ' 

Virgin  and  Child  Appearing  from  Heaven  to  a  Saint.    .    .    .  St.  Bernard,  A.  Aug.  20 

,^r  Ti       AT     >    ^    »  (  St.  Louis,  K.  or  St.  Edith, 

Washing    .   .    .    .  Poor  Men's  feet {      ir    *        o- 

(      V  .  Aug.  2o 

Wheel  &  Sword.  Or  several  wheels,  commonly  broken  •   •    •  ^      isr    '  9''        ' 

■iir  /-I  J     -ti   I,      ii      •       I,   •  S  St.  Mary,  the  Egyptian'", 

Woman Covered  with  her  flowing  hair  .    .....<       .      -i  .1 

"^  I      April  2 

(  Figure  bearing  the  five  wounds  of  Our^ 

Wounds I      Lord,  commonly  radiating  from  a  >  St.  Francis,  C.  Oct.  4 

(_     crucified  Seraph  in  the  air J 

EMBLEMS  OF  FESTIVALS. 
Dedication  of  a  Church  .   .  Altar,  with  three  men  before  it 
Founder  or  Benefactor   .    .  Church  in  miniature,  held  in  the  hand 
Invention  of  the  Cross    .   .  Cross  lifted  out  of  a  tomb  among  spectators,  May  3 
Assumption  of  the  Virgin    .  Virgin  carried  to  Heaven  by  Angels,  August  15 
Exaltation  of  the  Cross    .  King  kneeling  before  a  cross  in  the  air,  September  14 

J  Shrine  supported  by  two  Men,  or  an  Expository  with 
Corpus  Christi \      ^j^^  Eucharist  carried  in  procession.  May  31 

{Tliree  Men  in  purple,  exactly  alike — also,  the  Father  as 
an  old  Man  with  triple  crown,  the  Son  as  a  young 
one,  and  the  Holy  Spirit  as  a  dove 
f  A    Pope    seated,    a    nimbus    surrounding    his    head ; 

Cathedra  S.  Petri |      Cardinals  around  him,  February  22. 

r  Angels   release   from  a  fiery  gulpli  souls  represented 
All  Souls \      uncler  the  form  of  little  children,  Nov.  2. 

E  Sae  Hermit   supra.  '  Dirty  water  throwu  over  him  by  his  father's 

*>   It  is  sometimes  jagged  like  a  saw.  servants. 

'  See  Altar   supra.  '"  She  is  ofteu  represented  with  a  Monk  stand- 

^   A   Palm-branch,  as  the  general  emblem  of  ing  before  her. 
martyrdom,  is  often  found  with  other  Saints. 


CATALOGUE  OF  THE  EMBLEMS  OF  SAINTS.  63 

OF  THE  APOSTLES'  MOST  USUAL  EMBLEMS. 

St.  Peter,  a  key,  or  two  keys,  gold  and  silver,  representing  the  keys  of  heaven  and  hell — 
St.  Paul,  a  sword — St.  Andrew,  a  cross  saltier  X — ^t.  John,  a  chalice  and  serpent — 
St.  Philip,  a  tau-cross,  or  a  double  cross,  or  spear" — St.  Bartholomew,  a  butcher's 
knife — St.  Thomas,  an  arrow  or  spear — St.  Matthew,  a  club,  a  carpenter's  square,  or 
a  mone3'-box,  to  receive  custom  or  tribute — St.  James  the  Great,  a  pilgrim's  staif, 
wallet,  &c. — St.  James  the  Less,  a  fuller's  bat  and  saw — St.Jude,  a  boat  in  his  hand  or 

a  club St.  Simon,  a  fish  or  fishes  in  his  hand,  and  sometimes  a  saw — St.  Matthias,  a 

hatchet,  battle-axe,  or  sword. 

EVANGELISTS'  EMBLEMS. 

St.  Matthew,  an  angel — St.  Luke,  an  ox — St.  John,  an  eagle — St.  Mark,  a  lion.     At  an 
early  period  these  emblems  were  diff'erently  attributed. 

FOUR  DOCTORS  OF  THE  CHURCH. 

St.  Jerome,  a  lion — St.  Augustine,  a  heart — St.  Ambrose,  a  bee-hive,  or  a  scourge — 
A^^  Gregory,  at  Mass,  Christ  appearing  to  him  over  the  chalice. 

SUBJECTS  REPRESENTED  COMMONLY  IN  CHURCHES. 

Seven  Caud.nai.  Virtues    .    F^^^^^J  ^ope,  Charity,  Justice,  Prudence,  Temperance, 
(      and  Fortitude. 

Seven  Mortal  Sins  .   .   . 

Allegories,  Sundry  .  .  . 
Seven  Works  of  Mercy  . 
Passion,  Instruments  of 


/Pride,  Avarice,    Luxury,  Envy,  Gluttony,  Anger,  and 
(      Accedia  (?) 

f  Angels    and    Archangels,    Principalities    and    Powers, 
(      Virtues  and  Excellencies,  Glories  and  Dominions. 
Feeding  the  hungry.  Clothing  the  naked,  &c. 
/Crown  of  thorns,  nails,  hammer,  sponge,  spear,   dice, 
(      lantern,  &c. 

{A  genealogical  tree  proceeding  from  the  root  of  Jesse 
(an  old  jMan),  our  Lord's  ancestors  being  represented 
in  the  branches. 
,.,  Ti  f-A-  large  wheel  with  a  crowned  female  figure  in  centre, 

\\  HEEL  OF  IoRTUNE  .     .     .     .    <  '^       ..  n  i-ii-         /■  •,. 

(      some  risnig,  others  falling  from  it. 
„            „  f  Baptism,    Confirmation,    Penance,    Eucharist,  Orders, 

Seven  Sacraments |      Matrimony,  Extreme  Unction. 

Hell A  many-headed  monster,  vomitmg  fire. 

#*#  In  an  ensuing  Number  it  is  intended  to  give  the  converse  of  the  foregoing  Catalogue, 
the  names  of  Saints  being  arranged  alphabetically,  with  a  more  detailed  account  of  the 
Symbols,  and  references  to  existing  representations,  especially  in  our  own  country. 

'■•  Sometimes  a  basket. 


©rigtnnl  IJocumtnts, 

ILLUSTRATING  THE  ARTS,  &C.  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES. 


EARLY  ENGLISH  RECEIPTS  FOR  PAINTING,  GILDING,  &c. 

The  old  monastic  artists  frequently  inserted  in  the  margins 
or  blank  pages  of  a  manuscript,  receipts  and  dn-ections  for  the 
different  materials  and  processes  connected  with  their  work. 
These  receipts  deserve  being  collected :  they  are  curious  illus- 
trations of  the  progress  of  art,  and  they  may  even  afford 
valuable  hints  for  modern  times.  The  colours  used  in  the 
MidfUe  Ages  were  often  more  brilliant  and  dm^able  than 
any  Ave  have  at  present.  The  fohowing  examples  of  these 
receipts  are  fmiiished  by  a  manuscript  in  the  British  Museum, 
(MS.  Harl.  No.  2253.  fol.  52.  v°.,)  written  at  the  beginning 
of  the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  and  therefore  in,  or  soon  after, 
1307. 

Vorte  make  cynople^.     Tac  brasyl  and  seoth  in  dichwatur''  to  the 

halfendel  other  to  the  thridde  partie,  ant  seththe  tac  a  ston  of  chalk,  ant 
mak  an  hole  ithe  chalk,  as  deop  ant  as  muche  as  thu  wenest  that  thi  watur 
wol  gon  in,  ant  heldit  therin,  ant  seththe  anon  riht  quicliche  tak  a  bord 
other  a  ston  ant  keover  hit  that  non  eyr  ne  passe  out,  ant  let  hit  stonde 
vorte  hit  beo  colt. 

Vorte  temprene  asure.  ^ef  thin  asure  is  fin,  tak  gumme  arabuk  i-noh, 
ant  cast  into  a  standys*^  with  cler  watur  vorte  hit  beo  i-molten,  ant  seththe 
cast  therof  into  thin  asure,  ant  sture  ham  togedere,  ant  ?ef  ther  beth  bobeles 
theron,  tac  a  lutel  ere-wax  ant  pute  therin,  ant  thenne  writ.     Ef'  ne  grynt 

a  A   bright    colour,   apparently   red,   in  regionis  Pontics  in  urbe  eorum  qiiam  solent 

Medieval  Latin  called  sinopis,  which  Du-  ipsi  Sinopem  vocitare."] 

cange   pretends   was   green.     The   lexico-  ^  Room  for  three  or  four  words  is  here 

grapher  quotes  the  following  passage  from  left  blank  in  the  MS.     This  is  the  earliest 

a  life  of  St.  Willelm,  in  the  Acta  Sancto-  instance  I  have  j  et  met  with  in  English 

rum — "  Qui   enim    solebat  paulo   ante  in  of  the  word  brasU,  which  signified  a  kind 

palatiis  degere,  auro  radiantibus  ac  depictis  of  wood,   from   which    perhaps   the   name 

.•fbwpifle."     [Since  this  was  in  type,  I  have  was  afterwards  given  to  the  country.     See 

met  with  the  following  more  definite  ac-  Mr.  Way's  note  on  this  word  in  the  Promp- 

count  of  this  colour  (which  appears  to  have  ioriitm.       In   Latin   documents  written  on 

been  used  very  extensively)  in  Whetham-  the  Continent  the  word  is  found  as  early  as 

stede's  Granarium,  MS.  Cotton,  Nero  c.  vi.  the  twelfth  century, 

folio.  ]5(),  r".     "  Sinopim,  colorem  videlicet  "^  A  wine-vessel. 

ilium    cujus    tres    sunt    species,   videlicet  •'  This  word  ef  occurs  frequently  at  the 

Tubea,  subrubea,  et  inter  has  media,  invene-  commencement   of    a    phrase,    apparently 

J-unt   primitus,    ut    scribit    Yaidorus,    viri  written  for  and. 


ORIGINAL  DOCUMENTS.  65 

thu  nout  thin  asiire  nevermore.  Et  j^ef  hit  nis  noht  fin,  tac  i-tempret  gleyr, 
ant  cast  therto,  ant  let  hit  stonden  ant  resten  vorte  al  the  asure  heo  i-vallen 
adoun  to  groande.  Et  bote  thu  seo  hit  fin,  cast  out  the  gleyr  softeleche, 
ant  cast  therto  more  gleyr,  ant  wash  hit  eft  sonus  ithe  selve  maner.  Et 
whan  hit  is  wel  i-puret  ant  the  gleyr  i-hald  out  clene,  thenne  cast  therto 
thi  gummet-water,  ant  writ,  as  ic  seyde  er. 

Vorte  make  grasgrene.  Tac  verdigres  ant  grynt  hit,  ant  cast  hit  into 
thin  staundys,  ant  cast  therto  the  fineste  wort  that  thu  myht  i-finden,  ant 
sture  togedere  ant  writ. 

Vorte  maken  another  maner  grene.  Tac  jus  of  a  rotet  appel,  ant  tempre 
thi  verdigris  mid,  ant  wryt. 

jet  for  gaudegrene''.  Tac  peniwort  other  gladene,  whether  thu  wolte  of 
the  two  erbes,  ant  tempre  thi  verdigres,  ant  writ. 

Vorte  couche^  selverfoyle.  Tac  gumrae  arabuk,  ant  cast  hit  into  tempret 
gleyr  vorte  hit  beo  i-molten,  ant  seththe  tac  chalk  ant  grynt  hit  as  smal 
as  thu  myht,  ant  tempre  hit  vnth  thilke  water  that  is  i-cleopet  gleyr  as 
thikke  as  thu  wolt  leggen  hit  with  a  pinsel,  other  with  what  thu  wolt.  Et 
ther  as  hit  is  i-leyd  let  hit  resten  that  hit  beo  druye,  ant  thenne  tac  thi 
selverfoyl  ant  ley  theron,  ant  jef  hit  is  i-druyet  to  druye  ethe  theruppon 
with  thi  breth,  ant  hit  wol  moysten  a^eyn,  ant  thenne  hit  wol  cachen  the 
foyl  fast  ant  stike  wel  the  betere,  ant  wit  an  hare  tayl  thac^  hit  to,  ant 
seththe  tac  an  houndus  tooh*'  ant  vasne  in  a  stikkes  ende,  ant  robbe  uppon 
thi  lettre,  other  uppon  whet  other  thing  hit  beo,  ant  that  that  hath  the  sise 
schal  stunte  stylle,  ant  that  that  nat  nout  the  sise  wol  awey. 

Ithe  selve  maner  mac  the  sise  to  goldfoyl,  save  tac  a  lutel  radel  ant  grynt 
to  thin  asise,  vorte  loosen  is  colour,  bi  resun  of  the  goldfoyl,  ant  so  vorth 
as  I  seyde  er. 

Vorte  maken  iren  as  hart  as  stel.  Tac  argul',  a  thing  that  deyares  deyet 
with,  ant  grint  hit  smal,  ant  seththe  tac  a  wollene  clout,  ant  couche  thi 
poudre  theron  as  brod  as  hit  wol,  Cluppe  the  egge  of  thi  lome'^,  other  of 
whet  thu  wolt,  and  seththe  ley  the  egge  ithe  middel  of  the  poudre,  ant 
seththe  wint  thi  clout  faste  abouten  thi  lome,  ant  pute  hit  into  the  fure  that 
hit  beo  gled'  red,  ant  thenne  anon  cast  hit  into  water. 

Vorte  maken  blankplum"".     Tac  a  vessel  of  eorthe,  other  of  treo,  of  a 


«  The   Promptorium   explains  "  Gawdy  with."    Chaucer  (Cant.  T.  1G2S())  savs  the 

gren,  sulwiridis:'  Alchemist  used,  among  other  things,— 

'  To  couche,  is  to  lau  down,  here  used  r-i  i      -.i  i  j  i  j     i 

.,.,,,,,  '',,  '  .,  t  ley  made  with  liors  and  inaunes  here,  and  oile 

echmcally  (or  to  lay  or  fasten  the   silver-  of  tartre,  alum,  gla..,  berme,  wort,  aud  argoile. 

foil  or  goldfoil  on  the  vellum.  r  ■,     ,     -or,.       ,•      ,         ■  ,    ,    . 

K  To  thac,  is  to  pat  it.  ^  ^°^^^  ^^  Tyrwhitt  has  rightly  interpreted 

''    I  believe  the  dog's  tooth  is  still  used  ''  Potter's  clay. 
among   book-binders   to   burnish   gold   on  Lome,  an  inslrumcnl;  egge  of  tin  lome, 

pyppj.  edge  of  thy  instrument  or  tool. 

'It  appears,  by  the  explanation  the  writer  '  ^'''^<''  "  -V'"''^"   "f  f'-*" :    Rl^d   red,  red 

gives,   that  this  was  a  word  of  only  very  "'"  . 

restricted    use—"  a    thing    tliat   dyers   dye  '"    "  hite-lcad. 


66  ORIGINAL  DOCUMENTS. 

galun,  other  more  other  lasse,  cheos  thu.  Et  seththe  bore  holes  acros  ithe 
.iiij.  sides,  that  is  to  siggen,  the  verste  .iiij.  holes  an  .v.  unchun,  other 
more  other  lasse,  from  the  grount  to  the  mesure  of  thi  vessel  that  is.  Et 
seththe  an  .iij.  unchun  other  more  herre  other  .iiij.  holes  acros,  and  so 
herre  ant  herre  vorte  thu  come  to  the  ovemoste  ende,  whether  the  vessel  beo 
more  other  lasse.  Et  seththe  tac  led  ant  melt  hit.  Et  jef  hit  nis  nout  fin 
ant  clene  i-noh,  cast  hit  into  clene  water,  ant  bote  hit  beo  fin  ant  clene 
thenne,  eft  sone  meltit  ant  cast  hit  into  watur.  Et  so  pure  hit  vorte  hit 
beo  fin  ant  clene  i-noh.  Et  seththe  meltit  ajeyn,  ant  cast  hit  into  an  empti 
bacyn,  other  into  whet  vessel  thu  wolt  of  bras,  that  hit  vleote*'  abrod  vorte 
beo  thunne.  Et  jef  hit  nis  nout  thunne  i-noh,  tac  an  homur  ant  bet  hit  as 
thunne  as  thu  myht.  Et  seththen  tac  stikken  ant  pute  acros  ithe  .iiij. 
holes,  in  everuch  degre  herre  ant  herre.  Et  uppon  everuch  stikke  honge 
of  that  thunne  led,  as  thicke  as  thu  miht,  from  gre  to  gre,  so  that  no  degre 
touche  other.  Et  seththe  tac  vinegre  ant  held  into  the  vessel  i-noh,  so 
that  the  nethemoste  led  ne  touche  nout  the  vinegre.  Et  seththe  tac  a  ston, 
other  a  bord,  that  wol  kevere  the  vessel,  ant  clos  hit  above  wel  ant  faste. 
Et  seththe  tac  fin  cley  ant  good,  ant  dute  al  the  vessel  that  non  eyr  ne  go 
out,  bothen  the  holes  ant  eken  above  ryht  wel.  Et  thenne  tac  thi  vessel 
ant  sete  hit  into  horsse  dunge  depe,  bi  the  space  of  .ix.  niht,  other  more, 
ant  thenne  tac  up  thi  vessel,  ant  unclosit  above,  ant  jef  thu  findest  eni  led 
uppon  the  stikkes  undefijet",  hit  is  in  defaute  of  to  lutel  vinegre;  ant  jef 
thi  led  is  defijet  al  ant  findest  vinegre  ithe  grounde,  thenne  hit  is  wel, 
thenne  held  out  softeliche  that  vinegre,  ant  tac  up  thi  blankplum,  ant  do 
therwith  whet  thu  wolt.  Ant  thah  thu  finde  eni  led,  as  ic  sayde  er,  unde- 
fijet,  kep  hit  that  another  time,  that  thu  wolle  make  more. 

T.  WRIGHT. 

"  Flow. 

"  Defi^en,  to  dissolve ;  defi^et,  dissolved  ;  undefi^et,  undissolved. 


PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  CENTRAL  COMMITTEE 


'titi^ij  ^rcljaeological  Association, 


The  earlier  meetings  of  the  Committee  having  been  chiefly  occupied  with  the  forma- 
tion and  establishment  of  the  Association,  it  has  not  been  thought  necessary  at  present  to 
give  a  regular  report  of  each  meeting.  The  following  are  the  principal  matters  of  Anti- 
quarian interest,  which  have  hitherto  been  laid  before  it. 

A  Letter  from  the  Rev.  W.  L.  Girardot,  curate  of  Godshill,  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  respecting  some  paintings  recently  found  on  the  walls  of  the  church  of 
Godshill. 

The  subject  is  that  of  the  Saviour  on  the  cross,  which,  Mr.  Girardot  imagines, 
is  placed  against  a  shrub  or  tree,  as  bright  green  colours  surround  it ;  the  lower 
parts  being  entirely  defaced,  the  stem  cannot  be  traced  out.  The  crown  of  thorns, 
and  the  bloody  arms  extended,  are  tolerably  clear,  as  well  as  some  scrolls  painted 
in  red  colour,  one  of  which  is  legible,  ©ra  pro  nobis  Bom. 

Mr.  Girardot  questions  the  possibility  of  restoring  the  paintings,  which  have  been 
covered  with  many  coatings  of  whitewash,  in  attempting  to  remove  which  the 
colours  came  off  with  it :  any  hints  are  desired  as  to  the  best  mode  of  cleansing 
such  paintings  from  the  whitewash. 

A  Letter  from  the  Rev.  W.  Dyke,  curate  of  Cradley,  Herefordshire,  concerning 
the  site  of  St.  Michael's  chapel.  Great  Malvern,  which  appears  marked  in  the  map 
given  by  Dr.  Thomas  in  his  account  of  that  priory  published  in  1725,  and  of 
which  all  memory  had  been  lost.  Some  small  remains  of  this  chapel,  which  was 
probably  the  oratory  of  St.  Werstan,  who  first  made  the  settlement  on  the  Mal- 
vern hills,  adjoining  the  position  subsequently  occupied  by  the  priory,  were  re- 
ported still  to  exist  within  a  walled  garden  in  the  upper  part  of  the  village. 

A  Letter  from  the  Rev.  John  L.  Petit,  on  some  peculiarities  of  Church  Architec- 
ture in  Wiltshire  and  Gloucestershire. 

JNIr.  W.  H.  Rolfe,  of  Sandwich,  forwarded  for  inspection  some  minute  pieces  of 
worked  gold,  found  on  the  sea  shore,  under  the  cliff  opposite  the  lutinuary,  at 
Margate. 

The  fragments  exhibited  appear  to  be  portions  of  coins  and  ornaments.  One  is 
evidently  part  of  a  half-noble  of  one  of  the  Edwards  or  Henrys,  another  resembles 
the  loops  attached  to  Roman  and  early  French  gold  coins  for  the  purpose  of  wear- 
ing them  as  decorations  of  the  person. 

Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith  informed  the  Committee  that  j\Ir.  Joseph  Clarke,  of  Saffron 
Walden,  had  recently  visited  Wootton  in  Northamptonshire,  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  authentic  information  respecting  a  discovery  of  coins,  reported  to  have 
been  made  at  that  village  about  a  year  since. 

Mr.  Clarke's  visit  proved  successful,  and  although  many  of  the  coins  had  been 
dispersed  since  the  discovery  took  place,  he  succeeded  in  obtaining  the  remainder, 
(()lo)  for  examination.     They  were  deposited  in  an  urn;  the  mouth  protruded 


68  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

from  the  side  of  a  bank  in  Avliich  it  had  been  buried,  and  had  been  noticed  for 
years  by  hibourers  in  going  to  and  from  their  work.. 
The  coins,  all  of  small  brass,  are  as  follows : 

Reverses.  Total. 

Galhinus  [PGallienus]    29  66 

Salonina  8  16 

Postumus 16  25 

Victorinus     12  212 

Mariiis 2  3 

Tetricus  Pater 9  117 

Tetricus  Filius     5  46 

Claudius  II 24  63 

Quintillus     4  6 

Aurelianus    10  15 

Tacitus 9  18 

Probus 16  28 

Numerianus 1  1- 

615 

Among  these  coins  not  a  single  new  variety  occurs,  and  but  very  few  rare  reverses. 
They  afford,  however,  another  exami)le  to  those  noted  in  many  similar  discoveries^ 
of  the  usiial  occurrence  of  this  and  other  series  of  coins  in  conformity  with  their 
accepted  degrees  of  rarity. 

A  note  from  the  Ven.  Archdeacon  Hill,  giving  an  account  of  the  discovery  at 
Bonchurch,  Isle  of  Wight,  of  some  urns  containing  burnt  bones  and  ashes.  These 
remains  were  found  by  the  Kev.  James  Wliite,  during  excavations  for  building  a 
cottage,  at  a  distance  of  about  600  yards  from  the  sea. 

Mr.  Thomas  Charles,  of  Maidstone,  communicated  a  notice  of  researches  now 
under  prosecution  by  himself  and  Mr.  C.  T.  Smythe,  which  he  hopes  will  be  of 
interest  to  the  antiquary,  as  they  may  furnish  particulars  respecting  the  discovery 
of  a  Roman  building  on  the  banks  of  the  Medway,  close  to  Maidstone.  The  ex- 
cavations, as  far  as  they  have  yet  proceeded,  have  disclosed  walls,  pavements  of 
a  coarse  kind,  fresco  paintings,  &c. 

Mr.  Fitch,  of  Ipswich,  forwarded  for  exhibition  an  aureus  of  Vespasian,  found 
at  Helmingham,  county  of  Suffolk.  The  reveree  exhibits  the  Emperor,  crowned  by 
Victory ;  in  the  exergue,  COS*  VIIT. 

Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  exhibited  drawings,  executed  by  Mr.  Kennett  Martin,  of 
Ramsgate,  shewing  the  positions  of  two  human  skeletons,  and  also  of  some 
lu'ns,  which,  a  few  years  since,  were  discovered  during  excavations  for  the  founda- 
tions of  a  house  on  the  Western  Cliff,  near  Ramsgate. 

The  skeletons  were  deposited  in  a  horizontal  position,  at  a  considerable  distance 
from  each  other,  in  a  basin-shaped  grave,  dug  out  of  the  solid  chalk,  and  filled  in 
with  chalk  rubble.  This  grave  appears  to  have  been  of  more  extensive  dimensions 
than  would  have  been  absolutely  necessary  for  two  corpses.  In  a  recent  discovery 
of  skeletons  at  Stowting,  in  the  same  county,  it  was  noticed  that  in  a  grave  scooped 
out  of  the  chalk  soil,  which  was  capacious  enough  for  seven  or  eight  bodies,  only 
one  skeleton  was  discovered. 

The  urns  were  found  arranged  in  groups  on  either  side  of,  and  a  few  feet  from, 
the  grave.     Some  of  them  contained  bvirnt  liones,  and  with  them  was  found  a 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  69 

bronze  fibula  and  a  patera  of  tlie  well-known  red  Roman  potteiy,  with  the  ivy-leaf 
pattern  on  the  rim. 

These  sepulchral  interments,  although  so  contiguous  to  each  other,  would  appear 
to  belong  to  difl'erent  times.  The  urns  are  unquestionably  Roman,  and  their 
contents  warrant  their  being  referred  to  the  Romano-British  epoch,  but  the 
skeletons  woidd  appear  to  indicate  a  burial  of  a  later  period. 

JNIr.  IMartin  also  contributed  a  sketch  of  the  excavations  which  uncovered  part 
of  the  remains  of  the  ancient  pier  of  Ramsgate,  with  the  depth  in  feet,  the  nature 
of  the  soil,  the  specimens  of  coins,  and  other  objects  found. 

At  the  depth  of  from  seven  to  eight  feet,  coins  of  the  Henrys  and  Edwards  were 
met  with ;  three  or  four  feet  lower,  large  flints  and  Imcks  (presumed  to  be  Roman)  ; 
at  the  depth  of  from  sixteen  to  twenty  feet,  piles  of  wood  sunk  in  the  solid  chalk 
were  discovered,  and  among  them  Roman  coins,  in  small  brass,  of  the  Constantine 
family. 

Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  informed  the  Committee  that  in  consequence  of  a  communica- 
tion from  Mr.  W.  Bland,  of  Hartlip,  in  Kent,  he  (Mr.  S.)  had  visited  the  village 
of  Stowting,  iu  the  same  county,  and  inspected  some  ancient  remains  recently 
discovered  in  cutting  a  new  road  up  the  hill  leading  towards  the  common. 

They  consist  of  long  swords,  spears,  and  javelin-heads,  knives,  and  bosses  of 
shields,  of  iron  ;  circular  gilt  brooches,  set  with  coloured  glass  and  vitrified  pastes; 
buckles  of  bronze,  silvered ;  beads  of  glass,  amber,  and  coloured  clay ;  a  thin 
copper  basin,  and  three  coins,  of  Pius,  Plautilla,  and  Valens.  These  objects  were 
found  dejiositedbythe  sides  of  about  thirty  skeletons,  at  from  two  to  four  feet  deep, 
in  the  chalk  of  which  the  hill  is  composed.  The  graves  in  which  the  skeletons 
were  fouud  were  filled  in  with  mould.  One  of  the  bosses,  like  a  specimen  noticed 
in  Douglas's  Nenia  Britannica,  is  ornamented  on  the  top  with  a  thin  plate  of  silver, 
and  the  tops  of  the  nails  or  rivets,  which  fastened  the  boss  to  the  shield,  are  also 
silvered. 

Since  Mr.  Smith's  visit,  an  urn  has  been  found  and  some  other  objects,  of  the 
whole  of  which  careful  drawings  will  be  made  by  the  Rev.  Frederick  Wrench, 
who  has  promised  to  forward  them,  as  soon  as  the  excavations  are  completed,  for 
the  inspection  of  the  Committee. 

The  village  of  Stowting  is  situated  in  a  secluded  nook  in  the  chalk  hills  called 
the  Back-Bone  of  Kent,  about  two  miles  from  Lyminge,  and  seven  from  Folkstone. 

In  a  field  below  the  hill  where  the  antiquities  before  mentioned  were  discovered, 
two  skeletons  were  dug  up,  many  years  since,  together  with  iron  weapons ;  and  in 
a  field  called  Ten-acre  Field,  some  hundreds  of  large  brass  Roman  coins  were 
ploughed  up.  Five  of  these,  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Andrews,  the  proprietor 
of  the  field,  are  of  Hadrianus,  Aurelius,  Faustina  Junior,  Commodus,  and  Severus. 
Coins  are  often  found  in  the  adjacent  fields,  and  in  the  village.  Two  small  brass 
coins  of  Carausius  and  Licinius,  picked  up  in  a  locality  termed  the  Market-place, 
are  in  the  possession  of  the  Rev.  F.  Wrench.  On  the  hills  are  barrows,  some  of 
which  seem  to  have  been  partially  excavated. 

Mr.  John  G.  Waller  made  three  communications.  The  first  related  to  the 
state  of  the  monument  of  Brian  Rocliff,  in  Cowthorpe  church,  twelve  miles  distant 
from  York.  Mr.  Waller  observes,  "  The  monument  to  which  I  allude  is  one  of 
peculiar  interest.  It  records  the  founder  and  Iniilder  of  the  church,  as  the  inscrip- 
tion states,  fundatnr  et  conjitrnctor  hujus  ecclcsicB  tocius  operis  imjue  ad  coitsiDnma- 
cionem.  It  is  fortunate  that  this  curious  portion  of  the  legend  yet  remains,  or  did  at 
the  time  I  visited  the  church,  nearly  four  years  since.     The  founder  is  represented 


70  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

with  his  lady  holding  a  model  of  the  church  between  them  ;  over  their  heads  are 
canopies  and  heraldic  decorations.  I  found  this  interesting  memorial  in  a  most 
disgraceful  state  of  neglect ;  the  canopies  much  mutilated,  many  fragments  with 
escocheons  of  arms,  and  the  whole  of  the  inscription,  in  the  parish  chest,  liable  to 
constant  spoliation :  added  to  this,  a  large  stone  was  placed  upon  the  figures. 
Surely  a  monument  like  this,  a  record  of  a  benefaction  and  an  event  (for  so  we 
may  call  the  erection  of  the  church),  deserves  to  be  rescued  from  a  lot  but  too 
common  to  such  remains.  The  history  of  Brian  Eocliff  is  found  in  the  very 
interesting  volume  published  by  the  Camden  Society,  The  Plumpton  Correspond- 
ence." 

The  second  communication  of  Mr.  Waller  was  a  notice  respecting  some  effigies 
of  wood,  at  Little  Horkesley,  in  Essex,  which  when  Mr.  Waller  visited  the  church 
about  six  years  ago  were  placed  near  the  porch.  They  represent  two  knights  and 
a  lady,  apparently  of  the  early  part  of  the  fourteenth  century.  Mr.  Waller  states 
that  he  was  informed  they  had  been  recently  displaced  from  their  proper  position 
in  the  church,  and  were  then,  with  unbecoming  neglect,  put  out  of  sight  in  a 
corner  near  the  porch. 

The  third  communication  described  not  the  destruction  of  a  monument  only, 
but  that  of  a  church  and  its  monuments.  Mr.  Waller  states,  "  About  five  years 
ago  I  visited  the  ruins  of  Quareudon  Chapel,  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of 
Aylesbury,  county  of  Bucks :  I  found  the  walls  in  good  condition  as  far  as 
regards  stability,  and  only  suffering  from  neglect  and  wanton  injury.  The  interior 
presented  all  the  pillars  and  arches  supporting  them  in  good  condition,  save  the 
injury  caused  by  the  visitors  cutting  their  names  thereon,  and  everything  shewing 
how  little  share  time  had  had  in  the  work  of  demolition.  To  shew  that  the  destruc- 
tion is  comparatively  recent,  even  at  my  visit  most  of  the  oaken  rafters  of  the 
chancel  remained,  and  I  believe  within  memory  portions  of  the  roof  of  the  nave  were 
in  existence.  In  the  chancel,  among  a  heap  of  rubbish,  lay  the  fragments  of  the 
alabaster  effigies  of  Sir  Henry  Lee,  of  Ditchley,  and  his  lady ;  of  this  tomb  frag- 
ments are  dispersed  in  the  neighbourhood,  indeed  the  cottages  adjoining  prove  the 
manner  of  the  demolition." 

Mr.  Way  reported  that  the  monumental  brass  of  Sir  John  Felbrigg,  the  founder 
of  Playford  church,  Suffolk,  had  been  torn  up,  and,  at  the  time  when  he 
visited  the  church,  not  many  years  since,  was  in  the  church  chest.  By  a  subse- 
quent communication  from  Mr.  D.  Davy,  of  Uflford,  it  appears  that  this  interesting 
memorial  has  been  affixed  to  a  stone  in  the  chancel,  but  many  portions  are  now 
defective. 

Dr.  J.  Jacob,  of  Uxbridge,  announced  that  he  proposes  to  publish  a  new  series 
of  the  Monumental  Brasses  of  England. 

Mr.  William  Sidney  Gibson,  of  Newcastle,  communicated  to  the  Committee, 
that  the  corporation  of  that  city  propose  to  demolish  an  interesting  example  of 
ecclesiastical  architecture,  the  ancient  church  of  the  Hospital  of  the  Blessed  Virgin, 
on  the  wreck  of  which  a  grammar  school  was  founded  l)y  Queen  Elizabeth.  Mr. 
Gibson  promises  a  detailed  description  of  this  curious  structure,  the  preservation 
of  which  for  the  purposes  of  public  worship  in  a  populous  city,  where  increased 
church  accommodation  must  be  highly  desiral)le,  could  not  fail,  at  a  period  when 
much  attention  has  been  given  in  Newcastle  to  architectural  decoration,  to  benefit 
and  gratify  the  public.  It  also  appears  that  this  venerable  monument  interferes 
with  no  local  convenience,  and  that  persons  who  take  an  interest  in  its  preserva- 
tion would  gladly  contribute. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 


71 


At  the  late  meetings  of  the  Incorporated  Church  Building  Societj',  money  was 
voted  towards  rebuilding  the  church  at  Bawdeswell,  Norfolk,  and  for  enlarging  the 
churches  of 


Paiderspury,  Northamptonshire 

Berron,  Somerset 

Upton  cum  Chalvey,  Buckingham- 
shire 

Emanuel  church,  at  Bol ton -le- Moors, 
Lancashire 

Monksilvcr,  Somerset 

St.  Mary,  Haverfordwest,  Pembroke- 
shire 

Kentish  Town  church  in  the  parish 
of  St.  Pancras,  near  London 


Westmeon,  Hampshire 

Bathwell,  (Bulwell,)  Notts 

Honley,  near  Huddersfield,  Yorkshire 

Wicken,  Ely,  Cambridgeshire 

Fawley,  Hants 

Kirkdale,  Liverpool,  Lancashire 

Tottington,  parish  of  Bmy,  Lancashire 

Austrey,  Warwickshire 

Uzmaston,  Pembrokeshire 

Full  Sutton,  Yorkshire 


Correspondents  in  the  vicinity  of  these  places  are  therefore  requested  to  keep  watcli 
upon  the  work,  and  to  furnish  information  of  any  paintings  on  the  walls,  or  other 
matters  of  archaeological  interest. 


iSoticcs  of  i^cfo  ^ublt'cntions. 


IcONOGRAPHIE  ChRETIENNE.  HiSTOIHE  DE  DiEU,  PAR  M.  DiDRON,  DE  LA 
BiBLIOTHEQUE     EoYALE,     SECRETAIRE     DU     Co3HTE     HiSTORIQUE     DES    AbTS     ET 

Monuments,  4to.  pp.  600.     Paris,  imprimerie  royale,  1843. 

France  owes  to  the  enlightened  administration  of  M,  Guizot  (then 
Minister  of  Public  Instruction)  the  formation  in  183-  of  a  comiU  (or  com- 
mission) for  the  publication  of  historical  monuments,  on  a  much  more 
liberal  and  extensive  plan  than  our  Record  Commission.  Under  the  term 
historical  monuments,  not  only  documents  of  history,  but  monuments  of 
art  and  literature,  were  included,  and  it  was  proposed  to  publish  gradually 
a  complete  antiquarian  survey  of  France,  with  descriptions  and  delineations 
of  all  its  monuments  of  antiquity.  At  first  the  whole  business  was  trans- 
acted by  one  commission,  but  subsequently  this  commission  was  separated 
into  four  or  five,  according  to  the  different  classes  of  monuments  it  was 
intended  to  publish,  purely  historical,  philosophical,  scientific,  artistical,  &c. 
This  new  plan  appears  not  to  have  worked  well,  and  more  recently  the  number 
of  comites  has  been  reduced  to  two,  that  of  historical  documents,  and  the 
Comit^  des  Arts  et  Monuments.  Both  these  comitds  have  already  issued 
many  valuable  publications,  some  of  which  we  shall  have  other  occasions  to 
notice. 

The  subjects  embraced  by  the  Comite  des  Arts  et  Monuments  had  hitherto 
been  less  systematically  studied  than  those  of  the  other  departments  of  histo- 
rical research,  and  the  comite  found  it  necessary  to  publish  short  popular  trea- 
tises on  different  branches  of  archaeology  in  the  form  of  instructions  for  the 
use  of  its  numerous  correspondents.  These  instructions,  at  first  brief  and 
incomplete,  have  by  degrees  grown  into  learned  treatises,  such  as  the  pro- 
found volume  on  Christian  iconography,  which  has  just  been  completed 
by  M.  Didron,  the  Secretary  of  the  Comite.  This  volume  is  itself  only 
a  portion  of  the  subject;  a  second,  on  which  M.  Didron  is  now  employed, 
will  include  the  iconography  of  angels  and  devils  ;  and  there  will  still  remain 
for  future  labours  other  scriptural  subjects  of  pictorial  representation,  with 
saints,  martyrs,  &c. 

The  work  now  before  us  contains  the  history  of  the  artistical  representa- 
tions of  the  Persons  and  attributes  of  the  Deity  during  the  middle  ages.  It 
is  only  necessary  to  know  that  it  appears  under  the  name  of  M.  Didron,  to 


DIDRON  S  CHRISTIAN  ICONOGRAPHY.  73 

be  assured  that  the  subject  is  ably  treated.  After  an  introduction  of  some 
length  on  the  object  and  practice  of  pictorial  representations  of  rehgious 
history  and  doctrine,  M.  Didron  enters  upon  his  subject  by  treating  first  one 
of  the  most  striking  characteristics  of  divinity  and  sanctity,  which,  when  it 
appears  about  the  head  is  called  the  nimbus,  and  when  it  encircles  the  whole 
body  he  distinguishes  by  the  term  aureole  or  glory.  The  nimbus  is  used 
vei-y  extensively ;  but  the  aureole  surrounding  the  whole  body  is  almost 
entirely  restricted  to  the  Divine  Persons  and  to  the  Virgin,  and  does  not  dis- 
pense with  the  use  of  the  other  at  the  same  time.  The  following  figure, 
(fig.  1,)  taken  from  an  illuminated  Italian  MS.  of  the  fourteenth  centuiy, 
in  the  Bibliotheque  Royale  at  Paris,  represents  Christ  carried  up  to  heaven 
by  angels  :  the  Saviour  has  the  nimbus  about  his  head,  and  an  elliptical  glory 
about  his  whole  body ;  the  angels  are  also  nimbed,  but  with  a  nimbus  of 
an  inferior  rank. 


(Fig   1  )     Christie  an  Elliptic  Aureole. 

By  far  the  most  general  form  of  the  nimbus'-^  is  a  circle,  but  it  sometimes 
occurs  under  other  forms,  particularly  in  early  monuments.     In  Italv,  and 

3  M.  Dich-on's  observations  on  the  Nini-  abridged  translation  appeared  in  the  Lite- 
bus  were  first  publislied  in  an  article  in  M.  rary  Gazette.  They  have  been  revised, 
Cesar  Daly's  Revue  Generale  de  VArchitee-  newly  arranged,  and  much  amplified,  in  the 
One  et  des   Travaujc  publics,  of  which  an  Iconographie  Chretienne. 


74 


NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


''4  a  )     The  Trinity  creating  Man. 


more  especially  in  Greece,  the  nimbus  is  found  in  a  triangular  form  :   in 

other  instances  it  becomes  square  or  lozenge-shaped.     The  circular  nimbus, 

when  it  belongs  to  the  Divine  Persons,  is  always  distinguished  by  four  rays 

at  right   angles  to  each   other,    one   of 

which  is   concealed  by  the  head.      Thei 

three    Persons   of  the  Trinity  are   thus 

nimbed  in  fig.  2,  taken  from  a  MS.  of 

the    thirteenth    century    in    the     Bibl. 

Royale  at  Paris.     M.  Didron  proceeds  to 

describe  other  varieties   of  the  nimbus, 

which  (as  well  as  the  aureole  or  glory') 

he  believes  to  have  been  intended  merely 

as  the  outhne  of  the  rays  of  glory  sup- 
posed to  issue  from  the  head  or  body  of  I 

the  divine  or  sainted  personage.     These 

rays  are    sometimes   found  without  the 

line  of  circumference,  and  in  some  of  the 

figures  given  in  the  book  before  us,  we 

see  how  the  line  came  to  take  these  differ- 
ent forms.    As  we  have  already  observed, 
the  nimbus  of  God  is  always  (unless  by  a  rare  instance  of  negligence  or 
ignorance  in  the  artist)  distinguished  by  two  cross  perpendicular  bars,  ar- 
ranged in  the  form  of  a   Greek  cross,  one  being  partly  concealed  by  the 
head,  above   which  it  rises  vertically. 
In   fig.  3,   taken  from   a  MS.   of   the 
thirteenth  century,  in  the  same  collec- 
tion as  the  former,  we  have  another  re- 
presentation of  the  Trinity,  each  Person 
of  which  bears  the  cruciferous  nimbus. 
M.  Didron  gives  reasons  which  appear 
satisfactory    for     believing    that    this 
form  was  not  allusive  to  the  cross  on 
which  our  Saviour  suffered.     The  nim- 
bus   appears   to    be    derived  from  the 
pagan  symbolism  of  the  eastern  nations : 
it  is  not  found  in  Christian  monuments 
of  the  earlier  ages.     We  have  just  ob- 
served that  the  cross  of  the  divine  nim- 
bus appears  to  have  no  connection  with 
the  Christian  symbol  of  the  cross :  one 
of  the   cuts  given  by  M.  Didron  fur- 
nishes a  curious  proof  of  this.     In  the 

more  ancient  monuments,  where  the  nimbus  is  absent,  the  Person  of  Christ 
is  frequently  accompanied  by,  or  typified  by,  a  lamb,  which  lamb  always  has 


(KiJ  3  )      Tbe  Trinity  nimbed 


DIDRON  S  ClllHi>TlA\   ICONOGRAril  Y 


75 


(Fig   4.)     The  Divine  Lamb. 


a  cross,  which  is  often  placed  on  the 
forehead.  In  fig.  4,  taken  from  an 
Itahan  sculpture  of  the  tenth  cen- 
tury, we  have  the  lamb  with  the  divine 
nimbus,  and  the  figure  of  the  cross 
in  each  limb  of  the  cross  of  the 
nimbus. 

In  its  original  application,  the  nim- 
bus appears  to  have  been  understood 
as  representing  power  and  intelligence, 
and  was  given  to  all  supernatural  be- 
ings. Even  in  Christian  monuments 
it  is  not  unfrequently  used  thus  :  and 
we  find  it  not  only  applied  to  saints, 
but  to  the  various  personages  of  the 
Old  Testament,  to  kings  and  emperors  after  their  death,  and  even  to 
the  spirit  of  evil,  and  to  allegorical  personages.  Living  persons,  who 
had  reached  a  certain  point  of  reputation  of  sanctity  or  greatness,  were  re- 
presented with  a  nimbus,  but  in  this  case  it  was  always  square.  We  are 
assured  by  Johannes  Diaconus  that  this  was  the  case ;  and  his  statement 
is  supported  by  various  monuments,  which  appear,  however,  only  in 
Italy.  M.  Didron  gives  a  cut  of  a  bishop, 
from  a  Latin  MS.  of  the  ninth  century, 
written  before  his  death,  with  the  square 
nimbus  in  the  form  of  a  roll  of  paper; 
another  from  a  mosaic  in  the  Vatican  of  the 
same  century,  representing  St.  Peter,  with 
the  plain  circular  nimbus,  and  Charlemagne 
and  Pope  Leo  III.  (who  were  alive  at  the  time 
the  monument  was  executed)  both  bearing 
a  square  nimbus  ;  and  a  third,  from  a  mosaic 
likewise  of  the  ninth  century,  in  the  church 
of  Santa  Cecilia  at  Rome,  representing  Pope 
Paschal  with  the  square  nimbus.  We  repro- 
duce this  latter  cut  in  our  fig.  5.  Vari- 
ous other  examples  of  the  square  nimbus 
are  cited,  many  of  them  veiy  curious.  Ac- 
cording to  the  doctrines  of  the  Neoplatonists, 
the  square  was  of  less  dignity  than  the  circle, 
a  notion  which  appears  to  have  given  rise  to 
this  square  form  of  the  emblem.  It  has 
been  already  observed    that   the  nimbus  is 

,  ,.  1   •      ,1  1-         /->ii      •    ^-  .         (Hft.  5.)     Pope  Paachal  with  Square  Nimbus. 

uotiound  ni  the  earlier  Christian  monuments.  ^   "    ' 

The  Divine  Person  is  there  also  frequently  represented  without  a   beard. 


iD 


76 


NOTICES  or  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


which  was  quite  contrary  to  the 
notions  of  a  later  period.  The 
following  cut  (fig.  6.),  taken  from 
a  very  early  sarcophagus  in  the 
Vatican,  represents  God,  without 
nimbus  or  beard,  condemning 
Adam  to  till  the  earth  and  Eve 
to  spin  wool.  At  the  period  of 
the  Renaissance,  and  subsequent- 
ly, the  real  character  and  distinc- 
tion of  the  nimbus  was  almost 
entirely  neglected. 

From  the  nimbus,  M.  Didron 
proceeds  to  the  aureole,  or  the 
nimbus  of  the  body.  "  The 
aureole,"  he  observes,  "is  a 
nimbus  enlarged,  as  the  nimbus 
is  an  aureole  diminished 


(Fig.  6.)     God  condemuirg  Adam  and  Eve  to  labour. 

The  nimbus  encircles  the  head;  the  aureole  sur- 
rounds the  whole  body.     The  aureole  is  as  it  were  a  drapery,  a  mantle  of 


(Fig.  7  )     Ouv  Saviour  in  an 


leult  01  Llouds 


DIDRON  S  CHRISTIAN  ICONOGRAPHY. 


light  which  envelopes  all  the  body  from  the  feet  to  the  top  of  the  head. 
The  word  aureole  is  much  used  in  Christian  iconography;  but  it  is  vague,  and 
people  apply  it  sometimes  to  the  ornament  of  the  head,  and  at  others  to  that 
of  the  body.  We  here  restrict  and  adopt  it  entirely  to  the  great  nimbus, 
which  incloses,  almost  always,  Jesus  Christ,  and  sometimes  the  Virgin.  It 
is  true  that  antiquaries  call  this  nimbus  the  fish's  bladder  (vesica  piscis)  ; 
but  a  dignified  terminology  ought  to  reject  such  an  expression  for  its 
coarseness ;  it  was  invented  by  the  English  antiquaries,  who  repeat  it  per- 
petually. Moreover  this  denomination  is  false,  for  very  often  the  aureole 
has  not  the  form  of  a  bladder,  as  we  shall  see.  It  has  also  been  called  the 
divine  oval,  and  the  mystic  almond ;  the  word  mystic  prejudges,  before  any 
examination,  a  symbolical  intention,  which  we  have  very  good  reasons  for 
doubting.  Moreover,  it  is  frequently  neither  an  oval  nor  an  almond  ;  it  is 
simply  what  the  nimbus  is  to  the  head.  The  head  being  round,  the  nimbus 
is  round  ;  the  body  when  upright  forms  a  lengthened  oval,  and  the  aureole 
also  lengthens  itself  generally  into  a  form  nearly  oval.  But  when  the  body 
is  seated,  the  oval  contracts  itself  into  a  circle,  sometimes  into  a  quatrefoil ; 
because  then  the  four  protruding  parts  of  the  body,  the  head,  legs,  and  two 
arms,  have  each  their  particular  lobe,  their  section  of  the  nimbus,  and  the 
torso  is  collected  into  the  centre  of  the  four  leaves."  M.  Didron  gives 
many  examples  of  the  aureole  in  its  different  forms.  The  most  com- 
mon is  that  represented  in  our  fig.  1,  where  Christ  is  seated  on  a 
section  of  a  rainbow :  this  figure  is  the  vesica  piscis  of  the  English 
antiquaries.  In  the  preceding  figure  (fig.  7.),  taken  from  a  MS.  of  the 
tenth  century  in  the 
Royal  Library  at  Paris,[ 
Christ  appears  in  an 
aureole  formed  ofl 
clouds,  which  mould 
themselves  to  the 
shape  of  the  body. 

In  Italy  especially, 
and  indeed  most  gene- 
rally in  other  coun- 
tries, the  outhne  of  the 
aureole  is  more  regu- 
lar and  geometrical. 
It  is  in  some  instances 
a  perfect  circle.  The 
accompanyingcut(fig. 
8.)  is  taken  from  a 
fresco  in  the  great 
church  of  the  con-! 
vent   of    ' 


con 
Salamina  in 


E5:irME      A     SALAMINE     PAR      PAVL        OVRAND 


(Fif.  S.)     God  iu  a  Circular  Aureole. 


78 


NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


Greece,  executed  in  the  eighteenth  century ;  but,  as  M.  Didron  ob- 
serves. Christian  Greece  of  our  times  is  a  country  of  the  middle  ages, 
and  a  monument  of  art  there  executed  in  the  eighteenth  century  answers 
to  one  of  the  thirteenth  century  in  western  Europe.  Here  the  aureole 
is  circular,  and  supported  at  the  four  cardinal  points  by  four  cherubim. 
The  field  of  this  aureole  is  divided  by  symbolical  squares,  with  concave 
sides,  which  intersect. 

The  Divinity  has  here  his  feet  on  one  rainbow  while  he  is  seated  on 
another.     In  fig.  9.  we  have  the  Virgin,  with  a  plain  nimbus,  sealed  in  an 


(Fig.  9)     Ttie  Virgin  in  an  A'.xreole. 

oval  aui'eole,  intersected  by  another  lesser  aureole  of  the  same  form,  which 
encloses  her  feet.  It  is  taken  from  an  illuminated  manuscript  of  the  tenth 
century,  in  the  Bibl.  Royale  at  Paris. 

We  have  said  so  much  on  the  nimbus  and  the  aureole,  that  we  must  pass 
much  more  rapidly  over  the  remaining,  and  much  larger  portion,  of  the  im- 
portant volume  before  us.  In  the  first  section,  M.  Didron  treats  of  the 
different  manners  of  representing  the  first  Person  of  the  Trinity,  God  the 
Father.  The  Father  is  properly  represented  as  the  Creator  ;  yet  in  some 
monuments,  and  especially  among  the  Greeks,  the  Son  usurps  the  place  of 


DIDRON  S  CHRISTIAN  ICONOGRAPHY 


79 


the  Father,  and  is  frequently  represented  in  the  act  of  creating,  as  well  as 
in  other  acts  and  attributes  belonging  to  the  Father,  In  the  following 
figure  (fig.  10.),  from  a  fresco  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  at  Salamina, 
Christ  is  represented  as  the  Almighty 
—  oTvavTOKpaTcop.  In  some  instances 
we  find  the  second  Person  of  the 
Trinity  placed  in  a  superior  position, 
or  with  higher  attributes,  than  the 
first.  In  other  instances  we  find 
the  Father  clothed  in  the  attributes 
of  pagan  deities,  as  the  god  of  com- 
bats, &c.  Some  of  the  singularities 
of  this  kind  may  perhaps  be  attri- 
buted to  sectarian  doctrines  which 
ruled  at  the  time  and  place  where 
they  were  made.  Platonism,  Ju- 
daism, and  Gnosticism,  are  some- 
times traced  distinctly  in  early  mo- 
numents. The  Father  is  frequently 
represented  by  a  mere  hand,  inclos- 
ed in  a  nimbus,  and  issuing  from  ^.p.,,nvRANo.£x.p,cT  vpt.c '.-c 
the   clouds:    he   generally  appears  (Fig.  lo)    ciirist  the  Almighty. 

aged  and  with  a  beard,  and  is  frequently  clad  in  the  mantle  and  crown  of  a 
Pope. 

The  different  events  of  the  history  of  our  Saviour,  and  his  immediate 
intercourse  with  mankind,  give  to  the  Son  a  much  more  varied  character 
than  the  Father  in  the  hands  of  the  medieval  artists.  "  In  iconography," 
as  M.  Didron  observes,  "  the  God  par  excellence  is  Jesus."  We  prefer 
sending  our  readei-s  to  the  book  itself  than  to  attempt  giving  any  notion  of 
the  mode  in  which  this  extensive  part  of  the  subject  is  treated.  It  embraces 
many  collateral  emblems,  such  as  the  cross,  the  fish  (Ixdvs),  &c.  With 
regard  to  the  fish,  we  think  that  M.  Didron  has  shewn  satisfactorily  that 
this  figure,  when  sculptured  on  the  early  Christian  sarcophagi  in  the  cata- 
combs, signified  nothing  more  than  that  the  person  buried  there  was  a 
fisherman.  There  has  been  a  tendency  in  arch?eology  to  extend  too  widely 
the  system  of  symbolism.  The  Holy  Ghost,  the  third  Person  of  the  Divine 
Trinity,  also  occupies  a  considerable  space  in  Christian  iconography.  Its 
most  common  form  is  that  of  a  dove,  always  accompanied  with  the  nimbus. 
The  following  miniature  (fig.  11.),  taken  from  a  French  manuscript  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  represents  the  Holy  Ghost  carried  u])on  the  face  of  the 
waters  in  the  work  of  creation.  The  nimbus  of  the  Creator  is  here  not 
bounded  by  an  outline. 

At  other  times  (and  not  unfrcquently)  the  Holy  Ghost  is  represented  in 
a  human  form,  sometimes  with  the  dove  seated  upcju  the  head  or  arm  of 


80 


NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


EPHD 


(Fig  n.)     The  Creation. 

the  figure  :  this  occurs  chiefly  when  the  three  Persons  of  the  Trinity  are 
represented  together,  and  the  Holy  Ghost  appears  as  joining  the  Father 
and  the  Son.  In  these 
cases  a  regular  grada- 
tion of  age  is  most 
commonly  observed  : 
the  Father  appearing 
in  the  character  of  a 
man  far  advanced  in 
years,  the  Son  as  a 
man  in  the  vigour  of 
age,  and  the  Holy 
Ghost  the  youngest  of 
the  three.  The  last 
cut  we  borrow  from 
the  book  before  us 
(fig.  12.),   was   taken 

°  '  (Fig.  15.)     Tbe  Trinity. 


PICTURESQUE  ANTIQUITIES  OF  IPSWICH. 


81 


from  a  French  miniature  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  represents  the  three 
Persons  of  the  Trinity,  each  with  a  cruciferous  nimbus,  and  enveloped 
together  in  a  flamboyant  aureole,  not  limited  by  an  outline.  M.  Didron's 
book  ends  with  the  chapter  on  the  Trinity.  The  importance  of  this  work, 
and  the  complete  and  satisfactory  manner  in  which  the  subject  is  treated, 
seemed  to  call  for  a  longer  notice  than  we  shall  be  able,  except  in  few 
cases,  to  give  to  new  publications.  t.  wright. 


Picturesque  Antiquities  of  Ipswich,  drawn  and  etched  by  Frederick 
Russell  and  Walter  Hagreen,  Parts  I.  and  II.  folio.  Ipswich,  Pawsey. 
London,  Longman  and  Co. 

Time,  casualties,  and  the  indiscriminate  removal  of  ancient  buildings  for 
modern  improvements,  are  contributing  to  deprive  our  old  towns  of  their 
most  attractive  features,  the  remains  of  the  monastic  and  domestic  architec- 
ture of  the  middle  ages.  In  many  towns  which,  a  few  years  ago,  abounded 
in  memorials  of  the  taste  and  skill  of  our  forefathers,  scarcely  a  solitary 
example  is  now  to  be  found  in  each  street.  The  skill  of  the  artist  is  there- 
fore demanded  to  perpetuate  the  character  of  the  remains  and  their  locali- 
ties before  impending  decay  and  removal  render  the  project  fruitless. 

No  town  has  suffered  more  than  Ipswich  from  the  bad  taste  of  the  per- 
sons entrusted  with  the  care  of  public  buildings,  and  of  owners  of  ancient 
edifices,  who,  because  they  felt  they  could  do  os  they  liked  loith  their  own, 
seem  to  have  studied  to  illustrate  the  bad  maxim,  by  pulling  down  their 
property  and  substituting  fantastic  and  incongruous  piles. 

The  Parts  of  this  Work  already  published  exhibit  views  of  buildings 
recently  destroyed,  and  of  others  which  are  fast  disappearing ;  such  as 
Christ's  Hospital;  Gateway  of  Wolsey's  College;  Interior  of  the  Grammar 
School ;  Archdeacon  Pykenham' s  Gateway ;  the  Neptune  Inn  ;  &c.  The 
execution  of  the  drawings  and  the  etchings  reflects  great  credit  on  the 
artists,  both  of  whom  are  natives  of  Ipswich. 


Seances  generales  tenues  en  1841  par  la  Societe  Francaise  pour 
la  Conservation  des  Monuments  Historiques,  8vo.  pp.  272.  (With 
many  wood-cuts.)     Caen,  1841. 

The  above-named  work  shewing  the  good  that  has  been  already  done 
in  France  by  a  Society  whose  objects  are  similar  to  those  of  the  "  British 
Archaeological  Association,"  is  therefore  selected  for  review  in  order  to 
demonstrate  what  may  also  be  eventually  achieved  in  this  country. 

The  "  Societd  pour  la  Conservation  des  Monuments  Historiques  de 
France"  was  founded  about  nine  years  ago  by  the  zeal  and  talent  of  M.  de 
Caumont,  a  gentleman  of  Caen  in  Normandy.     He  was  immediately  joined 

M 


82  NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. SOCIETY  TOR 

by  M.  Lair  of  Caen,  by  the  Comte  de  Beaurepaii-e  de  Louvagny,  and  by 
the  Abbe  Daniel,  Rector  of  the  'Academie'  at  Caen  ;  and  shortly  afterwards 
by  many  members  of  the  '  Institut  de  France'  and  other  learned  societies, 
besides  several  of  the  noblesse  and  enlightened  persons  of  its  agricultural 
and  industrial  classes.  At  first  the  Society  held  its  meetings  only  in  Nor- 
mandy ;  but  it  was  soon  invited  to  visit  other  provinces  of  France,  in  order 
to  confer  with  their  various  literary  bodies,  and  the  clergy  and  gentlemen 
who  were  laudably  endeavouring  to  restore  their  desecrated  churches,  and 
to  prevent  that  destruction  of  feudal  castles,  and  Roman  and  Gaulish  remains 
then  daily  perpetrated  :  and  this  feeling  has  since  so  much  increased,  that 
the  Society  is  now  called  on  to  visit  several  provinces  in  one  year,  dif- 
fusing thus  its  civilizing  influence  over  nearly  the  whole  kingdom. 

The  meetings  of  the  Society  in  1S41  took  place  at  Clermont,  at  Le  Mans, 
at  Angers,  at  Cherbourg,  and  at  Lyon  during  the  session  there  of  the 
Congres  Scientifique  de  France.  The  meeting  at  Clermont  was  held  on 
the  1 1th  of  June,  under  the  presidency  of  M.  Bouillet,  its  divisional 
inspector ;  but  as  its  object  was  only  to  visit  those  churches  and  other 
monuments  in  that  province,  which,  with  the  aid  of  government,  it  had 
recently  restored,  I  shall  proceed  to  relate  the  transactions  of  the  sitting 
at  Le  Mans,  on  the  17th  of  June,  under  the  presidency  of  the  venerable 
M.  Cauvin,  and  at  which  his  wife,  with  a  few  other  ladies  of  acknowledged 
literary  acquirements  were  permitted  to  be  present.  Business  commenced 
by  a  report  on  the  restoration  of  a  window  of  the  twelfth  century  in  the 
cathedral  there,  and  a  description  of  its  subject,  (the  history  of  St.  Julien ;) 
followed  by  a  notice  of  a  Dolmen  lately  discovered  in  the  vicinity,  and  the 
presentation  of  sundry  archccological  prints  and  di'awings.  M.  de  Caumont, 
as  Director  of  the  Society,  then  distributed  a  list  of  the  questions  for 
discussion  at  its  subsequent  great  meeting  at  Angers,  in  which  those  ques- 
tions not  otherwise  intelligible  were  illustrated  by  marginal  woodcuts,  and 
he  aftenvards  read  an  essay  on  the  Lantern-towers  of  ancient  cemeteries, 
which  was  succeeded  by  a  description  of  a  beautifully  carved  organ-case 
put  up  A.D.  1531.  A  grant  of  money  was  then  voted  for  two  casts  from 
some  ancient  sculpture  at  Le  Mans ;  one  for  the  museum  there,  and  one 
for  the  Society's  museum  at  Caen.  A  statistical  report  was  next  made  on 
the  civil  and  religious  edifices  in  the  diocese  of  Le  Mans,  whence  it  ajipeared 
that  of  seven  hundred  churches  therein  no  fewer  than  five  hundred  were 
as  old  as  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries — many  of  them  having  crypts 
and  stained  glass,  of  which  a  tabular  view  was  in  course  of  publication  for 
the  Society.  An  enquiry  was  thereupon  addressed  to  the  Clergy  present 
as  to  what  particular  restorations  were  most  urgently  requisite  in  the  diocese, 
and  their  replies  having  been  noted  by  the  Secretary,  the  sitting  at  Le  Mans 
then  terminated. 

The  Society  subsequently  met  on  the  21st,  22nd,  23rd,  24th,  and  25th 
of  June,  at  Angers,  into  which  city  it  was  honourably  welcomed  by  the 
Bishop,  the   Clergy,  and  the  literary  societies  there.     The  business  was 


PRESERVING  THE  IIISTORICAI,  MONUMENTS  OF  FRANCE.       83 

opened  with  a  paneg}'ric  by  M.  Cauvin  on  the  general  utihty  of  Archae- 
ology ;  the  ser\-ices  which  it  had  already  rendered  towards  the  settling 
of  several  historical  opinions  previously  doubtful,  and  an  enumeration  of 
those  towns  wherein  branches  of  the  Society  had  been  planted.  The 
architect  of  the  department  having  then  reported  on  the  church  rejjara- 
tions  recently  effected  in  it,  funds  were  voted  for  casts  from  a  capital,  which 
he  had  spoken  of  as  very  remarkable,  and  for  the  purchase  of  a  certain 
tumulus  which  seemed  to  him  likely  to  afford,  on  excavation,  some  interest- 
ing objects.  A  map  of  the  Celtic  monuments  of  Le  Maine  having  been 
presented,  the  director  suggested  that  its  value  might  be  much  augmented 
by  the  addition  to  it  of  the  Roman  roads. 

At  the  afternoon  sitting  of  this  industrious  Society,  under  the  presidency 
of  the  Bishop,  notice  was  given  of  a  Credence- table  of  the  twelfth  century 
lately  found  in  a  church,  remarkal)le  also  for  containing  an  equestrian 
statue.  A  request  was  then  made  that  a  grant  of  money  voted  in  1839 
for  the  restoration  of  certain  cai^ved  stalls  should  not  be  revoked  because 
of  such  restoration  not  having  been  commenced  within  the  period  assigned 
by  the  Society  for  so  doing.  M.  Barraud  announced  that  he  had  instituted 
a  research  into  the  several  materials  and  ornaments  of  chalices  and  other 
ritual  vessels  of  known  date.  A  notice  of  a  mass  of  bronze  fish-hooks, 
and  bronze  celts,  arms,  and  ornaments,  all  found  under  one  large  stone, 
then  led  to  an  enquiry  how  such  heterogeneous  articles  became  so  placed 
together.  Next  followed  a  report  on  the  monuments  of  the  Upper  Loire, 
chronologically  and  geographically  arranged,  and  again  subdivided  according 
to  their  supposed  purport  or  style  of  art :  its  author  eloquently  deprecating 
the  frequent  indifference  to  such  things  on  the  part  of  the  authorities  to 
whose  guardianship  the  laws  of  France  now  commit  them,  and,  in  some 
degree,  also  of  the  clergy,  even  towards  sacred  objects.  A  new  edition  of 
the  map  called  Peutinger's  table  was  aftenvards  exhibited  ;  and  the  Bishop 
having  announced  that  a  Chair  of  Archteology  was  about  to  be  established 
in  his  diocesan  seminary,  M.  de  Caumont,  in  the  name  of  the  Society,  there- 
upon offered  its  best  thanks  to  his  lordship,  and  suggested  the  introduction 
of  some  archaeological  instruction  into  the  Government  school  of  mechanical 
arts  at  Angers. 

At  the  morning  sitting  on  the  22nd,  the  chief  judge  of  the  Cour  Royale 
condescendingly  acted  as  Secretary',  and  business  began  by  a  report  from 
the  Society's  inspector  of  the  Aisne  (no  less  a  person  than  the  Prefet  him- 
self) upon  the  several  works  recently  executed  in  that  department.  Among 
these  were  some  restorations  in  the  cathedral  at  Laon,  and  other  churches 
there,  and  the  u^jholding  of  certain  feudal  castles  and  Roman  camps — 
naming  the  members  under  whose  S])ecial  superintendance  these  works  had 
been  conducted.  The  inspector  of  the  Moselle  then  enumerated  the 
labours  of  the  Society  in  his  department,  one  of  which  was  the  preservation 
of  a  Roman  aqueduct,  and  the  purchase  of  which  structure  was  recom- 
mended as  an  instructive  example  of  ancient  subterraneous  masonrv.      He 


84  NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

stated,  moreover,  that  the  Prefet  had  forbidden  any  appropriation  of  the 
stones  of  a  certain  Roman  causeway  in  the  vicinity  of  some  modern  road- 
making,  and  that  he  had  ordered  all  designs  for  any  '  beautifications '  of 
the  cathedral  at  Metz  to  be  previously  subjected  to  the  approval  of  a  com- 
mittee of  taste  ;  and  concluded  by  informing  the  Society  that  a  sum  had 
been  granted  by  the  department  for  the  maintenance  of  an  interesting 
edifice  formerly  serving  both  for  sacred  and  military  purposes. 

The  Director  then  commenced  the  following  series  of  questions  addressed 
especially  to  members  inhabiting  the  neighbouring  departments.  Are  there 
any  Dolmens  ?  Of  what  stone  are  they  formed  ?  What  are  their  dimen- 
sions ?  Are  they  single  or  divided  ?  Is  their  chief  opening  to  the  east  or 
south  }  Have  any  bones  or  cinerary  urns,  or  instruments  of  stone  or  bronze, 
been  found  beneath  them  ?  Are  there  any  Celtic  tumuli  in  their  vicinity, 
and  are  there  any  collections  of  upright  stones  artificially  placed  in  circles 
or  otherwise  ?  These  questions  elicited  much  information,  (but  which  it 
would  take  too  much  space  here  to  detail,)  and  led  to  a  vote  requesting  the 
Prefets  of  the  several  departments  in  which  Celtic  remains  had  been  thus 
shewn  to  exist,  authoritatively,  to  forbid  their  destruction. 

At  the  second  sitting  on  the  22nd,  which  was  again  presided  over  by  the 
Bishop,  the  Director  put  the  following  questions.  Are  there  any  viUas 
in  the  departments  bordering  on  Angers  referable  to  the  Gallo-Roman 
epoch  .''  Or  any  remains  of  ancient  masonry  near  mineral  springs  ?  Do 
the  fragments  of  Gallo-Roman  sculpture,  hitherto  found,  throw  any  light  on 
its  general  system  of  ornamentation  ?  and  of  what  form  was  the  architec- 
tural capital  usually  adopted  ?  The  subject  of  the  middle  age  geography  of 
Anjou  having  been  introduced,  M.  Marchegay,  the  departmental  archivist, 
furnished  some  documentary  information  thereon.  The  Secretary  then  read 
a  memoir  on  the  tombs  of  certain  Dukes  of  Anjou,  formerly  existing  in  the 
cathedi'al  of  Angers,  one  of  which,  that  of  King  Rene,  he  concluded  with  a 
motion  for  entreating  government  to  restore.  At  seven  in  the  evening 
the  Society  visited  some  of  the  principal  buildings  in  Angers,  inspecting 
first,  under  the  guidance  of  the  Bishop,  his  cathedral,  and  the  ancient  por- 
tions of  his  palace  ;  then  the  interesting  castle,  and,  finally,  the  pretty  little 
chapel  of  Lesvieres,  one  of  the  many  Angevine  edifices  erected  by  '  the 
good'  King  Rene. 

(  To  be  cutUiiiued. ) 

W.   BROMET. 


RECENT  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIONS.— ENGLISH. 

The  Monastic  Ruins  of  Yorkshire,  illustrated  by  a  Series  of  General 
Views,  Plans,  Sections  and  Details,  from  Drawings  made  expressly 
for  this  Work  by  W.  Richardson,  Architect,  with  an  Introduction  by 
the  Rev.  Edward  Churton,  M.A.,  and  Historical  and  Descriptive 
Notices  of  each  Ruin.  Imperial  folio.  Part  I.,  plain,  1/.  Is. ;  tinted, 
11.  lis.  6d.;  coloured,  21.  2s.     York,  1843. 

The  Churches  of  York,  by  W.  Monkhouse,  and  F.  Bedford,  Jun., 
with  Historical  and  Architectural  Notes,  by  the  Rev.  Joshua 
Fawcett,  M.A.,  Royal  4to.  price  21.  2s.     York. 

Churches  of  Yorkshire,  No.  I.  to  IX.  Royal  8vo.,  prints,  2s.  6d. 
each:  proofs,  3s.  6d.     Leeds,  1843-44. 

Churches  of  Cambridgeshire,  and  the  Isle  of  Ely,  published  by 
the  Cambridge  Camden  Society.  Nos.  I.  to  IV.  Royal  8vo.,  plain, 
2s.  6d.;    tinted,  Zs.  Qd.     Cambridge,  1843. 

Lincolnshire  Churches.  An  Account  of  the  Churches  in  the  Division 
of  Holland,  in  the  County  of  Lincoln,  by  Stephen  Lewin,  Architect. 
Imperial  8vo.,  price  1/.  8s.     Boston,  1843. 

The  Architectural  Antiquities  of  the  County  of  Durham,  from 
Drawings  by  R.  W.  Billings,  4to.,  No.  I.  and  II.  price  2s.  each. 
London,  1844. 

Archaeological  and  Graphic  Illustrations  of  Ashbourn  Church, 
Derbyshire,  by  the  Rev.  S.  Tenison  Mosse,  M.A.  Folio,  price 
21.  2s.     Ashbourn,  1842. 

Baronial  Halls,  Picturesque  Edifices,  and  Ancient  Churches 
OF  England,  drawn  in  Lithotint,  by  J.  D.  Harding,  edited  by  S.  C. 
Hall.  Parts  I.  to  III.    Imperial  4to.,  price  5s.  each.    London,  1844. 

Quarterly  Papers  on  Architecture,  edited  and  published  by  John 
Weale,  with  41  Engravings,  many  of  which  are  coloured.  Vol.  I., 
4to. ;  sewed,  15s,  ;  half  bound,  \l.  4s.     London,  1844. 

Contents,  Part  I. 

IV.  Stained  Glass  at  York,  p.  1. 
v.  Primitive  Churches  of  Norway,  pp.  4. 
Part  II. 

I.  Treatise  on  the  Poiuted  Style  of  Architecture  in  Belgium,  by  A.  G.  B.  Schayes,  trans- 
lated by  Henry  Austin,  Architect,  pp.  74. 
II.  The  Art  of  Painting  on  Glass,  or  Glass   Staining,  by  Dr.  Gessert,  translated  from  the 
German  by  William  Pole,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.  E.  pp.  34. 

III.  Account  of  the  Painted  Glass  Windows  at  the  Church  of  Gonda,  in  Holland,  pp.  14. 

IV.  Illuminated  Capital  Letters,  p.  1. 
V.  Temple  Church,  London,  p.  1. 

VI.  Ou  Artistic  Ecclesiastical  Decoration,  by  John  Woody  Papworth,  A.R.I.B.A.,  pp.  32. 
VII.  An  Historical  Account  of  the  Church  of  St.  Margaret,  Stoke-Golding,  Leicestershire,  by 

T.  L.  Walker,  .-Vrchitect,  pp.  22. 
VIII.  Selectiou.s  of  Painted  aud  Stained  Glass,  from  York,  Ijy  Messrs.  Ball  and  Gould,  pp.  4. 
IX.  Church  of  St.  Jacrjues,  at  Liege,  p.  1. 


86  RECENT    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS. ENGLISH. 

The  Ecclesiastical  Architecture  of  Italy,  from  the  time  of  Con- 
stantine  to  the  fifteenth  century,  with  an  Introduction  and  Text  by 
H.  Gaily  Knight,  Esq.      Impei'ial  folio,  Vol.  I.,  price  5/.  5s. 

The  Present  State  of  Ecclesiastical  Architecture  in  England, 
by  A.  Welby  Pugin,  Architect,  with  36  Illustrations.  Reprinted 
from  the  Dublin  Review.     8vo.,  price  9s.     London,  1843. 


Recent  Publications  of  the  "  Oxford  Society  for  Promoting  the  Study  of 
Gothic  Architecture.'' 

On  sheets  at  One  Shilling  each. 
Working   Drawings  of  Ancient  Pews,  or  Open   Seats,  from   the 
Churches    of    Headington,    Haseley,    Steeple-Aston,    and    Stanton- 
Harcourt. 
Patterns     op    Twenty-four    Standards,    or     Bench-ends,     from 
Steeple-Aston  Church,  by  John  Plowman,  Esq.,  Architect,  on  two 
sheets. 
Ancient  Reredos  of  an  Altar  in  St.  Michael's  Church,  Oxford. 
Stall  and  Desk  in  the  Beauchamp  Chapel,  Warwick. 
Pulpit,  Wolvercot  Church,  Oxon.,  with  Plan,  Sections  and  Details. 
\_Other  Drawings  of  a  similar  nature  are  in  preparation  :  also  ground 
plans  and  elevations  of  old  Churches.^ 


Recent  Publications  of  the  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society, 
4to.  No.  VII.  A  Description  (by  Professor  Willis)  of  the  Sextry 
Barn  at  Ely,  lately  demolished.      Cambridge,  1843. 


The  Symbolism  of  Churches  and  Church  Ornaments  :  a  translation 
of  the  first  Book  of  the  "  Rationale  Divinorum  Officiorum,"  written 
by  William  Durandus,  sometime  Bishop  of  Mende,  with  an  introduc- 
tory Essay,  Notes  and  Illustrations,  by  the  Rev.  John  Mason  Neale, 
B.A.,  and  the  Rev.  Benjamin  Webb,  B.A.,  8vo.,  10s.  Qd.     Leeds. 

Illustrations  of  Baptismal  Fonts,  Nos.  I.  to  IV.  Svo.,  price  2s. 
each.     London,  1843-4. 

A  Series  of  Monumental  Brasses,  extending  from  the  reign  of 
Edward  I.  to  that  of  Elizabeth,  with  occasional  examples  of  later 
date,  by  J.  G.  and  L.  A.  B.  Waller.  Parts  I.  to  XIII.  Folio, 
price  6s.  each.     London,  1843. 

The  Monumental  Effigies  of  Great  Britain,  drawn  and  etched  by 
Thomas  and  George  Hollis,  upon  the  plan  of  Stothard's  work.  Parts 
I.  to  VI.     Folio,  price  12s.  (id.  each. 


RECENT    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PURLICATIONS. ENGLISH.  87 

Monumental  Effigies  of  the  Temple  Church,  with  an  Account  of 
their  Restoration  in  the  year  1842,  by  Edward  Richardson.  Folio, 
price  1/.  Is.,-  lintcd,  \l.  11,9.  6d.     London,  1843. 

Examples  of  Encaustic  Tiles.  Parts  I.  to  III.  4to.,  price  5.?.  each. 
London,  1842. 

Antient  Irish  Pavement  Tiles,  exhibiting  thirty-two  patterns, 
ilhistrated  by  forty  Engravings,  after  the  originals,  existing  in  St. 
Patrick's  Cathedral,  and  Howth,  Mellifont,  and  Newtown  Abbeys, 
with  Introductory  Remarks,  by  Thomas  Oldham,  A.B.  F.G.S. 
L.L.D.     4to.,  price  5,9.     Dublin. 

Alphabets,  Numerals,  and  Devices  of  the  Middle  Ages,  by 
H.  Shaw,  F.S.A.,  Nos  I.  to  V.,  price  2s.  M.  each.   London,  1843-4. 

Pal.eographia  Sacra  Pictoria,  or  Select  Illustrations  of  An- 
cient Illuminated,  Biblical,  and  Theological  MSS.  By  I.  O. 
Westwood,  F.L.S.,  Nos.  I.  to  IV.,  Imperial  4to.,  price  8s.  each. 

Polygraphia  Curiosa,  the  Book  of  Initial  Letters  and  Ancient  Alpha- 
bets for  Ornamental  purposes.  Nos.  I.  to  IV.,  4to.,  price  2s.  (Sd. 
each.     London,  1843-4. 

Gailhabaud's  (J.)  Ancient  and  Modern  Architecture.  Parts 
1—15.     4to.     Paris,  1843. 

Costumes  of  British  Ladies,  commencing  with  the  Reign  of 
William  the  Conqueror.  From  materials  collected  during  twenty 
years.  By  a  Lady.  Parts  1 — 4.  Imperial  4to.  Price  :  Single 
Number,  10s.  Qd.  ;  to  Subscribers,  7^.  Gd.  ;  Entire  Work  to  Sub- 
scribers, Al.  10s.  Gd.     London,  1843. 

Textrinum  Antiquorum  :  an  Account  of  the  Art  of  Weaving  among 
the  Ancients.  Part  I.,  on  the  raw  materials  used  for  weaving.  By 
James  Yates,  ]\I.A.,  8vo. 

The  Early  History  of  Freemasonry  in  England,  illustrated  by 
an  English  Poem  of  the  Fourteenth  Century,  with  Notes.  By 
J.  O.  Halliwell,  Second  Edition,  post  8vo.,  price  2s.  Gd. 

Coins  of  the  Romans  relative  to  Britain,  described  and  illustrated. 
By  John  Yonge  Akcrman.     Second  Edition,  8vo.  10s.  Gd. 

St.  Patrick's  Purgatory  :  an  Essay  on  the  different  Legends  of 
Purgatory,  Hell,  and  Paradise,  in  the  jNIiddle  Ages.  By  Thomas 
Wright,  post  8vo.,  price  5s. 

The  Barons'  War,  including  the  Battles  of  Lewes  and  Evesham,  by 
W.  Henry  Blaauw,  Esq.,  M.A.,  4to.     London,  1844. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  WORKS  PREPARING  FOR 
PUBLICATION. 

Notices  of  Warwickshire  Churches. — Deanery  of  Warwick, 
proposed  to  be  published  under  the  superintendance  of  the  Architec- 
tural Committee  of  the  Warwickshire  Natural-History  and  Archaeo- 
logical Society.  Price,  each  Part,  plain  2s.  (id. ;  on  tinted  or  India 
paper,  proofs  35.  6d. 

The  Remains  of  the  Ancient  Monastic  Architecture  of  England, 
Drawn  and  Engraved  by  Joseph  Potter,  Esq.,  Architect,  Lichfield. 
The  First  Part,  commencing  with  Tintern  Abbey,  it  is  hoped,  will  be 
ready  at  Easter.  Imperial  folio,  with  descriptive  Letter  Press,  and 
a  short  History  of  the  Foundation  of  each  Abbey. 

The  Ancient  Ecclesiastical  Architecture  in  the  Diocese  of 
Lichfield,  drawn  and  engraved  from  careful  admeasurements  by 
Mr.  Potter.     In  small  folio. 

The  Military  Antiquities  of  Kent,  by  the  Rev.  Beale  Post,  B.C.L., 
of  Bydews  Place,  near  Maidstone.  Price,  to  Subscribers,  1/.  Is. 
Nichols  and  Son,  Parliament-street.  In  two  Vols.,  8ro.,  with  Maps 
and  Engravings. 

A  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Grecian,  roman,  Italian,  and  gothic 
architecture.  Fourth  Edition,  much  enlarged,  2  Vols.,  %vo.  In 
the  Press. 

A  Companion  to  the  Glossary,  containing  a  Chronological  Table, 
&c.,  much  enlarged.     In  1  Vol.,  Svo. 

An  Attempt  to  Descriminate  the  Styles  of  Architecture  in  Eng- 
land, from  the  Conquest  to  the  Reformation,  preceded  by  a  sketch 
of  the  Grecian  and  Roman  Orders,  by  the  late  Thomas  Rickman, 
Architect,  The  Fifth  Edition,  with  considerable  additions  and  new 
Plates,  from  original  drawings  of  the  best  examples  in  each  style,  by  F. 
Mackenzie,  engraved  by  J.  Le  Keux,  and  other  eminent  engravers. 

Some  Account  of  the  Domestic  Architecture  of  England,  from  the 
Norman  Conquest  to  the  Reformation,  by  R.  C.  Hussey,  Esq.,  with 
numerous  engravings  from  existing  remains. 

Memorials  of  Codford  St.  Mary,  in  the  County  of  Wilts,  containing 
Particulars  of  the  Church,  by  the  Rev.  James  Ingram,  D.D.,  Author 
of  Memorials  of  Oxford,  &c.,  with  six  Plates  of  Illustration  and 
several  Engravings  on  Wood.     4/o.     In  the  Press. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  WORKS   PREPARING   FOR  PUBLICATION.       89 

Hints  on  Glass  Painting,  by  an  Amateur,  illustrated  by  coloured 
Plates  from  ancient  examples.  This  work  is  intended  to  form  a 
Companion  to  Rickman  and  the  Glossary. 

The  Antiquities  of  Gainford,  in  the  County  of  Durham,  com- 
prising the  Baronial  and  Ecclesiastical  History  of  that  place,  and  of 
Barnard  Castle,  with  Descriptive  Notices  also  of  Raby  Castle,  Stain- 
drop  Church,  Denlop  Chapel,  the  Hall  and  Chapel  of  Barforth,  and 
many  other  interesting  objects  of  antiquity  in  their  vicinity.  By 
John  Richard  Walbran,  Esq.     In  the  Press  in  an  advanced  state. 

The  History  and  Antiquities  of  Dartford,  with  Incidental  Notices 
of  Places  in  its  Neighbourhood,  by  John  Dunkin.  Subscribers' 
names  are  received  in  London  by  Mr.  J.  Russell  Smith, 

Views,  Sections  and  Elevations  of  Shottesbrooke  Church,  near 
Maidenhead,  Berkshire ;  a  good  and  pure  specimen  of  the  Decorated 
style;  by  W.  Butterfield,  Esq.,  Architect. 

ViEVFS,  Sections  and  Elevations  of  Minster  Lovell  Church,  near 
Witney,  Oxfordshire  ;  a  very  perfect  specimen  of  the  Perpendicular 
style;  by  John  Prichard,  Esq.,  Architect. 

A  View  of  Devonshire,  in  1630.  By  Thomas  Westcot,  Gent.,  of 
Raddon,  in  the  parish  of  Shobrooke,  Devon.  To  be  Published,  pro- 
vided a  sufficient  number  of  Subscriber's  can  be  obtained  to  defray  the 
cost  of  paper,  printing,  ^-c.    {At  a  price  not  to  exceed  fifteen  shillings). 

The  Annals  of  the  Four  Masters,  from  A.D.  1172,  to  the  conclu- 
sion, in  1616;  consisting  of  the  Irish  text,  from  the  original  MS. 
and  an  English  Translation,  with  copious  explanatory  notes,  by 
John  O'Donovan.  The  earlier  portion  of  this  chronicle  has  been 
printed  with  a  Latin  version  in  O'Conor's  Rerum  Hibernicarum 
Scriptores.  It  is  proposed  to  publish  the  present  Work  by  subscrip- 
tion in  two  volumes,  4to.  Price  to  Subscribers  6  guineas,  to  non- 
Subscribers  8  guineas. 

Select  Pieces  of  Old  English  Popular  Poetry,  illustrative  of  the 
Manners  and  Arts  of  the  Middle  Ages,  now  first  edited  from  the 
original  manuscripts,  by  J.  O.  Halliwell,  12mo. 

Anecdota  Literaria  :  a  Collection  of  Short  Poems  in  English,  Latin 
and  French,  illustrative  of  the  Literature  and  History  of  England  in 
the  Thirteenth  Century,  and  more  especially  of  the  condition  and 
manners  of  the  different  classes  of  Society.  Edited,  from  Manu- 
scripts at  Oxford,  London,  Paris,  and  Bcrno.  by  Thomas  Wright,  8vo. 

N 


90  RECENT  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIONS. FRENCH. 

The  Glossary  of  Ecclesiastical  Ornament  and  Costume.  Setting 
forth  the  Origin,  History,  and  Mystical  Signification  of  the  various 
Emblems,  Devices,  and  Symbolical  Colours,  peculiar  to  Christian 
Design  of  the  Middle  Ages,  with  especial  reference  to  the  Decoration 
of  the  Sacred  Vestments  and  Altar  Furniture  formerly  used  in  the 
English  Church.  Illustrated  by  seventy  plates,  splendidly  printed 
in  gold  and  colours  by  the  new  Lithochromotographic  process. 
Containing  Examples  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Costume  of  the  Roman, 
English,  French  and  German  Bishops,  Priests  and  Deacons ;  Fron- 
tals,  Curtains  and  Dossells  of  Altars ;  the  embroidering  of  the 
Orphreys  and  Hoods  of  Copes,  Stoles,  Maniples,  and  Chasuhles ; 
Apparels  of  Albes  ;  Patterns  of  Diapering  for  Ceilings,  Walls,  and 
precious  Stuffs ;  Bordures  and  Powderings ;  Floriated  Crosses ; 
Emblems  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  the  Five  Wounds  and  Passion  of  our 
Blessed  Lord,  the  Four  Evangelists,  of  our  blessed  Lady,  the 
Mysteries  of  the  Rosary  ;  Monograms  of  the  Holy  Name  ;  Examples 
of  the  Nimbus  ;  Conventional  Forms  of  Animals  and  Flowers  for 
Heraldic  Decoration;  Altar  and  Church  Linen,  Funeral  Palls,  &c. ; 
a  variety  of  ornamental  Alphabets  of  Church  Text  of  various  dates. 
The  details  of  many  of  the  Ornaments  are  given  of  the  full  size. 
The  whole  drawn,  coloured,  adapted,  and  described  from  ancient 
authorities.  By  A.  Welby  Pugin,  Architect,  Professor  of  Ecclesi- 
astical Antiquities  at  St.  Maries  College,  Oscott.  To  he  Published 
by  Subscription,  for  delivery  early  in  May,  1844.  In  one  magnificent 
volume,  royal  4to.  price  61.  6s. 


RECENT  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIONS.— FRENCH. 

Instructions  du  Comite  Historique  des  Arts  et  Monuments.    4to.    Parts 
1,  2,  3,  each  4s.     Paris,  1840 — 4.3. 

I.  Monuments  Gaulois,  Remains,  Chretiens,  Style    1-atin  et  ByzantiiL 
II.  Musique. 
III.  Style  Roman,  et  Style  Gotliique. 

Le  Moyen-Age  Monumental  et  Archeologique,  Vues,  Details  et  Plans 

DES     MoNUMENS     LES     PLUS     REaLVRQUABLES    DE    l'    EuROPE,    DEPUIS    LE    6e 

jusqu'au  16*  SiECLE,  d'apres  les  Dessins  DE  M.  Chapuy,   par  Daniel 
Ramee,  Li  v.  1 — 42,  each  6s.     Paris,  1843.     Folio. 

ViTRAUX  PeINTS   DE    SaINTE-EtIENNE  DE   BOURGES,  RECHERCHES   DETACHEES 

d'une  Monographie  DE  CETTE  Cathedrale,  par  M.  M.  Arthur  Martin  et 
Clinrlcs  Caliier,  Prctvcs.    1 1  liv.,  l.'is.  eacli.    Laro-c  paper,  .30s.    Folio.    Paris. 


RECENT  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIONS. FRENCH.  91 

HiSTOIEE  DE    LA    PeINITRE   SUR  VeRRE  d'aPRES   SES   MoNUMENS   EN    FeANCE, 

par  F.  de  Lasteyrie.     Paris.     Livraisons  1 — 15.     Each  £l.  16s. 

Les  Cathkdrai.es  de  France,  par  M.  I'Abhe  I.  I.  Bourasse,  Chanoine 
lionoraire  de  Nevers.  Splcndide  volume  grand  in  8vo.  velin,illustre  de  belles 
gravures  surbois  et  sur  acier,  couverture  en  or  et  en  couleurs.     10s.     Paris, 

Elemexs  d'Archeologie  Nationale,  precedes  d'une  Histoire  de  l'Art 
IMoxuMEXTAL  CHEZ  LES  AxciEXs,  par  le  Dr.  Louis  Battissier.  Foolscap  8vo. 
Paris,  1843.     6s. 

MaXLlEL  de  l'HiSTOIRE  GeXERALE  de  l'ArCHITECTUHE  CHEZ  TOUS  LES 
PEUPLES,  ET  PARTICULIEREMEXT  DE  l' ARCHITECTURE  EX  FraXCE  AU  MoYEX- 

Age,  par  Daniel  Ramee.     2  vols.  fcap.  8vo.     Paris,  1843.     10s.  6d. 

Histoire  des  Beaux-Arts  ex  France  par  les  Moxumexts  speclalemext 
DE  LA  Sculpture,  et  de  la  Peixture,  depuis  la  domination  Eomaine 
jusqu'a  l'Epoque  de  la  Renaissance,  Dessins  par  Herbe,  graves  par 
Aug.  Gamier.    Liv.  1  to  6,  folio.  3s.  eacli.   Paris,  1843. 

DiCTIONNAIRE  IcOXOGRAPHIQUE  DES  MoXUMEXTS  DE  l'AxTIQUITB  ChRETIEN"NE 
ET  DU  MoYEX-AgE,  depuis  LE  BaS-EjIPIRE  JUSQU'  a  LA  FIX  DU  SEIZIEME 
SIECLE,  INDIQUAXT  l'eTAT  DE  l'aET  ET  DE   LA  ClVILISATIOX   A   CES    DIVERSES 

EPOQUEs,  par  L.  J.  Guenebault,  premiere  livraison.     8vo.  2s.    Paris,  1844. 
Recherches  sur  les  Monumexts  et  l' Histoire  des  Xormands  et  de  la 

MAISOX   de   SoUABK  DANS   l'ItALIE  MERIDIOXALE,  PUBLIEES  PAR  LES   SOIXS 

DE  M.  LE  Due  DE  LuYNES.     Texte  par  A.  Huillard-Breholles  ;  dessins  par 
M.  Baltard.     Folio,  avec  35  planches,  £6.     Paris,  1844. 

Eglises  Bysantines  ex  Grece,  par  A.  Couchaud.  Imperial  4to.  Paris, 
1841—2.     £1.  15s. 

LivRE  d'  Heures,  ou  Offices  de  l'Eglise,  illustres  d'apres  les  Manu- 
SCRITS  DE  LA  Bibliotheque  DU  Roi ;  par  Mile.  A.  Huilbert  et  publies  sous 
la  direction  de  M.  I'Abbe  des  Biffiers,  Chanoine  honoraire  de  Langres.  8vo. 
plain,  12s.,  illuminated,  £6.     Paris,  1843. 

Recherches  Archeologiquks,  Historiques,Biogr.aphiques,  etLitteraires 
SUR  LA  Xormendie,  par  L.  Du  Bois.     Paris,  licleux.   8vo.    6s. 

AxxALEs  Archeologiques  dirigees  par  M.  Didron,  de  la  Bibliotheque  Royale, 
Secretaire  du  Comite  Historique  des  Arts  et  Monuments,  Rue  d'Ulni,  1. 

Les  Annales  Archeologiqucs  paraissent  le  premier  de  chaque  mois,  par  cahier 
de  trois  ou  quatre  feuilles  d'  impression,  grand  in  8vo.  format :  de  deux 
feuilles  gravees  ou  lithographiees  et  de  plusieurs  gravures  surbois  impriraees 
daus  le  texte.  Subscription  price  30s.  per  annum,  but  no  subscription  can 
be  received  for  less  than  a  vcar. 


92  RECENT  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIONS. GERMAN. 

Die  Basiliken  des  christlichen  Roms,  aufgenommen  von  den  Archi- 
TEKTEN  J.  G.  GuLENsoHN  u.  J.  M.  Knapp.  Nacli  tier  zeitfolge  geoidnet  u. 
erklait,  u.  in  ihrem  zusammenhange  mit  Idee  u.  Geschichte  der  Kirchenbau- 
kunst  dargestellt  von  Dr.  Clir.  Karl  Josias  Buusen  ;  in  7.  Heften.  folio, 
text,  4to.     Munich,  £1.  His. 

BOISSEREE     SULPIZ,     DeNKMALE    DER    BaUKUNST    VOM    7.    BIS    ZITM    13.    JaHR- 

HUNDERT  AM  NiEDEE-RHEiN,neue  ausgabe.  Part  1 — 10,  Royal  folio,  18s.  each. 

BoiSSEREE,  AnSICHTEN,  RiSSE  U.  EINZELNE  ThEILE  des   DoMS  von  KoLN,  MIT 

Erganzungen  nach  DEM  Entwurf  des  Meisters,  nebst  geschichte. 
Untersuchungen  u.  einer  Beschreibuno  des  Gebaudes.  in  4  lief; 
Imp.  folio,  28s.  each. 

Kopp  Ernst,  Beitrag  zur  speziellen  Darstellung  des  spitzbogigen 
Baustyls.     Parts  1 — 5.  folio,  6s.  each.     Weimar,  1843. 

Trachten  des  ohristl.  Mittelaxters  nach  gleichzeitigen  Kunst  denk- 
MALEN,  herausgegeben  von  I.  v.  Hefner,  royal  4to.  Manheim,  1843.  First 
division,  parts  1 — 7,  £7.  7s.  ;  second  div.,  parts  1 — 10,  £10.  10s.;  third  div., 
parts  1 — 7,  £7.  7s. 

Friedrich  Hofestadt's  Gothisches  a.  B.  C.  Buch:  das  ist,  Lehrbuch  der 
Grundregln  des  gothischen  Sttls,  und  insbesondere  der  gothischen 
Architectur.    Parts  1 — 4.     Folio,  price  £3.  12s.     Frankfurt,  1843. 

Die  Ornamentik  des  Mittelalters,  Eine  Samlung  byzantin-deutsch 
Architectur,  gezeichnet  und  herausgegeben  von  dem  Architekten  Carl. 
Heideloff  (German,  French,  and  English,)  4to.  parts  1  to  7,  6s.  each. 
Nurnberg,  1843. 

Ornamentik  des  Mittelalters  aus  Italien  und  Sicilien,  herausgeben 
von  Johann  und  Ottmar  Cramer,  4to.,  Part  1.;    6s.  each.     Regensburg. 

Zurich  und  die  Wichtigsten  Stadte  am  Rhein,  mit  Bezug  auf  alte 
UND  NE\\'E  Werke  DER  Architektur,  Skulptur,  UND  Malerie,  charak- 
terisirt  von  Wilhelm  Fussli.  8vo.  2  vols.  £\.  4s.  Zurich  und  Win- 
ter thm-,  1842. 

Nurnberg's  Gedenkenbuch  ;  EiNE  vollstandige  sammlung  aller  Bau- 
denkmale,Monumente,und  anderer  Merkwurdigkeiten  dieser  Stadt  ; 
von  J.  G.  Wolff,  2  lief.  4to.     Nurnberg,  1843.     5s.  each. 

CoN^^ERSATioNs  LEXICON  FUB  bildende  kunst,  mit  3000  Holzschnitten. 
Leipzig,  8vo.,  vol.  1,  16s. 

Denkmale  der  Baukunst  des  Mittelalters  in  Sachsen;  von  L.  Puttrich, 
G.  W.  Geyser,  und  C.L.  Striglitz.     Folio.  Leipzig,  1840,  Probeheft  12s. 

Jahrbucher  der  Vereins  von  Alterthums  freunden  im  Rheinlande,  vol.  3. 
8vo.,  Bonn.  6s.  6d. 

Attribute  der  Heiligen  alphabetisch  geordnet.  Ein  schlussel  zur 
erkennung  der  Heiligen  nach  deren  Attributen  in  Rucksicht  auf 
Kunst,  Geschichte,  und  Cultus.  Nebst  einen  Anhange  uber  die  Kleidung 
der  Katholischcn  welt  und  ordensgcistlichen,  iS:c. ;  8vo.     Hanover,  5s.  6d. 

GRABDENKMiELER  ;   EIN    BeITRAG    ZUR    KuNSTGESCHICHTE  DES  MiTTELALTBRS, 

von  .J.  G.  Dorst.     4to.     Parti.     8s.     Gorlitz,  1842. 


THE 


Srcljaeo logical   gfotirnaL 


JUNE,  1844-. 


MILITARY  ARCHITECTURE. 

The  military  works  of  the  Saxons  were  formed  by  throwing 
the  contents  of  a  ditch  inwards  as  a  rampart,  upon  the  ridge 
of  which  tliey  appear  in  some  cases  to  have  placed  a  palisade 
of  timber.  The  spot  chosen  was  usually  the  top  of  a  hill,  and 
the  figure  of  the  entrenchment  depended  upon  the  disposition 
of  the  ground.  Additional  banks  and  ditches  were  added 
upon  the  less  steep  sides,  and  the  road  winding  up  from 
below  passed  obli([nely  through  the  defences. 

In  more  permanent  intrenchments  a  waU  was  constructed 
upon  the  outer  face  of  the  mound.  The  Romans,  whose 
Avorks  were  defended  on  this  principle,  called  the  ditch,  bank, 
and  wall.  Wig  fossa,  agger,  and  vallum^. 

The  Romans,  who  carried  heavy  baggage,  trusted  more  to 
the  discipline  of  their  sentinels,  and  cared  less  for  a  distant 
view.  Their  field  works  lie  in  the  lower  country,  and  though 
formed  of  earth,  are  set  out  by  the  rules  of  castrametation,  and 
are  commonly  rectangular,  with  two  or  four  entrances''. 

Their  permanent  stations  were  constructed  upon  a  greater 
scale.  A  rectangular  area''  was  enclosed  by  a  thick  wall,  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high,  strengthened  liy  buttresses,  oi* 
towers  projecting  externally,  and  a  ditch.  The  '  Praetorian' 
and  '  Decuman'  gates  were  in  the  middle  of  opposite  sides,  and 
the  'Principal'  gates  were  similarly  placed  in  the  nMuaining 
sides,  the  roads  crossing  at  right  angles  in  the  centre.  The 
direction  of  the  main  streets  of  Chester,  Wallingford,  and 
Caerwent,  shew  the  Roman  origin  of  each  place.     The  mate- 

"  Bower  walls,  Bristol.  '^  Portchestcr,  4^  acres;    Ricbhoroujfli  ; 

''  Bitton    and    Laiisdown,   near    Bath;      Pcvensey;  Burgh;  Lincoln;  Silchester. 
Wallingford. 

O 


91  MILITARY    ARCHITECTURE. 

rial  employed  in  Roman  buildings  is  that  of  tlie  country,  the 
Avork  frequently  herringbone,  or  some  Roman  pattern,  with 
occasional  bonding-com-ses  of  flat  Roman  brick.  A  mail  coach 
road  still  enters  old  Lincoln  under  the  Roman  arch,  and  the 
road  from  Chepstow  to  Newport  passes  through  the  Praetorian 
and  Decuman  entrances  of  Caerwent. 

These  Roman  works,  however,  are  rather  walled  camps 
than  castles.  It  is  certain  that  the  Conqueror  found  no  for- 
tress in  England  at  all  resembling  those  Avhose  ruins  have 
descended  to  the  present  day.  WiUiam,  however,  constructed 
very  many  castles,  and  before  the  death  of  Stephen  their  number 
is  said  to  have  amounted  to  eleven  hundred  and  fifteen. 

These  castles  at  first  supported  the  Sovereign;  but  as  the 
feudal  system  took  root,  they  by  degrees  became  obnoxious  to 
his  power.  By  a  treaty  between  Stephen  and  Henry  Duke  of 
Normandy,  many  of  the  later  castles  were  rased,  and  upon 
Henry's  accession  to  the  crown  he  destroyed  many  more. 
Power  to  grant  a  Llcentia  h'rucUare  et  teuellare,  or  permission 
to  crenellate  or  embattle  and  to  make  loop-holes  for  defence 
in  the  walls  of  a  dwelling,  became  a  part  of  the  royal  pre- 
rogative. 

The  crown  castles  were  held  by  constables  or  castellans,  and 
the  feuars  of  the  castle  lands  held  them  by  tenures,  chiefly 
military,  and  connected  with  the  defence  of  the  castle,  or  of 
the  lord  when  residing  in  it.  The  tAvelve  knights  of  Glamor- 
gan held  their  estates  by  the  temu'e  of  castle  guard  at  Cardifl', 
and  the  Stanton  tower  at  Belvou*,  was  long  repaired  by  the 
family  of  Stanton,  whose  arms  were  a  grant  from  the  lords  of 
that  castle.  The  Tower,  Dover,  Windsor,  St.  Briavel's,  and 
other  crown  castles,  are  still  held  by  constables.  Castle  guard 
was  abolished  with  the  other  feudal  tenures  by  Charles  II. 

The  general  type  of  a  Norman  castle  was  composed  of  the 
following  parts. 

The  keep.  The  tcalls  of  the  enceinte.  The  base  court. 
The  mound  and  donjon.     The  difch. 

The  Norman  keep,  both  in  England  and  Normandy,  is 
conmionly  formed  after  one  model.  Its  plan  is  a  square  or 
oblong,  its  height  from  one  to  two   squares <i,  strengthened 

''  Rochester,  70  feet  by  70  feet,  and  104  and  70  feet  high.   Castleton,  38  feet  square. 

feet  higli.     London,  IKJ  by  Ofi,  and  G!)  feet  Bowes,  75  by  60,  and  53  feet  high,  all  ex- 

Iiigh.     Canterbury,  87  feet  square  and  50  elusive  of  turrets.     The  inequality  in  the 

feet  high.     Newcastle  on  Tyne,  GO  by  60,  dimensions  is  chiefly  caused  by  the  exterior 

and    80  feet  high.     Guildford,  ll  by  4i,  stair  on  one  side. 


MILITARY  ARCHITECTURE. 


95 


along  the  sides  by  the  usual  flat  Norman  buttress  %  rising  from 
a  general  plinth,  and  dying  into  the  wall  below  its  summit. 
The  end  pilasters  of  each  face  unite  at  and  caj)  the  angle,  and 
rise  a  story  above  the  walls  to  form  four  angular  turrets*'.  The 
wall  at  the  base  is  from  twelve  to  eighteen,  or  even  twenty- 
four  feet  thick,  and  diminishes  usually  by  internal  offsets  to 
eight  or  ten  feet  at  the  top,  with  a  battlement  of  from  one  to 
two  feet  thick. 


j  M4-l-'-J-Ua4-l-Ufafefcfcfc> 


The  Tower,  Loudon 


The  lower  openings  are  loops,  the  upper  the  usual  Xornian 
window,  frequently  double  and  of  a  good  size,  as  in  the  keep 
at  Goodrich. 

The  entrance  is  usually  by  an  arched  door  upon  the  first 
floor,  placed  near  one  corner,  and  ap])roached  by  stairs  })arall(l 
to  the  wall.  The  stair  is  either  defen(led  by  a  parapet  or  arched 
over,  when  the  whole  forms  a  smaller  square  tower  appended  to 
the  keep,  and  reaching,  as  at  Newcastle  and  Dover,  to  its  second 

*  At  Loclics  tliey  are  parts  of  circles.  and  London  have  semicircular  projections 

'  At    London    one  turret   is  round  ;    at      from  one  side. 
Newcastle  one  is  niultauijular  ;    Culcliester 


96  MILITARY    ARCHITECTURE. 

story.  This  appendage  is  commonly  applied  to  the  east  side  of 
the  keep.  Sometimes,  however,  as  at  Prudhoe,  Canterbury,  and 
Ogmore,  co.  Glamorgan,  the  only  entrance  appears  to  have  been 
by  a  small  portal  on  the  gronnd  floor;  in  other  cases,  as 
Dover,  Portchester,  and  Newcastle,  both  methods  are  em- 
ployed. 

The  ground  floor  is  sometimes  vaulted ;  at  Portchester,  New- 
castle, and  Bowes,  the  groins  spring  from  a  central  column.  The 
upper  floors  are  usually  of  timber.  Newcastle  is  a  rare  instance 
of  an  apparently  original  vault  in  the  upper  story. 

Large  keeps,  as  London,  are  sometimes  divided  by  a  wall 
into  two  parts ;  but  commonly,  as  at  Hedingham,  Rochester, 
and  Beaugency  near  Caen,  upon  the  principal  floor  an  arch 
springs  from  wall  to  wall,  with  perhaps  an  intermediate  column 
dividing  it  into  two  and  carrying  the  upper  floor  beams. 

The  walls  are  hollowed  out  at  diflerent  levels  into  staircases, 
galleries,  chambers  for  bedrooms,  chapels,  sewers,  and  openings 
for  various  purposes^'.  The  windows  are  splayed  so  as  to  form 
a  large  interior  arch,  and  the  gaUeries  thread  the  walls  and 
open  in  the  jambs  of  the  windows  like  the  triforial  galleries  of 
a  cathedral.  Usually,  as  at  London,  Hedingham,  and  New- 
castle, the  uppermost  gallery  runs  quite  round  the  building, 
communicating  with  each  window  without  entering  the  great 
room.  At  one  angle  a  spiral  stair  rises  from  the  base  to  the 
summit,  and  opens  into  each  floor  and  gallery. 

The  mm*al  chambers  are  sometimes  ribbed,  the  galleries  have 
the  usual  barrel  vault. 

The  principal  floors  have  flre-places  with  ascending  flues.  At 
Ogmore  and  Rochester,  the  fireplaces  are  handsomely  worked ; 
at  Rochester  the  flue  is  wanting,  and  the  smoke  escapes  out- 
wards by  a  guarded  vent  a  little  above  the  hearth.  At  Bam- 
borough  there  appear  to  be  no  flues.  At  Dover  the  flues  are 
said  to  be  original,  Init  the  fire-places  are  very  late  Perpen- 
dicular. They  open  from  the  mural  chambers  instead  of  from 
the  principal  rooms. 

The  well  is  commonly  in  the  substance  of  the  wall,  through 
which  its  pipe,  of  from  2  feet  to  2  feet  9  inches  diameter, 


^  At    Newcastle,  tlic   chapel,  a   beaiiti-  Norman  churches.     At  Ludlow  the  chapel 

ful  one,  is  under  the  stairs.     At  Conings-  is   circular.     Bamborough    has    a    chapel. 

borough,   it    occupies   part   of    a   buttress,  The    chapel   at   Dover  is   in   the  entrance 

and  tliere  is  a  piscina  in  each  upper  story,  tower;  it  is  a  fine  example  of  late  Norman. 
London    and    Colchester    contain    regular 


MILITARY    ARCHITECTURE. 


97 


ascends  to  the  first  and  second  stories,  opening  into  each*^.  At 
Newcastle  and  Dover  the  pipe  terminates  in  a  small  chamber, 
and  has  no  other  apcrtnre.  In  some  castles  a  similar  pipe 
seems  to  have  l)een  used  for  the  passage  of  stores  and  ainnumi- 
tion  to  the  battlements. 

At  Portchester,  Bandiorough,  Oxford,  and  Castleton,  are 
traces  of  an  original  ridge  and  valley  roof;  this  also  appears 
in  an  old  drawing  of  London.  The  large  arches  sometimes 
seen  in  the  wall  above  the  line  of  the  roof,  seem  intended  for 
the  play  of  military  engines  placed  in  the  valley  of  the  roof. 
At  Portchester  this  arrangement  causes  the  east  and  west  ends 
to  rise  as  low  gables,  battlemented. 


The  Keep    Newcastle  on  Tjme- 


The  walls  and  tmTcts  Avere  probably  sm'mounted  by  a  battle- 
ment, but  those  now  seen  are  rarely  if  ever  original.     jNIachico- 

''  Canterlmrv;   Dover;   Rochester;   Kcnilworth ;   Portchester;  Carlisle. 


98  MILITARY    ARCHITECTURE. 

lations  are  described  in  some  of  the  castles  near  Caen,  but  they 
are  probably  additions. 

The  portal  seeins  to  have  been  closed  by  a  hinged  door, 
secured  by  one  or  two  wooden  bars  sliding  into  the  wall,  as  in 
the  lower  portal  of  Dover.  At  Hedingham  are  grooves  for  a 
portcullis,  but  this  is  rather  unusual '. 

The  Norman  keep  is  not  always  quadrangular.  Orford  is  a 
multangular  tower  of  great  solidity,  ninety  feet  high,  of  small 
circular  area  within,  and  heavily  buttressed  without.  Conings- 
borough  is  of  the  same  class  :  the  base  story  is  domed,  and  the 
door  in  the  upper  story  was  probably  approached  by  a  temporary 
stair.  These  keeps  seem  to  be  of  late  Norman  date.  Tretower, 
Skinfrith,  and  Brunlys  towers  in  S.  Wales,  are  probably  of 
the  same  class.  The  Cornish  circular  towers,  as  Trematon, 
Launceston,  and  Restormel,  have  not  been  critically  exa- 
mined. 

The  materials  of  Norman  keeps  are  usually  the  rubble-stone 
of  the  country,  sometimes  faced,  and  always  groined  and  dressed 
with  ashlar.  When  constructed  upon  a  Roman  site,  the  old 
materials  were  employed,  and  sometimes  the  herringbone  and 
other  old  styles  of  work  were  introduced''.  The  work  is  gene- 
rally good.  Coningsborough,  both  inside  and  out,  is,  even 
now,  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  ashlar  extant.  The  whole 
interior  of  Rochester  is  highly  decorated,  and  the  entrance, 
upper  windows,  and  fire-places,  are  usually  more  or  less  so. 
The  chimney-pieces  of  Rochester  and  Coningsborough,  and  the 
portal  of  the  latter,  are  stone  platbands,  the  parts  of  which  are 
joggled  together,  and  have  stood  well  over  a  wide  space  with 
little  or  no  abutment.  Prom  its  great  solidity  and  simple 
figure,  the  Norman  keep  is  more  durable  than  later  structures, 
and  continues,  as  at  London,  Dover,  Bamborough,  Rochester, 
Prudhoe,  to  give  the  distinguishing  feature  to  the  fortress 
through  every  subsequent  addition. 

The  iDoll  of  the  enciente.  The  keep  occasionally  forms  a  part 
of  the  circuit  of  the  Avail,  as  at  Portchester,  Rochester,  Castleton, 

'  Among  the  quadrangular  Norman  tlicroe;  Dover  (Henry  II.) ;  Falaise;  Good- 
keeps,  are  Norwich,  Oxford  (wliich  appears  ricli ;  Guildford  (late  Norman);  Heding- 
to  have  heen  intended  also  for  the  tower  of  a  ham;  Helmsley;  Kenilworth  ;  Lancaster; 
church  1078);  London  ( l07f<) ;  Newcastle  Lewes;  Loches  ;  Middleham  ;  Penline  ; 
(1080);     Ogmore    (circa     1100);     Bam-  Prudhoe;   Peak. 

borough  i    Bowes  ;    Bridgend   (destroyed) ;  "^  As   at    Penline,    Tamworth,    Colches- 

Bridgenorth;     Bristol    (1147    destroyed);  tcr,   Corfe,  and   Guildford,  the  latter  late 

Brough;  Brougham;  Canterbury;  Carlisle;  Norman;    also  in  tlie  south-west  staircase 

Chepstow;  Chester;  Corfe;  Colchester;  Cli-  at  Canterbury. 


MILITARY    AIICIIITKCTURE.  99 

Richmond,  Oxford,  and  Coningsborougli ;  at  Dover  and  Prud- 
lioe  it  stands  in  the  centre.  The  masonry  of  the  Norman 
walls  was  inferior  to  that  of  the  keep,  and  where  these  have 
not  been  removed  they  have  generally  fallen  into  decay.  Their 
height  was  from  20  to  25  feet,  and  their  general  plan  either 
irregnlar,  as  at  Coningsborongh,  Richmond,  and  Dover,  or 
cu'cnlar,  as  at  Oxford.  At  Richmond  and  Hasthigs  they 
enclose  a  considerable  space,  but  more  commonly,  as  at  Ox- 
ford, Coningsborongh,  and  NcAvcastle  near  Bridgend,  the  area 
is  very  sniaU.  Prndhoe,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Tyne, 
affords  a  rare  instance  of  a  Norman  keep,  with  both  its  o^Yn 
and  a  second  or  supplementary  enclosure  on  one  side,  with 
a  gate-house  and  ditch  all  Norman.  The  outer  gate-house, 
though  late  Norman,  has  no  portcullis.  At  Portchester  the 
keep  occupies  one  angle  of  the  Roman  enclosure,  and  at 
Lincoln  the  castle  wall  stands  upon  the  wall  of  the  Roman 
city. 

The  Norman  buttress-towers  were  few,  and  their  exterior 
])rojection  small,  as  at  Ludlow,  jMiddleham,  and  Richmond. 
They  rarely  constructed  a  regular  gate-house,  but  erected 
two  towers  near  to  each  other.  Good  examples  of  Norman 
entrances  remain  at  the  inner  bailey  Dover,  and  at  Newcastle, 
near  Brido-end.  Sometimes,  as  at  Cardiff,  access  to  the  walls 
is  rendered  easy  by  a  bank  of  earth  behind  them. 

A  Norman  wall  may  usually  be  detected  by  its  dressed 
([uoins,  flat  buttresses,  and  its  square  buttress-towers  of  little 
or  no  interior  projection,  as  at  Lincoln,  Coningsborongh, 
Chester,  and  Carlisle.  The  battlements  of  Orford  wall  are 
])ossibly  Nonuan,  but  it  is  probable  that  they  used  sometimes 
the  plain  ])araj)et,  sometimes  the  parapet  notched  at  long  inter- 
vals. The  wall,  towers,  and  gates  of  the  inner  bailey  of  Dover 
are  Norman,  as  is  part  of  the  battlement,  and  the  whole  form 
a  very  fine  example. 

The  bciiic-coart  contahied  garrison  lodgings  and  offices,  and 
often  a  second  wall. 

The  moil  lid  \  or  mote,  is  a  tumidus  of  earth,  from  30  to 

>  Norman   mounds  remain  at   Bedford,  liugford,  Warwick,  Windsor,  Yielden,  York. 

15crkhampstead,Cainhoe,  Carisbrook,  Clirist  AtChateau  sur  Epte,  in  Normandy,  tlicre 

Church  Castle,  Cambridge,  Clare,  Cardiff,  are  two  mounds,  one  within  and  one  foniiing 

Durham,  Eaton-Socon,  i'ontenay-le-Mar-  part  cf  the  enclosure.     At  York  and  Can- 

mion,    Hinckley,    Lewes,    Lincohi,    Marl-  terbury  are   mounds   just  within  the   city 

borougli,  Oxford,  Fleshy,  Pevensey,  Rising-  walls.     In   modern    fortifications    they  are 

hoe,  Sandal,  Tamwortli,  Tonbridgc,  Tod-  called  Cavaliers.    There  is  one  in  the  citadel 

dington,  Worcester  (now  destroyed),  Wal-  of  Antwerp. 


100 


MILITARY    ARCHITECTURE. 


CO  feet  liigli,  and  from  60  to  100  feet  diameter  at  the  top. 
At  Cambridge  it  stands  without,  at  Cardiff  within  the  walls, 
in  some  instances  it  forms  part  of  their  circuit.  Within  a 
radius  of  twenty  leagues  of  Caen  are  sixty  castles  with  these 
mounds. 

They  have  not  been  carefully  examined.  That  at  Oxford 
contains  a  ribbed  Norman  chamber  and  well  in  its  base,  acces- 
sible by  steps  from  the  summit.  At  Wallingford,  the  well  is 
in  the  side.  These  mounds  were  certainly  thrown  up  by  the 
builders  of  the  castles,  and  could  not  have  supported  any 
heavy  load ;  occasionally,  they  appear  to  have  been  crowned 
by  a  light  shell  of  wall,  circular  or  multangular"",  regularly 
embattled  for  defence,  but  not  roofed  over,  or  so  roofed  as  to 
leave  an  open  com-t  in  the  centre.  Part  of  that  at  Tamworth 
is  a  Norman  tower,  with  a  curtain  wall,  shewing  herring-bone 
masonry.  These  buildings  probably  are  founded  as  deep  as  the 
bottom  of  the  mound. 

The  dltcli  was  either  wet  or  dry,  according  to  circumstances ; 
where  the  place  is  defended  naturally,  as  at  Castleton  or  Peak 
Castle,  it  is  omitted. 

The  Early  English  period,  rich  in  ecclesiastical,  is  poor  in 
military  structures.  Walls  and  buttresses  were  added,  but 
the  ornaments  of  the  style  are  rare.  The  middle  wall  of 
London  was  the  work  of  Henry  III.,  1239  ;  and  one  of  the 
towers  contains  a  groined  Early  English  chamber.  There  are 
also  Early  English  additions  to  the  keep.  The  gateways  of 
the  inner  bailey  at  Dover,  with  their  portcullis,  though  Nor- 
man, bear  some  featm'es  of  the  Early  English  style. 

Much  of  Cardiff  is  Early  English,  upon  a  Norman  founda- 
tion, as  are  the  additions  to  the  keep  of  Chepstow.  The  chapel 
in  Marten's  tower,  with  its  ball-floAver  moulding,  and  part  of 
the  wall,  is  late  in  this  style.  The  ruins  of  Cambridge  seem 
to  be  Early  English,  as  are  parts  of  the  outer  bailey  of  Dover. 
Some  of  the  small  castles  erected  in  Glamorganshire,  of  Eitz- 
hamon's  sub-infcudatories,  were  in  the  Early  English  style, 
though  for  the  most  part  on  a  Norman  ground-plan.  Ogniore 
is  decided  Norman.  Sully,  the  ground-plan  of  which  has 
been  recently  excavated,  appears  to  have  been  upon  a  Nor- 


"1  The  shell  or  remains  of  it  are  seen      at  "^'ork,  Lincoln,  Clave,  Tamworth,  Caris- 
at  Chriteau-Gaillard,  built  hy  Richard  I.,      brook. 
Oxford,   Cardiff,  iJuihaiii,  Clifford's  tower 


MILITARY    ARCHITECTURE.  H)! 

man  plan,  but  the  work  is  decided  Early  English.  The  fine 
circidar  keep  of  Coney,  near  Caen,  200  feet  high,  and  vaidted 
in  every  stoiy,  the  chateau  of  Gisors,  and  other  circidar 
towers,  are  executed  in  this  style. 

In  the  works  of  this  period  there  was  a  tendency  to  econo- 
mize men  and  material  by  a  more  skilfid  disposition  of  the 
parts  of  the  fortification. 

The  Norman  castle  held  a  small  garrison,  who  trusted  to 
the  passive  resistance  of  their  walls ;  their  successors  diminished 
the  sohdity  to  increase  the  extent  of  tlieii*  front,  and  by  throw- 
ing out  salient  points  were  enabled  to  combine  their  forces 
upon  any  one  point.  A  wall  cannot  be  advantageously  de- 
fended unless  so  constructed  that  the  exterior  base  of  one 
part  can  be  seen  from  the  interior  summit  of  another  ;  hence 
the  advantage  of  buttress  or  flanking  towers,  which  not  only 
add  to  the  passive  strength  of  the  line,  but  enable  the  garri- 
son to  defend  the  intermediate  or  cm-tain  wall.  By  this 
means,  the  ciu-tain,  that  part  of  the  line  of  defence  least  able 
to  resist  the  ram,  became  that  in  defence  of  which  most 
weapons  could  be  brought  to  bear,  whilst  the  towers  which 
had  not  the  advantage  of  being  thus  flanked,  were,  from  their 
form  and  solidity,  in  but  little  danger  of  being  breached.  If 
we  suppose  a  square  or  polygon  to  be  fortified  by  a  wall, 
with  towers  at  its  angles,  it  is  evident  that  the  centre  of 
each  ciu-tain  wall,  midway  between  its  towers,  ^\dll  be  pas- 
sively the  weakest  part  of  the  wall,  but  that  in  defence  of 
which  most  weapons  can  be  directed ;  and  the  centre  of  each 
tower,  midway  between  its  cm'tains,  will  be  the  strongest  part 
of  the  work,  but  that  in  defence  of  which  fewest  weapons  can 
be  chrected  ;  or,  in  other  words,  if  from  the  centre  of  a  i)oly- 
gon  we  draw  straight  lines,  passing  one  through  each  of  its 
angles,  and  one  midway  through  each  of  its  sides,  the  prolon- 
gations of  the  former  will  be  the  safest,  the  prolongations  of 
the  latter  the  most  exposed  du'cctions  in  which  an  enemy  can 
a})proach. 

Lines  drawn  from  the  centre  of  a  place  through  its  angles  arc 
called  "capitals;"  they  are  the  lines  of  ap})roach  at  present 
employed. 

The  changes  introduced  with  the  thii-te(Mith  century  as- 
sumed a  determinate  forni  under  Edward  I.,  and  produced  tiie 
second  gn^at  type  of  English  castle,  the  "  Edwardian"  or 
Concentric. 


102 


MILITARY    ARCHITECTURE. 


In  the  Edwardian  castle,  the  solid  keep  becomes  developed 
into  an  open  quadrangle,  defended  at  the  sides  and  angles  by 
gate-houses  and  towers,  and  containing  the  hall  and  state 
apartments  ranged  along  one  side  of  the  court.  The  term 
keep  is  no  longer  applicable,  and  around  this  inner  ward,  or 
bailey,  two  or  three  lines  of  defence  are  disposed  concentrically. 
Such  castles  frequently  enclose  many  acres,  and  present  an 
imposing  appearance". 

The  parts  of  a  perfect  Edwardian  castle  are : — The  inner 
hailey,  the  walh  of  the  enceinte,  single,  double,  or  triple. 
The  middle  and  outer  baileys  contained  between  the  walls.  The 
(jaie-liouses  and  j^oslerns.  The  ditch.  The  inner  bailey  con- 
tained the  hall,  often  of  great  size,  the  chapel,  the  better  class 
of  apartments,  and  an  open  com't.  The  offices  usually  were 
placed  in  the  middle  bailey,  on  the  outside  of  the  wall  of  the 
hall.  The  outer  bailey  contained  stabling,  at  Caerphilly  a  mill, 
at  Portchester  and  Dover  a  monastery,  and  often  a  moderate 
sized  mound  of  earth  or  cavalier  to  carry  a  large  engine.  The 
walls  were  strengthened  by  "nmral,"  or  towers  projecting  in- 
Avards,  but  flush  with  the  face  of  the  wall,  and  "buttress-towers" 
projecting  outwards  beyond  it.  These  towers  were  sometimes 
circular,  as  at  Conway  and  Caerphilly ;  sometimes  square  or 
oblong,  as  at  Dover  and  Portchester ;  sometimes  multangular, 
as  at  Caernarvon  and  Cardiff".  The  Beauchamp  tower  at 
Warwick  is  a  fine  example  of  a  multangular  tower,  as  is  Guy's 
tower  of  one  formed  of  portions  of  circles.  Such  towers  were 
all  capable  of  being  defended  independently  of  the  castle,  and 
usually  opened  into  the  court  and  upon  the  walls  by  portals, 
regularly  defended  by  gates  and  a  portcullis.  The  fine  bold 
drum-towers  that  flank  the  outer  gateway  of  so  many  castles, 
as  Chepstow,  Beaumaris,  &c.,  are  Edwardian.  Circular  and 
octagonal  towers  of  this  age  frequently  spring  from  a  square  plan 
or  base,  the  angles  of  which  gradually  rise  as  a  half  pyramid 
cut  obliquely  until  they  die  away  into  the  upper  figure  of  the 
tower  towards  the  level  of  the  first  story.  These  towers  are 
common  in  Wales,  as  at  Marten's  tower,  Chepstow ;  Castel 
Coch,  near  Cardiff;  Carew  castle,  near  Pembroke;  Newport, 
Monmouthshire,  &c.  This  description  of  tower  also  occm's 
next  the  Constable's  gate  at  Dover. 

The  gate-houses  are  distinct  works,  covering  the  entrance : 

"  Beniani's  castle  iiicludcs  Fcvcn  walls,  twelve.  Windsor  and  Caerphilly 
acres.     The  Tower  of  London,  within  the      still  riune. 


MILITARY    AllClilTECTU  RE. 


103 


104  MILITARY    ARCHITECTURE. 

they  contain  gates,  one  or  two  portcullises,  holes  for  stockades 
of  timber,  and  loops  raking  the  passage.  Overhanging  the 
arch  at  each  end  are  funnels  for  pouring  down  hot  matter  upon 
the  assailants,  and  above  are  ovens  and  flues  for  heating  it. 
The  Constable's  gate,  at  Dover,  is  very  early  Edwardian  ;  the 
gate  of  Caernarvon,  1383,  and  that  of  Lancaster,  half  a  century 
later,  are  fine  examples,  and  both  the  latter  have  statues  over 
the  gateway. 

The  di'aw-bridge  dropped  from  the  front  of  the  gate  ;  wdien 
the  ditch  was  broad,  a  pier  was  erected  in  it,  and  the  space 
spanned  by  two  bridges,  as  at  Holt  and  Caerphilly.  The 
harhiccm  w^as  an  outwork,  or  tete  du  pont,  on  the  outside  the 
counterscarp  of  the  ditch.  It  seems  to  have  been  commonly 
of  timber,  so  that  when  deserted,  as  it  was  intended  to  be,  at 
a  certain  period  of  the  siege,  it  might  be  burnt,  and  thus  afford 
no  cover  to  the  assailants.  The  barbican  of  the  tower  of 
London  is  of  stone,  and  evidently  intended  to  be  defended 
throughout  a  siege.  There  is  a  very  complete  stone  barbican 
at  Chepstow,  Another  description  of  barbican  w^as  attached 
to  gates,  viz.,  a  narrow  passage  between  walls  in  advance  of 
the  main  gate,  wdth  an  outer  gate  of  entrance,  as  at  Warwick 
and  the  Bars  at  York. 

The  poste)vis  were  either  small  doors  in  the  wall,  or  if  for 
cavalry  were  provided  with  smaller  gatehouses  and  di'awbridges. 

The  difc/i  was  usually  wet.  At  CaerphiUy,  Kenilworth, 
Berkliampstead,  and  Framlingham,  a  lake  was  formed  by 
damming  up  the  outlet  of  a  meadow. 

The  top  of  the  wall  was  defended  by  a  parapet,  notched  into 
a  battlement ;  each  notch  is  an  embrasure,  and  the  intermediate 
jnece  of  wall  is  a  merlon.  The  coping  of  the  merlon  sometimes 
bears  stone  figures,  as  of  armed  men  at  Chepstow  and  Aln- 
wick, at  Caernarvon  of  eagles.  Sometimes  the  merlon  is 
pierced  by  a  cruciform  loop,  terminating  in  four  round  holes 
or  oillets. 

In  many  cases  a  bold  corbel-table  is  thrown  out  from  the 
wall,  and  the  parapet  placed  upon  it,  so  as  to  leave  an  open 
space  between  the  back  of  the  parapet  and  the  face  of  the  w^all. 
This  space  is  divided  by  the  corbels  into  holes  called  machicola- 
tions, which  overlook  the  outside  of  the  wall,  as  at  Hexham 
and  Warwick,  or  later  at  Raglan,  and  later  still  at  Thornbury. 
If  the  parapet  be  not  advanced  by  more  than  its  own  thickness, 
of  course  no  hole  is  formed;  this  is  called  a  false  machicola- 


MILITARY    ARCHITECTURE.  105 

tion,  and  is  used  to  give  breadth  to  the  top  of  the  wall.  It  is 
coiniuon  to  all  periods,  being  found  upon  Noniian  walls  as 
well  as  upon  those  of  late  Perpendicular  date,  as  Coity  and 
Newport. 

Some  of  the  smaller  Edwardian  castles  in  Wales  are  very 
ciu-ious ;  that  of  jMorlais,  near  j\Ierth}T,  has  a  circular  keep  of 
two  stories,  of  which  the  lower  is  internally  a  polygon  of 
twelve  sides,  with  a  vault  springing  from  a  central  pier.  The 
uj)-filling  of  the  vault  is  a  light  calcareous  tufa.  This  castle 
contains  within  its  enclosm-e  a  singular  pit,  twenty-five  feet 
square,  and  excavated  upwards  of  seventy  feet  deep  in  the 
mountain  limestone  rock.  It  was  probably  intended  as  a  well, 
though  a  clumsy  one.  The  ruins  of  a  somewhat  similar  castle 
remain  at  Dinas,  near  Crickhowel.  The  upper  stoiy  of  the 
tower  of  Morlais,  as  of  Castle  Coch,  contains  a  number  of  large 
fire-places ;  something  of  the  same  sort  is  seen  at  Conings- 
borough,  with  the  addition  of  an  oven. 

The  Edwardian  castles  are  frequently  quite  original" ;  they 
occm*  also  as  adchtions  encircling  a  Norman  keep,  as  at  Dover, 
Portchester,  Bamborough,  Corfe,  Goodrich,  Lancaster,  Carhsle, 
and  Rochester.  Edward  I.  completed  the  tower-ditch  of 
London.  The  existing  walls  of  towers  are  commonly  Edwar- 
dian, though  on  an  older  foundation,  as  York,  Canterbmy, 
Chester,  Chepstow,  and  their  various  bars  and  gates. 

The  Norman  and  Edwardian,  the  soHd  and  concentric,  may 
be  regarded  as  the  two  great  types  of  English  castles,  of  which 
other  military  buildings  are  only  modifications.  After  the 
death  of  Edward  111.,  the  Decorated  gave  place  to  the  Per- 
pendicular style;  and  though  a  few  fine  castles,  and  very 
many  embattled  gateways p,  continued  to  be  erected,  far  less 

o  Among  the  castles  either  originally  The  west  gate  is  one  of  the  finest  city  gate- 
constructed,  or  thoroughly  re-edified  in  this  ways  in  England,  hut  its  drawhridge  is 
style,  are  Cilgarran,  1222;  Flint  and  destroyed,  as  is  its  connexion  with  the  city 
Rhuddlan,    1275  ;     Hawarden    and    Den-  wall  on  each  side. 

high    about  the    same   time ;    Caernarvon,  The   gateways   of  Leicester  castle   and 

1283;    Conway,  modified   in    plan   by   its  Alnwick   abbey  are    both    Perpendicular; 

position,    1284;    Beaumaris,   1295;    Caer-  Newport,    Monmouthshire,    and    St.    Do- 

philly,  Harlech,  Morlais,  the  same  reign;  nat's,  Glamorganshire,  still  later;   Caistor, 

Queenborough,  1361;   Cowling  and  Raby,  Henry   V.  and   VI.;    part    of    Coity   and 

1378  ;  Bolton  castle,  and  the  west  gate  of  Rye   House,   Henry  VI.  ;    Fowey   towers, 

Canterbury,  in  the  same  reign;    most   of  Edward  IV.;    Raglan,  the   great  gate    of 

Dudley  and  Warwick  are  a  little  earlier.  Carisbrook,    Nettle    Hall,   Essex,    Henry 

P  The  gateway  of  St.  Augustine's,  and  VII.;   Buckenham,  Essex,  and  Tatersliall, 
the  west  gate  of  Canterbury,  the  one  Early  are  both  very  late  Perpendicular;  Thorn- 
Decorated,   and    the   other  Perpendicular,  bury  1511,  and  Tichficld  house  the  same 
aflbrd  a  fine  example  of  the  contrast  he-  reign, 
twcen  monastic  and  military  arcliitecture. 


106  MILITARY    ARCHITECTURE. 

attention  was  paid  to  their  defences,  and  more  to  their  internal 
convenience.  The  introduction  of  gunpowder,  by  rendering  a 
lofty  wall  an  evil  rather  than  a  safeguard,  led  to  the  construc- 
tion of  a  description  of  edifice  having  no  pretension  to  with- 
stand artillery,  and  in  which  the  lofty  turrets,  embattled  gate- 
ways, and  moat  of  the  ancient  castle,  were  combined  with  the 
slight  wall,  exposed  roof,  and  spacious  windows  of  a  modern 
dwelling.  This  description  of  building,  sometimes  called  a 
Castle,  but  more  properly  a  Hall,  belongs  rather  to  domestic 
than  military  architectm-e,  although  some  of  them  present  a 
very  warlike  appearance,  and  were  effectively  defended 
under  Charles  I. 

As  the  country  became  more  peacefid,  those  who  possessed 
old  castles  found  them  inconvenient  dwellings.  Some  were 
altered,  as  Powis  castle ;  others  pidled  down,  as  Queenborough ; 
and  the  materials  employed  in  the  construction  of  a  new  house, 
as  that  of  the  Van  from  Caerphilly ;  others  left  in  ruins,  as 
Hedingham,  Rochester,  Prudlioe,  Canterbmy ;  and  some  were 
converted  into  prisons  and  store-houses,  as  Portchester  and 
London,  Dover  and  Newcastle. 

A  sort  of  Peel-tower,  with  bold  machicolations,  as  at 
Hexham  and  Morpeth,  or  with  bartizans  at  the  angles,  as  in 
Tynemouth  and  Cockle-park  tower,  continued  to  be  erected 
and  defended  on  the  Northumbrian  border,  until  the  union 
of  the  two  crowns  under  James,  when  these  also  fell  into 
disuse. 

Henry  VHL,  anno  1539,  erected  a  number  of  block-houses, 
something  between  a  castle  and  fort,  Avitli  a  round  tower, 
casemates,  embrasures,  and  a  moat,  upon  the  southern  coast 
of  England  ;  some  of  these,  as  Sawdown,  near  Deali,  have  been 
preserved ;  others,  as  Brighton,  have  been  destroyed. 

Many  old  castles  were  hastily  repaired  dmdng  the  wars  be- 
tween Charles  and  his  Parliament,  and  strengthened  with 
earth-work  according  to  the  system  of  that  day,  as  may  be  seen 
at  Caerphilly ;  Donnington,  Berks  ;  and  Dover ;  these  when 
taken  were  commonly  blown  up,  and  it  is  to  this  period 
that  we  owe  the  leaning  ruins  of  Corfe,  Bridgenorth,  and 
Caerphilly. 

In  the  absence  of  ornaments,  circles,  and  Ijuttresses,  in  the 

'I  Warblington,  Hants,  belongs  to  the  Sandford,  Sandgale,  and  South-sea  castles, 
reign  of  Henry  VII.;  West  Cowes,  Cam-  were  erected  circa  1.539,  and  Upnor  in 
her,  Fowey  Castle,  Hurst,  Motes  Bulwark,        1519. 


MILITARY    ARCHITECTURE. 


107 


ruins  of  a  castle,  the  thickness  of  the  walls,  and  the  general 
disposition  of  the  foundations,  will  usually  afford  some  clue  to 
the  date. 

The  following  may  be  considered  as  an  approximation  to 
the  nmuber  of  the  castles,  and  remains  of  castles,  in  Britain  : — 


Bedford     . 

.    2 

Durham  .  .  . 

.13 

Eincoln     .... 

.11 

Somerset    .  .  . 

9 

Berks    ... 

.   7 

Essex 

.   9 

Middlesex    .  . 

.    1 

Stafford 

12 

Bucks   .  . . 

.   2 

Gloucester  . 

.   7 

Monmouth   .  . 

.14 

Suffolk 

10 

Cambridge 

.  2 

Hants 

.10" 

Norfolk    

.   6 

Surrey    

5 

Cheshire    . 

.   8 

Hereford 

.29 

Northampton 

.   4 

Sussex    

9 

Cornwall   . 

.21 

Herts 

.   4 

Northumberland  5 1 

Warwick  .... 

6 

Cumlierland  22 

Hunts 

.   4 

Notts 

.   4 

AVestmoreland 

13 

Derby    .  . . 

.  6 

Kent    

.39 

Oxon    

.  4 

Wilts 

.   9 

Devon    .  . . 

.18 

Ijancashire  . 

.   7 

Rutland   

.  2 

Worcester  .  .  . 

.   7 

Dorset  .  .  . 

.11 

Leicestershir 

e  5 

Salop 

.13 

York 

39 

England 

.  .   461 

Wa 

Sco 
Irel 

les 

.  .    107 

tland 

155 

\nd    

Ireland,  about    ,  . .  . 



. .    120 

Great  Britain  and 

. .   843 

This  number,  however,  if  accurate  search  were  made,  would 
probably  be  found  nearer  to  a  thousand. 

G.    T.    CLARK. 


ROMAN  LONDON. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  notices  of  some  of  the  features 
of  Roman  London,  together  wdth  the  various  works  of  ancient 
art  which,  within  its  hmits,  during  the  last  few  years  have 
been  brought  to  hght,  might  prove  interesting  and  perhaps 
useful  to  such  of  our  correspondents  as  may  be  engaged 
in  researches  on  the  early  antiquities  of  oiu*  country,  especially 
if  the  publications,  in  which  from  time  to  time,  detailed 
accounts  of  the  discoveries  appeared,  should  not  have  fallen 
under  their  observation,  or  be  conveniently  accessible. 

It  must  be  obvious  to  all  who  consider  the  present  condition 
of  the  metropolis  of  England,  that  great  difficulties  would  beset 
any  attempt  to  carry  on  a  systematic  exploration  of  the  wi-eck 
and  ruins  of  the  ancient  town,  bm'ied  beneath  the  accumidated 
soil  of  centuries  and  the  crowded  masses  of  modern  buildings. 
Under  the  most  favom^able  circumstances  such  a  project  woidd 
encounter  objections  almost  insiu:mountable ;  but  when  under- 
taken by  individual  zeal  on  a  partial  and  confined  scale, 
at  uncertain  times  and  places,  wdienever  the  earth  may 
be  excavated  for  public  works,  without  assistance  or  coun- 
tenance from  the  directors,  and  usuaUy  in  contention  mth  ob- 
structions and  annoyances  of  all  kinds,  it  is  fortunate,  in  such 
a  state  of  things,  should  any  discoveries  be  rendered  avail- 
able to  the  topographer  and  antiquary. 

In  the  com^se  of  the  last  fifteen  or  twenty  years,  excavations, 
ordered  by  the  Com*t  of  Common  Council,  and  placed  under 
the  management  of  Committees  elected  from  their  oa\ii  body, 
have  been  made  throughout  the  city,  for  sewerage,  for  ap- 
proaches to  the  New  London  Bridge,  for  foundations  of  houses 
in  the  new  streets  and  in  those  which  have  been  widened,  as 
well  as  on  the  sites  of  chm-ches  destroyed,  and  on  that  of  the 
Royal  Exchange.  These  excavations  penetrated  to  depths 
varying  from  twelve  to  tlmty  feet  and  more,  and  it  is  from 
opportunities  thus  accidentally  afforded  that  some  faint  glim- 
merings have  been  obtained  of  rich  stores  of  subterranean 
anti(piities.  Had  the  work  been  conducted  in  an  intelligent 
as  well  as  mechanical  spirit,  important  antiquarian  results 
would  have  l)een  effected.     Thus  when  a  rich  tesselated  pave- 


ROMAN    I>ONI)ON.  109 

nient  was  discovered,  the  workmen  should  have  ])een  pro- 
hibited from  breaking  it  up  until  at  least  cbawings  had  been 
made.  In  many  instances,  at  a  trifling  expense,  the  various 
rooms  of  a  Roman  building  might  have  been  opened,  and 
plans  and  drawings  made  ;  the  direction,  \^idth,  and  pecu- 
liarities of  buildings  recorded ;  and  moreover  and  chiefly,  as  it 
is  not  to  be  expected  that  people,  whose  habits  and  pursuits 
do  not  qualify  them  to  appreciate  the  use  and  value  of  works 
of  ancient  art,  should  of  themselves  promote  antiquarian  re- 
search, it  is  desuable  that  competent  persons,  willing  to  devote 
their  time  to  investigations  having  a  public  and  general  object 
in  \dew,  should  be  at  least  permitted  to  do  their  best,  free  from 
hinch'ance  and  annoyance. 

It  would  appear  that  the  first  settlement  of  the  Romans  was 
made  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames,  about  the  centre  of  the 
present  city.  Whether  they  fixed  on  the  spot  from  its  natural 
advantages,  or  because  the  Britons  had  already  established 
there  a  town  as  a  medium  of  continental  traffic,  it  is  impossible 
to  say ;  we  have  met  with  uo  remains  indicative  of  a  British 
town,  nor  works  of  art  anterior  to  the  Roman  epoch. 

The  line  of  the  Roman  wall  is  well  known,  stretching  from 
the  Tower  through  the  iMinories  to  Aldgate,  Houndsditch, 
Bishopsgate,  along  London  AVall  to  Fore-street,  through 
Cripplegate  church-yard,  thence  betweeu  Monkwell-street  and 
Castle-street  to  Aldersgate,  through  Christ's  Hospital  to  New- 
gate and  Ludgate  towards  the  Thames.  The  erection  of  this 
wall  was  probably  a  work  of  the  latter  days  of  the  Romano- 
British  period.  We  refer  to  other  evidence  to  shew  that 
originally  the  bounds  of  the  Roman  town  must  have  been 
confined  within  narrow  compass  on  the  rising  ground  border- 
ing the  river. 

It  is  well  known  that  respect  for  decency  and  regard  for 
human  health  restrained  the  Romans  from  mixing  up  together 
the  living  and  the  dead.  The  oft'ensive  and  pernicious  modern 
practice  of  interring  the  dead  within  to^\'ns,  contiguous  to  the 
abodes  of  the  living,  was  never  tolerated  by  the  Romans,  who 
made  its  prohibition  efl'ectual  by  legislative  enactment.  We 
find  this  custom  adhered  to  in  the  provinces,  and  the  burial- 
places  belonging  to  most  of  their  stations  and  toAvns  in  Britain 
have  been  discovered  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the 
habitations. 

In    various    cciiti-iil    ]);ii-ts    of    tlie    city,    inilxMldcd    in    the 


110  ROMAN    LONDON. 

natural  gravel,  Roman  skeletons  have  been  found,  accom- 
panied ^^dtli  urns,  coins,  and  other  remains,  which  leave  no 
doubt  of  the  sepulchral  character  of  the  deposits.  As  late  as 
within  the  last  month  several  skeletons  were  discovered  in 
King  William-street,  at  .the  corner  of  St.  Smthin's-lane,  and 
with  them  fragments  of  pottery,  and  coins,  in  second  brass  of 
Antonia,  Claudius,  Nero,  and  Vespasian.  As  all  the  coins 
found  under  similar  circumstances  in  the  centre  of  the  city  are 
invariably  of  the  Higher  Empire,  these  interments  we  infer 
were  made  in  early  times,  and  probably  soon  after  the  time 
of  the  last  named  emperor,  when  no  iDuildings  stood  near, 
and  when  the  district  was  resorted  to  for  the  bmial  of  the  dead, 
as  being  remote  from  the  town. 

During  the  excavations  made  for  the  foundations  of  the  New 
Royal  Exchange,  an  ancient  gravel-pit  was  opened.  This  pit 
was  filled  with  rubbish,  chiefly  such  as  at  the  present  day  is 
thrown  on  waste  places  in  the  precincts  of  towns  ;  dross 
from  smithies,  bones  and  horns  of  cows,  sheep,  and  goats  ; 
ordure,  broken  pottery,  old  sandals,  and  fragments  of  leathern 
harness,  oyster  shells,  and  nearly  a  dozen  coins,  in  second 
brass,  of  Vespasian  and  Domitian.  Over  the  mouth  of  the  pit 
had  been  spread  a  layer  of  gravel,  upon  which  were  the  foun- 
dations of  buildings,  and  a  mass  of  masonry  six  feet  square, 
two  sides  of  which  still  retained  portions  of  fresco-paintings 
with  which  they  had  been  ornamented.  Remains  of  buildings 
covered  also  the  whole  site  of  the  present  Exchange. 

The  pit  itself  is  an  interesting  example  of  the  gradual  pro- 
gress of  Londinium.  Erom  this  locality  was  gravel  obtained 
for  the  flooring  of  buildings  and  various  other  purposes  of 
the  infant  colony  ;  but  as  the  toAvn  increased  in  extent,  it  was 
al)andoned,  filled  in,  and  subsequently,  by  an  artificial  stratum 
of  gravel,  adapted  for  buildings.  Here  coins  are  again  useful 
as  evidence.  The  only  one  obtained  from  this  pit,  besides 
those  above  mentioned,  was  a  plated  denarius  of  Severus, 
but  the  agents  and  servants  of  the  United  Gresham  and  City- 
Improvement  Committees,  prevented  my  making  those  close  and 
uninterrupted  observations  which  otherwise  would  have  en- 
abled me  to  authenticate  the  exact  position  of  the  last  coin. 
The  fact  of  there  not  being  found  any  coin  of  the  century 
between  the  time  of  Donntian  and  that  of  Severus,  would 
raise  a  doubt  as  to  whether  the  specimen  of  the  latter  emperor 
may  not  have  been  in  the  vicinity  of,  rather  than  in  the  pit 


ROMAN    LONDON. 


Ill 


itself.  In  antiquarian  investigations  much  depends  upon 
minute  and  careful  observation  :  important  conclusions  result 
frequently  from  a  connection  of  facts  trivial  in  themselves  but 
of  importance  when  combined,  and  the  record  and  registra- 
tion of  these  facts  can  only  be  satisfactorily  carried  on  under 
auspicious  circumstances.  Taking  the  coins  of  Vespasian  and 
Domitian  into  consideration,  we  may  infer  that  Londinium 
had  considerably  extended  its  bounds  not  long  subsequently 
to  the  reign  of  the  latter  emperor ;  but  the  presence  of  the  coin 
of  Severus  suggests  a  later  date,  did  not  the  absence  of  coins 
from  Domitian  to  Severus,  favour  the  supposition  that  this 
isolated  specimen  may  have  been  found  on  some  other  part  of 
the  area  excavated. 

Roman  London  thus  enlarged  itself  by  degrees  from  the 
banks  of  the  Thames  towards  jMoorfields,  and  the  hue  of  the 
wall  east  and  south.  The  sepulclu^al  deposits  alluded  to 
confinn  its  growth ;  others,  at  more  remote  distances,  indicate 
posterior  enlargements;  while  interments  discovered  at  Holborn, 
Finsbury,  Whitechapel,  and  the  extensive  bmial-places  in 
Spitalfields  and  Goodman's  Fields,  denote  that  those  locahties 
were  fixed  on  when  Londinium,  in  process  of  time,  had 
spread  over  the  extensive  space  enclosed  by  the  wall. 

The  vast  moor  and  marsh  lands  on  the  north  side  of  Londi- 
nium were  unquestionably,  by  draining  and  endwnking,  ren- 
dered in  part  suitable  for  buildings,  particularly  the  enclosed 
portion ;  that  beyond  the  wall,  probably,  retained  until  the 
last  century  much  of  its  original  character.  Opposite  Finsbury 
Cu'cus,  at  the  depth  of  nineteen  feet,  a  well-turned  Roman  arch 
was  discovered,  at  the  entrance  of  which,  on  the  Finsbmy  side, 
were  iron  bars  placed  apparently  to  restrain  the  sedge  and 
weeds  from  choking  the  passage.  Li  Prince's-street,  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Bank,  in  Lothbmy,  Token-house  Yard,  and 
the  adjoining  parts,  the  natural  boggy  sod  descends  to  a 
great  depth,  but  the  superficial  strata  contain  the  remains 
of  houses  and  their  pavements.  In  many  parts  of  this  dis- 
trict wooden  piles  were  driven  through  the  unstable  founda- 
tions into  the  natm'al  gravel  to  form  a  solid  substructure. 

The  mode  of  obtaining  a  sm'e  foundation  by  means  of  piling, 
was  as  general  on  the  bank  of  the  river  as  in  the  marshy  dis- 
trict above  noticed.  It  was  observed  throughout  Thames- 
street  and  Tower-street,  and  also  on  the  Southwark  side  of 
the  river.     In  the  last-mentioned  locality,  when  excavations 


113  ROMAN    LONDON- 

were  made  for  the  south  wing  of  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  the 
fomidations,  walls,  and  pavements  of  a  Roman  house  were  dis- 
covered, which  had  been  laid  upon  piles  driven  into  the  sand. 
On  this  side  of  the  river  there  was  evidence  in  the  remains 
of  buildings  reaching  almost  close  to  its  banks,  that  much 
ground  had  been  reclaimed  from  subjection  to  periodical  over- 
flowings of  the  river  when  its  banks  were  low,  straggling,  and 
undefined. 

These  remarks  involve  the  question  whether  Londinium  was 
confined  to  the  north  side  of  the  river.  Discoveries  of  tessellated 
pavements  on  and  about  the  site  of  St.  Savioiu-'s  chm'ch, 
and  other  remains  of  buildings,  pottery,  lamps,  glass  vessels, 
and  various  domestic  utensils  and  implements  tlu'ough- 
out  the  line  of  High-street,  nearly  as  far  as  St.  George's 
church,  demonstrate  the  claims  of  a  portion  of  the  Southwark 
side  of  the  Thames  to  be  comprised  within  the  bounds  of 
Roman  London  ;  and  these  claims  are  further  supported  by  an 
ancient  extensive  burial-ground  discovered  on  the  site  of  that 
now  attached  to  the  dissenters'  chapel  in  Deverill-street,  New 
Kent  Road.  When  the  approaches  to  the  new  bridge  were 
being  cut,  an  excellent  opportunity  was  afforded  for  ascer- 
taining at  what  point  the  Roman  road  from  Kent  did,  or 
did  not,  reach  the  river ;  but  the  persons  in  authority  over 
the  works  made  no  provision  either  for  the  preservation  of 
the  antiquities  brought  to  light,  or  for  instituting  or  even 
countenancing  investigations,  which,  without  impeding  the 
progress  of  the  excavations,  might  have  fm-nished  additional 
facts  to  clear  up  disputed  points. 

It  may,  for  the  present,  be  sufficient  to  adduce  some  argu- 
ments in  support  of  the  belief  that  the  two  divisions  of  Londi- 
nium had  a  connecting  medium  somewhere  about  the  site  of 
Old  London  Bridge.  The  uninterrupted  possession  of  this 
locality  by  a  succession  of  bridges  up  to  the  time  of  the 
Anglo-Saxons  is  well  authenticated,  and  is  of  itself  presump- 
tive evidence  of  a  prior  erection.  Dion  Cassius*,  who  lived 
in  the  early  part  of  the  third  century,  when  recording  the  inva- 
sion of  Britain  by  Claudius,  incidentally  mentions  a  bridge  over 
the  Thames,  and  this  notice,  however  indefinite  as  to  locahty, 
seems  to  determine  the  early  existence  of  a  bridge  which  the 
context  may  incline  us  to  fix  at  or  near  London.  Other  consi- 
derations in  favour  of  this  opinion,  are  the  extent,  population, 

«  Lib.  Ix.  sec.  20. 


ROMAN    LONDON.  113 

and  commerce  which  Londiiiium  then  possessed.  It  was  also  the 
focus,  to  which  converged  the  mihtary  roads,  and  the  thorough- 
fare for  troops  from  Gaul  and  Italy  to  the  various  stations  in 
the  northern  parts  of  Britain.  In  such  a  town,  situated  as 
has  been  shewn,  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  and  to  a  people  like 
the  Romans,  accustomed  to  facilitate  communication  with  all 
parts  of  their  provinces,  as  well  as  to  adorn  their  to\^ms  with 
public  works,  a  bridge  w^ould  be  much  more  indispensable  than 
at  such  places  as  Pontes,  ad  Poiitem,  Pons  jElii,  Triponluim, 
BuroUpons,  &c.,  the  etymology  of  which  names  shews  that 
bridges  were  not  uncommon  in  Biitain. 

That  this  presumptive  evidence  is  supported  by  recent  dis- 
coveries, I  proceed  to  shew.    Tln'oughout  the  entire  hue  of  the 
old  bridge,  the  bed  of  the  river  was  found  to  contain  ancient 
wooden  piles  ;  and  when  these  piles,  subsequently  to  the  erec- 
tion of  the  new  bridge,  were  pulled  up  to  deepen  the  channel 
of  the  river,  many  thousands  of  Roman  coins,  with  abundance 
of  broken  Roman  tiles  and  pottery,  were  discovered ;  and  im- 
mediately beneath  some  of  the  central  piles,  brass  medallions 
of  Am-elius,  Faustina,  and  Commodus.      All  these   remains 
are  indicative  of  a  bridge.    The  enormous  quantities  of  Roman 
coins   may  be    accounted  for  by  consideration  of  the  well- 
knowm  practice  of  the  Romans  to  make   these  imperishable 
monuments  subservient  towards  perpetuating  the  memory,  not 
only  of  theu'  conquests,  but  also  of  those  public  works  which 
w^ere  the  natm*al  result  of  their  successes  in  remote  parts  of 
the  world.     They  may  have  been  deposited  either  upon  the 
building  or  repau's  of  the  bridge,  as  well  as  upon  the  accession 
of  a  new  emperor.     The  great  rarity  of  medallions  is  corrobo- 
rative of  this  opinion,  for  medallions  were  struck  only  for  par- 
ticular purposes.     The  beautiful  works  of  art  which  were  chs- 
covered  alongside  of  the  foundations  of  the  old  bridge, — the 
colossal  bronze  head  of  Hadrian,  the  bronze  images  of  Apollo, 
Mercury,  Atys,  and  other  divinities,  an  extraordinary  instru- 
ment ornamented  with  the  heads  of  deities  and  animals'', — and 
other  relics  bearing  direct  reference  to  pagan  mythology,  were 
possibly  thrown  into  the  river  by  the  early  Christians  in  their 
zeal  for  obliterating  all  allusions  to  the  old  supplanted  religion. 
Some  excavations  made  for  sewers  in  Thames-street  led  to 
discoveries  which  confirm  the  truth  of  Fitz-Stcphens'  assertion 

''  It  has  been  engraved,  and  published  by      vol.  xxx.    Engravings  of  the  bronze  images 
the   Society   of  Antiquaries,  ArchiBologia,       will  be  found  in  vol.  xxviii. 


114  ROMAN    LONDON. 

that  London  was  formerly  walled  on  the  water-side,  and  although, 
in  his  time  the  wall  was  no  longer  standing,  at  least  in  an 
entu-e  state,  there  was  probably  enough  left  to  trace  its 
com'se  by.  The  cause  of  its  destruction,  this  WTiter  tells  us, 
was  the  water ;  but  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  how  the  overthrow 
of  a  work  of  such  solidity  and  strength  could  have  been  thus 
accomplished.  This  wall  was  first  noticed  at  the  foot  of  Lam- 
beth hill,  forming  an  angle  with  Thames-street,  and  extending, 
with  occasional  breaks,  to  Queenhithe ;  and  some  walling  of 
similar  character,  probably  a  part  of  the  above,  has  been 
noticed  in  Thames-street,  opposite  Queen-street.  It  was  from 
eight  to  ten  feet  thick,  and  about  eight  deep,  reckoning  the  top 
at  nine  feet  from  the  present  street  level,  and  composed  of  rag- 
stone  and  flint,  with,  alternate  layers  of  red  and  yellow,  plain 
and  ciurve-edged  tiles,  cemented  by  mortar  as  firm  and  hard  as 
the  tiles,  from  which  it  could  not  be  separated.  For  the 
foundation  strong  oaken  piles  were  used,  upon  which  was 
laid  a  stratum  of  chalk  and  stones,  and  then  a  com^se  of  hewn 
sand-stones  from  tlu'ee  to  fom-  feet  long,  by  two  and  a-half 
in  width. 

Some  of  the  materials  of  this  wall  had  evidently  been  used 
in  an  earlier  public  building,  the  destruction  of  which  may  have 
been  accomplished  diu-ing  some  insurrection  of  the  Britons, 
such  as  that  under  Boadicea.  Many  of  the  foundation-stones 
above-mentioned  were  ornamented  with  moulcUngs  and  sculp- 
tiu-e,  and  had  been  cut  for  adaptation  into  a  frieze  or  entabla- 
tiu-e  of  an  edifice,  the  dimensions  of  which  may  be  conceived 
from  the  fact  of  many  of  these  stones  weighing  half  a  ton. 
Fragments  of  sculptured  marble,  among  which  was  a  portion 
of  a  decorated  stone,  which  appears  to  have  formed  part  of  an 
altar,  had  also  been  worked  into  the  wall. 

At  what  period  Londinium  was  first  fortified  with  walls, 
there  is  no  evidence  to  certify.  It  is  probable  that  this  did  not 
take  place  until  after  the  recovery  of  the  province  by  Con- 
stantius,  or  even  later,  when  Theodosius  restored  and  garri- 
soned the  towns,  and  fortified  the  stations  and  camps "^  against 
the  northern  pirates. 

Foundations  of  other  walls  of  great  thickness  have  been  dis- 
covered in  Bush-lane,  in  Five-Foot  Alley,  hi  Cornhill,  and  other 
localities,  but  the  circumstances  under  which  they  were  observed, 
forbid  om-  hazarding  any  satisfactory  conjectme  as  to  their 

>-■  Ammianus  MarccUinus,  lib.  xxviii.  c.  3. 


ROMAN    LONDON.  115 

original  uses.  The  plan  of  modern  London  gives  us  little  or 
no  assistance  in  forming  a  notion  of  that  of  the  Roman  to^Mi ; 
for  in  many  instances  streets,  which  during  centuries  have 
retained  their  present  com'se,  cover  the  foundations  of  dwelling- 
houses,  and  thus  prove  the  non-existence  of  Roman  roads  or 
streets  in  such  sites. 

Recent  discoveries,  however,  while  they  leave  us  in  doubt  of 
the  sites  of  public  edifices,  and  of  the  arrangements  of  streets, 
reveal,  by  an  abundance  of  scattered  facts,  the  populousness 
of  the  place,  and  the  comforts  and  luxmies  of  its  inhabitants. 
At  depths  varying  from  ten  to  twenty  feet,  we  notice  through- 
out the  city  the  remains  of  houses,  and  of  a  variety  of  domestic 
utensils.  Some  of  the  houses,  as  may  be  expected,  exhibit 
evidences  of  the  superior  rank  or  wealth  of  theu*  owners  in  the 
rich  tessellated  pavements  of  their  apartments.  The  more 
remarkable  of  these  were  found  in  BartholomeAv-lane,  connected 
])robably  -^dth  that  discovered  on  the  site  of  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land, in  Paternoster-row,  in  Crosby-square,  in  Bush-lane,  in 
Lad-lane  and  Wood-street,  and  on  the  site  of  the  Hall  of  Com- 
merce in  Threadneedle-street,  but  all  were  cut  to  pieces  and 
destroyed,  "with  the  exception  of  the  last,  which  having  become 
private  property,  met  a  more  worthy  fate,  and  is  deposited 
in  the  British  Museum,  as  an  example  of  one  of  the  most  use- 
ful and  elegant  of  the  ancient  arts,  by  the  good  taste  and  pubhc 
spirit  of  its  conservator''. 

The  absence  of  inscribed  stones  is  remarkable,  and  only  to 
be  accounted  for  upon  the  supposition  of  their  having  been 
broken  up  in  past  times  for  building  materials.  Two  only 
have  been  discovered,  both  sepulchral;  the  one,  inscribed  to 
a  speculator  of  the  second  legion «,  was  found  imbedded  in  a 
wall  of  the  Old  Blackfriars'  Monasteiy ;  the  other,  in  memory 
of  Grata,  the  daughter  of  Dagobitus,  was  discovered  at  London 
Wall,  jNIoorficlds.  Some  stamped  tiles  are  intercstino;  as  af- 
fording perhaps  the  earliest  instances  of  an  abbreviation  of  the 
word  Londinium.  They  read  |  pbr  lon  |  and  I^F^Bft -lon  |  , 
and  may  mean  Prohntmn  Lond'inU,  proved  (of  the  proper 
Cjuality)  at  London  ;  or  Prima  (coliors)  ^^^itonuni  hO^di/ni, 
the  first  (cohort)  of  the  Britons  at  London. 

The  fictile  urns  and  vessels,  in  an  endless  variety  of  shape 
and  pattern,  contribute  evidence  of  domestic  comfort,  and  of 

''  Mr.  Edward  Moxliay,  of  Threadiicedlc-strect. 

'  It  is  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  VV.  Chaffers,  jiin.,  of  Watling-street. 


116  ROMAN  LONDON. 

that  combinatioii  of  elegance  and  utility  which  charac- 
terizes these  works  of  ancient  art.  Some  of  these  are  proved 
to  have  been  manufactm^ed  in  Britain  from  specimens  procured 
from  the  Roman  potteries,  discovered  by  Mr.  Artis  at  Castor', 
and  from  the  debris  of  others  on  the  banks  of  the  Medway^. 
The  handles  of  amphorge,  and  the  rims  of  a  peculiar  kind  of 
shallow  pans,  have  frequently  the  names  of  the  makers.  A 
superior  kind  of  pottery,  of  a  bright  red  colour,  usually  termed 
"  Samian,"  has  been  found  in  great  abundance  throughout 
London.  It  has  been  supposed  mth  reason  to  be  of  that  kind 
so  termed  by  the  younger  Pliny,  who  mentions  its  being  made 
at  various  continental  towns,  and  exported  to  all  parts  of  the 
empire;  and  its  identity  seems  confirmed  from  being  met  with 
wherever  the  Romans  had  established  themselves.  This  pottery 
is  not  more  remarkable  for  its  fine  textiu-e  and  rich  coralline 
colom',  than  for  the  great  diversity  of  its  ornaments.  The 
shallow  dishes  or  pateree  of  this  ware,  if  not  plain,  are  usually 
adorned  with  a  simple  ivy-leaf  pattern,  but  the  bowls  are 
covered  with  embossed  designs,  comprising  mythological, 
bacchanalian,  and  hunting  subjects,  gladiatorial  combats, 
games,  and  architectm\al  and  fanciful  compositions.  Some 
exhibit  figm^es  which  are  probably  copies  from  sculptm^es  whose 
excellence  made  them  universally  popular ;  for  instance,  that 
of  a  Venus  in  attitude  and  character  much  resembling  the 
well-known  statue  of  the  Medkean  Venus.  These  vases  have 
been  usually  cast  in  moulds,  but  fragments  of  others  have 
been  discovered,  the  ornaments  and  figm^es  on  which  have 
been  separately  moulded.  The  names  of  potters  are  usually 
stamped  on  the  bottom  of  the  interior  of  these  vases.  Of 
these,  such  as  bonoxvs,  divixtvlvs,  dagodvbnvs,  &c.,  have 
a  harsh  and  outlandish  sound,  bespeaking  a  Gaulish  origin, 
or  perhaps  a  Spanish,  as  Saguntum  is  one  of  the  manu- 
factm-ing  places  specified  by  Pliny.  Many  of  the  names  as 
well  as  patterns  accord  with  specimens  preserved  in  museums 
in  Prance  and  Germany.  A  familiarity  with  the  frequent 
arrangements  of  the  letters  of  the  potters'  names  in  mono- 
grams and  ligatiues,  will  tend  to  assist  the  reading  of  sculp- 
tured inscriptions. 

The  use  of  glass  must  have  been  common  throughout 
Britain ;  fragments  of  beautifully -worked  vessels  in  this  mate- 
rial having  been  collected  in  abundance,  and  some  in  rich 

f  I^uinbriva?  of  Antoninus  illustrated.  ^  AvchfPolop;ia.  vol.  xxix.  p.  223. 


ROMAN  LONDON.  ll~ 

striped  blue,  green,  and  yellow  colours,  -which  formed  parts  of 
ribbed  bowls,  shew  the  perfection  to  which  the  Romans  had 
attained  in  the  art  of  colom-ing  and  annealing  glass. 

Many  of  the  articles  which  individual  exertion  has  preserved 
strongly  illustrate  their  arts,  manners,  and  customs ;  and  any 
artist  engaged  in  attempts  to  revive  the  art  of  fresco-painting 
may  derive  useful  hints  from  a  close  examination  of  the  paint- 
ings from  the  walls  of  the  houses  of  Roman  London,  which 
retain  a  freshness  of  coloiu*  as  if  executed  only  a  few  years 
ago.  Many  of  the  objects  in  steel,  such  as  knives,  styli,  and 
implements,  apparently  modelling  tools,  are  in  an  admirable 
fine  state  of  preservation,  to  which  the  wet  boggy  soil  they 
were  taken  from  has  materially  contributed ;  and  to  the  same 
cause  we  owe  the  conservation  of  leathern  reticulated  san- 
dals, and  other  antiquities,  among  which  may  be  mentioned 
some  little  wooden  implements,  such  as  are  still  used  in  the 
west  of  England  for  yarn-spinning,  and  Avhicli  carry  us  back 
to  the  infancy  of  one  of  the  greatest  staple  manufactures  of 
this  kingdom''. 

C,  ROACH  SMITH. 

''  For  detailed  accounts   of  discoveries  Esq.  ;  and  various  communications  to  the 

'\^ made  during  the  last  few  years  in  London  Gentleman's    Magazine,  made  chiefly   by 

see  the  papers  in  the  Archteologia,  by  the  the  latter  gentleman, 
writer  of  these  notes,  aiul  by  A.  J.  Kempe, 


REMARKS  ON  SOME  OF  THE  CHURCHES  OF 
ANGLESEY. 


Penmon  Priory  Church,    near   Beaumarais. 


COMMOT    OF    TYNDAETHWY. 

The  cliurches  of  this  commot,  or  liimclred,  sixteen  in  nmn- 
ber,  are  mostly  of  great  simplicity  of  form,  and  include 
probal)ly  some  of  the  earliest  Christian  edifices  built  within 
the  island.  The  county  town  of  Beaumarais  stands  within 
this  commot,  and  its  parochial  church  (which  is  in  reality  only 
a  chapel  dependant  upon  Llandegvan)  is  the  largest  ecclesias- 
tical building  in  the  district ;  but  it  is  of  a  period  rather  later 
than  that  to  which  attention  will  be  drawn  in  this  paper  :  and, 
though  an  edifice  of  much  architectural  interest,  must  remain 
for  more  ample  notice  on  a  future  occasion.  At  present  all 
that  will  be  attempted  is  to  give  a  brief  account  of  a  few  of 
the  more  notal)le  churches  of  the  conmiot,  which  may  serve  as 
types  (and  they  are  avcH  suited  to  tliis  purpose)  for  the  rest  of 
the  island.   In  general,  the  vihages  in  the  commot  of  Tyndaethwy 


THE  CHURCHES  OF  ANGLESEY. 


119 


are  small  in  size,  and  scattered  in  arrangement : — the  parishes 
are  not  small,  but  the  houses  lie  far  apart  from  each  other, 
and  the  district,  though  well  cultivated,  has  on  the  whole  a 
wild  and  bleak  appearance.  It  forms  the  most  easterly  portion 
of  the  island,  and  is  easily  accessible  to  visitors  of  all  kinds  : 
it  contains  the  frowning  feudal  castle  of  Beauniarais,  and  the 
beautifully  secluded  retreat  of  Penmon  Priory ;  it  is  washed 
by  the  blue  strait  of  the  Menai  on  the  one  side,  and  the  stormy 
inlet  of  Traeth  Coch  (Red  Wharf  Bay)  on  the  other  :— so  that 
for  many  reasons  there  can  be  little  hesitation  in  recommending 
its  mediaeval  remains  to  the  notice  of  modern  antiquarians. 

It  is  the  opinion  of  the  learned  and  acute  Henry  Rowlands, 
author  of  the  Man  a  Antiqita  Restaurata,  that  the  earliest  eccle- 
siastical edifices  erected  in  Anglesey  (and  indeed  in  Britain) 
were  cells  or  hermitages,  built  by  the  first  professors  of  Chris- 
tianity who  settled  within  its  limits  : — that  to  such  cells  small 
chapels,  or  places  of  prayer,  were  attached  ;  and  that  the  people, 
resorting  thither  for  spiritual  instruction  during  the  lifetime  of 
the  holy  founders,  continued  to  regard  them  as  sacred  spots 
after  their  decease,  and,  either  immediately  or  ultimately,  con- 
verted them  into  churches  mider  the  name  or  invocation  of 
pi^the  holy  men,  whether  canonized  by  proper  anthority  or  con- 
secrated by  popidar  opinion.  There  is  much  probability  in 
this  hy]Dothesis,  when  the  local  peculiarities  of  Anglesey  are 
taken  into  consideration  -. — and  it  is  strengthened,  not  only  by 
tradition,  but  also  by  several  circumstances  connected  with 
buildings  of  this  class,  in  other  parts  of  Wales  as  well  as  in 
the  island.  It  is  not  to  be  ex})ected  that  any  of  these  original 
cells  are  now  to  be  found  standing,  though  the  contrary  can- 
not perha])s  l)e  affirmed ;  but  there  is  such  a  similarity  in  the 
construction  of  many  churches  here,  and  their  history  generally 
tallies  so  Avell  with  the  suggestion  of  the  author  named  above, 
that  it  may  be  received  as  a  good  starting-point  of  Cambrian 
antiquarian  doctrine. 

One  of  the  local  circumstances  corroborative  of  this  view  of 
the  case,  is  that  the  earliest  churches  still  extant  are  of  that 
small  simple  form  which  might  have  been  cx])ected  had  they 
been  built  for  the  use  of  a  sinu;le  holv  man  and  a  few  follo\\ers. 

The  original  form  of  the  Anglesey  churches  seems  to  have 
been  that  of  a  small  oblong  edifice  from  thirty  feet  l)y  ten  feet 
to  fifty  feet  by  twenty  feet  internally.  These  would  hold 
about  fifty  or  a  liundred  persons,  and  perha[)s  in  early  times 


120 


REMARKS  ON  SOME  OF 


the  rural  congregations  of  these  districts  rarely  surpassed  this 
number.  The  addition  of  transepts  and  chancels  seems  to 
have  been  made  at  much  later  periods,  generally  in  the  thir- 
teenth and  fourteenth  centm-ies :  but  in  the  conventual  esta- 
blishment of  Penmon,  which  can  hardly  be  classed  with  the 
ordinary  parochial  chm-ches  of  the  island,  the  original  form 
of  the  building  was  no  doubt  that  which  it  still  retains,  cruci- 
form. It  is  very  difficult  for  a  casual  observer  to  recognise 
the  original  nucleus  of  these  early  churches,  but  it  may  be 
generally  discovered  in  the  nave,  where  the  walls  are  commonly 
of  rude  though  solid  construction,  the  level  of  the  building 
sunis:  beneath  that  of  the  external  earth,  and  the  windows 
evidently  inserted  at  some  recent  period,  (often  in  very  late 
times,)  so  that  originally  no  light  could  have  been  admitted 
except  by  the  door,  or  else  perhaps  by  a  small  eastern  window. 
Without  asserting  that  many  of  these  early  buildings  remain 
in  the  present  chm'ches,  it  may  be  considered  probable  that 
even  when  a  new  edifice  was  erected  on  the  site  of  an  older 
one,  the  first  plan  was  adhered  to,  and  that  the  only  change 
made  was  that  of  stone  for  wood  and  rubble.  The  church  of 
Llansadwi'u  (the  church  of  St.  Sadwrn  or  St.  Saturninus)  may 
be  referred  to  as  a  good  instance  of  the  absence  of  all  windows 
in  the  original  nave  : — there  are  some  in  the  southern  side,  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  and  a  small  modern  loophole  at  the 
western  end ;  but  without  these  the  building  could  originally 
have  had  no  hght.  The  naves  of  Llangoed  and  Llandegvan 
are  similar  instances :  so  is  that  of  Llanvihangel  Tyn  Sylwy : 
and  even  in  the  conventual  church  of  Penmon  the  only  fenestral 
openings  in  the  nave  are  small  circidar-headed  loopholes  con- 
temporary with  the  building,  twenty-four  inches  by  nine  exter- 
nally, but  ex])anding  within  to  a  considerable  size.  These 
early  churches  seem  never  to  have  been  paved  or  floored,  very 
few  of  them  are  so  at  the  present  day  :  the  earth,  like  the  soil 
in  the  peasants'  cottages,  is  beaten  hard,  more  or  less  even,  and 
being  generally  diy  serves  tlie  purpose  of  the  hardy  congrega- 
tions. The  roofs  must  always  have  been  of  wood :  no  trace 
of  vaulting  is  to  be  found  anywhere  within  the  commot :  and  it 
is  by  no  means  improl)aljle  that  some  of  the  original  timber 
used  for  these  purposes  may  be  in  existence  at  the  present  day, 
tliough  the  fact  can  hardly  be  verified.  The  universal  covering 
of  these  roofs  is  the  schistose  stone,  which  composes  the  largest 
geological  formation  in  the  island.     The  only  approaches  to 


THE  CHURCHES  OF  ANGLESEY.  121 

stone-vaulting  are  to  be  found  at  Penmon  and  Ynys  Seiriol. 
Here  the  towers  of  the  two  cliiu'clies  are  covered  with  low 
conical  quadrilateral  spires,  or  rather  pointed  roofs,  hi  the  for- 
mation of  which  no  wood  is  employed,  but  the  stones  keep 
la})[)ing  over  each  other  from  the  lowest  com*se  laid  on  the  side 
walls  until  at  length  they  meet  in  the  apex.  A  much  later 
example  of  this  rude  vaulting,  if  it  can  be  so  called,  is  in  the 
luoimstic  j)iffeo/i-/wffse  at  Penmon,  a  curious  square  building  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  almost  unique  in  its  kind : — the  towers 
above  mentioned  are  about  sixteen  feet  square  at  Penmon,  and 
eighteen  feet  by  twelve  feet  at  Ynys  Seiriol,  but  in  the  pigeon- 
house  the  area  is  tAventy-one  feet  square,  and  the  quadi'ilateral 
vaulting  approaches  to  the  domical  form  (like  the  roofs  used 
loy  Delorme  in  the  Tuileries,  and  other  French  chateaux),  and 
it  is  entirely  covered  by  stones  laid  in  this  manner,  without 
any  Avood  in  the  whole  building,  and  with  a  light  Iountc  or 
lantern  in  the  midst. 

Towers  were  evidently  too  costly  for  the  construction  of  the 
primitive  chm'ches  of  Anglesey,  and  whenever  bells  came  to  be 
used,  the  erection  of  a  simple  gable  at  the  western  end  of  the 
building  served  the  pm-pose.  All  these  gables  however  have 
pointed  arches,  either  of  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  or  the  fom-- 
teenth  centmies ;  and  hence  it  may  be  suspected  that  the  use 
of  bells  was  an  ecclesiastical  luxmy  of  comparatively  late  intro- 
duction into  Anglesey.  However  this  may  be,  their  form  is 
very  simple :  covered  generally  with  a  straight  coping,  but  at 
Llansadwrn  with  one  of  a  peculiarly  elegant  curve.  At  Pen- 
niynydd  (which  is  the  largest  church  in  the  conmiot  next  to 
St.  Mary's  at  Beaumarais)  the  gable  is  pierced  for  two  bells ; 
but  this  is  a  rare  instance  of  parochial  wealth. 

The  chiuchyards  retain  perhaps  the  same  size  and  form 
which  they  originally  possessed :  a  fact  which,  in  the  absence 
of  documentary  evidence,  may  be  inferred  from  the  ])eculiarly 
religious  spirit  of  the  inhabitants,  who  still  retain  in  undimi- 
nished vigoiu"  the  national  respect  for  sacred  things :  and 
which  has  never  allowed  them,  except  in  the  calamitous  period 
of  the  dissolution  of  the  monasteries,  to  encroach  on  consecrated 
ground.  The  absence  of  monumental  slabs  would  lead  to  the 
inference  that  no  interments  (as  a  general  rule)  took  ])lace 
within  the  clnu'ches.  There  are  exceptions  to  this  at  Pen- 
mynydd,  where  the  tomb  and  vault  of  the  Tudor  ftunily  still 
remain,  and  where  there  is  also  a  tomb  under  an  arch  in  the 


122 


REMARKS  ON   SOME  OF 


northern  wall  of  the  building,  to  accommodate  which  a  small 
erection  like  a  chapel  (without  any  windows)  has  been  added 
to  the  original  edifice.  This  tomb  is  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tmy  (?),  but  bears  no  sculpture  or  inscription  of  any  kind  by 
which  its  possessor's  name  can  be  discovered,  though  it  is  very 
probably  that  of  a  Tudor,  the  seipieurs  of  the  parish  from  time 
immemorial. 


Of  early  fonts  only  two  remain  in  this 
commot :  one  at  Penmon,  probably  the 
earliest :  the  other  at  Llaniestin  :  they  are 
both  no  doubt  contemporary  with  the 
buildings  in  which  they  are  ])laced.  The 
other  fonts,  which  more  or  less  resemble 
that  of  Llanvihangel  Tyn  Sylwy,  api)ear 
to  be  of  the  fourteenth  centmy.  At  Pen- 
mon until  within  a  few  years  a  water- 
stoup,  of  the  same  date  as  the  font,  was 
used ;  and  at  Llandegvan  another  watcr- 
stoup  (of  the  fourteenth  century  ?)  is 
still  employed  for  the  baptismal  sacra- 
ment :  in  all  cases  these  fonts  arc  placed 
at  the  western  ends  of  their  respective 


^'aterstoup,  Ponr 


THE  CHURCHES  OF  ANGLESEY. 


123 


edifices,  sometimes  against  tlic  northern,  sometimes  against 
the  southern  walls. 

The  gables  appear  to  have  been  always  topped  with 
crosses,  the  pediments  of  which,  connnonly  quach-angular 
\Aith  trifoliated  canopies,  still  remain  :  but  of  the  crosses 
themselves  a  considerable  proportion  have  perished.  Those 
at  Llanvihangel,  Llangoed,  and  Llansadwrn  are  the  most 
remarkable". 

The  chancels  and  transepts  seem  to  have  been  all  added 
posterior  to  the  conquest  of  Wales  by  the  Enghsh,  and  their 
architectm-e  indicates  in  general  the  style  of  the  fourteenth 
centmy.  The  chancels  are  mostly  of  the  same  design :  the 
transepts,  if  indeed  they  may  be  so  called,  have  been  only 
chapels  added  by  the  parochial  gentry,  as  at  Llangoed,  Llan- 
degvan,  &c. 


The  following  is  a  list  of  the  ecclesiastical  edifices  in  this 
commot : — 

Ynys  Seiriol,  (St.  Seiriol's  Isle,  Priestholme,  or  Puffin 
Island.)  The  tower  of  a  small  conventual  chm-ch  still  remains 
here :  and  the  foundations  of  part  of  the  cluu-ch,  with  per- 
haps part  of  the  monastic  cells,  may  be  traced  :  it  is  exactly 
similar  to  the  tower  of  Penmon.  This  small  conventual  esta- 
blishment is  noticed  both  by  Dugdale  and  Tanner,  though 
they  do  not  seem  to  have  been  aware  of  the  existence  of 
two  distinct  establishments,  cluuches,  &c.,  on  the  mainland 
at  Penmon,  and  on  the  island,  the  original  name  of  which  was 
Glannauch,  or  Ynys  Lenach,  "  the  Priest's  Island."  St.  Seiriol, 
according  to  Rowland's  Mon.  Antiq.,  flourished  ^nth  St.  Cybi 
in  the  seventh  century. 

PEN:\rox,  an  Augustine  priory.  Here  are  to  be  found  the 
conventual  church,  the  refectory,  part  of  the 
prior's  lodgings  (?),  and  some  of  the  con- 
ventual farm  buildings.  With  the  house 
on  Ynys  Seiriol,  it  owes  its  foundation  to 
Maelgwyn  Gwynedd,  king  of  Wales,  in  the 
sixth  century,  and  was  re-founded  by 
Llewelyn  ap  Jorwcrth,  prince  of  Wales, 
at  the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  ccn- 
tuiy.     The  conventual   church  consists  of 

3  The  early  and  highly  carious  cross,  or  crossed  stone,  standing  in  the  park  at  Pen- 
mon, is  not  here  taken  into  account. 


124 


REMARKS  ON  SOME  OF 


a  nave  and  south  transept  of  early  date,  and  a  chancel  of 
the  fifteenth  century;  the  northern  transept  has  been  de- 
stroyed, but  the  central  tower 


still  remains.  The  south 
transept  was  used  as  a  chapel, 
and  a  ciu-ious  series  of  small 
circular-headed  arches,  with 
zigzagged  mouldings  and  fil- 
leted shafts,  formed  seats 
round  its  sides  for  the  monks 
and  their  attendants.  The 
buildings  are  in  good  pre- 
servation, though  somewhat 
in  need  of  repair ;  but  they 
belong  to  a  gentleman  of 
enlightened  taste  and  public 
spirit.  Sir  R.  W.  Bulkeley. 
The  chancel  only  is  used  as 
a  parochial  church. 

Llan  Sadwrn.  a  small  chm*ch  consisting  of  a  nave,  and 
a  chapel  on  the  north- 
ern side.  The  nave  is 
probably  of  very  early 
date.  The  chapel  and  ,\ 
the  eastern 
may  be  assigned  to  the 
fom'teenth  century.  By 
the  side  of  a  ^nndow 
in  the  eastern  wall  of 
this  chapel  is  an  in- 
scription commemo- 
rative of  St.  Sadwrn,  which  the  early  form  of  the  letters  would 
lead  us  to  suppose  older  than  the  Norman  conquest  of  Eng- 
land.    I  conjecture  the  reading  to  be — 


West  Door,  renmon. 


window  '^^ 


InscriptioD  to  St.  Sadwr 


HlC  BEATVS  SATVRNINVS  SEP'  (SEPULTUS)  JACET'  ET  SVA  SC*^  (sANCTA) 


CONJVX'  PAX. 


Llan  Jestyn.  A  small  church  with  a  southern  transept 
or  chapel,  and  a  porch  on  the  southern  side  of  the  nave.  The 
ufivc  very  early :  the  eastern  window  of  the  fom'teenth  cen- 
tury. In  this  chiKch,  dedicated  to  St.  Jestyn,  or  Jestinus, 
great-grandson  of  Constantine,  duke  of  Cornwall,  is  the  early 


THE  CHURCHES  OF  ANGLESEY. 


125 


DETAILS    AND    SECTIONS.  PENMON   PRIORY   CHURCH. 


Secticn  of  Lower 
:Moulding  of  Tower 


B<"lfry  Windc 


Section  of  Upper 
Moulding  of  Tower. 


Window  in  tbe  N   sid-j 
of  Nave 


Belfry  Window 


// 


',^y 


^-^ 


J        ^'^ 


'71-- 


'■r//^'^ 


if's"   /- 


Section  of  South  Doorway 
and  Shaft. 


Section  of  Mouldings  of  Arch, 
South  side  of  Nave. 


Section  of  Buttress  of 
Nave,  North  side 


Section  of  Capital 
of  shaft. 


126 


REMARKS  ON  SOME  OF 


font  mentioned  above,  and  the  table -monument  of  tlie  saint, 
of  the  thirteenth  century. 

Llan  Ddona.     a  small  clnuTli  dedicated  to  St.  Ddona,  a 


Font,  Llau  Jestyu. 


grandson  of  Brochvael  Yscy  throg,  who  commanded  the  Britons 
in  the  fatal  battle  at  Bangor  Iscoed,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
seventh  century.  It  consists  of  an  early  nave  with  a  northern 
porch,  and  a  chapel  or  aisle  on  the  south  side.  To  this  nave 
is  added  a  cruciform  building  forming  a  chancel,  and  two 
transepts  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

Llan  Degfan,  (or  Llandegvan.)  A  long  low  clim'ch  with 
an  early  nave,  and  a  chancel  of  the  fourteenth  centmy.  Two 
chapels  have  since  been  added,  forming  north  and  south  tran- 
septs. A  tow^er  was  built  at  the  w^est  end  of  the  chm'ch  in 
1811  by  the  late  Lord  Bulkeley.     Dedicated  to  St.  Tegvan. 

Llangoed.  a  small  church  with  early  nave ;  chancel  and 
transepts  of  more  recent  date ;  the  eastern  window  is  as  recent 
as  1613. 

Llanfaes.  This  is  the  parish  church  of  the  village  in 
which  the  friary  of  Llanfaes  was  subsequently  built.  The 
nave  is  of  the  thirteenth  century,  as  a  doorway  in  the  northern 
side  testifies  -.  the  choir  is  of  the  end  of  that  century,  or  the 
beginning  of  the  fourteenth.  The  tower  was  erected  by  Lord 
Bulkeley  in  181L  Of  the  religious  house  just  mentioned, 
which  was  founded  and  filled  with  Franciscan  friars  in  1237 


THE  CnURCHES  OF  ANGLESEY.  127 

by  Llewelyn  ap  Jorwerth,  in  memory  of  his  consort  the  Prin- 
cess Joan,  daughter  of  King  John  of  England,  hardly  any 
thing  remains  except  the  church,  now  converted  into  a  barn 
and  stable.  The  nave  and  chancel  are  still  entire,  though  the 
interiors  are  scarcely  to  be  made  out.  Of  the  magnificent 
altar-tombs  contained  in  this  church,  one  is  in  the  church  at 
Beaumarais,  another  at  Penmynydd,  a  third  at  Llandegai  in 
Caernarvonshire,  and  a  fourth  at  Llanbublig,  tlie  Roman 
Segontium,  in  the  same  county. 

Penmynydd.  This  church,  which  constitutes  a  prebend  in 
the  cathedral  church  of  Bangor,  consists  of  a  nave  with  a 
sepulchral  chapel  on  the  northern  side,  and  a  chancel.  There 
is  a  porch  on  the  southern  side  of  the  nave.  The  Avhole 
building  is  of  the  end  of  the  fom'teenth,  or  beginning  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  In  the  chancel  stands  the  magnificent 
alabaster  monument  of  the  Tudor  family,  whose  vault  is 
underneath.  It  is  a  work  of  the  foiu"teentli  centmy,  of 
admirable  execution,  but  rather  mutilated.  Some  carefid 
repairs  (not  restorations)  have  been  ordered  of  this  valu- 
able work  of  medieval  art^.  At  the  western  end  of  the 
nave  is  a  minstrel  gallery  in  wood  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
The  chm'ch  is  dedicated  to  St.  Gredivael. 

Llanfihangel  Tyn  Sylwy.     So  called  from  its  being  situ- 
ated  beneath    the    elevated 
British  station  of  Dinas  Syhvy   iHHHlH^IH 
— or  B\n'dd  Arthur,  Artlim-'  s    ;  ^^^^^^^^^^mm^mmm  ? 
Round    Table — is    a    small   ;■  ^^^^^^^B; 

church  apparently  altogether  JM  Wl 

of  the    fourteenth    centmy,  ^U  mk 

though   the   nave    has   pro-  'I  ■■K^^M^I^ 

bably  re-placed  one  of  ear-   :^ — ^^^^^^^^^* 
lier   date.      The   chancel  is  ^^^^^^*^^— ^^* 
decidedly  of  the  fourteenth  nan  of  Lanfihan^ei  church 

century,  and  is  of  remarkably  elegant  proportions.  In  the 
southern  corner  of  the  chancel  stands  a  curious  moveable 
Avooden  ])ulpit  of  the  seventeenth  century,  the  elaborate  deco- 
rations of  which  have  been  burnt  out  by  a  red  hot  iron  stamp, 
leavhig  the  surface  of  the  wood  charred  black  to  the  present 

•*  It  is  a  curious  and  unfortunate  super-  rium    for   weak    eyes.     The    depredations 

stition  of  the  peasantry,  that  a  portion  of  which  have  hence  resulted  are  most  serious, 

this   and   similar   monuments,    if   ground  The  tomb  is  going  to  be  re-set,  and  a  stout 

into    powder,    will    foni>  a  specific    colly-  railing  placed  round  it. 


128 


REMARKS  ON  SOME  OE 


day.     This  cliurcli  like  others  of  the  same  name  is  dedicated 
to  St.  Michael  the  Archangel. 

Llan  Tysilio.     a  small  and  remarkable  clmrch,  built  in  a 


Part  of  Roof,  Llan  Tysilio. 


Springer  of  the  Roof. 


•'-''iiiii^irilii'i^Wiiii'''^'^^' 


East  Window,  Llan  Tysilio 


±-11 


Section  of  window,  Llan  Tysilio. 


most  picturesque  situation, 
on  a  little  islet  immediately 
on  the  southern  side  of  the 
Menai  Bridge.  The  nave 
is  probably  an  early  one : 
the  eastern  window  is  of 
the  fourteenth  centmy.  The 
wood-work  of  the  roof  is 
cmious,  from  the  trifoliation 
of  the  side  springers  where 
they  meet  in  a  point  above, 
and  from  their  edges  being 

chamfered,withsquarepoint-    ifl^^flJJP^S^i^^^i^^^B 
ed  bosses  left  in  the  midst  The  pian,  uan  Tys.uo 

of  the  chamfer,  giving  a  most  excellent  effect  at  a  very  mode- 
rate cost  of  labour  and  expense.     Dedicated  to  St.  Tysilio. 

Beaumarais.  This  is  a  chapel  under  Llandegfan,  dedicated 
to  St.  Mary :  but  from  the  importance  of  the  town  in  which 
it  is  situated  lias  become  the  most  considerable  church  in  the 
commot.  It  comprises  a  large  and  lofty  nave  with  side  aisles 
of  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and  a  good  chancel  of 
the  fifteenth.     There  is   a  tower  much  altered  (spoiled)  by 


THE  CHURCHES  OF  ANGLESEY. 


129 


AV^"- 


Llanfiangel  Chm-ch. 


.      .i.Vv>^ 


-^rt 


^^^K^^^SS^^ 


Llan  Tysilio  Church 


130  THE  CHURCHES  OF  ANGLESEY. 

modern  repairs :  and  a  small  vestry  on  the  northern  side  of 
the  nave  containing  one  of  the  alabaster  tombs  from  Llanfaes. 
This  tomb,  though  mutilated  in  former  days,  is  now  in  a  place 
of  comparative  safety,  and  is  well  taken  care  of.  There  are 
numerous  mural  tablets  in  the  church,  one  of  which,  a  small 
brass,  commemorates  some  early  members  of  the  Bulkeley 
family :  and  another,  an  incised  slab  south  of  the  altar,  bears 
the  armorial  coats  of  Sir  Henry  Sidney  and  other  officers  of 
Queen  Elizabeth's  reign.  The  richly  carved  oaken  roof  of  this 
church  is  well  w^orthy  of  note  :  in  the  chancel  the  carved  stall- 
work  (brought  from  Llanfaes  ?)  has  been  arranged  in  a  judicious 
manner.  The  whole  edifice  is  in  good  repair  with  the  excep- 
tion of  portions  of  the  chancel. 

There  are  some  other  churches  in  this  commot  which  have 
not  yet  been  included  in  the  author's  sm^vey,  viz. : 

Llan  Bedr  Goch,  Llan  Ddyfnan,  Llanfair  yn  Mathafarn 
Eithaf,  Llanfair  Pwll  Gwyngyll,  and  Pentraeth.  The  latter  is 
figured  in  Grose's  Antiquities. 

H.  L.  JONES. 


ICONOGRAPHY   AND    ICONOCLASM. 

Iconography,  carried  to  excess,  and  addressed  to  the  ima- 
ginations of  an  ignorant,  an  idle,  and  a  vieions  })opiilacc,  natu- 
rally leads  to  idolatry.  Hence  it  Avas  that  the  inspired  law- 
giver of  the  Israelites,  who  was  learned  in  all  the  wisdom  of 
the  Egyptians,  that  is,  was  intimately  acquainted  with  the 
whole  system  of  the  Egyptian  philosophy  and  mythology,  and 
had  witnessed  the  pernicious  effects  of  this  system  on  the 
moral  and  religious  conduct  of  the  Egyptian  population,  was 
instructed  to  guard  the  Israelites  most  rigorously,  when  they 
came  up  out  of  Egypt  into  the  promised  land  of  Canaan, 
against  the  sin  of  idolatry ;  as  the  natural  consequence  of  the 
perversion,  the  abuse,  and  the  excess  of  that  which  in  itself, 
perhaps,  and  in  its  origin,  might  be  thought  innocent.  "  Thou 
shalt  not  make  io  thyself  any  graven  image,  nor  the  likeness 
of  any  thing,"  &c.,  is  the  second  commandment  of  the  first 
table,  and  therefore  cannot  be  resisted  or  evaded.  But  the 
Iconoclasts  are  led  by  their  zeal  and  enthusiasm  to  overlook 
the  qualifying  and  important  member  of  the  sentence, — "  to 
thyself."  Painting,  statuary,  sculpture, — ah  the  imitative 
arts, — nay,  the  very  cultivation  of  the  soil,  the  reproduction  of 
the  animal  form,  and  the  advances  of  science,  would  be  re- 
tarded, or  even  annihilated,  as  far  as  it  depends  upon  us,  were 
we  to  attempt  to  carry  into  effect,  in  its  utmost  latitude,  the  rigid 
and  literal  interpretation  of  this  commandment,  which  the 
Iconoclast,  without  any  reserve,  limitation,  or  qualification, 
would  persuade  us  to  adopt.  But  what  is  the  very  substance 
of  the  injunction  ?  Thou  shalt  not  make  these  similitudes, — 
these  works  of  thine  oaaii  hands, — "  to  thyself" — from  any 
selfish  motive,  for  any  selfish  use  or  gratification.  IMuch  less 
shalt  thou  bow  down  to  them  and  Avorship  them  according  to 
thine  own  will  and  pleasm^e.  Wlienever  this  was  done,  the 
idols,  the  objects  of  this  perverted  taste,  were  destroyed  on  the 
conmion  maxim,  that  when  the  cause  is  removed  the  effect 
will  cease.  And,  however  much  we  may  regret  the  loss  of 
many  splendid  works  of  art,  which  might  gratify  and  instruct 
every  generation  of  mankind,  yet  we  may  console  ourselves 
with  the  reflection  that  enough  remains  to  illustrate  almost 
every  page  of  history,  if  we  be  careful  and  industrious  enough 
to  examhie  and  study  them.  JMuch  has  been  lately  accom- 
plished in  this  way ;  and  we  are  particularly  indebted  to  the 


133 


ICONOGRAPHY  AND  ICONOCLASM. 


learned  author  of  the  "  Christian  Iconography,"  of  whose 
work  some  account  was  given  in  the  first  number  of  the 
Archaeological  Journal. 

In  illustration  of  the  same  subject  the  follo"wdng  specimens 
of  Christian  Iconography  from  coins  are  here  submitted  to  the 
consideration  of  the  readers  of  this  Journal : — 


No.  1.  A  gold  coin  of  Basilius  I.  and  his  father  Constantinus, 
c.  A.D.  867. 

No.  2.  A  copper  coin  of  Johannes  Zimisces,  c.  A.D.  969. 

No.  3.  A  gold  coin  of  Alexius  Comnonus,  c.  A.  D.  1080. 

No.  4.  A  gold  coin  of  Constantinus  VII.  and  his  associate  in  the  empire, 
Romanus  Locapenus,  c.  A.D.  912. 


ICONOGRAPHY  AND  ICONOCLASM.  133 

Of  all  the  coins  here  engraved  tluit  of  Ziniisces  is  the  finest 
and  most  interesting.     This  is  of  copper ;  and  the  superiority 
of  tliat  metal  for  decision  of  outline  is  well  known  to  Numis- 
matists.    There  is  also  a  peculiarity  of  character,  which  dis- 
tinguishes this  coin  from  the  rest.     The  head  of  Christ  is  on 
the  obverse,  instead  of  the  head  of  the  reigning  emperor. 
Hence  the  Byzantine  coins,  not  otlier\\ise  distinguished,  are 
easily  appropriated  to  Ziniisces.      Perhaps  some  reasons  of 
state  prevented  this  politic  prince,  though  his  coronation  Avas 
publicly  solemnized,  and  his  reign  was  popular,  from  assuming 
all  the  external  signs  of  his  imperial  office.     Under  his  usur- 
])ation  or  regency  of  twelve  years,  according  to  Gibbon,  though 
Zonaras  and  most  other  authors  say  six,  Basil  and  Constantine 
had  silently  grown  to  manhood.     On  the  10th  of  January, 
975-6,  these  youthful  brothers  ascended  the  throne  of  Con- 
stantinople.   Their  reign  is  designated,  by  the  historian  of  the 
Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  as  the  longest  and 
most  obscm'c  of  the  Byzantine  history.    Yet  it  was  during  this 
eventful  period,  here  so   carelessly  and  contemptuously  de- 
spatched, that  those  great  struggles  were  made  both  in  Europe 
and  Asia,  which  laid  the  foundation  of  the  modern  dynas- 
ties both  of  the  east  and  west.     In  subsequent  chapters  of 
the  work  some  compensation  is  made  for  this  hasty  and  abrupt 
dismissal  of  the  subject.      The  entire   reign   of  these   two 
Ijrothers  combined  together  exceeded  fifty-three  years,  of  which 
Basil  occupied  fifty,  dying  suddenly  at  the  age  of  seventy. 
This  was  the  second  of  that  name.     The  first  Basil,  who  is 
represented  on  the  obverse  of  his  coins  in  company  with  his 
son,  a  youth  Avho  died  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  holding  an 
elevated  cross  between  them,  is  the  first  emperor  who  placed 
the  figure  of  the  Saviom*,  with  His  titles  and  attributes,  on  his 
coins,  if  we  may  trust  to  the  series  engraved  in  the  Thesaurus 
Palatinus  of  Beger;  who  candidly  admits,  nevertheless,  that 
Justinian  the  Second,  called  Rhinotmctus,  was  by  some  sup- 
posed to  be  the  first ;  probably  because  his  own  mutilated  face 
was  unworthy  of  being  perpetuated.     The  custom  certainly 
prevailed  through  several  reigns.     There  are  eleven  examples 
engraved  in  Beger's  work ;  from  which  four  have  been  here 
selected,  as  containing  something  ])eculiar.     They  all  have  the 
radiated  nimbus,  bounded  by  a  circular  outline,  with  flowing 
hair,  generally  parted  over  the  forehead,  and  a  slight  portion 
of  beard,  except   in  the  coin  of  Manuel,  who  came  to  the 

T 


134  ICONOGRAPHY  AND  ICONOCLASM. 

throne  in  1143.  This  is  the  last  of  the  series  given  by  Beger, 
who  concludes  his  work  with  a  short  review  of  the  Roman 
empire  from  its  commencement  to  its  fall.  In  none  of 
these  examples  of  imperial  Iconography  does  he  discover  any 
traces  of  idolatry,  or  any  license  and  authority  for  that  adora- 
tion of  images,  the  controversy  about  which  occasioned  so 
much  animosity  and  Iconoclasm  in  the  eastern  and  western 
world  for  so  many  centiu-ies.  The  usual  monograms  and  titles 
of  Jesus,  of  Christ,  of  Emmanuel,  the  King  of  kings,  with 
KG  BO — KYVIC  B(yr]dei,  &c.,  only  serve  to  remind  both  sove- 
reigns and  subjects  of  their  dependence  on  Divine  Providence 
for  the  continuance  of  their  prosperity,  or  their  deliverance 
from  adversity.  But  the  invocation  of  the  "  Mother  of  God," 
which  soon  followed,  is  a  departure  from  this  simplicity. 

The  transition  to  Mariolatry  may,  perhaps,  be  a  cmious  and 
interesting  subject  for  investigation.  The  word  0EOTOKOS 
is  ambiguous.  It  may  signify  the  "  Mother  of  God,"  or  it 
may  be  synonymous  with  Diogenes,  that  is,  "  of  Divine  origin." 
Accordingly,  we  find  the  first  invocation  of  the  Virgin  Mother 
by  this  name  on  a  coin  of  Romanus  Diogenes,  who  came  to 
the  imperial  throne  of  Constantinople  in  the  year  1068.  He 
is  represented  as  crowned  by  the  Virgin  Mary;  and  the  legends 
of  this  and  some  subsequent  coins  exhibit  those  revolting  in- 
vocations for  help  from  the  Mother  of  God  which  have  been  so 
frequently  condemned  as  derogatory  from  the  supreme  Majesty 
of  heaven.  For  about  fom-  or  five  centuries,  therefore,  *•  %ti>yx% 
f)abe  mcvcy,  i^arg  5clp,"  were  invocations  too  commonly  united. 
In  another  coin  there  is  the  figure  of  St.  George  assisting  the 
emperor,  Calo-Johannes,  in  holding  a  patriarchal  cross,  with 
the  figvu'e  of  the  Saviom',  sitting  on  a  chair,  on  the  reverse. 
The  nimbus,  surrounding  the  heads  both  of  the  Virgin  and 
St.  George,  is  quite  plain.  From  the  coins  of  Alexius  Com- 
nenus,  as  well  as  others  of  the  Comnenian  family,  we  may 
infer,  that  they  acknowledged  Christ  as  their  only  helper  and 
defender.  j.  i. 

Triiiiti/  Coll  eye. 


ON   THE   PRESERVATION   OF   MONUMENTAL 
INSCRIPTIONS. 

In  the  course  of  my  pursuits  connected  with  genealogy  it 
has  occurred  to  me  that,  amongst  the  various  means  of  "  per- 
petuating" evidence,  sufficient  attention  has  not  hitherto  been 
given  to  the  preservation  of  Monimiental  Inscriptions ;  either 
by  legislative  enactment,  or  by  some  collateral  authority  in 
the  shape  of  government  interference.  AVe  owe  much  to  the 
latter  species  of  semi-legislation  in  the  origin  of  our  parish 
registers ;  and,  although  the  earlier  parochial  records  exhibit 
little  else  than  hsts  of  names  and  dates  without  immediate 
personal  identity,  yet  the  progressive  improvement  in  their 
character  by  the  Avholesome  interference  of  the  legislatm-e  has 
rendered  them  more  useful,  and  more  applicable  to  the  pur- 
poses of  genealogy,  than  in  earlier  times.  The  evidence  of  the 
Inquisitiones  post  mortem,  and  of  court  rolls ;  of  funeral  cer- 
tificates taken  under  the  authority  of  the  earl  marshal  of  Eng- 
land ;  and  of  the  periodical  visitations  made  by  the  heralds  in 
vu'tue  of  commissions  from  the  cro^m,  has  been  acknowledged 
to  be  of  signal  and  lasting  importance.  The  testimony  af- 
forded by  walls,  and  other  instruments  of  legal  transfer  of 
property,  is  unimpeachable  from  the  very  natm-e  of  such  docu- 
ments, so  as  to  be  beyond  controversy  or  suspicion.  The  genuine, 
and  if  I  may  use  the  term,  unsophisticated,  domestic  records 
preserved  in  many  families  of  genealogical  occm-rences,  have 
been  solemnly  admitted  in  the  highest  com'ts  of  judicatm-e 
as  evidences  of  family  pedigree;  hallowed  by  their  insertion 
on  the  fly-leaves  of  that  holy  Record,  which  it  is  presumed  no 
man  woidd  listlessly  employ  to  give  a  coloiuring  or  sanction  to 
falsehood,  while  he  conscientiously  believes  the  sacred  volume 
to  contain  the  revealed  will  of  his  Maker,  and  to  exhibit  the 
means  of  his  own  eternal  salvation.  IMonumental  inscriptions 
too,  which  seem  also  to  partake  of  the  same  sacred  character 
as  that  of  registering  events  in  the  family  Bible,  have  received 
the  sanction  of  judicial  functionaries,  as  records  of  truth,  by 
admitthig  their  testunony  to  have  the  weight  of  legal  evidence. 
On  this  branch  of  evidence  I  presume  to  offer  a  few  observa- 


136  ON  THE  PRESERVATION 

tions  as  regards  the  importance  of  preserving  the  memorials  of 
the  dead  from  wanton  or  careless  destruction.  I  shall  take, 
however,  the  example  of  our  Church  only,  for  this  purpose. 

It  may  first  be  observed  that  no  separate  or  distinct  class  of 
evidence  to  which  I  have  alluded,  will  in  itself  always  prove 
sufficiently  the  correctness  of  a  genealogical  descent,  as  it  is  by 
the  combination  of  the  various  results  to  be   derived  from 
consulting  the  equally  various  resources  of  evidence  that  the 
genealogist  is  enabled  to  arrive  at  the  truth  of  his  propositions  : 
thus,  by  taking  parish  registers,  in  the  first  instance,  we  may 
di'aw  the  fainter  outlines  of  pedigree  ;    and,  from  the  dates 
which  those  records  afford  us,  we  are  enabled  to  seek  the 
depositories  of  the  nmniment  chamber,  or  of  the  Courts  of 
civil  and  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction,  for  documentary  dispositions 
of  acquired  wealth,  which  necessarily  contain  valuable  genea- 
logical information,  and  so  fill  up  chasms  which  the  former 
soiu-ce  left  us  to  complete.     The  sacred  remembrance  of  those 
who  have  no  longer  an  "  abiding  place  "amongst  us,  frequently 
suggest  the  terms  of  near  and  dear  relationship  to  be  inscribed 
on  the  sarcophagus ;  the  memory  of  whom   is  perpetuated 
by  the  record  of  vhtues  in  proportion  as  their  survivors  esti- 
mated then-  worth,  or  appreciated  the  merit  due  to  a  parent, 
or  a  friend  ;  and  such  memorials  frequently  supply,  as  it  were, 
the  conclusive  testimony  of  family  connections,  and  are  invalu- 
able from  the  sanctity  which  surrounds  them,  as  being  dictated 
in  moments  of  sad  recollection,  or  in  the  brighter  hopes  of 
meeting  again  in  futurity. 

To  resume  : — Sometime  ago  I  was  induced,  on  a  visit  to  the 
large  and  populous  town  of  Yarmouth,  in  Norfolk,  to  amuse 
myself  by  taking  abstracts  of  the  monumental  inscriptions  in 
its  venerable  chm'ch ;  and  I  could  not  but  mom^nfully  reflect 
on  the  devastation  and  havoc  which  a  few  years  had  made 
amongst  these  memorials  of  the  dead.  I  was  enabled  by 
comparing  former  memoranda,  both  in  printed  books  and  in 
MS.  collections,  to  detect  the  loss  of  many  valuable  monu- 
ments from  the  church  and  the  church-yard ;  and  felt  that  if 
it  were  possible  to  arrest  this  frightful  progress  of  destruction, 
it  would  be  most  desirable.  But  to  accomplish  such  a  mea- 
sure was  far  beyond  any  power  or  influence  of  a  solitary  indi- 
vidual, and  could  only  be  reserved  for  a  combination  of  men 
of  taste  and  judgment  to  stimulate  by  example,  precept,  and 
encouragement,   the  exertions  of  persons  interested   in   the 


OF  MONUMENTAL  INSCRIPTIONS.  137 

locality,  or  in  general  in  genealogical  pursuits,  to  preserve 
these  records  of  mortality  from  wanton  or  careless  demolition. 
I  trust  a  period  has  now  amved  in  which  much  may  be  done 
towards  effecting  this  important  end ;  and  I  would  suggest  as 
one  means,  that  copies,  or  faithful  abstracts,  should  be  taken  of 
the  inscriptions  on  tombstones,  or  other  monuments,  by  intel- 
ligent individuals  in  the  respective  localities,  who  should  either 
cause  printed  copies  to  be  made  from  time  to  time,  or  place 
their  own  transcripts  in  the  custody  of  the  minister;  and 
though  such  transcripts  would  not  be  received  in  coiurts  of 
justice  as  evidence,  yet  the  preservation  of  names,  dates,  and 
circumstances  affecting  famihes,  would  be  of  the  highest  utility 
to  the  historian  and  the  genealogist. 

In  the  natural  com*se  of  events  we  must  expect  the  conse- 
cjuent  dilapidation  of  monumental  inscriptions ; — a  demolition 
of  these  monuments  of  our  ancestors,  as  the  effect  of  time 
alone,  is  daily  taking  place ; — the  devastation  sometimes  com- 
mitted by  the  hand  of  the  destroyer,  by  the  ruthless  arm  of 
the  inconsiderate,  or  by  the  unhallowed  designs  of  interested 
delinquency,  does  much  to  oljliterate  the  memorabilia  of  the 
dead,  which  have  been,  from  time  to  time,  erected  in  pious 
regard  to  departed  worth.  We  shudder  at  such  deliberate 
acts  of  sacrilege  and  impiety ;  but  we  may  even  be  siu-prised 
that  so  many  monmuents  of  the  dead  still  exist  which  have 
been  exposed  to  the  infmiated  aggression  of  political  or  reli- 
gious fanatics  of  different  ages,  or  which  have  tempted  the 
more  criminal  to  destroy  them  for  private  and  fraudident  pur- 
poses. In  the  utter  carelessness  of  some,  as  regards  the 
])reservation  of  monumental  inscriptions ;  or  in  the  total 
disregard  of  others  for  the  value  of  them  as  a  som'ce  of  evi- 
dence, either  in  a  legal,  or  in  a  genealogical  point  of  view,  we 
may  perhaps  find  something  to  extenuate : — tlieii*  pursuits, 
tlicir  defective  education,  or  want  of  experience  in  such 
matters,  may  be  pleaded  in  their  behalf.  We  have  not  all  the 
same  views ;  do  not  possess  the  same  acquii'cments ;  or  have 
not  seen,  in  the  same  light,  the  importance  of  these  records. 
It  is  a  sul)ject  of  the  greatest  regret  to  the  genealogist  and 
the  antiquary  that  such  memorials  should  fall,  as  it  were,  a 
sacrifice  to  this  uncertainty  of  human  views  respecting  them ; 
l)ut  that  regret  is  greatly  enhanced  when  we  find  these  conse- 
crated monuments  of  our  ancestors  treated  with  every  mark 
of  disrespect,  of  unconcern,  or  of  indecency  ;  and,  frccpiently. 


138  ON  THE  PRESERVATION 

with  open  violence  by  those  who  have  pretensions  to  re- 
spectability, education,  wealth,  and  influence  beyond  their 
fellow  men.  We  contemplate  the  devastation  arising  from  the 
various  causes  to  which  I  have  adverted,  with  a  holy  jealousy, 
that  these  sacred  memorials  have  not  been  the  subject  of  legis- 
lative interference ;  and  committed  to  the  care  of  those  whose 
sacred  offices  would  well  adapt  them  to  be  the  ciistodes  of  such 
a  source  of  evidence,  by  means  of  some  effective  mode  of 
registration ;  such  evidence  being  alike  usefid  to  the  com- 
munity at  large,  and  of  serious  importance  to  the  descendants 
of  those  persons  to  whose  memory  such  monuments  had  been 
erected. 

Yarmouth  chm^ch  has  not  been  an  exception  to  the  nmner- 
ous  instances  of  outrage  so  often  observable  as  regards  monu- 
mental inscriptions  ;  on  the  contrary,  we  find  the  melancholy 
truth  recorded  of  the  sepulclu-al  brasses  having  been,  in  1551, 
torn  from  their  places,  and  devoted  to  the  purpose  of  mahing 
toeights  for  the  town  !  Wliatever  motive  incited  the  commis- 
sion of  this  act  of  Vandalism,  it  siu*ely  could  not  have  been  one 
of  economy  merely  ;  many  an  "  oratapro  animd'  w^as,  probably, 
sacrificed  to  the  mania  of  the  day  ;  and  this  destruction  of  the 
most  interesting  of  almost  all  monumental  records  may  be 
attributed  rather  to  fanatic  zeal,  than  to  the  wretched  parsi- 
mony of  saving  the  expense  of  metal  for  the  pm'pose  to  which 
those  brasses  were  employed.  Several  stones  now  remain 
from  which  the  brasses  were  removed,  and  have  been  devoted 
to  recent  inscriptions. 

The  earliest  monumental  inscription  now  remaining  in  this 
church  is  that  to  the  memory  of  John  Couldham  in  1620,  in 
the  middle  aisle  of  the  chancel,  upon  a  flat  stone  a;  which 
is  inscribed  on  the  edge  of  the  stone,  so  as  not  to  be  injiu-ed 
by  the  traffic  of  persons  passing  over  it''.  This  plan  is  admir- 
ably adapted  for  preserving  the  inscription  from  injury;  for 
many  of  the  flat  stones  in  the  aisles,  and  passages  between  the 
pews,  are  so  completely  worn,  as  to  cause  the  inscriptions  to 
be  entirely  effaced.  The  oldest  tablet  remaining,  is  one  to  the 
memory  of  "  Ilanna  Basse f,  vkgd'  1037" ;  but  the  inscription  is 
becoming  very  illegible.  The  total  number  of  flat  stones  within 

"  Copied  in  Swinden'x  History  of  Var-  same  manner  to  the  memory  of  the  Bancroft 

woii/li,  4to.  1772,  p.  8(34.                    '  family,  1830. 

''  Another  instance  also   occurs   in  this  *=  Swinrlcv,  p.  86/)  ;  and  Le  Neve's  Mon. 

cliurch  of  the  inscription  being  cut  in  the  /Ingl.,  vol.  i.  p.  17(5. 


OF  MONUMENTAL  INSCRIPTIONS.  139 

this  ])uil(ling  is  above  450,  of  which  nearly  200  are  in  the 
spacious  and  magnificent  chancel  alone ;  and  there  are  also 
nearly  50  tablets  and  mural  monmnents,  some  of  which  are 
excee(hngly  interesting"^. 

In  the  com-se  of  my  researches  I  found  several  instances 
among  the  flat  stones,  of  modern  families  availing  themselves 
of  vacant  spaces  upon  stones  to  place  in  them  inscriptions 
relating  to  events  of  recent  date,  \\ithout  any  regard  to  the 
incongruity  of  such  proceeding.  In  one  instance  the  decease 
of  a  party  is  recorded  to  have  taken  place  in  1650 ;  as  in  the 

r    Bailive    1 
case  of  "Edward  Owner  4  times  <        and        >-this  Toune^;" 

iBurges  for  J 
followed  by  a  memorial  of  the  date  of  1823,  prececHng  "the 
wife  of  Edward  Owner"  1G72.  An  instance  also  occmTcd  in 
which  the  whole  inscription,  together  with  arms  of  a  family  of 
Felstead,  was  erased  by  the  chisel;  and  the  stone  was  appro- 
priated to  the  memorials  of  deceased  relations  of  another 
family  now  existing*'.  I  could  cite  many  similar  occmTences 
of  the  former  description : — that  is,  of  strangers  taking  the 
grave-stones  of  other  families,  and  using  them  for  the  insertion 
of  theu'  OA\ii  inscriptions ;  but  I  have  confined  myself  to  the 
relation  of  the  foregoing  instances  to  shew  the  usefulness 
Avhich  a  register  of  monumental  inscriptions  would  be  in  de- 
tecting the  errors  which  result  from  the  confusion  consequently 
arising  from  the  practices  adverted  to.  The  identity  of  fami- 
lies is  not  only  destroyed  by  such  means,  but  sometimes  ren- 


^  This  chancel,  which  consists  of  three  been  especially  evinced  by  the  entire  resto- 

aisles,  was  in    1784  ordered   by  a  vestry  ration  of  the  beautiful  east  window  of  the 

meeting  to  be  pulled  down  ;  a  better  spirit,  south  aisle  of  the  chancel, 

however,  soon  after  prevailed,  and  the  order  ^  Edward   Owner  was  one  of  the  bur- 

for  its  demolition  was  rescinded ;  by  which  gesses  in  parliament  for  Yarmouth  in  the 

it  not  only  survives  the  threatened  destruc-  parliaments  summoned  in  1620, 1625, 1639, 

tion,  but  has  received,  of  late  yeai's,  some  and  161-0. 

material  repairs  in  good  taste  and  keeping  '  The  Felstead  inscription  thus  erased 
with  its  style.  A  short  time  ago  the  sedilia,  was  probably  to  the  memory  of  Thomas 
piscina,  and  a  reredos,  which  had  formeily  Felstead,  in  the  time  of  Charles  II.  ;  as 
been  rich  in  paintings,  some  of  the  colour  enough  was  left  to  detect  a  portion  of  the 
yet  remaining,  were  discovered  ;  portions  of  Christian  and  surnames.  The  name  of 
which,  under  the  excellent  and  praiseworthy  Thomas  Felstead  still  remains  over  the 
exertions  ofMr.Cufatide  Davie  of  Yarmouth,  vestry  door  as  one  of  the  bailiffs  of  that 
its  spirited  and  enlightened  churchwarden,  town  ;  while  that  of  his  coadjutor  was 
have  been  restored.  It  is  but  justice  to  add,  erased,  as  inimical  to  the  restored  govern- 
that  the  trustees,  in  whose  care  the  fabric  ment  of  1660.  My  first  notice  of  this  stone 
is  placed  by  act  of  parliament,  have  given  was  in  IS.'!!);  since  which  it  has  been  en- 
their  aid  and  support  in  conducting  the  ne-  firely  removed, 
cessary  repairs ;    and  their  good  taste  has 


140  ON  THE  PRESERVATION 

dered  incapable  of  being  recovered  by  these  false  lights  of 
mixed  inscriptions.  The  clue  sometimes  discernible  in  the 
genealogical  pm'siiit  is  suddenly  cut  off,  or  interwoven  in  all 
the  intricacies  attending  the  developement  of  pedigree,  in  the 
defective  or  suspicious  evidence  of  such  mutilated  and  injured 
memorials.  The  modern  insertion  may  be  questioned  in 
future  ages ;  while  the  ancient  one  is  also  rendered  unavailable 
by  the  inference  which  might  be  suggested  by  the  recently 
introduced  matter : — the  natural  conclusion  that  parties  men- 
tioned on  the  same  monmnent  were  connected  in  blood. 

I  have  been  induced,  from  a  review  of  these  facts,  to  sub- 
mit these  remarks  in  connection  with  what,  I  believe,  was 
suggested  to  the  legislature  a  few  years  since  upon  this 
subject : — that  all  monumental  inscriptions  should  be  regis- 
iered.  Numerous  difficulties  necessarily  arose  in  viewing  the 
adoption  of  such  a  measm'e  retrosjjecfiveli/ ;  but  it  is  to  be 
regretted  that  some  arrangement  towards  a  registration  of  these 
important  testimonies  of  family  circumstance,  and  genealogical 
events,  was  not  attempted  to  have  a  prospective  effect,  under 
proper  restrictions  so  as  to  exclude  the  possibility  of  fraud; 
and  so  stamping  with  legal  authority  these  records  of  departed 
worth ;  the  utility  of  which  to  posterity  would  be  incalculable. 

Much  has  been  done,  and  I  trust  much  may  yet  be  effected, 
by  the  industry  of  local  historians.  No  topographical  work 
can  be  considered  complete  AAathout  a  collection  of  monumental 
inscriptions  accompanying  it : — we  have  before  us  the  labom's 
of  an  Ormerod,  and  other  great  county  historians  of  the  pre- 
sent day ;  of  a  Weever  and  a  Stowe  of  former  times,  replete 
with  memorials  from  the  cemetery;  and  if  the  exertions  of 
the  British  Archaeological  Association  be  at  all  conducive  to 
awaken  the  attention  of  the  local  clergy  and  gentry  to  a 
zealous  and  watchful  care  over  the  monumental  records  of 
families,  a  great  object  may  be  achieved,  which  even  the  legis- 
latm-e  found  it  difficult  to  grapple  wiiXi : — the  preservation 

OF     OUR    NATIONAL     SEPULCHRAL     MONUMENTS     FROM     UTTER 

OBLIVION. 

T.  W.  KING,  ROUGE  DRAGON. 

P.S.  I  have  since  been  informed  that  several  clergymen 
have  laudably  taken  transcripts  of  the  monumental  inscrip- 
tions in  their  churches  and  burying-grounds,  a  practice  which 
if  generally  adopted,  would  tend  much  to  obviate  the  disastrous 


OF  MONUMENTAL  INSCRIPTIONS.  141 

consequences  to  which  aUusion  has  l)ccii  made.  These  trans- 
cripts, l)y  l)eing  bound  m  a  se])arate  vohmie,  together  with 
})lans  of  the  church  and  church-yard,  and  appropriate  refer- 
ences, will  be  invaluable.  The  Leigh  case  before  the  house 
of  lords,  on  the  claim  to  the  barony  of  Leigh,  in  1828, 
exhibits  one  of  those  instances  of  the  want  of  similar  care  in 
the  preservation  of  family  sepulchral  monuments,  in  which  not 
only  a  title  of  peerage,  but  claim  to  property  was  deeply 
involved.  It  was  alleged  in  that  case  that  a  stone  affording 
important  evidence  had  been  removed  from  Stoneley  church 
some  years  previously,  and  much  conflicting  testimony  respect- 
ing it  was  given  on  that  occasion.  It  may  be  difficult  to  say 
what  regulation  could  be  adopted  to  prevent  the  surreptitious 
removal  of  monuments,  but  when  it  becomes  necessary  that 
they  should  be  removed  for  any  legitimate  purpose,  the  parties 
desirous  of  so  doing  should  be  bound  under  a  penalty  to  retm'U 
them  to  their  former  place  within  some  given  ])eriod,  a  copy 
of  the  inscription  having  been  also  previously  deposited  with 
the  minister,  and  to  remove  any  sepulchral  stone  otherwise 
should  be  made  a  punishable  offence. 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  PRIMEVAL  ANTIQUITIES 
OF  THE  CHANNEL  ISLANDS. 


Interior   of  Cromlech,  L'ancresse. 


The  love  for  Archaeological  knowledge  which  has  been  re- 
vived of  late,  and  the  present  endeavonrs  to  render  the  snbject 
more  universal  and  encouraging,  induce  me  to  give  an  outline 
of  those  researches  which  have  recently  been  made  in  my  im- 
mediate neighbourhood.  To  mark  with  some  degree  of  pre- 
cision the  different  periods  in  the  history  of  man,  when  the 
ancient  memorials  still  left  for  our  contemplation  were  con- 
structed, or,  at  least,  were  in  the  occupation  of  their  original 
founders,  has  ever  been,  and  is  still,  the  chief  object  of  the 
antiquary.  The  outward  evidences  which  present  themselves 
to  the  eye  of  the  observer  are  sometimes  few,  and,  in  many 
instances,  vague  and  unsatisftictory  ;  in  such  cases,  if  the  spade 
and  the  mattock  can  be  resorted  to,  these  powerful  auxiliaries 


Ol'  THE  CHANNEL  ISLANDS. 


143 


will  disclose  much  \iseful  infoniiation.  The  value  of  these 
means  can  scarcely  be  questioned,  but  the  careful  and  judi- 
cious use  of  them  must  be  impressed  on  the  mind  of  the 
student,  avIio,  in  his  zeal  after  hidden  treasm'es,  may  mar  or 
ruin  the  most  interesting  points  of  his  practical  researches. 

It  "Will  not  be  inconsistent  with  this  outline  of  my  labours, 
nor  will  it  less  accord  with  the  chief  and  laudable  object  of 
the  present  Journal,  to  place  before  the  reader  the  following 
tables,  shewing  the  position  of  the  substances  exposed  by 
these  means  during  the  investigation  of  the  remains  in  ques- 
tion in  some  parts  of  these  islands. 


Table  I. — The  relative   position    of  the   layers  as  they  occurred  in  a 
section  of  the  soil  on  the  northern  district  of  the  island  of  Guernsey  : — 

I    (  Turf  and  soil,  animal  bones,    shells,  stony  \  -n 
{      rubbish.  j  recent. 

!  White  sand,  silted,  dark  colovu'ed  deposits  ] 
ofsand,  loam,  shells,  portions  of  mill-stones,  >  Medieval, 
querns,  bricks,  glazed  pottery,  coins,  &cc.  ) 


IV.  ^ 


Stony  rubbish,  rolled  pebbles,  flints,  peat, 
stone  quoits,  stone  mullers,  and  portions  of 
grinding-troughs,  coarse  bricks  and  tiles, 
bronze  instruments  and  coins,  burnt  animal 
bones,  Sec. 

Clayey  soil,  stone  implements,  charcoal  (rare),  ' 
fi'agments  of  burnt  clay,  sun-baked  pot- 
tery, portions  of  zig-zag  borders,  human 
bones,  bunit  and  unburnt,  stone  hammei's, 
flint  ari-ow-heads,  j'ellow  clay,  fractm-ed 
pebbles,  kc. 


British, 
Roman, 
Gaulish, 
Celtic. 


Celtic  and 
Primeval. 


T.vBLE  II. — Position  of  substances  in  several  other  parts  of  the  island  of 
Guernsey,  in  the  vicinity  of  churches  or  ecclesiastical  buildings. 


I. 


Il.j 


Turf  and  soil,  shells  and  animal  bones,  stony 
rubbish. 

'  Loam  and  sand,  gravel,  bricks,  pottery  and  ^ 
tiles,  clippings  of  slate,  lime  mortar,  con- 
taining crushed  unburnt  shells,  cliijpuigs  of 
Caen  stone,  Purbeck  marble,  animal  bones, 
coins,  mill-stones  (basalt),  human  bones, 
submarine  peat,  Sec. 


Recent. 


.-Medieval. 


/  Stony  rubbish,  horses'    bones,  teeth,  stone 
midlers,    flint    arrow-heads,    querns    and 
III.  "^       grinding-troughs,  coins,  bricks  and  tiles, 
Samian  ware,  unburnt  potter}-,  stone  im- 
plements, stone  celts,  and  hammers,  kc. 


British, 

Roman, 
Gaulish, 
Celtic. 


144  OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  PRIMEVAL  ANTIQUITIES 

Althougli  the  regularity  of  the  strata,  as  shewn  in  the  fore- 
going tables,  was  subject  to  some  variations,  from  accidental 
disturbances,  yet  the  general  arrangement  of  the  materials  was 
similar  over  an  extensive  district ;  and  it  may  be  fm-ther 
stated,  that  wherever  the  examinations  were  pursued,  these 
indications  were  found  to  correspond. 

The  isolated  situation  commonly  occupied  by  the  Cromlech, 
the  Stone  Circle,  and  the  Maen-hir,  has  associated  these  struc- 
tures with  those  localities  over  which  a  halo  of  mystery  and 
awe  has  ever  been  spread. 

The  grave,  the  church-yard,  the  dark  cavern,  and  the  lonely 
cairn,  still  in  our  day  continue  to  fill  the  mind  of  the  ignorant 
with  timid  fears  or  apprehensions  of  evil.  The  "heaped-up 
earth"  and  tiu'f,  which  once  lay  over  the  covering  stones  of  the 
cromlech,  having  been  long  ago  removed  or  levelled  by  time, 
these  ancient  depositories  of  the  dead  have  become  exposed 
and  left  in  detached  portions,  standing  like  giant  spectres 
deprived  of  those  accessories  which  completed  their  original 
form.  Neglected  throughout  many  generations,  their  once 
venerated  site  and  hallowed  use  forgotten,  their  very  name  lost 
or  doubtfully  preserved  amid  the  changes  which  the  soil  has 
undergone,  they  are  left  standing  in  solemn  ruin,  the  gaze  of 
ignorant  wonder,  the  perplexity  of  the  antiquary.  Attracted 
by  the  magnitude  of  their  dimensions  and  peculiar  forms,  our 
forefathers  regarded  them  as  the  work  of  super-human  agency. 
Their  various  names  have  thus  become  associated  with  fairies, 
hobgoblins,  giants,  and  dwarfs,  in  all  countries  where  they  exist. 
The  "  Cromlech,"  or  "  inclined  stone'  of  Britain,  the  "  Grotte 
aux  Fees,"  "  La  chambre  du  Diable"  of  the  French,  and  the 
Celtic  "Pouquelaye"  of  these  islands,  all  designate  certain 
localities  under  elfin  influence,  and  from  which  the  vulgar 
mind  is  yet  apt  to  recoil  with  feelings  of  superstition  and 
dread.  These  terms  are  however  significant,  for  they  testify 
to  that  ignorance  of  their  original  use  which  followed  the  ex- 
tinction of  the  race  which  erected  them.  Those  structures 
which  have  resisted  the  effects  of  time  and  remain  entire,  owe 
tlicir  preservation,  in  many  instances,  to  their  remote  distance 
fi'om  the  haunts  of  man,  or  to  that  superstition  which  has  in 
after  ages  paralyzed  the  hand  of  wanton  destruction. 

Tlic  names  "  Druid's  Altar,"  "  Temple  des  Druides,"  con- 
vey a  definite  meaning  when  applied  to  the  cromlech,  properly 
so  called,  and  probal)ly  owe  their  origin  to  the  generally  re- 


OF  THE  CHANNEL  ISLANDS. 


145 


ccivcd  opinion,  and  tlie  incorrect  translation  of  the  word  crom- 
lech, or  "  inclined  donc^'  affirmed  hy  certain  Avriters  as 
disposed  to  permit  the  blood  of  the  victims  to  flow  from  west 
to  east !  all  which  is  mere  conjecture  and  equally  untenable. 
The  more  ap})roxiniate  derivation  of  the  word,  if  ever  it  was 
originally  applied  to  these  structures,  would  be  from  the 
"  crouni"  (Breton),  or  "cromen"  (Welch),  signifying  a  domeov 
vault, — and  "  lech,"  a  stone,  or  "  lie,"  a  place  or  room,  (lieu, 
Fr.,  locus,  Lat.^  or,  as  in  these  islands,  "  pouque,"  and  "  laye" 
or  "lee,"  (from  whence  puck,  an  elf,  or  dwarf,)  meaning  the 
place  of  the  fairy. 

The  "  inclined  stone"  again,  on  the  contrary,  is  frequently 
horizontal,  exhiT)ithig  a  position  at  once  bold  and  hazarded 
almost  beyond  the  laws  of  stability ;  thus  it  stands  a  monu- 
ment invested  with  wonder,  inducing  the  illiterate  to  ascribe 
to  it  extraordinary  uses,  and  its  erection  to  some  invisible 
})ower.  Names,  however  common,  have  some  meaning,  there- 
fore they  shoidd  be  well  considered,  and  the  antiquary  knows 
the  value  of  examining  fm'ther  when  these  occur.  The  writer 
has  had  on  many  occasions  within  the  range  of  his  researches 
nothing  but  the  name  to  stimulate  or  encom'age  him,  and 
seldom  has  he  been  disappointed. 

It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  state,  that  ancient  remains  which 
have  outlived  their  generation,  and  have  lost  their  original 
})m-})ose,  are  like  the  dead  over  which  they  preside,  the  sul)jects 
of  much  speculation  and  hypothesis.  From  the  want  of 
favom-aljle  opportunities  to  investigate  these  structiu-es,  con- 
jecture has  been  excited  and  coupled  with  traditionary  fables 
so  i)redominant  in  the  country :  these  opinions  are  maintained 
with  great  obstinacy,  and  it  is  still  difficult  to  raise  a  doubt 
contrarv  to  the  received  creed. 

These  monuments  have  been  subjected  to  the  rapacity  of 
plunderers  from  the  period  they  fell  into  other  hands,  who  did 
not  fail  to  destroy  or  annihilate  every  vestige  of  their  contents; 
and  it  is  to  the  ponderous  masses  with  which  they  were  formed 
that  so  many  of  them  are  yet  left,  after  having  lost  the  precious 
materials  they  once  enclosed. 

The  ^)rime^•al  antiquities,  to  use  a  term  which  distinguishes 
the  earliest  period  from  that  which  is  more  recent,  have  essen- 
tial characters  assigned  to  them,  and  include  all  those  massive 
structures  of  whose  origin  no  authentic  record  has  been  ob- 
tained or  discovered.     The  early  antiquarian  remains  in  these 


146 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  PRIMEVAL  ANTIQUITIES 


islands  belong  to  a  period  connected  with  that  which  has 
usually  been  called  British,  Gaulish,  Cymric,  and  Celtic,  and 
were  certainly  the  works  of  the  primeval  race  which  inhabited 
them.  They  have  been  but  imperfectly  examined,  and  with 
the  exception  of  two  or  three  Druid's  altars,  described  in  the 
Archseologia,  little  had  been  done  to  investigate  them  before 
the  present  time. 

Without  entering  into  the  subject  of  "  Druidism,"  or  the 
habits  and  customs  of  the  Celtic  race,  it  will  suffice  to  describe 
the  materials  and  appearances  in  those  monuments  which  have 
been  explored  in  these  islands. 

The  Cromlechs. — After  the  investigation  of  about  twenty 
of  these  chambers  of  the  dead,  and  examining  their  contents,  the 
result  has  been  convincing  and  satisfactory  as  to  their  original 
use,  and  they  can  no  longer  be  considered  otherwise  than  as 
ancient  catacombs,  erected  by  a  remote  people. 


rosition  of   Vase  in  the  northern  part  of  Cioni'ech  at  1- ancrease 


The  first  cromlech  which  was  inspected  is  situate  on  the 
summit  of  a  gentle  hill,  standing  in  the  plain  of  L'ancresse,  in 
the  northern  part  of  Guernsey.  The  spot  was  well  chosen, 
being  remarkable  at  a  distance,  and  the  highest  ground  in  the 
neigliliourhood.  Large  blocks  of  granite  are  here  and  there 
visible  on  the  sides,  and  in  their  form  emulate  the  quiet 
resting-place  now  described.  Five  large  cap-stones  are  seen 
rising  above  the    sandy  embankment  which   surrounds   the 


OF  THE  CHANNEL  ISLANDS.  147 

place :  these  rest  on  the  props  beneath,  and  the  whole  cata- 
comb is  surrounded  by  a  circle  of  upright  stones  of  cUfi'erent 
dimensions.  The  length  of  the  cromlech  is  41  feet  from  west 
to  east,  and  about  1 7  feet  from  north  to  south,  on  the  exterior 
of  the  stones.  At  the  eastern  entrance  the  remains  of  a 
smaller  chamber  is  still  seen  ;  it  consisted  of  three  or  four  cap- 
stones, and  Avas  about  7  feet  in  length,  but  evidently  mthin 
the  outer  cu'cle  of  stones.  At  the  period  it  was  constructed 
the  sea  was  at  a  greater  distance  from  the  site  of  the  hill  than 
at  present,  for  the  whole  neighbom*hood  bears  marks  of  the 
inroads  of  that  element :  the  near  approach  of  the  sandy  hills 
around  it  w^as  caused  by  those  events  which  have  so  materially 
changed  the  coast  of  these  islands,  as  well  as  that  of  the  oppo- 
site continent.  The  period  assigned  for  this  devastation  is 
doubtful,  but  as  early  as  the  fifth  or  sixth  century,  the  Mont 
St.  Michel,  in  France,  once  standing  in  the  wiclsf  of  a  wood,  was 
left  "in  pericido  maris"  by  the  incursions  of  the  smTounding 
ocean.  Before  these  events  however  happened,  the  cromlech 
now  spoken  of  was  in  existence,  and  it  stood  like  a  faithful 
guardian  of  the  trust  reposed  mtliin  its  sacred  limits.  The 
discovery  of  this  monument,  and  its  partial  disturbance,  took 
place  in  the  year  1811,  by  a  party  of  soldiers,  who  were  per- 
mitted to  dig  about  it,  but  after  a  few  days  of  unprofitable 
labour,  the  fears  that  the  massive  cap-stones  would  fall  in, 
induced  the  then  lieutenant-governor  to  discontinue  the  work. 
The  sand  being  allowed  to  accumulate,  the  whole  was  nearly 
again  covered,  when  in  1837  I  commenced  the  investigation 
of  this  ancient  monument  of  the  dead. 

Tradition  has  left  us  no  trace  of  its  original  name.  Its 
earliest  appellation  is  that  of  Le  Mont  St.  Michel,  given  it 
most  probably  in  the  mediaeval  period,  when  the  monks  of 
Mont  St.  Michel  established  an  abbey  in  the  neighbom-hood, 
part  of  which  is  still  seen,  near  the  Vale  church,  which  is  also 
dedicated  to  that  saint.  The  "  Temple  des  Druides,"  "  Druid's 
Altar,"  and  L'autel  des  Vardes,"  are  all  modern  names,  given 
it  since  1811. 

As  soon  as  an  entrance  could  be  obtained  so  as  to  work  the 
interior,  the  upper  stratum  was  found  to  consist  of  white  sand, 
of  the  same  description  as  that  which  is  universally  spread  over 
the  land  in  the  vicinity,  called  the  Common  of  L'ancresse. 
The  next  layer  was  sand  of  a  dark  colom*,  which  appeared  to 
have  been  silted  at  an  earher  period  than  the  first  mentioned. 


148 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  PRIMEVAL  ANTIQUITIES 


Position  of  Vase  and  Bones  in  ttie  Cromlech, 
at  L'aucresse 


The  same  appearances 
are  observed  over  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  com- 
mon. Immediately  be- 
low was  fomid  stone- 
rubbish,  and  portions  of 
the  sides  of  the  crom- 
lech, which  had  at  some 
distant  period  fallen  in  ; 
this  was  accompanied 
by  animal  bones,  these 
were  chiefly  of  the  horse, 
the  ox,  and  boars'  tusks. 
After  this  followed  a  dark  stratum,  containing  limpet  shells, 
broken  pottery,  stones  worn  on  two  sides  by  rubbing  for 
grin  dingprocesses,  which  ^ 

were  called  mullers,  por- 
tions of  stone  troughs 
used  for  pounding,  flat 
stone  quoits, animalbones 
burnt,  and  stone  ham- 
mers. The  lowest  l^ed 
now  appeared,  in  which 
were  found  jars  and  ves- 
sels of  sun-baked  pot- 
tery, human  bones,  burnt 
and  unburnt,  mixed  with 
smooth  pebbles  of  dark  blue  sienite  and  greenstone,  flint  arrow- 
heads, and  stone  celts.  The  mass  in  the  centre  of  the  cromlech 
lay  in  greater  confusion  and  disturbance  than  the  substances 
which  were  found  near  the  sides.  On  the  south  side  a  flat  slab 
of  granite  was  discovered ;  it  was  supported  upon  small  Ijlocks, 
having  the  appearance  of  a  diminutive  cromlech,  and  as  the 
inside  was  still  unmolested  and  free,  the  first  complete  jar  was 
removed  carefully,  with  stone  and  bone  ornaments  and  clay 
beads.  It  was  then  observed  that  this  lowest  stratum  lay  upon 
a  flat  pavement  of  rude  flags  of  granite,  and  that  the  jars  and 
bones  were  placed  in  distinct  heaps  on  the  floor  of  the  crom- 
lech, and  that  the  rolled  pebbles  mentioned  above  had  been 
used  to  separate  them  in  detached  spots.  The  vessels  con- 
tained only  the  dark  mass  which  had  fallen  in,  mixed  with 
limpet  shells,  but  in  no  instance  could  be  perceived  the  least 


Grinding  trough  aud  stoue  implemeots  in  lUe 
Cromlech  at  L'aucresse. 


OF  THE  CHANNEL  ISLANDS. 


U9 


vestige  of  human  remains  witliin  them.  The  yellow  clay,  or 
original  soil,  was  mixed  with  the  contents,  without  any  sand, 
exhibiting  at  once  its  previous  state  before  the  inundations  of 
that  substance,  as  stated  above.  No  vestige  of  any  metal  was 
observed  during  the  examination,  and  the  many  rude  stone 
implements  found  therein  made  it  evident  that  none  was  then 
in  use ;  many  pieces  of  clay  of  a  peculiar  form  were  found, 
from  three  to  six  inches  in  length ;  these  were  made  by 
rolling  a  piece  of  clay  in  the  hand,  and  striking  each  end 


,  kc.  inter.or  of  Cromlech,  L'ancre?se. 


against  a  board ;  they  still  bear  the  marks  of  the  inside  of 
the  fingers,  with  the  joints  and  impression  of  the  skin  of  the 
maker.  The  quantity  of  human  bones  found  within  this 
chamber  was  great,  and  corresponded  with  the  number  of 
vessels  of  all  sizes  discovered  with  tlieuL  In  the  spaces  be- 
tween the  props  were  lodged  vases,  bones,  and  skulls,  as  in  a 
recess,  after  the  maimer  of  a  catacomlj.  No  attem})t  at  orien- 
tation could  be  here  ado})tcd,  and  the  bones  were,  from  their 
position,  brought  to  their  final  resting-place  after  the  flesh  had 

X 


150  OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  PRIMEVAL  ANTIQUITIES 

been  removed  by  biu'iiing,  or  some  other  means.  The  bimit 
human  bones  appeared  hi  distmct  heaps,  and  the  jars  in  con- 
tact had  partaken  of  the  colour  of  them.  The  very  perfect 
calcination  which  had  been  adopted  made  it  difficult  to  con- 
ceive what  kind  of  process  had  been  used ;  little  or  no  charcoal 
was  observed ;  the  teeth  were  of  a  fine  jet  black,  and  the  bones 
of  the  jaws  grayish  white,  and  in  some  instances  tinged  with 
turquoise  green  colom\ 

It  will  be  easy  to  perceive  that  the  various  heaps  of  human 
remains,  which  lay  scattered  on  the  floor  of  the  cromlech,  had 
been  therein  deposited  at  different  times.     The  shapes  of  the 
urns  in  like  manner,  denoted  an  improvement  in  their  manu- 
facture, but  it  was  only  after  having  explored  several  crom- 
lechs that  the  primeval  deposit  was  clearly  ascertained,   as 
consisting  of  materials  of  different  periods.     In  some  districts 
which   might  be  imagined   of  contemporaneous   origin,  the 
character  of  the  pottery  was  found  to  be  very  similar,  both  in 
respect  to  their  pattern  and  the  quality  of  the  substance  used. 
As  several  vessels  bore  the  marks  of  use  previous  to  inter- 
ment, there  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  the  most  valuable  and 
useful  articles  were  deemed  the  most  worthy  of  accompanying 
the  remains  of  the  departed.     The  same  practice  still  prevails 
among  different  tribes   in  the    Southern  ocean,    as  well   as 
among  the  Esquimaux.     The  original  contents  of  the  vessels 
could  not  be  ascertained,  and  excepting  limpet  shells,  no  trace 
of  other  substances  was  observed.     The  fragments  of  the  jars 
were  carefully  collected,  and  being  easily  distinguished  by  the 
thickness  or  colour  of  the  pottery,  they  were  rejoined  together 
by  means  of  strong  glue  or  cement,  and  restored  to   their 
former  shape. 

In  most  instances  the  mode  of  fracture  was  indicated  by  the 
edge  of  the  fragments,  and  confirmed  the  supposition  of  the 
gradual  filling  of  those  vessels  which  had  retained  an  upright 
position  in  the  cromlech.  When  the  primeval  deposit  con- 
sisted of  two  or  more  layers,  the  difference  was  easily  per- 
ceived by  the  yellow  clay  which  prevailed  in  the  lowest  bed, 
and  in  which  the  more  ancient  materials  were  always  dis- 
covered. The  next  stratum  was  of  a  dark  colour,  and  con- 
tained a  greater  number  of  limpet  shells  and  vessels,  differing 
in  shape  and  material. 

Th(!  lower  stratum,  which  contained  the  original  or  more 
ancient  materials,  nnist  have  lain  undisturbed  for  many  years 


I 


OF  THE  CHANNEL  ISLANDS.  151 

before  the  next  layer  covered  it.  A  singular  proof  of  this  was 
exhibited  in  ex})loring  a  cromlech  in  the  island  of  Ilerni, 
where  a  human  skull,  found  in  the  lower  stratum,  was  curiously 
covered  with  snails'  shells,  which  had  hibernated  upon  its 
surface.  The  death  of  these  snails  (Helix  Nemoralis)  must 
have  occurred  after  the  falling  in  of  the  sides,  or  second 
deposit,  when  being  covered  over  they  remained  fixed  to  the 
spot.  This  circumstance,  with  the  appearances  of  the  crom- 
lech at  L'ancresse,  and  the  observations  made  at  the  Creux 
des  Fees,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Saviom''s,  prove  the  original  state 
of  the  dark  sepulchral  chamber. 

About  forty  urns  of  different  sizes  were  obtained  from  the 
cromlech  at  L'ancresse,  but  from  the  quantity  of  pottery  found 
therein,  not  fewer  than  one  hundred  varieties  of  vessels  must 
have  been  deposited  from  time  to  time  during  the  primeval 
period.  The  figures  of  the  urns  will  form  the  subject  of 
another  paper.  The  largest  Avas  about  eighteen  inches  in 
height,  the  smallest  fom\ 

The  markings  and  zig-zag  borders  appeared  to  have  been 
made  by  the  hand  with  some  sharp  instrument,  dming  the 
period  of  the  hardening  of  the  clay  in  the  sun's  rays.  The 
clay  beads  were  of  various  sizes.  Some  measured  two  inches 
in  diameter;  others  were  flat,  with  the  perforation  counter- 
sunk. No  coin  or  metal  of  any  sort  was  chscovered,  although 
the  greater  part  of  the  contents  was  passed  through  a  sieve, 
the  use  of  which  cannot  be  too  strongly  recommended  in  such 
researches. 

The  grinding-troughs  were  doubtless  in  use  at  a  very  early 
})eriod,  and  appear  to  have  been  succeeded  by  the  querns, 
Avliich  existed  in  private  families  till  the  introduction  of  mills. 
The  process  of  pounding  could  be  Avell  performed  by  means  of 
the  stone  nuillers  here  shewn.  They  were  sinq^le  rolled  peb- 
bles of  various  sizes,  and  were  used  as  a  pestle,  or  worked 
round  the  trough  with  the  hand.  This  method  is  still 
obser\ed  among  the  natives  of  India  and  South  America, 
where  rice  and  other  grain  is  to  be  pounded.  Some  of  these 
{ire  worn  on  one  side,  others  on  both  sides,  until  they  became 
wedge-shaped,  whilst  some  are  flat  at  both  extremities. 

F.  C.  LUKIS. 


Originnl  Documents, 

ILLUSTRATING  THE  ARTS,  &c.  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES. 


EARLY  ENGLISH  ARTISTICAL  RECEIPTS. 

The  following  receipts  are  taken  from  a  manuscript  in  the 
British  Museum  (MS.  Sloane,  No.  73),  written  in  the  earlier 
part  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  are  therefore  ahout  a  century 
more  modern  than  those  we  gave  in  our  first  number.  Com- 
pared with  those,  and  other  similar  documents,  they  aftbrd 
information  on  the  composition  and  nature  of  the  colours  used 
by  the  medieval  artists  at  different  periods.  The  receipt  for 
softening  glass  is  particularly  cm-ious. 

[Fol.  173,  v".] 

For  to  make  reed  wex.  Take  a  pound  of  whi^t  wex,  and  throwe  therinne 
a  quartroun  of  terbentyne,  and  melte  hem  two  togidere ;  and  if  thou  wolt 
asaye  it  if  it  be  weel  gummed,  caste  a  litil  in  coold  watir,  and  thanne  asaye 
it  if  it  be  tendre,  and  if  it  be  tendre  it  is  weel  gummed.  Thanne  loke  thou 
have  redy  o|.l  of  vermyloun,  smal  grounde,  al  so  smal  as  ony  poudre,  and 
whanne  thi  wex  and  tlii  tex'bentyne  is  hoot  molten,  anoon  rijt  throwe  yn  thi 
poudre  of  thi  vermeloun,  and  sette  it  adoun  of  the  fier,  and  styre  it  weel,  and 
meynge  it  weel  togidere  til  it  be  coold,  and  thanne  thou  hast  good  reed 
wex  y-mad. 

For  to  make  grene  wex.  Take  Ij.  1  of  whijt  wex,  and  quart  1.  of 
terbentyne,  and  medle  hem  togidere,  and  asaye  if  it  be  weel  gummed  as  thou 
haddist  the  rede  wex  rijt  in  the  same  maner,  and  thanne  take  an  ounce  of 
vertegrece  smal  broken,  and  y-grounden  upon  a  marbil  stoon,  and  throwe  it 
in  the  matere,  and  styre  it  til  it  be  coold,  and  thamie  thu  hast  good  grene 
wex. 

[Fol.  138,  v°.] 

Here  it  techith  how  thou  schalt  make  good  vermyloun  to  alle  maner 
preves  where  tliu  wolt. 

Take  a  pound  of  quyk  silvyr,  and  v.  Ij.  of  quyk  brimstoon,  and  putte  it  in 
a  pott  of  erthe,  and  loke  that  thi  pott  have  a  wide  mouth  that  thou  myjt  se  al 
to  the  botme,  and  loke  that  thou  have  a  lid  of  tree^  upon  the  pottis  mouth 
weel  y-closid,  and  thanne  sette  it  on  a  fewe  coolis,  and  alwey  have  thin  yje 
into  tlu!  pott,  and  styre  it  otherwhilo,  and  whanne  thu  seest  the  leyt''  fie  out 
of  the  pott,  anoon  smat  adoun  the  lid,  and  holde  adoun  the  leytij.  or  iij.  tymes 

"  Wood.  ''  Flash  of  fire. 


ORIGINAL  DOCUMENTS.  153 

til  thou  seest  the  mater  in  the  pott  wex  bhik  y-nowj,  for  thanne  is  thi  quik 
silvir  slayn.  Thaime  sette  it  adoun  of  the  tier,  and  grinde  it  wecl  on  a  stoon, 
and  thanne  make  a  fayr  coole  fier,  and  loke  thou  have  a  good  thicke  Jordan  •= 
of  glas,  and  take  good  cley  and  hors-dounge,  and  make  a  good  lute  therof, 
and  ther\vith  daube  thi  Jordan  al  aboute  half  ynche  thicke,  and  putte  al  thi 
mater  in  the  Jordan,  and  hange  it  over  the  fier  by  the  necke  that  the  glas  be 
almoost  an  hond-brede  fro  the  coohs ;  and  ordeyne  thee  anothir  glas  that  the 
mouth  be  ahiioost  as  the  jordans  mouth  of  largenes,  and  sette  that  litil  glas 
upon  the  jordans  mouth,  mouth  ajens  mouth,  and  the  botme  upward  of  the 
lesse  glas,  and  the  botme  dounward  of  the  more  glas,  and  thanne  thou  schalt 
se  the  leyt  of  the  mater  rengj-nge  upward  into  the  upper  glas,  and  thanne 
bigj'nne  first  esy  fier  and  aftirward  make  good  fier,  and  alwey  be  blo-\v}-nge 
the  fier,  and  othirwhile  stp'e  the  Jordan  with  a  smal  jerde  of  yren  at  the 
botme  for  to  make  the  hatt  arise  out  of  the  mater,  and  thanne  thou  schalt  se 
manye  dyvers  colomis  of  the  leyt  arise  into  the  uppere  glas ;  and  whanne 
tliou  seest  the  leyt  arise  rijt  blood  reed,  thanne  is  thi  vermyloun  maad, 
thanne  breke  thi  Jordan,  and  loke  what  thou  fyndist  therimie.  And  al  I 
forbede  thee  that  the  Jordan  be  not  lenger  on  the  fier  than  the  leyt  bigj-nneth 
to  wexe  rede,  for  if  it  be  it  is  lost  al  togidere  ;  and  also  another  thing  I  for- 
bede thee,  that  day  that  thou  wolt  make  it,  go  not  therto  fastynge,  for  thou 
schalt  fynde  a  wickid  breeth  of  smel,  and  therfore  ete  a  mossel  and  drinke  ; 
and  also  another  thing,  make  but  esy  fier  at  the  firste  tyme,  lete  it  be 
sokynge  fier. 

[Fol.  138,  r°.] 

Here  it  techith  how  thou  schalt  make  fyn  vertgrece  and  good. 

Take  copur  y-vihd''  as  myche  as  thow  wolt  aftir  thi  pott  is  of  greetnesse, 
for  thou  mj-jt  not  fiUe  thi  pott  but  litil  more  than  half  ful  of  copur  ;  thanne 
take  fyn  \ynegre,  and  helde  into  thi  pott,  to  the  Aynegre  vilynge  of  the 
copur,  and  styre  it  weel  togidere,  and  thanne  loke  thou  have  to  v.  li  of  copur 
a  potel  of  vynegre,  and  therto  li.  ij.  and  half  a  quart  of  \ynegre,  and  this  is 
the  proporciouns  of  this  craft,  and  thus  thou  maist  chesc  how  myche  thou 
wolt  make.  But  whanne  thou  hast  iirojoorcioned  thi  \ynegre  and  thi  copur, 
thanne  putte  it  in  a  pott,  and  hele  it  clos  that  no  breth  go  out,  and  sette  it  in 
hors-doiuige,  and  loke  that  ther  be  two  feet  bitAvene  the  pottis  botme  and  the 
groiuid  of  hors-doung,  and  ij.  feet  thicke  on  ech  side,  and  tweie  feet  above  on 
the  mouth,  and  so  that  it  be  over  al  lich  in  hors-doung;  and  so  lete  hcni 
stonde  ij.  moncthis  stille  on  hors-doung  or  evere  he  be  removed;  and  at  the 
ij.  nionethis  ende  take  it  up,  and  thow  schalt  fynde  fyn  vertegrece  and  rijt 
good  for  sothe. 

'  A.  Jordan  was  a  kind  of  pot  or  vessel  in  this  sense  by  Chaucer  and  other  writers 

used  by  pliysicians  and  alchymists,      ---^^  of  that   age.       At   a   hiter  jjcriod   it   was 

of  the  form  represented  in  tlie  ac-      fj  used  in  tlie  sense  of  a  chamber-pot,  as  in 

companying  fiiiure,  wliicli  is  taken    /     \  Sliakcspeare. 

from  the  margin  of  our  receipt  in    I       j  <1   Filed  copper,  i,  e.  copper  filings, 

the  Sloane  MS.     The  word  is  used     V-/ 


154  ORIGINAL  DOCUMENTS. 

[Fol.  213,  r°.] 

For  to  make  whit  leed.  Tak  a  gret  erthen  pot  or  a  barel,  and  put 
therynne  a  porcioun  of  good  strong  reed  wyn  drestise,  and  hong  in  the  pot 
faire  brode  platis  of  newe  leed  so  that  noon  touche  other  an  ynche  fro  the 
drestis,  and  close  it  in  hoot  hors-dunge  so  that  now  eyer  com  yn  ne  out,  and 
let  it  stonde  so  vj.  wokis  or  more,  for  legger  it  stondith  the  betre  is. 
Whanne  thu  wilt  opene  thy  vessel,  and  tak  owt  al  thi  platis  of  leed,  take 
an  hamor  and  smyte  of  al  the  white  leed  that  is  gederid  above  upon  a  faire 
whit  lether  or  a  clene  vessel,  and  thanne  hast  thu  whit  leed  faire  and  good. 
But  if  thu  wilt  make  this  leed  into  picis  as  summen  usen  for  to  sellen,  tak 
the  wliite  poudre  of  the  leed  that  thu  hast  of  thi  plates,  and  put  it  in  a  newe 
erthen  pot,  and  pvit  clene  water  therto  that  the  leed  be  biwose^  in  the  water, 
and  stere  it  wel  togidre,  thanne  covere  wel  thi  vessel,  and  let  it  stonde  so 
stiUe  to  thi  Avater  be  drunlien  up,  and  that  it  be  as  it  were  thikke  pappe  ; 
thanne  gedre  it  out  of  the  pot  "svith  a  spone,  and  sprede  it  abrod  on  papere 
leves,  or  on  a  fair  table,  and  thanne  sete  it  in  a  faire  clere  sonne  and  let  it 
di'ie  up,  and  thamie  breke  it  on  faire  square  gobetisS. 

Now  for  to  make  reed  leed.  Whane  thi  whit  leed  is  drie,  grinde  it  to 
smale  poudre,  and  thanne  put  it  in  a  pot  of  erthe,  and  ley  that  pot  asid  as 
thu  wost,  and  make  vmder  fire,  and  evere  among  stere  it  as  thu  wost  with  a 
ladle,  and  so  alwey  make  fire  therunder  till  thou  se  that  thi  leed  be  as  fyne  of 
colour  as  thou  wilt  have. 

For  to  make  vertegrece.  Take  platis  of  clene  coper,  or  eUis  of  pannes  or 
caudrones,  but  nether  pot-bras  ne  of  basenes,  for  that  is  latoun*>,  and  is  not 
therfore ;  and  hong  thes  platis  in  the  same  maner  as  je  doth  platis  of  leed, 
and  vynegre  or  stronge  lies  in  the  botme  of  the  vessel  as  bifore  of  leed,  and 
that  the  vessel  stonde  bote  as  in  hors-dunge  or  in  mattis  or  in  good  pese 
straw,  but  hors-dunge  is  the  beste  and  most  kinde  therfor;  and  whanne  it 
hath  stonde  a  \}.  wokesormore  as  bifore  is  seid,  thanne  opene  joure  pot,  and 
if  joure  platis  beth  wel  gederid  with  faire  grene  poudre  aboven  and  al  aboute 
in  colour  of  fair  vertegrece ;  and  if  the  thynldth  that  ther  is  gadered  aboven 
bote  litel  in  quantite,  late  hem  hange  stille  in  the  same  vessel,  and  close  wel 
the  vessel  ajeyn,  and  whanne  je  opene  it  and  fynde  hem  grene,  take  out  joure 
platis,  and  scrape  hem  clene  with  a  knyf  al  the  grene  poudre  into  a  clene 
panne  or  a  skyn,  and  thanne  grynd  it  on  a  clene  ston,  and  put  it  in  a  clene 
cornetrey,  and  medle  it  with  good  strong  -synegre  in  manere  of  nesche  past, 
and  thanne  lat  it  stonde  so  stiU  in  the  same  cornetrey  to  it  be  waxen  sumdel 
more  stef,  and  thanne  gadere  it  clene  out  of  thi  cornetrey  Avith  a  croked 
knyfe  that  be  ordeyned  therfore,  and  put  it  up  in  a  clene  letheren  bagge 
toward  the  greyn  side,  and  thanne  presse  it  down  togidres  al  on  a  gobet,  and 
lat  it  drie  so  up  in  the  same  bagge,  and  thanne  is  don  ;  and  alle  the  platis 
that  ben  scraped  so  bifore  times,  hong  hem  ajeyn  in  her  vessel  as  bifore  is 
seid,  and  so  doith  alwey  to  thei  be  al  defied '  and  clene  rotid  into  faire  vertegrece. 

^  Lees.  '  Waslied.         i>'  Lumps.  ajipear  to  be  known.     It  is  vci'y  frequently 

'■  Latonii,  ov  laltni,  was   a   liard    mixed  mentioned  in  old  writers. 

metal    closely  reseml)ling    brass,  but    tlic  >   Cnnsumcd. 

precise  nature  of  its  composition  docs  not 


ORIGINAL  DOCUMENTS.  155 

[Fol.  213,  v°.] 
To  multiplie  vertegrece.  Tak  a  pound  of  fyn  vertegrece  of  Spayne,  and 
breko  it  to  poudre  on  a  ston,  and  with  that  poudre  medle  another  pounde  of 
fyn  lymaylcJ  of  coper,  with  good  ^ynegre  that  be  strong  in  manere  of  nosche, 
pappe'^ ;  thanne  take  al  that  matcre  so  medhd  and  put  it  in  a  clos  erden  pot, 
and  stoppe  it  wel  and  clos,  and  sete  it  in  hot  hors-dungge,  bynethe,  above, 
and  al  aboute,  and  let  it  stonde  so  to  the  lemaile  of  coper  be  al  tumyd  into 
Vertegrece,  as  is  the  other  of  Spayne  that  is  medled  therwith  ;  and  whanne 
it  so  is,  tak  it  out  and  medle  it  a^eyn  with  more  lymayl  of  coper,  and  with. 
more  ^ynegre,  in  manere  bifore  seid.  And  on  this  manere  thou  myjt  raulteiiUe 
evermore ;  for  wete  wel  that  this  is  kyndely  therfore,  and  of  his  owen  rote 
that  he  cometh  first  of,  and  therfor  this  the  beste  maner  of  multeplyinge  of 
vertegrece  that  is,  for  it  is  ful  fyn  and  faire. 

[Fol.  215,  v°.] 
For  to  make  glas  nesche '.     Take  the  gotes  blode,  lewke,  and  the  juse 
of  senevey,  and  boile  hem  wel  togederis,  and  with  tho  tweye  materes  boj'le 
wel  thi  glas,  and  thi  glas  schal  bycome  nesche  as  past,  and  if  it  be  cast 
ajeyne  a  wal  it  schal  not  breke. 

For  to  make  fyn  azure  withoute  past.     Take  and  grynde  salarmonyak 
on  a  marbel  ston,  and  put  it  to  dissolve,  and  thanne  take  lapis  lazuli  the  ston 
al  hoi,  and  make  it  reed  hoot  in  the  fire,  and  al  hot  qwenche  it  in  the  water, 
and  lat  it  reste  awhile  thorynne,  and  it  schal  be  smal  and  fyn  of  colour ; 
after  wasche  the  salt  clene  fro  the  colour  with  faire  comoun  water,  etc., 
thanne  drye  it  up  with  the  sonne  or  with  a  cler  smal  fu-e,  and  thamie  put  it  up. 
Lapus  lazuly,  that  be  a  fyne  blew  colour,  and  %vith  many  strakes  of  gold 
schewinge  ther  among  as  it  were  strakes  on  a  towche,  and  also  loke  that  if 
ther  be  in  the  ston  as  litil  gravel  schewing  in  colour  as  whit,  for  if  ther  be 
the  ston  is  not  fyn.     Also  loke  wel  evermore  if  thu  schalt  bje  eny  manere  of 
lapis  lazuly,  and  it  have  not  withynne  him  many  smale  specklez  as  it  were 
golde,  loke  that  thu  bye  it  not  bi  no  manere  of  wey  ;  but  if  thu  assay  it  fii'st 
er  than  thu  bye  it  with  the  moste  verrey  assay  that  longith  therto ;  thus  thu 
schalt  assayc  it :   Tak  a  ston  therof,  and  make  it  reed  hoot  in  the  fu-e,  as  it 
were  reed  glowyng  yren,  and  thanne  tak  it  out  and  lat  it  kele  bi  itself  on  a 
clene  tjle,  and  whanne  it  is  cold  if  it  be  fynere  of  colom-  and  as  hard  as  it 
was  bifore  thanne  it  is  lapis  lazuli ;  and  whanne  the  ston  is  cold,  if  he  turns 
eny  thing  blak  liche  syndre,  and  that  it  be  more  brokel  than  it  Mas  bifore, 
triste  wel  that  it  is  not  lapus  lazuly,  but  it  is  lapis  almanie,  of  whiche  men 
maken  a  blewe  bize  azui-e. 

On  this  manere  thu  my^t  make  azure  bis.  Take  and  grynd  faire  poudre 
of  whit  leed,  or  of  ceruse,  on  a  marble  ston  with  the  juse  of  a  blewe  flour  that 
groweth  in  corn  in  somer,  and  lat  it  drie  up,  and  thanne  grynd  a^eyn  with 
more  juse  of  the  blewe  flour,  and  drye  it  a?eyn,  and  thus  grinde  it  and  drie 
it  evermore  to  the  colour  be  as  fyn  as  thou  wilt  have  it ;  for  wite  wele  the 
ofter  that  it  is  so  grounde  with  juse  of  the  blewe  flour  and  dried  after,  the 
more  fyn  of  colour  wole  it  be  whanne  it  is  al  maad.  T.  wrigiit. 

J   Filings.  1^  Soft.  '  Soft. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CENTRAL  COMMITTEE 


'^xitiif)  SlrcJjacological  ^ggociation. 


March  13. 

Mr.  William  Wire  exhibited  drawings  of  Eomano-Britisli  and  Middle-Age 
Antiquities,  found  in  and  about  Colchester  within  the  last  few  years.  The  former 
consist  of  a  great  variety  of  earthern  vessels,  lamps,  enamelled  bronze  fibulae, 
coloured  clay  and  glass  beads,  buckles,  bracelets,  rings,  bone  pins,  a  fragment  of  a 
bone  comb,  a  small  bronze  statue  of  Mercury,  and  an  ornament  in  jet,  on  which 
is  carved,  in  high  relief,  a  representation  of  two  Avinged  Cupids  filling  a  bag.  It 
appears  to  have  been  worn  suspended  from  the  neck.  The  fictile  vu-ns  and  vases 
are  numerous,  and  of  a  great  variety  of  shape.  Many  of  these  remains  were  foimd 
on  the  site  of  the  Union  Workhouse,  and  between  Butt  and  JMaldon  lanes,  both 
of  which  localities,  from  the  great  number  of  skeletons  and  urns  containing  burnt 
bones  which  have  there  been  discovered,  were  doubtless  appropriated  as  burial 
places.  The  objects  of  Middle-Age  art  comprise  a  brass  image  of  the  Saviour, 
the  eyes  of  which  are  made  of  a  blue  transparent  substance,  a  small  brass  crucifix 
made  in  two  parts  with  a  hinge,  so  as  to  contain  a  relic,  seals,  and  a  tap,  the 
key  of  which  is  in  the  form  of  a  cock.  Mr.  Wire  also  forwarded  a  map  of 
Colchester  on  which  is  marked  in  colours  the  various  spots  where  Eoman  buildings, 
pavements,  and  burial  places,  have  been  discovered. 

Mr.  Thomas  Bateraan,  jun.,  exhibited  sketches  of  twenty-two  crosses  on  grave 
slabs,  discovered  beneath  the  church  of  Bakewell  in  Derbyshire. 

The  Rev.  Allan  Borman  Hutchins,  of  Appleshaw,  Hants,  communicated  an 
account  of  the  opening  of  a  barrow,  situated  seven  miles  to  the  east  of  Sarum, 
near  Winterslow  Hut  Inn  Inclosures,  on  a  point  of  land  within  a  yard  or  two  of 
the  Idminster  parish  road,  which  leads  into  the  Salisbury  turnpike.  Mr.  Hutchins 
remarks : — "  One  foot  and  a  half  from  the  top  of  the  barrow,  towards  the  south,  my 
labourers  came  to  a  strong  arch-work  composed  of  rude  flints  wedged  together 
remarkably  secure,  without  cement  of  any  kind,  with  the  key-stone.  Having 
carefully  removed  the  flinty  safeguard,  I  was  highly  pleased  with  the  view  of  the 
largest  sepidchral  urn,  18  inches  by  18,  the  mouth  of  which  was  placed  down- 
wards and  perfectly  entire,  with  the  exception  of  one  of  its  massy  handles,  which, 
in  my  humble  opinion,  was  accidentally  broken  by  those  who  conveyed  it  to  its 
appointed  spot  for  interment,  owing  to  the  great  weight  of  the  new-made  urn. 
The  neck  was  ornamented  within  and  without,  in  a  handsome,  though  somewhat 
nide,  manner,  with  a  victor's  laurel  pattern.  With  the  assistance  of  my  two  men, 
the  urn  was  removed,  and  immediately  some  linen,  beautiful  to  the  eye  and  perfect 
for  a  time,  of  a  mahogany  colour,  presented  itself  to  our  view,  and  resembled  a 
veil  of  the  finest  lace.  I  made  an  accurate  drawing  of  the  linen  which  originally 
contained  the  l)urnt  bones,  of  a  yellow  hue  ;   underneath  there  were  blood-red 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  157 

amber  beads,  of  a  conical  form,  with  two  holes  at  the  base,  a  small  pin  of  mixed 
metal,  and  among  the  bones  some  luiman  hair,  short,  brittle,  and  of  a  bronze  colour, 
four  beautiful  amber  beads,  and  a  small  fluted  laiice-hcad  of  mixed  metal.  A 
small  urn  was  placed  beside  the  large  one,  on  the  same  floor,  surrounded  by  flint 
stones,  but  containing  nothing  besides  bones.  It  holds  two  gallons,  measures 
12  inches  by  11 -j,  and  is  rudely  onuimented  with  plain  indentures  round  the  neck, 
and  imitation  handles.  Second  Deposit  : — The  centre  of  the  barrow  shewed 
another  mode  of  interment.  The  ashes  had  been  deposited  in  a  wooden  box, 
which  was  reduced  to  a  powder.  Among  the  ashes  we  found  a  spear-head,  and 
four  arrow-heads  of  iron,  together  with  a  small  round  vase.  Third  Deposit: — 
Four  feet  below  the  natural  earth  of  this  barrow  we  discovered  the  third  and 
original  interment,  consisting  of  a  skeleton  of  an  immense  size,  the  skull  very  large, 
and  the  teeth  all  perfect.  The  skeleton  was  placed  with  the  head  to  the  north, 
and  the  feet  to  the  south.  A  handsome  but  rudely  ornamented  red  vase,  of  the 
capacity  of  three  pints,  was  laid  between  the  knees  and  feet,  and  in  it  were  two 
arrow-heads  of  flint,  the  one  black,  the  other  white.  A  metal  spear-head, inclining 
to  roundness  at  the  point,  was  under  the  right  arm,  and  also  a  slate  gorget,  or 
badge,  with  three  holes  at  each  end."  Mr.  Hutchins  adds  that  he  is  in  possession 
of  an  excellent  oil-painting  of  the  whole  of  the  contents  of  the  barrow,  made  by 
Mr.  Guest  of  Sarum. 

March  27. 

A  second  communication  was  received  from  Mr.  William  Sidney  Gibson  relating 
to  the  ancient  church  of  the  Hospital  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  at  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne.  Mr.  Gibson  observes,  "  When  I  wrote  the  communication  touching  the  old 
chapel  at  West  Gate,  in  this  town,  I  had  no  expectation  that  the  interference  of 
the  Association  would  now  arrest  the  hand  of  the  destroyer,  and  I  fear  my  neglect 
to  explain  this  has  occasioned  to  you  and  your  learned  colleagues  a  trouble  that 
will  be  fruitless.  The  result  of  my  subsequent  enquiries  into  the  matter  is,  I  regret 
to  say,  that  I  see  no  prospect  whatever  of  success  attending  any  eflbrt  that  may 
now  be  made  as  far  as  this  building  is  concerned.  Its  doom  has  been  sealed  by 
the  coi-poration  for  some  considerable  time,  and  the  work  of  demolition  is  going 
on,  though  slowly.  In  its  progress  a  fine  chancel-arch,  sedilia,  l*cc.  have  been 
stripped  of  the  unsightly  modern  barbarisms  which  concealed  them,  as  well  as  the 
east  and  west  windows.  The  corporation  collectively  authorize  the  spoliation. 
The  municipal  body  purchased  the  edifice  and  site  for  the  purposes  of  what  are 
called  town  improvements,  in  which  they  were  busily  engaged.  The  vendors — 
the  representatives  of  the  feoffees  of  the  ancient  charity — ought  to  be  ashamed  of 
themselves  for  having  sold  for  such  purposes  a  building  once  consecrated  and  set 
apart  from  worldly  things.  Mr.  Leadbitter,  who  lives — a  wealthy  bachelor — in  a 
neighbouring  pictures(|ue  old  house,  (the  last  relic  here  of  the  stately  buildings  of 
its  date  that  once  adorned  the  town,)  ofl'ered  to  purchase  of  the  corporation  the 
site  and  building,  wishing  to  restore  the  chapel,  and,  as  so  little  remains  of  it  that 
the  chapel  could  not  be  usefully  appropriated  to  public  worship,  he  desired  to  have 
annexed  it  as  a  chapel  to  his  own  mansion.     His  off"er  was  rejected." 

Mr.  Stai)leton  read  a  letter  upon  the  same  sidyect  from  Mr.  George  B.  Richard- 
son, who  suites  that "  No  sooner  had  I  read  your  letter  than  I  perceived  the  im- 
perfectness  and  paucity  of  my  remarks  respecting  the  chapel,  which  faidt  I  now 
proceed  to  rectify,  for  we  cannot  expect  that  the  mere  plea  of  antiquiti/,  powerful 
as  it  is  to  us,  will  avail  with  a  money-making  age  like  this,  unless  indeed  some 
such  interposition  be  made  as  this  Society  can  exert.  It  is  quite  certain  that  its 
destruction  is  unnecessary,  for  no  gnod   or  suflicient  reason  \\hatevcr  has  been 

V 


158  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

adduced  for  the  propriety  of  removal ;  for,  firstly,  a  large  party  of  the  council 
(though  of  course  not  the  majority)  were  averse  to  it ;  secondly,  its  removal  would 
create  a  blank  in  the  street  which  would  have  to  be  replaced  with  some  other 
erection  ;  in  fact,  in  the  same  breath  which  ordered  its  destruction,  the  council 
considered  of  the  necessity  of  erecting  on  its  very  site  modern  buildings  ;  thirdly, 
the  street  at  present  possesses  its  proper  breadth,  even  at  the  side  of  the  building ; 
fourthly,  the  present  filthy  appearance  of  the  building,  say  they,  makes  it  a  nuisance 
or  an  eye-sore  :  in  this  they  forget  both  who  has  been  instrumental  in  making  it 
so,  and  that  these  excrescences  are  easily  removed ;  fifthly,  the  council,  even  if 
they  had  wished  it,  reported  the  building  unfit  for  repair  from  its  ruinous  condition, 
but  now  that  workmen  are  engaged  in  removing  it,  even  these  opposers  of  its  pre- 
servation confess  that  it  is  in  good  condition,  and  are  surprised  at  the  beauty  of 
its  details,  now  that  they  are  being  cleared  from  the  filthy  incumbrances  which 
have  so  long  defiled  them  ;  and  sixthly,  it  is  not  the  wish  of  the  inhabitants  that 
it  should  be  removed,  on  the  contrary,  there  exists  among  them  a  deep  sense  of 
the  injustice  of  the  measure,  and  many  appealing  letters  have  appeared  on  the 
subject  in  the  local  newspapers.  My  conclusions  then  are,  that  the  council  were 
actuated  by  bad,  or  a  total  absence  of,  taste  ;  and  secondly,  by  a  mania  for  what 
is  most  incorrectly  called  improvement.  Mr.  Dobson,  an  architect  of  this  town,  has 
designed  and  made  plans  for  its  restoration  as  a  chapel  in  connection  with  the 
Church  of  England,  for  church  accommodation  is  wanted  ;  and  yet  we  find  those 
who  willingly  and  wilfully  remove  that  which  already  exists,  or  at  least  that  which, 
with  a  small  expense,  might  be  made  available.  Beside  this  infinitely  important 
claim,  it  has  others :  it  is  a  sacred  structure,  good  men  have  worshipped  within  its 
walls,  and  little  did  the  founder  think  that  his  pious  work  would  be  cast  to  the 
ground  by  man,  after  the  storms  and  tempests  of  four  or  five  hundred  long  years 
had  passed  over  its  venerable  walls  and  left  it  unscathed.  It  is  indelibly  associated 
with  all  that  is  honourable  and  worthy  in  the  town,  from  it  have  emanated  some 
of  our  most  remarkable  men,  and  for  this  alone,  even  if  it  had  none  other  claims 
upon  the  corporate  body,  as  a  public  monument  it  has  this." 

Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  read  a  letter  from  Mr.  Edmund  Tyrell  Artis,  of  Castor,  in 
Northamptonshire,  stating  that  paintings  had  recently  been  discovered  on  the 
walls  of  five  of  the  churches  in  that  neighbourhood,  namely,  in  those  of  Castor, 
Etton,  Orton,  Peakirk,  and  Yaxley.  The  subjects,  which  are  accompanied  with 
inscriptions,  are  scriptural,  and  differ  from  each  other,  but  the  colours  are  the  same 
in  all,  and  the  great  similarity  in  style  leads  Mr.  Artis  to  believe  that  they  were 
executed  by  the  same  artists. 

Mr.  Thomas  Bateman,jun.,  exhibited  a  drawing  of  a  pewter  chalice,  found  with 
a  patina,  and  one  or  two  coins  of  Edward  II.,  in  a  stone  coffin  in  the  churchyard 
of  Bakewell,  Derbyshire. 

Mr.  Thomas  Clarkson  Neale  exhibited  a  richly-ornamented  jug  of  Flemish  ware, 
of  a  greyish  white  colour  and  of  elegant  shape.  It  was  found  at  Butley  Priory, 
Norfolk,  and  is  now  preserved  in  the  Chelmsford  and  Essex  museum.  Its  date  is 
of  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century.  A  drawing  of  the  jug  by  Mr.  John  Adey 
Ilepton  accompanied  the  exhibition. 

April  10. 

Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  read  the  following  communication  from  Mr.  Joseph  Clai'ke  of 
Saff'ron  Walden,  and  exhibited  the  various  objects  therein  described. 

At  the  most  northerly  extremity  of  the  parish  of  Safl'ron  Walden  in  Essex,  about 
three  miles  directly  south  from  Chcsterford,  (supposed  by  some  to  l)e  theCamboricum 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 


159 


of  the  Romans,)  and  on  one  of  the  most  elevated  spots  in  the  vicinity,  as  the  progress 
of  land  draining  was  proceeding,  the  workmen  stumbled  frequently  upon  what  they 
called  pieces  of  old  platters,  and  hits  of  old  glass,  Init  which  the  eye  of  an  anticjuary 
would  at  once  detect  to  he  fragments  of  llomano-British  funeral  utensils ;  unfor- 
tunately these  peasants  had  no  one  at  hand  at  the  time  to  instruct  them  hetter, 
or  to  save  from  farther  mutilation  those  relics  which  time  and  accident  liad 
dealt  too  rudely  with  already.  The  rising  and  elevated  ground  which  formed  the 
place  of  deposit  of  the  articles  just  alluded  to,  is,  on  three  sides,  a  rather  steep  slope, 
and  on  the  west  side,  the  natural  connection  with  the  adjacent  hills  is  interrupted 
l)y  a  gully,  now  a  lane,  with  a  wooded  slope  next  to  the  ground  in  question,  and 
which  lane,  it  is  within  the  hounds  of  possibility,  may  have  been  the  ditch  or 
defence  from  that  side,  the  ground  being  sufficiently  elevated  to  have  formed  some 
protection  on  the  other  three  sides.  The  following  articles,  numbered  from  one 
to  fifteen  inclusive,  were  all  found  together,  and  not  more  than  two  feet  from  the 
surface,  and  from  the  occurrence  of  iron  hinges,  and  part  of  a  hasp,  or  what  may 
be  supposed  to  have  been  a  fastening,  the  conclusion  to  be  drawn  is,  that  they 
were  buried  in  a  box,  not  an  uncommon  custom  among  the  Romans,  for  there 
were  evident  traces  that  those  beautiful  vases  found  in  the  Bartlow  tumuli  were 
enclosed  in  a  box.  The  vessel  marked  No.  1  is  a  glass  bottle,  82 
inches  high,  of  the  class  to  which  the  tenn  lacrijmatory  is  given.  2.  A 
vessel  much  broken  and  rudely  mended,  of  square  shape,  and 
of  tolerably  thick  green  glass,  with  a  small  neck,  and  an  elegant 
striated  handle,  in  size  six  inches  high,  and  about  four  inches 
square  at  bottom.  3.  Part  of  a  cinerary  urn,  of  which  there  are 
several  other  pieces ;  some  of  those  belonging  to  the  middle  part 
are  slightly  ornamented ;  it  must  have  been  of  large  size.  4.  Small 
portion  of  a  mortuary  urn,  of  coarse  manufacture,  and  light- 
coloured  earth ;  this  urn  the  workmen  say  was  upside  down, 
and  contained  burned  bones,  tc,  but  was  so  fra- 
gile that  only  a  small  part  of  it  could  be  got  out. 
5.  Small  patera  of  red  or  Saniian  ware,  of  elegant  shape, 
and  foliage  or  the  lotus-leaf  running  round  its  edge, 
and  but  little  more  than  three  inches  over.  6.  Plain 
unornamented  patera  of  highly  glazed  Samian  ware,  ori- 
ginally with  handles,  which  are  broken  off,  size  (H  inches 
over,  \\  inch  deep.  7.  Large  simpulum  of  red  Samian 
pottery,  with  the  ivy-leaf  running  round  its  edge,  nine 
inches  over,  of  elegant  shape,  but  defticed.  8.  Wide 
mouth  or  rim  of  a  small  vessel  of  nearly  colourless 
glass,  which  from  the  remnants  must  have  been  unor- 
namented, and  small  at  the  bottom  and  very  much 
bulged  or  protuberant  at  the  sides,  i).  Iron  lamp- 
liolder,  generally  considered  to  l)e  the  stand  in  which 
the  earthen  lamp  stood,  no  vestige  of  which  lamp 
coidd  be  discovered.  10.  Part  of  a  spear-head,  of  S^-, 
iron,  barbed  on  one  side.  11.  Shaft  of  the  above,  or 
another.  12.  Pair  of  rude  iron  hinges,  one  of  which 
is  perfect  and  acting.  13.  Parts  of  an  iron  staple  and 
hasp,  probably  the  fastenings  of  a  box.     14.  Pieces  of  "'    ~^^' 

lead,  one  of  which  looks  as  if  it  bad  l)ecn  folded  round  ''^°-  ^ 

something.     1.3.  Six  bronze  ornaments,  of  tolerable  workinaiisliij>.  with  iron  rivets 


k 


160 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 


in  the  centre  of  each,  and  five  rings 
of  bronze,  one  peculiarity  of  which 
will  be  the  groove  or  indentation  run- 
ning round  the  outermost  side,  and 
two  or  three  of  them  will  be  found 
attachments,  probably  of  leather.  All 
the  above,  as  before  stated,  were  found 
No  8.  together,  and  from  the  hinges,  fast- 

enings, nails,  &c.  the  inference  to  be  drawn  is,  that  they  were  buried  together. 

At  other  parts  of  the  field  were  found  a  ,    -     , 

vessel  marked  16,  a  full-sized  red   dish, 

nine  inches  over,  much  broken,  and  plain, 

except  a  circle  of  rays  round  the  inner 

part ;  in  the  centre  is  the  potter's  stamp. 

17.    Small    plain    simpiduni,    about    six 

inches  over,  with  potter's  mark,  of.  veri, 

much  mutilated.     18.  Small  deep  patera,  ^o.  le 

differing  in  form  from  any  of  the  rest,  85  inches  over  and  2  inches  deep.     19.  A 

few  fragments  of  a  large  patera-like  vessel,  exhibiting  appearances  of  having 

been  mended  before  the  time  of  its  entombment ; 

a  slight  inspection  will  be  sufficient  to  ascertain 

that  it  has  been  riveted   together  with   leaden 

rivets,   much    after  the  manner   that  china   is 

mended  now-a-days  with  copper  wire,  and  it  is  an 

exemplification  of  the  saying  that  there  is  nothing 

new  under  the  sun.    20.  Part  of  a  very  thick  bottle 

of  very  green  glass,  bottom  3  inches  square,  found 

entire,  but  wantonly  broken  by  the  peasants  who 

discovered  it.  21.  Wide-mouthed  vessel  of  very  thin 
greenish  glass,  4^  inches  high,  mouth  23  inches  wide, 
holding  about  half  a  pint,  embossed  with  protuberances 
after  the  manner  of  the  cone  of  the  fir,  which  in  all  proba- 
bility was  the  model ;  this  vessel  is  novel  and  possibly 
unique.  22.  Lachrymatory,  3^  inches  high.  23.  Three 
very  small  bronze  ornaments,  similar  to  those  at  No.  15, 
and  probably  may  have  been  used  for  a  like  puii)ose. 
24.  Coin  of  Trajan,  second  brass,  with  radiated  head. 
2.5.  Small  portion  of  an  immense  amphora. 

Numerous  fragments  were  found  beneath  the  surface 
1^0  a^  at   different   parts  of    the  hill,    and  pieces  of   glass  in 

considerable   quantities,  but  all  of  the  greenish  cast,  similar   to   those   vessels 
before  mentioned. 

Although  the  site  of  this  discovery  is  but  three 
miles  from  the  Roman  station  at  Chesterford,  it 
does  not  appear  that  it  was  at  all  connected  with 
it,  as  the  character  of  the  vessels  found  clearly 
demonstrates,  in  one  essential  particular  especially 
so,  as  no  glass  vessels  have  ever  been  found 
at  Chesterford  ;  indeed  they  are  much  more  like 
those  found  at  Baitlow,  which  is  about  four  miles  ^'°  ^ 

distant.  The  only  clue  as  to  date  is  that  near  the  s])ot  where  the  principal  part  of  tin 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  1^)1 

remains  were  found,  was  also  found  the  coin  of  Trajan,  wliicli  if  it  could  be  at  all 
relied  on  would  fix  the  date  a  very  early  one.  A  small  brass  coin  of  Hadrian  was 
found  in  an  urn  in  a  bustum  at  Bartlow,  which  would  go  some  way  to  strengthen 
the  idea  that  they  were  nearly  coeval,  but  the  foregoing  must  be  taken  only  as  a 
conjecture.  Another  conjecture  may  be  also  hazarded  with  respect  to  the  orna- 
ments No.  15:  may  they  not  have  been  the  bosses  of  a  buckler  or  shield, 
the  iron  rivets  through  the  centre  indicating  that  they  have  been  fastened  to  some- 
thing, and  may  not  the  rings  have  been  attached  to  the  inside  of  the  shield,  for 
the  purpose  of  fastening  straps  thereto  for  the  ami  to  pass  through  ? 

April  24. 

Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  read  a  note  from  Mr.  John  Green  Waller  on  the  possibility  of 
restoring  paintings  on  walls  covered  with  many  coats  of  whitewash.  Mr.  Waller 
states  his  opinion  to  be  that  the  paintings  frequently  found  on  the  walls  of  our 
churches  and  designated  "  fresco,"  are  in  reality  nothing  more  than  distemper,  for 
the  cleaning  of  which  he  suggests  the  use  of  vinegar,  carefully  applied  with  a 
brush  alternately  with  water,  to  modify  its  action  and  prevent  the  acid  from 
injuring  the  layer  of  plaster  containing  the  paintings. 

Mr.  Thomas  Farmer  Dukes,  of  Shrewsbury,  presented  two  drawings  of  painted 
glass  existing  in  that  town.  The  one  from  the  window  of  St.  Mary's  church, 
which  contains  the  greater  portion  of  the  painted  glass  formerly  in  the  eastern 
window  of  old  St.  Chad's  church,  represents  the  genealogy  of  our  Saviour.  At  the 
bottom  is  depicted  the  patriarch  Jesse,  as  large  as  life,  being  six  feet  in  length. 
He  is  in  a  deep  sleep,  reclining  upon  a  cushion.  From  the  loins  of  this  figure 
proceed  a  vine,  the  branches  of  which  extend  nearly  over  the  entire  of  the  window, 
enclosing  within  small  oval  compartments  the  descendants  of  Jesse  down  to 
Joseph.  Under  these  paintings  there  appear  amongst  others  the  representations 
of  Sir  John  de  Charlton,  Lord  of  Powis,  and  his  wife  Hawis,  who  seems  to  have 
been  the  donor  of  this  window  sometime  between  the  years  1332  and  1353.  Mr. 
Dukes  remarks  also  that  the  representation  of  the  Lady  Howis  differs  in  its  details 
from  a  drawing  taken  from  the  window  by  Sir  William  Dugdale  in  1663,  and 
understood  to  be  now  deposited  in  the  Heralds'  College,  wherein  it  appears  that 
the  lady's  robe  is  sunnounted  by  amiorial  emblems.  This  painting  has  been 
engraved  by  Carter.  The  other  drawing  is  from  a  piece  of  glass  in  Mr.  Duke's 
possession,  and  represents  Alexander  slaying  Clitus. 

INIr.  Dukes  also  presented  a  drawing  of  an  ancient  wooden  chapel  at  Melverley, 
about  ten  miles  from  Shrewsbury,  and  nearly  adjoining  the  conflux  of  the  rivers 
Severn  and  Virniew,  and  a  sketch  of  the  remaining  portion  of  an  octagonal  font, 
bearing  an  inscription  in  Greek  reading  forwards  and  backwards  the  same, 
"  Nl^ON  ANOMHMA  MH  MONAN  O^IN."  This  fragment,  it  appears,  was  acci- 
dentally rescued  from  destruction  by  a  gentleman  passing  by  the  church  of 
Kinnerley  in  Shropshire,  at  the  moment  when  some  workmen  were  breaking  the 
font  to  pieces  for  the  purpose  of  repairing  the  church-yard  wall ;  but  its  preservation 
was  accomplished  by  an  offer  of  money,  when  the  men  permitted  it  to  be  removed 
to  a  place  of  safety.  This  inscription,  Mr.  Duke  observes,  appears  not  only  upon 
various  fonts,  but  is  inscribed  also  upon  ewers,  dishes,  and  other  kinds  of  vessels 
used  in  baptismal  ceremonies  both  in  England  and  on  the  continent,  as  at  St. 
Martin's  church,  Ludgate;  Duhvich  college  ;  Worlingworth,  Suffolk;  at  a  church 
in  Cheshire ;  at  various  places  in  France,  and  at  St.  Sophia  at  Constantinople.  It 
is  likewise  engraved  upon  a  capacious  basin  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  which 
is  used  by  the  collegians  for  washing  the  fingers  after  dinner. 


162  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

Mr.  Albeit  Way  exliibited  a  forged  brass  seal  of  Macarius  Bishop  of  Antioch, 
■which  the  owner  had  purchased  upon  the  assertion  of  its  having  been  found  in  tlie 
Thames  by  the  ballast-heavers.  The  seal  is  circular,  about  one  and  a  half  inch  in 
diameter ;  the  upper  part  is  in  form  of  a  tortoise,  on  the  back  of  which  is  a  semi- 
circidar  handle:  the  inscription  runs  round  a  figure  of  St.  Peter.  It  was  re- 
marked that  many  similar  forgeries,  executed  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of 
Covent  Garden,  were  now  dispersed  not  only  throughout  England  but  also  in  the 
various  towns  in  France  most  frequented  by  English  travellers.  Many  of  these 
seals  are  merely  lead  electrotyped,  the  weight  of  which  alone  would  lead  to  their 
detection.  They  have  moreover  in  most  cases  a  light  mouldy-green  rust,  the 
surface  is  uneven  and  covered  with  very  minute  globules,  and  the  edge  has  a  coarse 
look  and  appears  filed. 

May  8. 

Mr.  Wright  laid  before  the  Committee  a  letter  he  had  received  from  the  Minister 
of  Public  Instruction  of  France,  acknowledging  the  reception  of  a  copy  of  the 
Archaeological  Journal  for  the  Comite  des  Arts  et  Monuments,  and  sending  copies 
of  the  following  works  for  the  library  of  the  Association.  Instructions  du  Comite 
Historique  des  Arts  et  Monuments.  1.  Collection  de  Documens  Inedits  sur 
I'histoire  de  France-Architecture.  2.  Architecture  Militaire.  3.  Musique. 
4.  Iconographie  Chretienne.  Histoire  de  Dieu,  par  M.  Didron. 

The  Committee  requested  Mr.  Wright  to  return  the  thanks  of  the  Association  to 
the  Minister  of  Public  Instruction  for  this  valuable  donation. 

Mr.  Wright  laid  on  the  table  a  vase  of  stone  apparently  of  the  time  of  James  I., 
dug  up  within  the  precincts  of  the  priory  of  Leominster  in  Herefordshire,  and  a 
fragment  of  a  head  sculptured  in  stone  (Norman-work)  dug  up  at  the  depth  of 
12  feet  in  a  field  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Leominster.  These  articles  are  the  pro- 
perty of  John  Evans,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  of  17,  Upper  Stamford-street. 

Mr.  C.  E.  Smith  read  a  letter  from  Mr.  E.  B.  Price,  of  29,  Cow-cross-street, 
West  Smithfield,  giving  an  account  of  the  discovery  of  vast  quantities  of  human 
remains  during  excavations  for  sewerage  at  the  west  end  of  Newcastle-street,  Far- 
ringdon-street,  within  a  short  distance  eastward  of  an  old  brick  wall  which 
Mr.  Price  thinks  formed  part  of  the  barrier  of  the  river  Fleet.  These  remains 
were  found  at  the  depth  of  about  five  feet.  Another  similar  deposit  was  discovered 
at  the  depth  of  six  or  seven  feet  about  twenty  or  thirty  feet  farther  up  the  street, 
near  Seacoal-lane.  Mr.  Price  observes,  "  it  is  very  evident  that  this  district  has 
been  somewhat  extensively  used  as  a  place  of  interment,  but  at  what  period  it  is 
now  difiiciUt  to  conjecture ;  it  may  have  been  a  portion  of  the  parish  burial-ground, 
some  centuries  back,  or  it  may  have  been  annexed  to  some  religious  house  in  the 
neighbourhood.  This  latter  supposition  may  derive  a  little  support  (if  such  it  may 
be  termed)  from  the  discovery  of  several  abbey  counters  during  the  excavation. 
You  are  probably  aware  of  the  existence  of  a  very  ancient  wall  at  the  foot  of  that 
precipitous  descent  named  Breakneck  Stairs.  It  was  a  relic  in  Stowe's  day.  He 
alludes  to  it  as  an  old  tvall  of  stone  inelosing  a  piece  of  (ground  up  Seacoal  Lane, 
wherein  {by  report)  sometime  stood  an  Tnne  of  Chancer)/,  which  house  being  greatly 
decayed  and  standing  remote  from  other  houses  of  that  profession,  the  company  re- 
moved to  a  common  Hostery  called  of  the  signe  of  our  Lady  Line  not  far  from 
Clements  Inne :  (since  called  New  Inn.)  But  whether  a  monastic  edifice  or 
Chancery  Inn,  there  exists  no  objection  to  the  sui)p()sition  that  there  was  a 
l)lace  of  interment  attached  to  it."  Mr.  Price  further  states  that  when  the  ex- 
cavation had  descended  to  the  depth  of  It  feet,  numerous  fragments  of  Roman 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  163 

pottery,  an  iron  utijlus,  and  two  small  brass  coins  of  Constantine,  were  dis- 
covered. 

Mr.  Smith  then  read  a  note,  and  exhibited  a  drawin*''  in  illustration,  from 
Mr.  A.  Stubbs  of  Bouloji;ne,  on  two  stone  capitals  of  pillars  sculj)turcd  with  the  Tndor 
arms,  deposited  in  the  museum  of  that  town.  These  capitals,  Mr.  Stubbs  states, 
were  found  on  taking  down  a  house  on  the  Tintilleries  in  1807,  and  he  conjectures 
that  they  belonged  to  the  jube  or  rood-loft  of  the  church  of  St.  Nicholas  in 
Calais,  taken  down  to  make  room  for  the  citadel  erected  by  the  French  after  the 
recovery  of  the  town  from  the  English  ;  and  which  jube,  it  appears,  was  by  order 
of  Charles  IX.  transferred  in  1501  to  Boulogne. 

Mr.  Pettigrew  read  a  note  from  Arthur  W.  Upcher,  Esq.,of  Sheringham,  Cromer, 
on  the  discovery  of  a  small  bronze  iigure  of  the  crucified  Saviour  in  a  field  adjoining 
Beeston  Priory,  near  Cromer.  Mr.  Upcher  also  communicated  an  inscription 
from  a  monumental  brass  in  the  church  of  the  same  parish.     It  is  as  follows : 

THE  YEABE  OF  OVR  LORD  A.M.  CCCCXXXI 

THOMAS  SYSO  PEIST  DPXYD  AND  LYETH  UNDER  THIS  STO 

THE  IX  DAY  OF  JANUARY  ALIVE  AND  ALLSO  GOO. 

NOT  FOR  NO  ORNAMENT  OF  THE  BODY  THIS  STONE  AVAS  LAID  HERE 

BUT  ONLI  THE  SOWLE  TO  BE  PRAYD  FOR  AS  CHARITE  REQWERE. 

Mr.  Pettigrew  also  read  a  note  from  Sir  Arthur  Brooke  Faulkner,  mentioning  the 
finding  of  a  small  brass  coin  of  Victorinus  and  some  tradesmen's  tokens  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  in  excavating  the  foundations  of  a  house  at  Broadstairs,  near 
Ramsgate. 

A  letter  was  then  read  from  Mr.  Charles  L.  Fisher,  of  Aldenham  Park,  pro- 
mising an  account  of  the  Prior's  House  at  Wenlock,  an  interesting  monastic  house 
almost  the  only  one  remaining  habitable  which  has  not  been  altered  or  modernised. 
The  abbey,  Mr.  Fisher  remarks,  is  not  preserved  as  it  should  be.  The  fiinn-servants 
are  permitted  to  disfigure  the  remains  of  the  church  in  the  most  wanton  manner, 
making  a  practice  of  tearing  asunder  the  beautiful  clustered  piers,  a  few  only  of 
which  are  now  left,  with  crow-bars,  for  mere  amusement.  Mr.  Fisher  solicits  the 
kind  interference  of  some  member  of  the  Association  with  Sir  W.  W.  Wynne,  the 
owner  of  the  property,  to  put  a  stop  to  such  Vandalism. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Rolfe  exhibited  a  small  enamelled  and  gilt  bronze  figure,  apparently 
of  a  mass-priest,  found  at  Hammel,  near  Eastry  in  Kent. 

May  22. 

Mr.  C.  R.  Smith,  in  the  name  of  Monsieur  Lecointre-Dupont  of  Poitiers,  foreign 
member  of  the  Association,  presented  the  following  works.  1.  Catalo<>-ue  des 
Objects  Celtiques  du  Cabinet  d'Antiquites  de  la  Ville  de  Poitiers,  et  du  Musee 
de  la  Societe  des  Antiquaires  de  I'Ouest,  par  M.  Lecointre-Dupont.  8vo.  Poitiers 

1839.  2.  Essai  sur  les  Monnaies  du  Poitou,  par  M.  Lecointre-Dupont.  8vo.  Poitiers 

1840.  3.  Notice  sur  un  Denier  de  rEmpereur  Lothaire,  par  M.  Lecointre-Dupont. 
8vo.  Blois.  4.  Traite  conclu  a  Londres,  en  1350,  entre  les  rois  Jean  et  Edouard, 
par  M.  L.  D.  8vo.  Poitiers.  5.  Rapport  presente  a  la  Societe  des  Antiquaires 
de  rOuest,  au  nom  de  la  Commission  chargee  d'examiner  la  J'acade  de  I'Eglise 
Notre-Dame  de  Poitiers,  par  M.  Lecointre-Dupont.  8vo.  Poitiers. 

Mr.  William  Edward  Rose  presented  through  Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  a  spear-head 
in  iron,  23  inches  in  length,  a  bronze  ornament  attached  to  a  portion  of  a  chain, 
and  a  small  brass  coin  of  Constantine  (Rev.  spes  rkipvbl  •),  a  figure  on  horseback 
with  the  right  arm  elevated,  and  holding  in  the  left  hand  a  javelin  ;  l)cfore  the 


364  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

horse  a  captive  seated ;  in  the  exergue,  pln.  These  objects  were  discovered  a  few 
years  since  on  the  apex  of  Shooters'  Hill,  Pangbourn,  Berks,  in  making  excavations 
for  the  Great  Western  Railway.  At  the  same  time  and  place  were  brought  to 
light  a  variety  of  urns,  coins,  and  spear-heads,  together  with  nearly  a  hundred 
skeletons  lying  in  rows  in  one  direction.  There  was  also  discovered,  Mr.  Rose 
states,  a  structure  resembling  the  foundations  of  a  lime-kiln,  about  30  feet  in 
diameter,  and  2  feet  deep,  composed  of  flints  cemented  with  mortar  of  intense 
hardness ;  the  interior  contained  a  large  quantity  of  charcoal  and  burnt  human 
bones.  It  was  remarked  that  an  account  of  these  discoveries,  with  a  description 
of  the  skulls  of  the  skeletons,  was  published  by  Dr.  Allnatt,  F.S.A.,  in  the  Medical 
Gazette. 

Richard  Sainthill,  Esq.,  of  Cork,  forwarded  a  coloured  drawing  of  an  ancient  punt 
or  canoe  with  a  descriptive  letter  from  J.  B.  Gumbleton,  Esq.,  of  Fort  William,  near 
Lismore.  Mr. Gumbleton  writes,"  The  canoe  was  found  on  very  high  though  boggy 
land,  a  few  feet  under  the  surface,  on  the  lands  of  Coalowen,  the  estate  of  Richard 
Gumbleton,  Esq.  The  river  Bride  is  about  a  mile  and  the  Blackwater  river  about 
two  miles  distant,  but  I  do  not  think  the  canoe  was  ever  on  either.  Its  length  is 
16  feet  6  inches ;  breadth,  4  feet ;  depth  inside,  1  foot  2  inches ;  depth  outside,  2  feet. 
It  is  hollowed  out  from  the  solid  timber  with  I  should  say  the  smallest  and  rudest 
axes;  it  seems  also  to  bear  marks  of  having  been  partly  hollowed  out  by  fire; 
there  is  no  appearance  of  seats,  or  places  for  oars ;  the  timber  is  oak,  and  so  hard  ' 
that  a  hatchet  can  make  but  little  impression  on  it ;  there  are  four  large  holes,  two 
at  each  end,  the  use  of  which  I  cannot  guess.  Its  weight  is  I  think  about  three 
tons." 

John  Adey  Repton,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  coloured  drawing  of  various  orna- 
ments from  some  ancient  tapestry  in  his  possession,  apparently  of  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII. 

June  12. 
Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  informed  the  Committee  of  the  existence  of  the  remains  of 
some  Roman  buildings  in  the  church-field  at  Snodland  in  Kent.  About  two 
years  since,  Mr.  Smith  having  observed  Roman  tiles  in  the  walls  of  the  church, 
was  induced  to  examine  the  neighbouring  field  with  a  view  to  ascertain  whether 
these  tiles  might  have  been  taken  from  Roman  buildings  in  the  immediate 
vicinity,  as  in  several  instances  where  Roman  tiles  compose  in  part  the  masonry 
of  church  walls,  he  had  discovered  indications  of  ancient  habitations  in  the 
adjoining  fields.  He  found  the  field  in  which  the  church  of  Snodland  is  situate, 
strewed  in  places  with  the  tesserae  of  Roman  pavements,  and  fragments  of  roof  and 
flue  tiles,  and  pottery,  and  also  observed  in  the  bank  of  the  field  which  overhangs 
the  river  Medway  other  evidences  of  buildings.  During  a  recent  visit  to  Snod- 
land, Mr.  Smith  examined  the  latter  more  circumspectly,  which  he  was  better 
enabled  to  do  from  a  part  of  the  bank  having  foundered  from  the  action  of  the 
water.  The  remains  of  the  walls  and  flooring  of  a  small  room  are  now  distinctly 
visible  in  the  bank,  at  about  six  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  field.  The  walls,  two 
feet  thick,  are  composed  of  chalk  and  rag-stone ;  the  pavement,  of  lime  mixed  with 
sand,  small  stones,  and  pounded  tile.  In  continuing  his  search  along  the  bank 
towards  the  east,  Mr.  Smith  discovered  the  remains  of  other  buildings,  of  one  of 
which,  part  of  a  well-built  wall  of  stone,  with  alternate  layers  of  red  and  yellow  tiles, 
is  to  be  seen  beneath  the  sedge  and  underwood  with  which  the  bank  is  covered. 
Mr.  Smith  hopes  the  attention  of  some  of  the  members  of  the  Association  will  be 
directed  to  these  remains,  with  a  view  to  eff"cct  a  more  complete  investigation. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  1G5 

Mr.  Albert  VV^ay  presented  from  Monsieur  Josspli-Octave  Delepierre, — 1.  Precis 
des  Annalcs  de  Brug-es,  par  Joseph-Octave  Delepierre.  8vo.  Bruges,  1835. — 2. 
Precis  Analytique  des  Documens  qui  renfernie  le  depot  des  archives  de  la  Flandre 
Occidentale  a  Bruges,  par  Octave  Delepierre.  Vol.  i — iii.,  Bruges,  1840,  1842. 
Deuxieme  Serie.  Tome  i.  8vo.  Bruges,  1843  ;  and  Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  from 
Dr.  Bernliard  Kohne,  Die  auf  die  Geschichte  der  Deutschen  und  Sarraaten 
bezliglichen  Roniischeu  Miinzen.     Par  Beruhard  Kohne,  8vo.  Berlin,  1S44. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Smith  exhibited  a  coloured  drawing,  by  Mr.  John  AllVed  Barton,  of 
the  painting  on  the  wall  ot"  Godshill  church,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  one 
forwarded  by  Mr.  Robert  Elliott  of  a  fresco  painting  recently  discovered  in  pulling 
down  an  old  house  in  Chichester,  the  property  of  Mr.  Mason.  The  painting  is  in 
two  compartments,  the  upper  of  which  represents  a  view  of  a  row  of  houses  ;  the 
lower,  figures  of  birds  and  Howers.  The  date  is  apparently  that  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  Mr.  Smith  also  exhil)ited  a  drawing  by  Miss  Sabina  Heath,  of  Andover, 
of  the  two  urns  and  other  antiquities  taken  from  the  barrow  on  Winterslow  Down, 
near  Sarum,  by  the  Rev.  A.  B.  Hntchings.  Mr.  Charles  Spence  exhibited  a 
ru])bing  from  Anthony  church,  Cornwall,  of  the  monumental  brass  of  Margery 
Arundel,  an  ancestor  of  the  far-famed  Richard  Carew,  the  author  of  the  Survey  of 
Cornwall.  Mr.  T.  C.  Neale  exhibited  an  earthen  vessel  found  at  Chelmsford  in 
digging  the  foundation  of  the  Savings  Bank.  A  drawing  of  this  vessel  by 
Mr.  Repton,  together  with  drawings  of  other  antiquities  in  the  Chelmsford  and 
Essex  museum,  Mr.  Neale  states,  he  intends  to  have  lithographed,  to  accompany 
a  catalogue  of  the  collection. 

The  following  communication  was  read  from  Mr.  Henry  Norris  of  South 
Petherton : — 

"  On  the  23rd  ult.,  as  a  boy  was  ploughing  in  an  elevated  spot  of  ground  called 
Stroudshill,  near  INIontacute,  a  village  about  five  miles  hence,  he  turned  up 
between  seventy  and  eighty  iron  weapons,  which  at  first  sight  appeared  to  be 
sword-blades,  but  on  closer  inspection,  seemed  more  probably  to  be  very  long  javelin 
heads,  from  the  total  absence  of  any  thing  like  a  hilt,  as  well  as  from  the  circum- 
stance that  each  of  them  has  a  socket, or  the  remains  of  one,  evidently  intended  for  a 
shaft.  Those  that  are  in  the  most  perfect  state  are  about  two  and  a-half  feet  long, 
their  greatest  breadth  one  inch  and  three  quarters.  They  were  found  in  a  mass, 
covered  over  with  a  flat  stone,  and  are  in  such  a  corroded  state,  that  there  can  be 
no  doubt  of  their  being  of  high  antiquity ;  this  is  rendered  more  probable  from 
the  fact  that  the  field  in  which  they  were  discovered  is  continuous  with  Hamdon 
hill,  the  site  of  a  British  Roman  encampment,  where  numerous  remains  in  iron 
and  bronze  have  been  found,  such  as  coins,  arrow-heads,  fibuh-e.  Sec.  The 
weapons  above  alluded  to  are  of  very  rude  manufacture.  A  sketch  of  one  is  here 
subjoined." 


Mr.  G.  R.  Corner,  F.S. A.,  informed  the  Committee  that  Mr.  George  Woollaston, 
of  Welling,  has  recently  discovered  some  fine  fresco  paintings  on  the  walls  and 
window-jambs  of  the  church  of  East  Wickham,  Kent.  Mr.  Woollaston  is  now 
engaged  in  making  tracings  of  these  paintings,  which  he  offers  to  lay  before 
tlie  Association  at  the  proposed  meeting  at  Canterbury.     They  consist  of  a  double 

Z 


1G6  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

row  of  Scriptural  subjects  in  colours,  extending  originally  (it  is  believed)  all  round 
the  cliurcL.  The  lower  range  is  within  an  arcade  of  pointed  trefoil  arches,  each  arch 
containing  a  distinct  subject.  The  subjects  at  present  made  out  are,  the  three 
kings  bringing  presents  to  Herod  ;  the  flight  into  Egypt;  the  meeting  of  Eliza- 
beth and  Mary ;  the  presentation  of  Jesus  in  the  Temple  ;  and  the  archangel 
Michael  overcoming  Satan.  Mr.  Corner  states  the  paintings  to  be  exceedingly 
well  drawn,  and  to  be  in  his  opinion  as  early  as  the  thirteenth  century,  the  probable 
date  of  the  chancel. 

Mr.  John  Sydenham  informed  the  Committee,  that  in  consequence  of  a  reser- 
voir being  about  to  be  erected  by  order  of  government  in  Greenwich  Park,  for  the 
purpose  of  supplying  the  hospital  and  dockyard  with  water,  the  Saxon  barrows, 
the  examination  of  which  by  Douglas  forms  so  interesting  a  feature  in  his  Nenia 
Britannica,  would  be  nearly  all  destroyed,  a  fate  which  Mr.  Sydenham  thinks 
may  be  averted  by  a  representation  to  the  Government  from  the  Association. — The 
Committee  suggested  to  Mr.  Sydenham  to  make  application  on  the  subject  to 
Captain  Brandreth  of  the  Royal  Engineers. 

A  letter  from  Mr.  E.  J.  Carlos  was  read,  containing  remarks  and  suggestions 
relating  to  alterations  said  to  be  contemplated  in  Westminster  Abbey.  He 
observes  ; — "  Feeling  that  one  of  the  objects  of  the  Archajological  Society  will  be 
answered  by  calling  the  attention  of  the  Committee  to  the  projected  alterations 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  I  venture  to  make  the  following  suggestion,  which  you  will 
oblige  me  by  laying  before  them  at  the  next  meeting.  It  is  now  understood  that 
it  is  proposed  to  afford  additional  accommodation  for  those  who  may  attend 
Divine  service  in  the  abbey  church,  to  throw  open  the  transept  to  the  choir,  and 
occupy  the  area  with  seats  for  a  congregation.  The  principal  objections  to 
this  measure  are,  the  interference  with  the  integrity  of  the  design  of  the  choir 
and  the  placing  of  the  worshippers  with  regard  to  each  other  and  to  the  church 
in  a  novel  and  hitherto  unknown  position :  it  having  been,  as  far  as  I  am  able  to 
judge,  an  universal  practice  to  arrange  the  congregation  so  that  during  Divine 
service  they  shall  look  towards  the  east,  at  least  whenever  the  Altar  is  raised  in  that 
quarter.  I  need  not  urge  the  ancient  and  pious  feeling  which  sanctioned,  if  it  did  not 
give  rise  to,  the  usual  arrangement,  nor  indeed  any  argument  based  on  the  eccle- 
siastical arrangement  of  churches,  as  on  the  ground  of  mere  utility  it  is  obvious 
that  the  proposed  arrangement  will  not  answer  the  designed  object.  In  every 
public  assembly,  and  for  whatever  purpose  it  is  convened,  the  eyes  of  the  persons 
present  are  centered  in  that  part  in  which  is  contained  the  main  object  for  which 
the  meeting  is  brought  together:  thus  in  a  meeting  for  any  public  purpose  the 
busting  or  platform,  in  a  theatre  the  stage,  in  a  concert-room  the  orchestra,  will  be 
the  part  to  which  the  attention  of  the  assembly  will  be  directed,  and  an  architect 
proceeding  to  arrange  the  seats  of  a  building  for  either  of  these  purposes,  would 
so  construct  them  that  the  eyes  of  the  persons  assembled  should  be  directed  to  the 
principal  object,  and  if  he  did  not  do  this  the  inconvenience  would  be  manifested 
t)y  the  interruptions  occasioned  by  the  auditors  endeavouring  to  arrange  them- 
selves more  conveniently.  If  he  were  to  arrange  a  large  portion  of  the  auditory  so 
that  one  half  should  look  directly  at  the  other,  and  neither  see  the  principal  object, 
greater  confusion  would  ensue,  and  he  would  be  blamed  for  making  an  unsatis- 
factory arrangement.  Now  in  a  Christian  church  the  Altar,  in  consequence  of  the 
sacred  mysteries  there  celebrated,  would  be  the  part  to  which  the  vision  of  the 
congregation  should  be  directed,  and  to  effect  this  object  the  seats  of  churches. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  167 

wlieiever  there  are  any,  liave  ever  been  directed  to  that  ])()int.  How  then  conkl 
this  o])ject  be  effected,  if  the  transept  in  the  instance  oi"  Westminster  Abbey  is 
opened  as  proposed  ?  Two  bodies  of  persons  will  be  seated  iu  the  church,  one  of 
which  would  look  exactly  into  the  faces  of  the  other,  if  the  view  were  not  inter- 
mpted  by  a  third  body  occupying  the  present  seats  and  standing-room  in  the 
choir;  surely  the  effect  of  such  an  arrangement  would  be  incongruous  and 
irreverent.  The  persons  who  would  occupy  the  seats  in  the  transept  would  l)e 
those  who  coming  late  could  not  obtain  a  sitting  in  the  choir,  as  they  could  not 
see  either  the  clergy,  the  choristers,  or  the  Altar,  and,  in  all  probability,  hear  very 
imperfectly  the  service  ;  all  that  would  be  gained  by  the  alteration,  would  be  a  Ixxly 
of  persons  constantly  moving  and  endeavouring  to  obtain  a  better  seat,  to  the 
annoyance  of  the  service  and  of  those  who  were  attentive  listeners.  It  will  how- 
ever be  asked,  how  can  the  increasing  congregation  be  provided  for  if  the  tran- 
septs are  kept  in  their  present  state  ?  The  answer  to  this  is,  that  the  nave 
offers  sufficient  accommodation  for  any  congregation  which  may  be  reasonably 
expected  to  assemble  there.  If  the  proposed  accommodation  is  given  in  the 
nave,  it  will  be  strictly  in  accordance  with  Church  principles,  and  will  occasion  no 
alteration  in  the  choir,  at  least  no  alteration  destructive  of  its  ancient  character. 
A  pamphlet  has  recently  been  published  in  the  shape  of  a  letter  addressed  to 
the  Dean  and  Chapter,  in  which  an  arrangement  of  seats  in  the  nave  has  been 
advocated,  and  a  plan  appended  to  the  pamphlet  shews  the  entire  practicability  of 
the  alteration.  The  only  objection  to  the  plan  is,  that  it  contemplates  an  altera- 
tion in  the  present  dimensions  of  the  choir ;  in  other  respects  it  appears  to  present 
a  possible  arrangement,  and  which  might  be  effected  without  any  alteration  in  the 
choir."  Mr.  Carlos  then  proceeded  to  make  some  suggestions  as  to  steps  which 
ought  to  be  taken  to  secure  this  noble  monument  from  any  unnecessary  innova- 
tions and  injuries.  It  was  stated  confidently  before  the  Committee  that  there 
existed  at  present  no  decided  intention  on  the  part  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  to 
make  the  reported  alterations ;  and  Mr.  Carlos's  communication  was  therefore  re- 
served for  future  consideration. 

The  following  letter  in  reference  to  Mr.  Sydenham's  communication,  has  been 
received  by  j\Ir.  C.  R.  Smith. 
My  DKAii  Sin, 

You  expressed  a  wish  to  be  apprized  of  what  might  transpire  in  regard  to  the 
menaced  destruction  of  the  majority  ot  the  barrows  in  (Jreenwich  Park.  I  grieve 
to  have  to  report  that  the  efforts  made  for  their  preservation  have  failed.  The 
Vandalic  spirit  of  utilitarianism  has  prevailed  ;  and  the  monuments  of  a  thousand 
years  have  yielded  to  its  influence. 

A  public  meeting  of  the  inhabitants  was  fixed  for  last  evening,  and,  in  the 
meanwhile,  memorials  were  presented  to  Mr.  Sidney  Herbert,  the  Secretary  to  the 
Adnriralty,  to  Lord  Haddington,  tlie  First  L(n-d  of  that  Board,  and  to  the  Karl  of 
Lincoln,  as  the  head  of  the  Woods  and  Forests'  Committee.  The  immediate  re- 
sult was  that  the  works  were  suspended,  and  that  an  interview  was  ai)pointed  for 
Thursday  on  the  locu.i  in  quo.  The  Earl  of  Lincoln,  the  Hon.  Mr.  Herbert,  and 
the  Hon.  Mr.  Corry,  then  attended,  with  a  nimierous  staff  of  engineers;  and  the 
vicar  of  the  parish  (who  has  acted  with  much  earnestness  in  the  matter)  urged  the 
objection  to  the  proposed  measure,  the  force  of  which  was  admitted.  Other  spots 
were  suggested  for  substitution,  and  it  was  arranged  that  the  vicar  should  the  same 
evening  be  informed  of  the  result  of  a  deliberation  between  the  authorities.  That 
result  was, that  the  work  wasto  proceed  as  previously  ordered,and  that  the  Admiralty 


168  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

engineer  had  given  the  contractors  directions  to  recommence  on  the  following 
morning. 

In  the  face  of  the  parish-meeting  to  be  holden  the  same  day,  this  was  at  least 
unseemly  haste ;  and  the  works  were  carried  forward  with  such  earnestness  that 
by  this  evening  the  greater  number  of  the  twenty-six  barrows  marked  for  destruction 
have  been  levelled.  In  some  three  or  four  of  them  excavations  were  made  somewhat 
below  the  level  of  the  surrounding  surface,  but  the  keen  eye  of  a  Douglas  left 
nothing  for  subsequent  delvers.  The  others  have  been  merely  cut  down  to  the 
level  of  the  soil,  so  as  effectually  to  obliterate  their  site,  and  embarrass  any  watching 
on  subsequent  excavations. 

At  the  meeting  a  deputation  was  appointed  to  wait  on  the  Government  autho- 
rities, and  a  petition  was  agreed  to,  for  presentation  to  the  House  of  Commons  on 
Monday,  but  the  active  obedience  of  the  engineers  and  contractors  has  superseded 
these  measures  so  far  as  they  affect  the  barrows. 

I  am,  my  dear  Sir,  yours  very  truly, 

JOHN  SYDENHAM. 
Greenwich,  June  15,  1844. 


The  Committee  has  fixed  the  second  week  in  September  for  the  Antiquarian 
Meeting  at  Canterbury.  Circulars  will  be  immediately  addressed  to  the  JNIem- 
bers  of  tlie  Association,  stating  the  plan  of  the  meeting,  and  the  preparations 
which  aro  making  for  it. 


i^oticeg  of  i^eiM  ^utilicatious. 


ViTRAUx  Peints  de  Saint  Etiennt:  de  Bourges.  Recherches  Detachees 
d'cne  Moxoguaphie  de  cette  Cathedrale,  par  M  M.  Arthur  Martin  et 
Charles  Cahier,  Pretres.     Folio.     Paris.     Livraisons  i. — xi.  pp.  226. 

Our  wish  to  draw  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  this  truly  magnificent  work 
has  induced  us  to  notice  it  thus  early.  It  will  be  completed  in  fifteen 
livraisons.  The  eleven  already  published  contain  fifty-two  folio  plates,  most 
of  which  are  richly  coloured  by  the  cromolithogi-aphic  process. 

The  first  plate  of  the  series  (of  which  we  give 

a    diagram)   represents   a   window    of   Bourges 

cathedral,  in  w'hich  are  the  follomng  subjects : — 

Nos.  1  and  3.    In  each  is  represented  an  arm 

issuing  from  a  cloud,  and  holding  a  censer. 

2.  Jacob  blessing  Ephraim  and  Manasseh.    His 

arms  are  crossed,  which,  according  to  the 

authors,  is  typical  of  the  cross  of  Christ. 

8.  The  Resurrection. 

4.  Elijah  raising  to  life  the  son  of  the  widow 

of  Zarephath. 

5.  Jonah  issuing  from  the  fish's  mouth. 

6.  David  seated,  a  tree  bearing  a  nest,  and  the 

pelican  shedding  its  blood  on  its  yomig. 

7.  Three  lions :    one  is  stretched  out  on  the 

ground,  apparently  dead ;  a  second  stand- 
ing by  closely  regards  it ;  the  third  is 
seated  at  some  distance. 

9.  Moses  causing  water  to  issue  from  the  rock. 

10.  The  Crucifixion. 

11.  The  brazen  serpent. 
16.  Christ  bearing  the  cross. 

12.  The  woman  of  Zarephath  gathering  wood, 

her  child,  and  Elijah.     The  wood  is  in  the  form  of  a  cross. 

13.  The  sacrifice  of  the  paschal  lamb.     A  figure  is  marking  the  door-posts. 

The  words  "  Scribe  Thau"'  are  on  the  glass. 


170  NOTICES  OF  NEW  TUBLICATIONS. 

14.  Abraham  and  Isaac  going  to  Mount  Moriah.     The  wood  borne  by 

Isaac  is  in  the  form  of  a  cross. 

15.  The  sacrifice  of  Isaac. 

17,  18,  19,  represent  butchers  engaged  in  their  trade.  This  shews  that  tlie 
window  was  given  by  the  corporation  of  butchers,  and  is  called  by 
the  authors  the  signature  of  the  window. 


This  windoAV  is  a  fine  specimen  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and  exhibits  the 
usual  characteristics  of  that  period.  The  subjects  are  placed  within  medal- 
lions, and,  from  the  large  proportion  they  bear  to  the  surrounding  orna- 
mental details,  are  the  most  prominent  and  striking  objects  in  the  design. 
The  whole  window  presents  to  the  eye  one  great  mass  of  various  colours, 
among  which  blue  predominates,  sparingly  relieved  with  white. 

The  next  fifteen  plates  represent  windows  in  the  same  cathedral,  resem- 
bling the  last  in  general  character,  but  differing  from  it  in  slight  particidars 
of  arrangement  and  colouring.  Such  windows  are  frequently  termed  by 
French  antiquaries  "  mosaiqiies,"  to  distinguish  them  from  ^^  grisailles," 
i.e.  windows  in  which  white  glass  predominates. 

Plates  No.  20,  21,  22,  24,  25,  26,  exhibit  a  series  of  windows,  containing 
in  each  of  their  principal  lights  one  large  figure,  drawn  in  a  vigorous  but  stiff" 
style,  and  standing  under  a  low-crowned  canopy,  similar  to  those  met  with  on 
the  tombs  and  seals  of  the  thirteenth  century.  The  figures  represented  in 
these  plates,  besides  the  Virgin  iVIary  and  St.  Stephen,  are  fifteen  of  the 
prophets,  and  the  twelve  Apostles,  and  evidently  form  part  of  the  series  of 
saints  and  prophets,  which,  according  to  M.  Lasteyrie,  (Histoire  de  la  Peinture 
svu-  verre,  p.  96,)  occupy  the  clearstory  windows  of  the  choir  of  Bourges 
cathedral.  The  tracery  lights  of  some  of  these  windows  are  represented 
in  Plate  28.  The  whole  of  these  windows  are  richly  coloured.  The  figures, 
from  their  great  size,  must  have  a  magnificent  effect,  and  are  admirably 
calculated  to  adorn  positions  so  distant  from  the  eye.  The  original  glass  of 
the  clearstory  windows  of  Canterbury  cathedral  was  somewhat  similar  in  its 
arrangement;  two  figures,  however,  one  above  the  other,  appear  to  have 
occupied  each  of  the  lancets,  of  which  that  clearstory  is  composed. 

Plate  19  represents  figures  of  Christ  and  the  Virgin  Mary,  each  figure 
within  the  divine  oval ;  these  figures  are  of  a  very  large  size,  and  occupy  a 
great  portion  of  the  lights  in  whicli  they  are  placed. 

Thirteen  of  the  plates  are  called  Planches  d'etude,  some  of  which  are 
illustrative  of  the  authors'  views  of  symbolism ;  the  subjects  represented  are 
taken  partly  from  illuminations,  but  principally  from  glass  at  Bourges, 
Chartres,  Tours,  Beauvais,  Mans,  St.  Denys,  Lyons,  Troyes,  Strasbourg, 
Rheims,  and  Sens.  Some  of  the  plates  exhibit  details  of  the  full  size  of  the 
original  glass;  others  give  views  of  entire  whidows.  Of  these.  No.  14, 
which  represents  a  remarkably  fine  window  of  Strasbourg  cathedral,  is 
interesting,  as  exhibiting  in  particular  the  change  from  what  we  should  call 
the  Early  EngHsh  to  the  Decorated  style  of  glass  painting.     This  window 


NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS.  171 

lias  ;i  iiiaikcd  German  character,  and  bears  a  Gcrnian  inscription  at  the 
bottom. 

One  plate  is  termed  '  Usages  civiles,''  and  ajjpears  intended  to  form  part 
of  a  series,  which,  if  completed,  will  prove  interesting  and  valuable  from  the 
liii-ht  it  will  throw  on  the  manners  and  costumes  of  the  age. 

In  addition  to  the  plates  already  enumerated  are  fourteen  others,  eiglit  of 
which  I'epresent  details  of  "  mosaiques"  and  the  remaining  six  of  "  grisailles,'' 
collected  from  the  cathedx'als  of  Bourges,  Angers,  Mans,  Clermont-ferrant, 
Fribourg,  Lyons,  Soissons,  Laon,  Rheims,  Sens,  and  Salivsbuiy,  from  St. 
Thomas  and  St.  WiUiam  of  Strasbourg,  St.  Denys,  Colmar,  and  St.  Remi 
at  Rheims. 

It  is  almost  impossible  to  speak  too  higlily  of  the  plates  in  this  work, 
which  are  by  far  the  most  magnificent  representations  of  painted  glass  which 
we  have  yet  seen.  If  we  were  to  make  any  distinction  among  the  plates, 
we  should  say  that  Xos.  3  and  6  of  the  full-sized  details  are  the  most 
valuable,  as  best  exhibiting  the  peculiar  character  of  the  shading  used  in  the 
thirteenth  century.  All  the  plates,  however,  presei've  to  a  wonderful  extent 
the  spirit  of  the  originals,  and  appear  to  be  executed  with  great  fidelity. 
We  could  wish  that  in  some  of  the  plates  the  leading  had  been  more  dis- 
tinctly marked.  This  jioint,  which  is  very  important,  is  frequently  too  much 
neglected  in  representations  of  painted  glass.  The  work  acquires  an  addi- 
tional value  from  having  specimens  of  glass  selected  from  difierent  countries. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  our  own  artists  will  derive  a  useful  hint  from  this 
publication.  A  single  work,  which  should  attempt  to  illustrate  the  whole 
of  the  glass  contained  in  this  country,  woidd  necessarily  be  imperfect,  and, 
at  the  same  time,  too  expensive  to  be  witliin  the  reach  of  persons  of 
moderate  fortune.  But  detached  pubUcations,  representing  with  care  the 
ivhole  of  the  glass  in  any  one  building,  would,  we  are  convinced,  be  valu- 
able additions  to  our  archaeological  works,  and  do  much  towards  propagat- 
ing a  correct  taste  in  glass  painting.  At  the  present  time,  when  public 
attention  is  so  strongly  directed  towards  subjects  of  this  nature,  an  under- 
taking, such  as  we  have  mentioned,  would,  if  properly  executed,  hardly  fail 
to  meet  with  deserved  success. 

We  have  not  met  with  any  thing  in  the  letter-press  of  this  work  which 
throws  Ught  on  the  history  and  antiquities  of  glass  pahiting.  The  subject 
which  occupies  by  far  the  largest  portion  of  it,  is  Christian  symbolism  ;  and 
this  is  so  evidently  the  favourite  topic  of  the  authors,  that  we  were  by  no 
means  surprised  to  meet  with  the  avowal  (page  175,  note),  that  "  these  their 
first  researches  into  the  cathedral  of  Bourges  are,  in  truth,  only  an  intro- 
duction to  the  study  of  figured  symboUsm  during  the  middle  ages,  in  its 
relation  with  written  symbolism." 

The  symbolism  discoverable  in  the  windows  is  very  elaborately  treated, 
and  leads  to  the  discussion  of  more  subjects  than  can  be  noticed  in  a  brief 
review.  Many  of  the  topics,  moreover,  are,  from  their  theological  cast, 
little  calculated  for  this  journal.  All  that  we  can  attempt  is,  to  state  con- 
cisely the  general  view  of  symbolism  entertained  by  the  authors,  and  to 


172  NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

notice  in  particular  a  few  symbols,  a  knowledge  of  which  may  be  of  practical 
use  in  rendering  more  intelligible  some  of  the  productions  of  medieval  art. 

According  to  their  view,  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries  were  ages  of 
grandeur,  of  earnestness,  and  of  faith  ;  the  people,  though  illiterate,  were  not 
ignorant ;  and  religious  art,  addressing  itself  rather  to  their  well-instructed 
understandings,  than  to  their  senses,  endeavoured  to  express  something  be- 
yond mere  historical  events  or  sensible  objects. 

Painted  windows  were  constructed  conformably  to  this  principle,  and, 
except  in  some  particular  instances  in  which  the  subjects  represented  are 
in  themselves  sufficiently  expressive,  or  do  not  admit  of  any  ulterior  mean- 
ing, every  window  is  intended  to  convey  to  the  spectator's  mind  some  one 
abstract  idea,  some  sentiment,  or  point  of  doctrine.  The  particular 
subjects  which  compose  the  work,  when  taken  in  connection  with  each  other, 
express  something  beyond  their  individual,  literal,  or  symbolical  import. 

Thus  our  authors  designate  the  window  before  described,  "  the  window  of 
the  New  Covenant,"  the  combination  of  subjects  being  such  as  to  bring  to 
mind  the  call  of  the  Gentiles.  Another  window,  in  which  is  depicted,  in 
a  series  of  medallions,  the  parable  of  the  Prodigal  Son,  is  considered  by 
them  to  be  a  symbolical  representation  of  the  admission  of  the  Gentiles 
into  the  number  of  the  children  of  God,  and  the  abrogation  of  the 
Sabbath  by  the  consummation  of  the  law  of  Moses. 

Subsequently  to  the  thirteenth  century,  the  kind  of  symbolism  which  has 
been  mentioned  fell  into  disuse,  and  artists  were  contented  with  bringing 
into  juxtaposition  events,  of  which  one  was  the  type,  and  the  other  the  anti- 
type, or  which  were  parallel  to  each  other.  This  latter  method  of  treating 
Sciipture  is  apparent  in  the  ecclesiastical  ^\Titers  as  well  as  in  the  artists  of 
the  fifteenth  century.  It  was  not  altogether  unknoAvn  in  the  thirteenth 
century. 

The  interpretation  put  by  the  authors  on  the  windows  described  in  this 
work,  is  of  course  mere  conjecture;  it  is  nothing  more  than  their  manner  of 
reading  a  language,  which,  however  it  might  formerly  have  existed,  has  long 
been  a  dead  one  ;  but  they  abound  in  authorities  which  justify  the  symbolical 
meaning  they  attach  to  individual  subjects.  Indeed  they  more  than  once 
insist  on  the  principle  that  in  endeavouring  to  discover  the  secret  meaning 
of  a  work  of  art,  the  enquirer  is  not  at  liberty  to  indulge  his  own  imagina- 
tion, but  must  submit  to  be  guided  by  the  authority  of  contemporary  or 
earlier  writers.  He  must  interpret  figured  monuments  through  the  medium 
of  written  authorities.  The  profusion  of  quotations  which  are  employed  for 
the  piu-pose  just  mentioned,  are  also  brought  forward  with  a  \-iew  of  shcAving 
the  prevalence  of  the  figurative  mode  of  biblical  interpretation  in  the  ages  in 
question,  and  the  consequent  tone  of  thinking  which  was  likely  to  be  im- 
parted to  artists,  and  to  the  people  at  large. 

We  have  already  specified  the  subjects  represented  in  the  "window  of  the 
New  Covenant."  To  do  justice  to  our  authors  we  ought  to  follow  them 
through  their  commentary  on  this  window,  which  occupies  above  one  hundred 
pages ;  but  this  is  impossible  ;  we  can  merely  state  that  in  every  one  of  the 


VITRAUX  PEINTS  DE  S.  ETIENNE  DE  BOURGES.  173 

subjects  represented  (excepting  of  course  the  "  signature,"  and  Nos.l  and  3), 
they  find  a  type  of  the  call  of  the  Gentiles,  or  some  special  allusion  to  it. 

We  shall  now,  as  we  proposed,  mention  a  few  of  the  numerous  symbols 
commented  upon  in  the  course  of  the  work,  premising  however,  that  our 
notices  of  them  are  in  general  very  much  abridged. 

In  No.  13.  of  the  diagram  the  words  "Scribe  thau"  are  found.  The  letter 
Thau,  or  T,  particularly  in  some  ancient  alphabets,  resembles  a  cross,  and  is  here 
directed  to  be  inscribed  because  it  has  been  supposed  that  the  mark  placed 
by  the  Israelites  on  their  door-posts  was  a  cross.  The  words  are  taken  from 
Ezekiel  (ch.ix.  ver.  3, 4),  the  Thau  or  mark  there  ordered  to  be  placed  on  the 
foreheads  of  the  righteous  having  been  in  the  middle  ages  universally  con- 
sidered to  be  a  T. 

In  Nos.  12.  and  13.  the  wood,  as  has  been  noticed,  is  in  the  form  of  a 
cross.  Death  having  been  brought  into  the  world  by  means  of  wood  (the 
tree  of  knowledge),  and  the  human  race  having  been  saved  by  means  of  wood 
(the  cross),  wood  as  a  symbol  attracts  great  attention  in  ecclesiastical 
writers,  and  in  the  mention  of  it  in  the  Old  Testament  a  symbol  of  the  cross 
is  generally  detected. 

No.  10.  is  the  Crucifixion.  The  figures  on  the  right  and  left  of  the  cross 
represent  respectively  the  Church  and  the  Synagogue,  or  the  old  and  the 
neAv  law.  These  figures  are  of  frequent  recurrence,  though  with  occasional 
variations.  The  Church  is  veiled  and  cro\vned,  and  bears  a  sceptre.  In  the 
window  at  Bourges,  she  has  a  cup  to  receive  the  blood  which  flows  from  our 
Saviour's  side ;  sometimes  she  holds  the  chaUce  of  the  altar  surmounted  by 
the  host;  in  the  right  hand  she  generally  has  a  long  pastoral  staflT.  In  a 
window  at  Chartres,her  cross  bears  a  veil  (velum,  sudarium,  orarium,  pallium) 
suspended  from  the  upper  part  of  the  shaft.  At  Chartres  too,  instead  of  a 
cup,  the  left  hand  holds  a  church,  or  model  of  a  church,  a  type  often  used 
by  other  ai'tists ;  sometimes  the  figure  is  placed  in  a  shrine,  in  the  form  of  a 
church.  The  Synagogue  is  ahuost  always  represented  with  bandaged  eyes, 
and  a  drooping  head,  fiom  which  a  crown  is  falling.  Commonly  she  has  no 
cloak.  Frequently  she  has  a  banner,  the  shaft  of  which  is  broken  in  two  or 
three  places ;  the  banner  is  almost  always  pointed,  sometimes  it  has  two 
points,  here  it  has  three.  The  tablet  inscribed  on  the  windows  at  Bourges 
with  the  word  Synagoga,  which  she  bears  in  one  hand,  is  the  text  of  the 
Divine  law,  which  in  her  blindness  she  suffers  to  fall.  The  figures  of  the 
Church  and  Synagogue  are  the  only  allegorical  ones  which  occur  in  the 
present  composition,  but  they  are  not  surrounded  by  a  polygonal  nimbus,  the 
usual  mark  of  an  allegorical  personage,  jierhaps,  because  in  the  tliirteenth 
century  they  were  looked  upon  rather  as  real  (though  immaterial)  beings 
than  as  mere  personifications,  (p.  43.)  The  cup  in  which  the  Church  is 
receiving  the  Saviour's  blood,  shews  that  the  Church  is  in  possession  of  the 
true  Sacrifice.  This  becomes  more  apparent  when  the  Synagogue  is  accom- 
panied by  a  sheep,  goat,  or  ram,  indicating  that  the  figurative  ^•ictims  have 
given  place  to  the  real  One. 

The  bandage  on  the  eyes  of  the  Synagogue  is  a  Biblical  type.     Moses 

A  a 


174  NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

covered  his  face  when  he  came  from  the  Divine  Presence.  In  Suger's  glass 
at  St.  Denis,  Christ,  from  the  cross,  raises  the  bandage  from  the  eyes  of  the 
old  law. 

The  Virgin  and  St.  John,  who  are  often  found  at  the  side  of  the  cross,  are 
to  be  looked  upon  not  as  mere  liistorical  personages,  but  as  representatives 
of  the  Church  and  Synagogue. 

There  is  much  symbohsm  in  the  vine.  The  Fathers  all  compare  the  blood 
of  Christ  to  the  juice  of  the  grape,  and  the  Passion  to  the  wine-press.  The 
origin  of  the  idea  is  in  Isaiah.  The  blood  of  the  grape  is  spoken  of  in  many 
places  in  Scriptm'e.  Christ  compares  Himself  to  a  Vine.  The  bunch  of 
grapes  carried  by  the  two  spies  was  universally  looked  upon  in  the  middle 
ages  as  a  symbol  of  Christ  crucified.  St.  Austin  admits  it  in  the  fourth 
centuiy ;  after  him  Evagrius  sees  in  the  two  bearers  the  Jew  and  the 
Christian.  The  one  who  goes  first  never  sees  the  mysterious  bunch  of  grapes, 
the  other  has  it  always  before  him.  This  idea  has  subsequently  been  much 
enlarged  upon.  Hence  the  old  artists  transformed  the  cross  sometimes  into  a 
vine^,  sometimes  into  a  wine-press.  Hence  too  the  bunch  of  grapes  which 
is  sometimes  placed  in  the  hand  of  the  Virgin,  and  the  idea  found  in  several 
Avindows  of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries,  of  angels  holding  cups 
under  the  wounds  of  the  crucifix.  The  Virgin  also  has  been  compared  to 
the  promised  land,  from  which  the  bunch  of  grapes  was  brought. 

In  No.  7.  lious  are  introduced.  The  Lion  of  Judah  is  the  symbol  of  the 
triumph  of  Christ,  and  of  the  Divine  Power  ;  in  ecclesiastical  writers,  how- 
ever, it  is  frequently  taken  with  reference  to  the  Resurrection.  It  is  on 
account  of  its  being  symbolical  of  the  Resurrection,  that  the  Uon  is  assigned 
to  St.  Mark  as  an  emblem,  St.  Mark  being  called  the  historian  of  the  Resiu-- 
rection.  This  title  he  has  probably  obtained  from  his  gospel  being  used  on 
Easter-day.  The  reason  why  the  lion  is  taken  as  a  symbol  of  the  Resurrec- 
tion, is  to  be  found  in  the  fabulous  histoiy  of  the  animal ;  according  to  which 
the  whelp  is  born  dead,  and  only  receives  life  at  the  expiration  of  three  days 
on  being  breathed  on  by  its  father. 

In  Nos.  9.  and  10.  of  the  diagram,  Moses  is  represented  with  horns,  but 
it  seems  that  this  type  was  not  adopted  by  the  majority  of  artists  in  the  thir- 
teenth centmy.  The  idea  of  the  bonis  appears  to  have  originated  in  the 
word  cornuta,  apphed  in  the  Vulgate  (Exod.  xxxiv.  29 — 35.)  to  Moses'  face, 
or  in  some  earUer  tradition,  which  caused  St.  Jerome  to  adopt  that  word. 
The  authoi's  do  not  know  a  single  Byzantine  work  representing  Moses,  in 
which  the  horns  occur. 

In   a   window  at  Lyons  (Planches  d'  ^tude.  No.  8.)  the  chaladrius  or 

*  In  a  window  of  Lullingstone  church,  through  the  land.     One  of  the  figures  ap- 

Kent,  Christ  is  represented  nailed  to  a  vine  pears  to  call  attention  to  the  proceeding  of 

in  the  form  of  a  Y,  rising  from  the  middle  the  monk,  and  another  is  bending  over  the 

of  a  square  cistern,  from  one  side  of  which  channel  in  order  to  fill  a  vessel   from  it. 

water  appears  to  flow.     People  of  all  ranks  Above  the  vine  is  the  text,  (John  vii.  37,) 

arc  approaching  the  cistern,  and  some  are  "  If  ani  man  thirst  come  to  me  and  drinck." 

filling  vessels  from  it.     A  monk  is  digging  The  date  of  this  glass  is  about  1520. 
a   channel   to    let   the   water   flow    freely 


VITRAUX  PEINTS  DE  S.  ETIENNE  DE  BOURGES.  175 

charadrius  occurs.  The  word  is  there  written  gladrius  or  glabrius.  The 
chaladrius,  in  fabulous  natural  history,  is  a  bird  perfectly  white,  which,  by 
looking  on  a  sick  person,  takes  away  liis  diseases.  It  is  a  symbol  of  our 
Saviour. 

The  unicorn  is  a  symbol  of  the  Incarnation.  The  description  of  the  animal, 
together  with  the  well-known  method  of  taking  it,  is  given  from  a  French 
Bestiary.  According  to  this,  it  is  a  beautiful  and  not  large  beast,  with  the 
body  of  a  horse,  the  feet  of  an  elephant,  the  head  of  a  stag,  a  loud  and  clear 
voice,  and  a  tail  curled  like  a  pig's  ;  in  the  middle  of  the  forehead  is  a  straight 
sharp  horn,  four  feet  in  length.  It  can  only  be  taken  by  means  of  a  virgin 
beautifully  arrayed.  She  is  placed  near  the  haunts  of  the  animal,  which,  on 
perceiving  her,  runs  towards  her,  kneels  do%vn,  and  laying  his  head  on  her 
lap,  falls  asleep  and  is  taken.  In  the  Bestiary  of  Philippe  de  Thaun,  the 
unicorn  is  described  as  having  merely  the  body  of  a  goat.  The  apphcation 
of  the  fable  to  the  Incarnation  may  there  be  found.  In  the  present  work  it 
is  given  m  the  following  lines  from  a  MS.  in  the  Bibliotheque  Royale. 

Si  ceste  merveillose  beste 
Qui  une  corne  a  en  la  teste 
Senefie  nostre  seignor 
Ihesucrist,  notre  Sauveor. 
C'cst  runicorne  espiritel 
Qui  en  la  vierge  prist  ostel, 
Qui  est  tant  de  grant  dignite, 
En  ceste  prist  humunite 
Par  quoi  au  munde  s'  aparut. 

Towards  the  sixteenth  century,  the  Incarnation  is  found  represented  under 
the  allegory  of  a  chase.  The  animal  is  pursued  by  two  couple  of  hounds, 
followed  by  an  angel  sounding  a  horn,  and  throws  itself  into  the  bosom  of 
the  virgin,  who  is  waiting  for  it.  The  two  couple  of  dogs  are  Mercy  and 
Tmth,  Justice  and  Peace,  (Psalm  Ixxxiv.  11.)  The  huntsman  is  the  arch- 
angel charged  with  the  Annunciation. 

In  the  Pelican  (No.  6.  of  the  diagram)  the  authors  do  not  see  the  com- 
monly received  emblem  of  the  Eucharist,  or  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ, 
with  which  we  are  fed ;  but  the  restoration  of  the  human  race  to  hfe  by 
means  of  Christ's  blood.  This  interpretation  they  justify  by  the  position 
which  the  emblem  holds  in  the  present  window,  and  in  some  others,  by  the 
early  fables  respecting  the  bird,  which  represent  it  as  restoring  its  young  to 
life  by  the  blood  which  it  causes  to  flow  from  its  breast:  and  by  several 
passages  in  ecclesiastical  writers.  They  have  met  with  no  author  anterior 
to  the  fifteenth  century  who  speaks  of  the  blood  being  given  as  nourishment. 

The  tree  bearing  a  nest  in  this  medallion  appears  to  be  an  allusion  to 
the  text  in  Job,  which,  according  to  the  Vulgate,  is,  "  I  will  die  in  my  nest, 
and  spread  myself  as  a  palm  tree."' 

The  dragon's  or  whale's  throat,  by  which,  in  the  middle  ages,  the  mouth 
of  hell  is  represented,  is  "an  extension  of  the  symbolism  of  the  Leviathan." 
From  want  of  space  the  authors  abstain  from  doing  more  than  giving  this 


1^6  NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

hint,  and  referring  to  various  writers  who  treat  of  the  allegory.  For  the 
benefit  of  those  who  will  be  satisfied  with  a  brief  and  ready  explanation  of 
the  form  adojited,  they  quote  a  passage  from  the  Bestiary  of  Pliihppe  de 
Thaun.     (Edited  by  Mr.  Wright,  London,  1841,  p.  108.) 

E  ceo  dit  escripture,  cetus  ad  tel  nature, 
Que  quand  il  volt  manger,  cumence  a  balier  : 
Et  el  baliement  de  sa  buche  odur  rent 
Tant  suef  e  tant  bon  que  li  petit  peissun 
Ki  r  odur  amerunt  en  sa  buche  enterunt, 
Lores  les  ocirat,  issi  les  transgluterat. 
E  I'diable  ensement  strangluerat  la  gent 
E  ceo  dit  Bestiaire  un  livre  de  grammaire. 

An  illumination  accompanying  the  verses  is  mentioned,  which  has  these 
words.  "  Cetus  hie  pingitiu-  .  .  .  et  quomodo  pisces  entrant  in  os  ejus  .... 
Cetus  diabolum  significat  .  ,  .  et  pisces  animas.'' 

Besides  the  window  of  "  the  new  covenant''  there  are  described  those  re- 
presenting the  History  of  St.  Thomas  (Plate  2),  the  last  Judgment  (Plate 
3  and  19,  the  latter  Plate  is  not  yet  published),  the  Prodigal  Son  (Plate  4), 
the  Passion  of  Christ  (Plate  5),  the  Good  Samaritan  (Plate  6),  and  the 
Apocalypse,  or  reign  of  Christ  through  the  Church  (Plate  7).  Our 
limits  prevent  us  from  doing  more  than  merely  enumerating  these  Plates. 
We  have  also  abstained  from  making  any  remarks  on  the  costumes,  and  on 
the  colours  and  artistical  treatment  of  the  windows,  as  the  authors  have  re- 
served these  subjects  to  be  treated  of  in  a  subsequent  part  of  the  work. 

We  ought  not  to  omit  noticing  that  in  the  commentary  on  the  window 
containing  the  History  of  St.  Thomas,  occasion  is  taken  to  give  an  analysis 
of  part  of  "  Les  Catholiques  CEuvres  et  Actes  des  Apotres,"'  a  mystery,  or  mira- 
cle play,  represented  at  Bourges  in  1536.  It  contains  66,000  lines,  and 
occupied  between  thirty  and  forty  days  in  the  representation.  But  we  are 
under  the  necessity  of  omitting  all  particular  mention  of  this  curious  produc- 
tion, as  well  as  of  many  other  subjects,  the  consciousness  of  having  already 
too  greatly  exceeded  our  limits  obliging  us  to  rest  satisfied  with  a  very  im- 
perfect notice  of  a  work  which,  from  the  care  and  labour  that  have  been 
bestowed  upon  it,  might  well  deserve  to  be  treated  of  more  at  length. 

r.  B.  &  c.  w. 

'^'if.^  Since  the  above  was  written  we  have  been  informed  that  fourteen 
livraisons  are  now  jiublished :  but  we  have  not  had  an  opportunity  of  seeing 
any  more  than  those  we  have  already  noticed.  We  have  also  learned  that 
Messrs.  Cahier  and  Martin  are  not  priests  of  the  cathedral  of  Bourges, 
as  we  had  been  led  to  suppose,  but  are  Jesuits  resident  at  Paris :  and  that 
the  descriptions  of  the  windows,  &c.,  were  written  by  le  Pere  Cahier,  and 
the  drawings  made  by  le  Pere  Martin. 


AllCHITEC.  ANTIQ.  IN  THE  NEIGHBOURHOOD  OF  OXFORD.    177 


A  Guide  to  the  Arciiitectuka.l  Antiquities  in  the  Neighbouk- 
HOOD  OF  OxFOKD.  Part  I,  Deanery  of  Bicester.  Part  II,  Deanery 
OF  Woodstock.  Publislied  by  the  Oxford  Society  for  Promoting  the 
Study  of  Gothic  Architecture.     8vo.     Oxford,  J.  H.  Parker. 

Although  this  work  has  to  a  certain  degree  a  local  object,  yet  it  deserves  to 
be  generally  known  to  all  lovers  of  ancient  ecclesiastical  architectui-e,  as  pos- 
sessing a  general  interest  and  utility.  Wlien  the  student  is  familiar  with  the 
fii-st  principles  of  a  science,  nothing  is  more  useful  than  the  study  of  a  mis- 
cellaneous collection  of  examples ;  and  few  districts  afford  examples  of 
architectural  antiquities  so  varied,  and  so  well  grouped  for  historical  study, 
as  the  neighbourhood  of  Oxford.  We  have  there,  within  a  small  compass, 
ever}'-  style  from  the  supposed  Saxon  to  the  debased  Gothic  of  the  seven- 
teenth centuiy.  The  book  is  pubhshed  by  a  very  praiseworthy  Society, 
imder  the  immediate  care  of  its  Secretary,  ]Mr.  Parker,  and  is  illustrated 
profusely  with  woodcuts,  of  which  we  can  best  convey  an  idea  to  om-  readers 
by  giving  a  few  specimens. 

The  '  neighbom-hood  of  Oxford,'  comprised  in  a  circuit  of  about  ten  miles, 
is  divided  into  four  deaneries,  those  of  Bicester,  Woodstock,  Cuddesdon, 
and  Abingdon,  of  which  the  first  two  are  already  published,  and  the  othei's 
are,  we  believe,  in  an  advanced  state  of  preparation.  The  Deanery  of 
Bicester  commences  with  IsHp,  the  birth-place  of  King  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor, and  includes  sixteen  parishes ;  that  of  Woodstock  contains  twenty- 
nine  parishes,  in  several  of  which  the  churches  are  remarkably  interesting. 

The  church  of  Caversfield,  in  the 
Deanery  of  Bicester,  presents  in  its  tower 
a  remarkable  example  of  the  style  sup- 
posed to  be  Saxon,  joined,  as  usual,  with 
Norman  additions.  In  the  nave  of  Bices- 
ter church  is  a  triangular-headed  arch, 
supposed  also  to  belong  to  the  Saxon 
style.  The  tower  of  Northleigh  chvu-ch,  in 
the  Deaneiy  of  Woodstock,  has  also  been 
supposed  to  be  Saxon  ;  it  contains  curious 
belfry-windows  of  two  Ughts,  with  a 
balustre,  supporting  a  long  stone  through 
the  wall,  corresponding  with  the  im- 
posts. 

Interesting  specimens  of  Norman  architecture  are  found  in  the  churches 
of  IsHp,  Caversfield,  Bucknell,  Cassington,  Begbroke,  Northleigh,  South- 
leigh,  Stanton  Harcourt,  &c.  The  north  porch  of  Caversfield  has  a  good 
doorway,  ascribed  to  about  the  year  1180.  The  pillars  in  Islip  church 
are  also  late  Norman.  The  tower  of  Bucknell  chm-ch  is  a  specimen 
of  plain  Early  Norman,  with  interesting  belfry  windows.  Large  portions 
of  the  churches  of  Begbroke  and  Cassington  are  of  this  style,  as  well  as 
the  nave  of  that  of  Stanton  Harcourt.    The  inner  doorway  of  the  south  porch 


Belfry  Wiiidow,  NonUlei^h  Church. 


178 


NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


of  the   church   of  Middleton  Stoney  is  a  rich  example  of  late   Norman, 

with  varieties  of  the   zigzag  moulding,  and  very  singular  foUage  in  the 

head. 

The  Early  English  style  is  found  in 

the    naves    of   Bicester    and    Charlton- 

on-Otmoor,   in    the    nave    of   Kirtling- 

ton,  in  the  tower  of  Middleton  Stoney, 

in  the  east  windows  of  Hampton  Poyle, 

and  one  or  two   other   churches,  and  in 

various  parts  of  Stonesfield  and  Stanton 

Harcourt.       The    chancel    of    Bucknell 

church  is  pointed  out  as  a  fine  specimen 

of  the  manner  in  which  country  churches 

were   built  in    the    thirteenth    century. 

The  nave  and  aisles  of  Bicester  church 

present    some    interesting    examples    of 

Early  English  clustered  columns,  many 

of  which   have   been  mutilated.      They 

have  capitals,  with  the  stiff-leaved  foliage, 

as  represented  in  the  cut.  capital,  Bicester  cburch,  o  1260. 

Merton  church  is  nearly  a  perfect  specimen  of  the  Decorated  style.     The 

church  of  Ambrosden  is  a  very  fine  example  of  the  same  style ;  as  are  also 
KidUngton,  North  Aston,  Ches- 
terton, Hampton  Poyle,  and  seve- 
ral others.  Of  these  the  south 
aisle  and  porch  of  Kidlington 
are  particularly  worthy  of  notice. 
That  of  Chesterton  contains  some 
elegant  early  Decorated  sediha, 
consisting  of  three  cinquefoil 
arches,  Avith  a  square  label  over 
them,  with  ball-flowers. 

The  Perpendicular  style  is  found 
in   the    later   additions    to,   and 
many  windows  inserted  in,  nearly 
all  the  churches,  and  it  is  hardly 
necessary  to  mention  particular 
examples.      Ensham    is    a    fine^ 
church  of  this  style ;  and  those  ^ 
of    Handborough    and    Coombe, 
in    the   Deaneiy   of   Woodstock, 
desei-ving  of  study. 

Most  of  the  parishes  described  in  these  two  Parts  are  connected  with 
interesting  historical  events,  and  many  of  them  contain  other  ancient  re- 
mains, besides  their  churches.  Islip,  as  we  have  already  observed,  was 
the  birth-place  of  King  Edward  the  Confessor ;  and  there  appear  to  be 


East  end  of  South  Aiale ,  KidlinfeLoa,  o.  13^:0. 

and   of  Bicester,    contain   many   parts 


ARCHITEC.  ANTIQ.  IN  THE  NEIGHBOURHOOD  OF  OXFORD.    179 

some  remains  of  the  old  palace,  afterwards  the  manor-house  of  the  abbots 
of  Westminster.  There  are  several  good  specimens  of  old  domestic  arclii- 
tecture  in  various  parishes.  Of  these  the  most  remarkable  are  the  remains 
of  an  ancient  seat  of  the  Hai-courts  at  Stanton  Harcourt,  with  the  tower  in 
which  Pope  translated  the  Odyssey,  and  the  kitchen,  a  valuable  specimen  of 


m^ 


Kitchen,  Stanton  Harcourt. 

a  class  once  numerous,  but  of  which  the  only  examples  remaining,  that  we  are 
acquainted  with,  are  this  and  that  at  Glastonbury.  Remains  of  monasteries 
are  found  at  Bicester,  Godstow  (the  burial-place  of  Fair  Rosamond),  and 
Woodstock.  Some  of  the  churches  contain  early  crosses.  Traces  of  a 
castle  are  seen  at  Middleton  Stoney.  British,  Roman,  and  Saxon  remains 
are  found  scattered  over  the  whole  district.  x.  wkight. 


Coins  of  the  Romans  relating  to  Britain,  described  and  illustrated 
BY  John  Yonge  Akerman,  F.S.A.,  k.c.  Second  Editiou.  8vo.  London. 
1844.     John  Eussell  Smith. 

Among  the  many  claims  which  the  Roman  coins  and  medals  have  upon 
the  consideration  of  the  historical  antiquary,  are  those  wliich  arise  from  their 
direct  reference  to  events  connected  ^vith  the  history  of  comitries  which  suc- 
cessively fell  beneath  the  arms  and  arts  of  the  then  mistress  of  the  world. 
Upon  these  imperishable  monuments,  which  have  outlived,  in  all  the  beauty 
and  freshness  of  early  youth,  the  sculptured  trophy,  the  triumphal  arch,  the 


180  COINS  OF  THE  ROMANS  RELATING  TO  BRITAIN. 

pompous  and  elaborate  inscription,  and  the  many  costly  and  gorgeous  works 
of  art  that  were  erected  to  commemorate  the  conqueror's  achievements,  may 
be  read  the  meaning,  though  sententious  legend,  which,  assisted  by  appro- 
priate designs,  tells  its  story  plainly  and  eifectively.  In  the  progress  of 
Roman  provincial  histoiy,  coins  and  medals  occasionally  bear  allusion  to 
friendly  relationship  between  the  subjected  countries  and  imperial  Rome,  in 
the  establishment  of  colonies,  the  raising  of  temples,  and  other  public  build- 
ings, the  formation  or  improvement  of  highways,  as  well  as  in  the  visits  of 
the  emperor  himself  as  the  redressor  of  grievances  and  the  restorer  of  peace. 
The  historical  importance  of  these  coins  is  usually  accompanied  by  well- 
designed  and  executed  representations,  in  which  the  painter,  the  sculptor, 
and  the  poet,  may  each  find  something  to  admire  and  instruct,  and  from 
which  the  superintendents  of  modern  mints,  and  governments  themselves, 
might  derive  useful  hints  for  the  improvement  of  national  coinages,  by 
making  them  the  medium  of  recording  national  events,  and  of  conveying 
some  sort  of  popular  instruction.  The  coins  of  the  Romans  relating  to  Gaul 
and  to  Britain,  are  among  the  most  interesting  of  the  series,  as  they  include 
many  not  struck  by  the  imperial  powers  of  Rome,  but  issued  at  times  when 
rulers  in  these  provinces  assumed  the  purple,  and,  more  or  less  effectually, 
maintained  an  independence  which,  obtained  by  means  of  military  power 
more  frequently  than  by  the  general  will  of  the  people,  lasted  only  until  the 
fortune  of  war  led  to  the  re-establishment  of  the  foreign  yoke,  or  that  of 
some  more  successful  usurper.  From  the  immense  quantities  of  coins  struck, 
it  would  appear  that  in  many  instances  these  revolutions  were  much  more 
extensive  and  general  than  the  notices  given  by  historians  would  of  them- 
selves lead  us  to  imagine.  These  are  often  so  brief,  and  so  palpably  partial, 
that  it  is  impossible,  without  having  recourse  to  the  aid  of  inscriptions  and 
coins,  to  form  even  an  imperfect  notion  of  the  true  state  of  the  provinces  at 
these  important  epochs  in  their  history.  The  six  years'  sway  of  Postumus  in 
Gaul  is  but  incidentally  alluded  to  by  historians,  but  the  vast  quantities  of 
his  coins  still  extant,  many  of  them  executed  by  the  best  artists  of  the  time, 
evince  the  success  of  his  arms  and  the  undisturbed  tranquillity  of  the  pro- 
vince under  his  rule. 

Mr.  Akerman's  work  is,  as  its  title  shews,  confined  to  Roman  coins  relating 
to  Britain.  Of  these  the  first  are  of  Claudius,  whose  gold  and  silver  coins 
exhibit  the  front  of  a  triumphal  arch,  surmounted  by  an  equestrian  figure 
between  two  trophies,  with  de  britaknis,  or,  more  rarely,  the  emperor  in  a 
quadriga,  and  the  same  inscription.  In  the  reign  of  Hadrian,  the  Britons 
revolted,  but  the  opportune  arrival  of  the  emperor  himself  seems  to  have 
smothered  the  insurrection,  and  left  him  but  httle  to  achieve  after  repelling 
the  Caledonians,  who  had  broken  through  the  northern  frontiers  of  the  pro- 
vince. The  visit  of  Hadrian  is  commemorated  by  a  large  brass  coin, 
inscribed  on  the  reverse,  adventvs  avg.  britanniae.  s.c.  The  emperor  is 
represented  clothed  in  tlie  toga,  and  holding  a  patera  over  an  altar,  with  the 
fire  kindled,  on  the  other  side  of  which  stands  a  female  figure  with  a  victim 
lying  at  her  feet.     In  the  second  middle  brass  coins  of  Hadrian,  the  province 


NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


181 


of  Britain  is  porsonified  as  a  female  seated  on  a  rock,  holding  a  javelin,  her 
head  slightly  inclining  on  her  right  hand,  by  her  side  a  large  oval  shield ; 
beneath,  the  word  Britannia.  The  attitude  exhibits  a  mixture  of  repose 
and  of  watchfulness,  happily  emblematical  of  the  state  of  the  province,  free 
from  dread  of  her  enemies,  yet  provided  with  the  means  of  repelling  future 
invasion.  These  latter  coins  are  frequently  discovered  throughout  Enu:land. 
Nearly  a  dozen,  differing  in  some  slight  degree  from  each  other,  were  found 
in  the  bed  of  the  Thames  near  London  Bridge  a  few  years  since. 

The  coins  of  Antoninus  Pius  give  us    many  interesting    references  to 
Britain.     The  reverse  of  one  of  great  beauty  is  here  given  and  described  : — 

Obverse : — axtoninvs  .  avg  .  Pivs  .  p.  p. 
TR  .  p.  cos  .  III. 

Antoninus  Augustus  Pius,  Pater  Patrice,  Tribunitia 
Potestats,  Consul  tertium.  The  bearded  and  laureated 
head  of  Pius. 

Reverse: — imperator  ii.  (Imperator  iterum) : 
across  the  field  of  the  coin,  Britax.  An  elegant 
winged  Victory  standing  on  a  globe,  holding  a 
garland  in  her  right  hand,  and  a  palm-branch  in 
her  left. 

This  coin,  Mr.  Akerman  remarks,  "  in  all  probability  commemorates  the 
victoiy  gained  by  LoUius  Urbicus  over  the  revolted  Brigantes,  who  made 
incursions  upon  their  neighbours,  then  leagued  with  the  Romans.  Victory 
was  an  important  deity  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  and  she  is  accordingly 
figured  on  great  numbers  of  their  coins.  Tacitus  saj's  that,  besides  other 
prodigies  which  preceded  the  revolt  of  the  Britons  under  Boadicea,  the 
image  of  Victory,  set  up  at  Camulodunum,  fell  down  without  any  apparent 
cause,  with  its  back  to  the  enemy.  Sylla  built  a  temple  to  Victoiy  at  Rome ; 
and  we  are  told  that  Hiero,  king  of  Sicily,  made  a  present  to  the  Romans  of 
a  statue  of  Victoiy  in  solid  gold.  She  had  a  fine  statue  in  the  Capitol,  of 
which  the  figure  on  the  reverse  of  the  coin  here  described,  may  have  been  a 
ropy."  The  reverse  of  another,  with  the  same  inscription,  exhibits  a 
helmeted  female  figure  seated  on  a  rock,  holding  a  javelin  in  her  right  hand, 
her  left  reposing  on  a  large  ornamented  shield  by  her  side,  her  right  foot 
resting  on  a  globe.  The  author  remarks,  "  the  reverse  of  this  coin  differs 
materially  from  those  of  all  the  others  of  this  series.  Instead  of  a  female 
figure  bare-headed,  as  on  the  coins  of  Hadrian,  we  have  here  doubtless  a 
personification  of  Rome  herself,  her  dominion  being  aptly  enough  portrayed 
by  the  globe  beneath  her  right  foot,  while  she  grasps  a  javehn  (a  barbarian 
weapon)  instead  of  a  spear."'  Another  sj^ecimen  presents  us  with  a  female 
figure  seated  on  a  globe,  surrounded  with  waves  ;  in  her  right  hand  a 
standard,  in  her  left  a  javelin ;  her  elbow  resting  upon  the  edge  of  a  large 
buckler  by  her  side  ;  a  type  illustrative  of  the  oft-quoted  line  of  Virgil — 

"  Et  penitus  toto  divisos  orbe  Britannos-i," 
and  similar  descriptions  by  Claudian*^  and  Horace*^.     The  most  common 


«  Eel.  I.  67.  "  De  Mall.  Theod.  Cons.  v.  51. 

B    b 


'  Carni.  lib.  1.  Od.  .",5.  v.  29. 


182 


NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


of  the  whole  Britannia  scries  are  the  second  brass  of  Pius,  reading  on  the 
reverse,  round  a  female  figure  seated  in  a  dejected  position  on  a  rock  with 
shield  and  standard,  Britannia,  cos.  iiii. 

The  reign  of  Coniniodus,  during  which  the  Caledonians  invaded  and 
ravaged  the  north  of  Britain,  afforded  opportunities  to  that  emperor  for 
recording  upon  medals  and  coins  the  successes  of  his  legions,  whose  victories 
also  gave  him  a  pretext  for  taking  the  name  of  Britannicus,  although  he  never 
visited  the  province  in  person.  There  are  three  or  four  medallions  of  this 
emperor  relating  to  Britain,  a  variety  of  which  is  given  below.  On  the 
obverse  his  titles  commence,  and  are  continued  on  the  reverse,  on  which  is 
represented  a  Victory  seated  on  a  heap  of  arms,  inscribing  on  a  shield 
VICT.  BKiT.  (Victoria  Britannica)  :  before  her  a  trophy. 


The  coins  of  Severus,  and  his  sons  Caracalla  and  Geta,  afford  the  author 
ample  scope  for  a  dissertation  on  the  e'\ents  connected  with  their  visit  to 
Britain  and  their  military  operations  in  it.  The  following  coin  is  one  of 
many  varieties  relating  to  this  important  period  in  the  Romano-British 
history.  It  is  of  Geta,  and  in  second  bi-ass  :  the  reverse  presents  a  Victory 
seated  on  shields,  holding  a  palm-branch,  and  a  shield  resting  on  her  knee  ; 
legend,  victomae  brittannicae.  It  will  be  observed  there  is  a  change 
in  the  orthography  of  the  word  Britannia :  for  this  alteration  Mr.  Akerman 
gives  some  pertinent  reasons. 


From  the  reign  of  Caracalla  to  that  of  Diocletian  and  Maximian,  no  Roman 
coins  have  been  found  bearing  direct  allusion  to  Britain.  During  the  reign 
of  these  emperors,  however,  we  find  a  new  and  extensive  series  of  coins 
struck  in  Britain,  and  affording  curious  and  valuable  information  relative  to 


COINS  OF  THE  ROMANS  KELATING  TO  HRITAIN.  1H3 

one  of  tlie  most  important  epochs  in  the  early  history  of  this  ishmd.  Carau- 
sius,  the  admiral  of  the  Roman  fleet  stationed  in  the  British  cliannel  to  pro- 
tect Gaul  and  Britain  from  the  depredations  of  the  Saxons,  beins^  accused 
or  suspected  of  appropriating  to  his  own  uses  the  rich  booty  he  had  cap- 
tured from  the  pirates  of  the  north,  and  anticipating  in  consequence  the 
worst  from  the  emperors  at  Rome,  landed  in  Britain  with  several  legions  pre- 
viously under  his  command  in  Gaul,  took  complete  and  permanent  possession 
of  the  province,  and  assumed  the  titles  of  Augustus  and  Inii)erator.  From 
some  remarkable  coins  to  which  the  reader  is  referred,  it  would  appear  that 
the  Britons,  hoping  perhaps  that  any  change  would  be  for  the  better,  invited 
and  awaited  his  coming.  Defended  by  his  fleet,  Carausius  defied  with  suc- 
cess the  attempts  of  Diocletian  and  Maximian  to  recover  the  lost  province, 
and  a  peace,  to  which  it  seems  the  Roman  emperors  unwillingly  but  unavoid- 
ably conceded,  confirmed  the  adventurer  in  the  undisturbed  possession  of 
Britain  for  upwards  of  six  years.  Numerous  coins  of  Carausius  refer  to  the 
estabhshment  of  this  peace,  and  appear  from  the  inscription  pax  .  avggg. 
(Pax  Augustorum)  to  imply  the  free  concurrence  therein  of  Diocletian  and 
Maximian,  especially  as  coins  also  of  these  emperors  are  extant  with  a 
similar  legend.  The  careful  numismatist,  however,  detects  these  coins  from 
certain  peculiarities  to  have  been  struck  by  Carausius  himself,  to  give  an 
appearance  of  being  recognised  in  his  assumed  titles  and  power  by  the 
emperors  at  Rome.  One  of  the  rarest  from  the  collection  of  the  -writer  of 
these  notes,  is  here  given.  It  is  in  gold,  and  was  found  a  few  years  since 
in  the  bed  of  the  Thames. 


The  ML  in  the  exergue  of  the  reverse  is  believed  to  stand  for  Monefa  Lon- 
dinensis.  It  may  also  be  remarked  that  these  coins  with  the  three  g"s  are 
not  recorded  to  have  been  found  in  any  other  country  except  England,  but 
the  coins  of  Diocletian  and  Maximian  with  two  g"s,  as  tax  avgg, — salts 
AVGG,  &c.  are  exceedingly  numerous,  and  are  contimially  discovered  wher- 
ever the  Roman  rule  extended.  Descriptions  of  isolated  coins,  from  the 
extensive  series  of  the  coins  of  Carausius  and  his  successor  AUectus,  would 
only  atl'urd  a  faint  notion  of  the  various  points  of  view  in  which  they  interest 
the  historian  and  the  anticpiary.  Mr.  Akennan's  Aolume,  which  contains  a 
notice  of  every  known  variety,  with  copious  illustrations,  and  is  published 
at  a  ^•ery  moderate  price,  should  be  consulted,  not  merely  for  these  particular 
coins,  but  also  for  AK'ts  most  valuable  to  all  who  are  interested  in  Romano- 
British  history.  c.  K.  smith. 


181  NOTICES  or  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


Ancient  and  Modern  Aechitecture,  consisting  of  Views,  Plans, 
Elevations,  Sections,  and  Details  of  the  Most  Remarkable 
Edifices  in  the  World  :  edited  by  M.  Jules  Gailhabaxjd.  Series 
the  first,  Royal  4to.   London,  Firmin  Didot  et  Co.  1844. 

This  work  has  been  iiubhshed  with  the  praiseworthy  design  of  offering  science 
in  a  popular  and  inviting  form.  While  furnishing  pure  and  correct  examples 
of  the  architectural  styles  of  different  peoples  and  different  ages,  it  forms  at 
the  same  time  a  handsome  ornament  even  to  the  dra\ving-room  table.  It  is 
particularly  calculated  to  give  wide  and  general  views  to  popular  readers,  by 
leading  to  habits  of  comparison,  and  for  this  reason  it  is  especially  deserving 
of  encouragement.  The  drawing  is  correct,  and  the  plates  are  beautifully 
executed.  It  ought  to  be  stated  that  the  work  was  originally  published  in 
France,  and  that  the  plates  are  the  works  of  French  artists  ;  the  text,  written 
by  some  of  the  most  distinguished  of  the  French  antiquaries,  has  been  trans- 
lated into  EngUsh,  with  the  addition  of  a  preface  by  professor  Donaldson. 
The  volume  we  have  before  us  forms  the  first  series,  or  year,  and  we  have 
also  received  five  parts  of  the  second  year,  which  give  promise  of  a  volume 
fully  as  interesting  as  the  first. 

The  subjects  in  the  first  volume  commence  with  the  Indian  temples.  It  is 
remarkable  that  the  most  durable  monuments  of  the  far  east  were  temples, 
while  those  of  the  west  which  have  lasted  longest  are  its  tombs.  Several 
plates  are  devoted  to  the  wonderful  temples  of  Elora,  excavated  from  the  solid 
rock,  which,  although  they  are  placed  first  in  the  series,  are  probably  not  much 
older  than  the  commencement  of  the  Christian  era.  They  hold  the  position 
here  given  to  them  by  their  primeval  character,  rather  than  by  their  early 
date.  The  Egyptian  style  is  illustrated  by  interesting  details  of  the  little 
temple  of  Ebsamboul,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  monuments  of  that  singular 
countiy.  From  Egypt  we  are  led  to  the  primitive  monuments  of  Persia, 
which  are  illustrated  by  the  celebrated  tomb  of  Nakshi-Rustam,  and  by  some 
details  from  the  ruins  of  Persepolis.  There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  tomb 
of  Nakshi-Rustam  was  the  burial-place  of  some  one  of  the  early  Persian 
kings,  and  it  is  supposed  to  be  that  of  Darius,  described  by  the  Grecian 
writers. 

From  these  eastern  monuments  we  ai'e  brought  to  the  primeval  monu- 
ments of  the  west,  which  are  here  divided  into  Pelasgian  and  Celtic.  One 
of  the  most  remarkable  examples  of  the  former  has  been  discovered  in  the 
small  isle  of  Gozo  near  Malta,  of  which  several  views  and  ample  details  are 
given  in  the  volume  before  us.  It  is  interesting  as  furnishing  a  more  perfect 
specimen  of  a  building  which  appears  to  bear  some  analogy  in  form  to  the 
supposed  circidar  temples  left  by  the  earlier  inhabitants  of  our  islands.  The 
selection  of  Celtic  monuments  engraved  in  the  present  work  is  especially 
interesting  to  the  English  reader,  because  they  are  all  chosen  from  examples 
in  Brittany,  and  afford  the  means  of  comparison  with  similar  monuments  in 
our  own  island.     The  Celtic  monuments  consist  entirely  of  unornamented 


NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS.  185 

stones,  of  colossal  dimensions.  A  single  stone,  or  Maen-hir,  at  Locraariakar, 
was,  when  unbroken,  sixty-five  feet  in  length.  These  monuments  have  always 
been  objects  of  reverence  among  the  lower  orders,  and  they  often  bear  marks 
of  the  superstitious  worship  of  the  peasantiy  in  modern  ages.  "  Near  Join- 
ville  (Meuse),  there  is  a  maen-hir  remarkable  for  a  Roman  inscription,  at 
about  two-thirds  of  its  height.  It  consists  of  the  words  Viromarus  Ista- 
TiLiF ;  Viromarus  son  of  Istatilius,  and  was  evidently  engraved  long  after 
the  erection  of  the  monument.  ...  A  few  maen-hirs  have  been  found  covered 
with  rude  sculptures,  but  these  decorations  were  doubtless  added  at  a  later 
l)eriod.  There  is  a  stone  of  this  kind  near  Brecknock,  in  ^^'ales  ;  it  is  called 
the  maiden  stone,  and  bears  a  rude  carving  of  a  man  and  woman  in  high 
relief.  But  notwithstanding  all  that  has  been  said  on  this  subject,  we  do 
not  think  it  possible  a  smgle  specimen  of  carving  on  a  Celtic  monument  can 
with  any  certainty  be  attributed  to  the  Druids  ;  of  com-se  we  do  not  consider 
as  sculptvu'es  a  few  hues  or  shapeless  ornaments,  scarcely  visible,  which  may 
be  seen  on  some  stones  of  that  epoch."  After  having  shewn  how,  in  the  earlier 
ages  of  Christianity,  these  monuments  of  paganism  were  doomed  to  destniction, 
and  great  numbers  must  have  perished,  the  writer  of  tliis  article  proceeds  to 
state  the  feelings  Avith  which  they  were  subsequently  consecrated  to  Christian 
purposes.  "  At  last  the  epoch  arrived  when  Christianity,  become  more  tolerant 
from  the  fact  of  its  trium^ih  being  no  longer  doubtful,  condescended  to  appro- 
priate the  monuments  of  polytheism,  and  converted  the  Roman  temples  into 
churches.  The  lower  orders  had  been  accustomed  to  perform  acts  of  devo- 
tion at  the  foot  of  the  Druidical  stones ;  so  instead  of  throwing  these  down, 
they  were  sanctified  and  consecrated  to  the  worship  of  the  true  God.  Some- 
times the  maen-hir  itself  was  he^vn  into  the  form  of  a  cross,  as  one  of  those 
near  Cai'nac  ;  sometimes  one  or  more  crosses  were  cut  upon  them,  as  on  that 
of  the  Mountain  of  Justice  on  the  road  from  Auray  to  Carnac  ;  at  a  more 
recent  day,  crosses  and  religious  symbols  were  sculptured  upon  them  in  a 
more  advanced  style  of  art,  as  those  on  the  maen-hir  of  Ploemeur  (north 
coast),  which  can  scarcely  be  older  than  the  sixteenth  centmy.'"  The  numer- 
ous figures  of  the  Celtic  monuments  of  France  given  in  this  first  volume,  and 
in  the  parts  published  of  the  second  series,  are  extremely  valuable. 

The  monuments  of  primeval  architecture,  however  wonderful  by  their 
mass,  or  interesting  by  their  associations,  have  little  of  real  beauty  and  are 
totally  deficient  in  purity  of  taste.  These  important  qualities  first  present 
themselves  in  the  works  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  which  are  here  illus- 
trated by  views  and  details  of  the  elegant  temple  of  Segesta  and  the  noble 
Parthenon,  and  of  the  amphitheatre  of  Nismes  and  the  arch  of  Trajan  at 
Benevento.  We  are  then  introduced  through  the  Roman  basilicas  to  the 
Christian  architecture  of  the  middle  ages.  The  succeechng  subjects  are  the 
basilica  of  St.  Clement  at  Rome,  the  existence  of  which  may  be  traced  from 
the  fifth  century  ;  the  church  of  St.  Vital  at  Ravenna,  begun  in  the  sixth 
century,  a  good  example  of  the  Byzantine  style  ;  the  CathoUcon,  or  cathedral 
of  Athens,  another  early  example  of  the  same  style  ;  the  church  of  St.  Mary 
at  Toscanella.  a  beautiful  example  of  the  earlier  ecclesiastical  architecture  of 


186  NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. SOCIETY  FOR 

Provenge ;  the  cathedral  of  Bonn,  a  specimen  of  the  style  pi'evalent  in 
Germany  at  the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century ;  the  mosque  of  Ibn 
Tiilun  at  Kairo,  said  to  have  been  completed  in  878,  a  valuable  specimen  of 
Saracenic  architectui'e  ;  and  the  cathedral  of  Freyburgh,  an  imposing  monu- 
ment of  the  Gothic  style  as  prevalent  in  Germany.  All  these  form  very 
excellent  studies,  and  the  outline  will  naturally  be  filled  up  by  other  ex- 
amples in  the  two  follo^ving  volumes ;  for  it  appears  by  the  preface  that  the 
whole  work  is  to  extend  to  three  volumes. 

This  volume  concludes  mth  two  specimens  of  modern  buUdings,  the  church 
of  the  Invalides  at  Paris,  a  work  of  the  age  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  the  Halle-au- 
Ble,  or  Corn  Exchange,  with  its  remarkable  dome  of  cast-iron,  executed 
in  the  earlier  part  of  the  present  century.  T.  wkight. 


Seances  generales  tenues  en  1841  pak  la  Societe  Francaise  poue 
LA  Conservation  des  Monuments  Historiques,  8vo.  pp.  272.  (With 
many  Woodcuts.)     Caen,  1841. 

(^Continued  from  our  last.) 

At  the  morning  sitting  of  the  23rd  of  June,  business  was  commenced  by 
an  account  of  some  renewed  excavations  on  the  site  of  the  castellum  at 
Jublains,  lately  purchased  as  a  specimen  of  transition  from  GaUo-Roman  to 
that  of  early  feudal  militaiy  architecture,  and  the  Society  had  the  pleasure 
to  learn  that  a  habitation  having  thereon  been  built  for  the  superintendant 
of  the  roads  thereabout,  this  monument  had  been  put  under  his  protection  ; 
and  it  was  also  announced  that  an  archaiological  map  of  Anjou  had  recently 
been  published.  M.  de  la  Sicotiere  having  then  read  an  account  of  the  pre- 
ceding evening's  archseological  promenade,  the  Director,  in  continuation  of 
his  former  questions,  asked.  What  were  the  most  ancient  churches  of  the 
neighbourhood,  and  what  peculiarities  of  construction  and  decoration  did 
they  exhibit  ?  In  answering  this,  the  Abbe  Bourasse  took  occasion  to  sug- 
gest the  advantage  of  carefully  studying  all  those  churches  built  by  Gregory 
of  Tours,  in  order  to  ascertain  therefrom  the  principles  of  Romano-Byzantine 
architecture  in  Touraine.  Other  questions  discussed  were — Whether  any 
Angerine  churches  of  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries  were  of  circular  or 
Greek-cross  form,  or  with  unusually  arranged  masonry,  or  peculiarly  shaped 
buttresses,  or  the  beak-moulding,  the  pearl-studded  moulding,  or  that  called 
by  the  French  flabelliform,  and  more  especially  what  churches  had  been 
fortified  with  machicolations.  The  archivist  of  the  department  having 
then  presented  sundry  documents  illustrating  the  dates  of  several  churches 
therein,  and  of  the  old  stone  bridge  at  Angers,  the  President  closed  the  sit- 
ting by  inviting  the  Society  to  visit  at  noon  the  abbey  clmrcli  of  St.  Serge. 

At  the  second  sitting,  at  two  o'clock,  M.  Godard,  the  author  of  an  excel- 
lent monumental  history  of  Anjou,  informed  the  Society  as  to  the  mouldings 
most  worthy  of  remark  in  that  province.     M.  dc  Caumont  then  animad\erted 


PRESERVING  THE  HISTORICAL  MONUMENTS  OF  TRANCE.    187 

on  the  great  utility  of  locally  studying  the  peculiarity  of  mouldings  towards 
the  formation  of  what  might  be  termed  architectonic  zones  ;  an  opinion  which 
M.  Segrestain  corroborated  by  referring  to  the  beautiful  cloister  of  St,  Aubin, 
the  mere  physiognomy  of  which  at  once  demonstrated  the  locaHty  of  its 
author's  architectonic  studies.  A  conversation  then  ensued  upon  the  different 
sj-stems  of  ornamentation  in  ditJerent  provinces,  and  a  comparison  of  the 
simplicity  of  Romano-Byzantine  edifices  in  one  part  of  Tourainc  with  the 
highly  adorned  churches  of  the  same  epoch,  near  the  rivers  Cher  and  Vienne, 
and  on  those  Mosaic-hke  incrustations  composed  of  different  volcanic  stones 
so  common  in  the  clmrches  of  Auvergne. 

The  Director  then  proceeded  to  enquire,  illustrating  his  several  questions 
with  large  drawings,  as  to  the  usual  shape  of  columns  of  the  eleventh  and 
twelfth  centuries  in  Anjou ;  whether  the  Attic  base  was  not  constantly 
adopted ;  what  was  the  mode  of  grouping  them,  and  whether  any  are 
encircled  with  pearled  bands.  In  reply  to  these,  it  having  been  incidentally 
remarked  that  arches  were  sometimes  made  of  pointed  form  so  early  even  as 
the  twelfth  centmy,  not  merely  from  caprice  but  upon  the  well-understood 
principle  of  their  constructional  utility;  M.  Godard  combated  the  opinion 
that  pointed  arches  were  of  eastern  origin,  for  otherwise  they  would  have 
been  introduced  by  Foulque  Nera  in  some  of  the  many  churches  built  by 
him  after  his  retm-n  from  the  fu'st  crusade.  It  was  then  asked  whether 
there  existed  in  Anjou  any  columns  based  on  lions,  or  any  allusion  in  its 
ancient  charters  to  the  administration  of  "  Justitia  inter  leones."  Whereon 
M.  Marchegay  stated  that  the  church  and  the  bishop's  residence  were  places 
in  which  public  justice  was  often  administered,  and  alluded  particularly  to  a 
document  dated  "  in  veteri  camera  Episcopi  Pictavensis ;"  M.  Godard 
relating  also,  on  documental  authority,  that  so  lately  as  1640 — 1650,  the 
common  place  of  justice  at  S.  Georges  des  Mines,  was  the  porch  or  narthex 
of  its  church.  This  led  to  a  long  conversation  on  the  manumission  of  slaves 
ha\ing  always  taken  place  in  the  church,  and  also  on  the  heating  of  ordeal 
water  and  iron  therein, — M.  de  Caumont  eloquently  descanting  on  the  deep 
impression  which  judgment  pronounced  in  such  holy  places  could  not  but 
have  had  on  the  bystanders. 

The  Director  having  then  made  a  remark  upon  the  rarity  of  historically 
sculptured  shafts  in  Anjou,  enquired  whether  there  existed  any  with  foUated 
bases,  or  any  such  channelled  pilasters  as  are  common  in  Burgundy.  A  con- 
versation afterwards  ensued  on  historied  capitals  and  their  colouring,  which, 
it  was  said,  is  generally  either  red  and  blue,  except  where  green  foliage  is 
introduced,  and  there  the  ground  is  always  red,  the  colouring  matter  being 
fixed  with  fat  oil  or  varnish.  The  resemblance  of  corbel-heads  in  Anjou 
and  other  provinces  was  next  discussed,  and  M.  de  la  Sicotiere  having  read 
an  account  of  the  Society's  visit  to  the  church  of  St.  Serge,  the  meeting 
adjoiu'ued  to  the  next  day. 

At  the  morning  sitting  of  the  24th  of  June,  under  the  presidency  of  the 
Marquis  de  la  Porte,  a  memoir  on  the  cathedral  of  Cahors  was  read,  and  a 
proposition  thereon  made  that  the  Society  should  take  down  a  wall  then 


188  NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

hiding  a  fine  Byzantine  doorway.  Next  followed  a  report  upon  the  monu- 
ments of  the  province  of  Saintonge,  proving  that  many  of  the  towers  therein 
said  to  have  been  erected  by  the  English  during  their  occupation  of  that 
district,  were  not  built  until  after  their  departure. 

The  Director  then  continued  to  put  the  archseological  questions  on  the 
programme,  and  first,  Whether  the  large  Angevine  windows  of  the  twelfth 
century  had  any  bas-rehef  on  their  archivolts — whether  certain  windows 
Avith  exteriorly  semicircular  heads  had  not  interiorly  pointed  heads,  or  vice 
versa  ?  (jVI.  de  Caumont  being  of  opinion  that  many  windows  were  originally 
so  formed.)  The  usual  decoration  of  doorways,  and  the  symbolical  mean- 
ing of  the  statuary  columns  at  the  western  entrance  of  Angers  cathedral,  was 
next  learnedly  investigated,  and  the  pecuharity  of  Angevine  vaulting  demon- 
strated to  consist  in  the  central  portions  of  each  compartment  being  some- 
what higher  than  its  sides,  so  that  a  series  of  longitudinal  ribs  (unless 
observed  from  directly  beneath  it)  is  seen  to  be  a  succession  of  curved  lines, 
as  those  of  King's  College  chapel  evidently  are  when  seen  from  between  its 
two  roofs.  As  to  the  most  ancient  vaults  in  Anjou — with  the  exception  of 
the  Byzantine  cupolas  at  Loches  and  Fontevrault,  which  are  completely 
domical — M.  Godard  stated  them  to  be  generally  either  of  semicircularly 
wagon-form  or  very  flatly  groined  and  ribless ;  observing  that  Angevine 
churches,  being  usually  without  triforia,  are  not  so  lofty  as  those  of  other 
provinces.  It  appeai'ed  also  that  in  Anjou  pier-arches  and  their  spandrels 
are  plain,  and  that  church-towers  are  mostly  placed  over  the  transepts,  and 
consist  of  cubes  surmounted  with  octagons.  M.  Biseul  then  read  a  learned 
report  on  the  Roman  roads  of  Anjou,  and  at  eleven  o'clock  the  morning  sit- 
ting terminated. 

The  business  of  the  afternoon  sitting  having  been  opened  by  a  comparison 
of  the  sum  expended  for  restoring  the  spires  of  Angers  cathedral  in  1839 
with  that  of  building  them  in  1516,  the  consideration  of  the  questions  in  the 
programme  was  then  resumed  by  the  Director  enquiring.  What  Avere  the 
subjects  generally  represented  on  Angevine  bas-reliefs  of  the  twelfth  and 
thirteenth  centuries  ?  upon  which  attention  having  been  draAvn  to  an  infant 
Jesus  on  the  Virgin's  knees  in  the  cloister  of  St.  Aubin,  the  Director 
stated  that,  during  the  Romano-Byzantine  epoch,  our  infant  Saviour  was 
almost  always  represented  Avith  the  intellectuality  of  a  good  man,  hoAve\-er 
inferior  the  art  of  sculpture  then  Avas  in  portraying  the  human  figure,  com- 
pared with  that  of  representing  vegetable  substances. 

With  regard  to  the  former  existence  of  any  canon  for  religious  symbolical 
sculpture,  M.  Godard  thought  that  sagittary-centaurs  and  mermaids  holding 
fish — the  emblem  of  Christ — should  be  so  considered  :  but  that  many  of  the 
monstrous  figures  met  Avith  on  corbels  and  capitals  had  their  prototypes  in 
the  east,  whence  they  were  brought  by  Greeks  and  the  early  crusaders, 
referring  in  aid  of  this  opinion  to  the  figure  of  a  camel  at  Nevers,  and  of 
several  plants  only  indigenous  in  the  Holy  Land — not  to  mention  other 
forms  of  gnostic  or  hieroglyphic  origin.  The  mermaid,  so  common  in 
Poitou,  M.de  Caumont,  from  having  seen  it  often  upon  ancient  fonts,  could 


PRESERVING  THE  HISTORICAL  MONUMENTS  OF  FRANCE.      189 

not  but  deem  allusive  to  l)a])tisin,  and  reniarked  tliut  soiiietinios,  instead  of 
the  figure  holding  in  both  hands  a  fish,  it  liad  in  the  right  hand  a  knife — 
expressive  perhaps  of  the  vindictive  power  of  God.  In  reply  to  a  question 
as  to  the  manner  of  depicting  Vice,  reference  was  made  to  certain  repre- 
sentations of  men  entwined  bj'  serpents,  and  of  women  sucked  by  toads  and 
snakes.  The  Director  then  enquired  the  usual  mode  in  Anjou  of  figuring 
Christ — whether  by  surrounding  Him  with  the  evangeUstic  emblems — one 
hand  being  in  the  attitude  of  benediction,  and  the  other  holding  an  open 
book — or  by  the  Cluniac  mode,  with  His  arms  spread  out  on  each  side  ;  and 
whether  the  representation  of  God  the  Father  by  a  hand  placed  on  a  crossed 
nimbus  was  ever  met  with  in  Anjou. 

An  interesting  discussion  then  ensued  as  to  the  infrequency  of  Christ 
being  represented  on  the  cross  previously  to  the  end  of  the  twelfth  centiuy — 
earlier  figures  of  Christ  being  either  in  an  attitude  of  glory  or  as  a  good 
shepherd — M.  de  Caumont  remarking  that  the  last  judgment  and  the  pains 
of  hell  were  not  depicted  before  the  eleventh  centmy.  A  question  whether 
there  existed  any  general  collection  of  inscriptions  from  the  churches  of 
Anjou  was  replied  to  in  the  negative.  Some  well-executed  drawings  of  the 
several  mouldings,  sculptured  shafts,  capitals,  &c.  of  the  cloister  of  St. 
Aubin,  and  of  David's  combat  with  Goliah,  Avere  then  exhibited,  and  this 
led  to  a  conversation  on  the  Polychromy  of  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries, 
which  terminated  the  general  afternoon  sitting  ;  but  at  seven  in  the  evening 
an  assembly  of  the  Society's  administrative  council  took  place,  when  various 
sums  were  accorded  for  the  reparation  of  several  churches,  and  the  uphold- 
ing of  certain  interesting  ruins. 

At  the  morning  sitting  of  the  25th,  business  began  by  an  account  of  the 
remarkable  objects  obsened  during  the  preceding  evening's  archaeological 
promenade,  especially  of  certain  melon-like  ornaments  in  Trinity  church,  and 
the  hexagonal  masonry  of  the  church  of  Ronzeray,  bxxilt  A.D.  1025.  It  was 
then  announced  that  a  coiu-se  of  archseology  had  been  established  in  the 
Diocesan  Seminaiy  of  Touraine,  and  that  several  churches  in  that  province 
had  been  restored  in  consequence  of  a  circular  address  from  the  Archbishop 
to  his  clergy.  A  sum  having  been  voted  for  the  upholding  of  the  aqueduct 
at  Luines,  and  of  another  Roman  monument  near  it,  the  Director  then  com- 
menced his  usual  questions  relative  to  Pointed  architecture,  but  from  the 
rarity  in  Anjou  of  this  style,  except  in  castles,  the  only  observation  on  it  Avas 
that  its  mouldings  were  less  boldly  undercut  than  in  Normandy  and  else- 
where. It  was  next  asked  if  there  existed  in  the  vicinity  any  represent- 
ations of  Christ  on  the  cross  reposing  in  the  bosom  of  the  Father,  but  of  this 
the  only  known  example  was  in  a  stained  glass  window  of  the  thirteenth 
century  in  Tours  cathedral.  The  introduction  of  what  is  called  the  Renais- 
sant  style  having  been  briefly  observed  upon,  the  Director  requested  infor- 
mation as  to  the  ancient  interments  in  the  city  of  Angers,  and  especially  those 
with  medals  or  arms,  from  which  it  appeared  that  though  skelett)ns  were 
sometimes  found  in  rude  excavations  of  the  rock,  they  wvvo  generally  in 
uncovered  coffinR  either  of  coarse  shelly  stone  or  ferrufjinous  sand-ston(\     A 

C  C 


190  NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. SOCIETY  FOR 

memoir  was  thereupon  read  shewing  that  in  the  province  of  Le  Maine  the 
use  of  stone  coffins,  and  the  occasional  depositing  therein  of  perforated  pots 
filled  with  charcoal  and  cinders,  existed  even  so  lately  as  the  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  M.  de  Caumont  having  then  remarked  on  our  want  of 
a  chronological  essay  on  the  former  modes  of  sepulture,  the  sitting  was  ter- 
minated by  a  memoir  on  the  sepulchral  statues  of  the  English  monarchs  at 
Fontevrault. 

At  the  afternoon  sitting,  a  notice  was  communicated  of  a  certain  chapel 
of  the  thirteenth  century  at  Fontevrault,  having  at  its  top  one  of  those  ceme- 
tery lanterns  described  to  the  Society  at  Le  Mans.  The  Director  then 
enquired  as  to  stone  altars  and  baptismal  fonts  in  Anjou,  but  reference  was 
only  made  to  a  font  in  the  chapel  of  Behuard,  which  contains  also  a  contem- 
porary fresco-portrait  of  Louis  XL  M.  Marchegay  then  emnnerated  from 
ancient  abbey -inventories  lists  of  articles  of  gold-work  and  enamel,  and 
referred  to  M.  Grille's  collections  of  Byzantine  ornaments  as  well  worthy  of 
a  visit  from  the  Society.  With  regard  to  reliquaries,  M.  de  Cauvin  described 
a  remarkable  one  at  Evron,  a  wooden  statue  covered  with  silver  plates,  and 
having  a  girdle  of  precious  stones,  alluding  also  to  several  ancient  crosses,  pixes, 
chahces  and  censers,  and  silken  tapestry,  &c.  at  Le  Mans  and  in  its  vicinity. 
Of  the  most  remarkable  stained  glass  in  Anjou,  the  oldest  was  said  to  be  in 
the  cathedral  and  the  hospital  chapel  at  Angers,  but  the  most  beautiful  at 
Champigne.  The  church-music  of  Anjou,  during  the  eleventh  and  twelfth 
centuries,  was  then  enquired  into,  with  allusion  to  the  form  of  certain  musical 
instruments  represented  in  that  mine  of  archaeological  information — the 
cloister  of  St.  Aubin.  As  examples  of  ancient  penmanship,  the  archivist 
laid  before  the  Society  some  fac-similes  of  charters  varying  in  date  from 
A.D.  847  downwards,  shewing  that  the  small  Roman  character  introduced 
by  Charlemagne  was  not  commonly  employed  before  the  eleventh  century, 
and  that  the  long  Gothic  character  arose  in  the  thirteenth,  when  the  use  of 
Latin  in  public  documents  had  given  way  to  the  vulgar  tongue. 

The  origin  of  various  manufactures  in  Anjou,  and  the  influence  of  monas- 
teries on  agriculture,  having  been  discussed,  an  account  of  the  castle  and 
church  of  Noatre  was  read,  and  M.  de  Caumont,  in  the  name  of  the  Society, 
then  thanking  the  inhabitants  of  Angers  for  their  hospitality,  concluded  the 
session  by  requesting  their  assistance  at  the  session  to  take  place  the  next 
year  at  Bordeaux. 

This  review  might  here  terminate,  but  as  some  of  the  subjects  noticed 
are,  from  their  novelty  and  import,  we  conceive,  worthy  of  consideration  by 
our  readers,  and  since  it  is  probable  that  other  subjects  equally  interesting 
may  be  met  with  in  the  account  of  the  Society's  sessions  at  Cherbourg  and 
Lyons,  I  shall  proceed  with  an  analysis  of  what  was  there  transacted. 

The  Cherbourg  meeting  took  place  on  the  18th  of  July,  during  the 
session  of  the  Norman  Association,  M.  de  Caumont  being  president. 
Business  began  by  voting  thanks  to  M.  Renault,  for  having  stopped  the 
demolition  of  a  gateway  of  the  twelfth  century  at  Dompont.  A  letter  was 
then  read  from  the  Abbe  Texier,  stating  that  he  was  busily  ongagod  in  a 


PRESERVING  THE  HISTORICAL  MONUMENTS  OF  FRANCE.      191 

work  describing  the  stained  glass  (not  less  than  9000  square  yards)  still 
existing  in  the  diocese  of  Limoges,  promising  also  in  addition  to  his  notice 
on  enamels  (published  in  the  sixth  volume  of  the  "  Bulletin  Monumental " 
of  the  Society)  an  account  of  not  fewer  than  57  Byzantine  reliquaries,  which 
he  saw  at  the  late  septennial  exhibition  of  relics  at  Limoges,  and  of  which 
some— donations  from  the  kings  of  Jerusalem — strongly  illustrate  the  intro- 
duction of  Byzantine  architectural  ornamentation  into  France.  Next  followed 
a  communication  from  the  Minister  of  the  Literior  expressing  his  willing- 
ness to  accord  the  aid  requested  by  the  Society  for  the  restoration  of  King 
Rene's  tomb  at  Angers.  M.  du  Moncel  then  gave  an  excellent  report, 
accompanied  with  a  monumental  chart,  upon  the  Celtic,  Roman,  religious, 
mihtary,  and  civU,  antiquities  around  Cherbourg.  Among  Celtic  monuments 
were  noticed  a  gallery  (allee  couverte)  at  Bretteville,  nearly  sixty  feet  long 
by  three  in  breadth  and  height :  an  immense  logan  or  rocking-stone  ;  and 
various  other  Druidical  stones  and  barrows.  Of  middle-age  antiquities  were 
described  the  twelfth-century  churches  of  Octeville,  Martinvast,  and  ToUe- 
sast,  and  the  ruined  chapels  at  SurtainviUe  and  at  Querqueville  (figured  by 
Cotman),  and  two  churches  of  the  thirteenth  centuiy  at  Gouberville  and 
Biville,  in  which  latter  are  still  preserved  a  chasuble  and  chalice  given  to  it 
by  St.  Louis.  A  memoir  was  then  read  on  that  strange  inexplicable 
sculpture  sometimes  found  in  churches,  and  a  report  on  the  government 
restorations  going  on  at  Mont  St.  Michel,  Some  curious  stone  circles  were 
then  exhibited,  similar  to  those  described  by  Dr.  Legrand,  of  St.  Pierre  sur 
Dives,  with  an  account  of  certain  discoveries  at  Avranches,  proving  that 
city  to  be  the  Ingena  of  the  Peutinger  table. 

The  Society  having  then  decided  as  to  what  reparations  were  most  ne- 
cessary to  be  undertaken  near  Cherbourg,  termmated  its  session  there  by 
a  vote  of  thanks  to  M.  de  Caumont,  for  having  individually  purchased  and  so 
rescued  from  destruction,  the  ground  on  which  stands  the  magnificent  door- 
way to  the  refectory  of  the  abbey  of  Savign}\ 

The  fii-st  meeting  of  the  Society  at  Lyons  was  on  the  5th  of  September, 
during  the  session  of  the  Congres  Scientifique  de  France,  M.  de  Caumont 
acting  as  president,  on  account  of  the  absence  of  the  cardinal  on  clerical 
duties.  Business  was  opened  by  a  narration  of  the  origin  of  the  Society  and 
of  the  good  works  that  it  had  already  accomplished,  and  of  which  the  assembly 
testified  its  approbation  by  loud  applause.  Reports  were  then  severally 
made  on  the  liistorical  monuments  in  the  province  of  the  Lyoiuiois,  M.  Branche 
requesthig  aid  towards  the  restoration  of  a  church  in  the  Romano- Amergnat 
style,  and  of  one  of  the  14th  century  remarkable  for  a  Dance  of  Death 
painted  on  its  walls,  and  for  being  a  good  architectui-al  example  of  a  cluuch 
suited  to  a  \'illage  congregation.  The  church  is  also  interesting  on  account 
of  its  tower  still  retaining  (in  accordance  with  an  ancient  canon)  an  Altar 
dedicated  to  St.  Michael,  and  the  contents  of  the  tomb  of  a  prioress  lately 
found,  viz.,  the  remains  of  a  hempen  shroud,  some  partly  burnt  tapers  of 
yellow  wax,  fragments  of  inscribed  parchment,  ivory  beads,  and  a  gilt 
wooden  crozier.     The  discovery  of  some   Merovingian  tonilis  at  Villc  sur 


192  NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. SOCIETY  EOll 

Journoux  having  been  announced,  a  sum  of  money  was  granted  for  further 
researches  in  that  vicinity ;  whereupon  a  member  took  occasion  to  deplore 
the  want  of  municipal  authority  for  preventing  objects  of  antiquity  from 
being  dispersed  among  goldsmiths,  &c.,  alluding  particularly  to  the  discovery 
of  a  jewel-box  of  some  Gallo-Roman  lady,  containing  collars  of  precious 
stones,  a  gold  t^visted  bracelet,  set  with  a  head  of  the  Empress  Crispina, 
and  cameos,  medallions  and  coins,  giving  reason  to  beheve  that  the  place  in 
which  they  were  found  was  a  Roman  villa  of  the  reign  of  Septimius  Severus. 
The  Director  then,  addi-essing  himself  to  the  clergy  around  him,  requested 
to  know  if  in  the  diocese  of  Lyons  any  archseological  lectures  had  been  in- 
stituted, whereupon  a  member  stated  that  the  cardinal  had  akeady  esta- 
blished a  course  at  L'Argentiere,  and  a  Society  at  Lyons,  denominated 
'*  L'Listitut  Catholique,"  for  the  preservation  and  description  of  the  general 
ecclesiastical  monuments  of  that  Society,  and  which  he  begged  might  be 
associated  with  the  General  French  Society  he  was  addressing ;  a  request 
accorded  with  acclamation,  and  with  an  assurance  that  Government  would 
gratefully  recognise  so  powerful  a  means  of  moralizing  such  a  class  as  the 
manufacturing  population  of  the  city  of  Lyons.  It  was  then  asked  if  there 
existed  any  work  on  the  ancient  inscriptions  of  Lugdunum,  to  which 
INI.  Commarmond  replied  that  the  work  of  the  late  M.  Alard  was  in  con- 
tinuation by  him  preparatory  to  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  subject. 
M.  Crespet  having  announced  his  discovery  of  the  figure  of  a  serpent- 
tailed  cock,  with  the  word  "  Basihscus"  over  it,  among  some  stones  with 
zodiacal  signs  of  the  12th  century,  immured  in  the  tower  of  the  chm-ch  of 
St.  Foy,  the  Director  took  occasion  to  recommend  the  taking  of  casts 
from  all  such  ancient  sculptures,  so  that  the  several  archaeological  museums 
of  Europe  might  interchange  them  one  with  another.  M.  Boilet  then  noticed 
a  credence-table  at  Chasselay,  and  a  description  was  given  of  a  newly-dis- 
covered portion  of  the  theatre  at  Lyons,  the  only  Roman  monument,  except 
the  aqueduct,  now  remaining  in  that  city,  urging  the  mayor  to  require 
notice  of  the  discovery  of  any  ancient  substructure  that  may  be  discovered 
by  the  engineers  now  erecting  the  new  fort,  and  to  prevent  any  new  houses 
from  being  built  with  Roman  remains ;  all  which  he  graciously  promised,  if 
j)ossible,  to  do.  M.  Dupasquier  then  requested  aid  for  rejiairing  the  Byzan- 
tine chapel  of  the  castle  of  Chatillon,  complaining  of  the  occasional  impedi- 
ment to  intelligent  restoration  by  injudicious  local  authority,  and  the  Abbe 
d'  AvriUy  begged  to  recommend  to  the  mayor  the  removal  of  the  shops  dis- 
figuring many  of  the  churches  in  Lyons,  Li  reply  to  a  question  whether 
the  churches  of  Lyons  were  as  much  the  victims  of  whitewash  as  elsewhere, 
a  member  begged  to  know  wh(3tlier  such  tinting  as  might  harmonize  new 
work  with  old  was  objectionable ;  to  which  M.  de  Caumont  answered  no, 
but  only  such  trumpery  colouring,  which,  pretending  to  imitate  marble, 
carved  wood,  and  Italian  mouldings,  so  spoilt  the  true  character  of  many 
churches,  that  their  real  mouldings  could  hardly  be  distinguished  from  the 
supposititious  ones.  He  then  enquired  as  to  the  usual  mode  of  depicting 
Christ  in  country  churches,  and  whether  any  gentleman  had  particularly 


PRESERVING  THE  HISTORICAL  MONUMENTS  OF  FRANCE.      193 

studied  its  symbolism  during  the  r2th  century;  whereupon  M.  de  Barthe- 
lemy  presented  some  drawings  of  Christ  and  of  the  Byzantine  doorway  at 
Bourg-Argental.  The  sitting  then  terminated  by  a  report  from  the  adminis- 
trative council  of  the  3rd  of  September,  and  the  appointment  of  the  follow- 
ing gentlemen  as  divisional  inspectors  of  monuments,  viz.,  M.  V.  Simon  for 
Metz  ;  M.  Commarmond  for  Lyons  ;  M.  V.  Bailie  of  BesanQon  for  the  Jura  ; 
and  M.  Hubert  of  Charlevdlle  for  the  Ardennes. 

On  the  7  th  of  September  the  Society  went  down  the  Rhone  to  visit 
Viemie,  M.  de  Lorme  the  conservator  of  the  museum  conducting  them 
to  the  several  subjects  of  pecuUar  archaeological  interest  there.  Of  these 
however,  not  noticing  those  described  in  guide-books,  we  have  only  space 
to  mention — a  chapel  of  Greek-cross  form ;  a  circular  Byzantine  building 
with  a  dome  on  a  circular  series  of  columns  ;  a  singular  mosaic-like  insertion 
of  bricks  into  the  stone-work  of  its  early  churches  ;  a  window-arch  (bearing 
the  date  1152)  springing  from  columns  based  on  couchant  lions;  and  a  fly- 
ing buttress  of  the  twelfth  centmy ;  the  symbolic  statuary  of  the  cathedral 
with  its  ancient  tombs  and  mural  inscriptions,  and  marble  lining  set  in  red 
cement ;  besides  the  many  Roman  remains  yet  existing  in  this  capital  of  the 
Allobroges. 

On  the  9th  of  September  the  Society  inspected  the  cathedral  of  Lyons 
mider  the  guidance  of  his  excellency  the  cardinal,  who  pointed  out  as 
especially  worth  notice,  its  several  symbolic  bas-reliefs,  the  red  cement  we 
have  seen  at  Yienne,  and  a  beautiful  marble  j)rimatial  chair  of  the  twellth 
centmy. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  13th  of  September,  which  took  place  in  the  town- 
haU,  (many  members  of  the  '  Congres  Scientifique'  having  joined  the 
Society,)  M.  de  Caumont  ^vith  the  pm"pose  of  comjiaring  the  phases  of 
Christian  art  in  the  province  where  they  were  then  assembled,  and  of  shew- 
ing also  to  its  inhabitants  its  state  in  other  provinces  of  France,  exhibited  a 
large  collection  of  architectural  prints  and  drawings.  He  then,  after  having 
alluded  to  symbohsm  geneially,  drew  attention  to  the  mermaids  on  the 
tympanum  of  the  churches  at  Puy  and  Autun,  and  others,  and  to  the  mode 
of  representing  the  seven  deadly  sins.  On  which  INI.  Branche  cited  many 
sculptured  capitals  in  Auvergne,  and  one  especially  at  Mnat,  from  which  it 
appeared  that  these  sins  were  indicated  by  attaching  to  that  part  of  the  body 
in  which  the  peccant  humom-  was  presumed  to  reside,  the  toads  and  snakes 
rejiresented  as  dcA  ouring  it ;  that  thus  by  surrounding  the  head,  for  instance, 
with  such  reptiles,  the  sin  of  pride  was  designated ;  while  if  about  the  heart, 
envy  and  mahce  ;  if  about  the  hands,  avarice  ;  and  if  about  the  feet,  idleness 
&c.  M.  de  Caumont  then  drew  attention  to  the  figm-es  of  the  Sagittarius 
and  Capricorn  which  are  of  such  frequent  occurrence  ;  Samson  conquering 
a  lion  ;  and  other  symbols,  yet  more  inexphcable. 

M.  de  Caumont  then  remarked,  as  to  the  various  modes  of  representing 
Christ,  that  His  nimbus  is  always  of  crucial  form,  whereas  that  of  the  saints 
is  not.  He  stated  also  that  about  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century  the 
apocalyptic  animals  were  replaced  on  the  tympaniuns  of  churches  by  angels. 


194  NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

the  Virgin  and  St.  Jolin,  and  that  the  representation  of  Christ  crucified  and 
lying  on  his  parent's  Imees,  did  not  occur  before  the  fifteenth  century  ;  M. 
Monnier  corroborating  tliis  by  allusions  to  the  churches  of  the  Jura,  and 
M.  Laurens  to  a  stained  glass  at  Villefranche,  where  above  the  head  of  the 
Father  is  a  dove.  M.  Frelet  then  learnedly  discussed  the  manner  in 
which,  during  the  twelfth  century,  the  figures  of  Christ  and  the  Virgin  were 
depicted,  observing  that  in  pictures  and  sculptvu'es  the  features  given  to 
Christ  were  invariably  ahke.  He  attributes  this  similarity  to  a  conceived 
duty  on  the  part  of  the  artist  to  imitate  a  Mosaic  traditionally  said  to  have 
been  given  to  Prudentius  a  Roman  patrician  by  St.  Peter  himself,  and  oi" 
which  mention  was  made  by  church  writers  of  the  fourth  century,  and  that 
the  manner  prevailed  until  the  fourteenth  century.  M.  Frelet  stated  also 
that  he  had  observed  the  same  conventional  similarity  in  the  figures  of  the 
Virgin  and  of  certain  saints,  and  supposes  that  there  was  formerly  some 
authentic  portrait  of  the  Virgin. 

With  these  observations  the  session,  the  last  of  the  Society  in    1841, 

closed.  W.  BKOMET. 


RECENT  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIONS.— ENGLISH. 

Architectural  Nomenclature  of  the  Middle  Ages.  By  Robert 
Willis,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  and  Jacksonian  Professor  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge.     4to.     Published  by  the  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society. 

The  Principles  of  Gothic  Ecclesiastical  Architecture.  By  Matthew 
Holbeche  Bloxam.  Sixth  edition.  Illustrated  with  200  woodcuts. 
12mo.     London,  Bogue. 

Glossary  of  Ecclesiastical  Ornament  and  Costume.  Compiled  and 
Illustrated  from  Ancient  Authorities  and  Examples.  By  A.  Welby 
Pugin,  Architect.     Large  4to.     Richly  illustrated.     London,  Bohn. 

Antiquities  of  Shropshire  ;  from  an  old  Manuscript  of  Edward  Lloyd, 
Esq.,  of  Drenewydd  :  revised  and  enlarged,  from  private  and  other 
Manuscripts,  with  Illustrations,  by  Thomas  Farmer  Dukes,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
4to.     Shrewsbury. 

Ancient  Coins  of  Cities  and  Princes:  geographically  arranged  and 
described,  by  John  Younge  Akerman,  F.S.A.  No.  1. — Hispania.  8vo. 
J.  R.  Smith. 

The  New  Testament  of  our  Lord  and  Saviour  Jesus  Christ  :  with 
historical  notes  and  numismatic  illustrations.  No.  1.  By  J.  Y.  Aker- 
man, F.S.A.  To  be  completed  in  about  eight  numbers.  8vo.  J.  R. 
Smith. 

Oriental  Cylinders.  Impressions  of  Ancient  Oriental  Cylinders  or 
Rolling  Seals  of  the  Babylonians,  Assyrians,  and  Medo-Persians.  By 
A.  Cullimore.     Nos.  1  to  4.     London,  Nickisson. 


RECENT  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIOXS. ENGLISH.  195 

An  Essay  on  TorooRAi'iiiCAi.  Literature  ;  its  Province,  Attributes, 
and  varied  utility  :  witli  accounts  of  the  sources,  objects,  and  uses  of 
national  and  local  records,  and  Glossaries  of  Words  used  in  Ancient 
Writings.     By  John  Britton,  F.S.A.,  &c.     J,  B.  Nichols  and  Son. 

Collectanea  Antiqua,  No.  3.  Etchings  of  Ancient  Remains,  illus- 
trative of  the  Habits,  Customs,  and  History  of  Past  Ages.  By  Charles 
Roach  Smith,  F.S.A.     8vo.     Nichols  and  Son. 

Picturesque  Antiquities  of  the  City  of  Norwich,  drawn  and  etched 
by  Henry  Ninham.  To  be  completed  in  four  parts,  each  containing 
eight  plates.    Folio.    Norwich,  H.  Ninham,  Chapel-field.    Parti.   1842. 

Elevations,  Sections,  and  Details,  of  St.  John  Baptist  Church, 
at  Shottesbroke,  Berkshire.      By  J.  Butterfield,  Esq.,  Architect. 

Architectural  Antiquities  of  the  Collegiate  Chapel  of  St. 
Stephen,  Westminster,  the  late  House  of  Commons,  drawn  from 
actual  survey  and  admeasurements  made  by  direction  of  the  Com- 
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THE 


arct)aeolo Steal   ^fournaL 


SEPTEMBER,  1844. 


SEPULCHRAL  BRASSES,  AND  INCISED  SLABS. 

The  engraved  sepulchral  memorials,  which  are  found  in 
remarkable  profusion  in  England,  and  present  so  many  fea- 
tures of  interest,  as  well  as  sources  of  curious  information, 
have  of  late  years  attracted  much  attention,  and  become  the 
objects  of  assiduous  research  to  those  who  love  to  investigate 
the  progress  of  the  arts  of  design,  the  pecidiarities  of  costume 
in  ancient  times,  or  the  intricacies  of  family  history.  It  were 
needless  to  commend  the  value  of  these  memorials  to  the 
genealogist,  as  authentic  contemporary  evidences ;  to  the 
herald  also,  as  examples  of  ancient  usage  in  bearing  arms,  and 
of  the  peculiarities  of  heraldic  design,  which  supply  to  the 
practised  eye  sure  indications  of  date ;  or  as  authorities  for 
the  appropiiation  of  badges  and  personal  devices.  During  a 
period  of  three  centmies  these  curious  engravings  supply  a 
most  interesting  series  illustrative  of  the  costume  of  every 
class  of  society ;  they  fmiiish  examples  of  the  conventional  or 
prevalent  character  of  ornament  and  design  at  each  successive 
})eriod,  as  also  of  architectinal  decoration,  introduced  with 
striking  effect  as  an  accessory  in  the  rich  and  varied  design  of 
these  memorials.  As  specimens  of  palseography,  moreover, 
the  inscriptions  deserve  attention,  and  supply  authorities  which 
fix  the  distinctive  form  of  letter  used  at  certain  periods, 
conformable  for  the  most  part  to  that  which  is  found  in  the 
legends  on  painted  glass  and  on  seals.  Upon  evidences  such 
as  tliese,  the  student  of  art  dming  the  jMiddle  Ages,  is  en- 
abled to  form  a  positive  opinion  as  to  the  precise  age  of  any 
object,  or  the  country  whence  it  was  derived,  with  as  full  con- 
fidence as  if  a  date  had  been  inscribed  upon  it :  when  charac- 
teristic ornament  of  a  general  kind  may  be  insufficient  for  the 
purpose,  he  has  recourse  to  some  pecidiaritv  of  costume ;  even 

n  d 


198  SEPULCHRAL  BRASSES,  AND  INCISED  SLABS. 

the  quaint  fashion  of  an  heraldic  bearing  or  device  may  be 
sufficient  to  define  the  age  of  the  worl<:  in  question.  The 
fidehty,  with  wliich  at  different  periods  the  propriety  of  such 
details  was  uniformly  observed,  is  remarkable ;  there  was 
indeed  great  variety  in  di-ess  and  the  character  of  ornament, 
but  it  arose  from  the  caprice  of  the  period,  not  of  the  artist ; 
each  period  had  its  distinctive  prevalent  fashion,  each  country 
its  own  marked  peculiarities,  which  were  faithfully  observed  in 
all  works  of  art  and  decoration.  It  was  only  when  the  re- 
vived classical  style,  termed  by  the  clu-onicler  Hall  "  antique 
Romaine  woorke,"  was  introduced  from  Prance  during  the 
reign  of  Henry  VHL,  that  artists  and  decorators  ceased  to 
observe  the  proprieties  of  the  costume  of  the  period,  and  the 
conventional  rule  which  had  previously  curbed  their  caprice. 
These  observations  may  serve  to  remind  our  readers,  that  the 
chief  advantage  which  is  to  be  derived  from  an  assemblage  of 
examples,  such  as  the  nimierous  sepulclual  memorials  which 
exist  in  England  present,  arises  from  the  evidences  which 
they  supply  towards  forming  a  key  to  the  chronology  of  art, 
evidences  which,  taken  in  combination,  will  almost  invariably 
suffice  to  fix  with  precision  the  date  of  any  works  of  painthig 
or  sculpture,  or  of  the  productions  of  the  enameller,  the 
limner,  and  the  worker  in  metals,  as  well  as  the  country  where 
they  were  executed.  Without  such  an  aid,  the  investigation 
of  the  numerous  and  ingenious  artistic  processes  Avhicli  were 
in  use  dm-ing  the  middle  ages,  would  be  deprived  of  all  its 
real  interest. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  repeat  here  the  remarks  given  in 
various  works  which  exhibit  specimens  of  sepulchral  brasses. 
The  precise  period  of  the  earliest  use  of  such  memorials  has 
not  been  ascertained,  but  it  is  probable  that  they  began  occa- 
sionally to  supply  the  place  of  the  effigy  sculptm-ed  in  relief, 
during  the  earlier  part  of  the  thirteenth  century.  The  fashion 
appears  to  have  become  prevalent  in  England,  France,  and  the 
Low  Countries,  almost  simultaneously ;  it  is  obvious  that  as 
the  practice  of  interring  persons  of  distinction  in  chm'ches 
became  frequent,  the  use  of  table-tombs,  or  effigies  in  relief, 
was  necessarily  found  inconvenient,  as  occupying  space  in  the 
area  of  the  fal^ric,  which  was  required  for  the  services  of  the 
church.  The  advantages,  therefore,  arising  from  the  introduc- 
tion of  flat  memorials,  which  formed  part  of  the  pavement,  and 
offered  no  obstruction,  must  have  quickly  brought  them  into 


SEPULCHRAL  BRASSES,  AND  INCISED  SLABS. 


199 


SIR  ROGER  DE  TRUMPINGTON, 

Trumpingtou  Church,  Cambridgesliire. 


common  use.  Amongst  the  earliest  recorded  instances  in 
England  may  be  mentioned  the  tomb  of  JoccHn,  bishop  of 
Wells,  placed  by  him  during  his  life-time  in  the  middle  of  the 
chou,  and  described  by  Godwin  as  formerly  adorned  with  a 
figure  of  brass.  He  died  in  1242.  Dart  describes  the  slab, 
from  which  the  inlaid  brass  figm-e  of  Richard  de  Berkyng, 
abbot  of  Westminster,  had  been  torn,  as  existing  when  he 
Avi'ote.  This  abbot  died  in  124G.  The  brass  which  repre- 
sented Robert  Grosteste,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  who  died  in  1253, 
still  existed  when  Leland  visited  the  cathecbal ;  and  Drake 
describes  the  gilded  brass  which  was  formerly  to  be  seen  at 
York  on  the  tomb  of  Dean  Langton,  who  died  in  1279.  The 
date  of  the  earhest  existing  specimen  is  about  1290 ;  it  is  the 
figm-e  of  Sir  Roger  de  Trumpington, 
who  accompanied  Prince  Edward  in  the 
holy  wars,  and  is  represented  with  his 
legs  crossed.  An  interesting  addition, 
hitherto  unnoticed,  has  recently  been 
made  to  the  small  list  of  sepulchral 
brasses  of  this  early  period,  wdiich  re- 
present knights  in  the  cross-legged  at- 
titude ;  it  is  preserved  in  the  chm'ch 
of  Pebmarsh,  near  Halstead,  in  Essex, 
and  has  formed  the  subject  of  a  beau- 
tiful plate  in  the  series  of  brasses  in 
course  of  pubhcation  by  Messrs.  Waller. 
It  may  be  observed,  that  besides  six 
existing  brasses  in  this  attitude,  five 
slabs  have  been  noticed,  from  which 
brasses  of  cross-legged  knights  have 
been  torn :  these  are  at  Enmeth,  in 
Norfolk,  Letheringhain  and  Stoke  by 
Neyland,  in  Suffolk,  and  two  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire. There  is  no  reason,  how- 
ever,  to  beheve  that  the  brasses  of  this  a. 
early  period  ever  existed  in  England  in 
any  large  number,  and  it  is  only  to 
wards  the  latter  part  of  the  fom-teenth  ^.  "•^"oa" 
centmy  that  such  memorials  occur  in  abundance,  presenting 
in  their  details  a  remarkable  variety ;  so  that  although  a  great 
general  similarity  will  be  found  between  several  brasses  of  the 
same  date,  no  two  specimens  have  hitherto  been  noticed  which 


Heaume.     Oo  its  apex  is  a  staple  for  append- 

g  the  Kerchief  of  Pleasaunce,  and  it  is  furnished 

with  a  chain  attached  to  the  girdle,  to  enable  the 

Koight  to  recover  hia  head-piece  if  knocked  off 

B.  Coif  de  maiUes.         F.    Chausaea  de  mailles. 

C.  Ailettes.  G.    Genouillieres  of  plate. 


D.    Hawbcrk. 


Klightly  bent  upnai 


200  SEPULCHRAL  BRASSES,  AND  INCISED  SLABS. 

are  precisely  identical,  or  may  be  regarded  as  reproductions 
of  the  same  design. 

In  the  examination  of  sepulchral  brasses,  this  feature  of 
interest  may  suggest  itself  to  the  English  antiquary,  that  it  is 
a  branch  of  research  which  has  now  become  almost  exclusively 
national.  England  alone  now  presents  any  series  or  large 
number  of  these  curious  works  of  the  burin,  produced  before 
the  discovery  of  calcographic  impression.  The  large  number  of 
brasses  which  once  existed  in  Erance,  perished  in  great  part 
dming  the  sixteenth  century,  and  were  totally  destroyed  during 
the  reign  of  terror,  when  all  metal  was  appropriated  for  public 
purposes.  Not  only  has  no  specimen  been  hitherto  noticed  as 
existing  in  Erance,  but  scarcely  can  the  memory  or  tradition  of 
the  existence  of  such  memorials  be  now  traced ;  almost  the  only 
evidence  of  the  numerous  assemblage  of  sepulchral  brasses, 
of  large  dimension  and  most  elaborate  execution,  which  were 
preserved,  during  the  last  century,  in  the  cathedral  and  abbey 
chiu'ches  in  Erance,  is  supplied  by  the  extensive  collection 
of  drawings  of  Erench  monuments,  taken  about  1700,  and  be- 
queathed by  Gough  to  the  Bodleian  Libraiy.  In  Elanders 
a  few  remarkable  brasses  are  stiU  to  be  seen,  and  Denmark 
affords  some  examples,  which  have  not  hitherto  been  described 
by  any  one  conversant  with  the  subject.  It  is  stated  that  in 
some  instances  in  that  country,  the  heads  of  the  figm-es  are 
executed  in  low  relief,  formed  of  silver  hammered  out,  or 
chased,  the  rest  of  the  memorial  being  fiat,  and  wrought  with 
the  burin  in  the  usual  manner.  It  may  be  worthy  of  remark, 
that  examples  of  incised  slabs  may  be  noticed  in  our  own 
country,  which  present  this  variety,  that  the  head  and  hands 
only  are  in  relief,  the  remainder  of  the  figure  being  flat,  and 
pourtrayed  by  simple  lines  :  a  close  analogy  of  workmanship 
may  be  remarked  on  the  shrines,  and  other  enamelled  works  of 
the  artists  of  Limoges,  during  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  cen- 
turies, which  are  frequently  ornamented  with  heads  chased  in 
relief,  whilst  all  the  rest  of  the  design  is  perfectly  flat.  In 
Germany  a  great  number  of  tombs  formed  of  metal  still  exist, 
which  are  wrought  in  very  low  relief,  and  form  the  inter- 
mediate class  between  the  sepulchral  brass  and  the  effigy.  It 
is  singular  that  no  sepulchral  brass  has  hitherto  been  noticed 
as  existing  in  Scotland,  and  in  Ireland  two  examples  only  are 
on  record,  which  are  memorials  of  late  date,  in  St.  Patrick's 
cathedral,  Dublin.     Very  few  arc  to  be  found  in  Wales  ;  an 


SEPULCHRAL  BRASSES,  AND  INCISED  SLABS.  201 

altar-tomb  may  be  seen  at  Tenby,  to  w  liicli  a  brass,  represent- 
ing a  bishop,  was  formerly  affixed,  supposed  to  have  been  the 
memorial  of  Tully,  bishop  of  St.  David's.  The  brasses  at 
Swansea,  representing  Sir  Hugh  Jones,  knight  of  the  Holy 
Sepulchre,  and  at  Whitchurch,  representing  Richard,  father  of 
the  famous  Sir  Hugh  JMiddleton,  and  governor  of  Denbigh 
castle,  with  his  numerous  family,  are  almost  the  only  speci- 
mens of  interest  which  occur  in  the  Principality.  The  cmious 
engraved  portraits  of  the  AVpme  family,  executed  by  Silvanus 
Crewe  in  the  seventeenth  centmy,  and  preserved  in  the  G^Aydu' 
chapel  at  Llanrwst,  Denljighshire,  although  of  monumental 
character,  can  hardly  be  included  with  sepulchral  brasses. 

The  information  which  may  be  derived  from  incised  memo- 
rials is  so  various,  and  the  features  of  interest  which  they 
present  are  so  attractive  to  persons  of  many  different  tastes 
and  pm'suits,  in  connexion  with  antiquarian  researches,  that, 
encouraged  by  the  singular  facility  of  taking  from  works  of 
this  kind  impressions  or  rubbings,  and  obtaining  at  a  very 
small  sacrifice  of  time  and  trouble  a  most  accm^ate  fac-simile, 
the  number  of  collectors  who  have  in  recent  times  diligently 
devoted  their  leism^e  to  the  investigation  of  sepulchral  brasses 
is  veiy  large,  and  daily  increases.  The  simple  process  by 
which  such  fac-similes  are  to  be  made  is  probaljly  weU  kno^vn 
to  the  majority  of  our  readers ;  to  some  persons,  however,  a 
few  observations  on  the  subject  may  not  be  unacceptable.  It 
was  only  about  the  year  1780,  when  Gough  was  engaged  in 
amassing  materials  for  his  great  work  on  sepulchral  monu- 
ments, that  any  notice  was  bestowed  upon  brasses.  The  first 
person  who  began  to  form  a  collection  was  Craven  Ord,  who, 
accompanied  by  Sir  John  Cullum  and  the  Rev.  Thomas  Cole, 
bestowed  no  small  time  and  labom*  in  obtaining  impressions, 
or  "  blackings,"  as  they  termed  them,  from  the  numerous  fine 
examples  which  attracted  their  attention  in  the  eastern  coun- 
ties. Their  united  collections  are  now  preseiTcd  in  the  print- 
room  at  the  British  INIuseum ;  they  were  purchased  at  the 
death  of  Craven  Ord,  in  1830,  by  the  late  Francis  Douce,  Esq., 
for  the  sum  of  £43,  and  by  him  bequeathed  to  the  national 
collection,  where  they  were  deposited  in  1834.  This  series  of 
fine  specimens  is  the  more  valuable,  because  it  comprises  seve- 
ral brasses  which  have  subsequently  been  destroyed  or  muti- 
lated, such,  for  instance,  as  the  curious  memorials  of  Sir  Hugh 
Hastings,  at  Elsing,  in  Norfolk,  and  of  the  aldermen  of  Lynn, 


202  SEPULCHRAL  BRASSES,  AND  INCISED  SLABS. 

Attelathe,  and  Coney.  This  primitive  collection  will  more- 
over be  regarded  with  additional  interest,  as  having  supplied 
to  Gough,  in  the  progress  of  his  midertaking,  information, 
the  value  of  which  is  duly  acknowledged  in  the  preface  to  the 
second  portion  of  his  work.  The  mode  of  operation  devised 
by  Craven  Ord  and  his  friends  will  appear  to  the  collector  of 
the  present  times  a  most  tedious  and  troublesome  process. 
Sir  John  CuUmn  gives  an  interesting  description  of  the  outset 
of  the  party  on  horseback,  "  accoutered  with  ink-pots,  flannels, 
brushes,"  &c.,  the  proceeding  being  in  fact  a  rude  and  imperfect 
attempt  to  obtain  an  impression  by  a  process  analogous  to 
ordinary  copper-plate  printing.  The  brass  was  covered  with 
printing  ink,  the  sm-face  cleaned  as  well  as  it  might  be,  thick 
paper,  previously  damped,  was  laid  upon  it,  and  with  the  flan- 
nels, and  such  means  of  pressm^e  as  could  be  devised,  the 
action  of  the  rolling-press  was  imperfectly  supplied,  so  that  the 
ink  which  filled  the  incised  lines  was  transferred  to  the  paper. . 
Of  course  the  impressions,  for  impressions  they  were,  not  rub- 
bings, were  inverted,  and  many  imperfections  occiu-red  in  parts 
where  the  pressure  had  missed  its  effect :  these  were  subse- 
quently made  good  with  the  pen  and  common  ink,  sometimes 
even  they  were  contented  to  use  a  very  small  quantity  of  print- 
ing ink,  so  that  the  whole  design,  transferred  in  very  faint 
lines  to  the  paper,  was  afterwards  worked  over  with  the  pen, 
and  an  uniform  effect  produced,  but  at  the  expense  of  much 
time  and  laboiu*.  It  were  much  to  be  desired  that  this  collec- 
tion, which  has  been  rendered  accessible  to  the  public  by  the 
bequest  of  Mr.  Douce,  should  be  augmented,  so  as  to  form 
ultimately  a  complete  series  of  the  sepulchral  brasses  of  Eng- 
land. Independently  of  the  advantages  which  might  be  de- 
rived by  the  topographer  or  genealogist  from  ready  access  to 
such  a  collection,  it  would  form  a  valuable  exhibition  illustra- 
tive generally  of  the  progress  of  design  in  England,  and  espe- 
cially of  that  branch  of  it  which  was  preliminary  to  the  art  of 
calcographic  impression.  It  is  very  remarkable  that,  dming 
so  long  a  period,  plates,  which  in  some  instances  display  a 
skilful  use  of  the  burin,  and  work  of  very  elaborate  and  deli- 
cate character,  should  have  been  executed  in  great  numbers, 
capable  of  transferring  impressions  to  paper,  and  yet  that 
calcography  should  have  at  length  originated  in  an  artistic 
])rocess  of  a  wholly  different  nature,  practised  chiefly  by  the 
Itahan  goldsmiths,  and  termed  niello,  or  opus  niydlahm.    The 


SEPULCHRAL  BRASSES,  AND  INCISED  SLABS.  203 

importance  of  sepulcliral  brasses,  viewed  in  connexion  with  the 
history  of  engraving,  was  duly  appreciated  by  one  to  whose 
careful  researches  upon  that  subject  we  are  indebted  for  so 
much  valuable  information,  the  late  keeper  of  the  prints  at  the 
British  Museum,  Mr.  Ottley ;  his  constant  attention  was  given 
during  the  latter  part  of  his  life  to  the  collection  fonned  by 
Craven  Ord,  in  which  he  appeared  to  find  a  new  and  inexhaust- 
ible som'ce  of  information.  It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that 
the  fruits  of  this  assiduous  toil,  during  many  months  devoted 
to  the  investigation  of  this  hitherto  untouched  chapter  of  the 
art  of  engraving,  should  by  his  untimely  death  have  been  lost 
to  the  public. 

Besides  the  collection  of  impressions.  Craven  Ord  was  pos- 
sessed of  several  original  sepulchral  brasses,  which  were  sold  at 
his  death,  in  1S30,  and  purchased  by  Mr.  Nichols,  with  one  re- 
markable exception,  the  cross-legged  figiu'C  of  a  knight,  of  the 
size  of  life,  identified  as  the  memorial  of  a  member  of  the 
Bacon  family,  of  Suffolk.  By  the  care  of  the  lamented  and 
talented  historian  of  Suffolk,  the  late  John  Gage  Kokewode, 
Esq.,  and  Dawson  Tm'ner,  Esq.,  this  cmious  effigy  was  ulti- 
mately restored  to  its  proper  position  in  Gorleston  chm*ch,  near 
Yarmouth,  where  the  slab  still  remained,  marked  with  the 
cavity  on  the  surface  to  which  the  plate  had  originally  been 
affixed.  This  laudable  act  of  restoration  deser\^es  to  be  re- 
corded, and  specially  commended  as  an  example  to  those 
persons  who  may  accidentally  become  possessed  of  similar  me- 
morials. It  is  lamentable  to  observe  the  sacrilegious  spolia- 
tion which  in  the  course  of  a  few  years  leaves,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  fine  brass  of  Sir  Hugh  Hastings,  at  Elsing,  some  dis- 
united fragments  only,  to  shew  how  fair  the  work  had  once 
been  in  its  perfection. 

Subsequently  to  the  labours  of  Craven  Ord,  the  attention 
of  antiquaries  was  drawii  to  the  sepulchral  brasses  of  the 
eastern  counties,  by  a  work  specially  devoted  to  the  subject, 
and  illustrated  with  numerous  etchings  by  Cotman.  These 
volumes,  originally  produced  at  a  costly  price,  and  comprising 
representations  of  the  most  remarkable  brasses  which  exist 
in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  have  recently  been  republished  in  a 
more  complete  form,  and  at  a  price  which  renders  them  gene- 
rally attainable.  The  scries  which  is  now  in  com'se  of  publi- 
cation by  Messrs.  John  and  Lionel  A\^aller,  consists  of  exam- 
ples selected  with  much  judgment  from  all  })arts  of  England ; 


204  SEPULCHRAL  BRASSES,  AND  INCISED  SLABS, 

the  work  is  distinguished  by  remarkable  fidelity  in  the  repro- 
duction of  such  elaborate  subjects  on  a  reduced  scale,  as  also 
by  the  taste  and  assiduous  research  which  are  shewn  through- 
out the  undertaking.  The  practical  utility  of  such  an  assem- 
blage of  examples  chronologically  arranged,  and  represented 
with  the  most  conscientious  accuracy,  will  be  fully  appreciated 
by  the  student  of  middle-age  antiquities,  who  might,  with- 
out such  aid,  in  vain  endeavour  to  compare  together  the  widely- 
scattered  examples,  which  are  here  submitted  at  one  view  to 
his  examination. 

The  various  methods  which  have  been  adopted  by  different 
collectors,  for  obtaining  fac-similes  of  sepulclu^al  brasses, 
deserve  some  detailed  description.  The  mode  which  has 
been  noticed  as  the  earliest  in  use,  devised  by  Craven  Ord 
and  his  friends,  was  attended  with  much  inconvenience ; 
the  thick  paper  was  not  readily  damped  to  the  requisite 
degree,  the  slab  soiled  by  the  application  of  printing  ink  was 
not  easily  cleaned  again,  and  moreover  the  process  produced 
at  best  an  imperfect  and  unsatisfactory  impression.  It  was 
soon  found  that  if  paper  of  moderate  thickness  were  laid  upon 
the  brass,  and  any  black  substance  rubbed  over  the  surface  of 
the  paper,  the  incised  lines  would  be  left  white,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  paper  sinking  into  them,  and  offering  no  re- 
sistance to  the  rubber,  whilst  all  the  other  parts  received  from 
that  substance  a  dark  tint;  and  although  the  effect  of  the 
ordinary  impression  is  by  this  process  reversed,  the  lines 
which  should  be  black  being  left  white,  and  the  light  ground 
of  the  design  rendered  dark,  yet  a  perfectly  distinct  fac-simile 
is  thus  obtained,  with  little  labom%  and  great  precision,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  progress  of  the  work  being  visible  tlu^oughout 
the  operation.  The  satisfactory  result  of  this  simple  process 
is  probably  well  known  to  most  of  our  readers,  and  it  may  be 
effected  by  means  of  any  substance  which  by  friction  will  dis- 
colour the  paper.  The  first  attempts  were  made  with  a  leaden 
plummet,  about  the  same  time  that  Craven  Ord  was  engaged 
in  making  the  "blackings"  with  printing  ink;  but  common 
lead,  Ijcing  somewhat  too  hard  for  the  purpose,  is  apt  to  tear 
the  paper,  an  objection  easily  obviated  by  the  use  of  a  lump 
of  the  black-lead,  or  carburet  of  iron,  of  which  di^awing  pen- 
cils are  made.  This  substance  works  very  freely,  and  produces 
an  uniform  efiect,  but  the  fac-similes  thus  produced  are  liable 
to  suffer  by  friction,  like  black-lciid  drawings.     A  beautiful 


SEPULCHRAL  BRASSES,  AND  INCISED  SLABS.  205 

series  of  fac-similcs  of  the  nimierous  brasses  of  Suflblk  has 
been  formed  by  a  gentleman  in  that  coimty,  who  has  devoted 
many  years  to  the  collection  of  materials  for  its  history  ;  he  has 
solely  employed  the  large  black-lead  pencils,  which  are  used  by 
carpenters,  and  prefers  a  thick  quality  of  paper,  the  rubbings 
being  subsequently  set,  like  black-lead  drawings,  with  milk  or 
beer ;  the  figm-es,  scutcheons,  or  other  portions  of  the  design, 
are  then  carefully  cut  out,  and  pasted  down  upon  large  sheets 
of  strong  paper.  The  use  of  black-lead  has  this  advantage, 
that  it  is  very  easy  to  produce  with  that  substance  an  vmi- 
formly  dark  effect  throughout  the  rubbing,  however  large  its 
dimension,  whereas  by  all  other  methods  which  have  been 
devised,  the  like  uniformity  is  only  attainable  with  much  care 
and  labour,  and  the  patchy  appearance  of  the  rubbing  takes 
nuich  from  the  sightliness  of  its  aspect.  Some  collectoi^ 
prefer  the  use  of  rubbers  of  soft  black  leather,  the  w\aste 
pieces  which  remain  in  the  shoemaker's  workshop,  especially 
those  parts  which  are  most  strongly  imbued  with  the  dubbing, 
or  black  unctuous  compound,  with  which  the  skins  are  dressed 
by  the  curriers  :  satisfactory  fac-similes  are  produced  by  this 
method,  provided  that  the  leather  be  of  suitable  quality,  and 
the  risk  of  tearing  the  paper  in  the  com-se  of  the  operation  is 
slight.  As,  however,  the  unctuous  properties  of  the  leather, 
whereby  a  dark  tint  is  imparted  to  the  paper,  are  quickly  ex- 
hausted, the  frequent  difficulty  of  obtaining  in  remote  villages 
a  fresh  supply  has  induced  most  of  the  collectors  of  sepulchral 
brasses  to  give  the  preference  to  the  use  of  shoemaker's  heel-ball, 
or  a  compound  of  bees-wax  and  tallow  with  lamp-black,  which 
may  easily  be  made  of  any  desired  consistence.  With  heel-ball  a 
careful  hand  will  obtain  a  fac-simile  satisfactorily  distinct,  even 
where  the  lines  arc  most  delicate,  or  nearly  effaced  :  the  work 
thus  produced  is  perfectly  indelible,  and  is  not  liable  to  be 
injured  by  any  accidental  friction  ;  this  mode  of  operation  has 
also  the  advantages  of  great  facility  and  cleanliness,  and  is  that 
which  is  at  present  most  generally  employed.  Messrs.  Ulla- 
thorne,  of  Long-Acre,  the  sole  manufacturers  of  heel-ball, 
have  provided  for  the  use  of  those  collectors  of  brasses  who 
may  find  the  heel-balls  of  ordinary  size  inconveniently  small, 
pieces  of  larger  dimension,  about  three  inches  in  diameter : 
they  have  also  proposed  to  sup})ly  a  waxy  compound  of  a 
yellow  colour,  in  order  that  the  rubbings  may  assume  some 

E  e 


206  SEPULCHRAL  BRASSES,  AND  INCISED  SLABS. 

resemblance  to  the  original  brass*.  This  resemblance  is  more 
perfect  when  dark  colom^ed  paper  is  used  with  the  metallic 
rubber,  prepared  by  Mr.  H.  Richardson,  Stockwell  Street, 
Greenwich,  and  sold  by  Bell,  168,  Fleet  Street;  Hood,  25,  Red 
Lion  Square;  Parker,  Oxford;  and  Deighton,  Cambridge;  the 
lines  are  then  black,  and  the  surface  assumes  nearly  the  colour 
of  the  original.  If  a  rubbing  of  a  small  brass  or  of  an  interest- 
ing portion  of  a  brass,  be  made  on  lithographic  transfer-paper 
with  lithographic  crayons,  which  resemble  heel-ball  in  com- 
position, and  may  be  used  as  a  substitute,  the  design  may  be 
transferred  to  stone  or  zinc,  fi'om  which  the  usual  number  of 
impressions  may  be  worked  off.  A  lithographed  fac-simile,  of 
the  full  dimension  of  the  original  brass,  and  of  unerring  accimacy, 
is  thus  obtained,  which  in  some  cases  may  be  found  desirable : 
for  instance,  the  head  and  bust  of  any  sepulchral  brass  is  of 
fitting  dimension  for  transfer  to  stone,  and  an  interesting  fac- 
simile will  thus  be  obtained,  at  a  very  small  expense,  suitable 
for  the  illustration  of  any  topographical  or  genealogical  work. 
The  most  commodious  and  effective  mode  of  obtaining  rub- 
bings of  brasses  is  undoubtedly  by  the  use  of  heel-ball,  but 
much  time  and  exertion  are  required  in  order  to  produce  a 
perfectly  distinct  rubbing,  equally  black  in  every  part;  if 
therefore  the  sacrifice  of  time  should  be  an  objection,  as  in  the 
course  of  a  journey  it  may  frequently  become,  the  more  ex- 
peditious method  adopted  by  Messrs.  Waller  will  be  found 
preferable.  Rubbers  of  wash-leather  stiffened  with  paper  are 
prepared,  a  triangular  shape  having  been  found  to  be  most 
convenient,  and  primed  with  a  thin  paste  formed  of  very  fine 
black-lead  in  powder,  mixed  with  the  best  linseed  oil,  or  if 
that  kind  is  not  at  hand,  with  sweet  oil.  Tissue  paper,  of 
somewhat  stronger  quality  than  is  commonly  used,  answers  best 
for  making  rubbings  by  this  method,  and  it  is  manufactured 
in  large  sheets.  The  rubbings  thus  produced  with  great  expe- 
dition are  perfectly  distinct,  and  this  process  answers  admirably, 
if  the  chief  object  be  to  obtain  the  means  of  supplying  an  accu- 
rate reduction  of  the  design  for  the  use  of  the  engraver ;  but 
those  persons  who  are  desirous  of  forming  an  illustrative  col- 
lection, will  prefer  the  rubbings  produced  with  heel-ball,  as 

"  The  ordinary  heel-balls  are  manufac-  cut,  and  the  harder  kind,  where  the  work 

tured  of  various  degrees  of  hardness,  and  is  more  delicately  executed.     During  very 

it  will  be  found  convenient  to  make  use  of  hot  weather  also,  the  harder  quality  will 

a  softer  quality,  where  the  lines  arc  deeply  be  found  most  serviceable. 


SEPULCHRAL  BRASSES,  AND  INCISED  SLABS.  207 

more  sightly,  and  more  durable,  the  paper  employed  being 
of  stronger  quality,  although  the  operation  requires  much 
longer  time  and  greater  pains  than  are  expended  when  the 
method  just  described  is  adopted. 

As  regards  the  selection  of  paper  for  making  rubbings  of 
brasses,  great  convenience  is  necessarily  found  in  the  use  of 
sheets  of  sufficiently  large  dimension  to  comprise  the  whole 
brass,  with  all  the  accessory  ornaments,  and  the  inscription.  It 
is  not  perhaps  generally  known  that  all  machine-made  papers 
may  be  procured  to  order  in  sheets  of  almost  any  desired 
length ;  a  very  serviceable  kind  of  paper,  manufactm^ed  for 
the  envelopes  of  newspapers,  of  moderate  strength,  and  not 
too  much  sized,  is  supplied  to  order  in  long  sheets  by  Messrs. 
Richards  and  AVilson,  in  St.  Martin's  Com-t.  Most  persons 
will  give  the  preference  to  a  stouter  and  rather  more  expensive 
quality  of  paper,  manufactured  specially  for  the  pm'pose  of 
taking  rubbings  of  brasses  by  Mr.  Limbird,  143,  Strand. 
It  is  of  unlimited  length,  like  a  roll  of  cloth ;  the  widest 
kind,  which  is  calculated  to  comprise  on  one  single  sheet  of 
paper  brasses  of  the  largest  dimension,  measures  4  feet 
7  inches  \^dde ;  the  narrower  quality  measures  3  feet  1 1 
inches  wide.  It  is  scarcely  requisite  to  remind  the  collector  of 
brasses,  that  he  should  never  sally  forth  unprovided  with  some 
pointed  tool,  to  clear  out  such  lines  as  may  be  filled  up,  the 
most  serviceable  implement  being  a  blunt  etching- needle,  and 
also  a  small  brush,  moderately  stiff,  which  is  very  useful  in 
cleaning  the  plate,  an  operation  which  ought  always  to  be 
carefully  performed,  previously  to  the  paper  being  laid  down. 

It  has  been  affirmed,  on  insufficient  grounds,  that  many  of 
the  sepulchral  brasses  which  exist  in  England  were  imported 
from  Flanders,  the  only  fact  which  might  seem  to  give  proba- 
bility to  such  a  conclusion  being  this,  that  memorials  of  this 
description  are  most  abundant  in  the  eastern  counties,  Kent, 
Sufiblk,  Norfolk,  and  Cambridgeshire,  which  from  their  posi- 
tion maintained  more  frequent  commercial  intercourse  A^itli 
the  Low  Countries,  than  any  other  parts  of  England.  It  does 
not  however  appear  that  many  Elemish  brasses  exist  in  Eng- 
land ;  the  exanqjles  which,  as  there  is  good  reason  to  suppose, 
were  imported  from  Flanders,  are  the  memorials  of  Abbot  de 
la  Mare,  at  St.  Alban's ;  of  Robert  Braunche,  Adam  de  Wal- 
sokne,  and  their  wdves,  at  Lynn;  Adam  Fleming,  at  Newark ; 
the  beautiful  little  figure  of  an  ecclesiastic,  at  North  Minims, 


208  SEPULCHRAL  BRASSES,  AND  INCISED  SLABS. 

Hertfordshire ;  and  an  interesting  plate  in  the  church  of  St, 
Mary-Key,  IpsA\ach,  an  excellent  representation  of  which  is 
given  by  Shaw  in  his  Dresses  and  Decorations.  To  this  list 
may  be  added  the  fine  brass  of  Robert  Attelath,  formerly  to 
be  seen  at  Lynn  :  the  plate  was  sold  for  five  shillings  by  a  dis- 
honest sexton,  who  is  said  to  have  hung  himself,  through 
remorse,  and  the  only  memorial  of  this  figm^e  now  known  to 
exist  is  the  impression  taken  by  Craven  Ord,  which  may  be 
seen  at  the  British  Museum.  A  few  other  Flemish  specimens 
may  probably  be  found  in  England,  such  as  the  noble  figm^e 
of  an  ecclesiastic  at  Wensley,  Yorkshire,  but  the  greater 
number  of  om*  sepulchral  brasses  appear  to  have  been  exe- 
cuted in  England,  an  opinion  which  is  corroborated  by  certain 
peculiarities  of  costume  and  ornament,  and  the  letter  used  in 
the  inscriptions.  It  particularly  desei^ves  to  be  noticed,  that, 
with  scarcely  a  single  known  exception,  the  brasses  of  France 
and  Elanders  differed  from  those  commonly  used  in  England, 
in  this  respect,  that  they  were  formed  of  one  large  unbroken 
sheet  of  metal,  the  field  or  back-gromid  being  richly  diapered 
to  set  off  the  figm-es,  whereas  in  England  the  slab  of  dark  grey 
marble,  to  which  the  brass  was  affixed,  served  as  the  field; 
the  figure,  the  scutcheons,  the  surrounding  architectm*al  deco- 
rations, and  the  inscriptions,  being  all  formed  of  separate 
pieces  of  metal,  which  were  affixed  in  separate  cavities, 
prepared  on  the  face  of  the  slab  to  receive  them.  It 
will  not  be  forgotten  that  the  small  number  of  brasses 
which  have  been  noticed  above  as  of  Flemish  workmanship, 
differ  from  other  brasses  in  England  in  this  feature,  and 
accord  vdth  the  fashion  which  appears  to  have  been  usually 
adopted  on  the  continent,  possibly  because  the  brass  plate, 
which  was  there  manufactured,  was  more  readily  procured  in 
sheets  of  large  dimension,  whereas  in  England  no  manufacture 
of  brass  plate  existed,  previously  to  the  establishment  of  works 
at  Esher  by  a  German,  in  1649.  A  remarkable  example, 
conformable  in  every  respect  to  the  brasses  of  the  same  period 
which  exist  in  England,  has  recently  been  noticed  in  Con- 
stance cathedral,  a  representation  of  which  may  be  seen  in  the 
Archseologia,  vol.  xxx.  It  is  the  memorial  of  Robert  Hallum, 
bishop  of  Salisbury,  the  special  envoy  of  Henry  V.  to  the 
Council  of  Constance,  who  dying  there  in  1416,  dm'ing  the 
sitting  of  the  Council,  was  interred  with  great  solemnity. 
It  is  asserted  traditionally  that  this  brass  was  brought  from 


SEPULCHRAL  BRASSES,  AND  INCISED  SLABS. 


209 


®  R  a  y  <>  s  I  Ti 


England,  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  such  was  the  case ; 
it  precisely  resembles  the  brasses  of  England  in  every  pecu- 
liarity of  workmanship  whereby  they  may  be  distinguished 
from  continental  specimens ;  and  the  singular  fact  that  the 
only  known  memorial  of  an  Englishman  of  distinction,  exist- 
ing in  any  foreign  church,  should  present  these  peculiar 
details  which  are  to  be  recognised  in  the  brasses  of  the  period, 
existing  in  England,  appears  to  afford  a  corroboration  of  the 
belief  that  these  engravings  were  executed  in  this  country. 

One  remarkable  circumstance  has  not  hitherto  been  suffi- 
ciently investigated,  as  regards  the  workmanship  of  these 
engraved  memorials.  The  surface  of  the  metal  being  bur- 
nished, or  even  in  some  cases  gilded,  it  is  obvious  that  the 
effect  of  the  incised  lines  would  be  lost,  if  they  were  not  filled 
up  vdth  some  black  composition,  and  there  can  be  scarcely  a 
doubt  that  in  eveiy  instance  the  lines,  and  all  the  excised 
parts  of  the  field,  or  other  portions  where  diapering  was 
introduced,  were  filled  in  with  black,  or  in  many  cases 
with  colom'cd  compositions.  Some 
examples,  even  of  the  earliest 
period,  still  exist,  which  exliibit 
enamel  thus  employed  for  the 
enrichment  of  works  of  this  de- 
scription, such  as  the  full  sized 
brass  of  one  of  the  d'Aubernoun's 
at  Stoke  d'Abernon,  in  Surrey,  in 
which  instance  the  blue  enamel  of 
the  shield,  a  surface  of  very  consider- 
able extent,  is  still  very  perfect.  The 
date  of  this  work  is  about  the  reign 
of  Edward  II.  Other  specimens  may 
be  seen  at  Elsing  in  Norfolk,  Ifield 
in  Sussex,  Broxbourne  in  Essex,  and 
several  other  churches,  and  it  is  very 
probable  that  the  introduction  of 
enamel  in  this  manner  was  much 
more  frequent  than  at  first  sight 
we  might  be  inclined  to  suppose ; 
for  the  contraction  and  expansion 
of  the  metal,  and  cxposm'c  to  the 
feet  of  the  congregation,  would 
quickly  throw  off  every  fragment  of      '      ^,^  j,,„  d  Au.e'moaa. 


■■'•:;:■'■  ■■;:',"gji 


210  SEPULCHRAL  BRASSES,   AND   INCISED  SLABS. 

SO  brittle  a  substance  as  enamel.  The  subject  is  one  which  seems 
not  undeserving  of  attention  in  connexion  with  the  history  and 
practice  of  artistic  processes  in  oiu-  country,  both  on  account 
of  the  few  evidences  that  exist  to  shew  that  enamelling  was 
practised  in  England,  with  any  perfection,  and  also  because 
enamel  is  usually  applied  to  copper,  brass  being  commonly 
considered  incapable  of  sustaining  the  requisite  degree  of  heat. 
The  cm'ious  observer  will  therefore  do  Avell  to  ascertain,  when 
any  brass  bearing  traces  of  enamelled  work  comes  under  his 
notice,  whether  the  metal  employed  in  such  cases  be  copper, 
or  the  usual  hard  kind  of  brass  anciently  termed  latten,  a 
mixed  yellow  metal  of  exceedingly  hard  quality,  and  which 
appears  to  be  identical  in  composition  with  that  now  used  for 
making  cocks  for  casks  or  cisterns,  technically  called  cock-brass. 
A  few  observations  on  incised  stone  slabs  must  be  appended 
to  these  remarks  on  brasses  ;  they  are  works  of  an  analogous 
kind,  the  material  employed  alone  excepted,  and  were  probably 
executed  by  the  same  artists.  Wliere  a  saving  of  expense  was 
an  object,  the  slab  would  often  be  preferred,  but  as  it  was  far 
less  dm-able  than  the  brass,  the  incised  slab,  when  used  as 
part  of  the  pavement,  in  the  com^se  of  a  few  years  was  wholly 
defaced,  and  the  number  of  existing  specimens  is  small.  Some 
indeed,  which  were  elevated  upon  altar-tombs,  still  exist  in  a 
fair  state  of  preservation,  being  frequently  formed  of  alabaster, 
which  was  found  in  abundance  in  Derbyshire.  Memorials  of 
this  kind  are  therefore  most  frequently  to  be  found  in  the 
adjoining  counties  of  Leicestershire,  Staffordshire,  Shropshire, 
and  Cheshire.  In  the  remote  village  church  of  Avenbury, 
Herefordshire,  a  remarkable  incised  slab  has  been  preserved, 
which  represents  a  knight  in  the  mailed  armour  of  the  close 
of  the  thirteenth  century,  and  cross-legged ;  a  memorial 
equally  curious,  and  of  the  same  period,  exists  at  Bitton,  near 
Bath,  the  cross-legged  figure  of  Sir  John  de  Bytton ;  the  head 
and  hands  are  executed  in  low  relief,  the  remainder  of  the  figiu'e 
l)eing  represented  by  incised  lines.  An  early  incised  slab  in 
Wells  cathedral  deserves  notice ;  it  is  the  memorial  of  one  of 
the  bishops  of  Wells,  a  member  of  the  same  family  de  Bytton. 
Examples  of  later  date  are  to  be  seen  at  Mavesyn  Ridware, 
Blithfield,  and  Penkridge,  in  Staffordshire  ;  Grafton,  in  North- 
amptonshire ;  Newbold  on  Avon,  Whichford,  and  Ipsley,  in 
Warwickshire ;  Pitcliford,  Bcckbury,  and  Edgmond,  in  Shrop- 
shire ;  Brading,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight ;  and  a  very  elaborate 


SEPULCHRAL  BRASSES,  AND  INCISED  SLABS.  211 

specimen  of  large  dimension  exists  in  the  caniaria,  or  char- 
nel  crjqjt,  under  the  Lady  chapel  at  Hereford  cathedi-al. 
In  France,  memorials  of  this  kind  were  very  abundant,  and 
the  design  was  frequently  most  rich  and  elaborate :  the  greater 
number  have  now  perished,  but  the  cmious  drawings  which  are 
found  in  Gough's  Collection,  previously  noticed,  and  preserved 
in  the  Bodleian  Library,  sufficiently  shew  how  rich  and  varied 
was  their  character.  A  fine  specimen,  in  fair  preservation, 
which  is  now  to  be  seen  at  the  Palais  des  beaux  Ai'ts  at  Paris, 
has  supplied  the  subject  of  a  plate  in  Shaw's  Dresses  and 
Decorations ;  its  date  is  1350,  and  it  presents  a  good  example 
of  the  usual  character  of  incised  slabs,  as  they  were  formerly 
to  be  seen  in  profusion  in  the  cathedral  and  abbey  chm^ches 
of  France.  It  is  no  easy  matter  to  obtain  a  satisfactoiy  rub- 
bing from  an  incised  slab,  and,  a  good  method  of  operation  is 
still  a  desideratum.  In  most  cases  the  smface  of  the  slab  is 
so  weathered  and  carious,  that  the  most  careful  rubbing  with 
heel -ball  or  black-lead  presents  but  an  indistinct  representa- 
tion, for  by  these  means  every  accidental  cavity  appears  on 
the  paper  as  clearly  as  the  lines,  and  confusion  is  the  result. 
Sometimes  indeed  the  resinous  compound,  with  which  these 
lines  were  filled  up,  remains,  and  in  such  cases  it  is  usually 
found  to  project  slightly  above  the  smface  of  the  slab,  so  that 
the  lines,  if  hghtly  rubbed  over,  appear  black  upon  the  paper. 
When  the  lines  are  very  deeply  cut,  as  is  usually  the  case  on 
the  earlier  incised  slabs,  a  simple  process,  devised  by  the  anti- 
quaries of  France,  ^\t11  be  found  effective.  Paper,  either  wholly 
unsized,  or  sized  in  a  very  slight  degree,  is  moistened  "^ith  a 
sponge,  and  apphed  to  the  smface  of  the  slab;  it  is  then 
pressed  into  the  ca^ities  by  means  of  a  bnish  of  moderate 
hardness,  a  hard  hat-brush,  for  instance,  or  even  the  handker- 
chief will  answer  in  most  cases ;  if  the  paper  shoidd  be  broken 
by  the  pressm'c,  where  the  cavities  are  deep,  a  second  or  third 
layer  of  paper  may  be  placed  on  that  part,  and  compacted 
together  with  paste  or  gum ;  care  must  be  taken  to  preserve 
the  paper  in  its  place  until  the  moistm-e  has  evaporated  by  the 
effect  of  the  air  or  sun,  and  without  much  trouble  a  precise 
fac-simile  or  cast,  will  be  obtained,  which  is  not  liable  to  be 
effaced  by  any  subsequent  pressure,  but  can  only  be  destroyed 
l)y  moistening  the  paper.  This  method  is  ap})licable  for  taking 
fac-similes  of  any  sciilptured  ornament,  the  relief  of  which  is 
not  too  great,  and  is  more  especially  uscfid  where  an  accm'ate 


212  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  DOMESTIC  ARCHITECTURE. 

representation  of  an  inscription  is  required.  It  is  even  prac- 
ticable, by  varnishing  the  paper  with  a  spirituous  sohition  of 
lac,  to  obtain  from  it  a  cast  in  plaster  of  Paris ;  such  simple 
and  ingenious  processes  are  invaluable  to  those  v\^ho  know  the 
importance  of  minute  accm-acy  in  their  researches,  and  furnish 
authorities  for  reference,  which  no  drawing  or  transcript,  how- 
ever carefuUy  made,  can  ever  supply.  albert  way. 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  DOMESTIC  ARCHITECTURE, 


FROM  POPULAR  MEDIEVAL  WRITERS. 

Hitherto  the  purely  literary  monuments  of  the  middle 
ages  have  been  little  used  for  the  illustration  of  architectural 
antiquities,  in  spite  of  the  interesting  materials  which  they 
furnish,  more  especially  for  domestic  architecture,  of  which  we 
have  so  few  existing  remains  of  an  earlier  date  than  the  fif- 
teenth century.  The  literary  monuments  of  the  middle  ages 
are  varied  and  numerous,  and  we  may  form  them  into  a  series 
of  short  articles,  arranging  them  according  to  dates,  so  as  to 
preserve  the  historical  order  of  the  variations  in  style,  and 
according  to  the  class  of  literatm^e  to  which  they  belong, 
which  wiU  keep  distinct  the  architectural  monuments  of  each 
order  of  society.  At  present,  I  propose  to  take  the  Fabliaucc, 
or  popular  metrical  tales,  which  belong  in  date  exclusively 
(or  nearly  exclusively)  to  the  thirteenth  centmy,  and  which 
describe  the  domestic  manners  of  the  middle  and  lower  orders 
of  society.  The  subjects  of  the  fabliaux  (which  are  written  in 
Erench  and  Anglo-Norman)  are  chiefly  low  intrigues,  which, 
from  their  nature,  give  us  an  insight  into  the  arrangement  of 
the  dwellings  of  the  peasantry  and  hourcjeo'me. 

The  common  name  for  a  house  was  a  manor  (Er.  manoir, 
Lat.  manerium,  from  manere),  without  any  apparent  distinction 
of  character  or  dimensions.    In  the  Diz  clou  ^oucrelain  (IMcon. 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  DOMESTIC  ARCHITECTURE.  213 

torn.  i.  p.  318),  the  house  of  the  burgher  {bourf^eois)  is  described 
by  this  title  : — 

Ja  Dieu  plasce  ce  soit  voir 
Que  vous  vandiez  nostre  manoir. 

In  the  fabhau  Die  bouchier  d' Abbeville  (Barbazan,  iv.  1),  the 
house  of  the  priest  is  called  a  manor — 

Venuz  est  au  manoir  le  prestre  : 

while  in  the  fabliau  Dif  vair  palefroy  (Barbazan,  i.  p.  164.) 
the  same  term  is  applied  to  the  residence  of  a  knight,  which 
appears  by  the  context  to  have  been  rather  what  we  should 
now  call  a  fortified  manor-house  than  a  baronial  castle  : — 

—  avoit  la  seue  forterece 
De  grant  terra  et  de  grant  richece ; 
Deus  Hues  ot  de  Tun  manoir 
Jusqu'  a  Tautre. — 

At  the  period  of  which  we  are  speaking  (the  thirteenth 
century)  the  houses  of  the  people  had  in  general  no  more  than 
a  ground-floor,  of  which  the  principal  apartment  was  the  aire, 
aifre,  or  hall  {atriuni),  into  which  the  principal  door  opened, 
and  which  was  the  room  for  cooking,  eating,  receiving  visitors, 
and  the  other  ordinary  usages  of  domestic  life.  Adjacent  to 
this  was  the  chamber  {chambre),  which  was  by  day  the  private 
apartment  and  resort  of  the  female  portion  of  the  household, 
and  by  night  the  bed-room.  We  might  give  many  extracts 
sheAA^ng  the  juxtaposition  of  the  chamber  and  the  hall.  In 
the  fabhau  D'Auberee  (Jubinal,  Nouveau  Rccueil,  i.  p.  199), 
the  old  woman,  visiting  the  burgher's  wife,  is  led  out  of  the 
hall  into  the  chamber  to  see  her  handsome  bed: — 

INIaintenant  se  lieva  la  dame, 
Et  puis  dame  Auberec  apres, 
Qu'en  une  chambre  ilueques  pres 
Enmedeus  ensamble  en  entrerent. 

And  when  the  lady  has  taken  refuge  with  Dan?e  Auberee,  who 
holds  a  much  lower  rank  in  society  and  is  represented  as  very 
poor,  she  takes  her  in  the  same  manner  out  of  the  hall  into 
her  chamber  -. — 

Lors  Ta  menoe  por  couchier 
En  une  chambre,  iluec  de  joste. 

Strangers  and  visitors  generally  slept  in  the  hall,  beds  being 
made  for  them  apparently  on  the  floor.     In  the  fabliau  Du 

Ff 


21  i  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  DOMESTIC  ARCHITECTURE. 

boiicJiier  iV AhhevilJe  (quoted  above),  the  butcher  sleeps  in  the 
hall,  which  is  only  separated  from  the  chamber  in  which  the 
priest  and  his  mistress  sleep  by  a  door,  and  he  lifts  the  latch 
to  enter  the  chamber  and  take  leave  of  his  hostess  in  the 
niormng : — 

En  la  chambrc,  sanz  plus  atenclre, 
Vint  a  la  dame  congie  prendre  : 
La  clique  saclie,  I'uis  ouvri. 

In  the  fal)liau  D/i  municr  iV Arlcux  (printed  separately  by 
M.  Micliel),  they  make  a  bed  for  the  young  maiden  who  is 
detained  all  nic-ht,  in  the  hall  beside  the  fire: — 

Qant  orent  mangie  et  beu, 

Li  lis  fu  fais  deles  le  fu 

U  la  meschine  dut  couchier. 

Sometimes,  however,  the  w^hole  family  appear  to  have  made 
their  beds  indiscriminately  w^th  strangers  in  tlie  hall,  although 
both  sexes  slept  naked,  for  there  was  little  delicacy  of  man- 
ners at  this  period.  The  story  of  tAvo  French  fabliaux 
analogous  to  Chaucer's  Reves  Talc,  turns  on  this  indiscrimi- 
nate position  of  the  beds  in  the  hall.  The  house  was  in 
general  very  much  exposed.  In  the  fabliau  Du  clerc  qui  fu 
TppuB  deriere  Vescrin  (Meon.  i.  165),  a  man  enters  the  hall, 
and  seeing  no  one  there,  boldly  knocks  at  the  chamber  door. 
In  the  fabliau  Bu  meunier  d'Arleux,  the  outer  door  of  the  hall 
is  left  unlatched  at  night,  although  a  young  maiden  is  in  bed 
by  the  fire-side.  In  the  fabliau  Du  prcstre  crucijic  (Meon.  iii. 
14),  the  maker  of  crucifixes  retm'ning  home  at  night,  before  he 
o]iens  the  door  sees  his  wdfe  and  her  gallant  in  the  hall  through 
a  hole  in  the  wall: — 

A  son  hostel  en  est  \enuz. 
Par  un  pertuis  les  a  A^euz, 
Assis  estoient  au  mengier. 

In  the  fabliau  Des  treces  (Meon.  i.  343),  the  gallant  enters  by 
night  through  the  windoAV  into  the  chamber  in  which  the  man 
and  his  wife  are  sleeping.  In  the  fabliau  Du  sec/reiain  moine 
(Barbazan,  i.  p.  242),  the  monk  takes  liberties  with  the  lady  as 
they  are  seated  by  the  tire  in  the  hall,  which  she  repulses  because 
tliey  are  exposed  to  the  view  of  those  wdio  pass  on  the  road: — 

Quar  ge  cricng  que  la  gent  nos  voient 
Qui  trespasseut  parmi  la  voie: 
En  cele  cliambre  ni'cn  portcz. 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  DOMESTIC  ARCllITKCTr  UK.  215 

The  clianiber  is  here  distmctly  pointed  out,  as  ])eiiig  adjacent 
to  the  liall.  AVe  may  quote  as  another  jjroof  of  this  the 
ta])hau  Dcs  frois  dames  qui  Irouvcrctit  mi  aucl  (Har])azan,  iii. 
220),  where  the  Lady  in  her  chandjer  sees  what  is  passing  in 
the  hall  jmr  im  pcrfids. 

A  stable  was  also  frequently  adjacent  to  the  hall,  probably 
on  the  side  opposite  to  the  chamber  or  bed-roouL  In  the 
fabliau  of  Ze  ■povre  clerc  (Meon.  i.  104),  the  same  story  as 
Dunbar's  tale  of  the  Triar  of  Berwick,  when  the  miller  and  the 
clerk,  his  guest,  knock  at  the  door  of  the  miller's  house,  the 
Avife  urges  the  priest,  who  is  with  her  in  the  hall,  to  hide  him- 
self in  the  stable  {croiche) : — 

Esploitez  vos  tost  et  muciez 
En  cele  croiche  .... 
Tantost  en  la  croiche  s'elance. 

From  the  stable  the  priest  looks  into  the  hall  through  a 
Avindow,  which  must  have  been  in  the  partition  wall: — 

Et  il  m'aquialt  a  esgarder 
Tot  autresin  conme  li  prestres 
Qui  m'esgarde  des  fenestras 
De  cele  creche  qui  est  la. 

Behind  the  house  was  the  court  or  cortil,  which  was 
surrounded  by  a  fence,  and  included  the  garden,  with  a  bersil 
(or  sheep-cot),  and  other  out-houses.  The  back  door  of  the 
hall  opened  into  this  court.  In  the  Diz  doii  soucreiain  (Meon. 
i.  318),  the  gallant  conies  through  the  court,  and  is  let  into  the 
hall  by  the  back  door.  In  the  fabliau  Du  prcstrc  cl  d' Almjn 
(Barbazan,  iv.  427),  a  woman  is  introduced  into  the  chamber 
by  a  false  or  back  door,  whilst  the  hall  is  occupied  by  com- 
pany :— 

En  une  chambre,  qui  fu  bele, 

Mist  Herceloz  Aelison, 

Par  uns  fax  liuis  de  la  maison. 

The  arrangements  of  a  common  house  in  the  country  are 
illustrated  l)y  the  fabliau  De  Barat  et  de  Hainiet  (Bar])azan,  iv. 
253).  Two  thieves  undertake  to  rob  a  tliird  of  "a  bacon" 
which  he  (Travers)  had  hung  on  the  beam  or  rafter  of  the 
haU:— 

Travers  I'avoit  a  une  hart 
Au  tref  de  sa  meson  pcndu. 

The  thieves  make  a  hole  in  the  wall  bv  which  one  enters, 


216  ILLUSTRATIONS  0¥  DOMESTIC  ARCHITECTURE. 

without  waking  Travers  or  his  wife,  although  the  door  of  their 
chamber  was  open.     The  thief  who  had  entered 

Rampa  tant  de  banc  en  astel, 
Qu'il  est  venuz  au  hardeillon 
Oil  il  vit  pendre  le  bacon. 

The  whole  description  leads  us  to  suppose  the  house  in  this 
instance  to  have  been  built  chiefly  of  wood.  Travers,  now 
disturbed,  rises  from  his  bed,  goes  from  his  chamber  into  the 
hall  and  thence  direct  into  the  stable.  After  he  has  recovered 
his  bacon  and  while  he  is  boiling  it  over  a  fii-e  in  the  hall,  the 
thieves  come  and  quietly  make  a  hole  in  the  roof  to  see  what 
is  going  on  below: 

Puis  est  niontez  sor  le  toitel, 
Si  le  descuevre  iluec  endroit 
La  ou  la  chaudiere  boloit. 

The  houses  of  knights  and  gentlemen  seem  to  have  consisted 
frequently,  at  this  period,  of  the  same  number  and  arrange- 
ment of  apartments.  In  the  fabliau  D/i  sot  chevalier  (Barba- 
zan,  iv.  255),  a  party  of  knights  overtaken  by  a  storm  seek 
shelter  at  the  residence  of  the  knight  who  is  the  hero  of  the 
tale :  they  pass  through  the  court  or  garden  to  reach  the 
house : — 

Atant  sont  en  la  cort  entre, 
Puis  sont  venu  en  la  meson 
Oil  li  feus  ardoit  de  randon. 

This  was  the  hall,  where  they  stopped  and  where  dinner  was 
served ;  after  which  beds  are  made  there  for  them,  and  the 
host  and  his  lady  go  to  sleep  in  the  chamber,  which  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  hall  only  by  a  doorway  : — 

Ainz  qu'  il  aient  le  sueil  pass^. 

During  the  night,  the  knight  comes  from  his  chamber  into  the 
hall  to  seek  a  light ;  which  leads  to  the  denouement.  Even  in 
the  castellated  buildings  the  bed-chambers  appear  to  have  been 
frequently  adjacent  to  the  hall ;  in  the  fabliau  of  Guillaiime  au 
faucoii  (Barbazan,  iv.  407),  William  enters  first  the  hall,  and 
goes  out  of  it  into  a  bed-chamber,  where — 

— la  dame  seule  trouva; 
Les  puceles  totes  ensamble 
Erent  alecs,  ce  me  sanble, 
En  une  chambre  d'autre  part — 

that  is,  as  appears  by  the  sequel,  on  the  other  side  of  the  hall. 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  DOMESTIC  ARCHITECTURE.  217 

The  passages  hitherto  adduced  reUite  to  the  more  humble 
of  the  two  classes  of  dwellings  of  the  middle  and  lower  ranks 
of  society.  The  second  class,  which  belonged  to  richer  persons, 
differed  from  the  former  only  in  having  an  upper  floor,  com- 
monly termed  a  soler  {solarium,  probably  from  sol).  In  the 
fabliau  D' Eslourmi  (Barbazan,  iv.  452),  a  burgher  and  his 
wife  deceive  three  monks  of  a  neighbouring  abbey  who  make 
love  to  the  lady :  she  conceals  her  husband  in  the  soler  above, 
to  which  he  ascends  by  a  flight  of  steps  : — 

Tesiez,  vous  monterez  la  sua 
En  eel  solier  tout  coiement. 

The  monk,  before  he  enters  the  house,  passes  through  the 
coiu-t  {cortil),  in  which  there  is  a  sheep-cot  {bercil).  The 
husband  from  the  soler  above  looks  through  a  lattice  or  grate 
and  sees  all  that  passes  in  the  hall : — 

Par  la  treillie  le  porlingne. 

The  stab's  appear,  therefore,  to  have  been  outside  the  hall,  and 
there  seems  to  have  been  a  latticed  window  looking  from  the 
top  of  the  stairs  into  it.  The  monk  appears  to  have  entered  the 
hall  by  the  back-door,  and  the  chamber  is  in  the  story  shewn 
to  be  adjacent  to  the  hall  (as  in  houses  which  had  no  soler), 
on  the  side  opposite  to  that  on  which  were  the  stau-s.  \^lien 
another  monk  comes,  the  husband  hides  himself  under  the 
stairs  {souz  le  clegrt).  The  bodies  of  the  monks  (who  are  killed 
by  the  husband)  are  carried  out  parmi  tme  fausse  posterne 
which  leads  into  the  fields  {aus  cJians). 

In  the  fabliau  of  La  Saiiieresse  (Barbazan,  iii.  452),  a  woman 
who  performs  the  office  of  bleeding  comes  to  the  house  of  a 
burgher,  and  finds  the  man  and  his  wife  seated  on  a  bench  in 
the  hall  :— 

En  mi  I'aire  de  sa  meson. 

The  lady  says  she  wants  bleeding,  and  takes  her  up  stairs  into 
the  soler : — 

Montez  la  sus  en  eel  solier, 

H  m'estuet  de  vostre  mestier. 

They  enter  and  close  the  door.  The  apartment  on  the  soler, 
although  there  was  a  bed  in  it,  is  not  called  a  chamber,  but  a 
room  or  saloon  {perriti)  -. — 

Si  se  descendent  del  perrin, 
Contreval  les  degrez  enfin 
yindrcnt  errant  en  la  niaison. 


218  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  DOMESTIC  ARCHITECTURE. 

The  expression  that  they  came  down  the  stairs  and  into  the 
house  shews  that  here  also  the  staircase  was  outside. 

In  another  fabUau  De  la  horgoise  d'  Orliens  (Barbazan,  iii. 
161),  the  burgher  comes  to  his  wife  in  the  disguise  of  her 
gallant,  and  the  lady  discoverhig  the  fraud  locks  him  up  in 
the  soler,  pretending  he  is  to  wait  there  till  the  household  is 
in  bed : — 

Je  vous  metrai  priveement 
En  un  solicr  clout  j"ai  la  clef. 

She  then  goes  to  meet  her  ami,  and  they  come  from  the  garden 
{vergief)  direct  into  the  chambre,  without  entering  the  hall. 
She  tells  him  to  wait  there  while  she  goes  in  there  {la  dedans) 
to  give  her  people  their  supper : — 

Amis,  fet-ele,  or  remaindrez 
Un  petit,  et  91  m'atendrez  ; 
Quar  je  m'en  ii-ai  la  dedens, 
Por  fere  mangier  cele  gens. 

She  then  goes  into  the  hall : — 

Vint  en  la  sale  a  sa  mesnie. 

She  afterwards  sends  her  servants  to  beat  her  husband,  pre- 
tending him  to  be  an  importunate  suitor  whom  she  wishes  to 
punish :  "he  waits  for  me  up  there  in  that  room :  " — 

La  sus  m'atent  en  ce  perin. 

Ne  souffrez  pas  qvie  il  en  isse, 
Ainz  FacueiUier  al  solier  haut. 

They  beat  him  as  he  descends  the  stairs,  and  pursue  him  into 
the  garden,  all  which  passes  without  entering  the  lower  apart- 
ments of  the  house. 

The  soler  or  upper  part  of  the  house  appears  to  have  been 
considered  the  place  of  greatest  security — in  fact  it  could  only 
be  entered  by  one  door,  which  was  approached  by  a  flight  of 
steps,  and  was  therefore  more  easily  defended.  In  the  beautiful 
story  De  Termite  qui  sacomjjaigna  a  Vange  (Meon.  ii.  21 G), 
the  hermit  and  his  companion  seek  a  night's  lodging  at  the 
house  of  a  rich  but  miserly  usurer,  who  refuses  them  admit- 
tance into  the  house,  and  will  only  permit  them  to  sleep  under 
the  stair-case,  in  what  the  story  terms  an  auvent  or  shed.  The 
next  morning  the  youth  {vatlet)  goes  up  stairs  into  the  soler  to 
find  the  usm-er,  who  appears  to  have  slejot  there  for  secm'ity  : — 

Le  vallet  les  degrez  nionta, 
El  solier  son  hoste  trova. 


ILLUSTRATIO^'S  OF  DOMESTIC   ARCHITECTURE.  219 

Tlie  soler  appears  jilso  to  liavc  been  considered  as  the  place 
of  honour  for  rich  lodgers  who  paid  well.  In  the  fahhau  Dcs 
frois  av/ffflcs  de  Compienfjne  (Barbazan,  iii.  398),  thi*ee  blind 
men  come  to  the  house  of  a  burgher,  and  require  to  be  treated 
l)etter  than  usual.     He  shews  them  up  stairs : — 

En  la  haute  logis  les  maine. 

A  clerk,  who  follows,  after  putting  his  horse  in  the  stable,  sits 
at  table  with  his  host  in  the  hall,  while  the  three  guests  are 
served  "  like  knights"  in  the  soler  above  : — 

Et  li  avugle  du  solier 
Furent  servi  com  chevalier. 

It  may  be  observed  that  a  stable  was  a  necessary  part  of  a 
common  house,  because  at  this  period  all  householders  were  in 
the  habit  of  letting  or  giving  lodging  to  travellers,  who  gene- 
rally came  on  horseback. 

By  the  kindness  of  the  Rev.  Lambert  B.  Larking,  vicar  of 
Ryarsh  in  Kent,  I  am  enabled  to  illustrate  the  foregoing  extracts 
by  a  sketch  of  the  manor-house  of  a  country  gentleman  of  the 
thirteenth  centiuy.     It  is  represented 
on  a  seal  in  a  perfect  state  of  preser- 
vation attached  to   a   deed  by  which 
AA^illiam    Moraunt    grants    to     Peter 
Picard  an  acre  of  land  in  the  parish 
of  Otteford  in  Kent.     It  is  dated  in 
the   month    of    June,    56    Hen.   HI. 
(i.  e.  June,  1272).     The  inscription  is 
s.    wiLLELMi    MORAVNT.      The    door, 
which  is  probably  that  wliich  led  to 
the  hall,  is  represented  apparently  as  ^   / 
opened  outwards.     It  is  altogether  a 
cm'ious  illustration  of  early  domestic  architecture. 

In  the  fabliau  Z)^/  vair  jjaJefrof/  (Barbazan,  i.  164),  we  have  a 
pictm-e  of  the  castellated  manor-house  of  a  wealthy  knight. 
A  young  knight  who  had  spent  his  substance,  avIio  lived  at  no 
great  distance,  was  in  love  with  the  rich  knight's  daughter,  but 
was  not  allowed  to  have  access  to  her.  The  "  manor"  in  wliich 
the  lady  was  confined  was  built  on  a  rock  adjacent  to  a  forest. 
The  court,  or  garden,  was  large  and  was  smTOunded  by  a  foss, 
lined  inwardly  with  a  fortified  defence  which  {i})pears  to  have 
been  a  thick  hedge  of  thorn  {espinois),  strengthened  in  ex- 


220  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  DOMESTIC  ARCHITECTURE. 

posed  parts  with  planks.     The  entrance  was  by  a  gateway 
and  di'awbridge : — 

Mes  molt  estoit  granz  li  defoiz, 
Quar  n'i  pooit  parlex'  de  pres  : 
Si  en  estoit  forment  engres 
Que  la  cort  estoit  molt  fort  close. 
La  pucele  n'ert  pas  si  ose 
Qu'ele  de  la  porte  issist  fors ; 
Mes  de  tant  ert  bons  ses  confors 
Qu'a  lui  parloit  par  mainte  foiz 
Par  une  planche  d'un  defoiz. 
Lifossez  ert  granz  par  defors, 
Li  espinois  espes  et  fors, 
Ne  se  pooient  aprochier  : 
La  meson  ert  sor  un  rochier, 
Qui  richement  estoit  fermee ; 
Pont  levels  ot  a  I'entree. 

The  yonng  knight  goes  to  the  "  manor"  of  his  uncle,  and  for 
the  sake  Oii prwacy  they  enter  a  "lodge"  over  the  gateway  : 

En  une  loge  sor  la  porte 
S'en  sont  ale  priveement. 
Son  oncle  conta  bonement 
Son  convenant  et  son  afere. 

In  the  sequel  the  vair  palefrois  carries  the  lady  to  the 
''manor"  where  the  young  knight  lived.  This  manor  was 
surrounded  by  water,  and  a  bridge  led  to  the  gateway.  The 
watchman,  who  was  "  above  the  gate,"  was  sounding  his  horn 
to  announce  day-break,  when  he  heard  the  horse  on  the 
bridge;  he  then  descended  and  challenged  the  rider  from 
the  door : — 

—  la  guete  ert  desus  la  porte, 
Devant  le  jor  corne  et  fretele. 
Cele  part  vait  la  damoisele ; 
Droit  au  recet  en  est  venue. 

Ainz  li  palefroiz  de  sa  voie 
N'issi,  si  vint  desus  le  pont. 
Qui  sist  sor  un  estanc  parfont : 
Tout  le  manoir  avironoit ; 
Et  la  guete  qui  la  cornoit 
Oi  desus  le  pont  I'effroi 
Et  la  noise  du  j^alefroi 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  DOMESTIC  ARCIIITKCTURK.  221 

Qui  maiiitcs  foiz  i  ot  cste. 
La  guete  a  un  povi  ai'este 
Do  corner  et  de  noise  fere  : 
II  descendi  de  son  repere, 
Si  denianda  isnelement 
Qui  chevauche  si  durement 
A  iceste  eure  sor  cest  pont. 

Not  satisfied  with  the  answer  of  the  lady,  the  watchman  looks 
through  a  hole  in  \\\q,  potcnic  (or  smaller  door  for  the  admission 
of  foot  passengers),  and  recognises  the  palfrey  : — 

II  met  ses  iex  et  son  viaire 
A  uns  partuis  de  la  poterne. 

Pie  then  goes  to  the  chamber  of  his  lord  to  tell  him  what  he 
had  seen.  The  yonng  knight  hastily  covered  himself  in  a 
surcot,  and  came  to  the  gate,  which  was  opened  to  the 
stranger,  who  at  first  did  not  recognise  her  lover,  but  asked 
courteonsly  for  a  night's  lodging  : — 

Sire,  por  Dieu  ne  vous  anuit, 
liCssiez  moi  en  vostre  nianoir, 
Je  n"i  quier  arueros  remanoir. 

In  the  morning  the  knight  takes  the  lady  "  into  his  court  and 
his  chapel,"  by  which  it  would  seem  that  the  chapel  was 
entered  from  the  com't,  and  Avas  perhaps  on  the  opposite  side 
to  the  house,  and  he  calls  his  chaplain,  Avho  marries  them  : — 

A  lendemain  qviant  il  ajorne, 
Dedenz  sa  cort  et  sa  chapele 
Venir  i  fct  la  danioiselc. 

I  now  quit  this  class  of  literary  compositions ;  the  long- 
metrical  romances  of  the  same  period  describe  the  ulterior 
economy  of  the  larger  baronial  castles,  and  will  probably 
furnish  materials  for  a  future  article.  t.  wuigiit. 


ON  THE  PRIMEVAL  ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE 
CHANNEL  ISLANDS. 


The  Trepied  on  Catioroc. 


The  cromlechs  of  the  Channel  Islands,  from  whose  enclo- 
snres,  intermixed  with  the  vestiges  of  mortality,  have  been 
obtained  a  variety  of  stone  instrnments,  well  adapted  to  the 
necessities  of  a  rude  and  simple  people  inhabiting  the  wilds  of 
a  primitive  country,  vary  in  their  arrangement  and  construc- 
tion precisely  in  the  same  manner  as  has  been  observed  in 
other  countries. 

It  has  been  remarked  that  several  of  them  are  placed  nearly 
east  and  west ;  this  is  often  the  case  in  these  islands  as  well  as 
in  France,  but  whether  from  accident  or  design,  it  is  difficult 
to  decide :  many  in  Brittany  are  due  north  and  south ;  two 
out  of  three  at  L'ancresse  in  this  island,  are  also  in  that 
position ;  and  in  the  i)lain  in  the  island  of  Herm,  one  due 
east  and  west  is  only  30  feet  distant  from  another  north-west 
and  south-east ;  with  this  exception,  all  the  large  cromlechs, 
in  Guernsey  at  least,  are  placed  east  and  west. 

The  general  shape  and  position  of  the  stones  differ  in  no 
respect  from  those  of  other  countries,  except  in  size  and 
material.  Large  and  ponderous  granite  blocks,  supported  on 
massive  props,  (usually  placed  with  the  smaller  ends  down- 
Avard,)  constitute  this  lonely  chamber  of  the  dead.  Occupy- 
ing the  interstices  of  the  props  are  found  smaller  stone  Avorks, 
so  wedged  and  adapted  as  to  prevent  the  falling  in  of  the 
gromid,  or  tumulus,  which  accompanies  the  sepulchre.  A 
large;  circle  of  single  upright  stones  planted  at  uniform  dis- 
tances from  each  other,  and  from  the  first  stones  laid  down, 
completes  the  structure  under  consideration.    A  slab,  or  a  flat 


ON  TJIE  PRIMEVAL  AXTIQL'ITIES,  &C.  223 

pavement,  is  often  seen  beneath  the  deposit  within  it,  and 
where  snch  is  wanting,  I  have  nsually  remarked  a  firm,  clean, 
and  level  base.  All  these  slight  ditferences  of  constrnction 
may  frecpiently  be  acconnted  for,  from  circnmstanees  occa- 
sioned by  the  localities  where  they  exist.  It  has  been  cnstomary 
to  give  diflerent  appellations  to  these  structures,  according 
to  their  shape  and  form,  or  agreeably  to  the  hypothesis 
endeavoured  to  be  mahitained.  From  the  foregoing  observa- 
tions it  will  be  easily  perceived,  that  whether  the  cromlechs 
partake  of  the  circular  or  square  form,  or  are  directed  either 
east  or  northAvard,  their  design  remains  the  same.  I  may, 
however,  further  state,  as  regards  the  object  intended,  that 
several  simple  circles  of  stones  of  small  dimensions,  which 
would  have  constituted  the  bardic  circles  of  the  poets,  have 
been  opened  in  these  islands,  and  have  presented  in  like 
manner  the  mixed  remains  of  our  species,  with  rude  w^orks 
of  art. 

The  fine  and  interesting  monument  of  primeval  architecture, 
once  cotiiiecratiiig  the  island  of  Jersey,  was  formed  of  a  circle 
of  small  cromlechs,  with  a  covered  avenue  leading  into  the 
interior.  The  one  now  existing  on  the  hill  at  the  Cou])eron  in 
that  island,  is  of  a  rectangular  form,  and  has  not  yet  been 
accurately  examined.  The  early  people  whose  memorials  we 
are  investigathig,  occupied  these  countries  during  a  long- 
series  of  years.  On  this  ground  among  others  w^e  may  ac- 
count for  many  of  the  variations  observable  in  their  con- 
structions. The  description  of  one  cromlech  might,  prima 
facie,  be  considered  as  a  type  of  all  such  structm-es ;  but 
in  the  present  state  of  oiu-  knowledge  it  is  necessary  to  give 
these  })articulars,  as  they  tend  to  elucidate  a  subject  on  which 
so  nnich  has  yet  to  be  learnt.  The  period  we  have  assigned 
to  their  construction,  involving  the  manners  and  customs  of 
an  eai'ly  race,  requires  every  little  fact  to  be  noted,  every 
detail  to  be  given,  during  the  exploring  of  those  few  remains 
which  have  escaped  the  ravages  of  time  for  our  contenn)lation. 
With  this  view  it  has  been  my  practice  on  a])])roaching  a 
locality  intended  to  be  examined,  to  proceed  with  caution. 
An  accurate  plan  and  sketch  arc  taken  of  such  appearances  as 
present  themselves  before  working.  All  the  undulations  of  the 
siuface  near  the  spot  are  observed ;  a  slight  ascent  of  a  few 
inches  towards  the  suspected  site  has  often  proved  a  valuable^ 
indication,  and  tended  to  confirm  the  question  of  a  recent  or 


224  ON  THE  PRIMEVAL  ANTIQUITIES 

primeval  disturbance  of  the  original  ground ;  a  diy  or  barren 
portion  of  land  has  often  pointed  to  a  shallow  depth  of  soil, 
resting  over  a  concealed  grave  or  catacomb.  These  few  remarks 
are  added  to  those  already  made  in  the  fu'st  part  of  these 
observations,  intended  for  the  use  of  the  student  **. 

It  may  be  safely  imagined  that  dming  the  period  when  the 
Danes  and  Northmen  issued  from  their  haunts,  spreading  dis- 
may and  terror  over  the  lands  on  either  side  of  the  British 
Channel,  and  when  they  extended  their  rapine  around  the 
shores  of  ancient  Gaul,  that  the  "  moraye"  or  "  place  of  the 
dead"  became,  as  in  more  modern  times,  an  object  of  their 
diligent  search  for  those  treasures  which  might  have  been 
therein  deposited.  These,  like  the  tombs  of  the  east,  fell  a 
prey  to  their  rapacity ;  destruction  of  their  more  friable  con- 
tents followed,  all  that  was  valuable  was  removed,  and  this 
may  account  for  the  few  substances  which  have  been  discovered 
entire,  and  shews  why  so  many  fragments  are  now  found 
strewed  exteriorly,  immediately  beneath  the  sm'face.  These  de- 
vastations may  have  been  begun  by  the  Romans,  or  by  those 
nations  which  replaced  the  original  inhabitants  of  Western 
Europe.  Roman  coins  are  not  unfrequently  found  mixed 
with  the  ancient  Gaulish,  in  the  vicinity  of  these  localities ; 
but  the  original  deposit  contains  no  trace  of  metal,  as  far  as 
my  observations  have  extended.  The  absence  of  these  memo- 
rials of  the  dead  in  the  neighbourhood  of  large  towns,  may  be 
attributed  to  the  increase  of  population  and  civilization,  their 
gradual  removal  keeping  pace  with  improvements,  or  the  agri- 
cultural clearing  of  the  ground.  Even  in  the  Channel  islands 
many  have  disappeared.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Ealle,  who  wrote 
in  the  year  1734,  mentions  that  many  were  observable  in 
his  day.  Another  WTiter,  quoting  a  MS.  which  belonged  to 
James  II.,  now  in  the  Harleian  Collection,  entitled  "Csesarea," 
states  "  there  are  in  Jersey  about  half  a  hundred  of  them." 
Mr.  Poingdestre,  formerly  Lieutenant  Bailiff  of  Jersey,  says 
that  he  "found  about  fifty  collections  of  stones  in  that  island," 
and  he  "  reckoned  only  those  which  were  visible  above 
ground."  It  is  a  painful  statement  now  to  make,  that  not 
more  than  five  or  six  monuments  of  this  ancient  period  can  be 
enumerated,  including  that  curious  and  extraordinary  arrange- 
ment of  stones  and  cromlechs,  which  in  a  moment  of  enthu- 
siasm   and   loyalty,    was   voted    and    presented   to    General 

■<  Vide  No.  IF.  pa<>c  112. 


OF  THE  CHANNEL  ISLANDS. 


225 


Conway,  then  Governor  of  the  island,  and  which  were 
afterwards  absurdly  erected  in  his  park,  near  Henley-iipon- 
Thanies,  where  they  stand  a  monument  of  exile  and  mistaken 
liberality. 


#ij/r 


-mf'Tr' 


^^->,jfrfij|ijuiiji 


Soutii  view  of  a  small  Cromlech  at  L'ancresse. 


J<S^, 


South  view  of  the  Cromlech  atLa  Mare  aijs  Mauves.  L'ancresse. 

The  two  small  cromlechs  here  represented,  are  both  on 
the  plain  of  L'ancresse  in  Guernsey ;  they  consist  of  props 
and  capstone,  and  have  their  openings  to  the  southward ; 
several  portions  of  earthen  vessels,  celts,  and  arrow-points, 
were  discovered  in  them  in  1838;  the  quality  of  the 
})ottery  was  of  a  finer  description  in  several  instances  than 
that  of  the  large  cromlech  on  the  hill  near  them.  The  stone 
celts  found  were  so  placed  among  the  contents  as  to  preclude 
the  possibility  of  their  having  had  any  handles,  or  of  their 
being  attached  and  fixed,  as  has  been  sup])ose(l ;  none  are 
perforated,  as  mentioned  by  j\Ions.  ]\Iahe,  neither  do  they  seem 
conveniently  made  for  being  fixed  into  a  frame,  as  supposed 
by  other  authors ;  the  high  state  of  polish  they  possess  dis- 
(pialifyhig  them  for  being  thus  held.  Their  very  perfect  and 
symmetrical  shape  and  smootli  surfaces,  Avould  indicate  that 


226  ON  THE  PRIMEVAL  ANTIQUITIES 

they  were  used  in  the  hand  for  cuttmg  purposes,  and  as 
attempts  at  ornament  are  discoverable  on  several  of  those  of 
Guernsey,  it  cannot  be  doubted  that  they  had  some  particular 
and  distinct  use.  The  polished  edge  renders  them  capable  of 
being  admirably  adapted  for  flaying  animals,  and  perhaps 
used  afterwards  for  cutting  the  green  hide  into  thongs  and 
cordage. 

That  they  may  have  been  used  for  a  variety  of  purposes 
may  be  well  conceived  amongst  a  people  apparently  deprived 
of  metal  implements.  The  heavy  wedge-shaped  celt  most 
probably  was  used  for  hewing  down  trees,  and  the  splitting  of 
timber  into  planks ;  indeed  those  splendid  stone  celts  found 
in  Scandinavia  seem  to  have  been  formed  for  that  end,  and 
adapted  with  a  great  degree  of  art  for  this  purpose. 

The  term  "  celt,"  applied  to  this  instrument,  however 
admissible  to  a  stone  or  flint-cutting  tool,  should  be  restricted 
to  it ;  the  metal  ferrule,  with  a  small  ring  attached  to  one  side, 
requires  another  appellation ;  the  use  of  this  last  has  been 
also  a  matter  of  conjecture  among  collectors.  If  these  were 
fixed  in  a  straight  or  crooked  handle,  as  proposed  by  some,  it 
would  render  them  unfit  for  use,  and  equally  inconvenient  for 
making  a  stroke  in  the  manner  of  a  chisel.  "  La  petite  liache 
en  cuivre,"  is  a  term  designating  this  instrument  in  France. 
No  less  than  eighty  of  these  were  found  some  years  since  in 
the  parish  of  La  Trinite  in  Jersey ;  a  few  were  also  discovered 
on  the  common  lately  brought  into  cultivation  in  the  island  of 
Alderney.  After  examining  the  cutting  edge  of  these  weapons, 
I  could  not  observe  much  wearing  away  by  use,  and  the 
manner  of  fracture  of  some  of  them  would  rather  denote  their 
having  been  broken  in  combat  or  by  violence.  The  small 
ring  attached  to  each  may  have  been  for  the  convenience 
of  transport  or  attachment.  The  elegant  spear-head  of  bronze, 
found  also  with  them  in  Alderney,  could  scarcely  be  used 
indiscriminately  for  the  same  purpose,  but  if  fixed  to  the  end 
of  the  lance  as  a  ferrule,  they  would  deal  out  a  deadly  blow  on 
a  horse,  or  armed  foe. 

About  one  hundred  stone  celts  have  been  picked  up  from 
time  to  time  in  Guernsey,  where  they  are,  as  every  where  else, 
called  "  thunder-bolts,"  or  in  the  dialect  of  the  country,  "  coin 
de  foiidrc."  They  vary  in  size  from  that  of  1  to  13  inches,  and 
are  most  commonly  made  of  fine-grained  stones.  Out  of  fifty 
in  my  cabinet  only  six  arc  of  flint,  the  rest  arc   of  jatlc  or 


OF  THE  CHANNEL  ISLANDS.  227 

clioloritic  rock,  serpentine  and  primitive  greenstone,  agate  and 
])orpli\Ty,  quartz  and  prehnite,  and  two  or  three  are  of  syenite. 
The  stone  hatchets  or  axes,  intended  to  be  supphed  with  a 
handle,  are  perforated,  and  are  beautifidly  shaped  and 
polished.  These  latter  instnmients  denote  a  higher  state  of 
civilization,  but  as  they  have  been  found  in  or  near  the  Pou- 
quelayes  of  this  island,  they  must  be  considered  as  of  the 
primeval  period.  In  the  cromlechs  here  described  were  also 
found  gritstones,  fitted  for  setting  and  polishing  these  stone 
instruments. 

Another  large  cromlech,  known  by  the  name  of  L'autel  Du 
Tus,  or  Dc  Hus,  stands  upon  a  rising  ground  near  the  district 
called  "  Paradis."  The  tine  elevated  block  of  granite  which 
covers  the  western  end  is  cons]ncuously  seen  from  a  distance 
on  the  side  of  the  high  road.  The  interior  in  form  resembles 
(although  at  present  it  is  in  a  less  perfect  state)  the  celebrated 
cromlech  in  the  isle  of  Gavr'  Innis  in  the  Morbihan.  The 
total  length  is  about  40  feet,  but  the  east  end  near  the  road  is 
abruptly  stopped  by  a  large  stone,  which  probably  once  was 
placed  on  the  adjoining  props :  if  so,  some  portion  of  the  end 
was  destroyed  in  making  the  road.  The  western  chamber  of 
Du  Tus,  covered  by  three  capstones,  is  about  16  feet  square, 
or  nearly  double  the  size  of  that  at  Gavr'  Innis  ;  from  this  space 
it  narrows  into  another  chamber,  formed  by  the  lateral  props, 
which  is  11  feet  in  length  by  9  feet  wide  ;  here  several  upright 
stones  traverse  the  end,  separating  it  from  another  chamber 
also  1 1  feet  long ;  adjoining  the  two  last  compartments,  on  the 
north  side,  is  attached  another,  8  feet  by  7.  The  shape  of 
this  cromlech  corresponds  with  the  one  above  mentioned, 
and  it  is  not  difficult  to  perceive  the  additions  which 
have  been  made  to  the  first,  or  western  chamber,  from 
the  period  when  it  stood  in  the  centre  of  the  smTounding 
circle,  which  is  nearly  CO  feet  in  diameter.  I  tlnnk  it 
may  be  fairly  conjectm-ed  from  the  examination  here  made, 
that  the  lengthened  form  of  the  tumulus  which  covers  that 
of  Gavr'  Innis,  denotes  also  additions  to  the  original  struc- 
ture, and  the  stejjs  lying  across  the  "avenue"  shew  the 
divisions  of  the  chambers,  as  in  Guernsey.  The  western 
chamber,  opened  by  me  in  1S37,  was  found  much  distm'bed, 
and  nothing  but  stony  rubl)ish  Avas  met  Avith. 

The  elevated  and  commanding  appearance  of  the  large 
granite  capstone,  Aviiich  AA^eighs  many  tons,   and  rises  con- 


238  ON  THE  PRIMEVAL  ANTIQUITIES 

spicuously  above  the  rest,  had  made  it  an  object  of  attraction, 
and  doubtless  it  had  been  frequently  ransacked.  The  human 
remains,  pottery,  and  vessels,  were  discovered  in  the  two  long 
chambers,  which  form  what  has  been  termed  the  avenue  to  the 
main  one.  (Additional  chambers  would  be  more  correct.) 
The  third,  or  northern  compartment,  contained  human  remains 
of  men,  women,  and  children,  with  several  vases,  bone  instru- 
ments, and  a  celt ;  but  some  of  the  pottery  belonged  to 
m-ns,  of  which  portions  had  been  found  in  other  parts  of  the 
cromlech. 

Great  diversity  of  shape  was  here  observed,  as  had  been 
remarked  at  L'ancresse.  Two  of  these  urns  are  here  repre- 
sented— one  apparently  to  hold  liquid,  the  other  food. 


The  cromlech  represented  at  the  head  of  this  article  is 
called  "the  Trepied,"  a  name  sufficiently  modern  to  denote 
the  loss  of  its  original  appellation.  It  is  of  an  oblong  figm-e  and 
was  covered  by  three  or  fom*  capstones,  the  principal  of  Avhich 
remains  in  its  place,  the  others  have  fallen  in.  Jars,  human 
bones,  and  flint  arrow-heads,  were  found  in  the  interior.  The 
character  of  the  pottery  bore  a  strong  resemblance  to  that 
discovered  in  several  places  in  the  island  of  Herm,  the  urns 
usually  being  tidip-shaped,  with  a  few  markings  and  borders 
of  irregular  patterns,  evidently  done  by  the  hand.  In  com- 
paring these  ornamental  designs  Avith  those  found  at  Du  Tus, 
Le  Creux  des  Fees,  and  at  Carnac  in  Brittany,  it  was  interesting 
to  observe  the  same  ideas  and  the  same  mode  of  producing 
the  pattern.  The  streaks  are  in  these  instances  made  with  a 
similar  instrument,  and  universally  an  interrupted  and  indented 
marking ;  its  frequent  occurrence  in  the  pottery  of  this  period, 
induces  the  opinion  that  it  was  better  calculated  for  the  pur- 
pose of  receiving  the  encaustmn  used.  The  encausfic  borders 
on  vases  discovered  at  Carnac  arc  more  frequently  met  Avith  in 
Brittany  than  with  us,  but  we  perceive  the  same  design  on  l)oth, 

^  Viilp  p.  14(5. 


OF  THE  CHANNEL  ISLANDS. 


229 


although  from  some  accidental  cause,  the  euamelling  was  not 
always  completed. 


The  two  vases  here  shcAA^n  arc  of  similar  clay,  the  plain  one 
from  the  Trepied,  that  with  markings  from  Du  Tus  ;  these  will 
serve  as  the  type  for  the  prevailing  shape  of  the  broad  mouth 
m'ns  found  at  Le  Creux  des  Fees,  and  in  several  of  the  smaller 
cromlechs  in  Herm  and  Guernsey. 

It  is  however  proper  to  remark,  that  the  scored  patterns,  with 
what  is  sometimes  called  the  dotted,  were  more  observed  in  the 
principal  cromlech  at  L'ancresse  than  in  any  other,  the  clay 
being  either  merely  impressed  or  cleanly  cut  out;  and  these  marks 
were  found  on  that  sort  which  bore  the  appearance  of  greater 
antiquity.  At  Carnac,  amidst  an  abundance  of  pottery  of  the 
former  quality,  only  one  fragment  of  this  last  was  discovered. 


■''r.itnfiX     k 


These  urns  were   taken  from    the   jirincipal    cromlech  at 

H   h 


230  ON  THE  PRIMEVAL   ANTIQUITIES 

L'aiicressc ;  they  are  of  the  finer  sort  of  cL^y,  and  appear  en- 
tu'ely  done  by  the  hand  without  any  mould  or  lathe. 

The  round  and  oval  compressed  clay-beads  discovered  at 
L'ancresse,  as  well  as  at  Carnac,  cannot  but  excite  enquiiy  as 
to  their  use ;  their  size  would  render  them  inconvenient  to  be 
worn  round  the  neck  as  ornaments,  but  if  used  only  at  the 
funeral  rites,  they  would  tend  to  express  the  feelings  of  the 
attendants  on  those  mournful  occasions,  and,  as  we  observe  in 
the  customs  of  other  nations,  they  would  be  laid  with  the 
remains  left  in  the  sepulchre.  Stone  and  bone  annulets  were 
also  found  with  them;  the  former  are  of  serpentine,  clay- 
slate,  and  lapis  ollaris,  and  are  known  among  the  country- 
people  as  "  Les  rouettes  des  Feetaux ;"  these  were  worn,  and 
perhaps  believed  to  possess  some  preservative  charm,  as  the 
amulet  of  after  ages.  A  few  beads  of  bone  were  also  dis- 
covered. 

The  form  and  quality  of  the  earthen  vessels  denote  a  very 
early  attempt  of  that  art  which  in  other  parts  of  the  world  had 
arrived  at  a  high  state  of  perfection.  The  vases  of  Greece  and 
Rome  possess  all  the  qualifications  to  distinguish  them  from 
those  of  the  Barbarians  of  the  west.  The  very  coarse  material 
used  by  the  latter,  and  the  laboured  devices  seen  on  their  sides, 
effected  at  the  expense  of  much  time  and  rude  contrivance, 
convey  to  the  mind  those  equally-labom'ed  engravings  on  the 
war-clubs  of  the  Indians  of  the  Southern  ocean,  the  similarity 
of  the  ornaments  also  producing  the  same  conviction  of  the  very 
primitive  attempts  at  ornamental  design.  There  is,  however, 
enough  left,  amidst  the  mass  of  fragments  of  the  pottery  of  this 
period,  to  mark  an  improvement  in  the  taste  of  design,  as  well 
as  in  the  quality  of  the  clay  used.  Some  of  the  Celtic  pottery 
in  my  possession  is  scarcely  inferior  to  some  Roman  jars 
discovered  near  Etaples  in  France,  which  may  be  dated  about 
the  period  of  the  invasion  of  Britain  by  Caesar. 

The  paucity  of  models  and  design  may  stigmatize  the  first 
occupiers  of  Britain  and  Gaul,  but  we  nmst  not  lose  sight  of 
their  simple  state  of  life,  the  absence  of  luxury  and  ease,  and 
the  infancy  of  taste  and  genius ;  a  fair  estimate  may  thus  be 
f(jrnu  (1  of  the  primitive  race  of  these  countries,  and  it  may  be 
seen  that  they  do  not  fall  below  the  standard  of  the  early  in- 
habitants of  Italy  or  Greece. 

The  cromlech  situate  on  the  promontory  of  Le  Ree,  named 
Le  Crcux  des  Fees,  is  open  at  the  eastern  end,  through  which 


OF  THE  CHANNEL  ISLANDS.  231 

you  enter  into  a  fine  chamber  of  7  feet  in  height,  covered  by 
two  blocks  of  granite,  each  10  feet  wide  by  15  in  length. 
At  the  entrance  it  is  only  2  feet  8  inches  wide,  but  increases 
to  1 1  feet  within  the  interior,  a  row  of  upright  stones  on  each 
side  forming  a  passage  leading  into  it ;  about  midway  was  found 
a  step  across  the  avenue,  but  whether  any  separation  once 
existed,  so  as  to  form  an  additional  chamber,  could  not  be 
determined.  In  exploring  this  in  1840,  numerous  jars  and  m-ns 
were  discovered,  a  few  bones  and  ashes  were  strewed  about  the 
floor,  fragments  of  several  vessels  of  good  pottery  were  found, 
bearing  the  same  designs  as  those  of  Carnac  and  other  similar 
structures  in  the  nortli  part  of  Guernsey  and  Herm. 

On  another  hill  in  the  parish  of  the  Vale,  may  be  seen  one 
remaining  capstone,  13  feet  long,  by  6  wide,  which,  accord- 
ing to  tradition,  formed  part  of  a  celebrated  cromlech  of 
nine  stones,  perhaps  the  largest  in  these  islands.  The  name 
by  which  it  was  known  to  our  forefathers  is  significant  of 
some  property  inherent  or  accidently  pertaining  to  some  one 
of  the  stones  composing  this  Celtic  remains  :  "La  roche  qui 
Sonne"  was  ascribed  to  it  from  the  soimd  which  issued  from 
the  hollow  chamber  beneath  it,  when  struck  on  the  surface. 
Urged  by  the  value  of  the  material,  the  former  proprietor  of 
this  monument  endeavom-ed  to  accomplish  that  which  time 
and  the  elements  had  been  unable  to  perform.  The  same 
year,  however,  his  dear-bought  temerity  was  arrested  by  his 
dwelling-house  being  destroyed  by  fire,  and  some  of  the 
inmates  falling  a  prey  to  the  devoiuing  flames  !  This  ill-fated 
coincidence  has  left  an  indelible  impression  on  the  minds  of 
the  country  people,  who  relate  the  event,  and  the  antiquary 
may  rest  assured  that  the  remaining  portion  of  this  once 
venerated  cromlech  wiU  be  left  for  many  years  yet,  to  point 
to  the  spot  where  stood  the  mysterious  "  Roche  qui  sonne !" 
Under  this  capstone  several  vases  were  discovered  in  the 
lowest  part,  or  primeval  deposit,  above  which,  however,  a  metal 
bracelet,  in  the  form  of  a  torques,  as  also  one  made  of  jet,  were 
found.  In  this  spot  Avas  a  small  coarse  earthen  vessel,  not 
unlike  a  jug  with  one  handle,  being  the  only  one  of  that 
description  met  with  dm'ing  oiu*  explorings  in  these  islands  ! 

The  performance  of  superstitious  rites  and  acts  of  devotion 
in  or  near  Druidical  remains  may  very  properly  be  admitted, 
but  it  seems  proper  to  limit  these  to  certain  spots  and  objects, 
and  perhaps  the  Scriptm-al  account  of  worshipping  "  stocks  and 


232  ON  THE  PRIMEVAL  ANTIQUITIES,  &C. 

stones"  may  be  very  correctly  applied  to  these  nations  in  this 
dark  era.  On  the  plain  of  L'ancresse,  in  sight  of  three  or  four 
cromlechs,  is  a  cairn  of  granite  blocks,  noAv  much  reduced  in 
height,  still  called  "  La  Rocque  Belen"  or  Balan ;  a  name  too 
significant,  and  of  too  frequent  occurrence  in  Celtic  districts, 
to  be  overlooked.  At  a  short  distance  from  this  spot  is 
another  object  perhaps  of  former  idolatrous  veneration,  retain- 
ing the  title  of  "La  Fountaine  des  Druides,"  not  far  from 
which,  according  to  the  late  Mr.  Joshua  Gosselin,  there  was  a 
fine  rocking-stone,  now  destroyed.  Such  a  variety  of  objects 
and  localities,  denoting  remains  associated  Avith  paganism, 
w^ithin  a  short  distance  from  each  other,  can  scarce  be  the 
effect  of  accident.  The  proximity  of  Christian  chapels,  built 
almost  on  the  very  site  of  these  places  in  the  first  years  of 
missionary  exertions,  is  a  fact  which  also  deserves  notice. 
The  large  cromlech  and  circle  of  Du  Tus,  or  De  Hus,  is 
on  the  same  hill  as  the  fu'st  Christian  chapel,  built  by  St. 
Maglorius,  on  the  then  island  of  the  Vale ;  and  the  spot  on 
which  the  priest's  house  was  situate,  is  called  "  Paradis," 
perhaps  in  contradistinction  to  the  favomite  haunt  of  the 
pagan  worshipper,  who  still  held  some  secret  veneration  for 
his  former  associations  :  nor  is  this  a  singular  instance  in  these 
islands,  for  it  may  be  seen  that  nearly  all  the  fust  Christian 
establishments  are  near  to  those  places  which  still  retain 
Druidical  remains. 

The  great  variety  of  vessels  usually  discovered  within  these 
tombs,  were  intended  to  contain  food  and  presents,  as  offerings 
to  the  manes  of  the  dead;  the  abundant  distribution  of  limpet 
shells  throughout  the  cromlechs  of  the  Channel  islands,  would 
in  like  manner  lead  to  the  same  conclusion,  this  shell  fish 
having  been  very  generally  used  as  food  from  the  earliest 
period.  r.  c.  lukis. 


REMAINS  OF  SHOBDON  OLD  CHURCH, 
HEREFORDSHIRE. 


^  njUunJ  Ui 


Bight  Tympanum  of  the  remains  of  the  ancient  Church  of  Shchdou. 


The  negligence  and  archaeological  ignorance  of  the  last  cen- 
tury was  much  more  fatal  to  our  national  monuments  than  even 
the  religious  excitement  of  the  period  which  immediately  fol- 
lowed the  Reformation.  The  number  of  early  buildings, 
especially  churches,  which  were  sacrificed  to  the  love  of 
novelty,  was  greater  than  we  can  easily  conceive.  It  is  one 
of  the  chief  objects  of  the  British  Archseological  Association  to 
put  a  stop  to  this  wanton  destruction,  and  it  is  conceived  that 
this  object  will  be  more  effectually  secured  by  spreading  in- 
formation and  a  taste  for  the  monuments  of  the  arts  of 
former  days,  than  by  more  direct  interference,  except  in  cases 
where  the  latter  is  necessary  to  stop  immediate  destruction. 
]\Iany  interesting  antiquities  have  escaped  the  danger  which 
threatened  them  from  the  contempt  of  our  fathers ;  and  not  a 
few  of  them,  concealed  in  remote  nu-al  districts,  have  not  yet 
met  the  eyes  of  those  who  are  able  fully  to  appreciate  them. 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  om'  Jom-nal  will  be  the  means  of  bring- 
ing manv  of  these  unobserved  monuments  into  notice,  and 


234         REMAINS  OF  SHOBDON  OLD  CHURCH. 

with  tliis  feeling  we  invite  om-  friends  and  correspondents  to 
communicate  drawings  and  descriptions  of  such  remarkable 
and  interesting  monuments,  ecclesiastical  or  civil,  as  may 
come  under  their  observation. 

The  subject  of  the  present  paper  can  hardly  be  said  to  be 
an  existing  monument.  Shobdon  is  a  pretty  viUage  in 
Herefordshire,  a  few  miles  to  the  north-west  of  Leominster, 
the  property  of  Lord  Batcman.  The  ancient  church  was 
pulled  clown,  (for  what  reason  is  totally  unknown,)  about  the 
middle  of  the  last  century  (in  1753),  to  give  place  to  a  new 
building,  in  which  the  old  tower  seems  to  have  been  pre- 
served, though  now  almost  hidden  by  the  modern  improve- 
ments. The  old  edifice  appears  to  have  been  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  Norman  churches  in  the  island,  and  the  late  Lord 
Bateman  was  so  struck  with  the  singularity  of  its  sculptm'ed 
ornaments,  that  he  caused  the  three  principal  arches  to  be 
carefully  preserved  and  re-erected  in  his  park,  where  they  still 
remain. 

The  original  chm^ch  of  Shobdon,  to  which  these  remains 
belonged,  was  built  about  the  year  1141  *,  previous  to  which 
the  only  ecclesiastical  building  at  Shobdon  was  a  chapel  of 
St.  Juliana,  constructed  of  wood,  and  dependant  upon  the 
neighbouring  church  of  Aymestrey.  Oliver  de  Merlimond,  a 
Herefordshire  knight,  obtained  the  manor  of  Shobdon  of  the 
powerful  lord  of  Wigmore,  Uoger  de  Mortimer,  and  having 
bought  of  the  parson  of  Aymestrey  his  ecclesiastical  rights 
over  the  district,  he  founded  there  a  small  priory,  and  built 
the  edifice  of  which  we  are  speaking  to  serve  as  the  priory 
chiu-ch.  The  fate  of  his  monastic  establishment  was  some- 
what eventfid  ;  amid  the  feuds  of  the  border  the  monks  were 
driven  from  one  spot  to  another  until  they  settled  at  Wigmore 
and  grew  into  a  famous  abbey ''. 

The  remains  of  Shobdon  church  in  their  present  state,  which 
are  interestuig  only  as  beautiful  specimens  of  Norman  orna- 
mental sculpture,  consist  of  three  arches  with  their  various 
appendages,  and  appear  to  have  been  reconstructed  with 
tolerable  exactness.  The  middle  arch,  which  is  much  larger 
than   the   two   others,    was   probably  the   one   which   sepa- 

"  The  reasons  for  fixing  this   date  are  ^'  Their  history  forms  the  suhject  of  a 

stated  in  the  History  of  Ludh)vv   and  its  curious    narrative    in     Norman     French, 

Neisi;hbourhood,l)y  the  writer  of  the  ])reseiit  ))rinted  witli    a   literal   translation    in   the 

article,  p.  95,  (now  in  the  course  of  publi-  work  just  quoted, 
cation.) 


REMAINS  OF  SIIOBDON  OLD    CHURCH . 


23: 


rated  the  nave  from  tlie  chancel.  The  two  smaller  arches, 
one  placed  on  each  side  of  the  larger  arch,  were  perhaps  the 
two  doorways  of  the  original  building.  Two  tympanums, 
each  adorned  with  very  bold  and 
fine  bas-reliefs,  are  also  preserved, 
but  they  do  not  appear  to  belong 
to  the  two  smaller  arches,  if  we 
may  judge  from  their  present  ap- 
pearance. That  on  the  right  of 
the  larger  arch  is  represented  in 
the  cut  (No.  1.)  at  the  head  of 
this  article ;  it  represents  the 
Deity,  seated  within  a  round  au- 
reole or  glory,  sup]Jorted  by  four 
angels.  The  left  tympanum  con- 
tains an  allegorical  group  of  figures. 
The  pillars  supporting  the  arches 
display  an  extraordinary  richness 
of  ornament,  of  the  character  of 
which  some  idea  may  be  formed 
from  the  fragments  given  in  our 
woodcuts  :  it  consists  of  figures 
of  men,  animals,  dragons,  foliage 
gracefully  arranged,  elegant  knot- 
ted work,  and  various  kinds  of  tra- 
cery. Om*  specimens  are  all  taken 
from  the  shafts  of  the  middle  or  chancel-arch,  which  is  sup- 
ported by  three  pillars  on  each  side.  The  first  or  outer  pillar 
on  the  left-hand  side  (part  of  which  is  represented  in  the  cut 
No.  2.)  is  a  slender  shaft  of  scroll-work,  with  a  capital,  on 
which  is  sculptured  the  dragon,  which  occurs  so  frequently 
in  Anglo-Saxon  and  Anglo-Norman  iconography.  The  next 
pillar  (No.  3.)  is  ornamented  with  figures  of  men  supposed  to 
represent  Welsh  knights,  arranged  in  couples  and  interAvoven 
with  tracery.  Similar  figures  are  found  among  the  sculptures 
on  the  south  door  of  the  church  of  Kilpeck*^  on  the  southern 


No.  2.     I'irst  PUlar  on  the  left  of  tlie  large  Arch 
of  Shobdon  Church. 


•^  All  the  sculptures  of  this  curious  church 
are  reprcscuted  in  their  niiiuitcst  details 
in  Mr.  G.  R.  Lewis's  carefully-executed 
"  Illustrations  of  Kilpcck  Church."  i\[r. 
Lewis  (whose  talents  as  an  artist  are  uni- 
versally known  and  appreciated)  has  made 


a  complete  series  of  drawings  of  the  still 
more  remarkable  ornaments  of  the  remains 
of  Shobdon  church,  from  which  he  has 
kindly  permitted  us  to  select  the  examples 
given  in  our  article.  It  is  his  intention  to 
publish  them  by  subscription  in  the  same 


236 


REMAINS  OF  SHOBDON  OLD  CHURCH. 


border  of  Herefordshire,  and  I 
am  told  that  they  are  found  on 
other  monuments  on  the  borders 
of  Wales.  The  late  Mr.  Gage 
Rokewode  called  attention  to  the 
singularity  of  these  figures  as 
represented  in  the  sculptures  at 
Kilpeck,  in  a  communication  to 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in 
1842'',  and  pointed  out  the  re- 
markable character  of  the  cos- 
tume. In  the  figm-es  at  Kilpeck 
church,  (built  about  1135,  and 
therefore  contemporary  with  those 
at  Shobdon,)  the  cap  or  helmet  (a 
sort  of  Phrygian  bonnet)  is  seen 
to  more  advantage  than  in  those 
at  Shobdon,  from  the  circum- 
stance of  the  heads  being  repre- 
sented in  profile.  The  rest  of 
the  dress  is  precisely  the  same, 
except  that  in  the  Shobdon  figm^es 
it  appears  to  be  more  ornamented, 
and  that  the  knotted  belts  of  the 
knights  of  Kilpeck  are  wanting.  The  two  figures  at  Kilpeck  are 
armed  respectively  with  a  sword  and  a  kind  of  mace :  one  of 
those  represented  in  our  cut  has  a  club,  and  the  other  Shobdon 
knights  have  similar  weapons.  The  close  vests,  trousers,  and 
shoes,  are  very  peculiar  to  these  figures,  and  of  rare  occurrence 
elsewhere.  Mr.  Rokewode  points  out  some  resemblance 
between  this  costume  and  that  of  the  ancient  Britons,  as 
described  by  old  writers,  and  as  represented  on  some  of  the 
Roman  coins  of  the  Britannic  type.  The  resemblance  is 
perhaps  rather  imaginary  than  real.  The  third  or  inner 
pillar  of  the  large  arch  at  Shobdon  is  much  larger  than  the 
others  :  the  ornaments  of  the  one  on  the  right  side,  of  which  a 


No.  3,  Figures  of  Welsh  Knights,  from  Shobdon. 


form  as  his  work  on  Kilpeck,  and  we  heartily 
wi.sh  tliatlie  may  obtain  a  sufficient  number 
of  subscribers  to  enable  him  to  put  his  de- 
sign in  execution.  In  a  few  years,  these 
remains  may  have  fallen  into  a  hopeless 


state  of  dilapidation.  A  good  work  on  the 
architectural  antiquities  of  the  churches 
on  the  borders  of  Wales  is  much  wanted. 

■^  Printed  in  the  Archaeologia,  vol.  xxx. 
p.  (i2. 


REMAINS  OF  SHOBDON  OLD  CHURCH.         237 

compartment  is  given  in  our  cut  No.  4,  consists  of  a  variety 


iJo  4.     Fourth  Pillar  on  the  ri^ht  of  the  large  Arch,  Shobdcu  Church. 

of  knots  and  animals  (chiefly  birds)  placed  within  medallions, 
which  are  joined  together  by  faces  of  monsters.        t.  wright. 


ON    THE   MEDIEVAL   ECCLESIASTICAL 
ARCHITECTURE  OF  PARIS. 

[first  feriod.] 

The  churches  of  Paris,  as  they  now  stand,  afford  a  good 
school  for  studying  the  medieval  architectm-c  of  the  central 
part  of  France,  in  its  various  epochs ;  although,  taken  in  their 
several  details,  they  cannot  be  compared  to  many  edifices  in 
the  cities  of  the  adjacent  provinces.  Thus,  for  the  architec- 
tm*e  of  the  thu'teenth  century,  although  there  are  some 
exquisite  buildings  of  that  date  in  the  capital,  yet  there  are 
none  to  compare  to  the  cathedrals  of  Chartres  or  Rouen :  and 
the  specimens  of  the  Flamboyant  style  are  far  superior  at 

I  i 


•^38  ON  THE  MEDIEVAL  ECCLESIASTICAL 

Rouen  and  Troyes  to  anything  that  Paris  can  produce. 
Nevertheless  there  is  a  complete  series  of  buildings  in  Paris, 
from  the  time  of  the  Roman  emperor  Julian,  doA\ii  to  the  days 
of  Henri  IV.,  in  which  all  the  various  characteristics  of 
medieval  architectm^e  may  be  studied,  and  from  which  a 
tolerably  complete  idea  may  be  obtained  of  the  main  features 
of  French  ecclesiastical  architecture  in  general. 

Thus  we  have  in  this  city  the  remains  of  the  Palais  des 
Thermes,  once  the  residence  of  the  Emperor  Julian  ;  the  early 
portions  of  the  abbey  chm'ches  of  St.  Germain  des  Pres,  and 
Montmartre,  of  the  heavy  Romanesque  {Romane)  period ;  and 
the  later  portions  of  the  same  buildings,  with  the  earlier  ones 
of  Notre  Dame,  St.  Julien  le  Pauvre,  and  St.  Severin,  for  the 
style  contemporary  with  our  earliest  pointed;  and  then  the 
later  parts  of  the  catheckal,  with  the  Sainte  Chapelle, 
equivalent  to  Salisbury ;  a  blank  occm'S  in  the  period  corre- 
sponding to  our  Decorated,  unless  those  portions  of  Notre 
Dame  which  were  erected  during  the  fom'teenth  century,  may 
be  considered  as  filling  up  the  vacuum ;  and  indeed  it  may  be 
remarked  that  the  complete  pointed  style,  such  as  is  developed 
in  England  at  the  east  end  of  Lincoln  cathedral,  and  in 
France  at  Amiens,  is  that  which  prevailed  there  until  after 
the  expulsion  of  the  English  in  the  fifteenth  century,  and  the 
rise  of  the  Burgundian  or  Elamboyant  style.  This  latter  style 
is  well  illustrated  in  Paris,  from  its  earliest  to  its  latest  epoch, 
(being  the  French  equivalent  of  om'  Perpendicular,)  in  the 
churches  of  St.  Severin,  St.  Gervais,  St.  Mery,  St.  Germain 
I'Auxerrois,  &c.  The  style  of  the  Renaissance  is  most  splendidly 
exemplified  in  the  churches  of  St.  Eustache,  and  St.  Lam*ent, 
while  there  are  numerous  civil  buildings  from  the  Hotel  de 
Sens,  and  the  Hotel  de  Cluny,  to  the  Tuileries,  and  the  Hotel 
de  Ville,  tending  to  complete  the  series  for  the  portions 
extending  from  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  to  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  centuries. 

If  we  were  to  extend  om'  researches  beyond  the  walls  of 
Paris,  so  as  to  include  the  medieval  edifices  of  a  circle  of  ten 
miles  radius,  a  series  quite  as  interesting  and  nearly  as  rich 
as  that  of  the  capital  itself,  woidd  be  found;  for  it  would 
comprise  many  valuable  specimens  of  the  Romanesque  and 
early  pointed  styles,  and  would  number  among  its  treasm'es 
the  abl)ey  church  of  St.  Denis,  to  which  Paris  has  nothing  to 
compare.     Without,  therefore,  by  any  means  intending  to  say 


ARCHITECTURE  OF  PARIS.  239 

that  the  student  of  French  mc(l^e^•al  arcliitccturc  should  limit 
his  enquiries  to  Paris  (he  should,  as  a  matter  of  necessity,  visit 
Caen,  Kouen,  Chartres,  Strashurg,  Bourges,  &c.  and  that  rich 
mine  of  architectural  wealth,  the  southern  and  south-western 
portion  of  France),  we  would  encourage  any  antiquarian  visitor 
of  the  French  metropolis  to  examine  its  medieval  buildings, 
for  he  need  not  fear  to  obtain  therefrom  much  valuable  arclii- 
tcctm-al  information.  For  the  aid  of  any  such  person  we  sub- 
join a  few  notes  on  the  principal  ecclesiastical  edifices  of  Paris 
now  remaining*. 

St.  Germain  des  Pres. — This  abbatial  chm'ch  ranks  as 
the  earliest  of  any  now  extant  in  Paris,  although  there  are 
portions  of  decorations  belonging  to  the  church  of  INIontmartre 
which  are  of  a  still  more  remote  epoch.  The  deed  of  founda- 
tion was  dated  A.D.  550,  and  the  builchngs  of  the  church 
with  the  abbey  were  finished  A.D.  557,  in  Avhicli  year  the 
dedication  Avas  made  by  St.  Germanus  himself.  The  church 
and  abbey  were  pillaged  by  the  Normans  in  A.D.  845,  857, 
858,  and  burnt  in  A.D.  861,  885.  Although  the  church  was 
not  entirely  destroyed,  a  new  one  was  founded  by  the  Abbot 
Morard,  A.D.  1014,  and  this  was  finally  completed  and  dedi- 
cated by  Pope  Alexander  III.,  A.D.  11G3.  Of  the  original 
church  a  portion  probably  remains  under  the  western  tower, 
where  a  massive  arch,  low  and  perfectly  plain,  supports  the 
eastern  wall  of  that  part  of  the  edifice.  The  nave  is  most 
probably  of  the  date  1014,  and  the  choir  of  the  final  date  of 
1163.  Nearly  all  the  abbatial  buildings,  except  this  church 
and  the  abbot's  lodgings  (of  the  time  of  Louis  XIII.),  \yiih. 
the  well-known  monastic  prison  called  L'Abba3'e,  have  perished. 
The  church  is  cruciform,  with  a  circular  cast  end,  and  a  single 
aisle  running  all  round.  At  the  east  end  is  a  circular-ended 
Lady  chapel,  and  chapels  join  on  all  round  the  aisles  of  the 
choir.  Innnediately  to  the  east  of  the  transe})t,  on  the 
northern  and  southern  sides  of  the  edifice,  stood  two  lofty 
towers  ending  in  s})ires,  which  Avei'e  unnecessarily  taken  down 
by  an  ignorant  architect  within  the  present  century,  and  are 
now  only  on  a  level  with  the  walls  of  the  church  ;  at  the  west 
end  a  single  toAver,  capped  Avith  a  spire,  is  still  standing. 
Considerable  damage  Avas  done  to  the  nave  and  transepts  in 

^  The  daniaoje  done  at  the  Revolution  the  finest  clmn-lies  in  tlic  city  were,  liow- 
was  innncvap,  but  it  fell  more  on  convcn-  ever,  then  either  destroyed  or  irreparably 
tual  than  on  parochial  edifices.     Some  of      defaced. 


240  ON  THE  MEDIEVAL  ECCLESIASTICAL 

the  seventeenth  century  by  aherations  mtended  for  improve- 
ments ;  and  during  the  Revohition  the  church  was  exposed  to 
destruction  by  worse  enemies  than  the  Normans,  for  the 
repubhcan  Commune  turned  it  into  a  depot  for  saltpetre  and 
other  chemical  products,  and  an  accidental  fire  caused  great 
damage  to  it.  The  edifice  was,  however,  repaired  after  the 
Restoration,  and  is  now  about  to  undergo  a  farther  and  a 
more  scientific  restoration  than  it  has  ever  yet  received. 

The  nave  is  exceedingly  plain,  consisting  of  simple  arcades 
with  a  clerestory  above,  and  with  round  piers  capped  with 
rudely  executed  capitals.  The  ornaments  on  these  capitals 
are  generally  allegorical  representations  of  men  and  animals ; 
but  the  original  capitals  are  no  longer  in  sifii :  they  were  so 
much  dilapidated  as  to  render  the  execution  of  new  facsimiles 
indispensable,  a  task  performed  in  a  creditable  manner.  The 
ancient  capitals  are  kept  in  the  National  Archaeological 
Museum  of  the  Palais  des  Thermes  ;  all  the  arches  are  circular, 
perfectly  plain.  The  choir  possesses  a  triforium,  with  square- 
headed  openings  extending  the  width  of  each  bay,  but  chvided 
by  a  smaU  shaft  in  the  middle,  and  above  are  pointed  equi- 
lateral windows.  The  capitals  are  here  decorated  in  the  most 
sumptuous  variety  of  medieval  taste,  comprising  every  variety 
of  beautifully  executed  foliage,  birds,  human  heads  amidst  the 
leaves,  and  other  devices,  afibrding  one  of  the  richest  speci- 
mens extant  of  the  late  Homane  or  rather  earliest  pointed  style. 
Here  the  circular  arch  mixes  freely  with  the  pointed,  and  it  is 
evidently  a  specimen  of  the  transition  from  one  system  of 
curves  to  the  other.  The  chm'cli  was  exceedingly  rich  in 
tombs  of  every  dcscri})tion  : — but  few  now  remain, — and  none 
of  the  medieval  epochs.  This  is  in  many  respects  the  most 
interesting  church  of  Paris :  and  the  most  ample  archae- 
ological information  concerning  it  is  to  be  found  in  Dom. 
Bouillard's  History  of  the  abbey,  A.D.  1733. 

MoNTMARTRE. — Tliis  church,  although  outside  the  muni- 
cipal walls  of  Paris,  has  always  been  so  intimately  connected 
with  the  capital  that  it  may  be  considered  as  part  of  it,  and 
more  es])ccially  now  that  the  military  lines  have  included  the 
hill  of  Montniartre  within  their  circuit.  The  precise  date  of 
the  earliest  portion  of  the  existing  edifice  is  not  clearly  ascer- 
tained. It  has  been  built  over  the  spot  where  St.  Denis  was 
said  to  have  been  martyred,  [Uid  it  is  known  that  a  conventual 
establishment,  with  probably  a  chapel  on  the  site  of  the  pre- 


ARCHITECTURE  OF  PARIS.  2-il 

sent  edifice,  existed  there  in  the  time  of  Louis  le  Gros.  This 
monarch  removed  the  monks  to  the  chm'ch  of  St.  Denis  de 
la  Chartre,  and  then  founded  a  new  convent  for  an  abbess  and 
sixty  nuns  in  A.D.  1134.  Pope  Eugenius  III,  assisted  by 
St.  Bernard  and  Peter  the  Venerable,  dedicated  the  new 
church  in  A.D.  1147,  and  this  date  tallies  well  with  nearly 
all  the  portions  of  the  chmx'h  now  standing :  a  few  alterations 
in  the  vaulting  of  the  nave  were  made  in  the  fifteenth  centmy. 
The  abbatial  buildings  have  nearly  all  been  destroyed:  the 
church  itself  consists  of  a  nave  and  side  aisles,  and  a  small 
circular  choir  at  the  east  end.  The  aisles  also  terminate  in 
circular  chapels.  The  oldest  portions  of  the  edifice  are  four 
Roman  columns  of  fine  marble,  mth  capitals  of  the  Debased 
style  common  to  the  Lower  Empire,  which  were  probably 
removed  hither  from  a  neighboming  temple  of  j\lars  that  stood 
on  the  hill :  two  of  these  columns  are  at  the  west  end  of  the 
church,  and  two  at  the  entrance  of  the  choir.  On  the  capital 
of  one  at  the  west  end,  a  cross  has  been  cut.  The  nave 
possesses  a  triforium,  until  lately  blocked  up  with  human  skulls 
and  bones,  and  a  mutilated  clerestory  above,  the  triforium  and 
the  capitals  of  the  piers  resembling  closely  those  of  St.  Germain 
des  Pres.  The  choir  is  of  the  purest  early  pointed  style,  but 
the  capitals  of  the  shafts  in  this  and  in  the  other  parts  of  the 
building  retain  a  character  of  an  earlier  period  than  that  of 
theii-  presumed  execution.  The  whole  of  this  edifice  is  to  be 
thoroughly  restored.  Although  its  annals  are  sufficiently 
interesting  in  an  ecclesiastical  point  of  view,  its  monmnental 
history  seems  always  to  have  been  rather  poor. 

St.  Julien  le  Pauvre. — This  small  clnu'ch  stands  within 
the  enclosm-e  of  the  Hotel  Dieu,  and  dates  from  the  early 
part  of  the  twelfth  century,  though  the  precise  year  of  its 
dedication  is  not  known.  Gregory  of  Tours  speaks  of  a 
basilica  as  standing  on  this  spot,  but  no  traces  of  any  building 
of  so  early  a  date  as  the  sixth  century  are  now  to  be  met  with. 
It  consists  of  a  central  and  single  side  aisles,  all  terminating 
in  circular  apses,  -vdth  a  clerestory  continued  above  all  the 
arcades  of  the  central  aisle  and  apse.  The  arches  of  the  main 
piers  are  cu'cular,  and  the  capitals  are  of  the  same  style  as 
those  of  Notre  Dame  and  St.  Germain  des  Pres ;  the  clerestory 
windows  are  pointed,  and  of  much  wider  proportions  than 
were  usual  in  England  at  that  period.  At  the  east  end  of  the 
chui'ch  is  a  holy  well. 


242      ON  THE  MEDIEVAL  ECCLESIASTICAL  ARCHITECTURE,  &C. 

St.  Martin  des  Champs. — Parts  of  the  church  of  this  im- 
mense monastic  estabhshment, — pai'ticnlarly  the  side  aisles 
and  the  eastern  end, — are  of  the  Bomane  style,  and  are  pro- 
bably of  a  date  as  early  as  the  twelfth  century ;  the  major 
part  of  the  edifice  is,  however,  of  the  thirteenth,  and  the  grand 
refectory,  still  standing,  forms  a  chef-d'renvre  of  the  same 
centnry.  It  is  known  that  a  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Martin, 
stood  here  in  the  seventh  centnry,  but  Henri  I.  rebuilt  the 
whole,  and  Philip  I.  constituted  it  into  a  priory  of  Cluniac 
monks  A.D.  1079.  The  church,  now  much  degraded,  is  hard 
to  be  made  out,  from  its  being  used  as  a  magazine  for  the 
Ecole  des  Arts  et  Metiers,  but  the  refectory  has  been  appro- 
priated as  a  school,  and  with  its  beautiful  reading  pulpit,  and 
single  row  of  slender  shafts  running  down  the  middle  of  the 
apartment  to  support  the  vaulting,  produces  a  most  exquisite 
effect.  The  details  are  worked  out  with  great  care  and 
delicacy. 

Notre  Dame. — The  earlier  parts  of  this  building,  including 
the  lower  portions  of  the  western  front,  the  piers  of  the  nave, 
choir,  and  aisles,  date  from  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century ; 
and,  though  they  are  on  the  very  limits  of  the  circular  and 
pointed  styles,  or  rather  associated  with  the  latter,  entitle 
the  cathedral  to  be  considered  one  of  the  earliest  buildings  in 
the  capital.  The  high  Altar  was  consecrated  A.D.  1182.  No 
description  of  this  well-known  edifice  is  necessary :  it  may  be 
observed,  however,  that  the  character  of  this  early  portion  of 
the  architecture  is  very  good,  rich,  and  massive,  and  that  the 
ornamental  parts  are  executed  with  great  taste  and  skill.  A 
considerable  portion  of  the  edifice,  indeed  all  that  part  which 
most  strikes  the  unprofessional  eye,  is  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, and  no  small  portion,  especially  towards  the  eastern  end, 
of  the  fourteenth,  some  even  as  late  as  the  fifteenth.  It  was  a 
building  that  advanced  very  slowly  towards  completion.  The 
whole  is  going  to  be  carefully  restored  by  the  Prench  Govern- 
ment, and  some  injudicious  alterations  made  during  the  last 
and  present  centuries  will  be  removed. 

H.  LONGUEVILLE   JONES. 


Originnl   documents, 

ILLUSTRATING  THE  ARTS,  &C.  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES. 


DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   INTERIOR   OF   A   CHAMBER 
IN  A  CASTLE. 

The  following  cimous  descriptive  account  of  the  interior  of 
a  chamber  is  taken  from  a  manuscript  of  the  fifteenth  century 
in  the  Public  Library  at  Cambridge,  containing  the  metrical 
romance  of  Su'  Degrevant.  There  is  another  copy  of  the  same 
romance  in  the  library  of  Lincoln  cathedral,  which  fmiiishes 
a  few  variations.  The  rarity  of  such  pieces  gives  consider- 
able interest  to  this  extract. 

Tlier  was  a  ryal  rooffe 
In  a  chaumber  of  loffe, 
Hyt  was  buskyd  above 

With  besauntes  ful  bryjth, 
All  ofFruel  bon^, 
AVhyjth''  oger  ^  and  parpon^, 
Mony  a  dere  wrothe  ^  stone, 

Endentyd  and  dyjth. 
Ther  men  myjth  se,  ho  that  wolde, 
Arcangeles  of  rede  golde  ^, 
fFytly  mad  of  o  s  molde, 

Lowynge  ^  ful  lyjth  ; 
With  the  Pocalyps  of  Jon, 
The  Powles  Pystoles  eveiychon. 
The  paraboles  of  Salamon, 

Payntyd  ful  173th. 

•  This  term  is  mentioned  in  Sir  Thopas  shews  both  ends.     In  Craven,  a  tliin  wall, 

and  the  ballad  of  Thomas  of  Ercildoun  as  the  stones  of  which  are   built  on  the  edge, 

the  material  of  a  saddle  ;    and  in  the  Tur-  is  called  a  par-point  :    in   Scotland,  a  wall 

nament  of  Tottenham  as  having  ornamented  in  general,  and  in  Aberdeenshire  the  parapet 

the  head-dress  of  Tibbe.    Its  precise  mean-  of  a  bridge,  is  called  a  parpane.  See  Jamie- 

ing  does  not  seem  to  be  known ;    but  it  is  son,  supp.  in  v. 
explained  by  Scott  to  be  "  the  round  bone  ^   Wrought  with  great  pains, 

of  the  knee."  f  This    probably    refers    to   the    carved 

"  With.  corbels. 

'  Ogee  mouldings.     See   Prof   Willis's  ^  One. 

Architectural  Nomenclature,  p.  11.  ''  Sinning. 

''  A    stone  through  a  thick  wall  whirh 


244  ORIGINAL  DOCUMENTS. 

And  the  foure  gospellores, 

Syttyng  on  pyllores ; 

Hend  *,  herkeneth  and  heres, 

Gyf  hyt  be  joure  wyll. 
Austyn  and  Gregory, 
Jerome  and  Ambrose, 
Thus  the  foure  doctores 

Lystened  than  tylle. 
Ther  was  purtred  ^  in  ston 
The  fylesoferes  everychon, 
The  story  of  Absolon, 

That  lykyd  fuU  ylle  ; 
With  an  orrelegge  '  one  hyjth 
To  rynge  the  ours  at  nyjth. 
To  waken  Myldore  the  bryjth, 

With  bellus  to  knylle. 

Square  wydowes  of  glas, 
The  rechest  that  ever  was, 
Tho  moyneles^o  was  off  bras, 

Made  with  menne  handes  ; 
AUe  the  walles  of  geete  ", 
With  gaye  gablettes  °  and  grete, 
Kyngges  syttyng  in  their  sete 

Out  of  sure  P  londes. 
Grete  Charles  with  the  crounne, 
Syre  Godfray  the  Boyloune, 
And  Arthur  the  Bretoune, 

With  here  bryjt  brondesi. 
The  floure  was  paned'  overal 
With  a  clere  crystal, 
And  overe  keveryd  ^  with  a  pal  \ 

Afflore"  where  she  stondes. 

Hur  bed  was  of  aszure. 
With  tester  and  celure ", 


'  Courteous  people.  "  Ornamented  canopies  or  niches. 

^  Pouvtrayed.  ''  Several. 

I  A  clock.     This  is  a  curious  notice  of  **  Swords, 

a  domestic  clock  at  an  early  period.     For  ■■  Variegated, 

further   particulars    on    early   clocks,   see  '^  Covered. 

Harrington's  paper  in  the  liflh  volume  of  '   Rich  cloth, 

the  Arclia^ologia.  "  On  the  floor. 

'"  Mulhons.  "  Canopy. 

"  .let. 


OHlfilNAL  DOCUMENTS.  215 

With  a  bryat  bordure, 

('oinpasyd  lul  clcnc  ; 
And  all  a  storye  at  hit  was 
Of  Ydoync  and  Amadas, 
Perrcyey  in  ylke  a  plas, 

And  papageyes  ^  of  grene. 
The  scochenes  ^  of  many  knyjl 
Of  gold  and  Cyprus  was  i-dyjt  •*, 
Erode  besauntes  and  bryjt, 

And  treweloves  '^  bytwene  ; 
There  was  at  hur  testere 
The  kyngcs  owne  banere  ; 
Was  nevere  bede  rychere 

Of  empryce  ne  qwene  ! 

This  romance,  which  contains  several  cimous  passages 
rchiting  to  tlie  manners  of  the  fourteenth  century,  A\ill  shortly 
])c  published  by  the  Camden  Society,  with  the  variations 
attbrded  by  the  copy  in  the  Lincoln  manuscript. 

J.   O.   IIALLIWELL. 

^  Jewelry.  ''   Prepared,  worked. 

^  Parrots.  True-love  knots. 

■■  Escutcheons. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CENTRAL  COMMITTEE 


9ttJrttig!)  ^rcj^aeological  Association. 


June  25. 


Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  stated  that  the  Council  of  the  Numismatic  Society  had  autho- 
rized him  to  present  to  the  Association  a  complete  set  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Society,  4  vols.  8vo.     London,  1 836 — 44. 

Mr.  Manby  exhibited  two  Roman  bronze  swords,  found  near  the  Roman  wall 
in  Northumberland,  and  a  Norman  sword  found  in  the  Thames,  opposite  the 
new  houses  of  parliament. 

Mr.  Wright  read  a  note  from  Mr.  John  Virtue,  of  58,  Newman-street,  accom- 
panying an  exhibition  of  two  fragments  of  Roman  red  pottery,  an  ivory  knife- 
handle,  an  earthen  jar  and  a  glass  bottle  of  the  middle  ages,  an  abbey  counter,  and 
a  piece  of  "  black  money,"  stated  to  have  been  discovered,  about  two  years  since, 
with  a  quantity  of  the  red  pottery,  and  a  considerable  number  of  gold,  silver, 
and  copper  coins,  during  the  formation  of  the  Dover  railway,  at  the  depth  of  about 
17  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  ground,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Joiner-street, 
London  Bridge. 

Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  exhibited  a  spur  and  fibula  in  bronze,  the  property  of  Mr. 
Joseph  Warren,  of  Ixworth,  Suffolk.  The  spur  is  of  the  kind  termed  "  prick- 
spur,"  but  differing  from  the  Norman  (to  which  this  term  is  usually  applied)  in 
fonn,  size,  and  general  character.  It  is  ornamented  and  studded  with  small  stones, 
or  rather  coloured  pastes.  The  ends  to  which  the  leathern  straps  were  fastened 
are  fashioned  into  the  shape  of  animals'  heads.  It  was  found  at  Pakenham,  a 
village  adjoining  Ixworth.  The  fibula  is  crucifonn,  and  four  inches  in  length, 
the  upper  and  lower  parts  terminating  in  grotesque  heads.  It  was  found  at  Ixworth. 
These  two  objects  are  considered  to  be  either  Saxon  or  Danish.  The  spur 
is  an  extremely  rare  specimen  ;  the  fibula  is  of  a  kind  common  to  the  counties  of 
Norfolk,  Suffolk,  and  Northampton,  but  in  the  southern  and  western  counties  is 
not  frequently  met  ^\ith. 

Mr.  Smith  then  read  the  following  communications  from  Mr.  Thomas  Bateman, 
jun.,  of  Bakewell,  Derbyshire  : — 

"  In  making  a  plantation  north  of  Kenslowe  wood,  near  Middleton,  on  the  19tli 
of  iVIay,  1828,  the  labourers  discovered  in  a  natural  fissure  in  the  rock  some 
human  teeth  and  bones,  mixed  with  bones  of  rats  and  other  animals,  amongst 
others  a  boar's  tusk,  all  of  which  are  now  in  my  possession.  Thinking  that  by 
nuiking  a  better  search  something  else  might  be  discovered,  in  April,  1844,  I 
cleared  all  the  soil  out  of  the  fissure,  and  found  amongst  it  some  more  human 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  247 

■bones,  wliioh  iiulicato  the  skeleton  to  be  that  of  a  female,  also  a  larg-e  quantity  of 
animal  bones,  amonp^st  wliicli  was  the  skull  either  of  a  wolf  or  larp^e  dog.  From 
the  absence  of  any  urn  or  other  article,  it  is  questionable  if  this  can  with  propriety 
be  styled  a  barrow,  but  from  the  fact  of  the  discovery  of  human  bones  I  have 
thought  it  worthy  of  record. 

"  On  the  (Hh  of  May,  1844, 1  opened  a  barrow  called  Moot  Lowe,  situated  in  a 
rocky  field  of  considerable  elevation,  about  a  mile  south-west  of  Grange  Mill. 
The  barrow  is  about  15  yards  in  diameter,  and  about  4  feet  higher  than  the  sur- 
rounding field.  We  commenced  cutting  from  the  east  side  towards  the  middle, 
at  about  four  yards  from  which  we  found,  just  under  the  turf,  on  the  left-hand  side 
olour  trench,  a  large  urn  measuring  about  16  inches  in  height,  and  13  inches  in 
diameter  at  the  mouth  ;  it  is  made  of  coarse  and  badly-baked  clay,  and  is  rudely 
ornamented  with  lines  running  in  different  directions.  When  found,  it  lay  on  one 
side,  crushed  to  pieces  from  having  lain  so  near  the  surface.  I  shall  be  able  to 
restore  it  partially,  when  I  shall  make  a  drawing  of  it,  which  I  will  send  you. 
Within  the  urn  was  a  deposit  of  burnt  bones,  amongst  which  was  a  lance  head,  or 
dagger,  of  brass,  measuring  3i  inches  in  length,  with  a  hole  at  the  lower  end,  by 
which  it  had  been  riveted  or  otherwise 
fastened  into  the  handle  ;  it  has  some- 
time been  very  highly  polished.  It  is 
here  drawn  of  the  original  size.  It 
is  remarkable  that  this  is  the  only 
brass  dagger  that  I  can  trace  as  being 
found  in  the  Derbyshire  barrows,  al- 
tliough  it  is  by  no  means  uncommon 
to  find  them  in  the  south  of  Eng- 
land, as  see  Sir  R.  C.  Hoare's  Ancient  Wiltshire,  vol.  i.  Plates  11  and  28, 
where  two  are  engraved,  very  similar  to  this  one.  A  little  nearer  the  centre  of 
the  barrow  was  a  skeleton,  with  the  knees  drawn  up,  lying  on  some  large  lime- 
stones, but  imaccompanied  by  articles  of  any  kind.  The  ground  in  the  centre 
of  the  barrow  was  at  least  four  feet  lower  than  the  natural  soil,  and  filled  up  with 
stones  without  soil,  but  nothing  was  found  there.  Dispersed  amongst  the  soil,  of 
which  the  barrow  was  in  part  composed,  were  found  teeth  of  pigs  and  other 
animals,  a  small  fragment  of  an  urn,  some  chippings  of  flint,  and  a  very  few  rat 
bones.  About  400  yards  from  the  foregoing  barrow  there  was  another  small 
barrow,  likewise  called  INIoot  Lowe,  which  was  formerly  opened  by  Mr.  Gill,  who 
(as  I  am  informed)  found  some  articles  of  gold  there.  There  is  now  very  little  of 
the  barrow  remaining ;  however,  I  examined  it  on  the  6th  of  May,  and  found  a 
few  human  bones  and  teeth,  which  had  evidently  belonged  to  two  skeletons,  and  a 
few  animal  bones  also. 

"On  the  8th  of  May,  1844,  I  opened  a  barrow  called  Sliper  Lowe,  situated  on 
Brassington  Moor.  It  is  about  twelve  yards  in  diameter,  but  very  low,  being- 
raised  scarcely  more  than  a  foot  above  the  ground  :  it  is  probably  reduced  in  height 
l)y  having  been  ploughed  over  ;  indeed,  I  am  pretty  confident  that  such  is  the 
case,  as  we  found  human  bones  "vc.  scattered  all  over  the  surface  of  the  barrow, 
just  under  the  turf,  and  broken  into  small  pieces,  no  doubt  by  being  dragged  about 
by  the  ploughshare.  We  cut  trenches  through  it  in  dift'erent  directions,  and  fouiul 
that  it  was  raised  upon  the  rock.  On  coming  to  the  middle,  we  found  a  deposit  of 
bimit  hones,  with  two  flint  arrow-heads  and  two  other  instruments  of  flint.  Pro- 
ceeding a  little  deeper,  we  discovered  a  cist  cut  in  tlie  rock,  which  contained  a 


248 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 


very  fine  urn  of  clay  rather  under-baked,  and  orna- 
mented in  a  very  uncommon  and  tasteful  manner, 
measuring  7^  inches  in  height  and  5|  inches  in 
diameter  at  the  mouth.  Under  the  urn,  and  at  the 
bottom  of  the  cist,  lay  the  skeleton  of  a  young  per- 
son, apparently  about  ten  years  of  age.  In  most  of 
the  trenches  we  cut  were  found  human  bones,  which 
had  belonged  to  three  skeletons  at  the  least,  also 
teeth  and  bones  of  various  animals,  rats,  &c.  We 
also  found  the  skull  of  a  foumart  or  polecat,  the  same 
as  those  found  in  the  barrow  at  Bull  Hill,  August 
24th,  1843,  five  instruments  and  various  chippings 
of  flint,  a  fragment  apparently  of  a  stone  celt,  and 
a  fragment  of  white  pottery  with  a  green  glaze,  all 
scattered  about  the  barrow  at  an  inconsiderable 
depth. 

"  On  the  10th  of  May,  1844,  I  made  a  farther  examination  of  Galley  Lowe, 
which  I  first  opened  on  the  30th  of  June,  1843.  We  opened  two  trenches  in  the 
thicker  end,  which  is  raised  about  five  feet  above  the  ground,  and  which  consists 
mostly  of  loose  stones,  held  up  by  a  row  of  large  limestones  set  edgeways  near  the 
bottom.  In  one  of  the  trenches,  about  three  feet  from  the  top  of  the  barrow,  and 
amongst  the  loose  stones,  was  found  a  human  skeleton,  and  near  it,  on  a  flat  stone, 
a  deposit  of  burnt  bones.  About  a  yard  farther  on,  at  the  same  depth,  was  another 
skeleton,  evidently  that  of  a  very  young  man :  both  of  them  were  unaccompanied 
by  any  kind  of  articles.  In  the  other  trench  nothing  was  found.  In  filling  up 
again  a  small  piece  of  a  coarse  urn  was  found. 

"  On  the  10th  of  June,  1844,  I  opened  a  barrow  situated  in  a  field  on  Elton 
Moor,  by  cutting  through  it  in  two  diflerent  directions,  so  as  to  leave  very  little  of 
it  unexplored.  About  the  level  of  the  ground,  in  the  centre,  we  found  a  few 
human  bones,  which  had  been  before  disturbed,  some  animal  teeth,  a  large  flint 
arrow  or  spear  head,  and  a  piece  of  a  small  urn,  neatly  ornamented.  When  near 
the  south  side  of  the  barrow,  and  about  eighteen  inches  below  the  surface  of  the 
natural  soil,  we  came  to  the  skeleton  of  an  aged  person,  the  bones  of  which  were 
very  much  decayed  ;  near  the  head  was  a  small  fragment  of  wood,  of  a  half-circular 
shape,  encased  with  iron  (it  was  at  first  like  the  half  of  a  small  egg,  the  iron  being 
the  shell,  but  it  got  broke,  and  I  have  obtained  only  a  small  piece  of  it) ;  behind  the 
skeleton  was  an  urn  of  badly  baked  clay,  very  neatly  ornamented,  which  had  been 
crushed  by  the  weight  of  the  soil,  with  which  it  was  in  some  measure  incoi"j)orated. 
Inside  the  urn  were  found,  all  in  a  heap,  one  red  and  two  light-coloured  pebbles, 
an  article  of  iron  ore,  polished,  which  was  most  probably  used  as  an  amulet,  (one 
of  the  same  material,  and  something  like  it,  was  found  in  Galley  Lowe  last  year,) 
a  small  celt  of  grey  flint,  a  cutting  instrument  of  grey  flint,  beautifully  chipped, 
no  less  than  twenty-one  flints  of  the  circular-ended  shape,  most  of  which  are  very 
neatly  chipped,  and  fifteen  pieces  of  flint  of  various  shapes,  some  of  them  arrow- 
heads. Very  few  rats'  bones  were  found  in  this  barrow,  but  there  were  some  burnt 
bones  scattered  about  the  last-mentioned  skeleton." 

Mr.  Wm.  B.  Bradfield,  of  Winchester,  forwarded  a  notice  of  a  recent  discovery 
of  indications  of  foundations  of  a  building  of  considerable  extent  in  the  meadow 
on  the  south-east  side  of  Winchester  college.  The  lines  of  foundations,  owing  to 
the  long  continuance  of  dry  weather,  are  very  distinctly  discernible,  the  grass 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  219 

growing  on  thoni  being  witlicrccl  and  1)ro\vn,  wliilo  that  on  the  ground  adjoining 
remains  fresh  and  green.  Mr.  Bradlield  considers  they  are  the  remains  of  the 
chapel  attached  to  the  college  of  St.  Elizabeth,  founded  in  1301,  l)y  John  do 
I'ontissara,  bishop  of  Winchester. 

Mr.  Way  exhibited  some  drawings  by  INIr.  J.  B.  .Jackson,  representing,  No.  1, 
an  artificial  mound  of  earth  in  the  centre  of  the  village  of  Oye,  near  Flekkefjord, 
adjoining  the  Naze  of  Norway  ;  No.  2,  a  circle  of  stones,  which,  according  to  oral 
tradition,  was  used  l)y  the  people  of  that  village  for  judicial  proceedings ;  No.  3, 
sketches  of  churches  in  the  district  of  Siredale,  and  of  large  fragments  of  stones 
(apparently  portions  of  Celtic  monuments)  in  Dorsetshire. 

Read  a  note  from  Mr.  G.  B.  Richardson  : — "  While  the  workmen  were  remov- 
ing some  panelling  at  the  Altar  of  the  church  of  St.  Nicholas,  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
during  some  late  alterations,  they  found  under  the  two  southernmost  mullions  of 
the  east  window  a  line  sculptured  t;iblet  sunk  into  the  wall,  representing  the  cruci- 
fixion, surmounted  by  a  beautiful  moulding,  and  inscribed  in  black  letter  Jltlcrti 
3II)SU.  The  face  of  the  sculpture  is  miserably  destroyed;  probably,  in  1783,  the 
workmen  chipped  it  off  in  order  to  obtain  a  flat  surface  for  the  panelling.  The 
stone,  which  appears  to  have  been  monumental,  is  about  5^  feet  in  height." 

July  10. 

Mr.  Wright  read  a  letter  from  Mr.  Robert  Cole,  of  Tokenhouse-yard,  accom- 
panying an  ancient  bronze  spur  of  the  Noniian  period,  richly  ornamented  and  set 
with  coloured  stones,  which  had  been  recently  dug  up  in  the  Isle  of  Skye  at 
Moukstot.  Mr.  Cole  remarks,  "  Mugstot,  or  Monkstodt,  is  the  seat  of  the  Mac- 
donald  family,  who  now  represent  the  celebrated  '  Kings  of  the  Isles,'  and  the 
spur,  I  luiderstand,  was  found  near  to  the  ruins  of  the  castle  of  Durtulm,  the 
stronghold  of  those  warlike  chiefs." 

Mr.  Wright  exhibited  a  wood  carving,  supposed  to  be  of  the  end  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  representing  the  entombment  of  Christ,  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr. 
John  Virtue,  of  58,  Newman-street. 

Mr.  Croker  stated  that  he  had  communicated  with  Captain  Brandreth  on  the 
subject  of  the  Saxon  barrows  destroyed  in  Greenwich  Park,  and  that  great  exaf- 
gerations  and  misrepresentations  had  appeared  in  the  public  prints.  It  appears 
that  only  twelve  bairows  had  been  cleared  away,  and  that  the  Government  has,  at 
a  sacrifice  of  S50l.,  selected  another  situation  for  the  reservoir.  Mr.  Croker  added, 
that  the  authorities  had  expressed  their  readiness  to  forward  the  objects  of  the 
Association  in  every  way  in  their  power. 

Di".  Bromet  read  a  letter  from  Thomas  Brighthomeby,  treasurer  of  the  com- 
mittee for  the  preservation  of  the  ancient  Gothic  building  raised  over  St.  Wine- 
fred's  Well  at  Holywell,  stating  the  measures  which  had  been  taken  to  secure  the 
objects  of  that  committee,  and  expressing  a  wish  to  have  the  name  of  the  British 
Archaeological  Association  in  the  list  of  subscribers.  Mr.  Pettigrew  having  made 
a  statement  of  the  present  condition  of  the  funds  of  the  Association,  it  was  moved 
by  Mr.  Croker,  seconded  by  Mr.  Wright,  and  resolved,  that  in  the  present  stage  of 
the  fonnation  of  the  Association  it  woidd  not  be  advisable  to  begin  to  subscribe 
money  towards  the  restoration  of  buildings. 

Mr.  Wright  read  a  letter  from  Mr.  Ferrey,  respecting  some  important  renova- 
tions now  taking  place  in  Wells  cathedral.  Mr.  Ferrey  promises  to  lay  before 
the  Committee  a  report  of  any  discoveries  that  may  in  consequence  be  made. 


250  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

JlLY  24. 

Mr.  Croker  read  the  followinp:  letter  from  the  Rev.  Thomas  Dean  to  Albert 
"Way,  Esq.,  respecting  the  state  of  Little  Malvern  church,  Worcestershire. 

Colwall  Green,  vcar  Ledbury,  May  31,  1844. 

Sir, — I  beg  to  draw  your  attention,  and  through  you  the  attention  of  the 
members  of  the  British  Archaeological  Association,  to  the  state  of  Little  Malvern 
church,  situate  in  the  county  and  diocese  of  Worcester.  Notwithstanding  the 
silent  ravages  of  time  and  the  rude  hand  of  the  spoliator,  this  church  contains 
many  very  valuable  remains  of  medieval  piety,  and  many  interesting  specimens  of 
Christian  ornament,  which  are  highly  deserving  of  preservation.  The  entire  re- 
storation of  this  church  is  an  object  more  to  be  desired  than  expected,  but  even 
that  is  not  impossible,  and  would  certainly  reflect  much  honour  and  consolation  to 
any  benevolent  individual  or  association  invested  with  sufficient  means  and  taste 
and  skill  to  restore  its  ancient  proportions.  The  east  window  is  a  rich  specimen  of 
the  painted  glass  of  the  fifteenth  century.  It  is  coeval  with  the  rebuilding  of  the 
church  by  Bishop  Alcock  about  the  year  1450.  This  window  originally  contained 
what  might  be  considered  a  continuous  histoiy  of  the  royal  family  of  Edward  IV. 
Several  of  the  compartments  are  still  nearly  perfect,  and  a  judicious  hand  would 
probably  be  able  to  restore  the  whole.  The  royal  arms,  those  of  Beauchamp,  of 
"Woodville,  and  of  Alcock,  then  bishop  of  AV^orcester,  and  probably  formerly  prior 
of  Little  Malvern,  are  nearly  perfect.  So  are  also  the  figures  of  the  queen  and  of 
Prince  Edward,  afterwards  Edward  V.,  who  was  murdered  in  the  Tower.  Another 
compartment,  nearly  perfect,  contains  the  figures  of  three  daughters  of  Edward  IV., 
the  eldest  of  whom,  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  afterwards  became  queen  of  Heniy  VII., 
and  united  the  hostile  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster ;  she  is  dressed  in  rich  attire,  and 
aff'ords  one  of  the  finest  specimens  now  remaining  of  the  female  costume  of  that  age. 

The  chancel  contains  some  interesting  specimens  of  the  tiles  of  the  fifteenth 
century  and  a  few  of  much  earlier  date. 

In  the  window  which  is  inserted  in  the  arch  of  the  south  aisle  there  is  a  most 
beautiful  specimen  of  painted  glass,  taken  from  some  part  of  the  ancient  church, 
which  is  probably  a  representation  of  the  first  person  in  the  Godhead;  this  figure 
is  nearly  perfect,  and  the  exquisite  beauty  of  it  is  unique. 

The  church  originally  consisted  of  a  chancel,  nave,  two  transepts,  two  side 
chapels,  and  a  sacristy  or  holy  chapel  behind  the  Altar,  of  which  there  now  remains 
only  the  chancel  and  part  of  the  nave,  the  remainder  is  entirely  in  ruins  and  over- 
grown with  ivy.  Portions  of  the  entire  walls  and  windows  remain  and  may  easily 
be  traced.  The  rood-beam  is  of  beautiful  workmanship  and  with  the  miserere 
seats  and  chancel-screen  require  attention.  The  pulpit  and  reading-desk  are  in  a 
sadly  dilapidated  and  wretched  state.  Some  of  the  pews  are  of  the  most  offensive 
character  and  disfigure  the  building. 

The  decency  requisite  for  the  due  service  of  Almighty  God  demands  that  some- 
thing should  immediately  be  done  to  restore  this  interesting  church,  which  has 
suffered  so  much  from  civil  and  religious  discord ;  but  when  the  state  of  the  parish 
and  of  the  living,  only  a  perpetual  curacy  of  £44.  10s.  per  annum,  is  taken  into 
consideration,  it  is  evident  that  local  means  are  inadequate  to  so  extensive  a  work. 
There  are  also  diflSculties  of  a  nature  which  may  in  some  degree  militate  against 
any  effort  to  restore  the  ancient  Christian  dignity  of  this  venerable  structure,  but 
I  trust  these  will  yield  to  the  influence  of  proper  feeling,  and  no  longer  embarrass 
the  eff'orts  to  renovate  this  splendid  monument  of  the  zeal  and  piety  of  our  ances- 
tors.    And  to  God  alone  be  the  glory. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  251 

If  it  be  in  your  power  to  lay  these  partieulars  before  the  members  of  the  Areluo- 
olon-ical  Association, youwill  perform  an  act  ofCiiristian  pliilanthnipy,an(lmayafrord 
some  pious  individual  an  opportunity  to  render  service  in  the  holy  cause  of  religion, 
bv  restoring  the  whole  or  some  part  of  this  interesting  structure ;  or  at  all  events 
you  may  have  an  opportunity  of  drawing  such  attention  to  the  clnu-ch  as  may  tend 
to  preserve  the  ancient  and  historical  monuments  recorded  in  the  windows,  on  the 
floor,  and  in  the  carved  work,  and  at  the  same  time  rescue  this  temple  of  Almighty 
God  from  further  dilapidation,  and  from  that  culpable  neglect  to  which  it  has  for 
so  many  years  been  subjected. 

Messrs.  Cocks  and  Biddulph,  bankers,  43,  Charing  Cross,  London,  will  kindly 
receive  any  donation  or  contribution  for  the  restoration  of  Little  Malvern  church, 
and  any  further  information  will  gratefully  be  given  on  application  to  the  Kev. 
Thomas  Dean,  Col  wall  Green,  near  Ledbury,  Herefordshire. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  Sir,  your  obedient  humble  servant, 

THOMAS  DEAN, 
Perpetual  Curate  of  Little  Malvern. 

Albert  Way,  Esq.,  Honorary  Secretary,  &c. 

Reference  having  been  made  to  fonner  proceedings,  resolved,  with  consideration 
particularly  of  the  minutes  of  the  last  meeting,  "  that  in  the  present  stage  of  the 
formation  of  the  Association,  it  would  not  be  advisable  to  begin  to  subscribe 
money  towards  the  restoration  of  buildings."  But  it  was  the  wish  of  the  meeting 
that  Mr.  Dean's  letter  should  be  answered  by  the  Secretary,  assuring  him  of  the 
interest  the  Association  felt  in  the  preservation  of  Little  Malvern  church,  and  ex- 
pressing their  regret  that  the  state  of  their  funds  does  not  enable  them  to  contri- 
bute to  its  support,  but  that  they  would  call  public  attention  to  his  communication 
in  the  Archaeological  Journal. 

A  spur  and  stirrup,  apparently  Norman,  were  exhibited  by  Mr.  J.  Perdue,  jun., 
found  at  the  bottom  of  Cottenton's  hill,  Kingsclere,  while  making  a  trench. 

Read,  a  letter  from  Mr.  Goddard  Johnson  to  Mr.  C.  E.  Smith,  with  a  drawing 
of  a  "  Gypcyere,"  or  ancient  English  stretcher  for  a  purse  or  pouch.  Mr.  Johnson 
observes : — "  The  article  was  formerly  known  by  the  name  of  '  Gypcyere,'  and 
is  noticed  under  this  name  in  the  '  Promptorium  Parvulorum,'  edited  by  Mr. 
Way,  as  well  as  by  others.  It  consisted  of  a  purse  or  pouch  attached  to  the 
stretcher  by  sewing  thereto,  through  the  holes  ;  the  pouch  was  commonly  of  leather, 
and  frequently  of  silk  with  other  costly  ornaments.  We  retain  two  old  sayings  to 
this  day  which  relate  to  and  had  their  origin  from  the  above  articles,  and  which 
we  use  without  l)eing  generally  aware  of  the  derivation,  namely,  the  tenn  '  Cut- 
purse,'  the  article  in  question  being  formerly  worn  suspended  from  a  girdle 
round  the  waist,  from  whence  the  purse  or  pouch  was  cut  off  by  the  thieves  of 
that  time,  in  lieu  of  which  we  now  have  '  pick-pockets.'  Another  saying — on 
the  frequent  application  for  money  by  the  tax  and  rate  gatherers,  as  well  as  others, 
we  have  the  common  remark  of  '  one  had  always  need  to  have  one's  purse  at  the 
girdle.'  There  is  another  set  of  articles  which  require  a  fui  ther  elucidation  of  their 
history  and  use  than  has  come  under  my  notice,  I  mean  those  known  by  the  name 
of 'roundels'  and  '  lots,' of  which  an  account  is  given  in  Gent.  Mag.,  vol.  Ixiii. 
pp.  -398,  1187  ;  Ixiv.  407,  8,  }» ;  Ixvii.  281,  and  Ixix.  498.  In  vol.  Ixiii.  they  are 
called  '  lots.'  Notwithstanding  what  is  said  in  the  above  references,  something 
nuire  is  yet  required  to  throw  further  light  upon  them." 

Mr.  Crofton  Croker  then  stated  to  the  meeting  with  reference  to  the  minutes  of 
the  committee  of  June  12,  June  25,  and  July  10th,  that  he  had  communicated 
with  the  Hon.  Sidney  Herbert,  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty,  respecting  the  idleged 


252 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 


destruction  of  the  barrows  in  Greenwich  Park,  and  that  Mr.  Herbert  infonned 
him  he  had  ah'eady  explained  this  matter  in  the  House  of  Commons.  "  The  facts 
of  the  case,"  Mr.  Croker  observed,  "  were  briefly  these.  A  tank  or  reservoir  for 
water  being  required  for  the  protection  of  Deptford  Dock-yard  and  Greenwich 
Hospital  in  case  of  fire,  a  site  was  sought  by  the  Admiralty  on  Blackheath,  and 
selected  on  a  spot  considered  to  be  most  likely  to  be  generally  unobjectionable. 
The  Board  of  Admiralty,  however,  finding  that  the  expression  of  popular  opinion 
was  against  any  encroachment  whatever  upon  the  heath,  which  was  regarded  as 
public  property,  notwithstanding  such  encroachment  would  have  been  made  for 
the  security  of  public  works,  and  that  a  suggestion  had  been  offered  at  a  public 
meeting,  that  as  Greenwich  Park  was  the  property  of  the  Crown,  it  was  the 
proper  place  for  the  intended  tank,  the  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty  was  directed 
to  communicate  with  the  earl  of  Lincoln.  Lord  Lincoln  having  represented  the 
case  to  the  Princess  Sophia,  her  Koyal  Highness'  consent  was  obtained  for  the 
appropriation  of  the  least  frequented  portion  of  Greenwich  Park  for  the  formation 
of  this  reservoir.  The  spot  selected  under  these  instructions  in  the  park  being 
objected  to  on  the  part  of  the  parishioners,  the  works  which  had  been  commenced 
were  stopped  as  soon  as  possible.  It  appears  that  out  of  the  thirty-six  barrows, 
some  of  which  had  been  formerly  opened,  twelve  barrows  had  been  "  topped"  by 
the  workmen,  but  upon  a  feeling  of  interest  being  expressed  for  their  preserva- 
tion, the  workmen  had  not  only  been  taken  off,  but  ordered  to  replace  the  earth 
upon  the  same  spots  from  which  it  had  been  removed,  and  a  negotiation  had  now 
secured,  it  was  hoped,  another  site  for  the  tank  outside  of  Greenwich  Park." 

August  14. 
Monsieur  Lecointre-Dupont,  of  Poitiers,  foreign  member, 
presented,  1.  'Seances  Generales  tenues  en  1843  par  la 
Societe  Fran9aise  pour  la  Conservation  des  Monuments  His- 
toriques,'  8vo.  Caen,  1843.  2.  '  Bulletins  de  la  Societe  des 
Antiquaires  de  I'Ouest,'  Annees,  1844 — 46.  Premier  et 
dcuxieme  trimestre  de  1844,  8vo.  Poitiers.  Mons.  Lecointre- 
Dupont  also  forwarded,  through  Mr.  C.  E.  Smith,  a  tracing 
of  a  drawing  of  a  very  curious  object  in  fine  gold  discovered 
two  leagues  from  Poitiers,  in  March.  It  weighs  about  1 1  g 
ounces,  is  21  inches  in  length,  5  inches  in  diameter  at  one 
end,  and  li  at  the  other.  It  exhibits  in  form  a  divided 
cone,  adorned  with  bands,  charged  alternately  with  four 
rows  of  pellets  and  ornaments,  formed  of  four  concentric 
circles,  each  band  being  separated  by  fillets.  It  has  been 
east  entire  at  once,  for  there  is  no  appearance  of  solder 
or  rivet,  and  the  ornaments  have  been  struck  from  within 
outwards.  It  exhibits  no  appearance  of  any  mode  of  sus- 
pension. Mons.  L.-Dupont  writes,  "  To  what  people  and 
epoch  does  this  object  belong,  and  what  was  its  use,  are 
questions  to  which  I  call  your  attention  and  that  of  the 
British  Arclucological  Association.  For  my  part  I  am 
tempted  to  assign  this  valuable  relic  to  the  Gauls,  and  I 
am  pleased  to  find  that  M.  Raoid  Rochette,  to  whom  it  has 
been  submitted,  is  of  the  same  opinion.  The  general  notion 
is,  thai  it  is  a  quiver,  but  in  this  I  do  not  concur,  believing 
rather  that  it  may  have  been   an  ornament.     I   shall    be 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  253 

happy  to  have  your  opinion  on  the  subject,  and  to  know  if  similar  objects  have  been 
Ibunil  in  England." 

Mr.  Ik'dniond  Anthony,  of  Piltown,  Ireland,  exhibited  drawings  of  a  bronze 
circular  lil)ula,  found  near  Carrick  bay,  co.  Waterford  ;  a  white  marble  inkstand, 
foun'l  in  the  ruins  of  the  seven  churches,  co.  W'icklow ;  and  an  urn  in  baked  clay, 
ornamented  with  two  bands  of  hexagonal  indentations,  found  near  Clonmore,  co. 
Kilkenny,  all  of  which  arc  now  in  the  Piltown  museum. 

iMr.  C.  li.  Smith  exhibited  a  i'emale  head  in  freestone,  discovered  during  recent 
excavations  for  houses  adjoining  the  church  of  St.  Matthew  in  Friday  Street.  This 
piece  of  sculpture  liad  been  used  as  a  building  stone  in  a  wall  about  eight  feet 
below  the  present  surface.  The  work,  of  the  time  of  Henry  III.,  or  Edward  I., 
resembles  that  of  the  well  known  efEgies  of  Eleanor;  the  head  bears  a  trefoil 
crown  ;  the  face  has  apparently  been  painted  in  llesh-colour ;  the  eye-brows  and 
eye-lids  are  painted  black,  and  the  pupils  of  the  eyes  retain  a  dark-coloured  com- 
position. Coins  of  the  early  Edwards  and  of  Henry  III.  were  also  found  during 
these  excavations  together  with  earthen  cups  and  other  articles  of  the  same  period. 
At  a  more  advanced  depth  many  Roman  remains  were  discovered,  together  with 
walls  of  houses  and  vestiges  of  a  tessellated  pavement. 

Mr.  Smith  also  exhibited  a  bronze  enamelled  Roman  fibula  of  elegant  shape, 
and  a  British  brass  coin  recently  found  at  Springhead,  near  Southfleet,  Kent,  in 
the  garden  of  Mr.  Sylvester,  who  had  kindly  forwarded  them  for  examination. 
Mr.  Smith  remarked  that  the  coin  was  of  considerable  interest,  being  an  addi- 
tional variety  to  the  British  series.  The  obverse  (incuse)  bears  a  horse,  and  between 
the  legs  the  letters  cvc  ;  the  reverse,  (convex,)  a  wheat-ear  dividing  the  letters  cam, 
C:nnitlo(luuum,  which  so  frequently  occur  upon  the  coins  of  Cunobelin.  Several 
British  and  a  great  number  of  Roman  coins  have  heretofore  been  found  with 
other  Roman  remains  at  Springhead.  In  the  field  adjoining  Mr.  Sylvester's  pro- 
perty the  foundations  of  Roman  buildings  are  very  extensive,  and  in  diy  summers 
the  walls  of  numerous  small  houses  or  of  a  large  villa,  (probably  the  former,)  are 
clearly  defined  by  the  parched  herbage.  Advantage  might  be  taken  of  these  indi- 
cations for  making  excavations  to  investigate  the  remains,  at  a  trifling  cost,  and 
with  a  certain  prospect  of  success. 

Mr.  Wright  gave  an  account  of  the  opening  of  barrows  in  Bourne  Park,  near 
Canterbury,  the  seat  of  Lord  Albert  Conyngham. 

"  The  hills  running  to  the  south  of  Bourne  Park  are  covered  with  low  barrows, 
which  from  their  shape  and  contents,  and  a  comparison  with  those  found  in  other 
parts  of  Kent,  appear  to  be  the  graves  of  the  earlier  Saxon  settlers  in  this  district. 
Three  barrows  within  the  park,  on  the  top  of  the  hill  in  front  of  the  house,  were 
opened  on  Wednesday  the  24th  of  June,  in  presence  of  Lord  Albert  Conyngham, 
Sir  Ileniy  Dryden,  Mi:  Roach  Smith,  and  myself.  Several  of  them  had  previously 
been  opened  by  his  lordship,  but  the  only  article  found  in  them  was  one  boss  of  a 
shield ;  it  would  appear  as  though  the  nature  of  the  soil  (chalk)  had  here  entirely 
destroyed  the  deposit. 

"  We  first  opened  a  large  barrow,  which  appeared  to  have  been  rifled  at  some 
former  period.  Here,  as  in  all  Saxon  barrows,  the  deposit  is  not  in  the  mound 
itself,  but  in  a  rectangular  grave  dug  into  the  chalk.  At  the  top  of  the  grave 
were  found  two  portions  of  bones  of  the  leg,  and  at  the  bottom  a  fragment 
of  a  skull  (in  the  place  where  the  head  must  originally  have  been  placed),  some 
teeth  (which  were  at  the  foot  of  the  gi'ave),  some  other  fragments  of  bones,  a  small 
piece  of  the  blade  of  a  sword,  and  an  iron  hook  exactly  resembling  those  on  the 

L  1 


254 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 


lower  rim  of  the  bucket  described  below.  At  each  of  the  four  upper  corners  of 
the  gfave,  was  a  small  excavation  in  the  chalk,  which  was  filled  with  the  skulls 
and  bones  of  mice,  with  the  remains  of  seed,  &c.,  which  had  served  them  for  food, 
mixed  with  a  quantity  of  fine  mould  apparently  the  remains  of  some  decomposed 
substance.  From  the  condition  of  the  bones  and  seed,  they  would  appear  to  be  much 
more  modern  than  the  original  deposit,  but  it  is  a  remarkable  circumstance  that 
the  same  articles  are  found  in  so  many  of  the  barrows  here  and  on  the  Breach 
Downs.  The  grave  itself  was  of  large  dimensions,  being  about  fourteen  feet  long, 
between  six  and  seven  broad,  and  somewhat  more  than  three  in  depth,  independent 
of  the  superincumbent  mound. 

"  The  next  barrow  opened  was  a  smaller  one,  adjacent  to  the  former,  of  which 
the  elevation  was  so  small  as  to  be  scarcely  distinguishable  from  the  surrounding 
ground.  The  grave  was  filled,  like  No.  1,  with  the  chalk  which  had  been  dug  out 
of  the  original  excavation.  The  body,  which  was  perhaps  that  of  a  female,  and 
the  various  articles  which  it  had  once  contained,  were  entirely  decomposed.  A 
small  mass  of  dark-coloured  earth  a  little  above  the  shoulder,  apparently  decom- 
posed wood,  seemed  to  be  the  remains  of  a  small  box.  The  bones  were  distinctly 
traced  by  the  colour  of  the  earth,  a  small  fragment  of  the  skull  being  all  that 
remained  entire,  and  from  the  quantity  of  black  moidd  which  occupied  the  place 
of  the  body,  resembling  that  which  in  other  places  was  found  to  have  resulted 
from  the  decomposition  of  wood,  we  may  be  led  to  suppose  that  the  body  was 
placed  in  a  wooden  chest.  Another  large  quantity  of  similar  black  mould  lay 
together  in  an  elongated  form  on  the  left  side  of  the  body  towards  the  foot  of  the 
grave.  In  the  corner  to  the  right  of  the  feet  were  found  some  fragments  of  small 
hoops  imbedded  in  wood. 


Fig.  1.     Section  f  f  Ivrc    a:\  p.ceui  Barrows   (Nos.  1  and  2  J 

"  This  small  barrow  lay  on  the  east  side  of  the  one  first  opened.  The  last 
barrow  opened  was  a  large  one  to  the  west  of  the  first  barrow.  In  the  accom- 
panying section,  Nos.  1  and  2  are  the  first  and  third  barrows.  In  this  last  barrow 
we  again  found  the  small  holes  at  the  corners  of  the  grave,  but  they  were  turned 
towards  the  sides  instead  of  being  turned  towards  the  ends  ;  and  they  also  con- 
tained bones  of  mice.  This  grave  was  nearly  as  long  as  the  first,  about  a  foot 
deeper,  and  rather  broader  in  proportion  to  its  length.  The  floor  was  very 
smoothly  cut  in  the  chalk,  and  was  surrounded  by  a  narrow  gutter,  which  was  not 
observed  in  the  others.  It  was  not  filled  with  the  chalky  soil  of  the  spot,  but  with 
fine  mould  brought  from  a  distance,  and  this  was 
probably  the  cause  of  the  better  preservation  of 
the  articles  contained  in  it.  The  second  figure, 
which  is  a  j)lan  of  this  grave,  will  shew  the  posi- 
tion in  which  these  articles  were  found.  At  the 
foot  of  the  grave,  in  the  right-hand  corner,  had 
stood  a  bucket,  of  which  the  hoops  (in  perfect 
preservation)  occupied  their  position  one  above 
another  as    if  the  wood  had  been  there  to  sup- 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 


'40.J 


Tii.  3. 


port  tlieni.  This  bucket  (represented  in  fig.  3) 
appeared  to  Irive  been  about  a  foot  high  ;  the 
lower  hoop  was  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  the 
upper  hoop  exactly  ten  inches.  A  somewhat 
similar  bucket  is  represented  in  one  of  the  plates 
of  Douglas's  Nenia.  The  hooked  feet  appear 
to  have  been  iutended  to  support  the  wood,  and 
prevent  its  slipping  in  the  bucket.  From  the 
similar  hook  found  in  the  grave  No.  1,  and  the 
fragments  of  hoops  in  the  smaller  grave,  I  am 
inclined  to  think  that  similar  buckets  were 
originally  placed  in  both,  A  little  higher  up  in 
the  grave,  in  the  position  generally  occupied  by 
the  right  leg  of  the  person  buried,  was  found  a 
considerable  heap  of  fragments  of  iron,  among 
which  were  a  boss  of  a  shield  of  the  usual 
Saxon  form  (fig.  4),  a  horse's  bit  (fig.  .5), 
(which  appears  to  be  an  article  of  very  unusual 
occurrence),  a  buckle  (fig.  7)  and  other  things 
which  appear  to  have  belonged  to  the  shield, 
a  number  of  nails  with  large  ornamental  heads, 
with  smaller  nails,  the  latter  mostly  of  brass. 
From  the  position  of  the  boss,  it  appeared  that 
the  shield  had  been  placed  with  the  convex 
(or  outer)  surface  downwards.  Not  for  from 
these  articles,  at  the  side  of  the  grave,  was 
found  the  fragment  of  iron  (fig.  6),  consisting  of 
a  larger  ring,  with  two  smaller  ones  attached 
to  it,  which  was  either  part  of  the  horse's  bridle, 

or  of  a  belt.  On  the  left-hand  side  of  the  grave  was  found  a  small  piece  of 
iron  which  resembled  the  point  of  some  weapon.  At  the  head  of  the  grave,  on 
the  right-hand  side,  we  found  an  elegantly 
shaped  bowl  (lig.  ^(),  about  a  foot  in  diameter, 
and  two  inches  and  a  half  deep,  of  very  thin 
copper,  which  had  been  thickly  gilt,  and  with 
handles  of  iron.  It  had  been  placed  on  its 
edge  leaning  against  the  wall  of  the  grave,  and 
was  much  broken  by  the  weight  of  the  super- 
incumbent earth.  The  only  other  articles  found  in  this  grave  were  two  small 
round  discs  resembling  counters,  about  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
flat  on  one  side,  and  convex  on  the  other,  the  use  of  which  it  is  impossible  to 
conjecture,  unless  they  were  employed  in  some  game.  One  was  made  of  bone, 
the  other  had  been  cut  out  of  a  piece  of  Saniian  ware.  The  most  singular 
circumstance  connected  with  this  grave  was,  that  there  were  not  the  slightest 
traces  of  any  body  having  been  deposited  in  it ;  in  fact,  the  appearances  were 
decisive  to  the  contrary  ;  the  only  ways  in  which  we  could  explain  this  were 
either  that  the  body  had  been  burnt,  and  the  ashes  deposited  in  an  urn  concealed 
somewhere  in  the  circuit  of  the  grave  (which  is  not  probable),  or  that  the  person 
to  whom  the  grave  was  dedicated  had  been  a  chief  killed  in  battle  in  some  distant 
expedition,  and  thai  his  friends  had  not  been  able  to  obtain  his  bodv.     This  view 


Fig.  8. 


256  FROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

of  the  case  seems  to  be  supported  by  the  fact  that,  although  so  many  valuable 
articles  were  found  in  the  grave,  there  were  no  traces  of  the  long-  sword  and 
the  knife  generally  found  with  the  bodies  of  male  adults  in  the  Saxon  barrows. 

"  The  three  graves  lay  very  nearly  north  and  south,  the  heads  towards  the 
south,  as  was  the  case  with  many  of  those  opened  in  the  last  century  by  Douglas, 
and  described  in  his  Nenia,  the  variations  being  only  such  as  might  be  expected 
from  the  rude  means  possessed  by  the  early  Saxon  invaders  for  ascertaining  the 
exact  points  of  the  compass.  It  may  be  added  that  among  the  earth  with 
which  the  smaller  grave  was  filled  two  small  fragments  of  broken  Roman  pottery 
were  found,  which  had  probably  been  thrown  in  with  the  rubbish.  It  may  be  ob- 
served, that  the  different  articles  found  in  this,  as  in  other  early  Saxon  barrows, 
are  of  good  workmanship,  and  by  no  means  evince  a  low  state  of  civilization." 

3.  A  letter  from  Mr.  George  K.  Blyth  of  North  Walsham,  Norfolk,  giving 
notice  of  the  discovery  of  some  paintings  on  wood  panels,  on  the  screen  of  the 
church,  and  inquiring  the  best  mode  of  cleaning  them  from  a  coating  of  paint ; 
Mr.  Smith  suggested  the  appHcation  of  a  solution  of  potash  and  quick  lime,  in 
the  proportions  of  one  pound  of  the  former  and  half  a  pomid  of  the  latter  to  a 
gallon  of  boiling  water ;  the  solution  being  extremely  caustic,  must  be  used  with 
care,  and  if  the  external  coating  of  paint  which  it  may  be  desirable  to  remove  be 
thin,  diluted  wth  water,  and  in  all  cases  it  is  recommended  first  to  try  the  solution 
on  a  small  portion  of  the  painted  surface. 

4.  A  letter  from  the  Rev.  William  Dyke,  of  Bradley,  Great  Malvern,  informing 
the  Committee  of  the  threatened  destruction  of  an  ancient  encampment  near 
Coleford,  in  the  Forest  of  Dean.  "  The  camp,"  Mr.  Dyke  states,  "  is  that  which 
a  line  drawn  on  the  ordnance  map  from  Coleford  to  St.  Briavel's  (near  Stow) 
would  intersect.  It  is  elliptical,  and  is  described  as  presenting  marks  of  a  hurried 
construction."  It  appears  from  Mr.  Dyke's  letter,  that  Mr.  C.  Fryer,  of  Coleford, 
is  endeavouring  to  rescue  the  camp  from  destruction.  The  rocks  on  \\hicli  it 
stands  are  being  quarried  for  lime-burning,  but  there  seems  no  reason  whatever 
why  the  burner  might  not  quany  in  another  direction. 

5.  A  letter  from  Mr.  Alfred  Pryer,  of  HoUingbourne,  Kent,  respecting  some  ridges, 
presumed  to  be  earth-works  or  fortifications,  extending  along  the  brow  of  the  hills 
from  Thornham  Castle  to  HoUingbourne  Hill.  Mr.  Pryer  solicited  instruction  on  the 
subject,  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  these  ridges  were  in  reality  fortifications,  or 
whether  they  may  have  been  formed  by  the  continual  ploughing  of  the  land  down 
hill,  which  seems  to  him  the  less  probable  supposition.  The  Committee 
recommended  Mr.  Pryer  to  place  himself  in  communication  with  the  members  of 
the  Association  residing  at  Maidstone,  in  order  to  make  a  further  and  more 
complete  examination  of  the  site. 

Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  drew  the  attention  of  the  Committee  to  some  constructions 
recently  erected  in  the  entrances  to  the  interior  of  the  Roman  building  usually 
termed  "  The  Pharos,"  on  the  east  side  of  Dover  Castle.  This  interesting  struc- 
ture, probably  unique  in  this  country,  is  well  known  to  antiquaries,  and  had 
long  been  an  object  of  admiration  and  research,  for  its  antiquity  and  archi- 
tectural peculiarities.  It  forms  moreover  the  subject  of  a  paper,  promised  to 
be  read  by  Mr.  M.  H.  Bloxam,  at  the  approaching  general  meeting  of  the 
Association,  which  it  cannot  be  doubted  will  induce  many  of  the  members  attend- 
ing the  meeting,  to  avail  themselves  of  the  opportunity  thus  afforded  to  pay  a 
personal  visit  to  the  building.  They  will  however  be  debarred  in  common  with 
the  public  from  gaining  access  to  the  interior,  for  the  entrances  are  all  blocked  up 


PROCEEDINGS  Or  THE  COMMITTEE. 


257 


with  masonry,  so  that  aaiuissioii  is  utterly  inipracticahle.  It  is  presumed  that 
the  object  of  this  construction  Nvas  to  preserve  the  walls  from  the  damage  to  which 
they  are  exposed  by  visitors  breaking  off  pieces  of  the  Roman  tiles.  This  end, 
however,  has  not  been  attained  ;  for  the  parts  exposed  to  the  bad  taste  of  the 
public  are  still  unprotected,  while  the  character  of  the  structure  is  destroyed, 
and  the  antiquary  prohibited  from  seeing  its  most  interesting  features. 

Mr.  Parker  laid  before  the  Committee  a  drawing  of  a  curious  combination  of  a 
piscina  and  monument  in  the  church  of  Long  Wittenham,  Berkshire. 


Piecina  and  Monument  in  Lon^  Wittentiam  Church. 

The  monument  is  of  diminutive  size,  the  effigies  of  the  knight  being  only  two 
feet  and  two  inches  in  length. 

A  note  was  read  from  Richard  Sainthill,  Esq.,  of  Cork,  to  Mr.  Smith,  with 
pencil  drawings  in  illustration  of  Irish  ring-money.  Mr.  Sainthill  remarks, — 
"  Immense  ([uantities  of  gold  have  been  annually  found  in  the  bogs  and  other 
soils  in  Ireland,  of  a  ring  form,  more  or  less  perfect  or  circular,  and  various  opinions 
have  existed  as  to  their  original  purpose.  Most  persons  supposed  them  intended 
for  ornaments.  A  few  years  since.  Sir  William  Betham,  Ulster  king-at-arms, 
read  a  paper  before  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  published  in  their  Proceedings,  and 
almost  republished  with  the  illustrations  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  (not 
having  my  copy  of  Sir  W.  B.'s  paper  at  home,  I  am  prevented  referring  to  its 
date).  In  this  paper  Sir  AVilliam  gave  it  as  his  opinion  that  these  rings,  which 
are  most  abundant  in  gold,  then  in  copper,  and  very  rare  in  silver,  were  money, 
and  the  smallest  weight  he  had  met  with  was  of  twelve  grains,  which  will  gene- 
rally divide  into  the  weights  of  all  the  larger  ;  and  several  having  lately  come  under 
my  observation,  I  have  found  this  to  be  the  case.  I  have  sent  you  tracings  of 
nine  silver  lings,  dug  up  near  this  city  together  in  March,  1841;  the  weights  of 
seven,  which  are  perfect,  are  thus : — 

408  grains,  divided  by  12 34  grains 

768  do 64 

600  do 50 

372  do 31 

372  do 31 

324  do 27 

384  do 32 


258  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

Two  were  broken.  I  houglit  a  small  g'old  specimen,  of  wliieh  j'ou  have  a  tracing  ; 
tliis  weight — 168  grains,  divided  by  12,  14  grains.  On  the  former  sheet  of  tracings 
you  had  one  of  a  copper  specimen  of  ring-money,  which  also  answered  exactly 
when  divided  by  twelve  grains — 2,I3()  grains,  divided  by  12,  178  grains.  Our 
Liverpool  merchants  trading  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  at  Bonuey  and  elsewhere, 
send  an  article  called  a  manilla,  of  cast-iron,  shaped  like  the  Irish  copper  or 
bronze  ring-money,  which  is  taken  on  the  coast  as  money ;  twenty  are  estimated  as 
a  bar,  and  the  bar  varies  in  value  according  to  circumstances,  from  3s.  to  4s.  In 
the  interior  these  manillas  not  only  pass  as  money,  but  are  used  as  ornaments  to 
the  person.  The  manillas  are  manufactured  at  Birmingham,  and  formerly  were 
composed  of  copper  and  block  tin." 

August  28. 

Mr.  C.  K.  Smith  read  a  letter  from  Mr.  George  K.  Blyth,  of  North  Walsbam, 
Norfolk,  announcing  a  satisfactory  result  in  the  application  of  solution  of  potash 
recommended  by  Mr.  Smith  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  Committee  for  the  removal 
of  naint  from  some  wooden  panels  in  North  Walsham  church.  Mr.  Blyth  re- 
marks,— "  I  applied  the  potash  to  all  the  panels,  twenty  in  number ;  on  eighteen 
I  discovered  figures,  each  with  a  highly  and  richly  ornamented  gold  nimbus. 

The  first  panel  on  the  north  end  of  the  screen  is  blank,  being  painted  of  a  rich 
and  deep  red,  with  gilt  ornaments,  with  the  circles  formed  by  the  foils.  The  panels 
are  arched,  the  form  being  what  may  be  termed  the  second,  or  Decorated  period  of 
Pointed  architecture,  the  heads  filled  in  with  a  cinquefoil  moulding,  of  an  apparent 
later  date  than  the  original  screen,  and  painted  and  gilt  in  a  rather  meretricious, 
or  perhaps  what  may  be  termed  a  bad-taste  style.  I  shall  now  proceed  to  enume- 
rate the  figures,  and  describe  them  as  well  as  I  can. 

2nd  panel. — St.  Catherine,  sword  in  right  hand,  wheel  in  left,  crowned  head 
■within  a  gold  nimbus. 

3.  Female,  hands  placed  with  palms  touching  each  other,  the  extremities  of  the 
fino-ers  being  together  (by  this  I  mean  not  clasped),  a  vase  or  urn  at  the  feet, 
with  plant  growing  from  it  (the  plant  is  indistinct,  but  it  is  very  probable 
may  be  intended  for  lilies,  as  there  is  the  appearance  of  flowers),  flowing  hair; 
I  suppose  St.  Mary  of  Egypt. 

4.  Winged  figure,  richly  dressed,  wings  red  and  bluish  green,  kneeling,  legs  and 
feet  naked,  sceptre  in  left  hand,  turbaned,  with  ornamented  cross  rising  from 
the  centre  of  the  turban,  and  a  spiked  ball  or  globe  on  each  side,  all  gilt, 
hair  flowing,  feather  hanging  from  sleeves. 

6.  St.  Jude,  with  boat  in  right  hand. 

6.  Apostle,  with  open  book  in  left  hand. 

7.  St.  Philip,  with  basket  of  bread,  right  hand. 

8.  St.  Thomas,  with  spear  in  right  hand,  attitude  of  prayer,  standing. 

9.  St.  James-the-More,  staff  in  right  hand. 

10.  Apostle,  open  book  in  left  hand,  I  suppose  St.  Peter,  from  his  countenance 
and  figure,  much  defaced. 

[These  ten  form  the  north  part,  or  end  of  the  screen,  there  being  a  continuation 
of  the  centre  aisle  through  the  screen,  and  no  remains  of  door.] 

11.  Apostle,  with  clasped  book  in  right  hand,  and  sword  in  left,  I  suppose 
St.  Paul,  defaced. 

12.  St.  Andrew  leaning  on  his  cross  X. 

13.  St.  John,  palm-branch  in  right  hand,  and  cup  in  left,  with  a  serpent  appa- 
rcntlv  issuing  from  cup.     This  emblem  is  much  defaced. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  259 

14.  Apostle,  with  an  escallop  in  liis  left  hand, 
lo.  St.  IJavtholomcw,  with  knife. 
Hi.  Apostle,  with  a  plain  crook. 

17.  St.  Barbara,  palni-hranch  in  right  hand,  and  castle  or  tower  in  left. 

18.  St.  Mary  Magdalene,  with  Ijox  or  cap  in  right  hand  ;  box  of  spikenard,  nc» 
doubt. 

19.  Female,  crowned,  within  gold  nimbus,  holding  a  crossed  staff  in  right  hand, 
the  staff  of  the  cross  appearing  to  terminate  in  what  seems  a  mitre  or  mitred 
ornament ;  the  cross  itself  springs  from  this  ornament,  and  is  highly  orna- 
mented and  gilt.     Probably  the  Blessed  Virgin. 

20.  Blank,  to  correspond  with  No.  1 . 

The  pulpit,  which  has  been  freed  from  an  old  square  casing  of  wood,  is  of 
an  octangular  form,  and  of  the  later  Decorated  period,  just  prior  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  Perpendicular.  It  was  once,  no  doubt,  richly  painted  and  gilt,  but  the 
panels  have  had  so  many  coatings  that  I  have  been  unable  to  ascertain  whether 
there  be  any  figures  thereon,  and  the  time  I  had  was  so  short,  that  I  was  obliged  to 
give  it  up.  Some  interest  has  been  excited  already  in  the  parish,  and  a  few  per- 
sons have  expressed  a  wish  to  have  the  paintings  on  the  screen  restored.  The 
whole  are  much  defaced,  and  were  no  doubt  partially  destroyed  and  covered  with 
paint  during  the  Commonwealth,  which  perhaps  may  have  been  renewed  from 
time  to  time.  No  person  in  the  town,  I  believe,  was  aware  of  their  existence, 
although  it  was  possible  to  trace  the  outlines  of  the  heads  of  some  figures,  and 
some  had  been  cut,  so  that  the  features  are  entirely  destroyed.  I  think  that  in 
this  instance  the  Society  might  exercise  its  influence  to  some  extent,  although  I 
hope  it  may  not  be  necessary,  as  it  is  not  the  intention  of  our  churchwarden  to 
paint  over  them  at  present.  If  you  should  not  feel  it  too  much  trouble,  perhaps 
you  will  endeavour  to  inform  me  what  the  figures  are  that  I  have  not  named,  as  I 
cannot  find  any  clue.  Your  list  in  No.  I.  does  not  assist  me,  although  I  found  it 
very  valuable  as  to  the  others.  I  shall  have  full-sized  drawings,  or  rather  tracings 
taken  of  them,  which  I  will  forward  the  earliest  opportuuit)',  although  I  should 
like  to  have  them  returned.  I  shall  not  send  them  unless  you  think  they  may 
be  of  service  in  illustrating  this  particular  branch  of  Iconography." 

Mr.  Smith  then  read  a  communication  from  Mr.  J.  A.  Barton  of  Barton  village. 
Isle  of  Wight,  relative  to  the  probal)ility  of  the  existence  of  apartments  within  the 
mound  on  which  the  keep  of  Carisbrook  castle  stands,  the  entrance  to  which  Mr. 
Barton  believes  he  has  discovered,  and  with  little  assistance  could  open.  Mr. 
Barton  remarks,  "  My  first  reason  for  thinking  there  are  subterranean  chambers 
was  this, — that  the  keep  having  been  intended  as  a  final  refuge  for  the  besieged, 
in  its  present  limited  extent  is  too  circumscribed  for  twenty  or  a  dozen  men,  and 
it  is  therefore  but  a  natural  inference  to  suppose  there  must  have  been  a  more 
extensive  accommodation.  Secondly,  in  viewing  the  structure  itself,  seated  as 
it  appears  to  be  on  a  lofty  mound  endently  not  natural,  we  cannot  but  reflect  that 
he  must  have  been  a  bold  architect  indeed  who  would  have  ventured  to  erect  so  mas- 
sive a  building  upon  an  artilicial  tumulus,  when  he  might  more  easily  have  built 
it  from  the  natural  ground,  and  then  thrown  up  the  earth  around  its  walls.  In 
every  part  of  the  keep,"  ]Mr.  Barton  continues,  "  are  abundant  proofs  of  a  compli- 
cated and  scientific  arrangement  for  the  purposes  of  ventilating  and  warming 
underground  chambers,  the  entrance  to  which  I  believe  I  have  been  fortunate 
enough  to  discover.  The  formation  of  the  Archaeological  Association  offers  a 
favourable  epoch  for  the  settlement  of  many  of  these  '  vexata;  questiones,'  and  as 


260  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

one  of  its  objects  is  to  examine  and  throw  light  upon  doubtful  points  of  anti- 
quarian research,  I  cannot  do  better  than  point  out  this  as  one  worthy  of  atten- 
tion, and  ask  its  aid  to  enaltle  me  to  set  the  question  at  rest." 

Mr.  Way  communicated  an  accoiuit  of  the  discovery  of  a  monument  in  St. 
Stephen's  church,  Bristol,  furnished  by  Mr.  J.  Reynell,  Wreford,  who  observes ; 
"  This  discovery  occurred  about  the  last  week  in  May,  1814.  Having  been  absent 
on  the  continent  for  some  weeks  it  had  escaped  my  notice,  but  from  my  friend 
Mr.  William  Tyson,  F.S.A.,  I  have  derived  the  following  information  respecting- 
it,  which  I  have  much  pleasure  in  sending  you  to  make  any  use  of  you  may 
desire.  The  workmen  who  have  been  employed  for  some  time  in  altering  the 
pews  in  St.  Stephen's  church  in  this  city,  quite  accidentally,  as  in  the  former 
instance,  met  with  this  long- forgotten  memorial  of  the  dead.  It  was  previously 
apparent  that  some  arched  recesses  had  been  filled  up  in  the  south  wall  of  the 
church,  and  a  slight  opening  had  been  made  in  one  of  them  which  however  led  to 
no  discoveiy,  and  from  the  shallowness  of  the  wall  it  was  supposed  to  be  destitute 
of  any  monument.  But  in  covering  the  surface  with  a  portion  of  the  pews  now 
erecting,  a  workman  found  an  obstruction  in  making  good  his  fastenings,  which 
led  to  the  removal  of  some  stones,  when  the  recess  was  found  to  contain  a  monu- 
mental effigy.  The  figure  is  that  of  a  man,  and  measures  from  the  head  to  the 
feet  six  feet  two  inches.  It  is  in  a  recumbent  position,  with  the  hands  joined  in 
supplication.  The  head  is  uncovered,  with  the  hair  curled  round  it,  so  as  to  re- 
semble a  wig.  He  has  a  short  peaked  beard  partly  mutilated.  The  dress  is  a  long 
gown,  reaching  to  the  feet,  with  an  upright  collar  and  large  full  sleeves.  The 
basilard  is  suspended  in  front  by  a  belt  passing  over  the  shoulders.  The  feet  rest 
on  a  much  mutilated  animal.  From  the  recess  being  only  eighteen  inches  in 
depth,  the  right  elbow  was  of  necessity  embedded  in  the  wall.  The  arch  of  the 
recess  is  ornamented  in  a  similar  style  to  that  recently  discovered  in  the  north 
wall.  The  features  of  the  face  are  in  a  remarkably  fine  state  of  preservation  ;  the 
countenance  exhibits  much  individuality  of  character ;  and  the  circumstance  of 
the  eyes  being  but  partially  closed  induces  the  belief  that  the  sculptor  worked  from 
a  cast.  On  the  fillet  in  front  of  the  edge  of  the  slab  on  which  the  effigy  lies,  an 
illegible  portion  of  the  usual  obituary  inscription  remains,  and  which  was  con- 
tinued round  the  other  sides  of  the  stone.  This  circumstance,  together  with  the 
inadequate  space  in  which  the  effigy  is  placed,  would  strongly  indicate  that  it  has 
been  removed  from  its  original  position. 

There  is  good  reason  to  believe  that  other  monumental  effigies  still  remain 
walled  up  in  this  church,  but  unfortunately  the  vestry  were  so  much  dissatisfied 
with  the  derangement  of  their  plans  respecting  the  pews  which  the  discoveries 
had  occasioned,  that  they  would  not  permit  any  further  researches.  On  the  re- 
moval of  the  old  pews  there  was  also  brought  to  light  the  entrance  to  a  newel  stair- 
case, leading  to  the  rood-loft,  which  has  been  permitted  to  remain  open.  A  very 
interesting  portrait  of  the  fifteenth  century,  painted  on  glass,  was  found  in  a  frac- 
tured state  amongst  some  rubbish  on  the  steps  leading  to  the  rood-loft." 

The  Rev.  Beale  Post,  of  Maidstone,  informed  the  Committee  that  he  had  person- 
ally examined  the  appearances  resembling  fortifications  on  the  Hallingbourne  hills, 
the  subject  of  a  letter  from  Mr.  Pryer,  recently  read  at  a  meeting  of  the  Committee. 
Mr.  Post  is  of  opinion  that  these  ridges  have  been  formed  by  agricultural  operations. 

Mr.  J.  A.  Dunkin,  of  Dartford,  exhibited  a  flint  celt,  the  property  of  II.  Wilks, 
Esq.,  found  in  the  bed  of  the  river  at  Darenth.  It  is  of  grey  flint,  is  seven  and 
a  half  inches  long,  and  six  inches  in  circumference  in  the  widest  part. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 


2G1 


Mr.  Wright  fxliibited  a  dniwiiig  of  part  of  the  ruins  of  old  St.  Clement's 
church  at  Worcester,  which  was  pulled  down  a  few  years  aj;-o,  when  the  new 
church  of  St.  Clemeut  was  built.    They  have  the  apparent  character  of  very  early 


Euins  of  old  St.  Clement's  Church.  Worcester. 


Norman  work,  and  the  church  itself  appears  to  have  been  an  ancient  structure. 
A  curious  circumstance  connected  with  these  ruins  is  the  discovery  of  a  };old  coin 
of  Edward  the  Confessor,  said  to  have  been  found  in  the  wall  immediately  over 
the  arches  by  the  workmen  employed  in  pulling-  it  down.  This  coin,  now  in  the 
possession  of  T.  H.  Spurrier,  Esq.,  is  represented  in  the  annexed  engraving.  The 
inscription  on  one  side  is  Edwaed 
Rex  ;  and  on  the  reverse  Lyfinc  on 
WiERiNC,  signifying  that  it  was  coined 
by  Lyfinc  at  VV^arwiek  (for  this  seems 
to  be  the  place  designated).  It  must 
not  be  concealed  that  doubts  have 
been  entertained  of  the  authenticity  of 
this  coin,  (chiefly  from  the  circum- 
stance of  no  other  gold   Saxon   coin 

being  known,)  and  therefore  of  the  truth  of  the  story  of  iUi  discovery.  On  the 
other  hand  it  may  be  stated,  that  no  instance  of  the  same  type  on  other 
metal  seems  to  be  known ;  and  Mr.  Jabez  Allies  of  Worcester  has  taken  some 
paiiis  to  trace  the  history  of  its  discovery,  and  has  taken  the  affidavits  of  the 
persons  concerned  as  to  the  correctness  of  their  story ».     The  arches,  though  in 

*  The  following  statements  are  given  by  Mr.  having  heard  that  Thomas  Henry  Spurrier,  E.«(i., 

Allies    in    his   work    On  the  Ancient  British,  Ro-  of  Edgbaston,  near  Birmingham,  had  the  coin  in 

man,HnaS<ixnn  Antiquities  nf  H'nnesle)shirP,\,.U.  question  in  his   collection,'  I    called    upon    him, 

"  The  particulars  arc  these :— In  the  year  1837,  when  he  shewed  it  to  me,  and  said  that  he  bouudit 


^^ 


31  in 


262  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

charactci'  early  Norman,  might  be  of  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  when 
Norman  arts  and  customs  were  introduced  ratlier  largely  into  England. 

Mr.  Wright  gave  an  account  of  the  opening  of  a  Roman  harrow  at  the  hamlet 
of  Holhorough  (vulgo  Hoborow,  but  in  ancient  documents  Holanbeorge,  Hole- 
berghe,  &c.,  which  would  seem  to  mean  the  hollow  borouijh,  or  the  borough  with 
a  hollow  or  cave),  in  the  parish  of  Snodland,  Kent,  by  Lord  Albert  Conyngham. 
The  party  consisted  (besides  his  Lordship  and  Mr.  Wright)  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Charles  Whatman  of  the  Friars,  Aylesford,  the  Rev.  L.  B.  Larking,  vicar  of 
Ryarsh,  the  Rev.  H.  D.  Phelps,  rector  of  Snodland,  and  Mr.  Aretas  Akers,  of 
Worcester  college,  Oxford.  The  barrow  is  situated  on  a  rising  ground,  and  is 
overlooked  by  an  elevated  held  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  occupied  as  a 
Roman  station.  The  barrow  was  twenty  feet  high  from  the  platform  on  which 
it  was  raised,  which  had  been  cut  into  the  side  of  the  chalk  hill.  From  the 
nature  of  the  ground  it  was  difficult  to  fix  the  exact  limits  of  its  circumference : 
a  rough  measurement  before  the  barrow  was  opened  gave  a  circumference  of  some- 
what more  than  two  hundred  feet,  and  a  subsequent  measurement  through  the 
trench  gave  a  diameter  of  ninety-three  feet,  but  this  probably  included  a  part  of 
the  raised  ground  which  did  not  strictly  belong  to  the  mound  itself. 

A  trench  from  five  to  seven  feet  wide  was  cut  through  the  centre  of  the  barrow 
from  east  to  west.  From  the  discoveries  made  in  this  excavation,  it  appeared  that 
the  barrow  had  been  raised  over  the  ashes  of  a  funeral  pile.  A  horizontal  plat- 
form had  first  been  cut  in  the  chalk  of  the  hill,  and  on  this  a  very  smooth  artifi- 
cial floor  of  fine  earth  had  been  made  about  four  inches  deep,  on  which  the  pile 
had  been  raised,  and  which  was  found  covered  with  a  thin  coating  of  wood-ashes. 
The  surface  of  ashes  was  not  less  than  twenty  feet  in  diameter ;  among  the  ashes 
were  found  scattered  a  considerable  numljer  of  very  long  nails  (which  had  probably 
been  used  to  fasten  together  the  frame-work  on  which  the  body  was  placed  for  cre- 
mation), with  a  few  pieces  of  broken  pottery,  which  had  evidently  experienced  the 
action  of  fire.  A  part  of  a  Roman  fibula  was  also  found.  No  urns  or  traces  of 
any  other  funeral  deposit  were  observed  during  the  excavation  of  the  trench,  but 
further  researches  were  stopped  for  the  present  by  the  accidental  falling  in  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  mound. 

Below  the  barrow,  in  a  large  field  on  the  banks  of  the  river  adjacent  to  the 
church,  are  distinct  marks  of  the  former  existence  of  a  Roman  villa,  to  which  the 
attention  of  the  Committee  was  called  by  Mr.  Roach  Smith  on  a  former  occasion ''. 
The  field  adjoining  to  the  church-field  bears  the  significant  name  of  stone-grave 
field.  Some  slight  excavations  were  made  in  the  church-field,  after  leaving  the 
barrow :  on  the  further  side  of  the  field  from  the  river,  part  of  a  floor  of  large  tiles 

it  of  Mr.  Allporf,  of   Bull  Street  in  that  town,  the   workmen    discovered    the    coin    in    question 

watchmaker,  for  10^.,  who  said  he  purchased  it  of  amongst  the  ruins,  which  he  (Mr.  Ball)  purchased 

a  Mr.  Manning,  of   Birmingham,  for    13.9.  id.,  of  the  workman  for  5s.,  and  when  he  got  home  to 

who  said  he  bought  it  of  a  l\Ir.  Ball,  of  Worcester,  his  then  residence  in  Worcester,  he  gave  it  to  his 

for  10*.  who  represented  that  it  was  found  in  the  wife  to  take   care   of;    but   afterwards   (namely, 

rubbish  upon  taking  down  the  old  St.  Clement's  about  four  years  previously  to  our  interview)  sold 

church,   in    Worcester.        Wishing    therefore   to  it  to    Mr.    Manning,    of    Birmingham,   for    10*. 

know    more   particulars   as   to  the  finding  of  it,  Mrs.  Ball  also  declared  that  the  above-mentioned 

Mr.  Spurrier  and  myself  called  u])Ou  Mr.  Allport  coin  was  the  one  which  her  husband  gave  her  to 

and  Mr.  Manning,  who  repeated  the  above  state-  take    care    of,    and    that   she    cleaned    it    when 

ment ;  and  we  afterwards  went  to  Mr.   Andrew  brought  to  her,  and  noticed  it  particularly,  and 

Ball,  coal-dealer,  of  Severn  Stoke,  on  tlie    2(5lli  should  at   any  time  know   it  from    a   thousand 

of  October  of  that  year,  and  shewed  the  coin  to  others." 

him  and  his  wife  Elizabeth,  when   ho   declared  ''  See   Minutes   of   the  Committee,  p.  164,  in 

that  he  was  at  St.  Clement's  church  when  it  was  the  present  volume, 
being  taken  down,  and  whilst  he  was  tliere  one  of 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  2G3 

was  uncovered,  and  many  fiap^ments  of  pottery  were  picked  up.  This  floor  lay  at 
a  depth  of  about  a  foot  below  the  surface.  One  or  two  trenches  cut  nearer  the 
river  brought  us  only  to  the  original  chalk  soil,  so  that  it  seems  probable  that  the 
jiriiicipal  buiUliu}>s  did  not  lay  on  the  water  side.  The  walls  obscrval)le  in  the 
bank  overlookino;  the  river  have  probably  been  passages  descending  to  the  water, 
as  the  floors  on  which  they  are  raised  are  about  ten  feet  below  the  level  ground. 
A  bath  is  said  to  have  been  discovered  in  this  field  about  forty  years  ago,  and  to 
have  been  filled  up  without  undergoing  any  further  injury. 

The  valley  of  Maidstone  is  bounded  on  the  north-west  and  north-east  by  two 
ranges  of  chalk  hills,  separated  from  each  other  by  the  gorge  through  which  the 
Medway  flows  to  Rochester.  On  these  hills,  and  in  the  valley  which  lies  between 
that  portion  of  them  commonly  called  the  Wliite  Horse  Hill  and  the  Blue  Bell 
Hill,  there  are  most  extensive  British  remains.  Mr.  Wright  reported  an  examina- 
tion which  he  had  made  of  these  remains,  from  the  extreme  western  boundary  of 
the  parish  of  Addington  on  the  west,  to  that  of  Aylesford  on  the  east.  "  Some  of 
these  monuments,"  he  observed,  "  have  been  long  known  to  antiquaries, — others, 
in  positions  more  removed  from  the  high  road  and  the  general  line  of  traffic,  seem 
to  have  escaped  their  researches.  My  attention  was  first  called  to  them  by  the 
Eev.  Lambert  B.  Larking,  who  has  resided  in  their  immediate  neighbourhood 
from  childhood,  and  has  therefore  had  frequent  opportunities  of  observing  them. 
The  great  extent  of  these  remains  had  for  many  years  occupied  his  attention,  when 
he  at  last  applied  to  me  for  my  assistance  in  a  closer  and  more  regular  investiga- 
tion of  them  ;  I  therefore  devoted  a  few  days  in  the  early  part  of  last  August  to 
that  purpose,  and  we  traversed  the  ground  together.  In  the  park  of  the  Hon. 
J.  Wingfield  Stratford,  in  the  parish  of  Addington,  which  adjoins  that  of  Ryarsli  on 
the  west,  and  is  situated  about  a  mile  from  the  foot  of  the  Vigo  chalk  hill,  are  two 
circles  of  large  stones  (long  known  to  antiquaries),  and  near  them  is  an  isolated 
mass  of  large  stones,  which  appear  to  be  the  covering  of  a  subterranean  structure. 
Within  the  smaller  circle  are  traces  of  large  capstones,  which  probaldy  form  the 
coverings  of  cromlechs  or  sepulchral  chambers.  I  would  observe  that  the  ground 
within  this  smaller  circle  appears  raised,  as  though  it  were  the  remains  of  a  mound 
which  perhaps  was  never  completed.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  parish  are  seve- 
ral inmiense  cones  of  eartlr,  veritable  pyramids,  which  have  every  appearance  of 
being  artificial.     The  church  of  Addington  is  built  on  one  of  them. 

"  A  little  to  the  north  of  the  two  circles,  in  a  field  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  adjacent 
to  a  farm  named  Coldrum  Lodge,  is  another  smaller  circle  of  stones,  and  similar 
appearances  of  a  subterranean  cromlech  in  the  middle.  At  the  top  of  the  Ryarsh 
chalk  hill,  just  above  Coldrum,  we  observed  two  large  stones,  resembling  those 
which  form  the  circle  below,  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  and  near  them  is  the  mouth 
of  a  circular  well  about  twenty  feet  deep,  with  a  doorway  at  the  bottom  leading 
into  a  chamber  cut  in  the  chalk.  These  pits  arc  found  in  some  other  parts  of 
Kent.  In  the  wood  behind  this  pit,  which  runs  along  the  top  of  the  hill,  and  is 
known  by  the  name  of  Poundgate  or  White  Horse  Wood,  there  are  said  to  be  other 
masses  of  these  large  stones. 

"  Proceeding  from  the  circle  at  Coldrum,  towards  the  east,  we  observed  single 
stones,  of  the  same  kind  and  colossal  magnitude,  scattered  over  the  fields  for  some 
distance,  and  it  is  the  tradition  of  the  peasantry  that  a  continuous  line  of  stones 
ran  from  Coldrum  direct  to  the  well-known  monument  called  Kit's  Cotty  House,  on 
the  opposite  hills  at  a  distance  of  between  five  and  six  miles.  Mr.  Larking  and 
myself  have  indeed  traced  these  stones  in  the  line  ihrough  a  great  portion  of  the 


264<  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

distance ;  and  the  existence  of  these  stones  probably  ^a.ve  rise  to  the  tradition. 
On  examininji^  the  brow  of  the  hill  above  Kit's  Cotty  House,  about  three  weeks  ago, 
I  found  that  it  was  covered  with  groups  of  these  large  stones  lying  on  the  sides  of 
the  ground  in  such  a  manner  as  to  leave  little  doubt  that  they  are  the  coverings  of 
or  the  entrances  to  sepulchral  chambers.  Each  group  is  generally  surrounded  by  a 
small  circle  of  stones.  On  Friday,  Aug.  23,  I  took  some  men  to  this  spot,  and 
began  to  excavate,  but  was  hindered  by  local  circumstances  of  a  merely  tempo- 
rary nature.  I  then  proceeded  further  on  the  top  of  the  hill,  and  found  a  few  single 
stones  lying  flat  on  the  ground  just  within  the  limits  of  Aylesford  common.  Under 
one  of  these  I  began  to  excavate,  and  found  that  it  was  laid  across  what  was  appa- 
rently the  mouth  of  a  round  pit  cut  in  the  chalk,  and  filled  np  with  flints.  Some 
of  the  cottagers  on  the  top  of  the  hill  informed  me  that  these  pits  were  frequently 
found  on  that  hill,  and  that  generally  they  had  one  or  two  of  the  large  stones  at 
the  mouth.  When  a  new  road  Avas  made  a  few  years  ago,  the  labourers  partly 
emptied  some  of  these  pits  for  the  sake  of  the  flints,  and  I  was  shewn  one  emptied 
to  a  depth  of  about  ten  feet,  which  had  been  discontinued  on  account  of  the  labour 
of  throwing  the  flints  up.  Comparing  these  pits  with  the  one  on  the  opposite  hill  at 
Eyarsh,  which  has  at  some  remote  period  been  completely  emptied,  I  am  inclined  to 
think  that  they  have  all  chambers  at  the  bottom,  and  to  suspect  that  those  cham- 
bers are  of  a  sepulchral  character.  Perhaps  after  the  remains  of  the  dead  had  been 
deposited  in  the  chamber,  the  entrance-pit  was  filled  up,  and  a  stone  placed  over 
the  mouth  to  mark  the  spot.  In  the  middle  of  a  field  below  Kit's  Cotty  House  is 
a  very  large  group  of  colossal  stones,  which  the  peasantry  call  The  Countless  Stones, 
believing  that  no  one  can  count  them  correctly." 

Mr.  Wright  having  represented  to  the  Committee  the  importance  of  making 
some  further  researches  into  the  monuments  above  described,  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  the  objects  for  which  they  were  originally  designed,  and  having  stated 
that  the  requisite  pennission  had  been  obtained  for  digging,  a  grant  of  51.  was 
voted  for  the  expenses  of  excavating,  to  be  applied  under  his  directions. 

Mr.  Wright  then  added, — "  A  little  below  the  single  stone,  under  which  we  had 
been  digging,  in  a  sheltered  nook  of  the  hill,  I  accidentally  discovered  extensive 
traces  of  Roman  buildings,  which  deserve  to  be  further  examined.  The  spot  is 
only  a  few  hundred  yards  to  the  south  of  that  on  which  Mr.  Charles,  of  Maidstone, 
lately  discovered  a  Roman  burial-ground.  The  cottagers  who  live  on  the  hill  tell 
me  that  they  find  coins  and  pottery  over  a  large  extent  of  surface  round  this  spot, 
which  is  covered  with  low  brushwood,  and  has  never  been  disturbed  by  the  plough. 
I  uncovered  a  few  square  yards  of  a  floor  of  large  bricks,  which  had  evidently  been 
broken  up,  and  were  mixed  with  what  appeared  to  be  roof-tiles,  with  others  which 
appeared  like  cornice-mouldings.  They  were  literally  covered  with  broken  pottery 
of  every  description,  among  which  were  several  fragments  of  fine  Samian  ware, 
mixed  with  a  few  human  bones,  some  small  nails,  and  traces  of  burnt  wood,  which 
seems  to  indicate  that  the  buildings  have  been  destroyed  in  the  invasions  of  the 
barbarians  which  followed  the  retreat  of  the  Romans  from  the  island.  The  floor 
lay  at  a  depth  of  from  a  foot  to  a  foot  and  a-half  below  the  surface,  and  was  only 
two  or  three  inches  above  the  surface  of  the  chalk." 

The  fi)llowing  letter,  addressed  by  the  Rev.  W.  Dyke  to  Mr.  Albert  Way,  at  one 
of  the  earlier  meetings  of  the  Committee,  has  been  delayed  insertion  in  the  Minutes 
by  accidental  circumstances  : —  "  Cradlcy,  May  10,  1844. 

"  My  Dk.vr  Sir, — Of  the  two  preccptorics  possessed  by  the  Knights  Templars  in 
th(?  county  of  Hereford,  the  remains  are  very  scanty.     The  name  of  Tovple-Ctmrt 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 


265 


Exterior  of  Dovecot. 


indicates  the  site  of  the  estiihlishment  in  the  puiish  of  Boshury,  and  persons  now 
]i\iu<r  ronieniber  the  walls  of  the  chapel  standing-  within  the  moat.  Their  badge 
of  a  cross-patce  you  recognised  on  a  sepulchral  stone  in  the  parish  church. 

"  Of  the  other  preceptory  at  Car- 
way  little  more  can  he  said.  The 
foundations  of  extensive  buildings 
may  be  traced  ;  only  one  building 
of  any  antiquity  exists  on  the  site; 
this  is  a  circular  dovecot,  of  which 
I  send  you  an  external  and  inter- 
nal drawing.  Whether  this  can 
be  assigned  to  tlie  Templars  may 
admit  of  a  doubt.  The  builder 
had  no  intention  of  leaving  us  in 
any  uncertainty,  for  he  placed  on 
the  tympanum  of  the  south  door- 
way an  inscription  with  a  date. 
Unfortunately  the  stone  is  of  so 
perishable  a  nature  that  little  of 
the  inscription  can  now  be  deci- 
pliered.  The  abbreviation  DXI, 
and  the  Roman  numerals  MCCC 
are  distinguishable  ;  but  what  deci- 
mals follow  I  am  unable  to  dis- 
cover. (See  Woodcut  in  following 
page.) 

"  The  wall  is  of  stone,  and  four 
feet  in  thickness,  with  twenty-one 
ranges  of  holes  for  pigeons.  The 
holes  are  made  wider  within  the 
wall  l)y  cutting  away  the  stones 
which  form  the  surface.  On  in- 
serting the  hand  into  one  range  of 
holes,  they  would  be  found  to  open 
to  the  left,  while  the  range  above 
would  be  reversed.  The  building 
is  further  strengthened  by  a  course 
of  solid  stone  between  every  two 
ranges.  The  house  is  covered  by 
a  vaulting  of  stone,  presenting  a 
concave  surface  internally  and  ex- 
ternally. A  circular  opening  in 
the  centre  of  the  vaulting  ailords 
the  means  of  ingress  and  egress  to 
the  pigeons,  while  two  doors,  at  the 
north  and  south,  give  the  same 
facilities  to  imfeathered  bipeds.  The  noble  owner  (Lord  Southwell)  has  recently 
substantially  repaired  the  wall,  but  it  is  very  much  to  be  desired  that  the  roof 
should  be  replaced,  for  the  concave  form  of  the  vaulting  facilitates  the  effects  of 
the  weather,  and  allows  the  rain  to  (ind  its  way  freely  through  the  vaulting. 


> 


4f 


m^^m0M 


Interior  of  Dovecot 


2G6 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 


"  A  dovecot  of  similar  tliough  inferior  construction  may  be  seen  at  Oldcourt, 
Boslniry.  It  is  probable  that  many  of  the  round  pigeon-houses  which  one  sees  in 
passing  through  the  country  are  similarly  constructed. 

"  I  likewise  send  you  a  sketch  by  the  same  artist  (Mr.  William  Gill  of  Hereford) 
of  a  chimney  at  Grosmont  castle.     It  is  the  principal  feature  in  this  picturesquely 


Chimney.  Grostnont  Ca-stle. 

situated  fortress.  When  I  saw  it  eleven  years  ago,  I  was  more  attracted  by  its  pic- 
turesque than  its  architectural  character ;  I  can  therefore  give  you  no  account  of 
its  construction  :  but  I  thought  its  elevated  position  might  one  day  expose  it  to 
destruction,  and  it  was  worth  while  to  have  a  sketch  made  of  it,  that  some  memo- 
rial might  remain  of  so  elegant  a  chimney. 

"  I  am,  dear  Sir,  yours  very  sincerely, 
"  Albert  Way,  Esq.  "  William  Dyke." 


mu-:.'r 


■Mir  ■  s/imM'^mX'.\j'U.^y^c('4^mK 


^m. 


|j(l[|l|l   1^      hi!:...'" 


Tympnrmm  &o.  of  South  Doorway,  of  thP  DoTfCol.  Garway. 


23rittsf)    ^rcj^acologicfll    :5tssocintion. 

FIRST   ANNUAL    MEETING,   CANTERBURY,    SEPTEMBER,    1814. 


GENERAL  COMMITTEE. 

^JrcsiOcnt. 
The  Lord  Albert  Denison  Conyngham,  K.C.H.,  F.S.A. 

UTrtasurcr. 

Thomas  Joseph  Pettigrew,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

Secretaries. 
Charles  Roach  Smith,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  Albert  Way,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Dir.  S.A. 


The  Presidents  and  Vice-Presidents  of  the  Sec- 
tiouul  Committees. 

Matthew  Hell,  Esq. 

Kev.  William  Bennett,  M.A. 

Thomas  Crofton  Croker,  E.sq.,  F.S.A.,  INI.R.S.A. 

Rev.  Francis  Dawson,  BI.A.,  Prebendary  of  Can- 
terbury. 

Rev.  Godfrey  Fanssett,  D.D. 

Benjamin  Ferrey,  Esq.,  F.I.B.A. 

The  Ven.  William  Hale  Hale,  M.A.,  Archdeacon 
of  London. 

Kev.  Stephen  Isaacson,  M.A. 


Brit. 


William  V.  Pettigrew,  Esq.,  M.U. 
James  Robinson  Planche,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
Ambrose   Poynter,  Esq.,   Hon.   Sec.  lust. 

Arch. 
William  Henry  Rolfe,  Esq. 
Thomas  Stapleton,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
The  Right   Hon.  Viscount   Strangford,   G.C.B., 

G.C.H.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
James  Whatman,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
Thomas  Wright,  Esq.,  ]M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Correspond- 

ins  Member  of  the  Institute  of  France. 


Sraftsinan. 
F.  W.  Fairholt,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 


SECTIONAL  COMMITTEES.— Primeval  Section. 
^rfsiOrnt. 

William  Richard  Hamilton,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  V.P.S.A. 

The  Very  Rev.  the  Dean  of  Hereford,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
Sir  James  Auuesley,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 


Secretaries. 


Charles  Roach  Smith,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 


William  V.  Pettigrew,  Esq.,  M.D. 


W.  Francis  Ainsworth,  Esq. 

Edmund  Tyrrell  Artis,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Thomas  Batenian,  jun.,  Esq. 

Sir  William  Betham,  F.S.A.,  Ulster  King  at  Arms. 

Samuel  Birch,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Matthew  Holberhe  Bloxam,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Rev.  Professor  William  Burkland,  D.D.,  F.R.S. 


Rev.  John  Bathurst  Deane,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 
William    Jerdan,    Esq.,    F.S.A.    M.R.S.L.,  and 

Corresponding  Member  of  the  Real  Academia 

de  la  Historia  of  Spain. 
Charles  Kilnig,  Esq.,  K.H.,  F.R.S. 
Thomas   Joseph  Pettigrew,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
John  Sydenham,  Esq. 


268 


FIRST  ANNUAL  MEETING  OE  THE 


MEDIEVAL  SECTION. 

^rrsiticnt. 
The  Ven.  Charles  Parr  Burney,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  Archdcacou  of  St.  Albau's. 

Firc=yrcsilirnt3. 

Tlie  Rev.  J.  H.  Spry,  D.D.,  Prebendary  of  Canterbury. 
Sir  Richard  Westmacott,  R.A.,  F.S.A. 


Sccrftarffs. 


Thomas  Stapleton,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

William  Beattie,  Esq.,  M.D. 

Rev.  Henry  Christmas,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

George  R.  Corner,  Es(i.,  F.S.A. 

Rev.  J.  J.  Ellis,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Rev.  H.  Parr  Hamilton,  M.A.,  F.R.S. 

Rev.  Charles  Hassells,  M.A. 


James  Robinson  Planohe,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Rev.  Lambert  B.  Larking,  M.A. 
John  Noble,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
Dawson  Turner,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
Albert  Way,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Dir.S.A. 

Matthew  Cotes  Wyatt,  Esq. 
Matthew  Wyatt,  Esq. 


ARCHITECTURAL  SECTION. 

The  Rev.  Robert  Willis,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  Jaoksonian  Professor,  Cambridge. 


Charles  Barry,  Esq.,  R.A. 


ITjce-lPrcsilifnfs. 

Edward  Blore,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 


Sccrctarfcg. 

Benjamin  Ferrey,  Esq.,  F.I.B.A. 

Ambrose  Poynter,  Esq.,  Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Institution  of  British  Architects. 

John  Britton,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  Charles  Manby,  Esq.,  Secretary  of  the   Institu- 

Deciraus  Burton,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  F.I.B.A.  tion  of  Civil  Engineers. 

George  Godwin,  jun.,  Esq.,  F.R.S. ,  F.S.A.  John  Henry  Parker,  Esq.,  Secretary  of  the  Archi- 

Joseph  Gwilt,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  tectural  Society,  Oxford. 

Capt.  H.  G.  Hamilton,  R.N.  Charles  JamesRichardson,Esq.,  F.S.A.,  F.I.B.A. 

Rev.  Charles  H.  Hartshorns.  Henry  Wyatt,  Esq. 

Richard  Charles  Hussey,  Esq. 


HISTORICAL  SECTION. 

IDrcsilitnt. 

Lord  Albert  Denisou  Conyngham,  K.C.H.,  F.S.A. 

Thomas  Amyot,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  Treas.  S.A.  Rev.  Joseph  Bosworth,  U.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

S-fcrctarics. 
Thomas  Crofton  Crokcr,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  M.R.I. A. 
Thomas  M'^right,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Institute  of  France. 


William  Harrison  Ainsworth,  Esq. 

Joseph  Arden,  Esq. 

William  Ayrton,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

Rev.  Richard  Harris  Barham,  M.A. 

John  Barrow,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

William  Burgc,  Esq.,  Q.C.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

Peter  Cunningham,  Esq. 


James  Orchard  Halliwcll,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

James  Heywood,  £«([.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

G.  P.  R.  James,  Esq. 

Thomas    William    King,    Esq.,    F.S.A.,    Rouge 

Dragon. 
John  Gough  Nichols,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
Sir  Cuthbert  Sharp. 


LOCAL  COMMITTEE. 


George  Neame,  Esq.,  Mayor  of  Canterluiry. 
John  Brent,  Esq.,  Alderman. 
Henry  Cooper,  Esq.,  Alderman. 
William  Masters,  Esq.,  Alderman. 
Edward  Plummer,  Esq.,  Alderman. 


George  Austen,  Esq.,  Town  Councillor. 
John  Brent,  Jnn.,  Esq.,  Town  Councillor. 
William  Plummer,  Esq.,  Town  Councillor. 
Henry  Kingsford,  Esq. 


BT^TTISn   ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION.  269 

Monday,  Sept.  9. 

The  proceeding's  of  the  general  meetini:'  were  opened  at  half  past  three 
o'clock  by  an  address  from  tlic  President  upon  the  objects  of  the  Associa- 
tion, and  the  benefits  it  was  calculated  to  realize.  His  lordship  remarked 
that  a  disposition  to  cultivate  intellectual  pursuits  was  making  rapid  progress 
in  this  country,  as  well  as  on  the  continent,  and  this  growing  feeling  was 
especially  manifested  with  regard  to  archrcology.  Most  men  of  cultivated 
minds  were  now  beginning  to  take  an  interest  in  examining  and  pondering 
over  the  remains  of  past  ages.  They  were  no  longer  satisfied  with  taking 
for  truth  the  baseless  vagaries  of  the  human  mind  ;  they  wished  to  judge 
for  themselves,  and  to  form  theories  that  would  spring  from  a  study  of 
facts,  well  scrutinized  and  established  by  the  test  of  personal  examination 
and  severe  criticism.  Archaeology,  thus  placed  on  a  sound  footing,  Avould 
go  hand  in  hand  with  history.  The  antiquary  was  no  longer  an  object  of 
ridicule,  for  it  was  becoming  too  palpable  that  his  researches  and  discoveries, 
perhaps  in  themselves  apparently  trivial,  if  not  immediately  applied  to 
practical  purposes,  were  often  seized  by  some  master-mind,  and  rendered 
subservient  to  the  elucidation  of  unsettled  points  of  the  highest  historical 
importance.  In  order  to  foster  and  direct  this  growing  taste,  the  Archseo- 
logical  Association  had  been  formed,  purposing  to  embrace  a  more  numerous 
class  of  persons,  and  to  enter  upon  a  wider  field  of  active  research,  than  that 
to  which  the  exertions  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  have  hitherto  been 
directed.  It  aspires  to  enrol  among  its  members,  individuals  in  all  parts  of 
the  kingdom  who  will  examine  and  describe  antiquities  that  may  be  brought 
to  light  in  their  respective  localities,  and  co-operate  to  preserve  them.  His 
lordship  then  gave  a  long  list  of  reasons  for  the  selection  of  Canterbury  for 
the  first  annual  meeting,  and  referred  to  the  peculiar  attractions  it  afforded 
to  every  section  of  the  Association,  ft'om  an  investigation  of  which  the 
institution  could  not  fail  being  benefited. 

Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith,  the  Secretary,  then  read  the  list  of  papers  which 
were  to  be  brought  before  the  meeting,  and  subsequently  an  addi*ess 
explanatory  of  the  objects,  operations,  and  prospects  of  the  Association. 

It  having  been  suggested,  tliat  owing  to  a  large  acciunulation  of  papers  it 
would  be  desirable  at  once  to  bring  forward  some  portion  of  them.  Sir 
William  Betham  read  from  an  elaborate  paper  on  the  origin  of  idolatry. 

In  the  evening,  at 

THE  PRDIEVAL  SECTION, 
the  chair  was  taken  at  eight  o'clock  by  the  very  Rev.  the  Dean  of  Hereford, 
and  the  proceedings  commenced  with  a  paper  by  the  Rev.  John  Bathurst 
Deane,  on  the  early  sepulchral  remains  extant  in  Great  Britain,  and  the 
connection  with  similar  mommients  in  Brittany.  The  paper  was  illustrated 
by  a  large  and  beautifully  executed  plan  of  the  extensive  Celtic  monuments 
on  the  plains  of  Carnac. 

N  n 


270  FIRST  ANNUAL  MEETING  OF  THE 

Sir  William  Betham,  in  reference  to  certain  portions  of  Mr.  Deane's 
paper,  observed  that  it  was  very  gratifying  to  trace  a  progress  towards 
truth  by  the  examination  of  these  ancient  remains.  It  was  not  long  since, 
that  any  one  presuming  to  think  they  were  sepulchral,  would  have  been 
laughed  at.  INIany  which  had  generally  been  considered  as  altars,  modern 
researches  have  proved  to  be  sepulchral  monuments.  To  this  class  he  also 
referred  the  well-known  round  towers  of  Ireland. 

Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith  read  an  account  by  Mr.  Thomas  Bateman,  jun.,  of 
the  opening  of  barrows  in  the  vicinity  of  Bakewell,  in  Derbyshire ;  illustrated 
by  drawings,  and  an  exhibition  of  objects  discovered. 

The  meeting  then  adjourned  to  Barnes's  rooms,  where  a  conversazione  was 
held.  The  tables  were  covered  with  an  interesting  variety  of  antiquities, 
which  from  their  nature  could  have  been  only  imperfectly  inspected  at  the 
sectional  meeting.  Around  the  walls  Avere  suspended  numerous  well-executed 
rubbings  of  brasses,  executed  by  Mr.  Sprague  of  Colchester,  and  by 
Mr.  Richardson  of  Greenwich ;  the  latter  by  a  new  process  and  peculiar 
composition,  exhibiting  perfect  facsimiles,  in  colour  as  well  as  in  form,  of 
the  brasses  themselves.  Among  other  articles  exhibited  were  beautiful 
specimens  of  carved  ornaments,  in  wood,  executed  by  the  newly-invented 
process  of  Mr.  Pratt,  of  New  Bond-street. 

Mr.  E.  J.  Carlos  exhibited  rubbings  of  the  brass  of  Thomas  Cod,  vicar  of 
St.  Margaret's  church,  Rochester,  in  a  perfect  state.  The  entire  restoration 
has  been  effected  with  great  difficulty,  on  account  of  the  thinness  of  the 
metal.  It  has  been  surmised  that  both  sides  of  this  brass  represent  the 
same  individual,  but  Mr.  Carlos  has  reason  to  believe  that  the  reverse  side  is 
of  earlier  date  than  the  other. 

Mr.  Edward  Pretty,  of  Northampton,  exhibited  a  coloured  drawing  of  a 
painting  on  the  wall  of  Lenham  church,  in  Kent,  representing  a  nimbed 
angel  weighing  souls;  6ne  is  in  the  lower  scale  praying  to  the  Virgin 
Mary,  who  is  throwing  a  rosary  upon  the  beam  to  give  weight  to  the  scale  ; 
her  right  hand  is  raised,  as  bestoAving  a  blessing,  or  interceding  for  the 
good  soul.  The  other  scale,  which  is  upraised,  has  two  devils  or  evil 
spirits,  using  every  exertion  to  pull  down  the  scale,  and  another  imp  is 
seated  on  the  upper  part  of  the  beam  with  a  soul  in  his  hand,  and  blowing  a 
horn.  There  has  been  an  inscription  underneath  the  figures.  Mr.  Pretty 
also  forwarded  drawings  of  an  ancient  house,  and  of  the  lich-gate  at 
Lenham,  with  sketches  of  the  Druidical  monument  at  Coldrum,  near  Trot- 
terscliffe,  and  of  Goddard's  Castle. 

Lord  Albert  Conyngham  exhibited  some  ancient  gold  ornaments  found 
in  Ireland,  and  a  variety  of  amethystine  beads,  fibulae,  and  other  objects, 
chiefly  from  barrows  on  Breach  Downs  opened  by  his  lordship. 

Mr.  Frederic  Dixon,  of  Worthing,  exhibited  a  pair  of  bronze  torques, 
with  other  remains  found  near  Worthing. 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION.  271 

Tuesday,  Sept.  10. 

Between  nine  and  ten  o'clock  the  members  assembled  on  the  Breach 
Downs  to  be  present  at  the  openmg  of  some  barrows,  under  the  superintend- 
ance  of  the  noble  President.  The  workmen  employed  had  previously 
excavated  the  barrows  to  within  a  foot  of  the  place  of  the  presumed 
deposit.  Eight  barrows  were  examined.  The  general  external  character  of 
the  Breach  Downs  barrows,  together  with  the  objects  found  in  many  others 
of  this  extensive  group,  have  been  well  described  in  the  last  volume  of  the 
ArchfEologia.  They  are  generally  of  slight  elevation  above  the  natural  chalky 
soil,  the  graves,  over  which  the  mounds  are  heaped,  being  from  two  to  four 
feet  deep.  Most  of  them  contain  skeletons,  more  or  less  entire,  with  the 
remains  of  weapons  in  iron,  bosses  of  shields,  urns,  beads,  fibular,  armlets, 
bones  of  small  animals,  and  occasionally  glass  vessels.  The  graves  contain- 
ing weapons  are  assigned  to  males  ;  those  with  beads,  or  other  ornaments,  to 
females.  The  correctness  of  tliis  appropriation  seems  determined  by  the 
fact  that  these  different  objects  are  seldom  found  in  the  same  grave.  The 
deposit  in  one  of  the  barrows  opened  this  morning,  presented  the  unusual 
association  of  beads  and  an  iron  knife.  All  contained  the  remains  of 
skeletons  much  decayed ;  in  some,  traces  of  wood  were  noticed,  and  vestiges 
of  knives. 

After  the  examination  of  these  barrows,  the  whole  party  visited  the  mansion 
of  the  noble  President,  at  Bom-ne,  and  having  inspected  his  lordship's 
interesting  collection  of  antiquities,  and  partaken  of  a  substantial  repast, 
attended  the  excavation  of  two  barrows  in  his  lordship's  paddock,  forming 
part  of  the  group  of  which  some  had  been  recently  opened,  and  described 
by  Mr.  Wright  in  the  present  volume,  p.  253 — 256. 

PRIMEVAL  SECTION. 

The  chair  was  taken  at  eight  o'clock  by  the  Dean  of  Hereford.  The 
various  objects  discovered  in  the  barrows  at  Breach  Downs  and  Bourne 
were  exhibited  on  the  table,  together  with  an  urn  and  glass  cup  found  in 
one  of  the  latter,  the  former  of  which  had  been  repaired,  and  the  latter 
restored  as  far  as  the  fragments  remaining  would  permit,  by  Messrs  Bate- 
man  and  Clarke.  The  restoration  of  the  vessels  by  these  gentlemen  was 
effected  in  so  skilful  a  manner,  as  to  call  forth  the  marked  approbation  of 
the  meeting, 

Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  made  some  remarks  on  the  perfect  correspondence  of  the 
barrows  excavated  in  the  morning  with  others  on  the  same  sites  previously 
examined.  The  successful  results  of  the  day's  explorations  fully  confirmed 
the  opinions  of  those  who  had  referred  the  date  of  these  barrows  to  the  fifth 
and  sixth  centuries.  Their  extension  over  a  large  tract  of  ground,  systema- 
tic arrangement,  number,  and  the  care  with  which  the  objects  interred  with 
the  bodies  had  been  arranged  in  the  graves,  denote  the  appropriation  of  the 


272  FiliST  ANNUAL  MEETING  OF  THE 

locality  as  a  cemeteiy  through  a  considerable  range  of  time.  The  lu-n  and 
glass  vessel  placed  before  the  meeting,  afforded  excellent  specimens  of  Saxon 
manufacture.  To  the  experienced  eye,  they  presented  as  distinctive  an 
impress  of  the  character  and  style  of  the  times  to  which  they  belonged,  as 
the  more  classic  shapes  of  Greek  or  Roman  fabric.  INIr.  Smith  added,  that 
the  chalky  mould  having  been  extracted  from  the  urn,  the  remains  of  a  brass 
lim,  apparently  belonging  to  a  small  bag  or  leathern  pm-se,  had  been  found 
near  the  bottom. 

Dr.  Pettigrew  gave  an  interesting  description  of  the  bones  found  in  the 
A'arious  barrows,  and  remarked  that  the  articles  accompanying  them  in  the 
graves  were  such  as  would  be  likely  to  be  deposited  by  the  friends  of  the 
respective  deceased.  Thus  with  the  skeleton  of  a  child  were  noticed  beads, 
necklaces,  and  toys,  the  evident  offerings  of  pai"ental  affection ;  with  that  of 
the  hunter  or  Avarrior  lay  the  knife  and  spear.  The  state  of  the  teeth  in  all 
the  barrows,  with  the  exception  of  those  of  the  child,  indicated  that  the 
people  had  lived  chiefly  on  grain  and  roots.  Dr.  Pettigrew,  in  alluding  to  a 
skeleton  found  in  the  mound  above  one  of  the  graves,  stated  that  from  a  close 
observation  of  the  bones,  it  was  his  opinion  that  the  interment  was  quite  of 
recent  date,  the  skeleton  could  not  in  fact  have  been  deposited  fifty  years. 

Professor  Buckland  compared  the  barrows  on  Breach  Downs  and  in 
Bourne  paddock  with  tumuli  in  various  parts  of  England.  Having  read 
extracts  from  Mr.  Wright's  report  of  the  examination  of  some  of  the  barrows 
in  Bourne  paddock.  Dr.  Buckland  proceeded  to  describe  the  appearances 
presented  during  the  exploration  on  the  present  occasion,  particularly  with 
respect  to  the  state  of  the  bones,  which  he  considered  as  no  proof  of 
age,  having  noticed  the  bones  of  Roman  skeletons  in  several  instances 
quite  as  perfect  as  those  in  the  skeleton  from  the  mound  spoken  of  by 
Dr.  Pettigrew**. 

The  Rev.  Stephen  Isaacson  read  an  account  of  the  discovery  of  Roman 
urns,  and  other  remains,  at  Dymchurch,  in  the  spring  of  1844.  The  paper 
Avas  illustrated  by  forty-five  sketches,  and  by  an  exhibition  of  specimens 
of  the  various  objects  discovered. 

Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  remarked  that  Mr.  Isaacson's  discoveries  Avere  extremely 
interesting,  and  tojiographically  important,  as  they  disproved  the  notion  that 
in  the  time  of  the  Romans  Dymchurch  and  the  surrounding  loAV  grounds 
had  been  covered  by  the  sea. 

INIr.  John  Sydenham  read  a  paper  on  the  "•  Kimmeridge  Coal  Money," 
illustrated  by  an  exhibition  of  a  large  collection  of  specimens  of  every 
Aariety.  These  remarkable  remains  of  antiquity  are  extensively  found  in  a 
secluded  valley  district  of  Purbeck.  They  are  made  of  bituminous  shale, 
and  from  their  fragile  texture  could  never  haAC  been  used  as  money.     The 

"  Mr.  Hall,  of  Blandford,  wlio  was  pre-  skeletons  from  tlie  tops  of  barrows,  under 
sent  at  tlii.s  disc-iissioii,  observes  that  he  lias  circumstances  wliich  decided  their  higli 
ill  numerous   instanccfi  disinterred  similar      antiquity. 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION.  273 

writer's  conclusions  were  that  they  were  but  the  waste  pieces  thrown  out  of 
the  lathe  in  the  construction  of  arniillaj,  and  other  ornaments,  by  the 
Romanized  Britons. 

Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  read  a  communication  from  the  Rev.  Beale  Post  on  the 
place  of  Caesar's  landing  in  Britain.  The  author  beUeves  that  Dr.  Halley's 
discoveries,  deduced  from  astronomical  calculation,  must  after  all  be  the 
basis  of  our  reasoning  on  this  point,  but  that  a  want  of  proper  consideration 
of  localities,  and  of  the  changes  effected  by  partial  recession  of  the  sea, 
induced  Hallcy  erroneously  to  fix  on  Dover  and  Deal  as  the  places  of 
arrival  and  debarkation,  for  Avhich  Mr.  Post  proposes  to  substitute  Folk- 
stone  and  Lymne. 

The  Rev.  R.  H.  Barham  expressed  an  opinion  that  the  alteration  in  the 
Kentish  coast,  in  the  time  of  Earl  Godwin,  precluded  any  inference  being 
drawn  from  the  appearances  of  the  present  line  of  coast. 

The  President  made  some  observations  on  Roman  remains,  which  he  had 
noticed  at  the  excavations  for  building  the  bridge  at  Kingston-upon-Thames, 

Mr.  M.  H.  Bloxam  exhibited  a  variety  of  Roman  and  Romano- British 
antiquities  from  Warwickshire. 

The  meeting  then,  at  a  late  hour,  separated. 

Wednesday,  Sept.  11. 
MEDIEVAL   SECTION. 

At  eleven  o'clock  in  the  forenoon  the  sittings  of  the  members  were 
resumed  in  the  Town  Hall.  The  business  was  confined  to  the  medieval 
section,  of  which  the  Yen.  Charles  Parr  Burney,  Archdeacon  of  St.  Alban"s, 
was  the  president,  who  took  the  chaii",  supported  by  the  vice-presidents,  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Spry  and  Sir  Richard  Westmacott. 

The  President  opened  the  business  of  the  section  by  a  lucid  exposition  of 
the  signification  of  the  term 'medieval' period.  He  looked  with  peculiar 
interest  to  the  operation  of  this  section,  as  it  was  well  calculated  to 
unfold  matters  of  the  most  stirring  interest  in  connection  with  the  general 
enquiry.  By  such  an  investigation  the  glory  and  even  the  prejudices 
of  Englishmen  would  be  awakened  in  defence  of  those  noble  ecclesias- 
tical edifices  which  adorn  our  land.  Architecture,  in  its  most  interesting 
phases,  would  be  exhibited  to  them.  The  triumphs  of  that  art,  as  evinced 
in  the  erection  of  such  buildings  as  the  cathedral  of  Canterbury,  would  be 
manifested.  Its  external  beauties  would  be  shewn,  and  its  internal  grandeur 
made  known.  That  morning,  with  feelings  of  no  ordinarj^  gratification,  he 
had  visited  the  noble  pile,  and  while  viewing  its  gigantic  proportions — 
massive  in  their  harmony  and  magnificent  in  appearance — he  could  not  satis- 
factorily conclude,  indeed  he  repudiated  the  idea,  that  the  age  in  which  such 
buildings  were  erected  could  Avith  any  propriety  be  called  the  "  dark  age " 
of  our  country.  He  would  now  draw  the  attention  of  the  meeting  to  the 
business  before  them. 


274  FIRST  ANNUAL  MEETING  OF  THE 

A  large  and  beautifully  executed  model,  in  colours,  of  Old  Sarum,  by 
W.  H.  Hatcher,  Esq.,  of  Salisbury,  was  exhibited,  accompanied  by  a  descrip- 
tive note,  read  by  J.  R.  Planche,  Esq.,  Secretary. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Spry  read  a  paper  which  had  been  entrusted  to  his  care 
by  a  private  friend,  on  a  fresco-painting  on  the  wall  of  Lenham  church.  It 
was  accompanied  by  a  drawing  in  j^encil.  A  coloured  drawing  of  the  same 
subject  had  also  been  forwarded  by  Mr.  E.  Pretty  of  Northampton.  Mr. 
G.  Godwin,  jun.,  enquired  whether  the  painting  in  question  was  really  a 
fresco  ?  Was  it  not  probably  a  distemper  colouring  ?  There  was  a  great 
difference  between  the  two. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Spry  said  he  was  not  of  his  own  knowledge  aware  of  its 
decided  character.  It  might  be  a  distemper  colouring.  He  knew  that  in 
Canterbury  cathedral  there  was  a  large  painting  of  a  similar  kind  in  appear- 
ance, and  he  beheved  more  trouble  had  been  taken  to  destroy  that  ^Dainting 
than  ever  was  employed  to  restore  any  work  of  ancient  art.  It  was  in  fact 
nearly  indelible ;  for  as  fast  as  it  was  apparently  washed  out,  so  fast  it 
appeared  again,  and  now  it  was  fresh,  and  would,  in  his  opinion,  last  while 
the  stone  itself  endured. 

Mr.  Planche  exhibited  to  the  meeting,  at  the  request  of  W,  H.  Blaauw, 
Esq.,  of  Beechland,  Uckfield,  a  curious  relic  of  brass,  discovered  in  1835, 
together  with  some  human  bones,  near  the  entrance  gateway  of  the  castle 
of  Lewes,  about  a  foot  under  the  surface.  In  a  letter  to  Mr.  Planche,  it  was 
suggested  by  Mr.  Blaauw  that  the  object  exhibited  had  been  the  pommel  of 
a  sword,  and  that  the  heater-shaped  shields  engraved  upon  it  bore  the  arms 
of  Richard,  king  of  the  Romans,  Avho  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of 
Lewes,  May  14th,  1284.  Mr.  Planche  admitted  the  interest  of  the  reUc, 
which  he  considered  to  be  of  the  thirteenth  century,  but  stated  it  to  be  his 
opinion  that  it  Avas  not  the  pommel  of  a  sword,  but  a  portion  of  a  steel-yard 
weight  of  that  period^. 

The  Rev.  C.  H.  Hartshorne  read  a  paper  on  embroidery  for  ecclesiastical 
purposes.  It  was  illustrated  by  several  coloured  drawings  ;  and  a  beautiful 
specimen  was  exhibited  of  embroidery  on  yellow  silk  with  gold  thread, 
executed  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  The  figures  represented  the  Cruci- 
fixion, and  the  martyrdoms  of  St.  Stephen  and  of  several  other  saints. 

Mr.  George  Wollaston  read  a  paper  on  the  frescoes  upon  the  walls  of  east 
Wickham  church,  and  exhibited  drawings  in  illustration.  Mr.  Wollaston 
stated  that  these  frescoes  were  about  to  be  destroyed  in  consequence  of  the 

''  We  have  since  been  referred  by  Mr.  arms,  which  were  exhibited  to  the  Society 

Planclie  to  tlie  G  1th  plate  of  the  'lf>th  vol.  of  Antiquaries  of  London,  February  2nd, 

of  the  Arch;eologia,  in  which  will  be  found  IcS.32,  by  Mr.  Samuel   Woodward,  of  Nor- 

the  engravings  of  two  ancient  steel-yard  wich.      They   are  also   of  the    thirteenth 

weights  of  precisely  the  same  form  and  century,  and  tlie  armorial  bearings   pre- 

material  (but  possessing  the  upper   por-  sumed  to  be  those  of  the  same   llichard, 

tions  by  which  they  were  hooked  to  the  king  of  the  Romans, 
beam),  and  engraved  with  nearly  the  same 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION.  275 

obstinacy  cf  a  party  who  had  paid  the  fees  for  the  erection  of  a  mural  tablet 
over  thefn,  which  no  inducement  would  tempt  them  to  forego. 

Dr.  Buckland  said  that  he  thought  it  necessary  that  some  decisive  and 
immediate  steps  should  be  taken  to  stay  this  spoliation  of  our  sacred  edifices. 
He  instanced  several  cases  of  destruction,  and  pressed  upon  the  considera- 
tion of  the  meeting  the  necessity  of  acting  with  prompt  energy  to  stay  the 
desecration  and  destruction  now  going  forward.  It  was  proposed  then  by  Dr. 
Buckland,  and  seconded  by  Mr.  Wollaston,  that  a  letter  should  immediately 
be  addressed  to  the  proper  authorities,  urging  them  to  suspend  the  erection 
of  the  mural  monument  in  East  Wickham  church.  The  resolution  was 
carried  unanimously.  After  which  Mr.  Croker  moved,  and  Mr.  Noble 
seconded,  that  the  proper  authorities  in  all  such  cases  be  interceded  with, 
and  that  the  rural  deans  be  written  to,  in  order  that  the  efforts  of  the  Com- 
mittee in  so  holy  a  work  might  be  assisted  by  their  powerful  co-operation. 

Mr.  Planche  read  a  paper  by  Mr.  M.  A.  Lower,  of  Lewes,  on  "  the  Badge 
of  the  Buckle  of  the  ancient  House  of  Pelham." 

iNIr.  Stapleton  read  a  paper  on  "  the  Succession  of  AVilliam  of  Arques," 
after  which  the  meeting  separated  to  visit  the  museum  of  Dr.  Faussett. 

Heppixgtox,  Wednesday  afteexoox. 

By  two  o'clock  a  large  number  of  the  members  and  many  ladies  assembled 
at  the  mansion  of  the  Rev.  Godfrey  Faussett,  D.D.,  where  Sir  John  Fagg 
had  very  obligingly  forwarded  for  inspection  a  large  collection  of  Saxon 
antiquities,  which  were  arranged  in  Dr.  Faussett's  museum.  Dr.  Buckland, 
Mr.  Wright,  INIr.  C.  Roach  Smith,  Mr.  Bland  of  Hartlip,  and  Dr.  Faussett 
himself,  superintended  the  arrangements  made  for  admitting  the  company 
to  the  museum  by  small  parties,  in  order  that  all  might  obtain  a  view  of  this 
extensive  collection,  and  hear  such  a  description  as  limited  time  and  circum- 
stances would  permit. 

This  collection  was  made  by  the  Rev.  Bryan  Faussett,  the  contemporary 
and  associate  of  Douglas,  who  engraved  and  published  many  of  the  objects 
in  his  well-known  "  Nenia  Britannica."'  In  that  able  and  sound  work, 
however,  justice  has  not  been  done  in  the  engravings  to  many  of  the  most 
interesting  specimens,  while  a  vast  quantity  of  invaluable  materials  for  illus- 
trating the  manners,  customs,  and  arts  of  the  early  Saxons,  are  altogether 
unpublished.  Nearly  the  whole  of  the  collection  inherited  by  Dr.  Faussett, 
was  accumulated  from  the  barrows  of  the  county  of  Kent.  It  consists  chiefly 
of  weapons  in  iron  of  various  kinds,  of  ornaments  of  the  person,  many  of  them 
of  the  richest  and  most  costly  kind,  articles  of  the  toilette,  vessels  in  glass 
and  in  copper  and  brass,  coins,  &c.  The  greater  portion  of  these  seems  to 
claim  unquestioned  appropriation  to  the  Saxon  epoch.  There  is  also  a  valu- 
able department  of  Roman  and  Romano-British  antiquities,  and  a  small  but 
no  less  valuable  collection  of  Celtic  implements  and  weapons.  Almost  every 
article  is  lal)elled,  and  is  fully  described  or  drawn,  Avith  an  account  of  its  dis- 


276  FIRST  ANNUAL  MEETING  OF  THE 

covery,  in  five  jVIS.  volumes  by  Bryan  Faussctt.     Eacli  party  after  leaving 
the  museum  was  conducted  to  a  room  set  apart  for  refreshments. 

Wed^^esdat  Evexing,  Sept.  11,  1844. 

ARCHITECTURAL  SECTION. 

The  meeting  of  the  Architectural  Section  took  place  at  eight  o'clock, 
Professor  Willis  in  the  chair. 

The  Secretary  read  a  letter  from  John  Adey  Repton,  Esq.,  on  the  subject 
of  the  chronological  progression  of  Gothic  capitals.  Mr.  Repton  says  it  is 
a  common  observation,  that  all  semicircular  arches  are  Saxon  or  early 
Norman,  and  that  the  sharp-pointed  arch  (exceeding  the  equilateral  triangle) 
is  the  earliest  Gothic.  On  the  contrary,  the  round-headed  arch  may  occa- 
sionally be  foimd  as  late  as  the  thirteenth,  the  fourteenth,  and  even  the 
fifteenth  centuries  ;  and  the  sharp-pointed  arch  may  be  seen  at  a  very  late 
period,  as  in  Bell  Harry's  steeple  at  Canterbury.  We  must  therefore  depend 
more  upon  the  general  forms  of  the  capitals  of  columns,  or  the  contour  of 
mouldings,  to  ascertain  the  dates  of  buildings.  This  communication  was 
illustrated  by  drawings  of  specimens  of  capitals,  arch-mouldings,  string- 
courses, hood-mouldings,  and  sections  of  munnions,  chronologically  arranged 
from  the  Norman  period  to  the  year  1500. 

The  Secretary  laid  upon  the  table  a  drawing  of  a  Norman  tomb  at 
Coningsborough,  and  read  a  description  of  it,  by  Daniel  H.  Haigh,  Esq.,  of 
Leeds. 

Professor  Willis  read  a  translation  of  Gervase's  accoxmt  of  the  destruction 
by  fire,  in  1174,  and  the  rebuilding  of  the  ancient  cathedral  of  Canterbury  in 
1175 — 84,  and  compared  the  description  of  the  new  work,  as  described  by 
Gervase,  with  the  present  condition  of  the  cathedral,  tested  by  measurement, 
and  illustrated  by  a  plan  and  section,  shewing  how  exactly  they  agree.  He 
pointed  out  the  distinct  character  of  the  work  of  Lanfranc,  by  its  ruder 
masonry,  smaller  stones,  Avider  joints,  and  ornaments  cut  with  the  hatchet 
instead  of  the  chisel,  and  traced  the  work  of  each  year  after  the  fire, 
proving  by  this  means  the  date  of  the  inti'oduction  of  the  Early  English 
style;  the  work  of  1175  being  late  Norman,  while  that  of  each  succeeding 
year  shews  a  progressive  change,  until  in  1184  we  have  nearly  pure  Early 
English  work. 

A  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  Godwin  on  certain  marks  of  the  masons,  which 
he  had  observed  on  the  stone-work  of  various  churches  abroad  and  at  home, 
many  of  which  he  had  also  recogrused  in  Canterbury  cathedral. 

The  Rev.  C.  Hartshorne  described  the  keep  at  Dover  castle,  and  the 
block-houses  erected  on  the  coast  of  Kent  by  Henry  VIII.,  and  exhibited 
plans  of  the  same. 

Mr.  Abraham  Booth  read  a  paper  on  the  preservation  of  pubhc  monu- 
ments, as  an  object  worthy  the  attention  of  the  Association. 

DuriniT  tlic  meeting  it  was  announced  that  Mr.  Beresford  Hope  had  pur- 


BRITISH   ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION.  277 

chased  the  ruins  of  St.  Augustine's  monastery,  for  the  purpose  of  preserving 
tlieni  from  destruction. 

The  meeting  prolonged  its  sitting  to  a  late  hour,  when  it  adjourned 
to  the  conversazione  at  Barnes's  Rooms,  which  was  numerously  attended. 
The  tables,  as  before,  were  covered  with  a  variety  of  interesting  objects,  in 
addition  to  those  exhibited  on  the  Monday  evening,  including  coloured 
drawings  of  paintings  recently  discovered  in  churches  in  Northamptonshire, 
by  E.  T.  Artis ;  coloured  drawings  and  sketches  of  various  ancient  remains 
in  Kent,  by  Edward  Pretty ;  and  the  beautiful  piece  of  embroidery  work 
exhibited  at  the  meeting  of  the  Medieval  Section  was  suspended  on  the 
wall.  Some  lately  published  topographical  works  were  laid  on  the  table, 
among  which  were,  "  The  History  and  Antiquities  of  Dartford,"  by  Mr.  J. 
Dunkin,  and  "  The  Histoiy  of  Gravesend,"  by  Mr.  Cruden.  There  were 
also  exhibited  the  proofs  of  the  plates  of  a  forthcoming  work  on  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  Coinage,  by  Mr.  D.  H.  Haigh,  of  Leeds. 

Lord  Albert  Conyngham  exhibited  a  beautiful  ornamental  sword  of  the 
period  of  the  renaissance,  and  a  head  of  John  the  Baptist,  finely  sculptured 
in  marble,  by  Bennini.  The  fii"st  impressions  had  also  arrived,  and  were 
exhibited,  of  a  handsome  medal  struck  to  commemorate  the  fii'st  meeting  of 
the  Association,  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Taylor,  of  London. 

Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  laid  on  the  table  numerous  specimens  of  fibulee,  or 
brooches,  in  lead,  found  in  the  rivers  at  Canterbury,  at  Abbeville  in 
France,  and  in  the  Thames  at  London.  These  brooches  are  stamped  out  of 
thin  pieces  of  lead,  and  bear  a  variety  of  figures  and  devices,  all  of  a  reli- 
gious tendency ;  they  were  obviously  worn  by  devotees  and  pilgrims  in  the 
middle  ages,  as  a  kind  of  certificate  of  their  having  visited  a  particular 
shrine,  or  joined  in  some  sacred  ceremony.  One  of  these  fibulae  bears  a 
mitred  head,  with  the  inscription  CAPVT  THOMC.  This,  Mr.  Smith 
observed,  had  unqiiestionably  been  brought  from  Canterbuiy  to  London 
(where  it  was  found)  by  some  visitor  to  the  shrine  of  Thomas  a  Becket,  and 
lie  quoted  a  passage  in  Giraldus  Cambrensis,  in  confirmation  of  this  opinion. 
These  brooches  are  from  the  collections  of  Mr,  W.  H.  Rolfe,  Mr.  Welton, 
and  Mr.  Smith. 


Thursday,  September  12. 

The  entire  day  was  devoted  to  excursions  to  Richborough  and  Barfreston, 
and  to  visits  to  the  antiquities  of  the  city.  Professor  Willis  visited  the  cathedral 
and  recurred  to  the  work  of  Gervase,  continuing  his  exposition  of  that  \mter 
to  numerous  members  of  the  Association  by  whom  he  was  accompanied. 
The  party  to  Richborough  comprised  the  Dean  of  Hereford.  Dr.  Buckland, 
Dr.  Spry,  the  Rev.  S.  Isaacson,  Messrs.  Ainsworth,  Bateman,  Clarke,  Hall, 
^c- — Richborough,  the  Rutupium  of  the  Romans,  has  acquired  new  interest 
from  the  researches  recently  made  ly  ^Ir.  W.  H.  Rolfe,  with  a  aIcw  to  dis- 

O  0 


278  FIRST  ANNUAL  MEETING  OF  THE 

cover  the  extent  and  nature  of  an  immense  subterranean  building  in  the  area 
of  the  station.  Mr.  Ilolfe  has  ascertained  tlie  extent  of  the  masonry,  but 
lias  been  unable  as  yet  to  discover  any  entrance  to  the  chambers  Avhich  he 
and  others  believe  it  encloses.  After  inspecting  Richborough,  a  few  of  the 
members  called  at  Sandwich,  and  examined  the  collection  of  antiquities  at 
Mr.  Rolfe'e,  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  interesting  in  the  county,  and 
arranged,  as  all  collections  should  be,  with  reference  to  the  localities  in 
which  the  specimens  have  been  discovered.  The  party  then  accepted  an 
invitation  to  lunch  at  John  Godfrey's,  Esq.,  of  Brook  House,  Ash,  and  then 
proceeded  to  Barfreston  and  inspected  the  church,  so  celebrated  for  its 
architectural  peculiarities.  Another  party,  under  the  guidance  of  Lord 
Albert  Conyngham,  visited  the  Castle,  Pharos,  and  Churches,  at  Dover. 

Fkiday,  Sept.  13. 
HISTORICAL  SECTION,  at  eleven  a.m. 

IjOud  Albert  Cokyngham,  who  presided,  introduced  the  business  of 
the  meeting  by  some  observations  on  the  importance  of  historical  science, 
and  on  the  attention  shewn  to  it  in  the  arrangement  of  this  section. 

Mr.  Crofton  Croker  read  a  letter  from  Miss  Caroline  Halsted,  relating  to 
a  commission  issued  by  Richard  III.  in  1485  for  collecting  alms  for  the  new 
roofing  of  the  chapel  of  St.  Peter,  St.  James,  and  St.  Anthony,  at  our  Lady 
of  Reculver  in  Kent.  IVIr.  J.  G.  Nichols  stated  that  there  formerly  existed 
at  Reculver  a  chapel  independent  of,  and  at  a  distance  from  the  church, 
which  was  probably  the  one  here  alluded  to. 

Mr.  Croker  laid  before  the  meeting  a  series  of  extracts  from  a  book  of 
accounts  of  expenses  relating  to  the  repairing  and  storing  of  the  king's 
ships  in  the  river  Thames  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  commvmicated  by 
Mr.  John  Barrow.     The  original  MS.  is  preserved  at  the  Admiralty. 

Mr.  Croker  then  read  a  paper  by  himself  on  the  character  of  Richard 
Boyle,  first  earl  of  Cork,  in  which  he  compared  that  nobleman's  auto- 
biography with  other  contemporary  authorities,  and  shewed  that  he  was  by 
no  means  the  honest  and  good  man  described  by  himself  and  his  friends. 
Mr.  Croker's  evidences  were  partly  taken  from  the  parish  registers  of 
St.  Paul's  in  Canterbury. 

Mr.  HalliweU  made  a  few  observations  on  some  early  MSS.  preserved  in 
the  library  of  Canterbury  cathedral.  He  mentioned,  among  others,  a  curious 
collection  of  satires  in  English  verse,  written  about  the  year  1590,  and  there- 
fore to  be  ranked  among  the  earliest  compositions  of  this  class  known,  and 
an  early  chartulary  of  the  monastery  of  St.  Augustine. 

Mr.  Wright  read  a  short  communication  from  Mr.  HalliweU,  relating  to 
the  coronation  of  Henry  VI.  of  England  at  Paris. 

Mr.  Wright  afterwards  read  a  paper  on  the  condition  and  historical  im- 
portance of  the  municipal  archives  of  the  city  of  Canterbury,  illustrated  by 
a  considerable  number  of  extracts  from  the  documents  themselves. 


BRITISH   ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION.  279 

Mr.  Wright  laid  before  the  meeting  a  series  of  extracts  from  the  bmsars' 
accounts  of  Merton  college,  Oxford,  from  1277  to  1310,  presented  by- 
Mr.  J.  II.  Parker,  and  read  a  communication  from  Mr.  Parker  on  the  sub- 
ject. These  accounts  shew  that  the  chapel  of  Merton  college,  a  beautiful 
example  of  the  Decorated  style  of  architecture,  was  built  in  1277,  the  high 
Altar  being  dedicated  in  that  year  ;  and  therefore  carry  the  first  introduction 
of  that  style  in  England  to  an  earlier  date  than  had  previously  been  ascer- 
tained, although  it  had  been  conjectured. 

PRIMEVAL  SECTION,  at  three  o'clock  p.m. 
The  Dean  of  Hereford  in  the  chair. 

EXHIBITIONS. 

1 .  Romano-British  unis  and  earthen  vessels,  excavated  about  twelve  years 
since  at  Bridge-hill,  near  Canterbuiy,  during  the  alteration  then  made  in  the 
line  of  road  from  Canterburj'  to  Dover.  These  and  many  other  urns  with 
skeletons  and  fragments  of  weapons,  were  deposited  about  midway  from  the 
foot  of  the  hill  to  the  top. — By  William  Henry  Rolfe,  Esq. 

2.  Roman  glass  vessels  and  pottery,  discovered  a  few  years  since  in 
excavating  for  the  foundations  of  Victoria-terrace,  St.  Dunstan's,  Canter- 
bury.— By  Ralph  Royle,  Esq. 

3.  Roman  urn,  found  four  and  a  half  feet  from  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  riding  gate  of  the  city  of  Canter- 
buiy, on  the  old  Dover  road.  Several  skeletons,  lying  abreast  of  each  other, 
with  other  remains,  were  found  at  the  same  place. — By  ^Ir.  John  Alford 
Smith. 

4.  A  large  collection  of  Roman  vases,  discovered  in  the  precincts  of  the 
cathedral. — By  George  Austen,  Esq. 

5.  Gold  Byzantine  and  Merovingian  coins,  mounted  and  looped  for  deco- 
rating the  person,  discovered  with  other  ornaments  in  gold  near  the  church 
of  St.  Martin's,  Canterburj-.— By  W.  H.  Rolfe,  Esq. 

Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith  remarked,  that  these  coins  had  evidently  been 
arranged  as  a  necklace,  a  custom  common  to  the  later  Romans  and  Saxons. 
Roman  coins  and  gems  seem  to  have  been  much  sought  for  by  the  Saxons, 
who  used  them  not  only  as  elegant  ornaments  but  also,  as  Mr.  Wright  (in  a 
paper  lately  read  before  the  Society  of  Antiquaries)  has  shewn,  as  amulets  or 
charms.  One  of  these  gold  coins  is  in  itself  particularly  interesting,  as  it 
appears  to  have  been  struck  by  Eupardus,  a  bishop  of  Autun,  who  lived  in 
the  early  part  of  the  sixth  century,  but  of  whom  history  is  almost  silent, 
neither  does  it  appear  that  any  other  coin  bearing  his  name  has  been  found. 
Mr.  Smith  added  that  the  discovery  of  these  ornaments  may  be  taken  into 
consideration  as  evidence  of  the  early  appropriation  of  the  locality  as  a  place 
of  sepulture. 

6.  Specimen  of  a  rare  Ronran  goblet  or  bowl  in  variegated  opake  glass, 


^80  FIRST  ANNUAL  MEETING  OF  THE 

Avitli  bronze  statuettes  and  other  articles  of  Roman  art  found  in  Loudon. — 
By  William  Chafiers,  jun.,  Esq. 

7.  Drawings  of  some  Roman  statues  recently  found  in  Northamptonshire. 
A  was  model  of  a  Roman  kiln  for  pottery,  with  specimens  of  various  kinds 
of  pottery  found  therein,  and  in  other  Roman  kilns  discovered  in  North- 
amptonshire.— By  Edmund  Tyrrell  Artis,  Esq. 

8.  Drawings  of  Celtic,  Romano-British,  and  Saxon  remains,  foimd  at 
Sittinghourne,  Kent,  together  with  a  map  of  the  locality,  shewing  the  rela- 
tive position  of  the  sites  of  their  discovery. — By  the  Rev.  AVm.  Vallance. 

9.  Roman  vases  of  very  remarkable  and  elegant  shapes,  said  to  have  been 
excavated  in  a  barrow  in  Wiltshire. — By  Joseph  Clarke,  Esq. 

10.  Roman  vu-n,  and  a  basin,  apparently  of  later  date,  found  in  the  gar- 
den of  W.  G,  Gibson,  Esq.,  of  Saffron  Walden. — By  Joseph  Clarke,  Esq. 

11.  Plan  of  foundations  of  extensive  Roman  buildings,  near  Weymouth. — 
By  Professor  Buckland. 

12.  Full-sized  copy  of  an  inscription  on  a  stone  at  the  east  end  of  the 
churchyard  of  Thursby,  near  Lmcoln. — By  John  Gough  Nichols,  Esq. 

ISIr.  C.  Roach  Smith  read  a  communication  from  Mr.  Edmund  Tyrrell 
Artis,  on  a  recent  discovery  of  Roman  statues,  and  a  kiln  for  pot- 
tery, in  the  vicinity  of  Castor,  Northamptonsliire.  The  statues  were 
discovered  on  the  site  of  the  brickyard,  at  Sibson,  near  Wansford.  They 
are  of  fine  workmanship,  and  sculptured  from  the  stone  of  a  neighbouring 
quarry.  The  kiln  described  by  Mr,  Artis,  had  been  constructed  upon  the 
remains  of  an  older  one.  It  appears  to  have  been  used  for  making  the 
bluish  black,  or  slate-coloured  kind  of  pottery,  so  frequently  met  with 
wherever  Roman  remains  are  found  in  England.  This  colour,  Mr.  Artis 
has  ascertained,  was  imparted  to  the  pottery  by  suffocating  the  fire  of  the 
kiln  at  the  time  when  its  contents  had  reached  the  proper  state  of  heat  to 
insure  a  uniform  colour.  The  entire  process  of  making  these  urns  is 
minutely  described  by  Mr.  Artis. 

The  Rev.  C.  Hartshorne  obsei-ved  that  he  had  seen  the  statues  mentioned 
by  Mr.  Artis,  which  he  considered  to  represent  Hercules,  ApoUo,  and 
Minerva,  executed  in  a  good  style  of  art.  The  Duke  of  Bedford  has  taken 
pains  to  preserve  them. 

Mr.  Smith  then  read  a  paper  by  Jannes  Puttock,  Esq.,  on  the  Roman 
Itineraries  in  relation  to  Canterbury  ;  an  account  of  Celtic,  Romano-British, 
and  Saxon  remains  found  at  Sittingbourne,  Kent,  by  the  Rev.  William 
Vallance ;  and  notices  of  Roman  and  British  encampments  near  Dun- 
stable, by  Mr.  W.  D.  Saull. 

Mr.  Pettigrew  read  a  paper  on  a  bilingual  inscription,  from  a  vase  in  the 
treasury  of  St.  Mark  at  Venice,  which  had  been  forwarded  to  him  by  Sir 
Gardner  Wilkinson.  The  inscription  was  in  the  arrow-headed  character 
and  in  Egyptian  hieroglyphics,  which  in  a  cartouche  contained  the  name 
of  Arlaxcrxes. 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION.  281 

Professor  Bucklaiid  gave  a  description  of  the  remains  of  a  Roman  temple, 
and  of  a  very  extensive  town  and  Roman  burial-f^round,  recently  discovered 
near  Weymouth,  and  illustrated  his  remarks  ])y  drawing-s,  and  specimens  of 
some  antiquities  from  the  locality. 

Mr.  Pettigrew  read  a  note  by  Samuel  Birch,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  on  a  gold  Saxon 
buckle  found  in  Hampshire. 

THE  MUMMY. 

The  members  met  in  the  theatre  at  eight  o'clock,  where  Mr.  Pettigrew 
first  read  an  essay  on  the  different  kinds  of  embalmments  among  the  Egyp- 
tians, and  then  proceeded  to  unroll  the  mummy,  wliich  had  been  obtained  from 
Thebes  by  Colonel  Necdham,  and  secured  for  the  Association  by  Mr.  Petti- 
grew. It  measui'ed  five  feet  two  inches,  and  was  invested  with  a  considerable 
quantity  of  Hnen  bandage,  stained  of  the  usual  colour  by  the  gum  of  the 
acacia,  as  supposed  by  Mr.  P. ;  over  the  whole  a  large  sheet  of  a  pinkish 
colour  was  thrown,  dyed  with  the  carthamus  tinctorius.  Bituminous  matter 
having  penetrated  through  the  sides,  the  bandages  could  not  be  unrolled  from 
the  body ;  they  were  therefore  cut  away,  and  among  them  numerous  com- 
presses were  found,  filling  up  all  spaces.  Time  would  not  permit  of  the  com- 
plete display  of  the  mummy,  but  the  head  was  fully  developed,  and  the  face 
was  found  to  have  been  gilt,  large  portions  of  gold-leaf,  upon  the  removal  of 
the  bandages,  presenting  themselves  in  most  vivid  brightness.  The  brain  had 
been  extracted  through  the  nostrils,  and  bitumen  injected  into  the  cavity  of 
the  skull.  The  head  had  been  shaven  some  little  time  before  the  death  of  the 
indindual,  who  was  therefore  conjectured  to  have  been  a  priest,  though  his 
occupation  or  position  in  life  was  not  expressed  in  the  hieroglyphics  upon  the 
case.  The  arms  were  folded  across  the  chest,  and  at  the  bottom  of  the  neck 
the  remains  of  a  lotus.  ISIany  other  things  will  probably  be  found  when  the 
examination  shall  be  proceeded  with,  which  will  be  done  at  Mr.  Pettigrew's 
leisure,  and  a  regular  account  of  the  examination  draA\ii  up.  The  hierogly- 
phics, according  to  Mr.  P.,  aided  by  the  knowledge  of  Mr.  Samuel  Birch  of 
the  British  Museum,  read  thus  : — 

1.  Eoyal  offering  to  Anup  attached  to  the  embalmment,  that  he  may  give  wax, 
clothes,  manifestation,  all  on  altar  ?  to  go  out  in  the  West  happy — that  he  may 
give  air  the  movement  of  breath  for  sake  of  HAR  (or  Horns)  trutli  speaking,  son 
of  UNNEFER  child  of  Lady  of  the  House  SAHERENEB. 

2.  Royal  Gift  offered  to  Osiris  resident  in  the  West — great  God — Lord  of  the 
East  that  he  may  give  a  good  painted  case  (sarcophagus)  in  Nouteker  (Divine 
Hades  or  Subterranean  Region.) 

3.  Oh  support  jVIaut — mistress  living  Nutpe — great  one  rejoicing  in  Tetu  (or 
Tattu  or  Tut)  with  thy  mother,  the  Heaven  over  thee,  by  her  name  of  Extender  of 
the  Heaven — that  she  may  make  thee  to  be  with  the  God  annihilating  thy  enemies 
in  thy  name  of  a  God,  directing  or  suft'tising  with  other  things  all  giving  great  in 
her  name  of  water — gicat  her  name  of  tliy  mother  ....  over  thee — in  her  name 
....  thee  to  be  witli  the  (iod  anniliilalinu:  thv  enemies  in  thy  name  of  a  God; 


282  FIRST  ANNUAL  MEETING  OF  THE 

that  she  may  suffuse,  making  ....  HAR,  son  of  UNNEFER  truth  speaking,  born 
of  Lady  of  the  House  making  SAHENNEB. 

There  were  also  upon  the  cases  the  addresses  to  Amset,  Kebhsnof,  Simauf, 
and  Hapee,  the  four  Genii  of  the  Amenti,  who  were  figured  on  the  case. 

A  part  of  the  inscription  above  given,  Mr.  Pettigrew  observes,  seems 
carelessly  and  hurriedly  written,  and  the  end  is  a  mere  repetition  of  one  of 
the  previous  clauses  of  the  sentence.  The  formula.  No.  3,  is  the  same  as 
that  which  occurs  on  the  coffin  of  Mycerinus,  from  the  third  pyramid,  on  the 
side  of  a  tomb  of  the  epoch  of  Psammetik  IIL  or  Apries  at  Gizeh,  and  on  a 
gilded  mummy  case  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Joseph  Sams.  The  mummy 
is  probably  not  to  be  referred  to  an  earlier  period  than  the  fifth  or  sixth  cen- 
tury before  the  Christian  era. 

The  reading  of  the  following  papers  was  postponed  in  the  difi'erent  sections 
for  want  of  time. 

L  On  the  Origin  of  the  Celts,  by  Sir  W.  Betham. 

2.  On  the  Astronomical  Chronology  of  Egypt,  by  Isaac  Cullimore,  Esq. 

3.  A  Review  of  Roman  Remains  extant  in  the  county  of  Kent,  with  Obser- 
vations on  recent  Discoveries  of  Roman  and  Saxon  Remains  in  various  parts 
of  the  county,  by  C.  Roach  Smith,  Esq. 

4.  On  the  Connection  between  the  late  Roman  Architecture,  and  that  pre- 
vious to  the  twelfth  century,  by  M.  H.  Bloxam,  Esq. 

5.  On  the  Prospects  and  Anticipated  Influence  of  the  British  Archse- 
ological  Association,  by  W.  Jerdan,  Esq. 

6.  7.  On  Automata,  or  Moving  Images,  and  on  the  Magical  Operation  of 
Numbers,  by  the  Rev.  Henry  Christmas. 

Saturday,  Sept.1  4. 
At  the  general  meeting  held  at  eleven  o'clock,  A.M.,  after  the  reports  of 
the  Sections  had  been  read,  the  thanks  of  the  meeting  were  voted  to, — 

1.  "The  Dean  and  Chatter  of  Canterbury,"  moved  by  Thomas  Stapleton,  Esq., 
F.S.A.,  seconded  by  Sir  James  Annesley,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

2.  "  The  Mayor  and  Corporation  of  Canterbury,"  moved  by  H.C.Robinson, 
Esq.,  F.S.A,,  seconded  by  Charles  Konig,  Esq.,  K.H.,  F.R.S. 

3.  "The  President,"  moved  by  the  Dean  of  Hereford,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  seconded  by 
T.  J.  Pettigrew,  Esq.,  F.R.S. ,  F.S.A. 

4.  "The  Treasurer,"  moved  by  the  Very  Rev.  Archdeacon  Burney,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A., 
seconded  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Spry,  F.S.A. 

5.  "The  General  Secretaries,"  moved  by  the  Rev.J.  B.  Deane,  F.S.A.,  seconded 
by  T.  C.  Croker,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

6.  "  The  Presidents,  Vice-Presidents,  Secretaries,  and  Committees,"  moved 
by  T.  J.  Pettigrew,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  seconded  by  the  Rev.  J.  J.  Ellis,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

7.  "The  Local  Committee,"  moved  by  T.  Wright,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  seconded  by  J.  G. 
Nichols,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

8.  "  The  Rev.  Dr.  Faussett,  for  his  great  courtesy  and  kindness  in  receiving  tlie 
members  of  the  Association  to  inspect  his  most  interesting  collection  of  antitiuitics," 
moved  by  C.  Roach  Smith,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  seconded  by  J.  O.  Halliwell,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


283 


9.  "Alexander  James  Beresford  Hope,  Esq.,  M.P.,  for  the  noble  example  he  has 
set  in  purchasing  the  remains  of  St.  Augustine's  Monastery  for  the  purpose  of  preserving 
them  from  further  desecration  and  repairing  the  original  work,"  moved  by  the  Rev.  S. 
Isaacson,  M.A.,  seconded  by  the  Rev.  Charles  Hassells,  M.A. 

10.  "The  Autuoks  of  Papers  and  Exhibitors  of  Antiquities,"  moved  by 
Dr.  W.  V.  Pettigrew,  seconded  by  Thomas  Amyot,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  Treas.S.A. 

The  Treasurer  announced  the  desire  which  had  been  expressed  by  many 
members  of  the  Association,  to  contribute  to  a  fund  for  the  exploration  of 
antiquities,  for  aiding  the  publication  of  important  and  expensive  works 
on  antiquarian  subjects,  and  for  the  other  general  purposes  of  the  Asso- 
ciation ;  the  following  gentlemen  have  already  forwarded  their  contributions 
for  the  same. 


£.     S.  D. 

Hudson  Gurney,  Esq.     ...  21     0  0 

Jolui  Norris,  Esq 20     0  0 

L.  11.  Petit,  Esq 10   10  0 

Archdeacon  Burney    .     .     .     .  10   10  0 

Rev.  Dr.  Spry 10  10  0 

WUliam  Salt,  Esq 10  10  0 


Walter  Hawkins,  Esq.     .     , 
Matthew  Bell,  Esq.    .     .     . 
Sir  .Tohn  Swinburne,  Bart. 
Beriah  Botfield,  Esq.,  M.P. 
Sir  James  Aunesley    .     .     , 


s. 

D. 

5 

0 

5 

0 

5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

annual  subscriptions. 


Francis  Benthall,  Esq. 
Rev.  Wm.  Thornton   . 
Joseph  Arden,  Esq.     .     , 
Sir  James  Boileau,  Bart. 
Dr.  Jephson       .     .     .     . 
Edward  Bridger,  Esq. 
William  Chaffers,  Esq. 
Rev.  A.  W.  Burnside 
T.  W.  King,  Esq.   .     . 
Thomas  Stapleton,  Esq. 
Count  Mortara  .     .     . 
Bolton  Corney,  Esq. 
W.  J.  Booth,  Esq. 
Ambrose  Poynter,  Esq. 
Rev.  Neville  White     . 
James  Whatman,  Esq. 
Rev.  J.  Lee  Warner    . 


Henry  Phillips,  Esq. 
Charles  F.  Barnwell,  Esq 
Dr.  John  Lee     .... 
Charles  Newton,  Esq. 
J.  B.  Bergne,  Esq.       .     . 
Augustus  O'Brien,  Esq.,  M 
Miss  Anna  Gurney      .     . 
John  Huxtable,  Esq.  .     . 
S.  S.  Rogers,  Esq.       .     . 
James  Dearden,  Esq. 
John  Bidwell,  Esq.      .     . 
Rev.  Henry  Defoe  Baker 
John  Smith,  Esq.,  L.L.D. 
—  Mac  Lellan,  Esq.  .     . 
Charles  J.  Whatman,  Esq. 

D.  Price,  Esq 

Alfred  White,  Esq.     .     . 


1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

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0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

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0 

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0 

0 

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0 

After  the  general  meeting  on  Saturday,  a  select  party,  including  Arch- 
deacon Burney,  Dr.  Spiy,  Mr.  C.  R.  Smith,  and  Mr.  A\'right,  paid  a  visit  to 
the  interesting  church  of  Chartham,  and  were  kindly  and  hospitably  enter- 
tained by  the  Rev.  H.  R.  Moody,  vicar  of  Chartham.  - 


Notices  of  Nclu  publications. 


Dresses  and  Decorations  of  the  Middle  Ages,  from  the  Seventh 
TO  THE  Seventeenth  Centuries.  By  Henry  Shaw,  F.S.A.  2  vols, 
imperial  8vo.     London,  Pickering,  1844. 

This  very  attractive  and  suj^erbly  embellished  publication  presents  the 
most  instructive  series  of  specimens  of  the  arts,  and  decorative  artistic  pro- 
cesses of  the  middle  ages,  that  has  ever  been  offered  to  public  attention : 
it  comprises  ninety-four  elaborate  plates,  the  greater  number  of  which  are 
very  richly  coloured,  and  a  profusion  of  characteristic  woodcuts.  The  sub- 
jects, selected  at  home  and  on  the  continent  with  much  judgment,  are  repre- 
sented with  the  skill  and  minute  accuracy  which  stamps  ^Nlr.  Shaw's  pub- 
lications with  so  high  a  value,  and  renders  them  not  merely  elegant  table- 
books  suitable  for  the  drawing-room,  but  treasuries  of  curious  and  valuable 
information,  to  which  the  antiquary  or  the  artist  may  constantly  have 
recourse  with  fresh  interest  and  advantage.  In  a  former  production,  this 
talented  artist  had  given  a  few  striking  examples  of  the  taste  displayed  by 
our  forefathers  in  the  utensils  or  appliances  of  ordinaiy  life,  such  as  deco- 
rated the  table  or  the  dwellings  of  the  higher  classes  of  society  ;  in  the 
present  work,  he  has  taken  a  wider  range,  and  brought  together,  as  a  chrono- 
logical series,  an  interesting  selection  of  objects  which  are  preserved  in 
public  and  private  collections  in  England  and  abroad,  scattered  far  apart, 
and  in  many  cases  scarcely  accessible  to  the  curious.  By  representations 
executed  with  a  degree  of  care  and  fidelity  hitherto  unequalled,  INIr.  Shaw  has 
now  in  some  measure  supplied  the  deficiency  so  heavily  felt  in  this  country 
by  the  student  of  medieval  art  and  antiquities.  England  is  the  only  country 
in  Europe  which  has  up  to  the  present  time  formed  no  public  collection  Ulus- 
trati'se  of  national  art,  and  specially  destined  to  receive  objects  interesting 
from  the  historical  associations  attached  to  them,  personal  rehcs  valuable 
from  their  connexion  with  the  memoiy  of  eminent  characters  in  ancient 
times,  and  not  less  to  be  prized  as  supplying  characteristic  examples  of  the 
gradual  progress  of  art  and  taste  from  the  earliest  periods.  Mr.  Shaw  has 
materially  enhanced  the  value  of  his  work  in  the  eyes  of  the  English  anti- 
quary by  the  judicious  selection  of  numerous  interesting  memorials  connected 
with  the  history  of  the  realm.  Such  are  the  enamelled  ring  of  Ethelwulf, 
the  jewel  which  Alfred  caused  to  be  made,  and  which  he  is  supposed  to 
have  lost  at  the  eventful  period  of  his  career,  when  he  fled  before  the  Danes 
into  the  west;  the  contemjiorary  portraits  of  several  of  our  monarchs  and 
personages  of  the  blood  royal,  and  the  nuptial  present  of  Henry  VIH.  to 
Anne  Boleyn,  the  elegant  clock  which  was  purchased  at  Strawberiy  Hill 
for  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  mention  any  kind  of  art,  or  decorative  process, 
practised  during  the  medieval  period  which  is  not  exhibited  and  illustrated 
in  these  volumes.  There  is  scarcely  any  branch  of  antiquarian  research 
upon  which  they  do  not  throw  a  new  liglit  by  some  of  the  varied  examples 


DRESSES  AND  DECORATIONS  OK  THE  M1DDI>E  AGES. 


28.") 


■\vhicli  embellish  every  page.  Mr.  Shaw  has  availed  himself  of  the  recent 
improvements  in  the  process  of  printing  in  colours  by  the  use  of  woodcuts  : 
the  effect  is  most  satisfactory,  the  brilliant  initial  letters  and  coloured  deco- 
rations introduced  in  the  letter-press,  render  it  scarcely  less  attractive  to  the 
eye  than  the  plates  themselves. 

This  work  will  prove  particularly  serviceable  to  those  who  investigate  the 
details  of  costume,  which  are  constantly  found  to  be  the  most  valuable  key 
to  the  chronological  arrangement  of  works  of  art  during  the  middle  ages. 
The  examples  of  ecclesiastical  cos- 
tume, as  also  of  sacred  ornaments  and 
appliances,  are  of  a  very  interesting 
character,  especially  the  mitre  and 
vestments  of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury, 
preserved  in  the  treasury  of  the  cathe- 
dral of  Sens,  where  he  resided  for  a 
time  after  his  flight  into  France  in 
1164.  The  apparel  of  the  Amice,  of 
which  a  representation  is  here  given, 
may  serve  as  a  specimen  of  the  designs 
of  the  embroidery  which  adorns  these 
curious  relics.  The  colours,  which 
alternate  at  short  intervals,  are  red, 
blue,  and  gi-een ;  the  crosses,  the  run- 
ning design  on  the  border,  and  some 
other  portions,  appear  to  have  been 
wrought  with  gold,  whence  embroidery 
of  this  kind  received  the  appellation 
aurifrigum,  or  an  orfrey.  The  width  of 
the  original  apparel  is  4|  inches.  The 
most  cvuious  object  preserved  at  Sens, 
as  having  belonged  to  Becket,  is  the 
mitre,  of  which  Mr.  Shaw  has  given  a 
beautiful  representation.  It  apjiearsto 
be  the  mitra  auriphrygiata  of  the  Roman 
Ceremonial,  which  was  formed  of  tissue 
of  gold  and  embroidery,  without  any 
gems  or  plates  of  gold  and  silver.  It 
is  adorned  with  a  remarkable  orna- 
ment, which  was  veiy  frequently  in- 
troduced on  the  vestments  of  the  Greek 
Church,  and  of  wliich  several  examples 
occur  on  sepulchral  brasses  or  other 
memorials  in  England  :  this  symbol, 
originally  formed  by  a  combination  of 
the  letter  ganmia  four  times  repeated, 
was  termed  Gammadion.  The  confor- 
mity of  fashion  between  this  mitre  attributed  to  St.  Thomas,  and  the  mitre 


286 


NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


which  appears  in  the  representation  of  Hedda,  bishop  of  Winchester, 
executed  about  the  same  period,  deserves  notice.  The  same  form  appears 
in  both,  the  elevation  is  slight,  compared  with  mitres  of  a  subsequent  period, 
and  the  apex  foi'ms  a  right  angle.  This  curious  subject  is  taken  from  the 
Roll,  which  presents  a  series  of  drawings  illustrative  of  the  Life  of  St. 
Guthlac,  and  it  exhibits  his  admission  into  pi'iest's  orders.  These  designs 
have  been  engraved  for  Nichols'  Histoiy  of  Leicestershire,  and  the  original 
roll,  a  remarkable  specimen  of  English  design  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
twelfth  century,  is  preserved  at  the  British  Museum". 


The  successive  variations  in  the  form  of  the  mitre,  or  other  similar  details, 
serve  to  the  practised  eye  as  indications  of  date  ;  it  is  on  this  account  inter- 
esting to  compare  the  simple  embroidered  mitre  of  the  twelfth  century  with 
the  superb,  but  less  elegant  work  of  the  fifteenth,  the  splendidly  jewelled 
mitra pretiosa,  wrought  by  Thomas  O'Carty  for  Cornelius  ODeagh,  bishop 
of  Ijimerick,  about  the  year  1408,  which  has  supplied  ]\Ir.  Shaw  with  the 
subject  of  one  of  his  most  beautiful  plates.  This  valuable  relic  of  Irish 
workmanship  in  tlie  precious  metals  had  previously  been  represented  in  the 
Archa^ologia,  vol.  xvii,,  accompanied  by  a  dissertation  from  the  pen  of  the 

«  Hail.  Charter,  V.  G. 


DRESSES  AND  DECORATIONS  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.         287 

late  learned  Dr.  INIilner,  but  a  very  erroneous  notion  of  its  real  fonn  is  there 
conveyed,  inasmuch  as  the  jilate  exhibits  the  design  of  one  moiety  of  the 
mitre,  as  if  it  were  developed,  or  as  a  flat  object,  instead  of  shewing  it  in  the 
true  perspective.  This  defect  has  been  properly  corrected  in  Mr.  Shaw's  plate. 


The  student  of  militarj'  antiquities  and  costume  will  find  in  these  volumes 
a  profusion  of  well-chosen  examples,  some  of  which,  like  the  splendidly  em- 
blazoned monumental  effigy  of  William  Longuespee,  at  Salisbury,  are  of  the 
highest  interest  as  specimens  of  ancient  English  art.  This  beautiful  early 
work  of  sculpture  is  formed  of  the  grey  marble  which  formerly  was  quarried 
in  great  abundance  at  Corfe,  and  various  places  on  the  Dorsetshire  coast. 
The  figure  is  in  great  part  highly  polished,  but  was  richly  painted  and 
gilded  throughout,  as  a  lively  portraiture  of  the  warrior  in  his  complete 
equipment.  Mr.  Shaw  has  bestowed  much  care  and  pains  in  the  endeavour 
to  give,  from  indications  which  are  still  to  be  found  on  certain  parts  of  the 
statue,  a  restoration  of  the  original  effect.  It  should  be  obsened,  that  all 
monumental  effigies,  of  what  material  soever,  of  stone  or  wood,  of  marble 
or  alabaster,  were,  from  the  earliest  periods  down  to  the  se\entecnth  cen- 
tury', invariably  painted  and  gilded,  in  accordance  with  the  proper  colouring 
of  the  original  costume.  An  interesting  exhibition  of  the  military  accoutre- 
ment of  a  later  period  is  afforded  by  the  delineation  which  is  copied  from 
the  Life  of  Richard  Beaiichamp,  preserved  in  the  British  Museum.  It  re- 
presents  a  single  combat  with  axes,  which  took  place  at  Verona  between 


288 


NOTICES  OP  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


that  doughty  eavl  of  "Warwick  and  Sir  Pandulf  Malacet  (?  Malatesta).  In 
tlie  porter's  lodge  at  Warwick  castle  may  be  seen  a  specimen  of  the 
singular  long-handled  axe,  such  as  is  represented  in  the  drawing  in  question ; 
possibly  it  may  be  the  identical  weapon  which  was  used  by  Earl  Richard  at 
that  memorable  feat  of  arms,  but  it  has  been  fitted  with  a  short  handle,  as  if 
intended  for  single-handed  vise,  like  a  battle-axe.  Besides  the  numerous 
subjects  illustrative  of  armour  and  arms,  much  information  is  to  be  gained 
in  regard  to  the  details  of  ancient  warfare.  The  curious  military  engines, 
which  were  used  wdth  dire  effect  previously  to  the  invention  of  gunpowder, 
are  exhibited  in  active  opera- 
tion, as  in  the  annexed  repre- 
sentation, taken  from  a  draw- 
ing executed  about  the  close 
of  the  fourteenth  century, 
which  shews  the  machines 
used  for  projecting  huge 
stones.  It  is  said  that  these 
powerful  machines,which  w^ere 
called  pierrieres ,  calabres,  man- 
gonels, &c.,  were  introduced 
during  the  I'eign  of  Henry  III. 
by  the  second  Simon  de  IMont- 
fort.  It  is  singular  that  the 
only  specimens  which  have 
been  noticed  of  the  large  stone  balls  or  pellets,  with  which  the  walls  of  a 
fortress  were  battered  by 
means  of  such  artillery ,were 
found  a  few  years  since  in 
the  soil,  on  the  site  of  the 
extensive  lake  which  for- 
merly w^ashed  the  walls  of 
Kenilworth  castle,  granted 
by  Henry  III.  to  the  same  De 
Montfort,  carl  of  Leicester. 
Possibly  these  might  have 
been  some  of  the  ponderous 
projectiles  which  had  been 
employed  during  the  ob- 
stinate siege  maintained 
against  Henry  by  the  par- 
tizans  of  the  rebel  baron, 
under  his  younger  son,  after 
the  battle  of  Evesham.  The 
fashion  of  the  stately  pavi- 
lion, which  served  to  shelter 
the  warrior  in  the  field,  of 
tlie  galley  in  whifh   lie  crosscMl  (lie  seas,  with   its  lofty  quarter-deck,  and 


DRESSES  AND  DECORATIONS  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES. 


289 


contrivances  suited  for  warfare  with  the  sHng'  and  the  cross-bow,  as  well  as 
many  other  curious  details,  are  to  be  studied  in  the  delineations  faithfully 
copied  by  Mr.  Shaw.  It  is  surprising,  that  in  a  country  which  makes  its 
boast  of  the  dominion  of  the  seas,  no  antiquary  should  hitherto  have  taken 
up  a  subject  of  research  so  fraught  with  curious  interest  as  the  history  of 
ancient  (shipping  ;  we  may,  however,  anticipate  that  ere  long  this  deficiency 
in  national  arclueology  will  be  supplied  from  the  pen  of  Sir  Samuel  Meyrick, 
by  whose  assiduous  research  another  most  obscure  and  intricate  subject  has 
already  been  elucidated,  and  whose  valuable  collection  at  Goodrich  Court, 
laid  open  with  the  utmost  liberality  to  the  student  and  the  curious,  affords 
the  most  instructive  chronological  series  of  armour  and  arms  which  exists 
in  Europe. 

The  admirer  of  the  quaint  and  elaborate  works  of  the  middle-age 
goldsmiths  and  enamellers  will  find  in  Mr.  Shaw's  attractive  plates  many 
objects  of  more  than  ordinaiy  interest.  One  of  the  most  elegant  is  the  gold 
coronation  spoon,  which  is  used  for  receiving  the  sacred  oil  from  the 
ampulla,  at  the  anointing  of  the  sovereign  ;  it  is  probable  that  this  is  the 
sole  reUc  of  the  ancient  regaUa  which  has  been  preserved  to  the  present 
time.  Its  date  is  about  the  twelfth  century.  A  rich  display  of  chalices, 
crosses,  crosiers,  reliquaries,  and  other  sacred  ornaments,  is  given,  as  also  of 
elegant  works  destined  for  ordinary  or  personal  use,  jewellery,  arms,  the 
beautiful  parcel-gilt  covered  cups,  which  served  to  garnish  the  court 
cupboard  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  amongst  them  that  unique  specimen 
of  German  niello,  which  is  now 
preserved  in  the  print-room  at  the 
British  Museum.  The  elegant  little 
rehquar)-,  of  which  a  representation 
is  here  offered  to  our  readers,  is  a 
work  of  the  fifteenth  centuiy ;  the 
original  exists  at  Paris. 

It  would  not  be  possible  to  advert 
in  detail  to  all  the  artistic  processes, 
of  which  specimens  are  here  brought 
together.  Painted  glass,  illumi- 
nated MSS.,  tapestry  and  embioid- 
cries,  decorative  pavements,  the 
sepulchral  brass  and  the  incised 
slab,  as  well  as  works  of  a  higher 
class  of  art,  such  as  the  remarkable 
portraits  of  Richard  II.,  at  Wilton, 
Margaret,  queen  of  Scotland,  at 
Hampton  Court,  and  Francis  I., 
attributed  to  the  pencil  of  Janet,  all 
are  presented  to  view  in  rich  variety. 
The  portrait  of  King  Richard  may 
be    regarded    as    the  most   curious    painting   in    the   carl    of  Pembroke's 


290 


NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


collection,  and  is  known  by  the  etching  executed  by  Hollar,  which  gives  but 
an  imperfect  idea  of  the  original.  This  picture 
has  been  cited  as  a  specimen  of  painting  in  oil, 
the  date  assigned  to  it  being  1377,  thirty-three  years 
previous  to  the  supposed  invention  of  the  art  by 
John  ab  Eyck.  Mr.  Shaw,  however,  considers  it  to 
be  painted  in  distemper,  and  supposes  the  resemblance 
to  oil-painting  to  be  occasioned  only  by  the  varnish. 
The  scattered  objects  which  are  preserved  in 
the  mansions  of  the  aristocracy  in  Great  Britain,  and 
must  be  regarded  with  special  interest  on  account  of 
historical  associations  which  are  connected  with  them, 
are  very  numerous.  Of  an  interesting  little  rehc  of  this 
description,  which  has  now  been  brought  to  light  by 
Mr.  Shaw,  a  representation  is  here  submitted  to  our 
readers.  It  is  the  penner,  which,  as  tradition  affirms, 
was  left  at  Waddington  Hall  by  Henry  VI.,  during 
his  wanderings  in  Yorkshire,  after  the  fatal  battle  of 
Towton.  At  Bolton  Hall,  the  previous  place  of  his 
concealment,  he  had  parted  with  his  boots,  his  knife, 
fork,  and  spoon.  The  case  for  pens  and  ink,  des- 
tined to  be  appended  to  the  girdle,  is  formed  of 
leather,  neatly  ornamented  with  patterns  in  relief. 
The  process  of  impressing  designs  on  leather  soft- 
ened by  heat,  and  termed  cuir-bouilli,  was  anciently 
carried  to  singular  perfection,  and  rendered  available 
for  a  variety  of  purposes.  Defences  formed  of  this 
material  supplied  the  place  of  the  more  cumbersome 
armour  of  iron  plate,  and  greaves  or  "jambeux  of 
coorbuly,"  which  are  mentioned  by  Chaucer,  as  part 
of  the  equipment  of  Sir  Thopas,  may  be  noticed  on 
the  monumental  effigies  of  the  period.  It  is  recorded 
that  the  figure  of  Henry  V.,  which  was  exposed  to 
public  view  during  his  obsequies,  was  formed  of  cuir- 
bouilli.  The  remarkable  durability  of  ornamental 
work  impressed  upon  leather  by  such  means,  is 
shewn  by  the  very  curious  specimens  which  have 
been  discovered  in  Moorfields,  in  positions  where 
they  had  been  much  exposed  to  damp :  they  consist 
of  shoes,  belts,  and  pouches,  and  are  presei*ved  in  the 
interesting  collection  which  has  been  formed  by 
Mr.  Charles  Roach  Smith,  consisting  almost  exclu- 
sively of  antiquities,  of  every  period,  which  have  been 
brought   to   light   in    the    city    of  London   and   its 


\W>.'' 


TTjiyJ! 


N?J. 


environs. 


ALBERT    AVAY. 


AN  ANALYSIS  OF  GOTHIC  ARCHITECTURE.  291 

Ax  Analysis  of  Gothic  Architecture,  illustrated  by  Dra'nvings 

MADE  FROM  ACTUAL  MEASUREMENT  OF  EXISTING  EXAMPLES  THROUGH- 
OUT England,  and  carefully  delineated  to  Scale.  By  R.  k  J.  A. 
Brandon,  Architects.  Nos.  I.  and  II.  London,  P.  Richardson.  1844. 
We  cannot  better  explain  the  object  of  this  publication  than  by  reprint- 
ing the  first  paragraphs  of  the  Prospectus  : — 

"  The  want  of  a  work  on  this  important  subject  has  long  been  felt  by  the 
profession.  The  many  beautiful  pictorial  works  that  are  now  being  pub- 
lished are  quite  inadequate  to  the  purpose,  and  seem  designed  rather  for  the 
amateur  than  for  the  architect :  it  is  with  the  view  of  supplying  this  defi- 
ciency and  witli  the  earnest  hope  of  contributing  a  work  of  real  value  and 
interest  to  the  libraries  of  scientific,  professional,  and  practical  men,  that  the 
authors  have  been  induced  to  place  before  the  public  the  result  of  deep  re- 
search and  study,  laying  claim  to  nothing  new  or  unattainable  by  others,  but 
merely  to  a  careful  and  patient  investigation  of  the  truly  beautiful  remains  of 
Gothic  architecture  in  this  country  and  an  accurate  representation  thereof. 

"  All  the  different  examples  will  be  classified  according  to  their  date,  and 
when  complete  the  work  will  take  that  arrangement,  but  it  is  not  proposed 
to  publish  them  in  chronological  order. 

''  Each  subject  will  be  accompanied  w^ith  plans  and  ample  sections  of  the 
mouldings,  and  w^henever  any  particularly  interesting  constructive  feature 
occurs,  it  wiU  be  carefully  drawn  out  to  a  larger  scale." 

The  publication  being  intended  chiefly  for  architects,  w'c  must  not  expect 
the  plates  to  be  made  intelligible  to  unprofessional  eyes  ;  they  are  accord- 
ingly executed  in  such  a  manner,  that  few  besides  architects  can  enter  into 
the  spirit  of  them,  or  take  much  delight  in  beholding  them.  They  are 
drawn  on  stone  with  a  pen,  in  outline  only,  without  any  attempt  at  shadows 
or  effect,  but  fairly  done  in  their  way,  with  genei'al  accuracy  and  attention 
to  details,  sections  of  mouldings,  &.c.  So  far  as  the  work  has  yet  gone,  we 
cannot  say  that  the  selection  of  subjects  appears  very  judicious  :  it  would 
be  easy  to  point  out  finer  examples  of  the  respective  styles.  The  use  of  the 
term  5e»«'-Norman  on  the  first  plate  is  unfortunate ;  this  term  has  been 
always  repudiated  by  our  best-informed  architectural  antiquaries,  and  the 
Messrs.  Brandon  have  not  shewn  much  discretion  by  commencing  their 
work  with  the  use  of  it.  In  tliis  example,  (a  doorway  from  Orpington, 
Kent,)  if  the  mouldings  are  dra-\vn  w  ith  tolerable  accuracy,  the  style  is  much 
more  Early  EngUsh  than  Norman.  Our  limits  forbid  any  detailed  criticism 
of  each  plate  ;  w'e  can  only  observe  that  several  of  the  specimens  are  not 
pure  specimens  of  the  styles,  but  partake  more  or  less  of  a  transition 
character,  and  therefore  should  not  have  been  selected  as  models  of  the 
style.  For  instance,  the  distinction  between  the  Decorated  windows  at 
Chenies  and  Chesham,  Bucks,  and  the  Perpendicular  window  at  Kings- 
worthy,  Hants,  is  not  apparent  ;  the  designs  arc  nearly  the  same,  and  the 
variation  in  the  mouldings  very  trifling  ;  neither  the  one  nor  the  other  is  a 
pure  specimen  of  either  style.  Still,  on  the  whole,  the  work  deserves  to  be 
recommended  as  cheap  and  useful.  i.  h.  p. 


RECENT  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIONS.— ENGLISH. 

Fresco  Decorations  and  Stuccoes  of  the  Churches  and  Palaces  in 
Italy,  during  the  Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth  Centuries.  Taken 
from  the  principal  Works  of  the  greatest  Painters,  never  before  engraved, 
and  containing  a  store  of  examples,  patterns,  &c.,  fitted  for  the  use  and 
adoption  of  Architects,  Decorators,  Manufacturers,  and  Dilettanti  in 
Building.  With  English  Descriptions,  by  Louis  Gruner.  With  forty- 
five  Plates.     John  Murray,  London. 

The  Natural  History,  Antiquities,  Manufactures,  &c.  of  the 
County  of  Stafford.  By  Robert  Garner,  F.L.S.  8vo.,  vi^ith  many 
illustrations,  price  one  guinea. 

The  Ecclesiastical  Architecture  of  Great  Britain,  from  the  Con- 
quest TO  the  Reformation  ;  illustrated  by  vievifs,  plans,  elevations, 
sections,  and  details.  By  Henry  Bowman  and  James  Hadfield,  archi- 
tects. Royal  4to.,  in  Parts,  each  3s.  bds.  Parts  I.  and  II.,  Norbury 
Church,  Derbyshire  ;  Parts  III.  and  IV.,  Lambley  Church,  Nottingham- 
shire ;   Part  V.,  Castle  Rising  Church,  Norfolk. 

Monastic  Ruins  of  the  County  of  Yorkshire,  from  Dravfings  made 
expressly  for  the  work  by  Mr.  W.  Richardson,  architect,  with  copious 
Historical  and  Descriptive  Notices  by  the  Rev.  Edward  Churton,  M.A. 
Lithographed  by  G.  Hawkins.  H.  Sunter,  York  ;  Ackermann  and  Co., 
London.  Royal  folio  £1.  Is.,  Proofs  £1.  lis.  6d.  Parts  I.  II.  and 
III.  The  County  of  Yorkshire  will  be  completed  in  about  Six  Parts, 
of  four  plates  each. 

Ecclesiastical  Architecture  of  Italy,  from  the  time  of  Constan- 
tine  to  the  Fifteenth  Century  ;  with  text  by  Henry  Gaily  Knight, 
Esq.,  M.P.     Second  series,  51  plates.    £5.  5s. 

Anecdota  Literaria  ;  a  collection  of  short  Poems  in  English,  Latin,  and 
French,  illustrative  of  the  Literature  and  History  of  England  in  the 
thirteenth  century,  and  more  especially  of  the  condition  and  manners  of 
the  different  classes  of  society.  Edited  by  Thomas  Wright,  Esq.  8vo. 
7s.  6d. 

History  of  Grittleton.  By  the  Rev.  J.  E.  Jackson,  illustrated  by 
engravings.     4to.     For  the  Wiltshire  Topographical  Society. 

An  Essay  on  Topographical  Literature,  its  province,  attributes,  and 
varied  utility  ;  with  an  account  of  the  sources,  objects,  and  uses  of  na- 
tional and  local  records,  with  Glossaries  of  words  used  in  ancient  Wilt- 
shire. By  John  Britton,  F.S.A.,  &c.  4to.  For  the  Wiltshire  Topogra- 
phical Society. 

An  Account  of  the  Opening  of  the  Roman  Tumulus  at  RouGHAM,on 
the  4th  July,  1844.     By  the  Rev.  J.  S.  Henslow.     8  pp.    8vo. 


RECENT  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIONS. ENGLISH.  293 

A  SUPI'LEMENT    TO    TIIK    SuFl'OLK    TRAVELLER  ;    OR  TOPOGRAPHICAL  AND 

Genealogical  Collections  concerning  that  County.  Compiled 
by  Augustine  Page.  In  one  vol.,  royal  8vo.  Price  to  Subscribers, 
£1.  15s.  ;   to  Non-Subscribers,  £2. 

The  History  and  Antiquities  of  Dartfokd,  witb  topographical  notices 
of  the  neighI)ourhood.  By  .lohn  Dunkin,  gent.,  M.A.S.,  in  1  vol.  8vo. 
with  engravings. 

The  Numismatic  Chronicle  and  Journal  of  the  Numismatic  Society. 
No.  XXV.  containing,  1.  Unedited  Autonomous  and  Imperial  Greek 
Coins,  by  H.  P.  Borrell.  2.  New  Proposed  Reading  of  certain  coins  of 
Cunobclin,  by  Samuel  Birch.  3.  On  Bullion  Currency,  by  W.  B.  Dick- 
inson. 4.  On  the  term  "bar,"  cm])loyed  in  African  exchange  compu- 
tation, by  W.  B.  Dickinson.  5.  On  some  Anglo-Saxon  Stycas  dis- 
covered at  York,  by  C.  R.  Smith.  6.  IMiscellanea.  7-  Proceedings 
of  the  Numismatic  Society,  with  engravings  and  woodcuts.     8vo. 

An  Olla  PoDRiDA,  or  Scraps,  Numismatic,  Antiquarian,  and  Literary. 
By  Richard  Sainthill,  of  Topsham,  Devon.    Large  Svo.    London,  1844. 

Arch.eologia  AELiANA,or  ^Miscellaneous  Tracts  relating  toAntiquity,  pub- 
lished by  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne.  Vol.  III. 
Part  iii.    4to.     1844. 

Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy.     Vol.  xix.     Part  II. 

ArcH/Eologia.     Vol.  XXX.     Part  11.     4to.     London,  1844. 

Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London.  Nos.  Land 
II.    Svo.    London,  1843-4. 

A  Series  of  Monumental  Brasses,  extending  from  the  reign  of  Edward 
I.  to  that  of  Elizabeth.     Part  XIV.     By  I.  G.  and  L.  A.  B.  Waller. 

The  Antiquities  of  Crosby  Hall,  including  an  Historical  and  Descrip- 
tive account  of  the  Building,  from  the  foundation  to  the  present  period, 
with  fifteen  line  engravings.      By  Henry  J.  Hammon,  Architect.     4to. 

Lectures  on  Heraldry,  in  which  the  principles  of  the  Science  are  fami- 
liarly explained,  and  its  application  shewn  to  the  study  of  History  and 
Architecture,  illustrated  by  numerous  drawings  of  various  kinds  of  armo- 
rial bearings,  badges,  and  other  devices,  including  those  of  the  Kings 
and  (Queens  of  England,  with  an  examination  of  the  causes  wliich  are 
said  to  have  given  rise  to  their  adoption.  By  A.  Barrington,  M.D., 
fcap.  v  o.,  7s.  (3d.,  or  with  the  plates,  coloured,  10s.  Gd. 


Introduction  to  a  Scientific  System  of  Mythology.     By  C.  O.  Midler. 
Translated  from  the  German  by  J.  Leitch.     8vo.,  12s. 


294  RECENT  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIONS. FRENCH. 

A  History  of  Illuminated  Books,  from  the  4th  to  the  17th  century. 
By  H.  N.  Humphreys.  Illustrated  by  a  series  of  specimens,  consisting 
of  an  entire  page  of  the  exact  size  of  the  original,  from  the  most  cele- 
brated and  splendid  MSS.  Printed  in  gold,  silver,  and  colours.  To  be 
completed  in  about  24  Parts.  Part  I.,  Imperial  4to.,  12s.,  large 
paper,  21s. 

A  Survey  of  Staffordshire  ;  containing  the  Antiquities  of  that  County. 
By  S.  Erdeswick.  Collated  with  MS.  co2:)ies,  and  with  additions  and 
corrections  illustrative  of  the  History  and  Antiquities,  by  the  Rev.  T. 
Harwood,  D.D.  New  edition,  considerably  improved,  8vo.  pp.  694, 
8  plates,  cloth,  25s. 


RECENT  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIONS.— FRENCH. 

Memoires  de  la  Societe  des  Antiquaires  de  l'Ouest.  Annee,  1843. 
Poitiers.  8vo.  1844.  1.  Catalogue  du  Musee.  2.  Seance  Publique. 
3.  L'Amphitheatre,  ou  les  Arenes  de  Poitiers,  par  M.  le  baron  Bourg- 
nor  de  Layre.  4.  Essai  sur  les  Lanternes  des  Morts,  par  M.  A.  de 
Chasteigner.  5.  Statuts  et  Usages  de  I'ancienne  Abbaye  de  Montier- 
neuf  de  Poitiers,  par  M.  Redet.  6.  Memoire  sur  la  Bataille  de  Moncon- 
tour,  par  M.  Allonneau.  7.  Attribution  de  quelques  Tiers  de  sol  d'or 
au  Poitou,  par  M.  B.  Fillon.  8.  Recherches  sur  un  Tiers  de  sol  d'or 
inedit  de  Melle,  frappe  au  type  Visigoth,  par  A.  de  Chasteigner. 
9.   Compte  Rendu  des  Seances  du  Congres  Archeologique  de  Poitiers. 

Bulletins  de  la  Societe  des  Antiquaires  de  l'Ouest.  Annees, 
1844-4G.     Poitiers.    8vo.    1844. 

Bulletin  de  la  Societe  des  Antiquaires  de  Picardie.  Annee,  1844. 
No.  2.     Amiens.     8vo.     1844. 

Essai  sur  les  Noms  Propres  Normands,  par  M.  de  Gerville,  F.S.A., 
&c.     4to.    Caen,  1844. 

Monuments  Romains  d'Alleaume,  par  M.  de  Gerville.  Valognes.  8vo. 
1844. 

Lettre  sur  l'Arciiitecture  des  Eglises  du  Departement  de  la 
Manche,  par  M.  de  Gerville.     Valognes,  8vo.     1843. 

Revue  Numismatique,  publiee  par  E.  Cartier  et  L.  de  la  Saussaye. 
Ann6e,  1844.  No.  3.  1.  Attribution  d'une  mcdaiile  gauloise  a  y^f/e- 
dinciim  Senonum ;  par  M.  Ad.  de  Longperier.  2.  Recherches  sur  les 
epoques  et  sur  les  causes  de  remission  de  1'  (cs  grave  en  Italic  ;  par  M. 
Ch.  Lenormant.  3.  Tiers  de  Sol  d'or  inedit  de  Sigebert  1^"^,  roi  d'Aus- 
trasie ;  par  M.  Fillon.  4.  Catalogue  d'une  decouverte  de  monnaies  du 
moyen-age  faite  dans  la  crypte  de  Saint-Eutrope,  de  Saintes,  le  10  Mai, 
1843  ;  par  M.  de  Chasteigner.  5.  Bulletin  Bibliogra])hique.  G.  Me- 
langes, 8vo.  Paris.  London,  Mr.  Curt,  05,  Prince's  Street,  Leicester 
Square. 


RECENT  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIONS. GERMAN.  295 

Rapport  a  la  Societe  des  Antiquaires  de  la  Morinie  sur  les  Fouilles 
Arcbeologiques  que  son  Comite  de  Boulogne  a  fait  executer  in  1842. 
Saint  Omer,  8vo.  1843. 

Antiquites  de  Pologne,  de  Lituanie  et  de  Slavonie,  expliquees  par 
Joachim  Lelervel,  par  livraisons,  Svo.     Paris  et  Bruxelles. 

Notice  Historique  sur  le  Chateau  de  la  Ville  de  Boulogne,  par 
M.  Francois  Morand.    8vo.   Boulogne,  1843. 

Fac-Simile  de  L'Evangeliaire  Slave  de  Reims,  vulgairement 
nomme  Texte  du  Sacre,  puLlie  par  J.  B.  Silvestrc,  Traduit  de  Slave 
en  Latin  et  precede  d'une  dissertation  en  forme  de  preface  par  B.  Kopitar. 

Compiegne  Historique  et  IMonumentale,  par  Lambert  de  Ballypier. 
2  vols.  gr.  in  8,  with  plates  and  woodcuts.     12s. 


RECENT  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIONS.— GERMAN. 

Ornamentik  des  Mittelalters  aus  Italienund  Sicilien.  v.  J.O.  Cra- 
mer.    2  Heft.     4to.     Regensburg.     7s. 

Traciiten  d.  Christlichen  Mittelalters.  v.  J.  Hefner.  I.  Abth. 
7  Lief.     IL  Abth.  9,  10  Lfg.     IIL  Abth.  7  Lfg.    4to.    Mannheim.   8s. 

.     Edition    on    line    large 

jjaper,  beautifully  coloured,  each  number  £1. 

GoTiiiscHEs  ABC  BucH,  DAS  1ST:  Lehrbuch  der  Grundregeln  des 
GoTiiiscHEN  Styls,  undInsbesondere  der  GothisciienArchitectur. 
V.  ¥r.  Hoffstadt.  3  u.  4  Lief.  Imp.  fol.  In  portfolio.  Frankfurt.  Ed. 
splend.  £3.  12s. — Lief,  o,  completing  the  work,  will  be  published  in 
the  summer. 

Denkmaleder  Baukunst  des  Mittelalters  in  Sachsen.  v.  L.  Puttrich. 
Impl.  4to.  IL  1.  Leips.     Subs.  13s.  Cd.     Chinese  Pap.  £1.  Os.  6d. 

Altteutscher  BiLDERSAAL.  MIT  24  KuPF,  V.  J.  Badcr.  Svo.   Carlsr.   10s. 

Jaiirbucher  des  Vereins  VON  Altertiiumsfreunden  in  Riiein- 
LANDE  IV.     8vo.     Bonn.     7s. 

Mittiieilung  der  Antiquar.  Gesellschaet  in  Zurich.  V.  2.  with 
plates.     4to.     Zur.     £1.  lOs. 

Zeitsciirift  fur  Deutsches  Alterthum,  hrgs.  v.  M.  Haupt.  4  vols. 
No.  1  and  2.     Svo.     Lcipz.     9s. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  WORKS  PREPARING  FOR 
PUBLICATION. 

Perranzabuloe,  with  an  Account  of  the  Present  and  Past  Condi- 
tion OF  THE  Oratory  of  St.  Piran  in  the  Sands,  and  some  remarks 
on  its  probable  Date,  together  with  a  General  Introduction  to 
THE  Early  Ecclesiastical  Antiquities  of  Cornwall.  By  the 
Rev.  W.  Ilaslam,  B.A.,  Curate  of  Perranzabuloe.  "With  several  illus- 
trations.    Small  Svo.     London,  Van  Voorst. 


296  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  WORKS  PREPARING  FOR  PUBLICATION. 

By  Subscription. 

The  Military  Antiquities  of  Kent.  By  the  Rev.  Beale  Post,  B.C.L., 
of  Bydews  Place,  near  Maidstone.  In  2  vols.,  8vo.,  with  Maps  and 
Engravings. 

By  Subscription. 
Illustrations  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Coinage.    To  be  completed  in  abont 
eight  quarterly  parts.     The  support  of  those  who  are  interested  in  the 
subject  is  respectfully  requested  by  D.  H.  Haigh,  Leeds. 

By  Subscription. 
An  Essay  on  the  Celtic  Languages,  compared  amongst  themselves, 

AND  considered  IN  THEIR  AfFINITY    WITH    THE  OTHER  LANGUAGES  OF 

the  Caucasian  Stock.  By  Dr.  Carl  Meyer,  of  llinteln.  This  Essay 
obtained  the  prize  of  eighty  guineas,  at  the  Eisteddvod  of  the  Aber- 
gavenny Cymreigyddion,  October,  1842.  In  one  volume,  Svo.  Price 
to  subscribers  not  to  exceed  10s.  Subscribers'  names  received  by  the 
publisher,  W.  Rees,  Llandovery,  or  by  Messrs.  Longmans,  London. 

By  Subscription. 
A  History  of  the  Island  of  Barbadoes,  from  the  Earliest  Period 
TO  the  Present  Time,  compiled  from  Public  and  Private  Records, 
Printed  Works,  &c.,  containing  a  Distinct  Accovint  of  each  Parish,  with 
Genealogical  Tables  of  the  respective  families  now  or  formerly  resident 
there,  Agricultural  and  Ecclesiastical  History  of  the  Island,  Engravings 
of  Churches,  Houses,  Monuments,  Portraits,  &c.  By  W.  D.  Bruce,  Esq. 
Subscribers'  names  to  be  sent  to  Messrs.  Nichols  and  Son. 

By  Subscription. 
The  Natural  System  of  Architecture  as  opposed  to  the  Artificial 
System  of  the  present  day,  with  illustrations,  in  1  vol.    Royal  Svo. 
By  William  Pettit  Griffith,  F.S.A.,  Architect. 

History  and  Description  of  the  parish  of  Kington  St.  Michael, 
Wiltshire  :  with  a  Memoir  of  the  Life  and  Times  of  John 
Aubrey  :  illustrated  by  a  map  of  the  parish,  and  a  portrait  of  Aubrey. 
By  John  Britton,  F  S.A.,  &c.    For  the  Wiltshire  Topographical  Society. 

A  BRIEF  History  of  the  Parish  of  Stowting,  Kent,  containing  some 
account  and  drawings  of  the  antiquities  lately  discovered  there.  By  the 
Rev.  F.  Wrench.     In  2  parts.     8vo. 

Drawings  and  Descriptions  of  the  lately-discovered  Sarcophagi 
and  Remains  of  the  Knights  Crusaders  in  the  Temple  Church, 
London.  By  Edward  Richardson,  sculptor.  Folio.  Price  to  sub- 
scribers one  guinea,  plain,  or  a  guinea  and  a-half  tinted  proofs.  Sub- 
scribers' names  to  be  sent  to  the  author,  (5,  Hales  Place,  South  Lambeth. 

Tiiii  Church  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  in  the  Parish  of  Slym- 
imiDGE,  in  the  County  of  Gloucbster.  In  royal  Svo.  Subscribers' 
names  to  be  sent  to  F.  Niblett,  Esq.,  architect,  Hareslleld  Court,  near 
CHouccster. 


THE 


Slrcijaeolostcal   3fournaL 


DECEMBER,  1844. 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR  THE  EXTENSION  OE  THE 
BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

[The  following  piiper,  which  will  form  an  appropriate  introduction  to  the  completion  of  the  first  year 
of  our  Jouriiiil,  was  intended  to  be  read  in  the  Historical  Section  at  the  Meeting  at  Canterbury, 
but  was  acciJently  mislaid  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Sectional  Committee.] 

Anticipating  from  the  high  auspices  under  which  The 
British  Archaeological  Association  has  commenced  its  career, 
that  it  will  speedily  establish  for  itself  a  very  important  and 
permanent  position  in  regard  to  the  literatm-e  and  antiquities 
of  the  country,  I  have  ventured  to  throw  together  a  few  sug- 
gestions upon  its  future  destination  and  management. 

Called  into  existence  by  the  strong  and  general  feeling  that 
the  objects  about  which  it  proposes  to  interest  itself  have  been 
far  too  long  and  most  injiuiously  neglected,  it  will  not  be 
sufficient  to  remedy  the  evil,  so  far  as  may  yet  be  practical)le, 
by  redeeming  these  objects  from  oblivion,  unless  pains  be 
taken,  at  the  same  time,  to  classify  and  preserve  them.  If 
British,  Celtic,  Roman,  Saxon,  Danish,  Norman,  and  other 
remains,  are  only  to  be  brought  to  partial  light  and  scattered 
throughout  a  number  of  private  collections  and  receptacles, 
we  might  almost  as  well  refrain  from  our  researches.  Allotting 
to  every  one  a  few  specimens  and  a  mouthful  of  intelligence 
can  never  achieve  a  national  undertaking ;  and  if  we  intend 
our  labom's  to  be  adequately  useful,  we  nnist,  from  the  very 
beginning,  prepare,  and  lay  the  foundation  for  a  Museum  to 
concentrate  and  arrange  the  products  of  our  investigations. 
Without  this,  written  description  would  but  poorly  effect  the 
ends  we  have  in  view,  viz.  the  engendering  and  extending 
of  a  disposition  to  discover  and  take  care  of  the  relics  left 
by  our  ancestors  from  the  earliest  dates,  the  recording  and 
doing  honour  to  those  who  unite  with  us  in  this  pursuit, 
and  the  ample  and  judicious  disposal  of  the  memorials  by 
means  of  which  the  manners  and  history  of  bygone  ages  are 
made  known.     AVlien  we  consider  the  great  pleasure  with 

R  r 


298         SUGGESTIONS  FOR  THE  EXTENSION  OF 

which  every  intelligent  person  examines  even  a  few  rare  and 
curious  specimens,  we  may  imagine  the  intense  delight  which 
would  be  afforded  by  an  enlarged  museum,  containing  every 
variety  of  the  antiquarian  remains  which  our  island  discloses. 
By  the  success  which  may  attend  our  own  exertions,  by  gifts 
from  patriotic  individuals  in  possession  of  similar  treasures, 
and  by  the  exchange  of  duplicates  and  liberality  towards 
others,  there  cannot  be  a  question  but  that  within  the  space 
of  a  very  limited  period,  the  British  Archaeological  Association 
M^ould  be  enabled  to  exhibit  a  rich,  instructive,  and  most  in- 
teresting Institution  of  this  kind. 

Settled  in  the  metropolis,  it  would  be  a  focus  of  meeting 
and  intercourse  for  members  ;  and  out  of  it  ought  to  grow 
opportunities  for  cultivating  both  individual  benefits  and 
general  good.  In  due  season  and  attached  to  it,  an 
Archaeological  Club  might  be  formed,  and  literature  and 
science  be  found  no  unfit  allies  to  the  union  of  social  gratifi- 
cation in  the  interchange  of  mind  directed  to  the  elucida- 
tion of  points  in  common  with  all.  Co-operation,  instead  of 
insidation,  would  become  our  order  of  the  day ;  and  the  result 
would  soon  appear  in  the  most  satisfactory  way  that  an  English 
antiquary  could  wish. 

And  let  it  be  remembered  that  science  and  literature  are 
the  only  true  republics  impervious  to  "class"  doubt  or  censure. 
The  equality  is  a  noble  one,  and  such  a  Club  as  I  have  alluded 
to  woidd  need  no  canvassing  for  the  admission  of  members, 
no  ballot  boxes  to  guard  against  the  ingress  of  the  unworthy. 
Being  enrolled  in  the  British  Archaeological  Association  would 
be  title  enough ;  for  the  simple  fact  of  being  devoted  to  pm*- 
suits  of  this  description,  ought  to  be  admitted  as  proof  of  in- 
tellectual ability  and  respectability,  which  should  make  the 
candidate,  lowest  perhaps  in  the  gifts  of  station  and  fortune, 
an  eligible  associate,  fully  as  far  as  such  institutions  require, 
for  the  most  exalted  in  rank  and  the  most  powerful  in 
wealth.  Tor  how  gracefid  are  the  contentions  in  these  re- 
publics !  The  highest  ambition  of  the  humblest  jostles  no 
superior,  creates  no  fear,  excites  no  envy.  The  utmost  efforts 
of  the  loftiest,  only  endear  them  to  their  fellow-workers  in  the 
same  emulative  line,  and  as  a  touch  of  nature  makes  all  men 
kin,  so  may  we  truly  say  of  literary  cultivation,  it  disposes 
all  men  to  friendliness  and  nuitual  assistance.  In  our  Club, 
then,  peers  would  have  no  dislike  to  meeting  with  the  weU- 


THE  BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION.  299 

infonned  luisbiuidniaii,  nor  the  heads  of  tlie  Church  with  the 
unpresuiiiiiig  lay-brother.  A  cairn  or  a  harrow  would  make 
them  companions  ;  and  as  we  have  hinted  ^vith  respect  to 
minds  imbued  with  and  regulated  Ijy  a  love  of  research  and 
similarity  of  intelligence,  there  would  not  be  the  slightest  risk 
of  undue  or  incongruous  intrusion. 

In  connection  with  the  Museum  a  Libraiy  would  be  indis- 
pensable ;  and  it  is  reasonable  to  expect,  from  donations,  that 
it  would  speedily  be  one  of  valuable  reference :  and,  as  in  the 
formation  of  the  IMuseum,  an  exchange  of  duplicates  might 
add  greatly  both  to  its  establishment  and  increase.  But  it 
will  be  said,  that  though  these  may  be  desiderata,  they  must 
be  attended  with  cost;  and  where  are  the  funds  to  come 
from  ?  In  answer,  I  would  state  that  the  Club,  even  at  a 
moderate  entrance-fee  and  annual  suljscription,  in  comparison 
with  other  clubs  in  London,  would  well  support  itself.  But 
as  an  adjunct  I  woidd  suggest  that  every  member  who  fre- 
quented the  Museum  and  Library,  should  pay  ten  shillings  for 
every  year  he  availed  himself  of  their  resources.  Perhaps  it 
might  further  be  deserving  of  consideration  how  far  the  social 
accommodations  of  the  Club  could  be  placed  at  the  disposal  of 
members  visiting  the  metropolis  from  the  country,  and  seeking 
at  the  same  time  to  consult  what  tlie  association  had  accumu- 
lated, and  to  mingle  more  freely  with  the  associates  in  town  than 
they  could  do  if  scattered  in  hotels  and  lodging-houses.  Sup- 
posing that  out  of  the  vast  nmnber  of  gentry,  clergy,  and  pro- 
vincial anti([uaries,  with  whom  we  are  courting  a  steady  inter- 
communication, there  are  hundreds  who  only  come  to  London 
occasionally  and  for  brief  periods,  it  is  not  easy  to  overrate 
the  pleasure  and  economy  of  such  accommodation  as  could  thus 
be  readily  jjrovided,  ^nth  saving  to  them  individually,  and 
profit  to  the  funds  of  the  general  body. 

In  the  event  of  these  hints  being  adopted  and  acted  upon, 
the  yearly  revenues  of  the  Association  would  l)e  large  enough 
to  bear  the  expense  of  antiquarian  o})erations  upon  a  greater 
scale  than  coidd  otherwise  be  undertaken.     There  would  be 

1.  The  voluntary  subscriptions. 

2.  The  guinea  subscriptions  at  the  anniversaries. 

3.  'J'he  ten  shillings  for  the  use  of  museum  and  library. 

4.  The  entrance-fee  for  the  club  :  say  five  guineas. 

5.  The  annual  payments  to  it  -.  and  ' 

G.  The  occasional  payments  of  country  visiters. 


300  SUGGESTIONS  FOR  THE  EXTENSION  &C. 

From  all  which  sources  combmed,  there  cannot  be  a  question 
but  that  a  very  important  amount  would  be  annually  raised, 
conducing  much  to  the  comfort  and  information  of  members, 
and  to  the  extension  and  prosperity  of  the  Association,  and 
leaving  a  surplus  for  such  purposes  as  time  and  experience 
pointed  out  as  expedient  for  perfecting  the  design. 

A  severe  illness  having  prevented  me  from  the  much-antici- 
pated enjoyment  of  the  British  Archaeological  Meeting  at 
Canterbmy,  but  rejoicing  to  hear  of  the  sure  foundations  it 
has  laid  for  the  fulfilment  of  all  I  have  hoped  from  the  insti- 
tution, I  beg  leave  to  add  a  few  words  to  the  hasty  sugges- 
tions I  had  thus  far  conunittecl  to  the  Secretaries,  (with  the 
intention  of  revising  and  extending,)  should  they  be  deemed 
worthy  of  being  read. 

My  purpose  is  only  to  request  my  fellow-members  not  to 
be  startled  by  any  of  my  propositions,  and  like  all  the  sceptics 
in  regard  to  new  views  or  plans,  start  hastily  into  opposition 
to  what  they  may  at  first  sight  think  impracticable  or  inapplic- 
able. Rome  was  not  built  in  a  day ;  nor  is  there  one  of  these 
hints  for  the  future  offered  except  for  mature  deliberation  as 
the  Society  rises  in  power  and  importance.  Nor  is  there  one 
of  them  so  connected  with  the  rest,  that,  if  deemed  worthy, 
it  might  not  be  adopted  whilst  the  others  were  postponed  or 
dismissed. 

But  I  trust  I  may  be  permitted  to  say  that  none  have  been 
rashly  thrown  out,  nor  indeed  without  much  consideration ; 
and  had  I  not  been,  so  much  to  my  regret,  disabled  by  sick- 
ness from  taking  part  in  the  proceedings,  I  should  have  been 
ready  with  strong  arguments  to  support  the  opinions  I  have 
ventured  to  indicate.  No  inconsiderable  experience  in  the 
formation  and  early  care  of  now  great  National  Associations, 
may,  I  trust,  entitle  what  I  have  put  together,  however  rouglily, 
to  be  thought  of  in  due  time,  not  as  vague  or  sanguine  specu- 
lations, but  parts  or  wheels  which  may  be  incorporated  into 
this  great  antiquarian  machine,  with  advantage  to  its  practical 
working,  and  with  satisfaction  to  all  who  may  take  an  interest 
in  enlarging  and  improving  its  operations. 

Praying  at  any  rate  foi'giveness  for  the  imperfections  of  a 
sick  couch,  I  heartily  congratulate  the  Association  on  the 
splendid  result  of  its  fii'st  public  effort.     Esto  perpetua. 

W.  JERDAN. 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  DOMESTIC  ARCHITECTURE,  &c. 

FROM    ILLUMINATED    MANUSCRIPTS. 


1.     Wcikmen  making  lucised  Monumental  Slabs,  from  MS,  Addit.  No   10,  292,  fol   55.  v°. 

We  have  already  given  some  instances  of  the  valuable 
assistance  to  be  derived  from  the  literatiu-e  and  from  the 
illuminated  manuscripts  of  the  middle  ages,  especially  in 
treating  of  the  domestic  and  military  architecture  of  the  mid- 
dle ages.  The  present  article  will  be  confined  to  one  book 
(an  illuminated  MS.  in  three  volumes),  preserved  now  in  the 
British  Museum(MSS.Acldit.Nos.l0,292,10,293,and  10,294), 
containing  the  scries  of  romances  relating  to  the  San  Graal 
and  the  Round  Table,  wTittcn  in  Erench  prose  by  Robert  de 
Borron  and  Walter  Mapes.  Our  first  figure,  one  of  the  earlier 
illuminations  in  the  first  volume  of  the  book  alluded  to,  is  a 
curious  representative  of  a  master  and  his  two  workmen  em- 
ployed in  cutting  incised  monumental  slabs.  The  chapter  to 
Avhich  it  belongs  is  entitled  in  the  MS.,  Umi  que  une  duchoise 
fci  taiUicr  les  iomhes  et  les  Icttres  escrire ;  and  it  goes  on  to 
inform  us  how  the  duchess  sent  for  workmen  far  and  near 
{die  wamla  ourricrs pres  et  loins),  and  "caused  them  to  write  on 
each  of  the  tombs  letters  which  told  how  each  had  come  by 
his  death."  It  is  important  that  to  one  of  these  tombs  the 
scribe  has  given  a  date,  1316,  which  there  can  be  no  doubt  is 
that  of  the  year  in  which  these  illuminations  were  executed, 
and  this  gives  a  still  greater  value  to  the  architectui'al  infor- 
mation they  may  convey. 


302        ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  DOMESTIC  ARCHITECTURE,  &C. 


1^ 


3.  Position  of  the  Hall  and  Chamber,  M3.  Add  No.  10.:93,  fol.  139, 


Our  second  figure 
is  a  good  illustration 
of  what  was  said  in 
our  last  number  on 
the  juxtaposition  of 
the  hall  and  cham- 
ber in  houses  of 
the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, as  described 
in  the  fabliaux  of 
that  age.  The  chap- 
ter to  wdiich  it  be- 
longs is  entitled,  En- 
si  que  Gal.  parole 
a  Lancelot  en  mie 
chambre,  et  li  che- 
valier les  atendoient  en  la  sale ;  and  the  hall  is  represented 
open  on  one  side  in  order  to  exhibit  the  knights  within,  while 
the  door  of  the  chamber  shews  us  the  king  in  conversation 
with  Lancelot.     The  next  cut  (fig.  3.)  fm^nishes  an  exceedingly 

good  picture  of  a  house ^  ^ 

of  the  beginning  of  the  ~ 
fom-teenth  century  (the 
age  oftlieMS.)^  it  is 
entitled,  Ensi  que  Lan- 
celot rant  lesfers  cCune 
fenestre  et  si  entre  de- 
dens  pour  gesir  avoec la 
royne.  The  queen  has 
informed  Lancelot  that 
the  head  of  her  bed 
lies  near  the  window 
of  her  chamber,  and 
that  he  may  come  by 
night  to  the  window, 
which  is  defended  by  an  iron  grating,  to  talk  with  her,  and  she 


3.    A  House,  from  MS.  Addit.  No.  10,293,  fol. 


»  Tlie  cut  also  shews  the  simple  form  of 
the  houses  even  of  tlie  great.  In  a  tract  in  a 
MS.  of  the  thirteenth  century  (MS.  Reg.  3. 
A.  X.  fol.  180),  an  alphahetical  list  of  names 
of  things,  and  their  definitions,  gives  the 
following  account  of  a  house: — 
Domus  sic  sedificatur. 


Primo  terra  foditur. 
Deinde  fundamcntum  jacitur 
Post  parietes  eriguntur. 
Diversa  laquearia  intcrponuntur. 
Tectum  siiperponitur, 
Quadrala  est. 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  DOMESTIC  ARCHITECTURE,  &C.  303 


tells  him  that  the  wall  of  the  adjacent  hall  is  in  one  part  weak  and 
dilapidated  enough  to  alloAV  of  his  obtaining  an  entrance  through 
it;  but  Lancelot  prefers  breaking  open  the  grating  in  order 
to  approach  directly  into  the  chamber,  to  passing  through  the 
hall,  in  which  it  appears  in  the  sequel  that  the  seneschal  Sii* 
Kay  was  sleeping  for  the  purpose  of  acting  as  a  spy  on  the 
queen's  conduct.  It  is  an  interesting  dramng,  even  in  its 
details,  for  the  door  of  the  hall  exhibits  the  lock,  knocker,  and 
hinges  of  that  time,  and  the  roof  is  a  perfect  example  of  early 
tiling.  The  chinmey  also  is  distinguished  by  a  peculiar  style, 
which  runs  through  all  the  drawings  in  this  MS.,  and  may  be 
compared  with  that  of  the  house  in  the  seal  engraved  in  our 
last  number.  Over  Lancelot's  head  is  the  soler,  with  its 
window.  In  addition  to  the  passages  abeady  cited  from  the 
fabliaux  relating  to  the  soler,  or  upper  floor,  it  may  be  observed 
that  it  appears  to  have  been  in  the  thu'tcenth  centmy  a  pro- 
verbial characteristic  of  an  avaricious  and  inhospitable  person, 
to  shut  his  hall  door  and  live  in  the  soler. 

Encor  escommeni-je  plus 

Riche  homme  qui  Jerme  son  huis, 

Et  va  mengier  en  solicr  sns  •>. 

We  have  a  very  elegant  example  of  the  chimney  in  fig.  4, 
representing  part  of  the  house  of  a  knight,  whose  wife  has 
an  intrigue  with  one  of  the  heroes  of 
these  romances.  King  Claudas.  The 
knight  laid  watch  to  take  the  king  as 
he  was  in  the  lady's  chamber  at  night, 
but  the  king  being  made  aware  of  his 
danger,  escaped  by  the  chamber 
window,  while  the  knight  approached 
by  the  hall  door — the  illumination  of 
which  this  is  a  fragment  represents — 
Ensi  que  li  roys  Claudas  senfuit  par 
mi  un  fenestre,  por  le  signour  de  Vosiel 
qiiil  veoit  venir. 

The  manuscript  from  which  we  are  quoting  contains  many 
interesting  illustrations  of  the  minor  castellated  buildings,  of 
which  some  description  was  given  in  om*  former  article,  repre- 
senting the  manner  in  which  the  towers,  &c.  were  roofed,  with 
the  wood-works  on  the  top.    In  one  of  the  romances  a  duke  of 

^  Wright's  Anecdota  Litcraria,  p.  fil. 


4.  From  MS.  Addit   10  293  fol.  6  v". 


304  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  DOMESTIC  ARCHITECTURE,  &C. 

Clarence  wanders  in 
a  wood,  till  at  length 
he  finds  a  beaten 
path,  which  leads  him 
to  a  chatelet  or  little 
castle  {et  voit  quil  y 
a  un  castelet.)  "This 
castle  was  in  ap- 
pearance very  strong, 
for  there  were  good 
ditches  round  it  full 
of  water,  and  near 
the  ditches  were  great 
'roeilUs'  and  wonder- 
fully strong,  and  after 
there  were  walls  won- 
derfully strong  and 
thick  and  lofty,  and 
they  were  as  tvhite  as  0 
chalk'^r  The  duke 
rides  up  to  the  outer 

gate,  which  he  finds  open  and  without  guard — et  cestoit  la 
bertesce  desouz  les  fosses — he  passes  through  it  into  the  court, 
and  rides  up  to  the  gate  of  the  bailie  or  body  of  the  building, 
which  was  closed'^.  He  knocks  hard,  and  a  'valet'  comes,  of 
whom  he  asks  a  lodging.  Oiu*  cut  (fig.  5.)  shews — Unsi  que 
li  due  de  Clarence  parole  au  vallet  a  le  parte  du  castel.  We 
have  here  the  ditch  and  fence,  apparently  of  strong  wooden  pali- 
sades, smTOunding  the  com't,  with  the  fortified  tower  (or  bretesce) 
defending  the  bridge,  and  (within  it)  the  castle  or  body  of  the 
building.  We  might  be  led  by  the  words  of  the  text  to  suppose 
that  the  walls  of  the  castles  were  whitewashed,  or  painted ; 
and  in  a  translation  of  Grosteste's  Chasteau  d' Amour,  in  a 
MS.  of  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  ccntmy  (MS.  Bibl.  Egerton. 
in  Mus.  Brit.  No.  928),  the  walls  of  a  castle  are  spoken  of 
as  being  painted  of  three  colom-s  : — 

Therfor  a  castel  has  the  king  made  at  his  devys, 
That  thar^  never  drede  assaut  of  any  enemys. 


5.  A  Caslle.from  MS  Addit  1J,293,  f.  157.  v» 


^  Par  samhlant  ycils  castiaus  estoit  nmlt  fort   et  espes  ct  haul  h  grant  mervelle,  et 

fors,  quar  il  y  avoit  boiis  fosses  entour  et  estoient  aussi  blanc  comme  croie. 

l)lains  d'aigue,  et  j)rt's  avoit  grans  roeillis  ''  Et  puis  envient  d.  la  porte  del  bailie, 

et  fort  k  grant  merveille,  et  apres  sont  li  niur  qui  fremes  estoit.                  ^  need. 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  UOMESTIC  AIlCHITKCTUnK,  &C. 


3o: 


Ho  sette  hit  on  ;i  whit  roche  thik  and  hejj-li. 
With  godu  dj  kc'S  al  aboute  depe  and  dreghf. 
Men  may  never  with  no  craft  this  eastil  doun  myne, 
Ne  may  never  do  harme  to  hit  no  maner  enfryne. 
This  eastil  is  ever  ful  of  love  and  of  grace, 
To  al  that  any  ncde  has  socour  and  solace. 
Four  toin'os  ay  hit  has,  and  kernels  fair. 
Tine  bailliecs  al  aboute,  that  may  no|t  apair : 
Nouther  hertg  may  wele  thinke  ne  tung  may  wel  telle, 
Al  the  bounte  and  the  bewte  of  this  ilk  castelle. 
Seven  barbicans  are  sette  so  sekirly  aboute. 
That  no  maner  of  shoting  may  greve  fro  witho;itc. 
This  castel  li^  j)aynted  without  with  thrc  maner  colours. 
Rede  brennand"*  colour  is  above  toward  the  fair  tours, 
MejTie  colour  is  y-myddes  of  ynde  and  of  blewe, 
Grene  colour  be  the  ground  that  never  changes  hewe. 

Tlie  poem  goes  on  to  state  that  internally  the  walls  are 
painted  white. 

In  another  part  of  onr  romances  we  learn  how  Sir  Iwain 
loses  his  way  similju-ly  in  a  wood,  and  how  he  finds  a  path 
which  leads  him  to  the  castle  of  a  poor  gentleman  on  the  border 
of  the  forest.  He  hastens  thither  becanse  he  hears  a  horn 
sounding  for  assistance.  He  finds  the  hreteshe  open,  and  a 
young  man  {vallef)  


in  the  upper  ]iart 
who  is  sonndingthe 
horn.  It  appears 
that  this  castle  is 
occupied  by  the 
young  man,  his  mo- 
ther and  sister,  and 
a  small  number  of 
Serjeants  or  house- 
hold servants,  and 
that  a  party  of  rob- 
bers from  the  fo- 
rest have  succeed- 
ed in  surprising  it, 
and  arc  occupied 
in  kilhnghismother 

and    the    servants,  e  acastie.fromiis  &dait. mco-,  foi.  w  .« 

and  in  outraging  his  sister,  he  alone  having  taken  refuge  in 


f  drv. 


p  heart. 
S   S 


''  biirnin£ 


30G 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  DOMESTIC  ARCHITECTURE,  &C. 


the  breteske.  Sii"  I  wain  rushes  into  the  court  and  attacks  the 
robbers,  while  the  young  man  having  obtained  a  bow  shoots 
down  upon  them  from  his  pkice  of  refuge.  The  cut,  fig.  6, 
(see  previous  page)  represents — Ensi  que  Yiuains  se  combat 
en  A.  cast  el  as  larons.  We  have  here  again  the  com't  sur- 
rounded by  the  ditch  and  fence  of  wooden  paHsades,  {qui  estoit 
close  de  haute  lande  et  de  hons  fosses  grans  et  jjarfons,)  and  the 
castellated  residence  within.  The  latter  appears  to  consist 
simply  of  the  hall,  (indicated  by  its  two  large  windows,)  the 
entrance  of  which  is  in  the  tower,  on  the  right  end  of  it, 
while  the  chambers  occupy  the  tower  at  the  other  end,  and 
a  watch-tower  rising  above  the  other  buildings. 

The  last  illumination  we  select  from  this  MS.  is  a  bridge 
with  a  breteske,  or  tower  of  defence  ;  it  is  described  in  the 
rubric  as  being  ben  breteskiet'^.     The  sequel  of  the  story,  how- 
ever, seems  to  indi- 
cate that  it  was  a 
ford,  with  a  breteske 
or  fort  on  the  shore  i^. 
The  wood-work   a- 
bove  is  very  clearly 
delineated.     In  the 
middle  ages,  bridges 
were  generally,  and 
fords       sometimes, 
defended     by    for- 
tresses of  this  de- 
scription, the  object 
of  which  was   not 
only  to  hinder  the 
advance  of  an  enemy, 
but  also  to  enforce  the  toll  levied  upon  travellers  (especially 
merchants)  passing  over  the  bridge  or  ford,  or  sailing  along 
the  river.     The  following  curious  account  of  an  enchanted 
city,  taken  from  a  Cambridge  MS.  of  the  English  romance 
of  Bevis  of  Hampton,   describes  the  bridge  with  its  tower 
of  defence. 


7.  A  fortified  Bridge,  from  MS.  Addit.  10,293,  fol.  58.  v". 


'  En.si  que  .j.  chevaliers  ben  armes  vint 
devaiit  .j.  jjont  li  quel  estoit  ben  bretes- 
kiet. 

''  Tant  que  .j.  jor  avint  qu'il  aprochie- 
rciit  d'line  iaiie  lee  et  basse,  et    quant  il 


vienent  k  V  iaue  si  n'i  voent  point  de  pont, 
mais  .j.  gue  i  avoit,  et  desus  chel  gue 
d'autre  part  estoit  une  bertesque  haute,  si 
estoit  I'iaue  close  de  haut  palis  ben  line 
archie  cntor  le  bertesque. 


ON   ANCIENT  MIXED   MASONRY  OF  BRICK  AND  STONE.        307 

Soche  a  cyte  was  noonc  undur  sonne, 

Hyt  was  never  nor  schalle  be  wonne. 

Ther  be  abowte  syxty  gatjs  y-wys, 

And  .ij.  brygges  and  .ij.  portcolys ; 

Ovyr  the  watur  ys  a  brygge  of  brasse, 

Man  and  beste  ther-ovyr  to  passe  ; 

Whan  ony  bestys  there-over  gone, 

Os  bellys  ryngyng  faryth  hyt  thane. 

At  the  brygge  ende  stondyth  a  toicre, 

Peyntyd  ^vyth  golde  and  asewre  ; 

The  toret  was  of  precyus  stonys, 

Ryche  and  gode  for  the  nonys.  x.  wright. 


ON  ANCIENT  MIXED  MASONRY  OE  BRICK 
AND  STONE. 

The  specimens  of  ancient  masonry  we  meet  with  in  this 
country,  of  a  date  anterior  to  the  thirteenth  centmy,  exhibit 
such  a  diversity  of  construction  as  to  lead  to  the  inquiry, 
whether  there  are  any  decided  marks  of  discrimination  which 
we  may  apply  so  as  to  affix  to  each  its  proper  epoch  and 
character,  whether  as  belonging  to  the  ancient  British,  the 
Roman,  the  Anglo-Saxon,  or  Anglo-Norman  era. 

It  is  doubtful  Avhether  we  have  any  remains  of  early  masonry 
to  evince  that,  prior  to  the  Roman  invasion,  the  use  of  lime  in 
a  calcined  state  mixed  with  water  and  sand,  or  any  other  sub- 
stance, so  as  to  form  an  adhesive  cement  by  which  stone  could 
be  joined  to  stone,  was  known  to  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  this 
island.  On  the  contrary,  in  most  of  the  existing  remains  of 
ancient  British  masonry,  or  those  which  may  be  presumed  to  be 
such ;  in  the  stone  walls  with  which  some  of  the  fortified  posts 
of  the  Britons  are  siuTOunded,  or  nearly  so ;  in  the  vestiges  of 
their  huts  or  dwellings,  which  are  still  in  some  places  appa- 
rent ;  in  their  structm'cs  of  a  sepulchral  class  formed  of  large 
and  irregular-shaped  stones,  such  as  the  cromlechs,  where  one 
huge  flat  but  irregular-shaped  stone  is  raised  in  an  inclining 
or  horizontal  position  on  the  points  or  edges  of  other  large  and 


308        ON  ANCIENT  MIXED  MASONRY  OF  BRICK  AND  STONE. 

irregular-shaped  stones  placed  on  edge,  by  means  of  wliich  a 
rude  chamber  is  formed ;  or  the  cistvaens  constructed  in  like 
manner,  whether  found  singly  or  in  a  continuous  range  of  cells 
with  a  rude  passage  between  each  to  connect  them,  the  whole 
being  composed  of  stones  set  on  edge  supporting  other  flat 
stones  as  a  roof  or  covering  and  then  coated  over  Avitli  earth : 
we  find  a  total  absence  of  any  thing  like  mortar  or  cement. 
Even  at  Stonehenge,  where  the  stones  have  been  worked  by 
the  tool,  where  the  trilithons  exhibit  the  mortice  and  tenon, 
and  could  only  have  been  upraised  by  mechanical  force  of  con- 
siderable power,  no  traces  of  cement  or  mortar  are  visible.  If 
there  is  any  instance  in  which  the  existence  of  masonry 
cemented  with  lime  occurs  in  this  country  before  the  Romans 
formed  a  settlement  within  it,  such  was  an  exception  to  the 
general  rule. 

On  the  summit  of  Worle  Hill  near  Weston-super-Mare, 
Somersetshire,  very  extensive  remains  of  ancient  British 
masonry  are  visible.  This  hill  forms  a  ridge  about  three 
miles  in  length,  the  western  point  projects  like  a  promontory 
into  the  Bristol  channel,  and  this  point  is  cut  off  from  the 
remainder  of  the  hill  by  a  series  of  sunk  ditches,  and  two 
stone  walls,  one  behind  the  other  in  parallel  lines  crossing  the 
hill  from  north  to  south,  and  these  walls  are  continued  along 
the  southern  face  of  the  summit  of  the  hill  in  a  westerly  direc- 
tion, and  in  other  parts  where  the  declivity  of  the  face  of  this 
part  of  the  hill  is  not  formed  by  a  precipitous  rock,  as  it  is  in 
great  measure  on  the  north  side. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  ascertain  from  the  present  appearance 
of  this  walling  its  original  height  or  breadth :  exposed  to  the 
storms  of  centuries  acting  on  a  bleak  and  elevated  situation, 
and  composed  of  loose  stones  without  mortar,  this  rude 
masonry,  if  so  it  may  be  called,  now  presents  the  appearance 
of  a  ruinous  rampart  or  bank  of  UTCgular-shaped  stones ;  for 
the  upper  part  of  the  wall  having  been  displaced  and  thrown 
down,  either  by  human  violence,  or  by  the  natural  force  of  the 
Avinds,  or  probably  by  both,  the  base  is  increased  in  width 
whilst  the  height  is  diminished,  and  the  original  masonry  of 
the  lower  part  of  the  wall  is  concealed  by  the  stones  thus 
ejected  from  the  upper  part,  so  that  in  one  part  the  stones 
cover  the  base  to  the  extent  of  sixty  feet  in  breadth,  and  the 
bank  now  rises  to  the  height  of  ten  or  fifteen  feet  externally, 
and  to  the  height  of  five  or  six  feet  internally.  Here  and  there 


ON  ANCIENT  MIXED  MASONRY  OF  BRICK  AND  STONE.  309 

however  the  loose  stones  having  been  cleared  away,  the 
masonry  of  the  wall  is  visible,  and  this  discloses  a  regular 
siu'face  or  flat  facing  of  irregular- shaped  stones  put  together 
without  mortar,  few  of  the  stones  being  larger  than  what  a 
man  might  lift,  and,  as  far  as  can  be  judged,  the  thickness  of 
the  walls  thus  constructed  may  be  from  eight  to  ten  feet. 

Within  the  area  inclosed  by  these  walls  is  a  space  of  about 
twenty  acres,  this  has  been  planted  with  trees,  and  in  the 
com'se  of  a  few  years  many  interesting  features  will  be  oblite- 
rated, or  nearly  so,  but  at  present  nmnerous  small  pit-like 
cavities  or  excavations  of  a  circular  form  are  visible,  most  of 
them  no  more  than  from  five  to  six  feet  in  diameter,  though 
some  are  of  a  larger  size.  Many  of  these  are  now  filled  with 
stones,  and  there  is,  I  think,  httle  doubt  but  that  these  cavities 
are  the  sites  of  the  huts  of  the  ancient  Britons,  and  that  the 
stones  with  which  they  are  filled  are  those  of  the  walls  ;  whilst 
this  apparent  reason  may  be  assigned  for  the  formation  of 
these  cavities,  that  they  seiTcd  as  a  protection  from  the  cold 
and  bitter  A^-inds  of  the  wintry  storms  to  which  this  elevated 
site  was  much  exposed. 

Some  of  these  excavations  are  nine  or  ten  feet  in  diameter, 
and  in  some  places  there  appears  to  have  been  a  continuous 
range  or  cluster  of  huts,  or  one  much  larger  than  usual,  and 
in  one  place  on  the  south-east  side  of  this  inclosed  area  is  a 
space,  whether  of  a  circular  or  square  form  can  now  with  diffi- 
culty be  ascertained,  sixteen  or  eighteen  feet  square  or  in 
diameter.  In  one  part  are  the  apparent  remains  of  the  walls 
of  one  of  these  huts  standing  to  the  height  of  eighteen  inches 
or  two  feet ;  these  walls  are  eighteen  inches  in  thickness,  con- 
structed of  stones,  mostly  smaU,  piled  one  above  another,  in- 
closing a  space  not  more  than  fom-  feet  six  inches  long  by  four 
feet  vdde.  Some  of  the  excavations  are  not  filled  up  with 
stones,  and  some  of  the  stones  seem  to  have  undergone  the 
action  of  fire. 

The  whole  of  these  remains  are  worthy  of  a  more  minute 
examination  than  that  which,  in  the  com'se  of  a  recent  and 
hurried  visit,  I  was  able  to  bestow  upon  them. 

In  the  IMunimenta  Antiqua,  remains  and  traces  of  what  are 
sui)i)osed  to  have  been  the  ancient  dwellings  of  the  Britons, 
very  similar  to  those  at  Worle  Hill,  are  enumerated  as  existing 
in  several  places  in  the  Isle  of  Anglesey,  in  Caernarvonshire, 
in  Cornwall,  and  elsewhere ;  remains  also  of  ancient  British 


310        ON  ANCIENT  MIXED  MASONRY  OF  BRICK  AND  STONE. 

masonry,  or  dry  stone  walls  mtliont  mortar,  similar  to  those 
on  Worle  Hill,  are  described  as  the  ramparts  round  many 
ancient  British  fastnesses,  as  at  Caer  Bran  Chun  castle,  and 
castle  An  Dinas  in  Cornwall'' ;  and  this  kind  of  masonry 
agrees  with  the  description  given  by  Tacitus,  who  describes  the 
Britons  under  Caractacus  as  occupying  fortified  posts  situated 
on  steep  mountains,  and  that  wherever  the  access  was  easy  he 
blocked  it  up  with  stones  like  a  wall^,  and  Strabo  describes 
the  huts  of  the  Gauls  as  being  of  a  circular  form. 

The  remains  of  this  supposed  ancient  British  masonry  are  yet 
considerable,  and  in  the  works  of  Rowland,  Pennant,  Borlase, 
and  King,  we  have  the  position  of  several  described  and  pointed 
out.  On  a  more  minute  investigation  and  comparison  than 
has  perhaps  yet  been  exercised,  there  may  be  found  in  these 
remains  some  peculiarities  or  featm-es  of  construction  which 
have  not  hitherto  been  noticed.  It  is  a  point  of  Archaeology 
on  which  the  field  is  still  open  for  research. 

That  the  Romans  after  they  had  obtained  a  permanent 
settlement  in  this  country  soon  commenced  the  construction 
of  public  edifices,  is  evident  from  the  notice  taken  by  Tacitus 
of  the  temple  of  Claudius  at  Camalodunum,  when  that  colony 
was  attacked  and  the  temple  destroyed  in  the  revolt  of  the 
Britons  under  Boadicea. 

But  of  the  numerous  structures,  both  of  a  public  and  private 
natm'e,  erected  by  the  Romans  during  the  four  centuries  of 
their  occupancy  of  this  island,  we  have,  notwithstanding  their 
gradual  demolition  and  destruction  during  fourteen  centmies, 
ample  vestiges  remaining,  though  not  in  an  enth^e  state,  to 
shew  their  peculiar  masonry  and  construction. 

These  remains  consist  principally  of  walled  inclosures  or 
fortified  posts,  such  as  those  at  Richborough  and  Pevensey : 
of  fragments  of  public  edifices,  as  at  Leicester  and  Wroxeter : 
of  the  walls  of  their  cities,  of  which  remains  exist  at  St.  Alban's, 
York,  Lincoln,  and  Silchester :  of  towers,  such  as  that  witliin 
the  precincts  of  the  castle  of  Dover :  of  gateways,  as  at  Lincoln. 
It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  the  ancient  Roman  gateways, 
which  existed  in  the  city  of  Canterbury  till  within  the  last 
century,  should  have  been  destroyed,  and  that  a  similar  fate 
should  have  befallen  the  old  east  gate  of  Chester,  which  is  said 

"  Of  these  an  account  appears  in  the  menter  accedi  poterant  in  modum  valli 
22nd  vol.  of  the  Archajologia.  saxa  praestruit.  Ann.  Lib.  xii. 

*"  Tunc  montibus  arduis  et  si  qua   cle- 


ON  ANCIENT  MIXED  MASONRY  OF  BRICK  AND  STONE.        311 

to  have  been  Roman,  thoiigli  in  the  twelfth  century  it  appears 
to  have  been  cased  over  with  the  masonry  of  that  period,  as 
the  tow^er  of  Dover  was  in  the  fifteenth  century. 

Independent  of  these,  other  fragments  of  Roman  masonry 
are  occasionally  brought  to  light  in  the  foundations  of  villas 
when  such  are  discovered,  and  fragments  of  the  plaster  which 
covered  the  walls  exhibit  remains  of  painting  either  in  fresco 
or  distemper. 

The  regularity  observable  in  the  works  of  the  Romans, 
deviated  from  only  occasionally,  when  some  particular  circum- 
stance required  it,  may  be  in  a  peculiar  manner  noticed  in 
their  mixed  masonry  of  brick  and  stone,  which  it  w^as  their 
general  plan  to  adopt  even  in  districts  abounding  with  stone ; 
plain  and  sim})lc  stone  masonry,  without  any  admixture  of 
brick,  being  apparently  very  rare  exceptions  to  their  general 
ride. 

We  have  one  of  the  many  examples  of  this  mixed  kind  of 
masonry  in  the  multangular  tower  called  the  Pharos,  situate 
within  the  precincts  of  the  castle  at  Dover,  for  though  in  the 
fifteenth  centmy  the  exterior  walls  of  this  tower  were  recased 
with  flint  masomy,  many  of  the  original  windows  blocked  up, 
and  the  upper  part  probably  added,  the  main  body  of  the 
structure  is  still  of  undoubted  Roman  construction.  Where- 
ever  the  outer  casing  is  worn  away,  or  has  been  removed  by 
violence,  the  walls  exhibit  the  usual  mode  of  Roman  building, 
with  the  material  of  the  district ;  in  this  case  with  tufa  or 
stalactite,  brought  perhaps  from  the  opposite  coast  of  France, 
and  flint,  with  layers  of  large  flat  Roman  bricks,  some  of  them 
two  feet  long,  each  layer  two  com'ses  deep,  placed  regularly 
and  horizontally  in  the  walls  at  equal  intervals,  or  nearly  so. 
No  less  than  eight  of  these  layers  of  brick-work  are  visible  on 
the  south-east  side,  other  layers  are  apparently  concealed  by 
the  external  and  subsequent  casing  of  flint  and  stone,  and 
where  the  casing  of  flint  is  perfect,  coins  of  stone  appear  at 
the  angles. 

It  is  somewhat  difficidt  to  ascertain  the  exact  character  of 
this  tower  in  its  original  state,  from  the  changes  which  have 
subsequently  taken  place,  the  original  windows  having  been 
blocked  up  and  cased  over,  so  that  externally  few  vestiges  of 
them  are  visible. 

This  tower  is  externally  octagonal  in  form.  Internally 
the  s})ace  inclosed  forms  a  square.     The  doorway,  recently 


312        ON  ANCIENT  MIXED  MASONRY  OF  BRICK  AND  STONE. 

blocked  up  by  a  hideous  uiass  of  masouiy,  is  on  the  south 
side,  and  the  arch,  turned  and  faced  with  a  single  row  of 
large  Roman  bricks,  springs  from  a  kind  of  rude  impost- 
moulding,  somewhat  resembling  that  of  the  Roman  gate- 
way at  Lincoln,  but  this  is  not  now  visible.  In  the  interior, 
the  constructive  features  of  the  original  Roman  work  were, 
before  the  entrance  was  closed  up,  far  more  visible  and 
perfect  than  on  the  exterior,  and  the  facing  of  the  bricks 
was  quite  smooth ;  yet  the  effect  of  the  alterations  is  here 
also  plainly  apparent,  and  the  original  windows,  the  arches  of 
which  are  tm^ned  with  Roman  brick,  have  been  filled  up  with 
flint  masonry.  Both  the  external  as  well  as  the  internal  facings 
of  the  entrance-doorway  on  the  south  side  were,  a  few  years 
back,  when  the  interior  could  be  readily  examined,  far  from 
perfect.  Over  this  doorway  were  two  windows,  one  above  the 
other,  each  arched  with  brick-work.  On  the  east  side  of  the 
tower  is  a  rather  lofty  arch  faced  with  stone,  the  soffit  of  which 
however  appears  to  have  been  turned  mth  brick ;  this  probably 
communicated  with  some  building  adjoining.  Over  this  arch 
is  a  window  now  blocked  up. 

To  that  indefatigable  antiquary.  Dr.  Stukeley,  we  are 
indebted  for  plans  and  sections  of  the  interior  of  this  building 
as  it  was  about  a  centmy  ago.  We  have  perhaps  elsewhere 
more  extensive  remains  of  Roman  masonry  than  here,  but 
it  may  be  doubted  whether  we  have  anywhere  so  cmious  a 
structure  of  the  Roman  era,  or  one  more  deserving  of  a  minute 
and  attentive  examination.  As  public  property,  and  in  the 
custody  of  the  government  of  this  country,  it  may  m'cII  be 
considered  in  the  fullest  sense  as  one  of  om*  national  anti- 
quities. Much  therefore  is  it  to  be  regretted  that  the  effect  of 
the  care  now  taken  of  it  is  to  preclude  the  examination  of 
what  is  left. 

The  remains  at  Leicester  of  the  ancient  Roman  building 
called  the  Jury  wall,  exhibit  the  like  construction,  being  com- 
posed of  rag-stone  embedded  in  mortar,  bonded  at  intervals 
with  regular  horizontal  layers  of  Roman  brick.  The  arched 
recesses,  in  the  only  wall  of  this  structure  which  remains,  are 
likewise  soffited  and  faced  with  Roman  brick.  Fragments  of 
Roman  columns  of  the  Doric  order,  have  been  found  not  far 
distant  from  the  site  of  this  structure,  and  the  adjoining 
church  of  St.  Nicholas  appears  to  be  in  a  great  measure  con- 
structed from  the  materials.     Geoffry  of  Monmouth  mentions 


ON  ANCIENT  MIXED  MASONRY  OF  BRICK  AND  STONE.        313 

a  temple  of  Janus  existing  in  his  time  at  this  place,  and,  as  far 
as  may  be  ascertained  from  engraved  representations,  on  com- 
paring the  present  appearance  of  the  ruins  of  the  temple  of 
Janus  at  Rome,  with  the  remains  of  this  buihhng  at  Leicester, 
there  exists  a  certain  degree  of  similarity  which  is  very 
striking. 

The  fragment  of  Roman  masonry  at  Wroxeter,  Salop,  con- 
sists of  a  wall  faced  with  ashlar  or  cut  stone,  Anth  six  inter- 
vening rows  of  Roman  bricks  laid  horizontally,  as  bonding- 
com'ses,  at  intervals,  in  the  following  manner  :  first  ten  com-ses 
of  stone,  then  two  of  brick ;  then  eight  of  stone,  then  two  of 
brick ;  then  six  of  stone,  and  two  of  brick ;  six  more  of  stone, 
and  two  of  brick ;  and  six  more  of  stone,  and  two  of  brick ; 
cemented  together  with  strong  mortar :  this  also  is,  I  think, 
the  portion  of  some  structure,  and  not  merely  the  fragment 
of  a  wall.     It  is  however  deserving  of  a  minute  examination. 

The  specimens  of  Roman  masonry  which  still  exist  in  the 
Avails  of  Richborough,  of  Pevensey,  of  York,  of  Lincoln,  of 
Verulam,  and  of  other  places,  and  in  the  foundations  of  various 
Roman  villas,  all  exhibit  this  well-known  feature,  the  regular 
and  horizontal  interposition  of  the  large  flat  Roman  bricks  at 
intervals  as  bonding-com'ses.  These  bricks,  however,  vary  much 
in  thickness  and  size. 

Tlie  general  destruction  of  public  edifices  and  chm'ches 
which  took  ])lace  in  the  struggles  which  ensued  in  this  country 
after  it  was  finally  abandoned  by  the  Romans,  and  before  the 
Saxons  had  obtained  a  mastery,  are  pathetically  adverted  to 
by  Gil  das.  Bede  however  mentions  one  church,  that  of 
St.  jNLartin,  near  Canterbury,  as  an  old  Roman  church  in 
existence  on  the  arrival  of  St.  Augustine  and  his  companions 
at  the  close  of  the  sixth  centnry.  Now  the  present  chm'cli 
contains  in  no  portion  of  the  walls  featm-es  of  Roman  con- 
struction, having  been  entirely  rebuilt  from  the  foundation, 
but  with  the  old  materials  of  brick  and  stone.  The  exact 
period  of  such  re-edification  can  only  be  ascertained  by  a 
removal  of  the  coating  of  plaster  with  which  the  walls  of  the 
chancel  are  co\ered.  Some  of  the  bricks  still  retain  portions 
of  the  original  Roman  mortar,  partly  composed  of  pounded 
brick,  adhering  to  them. 

Tlie  Anglo-Saxons  appear,  as  far  as  we  can  judge  from  the 
scanty  remains  of  mixed  masonry  in  those  structures  which 
may  fairly  be  attributed  to  that  people,  to  have  made  use  of 

T  t 


314        ON  ANCIENT  MIXED  MASONRY  OF  BRICK  AND  STONE. 

the  materials  procured  from  the  ruins  of  pre-existing  Roman 
buildings  ;  they  did  not  however  work  up  the  materials  of 
stone  and  brick  in  the  same  regular  and  systematic  mode  as 
the  Romans,  but  though  they  formed  some  of  their  arches 
with  brick-work,  they  seem  to  have  inserted  bricks  in  the  walls 
just  as  they  may  have  come  to  hand,  irregularly  and  without 
rule  or  order.  This  is  particularly  observable  in  the  constriic- 
tion  of  the  masonry  of  Brixworth  church,  Northamptonshire, 
supposed  to  be  an  Anglo-Saxon  edifice  of  the  seventh  century. 
This  church  stands  in  a  district  abounding  with  stone,  which  is 
found  on  the  spot  in  such  quantities,  that  the  greater  part  of  the 
houses  in  the  vOlage  are  built  of  it,  yet  here  we  have  numerous 
semicircular-headed  arches,  of  a  single  soffit,  constructed  of 
Roman  brick,  and  springing  from  massive  square  piers :  those 
on  the  north  side  of  the  nave,  the  north  aisle  having  been 
destroyed,  are  blocked  up,  but  the  facing  shews  the  arches  to 
have  been  constructed  of  a  double  row  of  Roman  bricks.  The 
mixed  masonry  of  brick  and  stone,  the  latter  rag,  of  which  the 
walls  of  this  church  are  partly  composed,  exhibits,  not  the 
regular  disposition  of  bricks  in  courses,  as  in  Roman  work, 
but  brick  irregularly  intermingled  with  rag.  This  church  is 
perhaps  the  most  ancient  existing  in  this  country ;  it  has 
apparent  marks  of  having  had  additions  and  alterations  made 
to  it  at  a  very  early  period,  and  the  arches  constructed  of  brick 
are  very  numerous.  It  displays  however  no  features  of  either 
Roman  or  Norman  work,  but  the  rude  baluster  shafts,  one  of 
the  featm'cs  of  presumed  Anglo-Saxon  w^ork,  are  found  in  a 
triple  Avindow  in  the  tower,  and  in  some  recent  excavations, 
when  the  foundation  Avail  on  the  north  side  of  the  chancel  was 
exposed,  the  same  kind  of  rude  square-edged  string-course, 
found  in  other  presumed  Anglo-Saxon  Avork,  Avas  disclosed  to 
vicAv.  Roman  remains  have  been  discovered  at  this  place, 
and  the  ruins  of  some  Roman  building  must  have  supplied 
the  materials  of  brick  Avith  which  the  arches  are  constructed, 
and  Avhich  also  appear,  but  irregularly  disposed,  in  the  Avails. 
It  ought  not  to  escape  notice  that  the  masonry  in  this  church 
has  been  fully  brought  to  light  hj  the  judicious  removal  of 
the  plaster  Avhich  formerly  concealed  it.  It  is  to  be  Avished 
that  the  same  interest  was  taken  Avith  the  walls  of  St.  Martin's 
churcli ,  Canterbury. 

Whether  the  old  church  now  in  ruins  Avithin  the  precincts  of 
the  castle  of  Dover,  and  close  to  the  Pharos,  be  in  any  part 


ON  ANCIExNT  MIXED  MASONRY  Or  BRICK  AND  STONE.        315 

of  Anglo-Saxon  construction,  of  which  there  are  certainly  some 
a])parent  tokens,  or  only  a  Norman  strnctnre,  may  be  a  matter 
of  investigation  and  opinion ;  it  contains  romid-lieaded  door- 
ways and  windows  constructed  of  Roman  brick,  and  the  same 
material  mixed  with  stone  worked  up  irregularly  in  the  Avails, 
but  this  building  has  undergone  many  vicissitudes. 

The  church  of  St.  Michael  at  St.  Alban's,  assumed  to  be 
the  one  built  l)y  I  Isinus,  abbot  of  St.  Alban's,  in  the  tenth 
century,  and  of  which  the  nave  of  the  original  structure,  with 
tlie  single  soffited  semicircular-headed  arches  springing  from 
sfpiare  massive  piers,  still  remains,  is  in  all  probability  con- 
structed of  mixed  masonry  of  brick  and  stone,  from  the  ruins 
of  the  ancient  city,  within  the  site  of  which  it  stands.  Inde- 
pendent of  one  o1)ject  of  attraction  Avhicli  it  contains, — in  a 
monument  of  no  mean  sculjjtm-e,  placed  by  a  servant  to  the 
memory  of  his  master,  that  master  the  possessor  of  a  mind 
of  no  ordinary  mould, — the  hiterest  felt  in  entering  this  church 
would  not  be  diminished  if  the  plaster  was  removed  from 
the  arches  and  piers  of  the  nave,  and  the  Anglo-Saxon  masonry 
of  brick  and  stone,  if  such  it  be,  exposed  to  view. 

Although  in  general  the  Normans  do  not  appear  to  have 
been  desirous,  like  the  Saxons,  of  making  use  of  old  materials 
for  their  buildings,  they  nevertheless  did  so  in  cases  of  neces- 
sity :  this  is  apparent  in  the  abbey  church  of  St.  Alban's,  the 
Norman  portion  of  which,  built  by  abbot  Paul  at  the  close  of 
the  eleventh  century,  is  composed  of  mixed  masonry,  vast 
quantities  of  brick  having  been  used.  The  materials  were 
collected,  as  INlatthew  Paris  informs  us,  by  a  former  abbot 
from  the  ruins  of  the  old  Roman  city,  and  here  they  were 
almost  indispensable,  inasmuch  as  the  district  in  which  it  is 
situated  affords  little  or  no  stone  fit  for  building  pm-poses. 
Such  materials  must  otherAAise  have  been  brought  from  a 
distance.  The  exact  disposition  of  the  l)ricks  in  the  ancient 
part  of  this  edifice  is  not  very  apparent,  but  in  all  probability 
it  is  irregular. 

So  also  in  the  mins  of  the  abbey  church  of  St.  Botolph,  at 
Colchester,  an  Anglo-Norman  edifice  seemingly  late  in  the 
style,  vast  quantities  of  Roman  brick,  brought  from  pre-existing 
editiccs,  are  worked  up,  but,  as  regards  the  mere  wall-masonry, 
irregularly,  Avhilst  as  regards  an  attempt  at  ornament,  the  in- 
tersecting arcade  in  the  west  front,  though  formed  of  Roman 
material,  is  clearly  in  plan  and  disposition  late  Norman. 


316        ON  ANCIENT  MIXED  MASONRY  OF  BRICK  AND  STONE. 

But  in  the  castle  at  Colcliester,  wliicli  also  appears  to  be  a 
late  Norman  structure,  we  may  perceive  an  attempt  made  to 
imitate  the  appearance  of  Roman  work  in  the  regular  and 
horizontal  layers  or  courses  of  Roman  brick  throughout  the 
walls  at  intervals,  and  this  is  perhaps  the  nearest  approxima- 
tion to  Roman  work  in  external  appearance  we  have,  but 
when  examined  closely,  the  number  of  intervening  courses  of 
stone  and  brick  greatly  differ,  and  do  not  present  the  same 
degree  of  proportion  generally  observable  in  Roman  work ;  for 
instance,  in  examining  the  courses  upwards,  from  the  Norman 
set-off,  of  plain  stone  cut  sloping,  of  the  basement,  to  a  certain 
height,  we  find  most  of  the  courses  of  brick  and  stone  to  be  in 
single  and  alternate  layers,  though  sometimes  we  meet  with 
two  courses  of  brick  and  sometimes  with  two  of  stone,  and 
here  and  there  we  find  a  row  of  bricks  set  edgewise.  The 
stone  with  which  the  walls  are  externally  cased  is  cut,  but  the 
inner  portions  of  the  walls  are  rubble.  The  basement  up  to 
the  set-off  exhibits  fragments  of  brick  irregularly  disposed  in 
the  masonry,  but  no  regular  layers  or  bonding-courses,  as 
above  the  set-off.  The  pilaster-like  buttresses  are  con- 
structed with  cut  stone  at  the  angles  of  the  lower  portion,  and 
with  Roman  brick  at  the  angles  of  the  upper.  The  walls  are 
twelve  feet  in  thickness.  In  the  interior  we  find  arches  of 
doorways,  windows,  and  fire-places,  formed  of  single  rows  of 
Roman  brick,  with  brick-work  disposed  in  herring-bone  fashion 
at  the  back  of  the  fire-places,  and  circular  and  twisted  funnels 
for  the  emission  of  the  smoke.  In  a  lofty  partition-wall,  we 
find  at  a  considerable  height  eight  rows  of  Roman  brick  set 
edgewise,  and  disposed  in  herring-bone  fashion  without  any 
admixture  of  stone.  These  bricks  if  procured,  as  they  pro- 
bably were,  from  the  ruins  of  some  old  Roman  structure,  do  not 
appear,  from  a  cursory  examination,  to  have  retained  any  traces 
of  the  ancient  mortar  adhering  to  them,  which  we  frequently 
find  to  be  the  case  where  Roman  materials  have  been  worked 
up  in  structures  of  a  much  later  date.  Not  unfrequently  the 
Roman  mortar  was  partly  composed  of  pounded  brick. 

The  windows  in  the  castle  at  Colchester  are  small  and  plain 
semicircular-headed  Norman  lights,  with  external  casings  of 
cut  stone  fliish  with  the  wall,  whilst  the  portal  on  the  south 
side  exhibits  features  of  late  Norman  work  in  the  facing  of 
the  architrave,  which  has  bold  round  mouldings  with  a  pro- 
jecting hood-moulding. 


ON  ANCIENT  MIXED  MASONRY  OF  BRICK  AND  STONE.        317 

The  bricks  found  in  the  walls  of  this  structure  vary  in  size 
both  superficially  as  well  as  in  thickness ;  this  we  find  to  be 
the  case  in  most  Roman  work,  for  no  certain  scale  of  dimen- 
sions appears  to  have  been  followed  in  the  making  of  their 
bricks:  perhaps  the  average  size  may  be  stated  to  be  15 
inches  long  by  10  inches  wide,  and  2i  inches  thick,  but  the 
thickness  of  these  bricks  or  tiles  vary  from  |  of  an  inch  to 
3  inches. 

What  is  called  herring-bone  work,  is  by  itself  no  criterion 
of  any  particular  era ;  whether  it  may  be  found  in  any  of  the 
rude  masses  of  ancient  British  masonry,  is  a  question  still  to 
be  solved.  It  is  found  in  Roman,  Anglo-Saxon,  and  Anglo- 
Norman  masonry.  It  has  also  been  met  with  in  masonry  of 
so  late  a  period  as  the  fourteenth  century. 

Though  this  subject  has  been  here  treated  of  in  a  very 
cursory  and  superficial  manner,  and  nothing  has  been  stated 
but  what  is  probably  well  known  to  many,  the  object  is  rather 
to  call  attention  to  the  investigation  of  the  remains  of  early 
masonry  wherever  they  exist,  not  merely  with  regard  to  con- 
struction, though  that  is  and  ought  to  be  a  primary  considera- 
tion, but  also  with  regard  to  external  appearance,  so  as  to 
ascertain,  if  possible,  whether  the  differences  between  the 
masonry  of  Roman,  Anglo-Saxon,  and  Anglo-Norman  con- 
struction, are  really  such  as  will  afford  us  any  evident  marks 
and  positive  rules  of  discrimination.  m.  h.  bloxam. 


ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY. 


steeple  Aston,  Oxfordshire. 


The  subject  of  embroidery,  as  practised  during  the  middle 
ages,  possesses  sufficient  claims  to  entitle  it  to  notice  in  om' 
Jomnial.  It  constituted  one  of  tlie  most  prominent  decora- 
tions in  ecclesiastical  and  civil  costume  during  that  lengthened 
period,  and  served  to  occupy  the  leisure  of  the  English  gentle- 
woman when  there  were  ]jut  few  other  modes  in  which  her 
talents  could  be  employed.  Apart  from  the  exercises  of  devo- 
tion, or  the  pleasures  of  hawking,  it  was  probably  the  only 
recreation  she  could  enjoy.  Shut  up  in  her  lofty  chamber, 
within  the  massive  precincts  of  a  castle,  or  immured  in  the 
restricted  limits  of  a  convent,  the  needle  alone  supplied  an 
unceasing  source  of  amusement ;  with  this  she  might  enliven 
her  tedious  hours,  and  depicting  the  heroic  deeds  of  her  absent 
lord,  as  it  were,  visibly  hasten  his  return ;  or  on  the  other 
hand,  softened  by  the  subdued  influences  of  pious  contempla- 
tion, she  might  use  this  pliant  instrument  to  bring  vividly 
before  her  mind  the  mysteries  of  that  faith  to  which  in  her 
solitude  she  fondly  clung. 


ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY.  319 

It  ^volll(l  be  unavailing  to  seek  for  the  origin  of  this  art  in 
Great  i^ritain ;  it  is  one  as  ancient  as  any  now  existing,  and 
nuist  have  been  imported  from  the  East.  Still  it  is  not  out  of 
our  power  to  shew  from  contemporaneous  sources,  that  whilst 
it  was  ])ractised  at  a  very  early  period  in  this  country,  the 
specimens  which  found  their  way  to  foreign  lands  were  most 
highly  prized  for  their  beauty.  Emlu'oidery  is  comparatively 
a  modern  term,  (Brit.  Broirf,  Broad,  acupingere,  and  Bncyd 
instrumentum  acu  pingendi ;  Lat.  Barb.  Brustiis,  Brz/sdas, 
JiirobnisiKfi,  Brodafm^Bacuaius;  Pr.  Broderie;)  the  art  in  ques- 
tion is  better  known  in  medieval  writers  under  the  title  of  aurl- 
frasii/m,  OY  aifn/ri r/i /on,  the  opus  Plmjgium  ;  Yv.fran(/e  d'or,  or 
work  of  gold,  and  hence  the  different  names  of  Orfrais,  Orfrays, 
or  Orfrcp,  words  indicating  in  their  general  signification, 
l)orders,  guardings,  facings,  or  any  parts  of  a  material  in 
which  gold  tam])()ur  was  used.  It  is  not  the  opns  ph'viatum 
of  the  Romans,  for  that  was  feather  tapestry,  resembling  the 
dresses  worn  by  the  natives  of  Central  America.  There 
is  clearly  a  distinction  to  be  made  in  the  various  a])plications 
of  the  word  jjlumafa.  When  Lucan  so  fervidly  describes  the 
extraordinary  change  introduced  by  the  Imperial  Cleopatra 
into  the  habits  and  domestic  economy  of  the  Roman  citizens, 
his  use  of  the  Avords  pars  auro  phimata  nitet,  implies  couches 
embroidered  with  gold,  in  the  same  way  as  Appian  speaks  of 
the  tof/ce  jjicta^;  but  the  Glossaries,  which  are  om^  best  authority, 
render  the  title  piuniarius  a  feather  dyer,  and  the  opus  plumarii 
or  opus  plumed nm,  certainly,  even  as  Seneca  (Epis.  90.)  speaks  of 
it,  denotes  a  work  in  which  feathers  form  the  chief  ornament. 

English  embroidery  has  consistently  enough  been  called  the 
opus  Jjif/Ucanum,  from  being  a  manufacture  extensively  and 
skilfully  pursued  in  our  own  country.  These  Orfrais  are  con- 
tinually mentioned  by  medieval  writers,  but  as  will  be 
gathered  from  the  ensuing  extracts,  their  appropriation  was 
various.  In  the  Roman  de  Rose,  for  instance,  the  word  is 
found  in  connection  with  the  head  : — 

Et  uii  chapeau  d'Orfrays  eut  neuf, 
Le  plus  beau  fut  de  dix-iieuf, 
Jamais  nul  jour  ou  je  n'avoye 
Chapeau  si  bien  ouvre  de  soye. 

And  again,  as  Chaucer  speaks  of  them  : — 

Ilichesse  a  robe  of  purple  on  had, 
Ne  trow  not  that  she  it  mad. 


3.20  ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY. 

For  in  this  world  is  none  it  liche, 
Ne  by  a  thousand  deale  so  riche, 
Ne  none  so  faire,  for  it  full  well 
AYith  orfreis  laied  was  every  dell. 
And  piu'traid  in  the  ribanings 
Of  dukes  stones,  and  of  kings. 

And  in  the  Roman  de  Garin : — 

Bien  fu  vestue  d'un  paille  de  Biterne, 
Et  un  Orfrois  a  mis  dessus  sa  teste. 

It  is  in  the  reign  of  WilUam  I.  (1066—1087)  that  we 
begin  to  meet  v^ith  any  historical  ilhistration  of  the  present 
subject.  The  Norman  chronicler  Yitalis,  in  recounting  the 
incidents  connected  "with  his  own  abbey  of  St.  Evroul,  narrates 
that  Matilda,  the  monarch's  queen,  having  heard  of  the  exem- 
plary lives  of  the  monks  of  this  establishment,  was  induced  to 
pay  them  a  visit,  and  she  placed  a  gift  upon  the  Altar  worthy 
theii-  heartfelt  recollection.  In  this  visit  she  was  accompanied 
by  Adelina,  the  wife  of  Roger  de  Bellmont,  who  brought  with 
her  an  alb  richly  adorned  with  Orfrais,  and  presenting  it  to 
the  chm'ch,  the  priest  wore  it  whilst  celebrating  mass^. 
Matilda  also  left,  by  her  will,  to  the  abbey  of  the  Trinity  at 
Caen,  which  she  had  founded,  a  chesable  worked  at  Winchester 
by  the  vdie  of  Alderet,  and  a  cloak  worked  in  gold  made 
for  a  cope,  and  also  another  vestment  wrought  in  England. 
From  this  time  down  to  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  there  are 
copious  notices  scattered  throughout  our  historical  docimients, 
which  serve  to  shew  the  extent  to  which  needlework  was 
employed  in  beautifying  various  articles  of  ecclesiastical  and 
secular  costume.  Some  notion,  however,  may  be  formed  of  its 
extensive  appHcation,  by  merely  looking  over  the  catalogues  of 
church  vestments  which  were  preserved  in  the  cathedi'als  of 
York,  Lincoln,  London,  and  Peterborough.  In  Lincoln  alone 
there  were  upwards  of  six  huncbed,  wrought  with  divers  kind 
of  needlework,  jewelry,  and  gold,  upon  Indian  baudekpi,  samit, 
tarterain,  velvet,  and  silk.  Even  in  the  succinct  way  in  which 
they  w^ere  described  by  a  common  inventory,  we  cannot  help 
being  struck  with  then"  splendour :  the  constant  repetition 
of  such  terms  as  "  an  orphrey  of  goodly  needlework,"  "  the 
arms  of  England  and  squirrels  of  gold ;"  or,  as  in  the  instance 
of  mortuary  copes  given  to  the  church  of  St.  Paul's,  "  embla- 
zoned with  the  arms  of  Eleanor,  of  England  and  of  Spain," 

"  Order.  Vital.,  lib.  vi.  p.  (iUo. 


ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY.  321 

knights  jousting,  lions  fighting,  amices  barred  witli  amethysts 
and  pearls,  &c.  Without  enumerating  more,  all  are  cunudative 
proofs  of  the  gorgeous  effects  produced  by  the  English  needle. 
They  were  finished  too  in  the  most  elaborate  manner,  the 
nicest  details  of  Gothic  tracery  or  personal  peculiarity  of  ex- 
pression being  accurately  pourtrayed. 

An  idea  of  the  pecuniary  value  of  these  works  of  art  may 
be  gleaned  from  the  Liberate  Roll  24.  Hen.  III.''  (1241), 
where  among  other  entries  of  a  similar  kind,  we  find  this 
monarch  ordering  the  payment  of  £24.  Is.  6d.  to  Adam  de 
Basinges,  for  a  cope  of  red  silk,  given  to  the  bishop  of  Here- 
ford :  also  to  the  same  person  £17.  18^.  10c/.  for  two  diapered 
and  one  precious  cloth  of  gold,  for  a  tunic  and  dalmatican 
entirely  ornamented  with  gold  fringe,  and  also  £17  and  one 
mark,  for  two  embroidered  chesables  for  the  royal  chapel. 
Reckoning  the  comparative  cost  of  these  vestments  according 
to  the  present  increased  rate  of  money,  which  the  calcidations 
of  Dr.  Henry  and  of  Adam  Smith  have  made  out  to  be  fifteen 
times  greater  than  at  that  period,  the  cope  presented  to  the 
bishop  of  Hereford  must  have  been  worth  £361.  2*.  6d.  The 
monarch  also  gave  to  this  newly-elected  bishop  (Peter  de 
Aqua  Blanca)  a  mitre  costing  £82^^,  which,  pursuing  the  same 
kind  of  calculation  as  that  just  instituted,  must  have  equalled 
in  value  £1,230  sterling.  And  a  sum  as  large  as  £140, 
equalling  it  is  presumed  £2,100  now,  was  given  to  Thomas 
Cheiner  for  a  vest  of  velvet  embroidered  with  divers  work, 
purchased  by  Edward  HI.  for  his  own  chaplain'^.  1  must 
confess  upon  applying  the  test  of  the  two  cambists  already 
mentioned,  this  computation  appears  exaggerated.  Yet  even 
reverting  to  the  charge  first  named,  £140  for  a  vest  of 
embroidered  velvet,  indicates  that  the  skill  displayed  must 
have  been  something  extraordinary,  or  it  would  not  have 
drawn  so  large  a  reimbursement  from  the  royal  exchequer ; 
whilst  it  adds  another  to  the  numerously-existing  evidences 
of  the  encouragement  afforded  to  this  species  of  English  work- 
manship, afforded,  at  a  period  too,  when  the  arts  had  risen  to 
their  highest  state  of  perfection  in  Great  Britain. 

It  may  be  true  that  very  little  is  still  existing  by  which 
their  merit  may  be  fairly  tested,  since  from  various  causes  these 
works  have  generally  perished ;  in  some  measure  through  an 

''  Issues  of  the  P'xcliequcr,  p.  16.  ''    L';sue  Roll,  p.  154. 

•^  Issue  Roll,  p.  17. 

U  U 


322  ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY. 

insufficiency  of  strength  and  texture  in  the  material  itself  on 
which  they  were  wrought ;  through  the  want  of  that  unselfish 
and  advanced  taste  which,  whilst  it  properly  estimates,  also 
preserves,  that  the  future  also  may  have  the  means  of  enjoying 
and  admiring ;  partly  destroyed  through  an  ungenerous  fear 
that  such  things  would  tend  to  beget  a  grovehing  super- 
stition, or  else  through  a  cause  to  which  the  destruction  of  the 
greater  portion  may  be  assigned,  a  sacrilegious  love  of  the  gold, 
which  formed  their  prominent  attraction,  and  consigned  them 
to  the  Jewish  broker,  and  then  reduced  them  to  ashes. 

There  are  several  other  such  entries  as  the  foregoing  in  the 
Liberate  Roll  of  Henry  III.,  all  tending  to  shew  that  at  that 
time  the  art  of  Embroidery  had  reached  a  high  degree  of  per- 
fection in  this  country.  Amongst  those  who  practised  it, 
frequent  mention  is  made  of  Adam  de  Basinges,  Adam  de 
Bakering,  John  de  Colonia,  Thomas  Chenier,  John  Blaton, 
William  Courtenay,  Stephen  Vyne,  Thomas  de  Carleton,  &c. 
In  this  list  we  find  Stephen  Vyne  so  highly  commended  by 
the  Duke  de  Berry  and  d'Auverne,  that  Richard  II.  and  his 
queen  appointed  him  their  chief  embroiderer,  and  their  nephew 
Henry  IV.  granted  him  at  their  decease  a  yearly  pension  in 
reward  for  his  skilful  services^. 

Doubtlessly  these  labours  were  also  pursued  by  females,  both 
for  their  amusement  as  well  as  their  profit,  and  there  exists 
another  entry  (Apr.  24,  1242.)  on  these  same  Rolls  in  proof 
of  it,  authorizing  a  payment  to  Adam  de  Bakering  of  &s.  Scl 
"for  a  certain  cloth  of  silk  and  a  fringe  purchased  by  our  com- 
mand, to  embroider  a  certain  embroidered  chesable  which 
Mabiha  of  St.  Edmund's  made  for  usV  It  seems  most 
reasonable  therefore  to  conclude,  that  the  men  commonly 
travailed  at  the  orfevrie  department,  whilst  the  women  under- 
took the  needleworks.  And  in  the  10th  of  Edward  II.  (May 
10,  1317.)  fifty  marks  in  part  payment  of  a  hundred,  were 
given  by  Queen  Isabella's  own  hands,  to  Rose  the  wife  of 
John  de  Bureford,  citizen  and  merchant  of  London,  for  an 
embroidered  cope  for  the  choir,  lately  purchased  from  her  to 
make  a  present  to  the  Lord  High  Pontiff'  from  the  Queen^. 

In  such  high  estimation  was  the  opus  Anglicanum  held  on 
the  continent  in  the  Latin  Church,  that  John  bishop  of  Mar- 
seilles in  his  testament  (1345)  made  a  special  bequest  to  the 

^  Issue  Roll,  .3  Hen.  IV.  p.  285.  t'  Issues  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  14. 

'■  Issues  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  23.  ^  Ih.  p.  133. 


ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY.  323 

clmrcli  of  his  alb  that  was  wrought  with  Enghsh  Orfrais.  Nay, 
even  at  Home,  where  it  might  have  been  expected  that  the 
most  costly  works  of  this  description  would  have  been  suffi- 
ciently common,  the  English  Orfrais  excited  both  admiration 
and  cupidity.  For  as  we  are  informed  by  ]\Iatthew  Paris,  the 
Pope,  who  was  Innocent  IV.  (1246.),  observing  on  the  copes 
and  infula3  of  certain  of  the  ecclesiastics  some  very  desirable 
Orfrais,  he  enquired  where  they  were  made,  and  being 
answered  in  England,  he  exclaimed,  "  Truly  England  is  our 
garden  of  delight ;  in  sooth  it  is  a  well  inexhaustible ;  and 
where  there  is  great  abundance,  from  thence  much  may  be  ex- 
tracted:"  and  accordingly  his  holiness  dispatched  his  official 
letters  to  nearly  all  the  abbots  of  the  Cistercian  order  in  Eng- 
land, to  the  prayers  of  whom  he  had  just  been  committing 
himself  in  the  chapter-house  of  their  order,  and  urged  them 
to  procure  for  his  choir,  for  nothing  if  they  could  accomplish 
it,  yet,  at  all  events,  to  pm'chase  things  so  estimable.  An  order 
which,  adds  the  chronicler,  was  sufficiently  pleasing  to  the 
London  merchants,  but  the  cause  of  many  persons  detesting 
him  for  his  covetousness'. 

Truly  one  cannot  help  feeling  sm'prise  that  these  Orfrais, 
costly  and  gorgeous  as  they  no  doubt  were,  shoidd  have  excited 
in  the  eyes  of  the  Po})e  such  wonder  and  unrestrained  avarice. 
For  certainly  productions  of  a  similar  kind  had  adorned  eccle- 
siastical apparel  from  as  remote  a  time  as  Leo  III.  (795.), 
since  this  Pontiff  is  commemorated  by  Anastasius  the  librarian 
as  a  great  benefactor  of  them  to  the  Church^;  whilst  the  frequent 
enumeration  of  aureate  and  purple  tissues  {cltnjHodahci)  in  his 
valuable  catalogue  of  the  benefactions  made  to  various  churches 
in  Rome  by  the  earlier  Popes,  is  full  and  minute,  even  to  the 
very  subjects  represented  on  the  vestments,  which  were  usually 
the  Nativity,  the  Passion,  and  the  Resm-rection  of  our  Lord. 

Yet,  it  must  not  be  supposed  that  this  species  of  work  was 
exclusively  confined  to  ecclesiastical  uses.  It  was  the  prevalent 
decoration  of  royal  as  well  as  of  miUtary  costume,  besides  being 
employed  upon  various  kinds  of  domestic  fiu'niture.  King  John 
orders  Reghiald  de  Cornhull  (April  fi,  1215)  to  furnish  without 
delay  five  banners  of  his  arms  embroidered  with  gold''.  Nor 
ought  mention  to  be  omitted  here  of  a  passage  in  the  French 

•  Matt.  Par.  Hist.  Angl,  p.    17-3.  edit.      Rom.  p.  Vll. 
Paris  164i.  k  Rot.  Lit  Glaus.,  p.  19,3. 

J  Anastas.  Biblioth.    de    Vitis    Pontif. 


32-1  ENGLISH   MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY. 

poem  descriptive  of  the  siege  of  Carlaverock,  which  records 
that  the  banners  and  caparisons  of  the  knights  and  sokhers 
Avho  accompanied  Edward  to  that  memoralole  scene  were  em- 
broidered on  silk  and  satin  with  the  arms  of  their  owner. 

La  out  meinte  riche  garnement 
Erode  sur  cendeaus  et  samis. 

Sometimes,  however,  the  banners  and  jupons  of  the  knight 
were  painted,  as  is  the  case  in  the  fragment  floating  in  the 
church  of  Elstow,  Bedfordshu'e.  Without  iilhng  these  pages 
with  too  many  ekicidations  of  the  subject,  attention  shall 
be  directed  to  an  entry  on  an  Issue  Roll  of  9  Edward 
III.  (1335.)  illustrative  of  the  application  of  embroidery 
to  domestic  purposes.  On  the  28th  of  June  we  find  pay- 
ment made  to  John  de  Colonia  towards  the  cost  of  two 
vests  of  green  velvet,  embroidered  with  gold,  one  of  which 
is  described  as  being  decorated  with  sea  sirens,  bearing 
a  shield  with  the  arms  of  England  and  Hainault;  and  for 
making  a  wdiite  robe  worked  with  pearls,  and  a  robe  of  velvet 
cloth,  embroidered  with  gold  of  divers  workmanship,  made  by 
him  against  the  confinement  of  the  Lady  Philippa,  Queen  of 
Englandi.  Edward  of  Westminster  is  commanded  to  order 
(35th  Hen.  III.,  1252.)  a  banner  to  be  made  of  white  silk, 
and  in  the  centre  of  it  there  is  to  be  a  representation  of  the 
Crucifixion,  with  the  effigies  of  the  Blessed  Mary  and  St.  John, 
embroidered  in  Orfrais,  and  on  the  top  a  star  and  a  new 
crescent  moon"".  Such  modes  of  ornamenting  chambers  are 
frequently  alluded  to  in  the  early  wills.  Amongst  the  eflects 
of  Henry  V.  was  a  bed  called  "  the  bed  of  embroidered  figs." 
In  short,  the  art  of  Embroidery  appears  to  have  been  displayed 
on  every  material  where  elegance  of  design'  and  richness  of 
ell'ect  was  capable  of  being  produced  by  such  means. 

The  Monarch  himself  wore  garments  embroidered  after  the 
same  fashion  as  the  Churchmen.  In  fact,  one  of  them,  the 
dalmatic,  was  common  to  both  orders,  and  there  is  an  entry 
on  the  Issue  Roll  of  the  40th  Edward  HI.  (1366.)  recording 
a  payment  made  to  William  Courtenay  for  one  of  these  royal 
habits,  describing  it  as  being  embroidered  with  pelicans, 
images,  and  tabernacles  of  gold". 

The  dalmatic  on  the  effigy  of  Henry  II.  was  painted  to 

I  Issue  Roll,  pp.  lli,  1^5.  "   Issue  Roll,  p.  198. 

'"   Introduction  to  Close  Roll,  p.  46. 


ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY.  325 

imitate  tlie  original,  and  flowered  over  with  golden  stars.  The 
coronation  robes  of  the  same  Monarch,  of  Richard  I.  and  John, 
were  all  splendidly  embroidered.  The  order  is  extant  for 
making  the  robes  of  Henry  III.,  one  of  which  was  commanded 
to  be  of  the  best  piirplc-colom-ed  samit,  embroidered  with 
three  Uttle  leopards  in  front  and  three  behind.  His  sandals 
also  were  to  be  fretted  with  gold,  each  square  of  the  feet  con- 
taining a  lion  or  a  leopard. 

This  truly  elegant  mode  of  decorating  the  dress  is  minutely 
described  in  the  following  entry  from  the  Close  Rolls,  not  yet 
published,  but  given  by  Mr.  Hardy  in  his  learned  introduction 
to  the  fii'st  volume  of  these  important  records.  "John  de 
Sumercote  and  Roger  the  tailor  are  commanded  by  Henry  HI. 
(1252.)  to  get  made  without  delay  four  robes  of  the  best 
brocade  which  they  can  procure,  namely,  two  for  the  king's 
use,  and  two  for  the  queen's,  with  Orfrais  and  gems  of  various 
colours;  the  tunics  to  be  of  softer  brocade  than  the  mantles  and 
supertunics,  and  the  mantles  are  to  be  furred  with  ermine,  and 
the  supertunics  with  minever."  Besides  the  robes  for  the  king's 
use,  three  were  ordered  for  the  queen,  with  'queyntisis,'  one  of 
which  was  to  be  of  "the  best  violet-coloured  brocade  that  could 
be  procured,  with  three  small  leopards  in  the  front  and  three 
others  behind"."  These  magnificent  ckesses  were  ordered  in 
anticipation  of  the  marriage  of  his  daughter,  the  Princess 
Margaret,  with  Alexander  HI.,  King  of  Scotland. 

The  costume  of  the  military  opened  a  \vide  field  for  this 
elegant  species  of  decoration.  The  countenance  of  the  Knight 
being  shrouded  by  his  bacinet  of  steel,  it  became  necessary  that 
he  should  bear  some  device  by  which  he  might  be  readily  re- 
cognised by  his  friends  and  followers,  and  nothing  appeared 
more  suitable  than  that  his  own  armorial  bearings  should  be 
emblazoned  on  his  shield,  or  embroidered  on  his  cbess.  And 
such,  as  isVell  kno^vn,  was  the  constant  practice  of  the  period, 
it  being  the  usual  custom  to  charge  the  jupon,  cointise,  and 
cote  hardie  of  the  men,  and  the  open  surcoats  of  the  females, 
with  the  heraldic  badge  of  the  wearer.  In  nearly  every 
monumental  effigy,  traces  of  this  practice  are  discernible,  and 
as  there  is  not  the  smallest  reason  for  doubting  that  all  these 
creations  of  the  sculptor  were  as  faithful  rejoresentations  of  the 
deceased  as  he  could  possibly  exhibit,  both  as  regarded  his 
very  featm'cs,  as  well  as  his  dress,  they  will  become  invested 

"  Introduction  to  Close  Roll,  p.  41. 


326  ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY. 

with  an  additional  degree  of  interest  when  it  is  ascertained  in 
what  manner,  and  to  Avhat  extent,  the  various  diaperings, 
powderings,  and  other  methods  of  adornment  were  produced. 

We  have  fortunately  one  specimen,  and  it  is  much  to 
be  regretted  that  it  is  the  only  one  at  present  conceived  to 
exist,  which  affords  the  necessary  corroboration  to  the  truth 
of  these  remarks. 

It  was  at  the  first  meeting  of  the  Archseological  Association 
held  at  Canterbury,  a  session  when  British  antiquities  began 
to  assume  a  definite  and  scientific  complexion,  that  I  became 
enabled,  through  the  com'tesy  of  the  cathedi-al  authorities,  to 
give  a  minute  inspection  to  the  rapidly  decaying  jupon  sus- 
pended over  the  tomb  of  Edward  the  Black  Prince.  From 
this  examination  I  ascertained,  to  my  own  entire  conviction, 
first,  that  there  was  a  prevalent  and  systematic  mode  of  work- 
ing the  elaborate  ornaments  which  decorate  the  military  cos- 
tume of  the  middle  ages ;  and  secondly,  that  the  habits  them- 
selves were  conscientiously  delineated  on  the  sepulchral  monu- 
ment of  the  departed  warrior.  With  feelings  of  no  ordi- 
nary emotion,  1  pressed  forward  to  handle  a  garment,  that  the 
spirit  of  chivalry  and  courage  alike  had  consigned  to  the  pro- 
tecting regards  of  posterity.  Tor  who  could  allow  his  fingers 
to  grasp  but  a  fragment  of  what  had  once  enwrapped  that  model 
of  regal  dignity  and  magnificence,  without  carrying  his  impres- 
sions backwards  to  those  scenes  which  witnessed  the  prowess 
of  this  flower  of  English  knighthood,  or  without  throwing  a 
hasty  recollection  over  the  fields  of  Britain's  glory,  where  he 
had  nobly  fought,  Crecy  and  Poitiers  ? 

The  exquisite  monument  of  the  Prince  is  partially  known 
by  numerous  engravings  and  descriptions,  but  it  may  however 
be  questioned  whether,  as  a  work  of  art,  it  has  yet  been  suffi- 
ciently appreciated,  but  the  period  is  at  length  approaching, 
it  is  ardently  hoped,  when  the  value  of  these  works  will 
be  better  known,  when  their  intrinsic  merit  as  statuary 
will  be  acknowledged,  and  when  their  evidences  of  history, 
personal  and  national,  Avill,  if  it  cannot  excite  an  admiration 
and  generate  a  higher  taste,  serve,  at  least,  to  protect  them 
from  wanton  spoliation.  So  much  ruthless  and  ignorant  de- 
struction has  been  perpetrated,  that,  on  recounting  it,  one 
cannot  suppress  a  sigh,  and  mournfully  contemplate  the  dis- 
honoured fragments  that  have  been  accidentally  spared.  I 
have  seen  these  time-honoured  memorials  of  the  dead  torn 


ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY.  327 

from  the  sacred  fanes  where  affectionate  devotion  had  fondly 
placed  them,  to  be  cast  in  the  public  highways,  or  stuck  up 
as  incongruous  embellishments,  to  eke  out  the  paltry  enjoy- 
ments of  a  subm'ban  parterre. 

The  influence  of  the  xVrchaeological  Association  can  never  be 
more  legitimately,  or  more  wisely  exerted  than  in  preventing  the 
recm-rence  of  wilfid  havoc  in  the  monuments  of  the  country ; 
and  by  such  a  preservative  course  of  action,  should  their  ex- 
ertions effect  nothing  more,  they  will  protect  the  national 
character  from  the  unnatural  imputation,  that  Englishmen 
have  no  respect  for  the  sacred  monuments  of  their  fatherland. 

Reverting,  however,  to  the  tAvo  facts  which  I  have  stated  as 
being  established  from  the  examination  of  the  Black  Prince's 
jupon,  I  will  remark  that  as  concerns  the  first,  namely,  the 
mode  of  decoration,  that  the  vest  is  of  one  pile  velvet,  at 
present  of  a  palish  yellow  brown  colour,  faded  probably 
from  crimson.  Its  foundation  is  of  fine  buckram  or  calico, 
stuffed  or  padded  with  cotton,  stitched  and  quilted  in  longitu- 
dinal folds,  gamboised  {(/amhoise),  as  the  proper  term  for  such 
work  is,  and  the  velvet  covering  is  ornamented  with  the  arms 
of  the  Black  Prince,  quarterly  France  and  England,  embroid- 
ered in  gold.  As  the  mode  of  effecting  this  is  precisely  the 
same  as  that  pursued  in  ecclesiastical  habits,  which  will  be 
presently  fully  described,  it  will  be  unnecessaiy  to  enter 
upon  it  here. 

The  second  inference  drawn  is  fully  borne  out,  by  com- 
paring the  jupon  with  its  antitype  in  the  latten  effigy.  So  close 
indeed  is  the  imitation,  that  not  only  in  length  and  in  general 
appearance  do  they  exactly  correspond  to  each  other,  but  even 
to  the  half  one  of  the  fleur-de-lis  semee,  is  the  resemblance 
carried  out.  Had  the  artist  merely  intended  to  personify  the 
Prince  in  the  dress  of  the  period,  such  scrupulous  attention 
would  scarcely  have  been  considered  deserving  his  notice,  but 
he  intended  to  produce,  what  there  can  be  no  reason  for  dis- 
puting was  the  universal  custom,  a  faithful  portrait  of  the 
garment  itself.  And  if  this  exact  attention  were  bestowed 
on  the  dress,  can  it  be  imagined  that  less  regard  would  be 
paid  to  representing  the  countenance  of  the  deceased  ?  In  that 
age,  nothing  was  deemed  too  minute  or  elaborate  to  engage 
the  talents  of  the  scul})tor,  the  hmner  or  the  embroideress, 
and  portraits  could  not,  amid  all  their  love  of  trutliful  detail, 
be  overlooked. 


328 


ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY. 


Such  a  fondness  for  costly  raiment  had  at  this  period  crept 
into  fashion  that  it  became  necessary  to  repress  it  by  legislative 
enactments.  And  hence  the  statute  of  37  Edward  III.  (1363.) 
against  excess  of  apparel,  by  which  it  was  ordered  that  none 
whose  income  was  below  four  hundred  marks  a  year  should 
wear  cloth  of  gold,  or  drapery  enamelled  {aymelez)  or  em- 
broidered'^. How  far  this  enactment  may  have  been  efficacious 
it  is  difficult  to  say,  since  Embroidery  still  prevailed,  and  in 
those  ages  of  correct  design,  as  in  these  of  servile  imitation,  no 
one  probably  liked  to  be  left  behind  his  neighbours,  and  as 
every  one's  resources  were  not  equal  to  bear  the  same  cost,  a 
spmious  method  of  embroidery  found  customers  ;  so  that  in  the 
2nd  year  of  Henry  IV.  it  w^as  represented  to  the  Parliament, 
that  whereas  divers  persons  occupying  "  the  crafte  of  Brauderie, 
maken  diverse  w-erkes  of  Brauderie  of  unsuffisaunt  stuff,  and 
unduely  wrought  as  well  upon  velowet,  and  cloth  of  gold,  as 
upon  all  other  clothes  of  silk  wrought  with  gold  or  silver  of 
Cipre,  and  gold  of  Luk,  or  Spaynyssh  laton  togedre,  and 
suiche  warkes,  so  untrewely  made  by  suiche  persons  afore- 
said, dredyng  the  serche  of  the  wardens  of  Brauderie  in  the 
said  citie  of  London,  kepen  and  senden  unto  the  fayres  of 
Steresbrugg,  Ely,  Oxenford,  and  Salesbury,  and  ther  thei  outre 
hem,  to  greet  cleseit  of  our  soverain  L*^.  the  Kyng  and  all  his 
peple."  To  which  it  was  replied  that  all  such  counterfeits 
should  be  forfeited  to  the  king*!. 

Compared  with  the  great  number  of  splendid  chm^ch  vest- 
ments that  once  existed  in  this  country,  very  few^  at  present 
remain.  At  the  cathedral  of  Durham,  where  copes  continued 
to  be  worn  as  late  as  the  prelacy  of  Bishop  Warburton,  there 
are  tlu-ee,  said  to  be  as  old  as  the  fourteenth  century.  The 
Roman  Catholic  college  of  St.  Mary's,  Oscott,  has  a  very 
beautiful  suit,  found  walled  up  in  the  cathedral  of  Waterford, 
and  subsequently  presented  to  the  institution  by  the  Earl  of 
Shrewsbury.  One 
of  crimson  velvet 
at  Black  Ladies, 
Staffordshire .  One 
of  cloth  of  gold, 
atStonyhurst.One 
of  crimson  velvet, 
embroidered  with 


Cope  of  Crimson  Velvet,  Campden 
G  Icucestcishire 


I'  Rolls  of  Pari.,  vii.  p.  279. 


''   Rolls  of  Pari.,  vii.  p.  2,5,5. 


ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY. 


329 


crowns  and  stars  of  Bethlehem,  at  Chipping  Campden,  Glou- 
cestershire.     One  of  r^>  (^ 
purple  velvet,  in  the         \  "^  / 
Roman  Catholic  cha-           ^^^^"^ 
pel  at  Weston  Under-  /''""''X^      1-n.^^^     ^^ 
wood,  Northampton- O       ^^^^sX  7" <^  T 
shire.    One,  probably               ,^r)    <^\  /  /^   \  ^ 
acope,atLlaugharne,           ^      i^^^^^^    M    ^     ^ 
Caermarthenshire.             //Ji^        ^ 
One  of  green  velvet  i„          //lllHr^SM\       [^1 
the  cathcdi-al  at  iily. 
One  of  the  earlier  part 

of  the  thii-teenth  cen-  ^^)  '^^"^^ 

tury,  formerly  belong-  ^/c::^       _ 

ingto  the  nuns  of  Sion  ^  ^ 

House,  nowin  the  pos-  I) 

session    of    the     earl    of  cope,  Weston  underwood, 

Shrewsbury ;  and  several  in  the  possession  of  Edw.  Wilson, 
Esq.,  Lincoln.  Besides  these,  there  are  portions  of  embroidery, 
formerly  used  as  vest- 
ments,generally  copes, 
at  Buckland,  Worces- 
terslme ;  Ling,  Nor- 
folk ;  East  Langdon, 
Kent ;  Bacton,  and  ^  o 
Kinnersley,  Hereford-  ^'^ 
shire  ;  Hullavington, 
and  Cu'encester,  Glou- 
cestershire ;  Stoke 
Canon,  Devonshire ; 
all  converted  into  pul- 
pit and  altar  cloths : 
there  is  not  sufficient 
evidence  that  the  frag- 
ment so  carefidly  pre- 
served at  Lutterworth, 

really  formed  a  portion  ccpe  ei?. 

of  the  vestment  worn  by  John  Wickliff : — Kettleston,  Norfolk ; 
Wool,  Dorsetshire;  Conway,  Caernarvonshire;  Careby,  Lin- 
colnshire ;  at  Cothele  Chapel,  Cornwall ;  there  are  two  altar 
fronts  of  velvet  in  a  perfect  state  at  W ardour  Castle,  a  cope 
formerly  belonging  to  Westminster  Abbey,  and  other  speci- 

X  X 


330 


ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY. 


mens;  another  vestment  from  tliis  abbey  is  at  Stony  hurst; 
at  Talacre  a  chesable  from 
Basmgwerk  Abbey ,  (?)  and 
an  ancient  alb  at  Shrews- 
bm^y;  at  Prior  Park,  near 
Bath,  and  Bath  Abbey, 
are  various  ancient  spe- 
cimens ;  Madeley  Chapel, 
Shropshire,  has  tAvo  vest- 
ments of  the  fourteenth 
century,  probably  from 
the  priory  of  Much  Wen- 
lock,    Little     Dean,    GloU-  East  Lan^aon.  Kent.     (A.) 

cestershire.  This  list,  imperfect  and  brief  as  it  is,  the  reader 
will  probably  be  able  to  augment,  and  to  correct  those  defici- 
encies for  which  I  feel  myself  incompetent. 

The  embroidery  at  Stoke  Canon  seems  to  have  been  an 
altar-cloth;  it  has  three 
central  figm^es;  the  Con- 
ventional Devices  are  the 
eagle  displayed,  a  fish,  and 
candlestick.  The  pulpit- 
cloth  at  Hullavington,  ori- 
ginally a  cope,  is  a  beau- 
tifid  specimen  of  the  work 
of  the  period  :  the  Re- 
deemer is  represented  in 
the  centre  suspended  on 
a  cross,  with  angels  catch- 
ing the  blood  in  chalices ; 
the  velvet  ground  is  pow- 
dered over  with  angels 
with  outspread  wuigs, 
standing  on  stars  of  Beth- 
lehem, with  fleur-de-lis, 
and  with  one  of  the  pat- 
terns found  on  the  Com- 
munion table-cloth  at  East 
Langdon,  represented  in 
the  accom])anyingfig.  (A.) 

The  repetition  and  recurrence  of  these  Conventional  Devices 
is  very  general.     The  same  patterns,  for  instance,  occur  at 


East  Langdon.  Kent. 


ENGLISH   MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY. 


331 


East  Lan^don.Eent. 


Buckland,  in  AYorcestershii-e,  as  are  found  on  the  fragments 
supposed  to  have  fonned 
portions  of  Wickliff' s  vest- 
ment at  Lutterworth ;  on 
the  Ely  and  Weston-Un- 
derwood  copes  the  same 
pattems  are  obsers'able ; 
at  St.Thomas,  Sahsbuiy, 
Careby,  Weston-Under- 
wood,  and  Stoke  Canon, 
the  same  style  and  pat- 
terns prevail.  The  Com- 
nnmion-cloth  at  Emneth, 
Cambridgeshire^  given  by 

Sir  Thomas  Hewar  (cii'ca  {(-jj  -  ^^^  _,V— ^11  ^  11  //  c^J) 
1570),  has  the  same  pat- 
tern as  may  be  seen 
amongst  the  four  on  the  cope  at  Weston-Underwood.  At 
Ilullavington  and  Cu-encester  the  same  Conventional  Design 
may  also  be  traced.  In 
the  latter  chm'ch  there  is 
a  pulpit-cloth,  no  longer 
used,  which  appears  to 
have  been  made  out  of 
some  ancient  vestment, 
probably  a  cope,  as  it  has 
been  cut  into  long  strips, 
and  sewed  up  into  its  pre- 
sent shape.  It  is  made 
of  blue  velvet,  with  a 
wide  border,  which  is 
now  quite  faded,  but  was 
perhaps  purple.  Both  the 
middle  and  border  are 
covered  \nth  spangles, 
and  embroidered  with 
cherubim  standing  on 
stars  of  Bethlehem ;  and 
Mith  pine-apples,  in  gold 
and  colom-s.  The  border 
at  the  upper  part  seems 
meant  to  be  \\  orn  round  the  back  of  the  neck,  as  the  pine- 


Ccpe  at  Bucklacd.  Worcestershire. 


332  ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY. 

apples  are  inverted.  One  of  the  chernbim  holds  a  shield 
of  armorial  bearings : — Argent,  on  a  chevron  sable,  three 
roses,  or.  Under  which  is  a  scroll,  with  the  words  "  Orate 
pro  anima  domini  Radulphi  parsons."  Under  the  other  cheru- 
bim are  the  words  "  Gloria  tibi  trinitas."  Over  the  pine-apples 
on  the  border  are  the  words  "  Da  gloriam  Deo."  At  the  en- 
trance of  the  chancel  is  the  brass  of  a  priest,  bearing  the 
chalice  and  paten,  who  appears  to  be  the  donor  of  this  vest- 
ment.    The  inscription  to  it  runs  thus : 

"  Orate  pro  anima  domini  Radulj)hi  Parsons  quondam  Caiiellani  per- 
petufe  cantariaB,  sanctse  Trinitatis  in  hac  Ecclesia  fundata  qui  obiit  22  die 
Augusti  Amio  Domini  1478,  cujus  aninise  propitietur  deus.     Amen." 

It  seems  probable  by  this  that  the  vestment  was  left  by 
Ralph  Parsons  for  the  use  of  the  chapel  of  the  Holy 
Trinity,  which  will  give  both  the  date  of  the  vestment  and 
the  conventional  pattern.  This  chapel  was  founded  before 
the  year  1478,  though  the  present  building  was  made  at  the 
expense  of  Richard  Ruthal,  bishop  of  Durham,  a  native  of  the 
town,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VHI. 

There  is,  moreover,  another  form,  under  which  the  art  of 
embroidery  was  displayed.  The  Hangings,  Frontals,  and 
Antependia  of  the  Altar  received  the  same  care  as  the  priestly 
vestments.  Still  fewer  of  these  remain,  a  fact  easily  accounted 
for,  by  the  destruction  of  the  Altar  itself,  and  the  substitution 
in  its  place  according  to  Queen  Elizabeth's  letter,  Jan.  25, 
in  the  seventh  year  of  her  reign  (1565)  of  "a  decent  table 
provided  at  the  cost  of  the  parish,  standing  on  a  frame." 
Of  these  Antependiums  I  have  seen  three.  Two  of  white 
watered  silk  {holosericus)  beautifully  wrought,  having  the  re- 
presentation of  the  Assumption  in  the  centre,  and  the  other 
part  of  the  ground  powdered  with  a  conventional  pattern,  ten 
feet  ten  inches  long,  and  three  feet  wide,  preserved  at  Chip- 
ping Campden.  One  probably  of  tarterain,  {Tartarinus,  tarta- 
riscus,  Cloth  of  Tars,)  temp.  Edw.  III.,  a  most  interesting  speci- 
men of  this  kind  of  manufactiure,  at  Steeple  Aston,  Oxford- 
shire. It  is  pm-fled  {2^ourfiU,  hrullatus)  with  various  patterns, 
two  of  which  are  introduced  (see  figures,  p.  318  and  343); 
otlicrs  represent  the  crucifixion  of  the  Redeemer,  the  death  of 
St.  Stephen  and  other  holy  martyrs ;  these  are  heightened  by 
needlework,  and  the  countenances  have  been  pressed  with  a 
hot  iron,  to  give  the   more   prominent   parts   higher  relief. 


ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY.  333 

Another  figured  in  Iloare's  Wiltshire,  belonging  to  St.  Thomas's 
church,  Salisbury.  And  this  list  also,  the  reader  will  most 
likely  be  able,  from  his  oAvn  observation,  to  augment. 


..\a\vMI 


\|1 


A     I 


1 


steeple  Aston,  Oxfordshire.    See  previous  page. 

It  remains  merely  to  offer  an  explanation  of  the  mode  by 
which  this  kind  of  decoration  was  effected. 

In  the  first  place  let  it  be  noted,  that  velvet,  having  a  shift- 
ing sm'face,  it  necessarily  becomes  one  of  the  most  difficult  of 
materials  to  work  upon.  No  doubt  the  early  embroideresses 
fully  experienced  the  inconvenience,  for  they  chd  not,  at  least 
in  all  the  examples  to  which  my  attention  has  been  du'ccted, 
attempt  a  labom-  that  would  have  been  both  perplexing  and, 
certainly  to  the  extent  they  followed  it,  insuperable.  AU  their 
needlework  is  first  done  upon  some  other  material  {en  ra2J2Jort), 
such  as  linen,  canvass,  silk,  or  vellum,  and  their  operations  {ajj- 
jjIiqKces)  subsequently  sewn  itpon  the  velvet.  This  was  simply 
the  universal  method  adopted  to  produce  these  very  beautiful 
specimens  of  manual  ingenuity  that  now  elicit  om*  admii'ation. 
A  more  particular  account,  however,  shall  be  given,  for 
knowing  the  process  by   which   Early   English   embroidery 


334 


ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY. 


was  fabricated,  there  will  not  then  exist  any  obstacle  in  en- 
deavoiu-ing  to  copy  it.  Apprehending,  too,  the  principles  that 
directed  the  manufacture,  its  imitation  will  become  an  easy 
and  agreeable  accomplishment,  as  well  as  form  an  elegant  and 
refined  occupation  for  those  spare  hours,  which  our  fair 
countrywomen  have  of  late  years  so  toilsomely  spent,  over  the 
coarse  materials,  and  the  tasteless  patterns,  imported  from 
Germany. 

The  materials  that  may  be  legitimately  used  to  produce 
English  embroidery  like  that  already  described,  are  limited 
to  five  :  namely,  gold  and  silver  tamboiu*  (passe),  jewels,  velvet, 
and  silk^  Having  chosen  the  substance  that  was  to  be 
wrought,  the  first  point  Avas  to  make  out  the  pattern  {prendre 
la  taille)  of  the  conventional  device  that  was  to  be  powdered 
on  the  surface.  This  might  be  done  by  tracing  it  by 
means  of  chalk  upon  white  paper,  and  piercing  that  so  as  to 
shew  its  contom' ;  several  others  could  then  be  cut  out  to  the 
same  size  and  figm^es.  The  foundation  {Je  fond)  of  canvass, 
vellum,  or  any  other  suitable  stuff",  most 
commonly  the  former,  w^as  then  shaped 
in  a  similar  way,  the  edges  being  bound        /  '| 

{(jalonner)  with  cord,  which  was  after- 
wards cast  over  {en  guipure)  with  gold  ^^^^~ 
or  silver  tambom*.     The  inner  part  of  i     >^   \ 
the  design  was  then  worked,  either  plain  k       }^\ 
or   in    shades,   in   tapestry  stitch   with 
silk;     this    too   was   sometimes   raised 
above  the  foundation  by  felt  {emboutthi). 
If  a  leaf  were  to  be  represented,  {passe 
en  barbiches,)  the  fibres  Avere  expressed  =„,„.  =.,.„  .,..„  ,^„„..  ..  .„„».„...„. 

_  _  -t  n  !!•  broiiiered.     D.  the  band  upon  which  the  sold 

by  a  fine  thread  oi  tambour  bemg  *''""'°'"''''"''""°"'^'' "J'^''- ''•»"'^'"'- 
lightly  passed  among  the  silk,  to  indicate  the  vegetable  tissue. 
In  fact,  neither  gold  nor  silver  could  ever  be  inappropriately, 
or  too  profusely  introduced,  in  delineating  the  object. 

There  Avere  tAvo  Avays  of  introducing  the  gold  or  silver  portion. 
A  very  common  method  was  to  take  a  piece  of  gold  lace,  and 
cutting  it  out  in  the  required  shape,  to  attach  it  to  the  foun- 
dation, and  the  sm'face  of  this  {le  passe  epargne)  Avas  raised 
{embouttin)  in  certain  lines  (as,  for  instance,  in  representing 


'  These  may  be  obtained  in  every  variety  from  Messrs.    Odell  and   Atherly,  Bur- 
lington Arcade. 


ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL  EMBROIDERY. 


335 


the  sacred  monogram)  by  cord  or  common  twine,  which  in  its 
turn  was  whipped  over  {guip^)  but  completely  covered  with  a 


These  two  examples  shew  the  Mode  of  sewing  the 
buuiUoD  and  purl  (/ruur«.J 


Manner  in  which  the  end  of  the  silk  is  taken  in 
the  eye  of  the  needle  to  the  ends,  when  it  is  wished 
tu  draw  it  under  the  stuff. 


msi 


thread  of  the  same  metal.     The  other  mode  {eii  couchire)  was 
the  most  ancient  of  embroideries ;  it  was  made  with  coarse 
gold  tlu'ead  or  spangles,  sewn  in  rows  one  beside  another. 
The  introduction  of  spangles  {ijaUIetes)  took  place  at  an 

early  period.    They  are 

often  seen  representing  ^e%     ^^^ 

tench'ils,  springing  from  ^ 

the  points  of  leaves,  and  -f 

are    very  rarely  fouiul 

se^Am  upon  the  device 

itself. 

The    conventional    devices    most    usually 

adopted  in  Medieval  Embroidery,  were  leopards 

of  gold;    black  trefoils;    white  harts  having 

crowns  round  their  necks,  with  chains,  silver 
and  gilt ;  Catherine  wheels  ;  falcons ;  swans ;  archangels  ; 
stars  ;  flem--de-hs ;  lions  ;  griffins ;  hearts  ;  moons  ;  stars  ; 
peacocks ;  dragons ;  eagles  displayed  ;  lilies ;  and  imaginary 
leaves  and  flowers.  charles  henry  hartshorne. 


ON  THE  MEDIEVAL  ECCLESIASTICAL  ARCHI- 
TECTURE OF  PARIS. 

[second  period.] 

There  is  always  this  difficulty  attendant  on  any  endeavour 
to  classify  the  medieval  buildings  of  Paris,  that  they  have 
been  so  much  altered  and  added  to  at  various  periods,  as  often 
to  make  it  a  work  of  impossibility  to  range  a  given  edifice 
within  a  distinct  chronological  class.  The  same  edifice  may 
contain  examples  of  every  diiferent  style  of  the  middle  ages, 
and  therefore  a  strict  classification  in  order  of  time  is  not  to 
be  expected  in  an  account  like  the  present.  In  noticing,  how- 
ever, the  second  period  of  Erench  Medieval  Architecture, — 
that  period  which  corresponds  to  the  age  of  the  early  and  the 
complete  pointed  with  us, — we  come  upon  a  building  nearly 
perfect  in  itself,  and  less  spoiled  by  additions  of  later  times 
than  any  other  in  the  capital.     We  allude  to 

La  Sainte  Chapelle.  This  beautiful  building,  which  has 
always  been  considered  a  master-work  of  the  middle  ages,  was 
built  by  Pierre  de  Montereau,  under  order  of  St.  Louis,  was 
finished  A.D.  1245,  and  was  dedicated  A.D.  1248.  Since 
that  period  it  has  had  a  wheel-window  of  the  fifteenth  century 
inserted  in  the  western  gable,  and  some  trifling  additions 
have  been  made  at  the  west  end  and  on  the  south  side,  but, 
with  these  exceptions,  it  still  remains  a  glorious  monument  of 
the  piety  of  its  founder  and  the  skill  of  its  architect.  It  stands 
in  the  middle  of  what  was  once  the  principal  residence  of  the 
kings  of  Prance,  and  which  is  still  called  the  Palais,  though 
now  appropriated  only  to  the  Com'ts  of  Judicatiu-e.  Here  St. 
Louis  determined  to  erect  a  suitable  building  to  receive  the 
relics  which  he  had  purchased  on  his  first  crusade, — part  of 
the  true  cross,  the  sacred  napkin,  &c. — and  the  monarch  seems 
to  have  spared  no  expense  in  effecting  his  object.  The  edifice, 
built  on  the  foundations  of  one  that  dated  from  the  reign  of 
Louis  le  Gros  (A.  D.  1108 — 1137),  consists  of  a  lower  and 
an  upper  chapel,  each  with  four  bays^  on  either  side,  with  an 
octagonal  eastern  end,  a  roof  of  high  pitch,  and  a  lofty  spire. 
On  the  northern  side  stood  a  chapter-house  and  vestry,  on  the 

"  The  term  "compartment"  is  perhaps  more  appropriate :  for  "  bay  "  is  more  gene- 
rally applicable  to  any  curving  portion  of  a  building. 


MEDIEVAL  ECCLES.   ARCHTTECTURE  OF  PARIS.  337 

southern  a  sacristry  and  treasury :  the  entrance  to  the  lower 
chapel  was  on  a  level  with  the  groimd  of  the  court-yard,  while 
that  to  the  upper  was  by  a  flight  of  steps,  over  which  a  French 
prince  once  galloped  his  horse,  and  on  which  is  laid  part  of  the 
scene  of  Boileau's  Lutnn.  The  lower  chapel  comprises  a  central 
and  two  side  aisles,  with  short  massive  pillars,  and  very  strong 
vfuilting,  intended  to  support  the  floor  of  the  upper  chapel. 
Some  curious  horizontal  stone  springers,  going  from  the  side 
walls  to  the  piers  of  the  central  aisle,  form  a  distinctive  feature 
of  this  part  of  the  building.  In  the  upper  chapel  there  are  no 
aisles ;  it  forms  one  exceedingly  lofty  room,  in  which  (as  in 
King's  College  Chapel,  Cambridge)  the  walls  may  be  said  to 
have  disappeared,  and  to  have  left  only  vast  panels  of  the  most 
gorgeously  coloured  glass.  Beneath  the  windows  runs  a  series 
of  niches  all  round  the  chapel,  and  the  vaulting,  quadripartite 
and  plain,  but  very  bokl,  rises  domically  over  head.  Every 
internal  space  not  occupied  by  glass  was  originally  covered 
cither  with  gold,  colom*,  or  glass  enamel'';  and  the  effect  was 
splendid  in  the  extreme.  The  glass  filling  all  the  windows 
still  remains  almost  as  perfect  as  when  it  was  put  up  in  the 
time  of  its  founder;  and,  next  to  that  of  Chartres,  it  is  the 
most  splendid  in  France.  At  the  eastern  end  of  the  chapel 
stood  a  grand  shrine,  and  the  whole  w^as  profusely  decorated 
with  sculpture.  The  style  of  the  edifice  is  the  pm-est  and  the 
most  beautifully  finished  early-pointed  throughout,  although 
the  western  wheel- window  is  of  the  Flamboyant  period :  all 
the  details  are  most  carefully  executed,  and  the  building 
(which  is  now  restoring,  together  with  the  whole  of  the  Palais, 
at  the  joint  expense  of  the  government  and  the  city)  is  well 
worthy  of  careful  professional  study. 

There  are  several  parts  of  the  Palais  de  Justice,  such  as  the 
towers  of  the  Conciergerie  and  other  portions  of  the  inner  courts, 
which  are  nearly  of  the  same  date  as  the  Sainte  Chapclle,  but 
they  are  not  of  great  architectural  value.  This  period  may  be 
considered  rich  in  illustration  at  Paris,  when  we  include  in  it 
the  Sainte  Chapclle,  Notre  Dame,  and  the  portions  of  the 
other  churches  mentioned  in  the  last  number  as  belonging  to 
it.  The  great  model  for  the  style  in  this  part  of  France  is  the 
abbey  churcli  of  St.  Denis.  There  are  also  several  exquisite 
churches  of  the  same  date  in  various  parts  of  the  surrounding 

''  In  the  Chateau  of  St.  Germain  en  Laye  there  is  still  to  be  seen  the  chapel  of  the 
time  of  Charles  V.  ( A.  I).  1 3G  \ — 80) ,  the  inner  walls  of  whicli  are  cniheUj  covered  tvHh  golil. 


338  MEDIEVAL  ECCLESIASTICAL  ARCHITECTURE 

country.  A  small  cliurcli  of  this  date,  St.  Pierre  aux  Boeufs, 
stood,  till  within  six  or  seven  years,  in  a  street  close  to  Notre 
Dame.  It  had  been  desecrated  during  the  Revolution,  and 
was  taken  down  to  allow  of  the  street  being  widened.  The 
best  portions  of  the  western  front  were  then  transferred  to  the 
western  front  of  St.  Severin,  which  is  in  part  of  the  same  epoch, 
under  the  superintendance  of  one  of  the  most  able  architects 
of  France,  M.  Lassus.  Before  quitting  this  period  we  must 
again  remind  our  readers  that  its  principal  existing  specimens 
are  in  St.  Denis,  Notre  Dame,  and  the  Sainte  Chapelle. 

THIRD    PERIOD. 

We  now  come  to  the  buildings  erected  in  the  fom'teenth 
century  and  the  beginning  of  the  following  one,  previously  to 
the  introduction  of  the  flamboyant  style.  This  period  corre- 
sponds in  date  to  that  of  the  Decorated  style  with  us, — that 
style  which  fioiuished  under  the  second  and  third  Edwards, 
but  began,  even  so  early  as  the  reign  of  Richard  II.,  to  shew 
symptoms  of  perpendicular  stiffness  and  ultimate  decay.  To 
the  flowing  osculating  curve  of  our  Decorated  style,  Prance, 
and  Paris  in  particular,  offers  no  contemporaneous  analogy. 
The  architecture  of  the  fourteenth  century  was  characterized 
there  by  a  style  differing  but  little  from  that  of  the  thirteenth, 
though  always  tending  to  a  gradual  opening  and  softening 
down  of  mouldings,  as  weU  as  ultimately  to  an  interflowing 
and  intersecting  of  tracery.  The  examples  of  the  earlier  por- 
tion of  this  century  are  hardly  to  be  distinguished  from  those 
of  the  preceding,  except  by  an  experienced  eye,  and  the  period 
may  be  designated  as  one  of  comparative  plainness  and  even 
poverty.  The  cause  of  this  stop  in  the  progress  of  French 
architecture  may  perhaps  be  foimd  in  the  dreadful  wars  and 
civil  troubles  which  desolated  the  country  throughout  that 
period,  and  exhausted  the  resom'ces  of  the  kings  as  well  as  the 
nobles.  One  of  the  earliest  buildings  of  this  style  extant  in 
Paris  is 

The  Chapel  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  in  the  College 
de  Beauvais.  In  plan  it  resembles  the  Sainte  Chapelle,  though 
it  has  no  under  chapel,  and  has  not  a  vaulting  of  stone,  but 
merely  a  king-post  and  coved  roofing.  The  windows  have 
lost  their  stained  glass,  and  the  building  is  at  present  dese- 
crated. Its  details  and  plan  are  pure,  and  it  is  a  model  that 
might  well  serve  for  a  plain,  and  yet  very  effective,  chapel  for 
any  collegiate  edifice. 


OF  PARIS.  339 

The  Chapel  of  St.  John  Laterax,  or  the  chapel  of  the 
Comiuandery  of  the  order  of  INIalta,  is  a  small  building  of  the 
same  date,  near  the  College  de  France.  It  has  an  aisle  of 
nearly  the  same  dimensions  as  itself  added  to  its  southern 
side,  but  of  later  date.  A  square  tower,  connected  with  this 
religious  house,  is  still  standing. 

The  Convent  of  the  Bernardins  is  also  of  this  date.  It 
Avas  founded  as  early  as  A.D.  1244,  by  Stephen  of  Lexington, 
an  Englishman,  abbot  of  Clairvaux,  but  the  church,  once 
attached  to  it,  though  now  destroyed,  was  built  A.D.  1338, 
and  the  grand  refectory,  which  still  remains,  was  apparently  a 
contemporaneous  building.  This  vast  edifice  consists  of  a  crypt 
or  cellar  and  two  upper  stories,  with  a  loft  of  unusually  high 
pitch  above  the  whole.  The  cellar  and  refectory  are  vaulted, 
and  divided  down  then-  length  by  two  rows  of  seventeen 
columns  each ;  the  capitals  are  simple,  and  all  of  the  same  (a 
perfectly  unique)  design ;  the  details  plain,  the  workmanship 
exceedingly  solid  and  good.  In  a  building  attached  to  the 
refectory,  and  as  M.  A.  Lenoir  supposes  in  the  church  also, 
the  tracery  of  the  windows  is  decidedly  of  the  Decorated  or 
flowing  character,  forming  early  examples  of  this  style  in  the 
French  capital. 

The  College  de  Navarre  was  of  the  date  1302,  but  few 
of  the  medieval  parts  now  remain — two  buildings,  probably 
the  chapel  and  refectory,  being  all  now  extant ;  and  of  these 
the  exteriors  only  are  to  be  made  out,  the  interior  and  the 
details  having  been  entirely  altered.  The  edifice  is  uoav  appro- 
priated to  the  Ecole  Poly  technique. 

The  College  de  Bayeux  has  a  beautiful  little  gateway  of 
this  epoch,  bearing  on  its  front  the  date  1305,  still  standing 
in  the  Rue  de  la  Harpe.  Other  portions  of  a  later  st}ie  are 
to  be  found  in  the  cornet  within. 

The  Conventual  Church  of  the  Celestins  was  a 
more  important  example  of  this  style,  and,  though  of  small 
dimensions,  was  one  of  the  richest  in  the  capital  in  monu- 
mental erections.  It  consisted  of  a  nave  and  two  south  aisles  : 
one  of  the  latter  is  destroyed,  and  the  church  itself  desecrated, 
l)eing  used  as  a  storehouse  for  a  regiment  of  horse  quartered 
iu  the  conventual  buildings.  There  was  no  clerestory  nor 
triforium  :  the  capitals  of  the  shafts,  as  is  conmion  in  this  style, 
were  ornamented  with  small  crisped  thistle-leaves  delicately 
■wrought,  the  mouldings  very  open,  and  producing  little  effect 


340  MEDIEVAL  ECCLESIASTICAL  ARCHITECTURE 

of  light  and  shade.  On  eithc]'  side  of  the  western  doorway 
stood  statues  of  the  founder  of  the  church  and  his  consort, 
Charles  V.  of  France  and  Queen  Jehanne  de  Bourbon.  The 
cloister  of  this  convent  was  a  remarkably  beautiful  and  chaste 
specimen  of  the  latest  epoch  of  the  Renaissance. 

The  Church  of  St.  Leu  and  St.  Gilles  in  the  Rue  St. 
Denis  is  of  the  fourteenth  century,  although  the  western  door- 
way may  be  of  the  end  of  the  thirteenth,  and  would  be  desig- 
nated in  England  as  early  pointed.  The  building  consists  of 
a  nave  and  side  aisles  with  chapels,  an  octagonal  eastern  end, 
and  a  small  recent  crypt  serving  as  a  chapel  of  the  Holy 
Sepulchre.  There  is  a  clerestory,  but  no  triforium :  parts  of 
the  chm-ch  are  of  the  Flamboyant  style. 

The  Tower  of  St.  Genevieve  (the  old  clnu'ch)  is  partly 
of  this  century,  but  the  foundations  are  of  the  Romane  epoch 
and  the  crowning  battlements  of  the  Flamboyant.  In  its  pro- 
portions this  is  an  excellent  example  of  the  style,  although  ra- 
ther plain.  It  is  now  incorporated  in  the  buildings  of  the 
College  Henri  IV.  A  few  windows  of  one  of  the  conventual 
buildings  of  the  great  abbey  of  St.  Genevieve  stiU  remain,  but 
they  serve  only  to  iix  the  date  of  their  erection  witliin  the 
fourteenth  century. 

The  College  de  Montaigu  was  also  of  this  centmy,  and 
some  windows  of  a  building  that  probably  formed  the  chapel 
were  till  lately  extant  on  the  side  facing  St.  Genevieve.  The 
building  Avas  not  in  other  respects  of  much  architectural, 
though  of  high  academical,  interest. 

The  havoc  of  the  two  revolutions  and  their  consequent 
periods  of  Vandalism,  was  made  principally  upon  buildings  of 
the  fourteenth  centmy,  most  of  the  Parisian  convents  havhig 
been  either  founded  or  re-endowed  and  enlarged  during  that 
period ;  and  this  is  another  cause  why  the  capital  is  poor  in 
ecclesiastical  edifices  of  the  time  in  question.  A  splendid 
military  structure  of  that  epoch  still  exists  close  to  Paris, — we 
allude  to  the  chateau  of  Vincennes, — and  this,  with  the  chapel 
of  the  chateau  of  St.  Germahi  en  Laye,  form  the  best  models 
of  the  style  to  be  found  near  the  French  capital. 

FOUKTII  period. 

The  great  change  from  the  geometrical  s})irit  of  the  archi- 
tect m-e  of  the  fourteenth  centmy  to  the  flowing  lines  and 
fanciful  combinations  of  the  Flamboyant  style,  began  to  take 
place  soon  after  the  year  1400,  but   did  not  become  fully 


OF  PARIS.  341 

developed  until  after  the  expulsion  of  the  English  from  France, 
or  towards  the  niicklle  of  the  fifteenth  century.  In  the  state  of 
comparative  peace  which  ensued,  the  nation  became  wealthy ; 
noble  ])atrons  and  founders  again  enriched  the  Church ;  and 
Architecture  took  a  new  spring.  As  is  well  known,  it  is  not 
in  Paris  that  the  great  examples  of  this  style  are  to  be  sought: 
they  nuist  be  looked  for  in  the  provincial  cities.  Notwith- 
standing, Paris  has  several  good  editices  in  this  style,  although 
of  comparatively  small  size :  and  of  these  one  of  the  best 
is  the 

Church  of  St.  Germain  l'Auxerrois.  This  building 
stands  on  the  site  of  a  chapel  founded  as  early  as  the  seventh 
century :  but  the  only  portion  anterior  to  the  thu-teenth 
century  is  the  tower,  which  is  of  the  llomane  style,  probably 
of  the  eleventh  century,  and  which  is  placed  at  the  south-east 
junction  of  the  south  transept  and  choir.  The  Avestern  portal 
is  of  the  thirteenth  centmy,  and  still  retains  the  figm-es  of 
saints  with  which  it  was  originally  ornamented :  the  rest  of 
the  edifice  is  entirely  of  the  fifteenth  century.  The  church  is 
cruciform,  with  side  aisles  and  a  polygonal  apse :  there  is  a 
lofty  clerestory,  but  no  triforium :  elaljorate  wheel-windows 
at  the  ends  of  the  nave  and  transepts,  and  a  porch,  A^dtli  rooms 
in  the  upper  story,  covering  the  western  end  of  the  nave. 
The  portals  of  the  transepts  are  lofty,  wide,  and  profusely 
decorated  with  niches  in  their  mouldings.  The  aisles  are 
accompanied  by  a  complete  series  of  chapels,  some  of  which 
contain  remarkable  monuments  and  altar-frames.  Some 
buildings  of  the  seventeenth  century,  adjoining  the  western 
end  of  the  nave,  have  been  taken  down  during  a  complete 
reparation  and  restoration  of  the  chmx'li,  Avliich  has  lately 
been  effected  under  the  superintendance  of  M.  Lassus.  The 
choir  is  not  yet  restored,  but  the  building,  as  it  now  stands, 
is  one  of  the  most  valuable,  in  an  architectm-al  point  of  view, 
which  Paris  possesses.  It  is  needless  to  do  more  than  allude 
to  the  liistorical  associations  connected  with  the  name  of  this 
church.  No  portions  remain  of  its  cloister  and  the  schools 
once  dependent  on  it. 

The  Church  of  St.  Mederic,  or  St.  Mery,  (as  it  is  usually 
called,)  is  another  excellent  example  of  the  Plamboyant  style. 
In  ])laii  it  is  similar  to  St.  Germain  rAuxerrois,  but  it  is 
smaUcr  in  dimensions.  The  character  of  the  tracery  is  good, 
and  the  western  front,  above  which  the  tower  rises,  possesses 


342  MEDIEVAL  ECCLESIASTICAL  ARCHITECTURE 

some  sculptured  decoration, — not  original,  unfortunately,  but 
recently  copied  with  several  blunders  from  old  models.  Some 
of  the  original  glass  of  this  church  remains ;  and  the  general 
character  of  the  architecture  is  good.  The  tower  is  of  the 
same  date  as  the  church,  and  is  very  plain  without  a  spire. 

The  Church  of  St.  Severin  is  the  richest  example  of  this 
style  in  the  capital.  It  consists  of  a  nave  with  double  side 
aisles,  triforium  and  clerestory,  no  transepts,  and  a  complete 
series  of  chapels  running  all  round  the  church,  and  giving 
almost  the  effect  of  triple  lateral  aisles.  The  western  end  of 
the  church,  the  tower  at  the  north-west  angle  of  the  nave, 
and  the  three  western  bays  of  the  nave,  are  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  although  a  Flamboyant  window  and  gable  have  been 
added  to  this  front,  and  the  spire  of  the  tower  is  of  the  same, 
if  not  a  later,  period :  the  rest  is  of  the  early  and  late  Flam- 
boyant styles.  All  the  details  of  this  building  are  peculiarly 
rich  and  well  executed ;  the  tracery  of  the  windows  elegant 
in  design,  the  curves  flowing  freely  without  being  too  intricate. 
The  chapels  have  externally  a  small  gable  over  each,  filled 
with  admirable  tracery  of  great  variety  in  design  :  the  vaulting 
throughout  the  chm-ch  is  good,  and  the  bosses  of  beautifid 
workmanship.  At  the  eastern  end,  in  the  centre  of  the  apse 
and  aisles,  occurs  a  curious  twisted  column,  from  which  the 
vaulting-ribs  spring  off  with  an  elaborate  intricacy  of  inter- 
section hardly  to  be  equalled  elscAvhere.  This  church,  which 
has  been  placed,  we  believe,  for  restoration  in  the  hands  of 
M.  Lassus,  is  one  of  the  most  important  buildings  to  be  studied 
by  the  architectm'al  visitor  of  Paris. 

The  Church  of  St.  Nicolas  des  Champs  is  another 
edifice  of  the  fifteenth  century,  standing  near  the  monastery 
of  St.  Martin  des  Champs  before  mentioned.  It  has  an  ample 
nave,  with  large  side  aisles,  and  a  tower  at  the  south-west 
angle  of  the  church.  In  general  character  it  closely  resembles 
St.  Mederic  and  St.  Germain  I'Auxerrois,  but  the  aisles  at 
their  western  ends  have  larger  windows  inserted.  Some  of 
the  ancient  glass  preserved  here  is  worthy  of  notice.  The 
nave  arches  are  lofty,  and  there  is  a  good  clerestory,  but  no 
triforium. 

The  Church  of  St.  Medard  is  of  the  same  epoch  as  the 
foregoing,  but  is  not  of  so  good  a  character  in  its  details. 
Here  there  are  no  transepts,  but  the  aisles  have  side  chapels. 
The  tower,  on  the  northern  side  of  the  nave,  has  a  late  spire 


OF  PARIS.  343 

siinilnr  to  that  of  St.  Severin.  Tlic  orientation  of  this  chnrch 
(like  that  of  several  medieval  churches  of  Paris)  deviates  widely 
from  the  usual  direction,  being  nearly  north-east  and  south- 
west"'. 

The  Church  of  St.  Gervais  is  a  late  but  very  beautifid 
edifice  of  this  period.  It  is  cruciform,  with  single  side  aisles 
and  lateral  chapels,  a  lady  chapel  appended  to  a  polygonal 
apse,  and  a  tower  at  the  northern  side  of  the  choir.  The 
western  front  is  of  the  time  of  Louis  XIII.  The  arches  of  this 
edifice  are  peculiarly  light  and  lofty — so  is  the  clerestory  above 
them — and  the  roof,  which  covers  a  bold  vaulting,  is  of  un- 
usually sharp  pitch,  to  be  equalled  only  at  Rouen  or  St.  Denis. 
i\luch  glass  of  excellent  character  remains  here,  especially 
in  the  lady  chapel,  where  it  has  been  all  preserved,  and  is  the 
best  of  its  date  in  the  capital.  One  of  the  most  remarkable 
features  of  the  church  is  a  magnificent  pendant  crown  in  the 
lady  chapel,  coming  down  from  the  central  boss,  and  con- 
nected with  the  side  ribs  of  the  vaidting,  in  a  manner  that  to 
the  ]H'ofessional  eye  gives  great  pleasm-e,  and  with  the 
uninitiated  passes  as  a  miracle  of  architectm'al  prowess.  Its 
size  is  unusually  large,  and  for  depth  we  have  not  seen  it 
equalled,  except  in  a  similar  instance  at  Caudebec  in  Nor- 
mandy. 

The  Tower  or  St.  Jacques  de  la  Boucherie  is  all  that 
remains  of  one  of  the  principal  Tlamboyant  chm'ches  of  the 
metropolis,  and  it  is  still  the  finest  edifice  of  the  kind  in 
Paris.  Its  spire  has  long  been  destroyed,  but  its  other  parts 
are  in  good  preservation :  and  the  panelling,  with  flowing 
tracery  and  crocketed  pinnacles,  covering  the  sides  and 
buttresses,  and  running  up  among  the  lofty  windows,  gives  it 
a  peculiarly  rich  effect.  Immense  gargouilles  and  upright 
figures  of  animals  at  the  upper  corners  add  to  its  pictm-esque, 
if  not  to  its  architectural,  value. 

The  Convent  of  the  Brothers  of  the  order  of  Charity 
OF  OUR  Lady,  (afterwards  of  Augustinian,  and  finally  of 
reformed  Carmelite  monks,)  still  exists :  and  in  its  cloister, 
which  is  nearly  perfect,  offers  a  good  example  of  the  Plam- 

'  The  church  of  the   famous  abhey  of  east:  so  also  were  tlie  chapel  of  tlie  Corde- 

St.  Victor,  a  beautiful  Flauiboyant  edifice,  liers,  and  the  church  of  the  Celesiins.  The 

had  the  same  orientation  :  so  had  tliose  of  Parisian  cliurchcs  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 

the  abbey  of  St.  Antoine  and  the  House  of  tury  followed  no  law  of  orientation  :  many 

theThirdOrderof  St.  Francis.  The  Temple  were  built  north  and  south. 
church  was  built  a  little  to  the  south  of  tlie 


344       MEDIEVAL  ECCLESIASTICAL  ARCHITECTURE 

boyant  style.  The  dimensions  of  the  cloister  are  very  small, 
(suited  however  to  the  foundation) ;  the  arcades  are  open 
down  to  the  level  of  the  ground;  the  moulding  of  the  ribs 
descend  continuously  along  the  piers,  and  their  profiles, 
though  open,  are  of  good  design.  As  the  only  medieval 
cloister  extant  in  Paris,  this,  though  rarely  seen,  should 
certainly  be  visited 'i. 

FIFTH   PERIOD. 

We  come  now  to  the  closing  style  of  the  middle  ages,  that 
which  in  France  has  been  termed  the  style  of  the  Renaissauce 
des  Arts, — a  strange  misnomer, — as  if  art  had  not  existed  in 
the  most  intense  degree  throughout  many  preceding  centmies  ! 
A  more  appropriate  appellation  would  have  been  that  of  the 
Franciscan  style,  as  having  derived  its  birth  from  the  intro- 
duction of  Italian  art  into  France  during  the  reign  of  Francis 
I. — just  as  we  apply  the  terms  Tudor  and  Elizabethan  to  its 
equivalents  in  England.  The  remains  of  this  style  in  Paris 
are,  however,  to  be  found  principally  in  secular  buildings,  such 
as  the  older  portions  of  the  Louvre,  the  ITotel  de  Ville,  the 
Palais  de  Justice,  some  of  the  colleges  of  the  University,  and 
numerous  private  mansions.  Of  ecclesiastical  edifices  we  have 
only  three  that  are  of  considerable  note.    The  first  of  these  is 

The  Church  oe  St.  Etienne  du  Mont.  This,  though  a 
fantastic  building,  is  one  of  great  interest  and  architectural  effect. 
It  occupied  all  the  sixteenth  centiu^y  in  building,  and  therefore 
touches  in  some  details  on  the  Flamboyant  style,  while  in 
others  it  passes  into  Franco-Italian.  It  consists  of  a  central 
and  side  aisles  with  lateral  chapels,  pseudo-transepts,  and  a 
polygonal  apse.     A  lofty  and  cm-iously  elongated  tower  stands 

d  If  we  were  examining  lay  buildings,  very  latest  period  of  the  Flamboyant  style, 
we  might  here  notice  the  three  magnificent  has  been  purchased  by  the  French  govern- 
liotels  of  Palis,  the  Hotel  de  Sens,  tlie  ment,  with  the  magnificent  collection  of 
Motel  de  Cluny,  and  the  Hotel  de  La  medieval  antiquities  formed  in  it  by  the 
Tremoille:  buildings  of  the  greatest  beauty  late  M.  Du  Sommerard.  It  has  been 
and  value  in  every  sense  of  the  word,  and  appropriated  to  the  purposes  of  a  national 
of  a  class  to  which  we  have  no  parallels  in  museum  for  medieval  remains;  an  insti- 
England  :  our  domestic  edifices  indeed  tution  which  England  has  either  not  the 
have  seldom  equalled  those  of  France.  means,  or  else  not  the  taste,  to  establish. 
The  last  of  these  three  hotels  has  been  Tlie  third,  we  are  sorry  to  say,  the  muni- 
demolished  ;  but  its  sculptured  details,  cipality  of  Paris  has  not  yet  had  the  good 
with  all  its  parts  of  value,  (and  great  sense  to  jDurehase,  and  thereby  to  save 
indeed  is  their  worth,)  have  been  preserved  from  farther  destruction ;  an  act  of  omission 
in  order  to  be  re-erected  into  a  palace  for  of  the  same  nature,  as  if  any  one  should 
the  archbisliop  of  Paris,  the  design  for  neglect  to  purchase  a  genuine  picture  by 
which  has  been  accepted  by  the  French  RafFaelle  when  offered  for  a  few  pounds,  if 
government  from  the  hands  of  M.Lassus.  ever  such  an  opportunity  could  occur. 
Tlie  second  of  tlie  three,  a  building  of  the 


OF  PARIS.  345 

at  tlic  north-west  angle  of  the  nave,  and  varions  buiklings 
connected  with  the  edifice  join  on  at  the  eastern  end.  A 
small  tower  of  the  thirteenth  century  is  among  the  buildings. 
A  splendid  stone  screen,  or  JuIm^,  of  most  elaborate  workman- 
ship and  design,  separates  the  choir  from  the  nave ;  there  is 
some  good  but  late  glass  in  the  windows,  and  the  edifice  is 
pecidiarly  rich  in  pictorial  decorations.  In  a  chapel  on  the 
southern  side  of  the  choir  stands  the  toml)  of  St.  Genevieve, 
transferred  hither  from  the  ancient  chmxh,  under  her  invoca- 
tion, which  used  to  touch  the  south  side  of  this  building.  It 
is  a  plain  monument  of  the  twelfth  centmy. 

The  Church  of  St.  Laurent  is  another  building  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  It  is  a  pseudo-cruciform  church,  with  a  tower 
on  the  northern  side  of  the  chou'.  Parts  of  the  building, 
especially  on  the  northern  side,  are  Flamboyant  in  their 
character,  but  the  rest  is  of  the  Renaissance.  Among  the 
more  remarkable  details  of  this  edifice  are  deep  pendants, 
proceeding  from  the  bosses  of  the  vaidting;  and  these,  at  the 
junction  of  the  naVe  and  choii*,  are  sculptm'ed  most  elaborately 
into  groups  of  figures  anything  but  ecclesiastical  in  their 
design.  Their  effect  is  rich  and  striking,  and  the  character  of 
the  Mhole  edifice  is  one  of  considerable  lightness  and  elegance. 
The  workmanship  throughout  is  good,  and  all  the  sculptured 
portions  are  delicately  finished.    Its  date  is  A.  D.  1 548 — 1 595. 

The  Church  of  St.  Nicolas  du  Chardonxet  has  a  curi- 
ous toAver  of  this  period,  but  the  rest  of  the  edifice  is  of  the  end 
of  the  seventeenth  century.  This  tower  is  probably  the  latest 
erection  of  any  in  the  capital  containing  pointed  details. 

The  Church  of  St.  Eustache,  (A.  D.  1532—1642,)  the 
last  ecclesiastical  edifice  in  Paris  to  which  the  appellation  of 
medieval  can  lie  applied, — if  indeed  the  use  of  that  term  be 
allowable  in  speaking  of  it, — is  the  grandest  instance  extant  of 
a  church  built  on  a  medieval  plan,  and  with  medieval  ideas, 
but  entirely  with  Italianized  details.  There  is  not  a  trace  of 
a  medieval  decoration  in  the  building ;  every  ornament,  every 
capital,  every  detail,  is  of  semi-classical  design ;  there  is  not  a 
single  part  of  it  Avhich,  taken  in  itself,  may  not  l)e  called 
barbarous,  and  yet  the  effect  as  a  Avliole  is  splendid  in  the 
extreme, — very  hannonious,  full  of  indescribable  grandeur, 
bold  in  construction,  good  in  workmanship,  admirable  in 
suitableness  to  its  purpose,  and,  from  its  vast  proportions,  fit 
to  be  placed  before  the  cathedral  of  Notre  Dame.     Of  its  size, 

z  z 


346  MEDIEVAL  ECCLES.  ARCHITECTURE  OF  PARIS. 

and  its  capability  of  accommodating  a  congregation  (of  course 
there  are  neither  pews  nor  seats,  but  only  chairs  in  it),  some 
idea  may  be  formed,  when  we  state  that  we  have  counted 
3000  persons  in  the  side  aisles  of  the  nave  only.  The  church 
is  cruciform,  with  double  side  aisles  and  lateral  chapels  all 
round,  a  circular  apse  and  projecting  lady-chapel  annexed,  two 
towers  at  the  western  end,  and  a  truncated  spire  at  the 
intersection  of  the  nave  and  transepts.  A  triforium,  and  a 
clerestory  with  wide  windows,  run  round  the  cluuch.  There 
are  wheel-windows  in  each  transept,  and  the  clerestory  windows 
of  the  choir  are  filled  with  fine  stained  glass  of  the  epoch. 
The  western  front  was  once  a  grand  specimen  of  the  style,  but 
has  been  long  since  spoiled  by  the  introduction  of  Doric  and 
Ionic  orders,  principally  in  consequence  of  a  bequest  made  by 
the  celebrated  Colbert,  who  lies  buried  here.  The  portals  of 
the  transepts  are  gorgeously  decorated  with  niches  in  their 
mouldings,  and  are  admirable  examples  of  the  workmanship  of 
that  day.  Within,  the  extreme  elevation  of  the  arches  of  the 
nave,  giving  the  effect  of  great  lightness  to  what  are  really 
massive  piers,  the  consequently  vast  height  of  the  vaulting, 
and  the  well-conceived  interlacing  of  the  curves  of  the  various 
arches,  as  they  come  one  behind  the  other  on  the  eye,  cause 
a  mixed  emotion  of  surprise  and  delight.  The  sensations 
produced  by  the  interior  of  this  edifice  on  some  great  day  of 
solemn  festival,  such  as  the  Nativity  or  the  Assumption,  when 
all  the  resources  of  architectural,  pictorial,  and  musical  art, 
combine  to  heighten  the  devotion  of  the  thousands  of  wor- 
shippers there  assembled,  can  never  be  forgotten  by  those  who 
have  experienced  them. 

In  concluding  this  brief  sketch  of  the  medieval  ecclesiastical 
architecture  of  Paris,  we  may  observe  that  partly  from  previous 
alteration,  partly  from  revolutionary  fury,  hardly  any  of  the 
ancient  stall-work  of  the  churches  has  been  allowed  to  remain, 
and  wooden  screens  probably  never  existed  in  them.  Nearly 
all  the  medieval  tombs  have  disappeared,  and  we  do  not  know 
of  a  single  brass  or  incised  slab  in  any  church  of  the  metropolis. 
All  the  old  bells  too  have  been  lost,  or  if  any  remain  (as  at 
Notre  Dame)  they  have  been  replaced  there  by  some  fortunate 
concurrence  of  events.  The  principal  interest  of  these 
buildings  lies  in  their  walls,  and  w^e  repeat,  there  is  much  to 
be  seen  in  them  w^iich  will  gratify  the  curiosity  of  the 
antiquary  or  the  architect.  ii.  t.onguevilt.e  jones. 


ON  THE  KIMMERIDGE  "  COAL  MONEY." 

[Read  ut  Canterbury,  Septemljer  10,  1844.] 

An  investigation  of  that  antiquarian  puzzle,  the  so-called 
"  Kimmeridge  Coal  Money,"  may  not  be  considered  inapt  on 
this  occasion,  as  furnishing  facts  from  which  indications  may 
be  afforded  of  the  state  and  progress  of  the  arts  amongst  the 
earlier  inhabitants  of  Britain. 

The  articles  termed  "  Kimmeridge  Coal  Money"  are  found 
only  in  one  locality,  in  the  pseudo-isle  of  Purbeck,  on  the 
southern  coast  of  Dorsetshire.  They  are  mentioned  and  briefly 
described  by  Hutchins,  the  historian  of  Dorsetshire ;  who, 
however,  offers  no  opinion  in  regard  to  them.  A  short  treatise 
on  them  was  published  a  few  years  since  by  jMr.  W.  A.  J\Iiles, 
who  constructed  a  very  ingenious  hypothesis  on  the  subject, 
attributing  these  obscure  relics  to  the  hands  of  Phoenician 
artists,  and  regarding  them,  not  as  money  in  the  way  of  a 
circulating  currency,  "  but  as  representatives  of  coin,  and  of 
some  mystical  use  in  sacrificial  or  sepulchral  rites." 

These  em'ious  articles  are  found  in  two  little  secluded 
valleys  open  to  the  sea,  divided  by  an  intervening  ridge 
of  considerable  elevation,  and  kno^^ii  as  Kimmeridge  and 
Worthbarrow  bays.  These  bays  are  in  the  wildest  and 
least  frequented  part  of  Purbeck,  where  the  ploughshare  is 
scarcely  known,  and  the  scanty  population,  retaining  much  of 
a  ])riniitive  character,  live  remote  from  the  busy  world  with 
which  they  have  but  rare  intercourse.  It  is  beneath  the  un- 
broken pastures  of  this  romantic  district,  that  the  "  Kimme- 
ridge Coal  Money"  is  to  be  sought  for  and  found. 

The  material  of  which  these  articles  are  formed  is  a  bitumi- 
nous shale,  of  which  an  extensive  bed  exists  on  that  part  of 
the  coast.  It  has  been  much  used  in  the  neighbourhood  as 
fuel,  and  is  still  in  request  by  the  inhabitants  for  that  purpose. 
It  burns  freely,  with  a  white  ash  and  slaty  residue,  and  diffuses 
a  disagreeable  bituminous  odour  throughout  the  apartment  in 
which  it  may  be  consumed. 

In  form  these  articles  are  flat  circular  pieces  with  bevelled 
and  moulded  edges,  from  li  inch  to  2^  inches  in  di- 
ameter, and  from  i  to  f  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  The 
accuracy  with   which   the   circular   form   is   preserved,   and 


348  KIMMERIDGE  "  COAL  MONEY. 

the  sharpness  of  the  mouldings,  even  after  the  lapse  of  many 
ages,  shew  that  the  pieces  were  turned  in  a  lathe.  They  have 
on  one  side,  two,  three,  or  four  round  holes,  apparently  for 
fixing  the  point  of  a  chuck,  and  on  the  other  side  a  small 
pivot  hole.  In  a  few  instances  these  round  holes  are  absent, 
and  the  pieces  are  wholly  perforated  with  a  single  central 
square  hole,  so  that  the  piece  may  be  fixed  on  a  small  square 
mandril-head,  circumstances  which  prove  that  the  people  who 
made  these  articles  were  well  accustomed  to  the  use  of  the 
lathe,  not  in  its  primitive  rude  form,  but  as  an  improved  and 
somewhat  perfected  instrument.  Much  irregularity  is  observ- 
able in  the  number  of  the  holes.  The  greater  proportion  of 
pieces  have  two  holes ;  where  three  occur  they  are  by  no 
means  arranged  with  mathematical  exactitude,  but  sufficiently 
so  for  the  piu-poses  of  turning.  Pieces  Anth  fom*  holes  are 
rare,  and  generally  of  a  small  size. 

As  already  stated,  the  "  Coal  Money"  is  exclusively  found 
in  the  two  bays  of  Kimmeridge  and  Worthbarrow.  Here,  in 
the  primitive  pastm-es  unbroken  by  the  plough,  or  by  any 
operation  of  man,  these  antiquarian  problems  are  discovered 
beneath  the  surface,  at  depths  varying  from  five  to  eighteen 
inches,  or  occasionally  perhaps  at  a  still  greater  depth.  In 
some  spots  they  are  much  more  numerous  than  in  others ;  in 
one  instance  upwards  of  thirty  pieces  were  dug  up  within  the 
compass  of  about  a  square  yard.  They  are  frequently  brought 
to  light  in  some  numbers  in  the  construction  of  drains  for  the 
pm^pose  of  bringing  the  land  into  cultivation.  The  cliffs  that 
constitute  that  portion  of  the  coast  are  of  a  yielding  nature, 
giving  way  rapidly  to  the  frosts  and  storms  of  winter,  and 
after  a  portion  of  the  summit  has  crumbled  into  the  surf 
below,  it  is  not  unusual  to  observe  pieces  of  the  "  Coal 
Money"  projecting  their  edges  from  the  new  face  of  the  cliff". 
They  are  generally  found  at  the  bottom  of  the  superior 
stratum  of  mould  irregularly  scattered  about,  and  having  no 
appearance  or  association  to  indicate  an  intentional  and  careful 
dcpositiu'c. 

Of  the  substances  with  which  the  "Coal  Money"  is  found 
associated,  the  first  place  must  be  assigned  to  fragments  of 
pottery.  The  ware  thus  found  is  of  the  same  well-established 
character  as  that  met  with  in  all  our  Romano-British  settle- 
ments. Chiefly  of  a  hard  close-grained  texture,  with  a  smooth 
l)hick   surface,   it   is    occasionally  mingled  with  pieces   of  a 


KIMMERIDGE  "  COAL  MONEY.  349 

lighter,  reddish  colour,  and  coarser  manufacture;  and  rare 
instances  have  occurred  of  fragments  of  that  peculiarly  fine 
red  decorated  ware  termed  Samian  being  exhumed.  Of  the 
coarse  imbaked  early  British  pottery,  very  few  fragments  have 
been  observed.  The  ware  is  invariably  found  in  dispersed 
fragments  of  vessels  of  various  descriptions,  some  shallow 
})atera3,  others  large  wide-mouthed  jars.  No  authenticated 
instance  of  an  entire  vessel  having  been  discovered  can  be 
adduced;  Hutchins  indeed  mentions  the  "Coal  Money"  as 
found  in  kistvaens  and  urns,  but  he  speaks  solely  upon  hear- 
say, and  repeated  and  patient  personal  observation  and  re- 
search in  the  neighbourhood,  extending  over  some  years,  and 
much  oral  communication  with  the  peasantry  of  that  part, 
have  failed  to  ascertain  any  such  instance.  The  "  Coal  Money" 
is  frequently  found  mixed  with  small  flat  pieces  of  stone 
having  each  but  a  few  inches  of  sm-face. 

Fragments  of  the  Kimmeridge  shale,  the  "rawmaterial"  of 
which  the  articles  are  formed,  are  very  frequently  discovered 
mixed  with  the  "  Coal  Money,"  or  under  the  same  circum- 
stances. Some  of  these  shew  the  marks  of  cutting  tools,  as 
if  prepared  for  the  lathe,  whilst  the  shale,  being  fresh  from  the 
quarry,  was  comparatively  soft.  Others  exhibit  lines,  angles, 
circles,  and  other  figures,  drawn  with  mathematical  accm-acy, 
the  central  point,  in  which  one  leg  of  the  compasses  was  in- 
serted, being  observable  in  some  of  the  chicles.  Pieces  of  rings 
of  the  same  material,  apparently  from  two  to  three  inches  in 
diameter,  and  about  I  of  an  inch  thick,  have  likewise  been 
turned  up ;  and  in  one  instance  a  perfect  ring  was  dug  up  in 
the  foj'niiition  of  a  drain,  the  inner  diameter  of  Avhich  was  1^ 
inch,  and  the  thickness  of  the  ring  |  of  an  inch,  making  a  total 
diameter  of  two  inches.  One  piece  of  the  shale  has  been 
rudely  cut  by  some  very  sharp  instrument  into  an  irregular 
form  with  a  large  perforation,  as  if  worn  about  the  person. 
Small  fragments  of  charcoal  are  also  frequently  found  mixed 
with  the  "  Coal  jMoney." 

As  to  the  origin  of  these  articles,  and  the  purposes  for  which 
they  were  constructed  and  to  which  they  were  applied,  the 
hypotheses  hitherto  advanced  have  been  equally  varied  and 
unsatisfactory,  and  those  antiquaries  under  whose  notice  they 
have  fallen,  have  been,  to  use  the  language  of  Sir  R.  C.  lioarc, 
"ill  doubt  and  uncertainty  res})ecting  the  use  to  which  these 
articles  were  originally  appropriated."     The  notion  that  they 


350  KIMMERIDGE  "  COAL  MONEY." 

were  used  as  money  needs  not  a  word  of  refutation ;  no  one 
has  seriously  advanced  such  a  position ;  there  is  nothing 
whatever  to  support  it ;  and  the  circumstances  that  the  fragile 
nature  of  the  material  utterly  unfits  it  for  passing  from  hand 
to  hand,  and  that  the  articles  are  found  only  in  the  Kimnie- 
ridge  mint,  are  sufficient  negative  evidence  to  controvert  any 
conclusion  that  may  be  drawn  from  a  name,  doubtless  popu- 
larly accjuired  from  the  circular  form  of  the  pieces,  and  tradi- 
tionally preserved  amongst  the  peasantry. 

All  the  considerations  as  to  the  use  to  which  these  articles 
were  destined,  resolve  themselves  into  a  negative  character. 

The  "  Coal  Money,"  for  instance,  is  not  found  in  direct 
association  with  any  sepulchral  deposit.  An  interment  in  a 
kistvaen,  in  a  low  tumulus,  has  indeed  been  found  in  the  same 
locality,  with  specimens  of  the  "  Coal  Money"  near,  but  mani- 
festly from  their  position  and  all  other  circumstances  not  in 
connection  with  any  sepulchral  intention. 

Nor  is  there  any  evidence  that  these  articles  were  applied  to 
any  sacrificial  purpose.  It  is  true  that  Mr.  Miles  found  a 
kistvaen,  containing  evidence  of  a  sacrifice  of  the  head  of  a 
bidlock,  but  he  distinctly  says,  that  icUh'ui  this  chamber  there 
was  no  dejmsit  of  "  Coal  Money,"  though  around  it  fragments 
of  pottery  and  "  Coal  Money"  were  abundant ;  but  this  is  the 
case  all  over  the  neighboiuhood. 

And  on  another  occasion  an  instance  Avas  brought  to  light 
of  a  manifest  sacrifice,  consisting  of  the  head  and  other  parts 
of  a  bullock,  but  equally  destitute  of  aU  evidences  of  direct 
association  with  the  "  Coal  Money,"  specimens  of  which  were 
irregularly  scattered  in  the  neighbourhood.  Again,  dming  the 
course  of  some  investigations  for  "  Coal  Money"  in  the  face  of 
the  cliflP  in  Worthbarrow  bay,  evidences  of  sacrificial  remains 
w^ere  discovered  about  two  feet  below  the  surface.  A  number 
of  small  flat  stones  were  found,  between  and  on  which  were 
ashes,  charcoal,  black  mould,  and  other  indications  of  the 
action  of  fire.  These  burnt  materials  were  in  some  places  in 
considerable  abimdance,  and  at  one  spot  was  a  large  quantity 
of  charred  wheat,  the  grains  still  retaining  their  form,  resting 
on  a  flat  stone  somewhat  larger  than  the  average  size.  No 
"  Coal  Money,"  however,  was  found  in  immediate  connection 
with  these  remains,  but  several  pieces  were  observed  lying  as 
if  accidentally  and  irregularly  placed  around  them. 

For  the  purposes  of  such  an  enquiry  as  this,  it  may  avail  to 


KIMMERIDGE  "  COAL  MONEY.  351 

see  whether  any  analogy  or  information  can  be  derived  from 
other  articles  to  the  construction  of  which  the  same  material 
has  been  applied ;  and  in  this  respect  some  very  conclusive 
facts  were  brought  to  light  early  in  1839.  Excavations 
were  then  made  in  what  was  proved,  beyond  all  cpiestion, 
to  be  the  cemetery  or  burial-place  of  the  Romano-British 
settlement  of  Durnovaria,  (the  present  Dorchester,)  and 
amongst  the  discoveries  then  made  were  several  armillcC  of 
the  Kimmeridge  coal,  all  of  which  had  been  evidently 
turned,  highly  polished,  and  finished  in  a  manner  indicat- 
ing an  advanced  state  of  art.  One  was  grooved  and  neatly 
notched  by  way  of  ornament;  the  interior  diameter  of  this 
ring  was  2^  inches.  Others  were  polished  but  not  orna- 
mented, presenting  a  similar  appearance  to  the  larger  speci- 
mens of  ring-money.  One  of  these  rings  was  round  the 
wrist  of  the  skeleton  of  a  female.  At  the  same  time  were 
found  two  or  three  amulets,  or  large  beads,  of  the  same  mate- 
rial. These  were  nearly  spherical,  of  a  flattened  barrel  shape, 
being  11  inch  in  the  longer,  and  1  inch  in  the  shorter  diameter. 
Associated  A\ith  these  relics  were  all  the  ordinary  indicia  of 
Romano-British  interments ;  pottery,  precisely  similar  in  de- 
scription to  that  found  in  Kimmeridge  and  Worthbarrow,  m-ns 
of  various  descriptions,  coins  of  Hadiian,  Gratian,  and  others. 
Under  these  circumstances,  and  in  the  absence  of  any  trace 
of  careful  and  intentional  depositure,  but  with  every  indication 
that  the  pieces  of  "  Coal  Money"  were  thro^m  on  the  ground 
and  left  for  disposition  as  chance  might  direct,  there  seems 
good  reason  to  arrive  at  the  conclusion  that  they  were  mere 
waste  pieces  throAvn  out  of  the  lathe  as  the  refuse  nuclei  of  such 
rings  as  those  found  at  Durnovaria.  Three  pieces  of  the 
Kimmeridge  shale,  now  submitted  to  inspection,  would 
appear  to  be  conclusive  on  the  subject.  Two  of  these 
have  been  cut  into  a  circular  form,  each  3 J  inches  in  dia- 
meter, and  prepared  for  the  lathe,  by  a  keen  cutting  tool, 
the  shape  having  been  determined  by  compasses.  One  has  a 
small  pivot  point  indented  on  one  side,  with  holes  on  the  other 
side  for  retaining  the  points  of  the  chuck.  The  other  piece 
has  been  wholly  perforated  with  a  square  hole  for  a  mandril- 
head.  On  the  formation  of  rings  from  such  pieces  whilst  in 
the  lathe,  it  is  manifest  that  circular  waste  pieces  of  the  same 
size,  form,  and  description  as  the  "  Coal  ]\Ioney,"  must  neces- 
sarily be  produced. 


352  KIMMERIDGE  "  COAL  MONEY. 

The  third  specimen  is  exactly  such  a  piece  as  must  be 
placed  in  the  lathe  for  the  formation  of  a  bead,  like  that  found 
at  Dmiiovaria.  A  comparison  between  these  pieces  and  the 
specimens  of  Coal  jNIoney  and  beads,  can  leave  scarcely  a  doubt 
of  the  origin. 

It  may  indeed  be  said  that  the  material  is  ill  fitted  for  the 
construction  of  armlets,  because  of  its  fragile  nature ;  but  the 
fact  is  established  in  the  above  instances,  that  such  rings  have 
been  found,  and  have  been  used  as  armlets ;  and  there  are 
also  other  instances  of  a  somewhat  similar  material  having 
been  appropriated  to  the  same  purpose  in  the  other  extremity 
of  the  island.  An  armlet  of  precisely  similar  form  and  dimen- 
sions to  those  discovered  at  Durnovaria,  has  been  found  in 
Scotland,  and  is  figured  in  the  volume  of  "  Transactions  of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland."  This  bracelet,  mth 
other  ornaments,  was  formed  of  "cannel  coal,"  a  material 
somewhat  similar  to  the  Kimmeridge  shale.  A  difficulty  may 
also,  at  first  sight,  appear  in  the  depth  at  which  these  articles 
have  been  found  beneath  the  sm-face,  and  which  would  seem 
to  imply  a  purposed  depositure  by  inhumation.  But  it  is 
remarkable  that  they  are  generally  found  in  unbroken  pasture 
ground,  where  no  trace  of  any  disturbance  of  the  soil  is  to  be 
observed.  By  what  means,  then,  were  they  buried  at  the 
depth  at  which  they  are  now  found?  The  problem  is  of 
easy  solution.  These  pieces  of  "Coal  Money,"  with  the  accom- 
panying stones  and  fragments  of  pottery,  carelessly  left  on  the 
surface,  have  reached  their  present  position  by  the  steady  and 
long-continued  operation  of  a  natural  cause,  the  effect  of  which 
is  frequently  observed  on  digging  into  soil  that  had  been 
chalked  or  marled  some  years  previously,  and  where  the  chalk 
or  marl  will  invariably  be  found  in  a  layer  at  a  depth  below 
the  surface  proportionate  to  the  time  that  may  have  elapsed. 
The  certainty  of  this  effect,  and  the  nature  of  the  operating 
cause,  are  well  noted  in  a  paper  "On  the  formation  of  Mould," 
read  before  the  Geological  Society  of  London,  by  Charles  Dar- 
mn,  Esq.,  F.G.S.,  in  which  the  writer  adduces  a  number  of 
instances  conclusively  demonstrative  that  this  effect  is  at-tri- 
butable  to  an  operation  which,  however  trivial  it  may  appear, 
is  proved  to  be  sufficient  for  the  purpose,  viz.,  the  natural 
operation  of  the  ordinary  earthworm, — that  the  whole  is  due 
to  the  digestive  process  by  which  the  earthworm  is  su})ported. 
It  is  well  known  that  worms  swalloAv  onrthv  matter,  and  tliat 


KIMMERIDGE  "  COAL  MONEY.  353 

having  separated  the  niitvitive  portion,  they  eject  at  the  moiitli 
of  their  burrows  the  remainder  in  httle  intestine-shaped  heaps. 
The  worm  being  unable  to  swallow  large  particles,  and  as  it 
would  naturally  avoid  lime  and  other  noxious  matters,  the  fine 
earth  beneath  those  things  would  l)y  a  slow  but  certain  pro- 
cess be  removed  and  thrown  to  the  surface.  The  earthworm, 
moreover,  requires  moisture,  and  in  dry  weather  finds  it  neces- 
sary to  burrow  beneath  the  parched  surface ;  and  the  depth  to 
which  these  animals  descencl  to  avoid  the  drought  of  simimer 
and  the  frosts  of  winter,  is  fre(|uently  very  great.  This  agency, 
trifling  as  it  might  at  first  be  thought,  is  not  so  slight,  the  great 
number  of  earthworms  (as  every  one  must  be  aware  who  has 
ever  dug  in  a  grass  field)  making  up  for  the  insignificant 
cpiantity  of  work  which  each  performs.  The  ra})idity  with 
Avhich  the  operation  is  sometimes  carried  on,  in  soils  of  favour- 
able descri})tion,  is  astonishing  ;  a  very  few  years  compara- 
tively being  sufficient  to  bury  the  refuse  matters  beneath  the 
whole  of  the  surface  soil.  In  one  field  chalked  fourteen  years 
since,  the  chalk  now  forms  a  perfect  layer  about  tw^elve  inches 
beneath  the  surface.  In  another  instance  the  chalk  was  buried 
three  inches  in  ten  years.  The  time  required  for  the  work 
varies  much  with  the  nature  of  the  soil. 

The  circumstances  already  stated  will  therefore  indicate  that 
amongst  the  Romanized  Britons,  in  the  remote  vales  of  Kini- 
meridge  and  Worthbarrow,  an  establishment  was  founded  for 
the  manufactm-e  of  ornaments,  amulets,  beads,  and  other  arti- 
cles, out  of  the  easily  w^orked  material  here  provided  by  the 
hand  of  nature  ;  and  the  great  quantity  of  fragmental  ware 
here  found,  the  charcoal  and  coal  ashes,  of  Avhich  great  quiui- 
tities  have  been  exhumed,  and  other  local  indications,  render 
it  not  unlikely  that  a  potteiy  had  been  jireviously  founded 
in  this  locality,  to  render  available  the  convenient  contiguity 
of  the  Purbeck  clay  and  the  Kimmeridge  coal,  and  that  acci- 
dental circumstances  had  demonstrated  the  facility  with  which 
the  coal  might  be  converted  into  articles  of  utility  or  orna- 
ment, and  thus  suggested  the  manufactory  which,  ^vc  have 
seen,  was  here  established.  john  Sydenham. 


3  a 


NORMAN  TOMBSTONE  AT  CONINGSBOROUGH. 

Read  at  Canterbury,  September  U,  1844. 


Norman  Tombstoue. 


Very  few  sepulchral  monuments  of  midoubtedly  Norman 
date  are  known  to  exist,  and  for  this  reason  I  hope  that  the 
accompanying  drawing,  a  faithful  representation  of  one  which 
is  preserved  in  the  church  of  Coningsborough,  will  be  re- 
garded with  some  degree  of  interest  by  those  members  of  our 
Association,  whose  attention  has  been  directed  to  this  class  of 
our  national  antiquities. 

This  tomb  is  of  grit,  slightly  ridged,  and  tapering  from 
head  to  foot :  it  is  5  feet  9  inches  long,  2  feet  broad  at  the 
head,  and  1  foot  7  inches  at  the  foot,  15  inches  high  in  the 
centre,  and  13  inches  at  the  sides.  It  must  originally  have 
been  placed  close  to  the  north  wall  of  the  chiurch,  either  in  the 
nave  or  chancel,  its  northern  side  as  well  as  its  ends  being 
destitute  of  ornament,  whilst  its  top  and  its  southern  side  are 
decorated  with  a  profusion  of  rude  sculpture.  The  temptation 
of  our  first  parents  hi  Paradise  on  one  side,  and  a  combat 
between  two  mounted  knights  on  the  other,  are  represented 
on  the  top  at  the  head,  and  below  them  are  several  other 
devices,  contained  in  roundels,  generally  too  much  defaced  to 


NORMAN  TOMBSTONE  AT  CONINGSBOROrCill.  355 

be  intcllipjible.  From  the  sagittary  in  the  first  roundel  on  one 
side,  and  the  fishes  in  the  fourtli  on  the  other,  we  might  Ije 
led  to  suppose  that  the  signs  of  the  zodiac  were  intended  to 
be  represented,  but  the  mnnber  is  only  eleven,  and  the  other 
devices  do  not  correspond.  The  front,  or  southern  side  of  the 
tomb,  presents  a  scroll  issuing  from  the  mouth  of  a  monstrous 
head, — a  l)isli()p,  with  his  crosier,  standing  by  a  font,  and  rais- 
ing his  right  hand  in  Ijenediction, — and  a  knight  on  foot,  armed 
with  sword  and  kite-shaped  shield,  attempting  to  rescue  from 
a  winged  monster  a  human  being,  whom  it  holds  in  its  claws. 
The  scroll-work  on  the  front,  and  the  medaUion  carvings  of 
the  top,  are  in  the  taste  which  decorated  the  dooi-ways,  the 
capitals  of  piers,  and  the  chancel-arches  of  many  of  our  Nor- 
man chm'ches ;  and  the  armour  of  the  knights,  their  conical 
helmets,  and  the  kite-shaped  shield,  clearly  point  to  the  be- 
ginning of  the  twelfth  century  as  the  date  of  this  moimmcnt. 

In  the  chm'ch-yard  are  some  ancient  tombstones,  of  great 
thickness,  quite  plain,  not  ridged,  but  slightly  chamfered,  and 
tapering  from  head  to  foot.  Tlie  church  itself  contahis  much 
to  interest  the  ecclesiologist.  The  south  door,  the  piers  and 
arches  of  the  nave,  and  the  chancel-arch,  are  of  Norman  archi- 
tectm'e.  There  is  a  Norman  piscina  in  the  chancel,  and  one 
of  peculiar  form  in  a  chapel  at  the  east  end  of  the  north  aisle 
of  the  nave.  It  is  detached,  square,  decorated  with  foliage 
like  the  capital  of  a  pier,  and  supported  on  an  octagonal  shaft. 
iVbove  it  is  a  hagioscope,  commanding  the  chancel  door,  and 
the  piscina  near  it,  but  not  the  Altar. 

Nearly  all  the  ancient  open  seats  remain  on  the  north  side 
of  the  nave  -.  they  are  quite  plain,  of  massy  oak,  and  Avell 
adapted  to  the  solid  simplicity  of  a  Norman  chm-cli.  jNIodern 
pews  of  thin  deal  have  been  built  over  some  of  them,  and  the 
contrast  is  striking  hideed.  At  the  west  end  of  the  nave  is  an 
elegant  Perpendicular  font :  it  is  of  octagonal  form,  supported 
on  a  clustered  shaft,  3  feet  5  inches  high,  and  2  feet  2  inches 
\nde  at  the  top.  The  figure  of  om*  Saviom-,  rising  from  the 
tomb,  between  two  sleeping  soldiers,  and  holding  the  banner 
of  the  cross,  is  carved  on  one  side ;  and  on  the  0})]30site  one  is 
a  seated  figure  not  easily  to  be  identified,  apparently  holding 
two  palm-branches.  The  remaining  six  sides  of  the  font  have 
blank  heater-shields  in  quatrefoils.  One  of  the  staples  re- 
mains, the  other  has  been  broken  out.  The  boAvl,  1  foot 
8  inches  in  diameter,  is  leaded,  and  has  a  drain. 


356 


ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE. 


The  Rev.  Joseph  Hunter,  m  his  History  of  the  Deanery  of 
Doncaster,  voL  i.  p.  287,  states  that  "the  lid  of  a  Saxon 
cistus,"  with  ornaments  not  unUke  those  on  the  tomb  at 
Coningsborough,  exists  in  the  church-yard  of  St.  John's, 
Laughton-en-le-Morthen.  I  am  satisfied  that  the  date  of  this 
monument,  which  is  of  great  l^eauty,  and  of  which  I  pm-pose 
forwarding  a  sketch  and  description  ere  long,  is  at  least  two 
centm'ies  later  than  that  of  the  Norman  tomb  described  above. 

DANIEL  H.  HAIGH. 


ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE. 


-Ji^^P^ 


Entrance   Gateway.  Rockingham  Castle. 


On  the  verge  of  one  of  those  ancient  Forests  which  originally 
covered  a  great  portion  of  the  northern  parts  of  Northampton- 
shire, and  on  a  lofty  eminence  overlooking  the  green  vale  of 
the  Welland,  stands  the  formerly  Royal  Castle  of  Rockingham. 
Its  position  was  equally  well  chosen  as  a  place  of  retirement 
and  defence,  being  sheltered  on  the  south-eastern  side  by 
deep  and  nearly  impenetrable  woods,  and  in  the  contrary 
direction  protected  by  the  natural  acclivity  of  the  tongue  of 


ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE. 


357 


358 


ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE. 


land  on  which  the  crowning  fortress  was  built.     This  ridge, 

jutting  out  like  a  peninsula  from  the  long  line  of  escarpment, 

commands  a  far  view  up  and  down  the  valley,  and  a  still  more 

extensive  one  over  the  ver- 
dant and  undidating  heights 

which    form    its    opposite 

horizon. 

Besides  the   attractions 

which  nature  so  profusely 

displayed  in  this  variety  of 

prospect,  the  neighbouring 

preserves  of  Dene,   Bryg- 

stock,  Cliff,  Benefield,  and 

Geddington,  were  abund- 
antly stocked  with  the  hart 

and  the  roe,  and  here  the 

English  monarchs,  from  the 

Conqueror  to  the  last  of  the 

Plantagenets,   were   conti- 

nuaUy  accustomed  to  repair 

for  the  sake  of  following 

with  less  interrupted  ardour  the  pleasures  of  the  chace 
more  than  likely  that  this  con- 
tiguity to  the  royal  demesnes 
originally  induced  William  the 
First  to  erect  on  the  confines  of 
Rockingham  Forest  a  castle,  to 
which  he  and  his  successors  might 
retire  when,  disencumbered  of  the 
burdens  of  the  state,  they  wished 
to  enjoy  the  sports  of  the  field. 
Although  the  forest  of  Rocking- 
ham has  been  much  denuded  since 


Section  of   Mouldings. 


It  is 


Cross-loop .  with 
oilet. 


the  time  when  the  English  monarchs 


Section  of  Mouldings. 
7.  Hood  mould 
of  Gateway. 


made  it  so  frequently  the  scene  of  I:  JaSbl?' 
their  diversions,  many  venerable  trees,  scattered  throughout 
the  unreclaimed  district,  towering  above  the  underwood,  serve 
to  point  out  its  ancient  boundaries.  The  deer  are  but  rarely 
visible  in  the  old  enclosures,  but  within  the  limits  of 
the  romantic  park,  surrounding  the  castle,  numerous  herds 
of  the  same  breed  may  yet  be  observed  bounding  in  their 
native  wildness  amid  the  waving  avenues  of  beech  and  sunless 


ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE. 


359 


glens  of  oak,  that  lend  so  great  an  allurement  to  seek  sylvan 
nature  here  in  her  sohtary  retreat. 

WHiencver  the  monarch  visited  this  place,  during  his  sojoiun 
his  horses  had  right  of  herbage  in  the  pastm'e  land  of  the 
Welland,  and  the  constable  of  the  castle  shared  in  the  same 


_r5L_. 


Fig.  4.    Ancient  Chest ;  time  of  Henry  V. 


privilege.  The  latter  also  possessed  the  right  of  cutting  doTMi 
in  the  wood  of  Cottingham  any  timber  he  chose,  to  repair  the 
buildings,  or  brushwood  to  burn,  or  fagots  to  mend  the 
fences. 


'm 


ent  Chest:   t'me  of  John. 


John  dc  Cauz,  abbot  of  Peterborough,  however,  gradually 
deprived  the  cro^^^l  of  these  rights,  so  that  at  the  inquisition 
held  the  4th  of  Edward  I.  (127G),  they  became  lost^ 

It  appears  too,  from  the  same  authority,  that  a  chaplain 

•■  Rot.  Huiul.  p.  15. 


360  ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE, 

was  appointed  to  the  little  cliiu'cli  of  St.  Leonard's,  below  the 
castle,  to  pray  for  the  souls  of  the  deceased  monarchs,  for 
which  duty  the  sheriff  of  the  county  was  charged  to  pay  him 
forty  shillings  a-year;  this  celebration,  however,  had  fallen  into 
desuetude  eight  years  before  the  inquisition  took  place''. 

The  partiality  of  King  John  and  his  successors  for  hunting, 
is  shewn  by  numerous  entries  on  the  Close  Rolls.  In  these 
valuable  documents  the  most  minute  particulars  are  often 
recorded  respecting  the  treatment  of  their  hounds  and  hawks, 
even  to  specifying  the  quantity  of  flesh  they  were  daily  to  be 
fed  upon,  and  to  the  number  of  times  the  royal  girfalcons 
were  to  be  let  fly.  John  orders  the  sheriff*  of  Nottingham,  for 
instance,  to  procure  for  their  food  young  pigeons,  and  swine's 
flesh,  and  once  a  week  the  flesh  of  fowl''.  At  a  later  period, 
namely,  in  the  early  part  of  Edward  the  First's  reign  (1277), 
the  following  entry  occurs  on  a  Roll  in  the  Queen's  Remem- 
brancer's Office,  shewing  the  care  with  which  the  royal  dogs 
were  tended. 

*'  Paid  to  Thomas  de  Blatheston  for  his  expenses  in  taking 
the  greyhounds  with  the  king  (Edward  the  First)  ninepence, 
with  twopence  in  bread  for  the  same,  on  that  day  on  which 
the  same  Thomas  departed  from  Rokyngham.  Also  for  bread 
for  the  same,  when  Master  Richard  de  liolbroc  tarried  at 
Rokyngham,  in  the  week  next  before  the  feast  of  St.  Barnabas 
the  Apostle,  fivepence  halfpenny.  In  bread  for  two  grey- 
hounds of  the  prior  of  la  Launde,  from  the  day  of  the  Apo- 
stles Peter  and  Paul,  even  to  the  Sunday  next  before  the  feast 
of  the  blessed  Mary  Magdalene,  for  nineteen  days,  nineteen- 
pence.  Sum  of  the  expenses  on  the  greyhounds,  eight 
shillings  and  sixpence  halfpenny'^." 

Independently  of  being  a  favomite  residence  of  the  English 
kings,  very  few  of  the  royal  castles  have  been  the  scene  of 
more  historical  events  than  the  one  now  under  notice.  In 
1094,  the  great  council  of  British  nobility,  bishops  and  clergy, 
assemljled  here  to  settle  the  fierce  dispute,  then  in  agitation, 
betwixt  WiUiam  the  Second,  and  Anselm,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terl)ury,  concerning  the  right  of  investiture,  and  the  monarch's 
obedience  to  the  papal  see.  The  council  sat  on  Sunday  the 
fifth  of  March,  in  the  chapel  within  the  precincts  of  the 
castle,  when  this  question  was  proposed  for  their  discussion ; 

''  Rot.  Hund.  p.  J6.  ''  Miscellau.  Roll.  Queen's  Remembran- 

•^  Close  Rolls,  pp.  118,  400.  cer's  Oflice,  5th  Edw.  I. 


ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE.  361 

"  Utrum  salva  reverentia  et  obedientia  sedis  Apostolicse  [)0S- 
set  Arcliiepiscopus  (Anselmus)  fidem  terrciio  regi  scrvare, 
aniion  r 

The  bishops,  who  seem  to  liave  known  their  duty  towards 
their  Sovereign  l)etter  than  their  intractaljle  leader,  advised 
Ansehn  not  to  insist  on  any  reservations  on  the  grounds  of 
s})iritual  autliority,  since  there  were  general  complaints  against 
him  for  intrenching  on  the  king's  prerogative.  But  on  his 
still  endeavouring  to  compromise  the  freedom  of  the  English 
Church,  by  yielding  a  higher  allegiance  to  Urban  II.,  who  had 
offered  him  a  pall,  the  prelates  at  once  renounced  him  as  their 
archbishop. 

King  John  more  especially  delighted  to  resort  hither,  and 
as  will  be  seen  from  the  following  extracts  from  his  Itinerary, 
visited  it  once,  and  sometimes  twice  or  thrice,  nearly  every 
year  of  his  reign. 

1204.  Ang.  30.— 1205.  Sep.  24.— 1207.  Feb.  20',  21, 
22,  23;  Ang.  10,  11.— 1208.  July  26,  27,  28;  Nov.  30.— 
1209.  April  1  ;  Sep.  1 ;  Novenib.  13,  14,  15.-1210.  March 
18. — 1212.  July  10  :  when  he  acknowledged  the  receipt  of  a 
coat  of  mail,  Avhicli  had  belonged  to  the  constable  of  Chester^. 
—1213.  Sep.  24.— 1215.  Dec.  23.— 1216.  Sep.  20,  21. 

Besides  these  fourteen  recorded  royal  visits,  the  members 
of  the  House  of  Plantagenet  were  frequently  in  the  habit  of 
passing  their  time  in  this  agreeable  retirement.  From  the 
attesting  of  writs,  it  appears  that  Henry  the  Third  was  here, 
1220.  June  26^  27',  28^-1226.  July  16i.— 1229.  Jnne  26^ 

Edward  the  First,  1275.  Ang.  24".- 1279.  Ang.  20°.— 
1290.  Sep.  2,  3,  4,  5,  6p.— 1300.  April  20,  21,  25,  26,  28i. 

Edward  the  Third  attested  more  than  twenty  writs  at 
Rockingham  betAveen  1 334 ^  March  25  and  April  1.— 1345. 
Dec.  9^— 1354.  Aug.  28*.- And  here,  Ang.  24",  1375,  the 
truce  concluded  at  Bruges,  between  Edward  the  Third,  and 
Charles  the  Fifth  of  France,  was  duly  ratified^ 

During  the   absence  of  the   king.   Constables   {Comites 

^  Spelman,  Cone,  vol.  ii.  p.  16.  membrancer's  Office. 

'  He  was  at  Lamport  the  preceding  day.  p  Ibid. 

5  Introd.  to  Pat.  Rolls,  p.  37.  1  Ibid. 

^  Lit.  Rot.  Claus.,p.  4J2.  r  Rymer,  Feeder.,  vol.  iv.  p.  597;  and 

'  Rot.  Fin.,  vol.  i.  p.  45).  vol.  ii.  p.  881— 886. 

''  Ibid.  s  ]i)i(i.,  vol.  iii.  p.  64. 

1  Rot.  Lit.  Clans.,  p.  129.  t   Ibid.,  vol.  iv.  p.  608. 

n'    Ibid.,  p.  422.  "   Ibid.,  vol.  iv.  p.  608. 

"   Rynicr,  Feeder.,  vol.  iii.  p.  82.  v   Ibid.,  vol.  vii.  p.  82. 

"  Itinerary  of  Edw.  I.,  in  Queen's  Re- 

3    B 


362  ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE. 

Sfabidi)  were  officially  appointed  to  the  custody  of  the  royal 
castle.  They  usually  possessed  the  grant  for  three  years, 
sometimes  for  life,  but  generally  diu-ing  the  king's  pleasure, 
'  cum  pertinentiis  habendum  quamdiu  Regi  placuerit ; '  or  in 
the  terms  of  the  ensuing  entry  upon  a  Miscellaneous  Roll  in 
the  Tower,  No.  50,  9th  and  10th  Edward!.,  a  document  which 
will  serve  to  shew  both  the  manner  of  holding,  and  also  the 
connection  that  existed  betwixt  the  constableship  of  the  castle, 
and  the  seneschalship  of  the  forest  of  Rockingham. 

De  castro  de  Bohingliam  et  officio  Senescalcia  forestarum,  et 
diversis  maneriis  commissis. 

Rex  commisit  Ricardo  de  Holebrok  custodiam  castri  Regis 
de  Rokingham  et  officium  Senescalcia3  forestarum  Regis  infra 
[)ontes  Oxon  et  Staunfford  cum  redditu  Regis  de  Whitele  et 
cum  maneriis  Regis  de  Saliam,  Oneston  et  Silveston,  habenda 
cum  omnibus  pertinentiis  suis  a  festo  Sancti  Michaelis  anno 
regni  Regis  nono  usque  ad  finem  trium  annorum  proximo  se- 
quentium  completorum.  Nisi  de  castro  prsedicto  Rex  aliud 
interim  duxerit  ordinandum.  Reddendo  inde  Regi  per  annum 
[id  Scaccarium  Regis  de  exitibus  castri  prasdicti  et  Senescalciae 
praedicta3  quaterviginti  libras.  De  manerio  de  Saham  quin- 
((uaginta  et  sex  libras,  de  manerio  de  Selveston  quindecim 
libras,  videlicet  unam  medietatem  ad  festum  Sanctae  Trinitatis, 
ct  aliam  medietatem  in  festo  Sancti  Martini  proximo  sequenti. 
Ita  tamen  quod  praedictus  Ricardus  nihil  capiat  in  forestis 
j)raedictis  vel  in  parco  Regis  de  Selveston,  nisi  rationabile 
(jstoverium  ad  domos  castri  praedicti  inde  faciendas  et  ad  eas- 
dem  domos  et  alias  que  sunt  in  maneriis  Regis  praedictis  sus- 
(entandas,  et  cum  necesse  fuerit  reparandas.  Et  quod  habeat 
herbagium  in  parco  praedicto,  salva  sufficienti  pastura  ad  feras 
Regis  ibidem.  Et  si  contingat  quod  Rex  interim  castrum 
iUud  resumat  in  manuni  Regis,  prai'fatum  Ricardum  indemp- 
uem  conservabit.  Teste  Rege  apud  Westmonasterium  xvi. 
die  Novembris"". 

The  duties  of  a  constable  consisted  in  seeing  that  the  royal 
grants  in  his  district  were  not  abused^' ;  such  as  the  transfer 
of  mills',  and  of  land';  in  assisting  at  the  execution  of  traitors'' ; 

"  Miscell.  Roll.,  No.  50;  9.  10,  Edw.  I.  «  Ibid.,  p.  253. 

y  Rot.  Glaus.,  p.  251.  •■  Rolls  of  Pari.,  vol.  ii.  p.  256. 

'    Ibid.,  p.  251. 


ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE.  363 

in  keeping  state  prisoners  in  safe  custody^ ;  in  paying  the 
garrisoned  soldiers'^ ;  in  ol)serving  the  legal  provision  concern- 
ing such  as  came  to  tournaments^ ;  in  defending  the  posses- 
sions of  the  Church*".  Henry  III.  ordered,  for  example,  the 
constable  of  Rockingham  (Jan.  25,  1217.)  to  protect  the 
goods  of  the  abbot  of  Peterborough;  and  the  privilege  of 
holding  a  castle  as  its  constable,  was  considered  so  honourable, 
that  it  was  only  confided  to  men  of  high  military  renown, 
never  to  the  Welsh,  but  only  to  persons  of  ascertained  courage 
and  attachment  to  the  Crown,  as  is  evidenced  in  the  present 
day,  in  the  instances  of  the  Most  Noble  the  jMarquis  of 
Anglesea  being  constable  of  Caernarvon,  and  Plis  Grace  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  constable  of  Dover  castle. 

The  constables  of  Kockingham,  as  far  as  I  have  been  en- 
abled to  make  out  the  list,  were  the  following  -. — 

Constables. 

1199.  Robert  Maudut^;  he  pays  a  fine  of  £100,  in  four 
quarterly  payments,  for  lia\dng  had  granted  to  him  the  cus- 
tody of  the  castle. 

Hugh  de  Nevillei>. 

1213,  Feb.  25.  Roger  de  Neville,  held  it  by  the  tenure 
of  annually  presenting  the  king  with  a  pair  of  gold-embroidered 
shoes'.  The  manors  of  Pornstoke,  Shenley,  Stamford,  and 
Kayngham,  were  held  on  the  same  conditions.  He  is  directed 
to  release  (Nov.  1,  1213.)  Robert  de  Mara,  then  in  prison  at 
Rockingham  castle,  who  had  been  taken  at  Cracfergus^ :  the 
apostolic  legate  had  induced  John  to  order  his  liberation. 
He  is  ordered  by  the  king  (May  11,  1215.)  to  entertain  with 
hospitality  William  de  Harecom^t,  when  he  comes  thither''. 
April  13,  121G,  he  is  ordered  to  hold  for  the  use  of  the 
castle  the  manors  of  Geddington,  Clive,  Brigstock,  and  Corby, 
and  the  custody  of  the  soldiers,  formerly  the  fee  of  the  abbot 
of  Peterborough'. 

1215,  June  24.  W^illiam  Mauduit"'. 

1216.  William  Aindre,  ordered  (March  3rd)  to  settle  for 
forty  days  with  the  foot  cross  bowmen,  at  the  usual  rate  of 

'  Rot.  Glaus.,  p.  -253.  >  Ibid. 

d  Ibid.,  p.  250.  J  Rot.  Lit.  Pat ,  p.  10.3. 

<^  Rolls  of  Pari.,  vol.  i.  p.  85.  ••  Ibid.,  p.  1.35. 

'  Rot.  Clans.,  p.  297.  '  Ibid.,  p.  177. 

t  Rot.  Oblat.,  p.  9.  ">   Ibid.,  )).  1  H. 

I"  Rot.  Chart.,  p.  20[). 


364  ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE. 

threepence  a-day,  and  to  see  that  those  soldiers  who  had  been 
maintained  at  the  royal  charge,  should  for  the  future  live  at 
their  own,  and  that  the  garrisoning  of  the  castle  should  be 
made  as  secure  as  possible  and  the  dues  of  the  Bailiwick 
properly  collected". 

William  Earl  of  Albemarle". 

1222.  A¥illiam  de  Insula^. 

Robert  Passelawe^i. 

*1255'.  Hugh  de  Goldingham'.  The  fine  effigy  in  forest 
marble  in  Rushton  church,  is  probably  to  his  memory. 

*1260.  Alan  la  Zouch*. 

*1280.  Richard  de  Holebroc,  for  three  years'^,  paying 
eighty  pounds  a  year.  This  Richard  de  Holebroc  Avas 
escheator  of  the  forest,  and  in  the  18th  Edward  I.  William 
de  Latimer  complained  to  the  king  that  he,  hokUng  the 
manor  of  Corby,  and  a  wood  therein,  from  the  king  in 
capite,  rendering  ten  pounds  a  year,  and  that  the  king 
ought  to  defend  that  manor  with  all  its  rights,  but  that 
Richard  de  Holebroc,  seneschall  of  the  royal  forest  of  Rocking- 
ham, before  the  king  went  over  into  Gascony,  destroyed  the 
aforesaid  Avood,  cutting  down  great  oaks  without  number,  and 
also  cart  loads  of  underAvood  and  branches  without  number, 
keeping  charcoal  bmiiers  there,  who  had  destroyed  it,  for  six 
years,  of  Avhoni  each  gave  to  him  ten  pounds  per  annum,  so 
that  they  should  not  be  removed.  Also  that  he  had  in  the 
same  wood  tAventy-four  SAvine,  and  a  hundred  goats,  with  their 
young  ones,  for  a  Avhole  year,  contrary  to  the  terms  of  the  royal 
charter.  LaAATence  Preston,  who  held  the  manor  of  Gretton, 
complained  in  the  same  Avay.  Both  of  them  asserted  that  he 
had  abused  the  royal  grant,  diverting  it  from  the  repairs  of 
the  castle,  and  converting  the  property  of  the  CroAvn  to  private 
purposes ;  all  of  AAdiich  accusations  he  denying,  and  urging 
that  he  had  husbote  and  haybote  in  their ,  manors,  the  king 
replied  that  he  Avould  make  enqiury  A\dien  he  came  thither,  or 
appoint  his  justices  to  do  so^. 

1283.  Elie  de  Hamullv,  dming  the  royal  pleasm-e,  on  the 
same  terms  as  his  predecessor, 

"  Rot.  Lit.  Claus.,  p.  250.  *  Rot.  Grig.,  p.  16. 

"  Ibid.,  p.  196.  «  Ibid.,  p.  17. 

P  Ibid.,  p.  573.  «  Ibid.,   p.  46.   and   Misc.   Roll  in  the 

•i   Tnquis.,  31.  Hen.  III.  No.  49.  Tower,  No.  50. 
""  Those  marked  with  an  asterisk,  held  "   Rolls  of  Pari.,  vol.  i.  p.  36. 

the  custody  of  the  forest  with  the  castle.  •"  Rot.  Grig.,  p.  66. 


ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE.  365 

*  1293.  Thomas  de  IIamull,  his  predecessor  accompanying 
Edward  1.  into  Gascony^ 

*1296.  William  de  BEAUCHAMP^ 

*1298.  Adam  de  Welles^.  He  was  at  the  siege  of 
Carlaverock. 

*1307.  Baldwin  de  Manners,  on  the  same  terms  as  his 
predecessor^ 

*1307.  William  de  Latymer*^.  He  was  at  the  siege  of 
Carkiverock. 

*1311.  Alan  la  Zouche^.  He  was  at  the  siege  of 
Carhiverock. 

*1313.  Aymer  de  Valence',  Earl  of  Pembroke. 

*1324.  John  de  Morteyn^. 

*132C).  Donenald  de  Mar^  for  his  life. 

*1330.  Simon  de  Drayton,  rendering  to  the  king  forty 
ponnds  a  year'. 

1331.  Robert  de  Yeer^. 

1337.  John  de  Verdoun,  office  confirmed,  on  his  paying 
to  the  end  of  his  life  to  Queen  Philippa  forty  ponnds  a 
year*. 

*1372.  Almaric  de  St.  Amando  (Chivaler),  paying  twenty- 
four  ponnds  a  year  as  long  as  he  holds  it™. 

*1442.  Robert  Roos",  by  a  special  grant  to  him  and  his 
male  heirs,  paying  the  Crown  annually  seventy-five  pounds, 
sixteen  shillings,  and  eight  pence. 

*1475.  William  Lord  Hastings  and  Ralph  Hastings, 
for  their  lives". 

Among  the  minor  circumstances  that  have  been  recorded 
respecting  this  royal  fortress  are  the  folloAving,  some  of  which 
are  found  entered  upon  the  Close  Rolls. 

In  1214,  preparatory  to  his  annual  visit.  King  John,  accord- 
ing to  his  usual  custom  of  ordering  the  wine  intended  for  the 
royal  use  to  be  sent  before  him  in  readiness,  commanded  five 
casks  of  the  best  that  could  be  found  in  London  to  be  dispatched 
for  his  drinking  into  Northamptonshirep.  (Nov.  7tli.)  Of 
these  five  casks  which  he  ordered,  one  was  to  be  sent  to  CHffe, 

*  Rot.  Orip;.,  p.  83.  ''  Ibid.,  p.  ;100. 

«  Ibid,  p.  100.  i  Ibid,  vol.  ii.  p.  40. 

'■  Ibid, p.  103.  ''  Caleiul.  Rot.  Pat,  p.  113. 

"^  Ibid,  p.  1.54.  '  Rot.  Orig.,  vol.  ii.  p.  116. 

rt  Ibid.,  p.  157.  '"   Ibid,  p.  32.5. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  187.  "  Calcnd  Rot.  Pat.,  p.  285. 
'  Ibid,  p.  203.  o  Ibid.,  p.  323. 

»■•  Ibid,  p.  286.  V  Rot.  Lit.  Claus.,  p.  177. 


366  ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE. 

one  to  Geddington,  one  to  Silveston,  one  to  Salcy,  and  one 
to  Rockingham,  whilst  to  ensiu*e  their  safe  carriage,  if  there 
were  need,  one  of  the  royal  vehicles  was  to  be  used  for  their 
transport.  The  carriage  of  wine  forms  a  long  entry  on  the 
Close  Rolls  at  a  later  period,  9th  Henry  III.  (1224),  when 
the  Sheriff  of  Northampton  is  charged  to  pay  for  the  transit 
of  ten  casks  to  Northampton,  ten  to  Rockingham,  three  to 
Geddington,  and  two  to  Cliff,  for  the  royal  use''.  In  1226, 
we  find  nincpence  paid  to  Scogernel,  a  messenger,  for  going 
to  Rokingham^  This  person  seems  to  have  been  a  King's 
messenger,  as  now  called,  being  employed  in  other  errands. 
In  1226,  five  casks  are  sent  to  Rokingham,  three  to  Cliff, 
four  to  Geddington,  and  four  to  Silveston^ 

In  1215  (April  30),  King  John  sends  Peter  de  Barr  and 
Nicholas  de  Hugevill,  foot  cross  bowmen,  commanding  that 
they  should  be  placed  in  the  castle  of  Rockingham  for  its 
defence,  and  have  sixpence  a  day  as  long  as  they  are  there*. 

In  1220,  Henry  HI.  orders  his  barons  to  pay  Talk  de 
Breaut  £100,  which  he  had  expended  on  his  behalf  in  the 
siege  of  Rockingham". 

In  1221,  Henry  HI.  orders  Hugh  de  Nevil  that  the  con- 
stable of  Rockingham  castle  shoidd  have  materials  for  its  re- 
paration, namely,  to  be  allowed  to  make  rafters  and  cleft  wood 
in  the  forest  of  Rockingham''.  The  sheriff  of  the  county  is 
also  ordered  to  pay  twenty  marks  for  the  same  piu-pose^. 

In  1222,  Henry  HI.  sent  William  de  Insula  ten  marks 
to  repair  the  building  in  as  efficient  a  manner  as  the  sum 
woidd  allow\  And  in  the  following  year,  five  marks  are 
ordered  to  be  paid  by  the  sheriff  of  the  county,  for  repairing 
the  gutters  of  the  royal  chamber^;  and  on  Jan.  28.  the  year 
following  (1215),  four  tuns  of  wine  are  ordered  to  be  sent  to 
Rockingham*'. 

In  1224,  the  sheriff  of  Northamptonshire *=  was  allowed  his 
expenses  for  the  carriage  of  ten  pipes  of  wine  from  Southamp- 
ton to  Rockingham,  and  in  1230  a  similar  charge  is  allowed 
for  the  freight  of  three  casks  from  Boston,  in  Lincolnshire'^. 

In  1225,  Henry  HI.  issued  a  writ  to  the  sheriflT  of  North- 

1  Rot.  Lit.  Claus.,  p.  5.  ^  Ibid. 

'  Ibid,  p.  48.  '  Ibid.,  p.  417. 

•  Ibid.,  p.  121.  »  Ibid.,  p.  573. 

'  Ibid.  "  Ibid.,  p.  185. 

"  Ibid.,  p.  439.  '   Rot.  Pipae,  9  Hen.  111. 

^  Ibid.,  p.  457.  "   n)id..  15  Hen.  III. 


ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE.  367 

amptonsliirc,  directing  him  to  tjike  with  him  proper  and  discreet 
persons  wlio  thoroughly  understood  carpentry  and  masonry, 
to  examine  the  royal  chamber  in  the  castle  of  Rokingham  in 
which  repairs  Avcre  necessary,  and  to  order  the  same  to  be 
carried  into  innnediate  execution''. 

Henry  III.  orders  (122G.)  the  sheriff' of  Northamptonshire  to 
give  William,  son  of  Warin,  the  constable  of  Rokingham,  twenty 
marks  for  the  works  at  the  castle,  and  Hugh  de  Nevill  to  let 
him  have  sufficient  materials  from  a  proper  part  of  the  forest 
to  repair  the  royal  chapel,  and  for  other  works  then  in  pro- 
gress^  Three  days  afterwards  Robert  de  Lexinton  is  ordered 
to  allow  him  a  load  of  lead  for  the  gutters  of  the  castle^. 

In  the  34th  of  Henry  III.  (1249),  it  was  certified  that  the  last 
constable.  Sir  Robert  Passelawe,  had  left  the  castle  in  a  very 
ruinous  state  ;  tlie  towers,  waUs,  battlements,  and  lodgings, 
being  in  great  measure  fallen  to  the  ground,  and  the  chapel 
entirely  destitute  of  vestments,  books,  and  the  necessary  articles 
for  the  performance  of  divine  service^. 

In  the  3Gth  of  the  same  reign  (1251),  GeofFery  de  Roking- 
ham was  found  seized  of  half  a  virgate  of  land  in  Rocking- 
ham, which  he  held  by  service  of  collecting  the  castle-guard 
rents,  from  such  fees  or  lordships  as  were  subject  to  that  pay- 
ment. He  had  also,  by  virtue  of  this  tenure,  right  of  husbote 
and  havbote  in  the  abbot  of  Peterborough's  meadows,  of 
fishing  in  the  Welland,  and  his  food  in  the  castle  whenever 
the  king  or  the  constable  resided  there'. 

He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Geoffrey  de  Rokingham.  It 
appears  also  by  inquisition  taken  in  this  reign,  that  a  virgate 
of  land  late  in  the  possession  of  Simon  le  Wayte,  who  had 
fled  for  theft,  had  been  held  by  him  on  the  tenure  of  being 
castle-wayte,  (Per  servicium  essendi  Wayta  in  castro  Rokyng- 
liam,)  a  kind  of  musical  watchman,  similar  to  those  who  dis- 
turb the  noctm-nal  slumbers  of  citizens  of  the  present  day. 
The  same  custom  was  observed  in  other  castles^. 

In  the  20th  of  Edw.  HI.,  1347,  the  king  gave  to  his  Avife 
Philippa,  sixty  acres  in  the  forest  of  Rokingham,  for  the  term 
of  her  life,  in  aid  of  the  reparation  of  the  castle,  which  had  been 
lately  destroyed  and  thrown  down  . 

e  Rot.  Lit.  Glaus.,  p.  35.  M.  i  Esch.xt.  36  Hen.  IIL,  No.  43. 

•'  Ibid.,  p.  129.  k   Inquis.  Hen.   III.,  No.  118.    See  also 

*   Ibid.,  p.  130.  Blount's  Tenures,  p.  7. 

''   Inquis.  'i\  Hen.  III.,  No.  49.  '  Rot.  Grig.,  vol.  i.  p.  ISl. 


368 


ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE. 


Baldwin  cle  Gisnes  (1216),  held  the  manor  of  Benefield,  on 
condition  of  finding  one  soldier  to  keep  guard  at  Rockingham 
castle"!. 

Berengarius  le  Moygne  (1276),  builder  of  Barnewell  castle, 
was  bound  to  pay  twenty  pence  yearly  tow^ards  the  ward  of 
Rockingham  castle". 

Edward  the  Third  took  fealty  (1338)  of  Hugh  Doseville 
for  lands  at  Medbourn,  in  Leicestershire,  on  condition  of  ren- 
dering to  the  king,  as  often  as  he  came  here  to  hunt  in  the 
adjacent  forest,  a  barbed  arrows.  The  manors  of  Lanton, 
Upanry,  and  Hole,  were  held  on  the  same  conditions^. 

The  permission  to  hunt  was  seldom  yielded  to  the  subject, 
and  so  highly  valued,  that  even  when  the  Crown  granted  a 
manor  to  one  of  its  vassals,  the  monarch  reserved  this  privi- 
lege to  himselfq.  And  with  such  strictness  was  the  forest 
preserved  that,  in  1256,  (Oct.  11,)  four  men  are  retm^ned  as 
being  contined  in  Rockingham  castle,  and  fined  two  marks  for 
trespassing'',  and  in  1218,  Richard  Trussel  was  fined  for  merely 
taking  his  dogs  through  the  forest^ 

In  1219,  Henry  the  Third  orders  the  constable  to  permit 
Walter  Preston  to  catch  forty  deer  for  the  royal  larder,  in  the 
forests  of  Rockingham,  Cliff",  and  Geddington*. 

As  a  great  favour  the  feudatories  of  the  Crown  were  however 
sometimes  allowed  to  catch  deer  on  the  borders  of  the  forest". 
Such  minuteness  prevails  in  these  early  notices,  and  with  such 
extreme  care  was  the  royal  chace  preserved,  that  not  even  a 
single  oak  could  be  felled  here  without  first  obtaining  the 
king's  sanction V. 

The  castle  was  also  used  as  a  State  prison,  for  on  August  20, 
1347,  a  writ  was  addressed  to  John  Darcy,  constable  of  the 
Tower  of  London,  ordering  two  Scotch  prisoners  to  be  sent  to 
John  Vardon,  constable  of  Rockingham,  or  to  his  locum  tenens, 
Thomas  Stone''. 

Among  the  sources  of  information  on  the  military  antiquities 
of  this  early  period,  the  Operation  Rolls,  as  I  shall  venture  to 
call  them,  hold  an  important  place.  The  entries  on  these  un- 
published documents  are  generally  the  counterpart  of  each 


■"  Rot.  Chart.,  p.  222. 

n   Rot.  Hiind.,  p.  8. 

"  Rot.  Orig.,  vol.  ii.  p.  122. 

P  Ibid. 

q  Rot.  Chart,  p.  222. 

■■  Rot.  Fin.,  vol.  ii.  p.  240. 


"  Rot.  Lit.  Glaus.,  p.  380. 

'  Ibid.,  p.  3!)(j. 

"  Ibid.,  p.  133. 

V   Ibid.,  p.  <). 

^  Rymci's  Feeder.,  vol.  iii.  p.  133. 


ROCKINGHAM   CASTLE.  369 

otlicr,  inasmncli  as  the  marginal  notes  on  each  successive 
membrane  follow  each  other  in  the  same  sort  of  order,  the 
contents  merely  varying  for  the  most  part  in  the  number  of 
workmen  employed  throughout  a  particular  week,  and  in  the 
relative  sums  paid  for  their  labour.  These  side-titles  are 
arranged  under  the  heads  oi  fodiatores,  foundation  or  fosse 
diggers ;  cementarii,  masons  :  dealbaforcs,  plasterers ;  cuba- 
fores,  layers ;  qnarreatores,  quarrymen ;  carpentani,  carpen- 
ters ;  plumbarii,  plumbers  ;  cissores,  smiths ;  serva fores, 
labourers ;  and  all  the  weekly  expenses  inciuTcd  under  these 
workmen,  according  as  they  were  enn)loyed,  are  entered  under 
their  own  peculiar  divisions.  The  same  regular  system  of 
arrangement  is  pursued  in  all  the  Rolls  I  have  examined,  and 
being  once  understood,  it  becomes  a  sim])le  matter  to  refer 
to  an  item  of  expenditure  under  any  of  these  departments. 
They  are  a  class  of  records  little  consulted,  and  still  less  ap- 
preciated, but  they  are  nevertheless  a  most  curious  and  valu- 
able series  of  documents,  serving  to  illustrate  in  a  most 
instructive  manner,  the  comparative  value  of  labour  in  Great 
Britain.  They  are  replete  with  Medieval  statistics,  copious 
in  architectm-al  nomenclature,  and  above  all  they  throw  great 
light  on  the  science  of  Pyrgology,  developing  the  nature  of 
military  tenures  and  military  defences,  at  a  period  when  the 
barons  of  England  were  living  in  continual  rebellion  against 
the  CroAMi,  and  when  the  nation  at  large  had  its  thoughts  and 
energies  entirely  tm-ned  to  resistance  and  war. 

It  cannot,  I  think,  but  be  deemed  an  historical  loss  that  all 
these  documents  should  have  remained  almost  unexamined, 
and  perhaps  it  is  a  fond  hope  that  the  unpatriotic  economy 
which  checked  the  publication  of  even  a  specimen  of  one  of 
them,  should  be  compensated  for  by  the  zeal  of  those  societies 
whose  aim  and  institution  is  professedly  to  elucidate  British 
History  and  Antiquities.  The  talents  and  discrimination  of 
the  Rev.  Joseph  Hunter,  have  shewn  however,  how  they  may 
be  rendered  subservient  to  increasing  oiu  knowledge  of  art, 
when  it  rose  to  its  greatest  height  hi  our  country,  and  j\Ir. 
Botfield  by  printing  at  his  own  charge  an  entire  Roll,  has  fur- 
nished a  memorable  example  of  taste  and  munificence.  But 
as  regards  the  future,  while  the  press  will  reek  with  the  ink  of 
unread  re})rints  and  impure  l^lizabethan  pamphlets,  these,  the 
varied  records  of  England's  greatness,  the  (iEXUiXE  sources 
of  liistory,  civil,  military,  and  ecclesiastical,  the  evidences  of 

3  c 


£12 

2 

3 

1 

2 

0 

1 

7 

0 

4 

8 

5 

3 

9 

2 

0 

5 

0 

.     1 

18 

0 

, 

4 

(i 

6 

6 

370  ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE. 

by-gone  events  that  serve  to  cast  a  ray  of  intellectual  sunshine 
over  the  dusky  town  and  the  ruined  hamlet,  wiU  be  left 

To  the  memorial  majesty  of  Time, 
Impersonated  in  their  cahn  decay. 

The  Miscellaneous  UoUs  in  the  Queen's  Remembrancer's 
Office,  give  the  following  disbursements  for  repairs  carried  on 
at  Rockingham  castle. 

In  the  year  1279^  expended  on 
Carpenters'  work 

Quarrymen  .... 

Plasterers  .... 

Carpenters  .... 

Ralph  the  baker  making  an  oven 
The  purchase  of  a  stool  {stagnuiii) 
Por  glazing  the  windows 
Tor  boards  bought  at  the  fair  of  St.  Botulph's 
At  Melton  .... 

For  nails  .... 

Master  Milo  the  carpenter,  for  making  the  passage 
{claiistrum)  and  door  to  the  chamber  of  the 
Queen  .  .  .  .  .14 

For  the  expenses  of  Master  Thomas,  in  the  week  in  which 
was  the  feast  of  St.  Lawrence,  upon  the  stars,  in  the  little 
chamber  of  the  king  and  in  the  great  chamber  of  the  king — 
{circa  astres  or  asfro.i),  probably  stars  of  Bethlehem  (a  common 
conventional  decoration,  as  may  still  be  seen  on  a  cope  of 
crimson  velvet  preserved  at  Chipping  Campden,  and  also  on 
the  vaulting  of  the  Blessed  Virgin's  chapel  in  the  cathedral  of 
Canterbmy),  and  upon  stools  {stanna)  in  the  Queen's  chamber, 
stairs  and  windows  in  the  tower,  and  plastering  the  rooms 
there,  and  placing  a  cage  {cahies)  upon  the  wall  of  the  tower 
and  barbecan,  with  his  eight  underlings,  because  they  were 
found  in  victuals  {quia  prcehentur),  9^.  ^d.  The  cage  was  a 
kind  of  defence  in  which  men  standing  under  shelter  might 
throw  down  stones  and  fire  on  the  besiegers ;  it  was  sometimes 
called  a  lantern. 

To  Michael  de  Welydon,  John  de  Cotingham,  and  Maurice 
de  Stanerne,  layers,  making  the  walls  about  the  green- 
house {viridarium)  near  the  chamber  of  the  Queen,  2>s.  6d. 
namely   to   each,    1^.   2d.     In  payment   to   seven  labourers 

'•^  Miscellaneous  ]{o]l,  7  Edw.  I. 


ROCKINCIHA.M   CASTLE.  371 

of  the  aforesaid  with  spades  {Iiocci.^)  removing  earth,  5.y.  3r/. 
And  it  is  to  be  noted,  that  of  the  said  nine  labourers,  as 
appears  in  the  preceding  week,  two  of  them,  to  wit,  Henry 
Amund  and  Ralph  de  Essex  left  jMaster  G.,  of  whom  one 
departed  altogether,  and  the  other  joined  himself  to  the 
plasterer  and  served  him,  because  his  workman  had  left  him. 

In  payments  to  Rosa,  the  daughter  of  Alexander  the  baker, 
Agnes  de  Colevile,  Avicia  Cooke,  Avicia  the  daughter  of  the 
plumber,  John  Scot,  Ivota  the  wife  of  Adam  le  Chapman,  and 
John  Cooke,  workpeople,  moving  the  earth  Avith  shovels  and 
barrows  ('  cum  hoccis  et  civereis'  Ktvew,  moveo)  towards  the 
granary,  55.  Sd.,  each  per  w^eek  9cl 

In  papnents  to  Ralph  the  painter  for  whitewashing  the 
closet  and  vaulting  {circa  clausfrtrm  dealbandiim  et  voUicium), 
\s.  4id.  In  payments  to  Alexander  his  son,  Is.  3d.  In  pay- 
ments to  William  his  son,  dd. '' 

In  payment  to  a  carpenter  for  carpentering  in  the  ward- 
robe of  the  Queen  by  task-work,  and  working  in  the  donjon, 
40.S. — et  condiihandum  (condulandum  ?) — V.  Du  Cange  sub 
voce.  Dido.  Against  Edward  the  carpenter,  for  one  great  rope 
of  hemp,  brought  for  lifting  materials,  2  Of/.  In  payment  made 
to  a  })lumber  for  the  gutter  of  the  aforesaid  wardrobe,  2  Of/. 
For  grease  {inicto)  bought  for  the  same  plumber,  5^f/.  ^ 

The  expenses  of  William  Ne\A^ort,  from  the  feast  of  Easter 
to  that  of  St.  Michael,  1278,  were  £21.  6^. ;  on  the  castle 
alone,  £17.  19.5-.'^     On  this  roll  there  occm's, 

In  payments  to  four  men  digging  and  cleaning  the  sun-dial 
of  the  gable  {r/ahette  solarium),  near  the  hall,  by  task-work, 
2^.  ()f/.     {Solarium  is  also  a  balcony.) 

For  carrying  slate  from  Harringworth  {carriacio  petrcje  de 
sJatte),  for  stone  from  Welledon  and  Stanerne,  £12.  10*.  dd. 
Purchase  of  boards  at  St.  Botulph,  20^'.;  of  lead,  £3.  VQs.  \\d.; 
of  nails,  in  the  summer,  at  Nottingham,  1 65.  Of/.'^ 

The  following  entry  furnishes  the  price  and  names  of  the 
different  sorts  of  nails  that  were  then  used. 

For  ten  thousand  of  lath  nails  {latlie  nayJe),  bought  at  Not- 
tingham, Is.  Id.,  namely,  S^d.  a  thousand.  For  two  thousand 
and  a  half  of  board  nails  {dord  nayle),  bought  at  the  same  place, 
£1.  \ls.  9f/.,  namely,  at  \s.  Qd.  a  hundred.     For  a  thousand 

'  Miscellaneous  Rdll,  7  Edw.  I.  cer's  Office,  6  Edw.  I. 

"  Roll,  4,  ."5,  Edw.  I.  •<  Roll,  9  Edw.  I. 

c  Miscellan.  Roll,  Queen's  Remcmbran- 


372  ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE. 

great  spike  nails  {mcu/nis  spilingg),  bouglit  at  the  same  place, 
3.5.  4fi?.,  namely,  at  %\d.  a  hmidred.  For  two  hmidred  and  a 
half  of  wyt  nayle,  bought  at  the  same  place,  2*.  ?id.  namely, 
at  Gf/.  a  hundred.  For  fom'  hundred  of  clout  nail  {clid  nayl), 
bought  at  the  same  place,  for  the  fastenings  and  bars  {ad 
cjjidies  {cin(/o)  et  barres),  4d.,  namely,  a  hundred  for  a  penny^. 

In  payments  to  Master  Milo,  the  carpenter,  for  joists  for  the 
chapel,  1^.  4c/.  {ad  capellam  yista?uhm^.) 

Paid  John  Smith  of  Peterborough,  for  three  great  plate- 
locks  {■pJatdoheH),  with  keys  bought  for  the  gate  of  the  castle 
and  Gillot's  door  (o5/?o  de  Glllot),  2s.  3c/. ;  and  to  the  same, 
for  two  pair  of  fastenings  {garneUis)  for  different  windows, 
at  4c/.  a  pair,  {infra  cadnnii  ibidciti  ^jendendum^ .) 

Among  the  expenditure  of  the  5tli  of  Richard  II.  (1381- 
1382.),  which  amounted  to  £208.  3-5.  2c/.,  there  is  an  entry  to 
Robert  de  Corby,  for  different  stones  called  '  ashlers,  corbeles, 
and  tables,'  for  the  Avorks,  V2s.  Gd.^ 

The  expenses  of  repairs  from  the  last  day  of  January  in  the 
5th  year  of  Richard  II.  (1382.),  to  the  feast  of  St.  Michael,  in 
the  8th  year,  1385,  were  £129.  8^.  Id 

Amongst  the  miscellaneous  items  appear  the  following : 

Twenty  cart  loads  of  stone  bought  at  Stanerne,  and  used  in 
corbeles  and  tables.  For  six  Tribulets  of  iron,  2^.  3c/.,  {tnhii- 
lisferreis.)  This  military  engine  was  probably  the  same  as  the 
Trebuchet.  (See  Du  Cange,  sub  voce.)  For  three  iron  spades 
{va)i(/is),  15c/.,  and  for  two  crocks  {crokis),  and  one  riddle 
{rc'dele)  for  sifting  lime  and  sand,  and  for  a  vessel  {cima) 
bought  for  putting  water  in  for  the  mortar  of  the  tilers,  2^.  4c/. 
And  for  two  iron-hooped  buckets,  bought  for  drawing  water 
from  the  fountain,  3-?.  And  in  fine  cords  bouglit  as  well 
for  drawing  water,  as  for  the  clips  {sterynges),  (stringo?)  and 
strengthenings  of  the  scaffolds,  containing  161b.  at  2\d.  per  lb. 
And  for  two  ladders  bought  at  Ryhale,  4c/. ' 

And  for  twelve  pair  of  lesser  hooks  and  hinges  {liohes  et 
heiiyles)  bouglit  for  the  small  doors  and  great  windows  of  the 
castle. 

In  payments  to  Robert  Patrick,  for  making  hurdles  or  clayes 
and  barrows  {cleyas  et  civeris),  10c/.  In  payments  to  Hugh 
the  Blacksmith,  for  repairing  stancheons  {staunzonum),  10c/.    In 

e  Roll,  9  Edw.  I.  ^   Ibid.,  5  Ric.  II. 

f  Ibid.,  10  Kdw.I.  '  Ibid. 

K   Ibid.,  ;{  Ric.  II. 


ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE.  373 

])nymcnts  to  Ralpli  Pncy,  for  repairing  the  shingles  (roof?) 
{cj//idf(/i.s),  i4:(i.  In  payments  to  Richard  of  Cotingham,  the 
smith,  for  mending  the  iron-work  {ferramento)  of  the  masons 
and  qnarrymen,  lis.  4c/.  In  payments  to  four  men  em[)tying 
the  df//i-e//o//6-e?  {tomllani,  torreo?)  and  carrying  hnie  into  the 
hall,  ?^s.^ 

For  3i  11).  of  wax,  bonght'  for  cement  {ad cimcnf/uu),  2ld.  at 
()d.  a  lb.  In  2  lb.  of  frankincense.  Or/.  In  5  lb.  of  lees  (coda) 
and  1  lb.  of  pitch,  did.  Amongst  the  cost  of  utensils  are  the 
following ;  Por  a  fork  {f/j^a)  bought  at  Rothwell,  for  the  use  of 
the  masons,  4ld.  For  a  stoup  (j^-fo/jpa),  lid.  For  six  spades 
{vangci),  10c/.  In  payments  to  Baldwyn  de  Rokingham,  for 
])lacing  tAvelve  rhigs  {circtdos)  upon  the  forks  and  stoups  of  the 
material  belonging  to  our  lord  the  king,  and  for  six  wooden 
hoops  of  his  own  nuiterial  u})on  the  large  standing  vessels 
{c//nas)  with  water  near  the  cistern  {mort/rarltf))/),  did.  For  six 
large  hoops  {ojjis)  bought  for  one  large  vessel,  with  the  wages 
of  one  man  making  a  vessel,  and  mending  other  different 
forks,  G|c/. 

The  next  entries  ha\dng  reference  to  a  quantity  of  iron 
bought  at  Nottingham,  the  account  is  rendered  according  to 
the  pieces  used.  For  two  new  wedges,  made  at  the  quarry  of 
Welledon,  and  for  mending  a  wedge,  and  for  two  small  wedges 
for  fastenmg  the  head  of  a  hammer  {marce/i)  with  the  same, 
three;  pieces ;  for  mending  a  hammer,  and  making  a  new  one, 
four  pieces  :  for  two  irons  for  extending  the  cistern  {mortar) 
from  the  wall,  and  buying  one  wedge,  one  piece  :  for  eight 
bills  {f/oioncs),  eight  hoops  {Jiojjcs),  eight  stocks,  and  half  a  hun- 
dred of  nails  for  four  barrows  {ct/veria),  and  in  mending  one 
wedge,  four  pieces  :  for  making  two  new  hammers,  five  pieces  : 
for  one  iron  dish  {patella)  in  Avhich  the  cement  is  burnt  and 
made,  together  with  an  old  dish,  one  piece  :  for  mending  three 
wedges,  and  making  two  new  ones,  three  pieces :  for  making 
one  new  iron  rake  for  the  mason,  and  mending  another  rake, 
one  piece :  for  making  two  new  mattocks  {Ii(jonlIji/s),  three 
pieces :  for  four  fastenings  {f/iimp/ns'^')  for  the  door  of  pantry 
{del  vit)  near  the  small  chamber  close  to  the  chapel,  and  for 
one  fastening  for  the  door  of  the  same  chapel,  and  two  fasten- 
ings for  the  door  of  the  pantry  {del  vit)  in  the  tower,  four 
pieces :    for  four  fastenings  for  a  door   of   the   small   privy 

Roll,  4  Edw.  I.  "'  r6fj.(potcrt  5'  apa  r-i'iv  ye  /cat  ap/xoyi-rjcni/ 

'    ItoU,  8  Edw.  I.  apnpt.—  llom.  Odys.  1.  v. 


374  ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE. 

{cloaca)  near  the  new  chamber,  and  for  a  door  inside  the  closet 
{le  vif)  near  the  chapel  and  the  castle  wall,  and  for  fourteen 
bars  for  two  windows  within  the  great  cellar  and  the  pantry 
{dom  del  vif)  near  the  chapel,  and  for  a  window  in  the  small 
cellar  between  the  chapel  and  the  castle  M^all,  and  for  a  small 
window  in  the  pantry,  and  for  eighteen  stays  {clavonihus)  for 
the  wall  of  the  tower  beyond  the  fountain;  and  for  twenty 
spiknails  {spihingg)  for  the  seat  of  the  aforesaid  privy,  near 
the  new  tower  (t/irriohim),  five  pieces :  for  two  buttons  {verte- 
n  ell  is)  and  two  fastenings  for  a  window  in  a  room  of  the  tower, 
and  mending  one  poleaxe,  one  piece :  for  two  pointed  bars 
(Janceis),  eight  transoms  {traverse7m)  and  four  fastenings 
{(/umfs)  for  the  cellar  near  the  chapel  and  under  the  chapel, 
nine  pieces  :  for  making  a  large  new  hammer,  seven  pieces,  to 
wit  for  the  quarry  of  Weldon  :  for  making  one  new  gaveloc 
for  the  quarry  of  Weldon,  and  mending  another,  nine  pieces : 
for  twenty-four  transoms  {traversenis),  twenty-two  hooks  and 
one  pointed  bar  {lancea)  for  the  rooms  in  the  tower  and  the 
small  chamber  near  the  chapel,  seventeen  pieces  :  for  three 
pointed  bars  {lanceis)  for  the  windows  under  the  chapel  and 
the  king's  chamber,  three  pieces  :  for  one  poleaxe  for  the 
quarry  at  Stanion,  three  pieces :  for  mending  one  pickaxe 
{pill  01/ s),  one  piece :  for  three  fastenings  {(/iiiujjJiis),  and  one 
transom  {travarseni)  for  the  window  towards  the  —  {Sanso- 
riu),  one  piece  :  for  two  hundred  of  nails  and  staples  {stag- 
natis)  made  for  different  doors,  three  pieces :  for  twenty-four 
sides  for  two  doors  of  the  salting-room,  two  pence  ?  {sides  ad 
duo  hostia  salsarii)  :  for  one  fastening  {seriira)  for  a  door  of  a 
certain  little  cellar  in  the  tower,  fom*  pieces". 

The  history  of  the  Manor  is  so  intimately  woven  with  that 
of  the  Castle  that  even  were  it  essential,  it  would  become  diffi- 
cult entirely  to  separate  them.  Yet  as  they  are  occasionally 
mentioned  without  immediate  reference  to  each  other,  a  few 
facts  connected  with  the  former  will  not  be  deemed  irrelevant. 

At  the  great  survey  of  the  Norman  Conqueror,  Rocking- 
ham was  in  the  hands  of  the  Crown.  It  was  returned  as 
having  one  hide ;  the  arable  land  was  three  carucates ;  and 
five  villancs  with  six  cottagers  had  three  carucates.  It  had 
been  held  by  Bovi,  with  sac  and  soc.     In  the  Confessor's  time 


"  Tlie   reader   must  be   aware  that   the       Latin    text,    tliat    he    may   be    enabled   to 
meaning  of  several  of  these  terms  is  anibi-       supply  more  correct  equivalents, 
guous,  and   I   have   therefore  printed  the 


ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE.  375 

it  lay  waste,  but  William  ordered  a  castle  to  be  built.  The 
demesne  was  valued  at  twenty-six  shillings". 

It  probably  continued  in  the  hands  of  the  Crown  for  several 
years,  the  first  grant  of  the  manor  with  the  Fair  disthict  from 
the  castle,  being  made  to  Alianora,  grandmother  of  Henry 
III.,  (Eleanor  of  Guienne),  in  1224''.  The  profits  arising 
from  fairs  and  markets,  nuist  in  those  times  have  been  some- 
tlnng  considerable,  since  we  find  Henry  HI.,  in  the  eighth 
year  of  his  reign  (1224),  directing  William  de  Insula  (Lisle) 
who  was  then  constable  of  the  castle,  that  the  proceeds  of 
the  fair  held  on  the  exaltation  of  the  cross  in  the  preceding 
year,  should  be  reserved  for  the  use  of  the  king's  mother, 
Isabella  of  France'^.  It  had,  however,  been  included  previously 
in  the  ample  dowry  of  her  Majesty  by  King  John'.  (1203.) 

In  1271,  we  find  the  manor  in  the  hands  of  Edmund,  earl 
of  Cornwall,  sou  of  Richard,  king  of  Germany ^  who  then  ob- 
tained the  grant  of  a  market  here  every  Friday'. 

In  1315,  Edward  the  Second  possessed  the  manor '^. 

In  1329,  Edward  the  Third  confirmed  the  grant  to  his 
mother  Isabella^. 

In  1346,  he  granted  to  his  consort  Philippa,  for  her  life,  a 
certain  spot  in  the  forest  of  Rockingham,  containing  sixty 
acres,  in  aid  of  the  repairs  of  the  castle,  described  as  being 
then  ruinous''. 

The  castle,  domain,  and  manor  of  Rockingham,  were  confirmed 
to  Queen  JNlargaret,  wife  of  Henry  VI.,  with  all  theii"  privileges, 
together  mth  the  village  and  manor  of  Brigstock,  and  the 
wood  and  bailiwick  of  Clifl',  for  the  term  of  her  natural  life^. 
Granted  jNIarch  19,  24th  of  Hen.  VI.,  confii-med  32nd  Hen.  VI., 
resumed  by  the  Crown  4th  Edw.  IV. ^  In  1464,  the  manor, 
with  the  castle  and  forest,  was  settled  on  the  Queen  Elizabeth, 
by  Edward  the  Fom'tli,  for  her  natural  life'',  and  confirmed 
to  Elizabeth,  7th  of  July,  7th  of  Edw.  IV. '^  Raulf  Has- 
tjnges,  esquire,  keeper  of  the  royal  lions,  William  Has- 
tynges,  knight.  Lord  Hastynges,  constable  of  the  castle,  and 
surveyor  of  the  verte  and  venison  in  the  forest  of  Rokyngham, 
steward  of  the  lordships  and  manors  of  Rokyngham,  Brigstock, 

"  Domesday,  vol.  i.  p.  220.  "  Plac.  de  quo  Warn,  p.  556.     Nomina 

P  Lit.  Rot.  Claus.,  p.  58L  Villanim  apud  Pari.  Writs,  p.  39L 

1  Ibid.  "  Author,  apud  Bridges,  p.  334. 

'  Calend.  Rot.  Chart.,  p.  30.  Rymer's          »  Rot.  Ori<r.,  p.  181. 

Foedr.,  vol.  i.  p.  88.  5th  John.  y  Roll  of  Pari.,  vol.  v.  p.  261. 

s  Calcnd.  Rot.  Chart.,  p.  207.  '  Ibid.,  p.  517. 

«  Bridge's    Northants,   vol.    ii.    p.  3-34,  *  Pat.,  5  Edw.  IV. 

(luotinp:  Cart.  5C)  lien.  III.  •*   Roll  of  Pari.,  vol.  v.  p   (527. 


376  KOCKINGHAM  CASTLE. 

and  Cliffe,  master  of  the  forest  and  parkes%  4tli  Edw.  IV. 
These  privileges  were  confirmed  to  them  the  7th  of  Edw.  IV. '^ 

The  act  of  resmnption,  1st  of  Hen.  VII.,  confirms  tlie  office 
of  constable  and  of  steward  of  the  castle,  lordship,  and  manor 
of  Rockingham,  and  the  office  of  master  forester  of  the  forest 
of  Rockingham,  and  aU  the  parks  within  the  same  forest,  to 
John  Lord  Wefies^ 

By  virtue  of  the  tenure  of  this  manor  with  Wymundham^ohn 
de  Clyfton,  knight,  5th  of  Richard  II.,  claimed  to  discharge 
the  office  of  butler  at  the  king's  coronation,  which  had  been, 
he  stated,  unjustly  given  to  the  earl  of  Arundell,  at  the  coro- 
nation of  Richard  the  Seconds. 

In  1396,  the  custody  of  the  Lordship  was  granted  to  Wil- 
liam Brauncepath  for  the  term  of  twtlve  years,  at  the  annual 
rent  of  four  pounds  two  shillings  and  one  penny ^.  And  by 
this  rent,  it  was  afterwards  held  by  Thomas  Palmer,  of  Rock- 
ingham, in  the  year  1442,  for  the  same  term'. 

In  1551,  it  was  given  to  Edward  Lord  Clinton. 

The  manor  next  came  to  Sir  Edward  Watson,  subse- 
quently to  Sir  Lewis  Watson,  who,  zealously  attached  to  the 
royal  cause,  garrisoned  the  castle  for  the  service  of  Charles  the 
First,  and  who,  in  consideration  of  his  loyalty,  was  afterwards 
created  (1645)  Baron  Rockingham,  of  Rockingham. 

In  1714,  Lewis  Watson,  created  Earl  of  Rockingham,  pos- 
sessed the  manor.  The  title  devolved  in  1745  upon  his 
brother  Thomas,  who  dying  in  1746  the  earldom  became  ex- 
tinct, but  the  barony  came  to  his  cousin,  Thomas  Went  worth, 
created  Marquess  of  Rockingham,  1746,  and  this  dignity  also 
became  extinct  in  1 750.  The  manor,  hoAvever,  has  from  the  time 
of  Lewis,  Lord  Rockingham,  been  vested  in  the  Watson  family. 

Leland  describes  the  castle  as  presenting  the  following 
appearance  in  his  time  :  "The  castelle  of  Rokingham  standith 
on  the  toppe  of  an  hille,  right  stately,  and  hath  a  mighty  diclie, 
and  bullewarks  agayne  withoute  the  diche.  The  utter  waulles 
of  it  yet  stond.  The  kepe  is  exceeding  fair  and  strong,  and  in 
the  waulles  be  certein  strong  towers.  The  lodgings  that  were 
within  the  area  of  the  castelle  be  discovered  and  faul  to  mine. 
One  thing  in  the  wauUes  of  this  castelle  is  much  to  be  notid, 

c  Roll  of  Pari.,  vol.  v.  p.  533.  co.  Rutland. 

"*  Und.,  \}.  598.  «  Roll  of  Pari.,  vol.  iii.  p.  131. 

•=   Ibid.,  vol.  vi.  p.  370.  ^  Fin.,  20  Ric.  II. 

^  The  lord  of  the  manor  of  Wymondley,  '  Ihid.,21  Hen.  VI. 

county  Herts,  presents    a    maple    cup  at  ^  Ibid.,  5  Edw.  VI. 

the  coronation.     There  is  a  Wymondliani 


ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE.  377 

that  is  that  they  be  cnihattelid  on  bootli,  so  that  if  tlie  area  of 
the  castelle  were  won  by  cumming  in  at  either  of  the  two 
greate  gates  of  the  castelle,  yet  the  kc])crs  of  the  waulles  might 
defende  the  castelle*.  I  marked  that  there  is  a  stronge  tower 
in  the  area  of  the  castelle,  and  from  it  over  the  dungeon  dike 
is  a  drawljridge  to  the  dungeon  toureV 

After  the  frequent  reference  that  has  been  made  to  repairs 
carried  on  through  several  succeeding  reigns,  the  reader  will 
naturally  enquire  about  its  present  state.     Viewed  in  the  dis- 
tance, the  building  exhibits  an  ajjpearance  rather  remarkable 
for  solidity  and  extent,  than  for  a  bold  and  varied  outline.  Yet 
on  a  closer  approach,  after  having  wound  through  a  rugged 
defile  })artially  overgrown  with  furze  and  ancient  timber,  the 
entrance  gate,  with  its  long  extending  cm-tain  walls  on  either 
side,  stands  prominently  forward  in  all  the  severe  simplicity  of 
form  that  characterizes  an  Early  English  castle.     It  is  more 
than  probable  that  one  of  the  preceding  extracts  has  relation  to 
this  barbican,  at  all  events  the  profile  of  the  mouldings  authorizes 
us  in  referring  its  erection  to  the  time  of  Edward  I.    Hence  pass- 
ing onward  we  reach  what  was  originally  the  outer  bailey,  but 
which  at  present,  as  the  drawing  (p.  357)  will  better  explain, 
forms  the  iunnediate  entrance  to  that  portion  of  the  castle, 
partly  of  the  13th  and  partly  of  the  16th  centmies,  which  is 
still  inhabited.  The  equilateral-headed  arch,  with  its  deep  mould- 
ings, (see  fig.  3,  p.  358),  the  opposite  door  communicating  with 
a  second  quadrangle,  and  the  exterior  mouldings  yet  visible, 
where  a  huge  chimney  is  buttressed  out  from  the  present  hall, 
(which  was  ])rol)al)ly  also  the  ancient  one,)  indicate  that  the 
whole  of  this  portion  of  the  building  is  of  the  same  age. 
Though  they  be  but  mere  fragments,  there  are  always  some 
unerring  marks  to  be  met  with,  which  will  clearly  reveal  the 
history  of  a  place,  and  which,  amid  all  subsequent  alterations 
or  embellishments,  carry  us  back  to  an  earlier  date.     There  is 
an  instance  of  this  kind  here  :  and  though  the  inexperienced  or 
wandering  eye  may  for  a  moment  be  detained  from  pm'suing 
the  search  after  truth,  by  stopping  to  examine  the  two  royal 
coffers  which  adorn  the  hall,  (see  p.  359,)  or  on  passing  onwards 
tlu'ough  the  spacious  room  adjacent,  be  again  arrested  to  ad- 
mire the  curiously  sculptm'cd  armorial  bearings  that  mark  the 
succession  of  noble  possessors  who  have  lived  and  acted  within 
its  walls ;  yet  once  more  breaking  away  from  the  memorials 

'  Itiii.,  vol.  i.  p.  It. 

3  1) 


378 


ROCKINGHAM  CASTLE. 


which  the  taste  of  each  has  amid  all  the  successive  changes 
and  restorations  engrafted,  we  still  discover  other  evidences, 
externally,  to  prove  the  same  antiquity  for  the  whole  of  this 
portion  of  the  castle. 

We  have  now  again  reached  the  spacious  enceinte  [cindci), 
but  are  tempted  to  loiter  on  the  level  grass,  and  among  the 
ever  verdant  topiaries,  resigning  ourselves  to  the  enchantments 
of  the  glorious  prospect  that  lies  in  unending  variety  and  rich- 
ness below  us.  At  the  extremity  of  this  enclosure  we  reach 
the  mound  on  which  formerly  rose  the  massive  keep,  but  be- 
yond the  mound  there  are  no  traces  of  it  discernible.  The 
whole  of  this  enclosure,  comprehending  about  three  acres  and 
a  half,  is  bounded  by  the  old  wall  {promurale). 

We  now  pause  to  di-aw  a  momentary  contrast  between  the 
early  state  of  Rockingham  Castle  and  that  exhibited  at  the 
present  day.  We  deplore  the  loss  of  much  of  the  ancient 
fortress,  but  we  recognise  in  its  place  a  variety  of  Elizabethan 
and  Jacobean  architecture  that  is  marked  by  the  peculiar 
features  of  those  styles :  the  imagination  strives  to  recal  the 
glittering  array  of  visor'd  boAvmen  and  feudal  state,  but  these 
are  supplanted  by  the  smiling  aspect  of  happy  cottagers  with 
their  neatly  cultivated  gardens :  a  spacious  school,  (itself  no 
unworthy  structm^e,)  and  the  glittering  spires  thickly  rising 
out  of  the  vale  of  the  Welland,  shew  that  an  attention  to  the 
highest  interests  of  the  population  has  kept  pace  with  their 
knowledge  of  an  improved  system  of  agriculture,  and  thus  far 
tended  to  verify  the  truth  of  that  apothegm  appropriately  written 
by  Sir  Lewis  Watson  in  letters  of  gold  on  the  beams  of  the 
castle  hall,  that  "  the  :  howse  :  shal  -.  be  :  preserved  :  and  : 

NEVER  :  WIL  :  DECAYE  :  WHEARE  :  THE  :  ALMIGHTIE  :  GOD  :  IS  : 
HONORED  :  AND  :  SERVED  :  DAYE  :  BY  :  DAYE  :  1579." 


CHARLES    HENRY    HARTSHORNE. 


J    Fift 


rian   of  Oateway. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CENTRAL  COMMITTEE 


3lJriti5&  '^icljacological   '^Issoctation. 


SliPTKMUKR  28. 

Mr.  T.  Ciofton  Cioker  read  an  account  of  further  excavations  of  barrows  on 
Breach  Downs,  nuule  subsequent  to  the  Canterbury  meeting. 

"  On  the  l()th  of  September,  1844,  Lord  Albert  Conyngham  resumed  his  examina- 
tion of  the  barrows  on  Breach  Downs,  and  opened  eight  more  in  the  presence  of 
the  Dean  of  Hereford  and  Mr.  Crofton  Croker. 

In  No.  1.  The  thigh  bones  and  scull  were  found  much  decayed;  close  by  the 
right  hip  was  a  bronze  buckle,  which  probably  had  fastened  a  leather  belt  round 
the  waist,  in  which  had  been  placed  an  iron  knife,  the  remains  of  one  being  dis- 
covered near  the  left  hip  of  the  skeleton. 

No.  2.  The  only  thing  found  in  this  grave  was  a  very  small  'fragment  of  a  dark- 
coloured  sepulchral  urn,  with  a  few  small  bones,  and  the  jaw  of  a  young  person  in 
the  process  of  dentition. 

No.  ;5.  The  bones  in  this  grave  were  much  decayed.  Several  fragments  of  iron 
were  found  near  the  head,  and  on  the  right  side  of  it  a  bronze  buckle,  very  similar 
to  that  found  in  No.  I.  but  rather  smaller.  By  the  left  side  of  the  scull  an  iron 
spear-head  was  discovered,  about  ten  inches  in  length. 

No.  4.  In  this  grave  the  bones  were  remarkably  sound,  and  were  those  of  a  vei^ 
tall  man  ;  the  thigh  bone  measured  twenty  inches.  An  ornamental  bronze  buckle 
was  found  on  the  right  hip,  attached  to  a  leather  belt,  which  crumbled  to  pieces 
ui)on  exposure  to  the  air,  and  the  right  arm  was  placed  across  the  body.  To  the 
buckle  was  attached  a  thin  longitudinal  plate  of  bronze,  which  had  two  cross- 
shaped  indentations  or  perforations  in  it,  and  the  face  of  the  plate  was  covered 
over  with  engraved  annulets. 

No.  5.  Presented  a  skeleton,  in  the  scull  of  which  the  teeth  were  quite  sound  and 
perfect.  At  the  feet  some  iron  fragments  were  found,  supposed  to  be  parts  of  a 
small  box,  and  this,  on  subsequent  examination,  has  proved  to  be  the  case,  as  a 
hinge  of  two  longitudinal  pieces  of  iron  connected  by  a  bronze  ring  has  been 
developed.     At  the  right  side  was  part  of  an  iron  spear  or  arrow-head. 

No.  6.  In  this  grave  the  hones  were  so  much  decayed  that  they  could  only  be 
traced  by  fragments  mixed  up  with  the  chalk  rubble,  and  the  only  article  found 
was  the  remains  of  an  iron  spear-head. 

No.  7.  Although  it  was  conjectured  from  the  confused  state  in  which  several 
beads  and  other  articles  were  found  in  this  grave  that  it  had  before  been  opened, 
it  was  the  most  interesting  of  the  eight.  At  the  foot  several  broken  pieces  of  a 
slight  sepulchral  urn  of  unbaked  or  very  slightly  baked  clay,  some  of  them  marked 
with  patterns,  were  discovered  ;  and  also  fragments  of  iron  presumed  to  have  been 


380  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

parts  of  a  small  box.  An  iron  knife  was  found  on  the  left  side  of  the  body,  which 
appeared  from  the  jaw  being  in  the  process  of  dentition  to  have  been  that  of  a 
young  person,  and  probably  a  female,  from  the  discovery  of  the  following  beads 
about  the  neck  and  chest : — 

Three  beads  of  reddish  vitrified  clay ;  a  spiral  bead  of  green  glass ;  a  bead  of 
green  vitrified  clay  ;  an  amethystine  bead  of  a  pendulous  form  ;  a  small  bone  bead, 
and  a  small  yellow  bead  of  vitrified  clay,  with  a  small  bronze  pin  not  unlike  those 
at  present  in  common  use,  except  that  the  head  appeared  as  if  hammered  out  or 
flattened,  and  close  under  it,  and  about  the  centre  of  the  pin,  ran  three  ornamental 
lines. 

No.  8.  Was  remarkable  from  the  body  having  been  buried  at  an  angle  with  the 
other  interments,  lying  nearly  north  and  south  (the  head  to  the  south).  The  scull 
was  a  finely  formed  one  and  evidently  that  of  a  very  old  man.  Nothing  besides 
the  bones  was  discovered  in  this  grave. 

On  the  17th  of  September,  Lord  Albert  Conyngham  accompanied  by  Mr.  Crofton 
Croker,  resumed  the  examination  of  the  barrows  at  Bourne,  in  the  vicinity  of  those 
which  had  been  opened  in  the  presence  of  the  members  of  the  British  Archaeolo- 
gical Association  on  the  10th  instant.  In  the  first  grave  opened  some  fragments 
of  bone  were  found  in  a  state  of  great  decay,  and  a  small  bit  of  green  looking 
metal,  (supposed  to  have  been  part  of  a  buckle,)  near  the  centre  of  the  grave.  From 
another  barrow  part  of  a  bone  ornament  or  bead,  stained  green  as  was  conjectured 
from  contact  with  metal  was  obtained.  Several  mounds  which  appeared  like 
barrows  were  examined,  and  it  was  ascertained  they  did  not  contain  graves. 

A  slight  examination  of  two  or  three  barrows  upon  Barham  Downs,  most,  if  not 
all  of  which  are  known  to  have  been  opened  by  Douglas,  was  entered  upon,  but 
nothing  beyond  several  fragments  of  unbaked  clay  urns  was  turned  up. 

It  is  remarkable  that  large  flint  stones  are  found  at  the  sides  and  at  the  head 
and  feet  of  almost  all  the  graves  examined  at  Breach  Downs  and  Bourne ;  from 
which  it  is  presumed  that  these  flints  might  have  been  used  to  fix  or  secure  some 
light  covering  over  the  body  in  the  grave  before  the  chalk  rubble,  which  had  been 
produced  liy  the  excavation,  was  thrown  in  upon  it. 

Mr.  Wright  read  the  following  communication  from  the  Rev.  Harry  Longueville 
Jones,  relating  to  the  neglect  and  destruction  of  some  churches  in  Anglesey : — 

"  The  church  of  Llanidan  stood  close  behind  the  house  of  Lord  Boston, 
the  church-yard  wall  being  the  boundary  of  his  lordship's  premises,  and  one 
of  the  areas  of  the  house  passing  slightly  under  the  church-yard.  The  church 
itself  was  a  building  principally  of  the  Decorated  period,  but  a  north  aisle, 
going  the  whole  length  of  the  edifice,  was  of  late  Perpendicular  work.  The 
church  consisted  of  a  central  aisle,  that  on  the  north  just  mentioned,  and  a 
southern  transept  or  chapel,  which  might  have  corresponded  to  a  northern 
transept  or  chapel,  before  the  north  aisle  was  added:  this  chapel  or  transept 
was  of  early  and  very  rude  Decorated  work.  The  east  window  of  the  cen- 
tral aisle  was  of  good  Perpendicular  execution,  but  of  singular  design.  There 
was  a  south  porch  to  the  nave,  and  a  bell-gable  at  the  west  end,  stayed  up  by 
strong  buttresses,  the  walls  having  apparently  given  outwards  at  this  spot.  I 
arrived  at  this  church  (July,  1844)  at  a  period  when  the  roof  had  been  completely 
strip])"(l  ofl',  and  all  the  wall  between  the  south  transept  and  the  south  porch  had 
been  pulled  down  :   the  wurlwUicn  were  then  building  a  wall  across  the  nave  so  as 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  381 

to  convert  the  two  western  bays  of  it  and  of  the  north  aisle  into  a  chapel,  which  I 
was  informed  was  to  be  nsed  in  future  for  the  porforniance  of  the  l)urial  service. 
All  the  walls  of  the  church,  then  standing,  all  the  fillars,  all  the  ivindinrs  with 
their  mullions,  with  the  exception  of  the  wall  at  the  west  end  under  the  bell-gable, 
tvere  in  perfectlt/  sound  condition,  verif  good  in  their  masonri/,  quite  vertical,  with- 
out any  synii)toins  of  decay.  The  on  1 1/  part  of  the  church  that  seemed  tveah  was 
that  part  irkich  the  workmen  were  then  converting  into  a  chapel.  The  roof  which 
had  l)een  taken  off  was  good,  and  the  timber  had  been  purchased  by  a  gentleman 
in  the  neighbourhood  to  use  in  the  repairs  of  his  house,  and  were  of  excellent  oak 
(commonly  called  chesnut.) 

"  Now,  it  may  be  asked,  why  should  this  church  have  been  demolished:  was  it 
ruinous  ?  Certainly  not  :  £200  or  £300  at  the  outside  would  have  rebuilt  the 
west  end  and  reshingled  the  roof.  Was  it  too  smM  P  apparently  not;  fur  the  new 
church  huilt  to  replace  it  does  not  occupi/  a  ghk.vtkr  arka.  The  new  church  built 
on  a  spot  about  a  mile  distant,  is  of  most  barbarous  pseudo-Norman  design  :  of 
stout  execution  apparently,  but  not  stouter  than  the  old  edifice,  and  it  has  been 
erected  at  a  cost  of  upwards  of  £600. 

"  Many  of  the  details  of  the  old  church  were  exceedingly  valuable  ;  there  were 
several  stones  bearing  armorial  shields ;  the  font  was  a  very  remarkable  one,  and 
it  lies  in  the  part  now  converted  into  a  chapel :  there  was  a  famous  stone  kej)t  in  the 
old  church  to  which  one  of  the  most  interesting  legends  of  the  country  was 
atUiched.  Fortunately  I  was  able  to  measure  and  carefully  delineate  every  portion 
of  the  edifice  as  it  then  remained. 

"The  church  of  Llanedwen  in  the  grounds  of  Plas  Newydd,  (the  INIarquis  of 
Anglesey's,)  a  building  in  perfeclhj  good  condition,  and  of  high  interest  from  vari- 
ous circumstances  attending  it,  is  also  threatened  with  demolition. 

"  The  church  of  Llanvihangel  Esgeifiog,  one  of  the  most  curious  churches  in  the 
island,  (of  the  early  Perpendicular  period,)  of  beautiful  details,  and  quite  large 
enough  for  the  parish,  has  been  abandoned,  because  the  roofs  of  the  south  transept 
and  part  of  the  central  aisle  xvant  repair.  About  £300  would  restore  this  church 
completely,  a  new  one  will  cost  from  £000  to  £700.  It  is  said  that  it  is  to  be 
pulled  down  shortly,  and  a  new  one  built  in  another  part  of  the  parish. 

"  The  churches  of  Llechylched  aiul  Ceirchiog,  as  well  as  the  church  of 
Llancugraid  (the  latter  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  valuable  relics  of  the  island) 
have  been  abandoned  for  some  time  past ;  their  windows  are  mostly  beaten  in, 
without  glass,  and  they  serve  only  as  habitations  for  birds,  which  frequent  them 
in  flocks.  Service  is  performed  in  them  only  for  burials,  the  inhabitants  go  for 
worship  to  other  neighbouring  churches." 

An  abstract  of  INIr.  Jones's  letter  was  ordered  to  be  forwarded  to  the  Bishop  of 
Bangor,  and  to  the  Archdeacon  of  Bangor. 

My.  Smith  read  a  communication  from  Mr.  George  K.  Blyth,  of  North  Walsham, 
on  some  Roman  remains  recently  discovered  at  about  three  miles  from  that  town. 

"  Some  labourers  on  the  fann  of  Mrs.  Seaman,  of  Felmingham  Hall,  Norfolk, 
were  carting  sand  from  a  hill,  when  part  of  the  sand  caved  in  and 
exposed  to  view  an  earthen  vase  or  urn,  of  a  similar  shape  to  the 
annexed,  covered  with  another  of  the  same  form,  but  coarser 
earth  ;  the  top  urn  or  cover  had  a  ring-handle  at  the  top,  within 
were    several    bronze   or   brass   figures,   ornaments,   \c.  ;    the 


382  PROCEEDINGS    OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

bottom  vase  is  very  perfect,  and  made  of  a  similar  clay  to  that  called  '  terra 
cotta.'  Amongst  the  brasses  a  female  head  and  neck,  snrraounted  with  a  helmet, 
like  to  that  we  see  on  the  figures  of  Minerva,  the  face  is  flattened  and  the 
features  rather  bruised ;  an  exquisite  little  figure  about  3  inches,  or  3.^  high,  hold- 
ing in  one  hand  either  a  bottle  or  long-ucckcd  cruet,  and  in  the  other  a  patera, 
or  cup,  probably  intended  for  a  Ganimede,  certainly  not  a  faun  ;  a  larger 
head,  thick  necked,  close  curling  hair  and  beard,  features  well  formed,  the 
scalp  made  to  take  off",  evidently  only  part  of  a  figure,  originally  from  18 
inches  to  2  feet  in  height,  not  unlike  some  drawings  I  have  seen  represent- 
ing Jupiter ;  this  specimen  is  hollow,  and  the  eyes  are  not  filled.  A  small 
square  ornament,  something  like  an  altar,  stands  upon  four  feet;  a  small  wheel; 
a  pair  of  what  appear  to  have  been  brooches  or  buckles  with  heads  in  the 
centre ;  two  birds,  one  holding  a  pea,  or  something  round,  in  its  beak,  these 
were  originally  attached  to  something  else,  probably  handles  to  covers ;  a 
round  vessel,  very  shallow,  about  10  or  11  inches  in  circumference,  having  a  top 
and  bottom  soldered  together,  but  now  separated,  the  top  having  a  hole  in  the 
centre  about  the  size  of  a  sixpenny  piece  ;  two  small  round  covers  ;  a  long 
instrument  about  Ij  feet,  not  unlike  a  riding-whip  in  form,  of  the  same 
metal,  it  has  an  ornamented  handle,  and  terminates  in  shape  to  a  spear-head, 
but  at  the  point  it  finishes  with  a  round  ;  another,  similar  to  the  above,  the 
handle  gone ;  the  head  differs  in  being  double,  two  spears  at  right  angles 
springing  from  the  same  point  with  small  wings  at  the  bottom  of  each  edge; 
several  narrow  strips  of  the  same  metal,  one  apparently  intended  to  be  worn 
at  the  top  of  the  mantle  or  tunic,  just  below  the  throat,  the  others  are  of  various 
lengths." 

Mr.  Smith  also  read  a  letter  from  Mr.  W.  S.  Fitch,  of  Ipswich,  enclosing  a 
notice  of  this  discovery  from  Mr.  Goddard  Johnson,  of  Norwich.  Mr.  Smith  re- 
marked that  these  communications  afforded  an  exemplification  of  the  utility  of  the 
Association,  in  the  fact  of  three  memliers  having  thus  interested  themselves  so 
promptly  in  making  a  report  of  this  discovery. 

Mr.  W.  Sidney  Gibson,  of  Tynemouth,  informed  the  Committee  that  the  report 
published  in  the  '  Times'  respecting  the  contemplated  destruction  of  the  remains 
of  Berwick  Castle,  to  make  way  for  a  terminus  to  the  North  British  Railway,  is 
not  strictly  correct. 

]Mr.  G.  Godwin  communicated  the  substance  of  his  remarks  made  in  the 
Architectural  section  at  Canterbury,  on  the  masons'  marks  he  had  observed  in 
many  of  the  stones  in  the  walls  of  Canterbury  Cathedral.  These  marks  appear  to 
have  been  made  simply  to  distinguish  the  work  of  diff'erent  individuals,  (the  same 
is  done  at  this  time  in  all  large  works),  but  the  circumstance  that  although  found 
in  diU'erent  countries,  and  on  works  of  very  diff'erent  age,  they  are  in  numerous 
cases  the  same,  and  that  many  are  religious  and  symbolical,  and  are  still  used  in 
modern  free-masonry,  led  him  to  infer  that  they  were  used  by  system,  and  that  the 
system  was  the  same  in  England,  Germany,  and  France. 

In  Canterbury  Cathedral  there  is  a  great  variety  of  these  marks,  including 
many  seen  elsewhere  in  various  parts  of  Europe.  They  occur  both  in  the  oldest 
part  of  the  crypt,  the  eastern  transept  (north  and  south),  and  the  nave.  The 
wall  of  the  north  aisle  of  the  latter  is  covered  with  them,  and  here  the  stones 
are  seen  in  many  cases  to  have  two  marks,  as  in  the  cut:  perhaps  that  of  the 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  383 


overseer,  in  additiDn  to  that  of  the  mason,  as  the  former  (tlic  N.  \ 

shaped  mark  in    this   ease)    appears   in    connexion   with   \arioiis    |\/    ""^^V 
other  marks  in  other  phices.      In  the  nave  the  marks  are  from  / 

1  inch  to  1.]  inch  \ong  ;  in  the  earlier  parts  of  tlic  1)nilding-  they  are  hirger  and 
more  coarsely  fonned". 

OcTODER  9. 

Mr.  Way  exhibited  several  carefully  detailed  drawinc:s,  representing  a  stone 
cross,  which  is  to  be  seen  on  the  shores  of  Lough  Neagh  ;  they  were  executed  by 
Thomas  Oldham,  Esq.,  of  Dublin,  who  communicated  the  following  account  of 
this  remarkable  piece  of  sculpture. 

"  As  far  as  I  know,  you  have  not  in  England  any  thing  of  e([ual  beauty.  Here 
these  stone  crosses  are  abundant;  that  at  Arboe,  of  which  I  send  the  drawings,  is 
situated  on  a  small  projecting  point  on  the  western  shore  of  Lough  Neagh,  in  the 
county  of  Tyrone,  and  being  in  a  district  hut  little  frequented,  is  less  known  than 
many  others.  Whether  we  consider  its  situation,  or  its  intrinsic  beauty  of  pro- 
portion and  elaborate  ornaments,  it  is  a  splendid  monument  of  the  good  taste  and 
piety  of  the  limes  in  which  it  was  erected.  It  is  close  to  the  old  church  of  Arboe, 
near  which  is  also  the  ruin  of  an  ecclesiastical  establishment  or  college,  which, 
tradition  says,  was  very  famous.  The  cross  itself  is  formed  of  four  separate 
pieces  ;  the  base  or  plinth,  of  two  steps  ;  the  main  portion  of  the  shaft,  a  rectangle 
of  18  inches  by  12  inches;  the  cross,  and  the  mitre,  or  capping  stone.  These 
])ieces  are  let  into  each  other  by  a  mortice  and  tenon-joint.  The  total  height 
from  the  ground,  as  it  stands,  is  21  feet  2  inches.  The  material  is  a  fine  grit,  or 
sandstone.  The  subjects  of  the  sculptured  comi)artmcnts  appear  to  be  all 
scriptural:  Adam  and  Eve,  the  garden  of  Eden,  the  sacrifice  of  Isaac,  the 
Crucifixion,"  kc.  Mr.  Way  observed  that  the  early  sculptured  crosses  which 
exist  in  various  parts  of  the  realm  deserve  more  careful  investigation  than  has 
hitherto  been  bestowed  upon  them.  The  curious  group  of  these  crosses  at 
Sandl)ach,  in  Cheshire,  affords  a  remarkable  example,  of  which  a  representation 
may  be  found  in  Ormerod's  Histoiy  of  that  county ;  a  singular  and  very  ancient 
shaft  of  a  cross  on  the  south  side  of  Wolverhampton  church,  Staffordshire,  merits 
notice.  Several  crosses,  most  elal)orately  decorated  with  fretted  and  interlaced 
work,  are  to  be  found  in  South  Wales  ;  some  of  them  bear  inscriptions,  which 
might  probably  serve  as  evidence  of  the  period,  or  intention,  with  which  they  were 
erected.  Those  which  best  deserve  observation  exist  at  Carew,  and  Nevern,  in 
I'embrokeshire  ;  Margam,  Porthkcrry,  and  Llantwit  Mayor,  in  Glamorganshire  ; 
and  not  less  curious  examj)k's  arc  to  be  seen  in  the  North  of  the  Principality  ;  at 
Tremeirchion,  Holywell,  and  Diserth,  in  Flintshire.  Mr.  Way  shewed  also  some 
sketches,  recently  taken  by  him,  of  the  ornamental  sculpture  on  a  stone  cross,  and 

'  "  A  circiunstauce  occurred  tlic  next  to  tlie  cathedral  ;  wlicn  there,  he  called 
morning  in  connexion  with  this  subject  one  of  the  elder  men,  and  told  him  'to 
which  is  perhaps  worthy  of  mention.  A  make  his  mark  upon  a  piece  of  stone.' 
member  of  the  Association  believing  that  The  man  having  complied,  and  being 
the  marks  were  quite  arbitrary  on  the  part  asked  why  he  made  that  particular  form, 
of  the  workmen,  and  had  no  connexion  said  it  was  his  father's  mark,  and  his 
either  one  with  another,  or  with  '  free-  grandfather's  mark,  and  that  his  grand- 
masonry,'  requested  Mr.  Godwin  to  ac-  father  had  it  from  '  the  Lodge.' " 
company  him  to  the  mason's  yard  attached 


384 


PROCEEDINGS    OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 


portions  of  two  others,  existing  at  the  little  clmrch  of  Penally,  near  Tcnhy.  One 
perfect  cross  remains  erect  in  the  church- 
yard ;  two  portions  of  a  second  were  found 
employed  as  jamhs  of  the  fire-place  in  the 
vestry ;  these,  hy  permission  of  the  vicar, 
the  Rev.  John  Hughes,  were  taken  out,  and 
one  of  them  was  found  to  he  thus  inscribed, 
Hec  est  crux  quani  a^dificauit  meil  doninc.  .  . 
A  large  portion  of  the  shaft  of  the  third,  most 
curiously  sculptured  on  each  of  its  four  sides, 
was  extricated  from  concealment  under  a 
gallery  at  the  west  end  of  the  church,  and 
it  will  be  placed  in  a  suitable^  position  in 
the  church-yard.  It  had  been  noticed  by 
some  writers  as  the  coffin,  according  to  local 
tradition,  of  a  British  prince.  By  compa- 
rison with  the  curious  scul])turc  of  the  twelfth 
century,  noticed  l>y  ]\Ir.  Wright  in  his  ac- 
count of  Shobdon  church,  Mr.  Way  con- 
jectures that  possibly  these  crosses  may  have 
been  reared  at  the  period  of  Archbishop  Bald- 
win's Mission,  in  1 1 87,  but  some  of  the  orna- 
ments appear  to  bear  an  earlier  character. 

Mr.  George  White,  of  St.  Edmund's  Col- 
lege, Old  Hall  Green,  Herts,  communicated 
the  following  note  on  the  emblems  of  saints. 

"  I  perceive  with  great  pleasure  that  the 
interesting  subject  of  the  emblems  of  saints 

will  again  be  brought  forward  by  the  Society ;  I  beg  to  supply  a  few  omis- 
sions and  corrections  of  the  article  which  appeared  in  the  first  number  of  the 
Archaeological  Journal. 

Page  57.  After  "  St.  Waltheof,"  read  Aug.  3. 

Page  59.  St.  Henry  VI.  K.  this  is  a  mistake  ;  Henry  VI.,  though  held  in  great 
veneration  by  his  subjects,  has  never  been  canonized  or  added  to  the  number  of 
the  saints.  The  mistake  may  have  arisen  from  his  name  occurring  on  the  day  of 
his  death  (May  22.)  in  the  Sarum  Missal.  But  this  was  only  the  case  with  those 
printed  in  Henry  the  Seventh's  reign,  in  order  that  mass  might  be  recited  for  the 
repose  of  his  soul. 

Ibid.  After  "  St.  Withburga,"  read  July  19. 

Page  60.  The  ladder  was  an  emblem  of  perfection,  portraying  the  various  steps 
l)y  which  the  soul  arrived  at  perfection.  This  figure  is  taken  from  Jacobs  dream. 
It  was  also  one  of  the  emblems  of  our  Saviour's  passion. 

Page  ()1.  After  St.  Wolstan,  read  May  30. 

Ibid.  After  St.  Wendelin,  read  Oct.  20. 

Page  63.  Instead  of"  Seven  cardinal  virtues,"  read  "  Three  theological  virtues, 
l''aith,  Hope,  and  Charity ;  and  four  cardinal  virtues.  Justice,  Prudence,  Temper- 
ance, and  Fortitude." 

Il)id.  "  Seven  Mortal,"  read  "Seven  Deadlv. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 


38- 


Page  G3.  For  "  Acceclia"  misspelt  for  "  Accidia,"  read  "  Sloth." 
Mr.  Goddaid  Johnson  forwarded  some  further  particmlars  relative  to  the  dis- 
covery at  I'VIminfihani.  He  writes,  "  Amonf^  the  objects  discovered  is  a  line  head 
of  the  Emperor  Valerian,  (jj  inches  high  ;  a  head  of  Minerva  4^  inches  high ;  a 
beautiful  figure  of  a  cup-bearer,  3  inches  high,  dressed  in  a  tunic  and  buskins  ;  all 
these  are  in  bronze.  There  are  many  other  articles  the  names  of  which  I  do  not 
know,  but  I  shortly  hope  to  be  able  to  send  lithographic  representations  of  all  of 
them,  together  with  full  particulars  of  the  discovery.  I  may  add  there  were  two  or 
three  coins,  one  of  which  in  base  silver  is  of  Valerian." 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Biickland  informed  the  Committee  that  he  was  about  to  prosecute 
his  researches  into  the  Roman  remains  near  Weymouth,  an  account  of  which  he 
had  laid  before  the  Association  at  Canterbury.  He  and  the  Rev.  W.  D.  Cony- 
beare  had  visited  the  site,  and  found  abundant  evidence  confirmatory  of  ex- 
tensive subterranean  works.  They  had  already  uncovered  the  angles  of  a  build- 
ing, some  curious  walls,  and  the  corner  of  a  pavement.  It  appeai-s  that  in  the 
time  of  George  the  Third  a  large  tessellated  pavement  was  discovered  at  the 
spot,  which  was  excavated  at  the  cost  of  the  king,  who  had  it  covered  up  again. 

Mr.  Smith  exhil)ited  drawings  of  three  inscribed  votive  altars  forwarded  by  Mr. 
Joseph  Fairless,  of  Hexham,  and  read  the  following  note  from  that  gentleman  : — 
"  The  three  rough  sketches  are  of  Roman  altars,  found  at  Rutehester,  a  week  or 
two  ago ;  this  is  the  fourth  station  on  the  line  of  the  Roman  wall  westward  from 
Newcastle.  There  were  five  altars  turned  up,  lying  near  the  surface  of  the  soil, 
outside  the  southern  wall  of  the  station.  The  three  altars  delineated  are  in  ex- 
cellent preservation  ;  one  of  the  others  appears  to  be  dedicated  likew  ise  to  the  sun, 
but  the  inscription  is  nearly  obliterated.  The  last  is  smaller,  about  2  feet  high, 
mthout  any  apparent  inscription.  AVith  regret  I  add,  that  a  statue  likewise 
found  was  broken  up,  for  the  purpose  of  covering  a  drain  by  the  labourers  era- 
ployed  ;  timely  intervention  saved  the  altars." 


1. 

Within  a  wreath  the  word  deo  : 


2. 


3. 

DEO  INVICTO 
MYTRAEP.  AEL 
TI.   VLLVS  PRA 
VIS  LLM. 


DEO  SOLI  INVIC 
TBCL  DECMVS 

beneath  cornelanto 

L  SENTIVS  MVS  PRAEF 

CASTVS  TEMPI,.  RESTIT. 

LEGVi.  D.  P.  on  the  base,  a  figure  holding  a  bull  by  the  horns. 

No.  2.  of  these  inseriptiinis  informs  us  that  a  temple  of  the  Roman  station  which 
had  from  some  cause  become  dilai)idated,  had  been  restored  by  the  Prefect  Cor- 
nelius Antonius,  and  the  dedications  on  Nos.  2.  and  3.  shew  that  it  was  a  temple 
erected  to  the  Sun  or  Mythras,  which  deity  is  implied  in  the  word  deo  on  No.  1 , 
a  votive  altar,  the  gift  of  a  soldier  of  the  sixth  legion,  named  L.  Sentius  Castus. 
The  altars  are  probably  as  late  as  the  middle  of  the  third  century,  or  later. 

Mr.  Smith  also  exhibited  a  drawing  forwarded  by 
Mr.  Parker,  of  a  sccatta,  the  property  of  the  Rev. 
G.  M.  Nelson,  of  Boddicot  Grange,  near  Banl)ury, 
and  observed  that  it  was  an  unpublished  specimen, 
and  extremely  interesting,  as  shewing  in  a  striking 
manner  the  way  in  which  the  early  Saxons  copied 

3  E 


386 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 


the  Roman  coins,  then  the  chief  currency  of  the  country.  Without  compar- 
ing this  with  the  prototype,  it  would  he  impossible  to  conjecture  what  the 
artist  had  intended  to  represent,  but  by  referring  to  the  common  gold  coins  of 
A^alentinian,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  grotesque  objects  upon  the  reverse  of  the 
Saxon  coin  are  derived  from  the  seated  imperial  figures  on  the  Roman  '  aureus,' 
behind  which  stands  a  Victory  with  expanded  wings.  This  practice  of  imitation 
is  strikingly  exemplified  by  the  accompanying  cuts  kindly  furnished  by  the 
Council  of  the  Numismatic  Society.  The  joined  cuts  represent  the  obverse  and 
reverse  of  a  coin  of  Civlwlf,  King  of  Mercia,  A.D.  874  ;  the  other  is  the  reverse  of 


a  gold  coin  of  Valentinian.  Mr.  Hawkins,  who  has  published  this  coin  in  his 
paper  on  the  "Coins  and  Treasure  found  in  Cuerdale,"  observes:  "The  diadem  and 
dress  of  the  king  is,  like  that  of  many  other  Saxon  kings,  copied  from  tliose  of 
the  later  Roman  emperors :  but  a  reverse  upon  an  indisputably  genuine  coin,  so 
clearly  copied  from  a  Roman  type,  has  not  before  appeared''."  The  inscripticm 
on  the  reverse  of  the  penny  of  Civlwlf  is  ealdovvlf.  menta.  for  Ealduif 
Monetarins. 

A  letter  was  read  from  Archdeacon  King,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  a  letter 
from  the  Secretary,  and  a  copy  of  the  "  resolution"  passed  at  Canterbury,  relative 
to  the  paintings  in  East  Wickham  church,  and  stating  that  he  had,  immediately 
upon  the  receipt  of  the  letter,  requested  information  upon  the  matter  from  the 
minister  and  churchwardens. 

A  letter  was  read  from  Messrs.  Hodges  and  Smith,  of  Dublin,  to  Lord  Albert 
Conyngham,  on  an  account  attached  to  the  genealogy  of  the  Waller  family,  vmder 
the  name  of"  Richard  Waller"  upon  a  roll  dated  162.5,  which  refers  to  the  building 
of  Groombridge  House  in  the  county  of  Kent,  for  Richard  Waller,  by  the  Duke  of 
Orleans,  taken  prisoner  by  him  at  the  battle  of  Agincourt. 

Upon  the  suggestion  of  the  Rev.  J.  B.  Deane,  it  was  resolved,  that  the  Com- 
mittee authorize  their  secretary,  Mr.  Smith,  to  visit,  inspect,  and  report  upon  some 
remains  on  the  site  of  a  supposed  Roman  villa  on  Lanliam  Down,  near  Alresford, 
Hants,  with  a  view  to  enable  the  Hon.  Col.  Mainwaring  Ellenker  Onslow  to  form 
an  opinion  respecting  the  probable  success  of  an  excavation  on  an  extended  scale 
about  to  be  undertaken,  if  advised,  by  that  gentleman. 

Mr.  Wright  read  a  communication  from  the  Rev.  Lambert  B.  Larking,  who 
stated  that  "  a  few  weeks  since  some  labourers,  in  digging  for  gravel  on  the  hill 
above  the  manor-house  of  Leckhampton,  about  two  miles  from  Cheltenham, 
suddenly  came  upon  a  skeleton,  in  a  bank  at  the  side  of  the  high-road  leading 
from  Cheltenham  to  Bath.  It  was  lying  doubled  up  about  3  feet  under  the 
surface  ;   it  was  quite  perfect,  not  even  a  tooth  wanting.     On  the  skull,  fitting 

''   Numismatic  Clnonicle,  vol.  v.  p.  10. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  387 

as  closely  as  if  moulded  to  it,  was  the  frame  of  a  cap,  consisting  of  a  cir- 
cular hoop,  with  two  curved  bars  crossing  each  other  in  a  knob  at  the  top  of  the 
head.  This  knob,  finishing  in  a  ring,  seems  to  have  been  intended  for  a  feather, 
or  some  such  military  ensign.  Tlie  rim  at  the  base  is  nearly  a  perfect  circle,  and 
the  bars  are  curved,  so  tliat  the  entire  framework  is  itself  globular.  The  bars  are 
made  apparently  of  some  mixed  metal,  brass  fused  with  a  purer  one ;  they  are 
thin  and  plial)le,  and  grooved  ;  the  knob  and  ring  are  brass,  covered  with  verdi- 
gris, while  the  bars  are  smooth  and  free  from  rust.  When  first  found,  there  was  a 
com])lete  chin  chain,  of  this  only  three  links  remain,  those  next  the  cap  very 
much  worn.  The  skull  is  tinged  at  the  top  with  green,  from  the  pressure  of  the 
metal,  and  in  other  parts  blackened,  as  though  the  main  material  of  the  cap  had 
been  felt,  and  the  bars  added  to  stiflen  it.  Tliey  are  hardly  calculated  from  their 
slightness  to  resist  a  sword  cut,  but  the  furrowed  surface  gives  them  a  finish  and 
proves  that  they  must  have  been  outside  the  felt.  Nothing  else  whatever  was 
found.  A  black  tinge  was  distinctly  traceable  all  round  the  earth  in  which  the 
body  lay."  A  lloman  camp  rises  immediately  over  the  spot  where  this  relic  was 
found,  and  large  traces  of  Koman  interment  are  found  within  a  hundred  yards 
of  it. 

October  23. 

Mr.  C.  R.  Smith,  referring  to  the  minute  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Central 
Committee  on  October  9th,  stated,  that  in  compliance  with  the  request  of  the 
Committee  he  had  visited  the  site  of  the  Roman  remains  at  Bighton,  in  Hamp- 
shire, and  in  the  following  report  detailed  the  result  of  his  examination  of 
them : — 

"  The  field  in  which  indications  of  Roman  buildings  had  been  noticed  is  called 
Bigliton  Woodshot,  and  is  situate  in  tiie  parish  of  Old  Alresford,  on  the  border  of 
the  parish  of  Bighton,  within  the  district  of  Lanham  Down.  Until  within  about 
ten  or  twelve  years,  that  portion  of  the  field  occupied  by  the  buildings  was  a  waste 
tract  covered  with  bushes  and  brushwood.  It  is  now  arable  land,  but  in  conse- 
quence of  the  foundations  of  the  buildings  being  so  near  the  surface,  is  but  of  little 
worth  to  the  agriculturist.  Some  years  since  many  loads  of  Hints  and  stones  were 
carted  away  as  building  materials  from  the  lower  part  of  the  field,  when  it  is 
probable  some  portion  of  the  foundations  may  have  been  destroyed,  as  the 
labourers  state  they  found  walls  and  rooms  which,  from  their  being  rouo-hly 
paved,  and  containing  bones  of  horses,  they  supposed  were  the  stables.  From 
irregularities  in  the  surface  of  the  ground,  as  well  as  from  vast  quantities  of  flints 
and  broken  tiles,  the  Ibundations  appear  to  extend  over  a  space  of,  at  least,  one 
hundred  square  yards.  Across  about  one  half  of  this  area,  I  directed  two  labourers 
to  cut  two  transverse  trenches,  and  ordered  them  to  follow  out  the  course  of  such  walls 
as  they  might  find,  and  lay  them  open  without  excavating  any  of  the  enclosed 
parts.  The  Rev.  George  Deane,  the  Rev.  W.  J.  E.  Rooke,  and  the  Rev.  Brymer 
Belcher,  from  time  to  time  attended  the  excavations,  and  afforded  me  nuicli 
assistance. 

"  In  the  course  of  a  week's  labour  we  have  laid  bare  the  walls  of  two  rooms, 
each  measuring  15  paces  by  (5.1,  and  distant  from  each  other  about  20  paces;  an 
octagonal  room  distant  2t>  paces  from  the  nearer  of  the  other  rooms,  and  measuring 
5>  paces  across ;  portions  of  a  wall  near  the  octagonal  room,  and  of  one  about  20 


388  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

paces  in  another  direction.  The  walls  of  the  octagonal  room  are  constructed  of 
flints,  and  coped  with  stone  resembling  the  Selbourne  stone ;  those  of  one  of  the 
long  rooms  are  of  flints  coped  with  red  tiles.  The  mortar  in  all  is  of  a  very  in- 
ferior description,  and  in  a  state  so  decomposed,  that  in  no  instance  have  I  found 
it  adhering  either  to  the  flints  of  the  walls  or  to  the  tiles,  which  have  been  used  in 
the  buildings. 

"  It  would  be  premature  upon  such  a  very  partial  and  superficial  investigation, 
to  predict  what  may  be  expected  to  be  discovered  should  these  extensive  founda- 
tions be  thoroughly  examined ;  but  it  may  be  reasonably  expected  that  several 
more  apartments  would  be  easily  met  with  adjoining  those  already  indicated  by 
the  recent  excavations.  It  is  possible  that  some  may  contain  tessellated  pave- 
ments, although  the  floor  of  one  of  the  rooms,  as  far  as  we  could  ascertain,  is  un- 
paved  ;  others  as  yet  unexamined  may  be  of  a  superior  description,  as  vestiges  of 
painted  wall,  flue  and  hypocaust  tiles,  would  lead  us  to  suppose.  The  splendid 
tessellated  pavements  found  at  Bramdean  eight  miles  distant,  at  Thruxton,and  in 
other  parts  of  the  county  of  Hants,  aff"ord  additional  inducement  to  any  authorized 
individual  to  carry  on  the  researches  I  have  commenced  by  the  wish  of  the  Com- 
mittee, especially  when  it  is  considered  that  the  loose  building  materials  would 
alone  repay  the  trifling  expense  incurred,  and  that  the  land  would  be  materially 
improved  by  the  removal  of  the  masses  of  fallen  masonry  which  at  present  prevent 
its  cultivation.  In  the  same  field  is  a  barrow  bearing  the  significant  appellation 
of  Borough-shot." 

Mr.  Smith  then  stated  that  he  had  visited  and  inspected  Carisbrook  Castle, 
in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  which  is  in  a  sad  state  of  dilapidation,  and  apparently  going 
fast  to  utter  decay  and  ruin,  for  the  want  of  proper  precaution  being  taken  to 
hinder  visitors  and  others  from  wantonly  destroying  the  walls  and  buildings. 

Mr.  Thomas  King,  of  Chichester,  forwarded  drawings  of  some  Egyptian  anti- 
quities in  the  museum  of  that  town,  and  the  Rev.  T.  Beauchamp  presented  four 
lithograph  drawings  illustrative  of  Buckeuham  Ferry  church. 

November  13. 

Mons.  Lecointre-Dupont  presented  through  Mr.  C.  R.Smith:  1.  Projet  de 
Cartes  Historiques  et  Monumentales.  Poitiers,  1839.  2.  Histoire  des  rois  et 
des  dues  d'Aquitaine  par  Mm.  de  la  Fontenelle  de  Vaudore  et  Dufour.  3.  Notice 
sur  deux  tiers  de  sol  d'or  Merovingieus,  et  Note  sur  un  denier  de  Catherine  de 
Foix,  par  M.  Lecointre-Dupont.  Mons.  de  Caumont  presented  through  Dr. 
Bromet: — 1.  Inspection  des  Monuments  Historiques;  par  M.  De  Caumont,  8vo. 
Caen,  1844.  2.  Rapport  Verbal  sur  les  Antiquites  de  Treves  et  de  Mayence  ;  par 
M.  de  Caumont,  8vo.  Caen,  1843. 

Mr.  Wright  read  a  letter  from  W.  H.  Gomonde,  Esq.,  of  Cheltenham,  announc- 
ing the  forniati(m  of  a  branch  Committee  of  the  Archa;ological  Association  at  that 
place  for  the  county  of  Gloucester,  of  which  Mr.  Gomonde  had  been  chosen  chair- 
man, and  Mr.  H.  Davies  had  consented  to  act  as  secretary.  Good  service  is  to  be 
expected  from  the  exertions  of  this  committee,  and  the  formation  of  such  branch 
committees  in  diff'erent  parts  of  the  country  cannot  be  too  strongly  recommended. 

Mr.  Wright  at  the  same  time  exhibited  an  electro  typed  impression,  forwarded 
by  Mr.  Gomonde,  of  a  gold  British  coin  found  at  Rodniarton.  It  is  one  of  those 
hitherto  attributed  toBoadicea.  (See  Ruding,  fig.  3.  pl.2i>.)  Mr.  Gomonde  questions 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  389 

the  correctness  of  tliis  appropriation,  and  suggests  the  probability  of  the  inscription 
uoDvo  referring  to  the  Boduni. 

Mr.  Way  laid  before  the  Committee  the  following  instances  of  impending 
desecration  : — 

"  St.  John's  church,  near  Laughton  le  Morthen,  Worksop,  Yorkshire,  having 
ceased  to  be  of  utility  as  a  place  of  worship  for  the  parishioners,  and  used  only  at 
present  on  the  occasion  of  funerals  in  the  adjacent  cemetery,  is  to  be  left  to  fall  into 
decay,  and  is  now  in  a  state  of  great  dilapidation.  The  vicar  is  the  Rev.  J.  Hartley. 
Mr.  Galley  Knight  has  great  influence  in  that  part  of  the  country.  The  Trinity 
College  Kirk,  Edinburgh,  is  condemned  to  be  demolished,  to  accommodate  the 
projectors  of  a  railway,  in  the  line  of  which  it  chances  to  be  placed.  The  town 
council  have  been  in  vain  petitioned  on  the  subject.  The  few  remaining  traces  of 
Berwick  Castle  are  also  condemned,  to  suit  the  convenience  of  a  railway  company. 
However  inconsiderable  the  fragments  of  construction  may  be  which  mark  the  site 
of  this  border  fortress,  they  surely  deserve  to  be  preserved,  as  a  memorial  of  no 
small  historical  interest.  At  all  events  these  kind  of  "  vandal"  acts  should  be 
brought  under  the  notice  of  the  public  in  our  Journal,  as  statements  made  at  the 
Committee  meetings."  Mr.  Way  also  stated  that  the  Eev.  George  Osborne,  of 
Coleshill,  Warwickshire,  reports  the  discovery  of  a  small  brass  in  the  church 
at  that  place,  whicli  is  now  detached  from  its  slab,  but  the  indent  to  which  it 
appertains  appears  in  the  pavement  of  the  chancel,  and  the  brass  will  shortly 
be  replaced.  "  This  brass  appears  to  be  mentioned  by  Dugdale,  in  his  detailed 
account  of  sepulchral  memorials  at  Coleshill,  as  Alice  Clifton,  widow  of  Robert 
Clifton  ;  she  died  in  1500.  It  represents  a  lady,  temp.  Hen.  VII.,  she  wears  the 
pedimental  fashioned  head-dress,  with  long  lappets,  the  close  fitting  gown  of 
tlie  period  with  tight  sleeves,  which  terminate  in  a  kind  of  wide  cuff,  by  which  the 
hands  are  covered  excepting  the  fingers,  so  as  to  have  the  appearance  of  mittens. 
Her  girdle  falls  low  on  the  hips,  being  fastened  in  front  with  two  roses,  from  which 
depends  a  chain  with  an  ornament  at  the  extremity  in  the  form  of  a  large  bud,  or 
flower,  of  goldsmiths'  work,  which  served  to  contain  a  pastille,  or  pomander,  ac- 
cording to  the  fashion  of  the  sixteenth  century,  esteemed  as  a  preservative  against 
poison."  Numerous  detached  sepulchral  brasses  exist  in  parish  churches  in  the 
country,  and  almost  every  year  we  hear  of  one  or  more  which  for  want  of  being 
secured  in  time,  are  mislaid  and  lost. 

Dr.  Bromet  remarked  that  some  brasses  commemorative  of  the  familv  of 
Mauleverer,  have  been  within  a  few  years  removed  from  a  stone  in  the  chancel  of 
St.  John's  church  near  Laughton  le  Morthen. 

Mr.  Smith,  in  reference  to  the  destruction  of  ancient  remains  by  railway  pro- 
jectors, observed,  that  the  directors  of  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway  were 
about  to  carry  their  line  through  and  destroy  one  of  the  few  Celtic  monuments 
remaining  in  this  country.  It  consists  of  thirteen  large  stones  of  Shap  granite,  and 
is  situated  in  a  field  the  property  of  the  Earl  of  Lonsdale  on  the  road  from  Kendal 
to  Shap,  and  about  two  miles  from  the  latter  placed  The  attention  of  the  Earl  of 
Lonsdale  has  been  drawn  to  the  circumstances  in  which  this  ancient  monument  is 
placed,  with  a  view  to  cfl"cct  its  preservation. 

Mr.  Wright  observed  that  it  was  very  desirable  that  the  Committee  should  keep 

■=  There  is  an  engraving  of  this  monument  iii  the  October  number  of  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine. 


390  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

a  watchful  eye  on  the  progress  of  the  numerous  railways  lately  projected.  During 
the  progress  of  excavating,  many  remains  of  antiquity  had  already  been  destroyed, 
and  although  some  articles  had  found  their  way  into  private  collections,  no  exact 
account  had  in  most  cases  been  preserved  of  the  position  and  circumstances  of 
their  discovery.  If  the  monument  alluded  to  by  Mr.  Smith  must  be  destroyed,  it 
is  to  be  wished  at  least  that  some  intelligent  observer  should  be  present  to  note 
down  any  discoveries  which  may  be  made.  Mr.  Wright  had  heard  that  antiquities 
had  been  recently  discovered  in  excavating  for  the  Margate  and  Eamsgate  rail- 
way, but  could  not  learn  what  they  were  or  what  had  become  of  them. 

Mr.  Smith  exhibited  a  sketch  of  some  early  masonry  in  the  cellar  of  a  house  iu 
Leicester,  forwarded  by  Mr.  James  Thompson,  with  the  following  letter: — 

"  On  September  28,  Mr.  Flower  of  this  town  was  informed  by  the  sexton  of  St. 
Martin's  church,  that  there  were  some  curious  arches  in  a  cellar  iu  his  occupation. 
Mr.  Flower  was  sketching  some  Norman  arches  iu  the  belfry  of  the  church,  at  the 
time,  which,  the  sexton  said,  reminded  him  of  those  in  his  cellar.  In  the  evening 
Mr.  F.  visited  the  place  in  company  with  a  few  friends,  and  was  so  much  struck 
with  the  remains,  that  he  bestowed  considerable  examination  upon  them,  and  took 
a  rough  sketch  on  the  spot.  I  should  state  that  the  house  under  which  the  cellar 
is  situated  is  an  old  one,  it  has  rather  a  large  projecting  gable,  and  is  probably 
of  the  date  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign.  The  masonry  of  the  wall  in  the  cellar  is 
composed  mainly  of  rough  irregular-shaped  pieces  of  stone,  principally  granite, 
which  are  laid  together  in  convenient  portions,  but  not  iu  regular  rows.  Over 
the  heads  of  the  arches,  intended  to  be  round,  are  rows  of  tiles,  which  are  similar 
in  shape  to  those  used  in  the  Jewry  wall,  and  which,  as  you  will  perceive,  resemble 
those  to  be  met  with  in  remains  of  Roman  origin.  There  are  also,  in  various 
parts  of  the  wall,  other  bricks  of  the  same  shape,  but  not  laid  in  order. 

"  The  following  are  the  measurements  of  the  openings :  from  the  top  to  the 
bottom  of  the  first  arch  on  the  left  hand,  48  inches  ;  width,  22  inches.  Width  of 
the  opening  in  the  recessed  part,  8  inches.  This  was  the  entire  width  of  the  actual 
openinc/.  The  depth  of  the  splaying  is  23  inches,  leaving  12  inches  on  the  outer 
side,  which  is  not  to  be  seen,  as  there  is  nothing  but  earth-work  beyond :  tJie 
entire  thickness  of  the  wall  is  however  35  inches,  from  which 
the  extent  of  the  splaying  outwardly  is  inferred.  From  the 
angle  at  the  base  of  the  outer  orifice  to  that  of  the  inner  (on 
the  cellar  side)  is  25  inches  ;  from  the  base  of  one  to  the  base  of 
the  other  is  23  inches ;  thus,  the  second  arch  is  on  the  surface 
of  the  wall,  44  inches  high,  22  wide ;  the  third,  50^  inches  by 
22  ;  and  the  fourth,  (on  the  right  of  the  picture,  and  filled  uj)  ^ 
with  ru1)lush,)  50  inches  by  24. 

"  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  cellar,  that  is,  the  eastern  one,  are  four  square  re- 
cesses, which  are  situated  2  feet  10  inches  above  the  floor,  and  in  a  line  nearly 
corresponding  in  position  with  the  arches  on  the  other  side.  They  are  15  inches 
wide  by  10  deep ;  from  the  surface  of  the  wall  to  the  back  of  each  recess  is  1 1 
inches.  The  bottom  of  each  recess  has  been  covered  with  a  large  tile.  There  are 
three  hollows,  of  less  size  and  irregular  shape,  higher  up  in  the  wall,  but  they 
may  have  beeu  made  by  accident.  On  measuring  the  dimensions  of  the  cellar,  I 
found  them  to  be  as  follows:  length  from  north  to  south,  9  yards  29  inches; 
l)rcadth  from  east  to  west,  4  yards  32  inches.     It  is  almost  exactly  two  cubes. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  391 

Tlie  heio-lit  I  forp:ot  to  measure,  l)iit  think  it  is  nearly  three  yards.  The  tliickness 
of  the  wall  on  its  south  side  is  at  least  .38  inches.  The  floor  of  the  cellar  is 
about  (i  feet  below  the  level  of  the  street.  I  ha\c  forp;nt  to  mention,  that  the 
arches  are  divided  by  a  space  of  from  29  to  .32  inches.  Thus  far  I  have  given  you 
the  facts  ;  conjectures  about  the  origin  of  this  singular  and  (to  me)  mysterious 
remain,  I  leave  to  be  made  by  your  better-infonned  friends. 

"  I  may  add,  that  the  street  in  which  the  relic  was  discovered,  is  called  Town-hall- 
lane.  Formerly,  I  learn,  it  was  known  as  Holyrood-lane,  and  the  neighbouring 
church,  now  St.  Martin's,  was  designated  St.  Cross.  The  Town-hall,  a  building  of 
the  Elizabethan  era,  is  nearly  opposite — its  western  extremity  is  exactly  opposite 
the  old  house  under  which  the  cellar  is  situated. 

"  The  original  level  of  the  ground  (before  the  made  earth  had  accumulated) 
would  not,  it  seems  to  me,  have  been  less  in  depth  than  that  which  lies  between 
the  level  of  the  street  and  the  floor  of  the  cellar.  In  some  parts  of  the  town  the 
made  earth  lies  much  deeper  than  six  or  seven  feet." 

November  13. 

Mr.  John  Dennett,  of  New  Village,  Isle  of  Wight,  presented,  through  Mr. 
Smith,  a  nibbing  of  a  sepulchral  brass  of  a  knight  of  the  fourteenth  century,  in 
Calbourne  church.  Isle  of  Wight.  "  The  brass,"  Mr.  Dennett  states,  "has  been 
broken  in  several  places,  and  is  badly  embedded  in  a  new  stone,  very  uneven  ;  in 
some  places  it  is  above,  and  in  others  considerably  below,  the  surfoce  of  the  stone. 
It  is  no  longer  in  its  original  place,  having  been  removed  during  the  late  rebuild- 
ing of  the  church.  It  was  in  a  slab  of  Purbeck  marble,  which  covered  an  altar- 
tomb  close  to  the  south  transept,  which  has  been  pulled  down,  and  the  tomb  in 
consequence  destroyed.  It  seems  that  an  inscription  and  date  was  cut  on  the 
marble,  but  not  a  fragment  of  the  slab  is  to  be  found.  The  effigies  probably  repre- 
sents one  of  the  Montacutes,  carls  of  Salisbury,  the  ancient  possessors  of  Calbourne, 
from  a  female  descendant  of  whom  the  property  came  by  marriage  to  the  Bar- 
rington  family."  Mr.  Smith  observed  that  Mr.  J.  G.  Waller,  editor  of  the 
"  Monumental  Brasses,"  from  a  peculiarity  in  the  execution  of  this  brass,  as  well 
as  from  a  striking  resemblance  of  features,  believes  it  to  have  been  engraved  by  the 
same  artist  as  one  in  Harrow  church,  Middlesex,  to  the  memory  of  John  Flam- 
bard,  and  another  to  the  memory  of  Robert  Grey,  at  Rotherfield  Greys,  Oxford- 
shire :  the  latter  bears  the  date  of  1387. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Brooke,  of  Hastings,  exhibited  a  drawing  of  a  monumental  brass 
just  discovered  beneath  the  flooring  of  the  second  corporation-pew  in  the  chancel 
of  All  Saints  church,  Hastings.  It  represents  a  burgess  and  his  wife,  the  figures 
being  two  feet  one  inch  in  length.  Above  them  is  the  word  lEljcstis  in  an  encircled 
quatrefoil,  and  beneath  an  inscription  : — "  Here  under  thys  ston  lyeth  the  bodys 
of  Thomas  Goodenouth  somtyme  burgcs  of  thys  towne  and  Margaret  his  wyf  of 
whose  soules  of  your  charite  say  a  pater  noster  and  a  ave."  There  is  no  date, 
but  from  the  costume  of  the  figures  this  monument  may  be  assigned  to  the  latter 
part  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

Sir  Henry  Ellis  communicaled  a  document  from  a  chartulary  of  the  priory  of 
Carisbrook,  relating  to  the  founding  and  dedication  of  Chale  church,  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight.  Sir  Henry  remarked  that  the  late  Sir  Richard  Worslcy  possessed  another 
register  of  the  deeds  of  Carisbrook  priory,  from  which,  in  his  "  History  of  the  Isle 


392 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 


of  Wight,"  4to.  1781,  p.  244,  he  gives  the  substance  of  this  same  instrument,  but 
he  could  not  liave  seen  its  importance  for  the  present  purpose,  that  of  ascertaining 
with  certainty  the  actual  date  of  one  of  our  old  parochial  churches,  as  he  has 
omitted  to  give  us  its  exact  date,  describing  it  merely  as  a  deed  of  the  time  of 
Henry  the  First ;  and  he  has  said  nothing  of  the  age,  the  structure,  or  even  of  the 
existence  at  the  present  time  of  a  church  at  Chale.  It  was  under  this  instrument 
that  Chale  was  made  a  parish,  separate  from  Carisbrook,  and  it  is  evident  from  it 
that  no  previous  ecclesiastical  structure  existed  at  Chale,  so  that  whatever  features 
of  the  original  architecture  are  still  to  be  traced  in  Chale  church,  however  few, 
they  may  be  of  use  as  tests  for  comparison  in  forming  an  opinion  of  the  age  of 
other  parochial  churches.  Henry  the  First's  was  a  reign  in  which  many  new 
parish  churches  were  erected ''. 

Mr.  Smith  read  an  extract  from  a  letter  from  Mr.  R.  Weddell,  of  Berwick- 
upon-Tweed  : — "  I  was  recently  at  Gilsland,  and  from  thence  took  several  short 
trips  to  examine  the  Roman  wall  in  the  vicinity.  At  Caervoran  not  a  vestige 
remains.  The  tenant  has  recently  filled  up  the  baths,  &;c.,  and  the  site  of  the  camp 
is  covered  with  potatos  and  turnips !  Notwithstanding  all  that  has  been  done  and 
said,  down  to  Hodgson,  much  remains  for  investigation,  and  I  hope  some  of  the 
Members  of  the  Association  will  soon  direct  their  steps  to  that  district.  At  Caer- 
voran I  saw  an  inscription  which  I  suspect  has  never  been  printed.  It  is  on  a 
stone  with  fluted  sides,  ornamented  on  the  top  with  a  vase,  and  i-eads 

P  ...  DOBIAN 

At  Burdoswald  another  stone  has  been  recently  found,  but  the  inscription    cadro 


is  much  defaced,  and  part  of  the  upper  side  has  been  lost.     All  I  can  

The  tenant  also  shewed  me  a  small 


make  out  of  it  is, 
brass  coin  of  the 
lately  found  on 
the  west  wall  is 


O  AC  R  .   . 

C  0  .  .  .  A  .  c  o  s 
L  I  C  I  N  I  VS  C  .  . 


emperor  Licinius,  much  defaced,  which  he 
his  farm.  The  entrance  to  the  camp  through 
distinctly  seen,  and  about  midway  between 
it  and  the  wall  to  the  north  are  several  large  stones  clasped  together  with  iron 
rods.  I  have  some  other  rough  memoranda,  which  I  shall  hereafter  write  to  you 
about,  having  pi'eviously  compared  them  with  Horseley's  "  Britannia  Romana," 


■'  Carta  Wiliielmi  Wint.  Episcopi  de 
EccLEsiA  DE  Chale. 

Anno  ab  incarnatione  Domini  M.C.  xiiij.  kal. 
Decembr.  facta  est  Conventio  in  Insula  Vecta  inter 
Ecclesiam  Sanctae  Marioe  de  Caresbroc  et  Aline- 
tum  eiusdem  Ecclesia'  presbiterum,  et  Ecclesiam 
S.  Andrea'  de  Chale,  et  Hug.  Gernun  qui  eandcm 
Ecclesiam  fundavit,  in  presentia  Wiliielmi  Giffard 
Wintoniensis  Episcopi  qui  eadem  die  pra'dictam 
Ecclesiam  de  Chale  dedicavit ;  apud  qiiam  dedi- 
cationem  exclamata  et  confirmata  est  ha>c  C"on- 
ventio  muUorum  testimonio.  Almetus  presbiter 
calumpniabatur  quod  Ecclesia  de  Chale  crat  de 
parochia  Ecclesia)  Sanct<p  Maria?  de  Cares- 
broc, et  Hugo  Gernun  dicebat  quod  homines 
de  feodo  suo  non  erant  Ecclesia?  de  Caresbroc,  vel 
alibi  atitulati,  set  vivi  potuerant  ire  antiqua  con- 
suctudine  ad  quam  vellent  Ecclesiam,  ot  mor- 
tiiorum  corpora  ulncumque  vellent  sepelire. 
Hoc  dicebat  cos  potuisse  ct  fccisse.  Alraetus 
autem  hoc  negabat,  et  per  considoratiouem  ca- 
lumpnia?  sua>  probationcm  ofFerebat.  Set  ne 
danjpnum  super  utramlibet  Ecclesiam  verteretur 
et  ut  pax  et  amor  inter  eos  et  ipsorum  amicos 
confirniaretur,  per  consideraticmem  coniniuniuin 
amicorum  et  per  concessionem  et  confiririationeiii 
Episcopi  facta  est  ha'c  Concordia.     Hug.  Gernun 


concessit  Ecclesia?  S.  M.  de  Caresbroc  totam 
medietatem  terra?  et  decimarum  et  sepulturce  et 
oblationum,  accepta  propria  domo  sua,  quas 
raiserunt  vel  mittent  ad  Ecclesiam  de  Chale  sive 
homines  in  ipsius  Hugonis  feodo  manentes,  sive 
quicunquc  alii.  Et  ad  serviciam  et  sustenta- 
tionem  et  defensionem  et  reparationem  Ecclesise 
remanet  sine  participatione  terra  qua  Hugo 
dotavit  Ecclesiam  et  decima  propriarum  caru- 
carum,  et  ut  supradictum  est  oblationes  proprice 
domus.  Et  presbiter  de  Chale  faciei  totum 
servicium  Ecclesia'  in  vivis  et  defunctis,  in  libris 
et  vestimentis,  in  defensioue  et  reparatioue,  eciam 
si  funditus  corrucrit.  Et  hoc  tolum  faciet  sine 
auxilio  et  erogatione  presbiteri  de  Caresbroc.  Et 
per  banc  Coucordiam  concessit  Alnetus  presbiter 
fieri  atrium  apud  Ecclesiam  de  Chale.  Hane 
Conventionem  Episcopus  sigilli  sui  testimonio 
approbavit,  et  sub  perpetuo  Anathemate  con- 
firmavit  ut  quicunquehanc  Conventionem  scienter 
violaverit  anathema  sit.  Tcslibus  hiis  Richerio 
capellano  Episcopi  et  decano,  Stephano  clerico, 
Rogero  de  Melafold,  Radulfo  Mansello. 

"  The  Chartulary,"  a  small  4to.  on  vellum,  in 
the  hands  of  Mr.  Rodd,  the  bookseller  of  Great 
Newport-street.     1844. 


PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  COMMITTEE.  393 

and  Hodffsoii's  account  of  tlie  Roman  wall  from  Newcastle  to  Carlisle.  The  latter 
author  (Part  II.  vol.  iii.  p.  201).  c.xiv.)  prints  the  dedication  to  the  god  Silvanus, 
now  at  Lanereost,  correctly,  but  docs  not  shew  how  the  letters  are  placed,  and 
omits  to  notice  that  in  the  last  line  the  letter  e  is  joined  to  the  preceding-  .\. 

The  Rev.  Brymer  Belcher,  of  West  Tisted,  Alresford,  Hants,  communicated  a 
notice  of  Roman  remains  at  Wick,  near  Alton.  It  appears  that  many  years  since 
a  portion  of  a  field  in  which  are  vestiges  of  extensive  huildings,  was  opened,  when 
pavements  and  walls  were  discovered,  and  immediately  broken  up  for  repairing 
the  roads,  but  INIr.  Belcher  says  that  the  foundations  of  other  buildings  are  still 
remaining  and  would  well  repay  an  excavation. 

The  Rev.  E.  G.  Walford,  of  Chipping  Warden,  contributed  a  brief  notice  of  the 
discovery  of  some  stone  coffins  at  Clalcombe  Priory,  Northamptonshire,  the 
property  of  Mr.  C.  W.  Martin,  M.P.,  accompanied  with  a  sketch  of  the  most  per- 
fect specimen. 

Mr.  Joseph  Jackson,  of  Settle,  Yorkshire,  presented  through  Mr.  Smith,  a 
lithograph  of  a  Norman  font,  lately  rescued  from  obscurity  in  Ingletou  church. 
Mr.  Jackson  reports  that  a  font  of  beautiful  workmanship  is  lying  unnoticed  and 
nearly  covered  with  grass  in  Kirkby-Malhamdale  church-yard.  It  is  used  for 
mixing  up  lime  for  whitewash,  with  which  the  arches  and  pillars  of  the  church 
are  periodically  bedavdjed.  The  repeated  application  of  the  whitewash  has  how- 
ever not  yet  entirely  obscured  all  traces  of  their  elaborate  workmanship. 

Mr.  John  Adey  Repton  communicated  notices  of  discoveries  of  three  skeletons, 
and  weapons  or  instruments  in  iron,  much  corroded,  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  camp 
at  Witham  called  Temple  Field,  and  of  urns  containing  bones  and  ashes  in  a  field 
at  the  east  end  of  the  town  of  Witham.  The  former  were  discovered  in  cutting 
the  railway,  the  latter  were  turned  up  by  the  plough.  A  map  and  drawings  were 
exhibited  in  illustration.  The  urns  were  so  much  broken  by  the  plough,  that  out 
of  the  fragments  of  six  different  specimens,  Mr.  Repton  and  Mr.  W.  Lucas  (who 
assisted  in  the  examination)  were  able  only  to  form  a  single  one.  It  is  sixteen  inches 
high,  ten  inches  in  diameter  at  the  top  and  seven  at  the  bottom,  in  colour  a  light 
gray,  with  a  raised  indented  rim,  about  three  inches  from  the  mouth.  The  other 
fragments  are  of  a  dingy  red  and  brown  black,  and  are  mostly  stamped  with  circular 
and  triangular  holes.  The  urns  have  been  worked  by  hand  and  are  rudely  ex- 
ecuted ;  the  clay  of  which  they  arc  composed  is  mixed  with  small  white  stones  and 
bits  of  chalk. 

A  letter  was  read  from  the  Rev.  Arthur  Hussey,  of  Rottingdean,  on  peculiarities 
of  architecture  in  the  churches  of  Corhampton,  Warnford,  and  East  Tisted, 
Hants.  Although  the  quoining  of  Corhampton  church  consists  not  of  Saxon 
"  long  and  short  work,"  but  of  large  stones,  such  as  appear  in  more  modern  edifices, 
the  walls  are  sufficiently  characterized  as  being  Saxon  by  that  pecidiar  kind  of 
stone-ribbing  which,  having  been  depicted  at  page  '26  of  the  Arclneological  Journal, 
does  not  require  to  be  further  described  or  remarked  on  than  by  stating  that  this 
peculiarity  is  yet  in  good  preservation  on  all  the  walls  of  Corhampton  church, 
except  those  of  the  eastern  end  of  the  chancel,  which  are  of  modern  brick.  The 
present  entrance  to  this  church  is  through  the  south  wall,  and  at  the  same  part 
where  the  former  entrance  is  indicated  to  have  been,  by  an  arch  with  a  short  rib 
ascending  from  its  crown  to  the  wall-idate,  similarly  to  a  rib  above  a  perfect  arcli 
opposite  in  the  north  wall ;  although  this  last  docs  nut  appear  to  have  contained  a 

3  F 


394  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

doorway.  In  the  south  wall  is  a  square  stone,  having  at  its  angles  a  trefoil-like 
ornament,  and  engraved  with  a  circle  which  incloses  on  its  lower  half  some  lines 
radiating  from  a  central  hole.  This  is  said  to  be  a  consecration-stone,  which,  from 
its  little  elevation  above  the  ground,  it  may  have  originally  been,  although  its  lines 
would  lead  us  to  infer  that  it  has  served  also  for  a  sun-dial.  Corhampton  church 
has  no  other  tower  than  a  modern  wooden  bell-turret  at  its  west  end,  above  an 
original  window  divided  by  a  rude  oval  balustre.  The  chancel-arch,  also  rude, 
springs  from  impost-like  capitals,  and  is  of  depressed  segmental  shape.  A  stone 
elbow-chair,  formerly  occupying  part  of  the  altar-steps,  has  lately  been  placed 
within  the  altar-rails ;  and  in  the  chancel  pavement  is  a  rough  irregularly  oblong- 
stone,  rudely  incised  towards  its  angles  with  crosses,  denoting  it  to  have  been  the 
altar-stone. 

The  Norman  church  at  Warnford  is  a  long  plain  edifice,  comprising  a  chancel, 
a  nave,  a  west  tower,  and  a  south  porch.  Its  walls,  being  very  thick,  appear  still 
to  be  in  excellent  condition,  although  the  church  is  rendered  damp  by  trees  which 
closely  surround  it.  The  chancel  and  nave,  being  of  equal  breadth  and  height, 
are  externally  distinguished  only  by  the  juxtaposition  of  two  of  the  roof-corbels. 
The  tower  is  scjuare,  and  from  certain  marks  on  its  north  and  south  sides,  is  pro- 
bably older  than  the  nave ;  but  it  possesses  nothing  of  Saxun  character  except,  as 
at  Barton  and  Barnack,  the  absence  of  an  original  staircase ;  unless,  perhaps, 
originality  may  be  due  to  the  existing  stairs,  composed  of  triangular  blocks 
of  oak,  fastened  to  ascending  beams  supported  by  carved  posts,  and  a  semicir- 
cularly  recessed  landing-place  in  the  south-eastern  corner  of  the  wall.  The  upper 
part  of  the  tower  has  been  repaired  with  brick,  but  its  belfry-windows,  two  on  each 
face,  are  original  large  circular  holes,  splayed  inwardly  and  lined  with  ashlar. 
The  porch  and  inner  doorway  are  of  a  pointed  style.  Inserted  in  the  north  wall, 
one  within  and  one  without  the  church,  are  two  small  stones  with  inscriptions, 
evidently  of  great  antiquity ;  but  the  letters,  partly  illegible  from  age,  are  wholly 
so,  except  to  those  conversant  with  ancient  characters.  Against  the  south  wall  is 
a  consecration-stone,  precisely  similar  to  that  of  Corhampton,  but  in  better  pre- 
servation, it  having  been  secluded  from  the  weather  by  the  porch.  The  present 
east  window  is  an  insertion  of  the  fourteenth  century,  but  on  the  inside  of  the  east 
wall  is  a  large  arch,  which  probably  contained  windows  corresponding  to  the 
Norman  windows  in  the  side  walls.  The  ceiling  is  flat  and  modern,  but  some  roof- 
brackets  and  corbels  below  it  indicate  that  the  ancient  roof-timbers  may  probably 
remain.  This  church  is  sadly  disfigured  by  high  pews  and  a  huge  monument  at 
its  east  end. 

At  East  Tisted,  JNIr.  Husscy  saw  a  hagioscope  with  openings  in  the  Perpen- 
dicular style  ;  but  as  a  new  church  is  there  in  course  of  elevation,  this  interesting- 
ecclesiastical  feature  is  now,  probably,  no  more. 

Dr.  Bromet  observed  that  in  one  part  of  this  communication,  Mr.  Hussey  seemed 
to  doubt  whether  Corhampton  church  may  not  have  been  restored  since  Saxon 
times,  with  some  of  the  materials,  and  on  the  plan,  of  a  preceding  Saxon 
edifice.  But  such  doubts,  he  thought,  are  not  admissible ;  for  otherwise  they 
might  be  applied  to  every  church  without  a  recorded  date.  Considering  it,  there- 
fore, as  really  Saxon,  he  thought  that  this  church  is  a  monument  peculiarly 
valuable;  our  few  other  Saxon  ecclesiastical  remains  being  only  towers,  door- 
ways, or  smaller  portions  of  buildings. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  395 

Mr.  Tbomas  Inskip,  of  Sheflbril,  Beds,  coiniiuuiicated  an  account  of  Boraan 
remains  found  a  few  years  since  in  the  vicinity  of  that  town.  It  appears  that  for 
a  long  time  this  locality  has  been  productive  of  vast  quantities  of  interesting 
objects  of  art,  of  the  Romano- British  ei)och,  most  of  which,  discovered  previous  to 
Mr.  Inskip's  rescarclies,  have  been  either  lost  or  dispersed.  "  Roman  vaults 
have  been  emptied  of  their  contents,  vases  of  the  most  elegant  forms  and  the 
finest  texture  have  been  doomed  to  destruction  for  amusement,  and  set  up  as 
marks  for  ignorance  and  stupidity  to  pelt  at.  In  another  direction,  I  have  known 
a  most  beautiful  and  highly  ornamented  urn  with  a  portrait  and  an  inscription  on 
its  sides  stand  peaceal)ly  on  the  shelf  of  its  discoverer,  till  being  seized  with  a  lit 
of  superstitious  terror  lest  the  j)osscssion  of  so  heathenish  an  object  might  blight 
bis  corn  or  bring  a  murrain  amongst  his  cattle,  he  ordered  his  wife  to  thrust  it 
upon  the  dunghill,  where  it  perished."  Mr.  Inskip's  descriptive  narrative  proceeds 
as  follows : — 

"A  similar  fate  inevitably  awaited  the  relics  found  at  Shefford,  anil  in  its 
immediate  neighbourhood  at  Stan  ford -Bury,  had  not  he  who  now  records  their 
escape  been  the  humble  instrument  of  their  preservation.  Indeed  a  number 
might  have  been  destroyed  previous  to  my  becoming  acquainted  v\ith  their  exist- 
ence, the  earliest  intimation  of  which  arose  from  a  denarius  having  been  carted 
with  gravel  from  a  neighbouring  pit,  and  laid  in  the  public  road  ;  it  was  after- 
wards picked  up  and  brought  to  me  for  sale ;  this  led  me  to  inspect  the  scene  of 
operation,  and  to  watch  and  assist  in  future  discoveries.  The  first  objects  of 
gratification  were  two  large  dishes  of  the  reputed  Samian  ware,  one  of  which  is 
ten  inches  in  diameter,  radiated  in  the  centre,  and  having  the  maker's  name 
crossing  it.  The  other  was  a  beautiful  specimen,  with  horizontal  handles,  and 
ornamented  with  the  usual  pattern  round  the  edge.  The  larger  dish  of  the  two  is 
doubtless  the  lanx,  as  its  large  size,  and  the  prefix  to  the  maker's  name,  sufficiently 
indicates — oitagkr. 

"Some  time  after,  a  Roman  urn,  surrounded  by  eleven  Samian  vases,  was  dis- 
covered, most  of  which  were  in  a  perfect  state.  A  great  quantity  of  broken  glass 
also  was  found  here,  together  with  a  whitish-coloured  bottle  of  earthen  manu- 
facture. 

"A  fresh  supply  was  subsequently  found  of  terra  cotta  vases,  somewhat  larger 
than  an  ordinary  sized  tea-cup,  with  various  names  impressed  across  their  centres  ; 
also  a  great  ([uantity  of  greenish-coloured  glass,  but  too  much  mutilated  to  admit 
of  restoration.  The  bottom  of  one  of  these  glass  vases  is  rouuil,  eight  inches  in 
diameter,  remarkalily  tliick,  and  wrought  in  concentric  circles;  the  neck  and 
mouth  are  three  and  a  half  inches  in  width ;  the  handle  being  of  much  thicker 
substance  is  preserved  entire,  and  is  exquisitely  wrought  into  the  device  of  a  hsh's 
tail. 

"  At  the  same  time  and  place  was  found  a  brass  dish  or  pan,  which  one  of  the 
labourers,  suspecting  to  contain  money,  wrenched  to  pieces  in  his  eagerness  to 
secure  it.  This  was  greatly  to  be  regretted,  as  the  form  of  this  vessel  was  of  a  high 
order  of  taste ;  but  with  much  patience  I  have  succeeded  in  restoring  it  to  its 
primitive  sliape.  On  one  side  is  a  looped  handle,  the  top  of  which,  representing  an 
open-jawed  lion's  head,  is  joined  to  the  upper  rim  ;  on  the  opposite  side  protrudes 
a  straight  handle,  terminating  with  the  head  of  a  ram  ;  the  bottom  is  turnetl  in 
beautiful  concentric  circles,  and  has  still  adhering  to  its  inside  (however  strange 


396  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

it  may  appear  to  tlic  sceptical)  a  portion  of  its  original  contents.  A  similar  vase 
was  found  at  the  opening  of  Bartlow  hills  in  1835,  which  has  but  one  handle 
and  is  far  inferior  in  point  of  elegance  ;  a  drawing  of  it  is  given  in  the  Archseo- 
logia.  A  coin  of  first  brass  was  lying  close  by,  much  corroded,  bearing  on  the 
obverse  an  imperial  head,  though  not  corronated  or  laureated ;  on  the  reverse  a 
faint  impression  of  a  Roman  altar.  Not  far  from  these  was  found  an  iron  stand 
or  case  for  holding  a  lamp.  Another  coin  of  third  brass  in  fine  preservation,  and 
covered  with  a  beautiful  patina,  was  found  on  this  spot. 

"Afterwards,  when  digging  by  myself,  I  struck  my  spade  on  a  large  amphora, 
and  added  many  fractures  to  those  it  had  received ;  by  cementing  it  together,  I 
soon  restored  its  original  shape  and  dimensions.  It  has  two  handles,  its  height 
exactly  two  feet,  and  its  broadest  diameter  eighteen  inches.  Near  to  this  amphora 
were  placed  three  terra  cotta  vases  of  great  beauty,  ornamented  round  their 
margins  with  the  usual  leaf  of  the  laurel  or  the  lotus,  or  whatever  else  it  may  here- 
after be  determined  to  be.  These  were  taken  from  the  earth  without  the  slightest 
injury,  and  are  still  perfect  as  when  first  made. 

"A  beautiful  glass  vase  was  the  companion  to  these, — its  size  double  that  of  a 
modern  sugar  basin,  it  is  radiated  with  projecting  ribs,  its  shape  is  nearly  globular, 
it  has  no  handles,  is  of  a  fine  pale  amber  colour,  and  was  doubtless  used  for  a 
funereal  purpose. 

"A  small  glass  funnel  was  found  here,  which  is  restored  from  fragments  to  its 
original  shape.  A  lachrymatory,  or  unguentarium,  was  lying  near,  but  too  much 
mutilated  to  invite  an  attempt  to  mend  it.  On  one  side  of  the  vault,  and  close  to 
one  of  the  vases,  a  hole  had  been  scooped  in  the  earth,  in  which  was  deposited  a 
quart  or  perhaps  three  pints  of  seeds,  charred,  and  still  perfectly  black  ;  through 
the  dryness  of  the  soil  they  had  been  admirably  preserved. 

"  At  a  small  distance  from  the  three  beautiful  vases  last  mentioned,  was  dis- 
covered a  quantity  of  blue  glass,  which  from  the  newness  of  the  fractures  I  con- 
cluded had  been  just  broken  by  the  spade.  I  collected  the  pieces,  and  cementing 
them  together,  they  formed  a  beautiful  jug  or  ewer,  the  shape  of  which  is  the  most 
chastely  elegant  tliat  taste  could  design  or  art  execute.  Its  graceful  neck  and 
handle,  its  beautiful  purple  colour,  and  the  exquisite  curl  of  its  lips,  so  formed  to 
prevent  the  spilling  of  the  fluid,  proclaim  it  to  be  one  of  the  most  splendid  remains 
of  antiquity.  It  is  radiated  longitudinally,  and  unites  great  boldness  of  design 
with  delicacy  of  execution.  In  contemplating  this  precious  relic  we  feel  that  time 
and  a  reverence  for  taste  and  antiquity,  have  given  to  it  a  much  more  sacred 
character  than  the  pagan  rites  it  may  have  assisted  to  administer.  At  various 
times  numbers  of  Samian  vases  were  disinterred  from  this  spot,  amounting  to 
more  than  three  dozen,  and  of  great  varieties  of  shapes ;  the  names  impressed 
across  several  were  maccivs — calvinvs — lvppa — tenevm — silenvs — liukilvlis — 

SILVVS OFCOET,  SiC.  &C. 

"  The  ground  in  which  the  foregoing  relics  were  discovered,  like  many  other 
places  of  Roman  sepulture,  was  by  the  way  side,  lying  on  the  Iknield  road  in  a 
straight  line  between  Dunstable  and  Baldock,  not  indeed  on  the  main  street 
which  passes  through  the  Ichuiel  ford,  but  (as  I  jiulge)  on  a  vicinal  way,  for  which 
opinion  there  i.s  strong  presumption,  from  its  passing  so  near  to  the  old  military 
station  at  Stanford  IJury,  and  which  mad  Salmon  has  traced  as  far  as  Cainho,  from 
whence  he  says  it  went  ou  to  Baldock  ;  if  so,  it  doubtless  passed  through  ShelTord, 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  397 

and  dose  by  the  very  spot  where  these  relics  were  discovered.  This  burial  ground 
forms  three  sides  of  a  square,  which  has  originally  been  enclosed  with  a  wall  of 
sandstone  from  the  neighbouring  quarry ;  the  foundation  may  be  easily  traced  at 
the  dei)lh  of  three  feet,  the  present  high  road  forming  the  fourth  side  of  the  square. 
The  depth  of  these  deposits  was  about  three  feet  from  the  earth's  surface. 

"That  the  whole  of  this  inelosure  contained  the  ashes  of  persons  of  distinction, 
may  be  inferred  from  the  great  beauty  and  value  of  the  relics  interred  with  them  ; 
some  of  these  are  of  the  most  sacred  character,  such  for  instance  as  the  bronze 
acena  or  incense  pan,  the  blue  jug  or  simpulum,  and  a  sacrificial  knife  found  with 
them.  All  of  these  implements  belong  to  the  priestly  office,  the  two  last  of  which, 
with  the  cyathus,  are  fretiuently  seen  on  the  I'everses  of  Roman  coins,  indicating 
the  union  of  the  imperial  and  pontifical  dignity. 

"A  considerable  time  elapsed  after  the  before-mentioned  discoveries,  when  I  con- 
jectured from  the  official  uses  and  purposes  of  many  of  the  remains  themselves, 
the  probability  of  finding  a  place  of  pagan  worship  in  their  immediate  vicinity. 
I  commenced  a  search  accordingly.  After  much  labour  and  patience,  I  found  the 
site  of  a  Roman  building  at  the  distance  of  about  half  a  furlong  from  the  ceme- 
tery, and  by  digging  round  it,  ascertained  it  to  occupy  an  area  of  thirty  feet  1)y 
twenty,  round  which,  about  the  foundation,  was  deposited  a  great  quantity  of 
mutilated  remains  of  Samian  pottery,  and  other  coarse  ware,  most  of  the  latter 
having  probably  been  manufactured  from  the  earth  of  a  contiguous  spot,  which 
for  ages,  and  to  this  day  retains  the  name  of  '■Oman's  Pond.'  The  clay  dug  from 
hence  is  well  adapted  for  the  purpose  of  making  such  articles,  and  I  have  no  doubt 
a  pottery  once  formed  a  part  of  the  site  of  this  (R)oman's  pond.  This  success 
induced  me  to  try  once  more  the  old  scene  of  my  labours.  By  digging  round  the 
outside  of  the  cemetery,  I  found  a  silver  trumpet,  of  very  diminutive  size,  being 
only  sixteen  inches  in  length  ;  also  a  curious  iron  instrument,  used  as  I  presume 
to  fasten  the  nails  and  pick  the  hoofs  of  the  horse  whose  rider's  ashes  reposed  with 
his  bones  in  this  place.  Here  was  formed  a  trench  or  cist,  about  twelve  feet  in 
length,  filled  with  the  usual  deposit  of  ashes,  burnt  bone,  and  charcoal ;  over  this 
were  placed  Roman  tiles  leaning  against  each  other  at  the  top,  so  as  to  form  an 
angle  and  protect  the  dust  beneath.  Here  also  was  deposited  a  denarius  of  Geta. 
Another  denarius  of  the  above  prince  was  found  at  some  distance ;  they  are  l)oth 
in  fine  preservation  and  of  exquisite  workmanship,  and  represent  the  ages  appa- 
rently of  nine  and  of  twelve  years. 

"  Some  copper  moulds  for  pastry  were  also  found  here,  very  highly  ornamented. 
Although  almost  every  deposit  contained  abundant  evidence  of  cremation,  yet  no 
discovery  has  been  made  of  a  regular  L'strinum.  On  one  occasion  the  workman 
employed  to  dig,  he.  found  at  the  depth  of  eighteen  inches  a  ring  adhering  to  his 
nnittock,  which  escaped  the  slightest  injury.  It  is  a  signet-ring  of  the  age  of 
Henry  the  Second,  and  bears  a  cypher  and  an  ear  of  corn  in  intaglio.  Imme- 
diately beneath  this  a  beautiful  Roman  urn  was  found,  adorned  with  elegant 
scroll-work  in  high  relief;  and  descending  fourteen  feet  deeper  a  mammoth's 
tooth  lying  on  the  sandstone  rock.  These  three  last  articles  were  deposited 
beneath  each  other  in  a  perpendicular  line,  and  no  doubt  further  fossil  remains  of 
the  mammoth  lay  contiguous,  of  which  several  indications  presented  themselves, 
rhe  tooth  weighs  seven  pounds  and  three  quarters.  A  variety  of  articles  have 
been  found  occasionally  deposited  at  the  bottom  of  the  urns,  such  as  rusty  nails, 


398  rROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

wliisps  of  hay  or  sedge-grass,  bits  of  iron,  pieces  of  lead.  Sec. ;  in  others  a  quantity 
of  the  common  snail-shell,  sea-shells,  &c.  A  hit  of  lead  found  in  one  has  the  pre- 
cise shape  of  a  pot-hook.  A  hall  of  pitch  was  found  at  the  bottom  of  a  very  large 
amphora,  a  vessel  capable  of  containing  more  than  four  gallons.  Balls  of  pitch 
were  thus  frequently  put  by  the  llomans  into  their  wine  to  give  it  a  flavour,  and 
the  insides  of  amphoras  were  often  pitched  throughout  for  that  express  purpose. 

"  In  one  urn  was  found  several  balls  of  clay,  which  appear  to  have  been  kneaded 
by  the  hand,  and  are  somewhat  elongated." 

Dr.  Bromet  read  a  note  from  Mr.  H.  J.  Stevens,  of  Derby,  offering  to  send 
drawings  of  some  singular  fragments  of  apparently  early  Norman  work  in  the 
church-yard  of  St.  Alkmund. 

Dr.  Bromet  stated  that,  through  the  civility  of  Mr.  Stevens's  clerk  of  the  works 
he  did  examine  the  fragments  alluded  to.  They  are  of  that  coarse  reddish  grit- 
stone which,  it  would  seem,  was  emplo3'ed  even  for  sculptural  purposes  in  Derby- 
shire and  Yorkshire  previously  to  the  use  of  lime-stone.  Many  have  been  door 
and  window-jambs,  and  are  embellished  with  the  various  interlacings  and  chime- 
rical animals  sometimes  found  on  the  more  ancient  church-yard  crosses.  Two  of 
them  have  on  one  side  a  series  of  semicircularly-arched  panels,  divided  by  short 
flat  columns,  with  large  flat  capitals,  such  as  we  often  see  on  ancient  fonts,  and  as 
these  were  found  in  the  south-east  corner  of  the  chancel,  they  are  possibly  parts  of 
the  tomb  or  shrine  of  St.  Alkmund,  who  was  killed  A.D.  819. 

Dr.  Bromet  suggested,  in  furtherance  of  the  ol)jects  of  this  Associati(jn,  that  the 
secretary  be  requested  to  communicate  with  the  minister  and  cliurchwardens  of 
St.  Alkmund's,  and  the  secretary  of  the  Derby  Mechanics'  Institution,  recommend- 
ing, in  the  name  of  the  Society,  that  all  the  more  ancient  sculptured  fragments 
found  on  pulling  down  the  late  church  of  St.  Alkmund,  be  deposited  either 
in  the  said  Institution's  museum,  the  town  hall,  or  such  other  place  easily  ac- 
cessible to  the  inhabitants  of  Derby  as  to  the  minister  and  churchwardens  may 
seem  fit. 

The  following  letter  from  Mr.  Charles  Spence,  of  Devonport,  was  read.  It  was 
accompanied  by  rubbings  of  incised  slabs,  &c. : — "  I  transmit  a  few  observations 
respecting  the  church  of  Beer  Ferrers,  in  this  county,  which  I  recently  visited. 
Every  admirer  of  genius  will  recollect  that  this  edifice  possesses  a  melancholy 
notoriety  as  having  been  the  place  where  Charles  Stothard,  the  author  of  the 
'Monumental  Effigies,'  was  killed.  In  the  church-yard,  and  against  the  eastern 
wall  of  the  church,  stands  an  upright  stone  which  at  once  relates  the  manner  of 
his  death,  and  commemorates  a  man  whose  fame  will  never  die  while  archaeology 
has  a  lover,  or  science  its  votaries.  The  church  itself  is  beautifully  situated  on 
the  banks  of  the  Tavy,  and  not  far  from  the  conHuonce  of  that  river  with  the 
Tamar ;  it  is  built  in  the  form  of  an  exact  cross,  the  length  of  the  two  transepts, 
with  the  intervening  l)readth  of  the  nave,  being  exactly  thj  same  as  the  length  of 
nave  and  cliancel,  viz.  90  feet.  On  the  north  side  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  cross 
is  the  vestry  room,  oiuu;  the  chantry  chapel,  which  according  to  Lysons  was 
collegiate,  and  founded  for  six  priests  in  the  year  1328,  by  William  de  Ferrers, 
and  endowed  with  the  advowson  of  the  church  at  Beer  Ferrers.  This  chantry 
cliapel  is  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  church  only  by  the  beautiful  canopied 
uKmumeut  whicli  prolmbly  covers  the  renuiins  of  its  fouiuler  and  his  lady  :  in  form 
it  resembles  the  nionuiuewt  of  .Aneliiie,  countess  of  Lancaster,  in  Westminster 


PROCEEDINGS  OV  THE  COMMITTEE.  399 

Abbey,  and  like  it,  is  (lisliniiouved  by  liuvinuj  its  interior  blocked  up  so  tliat  part  of 
tlie  nionunient  is  in  the  cliapel,  and  part  forms  the  wall  of  the  vestry. 

"Altar. — The  floor  of  the  Altar  (immediately  under  the  commuuioii-table) 
consists  of  a  slab  of  marble,  eig^ht  feet  long  by  four  feet  wide,  which  is  most 
beautifully  carved  with  rose-wheel  circles  and  hexagonal  elongated  departments, 
susUiining  what  woidd  seem  to  have  been  an  altar-stone,  about  six  inches  in 
height,  the  sides  of  which  are  deeply  grooved  or  fluted,  in  one  hollow,  with  roses 
interlaced  with  leaves  carved  thereon  in  bold  and  beautiful  relief.  The  Altar  is 
ascended  from  the  nave  by  three  ste])s  ;  the  edge  stones  of  the  upper  compartment 
or  step  have  been  ])eautifully  cut  in  bas-relief  with  shields,  arabes([ues,  &c. 

"Chancel. — The  chancel  and  its  chapels  were  separated  from  the  nave  and  side 
aisles  by  a  cancellum  or  screen,  the  basement  of  which  is  still  left;  it  is  of 
Decorated  character,  and  has  been  richly  painted ;  each  of  its  compartments 
fonnerly  contained  a  painting  of  some  saint,  and  in  one  the  figure  of  a  female 
may  yet  be  deciphered,  Init  it  is  in  so  mutilated  a  condition  that  it  would  be 
difficult  to  guess  whom  it  was  intended  to  represent. 

"  Nave. — The  nave  is  filled  with  the  original  open  sittings  of  Perpendicular 
character,  quite  entire,  and  beautifully  and  elaborately  carved.  At  the  north-east 
corner  of  these  pews  is  a  shield  cut  in  wood,  and  on  the  south-east  corner  is  another, 
whereon  are  l)laz<)ned  horse-shoes  (arms  of  Ferrers),  and  rudders  of  ships  or  vessels. 

"  Windows. — Those  of  the  north  transept  are  very  beautiful  specimens  of 
Decorated  work,  as  is  also  the  great  window  of  the  south  transept.  Those  of  the 
south  side  of  the  church  are  Perpendicular.  On  the  north  side  the  windows  are 
debased  and  bad.  The  eastern  window,  which  Hickman  states  to  have  been  '  a 
fine  one,'  has  been  destroyed  since  his  survey,  and  a  choice  specimen  of  the  true 
Churchwardenic  style  inserted  in  its  place. 

"  Painted  Glass. —  In  the  south  transept  is  a  shield  of  arms  blazoned  quarterly, 
but  at  too  great  a  height  for  me  to  decipher  them.  Such  also  was  the  case  in  a 
debased  window  in  the  north  side  of  the  nave,  where  appears  to  be  a  figure 
resembling  a  knight,  and  a  shield  argent,  charged  with  a  cross  gules,  but  turned 
upside  down.  The  glass  representing  Sir  William  Ferrers  and  his  lady,  in 
tracing  which  C.  Stothard  fell  and  was  killed,  and  which  was  in  the  east  window, 
is  probably  in  a  deal  case  (marked  glass)  which  is  kept  in  the  north  transept.  An 
engraving  of  it  may  be  seen  in  Lysons'  '  ^lagna  Britannia.' 

"  Font  extremely  rude.  It  is  described  by  Hickman  as  being  of  rather  singular 
character.  To  me  it  appeared  only  as  a  rude  imitation  by  unskilful  hands  :  it 
consists,  to  use  the  words  of  Lysons, '  of  a  truncated  polygonal  shape,  resting  upon 
four  foliated  ornaments,  encircled  by  a  band  of  rather  rude  execution.' 

"  Parvise  is  yet  left,  but  much  mutilated.  The  door  and  steps  leading  to  it  arc 
nearly  choked  up  with  rubbish,  \c. 

"  ToMiis. — Beside  that  in  the  chancel  previously  alluded  to,  there  is  a  very  beau- 
tiful elligy  in  an  arched  recess,  in  the  wall  of  the  north  transept,  representing  a 
knight  cross-legged,  in  the  act  of  rising  from  his  recumbent  position  and  drawing 
his  sword,  fie  is  armed  completely  in  mail,  over  which  is  a  surcoat.  The  sword 
is  suspended  from  a  broad  belt,  and  his  heater-shaped  shield  is  pendent  from  his 
neck  by  a  guige  or  strap — his  mailed  head  rests  upon  his  helmet.  The  effigy  has 
been  broken  oil  at  the  knees,  and  the  body  of  the  animal  on  which  his  feet  retted 
is  gone,  but  the  four  paws  and  tail  yet  remain.    The  whole  monument  bears  great 


400  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

resemblance  to  that  of  Sir  Robert  de  Vere,  in  Sudborougli  cburch,  Northampton- 
shire. 

"  North  Traxsept. — An  Altar  has  evidently  been  erected  here.  The  elevated 
altar-step  yet  remains,  and  just  before  it  lies  an 

"Incised  Slab. —  It  represents  a  cross,  and  at  the  intersection  a  heart. 
Irradiated  above  is  an  inscri])tion,  '  Hie  jacet  Rogerus  Champernowne  Armiger 
cujus  anime  propicietur  Deus  Amen.'  The  Champernownes  became  possessed 
of  the  manor  of  Beer  Ferrers  before  the  close  of  the  fourteenth  century.  I 
have  seen  other,  and  hope  to  send  for  the  inspection  of  the  Society  specimens 
of  these  engraved  slabs,  which,  though  somewhat  rare  in  the  eastern  parts  of 
England,  do  not  appear  to  be  uncommon  in  this  western  portion  of  our  country  ; 
indeed  the  old  Norman  practice  of  inscribing  round  the  edge  of  the  flat  grave- 
stone is  still  practised  here,  and  almost  every  church  presents  instances  of  it. 
There  is  another  stone  near  the  foregoing,  apparently  very  ancient ;  the  letters 
are  cut  in  very  deep  relief,  the  words,  '  Orate  pro  Will'mo  Champernoun.' 
Royal  arms  very  coarsely  executed  on  four  pennoucels  ;  around  are  painted  a 
rose,  harp,  portcullis,  and  fleur-de-lis. 

"  Roof  entirely  modernized,  and  chancel-arch  spoiled. 

"  In  conclusion,  I  may  state  that  the  exterior  of  the  church  has  a  pretty 
appearance  ;  its  nave,  side  aisles,  and  the  little  chapels  in  the  upper  angles  of  the 
cross,  together  with  its  low  tower  surmounted  by  a  kind  of  corbel-table,  resembling 
machicolations,  look  well  from  every  point  of  observation. 

"  Such  is  the  church  of  Beer  Ferrers,  which  Lysons  states  to  have  belonged  in 
the  reign  of  King  Henry  the  Second  to  Henry  de  Ferrariis  or  Ferrors,  ancestor  of 
the  numerous  branches  of  the  ancient  family  of  Ferrors  in  Devonshire  and 
Cornwall." 

November  27. 

Mr.  M.  W.  Boyle  presented  through  the  Rev.  J.  B.  Deane  a  portfolio  of  prints 
and  drawings,  illustrative  chiefly  of  places  in  London.  It  comprises,  1.  Illustra- 
tions of  Crosby  Hall.  2.  Occupiers  of  Crosby  Hall.  3.  Illustrations  of  St.  Helen's 
Church  and  Priory.  4.  Illustrations  of  Gresham  College.  5.  Illustrations  of 
Leathersellers'  Hall.     6.  Miscellaneous  Illustrations. 

The  Paintings  in  East  Wickham  Church,  Kext. — The  Secretary  read  letters 
from  Archdeacons  King  and  Burney,  in  reply  to  communications  from  the  Com- 
mittee. Archdeacon  King  writes,  "  Having  upon  the  receipt  of  your  former 
letter,  cautioned  the  churchwardens  of  East  Wickham  against  farther  proceeding 
in  the  matter  of  the  fresco-painting  in  the  church,  I  was  desirous  of  obtaining, 
as  it  was  a  new  case,  the  opinion  of  the  Bishop  upon  the  subject.  His  Lordship 
has  inspected  the  painting,  and  his  opinion,  \\ith  which  mine  agrees,  is,  that  the 
fresco  is  not  worth  preserving." — Archdeacon  Burney  says,  "  I  am  very  sorry  to 
say  that  the  paintings  will  not  be  saved.  It  is  quite  impossible,  however,  for  me 
not  to  express  myself  very  greatly  indebted  to  the  bishop  of  Rochester  not  only 
for  his  courtesy  and  prompt  reply  to  the  letter  addressed  to  him  by  me  from 
Canterbury,  but  for  his  having  likewise  vi.sited  the  church  himself,  and  stayed  all 
proceedings,  until  I  could  accompany  his  Lordship,  and  inspect  the  paintings  with 
him.  They  were  in  a  much  more  decayed  state,  I  confess,  than  I  had  expected, 
aiid  ;iiiv  restoration  would  have  amounted  to  almost  an  entirely  new  work,  even  11 


I 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  fO^VIMITTEE.  4-01 

tliere  had  been  any  funds,  or  the  least  inclination  on  the  part  of  the  church- 
wardens to  restore  them.  No  authority  could  of  course  be  oflieialiy  exerted  for 
any  such  expenditure :  and  the  frescoes,  in  their  present  condition,  thouo^h  highly 
curious  and  interesting  to  the  autiquary,  are  not  to  common  eyes,  it  must  be 
admitted,  ornamental  or  attractive.  Neither  the  archdeacon  of  Rochester,  who 
had  also  visited  them,  nor  the  vicar  of  the  parish,  I  ought  to  add,  had  testified  the 
least  wish  for  their  preservation.  As  far  as  I  was  infonned  also,  the  parishioners 
were  quite  indifferent  about  them.  We  must  therefore  rest  satisfied  with  the  nice 
and  carefdl  drawings  which  Mr.  Wollaston  has  executed.  The  Association  also 
may  rejoice  in  having  done  their  duty,  however  unsuccessfully,  in  drawing  the 
attention  of  the  competent  ecclesiastical  authorities  to  these  relics  of  ancient  art." 

Read  a  letter  from  Mr.  Daniel  Henry  Haigh,  of  Leeds,  giving  an  account 
of  an  examination  of  several  churches  in  the  county  of  York.    Mr.  Haigh  writes  : 

"  On  the  30th  October,  I  made  a  short  excursion  to  the  southern  border  of  this 
county,  and  visited  on  that  and  the  following  day,  the  parish  church  of  Laughton- 
en-le-Morthen,  the  neighbouring  chapel  of  St.  John's,  and  the  churches  of  Anstan 
and  Thorpe  Salom.  A  passage  in  Mr.  Hunter's  Deanery  of  Doncaster,  which 
slates  that  the  'lid  of  a  Saxon  cistus,'  resembling  in  its  ornaments  that  at 
Coningsborough,  is  preserved  in  the  church-yard  of  St.  John's,  and  Mr.  Rickman's 
notice  of  the  remains  of  Anglo-Saxon  architecture  in  the  parish  church  of  Laugh- 
ton,  led  my  steps  in  this  direction.  There  is  no  mention  in  the  Domesday  Survey 
of  any  church  in  this  parish,  but  its  importance  in  the  times  of  our  Anglo-Saxon 
forefathers  is  proved  by  the  fact  there  recorded,  of  its  having  been  the  residence 
of  Eiirl  Edwin ; '  Ibi  ten.  comes  Eduin  aulam.'  Westward  from  the  church,  about 
fifty  yards  distant,  are  the  remains  (as  I  believe  them  to  be)  of  Edwin's  hall,  con- 
sisting of  a  high  circular  mound,  standing  between  the  extremities  of  a  crescent- 
shaped  rampart  of  earth.  The  Anglo-Saxon  portion  of  the  church  is  small.  It 
consists  of  the  west  wall  of  the  north  aisle,  and  the  western  bay  of  the  north  wall. 
It  is  easily  distinguished  from  the  rest  of  the  church  by  its  masonry,  and  the  dark 
red  sand-stone  with  which  it  is  built ;  the  magnesian  limestone  being  employed 
in  the  Norman  chancel,  as  well  as  in  the  Perpendicular  nave.  Mr.  Rickman  has 
given  a  good  representation  of  the  doorway  in  the  north  wall,  in  his  communica- 
tion on  Anglo-Saxon  architecture,  printed  in  Archseologia,  vol.  xxvi.,  but  an 
erroneous  impression  may  be  conveyed,  by  his  having  given  the  same  dark  tint  to 
the  hood-moulding  of  the  original  doorway,  and  to  the  low  segmental  arch  which 
now  forms  the  doorway,  which  is  of  much  later  date  ;  and  to  make  room  for  which 
the  under  sides  of  the  original  imposts  have  been  cut  away.  Since  Mr.  Rickman's 
time,  much  of  the  rough-cast  which  covered  this  portion  of  the  walls  has  been 
removed,  and  disclosed  long  and  short  quoins  east  of  the  door  and  close  to  the 
second  buttress  of  the  north  wall  ;  pro\  ing  that  here  tliere  was  an  angle  in  the 
wall,  and  leading  to  the  supposition  that  this  was  a  porch  of  the  Saxon  edifice. 
In  digging  graves  on  the  south  side  of  the  church,  the  foundations  of  a  wall  have 
been  met  with ;  this  seems  to  prove  that  the  Saxon  church  was  of  greater  extent 
than  its  Norman  successor.  Of  the  latter,  the  chancel  walls,  and  the  piers  on  the 
north  side  of  the  nave  remain.  The  rest  of  the  church  is  of  early  and  good  Per- 
pendicular work,  or  rather  transition  from  Decorated  to  that  style.  The  capitals 
of  the  Norman  piers  on  the  north  side  of  the  nave  have  abaci  placed  upon  them, 
corresponding  with  those  of  the  jiiers  on  the  opposite  side,  so  as  to  make  them  of 

3  ti 


402  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE. 

equal  height  with  the  last.  The  spandrels  of  the  arches  in  the  north  side,  have 
angels  holding  scrolls,  and  those  on  the  south  side,  denii-angels.  There  is  no 
clerestory,  the  nave  being  lighted  by  the  windows  of  the  aisles  only,  four  on  the 
north,  three  on  the  south,  each  of  three  cinquefoiled  lights,  square-headed.  The 
dripstones  of  these  windows  are  good,  and  terminate  in  very  well-carved  corbels 
of  the  following  designs  : 

South.  North. 

1.  Bust  of  a  man  and  woman,  the  1.  A  lion,  and  a  monster. 

faces  much  distorted.  2.  Half  liguves  of  a  giant,  devouring 

2.  Busts  of  a  king  and  queen.  a  child  ;  and  of  a  knight  in  the  armour 

3.  Busts  of  a  merchant  and  a  bishop,      of  the  time  of  Edward  III. 

3.  As  South  2. 

4.  A  fiend  tormenting  a  lost  soul,  and 
St.  Michael  embracing  a  redeemed  one. 

"There  is  no  chancel-arch.  Of  the  rood-screen  the  lower  portion  only  remains, 
and  that  is  partly  concealed  by  pews.  It  is  of  stone  and  of  good  character.  In  a 
line  with  it,  the  lower  portion  of  an  oak  screen  extends  across  the  north  aisle. 
Close  to  it  is  a  handsome  wooden  eagle  gilt,  rather  an  unusual  feature  in  a  parish 
church.  The  font  is  Decorated,  of  octagonal  fonn,  and  of  the  following  dimen- 
sions :  height,  3ft.  7in.,  width  across  the  top,  2ft.  5in.,  width  of  bowl,  1ft.  lOin., 
depth  of  same,  1ft.  lin.  A  figure  of  it  is  given  in  Rickman's  'Attempt.'  The 
panelling  and  tracery  differ  in  each  of  its  sides. 

"  In  the  chancel  is  a  recess  under  a  semicircular  arch,  3ft.  lOin.  wide,  serving 
the  purpose  of  a  double  sedile;  and  a  piscina  2ft.  4in.  wide,  with  a  triangular- 
headed  arch.  The  ascent  to  the  Altar  is  by  four  steps.  The  ancient  altar-stone 
is  fixed  in  the  pavement  of  the  south  aisle,  at  its  south-east  corner,  partly  hidden 
hy  pews.     The  crosses  in  the  uncovered  part  are  very  distinct. 

"The  tower  is  a  beautiful  structure,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  lofty  crocketed  octa- 
gonal spire  ;  its  height  is  said  to  be  185  feet;  of  the  bells,  one  is  ancient,  and  has 
the  legend,  in  Lombardics, '  Ave  Maria  gracia  plena  dominus  tecum.'  In  the  lower 
story  the  springers  remain  of  what  would  have  been  a  fine  vault  of  fan-tracery  had 
it  been  completed.  The  neighbouring  chapel  of  St.  John  is  in  a  state  of  ruinous 
disorder,  but  it  contains  some  objects  of  great  interest.  These  are  a  rood-screen, 
a  parclose,  a  pulpit,  and  several  open  seats,  with  good  Perpendicular  tracery  at  the 
ends,  of  oak ;  a  font  somewhat  similar  to  that  at  the  parish  church,  but  scarcely 
so  finely  carved  ;  and  the  tomb  already  mentioned.  The  font  is  4ft.  4in.  high  and 
2ft.  7.Jin.  wide  at  the  top  ;  the  diameter  of  the  bowl  is  1ft.  lOin.  and  its  depth  1ft. 
It  has  on  one  side  a  shield  of  arms,  barry  of  six,  on  a  chief,  a  lion  passant  dexter. 
The  tomb  is  of  Early  English  date,  ridged,  6ft.  Tin.  long,  2ft.  4in.  wide  at  the 
head,  and  1ft.  7in.  at  the  foot.  Its  ornaments  consist  of  a  rich  cross  with  a  slender 
shaft,  and  ten  very  deeply-cut  circular  scrolls  of  foliage  and  fruit,  two  above  and 
eight  below  the  transverse  limb.  The  altar-stone  of  this  church  is  under  the  seats 
in  llie  nave  ;  the  crosses  rudely  formed. 

"From  Laugliton  I  proceeded  to  Anstan,  passing  in  my  way  some  remains  of 
earth-works  which  I  had  not  time  to  examine.  I  was  prevented  from  taking  such 
notes  as  I  wished  of  Anstan  church,  by  the  presence  of  a  party  of  men  who  were 
busy  making  arrangements  for  some  festival,  and  putting  up  a  temporary  gallery 
for  the  purpose.     I  noticed  howc\  cr  that  the  end  of  each  aisle  had  formerly  been 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  COMMITTEE.  403 

a  chapel,  the  central  bay  of  each  east  window  containing-  a  canopied  niche  of 
stone,  and  on  each  side  of  these  windows  were  brackets.  In  the  chancel  was  an 
ancient  tomb-stone  reared  aj^^iinst  the  wall,  on  wliich  was  the  fiirurc  of  a  lady 
with  an  infant.  I  think  that  the  tower  and  spire  of  this  church,  althoufrh  on  a 
much  .smaller  scale,  are  of  the  same  date,  and  perhaps  d(!sigued  by  the  same  hand 
as  that  of  Laughton. 

"  I  now  proceeded  to  the  village  of  Thorpe  Salvin.  The  font  and  the  south  door- 
way of  this  church  arc  well  known  to  antiquaries,  having  been  figured  in  '  Arch- 
aeologia'  and  in  Hunter's  '  Deanery  of  Doncaster.'  I  was  gratified  to  find  that  by 
the  taste  and  good  feeling  of  the  present  incumbent  the  font  has  been  cleared  of 
whitewash,  and  it  is  now  a  beautiful  specimen  of  Norman  work,  the  sculpture  being 
nearly  as  sharp  as  it  ever  was.  The  various  subjects  afford  some  useful  infor- 
mation respecting  the  costume  of  the  twelfth  century,  ecclesiastical  and  civil. 

"In  this  church  also  the  altar-slab  remains  within, the  altar-rails, but  broken  into 
several  pieces.  There  are  three  sedilia,  level,  with  trifoliated  heads,  under  ogee 
hoods,  and  an  embattled  cornice  above.  The  sedilia  at  Anstan  are  of  the  same 
character.  The  piscina  is  a  small  square  recess  ;  the  orifice  plastered.  There  is 
a  lychnoscope,  an  Early  English  window  widely  splayed  internally,  with  a  transom 
near  the  sill.  The  lower  part  as  well  as  the  upper  has  been  glazed.  It  commands 
a  small  square  recess  in  the  opposite  wall,  which,  I  think,  were  the  plaster  removed, 
would  be  found  to  have  pierced  the  wall.  In  the  north  wall  of  the  chancel  is  an 
aumbry  with  a  segmental-arched  head.  North  of  the  chancel  is  a  pretty  chapel 
of  Decorated  date.  It  has  a  piscina  with  a  trifoliated  head  under  an  ogee  arch, 
and  a  shelf  above  it,  which  is  rather  unusual ;  and  east  of  this,  close  to  the  ground, 
a  square  recess  in  the  wall,  slanting  westward.  In  the  south-east  window  of  the 
nave,  in  its  eastern  splay,  is  a  trefoiled  niche.  The  general  character  of  this 
church  is  Norman,  but  it  has  many  later  additions.  This  was  the  limit  of  my 
excursion." 

2.  A  letter  from  Archdeacon  Jones  of  Llanfachroth  rectory,  Bangor,  in  refer- 
ence to  the  statement  made  to  the  Committee  by  the  Kev.  H.  L.  Jones  on  the 
condition  of  several  churches  in  Anglesey.  In  consequence  of  a  communication 
from  the  Committee  the  Archdeacon  writes : — 

"  I  considered  it  my  duty  in  my  new  capacity  of  Archdeacon,  to  go  and  inspect 
the  condition  of  Llanphangel  Ysceifiag  church.  Accordingly  I  requested  the 
dean  of  Bangor,  the  patron,  the  incumbent,  and  the  rural  dean,  to  meet  me  on 
the  premises  last  Tuesday.  The  dean  could  not  attend,  but  the  rural  dean  and 
myself  went  over  the  interior  of  the  church,  and  after  examining  it  thoroughly,  we 
came  to  the  conclusiou  that  the  ivalls  were  in  such  an  unsafe  condition  as  barely 
to  admit  of  any  improvement  or  repair ;  in  fact  they  project  in  several  places  so 
much  from  their  perpendicular,  as  to  give  the  appearance,  at  least,  of  being  unsafe. 
However,  of  this  any  common  mason  or  builder  would  be  a  better  judge  than 
either  the  rural  dean  or  myself.  If  the  walls  can  be  depended  upon,  I  do  not 
doubt  but  that  the  roof  and  other  disrepairs  could  be  sufficiently  set  right  by  an 
outlay  of  perhaps  a  .£100  or  at  least  £150  or  so.  But  I  very  much  doubt  the 
safety  of  the  walls.  We  found  what  Mr.  H.  L.  Jones  called  the  south  transept 
roof  in  a  shocking  stiite  and  ready  to  fall  in.  This  is  entirely  owing  to  the  leaden 
gutter  on  the  roof  having  been  so  long  neglected,  and  indeed  the  whole  church 
bears  evident  marks  of  neglect,  wilful  or  otherwise,  on  the  part  of  those  whose 


404  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE   COMMITTEE. 

duty  it  was  to  keep  it  in  order  and  repair.  Let  Mr.  Jones,  who  has  visited  the 
cliurch,  himself  inform  us  whether  he  thinks  the  walls  safe  to  rebuild  on,  and  what 
are  the  '  beautiful  details'  he  speaks  of,  the  preservation  of  which  he  deems  it  of 
such  moment  to  contend  for.  To  our  wwarchitectural  eye  there  did  not  appear 
any  details  deserving  of  the  epithet '  beautiful,'  and  a  great  portion  of  the  building 
is  decidedly  modern;  built,  I  mean,  not  further  back  than  1626, by  the  Beon  family. 
The  body  of  the  church  is  doubtless  much  older,  and  the  doorway  or  entrance  is 
somewhat  striking.  The  main  reason,  however,  which  the  dean  assigns  for 
abandoning  the  old  building,  is  that  (besides  its  being  in  a  dangerous  state)  it  is 
too  far  from  the  main  population.  This  argument,  however,  would  not  weigh 
much  with  me,  if  Mr.  Jones  can  shew  me  that  the  walls  of  the  old  church 
are  safe." 

3,  A  letter  from  Mr.  James  H.  Dixon  of  Tollington  Park,  Middlesex,  respecting 
a  locality  called  Abbey  Hill,  on  the  high  road  between  Calton  and  Winterburn, 
about  eleven  miles  from  Skipton  in  Craven,  in  the  parish  of  Kirkby  Malhamdale. 
Here  Mr.  Dixon  has  noticed  extensive  foundations  of  buildings,  and  enquires 
what  abbey  or  religious  edifice  stood  here.  He  does  not  find  these  remains  alluded 
to  by  the  local  historians,  and  the  only  reasons  he  has  for  believing  them  to  have  be- 
longed to  an  ecclesiastical  building  of  consequence  are  their  extent,  and  the  names 
of  the  adjacent  fields,  which  are  "  Friar's  Head,"  "  Kirk  Syke,"  "  Kirk  Garth," 
"  Great  Church  Doors,"  "  Little  Church  Doors,"  "  Chapel  Maze,"  &c. 

Mr.  Wright  read  a  letter  from  the  Rev.  Lambert  B.  Larking,  stating  that  the 
Members  of  the  Association  residing  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Maidstone  had 
formed  themselves  into  a  Local  Committee  for  furthering  the  objects  of  the  Asso- 
ciation, and  that  he,  Mr.  Larking,  had  been  requested  to  act  as  Chairman  to  the 

Committee. 

Dr.  Bromet  quoted  a  letter  from  the  Rev.  W.  S.  Hartley,  to  shew,  in  reference  to 

a  statement  made  by  Mr.  Way  at  a  former  meeting,  that  service  is  performed  at 

St.  John's,  Laughton,  seven  times  a  year. 

The  Rev.  J.  H.  Barham  exhibited  a  flint  celt  recently  found  in  a  field  at 

Betherden,  Kent. 


It  has  been  determined  that  the  Archaeological  Meeting  for  1845,  shall  beheld 
at  Winchester,  in  the  first  week  in  August. 


iiotices  of  iSeiu  ^Publications. 


The  Illuminated  Calendar  and  Home  Diary  for  1845,  copied 
FROM  THE  Hours  of  Anne  of  Brittany.  4to.  London,  Long- 
man and  Co. 

This  charming  volume  is  the  most  successful  attempt  that  has  yet  been 
made  to  reproduce  at  a  moderate  expense  the  rich  colouring  and  effect  of 
the  elaborate  miniatures  which  enrich  the  illuminated  manuscri2)ts  of  the  latter 
half  of  the  fifteenth  century.  Most  of  those  who  have  visited  the  manuscript 
department  of  the  Bibliotheque  Royale  at  Paris  have  seen  and  admired  the 
"  Hours  of  Anne  of  Brittany,"  with  its  numerous  embellishments,  which 
may  be  considered  the  finest  examples  that  exist  of  the  brilliant  school  of 
artists  who  at  that  period  (it  was  executed  about  the  year  1499)  devoted 
their  talents  to  this  lucrative  branch  of  art.  These  illuminations  consist  of 
a  series  of  subjects  connected  with  each  month  of  the  calendar,  with 
borders,  Sec,  also  bearing  reference  to  the  season;  a  considerable  number 
of  pictures  of  sacred  subjects ;  and  many  other  ornamental  devices 
and  letters.  The  subjects  of  the  borders,  which  are  gorgeously  rich,  are 
flowers,  with  various  kinds  of  insects.  The  volume  before  us  contains  the 
whole  of  the  calendar,  with  its  miniatures  and  borders.  They  are  partly 
printed  in  colours,  by  Mr.  Owen  Jones  (whose  artistical  skill  in  this  depart- 
ment is  so  justly  celebrated),  and  partly  coloured  by  the  hand  by  Mr. 
Humphries  ;  and  by  means  of  both  processes  the  resemblance  of  the  copies 
to  the  original  is  surprising.  Twenty  years  ago  no  one  would  have  believed 
it  possible  to  produce  such  a  volume  at  five  times  the  price,  so  great  is  the 
perfection  and  facUity  to  which  the  processes  necessary  for  its  production  have 
now  been  brought.  In  the  part  occupied  in  the  manuscript  by  writing,  the 
editor  of  the  copy  has  inserted  the  more  useful  entries  of  a  calendar  for  the 
year  1845,  so  as  to  render  the  ornaments  of  the  past  apphcable  to  the  pre- 
sent. It  forms  an  elegant  and  appropriate  Christmas  gift,  and  will  help  not 
a  little  to  make  our  countrj'men  and  countrywomen  conversant  with  arts  and 
manners  as  they  existed  in  former  days.  We  rejoice  to  see  that  the  pub- 
lishers intend  to  issue  similar  volumes  in  succeeding  years ;  we  hope  it 
may  be  a  profitable  enterprize. 

We  will  not  undertake  to  describe  the  numerous  borders  of  gold  and 
colours,  with  beautiful  and  accurate  drawings  of  the  flowers  peculiar  to  each 
season,  and  hosts  of  butterflies,  moths,  beetles,  caterpillars,  &c.  contained 
in  this  illuminated  calendar.  The  miniatures  of  the  months  are  not  only 
attractive  as  finished  pictures,  but  they  comprise  faithful  delineations  of  the 
buildings  and  costumes  of  the  age  to  which  they  belong.     The  month  of 


406  NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

January  is  illustrated  by  a  charming  little  landscape  covered  with  snow,  in 
the  foreground  of  which  a  weather-beaten  traveller  is  seen  arriving  at  the 
place  of  his  destination ;  an  open  gallery  in  the  house  he  is  about  to  enter 
leads  us  to  conclude  that  he  will  be  received  with  the  festive  entertainment 
which  has  always  characterized  the  commencement  of  the  year.     February 
introduces  us  to  the  interior  of  a  house  in  which  a  portly  hon-vivajit  is 
enjoying  the  pleasures  of  the  table  beside  a  glowing  fire,  whilst  an  upper 
compartment  of  the  picture  shews  us  the  dreary  season  without.    In  March 
we  have  the  first  operations  of  the  countryman,  the  lopjjing  of  trees,  while 
the  wife  of  the  labourer  is  seen  gathering  the  sticks  for  fire-wood ;  in  the 
distance  a  strong  castle,  with  a  party  of  armed  knights  issuing  from  its 
gate,  perhaps  to  indicate  that  at  this  period  they  began  to  ride  forth  after 
tournaments  and  adventures.     April  is  the  month  of  flowers,  and  we  are 
presented  with  a  lady  (the  '  chatelaine '  of  the  fortress  seen  in  the  back- 
ground) in  her  garden,  occupied  in  making  garlands,  while  her  maidens  are 
gathering  flowers.     In  the  merry  month  which  follows,  we  have  a  singular 
May-pole,  with  two  youths  in  front  of  the  picture  bringing  home  their 
"  May,"  whilst  others  are  seen  in  the  distance  marching  in  procession  with 
their  branches.     The  miniature  of  the  month  of  June  is  a  charming  picture 
of  mowing,  executed  with  so  much  delicacy  that  we  even  distinguish  the 
flowers  and  weeds  among  the  grass ;  the  back-ground  being  occupied  by  a 
village,  and  a  pretty  church  in  an  elevated  position  in  the  middle  of  it.     In 
July  we  have  reaping,  with  another  village  and  church.     In  August  we 
have  the  winnowing  of  the  grain :  the  back-ground  exhibits  one  of  those 
chateaux  or  hotels  of  which  we  still  see  many  remains  in  France  and  Flan- 
ders, but  of  which  we  have  none,  and  perhaps  never  had  any,  in  England. 
The  transition  from  the  feudal  castle  to  the  gentleman's  mansion  appears  to 
have  been  more  sudden  and  abrupt  in  this  country  than  on  the  continent.    The 
illumination  of  the  month  of  September  exhibits  the  process  of  the  vintage, 
men  pressing  out  the  juice  of  the  grapes  by  treading  them  in  large  tubs,  bare- 
footed and  bare-legged.     In  October  people  are  occupied  in  sowing  the 
earth,   and   the   back-ground   is    occupied   by    a   pretty   landscape,   with 
farmers'  houses,  and  a  pond  of  water  with  swans.     November  was   the 
season  of  fattening  pigs,  the  flesh  of  which  Avas  one  of  the  great  articles 
of  food   among    our   forefathers.     The   swineherds   ai*e   here  represented 
leading  them  to  the  woods  to  feed  on  acoi'ns.     In  the  back-ground   we 
have  another  chateau.     December  winds  up  the  series ;  the  pigs  are  being 
killed  preparatory  to  the  approaching  festivities  of  Christmas  and  a  new 
year  ;  and  the  upper  compartment  again  gives  us  a  glimpse  of  steeples 
and  roofs  covered  with  snow. 

This  is  the  general  series  of  subjects  which  appears  in  the  old  illuminated 
calendars,  but  varying  considerably  in  the  manner  in  which  they  are  treated, 
and  in  the  style  of  execution.  A  few  calendars  of  different  dates,  selected 
with  taste,  and  published  during  as  many  successive  years,  will  form  a  series 
of  volumes  beautifully  illustrative  of  the  manners  and  condition  of  different 
])eriods  of  medic\  al  history.  x.  w. 


MEDIEVAL  ARCHITECTURAL  ORNAMENTS.  407 

Collection  of  Architectural  Ornaments  of  the  Middle  Ages  in 
THE  Byzantine  and  Gothic  styles.  By  Charles  Heideloff,  Archi- 
tect, AND  Professor  of  the  Polytechnic  School  of  Nuremberg, 
Germany.     With  04  Plates.     London,  Herinj^  and  Remington,  1844.  4to. 

This  is  a  vahiable  work,  dcser\  ing-  to  be  better  known,  and  the  English 
translation  of  the  letter-press,  which  now  accompanies  the  plates,  will 
greatly  facilitate  this  object.  It  is  desirable  that  English  architects 
should  make  themselves  acquainted  with  the  foreign  varieties  of  Gothic 
architecture,  although  it  is  seldom  to  be  wished  that  they  should 
imitate  them  :  to  architectural  amateurs  the  comparison  is  so  extremely 
interesting,  that  there  is  little  fear  of  their  neglecting  any  opportunities 
for  investigating  it.  The  work  consists  of  a  series  of  examples  of 
capitals  and  other  details  of  Byzantine  and  German  architecture,  corre- 
sponding to  our  Norman  and  Gothic,  carefully  drawn  and  well  engraved  at 
Nuremberg,  where  it  was  originally  published  in  eight  parts  :  the  chief 
objection  to  the  work,  in  its  present  form,  is  that  this  arrangement  is  still 
adhered  to,  instead  of  a  chronological  or  systematic  one  of  some  kind,  which 
would  be  much  more  convenient :  the  continual  jump  from  the  twelfth  to 
the  sixteenth  century,  and  back  again,  is  rather  puzzling,  especially  for 
students. 

The  subject  which  this  work  naturally  brings  before  the  mind  of  an 
English  antiquaiy  or  amateur  of  Gothic  Architecture,  is  the  comparative 
chronology  of  this  style  in  England  and  in  Germany  ;  and  here  he  will  find 
on  commencing,  the  same  stumbling-block  as  in  most  other  foreign  Avorks  on 
the  subject;  the  dates  assigned  to  particular  specimens  are  very  inconsis- 
tent and  unsatisfactory :  in  general,  though  by  no  means  always,  they  assign 
dates  about  a  century  earlier  than  we  should  affix  to  similar  buildings  in 
England,  after  making  allowance  for  the  variation  of  style,  or  rather  of  the 
ornament  and  mode  of  working  in  each  successive  style,  which  might 
naturally  be  expected  between  one  country  and  another ;  the  same  in  kind, 
only  greater  in  degree,  as  the  provincialism  which  is  so  strongly  marked 
between  the  different  parts  of  the  same  country.  Whether  these  authors 
are  right  in  assuming  this  priority  of  date,  may  fairly  admit  of  question,  and 
it  will  generally  be  observed  that  those  amongst  them  who  have  most  care- 
fully investigated  the  subject,  have  been  the  most  ready  to  abandon  the 
claim  as  untenable,  and  to  acquiesce  in  the  chronologj-  adopted  by  the 
English  authorities  since  the  time  of  Rickman,  as  the  most  consistent  with 
reason,  and  with  ascertained  facts :  for  instance,  M.  De  Lassaulx  in 
Germany,  and  M.  De  Caumont  in  France,  in  their  recent  works  have 
adopted  the  English  chronology,  or  have  arrived  at  the  same  results. 

So  far  as  the  work  before  us  affords  evidence,  it  is  remarkable  that  in 
almost  every  instance  in  which  an  ascertained  date  is  mentioned,  it  agrees 
with  the  received  English  chronology.  For  instance,  the  chapel  of  the 
Klostre  Heilbronn,  founded  in  1135,  (I.  4  ;  and  VII.  3,  4.);  Walderich's 
chapel  at  ^Nlurrhard,  the  work  of  Abbot  Ilerbot  in  1180,  (III.  1—3:   and 


408 


NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


V.  1 — 3);    Holy  Rood  monastery  at  Vienna,  founded  in  1134,  (IV.   1); 

S.  Michael's  Schwabischall,  built  by  Geb- 

hard,  bishop  of  Wvu'zburg',  in  1156.     All 

these  agree  perfectly  in  style  with  English 

buildings  of  the  same  periods,  and  although 

there  is  a  marked  national  character,  they 

would  naturally  be   assigned  to  the  twelfth 

century  by  any  person  acquainted  with  the 

general  history  of  architecture,  but  ignorant 

of  these  particular  examples. 

On  the  other  hand  it  seems  impossible  to 
reconcile  these  with  the  other  examples  of 
the  same  style  given  in  this  work  to  which 
such  very  different  dates  are  assigned  :  with- 
out any  apparent  difference  of  style,  we  have 
several  referred  to  the  beginning  of  the 
eleventh  century,  and  others  to  the  eighth. 
The  only  ground  for  these  strange  vagaries 
appearing  to  be  that  the  monasteries  were 
founded  at  those  periods  ;  this  very  obvi- 
ous mistake  has  been  continually  made,  and 
is  still  persevered  in  to  an  extraordinary 
extent.  The  date  of  the  foundation  of  an 
abbey  or  of  a  church  is  satisfactory  evidence 
that  no  portion  of  it  is  earlier  than  that 
time,  but  none  whatever  that  it  is  not 
later ;  it  is  at  least  as  probable  that  in  the  covu'se  of  ages  every  vestige  of 
the  original  buildings  of  a  religious  establishment,  which  has  greatly 
increased  in  wealth  at  a  subsequent  period,  should  have  disappeared  amidst 
repairs,  restorations,  rebuilding,  and  enlargement,  without  any  distinct 
record  of  the  fact,  than  that  any  given  building  was  erected  at  a  remote 
date  in  a  style  earlier  by  some  centuries  than  that  generally  in  use  at  the 
period. 

The  numerous  buildings  assigned  to  Charlemagne  are  in  so  many  different 
styles  of  masonry  as  well  as  sculpture,  that  it  is  impossible  they  can  all  be 
of  the  same  period :  one  of  the  best  authenticated  appears  to  be  the  portico 
or  gatehouse  of  the  abbey  of  Lorsch,  in  the  Bergstrasse,  engraved  by  Moller ; 
the  style  of  this  is  very  late  and  debased  Roman,  such  as  we  might  expect 
to  find  at  that  period,  before  the  arts  of  the  Romans  were  quite  lost :  the 
addition  of  a  staircase  at  one  end  of  this  building,  in  rude  and  clumsy 
Norman  work,  concealing  part  of  the  Roman  cornice,  was  probably  made 
in  the  eleventh  century,  and  serves  to  confirm  the  impression  that  the  rest 
is  a  geiiuine  piece  of  work  of  the  time  of  C'harlcmagne.  If  this  is  correct, 
tlicn  the  Kaiserberg,  (VI.  1,  2.)  to  which  the  same  date  is  assigned, 
must  have  been  rebuilt  in  the  lliirtcenth  century,  the  period  to  whicli  the 
ornament  clearlv  belongs. 


S.  Waldericfa,  Murrhard.  A.D    1180 


MEDIEVAL  ARCHITECTURAL  ORNAMENTS.  409 

Bamberg  cathedral,  founded  in  1004,  and  the  original  building  completed 
in  1012,  may  be  considered  as  a  more  doubtful  case.  The  style  of  that 
obscure  period  is  not  easily  ascertained :  it  is  possible  that  the  same  style 
continued  in  use  for  two  centuries  from  this  period  to  the  end  of  the  twelfth, 
but  it  seems  hardly  probable  that  ornaments  so  nearly  identical  as  those  at 
Bamberg  and  others,  here  engraved  side  by  side  with  them,  acknowledged 
to  belong  to  the  latter  period,  can  be  the  work  of  the  same  age.  The 
trefoil  arch  (I.  4)  is  found  abundantly  in  the  churches  on  the  Rhine,  in  the 
rich  Romanesque  or  Byzantinesque,  which  M.  de  Lassaulx  has  convincingly 
6he\vn  to  belong  to  the  very  end  of  the  twelfth  or  beginning  of  the  thirteenth 
century  ;  and  all  the  ornaments  here  engraved  from  Bamberg  appear  to  be 
of  later  character  than  those  found  in  the  interesting  church  of  Schwartz- 
Rheindorf,  opposite  Bonn,  which  is  recorded  in  a  cotemporary  inscription 
behind  the  Altar  to  have  been  commenced  in  1148  and  consecrated  in  1151. 

In  England  it  is  pretty  clear,  from  a  variety  of  evidence,  that  the  masonry 
of  the  early  part  of  the  eleventh  century  Avas  so  bad  that  such  buildings 
as  were  erected  of  stone  at  that  period  would  scarcely  stand  above  sixty 
years  ;  and  the  more  usual  material  for  buildings  of  all  kinds  was  wood : 
even  quite  at  the  end  of  that  century  the  works  of  Lanfranc  at  Canterbury, 
of  Remigius  at  Lincoln,  and  of  Gundulph  in  the  white  tower,  London, 
are  still  extremely  rude,  and  the  joints  of  the  masonry  wide  enough  to  admit 
two  fingers,  while  the  principal  part  of  the  ornament  is  cut  with  the  hatchet. 
Some  parts,  such  as  the  capitals  at  Canterbury,  cut  with  the  chisel,  have 
evidently  been  worked  at  a  subsequent  period,  some  of  the  caps  being  still 
left  half  finished,  and  others  not  even  commenced,  but  left  ready  for  can'ing. 
In  Germany  the  state  of  the  arts,  both  of  masomy  and  sculpture  in  stone, 
may  have  been  much  more  advanced,  but  no  satisfactory  evidence  of  this  has 
yet  been  produced. 

St.  Sebald's,  at  Nuremberg,  is  assumed  to  be  of  the  eleventh  century, 
from  its  resemblance  to  Bamberg,  having  no  records  of  its  own :  it  bears 
an  equally  close  resemblance  to  the  other  examples  before  mentioned  as 
undoubtedly  of  the  twelfth  century,  and  this  date  would  appear  far  more 
probable. 

Subsequently  to  this  period  the  dates  appear  to  be  all  well  authenticated, 
and  the  style  to  agree  with  what  might  be- expected  at  those  dates. 

Of  the  thirteenth  century  we  have  a  capital  from  Denkendorf,  still 
Byzantine,  (II.  2) ;  two  curious  capitals  from  Lilienfeld,  in  Lower 
Austria,  (IV.  1);  a  veiy  beautiful  piece  of  sculpture  in  relief  of  a  knight 
and  his  betrothed,  from  the  head  of  a  doorway  at  Rotweil,  in  the  Black 
Forest,  (VI.  5) ;  and  a  richly  carved  wooden  chair,  or  throne,  with  the 
arms  of  king  William  of  Holland,  crowned  in  1247,  probably  in  this  very 
chair ;  the  ornament  agrees  with  that  period,  and  it  is  a  highly  interesting 
specimen  of  early  oak  carving. 

Of  the  fourteenth  century,  M.  Heideloff"  gives  no  specimens,  unless  per- 
haps some  of  the  beautiful  ironwork  (II.  3,  and  III.  5)  or  the  wooden  panels 
(V.  8,  and  VI.  8)  may  be  of  that  period. 

3  II 


410 


NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


Of  the  fifteenth  century,  however,  he  has  numerous  and  beautiful  exam- 
ples of  sculptured  ornaments,  both  of  stone  and  wood ;  some  good  and 
characteristic  crockets,  (I.  5,  II.  5,  and  IV.  6). 


rrockeis  from  t±ie  Oratory  at  Urach   A  D   1472. 


A  very  rich  piece  of  sculpture  in  wood,  said  to  have  been  the  oratory  of 
Count  Eberhond,  at  Urach,  in  1472,  with  various  details  of  it  on  seven  plates, 
(IV.  2 — 8) ;  these  are  quite  luxuriant,  and  in  general  appearance  more 
like  what  in  England  would  be  called  Decorated  work,  though  the  profiles 
of  the  mouldings  would  mark  the  fifteenth  century  here  as  well  as  there  ; 
nor  was  it  unusual  in  England  for  the  ornaments  of  wood- work  of  that 
period  to  resemble  at  first  sight  the  style  of  the  preceding  century.  In 
Germany,  however,  there  is  a  boldness  and  vigour  in  the  sculpture  through- 
out this  century  which  we  do  not  find  at  home ;  witness  the  panel  from  a  stall 
in  St.  George's,  Tubingen  (III.  6).  Our  Perpendicular  style  is  peculiar 
to  ourselves  ;  the  German  work  of  the  same  period  is  much  more  free  and 
bolder,  and  rather  resembles  the  French  Flamboyant,  but  still  has  a  distinct 
national  character  of  its  own.  One  marked  peculiarity  is  the  studied  resem- 
blance to  twigs,  or  branches  of  trees,  preserved  in  the  tracery,  with  the  con- 
tinual recurrence  of  stumps  as  if  cut  off":  this  is  very  distinctly  shewn  in  the 
specimen  from  Aix  la  Chapelle  (VI.  4). 

Of  the  ornaments  of  the  sixteenth  century,  M.  Heideloff"  also  furnishes  a 
number  of  beautiful  specimens,  but  rather  of  furniture  than  of  architecture ; 
such  as  the  stamped  leather  from  the  panels  of  a  state  carriage  in  1555 
(I.  6,  7),  from  a  book-cover  (II.  3).  In  wood-work  there  are  also  nume- 
rous and  beautiful  examples,  from  desks,  stalls,  &c. 

Altogether  this  work  is  a  fit  companion  for  Mr.  Shaw's  Specimens  and 
other  beautiful  works.  The  coloured  door  which  forms  the  frontispiece  is 
an  excellent  example  of  the  rich  effect  of  Polychrome.  i.  h.  p. 


THE  HISTORY  AND  ANTIQUITIES  OF  CLEVELAND. 


411 


The   Histoky   and   Antiquities   of   Clevei.and.      By   J.   Walker 
Ord,  Esq.  4to.  Parts  I.  to  VI.     London,  Sinipkiii,  Marshall,  and  Co. 

Mr.  Ord  has  entered  n})oii  a  laborious  and  praiseworthy  undertaking  with 
the  zeal  of  an  amateur  and  the  industr}'  of  a  practised  antiquary.  It  is 
advertised  to  be  completed  in  twelve  Parts,  of  which  we  already  possess  six. 
The  earlier  pages  consist  of  a  general  account  of  the  history  and  anti- 
quities of  the  district,  which,  in  parts,  is  to  our  taste  a  little  too  diffuse, — 
there  is  too  much  of  general  matters  which  have  little  or  no  connection  with 
the  locality,  and  which,  by  repetition  in  every  local  history,  are  repeated  ad 
nauseam — but  in  excuse  for  this  it  may  be  said  that  it  is  a  work,  the  chief 
circulation  of  which  will  be  in  the  locality  and  among  readers  Avho  cannot 
so  easily  gain  access  to  the  mass  of  materials  and  observations  on  early 
history  and  antiquities  here  presented  to  them.  The  writer  is  evidently  a 
man  of  talent,  and  his  book  gains  upon  us  as  we  advance,  by  the  agree- 
able style  in  which  it  is  written,  and  by  the  quantity  of  interesting  and 
novel  local  information  which  it  offers.  The  fu-st  Part  contains  the  history 
of  Britain,  rather  than  of  Cleveland,  under  the  aborigines  or  original 
inhabitants,  under  the  Romans,  under  the  Saxons,  and  under  the  Danes. 
In  the  second  Part,  under  tha  title  of  "  The  Norman  Conquest,"  the  history 
becomes  more  local.  After  this  we  have  a  succession  of  interesting  and 
ably-written  chapters  on  the  geology  of  Cleveland  and  its  agricultural 
condition,  and  on  its  monuments  of  antiquity,  primeval  and  medieval.  In 
the  fifth  Part  we  have  the  detailed  history  of  Gisborough  priory,  followed 
in  No.  YI.,  by  that  of  the  town  and  parish.  It  appears  to  us  to  be  deserving 
of  the  high  patronage  under  which  it  is  put  forth,  and  we  hope  that  its 
extended  sale  will  repay  with  interest  the  labours  of  its  author.  It  is  an 
extremely  good  specimen  of  provincial  typography,  is  illustrated  with 
numerous  woodcuts  inserted  in  the  text,  and  by  many  large  lithographed 
and  copper-plate  engravings. 

It  is  in  our  power,  by  the  kindness  of  the  author,  to  give  a  specimen  or 
two  of  the  woodcuts  which  illustrate  his  work,  and  we  select  as  the  first,  a 
figure  of  a  curious  carved    stone,  found  near  a  stone  coffin  taken  up  in 


Newton  church  in  1827.     We  believe  Mr.  Ord  is  not  right  in  supposing  it 
to  be  Saxon  :  it  is  evidently  not  older  than  the  twelfth  century,  and  the 


412 


NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


style  bears  some  resemblance  to  the  Coningsborough  tombstone  given  in 
the  present  number  of  our  Journal.  Mr.  Ord  has  given  a  very  interesting 
account  of  the  opening  of  some  barrows  in  1843,  on  Bernaldby  Moor,  near 
Erton  Nab,  and  of  other  British  and  Roman  antiquities  in  this  neighbour- 
hood. Of  one  of  these  barrows  he  says : — "  Brown  or  black  loamy  earth, 
fine  and  powdery,  mixed  with  masses  of  pure  charcoal  in  dense  layers, 
seemingly  of  oak,  small  red  burnt  stones,  and  portions  of  human  bones,  were 
alternately  thrown  up  by  the  workmen,  and  in  this  manner  our  labours  pro- 
gressed till  dusk.  In  this  case  the  men  reversed  their  mode  of  proceeding, 
digging  a  tunnel-shaped  passage  direct  east  and  west  through  the  centre  of 
the  tumulus.  We  had  now  (half-past  four)  gone  beyond  the  middle  line, 
and  were  about  to  relinquish  the  task  in  despair,  when  a  lad,  who  was  plying 
vigorously  with  his  spade,  cried  out,  '  Dom  it,  here's  a  bit  o'  carved  stean !' 
and  was  on  the  point  of  aiming  a  final  et  tu  Brute  blow  at  the  precious  relic 
when  the  narrator  leaped  down,  and  arrested  the  fatal  stroke.  On  examin- 
ing the  place,  I  found  the  outline  of  a  noble  urn-shaped  vessel  (see  sketch, 
fig.  2),  standing  upright,  covered  with  a  large  shield-shaped  stone  (fig.  1), 


ri^.2 


curiously  carved  in  the  interior  with  some  metallic  instrument,  representing, 
as  I  conceived,  either  a  rude  armorial  bearing,  or  a  religious  device.  .  .  . 
With  great  care  and  some  difficulty  (for  it  was  nearly  dark)  I  worked  round 


ESSAY  ON  TOPOGRAPHICAL  LITERATURE.  413 

the  urn  with  a  knife,  detaching  it  gradually  from  the  adjacent  mould,  and 
having  at  length  fairly  disengaged  it  from  the  surrounding  mass,  held  it 
aloft  to  the  delighted  assemblage,  who  hailed  the  long-expected  sarcophagus 
with  acclamations.  The  largest  circumference  of  the  urn  (now  in  my 
possession)  is  40  inches,  the  circumference  of  the  top  36  inches,  height  from 
the  base  to  the  rim  13  inches,  from  the  I'im  to  the  top  3^  inches,  total  height 
16^  inches.  The  composition  is  of  fine  clay,  burnt  almost  black  in  the 
interior,  moulded  apparently  by  the  hand.  The  upper  portion  above  the 
rim  is  marked  with  fine  zig-zag  lines,  and  the  Avhole  dotted  with  some 
pointed  instrument.  Inside  we  found  a  quantity  of  white  calcined  bones, 
comprising  jjortions  of  the  frontal,  temporal,  and  parietal  bones,  several 
zygomatic  processes,  lumbar  vertebrae,  and  portions  of  the  tibia  very  com- 
plete, the  femoral  articulations  of  different  individuals,  numerous  ribs, 
finger  joints,  and  bones  of  the  feet,  besides  a  great  many  teeth  in  a  remark- 
able state  of  preservation.  The  bones  were  evidently  those  of  several  per- 
sons mingled  together,  as  they  had  been  collected  from  the  funeral  pile, 
some  of  them  evidently  adult,  othei's,  from  their  size  and  form,  of  a  tender 
age — not  more  than  ten  or  twelve  years  old.''  It  was  a  bell-shaped  barrow, 
and  Mr.  Ord  considers  it  to  have  been  a  British  interment.  He  adds, 
"  Fig.  3  is  a  small  urn,  preserved  entire,  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  Young,  of 
Whitby,  discovered  a  few  years  ago  at  Upleatham,  within  a  larger  urn.  It 
contained  ashes  similar  to  the  exterior  urn.  Fig.  4  represents  a  stone 
found  near  Court  Green,  in  one  of  the  tumuli  wliich  I  opened  by  the  kind 
permission  of  Sir  John  Lowther,  Bart."  T.  w. 

An  Essay  ok  Topographical  Literature.  By  John  Britton,  F.S.A., 
&CC.  4to.  London,  J.  B.  Nichols  and  Son,  1843. 
Many  years  ago  Mr.  Britton  attempted  in  vain  to  accomplish  for  the 
county  of  Kent  that  which  it  is  to  be  hoped  he  has  now  achieved  for  Wilt- 
shire, During  the  career  of  a  long  life  devoted  to  rescuing  the  antiquities 
of  our  country  from  the  neglect  in  which  they  were  still  held,  visiting 
in  turn  all  parts  of  England  with  one  ruUng  object  in  view,  he  had  opportu- 
nities of  witnessing  the  ruin  towards  which  many  of  our  national  ancient 
remains  were  fast  declining,  and  of  seeing  how  little  had  yet  been  done  to- 
wards their  preservation,  and  what  vast  efforts  were  to  be  made  ere  their 
value  could  be  appreciated  to  an  extent  that  Avould  secure  them  from  further 
and  final  spoliation  and  decay.  Mr.  Britton  entered  the  field  of  archaeological 
research  when  it  possessed  but  few  labourers,  and  his  recorded  exertions 
honourably  shew  how  assiduously,  for  upwards  of  half  a  centuiy,  he  has  done 
his  duty,  and  he  must  be  gratified  in  witnessing  the  matured  and  ripened 
public  regard  for  our  antiquities  which  at  the  present  moment  is  being  de- 
veloped, and  which,  all  must  own,  his  zeal  and  perseverance  have  essentially 
served  to  promote.  The  appeal  which  ^Ir.  Britton  long  since  made  to  the 
pubhc  to  commence  a  systematic  investigation  of  English  antiquities,  failed 
in  its  object,  not  from  want  of  judgment  or  ability  on  his  part,  for  in  prin- 
ciple his  project  assimilated  to  those  which  are  now  so  successful,  but  solely 


414  NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

because  his  aspirations  were  in  advance  of  the  capacity  of  the  public  mind 
to  second  or  comprehend  them.  It  is  beyond  the  power  of  individual  talent 
to  counteract  general  apathy  and  supineness,  and  to  induce  a  vniiversal  dis- 
position to  further  so  great  a  change  as  that  from  utter  ignorance  to  intelli- 
gence, a  transition  which  time  and  long  teaching  can  alone  effect.  The 
Wiltshire  Topographical  Society,  for  whose  use  this  Essay  is  especially 
published,  though  it  is  also  of  general  application,  has  set  an  example  to  the 
antiquaries  of  other  counties  to  gather  together  those  materials  for  their 
respective  histories  which  can  only  be  properly  collected  by  themselves 
through  division  of  labour  applied  to  their  own  districts  and  neighbourhoods. 
The  best  County  Histories  we  possess  in  many  respects  fall  far  short  of  what 
is  really  wanted,  from  the  impossibility  of  one  individual  doing  full  justice 
to  a  work  which  requires  so  much  time,  patience,  judgment,  and  minute 
research,  to  be  executed  properly  and  completely.  As  Mr.  Britton  observes, 
"  The  author  who  reasonably  expects  to  be  paid  for  his  labours,  cannot  afford 
either  the  time  or  the  expenses  which  are  required,  and  the  wealthy  country 
gentleman  has  usually  other  and  more  seductive  demands  on  his  attention. 
A  resident  clergyman  or  private  gentleman  may  accomplish  with  complete- 
ness and  minuteness  a  history  of  his  own  parish,  as  White,  in  the  History  of 
Selbourne  ;  Cullimi,  in  the  History  of  Hawsted  ;  Whitaker,  in  the  History 
of  Whalley ;  Gage,  in  the  History  of  Hengrave ;  and  a  few  others :  but  that 
of  a  whole  county  is  more  than  ought  to  be  attempted  or  could  ever  be 
adequately  executed  by  one  person."  The  Rev.  Joseph  Hunter,  in  his 
"  History  of  Hallamshire,"  has  forcibly  shewn  the  great  use  of  Toj^ography, 
and  its  comparative  neglect.  "If  this,"  says  he,  "has  fallen  amongst  us  into 
some  degree  of  disrepute,  who  Avill  venture  to  say  that  it  does  not  lend  a 
useful  light  to  enquiries  into  almost  every  department  of  our  national  litera- 
ture ?  Who  will  say  that  there  is  not  room  for  the  exercise  of  some  of  the 
higher  powers  of  the  mind  ?  or  that  learning,  both  classical  and  indigenous, 
may  not  be  successfully  applied  ?  Topography,  in  the  sense  it  is  now  used, 
is  a  literature  peculiar  to  the  English  nation.  It  cannot  be  said  to  have 
extended  itself  even  to  Wales  or  Ireland.  No  shire  of  Scotland  has  yet 
been  desci'ibed  as  our  English  counties  are  described.  Foreign  nations 
have  admirable  descriptions  of  their  principal  cities  and  towns,  but  their 
topographical  writers  have  not  yet  learned  to  ascend  the  rivers,  and  pene- 
trate the  recesses  of  their  pasturable  forests,  shewing  us  where  men  in  the 
infancy  of  society  fixed  their  habitations,  and  where  and  hoAV  the  village 
churches  arose  in  the  infancy  of  Christianity.  So  little  do  foreign  nations 
know  of  their  country,  that  even  Pajstum  remained  to  be  discovered  within 
the  memory  of  man." 

For  the  benefit  of  the  students  in  topography,  Mr.  Britton  has  given 
notices  of  the  plans  adopted  by  the  chief  writers  in  this  department  of  litera- 
ture, a  brief  and  useful  account  of  our  national,  historical,  and  topographical 
records,  and  a  glossary  of  words  in  Domesday  Book,  so  that  the  essay  may 
extend  its  sphere  of  influence  beyond  the  limits  of  the  Wiltshire  Topo- 
graphical Society.  c.  k.  smith. 


THE  HANDBOOK  OF  LEICESTER. 


415 


The  Handisook   of  Leicester,  by  James  Thompson,   l2mo.  pp.  96. 
Leicester,  1844. 

We  are  glad  to  see  local  guide-books  compiled  with  some  degree  of  taste 
and  accuracy ;  they  are  humble  works  of  utility,  which  may  in  general  be 
made  attractive  and  interesting,  but  which  have  too  often  been  'got  up'  in 
the  most  contemptible  manner.  The  little  volume  before  us  is  an  honourable 
exception,  and  as  such  the  more  gratifying  as  it  relates  to  so  interesting  a  town 
as  Ijcicestcr.  INIr.  Thompson  has  entered  upon  the  task  with  a  taste  for 
his  subject,  and  for  the  antiquities  of  all  ages  so  thickly  strewed  around  him, 
and  the  visitor  may  safely  proceed  under  his  guidance  without  any  fear  of 
being  misled  or  misinformed.  It  is  embellished  with  a  few  neat  woodcuts  of 
objects  of  antiquarian  interest.  We  select  as  examples  the  cuts  of  two  of  the  most 
interesting  of  the  Roman  monuments  of  Leicester.  The  first  is  an  inscribed 
Roman  milestone,  of  new  red   sandstone,  which  "  is  now  placed  in    the 


r«l»Mii 


museum  of  the  Iviterary  and  Philosophical  Society.     It  was  dug  up  on  the 
side  of  the  Foss  road,  about  two  miles  on  the  north  of  Leicester,  in  1771. 


416 


NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


It  is  cylindrical  in  shape,  it  measures  about  3  feet  6  inches  in  height,  and  5 
feet  7  inches  in  circumference.  The  letters  of  the  inscription  are  rudely  cut. 
In  1781  they  appeared  to  be  nearly  as  follows:" — 

IMP  d:SAK 

DIVI  TKAJAN  PARTH  F  DIV 

TKAJAN  HADKIAN  AUG 

POT  IV  COS  III  A  RATIS 

HI 


This  inscription  fixes,  beyond  any  doubt,  Leicester  as  the  site  of  the  Roman 
town  of  RatfE,  and  might,  from  the  spot  in  which  it  was  found,  be  of  some  use 
in  determining  the  measure  of  the  Roman  mile  in  Britain.     The  other  cut  we 


A^•CIE^'T  COINS  or  cities  and  princes.  417 

select  is  a  view  of  the  part  of  the  ancient  Roman  wall,  called  now  the  Jewry 
wall,  the  general  appearance  of  which  is  here  very  well  represented ;  but  the 
layers  of  bricks  are  not  sufficiently  well  defined,  and  the  engraver  has  given 
the  apjiearance  of  a  receding  arch  to  what  Avas  merely  intended  for  a  breach 
in  the  masonry  under  the  third  archway.  Much  doubt  has  existed  on  the 
original  object  for  which  this  building  served.  It  has  been  by  some  supposed 
to  have  been  a  temple  of  Janus,  while  others  consider  it  to  have  been  one  of 
the  Roman  gateways  of  the  town.  Mr.  Thompson  has  given  a  brief  abstract 
of  the  various  opinions  on  this  subject,  and  concise  accounts  of  the  numer- 
ous other  remains  of  Roman  and  medieval  antiquity  in  Leicester,  and  we 
leave  his  book  with  the  wish  that  it  may  serve  as  a  model  to  similar  guides 
to  many  an  old  and  interesting  locality.  T.  w. 

Ancient  Coins  of  Cities  and  Princes,  Geographically  arranged 
AND  described.  By  John  Yonge  Akerman,  F.S.A.,  &cc.  Nos.  I  and 
II.,  8vo.     London,  John  Russell  Smith. 

Such  a  guide  to  the  collector  and  student  of  coins  struck  in  the  cities  and 
provinces  of  the  ancient  world  has  long  been  requu-ed.  The  great  work  of 
Eckliel  is  expensive,  and  new  discoveries  have  rendered  it  as  a  pei'fect  list 
exceedingly  incomplete,  particularly  in  regard  to  the  coins  of  ancient  Spain, 
with  which  Mr.  Akerman's  geograpliical  arrangement  commences.  The 
"Description"  of  Mionnet,  excellent  and  most  useful  as  it  has  been 
found,  is  yet  very  incorrect,  and  the  little  attention  that  had  been  paid  to 
paleographical  studies  (a  subject  with  which  Eckhel  seemed  averse  to 
grapple)  at  the  period  of  the  commencement  of  that  work,  has  led  him  in 
some  instances  to  confound  the  coins  of  three  or  four  cities  of  Bsetica, 
merely  because  their  types  resembled  each  other,  though  the  inscriptions 
were  altogether  dissimilar.  Moreover,  from  the  number  of  supplements, 
Mionnefs  work,  until  it  be  entirely  remodelled,  will  be  as  troublesome  for 
reference  as  it  is  costly  to  the  numismatic  student.  To  remedy  these  defects, 
and  to  afford  to  the  less  wealthy  collector  the  information  to  be  found  only 
in  many  expensive  volumes,  is  the  object  of  the  present  midertaking,  which 
has  the  additional  advantage  of  being  accompanied  by  most  accurate  en- 
gravings of  every  coin  to  which  the  editor  can  obtain  access  in  the  cabinets, 
both  private  and  public,  of  England  and  the  continent ;  almost  every  indivi- 
dual specimen  in  which,  if  purchasable,  would  perhaps  cost  the  price  of  half 
a  dozen  nimibers  of  this  publication.  It  is  scarcely  necessarj'  to  add  that 
this  cannot  be  a  pecuniary  speculation,  and  that  nothing  but  an  ardent  love 
of  the  subject,  could  have  led  the  author  to  undertake  a  work  requiring  so 
much  patience  and  labour,  research  and  application.  c.  R.  smith. 


3  I 


418  NOTICES  OF  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

The  History  and  Antiquities  of  Dartford,  with  Topographical 
Notices  of  the  Neighbourhood.  By  John  Dunkin,  Gent.,  M.A.S. 
8vo.     London,  1844.  John  Russell  Smith. 

Mr.  Dunkin  has  industriously  recorded  a  mass  of  facts,  chiefly  relating 
to  the  ecclesiastical  and  social  history  of  Dartford,  all  of  more  or  less 
value,  and  has  thus  earned  the  gratitude  of  all  who  can  appreciate  the  utiUty 
of  topographical  compilations,  which,  requiring  much  zeal,  discrimination, 
and  labour,  contrary  to  works  of  more  direct  and  immediate  interest,  seldom 
repay  the  authors  the  expense  incurred  in  publishing  them,  to  say  nothing 
of  that  incurred  in  various  ways  during  the  progress  of  compilation.  The 
town  of  Dartford,  lying  on  the  direct  and  ancient  road  from  London  to 
Canterbury  and  Dover,  is  unquestionably  of  high  antiquity.  There  are 
doubts  as  to  its  having  any  very  strong  claims  to  be  identified  with  the 
Noviomagus  of  the  Romans,  but  the  discovery  of  an  extensive  Romano- 
Bx'itish  burial-place  on  East  Hill  adjoining  the  town,  shews  that  the  imme- 
diate neighbourhood  was  well  populated  during  the  Roman  occupation  of 
Britain.  The  two  stations  or  posts  next  to  London  on  the  great  road  to 
Dover,  namely,  Noviomagus  and  Vagniacae,  have  yet  to  be  satisfactorily 
located.  According  to  the  Itinerary  of  Antoninus,  the  former  should  be 
placed  much  nearer  London  than  Dartford,  while  that  of  Richard  of  Ciren- 
cester, fixing  it  about  Dartford,  renders  thereby  the  sites  of  the  proximate 
stations  somewhat  uncertain ;  the  latter  is  marked  in  Antoninus  as  a  position 
about  Southfleet,  not  far  from  which  place,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
Springhead,  are  extensive  foundations  of  Roman  building  more  than  suffi- 
cient to  indicate  a  station  such  as  Vagniacse  probably  was.  It  must  be  con- 
sidered that  places  in  the  Roman  itineraries,  coming  next  to  strong  military 
stations,  are  always  the  most  difficult  to  be  traced  at  the  present  day,  and  the 
reason  seems  obvious  ;  they  were  most  likely  places  of  secondary  considera- 
tion, often  neither  walled  nor  fortified,  on  account  of  the  protection  afforded 
by  the  important  stations  to  which  they  were  intennediate.  A  more  careful 
personal  examination  of  places  may  assist  in  appropriating  some  of  these 
dubious  settlements.  There  are,  no  doubt,  vast  quantities  of  the  remains  of 
Roman  buildings  throughout  England,  in  very  unsuspected  localities,  the 
discovery  of  which  will  speedily  follow  a  more  general  attention  to  indica- 
tions unnoticed  by  the  unpractised  eye.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  Dartford, 
as  well  as  in  other  parts  of  the  county  of  Kent,  are  numerous  pits  sunk 
perpendicularly  sixty  or  seventy  feet,  and  connected  by  passages  which  in 
some  instances  are  said  to  lead  to  spacious  rooms.  If,  as  is  probable, 
these  subterranean  apartments  were  tenanted  by  the  early  inhabitants  of 
the  district,  there  can  be  but  little  doubt  of  some  of  their  implements  or 
Aveapons  being  discovered  were  an  excavation  of  the  floors  of  the  caves  to  be 
made,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  Mr.  Dunkin,  with  his  practical  knowledge 
of  these  mysterious  works,  may  have  leisure  and  opportunity  to  institute  a 
regular  exploration.  Hasted  describes  these  pits  as  having  in  some  instances 
several  rooms  or  partitions  one  within  another,  strongly  vaulted  and  sup- 


HISTORY  AND  ANTIQUITIES  OF  DARTFORD.  419 

ported  with  pillars  of  chalk.  Mr.  Dunkiu  refers  to  a  passage  in  Tacitus, 
which  shews  that  these  caverns  were  common  to  the  German  tribes.  It 
runs  thus  :  "  They  are  accustomed  also  to  dig  subterraneous  caves  which 
they  cover  over  with  dung,  thus  rendering  them  suitable  for  a  retreat  in 
winter,  and  a  storehouse  for  corn ;  for  by  this  means  they  assuage  the  rigour 
of  the  cold :  and  should  the  country  be  invaded,  they  retreat  into  the  caves 
and  escape  through  the  ignorance  of  the  deceived  enemy  ^."  Mr.  Dunkin 
has  collected  much  curious  information  relative  to  St.  Edmund's  Chapel  and 
the  Priory.  "  The  celebrity  of  the  former  in  the  middle  ages  gave  name  to 
the  ancient  road  itself,  which  is  called  in  many  records  St  Edrmmd's  Hhjh- 
xoayT  The  following  extract  from  the  testament  of  an  inhabitant  of  Dartford, 
in  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.,  shews  something  of  its  internal  arrangement. 
"  Hugh  Serle,  of  Dertford,  directs  his  body  to  be  buried  in  the  chapel  of 
St.  Edmund,  before  his  image ;  he  gives  to  the  rode  Ught,  \1d. ;  to  our  lady 
light  under  the  rode,  126?, ;  to  St.  John  Baptist,  St.  Peter,  and  St.  James, 
Vld. ;  for  a  taper  before  St.  Edmund  in  the  chapel,  Vld.,  Sec."  The  Priory 
founded  by  Edward  III.  for  Sisters  of  the  Order  of  Preachers,  the  successive 
prioresses,  the  grants  and  benefactions  to  the  monastery,  the  privileges  of 
the  sisterhood,  are  consecutively  and  minutely  described  down  to  the  visita- 
tion and  eventual  suppression  of  the  monasteries  by  Henry  VIII.,  who  con- 
ferred upon  Joane  Fane,  the  last  prioress,  a  pension  of  one  hundred  marks 
per  annum,  and  upon  the  sisters  grants  varying  from  six  pounds  to  forty 
shillings  per  annum.  The  situation  of  the  several  conventual  buildings, 
Mr.  Dunkin  states,  may  be  tolerably  well  ascertained  from  the  present 
remains,  and  a  faint  idea  of  the  church  of  the  convent,  he  thinks,  may  be 
gathered  from  a  representation  of  the  model  borne  in  the  hand  of  the  foimder, 
on  an  ancient  seal,  attached  to  a  deed  in  the  archives  of  the  Leather  Sellers' 
Company,  in  London ;  it  is  there  represented  as  consisting  of  a  nave,  choir, 
and  short  transepts,  intersected  with  a  Ioav  tower  surmounted  with  a  spire. 
That  ill-managed  but  just  struggle  of  the  people  of  Kent,  under  Wat  Tyler, 
to  free  themselves  from  intolerable  oppression  and  degraded  vassalage,  finds 
a  prominent  place  in  the  annals  of  Dartford,  and  a  painful  interest  is  attached 
to  Mr.  Dunkin's  faithful  narrative  of  burnings  at  the  stake  for  religious 
notions  heretical  in  respect  to  those  of  the  reigning  sovereign  and  her  clergy. 

C.  R.  SMITH. 

"  Solent  et  subterraneos  spccus  aperire,  populatur :    abdita    autem  et  defossa    aut 

eosque  multo  insuper  finio  onerant,  suft'u-  ignorantur,  aut  eo  ipso  falluut  quod  qiiae- 

gium    hiemi   et    receptaculuni    frugibus :  rerula   sunt.     De    Moribus    Germanorum, 

quia  rigorem  frigorum  ejusmodi  locis  mol-  cap.  xvi. 
Hunt :  et  si  quando  hostis  advenit,  aperta 


The  List  of  Recent  Archcsological  Publications^  the  Title-page  and 
Index  to  volume  L,  are  unavoidably  postponed,  and  will  be  given 
in  the  next  number. 


4 


INDEX. 


Abbey  Hill,  at  Kirkby  iu  Malhamdale,  Yorkshire, 

buildings  at,  40-1 
Aberffraw  Abbey,  Anglesey,  41 
Acta  Sanctorum,  55 

Acton  Turvill  Church,  Gloucestershire,  37 
Adtlington  Church,  Kent,  263 
Addison's  "  History  of  the  Knights  Templars,"  52 
Adelina,  wife  of  Roger  de  liullmont,  320 
Aelfric's  translation  of  the  Pentateuch,  27 
Aindre,  William,  3(53 
Aix  la  Chapelle,  wood  carving  at,  4  10 
AKERMAJi's    "  Ancient     Coins     of     Cities     and 

Princes,"  417 
"  Coins  of  the  Romans,  relating   to 

Britain,"  11,  179 

"Descriptive  Catalogue   of  rare   Ro- 


man Coins,"  11 
"  Numismatic  Manual, 


11 


Albemarle,  Earl  of,  364 

Alcock,  Bishop,  250 

Alderet,  wife  of,  320 

Alderney,  spear-heads  found  in,  226 

Alexander  Ill^Pope,  239 

III^King  of  Scotland,  325 

Alfred,  jewel  of,  284 

Alnwick  Castle,  Northumberland,  104,  105 

Altars,  190,  191 

Ambrosden  Church,  Oxon,  178 

Amiens  Cathedral,  238 

"Analysis  of  Gothic  Auchitecttre,"  291 

"  AxciEXT  AND  jModern  Architectcre,  edited 

by  M.  Gailhabaud,"  notice  of,  184 
Ancient    Mixed   Masonry    of   Brick    and 

Stone,  307 
An  Dinas  Castle,  Cornwall,  310 
Angers,  84,  171,  186 

Cathedral,  tombs  in,  84 

Anglesey,  Antiquities  of,   40,  118 

British  remains  in,  309 

Anglo-Normau  Chroniclers,  25 
Anglo-Saxon  Architecture,  24 

Barnack,  Northam]itoushire,  31 

Brigstock,  Northamptonshire,  31 

Corhampton,  Hants.,  34 

Deerhurst,  Gloucestershire,  31 

Earl's  Barton,  Northamptonshire,  27 

Sompting,  Sussex,  26,  27,  34 

St.  Alban's,  Herts,  28 

St.  Benet's,  Cambridge,  30 

■ from  illuminated  MSS.  24,  27 

Churches  of  Wood,  24 


Animals  Apocalyptic,  193 
Anjou,  Map  of,  186 

Geography  of,  84 

Churches  of,  186 

Anselm,  Abp.  his  dispute  with  William  II.,  360 
Anstan  Church,  Yorkshire,  401 
Anthony  Church,  Cornwall,  brass  in,  165 

St.,  order  of,  51 

Antiquaries,  London  Society  of,  1,  2,  3,  29 

Scotch  Society  of,  352 

Antiquities  OF  Channel  Islands,  142,  222 
Antoninus,  Itinerary  of,  418 

Pius,  coin  of,  181 

Antwerp  citadel,  99 


Apocalypsis  Goliae  Episcopi,  48 
Apostles,  emblems  of,  63 
Aqueduct,  preservation  of,  83,  189 
Archa;ologia,  32,  116,  117,  208 
Archaeological  Publications,  85,  194,  292 

Works   preparing  for  publication. 


88,  195,  295 
Archaeology,  professorships  of,  83,  192 
Arches,  Anglo-Saxon,  28,  30,  31 
Architecture,  Military,  93 

Domestic,  212,  301 

—  Ecclesiastical  of  Paris,  237, 


■  English  in  France,  188 

—  Ancient      and     Modern," 


336 


notice  of,  184 


-  Gothic,"  notice  of,  284 


"Architectural  Ornaments  of  Byzantine 

and  Gothic  style,"  notice  of,  407 
Arundel,  Margaret,  brass  of,  165 
Aruudelian  Blarbles,  Oxford,  33 
Athens  Cathedral,  185 
Attelathe,  Alderman,  brass  of,  202,  208 
Aureole,  forms  of,  76,  77 
Autun  Church,  193 
Auvcrgne,  Churches  of,  187 
Avenbury,  Herefordshire,  incised  slab  at,  210 
Avranches,  191 
Aymestrey  Church,  Hereford,  234 


B. 


Bacon  family,  brass  of,  203 

Bacton,  Herefordshire,  embroidery  at,  329 

Bakewell,  Derbyshire,  grave-slabs  at,156  ;  chalice, 

(fcc,  158,  270 
Bamberg  Cathedral,  409 
Bamborough  Castle,  Northumberland,  96 
Bauduri's  "  Coins  of  the  Romans,  from  Trajamis 

Decius,  <S:c."  11 
Barfreston  Church,  Kent,  278 
Barnack  Church,  Northamptonshire,  31 
Barnwell  Castle,  Northamptonshire,  368 
Barrows,  156,  166,  167,  247,  249,  252,  253,  262, 

270,  271,  379,412 
Bartlow,  Essex,  antiquities  found  at,  159, 160, 161 
Basilius,  coin  of,  132 
Bas-reliefs,  188,  193 
Bath  Abbey,  embroidery  at,  330 
Beauchamp,  Richard,  Earl  of  Warwick,  287 
Beaugeucy  Castle,  96 
Beaumarais  Castle,  Anglesey,  41,  102 

Church,  121,  127,  128 

Beauvais,  painted  glass  at,  170 

Beckbury,  Shropshire,  incised  slab  at,  210 

Bedford  Castle,  99 

Beer   Ferrers  Church,  Devon,  incised  slabs  &c. 

at,  398 
Beeston    Priory,  Norfolk,   figure  and  inscription 

at,  163 
Begbroke  Church,  Oxon,  177 
Bell-Turrets,  36 

Skclton,  Yoikshirc,  36 

Binsey,  Oxon,  36 

Ilarcscomb,  Gloucestershire,  36 

Acton  Turvill,Glouccstershirc,  37 


INDEX. 


Bell-Turrets,  Leigh  Delamere,  Wilts,  37 

Northborough,  Lincolnshire,  36 

Corston,  Wilts,  38 

Bflvoir  Castle,  Leicestershire,  Stanton  tower  at,  94 

Benefiekl,  manor  of,  3G8 

Benevento,  arch  of  Trajan  at,  185 

Beowulf,  poem  of,  12 

Berkhampstead  Castle,  Herts,  99,  104 

Bernaldby  Moor,  Yorkshire,  barrows  at,  412 

Bernardins,  Convent  of,  Paris,  339 

Bernard's  Castle,  Durham,  102 

Berwick  Castle,  Northumberland,  382 

Bestiary  of  P.  de  Thaun,  175,  17(5 

Bethersden,  Kent,  celt  found  at,  404 

Bevis  of  Hampton,  romance  of,  306 

Bibliothfeque  Royale  at  Paris,  46 

Bicester  Church,  Oxon,  177 

Bighton,  Hants,  Roman  remains  at,  387 

Binsey  Church,  Oxon,  36 

Bitton,  near  Bath,  incised  tomb  at,  93,  210 

Black  Ladies,  Nunnery,  at  Brewood,  Staffordshire, 

328 
Blaton,  John,  322 

Blithfleld,  Staffordshire,  incised  slab  at,  210 
Blockhouses,  erected  by  Henry  VIII.,  106 
Bloxam,  M.  H.,  on  Ancient  Masonry,  307 
Bodleian  Library,  Oxford,  dra^Yings  by  Gough  in, 

200,  211 
Bologna,  St.  Mary's  Church  at,  52 
Bolton  Castle,  Yorkshire,  105 

Hall,  Yorkshire,  290 

Bonchurch,  Isle  of  Wight,  urns  discovered  at,  68 

Bonn  Cathedral,  186 

Bosbury,  Herefordshire,  Preceptory  at,  265 

Boulogne  Museum,  stone  Capitals  in,  163 

Bourg  Argental  Church,  doorway  at,  193 

"  BouRGES,  Painted  Glass  at,"  notice  of,  169, 

170,  239 
Bourne  Park,  Canterbury,  barrows  in,  253,  380 
Bowes  Castle,  keep  at,  94 
Boyle,  Richard,  Earl  of  Cork,  278 
Brading,  Isle  of  Wight,  incised  slab  at,  210 
Bramdean,  Hants,  tesselated  pavement  found  at, 

388 
Brasses  sepulchral,  197 

at  Cowthorpe,  Yorkshire,  69 

at  Playthorp,  Suffolk,  70 

at  Lynn,  Norfolk,  201 

at  Gorleston,  Suffolk,  203 

at  Rochester,  270 

at  Coleshill,Warwickshire,389 

at  Cirencester,  322 

atCalbourne,IsleofWight,391 

at  Hastings,  391 

• rubbings  of,  201,  202;  paper 

used  for,  207 
Brauncepath,  William,  376 
Braunche,  Robert,  brass  of,  207 
Breach  downs,  Kent,  barrows  at,  271 
Brecknock,  Wales,  carved  stone  near,  185 
Breteske,  bertesce,  represented,  304,  306 
Bretteville,  Celtic  gallery  at,  191 
Breviary,  54,  56 

Brian  Rocliff,brass  of,  at  Cowtliorpe,  Yorkshire,  69 
Bridgend  Castle,  Lincolnshire,  98 
Bridgnorth  Castle,  Salop,  98 
Brighton,  Sussex,  Block-house  at,  106 
Brigitock,  manor  of,  363,  375 

Church,  Northamptonshire,  31 

Bristol,  Bower  walls,  93 

Castle,  98 

St.  Stephen's  Church,  monument  in,  260 

British  AncH.*;oLOGicAL  Association,  Pro- 
ceedings OF,  67,  156,  246,  267,  379 
Sug- 
gestions FOR   extending,  297 


British    Museum,    MSS.    in,    27,    HS,   48,   64, 
1.V2,  301 

"Baitton's  Essay  on  Topographical  Lite- 
rature," notice  of,  413 

Brixworth  Church,  Northamptonshire,  314 

Broadstairs,  Kent,  coins  found  at,  163 

Bromet,  W.,  Account  of  "  Seances  generales  de 
la  Societe  Francaise,"  81,  186 

Brothers  of  the  Order  of  Charity,  at  Paris,  343 

Brough  Castle,  Westmoreland,  98 

Brougham  Castle,  Westmoreland,  98 

Broxbourne,  Essex,  brass  at,  209 

Brnnlys  tower.  South  Wales,  98 

Buckenham,  Essex,  105 

Ferry  Church,  388 


Buckland,  Worcestershire,    embroidery  at,    329, 

331 
Buckle,  badge  of  the,  275 

found  in  Hampshire,  281 

Bucknell  Church,  Oxon,  177 

Bulkeley  family,  manor-house  of,  Anglesey,  44 

Bulletin  Monumental,  191 

Burdoswald,  Roman  Inscription  at,  392 

Burgh  Castle,  Suffolk,   93 

Burgundy,  channeled  Gothic  pilasters  in,  18; 

BuRKSiDE,    F.,  Review   of    Vitraux    Peints    de 

St.  Etienne  a  Bourges,  169 
Butley  Priory,  Norfolk,  jug  found  at,  158 
Bytton,  Bp.  of  Wells,  incised  tomb  of,  210 

Sir  John  de,  incised  tomb  of,  210 

Byzantine  and  Gothic  styles,  ornaments  of,  190, 

191,  407 
Architecture,  33,  34,  185,  191 


C. 

Cwdmon,  MS.  of,  32 
Caen,  239 

Abbey  of  the  Trinity,  320 

Caer  Bran  Chun  Castle,  Cornwall,  310 
Caernars'on  Castle,  102 

44,  102,  104 

Caernarvonshire,  Antiquities  of,  40,  309 
Caerphilly   Castle,    Northumberland,    102,    103, 

104,  106 
Caei-voran  Castle,  Roman  remains  at,  392 
Caerwent,  Monmouthshire,  Pra?torian  and  Decu- 
man entrances  to,  94 
Cjesar,  Invasion  of  Britain  by,  7,  273 
Casarea,  a  MS.  (in  the  Harleian  Collection,)  224 
Cahors  Cathedral,  France,  187 
Cainhoe,  mound  at,  99 
Caistor,  Norfolk,  105 
Calais,  St.  Nicholas'  Church  at,  163 
Calbourne  Church,  Isle  of  Wight,  brass  in,  391 
"Calendar,  Illuminated,  foe  1845,"  notice  of, 

405 
Calo  Johannes,  coin  of,  134 
Cambridge,  Public  Library  at,  243 

mouud  at,  99  ;   Castle  at,  100 

Camden  Society,  48,  245 

Cambridge,  Hints  of,  49 

Camel,  figure  of,  188 
Camps,  Roman,  83 
Caniulodunum,  8,  181,  310 
Canterbury,  Boll-Harry  steeple  &c.,  275 

Cathedral,  clear-story  windows  in  the 

choir  of,  17,  170 

Gateways  at,  310 

Castle,  keep  of,  94,  106 

Roman  Antiquities  found  at,  279 

St.  Augustine's  Monastery,  277 

St.  Martin's  Church,  313 

Capgrave's  "  Nova  legenda  Anglia',"  55 
Capitals,  84,  187,  188,  189 


INDEX. 


Caracalla,  coins  of,  183 

Caractacas,  310 

Carausius,  eoinii  of,  183 

Cardiff  Castle,  94,  99,  100 

Careby,  Lincolnshire,  embroidery  at,  329,  331 

Carew  Castle,  South  Wales,  102  ;  cross  at,  383 

— Richard,  Historian  of  Cornwall,  1,  165 

Carisbrook  Castle,  Isle  of  Wight,  388 
mound  at,  99,  259 


Priory,  Chartularies  of,  391 


Carlaverock,  siege  of,  324,  365 

Carleton,  Thomas  de,  322 

Carlisle  Castle,  Cumberland,  97,  98 

Carnac,  Brittany,  228  ;  crosD  near,  185 

Carter,  drawings  by,  29 

Cartoons  exhibited  in  Westminster  Hall,  20 

Cassingtou  Church,  Oxon,  177 

Castle,  DEi^cuiPTios  of  a  chamber  in,  243 

ROCKUVGHAJI,  356 

Beaumarais,  44 

Dover,  256 

Carisbrook,  259,  388 

Caer  Bran  Chun,  and  An  Dinas,  310 

Coch,    near   Cardifi",  South    Wales,   102, 


105 


Colchester,  316 


Castles,  83,  84,  93—107,  196 

in  England,  number  of,  107 

Castleton,  Derbyshire,  keep  at,  94 

Castor  Church,  Northamptonshire,  paintings  in,  1 58 

Catalogue  of  the  Emblems  of  Saints,  53, 384 

■ of  monuments  of  the  Upper  Loire,  83 

Caudebec,  Normandy,  343 

Caversfield  Church,  Oxon,  177 

Ceirchiog  Church,  Anglesey,  381 

Celestins,  Convent  of,  Paris,  339,  343 

Celtic  Monuments,  83,  84,  184,  19],  269 

Pottery,  230 

Cement,  red,  of  mosaic-like  work,  193 

Cemeteries,  82 

Centbal  Committee,  Proceedings  of,  67,  156, 
269,  379 

Chacombe  Priory,   Northamptonshire,  stone  cof- 
fins at,  393 

Chair  of  marble,  193 

Chale  Church,  Isle  of  Wight,  foundation  of,  391 

Chalices,  83,  190,  191 

Champernowne,  Roger  and  William,  tombs  of,  400 

Channel  Islands,  Primeval  Antiqcities  of, 
142,  222 

Charcoal  in  cofRns,  190 

Charlemagne,  buildings  assigned  to,  408 

small  Roman  character  introduced 

by,  190 

Charles  II.,  castle  guard  abolished  by,  94 

Charlton  on  Otmoor,  Oxon,  1  78 

Chartham  Church,  Kent,  2«3 

Chartres  Cathedral,  237 

painted  glass  in,  170,  239 

Chasuble,  191 

Chateau  Gaillard,  Normandy,  100 

snr  Epte,  Normandy,  99 

de  Coucy,  Normandy,  101 

Chatillon  Castle,  192 

Cheiner,  Thomas,  embroiderer,  t.  Edw.  III.,  321 

Chelmsford,  Essex,  vessel  found  at,  165 

Chenies,  Bucks,  window  at,  291 

Chepstow  Castle,  Monmoothsbire,  98,  102 

Cherbourg,  Anticjuiiies  around,  191 

Chesham,  Bucks,  window  at,  291 

Chester  Castle,  93,  98,  100,  310 

Chesterton  Church,  Oxon,  178 

Chevaliers,  mounds  so  called,  99 

Chichester,  fresco  painting  in  old  house  at,  165 

■     -  Museum,  Egyptian  auticjuities  in,  388 

Chipping Camden,Gloucestershire,cope  at, 329,370      Coombe,  Oxon,  178 


Christ-chnrch  Castle,  Hants,  99 

Christ,  representation  of,  73,  76,  77,  79,  188, 189, 

192, 193 
Churches  in  Anjou,  186 

Auvergne,  187 

the  Jura,  194 

Normandy,  191 

Touraine,  l.s6,  189 

Cilgarran  Castle,  South  Wales,  105 

Cirencester,  Gloucestershire,  embroidery  at,  329, 

331 
Cities  and  Princes,  coins  of,  417 
Civlwlf,  King  of  Mercia,  coin  of,  386 
Clare,  Suffolk,  mound  at,  99 
Clarence,  Due  de,  304 
Clark,  G.  T.,  INIilitary  Architecture,  93 
Clerkenwell,  Middlesex,  51 
Clermont-FtTrant,  in  Auvergne,  171 
"  Cleveland,  History  of,"  notice  of,  411 
Cliff,  forest  of,  368,  375 
Clifford's  Tower,  at  York,  100 
Clitheroe  Castle,  Lancashire,  98 
Clive,  manor  of,  363 
Coal-owen,  near  Lismore,  Ireland,  canoe  found  at, 

164 
Coal  Money,  347 

Cockle-park  tower,  Northumberland,  106 
Cod,  Thomas,  brass  of,  at  Rochester,  270 
Coffins,  of  stone,  190 
"Coins,  Ancient,  of   Cities  and  Princes," 

notice  of,  417 
Coins,  British  and  Gaulish,  8,  224,  388 

Byzantine  and  Jlerovingian,  11,  132,279 

Chris'dan  iconography  on,  132 

of  Constantine,  12 

directions  for  cleaning,  9 

forgeries  of,  in  Paris  and  London,  13 

impressions  of,  in  wax,  13 

ofOffa,  12 

of  Civlwlf,  King  of  Mercia,  386 

of  Edward  the  Confessor,  261 

Roman,  Consular  and  Imperial,  9,  68 

Roman,  struck  in  Britain,  10,  11 

discovered  in  London,  246 

"Roman,  Relating  to  Britain,"  notice 

of,  179 
Coity,  Glamorganshire,  walls  at,  105 
Colchester,  Essex,  anviqnities  found  at,  8,  156 

castle,  95,  316 

• St.  Botolph's  Church  at,  315 

Coldrum  Lodge,  Kent,  cromlech  at,  263 

Coleshill,  Warwickshire,  brass  at,  389 

Colford,  Forest  of  Dean,  Gloucestershire,  camp  at, 

256 
College  de  Bayenx,  Paris,  339 

—  Henri  IV.,  Paris,  340 

de  ^lontaigu,  Paris,  340 

de  Navarre,  Paris,  339 


Cologne  Cathedral,  windows  of,  18 
Columns,  186,  187 

Comite  des  Arts  et  Monuments,  6,  72 
Comraodus,  coins  of,  182 
Comuenus,  A'exius,  coin  of,  132,  114 
Conciergerie,  Paris,  337 
Coney,  Alderman,  brass  of,  202 
Coningsborough  Castle,  Yorkshire,   96 

Church,  to.mb  in,  274,  354 


Constables  of  Rockingham  Castle,  361,  363 

Constance  Cathedral,  208 

Constantine,  coins  of,  12 

Constantinople,  St.  Sophia,  inscription  at,  161 

Constantinus  and  Romanus  Locapcnus,  coin  of, 

132 
Conway,  Caernarvonshire,  44,  102 
embroidery  at,  329 


INDEX. 


Corbels,  187,  188 

Corby,  Manor  of,  363,  364 

Cordeliers,  Chapel  of  the,  Paris,  343 

Corfe  Castle,  Dorsetshire,  98 

Corhampton  Church,  Hampshire,  34,  303 

Cornelius  O'Deagh,  Bishop  of  Limerick,  his 
mitre,  286 

Cornhull,  Reginald  de,  furnishes  banners  for 
King  John,  323 

Cornwall,  Celtic  remains  in,  309 

Corston  Church,  Wilts,  38 

Cothele  Chapel,  Cornwall,  embroidery  at,  329 

Cotman's  etchings  of  Sepulchral  Brasses,  203 

Cottenton's  Hill,  Kingsclere,  Hampshire,  antiqui- 
ties found  at,  251 

Cottonian  MSS.,  28,  29,  31,  33 

Couldham,  John,  monument  of,  138 

Courtenay,  William,  322,  324 

Cowling  Castle,  Kent,  105 

Cowthorpe  Church,  Yorkshire,  brass  in,  69 

Craven  Ord,  collection  of  brasses  by,  201,  202 

Creation,  representation  of  the,  80 

Credence-tables,  83,  192 

Creux  de  Fees,  St.  Saviour's,  Channel  Islands, 
151,  228,  230 

Cromlechs,  144,  146,  148,  149,  151,  222 

Cross-iegged  Effigies,  49,  199 

Cruden's  "  History  of  Gravesend,"  notice  of,  277 

Cuir-bouilli,  articles  made  of,  290 

Cullum's  History  of  Hawsted,  Suffolk,  414 

Cunobelinus,  8 

Cymric  antiquities,  40 


D. 


Dance  of  Death  figured  on  Church  walls,  191 

Danes  and  Northmen,  224 

Darcy,  John,  Constable  of  the  Tower,  London,  368 

Darenth,  Kent,  celt  found  at,  260 

Darius,  burial-place  of,  184 

"Dautford,  Histort  of,"  notice  of,  277,  418 

Dasset,  Hannah,  monument  of,  138 

"  Decorations  of  the  Middle  Ages,"  284 

D'  Aubernoun,  Sir  John,  monument  of,  209 

De  Aqua  Blanca,  Peter,  Bishop  of  Hereford,  321 

De  Bakering,  Adam,  322 

De  Basinges,  Adam,  321,  322 

De    Berkyng,    Richard,    Abbot   of  Westminster, 

tomb  of,  199 
De  Bois,  Sir  Roger,  51 
De  Borron,  Robert,  Romances  by,  301 
De  Bureford,  Rose,  embroidered  work  sold  by  her 

to  Queen  Philippa,  322 
De  Caumont,  M.,  Founder  of  the  Societe    Fran- 

^•aise,  &c.,  81,  82,  83,  190 
De  Cauz,  John,  Abbot  of  Peterborough,  359 
De  Clyfton,  John,  376 
De  Colonia,  John,  322,  324 
Do  Drayton,  Simon,  365 
De  Dreux,  John,  eifigy  of,  50 
De  Ferrers,  William,  monument  of,  398 
De  Goldingham,  Hugh,  effigy  of,  364 
De  Hamuli,  Elie,  364  ;  Thomas,  365 
De  Harecourt,  William,  363 
De  Holebroc,  364 
De  Insul.1,  William,  364,  366,  375 
De  la  Mare,  Abbot,  brass  of,  207 
De  Latymer,  William,  364,  365 
De  Lexinton,  Robert,  367 
De  Manners,  Baldwin,  365 
De  Mar,  Donenald,  365 
De  Mara,  Robert,  363 
De  Merlimond,  Oliver,  234 
De  Monteroau,  Pierre,  336 


De  Montfort,  Simon,  Machines  introduced  by,  288 
De  Blorteyn,  John,  365 
De  Mortimer,  Roger,  lord  of  Wigmore,  234 
De  Rokinghara,  Geoffrj',  367 
De  Ros,  lord,  effigy  of,  50 
De  St.  Amando,  Almaric,  365 
De  Valence,  Aj-raer,  earl  of  Pembroke,  365 
De  Veer,  Robert,  365 
De  Verdoun,  John,  365 
De  Walsokne,  Adam,  brass  of,  207 
De  Welles,  Adam,  365 
Deerhurst  Church,  Gloucestershire,  31 
Denbigh  Castle,  Korth  Wales,  105 
Denkendorf,  Germany,  409 
Derby,  St.  Alkmund's  Church  at,  398 
Destruction   of  monuments    prevented,  84,    190, 
191 

DiDRON's        "  ICONOGRAPHIE         ChRETIENNE," 

analysis  of,  72,  132 
Dinas  Castle,  North  Wales,  105 

Sylwy,  North  Wales,  127 

Diocletian,  coins  of,  182 

Dion  Cassius,  112 

Diserth,  Flintshire,  cross  at,  383 

Diz  dou  Soucretain,  212 

Documents,  Original,  64,  153 

Dolmen,  discovered  near  Le  Mans,  82,  84 

Domes,  represented  in  MSS.,  33 

Domesday  Book,  24,  32 

"  Domestic  Architecture,  Illustrations  of," 

212,  301 
Dompont,  gateway  at,  190 
Donaldson,  Professor,  preface  by,  184 
Doncaster  Deanery,  Yorkshire,  History  of,  356 
Donnington  Castle,  Berks,  106 
Doorways,  decoration  of,  188 
Dorchester    Church,    Oxon,    glass    preserved    by 

Colonel  Kennett  in,  17 
Dovecot,  ancient,  at  Garway,  Herefordshire,  265, 

166 
Dover  Castle,  94,  95,  100,  102,  104,  106,  310, 

311,  314 

the  Pharos  at,  256 

Douce,  Mr.,  bequest  of  rubbings  from  brasses,  202 

Dragon's  or  whale's  throat,  175 

"  Dresses  and  Decorations  of  Middle  Ages," 

notice  of,  284 
Druidical  Altars,  146,  147 
Dublin,  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  at,  200 
Dudley  Castle,  Staffordshire,  105 
Dugdale,  his  Monasticon,  43 
Dukes  of  Anjou,  tombs  of,  84 
Dulwich  College,  Kent,  161 
Dunkin's  "  History  of  Dartford,"  277,  418 
Durham  Cathedral,  328 

mound  at,  99 

Durnovaria,  now  Dorchester,  Dorsetshire,  351,352 
Du  Somm»>rard,  M.,  Antiquities  collected  by,  344 
Dymchurch,  Kent,  Roman  urns  ttc,  found  at,  272 


E. 


Ealdred  and  Eadmar,  Abbots,  30 

Earl's  Bartou  Church,  Northamptonshire,  26,  27 

East  Langdou,  Kent,  embroidery  at,  329,  330 

Tisted  Church,  Hants,  393 

Wickham  Church,  Kent,  paintings  in,  165, 

274,400 

Eaton-socon,  Bedfordshire,  mound  at,  99 
Ebsamboul,  temple  of,  184 
Ecole  des  Arts  et  Metiers,  at  Angers,  242 
Edgmond,  Shropshire,  incised  slab  at,  210 
Edinburgh,  Trinity  College  Kirk  at,  389 
Edmund,  Earl  of  Cornwall,  375 


INDEX. 


Edward  I.,  King,  40,41 

the  Confessor,  33,  177,  261 

birth-place  of,  177 

- — • g'^l'l  '■"'"  of)  '^^^ 

of  Westminster,  324 

the  Black  Prince,  tomb  of,  326 


Edwurdian  or  Concentric  Castles,  102 
Egyptian  Architecture,  184 
Eleanor  of  Guieune,  375 
Elizabeth,  Saint,  46 

Queen  of  Edward  IV.,  375 

Elora,  temples  of,  184 

Elsing,  Norfolk,  monument  at,  201,  203,  209 

Elstow,  Bedfordshire,  324 

Ely,  Fair  of,  328;  cope  at,  329,  331 

Emblems  of  Saints,  53,  384 

Embroidery,  Medieval,  274,  318 

Emneth,  Norfolk,  communion  cloth  at,  331 

Enshara  Church,  Oxon,  178 

Efiuestrian  Statues,  83 

Esher,  brass  works  at,  208 

Esquimaux,  150 

Etaplcs,  Picardy,  Roman  jars  found  at,  230 

Ethelwulf,  ring  of,  284 

Etton  Church,  Northamptonshire,  paintings  at,  1 58 

Eugenius  III.,  Pope,  241 

Enpardus,  Bishop  of  Autun,  coin  of,  279 

Evagrius,  174 

Evangelists,  emblems  of,  (53 

Evesham,  Worcestershire,  battle  at,  288 

Evron,  reliquary  at,  190 


F. 


Fabliaux,  or  Metrical  tales,  212 

Fairford  Church,  Gloucestershire,  glass  preserved 

there  by  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Farmer,  17 
Falaise  Castle,  Normaudy,  98 
Felbrigg,  Sir  John,  monumental  brass  of,  70 
Felmingham,  Norfolk,  antiquities  at,  381 ,  387 
Felstead  family,  monument  of,  139 
Festivals,  emblems  of,  62 
Fish-hooks,  Celtic,  83 
Flambard,  John,  monument  of,  391 
Flamboyant  style,  238,  333 
Flanders,  brasses  imported  from,  207,  208 
Fleming,  Alan,  brass  of,  at  Newark,  207 
Flint,  weapons  formed  of,  247 
Flint  and  Khuddlan  Castles,  Flintshire,  105 
Font,  Norman,  at  Ingleton,  Durham,  393 

bearing  a  Greek  inscription,  161 

Fontenay  le  Marmion,  mouud  at,  99 
Fontevrault,  Chapel  at,  190;  Cupola  at,  188 
Foulqne  Nera,  Churches  built  by,  187 
Four  Doctors  of  the  Church,  emblems  of,  63 
Fowey  Towers,  Cornwall,  105 
Framlingham  Castle,  Suffolk,  104 
Francis  I.,  portrait  of,  289 
Fresco  at  Pompeii,  and  Herculanenm,  27 

portrait  of  Louis  XI.,  190 

Freyburg,  Cathedral  of,  1 86 
Fribourg,  Switzerland,  171 


G. 


Gailhaband's  "  Ancient  and  Modern  Archi- 
tecture," 184 
Gallo-Roman  Villas,  84 

jewel-box,  192 

Garway,  Herefordshire,  Preceptory  at,  265 
Gauls,  huts  of,  310 
Oavr'  laniij,  Island  of,  227 


Geddington,  manor  of,  363,  368 

Geoffry  of  Monmouth,  313 

Geography,  ancient,  84 

Geta,  coins  of,  182 

Gisors  Castle,  Normandy,  101 

Glamorgan,  twelve  Knights  of,  95 

Glennauch  Island,  123 

Gloucestershire  Archa'ological  Association,  388 

Godshill  Church,  Isle  of  Wight,  paintings  in,  67, 

165 
Godstow  Monastery,  Oxon,  179 
Goodrich  Castle,  Herefordshire,  keep  at,  95 
GorU'stou  Church,  Sufiolk,  brass  in,  203 
"  Gothic  Akchitectfre,"  analysis  of,  291 
Gough,  his  collection  of  drawings,  200,  211 
Gozo,  Island  of,  near  Malta,  184 
Grafton,  Northamptonshire,  incised  slab  at,  210 
Gratian,  coins  of,  351 
"  Gravesend,  Ke.\t,  History  of,"  277 
Great    Malvern,    Worcestershire;     St.  Michael's 

Chapel  at,  67 
Greenwich  Park,    Kent,   barrows    in,    166,    167, 

249,  252 
Gregory  of  Tours,  Churches  built  by,  186 
Gretton,  manor  of,  364 
Grey,  Robert,  monument  of,  391 
Grosmont  Castle,  ^lonmouthshire,  chimney  at,  266 
Grosteste,  Robert,  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  tomb  of,  199 
Grosteste's  Chateau  D'  Amour,  304 
Guernsey,  primeval  antiquities  in,  143,  226 
"  Guide   to   Architectural  Antiquities  in 

THE  Neighbourhood  of  Oxford,"  177 
Guildford  Castle,  Surrey,  94,  98 
Gundulph,  Bishop,  architectural  works  of,  409 
Gypcyere,  or  pouch,  251 


H. 


Hadrian,  coins  of,  180,  351 

Haigh  on  Anglo-Saxon  coinage,  277 

Haigh,  D.  H.,  on  a  Norman  tombstone,  Conings- 

borough,  Yorkshire,  354 
Hall,  the  Chronicler,  198 
Halliwell,  J.  O.,  Original  Documents,  243 
Hallum,  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  monument  of,  208 
Hammel,  near  Eastry,  Kent,  figure  found  at,  163 
Hampton  Poyle  Church,  Oxon,  178 
Harescomb  Church,  Gloucestershire,  36 
Harlech  Castle,  Merionethshire,  105 
Harold  II.,  King,  35 

Harrow  Church,  Middlesex,  brass  in,  391 
Hart,  Rev.  Rich.\rd,  Emblems  of  Saints,  53 
Hartshorne,  Rev.C,  Medieval  Embroidery, 318 
Rockingham  Castle,  356 


Hastings,  Sussex,  All  Saints  Church,  brass  in,  391 

Lord  William  ;  and  Ralph,  365,  375 

Sir  Hugh,  monument  of,  201,  203 


Hawarden  Castle,  Flintshire,  105 

Hawkins's  Silver  Coins  of  England,  13 

Head-dress,  Ladies',  45 

Hedda,  Bishop  of  Winchester,  286 

Hedingham  Castle,  Essex,  96,  106 

"Heideloff's  Architectural  ORNAiiESTe," 

notice  of,  407 
Hell,  depicted,  189 

Helmingham,  Suffolk,  coin  found  at,  68 
Helrasley  Castle,  Yorkshire,  98 
Henley,  Oxon,  Celtic  monument  near,  225 
Henry  I.,  35 

II.,  35  ;  effigy  of,  324 

III.,  robes  of,  325 

IV.,  46 

v.,  bed  of,  324 

VI.,  coronation  of,  278 

VIII.,  Blockhouses  erected  by,  106 


INDEX. 


Hereford  Cathedral,  incised  slab  in,  210 

Harm,  Island  of,  151,  229 

Hewar,  Sir  Thomas,  331 

Hexham  Castle,  Northumberland,  104 

Hinckley,  Leicestershire,  mound  at,  99 

Holborough,  Kent,  barrows  at,  262 

Hole,  manor  of,  368 

Hollingbourne,  Kent,  earthworks  at,  256,  260 

Holt  Castle,  Denbighshire,  bridge  at,  104 

Holyhead,  Anglesey,  42 

Holywell,  Flintshire,  cross  at,  383 

St.  Winifred's  Well,  249 

Horns,  Moses  represented  with,  174 

HoR:f-SHAPED  Ladies'  Head-duess,  45 

Hotel  de  Cluny,  Paris,  238,  344 

de  La  Tremoille,  Paris,  344 

de  Sens,  Paris,  238,  344 

de  Ville,  Paris,  238,  344 

Houses  of  Parliament,  designs  for  painted  glass 
in,  23 

Hrothgar,  a  Danish  King,  12 

Hullavington,  Gloucestershire,  embroidery  at, 
329,  330 

Hunter's  History  of  Doncaster  Deanery,  York- 
shire, 356 

History  of  Hallamshire,  Yorkshire,  414 

Hurst  Castle,  Hampshire,  106 


I. 


"  IcoNOGRAPHiE  Chretienne,"  notice  of,  72 

Iconography  and  Iconoclasm,  131 

Ifleld,  Sussex,  brass  at,  209 

Illuminated     MSS.,     illustrating     Anglo-Saxon 

Architecture,  24,  27 

Calendar, 405 

Illustrations  of  Domestic  Architecture,  212,  301 

Incarnation,  symbols  of,  175 

Incised  Slabs,  197,  210,  211 

illumination  which  represents  the 

process  ef  incising  slabs,  301 

in  Devonshire,  400 


Incorporated  Church  building  Society,grants  by, 7 1 
India,  and  South  America,  natives  of,  151 
Ingleton  Church,  Durham,  Norman  font  at,  393 
Ingram,  J.,  D.D.,  on   Iconography   and   Icouo- 

clasm,  131 
Innocent  IV.,  Pope,  323 
Inscriptions,  preservation  of,  135 
Introduction,  1 

Ipsley,  Warwickshire,  incised  slab  at,  210 
"  Ipswich,    picturesque    antiquities    at," 

notice  of,  81 

St.  Mary  Key  Church,  brass  at,  208 

Ireland,  round  towers  in,  270 ;  ornaments  found 

in,  270 
Isabella,  Queen,  322,  375 
Islip  Church,  Oxon,  177 

Iwain,  Sir,  representations  of  his  adventures,  305 
Ixworth,  Suffolk,  antii^uities  found  at,  246 


Jacob  de  Voragine,  Golden  Legend  by,  55 

Janus,  temple  of,  at  Home,  313 

Jehan  de  Meun,  Author  of  the  "  Roman   de    la 

Rose,"  46 
Jebdan,  W.,  Suggestions  for  the  Extension  of  the 

British  Archaeological  Association,  297 
Jersey,  Island  of,  223,  224 
Jestin,  St.,  tomb  of,  Anglesey,  43,  124 
Joan,  daughter  of  King  John,  127 
Jocelin,  Bisho])  of  Wells,  tomb  of,  1  99 
John  ab  Eyck,  oil  painting  invented  by,  290 


John,  King,  robes  of,  325 

Joiner  Street,  London,  coins  &c.  found  in,  246 
Joinville,  inscribed  stone  near,  185 
Jones,  Rev.  H.  L.,  Antiquities  of  Anglesey,  40, 
118 

Architecture  ofParis,  237, 336 

Sir  Hugh,  tomb  of,  201 


Jongleurs  et  Trouvferes,  by  M.  Jubiual,  46 
Jordan,  used  by  Alchemists,  153 
Jubinal's  "  Jongleurs  et  Trouvferes,"  46 
Jublains,  excavations  at,  186 
Judgment,  the  last,  depicted,  189 
Julian,  the  Emperor,  238 
Justice,  ancient  places  of,  187 
Justinian  II.,  or  Rhinotmetus,  133 


K. 


Kairo,  mosque  at,  186 

Kaiserberg,  408 

Kay,  Sir,  303 

Kayngham,  manor  of,  363 

Kenilworth  Castle,  Warwickshire,  97 

Kenslowe    Wood,    near    Middleton,    Derbyshire, 

bones  found  at,  246 
Kettleston,  Norfolk,  embroidery  at,  329 
Kidlington  Church,  Oxon,  178 
Kilkenny,  Ireland,  antiquities  found  in,  253 
Kilpeck  Church,  Herefordshire,  235 

KiMMERIDGE  COAL  MoNEY,  272,  347 

King,  J.  W.,  on  Monumental  Inscriptions,  135 
King's  College  Chapel,  Cambridge,  337 
windows      of, 


19;  vaulting,  188 
Kingsworthy,  Hants,  window  at,  291 
Kinnerley  Church,  Shropshire,  font  at,  161 
Kinnersley,  Herefordshire,  embroidery  at,  329 
Kirkby-Malhamdale,  Yorkshire,  font  at,  393 
Kirtlington  Church,  Oxon,  178 
Kit's  Cotty  House,  near  Maidstone,  Kent,  263 
Klostre  Heilbronn,  Chapel  of,  407 


La  Fontaine  des  Druides,  Guernsey,  232 
Lamb,  the  Divine,  representation  of,  75 

Lancaster  Castle,  98 

gate  at,  104 


Lancelot,  representations  of  his  adventures,  302 
L'ancresse,  plain  of,  Guernsey,   146,  148,    149, 

222 
Lanfranc,  Archbishop,  architectural  works  of,  409 
Langton,  Dean,  tomb  of  at  York,  199 
Lanham  Down,  Hants,  Roman  villa  on,  386 
Lansdown,  near  Bath,  Somersetshire,  93 
Lantern-towers  in  cemeteries,  82,  190 
Laon,  restorations  at,  S3;  painted  glass  at,  171 
L'Argentiere,  Archsological  lectures  at,  192 
La  Rocque  Belen,  Guernsey,  232 
Lassus,  M.,  an  able  architect,  338,  341,  344 
La  Trinite,  parish  of,  Jersey,  celts  found  at,  226 
Laughton-en-le-BIorthen,    St.   John's  Cliureh  at, 

Yorkshire,  356,  389,  401,  404 
Launceston  Tower,  Cornwall,  98 
L'Autel   du  Tus,  Guernsey,  Cromlech  so  called, 

227 
Lazarus,  St.,  Order  of,  51 
La  Zouch,  Alan,  364,  365 
Leathersellers'  Company  in  London,  Archives  of, 

419 
Leckhampton,  near  Cheltenham,  Gloucestershire, 

skeleton  found  at,  387 
Lee,  Sir  Henry  and  Lady,  effigies  of,  70 
"  Leicester  Hand-book,"  notice  of,  415 


INDEX. 


Leicester,  rcmuins  of  ancient  masonry   at,   310, 
312 

ancient  cellar  at,  390 

Leigh  Delamere  Church,  Wilts,  37,  38 

Leigh,  barony  of,  141 

Le  Maine,  Province  of,  190 

Le  Mans'  Cathedral,  82 

I  painted  glass  at,  170 

diocese,  numerous  old  churches  in,  82 

Lenham  Church,  Kent,  fresco  at,  270,  274 

Leo  III.,  Pope,  323 

Leominster,  Herefordshire,  vase  found  at,  162 

Lesvieres,  Chapel,  Anjou,  84 

Letheringham  Church,  Sutiolk,  199 

Lewes  Castle,  Sussex,  98,  99,  274 

Lewis's  Illustrations  of  Kilpeck  Church,  235 

Li^ge,  S.  Jacques'  Church  at,  19 

Lilienfeld,  Lower  Austria,  409 

Limoges,  Artists  of,  200 

stained  glass  in  the  Diocese  of,  191 

Lincoln,  93,  310 

Cathedral,  238 

Library  of,  243 

Castle,  99 

Roman  Arch  at,  94 


Lindsay's  Coins  of  the  Saxon  Heptarchy,  13 
Ling,  Norfolk,  embroidery  at,  329 
Lion,  symbolical,  174,  187,  193 
Little  Horkesk'3',  Essex,  wooden  effigies  at,  70 
Little  Malvern  Church,  Worcestershire,  250 
Llan  Ddona  Church,  Anglesey,  12G 
Llandegvan  Church,  Anglesey,  120,  122 
Llanedwen  Church,  Anglesey,  381 
Llaneugraid  Church,  Anglesey,  381 
Llanfaes,  friary  of,  Anglesey,  41,  126 
Llautinuau,  Anglesey,  44 
Llangharne,  Caermarthenshire,  cope  at,  329 
Llangoed  Church,  Anglesey,  120,  123,  126 
Llanidan  Church,  Anglesey,  380 
Llaniestin  Church,  Anglesey,  122,  124 
Llansadwm   Church,  Anglesey,    120,  121,   123, 

124 
Llantwit  Mayor,  Glamorganshire,  cross  at,  383 
Llan  Tysilio  Church,  Anglesey,  128 
Llanvihangel  Esgeifiog  Church,  Anglesey,  381, 

403 
Tin  Sylwy  Church,  Anglesey,  43, 1 20, 

122,  123,  127 
Llauwrst,  Denbighshire,  Gwydir  Chapel  at,  201 
Llechylched  Church,  Anglesey,  381 
Llewelyn  ap  Jorwerth,  King  of  Wales,  123,  127 
Loches  Church,  Byzantine  Cupola  at,  188 

Castle,  95 

Locmariakar,  Maen-hir  at,  185 
Lollius  Urbicus,  victory  of,  181 
London,  ancient  Roman  inscriptions  found  in,  115 

■ ancient  walls  of,  114 

. bridge,  108,  112,  181 

excavations  in,  108,  110,  113 

Roman, 108 

Roman  arch  discovered,  111 

Long  Wittenham  Church,  lierks,  piscina  in,  257 

Longuespee,  William,  efligy  of  at  Salisbury,  287 

Lorsch,  in  Germany,  abbey  of,  408 

Lough  Neagh,  in  Ireland,  cross  near,  383 

Louis  XI.,  fresco  portrait  of,  190 

Louvre,  Paris,  architectural  character  of,  344 

Ludgate,  London,  St.  Martin's  Church,  161 

Ludlow  Castle,  96  ;  history  of,  234 

Lugdunum,  inscriptions  at,  192 

Luines,  in  France,  aqueduct  of,  189 

LuKis,  F.  C,  Antiquities  of  the  Channel  Islands, 

142,  222 
LuUingstone  Church,  Kent,  painted  glass  at,  174 
Lutterworth,  Leiccstershire,embroideryat,329,331 
Lynn,  Norfolk,  brasses  at,  201,  207,  208 


Lyons,  1'  Institnt  Catholiqoe,  an  Archa;ological 

Society  at,  192 

painted  glass  at,  170,  174 

Lytham,  Lancashire,  wooden    Church  formerly 

at,  24 


M. 


Macarins,  Bishop  of  Antioch,  forged  seal  of,  162 
Madeley  Chapel,  Shropshire,  vestments  at,  330 
Maelgwyn  Gwyuedd,  King  of  Wales,  123 
Maidstone,  Kent,  valley  of,  263 

Roman  building  near,  68 

Local  Committee  of  the  Archa?ological 

Association  formed  at,  404 
Malacet,  Sir  Pandulf,  288 
Malta,  knights  of,  51 
Manuel,  coin  of,  133 
Mapes,  Walter,  poems  by,  48,  301 
Maps,  Archa-ological,  186,  191 
Margam,  Glamorganshire,  cross  at,  383 
Margaret,  Queen  of  Henry  VI.,  375 

Queen  of  Scotland,  Portrait  of,  289 

the  Princess,  325 


Margate,  Kent,  worked  gold  found  at,  67 
Marlborough,  Wilts,  mound  at,  99 
Marseilles,  John,  Bishop  of,  322 
Martinvast  Church,  Normandy,  191 
Masonky,  ancient  mixed,  307 

aiedieval,  84,  189 

Masons'  marks,  276,  382 

Matilda,  Queen  of  William  I.,  320 

Maudut,  Robert,  363;    William,  363 

Mauleverer  family,  brasses  of,  389 

Mavesyn  Ridware,  Staffordshire,  incised  slab  at, 

210 
Maximian,  coins  of,  182 
Medbourn,  Leicestershire,  368 
Medieval  Antiquities  of  Anglesey,  40,  118 

Writers,  212 

Embroidery, 318 


Melverley,  Salop,  wooden  Chapel  at,  161 
Memoires  Historiques  sur  les  Templiers,  50 

on  embroidery,  324 

Mermaid,  symbolical,  188,  193 
Merovingian  tombs,  191 
Merton  Church,  Oxon,  178 

College,  Oxford,  279 

Middleham  Castle,  Yorkshire,  98 
Middleton,  Richard,  tomb  of,  201 

Stoney  Church,  Oxon,  178 


Military  Architecture,  93 

Minister  of  Public  Instruction  of  France,  letter 

from,  102 
Mirat,  in  Auvergne,  capital  at,  193 
Moukstot,  Isle  of  Skye,  spur  found  at,  249 
Mont  St.  Michel,  Normandy,  147,  191 
Montacute,  Somerset,  antiquities  found  at,  165 

Earl  of  Sarum,  brass  attributed  to,  391 

Montfancon,  Monuraens  Fran^;ais  of,  50 
Moiitmartre,  near  Paris,  Abbey  Church  of,  238, 

240 
Monumental  Inscriptions,  preservation  of, 

135 
]Morard,  Abbot,  239 
Moraunt,  William,  seal  of,  219 
Morlais  Castle,  Wales,  105 
Morpeth  tower,  Northumberland,  106 
Mosaic,  187,  199 

Moses,  represented  with  horns,  174 
Motes  Bulwark  Castle,  106 
ISIould,  formation  of,  352 
Mouldings,  186,  187,  189 
Mummy,  281 
Muuimenta  Autiqua,  by  King,  309 


INDEX. 


Mnnter's    translation   of  "  the   Statutes    of    the 

Templars,"  61 
Murrhard,  Walderich's  Chapel  at,  407 
Museum,  at  Caen,  82 

at  Le  Mans,  82 

Music,  of  the  Church,  190 


N. 


Nakshi-Rustam,  tomb  of,  184 

Nest,  symbolical,  175 

Nettle  Hall,  Essex,  105 

Nevern,  Pembrokeshire,  cross  at,  383 

Nevers,  figure  of  a  camel  on  a  capital  at,  188 

Neville,  Hugh  and  Roger,  263,  366 

Newark,  Nottinghamshire,  monument  at,  207 

Newbokl  on  Avon,  Warwickshire,  incised  slabs  at, 

210 
Newcastle  on  Tyne,  96,  97,  106 

Hospital  of  the  Blessed  Virgin 


at,  70,157 


St.  Nicholas'  Church  at,  249 
Newcastle  Street,  London,  excavations  in,  162 
Newport,  Monmouthshire,  tower  at,  102 
Newton  Church,  Yorkshire,  carved  stone  at,  411 
Nimbus,  various  forms  of,  73, 74, 75, 134,193,194 
Nismes,  amphitheatre  of,  185 
Noatre,  Church  and  Castle  of,  190 
Normandy,  architects  brought  from,  35 
Northamptonshire,  Roman  antiquities  found   in, 

280 
North  Aston  Church,  Oxon,  178 
Northborough  Church,  Lincolnshire,  36 
Northleigh  Church,  Saxon  tower  of,  177 
North  Mimms,  Hertfordshire,  brass  at,  208 
Northumberland,  bronze  swords  found  near  the 

Roman  wall,  246 
North  Walsham,  Norfolk,  paintings  at,  256,  258 
Norwich  Castle,  Norfolk,  98 
Notices  of  New  Publications,  72,  169,  284, 

405 
Ndtre  Dame  Cathedral,  Paris,  238,  242,  346 
Noviomagus,  418 
Numismatics,  7 
Numismatic  Chronicle,  8 

Society,  246 

Nuremberg,  St.  Sebald's  Church  at,  409 


O. 


Octeville  Church,  Normandy,  191 

Ofia,  coins  of,  12 

Ogmore  Castle,  Glamorganshire,  96,  100 

Ordeal,  administered  in  Churches,  187 

Ordericus  Vitalis,  wooden  chapel  mentioned  by, 
near  Shrewsbury,  24 

"Ord's  History  of  CLEVELiND,"  411 

Orford  Castle,  Suffolk,  98 

Organ  case,  82 

Original  Documents  illustrating  the  Arts 
OF  THE  Middle  Ages,  64,  152,  243 

Ornamentation,  187,  189 

Orpington  Church,  Kent,  doorway  at,  291 

Orton  Church,  Northamptonshire,  paintings  at, 158 

Oscott  College,  Warwickshire,  ancient  vestments 
preserved  at,  328 

Oxford,  Arundelian  marbles,  33 

castle,  97,  99,  100 

fair,  328 

"  Ouide  to  Antiquities  in  the  Neigh- 
bourhood OF,"  notice  of,  177 

Owner,  Edward,  monument  of,  139 

Oye,  near  Flekkefjord,  Norway,  mound  at,  249 


Painted  Glass,  14 

styles  and  periods  of,  18 

how  to  be  restored,  15 

leading  of,  15 

protected  by  wire-guards,  17 

cleaning  of,  18 

by  Willement,  21 

designs  for   in    Houses  of   Par- 


liament, 23 


bridge,  19 


82 


■Canterbury  Cathedral,  17,  170 

■  King's    College    Chapel,   Cam- 

■  Dorchester  Church,  Oxon,  17 
Fairford     Church,     Gloucester- 

-  Westwell  Church,  Kent,  16 

-  Shrewsbury,  Salop,  161 

-  Lullingstoue  Church,  Kent,  174 

-  Anjou,  190 

-  Le  Mans  Cathedral  and  Diocese, 


Limoges  Diocese,  191 

Cologne  Cathedral,  18 

S.  Jacques'  Church,  Liege,  19 

at    Bourges,    Chartres,    Tours, 

Beauvais,  Le  Mans,  St.  Denys,  Lyons,  Troyes, 

Strasbourg,  &c.  170,  171 

■  at  Villefranche,  194 


Painting,  gilding,  &c.,  receipts  for,  64 

Paintings  on  walls,  restoration  of,  161 

Pakenham,  Suffolk,  antiquities  found  at,  246 

Palais  de  Justice,  Paris,  337,  344 

des  Thermes,  Paris,  238,  240 

Palmer,  Thomas,  376 

Pangbourn,  Berks,  antiquities  found  at,  164 

Paris,  Ecclesiastical  Architecture  of, 
237,336 

Bishop  of,  46 

Church  of  the  Invalides,  186 

Halle-au-Ble,  186 

La  Sainte  Chapelle,  336 

Palais  des  beaux  Arts,  incised  slab  at,  2 1 1 

Royal  Library  at,  46 

Parker,  J.  H.,  notice  of  Brandon's  Analysis  of 
Gothic  Architecture,  291 

notice  of  Heideloff's  Architec- 
tural Ornaments,  407 

Parsons,  Ralph,  tomb  of,  332 

Parthenon,  of  Athens,  185 

Paschal,  Pope,  representation  of,  75 

Passelawe,  Robert,  364 

Peak  Castle,  Derbyshire,  98 

Peakirk  Church,  Northamptonshire,  paintings  at, 
158 

Pebmarsh  Church,  Essex,  brass  at,  1 99 

Pelasgian  monuments,  184 

Pelham  family,  badge  of,  275 

Pelican,  symbolical,  175 

Penally,  near  Tenby,  Pembrokeshire,  crosses  at, 
384 

Penkridge,  Staffordshire,  incised  slabs  at,  210 

Penline  Castle,  98 

Penmanship,  ancient,  190 

Penmon,  Anglesey,  Conventual  Church  of,  42, 
120,122,124 

Penmyuydd  Church,  Anglesey,  43,  121,  127 

Penner  of  Henry  VI.,  290 

Pentateuch,  translation  of  by  Aelfric,  27 

Persepolis,  ruins  of,  184 

Persia,  monuments  of,  184 

Peter  de  Rotis,  52 

of  Bologna,  52 

the  Venerable,  241 

Petit,  Rev.  J.  L.,  on  Bell-turrets,  36 


INDEX. 


Peatingcr's  table,  the  map  called,  83,  191 

Pcvensey,  Sussex,  93,  99,  310 

Philippa,  Queen  of  Edwar.l  III.,  324,  367,  375 

Pinkertoii's  Essay  ou  Medals,  1 1 

Pitchforti,  Shropshire,  incised  slab  at,  210 

Plas  Goch,  Anglesey,  44 

Penmynydd,  Anglesey,  44 

Playford  Church,  Suffolk,  brass  in,  70 

Pleshy,  Essex,  mound  at,  99 

Ploemeur,  Brittanj-,  maen-hir  at,  185 

Plumpton  Correspondence,  70 

Poitiers,  golden  ornament  found  near,  252 

Poitou,  figure  of  a  mermaid  in,  188 

Political  Songs  published  by  the  Camden  Society, 

48 
Polychromy,  187,  189 
Pompeii  and  Herculaneum,  frescoes  at,  27 
Pornstoke,  manor  of,  3(33 
Portchester  Castle,  Hants,  93,  96,  102,  106 
Portkerry,  Glamorganshire,  cross  at,  383 
Postumus,  coins  of,  180 
Powis  Castle,  North  Wales,  106 
Pratt's  process  for  carving  wood,  270 
Praetorian,  Decuman,  and  Principal  gates,  93 
Preachers,  order  of,  419 
Preston,  Lawrence,  364 
Priestholm,  Island  of,  Anglesey,  43 
Primeval  Antiquities  of  the  Channel  Islands,  142, 

222 
Prior's  House,  Wenlock,  Salop,  163 
Prior  Park,  near  Bath,  embroidery  at,  330 
Proceedings  OF  THE  Central  Committee,  67, 

156,  269,  379 
Prudentius,  35 

Mosaic  given  to  St.  Peter  by,  194 

Prudhoe  Castle,  Northumberland,  96,  99,  106 
Publications,  notices  of,  72,  85,  169,  194,  284, 

292,  405 
Puffin  Island,  Anglesey,  43 
Pugin,  designs  for  bell-turrets  by,  36 
Purbeck,  Isle  of,  347 
Puy  Church,  sculpture  at,  193 
Pyramids,  Egyptian,  paintings  in,  27 


Quarendon  Chapel,  Bucks,  70 
Queenborough  Castle,  Kent,  lOJ 
Querqueville  Church,  Normandy,  191 
Questions  discussed  at  Angers,  82 


R. 


Raby  Castle,  Durham,  105 

Raglan  Castle,  Jlonmouthshire,  104,  105 

Rarasgate,  Kent,  skeletons  found  at,  68 

pier,  excavations  at,  69 

Ravenna,  St.  Vjtal's  Church  at,  185 
Raynal  de  Pruin,  52 

Receipts,  for  painting,  gilding, <tc.,  64, 
Recest   Arch.bological    Publications, 

90,  194,  292 
Reculver,  Kent,  chapel  at,  278 
Reginald  of  Durham,  24 
Relitiuarics,  190,  191 
Reli<iuia>  Antiqua',  48 
Remigius,  works  of,  409 
Renaissance,  style  of,  238,  344 
Rene,  Duke  of  Anjou,  84,  191 
Restormel  Tower,  Cornwall,  98 
Revue  Numismatique,  8 


152 

85, 


Rheims,  painted  glass  at,  170 
Rhuddlan  Castle,  Flintshire,  105 
Richard  I.,  robes  of,  325 

II.,  portrait  of,  289 

Richardson,  restoration  of  effigies  by,  49 
Richardson's  metallic  rubber  for  brasses,  206 
Richborough  Castle,  Kent,  93,  278,  310 
Richmond  Castle,  Yorkshire,  99 
Rickman,  the  late  Thomas,  architect,  30,  36 
Rings  used  instead  of  coins,  7,  257 
Risinghoe,  Bedfordshire,  mound  at,  99 
Rochester  Castle,  Kent,  94,  96,  106 

St.  Margaret's  Church,  brass  in,  270 

Rockingham     Castle,     Northamptonshire, 

356 
Rodraarton,  Kent,  British  coin  found  at,  388 
Roger  the  tailor,  325 
Rokewode,  John  Gage,  Esq.,  historian  of  Suffolk, 

203,  236 
Roman  coins,  179 

consular  and  imperial,  9 

struck  in  Britain,  10,  11,  182 

Roman  London, 108 
pottery,  116 

sculpture,  84 

villas,  84 


Roman  de  Garin,  320 

de  la  Rose,  46,  319 

Romanesque  architecture,  34 
Roraanus  Diogenes,  coin  of,  134 
Rome,  personification  of,  181 

St.  Clement's  Basilica  at,  185 

Ronzeray,  Church  of,  at  Angers,  189 

Roos,  Robert,  365 

Rosamund,  burial-place  of,  179 

Rotherfield  Grays,  Oxon,  brass  at,  391 

Rotweil,  in  the  Black  Forest,  sculpture  at,  409 

Rouen  Cathedral,  237 

Rouettes  dcs  Feetaux,  found  in  Guernsey,  230 

Round  table,  romance  of  the,  301 

Rowland's  Moua  Antiqua,  45,  119,  123 

Ruding's  Annals  of  the  Coinage,  13 

Rushton  Church,  Northamptonshire,  364 

Rutchester,  Northumberland,  Roman  altars  found 

at,  385 
Ruthal,  Richard,  Bishop  of  Durham,  332 
Rye  House,  105 


Saffron  Walden,  Essex,  antiquities  found  at,  1 58, 

280 
Saintonge,  province  of,  France,  188 
Saints,  Ejiblems  of,  53,  384 
Salamiua,  fresco  at,  79 
Salisbury,  Wilts,  171 

fair,  328 

St.  Thomas'     Church,    ancient 

embroidery  in,  331,  333 
Sandal  Castle,  Yorkshire,  mound  of,  99 
Sandbach,  Cheshire,  crosses  at,  383 
Sandgate  Castle,  Kent,  106 
Sandown  Castle,  Kent,  106 
San  Graal,  romance  of,  301 
Sarum,  Old,  Wilts,  model  of,  274 
Saturninus,  Saint,  tomb  of,  43,  124 
Saxon  Sceattof,  11,  385 

Styca,  12 

Schwartz-Rheindorf,  Germany,  Church  of,  409 
"  Seances  Gexerales  tences  par  la  Societe 

Frakcaise,'"  account  of,  81,  186 
Segesta,  temple  of,  185 
Seiriol,  Saint,  founder  of  monastery  at  Penmou, 

42,  123 


INDEX. 


Sens,  painted  glass  at,  170 

Sepulchral  brasses  and  incised  slabs,  197 

Sepulture,  190 

Severus,  coins  of,  182 

Shap,  Westmoreland,  Celtic  monument  near,  389 

Shaw's  "  Dresses  and  Decorations  of  the 

Middle  Ages,"  284,  208 
Shefford,  Beds.,  Roman  remains  near,  395 
Shobdon  Old  Church,  Herefordshire,  233 
Shrewsbury,  Shropshire,  alb  at,  330 

painted  glass  at,  161 

Earl  of,  cope  in  his  possession,  329 

Silchester,  Hampshire,  93,  310 
Sins,  the  seven  deadly,  193 
Sittingbourne,  Kent,  remains  found  at,  280 
Siward,  son  of  Edelgar,  24 
Skelton  Church,  Yorkshire,  36 
Skinfrith  Tower,  South  Wales,  98 
Slitrig,  Teviotdale,  Church  at,  24 
Smith,  C.  R.,  Numismatics,  7 

Roman  London,  108 

Notice  of  Britten's  Topographical 


Literature,  413 


Dartford,  418 


Rojnans  &c.,  179 


Dunkin's    History    of 
Akerman's  Coins  of  the 


-  ancient  Coins 


of  Cities  and  Princes,  417 

Henry  and  Adam,  calculations  of,  321 


Snodland,  Kent,  Roman  remains  at,  164 
Soissons,  France,  171 
Sompting  Church,  Sussex,  26,  27,  34 
Southern  sea,  tribes  of  the,  150 
Sonthleigh  Church,  Oxon,  177 
Southsea  Castle,  Hampshire,  106 
Springhead,  Kent,  antiquities  found  at,  253 
Spur,  found  at  Monkstot,  Isle  of  Skye,  249 

of  bronze,  found  in  Suffolk,  246 

St.  Alban's  Abbey,  Heris,  28,  310,  315 
brass  at,  207 


St.  IMIchael's  Church  at,  315 


St.  Antoine,  abbey  of,  343 

St.  Aubin's  Cloister,  Angers,  187 

St.  Augustine's  Monastery,  Canterbury,  174,  313 

St.  Benet's  Church,  Cambridge,  30 

St.  Bernard,  241 

St.  Briavel's  Castle,  Gloucestershire,  94 

St.  Denis,  Ahbey  Church  of,  337 

painted  glass  at,  170,  174,  238 

St.  Denis  de  la  Chartre,  Church  of,  241 

St.  Donat's,  Glamorganshire,  105 

St.  Etienne  du  Mont,  Church  of,  Paris,  344 

St.  Eustache,  Church  of,  Paris,  238,  345 

St.  Evroul,  Abbey  of,  320 

St.  Foy,  Church  of,  192 

St.  Francis,  third  order  of,  343 

St.  Genevieve,  tomb  of,  Paris,  345 

tower  of,  Paris,  340 

St.  Georges  des  Mines,  Anjou,  porch,  187 

St.  Germain  des  Pres,  Abbey  of,  Paris,  238,  239 

■ en  Laye,  Chateau  of,  337,  340 

I'Auxerrois,  Church  of,  Paris,  238, 

341,  342 
St.  Gerv-ais,  Church  of,  Paris,  238,  343 
St.  Gulhlac,  ordination  of,  286 
St.  Jacques  de  la  Boucherie,  Church  of,  Paris,  343 
St.  Jerome,  174 
St.  John,  Church  of,  at  Laughton,  Torkshire,  356, 

384,  401,  404 
St.  John  the  Evangelist's  Chapel,  Paris,  338 
St.  John  de  Lateran,  Chapel  of,  Paris,  339 
St.  .Juliana,  Chapel  of,  Shobdon,  234 
St.  JuUien  le  Pauvre,  Church  of,  Paris,  238,  241 
St.  Laurent,  Church  of,  Paris,  238,  346 
St.  Leonard's  Church,  Rockingham,  360 


St.  Leu  and  St.  Gilles,  Church  of,  Paris,  340 

St.  Martin  des  Champs,  Church  of,  Paris,  242,  342 

St.  Blatthew's  Church,  Friday-street,  London,  253 

St.  Medard,  Church  of,  Paris,  342 

St.  Mery,  Church  of,  Paris,  238,  341,  342 

St.  Michael's  Schwabischall,  Germany,  408 

St.  Nicholas  des  Champs,  Church  of,  Paris,  342 

du  Chardonnet,  Church  of,  Paris, 345 

St.  Paul,  Church  of,  Paris,  320 

St.  Pierre  aux  Bceufs,  Church  of,  Paris,  338 

St.  Serge,  Church  of,  Angers,  187 

St.  Severin,  Church  of,  Paris,  238,  338,  342,  343 

St.  Victor,  abbey  of,  Paris,  343 

Stamford,  manor  of,  363 

Stanford  Bury,  Beds,  military  station  at,  396 

Stanton  Harcourt,  Oxon,  177,  179 

Statues,  193,  190 

Steeple  Aston  Church,  Oxon,  318,  332 

Stephen,  castles  built  in  the  reign  of,  94 

Stephen's  treaty  with  Henry  duke  of  Normandy,  94 

Stephen  of  Lexington,  abbot  of  Clairvaux,  339 

Steresbrugg,  fair  of,  328 

Stoke  by  Neyland,  Suffolk,  199 

Canon,   Devonshire,   embroidery   at,    329, 

330,  331 

d'Abemon,  Surrej',  brass  at,  209 

Stouesfield  Church,  Oxon,  178 
Stonyhurst,  328,  330 
Stothard,  51 

Charles,  monument  of,  398 

Slowting,  Kent,  arms  &c.  found  at,  68,  69 

Strasbourg,  painted  glass  at,  170,  171,  239 

Strutt,  46' 

Stukely,  Dr.,  312 

Subjects  represented  in  Churches,  63 

Suggestions   fop,    the    extension   of    the 

British  Archaeological  Association,  297 
Sully  Castle,  100 
Sumercote,  John  de,  325 
Snrtainville  Church,  Normandy,  191 
Swansea,  South  Wales,  brass  at,  201 
Swinden's  "  History  of  Yarmouth,"  138 
Swords,    Roman    and    Norman,     found    in    the 

Thames,  246 
Sydenham,  John,  on  Kimmeridge  Coal-money, 

347 
Sylvanus  Crewe,  engraved  portraits  by,  201 
Symbolism,  171 
Synagogue  represented  with  bandaged  eyes,  173 


Talacre,  ancient  chasuble  at,  330 

Tamworth  Castle,  Staffordshire,  98,  99,  100 

Tapestry,  190 

Tatershall  Castle,  Lincolnshire,  105 

Templars,   effigies    commonly  appropriated    to, 

49,  265 
Temple  Church,  London,  49 
Paris,  343 


Tenby,  Pembrokeshire,  altar  tomb  at,  201 
Thau,  the  cross-like  letter,  173 
Thesaurus  Morellianus,  consular  coins  of,  II 
Thomas  a  Becket,  277,  285 

of  Ercildoun,  ballad  of,  243 


Thompson's  "  Handbook  of  Leicester,"  notice 

of,  415 
Thornbnry  Castle,  Gloucestershire,  104 
Thorpe-Salvin  Church,  Yorkshire,  403 
Thruxton,  Hants,  pavement  found  at,  388 
Tluirsby,  near  Lincoln,  inscription  at,  280 
Tichtield  House,  Hants,  105 
Toddington,  Bedfordshire,  mound  at,  99 
ToUesast  Church,  Normandy,  191 


INDEX. 


Tombs,  varions,  in  Anglesey,  43,  124 

with  cross-lcirtliMl  effigii-s,  49,  199 

at  Yarinoiitli,  Xorfolk,  desecration  of,  138 

at  Beer  Ferrers,  Devon,  398 

Tombstone,  Nohman,  at  Conixgsborough,354 

Tonbridge,  Kent,  mouud  at,  99 

"Topographical  Litekature,"  notice  of,  413 

Toscanella,  St.  Mary's  Church  at,  185 

Touraine,  diocesan  seminary  of,  189 

Tours,  painted  ghiss  at,  170,  238 

Tower,  of  London,  94,  95,  106 

Towers,  98,  10(5,  188,  191 

Towton,  battle  of,  290 

Treraaton  Tower,  Cornwall,  98 

Tremeirchion,  Flintshire,  cross  at,  383 

Trepied,  cromlech  so  called,  228 

Tretower,  Brecknockshire,  98 

Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  basin  used  there,  161 

representation  of  the,  74,  76,  80 

Troyes,  painted  glass  at,  170 
Trnmpingtou  Church,  Cambridgeshire,  199 

Sir  Roger  de,  brass  of,  199 

Tubingen,  St.  George's,  sculptured  panel  at,  410 
Tuileries,  Paris,  Palace  of  the,  121,  238 
TuUy,  Bishop  of  St.  David's,  tomb  of,  201 
Tumulu-:,  purchased,  83,  84 
Tnrnament  of  Tottenham,  243 
Turner,  Dawson,  Esq.,  replacing  of  a  brass  by,  203 
Tyndaethwy,  comraot  of,  Anglesey,  118 
Tynemouth  Tower,  Northumberland,  106 


U. 


Ullathorne's  heel-ball,  for  rubbings  from  brasses, 

205 
Ulsinus,  Abbot  of  St.  Alban's,  315 
Unicorn,  symbolical,  175 
Upanry,  manor  of,  368 
TTpleatham,  Yorkshire,  urn  found  at,  413 
X>nor  Castle,  Kent,  106 
Upper  Loire,  monuments  of  the,  83 
Urach,  Germany,  carved  wood  at,  410 


Vagniaca-,  418 

Vaietta,  Malta,  St.  John's  Church  at,  51 

Vardon,  John,  constable  of  Rockingham,  368 

Vaulting,  188 

Venice,  treasury  of  St.  Mark  at,  280 

Verulamium,  ruins  of,  30 

Vesica  piscis,  a  form  of  aureole,  77 

Vice  depicted  sjnnbolically,  189 

Victory,  images  and  temple  of,  181 

Vienna,  Holyrood  monastery  at,  date  of,  408 

Vienne,  Chapel  of  Greek-cross-forra  at,  193 

Villefranche,  painted  glass  at,  194 

Vincennes,  chateau  of,  340 

Virgin,  the  Blessed,  representation  of,  78,  194 

Vita  Haroldi,  35 

"Vitraux  feints  de  St.  Etienne  de  Bour- 

GES,"  notice  of,  169 
Vyne,  Stephen,  322 


\V. 


Waddington  Hall,  Yorkshire,  290 

Wales  and  Anglesey, Christianity  introduced  into, 

40 
Walford,  W.  S.,  on  cross-legged  effigies,  49 
Waller  family,  genealogy  of,  386 
Messrs.,  series  of  brasses  published  by, 

199,  203,  206 


Wallingford  Castle,  Berks,  93,  99 

Waltham  .Mibey,  Herts,  date  of,  35 

Warbliugtou  Castle,  Hants,  106 

Wardour  Castle,  Wilts,  velvet  altar  fronts  at,  329 

Warin,  constable  of  Rockingham  Castle,  367 

Warnford  Church,  Hants,  393 

Warwick  Castle,  99,  102,  104 

Waterford  Cathedral,  328 

Watson,  Lewis,  Earl  of  Rockingham,  376 

Sir  Edward,  and  Sir  Lewis,  376 

Way,     Albert,     Introduction,    1 ;      Sepulchral 

Brasses,  197;   Review  of  "  Shaw's  Dresses  and 

Decorations,"  284 
Welland,  right  of  fishing  in  the,  367 
Welles,  Lord  John,  376 
Wells   Cathedral,  Somerset,  incised  slab  in,  210, 

250 
Wenlock,  Shropshire,  Prior's  House  at,  163 
Wensley  Church,  Yorkshire,  brass  in,  208 
Wentworth,  Thomas,  Marquess  of  Rockingham, 

376 
West  Cowes  Castle,  Isle  of  Wight,  106 
Westminster  Abbey,  alterations  in,  166 

cope  at,  329 

Weston  Underwood,  Northamptonshire,  cope  at, 

329,  331 
Wcstwell  Church,  Kent,  east  window  of,  16 
Weymouth,  Dorset,  Roman  buildings  near,  280, 

385 
Whichford,  Warwickshire,  incised  slab  at,  210 
Whitaker's  "  History  of  Whalley,"  414 
Whitchurch,  North  Wales,  brass  at,  201 
White's  "  History  of  Selbourne,"  414 
Wick,  near  Alton,    Hants,  Roman   remains    at, 

393 
Wicklow,  antiquities  found  in,  253 
Willement,  windows  painted  by,  21 
William  of  Arques,  succession  of,  275 

of  Malmsbury,  25,  26 

the  Conqueror,  Castles  built  by,  94 


Wilson,  E.,  Esq.,  copes  in  the  possession  of,  329 
Wiltshire  and  Gloucestershire,  Church  Architec- 
ture in,  67 
Wiltshire,  Roman  vases  found  in,  280 

Topographical  Society  of,  414 


Winchester,  Hants,  remains  of  a  chapel  at,  249 

Windows,  188 

Windsor  Castle,  Berks,  94,  99 

Wixston,  C,  on  painted  glass,  14 

Review  of"  Vitraux  Peints 


de  St.  Etienne  de  Bourges,"  169 
Witham,  Essex,  skeletons  ifec,  found  at,  393 
Wolverhampton,  Staffordshire,  cross  at,  383 
Wool,  Dorsetshire,  embroidery  at,  329 
Wootton,  Northamptonshire,  coins  found  at,  67 
Worcester,  mound  at,  99 

St.  Clement'.s  Church  at,  261 

Worle     Hill,     Somersetshire,     ancient      British 

masonry  at,  308 
Worling^vorth,  Suffolk,  161 

Worthbarrow,  bay  of,  sacrificial  remains  at,  350 
Worthing,  Sussex,  antiquities  found  at,  270 
Wright,  T.,  Anglo-Saxon  .Architecture,  24 
Horn-shaped  Ladies'  Head-dresses, 


■  Original  Documents,  64,  152 

Domestic  Architecture,  212,  301 

Shobdon  old  Church,  233 

Notice  of  Didron's  "  Iconographie 

Chretienne,"  72 

"  Guide  to    the    Neigh- 
bourhood of  Oxford,"  177 

Gailhabaud's    "  Ancient 


and  Modern  Architecture,"  184 
— "  Hlumiuated  Calendar," 


INDEX. 


Wright's,  T.,  Notice  of  Orel's  "  History  of  Oleve- 

land,"411 
Thompson's  "  Hand-book 

of  Leicester,"  415 
Wroxeter,  Salop,  310 
Wymondley,  Herts,  manor  of,  376 
Wynkyn  de  Worde,  55 
Wynne  family,  engraved  portraits  of,  201 


Y. 


Yarmouth,  Norfolk,  desecration  at,  136,  138 


Yaxley  Church,  Hunts,  paintings  at,  158 
Yielden,  mound  at,  99 

Ynys  Seiriol  Church,  Anglesey,  121,  123,  126 
York,  mound  at,  99,  310 


Zimisces,  coins  of,  132,  133 
Zones,  architectonic,  187 


MEMBERS 

OF 

THE  BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


BEDFORDSHIRE. 


Brcreton,     Rev.    John,    M.A.,    Vicar    of         Vicar  of  Biddenliam 


Puddington,  Higham  Ferrers 
Chapman,  William,  Esq.,   Brooke  House, 

Potton 
Dawson,  John  Tliomas,  Esq.,  Woodlands, 

Clapham 
Green,  T.  A.,  Esq.,  Pavenhani 
Grinishawe,  Rev.  Thomas  S.,  M.A.,  F.S.A., 


Inglis,  Sir  Robert  II.,  Bart,  M. P.,  D.C.L., 
F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  Milton  Bryan,  Woburn ; 
7,  Bedford  Square 

Inskip,  Mr.  Thomas,  Shefford 

Martin,  John,  Esq.,  F.L.S.,  Librarian  to 
the  Duke  of  Bedford;  Wobura  Abbey 


BERKSHIRE. 


Cartwright,  Samuel,  Esq.,  FvR.S.,  F.S.A., 

Dclabere,  Pangboum;   Burlington  Street 
Clutterbuck,   Rev.  James   Charles,   M.A., 

Rector  of  Long  Wittenham 
De  la  Motte,   Edward,   Esq.,    Royal    Mil. 

Coll.  Sandhurst 
Hill,     Rev.     George,     M.A.,     Curate    of 

Shrivenham 
Hodson,  Rev.  George  H.,  Fellow  of  Trinity 

College,  Cambridge  ;  Curate  of  Cookham 

Dean,  Maidenhead 
Houblon,  Rev.  T.  A.,  Rector  of  Peasemore 
Jesse,  Edward,  Esq.,  Windsor 


Majendie,  Rev.  Henry  W.,  Vicar  of  Speen 
Merewether,  Rev.  Henry,  Reading 
Parks,  James  H.,  Esq.,  Woodside,  Windsor 
Payne,  Mr.  John  G.,  Wallingford 
Richards,  J.,  Esq.,  Jun.,  F.S.A.,  Reading 
Rock,  Rev.  D.,D.D.,  Buckland,  Faringdon 
Skinner,  Rev.  James,  M.A.,  Windsor 
V^alpy,    Robert    Harris,   Esq.,  Lambourne 

Woodlands,  Hungeyford 
Vansittart,  G.  H.,  Esq.,  Bisham  Abbey 
Venables,    Edmund,    Esq.,  Taplow   Elms, 

Maidenhead 


BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. 


The  Marquis  of  Chandos,  Stowe,  Buck- 
ingham 

Birch,  Rev.  Samuel,  D.D.,  Rector  of  St. 
ilary  Wolnoth,  London  ;  Vicar  of  Little 
Marlow 

Hawtrey,  Rev.  Edward  Craven,  D.D., 
F.S.A.,  Head  Master  of  Eton  College 

Ilawtrcy,  Rev.  John  William,  .M.A., 
Assistant  Master  of  Eton  College 

Hawtrey,  Rev.  S.,  M.A.,  Mathematical 
^Lister,  Eton  College ;  Vicar  of  Broad- 
clialke,  Wilts;   Curate  of  Clewer 

Hill,  the  Ven.  Justly,  M.A.,  Archdeacon 
of  Buckinghamshire  ;   R.  of  Tingcwick 

Lee,  John,   Esq.,   LL.D.,   F.R.S.,   F.S.A., 


Hartwell  House 
Le    Keux,   J.,   Esq.,    Bourne    End,    near 

Beaconsfield 
Parnel,  Hon.  and  Rev.  G.  D.,  Bradenham 
Norris,    John,    Esq.,    Hughenden     House, 

High  Wycombe 
Okes,  Rev.  Richard,  M.A.,  Second  Master 

of  Eton  College 
Osburn,  William,  Esq.,  Chenies 
Rcade,  Rev.  Joseph  Bancroft,  M.  A.,  F.R.S., 

Vicar  of  Stone,  Aylesbury 
Way,  Rev.  W.  M.A.,  Rector  of  Dcnham, 

and  Ilcdgerly  ;  !•,  Cliandos  Street,  Caven- 
dish Square 


> 


2 


MEMBERS  OF  THE 


CAMBRIDGESHIRE, 


The  Lord  Bishop  of  Ely,  37,  Dover  street 
Babington,  Charles  C,  Esq.,  M.A.  Treas. 

of  the  Camb.  Antiqu.  Society 
Barham,    Rev.   R.    H.   Dalton,   Rector  of 

Lolworth 
Bevan,  James,  Esq.,  B.A.,  Trinity  College 
Best,  Robert  Stanser,  Esq.,  Qvieen's  Coll. 
Brown,  William,  Esq.,  Fellow  of  St.  John's 

College 
CoUings,  William  T.  Esq.,  Trinity  College 
Deck,  Mr.  Isaiah,  Cambridge 
Deck,  Mr.  Norris,  Cambridge 
Ellicott,  C.  J.,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  St. 

John's  College 
England,  William,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Wisbeach 
Evans,  William  Sloane,  Esq.,  B.A.,  Trinity 

College 
Freeman,  Rev.  Philip,  M.A.,  Tutor  of  Peter- 
House 
Goodwin,  Rev.   Harvey,   JM.A.,   Fellow   of 

Caius  College 
Lee,  N.  B.  C,  Esq.,  Trinity  College 
Moody,  F.,  Wollaston,  Esq.,  Trinity  Coll. 
Mortlock,  Rev.  Edmund,  M.A.,  Fellow  of 

Christ's  College 
Newcome,   Rev.   William,  M.A.,  Vicar  of 


Sutton,  Isle  of  Ely 
Nicholls,  Henry,  Esq.,  Trinity  Coll.  Camb. 
Oakes,  F.  W.  Esq.,  Walton,  Wisbeach 
Peacock,    the  Very   Rev.    George,    D.D., 

Dean  of  Ely 
Power,  Rev.  John,  I\I.A.  Fellow  of  Pemb. 

College 
Sedgwick,   Rev.  Adam,    M.A.,    Canon    of 

Norwich  ;   Senior  Fellow  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, and  Professor  of  Geology  in    the 

University  of  Cambridge 
Smith,  Rev.  John  James,  M.iV.,  Fellow  and 

Tutor  of  Caius  College 
Swan,  Henry,  Esq.,  St.  John's  College 
Tharpe,   Rev.    Augustus  James,  Vicar  of 

Chippenham,  Mildenhall 
Thomas,  H.  F.,  Esq.,  St.  John's  College 
Webb,    Rev.    Benjamin,   Secretary  of  the 

Camb.  Camd.  Society  ;  Trinity  College 
Whewell,  Rev.  William,  D.D.,  V.P.R.S., 

F.S.A.,  Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy; 

Master  of  Trinity  College 
Willis,  Rev.  R.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  Jacksonian 

Professor,  Cambridge  ;  Honorary  Fellow 

of  the  Institute  of  British  Architects 


CHESHIRE. 


The   Lord   Stanley   of    Alderley,    F.R.S., 

F.S.A.,F.R.S,E.,AlderleyPark,Congle- 

ton  ;  40,  Dover  Street 
Brook,    William,    Esq.,    52nd    Reg.    Lt. 

Infantry;  Norton  Priory,  Sutton 
Cust,  Hon.  Lieut.  Gen.  Sir  Ed.,  Leasowes 

Castle,  Chester;   30,  Hill  Street 
Egerton,  Sir  Philip  de  Malpas  Grey,  Bart., 

M.P.,  F.R.S.,  Oulton  Park,  Tarporley; 

7,  Eaton  Place 
JLgerton,  Rev.  William,  Rector  of  the  lower 

mediety  of  Malpas,  Chester 


Leycester,  R.,  Esq.,  Toft  Hall,  Knutsford 
Mainwaring,    Harry,    Esq.,    Peover    Hall, 

Knutsford 
O'Donoghue,  Rev.    F.    Talbot,    Perpetual 

Curate  of  Over  Peover,  Knutsford 
Osborne,  Rev.  William  Alexander,  Master 

of  the  Gramm.ar  School,  Macclesfield 
Vertue,  S.,  Esq.,  Brombro,  near  Chester 
Warburton,  R.  E.,  Esq.,  Arle}-,  Northwich 
Wilbraham,   Charles,    Esq.,    Rode    Hall, 

Congleton 
Wright,  Henry,  Esq.,  Knutsford 


CORNWALL. 


BuUer,  Rev.  John,  Vicar  of  St.  Just,   St. 

Agnes,  and  St.  Perran-zabuloe,  (St.  Just.) 
Ilaslam,  Rev.  William,    B.A.,   Curate   of 

St.  Perran  zabuloe,  Truro 


Johns,  Rev.  C.  A.,  B.A.,  Ilelstone 
Kent,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Padstow 
Lemon,  Sir  Charles,  Bart,  M.P.,  F.R.S., 
Carclew,  Truro  ;  Charles  St.  Berkeley  Sq. 


BRITISH    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    ASSOCIATION.  3 

Penneck,  Rev.  Henry,  M.A.,  Penzance  Penzance 

Perry,   Rev.    John,    M.A.,    Curate    of   St.  Walker,  Rev.  C.  11.,  Werrington,   Laun- 

Breage-cum-Germoe,  near  Helstone  ceston 

Phillpotts, Rev. T.,M.A.,RuralDean, Vicar  Walli<;,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,yicar  of  Eolmin  ; 

of  St.  Feock  ;   Porthgwidden,  Truro  Gluvias,  Penryn 
Roberts,  Arthur,   Esq.,  Penrose  Terrace, 

DERBYSHIRE. 


Bateman,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Bakewell 
Broniliead,  Rev.  H.  C,  Perpetual  Curate  of 

Ridgway,  Cliesterfield 
Broughton,  Rev.  C.  F.,  Rector  of  Noibury 
Cottnigham,  G.,  Esq.,  Chesterfield 
Currey,  Rev.  Charles,  Vicar  of  Heath,  and 

Ault-Hucknall,  Chesterfield 
Estcourt,  Rev.  Edmund  H.  B.,  Rector  of 

Eckington 
Fox,  Rev.  Samuel,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Morley, 

Derby 
Gray,  Rev.  J.  H.,  Vicar  of  Bolsover,  Ches- 
terfield 


Harrison,  John  Branfill,  Esq.,  Bakewell 
Humble,  Rev.  Michael  M.,  B.A.,  Rector  of 

Sutton,  Chesterfield 
Kingstone,  C.  H.,  Esq.,  Ashbourne 
]\Ieynell,  G.,  Esq.,  Langley  Park,  Derby 
Russell,  Jesse  Watts,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S., 

F.S.A.,  Ham  Hall,  Ashbourne 
Smith,  Rev.  E.  H.,  B.A,,  Rector  of  Killa- 

marsh,  Chesterfield 
Stevens,  Henry  J.,  Esq.,  Architect,  Derby 
Turbutt,  G.,  Esq.,  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 

Ogston  Hall,  Alfreton 


DEVONSHIRE. 


The  Lord  Bishop  of  Exeter 

Armstrong,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  Priest  Vicar 

of  Exeter  Cathedral 
Barnes,  Ven.  George,  D.D.,  Archdeacon  of 

Barnstaple,  Rector  of  Sowton 
Carlyon,  Rev.  Philip,  Perpetual  Curate  of 

St.  James's,  Exeter 
Coleridge,  F.  G.,  Esq.,  Ottery  St.  Mary 
Conybeare,  Rev.  William,   M.A.,  F.R.S., 

Vicar  of  Axminster 
Cornish,  Rev.  Sidney  William,  D.D.,  Vicar 

of  Ottery  St.  Mary 
Courtenay,  Rev.  Francis,  ^I.A.,  Perpetual 

Curate  of  St.  Sidwell's,  Exeter 
Crabb,  William,  Esq.,  Exeter 
De  la  Garde,  Philip  Chilwell,  Esq.,  Exeter 
Drewe,  E.  S.,  Esq.,  The  Grange,  Honiton 
Ford,  Richard,  Esq.,  Heavitree,  Exeter 
Fronde,    William,    Esq.,    Civil    Engineer, 

Collumpton 
Harding,  Colonel,  Tiverton 
Hayward,  John,  Esq.,  Architect,  Exeter 
Hore,  Rev.  W.  S.,  Curate  of  Stoke  Danie- 

rel,  near  Devonport 
Howell,  Rev.  Hinds,  Curate  of  Shobrooke, 

Crediton 
Lewis,  Captain  Locke,  R.E.,F.R.S., Exeter 
Lightfoot,  Rev.   N.,  Reclor  of  Stockleigh 

Pomeroy 


Lowe,  the  Very  Rev.  T.  Hill,  D.D.,  Dean 

of  Exeter ;  Rector  of  Colyton-Rawleigh 

Lyte,Rev.  H.  F.,  Perpetual  Curate  of  Lower 

Brixham ;  Berryhead 
Martin,  Rev.  G.,  ^LA.,  Chancellor  of  the 

Diocese  of  Exeter 
Medley,  Rev.  John,  Secretary  of  the  Exeter 
Diocesan  Architectural  Society  ;  Preben- 
dary of  Exeter  and  Lincoln  ;  Vicar  of  St. 
Thomas's,  Exeter 
Miles,   William,   Esq.,    Treasurer   of    the 
Exeter  Diocesan  Architectural   Society  ; 
Dix's  Fields,  Exeter 
Mills,  Rev.  William,  D.D.,  Head  Master 

of  the  Grammar  School,  Exeter 
Norris,  John  M.,  Esq.,  Exeter 
Shapter,  Thomas,  Esq.,  JLD.,  Exeter 
Short,  Captain,  Heavitree,  Exeter 
Sibthorpe,  J.  Allen,  Esq.,  Bradninch 
Smith,  Rev.  W.  G.  P.,  Torquay 
Spence,  Charles,  Esq.,  Devonj)ort 
Stevens,  Ven.  John    Moore,  M.A.,   Arch- 
deacon and  Canon  of  Exeter;   Vicar  of 
Otterton 
Tonkin,  Sir  Warwick  Hele,  Teignmouth 
Trelawny,  Rev.  C,  Ham,  Plymouth 
Tucker,  Charles,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  29,  Devon- 
shire Place ;  Harpford 


MEMBERS  OF  THE 


DORSETSHIRE. 


The   Earl   of  Ilchester,    Melbury    House ; 

31,  Old  Burlington  Street 
The  Lord  Stavordale,  Melbury  House 
Acland,    Arthur    H.    D.,    Esq.,  Wollaston 

House,  Dorchester 
Barnes,  William,  Esq.,  Dorchester 
Bingham,  Rev.   Charles  W.,   M.A.,  Vicar 

of  Sydling ;    Rector  of  Melcombe  Horsey 
Bond,  Thomas,   Esq  ,   7,   Fig-tree    Court, 

Temple ;  Wareham 
Cameron,  Rev.  Jonathan  H.  Lovett,  M.A., 

Vicar  of  Fleet 
Hall,  Charles,  Esq.,  Blandford 


Hodges,  Rev.  F.  P.,  D.C.L.,  Fellow  of  New 
College,  Oxford  ;  Vicar  of  Lyme  Regis 

Osborne,  Hon.  and  Rev.  Sidney  Godolphin, 
Rector  of  Durweston 

Smart,  T.  W.,  Esq.,  Cranbourn 

Turner,  Rev.  Charles  M.,  Studland  Rec- 
tory, Swanage 

Walter,  Rev.  Henry,  Rector  of  Halisbury, 
Bryan 

Watts,  Rev.  John,  Rural  Dean,  Rector  of 
Tarrant  Gunville 

Warne,  C,  Esq.,  Milbourne  St.  Andrew's 


DURHAM. 


Durham,    the    Lord    Bishop    of,    F.R.S., 

F.S.A.,  Auckland  Castle;  28,    Curzon- 

Stieet 
Clanny,  W.  Reid,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.E., 

M.R.LA.,  Sunderland 
Fife,  George,  Esq.,  M.  D.,  Sunderland 
Mewburn,  Francis,  Esq.,  Darlington 
Pettigrew,    Rev.     Augustus    F.,    Bishop's 

Wearmouth 


Raine,  Rev.  James,  M.A.,  Secretary  of  the 
Surtees  Society ;  Rector  of  Meldon, 
Northumberland  ;   Crook  Hall,  Durham 

Sharp,  Sir  Cuthbert,  Knt.,  Sunderland 

Skipsey,  Rev.  R.,  B.A.,  Perpetual  Curate 
of  St.  Thomas',  Bishop's  W^earmouth 

Waddington,  the  Very  Rev.  George,  D.D., 
Dean  of  Durham 


ESSEX. 


Braybrooke,     the    Lord,     F.S.A.,    Audley 

End,   Saffron  Walden  ;    10,   New    Bur- 
lington Street 
Borton,    Rev.    W.    K.,    M.A.,    Vicar    of 

Wickbam  St.  Paul's,  Castle  Hedingham 
Bramston,  Rev.  J.,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Witham 
Brise,  John    Ruggles,  Esq.,    Spains   Hall, 

Finchingfield 
Burney,the  Venerable  Charles  Parr,  D.D., 

r.R.S.,     F.S.A.,     Archdeacon     of    St. 

Alban's;  Rector  of  Sible  Hedingham 
Burney,  Rev.  Charles,  Halstead 
Burney,  Rev.  Edward  Kaye,  M.A.,  Fellow 

of  Magdalene    College,    Oxford  ;    Sible 

Hedingham 
Chapman,     Rev.     James,     M.A.,     Rural 

Dean;   liector  of  Dunton-Waylett,  near 

Brentwood 
Clark,  Joseph,  Esq.,  Saffron  W^alden 
Clutterbuck,  Mr.  Charles,  Painter  on  Glass, 

2,  Maryland  Point,  Stratford 
Coombe,  William,  Esq  ,  jun.,  Springfield, 


Chelmsford 
Croft,  Rev.  Richard,  M.A.,  Rector  of  North 

Ockendon,  Romford 
Duffield,  Rev.  Richard,  B.D.,  Rural  Dean  ; 

Rector  of  Prating,  Colchester 
Dutfield,  Rev.  Roger  Dawson,  M.A.,  Curate 

of  Lamarsh,  Buers,  Sudbury 
Gipps,  Rev.  John  Marten,  Rector  of  Great 

Yeldham,  Halstead 
Grimston,    Hon.  and  Rev.  E.  H.,    M.A., 

Rector  of  Pebmarsh,  Halstead 
Hodges,    Rev.    Henry,     M.A.,   Rector    of 

Alpha  mstone 
Howard,  Rev.   Richard   H.,  M.A.,  Curate 

of  West  Ham 
Jones,  Ven.  Archdeacon,    M.A.,   Vicar  of 

West  Ham 
Lloyd,  Rev.  Charles  W.,    M.A.,  Vicar  of 

Gosfield 
Lucas,  William  James,  Esq.,  Chelmsford 
Markham,  Rev.  David  F.,  M.A.,  Canon  of 

Windsor;  Rector  of  Great  Horkesley 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


Megwy,  George,  Esq.,  Chelmsford 

Neale,  T.  C,  Esq.,  Secretaryofthe  Chelms- 
ford Philosophical  Society,  Springfield, 
Chelmsford 

Oaklej^  "Ven.  Sir  Herhert,  Bart,  M.A., 
Archdeacon  of  Colchester;  Dean  and 
Rector  of  Bocking ;  Prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's 

Papillon,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Rector 
of  Lexden 

Penrose,  Rev.  J.,  D.D.,  Vicar  of  "Writtle, 
Chelmsford 

Pearson,   Rev.   Arthur,  Rector  of  Spring- 


field, Chelmsford 
Raymund,  Rev.  Oliver,  L.L.B.,  Rector  of 

Middleton 
Round,  Rev.  James  T.,  B.D.,  Hon.  Canon 

of  St.  Paul's  ;  Rector  of  St.  Nicholas  and 

St.  Runwald's,  Colchester 
Sprague,  A.  F.,  Esq.,  Colchester 
Vint,  H.,  Esq.,  St.  Mary's  Jjodgc,  Colchester 
Vigers,    Rev.     D.     F.,    Curate   of    Little 

Maplestead 
Way,   John,    Esq.,    Spaynes    Hall,  Great 

Yeldham 
Wire,  Mr.  William,  Colchester 


GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 


Baker,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Watercomhe  House, 

Bisley 
Barrow,   Rev.    G.,   Risington  Wick,   Stow 

on  the  Wold 
Bayly,  Rev.  Francis  T.  J.,  B.A.,  Vicar  of 

Brookthorpe  and  Whaddon 
Bell,  Captain  Henry,  Cheltenham 
Bruce,  John,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  2,  Sion  Row, 

Clifton 
Buckman,  Mr.  J.,  Cheltenham 
Burr,  Rev.  Henry  S.,  Vicar  of  Tidenham 
Cave,  Daniel,  Esq.,  Cleve  Hill,  Bristol 
Clements,  Rev.  J.,  M.A.,  Curate  of  Upton 

St.  Leonard's 
Coathorpe,   C.    T.,   Esq.,  Wraxall   Abhey, 

Bristol 
Coker,  Rev.  John,  IG,  Lansdowne  Crescent, 

Cheltenham 
Colledge,  P.  R.,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Cheltenham 
ConoUy,  W.,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Cheltenham 
Copeland,  G.,  Esq.,  Cheltenham 
Dalton,    Edward,    Esq.,    D.C.L.,    F.S.A., 

Dunkirk  House,  Nailsworth 
EUacombe,    Rev.    H.    T.,    M.A.,    F.S.A., 

Surrogate  ;  Vicar  of  Bitton 
Estcourt,  Rev.  ^latthew  Hale,  Newnton 
Estcourt,  Rev.  Edgar  E.,  Curate  of  Ciren- 
cester 
Faulkner,  Sir  Arthur  Brooke,  I\I.D.,  Phy- 
sician to  the  Forces;   Cheltenham 
Fripp,  James,  Esq.,  M.D.,  King's  Square, 
Bristol 


Fryer,  Charles,  Esq.,  Coleford 

Garrard,  Thomas,    Esq.,    F.S.A.,   Council 

House,  Bristol 
Gormonde,  W.  H.,  Esq.,  Cheltenham 
Harford,  J.  Scandritt,  Esq.,  Blaise  Castle, 

Henbury 
Hill,  Jeremiah,  Esq.,  Bristol 
Kennaway,   Rev.  Charles  E.,  ]\LA.,  Vicar 

of  Campden 
Lawrence,  William,  Esq.,  The  Greenway, 

Gloucester 
Madan,  Rev.  George,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Cam, 

Dursley 
Mansfield,    Rev.    Joseph,     Incumbent    of 

New  Swindon 
Mansfield,  Rev.  E.,  Curate  of  Dursley 
Minniken,  Rev.  Henry  J.,  M.A.,  Curate  of 

Chipping  Campden 
Osborne,  Robert,  Esq.,  Bristol 
Owen,  Rev.  E.  Price,  M.A.,  Cheltenham 
Rumsey,  H.  W.,  Esq.,  Gloucester 
Sealy,  T.  Henry,  Esq.,  Architect,  Bristol 
Stanton,  W.  H.,  Esq.,  Stroud 
Turnor,   Rev.  C,   M.A.,  F.R.S.,   F.S.A., 

Cheltenham 
Way,  Rev.  Henry  Hugh,  Vicar  of  Henbury 
Whallcy,  F.  Buxton,  Esq.,  Cheltenliam 
Witts,  Rev.  E.  F.,  Curate  of  Stanway 
Woodward,   Rev.  Jonathan  Henry,  M.A., 

Perpetual  Curate  of  St.  James's,  Bristol 
Wreford,     Rev.    John     ReyneU,     F.S.A., 
King's  Square,  Bristol 


HAMPSHIRE. 


Winchester,  The  Lord  liishop  of.  Prelate 
of  the  Order  of  the  Garter ;  Farnham 
Castle,  Surrey  ;  Winchester  House,  St. 
James's  Square 


Caernarvon,  The  Earl  of,  Highclere  House, 
Newbury  ;  Pixton  Park,  Dulverton, 
Somerset ;  43,  Grosvenor  Square 

Atherley,  George,  Esq.,  Soutliampton 


a  2 


MKiMBERS  OF  THE 


Barter,   Rev.    R.    S.,   B.C.L.,  Warden   of 

Winchester  College 
Belcher,    Rev.    Brymer,    Curate   of  West 

Tisted 
Bradfield,  William  B.,  Esq.,  Winchester 
Campbell,  Colonel,  Portsmouth 
Carter,  O.  B.,  Esq.,  Architect,  Winchester 
Dealtry,    Rev.  William,  D.D.,   Chancellor 

of  the  Diocese  of  Winchester  ;  Rector  of 

Clapham,  Surrey 
Deane,    Rev.    George,    M.A.,    Rector   of 

Bighton,  Alresiord 
Durell,  Rev.  John  Durell,  Alton 
Escott,  S.  B.,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Winchester 
Garnier,  the   Very  Rev.  Thomas,  D.C.L., 

Dean  of  Winchester 
Greenwood,   Colonel  William,  Brookwood 

Park,  Alresford 
Gunner,    Rev.    W.    H,,    Chaplain    of   St. 

Mary's  College;  Curate  of  St.  Michael's, 

Winchester 
Home,  Rev.  Edward  Melville,  M. A.,  Vicar 

of  St.  John's,  Southampton 
Hughes,  J.  Newington,  Esq.,  Winchester 
Hunt,  George,  Esq.,  Southampton 
Hutchins,     Rev.     Allan    Borman,    M.A., 

Appleshaw,  Andover 
Jacob,  Rev.  Philip,  M.A.,  Canon  of  Win- 
chester 


James,    Rev.    Edward,    M.A.,    Canon    of 

Winchester 
Johnson,  George  William,  Esq.,  Barrister 

at  Law,  Winchester 
Jollifl'e,  Captain  William,  R.M.,  Portsmouth 
JoUiffe,  Lieut.  J.  Henry,  R.M.,  Portsmouth 
Long,  Walter,  Esq.,  Preshaw  House 
Noel,    Hon.    and    Rev.    Gerard    Thomas, 
M.A.,  Prebendary  of  Winchester ;  Rural 
Dean  ;  Vicar  of  Romsey 
Randall,  Richard,  Esq.,  Southampton 
Rooke,  Rev.  Willoughby  John  E.,  M.A., 
Chaplain    to    H.   R.    IL   the    Duke   of 
Cambridge;  Curate  of  Old  Alresford 
Ryder,  Rev.  George  Dudley,  M.A.,  Rector 

of  Easton,  Winchester 
Smith,  Captain  Henry,  R.M.,  Portsmouth 
Vernon,      Captain      George,      Coldstream 

Guards,  Winchester 
Walford,  J.  D.,  Esq.,  Mathematical  Master 

of  Winchester  School 
Walters,   Rev.   Charles,   M.A.,  F.R.A.S., 

Rector  of  Bramdean 
Wickham,   Rev.    Robert,  M.A.,    Twyford, 

Winchester 
Wilberforce,   Ven.    Samuel,    B.D.,   Arch- 
deacon of  Surrey  ;    Prebendary  of  Win- 
chester ;  Rector  of  Alverstoke 


HEREFORDSHIBE. 


The  Lord  Bishop  of  Hereford 
The  Viscount  Eastnor,  Eastnor  Castle 
Aston,  — ,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Hereford 
Bird,  Rev.  Roger,  B.D.,  Rector  of  Don- 

nington,  Ledbury 
Clifford,  William,  Esq.,  Perrystone  Court 
Freer,   Rev.  Richard  Lane,  B.D.,  Rector 

of   Bis-hopstone-cum-Yazor,    and    Vicar 

of  Mansel-Lacy 
Hooper,  William,  Esq.,  Ross 
Lewis,  Rev.  T.  T.,  Vicar  of  Bridstow,  Ross 
Merewether,  the  Very    Rev.  John,    D.D., 

F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  Dean  of  Hereford 
Meyrick,  Sir  Samuel  Rush 
Munn,  Rev.  George  S.,  Curate  of  Cradley, 

(Great  Malvern) 


Mynors,  Peter  Rickards,  Esq.,  Triago,  St. 
Weonard's,  Hereford 

Newton,  Rev.  Hewton  Dickenson  Hand, 
Vicar  of  Bredwardine 

Newton,  Rev.  W.,  Bredwardine,  Hereford 

Phillips,  Robert  Biddulph,  Esq.,  Long- 
worth,  Ledbury 

Scudamore,  Colonel  John  Lucy,  Kent- 
church,    Hei'eford 

Strong,  — ,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Ross 

Underwood,  Rev.  J.  Hanmer,  M.A.,  Vicar 
of  Bosbury,  near  Ledbury 

Webb,  Rev.  Thomas,  Tretyre 

Webb,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Rural 
Dean,  Rector  of  Tretyre 


BRITISH    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    ASSOCIATION. 


HERTFORDSHIllE. 


Arden,  Joseph,  Esq.,  Rickmansworth  Park; 

1,  Upper  Bedford  Place 
Boutell,   Rev.  Charles,    M.A.,   Curate   of 

Sandridge,  St.  Alban's 
Brogden,   Rev.   James,    IVI.A.,   Childwick, 

near  St.  Alban's 
Dickinson,  John,  Esq.,  Abbot's  Hill,  King's 

I.angley 
Ehvin,  Rev.  Thomas  Henry,  M.A.,  Rural 

Dean,  Rector  of  East  Barnet 
Gee,  Rev.  R.,  Vicar  of  Abbott's  Langley 
Key,  Rev.  H.  C,  Hemel- Hempstead 


IMoore,    Rev.     William    Jolin,    Vicar    of 

Savratt,  near  Rickmansworth 
Morris,  Rev.  J.,  D.D.,  Rural  Dean  ;  Rector 

of  Elstree 
Nicholson,  Rev.  H.    J.    B.,    D.D.,    Rural 

Dean  ;   Hector  of  St.  Alban's 
Solly,  S.  Reynolds,  Esq.,  17,  Great  George 

Street ;  and  Serge  Hill,  King's  Langley 
Southwell,  Rev.   Marcus    Richard,    M.A., 

Vicar  of  St.  Stephen's,  near  St.  Alban's 
White,  George,  Esq.,  St.  Edmund's  Hall, 

Oxford;  Old  Hall  Green 


H  UNTIXG  DOXSH  IRE. 

The  Duke  of  Manchester,  Kimbolton  Castle. 


ISLE  OF  WIGHT. 


Barton,  John  Alfred,  Esq.,  Barton  Village 
Clark,  Abraham,  Esq.,  Newport 
Dennett,  John,  Esq.,  New])ort 
Fosbery,    Rev.    Thomas    Vincent,    West- 
cliiF  House,  Niton 


Girardot,  Rev.  W.  L.,  Godshill 

Hill,  the  Ven.  Justly,  M.A.,  Archdeacon  of 
Bucks  ;  Rector  of  Bonchurch,  (Tinge- 
wick,  Bucks) 


KENT. 


The  Lord  Archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

The  Lord  Bishop  of  Oxford ;  Dean  of 
Canterbury  ;  Cuddesden  Palace,  Oxford 

The  Lord  Bishop  of  Winchester,  Provincial 
Sub- dean  of  Canterbury 

Akers,  Aretas   Esq.,  Tunbridge  Wells 

Arnold,  Geo.  Matthews,  Esq.,  Gravesend 

Austin,  George,  Esq.,  Clerk  of  the  Works, 
Canterburj'  Cathedral 

Baker,  Anthony  St.  John,  Esq.,  Mount 
Calvary  Lodge,  Tunbridge  Wells 

Bartlett,  John  Pembcrton,  Esq.,  Kingston 
Rectory,  Canterbury 

Beardsworth,  Rev.  George,  Curate  of  Sell- 
ing, and  ^lolash,  near  Feversham 

Bell,  Matthew,  Esq.,  Oswald's,  Canterbury 

Bennett,  Rev.  William,  M.A.,  Vicar  of 
Milton,  next  Sittingbourne;  Elinor  Canon 
of  Canterbury 

Bewsher,  Rev.  C.  W.,  Canterbury 

Bilton,  Rev.  William,  M.A.,  F.G.S.,  Per- 
petual Curate  of  Lamorbey 

Bland,  William,  Esq.,  Ilartlip 

Bodkin,  William  Henry,  Esq.,  j\LP.,  Re- 
corder of  Dover ;  8,  Mansfield- street 


Bradley,  Rev.  Charles  R.,  M.A.,  Curate  of 

Ash,  Wiiigham 
Bradstreet,  Rev.  William,  Curate  of  Lower 

Hardres,  Canterbury 
Brent,  Samuel,  Esq.,  Greenwich 
Brent,  John,  Esq.,  Canterbury 
Brent,  John,  Esq.,jun.,  Canterbury 
Bunce,   Rev.    John    Bowes,   Vicar    of  St. 

Dunstan's  and  Sheldwich,  Canterbury 
Burch,  Thomas  Lever,  Esq.,  Canterbury 
Burnside,  Rev.  A.  William,  M.A.,  Curate 

of  Farningham 
Burnside,    Francis,   Esq.,   Lincoln's    Inn ; 

Farningham 
Burroughs,  Rev.  W.  H.,  Rector  of  Ditton 
Caffin,   Rev.   C,  B.A.,  Curate  of  Chisle- 

hurst 
Charles,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Chillington  House, 

^laidstone 
Chesshyre,  Rev.  William  John,  ^NLA.,  Rec- 
tor of  St.  Martin's,  Canterbury 
Chessyre,  W.  T.  C,  Esq.,  Canterbury 
Comport,  John,  Esq.,  Strood 
Cooper,  Henry,  Esq.,  Canterbury 
Corner,  G.  R.,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Eltham 
Corney,  Bolton,  Esq.,  Greenwich 


8 


MEMBERS    OF    THE 


Grafter,  William,  Esq.,  Gravesend 

Croft,  Veil.  James,   M.A.,  Archdeacon  of 

Canterbury,  Rector  of  ClifFe  at  Hoc,  and 

Saltwood  cum  Hythe 
Culhane,  D.,  Esq.,  M.D„  Dartford 
Darling,  Rev.   T.,   M.A.,  Perp.  Curate    of 

Thanington;  Si,  Castle  St.,  Canterbury 
Davis,  Major  Henry,  52nd  Reg.  Lt.  Infan- 
try ;  Dover  Castle 
Dawson,   Rev.  Francis,  B.D.,  Prebendary 

of  Canterbury,  Rector    of  Chislehurst ; 

The  Oaks,  Canterbury 
Day,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Maidstone 
Delmar,  W.,  Esq.,  The  Elms,  Canterbury 
Dodd,  Rev.  Philip  Stanhope,  M.A.,  Rector 

of  Penshurst 
Dunkin,  John,  Esq.,  Dartford 
Dunkin,  Alfred  John,  Esq.,  Dartford 
Dyke,  Sir  Perceval  Hart,  Bart.,  Lullingston 

Castle 
Elliott,  J.,  Esq.,  New  Hall,  Dymchurch, 

New  Romney 
Ellis,  George  S.,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Dartmouth 

Terrace,  Blackheath 
Espinasse,  J.,  Esq.,  Recorder  of  Rochester  ; 

13,  South  Square,  Gray's  Inn 
Essell,  Geoige,  Esq.,  Rochester 
Fagg,  Charles,  Esq.,  Hythe 
Garden,  Rev.  Francis,  M.A.,  Incumbent  of 

Trinity  Church,  Greenwich 
Gaunt,  J.,  Esq..  Walmer  Cottage,  Walmer 
Godfrey,  J.,  Esq.,  Brooke-street  House,  Ash 
Gordon,    Lieut.-Col.,    late    5th    Dragoon 

Guards,  Holmwood  Park,  Chislehurst 
Gregory,  Rev.  Edward,  M.A.,  Bridge  Hill, 

Canterbury 
Hallet,  Rev.  Charles  Hughes,  Rural  Dean; 

Vicar  of  Patrixbourne,  near  Canterbury  ; 

High  am 
Hammond,  Major,  Laureston  House,  Dover 
Harding,  Rev.  T.,  Vicar  of  Bexley 
Harrison,  W.  F.,  Esq.,  Rochester 
Hayward,  William  Webb,  Esq.,  Rochester 
Hollies,  Richard,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Maze  Hill, 

Greenwich 
Hotham,  Rev.  John  Hallett,  Vicar  of  Sut- 
ton at  Hone 
Isaacson,   Rev.  S.,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Dym- 
church, Chaplain  of  the  Elham  Union 
James,  G.  P.  R.,  Esq.,  Walmer 
Johns,  Captain  Richard,  R.M.,  13,  Bowater 

Crescent,  Woolwich 
King,  Ven.  Walker,  M.A.,  Archdeacon  of 
Rochester  ;   Rector  of  Stone 


Kingsford,  Henry,  Esq.,  Canterbury 
Larking,  Rev.  Lambert  B.,  M.A.,  Vicar  of 

Ryarsh,  Maidstone 
Laj'ton,  Rev.  James,  Sandwich 
Lloyd,  Rev.  Maurice  Hedd,  Perpetual  Cu- 
rate of  Goodnestone  next  Wingham 
Lochee,  Alfred,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Canterbury 
Lumsdaine,    Rev.   Edwin    Sandys,    M.A., 
Rector  of  Upper  Hardres-cum-Stelling, 
Canterbury 
Marston,  Edward,  Esq.,  Cobham 
Martin,    K.    B.,    Esq.,   Deputy   Harbour 

Master,  Ramsgate 
Masters,  William,  Esq.,  Alderman  of  Can- 
terbury 
Masters,  Mr.  Algernon,  Tunbridge 
Masters,  William,  Esq.,  Canterbury 
Middleton,  Colonel  C,  3rd  Dragoons,  Com- 
mandant of  the  Cavalry  Depot  at  Maid- 
stone 
]Moody,    Rev.    Henry    Riddell,    Rector   of 

Chartham 
Mure,  Philip  W.,  Esq.,  Penge,  Sydenham 
Neame,  George,  Esq.,  Canterbury 
Norman,  George,  Esq.,  Bromley 
Palliser,  R.  B.,  Esq.,  Hawkhurst 
Paulson,  Rev.  George,  Rector  of  Addington 
Pemble,  Rev.  Henry,  Rector  of  St.  Peter's, 

Sandwich 
Perfect,  George,  Esq.,  West  Mailing 
Phelps,  Rev.  H.  Dampier,  M.A.,  Rector  of 

Snodland 
Phelps,  Rev.  T.  P.,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Ridley 
Pipon,  Capt.  T.  O.,  1st  Dragoon  Guards, 

Canterbury 
Plomley,  Francis,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Lydd 
Plummer,  E.,  Esq.,  Aid.  of  Canterbury 
Plunimer,  William,  Esq.,  Canterbury 
Post,  Rev.  Beale,  Bydews  Place,  Maidstone 
Powell,   John    Powell,   Esq.,   Quex    Park, 

Isle  of  Thanet 
Price,  David,  Esq.,  Margate 
Pryer,  Alfred,  Esq.,  Hollingbourne 
Randolph,  Rev.  W.,  Newingtou,  Hythe 
Richardson,  Mr.  H.  S.,  Greenwich 
Rolfe,  William  Henry,  Esq.,  Sandwich 
Rouch,   Rev.  F.,   M.A.,   Minor   Canon   of 

Canterbury ;  Vicar  of  Lower  Halstow 
Russell,   Rev.   John,    D.D.,    F.S.A.,    Pre- 
bendary of  Canterbury;    Rector  of  St. 
Botolph's,  Bishopsgate,  London 
Sandys,  Charles,  Esq.,  Canterbury 
Shepherd,  Rev.  Edward  John,  B.A.,  Rector 
of  Luddesdown 


BRITISH    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    ASSOCIATION. 


Smith,  Mr.  John  Alfred,  Canterbury 
Suiythe,  Clement  Taylor,  Esq.,  Maidstone 
Soulby,  George,  Esq.,  M.U.,  Dover 
Staft",  L.  P.,  Esq.,  Mayor  of  Gravesend 
Streatfeild,  Rev.  Thomas,  F.S.A.,  Chart's 

Edge,  Westtrham 
Stretton,  Henry,  Esq.,  Ramsgate 
Sydenham,  John,  I'^sq.,  Greenwich 
Sylvester,  Mr.,  Spring-head,  Southfleet 
Tylden,  Rev.  William,  M.A.,  Lyminge 
Vallance,  Rev.  William,  Perpetual  Curate 

of  Maidstone 
Waghorn,  Lieut.,  R.N.,  Suodland 
Whatman,    James,    Esq.,    M.A.,    F.R.S., 


F.S.A.,  The  Vintners,  Maidstone 
Whatman,  Charles  James,  Esq.,  The  Friars, 

Aylesford 
Whiclu'oid,  Mr.  J.,  jun.,  ^laidstone 
W'ickham,  Humphrey,  Esq.,  Strood 
Wigan,    Rev.   William    Lewis,   Curate   of 

Trotterscliffe,  Maidstone 
Winston,  Rev.  Benjamin,  L.L.B.,  Vicar  of 

Farningham 
Woollaston,  George,  Esq.,  Welling 
Woodruff,  Rev.  John,  Vicar  of  Upchurch, 

Curate  of  Lower  llalstow 
Wrench,  Rev.  Frederick,  M.A.,   Rector  of 

Stowting,  and  Curate  of  Stamford 


LANCASHIRE. 


Allcard,  William,  Esq.,  Warrington 

Ashton,  John,  Esq.,  Warrington 

Brent,  Francis,  Esq.,  Liverpool 

Corser,    Rev.    Thomas,    M.A.,     Vicar   of 

Norton  by  Daventry,  Northamptonshire  ; 

Perpetual  Curate  of  Stand,  Manchester 
Dawes,  Matthew,  Esq.,  F.G.S.,  Westbrook, 

Bolton-le-JMoors 
Dearden,    James,    Esq.,    F.S.A.,    Orchard 

Dearden,  Rochdale 
Durnford,  Rev.  Richard,  M.A.,  Rector  of 

]Middleton 
Fort,  R.,  Esq.,  Read  Hall,  Blackburn 
Gibson,  Joseph  Pincent,  Esq. ,29,  Piccadilly, 

Manchester 
Greene,  Thomas,  Esq.,  ^LP.,  Chainnan  of 

the  Committee  of  Ways  and  Cleans  ;   19, 

Duke  Street,  Westminster 
Heywood,  Sir  Benjamin,  Bart.,  Claremont, 

Manchester;  9,  Hyde  Park  Gardens 
Heywood,   James,    Esq.,    F.R.S.,    F.S.A., 

Acresfield,  iL^nchester 
Jones,  Rev.  H.  Longueville,  M.A.,  Dover 


St.,  Manchester 
Jones,    Joseph,    Esq.,    jun.,    Ilathershaw, 

Oldham 
Kendrick,  James,  Esq.,  jun.,  jNI.D.,  War- 
rington 
Langton,  W.,  Esq.,  Seedley,  Manchester 
Nicholson,    James,    Esq.,    Thelwall    Hall, 

Warrington 
Ollard,    Rev.    Henry,    Didsbury    College, 

near  Manchester 
Ormerod,   George   Wareing,    Esq.,    M.A., 

Esse.x  Street,  Manchester 
Pieii:)oint,  Benjamin,  Esq.,  Warrington 
Raines,  Rev.  Francis  Robert,  F.S.A.,  Per- 
petual Curate  of  AHlnrow,  Rochdale 
Robson,  John,  Esq.,  Warrington 
Street,  J.,  Esq.,  Princes  Si.,  Manchester 
Tatton,  T.,  Esq.,  Withenshaw,  Manchester 
Whitaker,  Rev.  Robert  Nowell,  M.  A.,  Vicar 

of  Whalley 
Worthington,  Thomas,  Esq  ,   47,   Princes 
Street,  Manchester 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 


The  Lord  John  Manners,  Belvoir  Castle 
Evans,   Rev.    Arthur    B.,    D.D.,    Market 

Bosworth 
Hill,  Rev.  J.  Harwood,  Rector  of  Cranoe; 

Vicar   of   Welliam,    near   Market    Ilar- 

horough  (Cranoe.) 


Hollings,  James  F.,  2,  Crescent  Buildings, 

Leicester 
^laddock,  P.  B.,  Esq.,  Leicester 
Thompson,  James,  Esq.,  Leicester 
Whitby,  Rev.  R.  Vernon,  M..\.,  Osl)aston 

Lodge,  Hinckley 


10 


MEMBERS    OF    THE 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 


Bojiworth,  Rev.  Joseph,  L.L.D.,  F.R.S., 
F  S.A.,  Vicar  of  Waith,  Great  Grimsby 

Biomliead,  Sir  Edward,  F.,  Bart.,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  Thurley  Hall,  near  Lincoln 

Cliolmeley,  Sir  Montague,  Bart.,  Fasten 
Hall,  Colsterworth,  and  Norton  Place 

Harrison,  Henry,  Esq.,  Grantham 

Hopkinson,  William,  Esq.,  Stamford 


Lawson,  Rev.  James,  MA.,  Rector  of  Buck- 
minster,  Colsterworth 

Morton,  Rev.  James,  B.D.,  Prebendary  of 
Lincoln  ;  Vicar  of  Holbeach 

Outram,  Rev.  Thomas  Powys,  Rector  of 
Redmile,  Grantham 

Welby,  Sir  William  Earle,  Bart,  Denton 
Hall,  Grantham;  8,  Upper  Belgrave  St. 


LONDON  AND  WESTMINSTER;   MIDDLESEX. 


The  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  K.  T.,  F.R.S.,  Pre- 
sident of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries; 
Argyll  House 

The  Lord  Bishop  of  London,  22,  St.  James's 
Square ;  Palace,  Fulham 

The  Earl  Jermyn,  M.P.,  Treasurer  of  the 
Queen's  Household  ;  6,  St.  James's  sq. 

The  Viscount  Stvangford,  G.C.B.,  F.R.S., 
F.  S. A. ;   68,  Harley  Street 

The  Viscount  Alford,  M.P.,  1,  Carlton  Gar- 
dens 

Addison,  Charles  G.,  Esq.,  Inner  Temple 

Ainsworth,  William  Francis,  Esq. 

Ains worth,  William  Harrison,  Esq.,  Manor 
House,  Kensal  Green 

Alderson,  Sir  Edward  Hall,  Knt.,  Baron 
of  the  Exchequer ;   9,  Park  Crescent 

Allnatt,  Richard  Hopkins,  Esq.,  M.D., 
F.S.A. ;  4,  Parliament  Street 

Amyot,  Thomas,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  Treasurer 
of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries;  L3,  James 
Street,  AVcstminster 

Ancell,  Henry,  Esq.,  Norfolk  Crescent, 
Oxford  Square 

Annesley,  Sir  J.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  Albany 

Angell,  Samuel,  Esq.,  Fellow  of  the  Inst, 
of  Brit.  Architects  ;   18,  Gower  Street 

Archer,  John  Wykeham,  Esq.,  46,  Claren- 
don Street,  Euston  Square 

Ashford,  William  Ker,  Esq.,  Twickenham, 
Middlesex 

Ashmore,  T.,  Esq.,  Crosby  Hall  Chambers 

Ashpitol,  Arthur,  Esq.,  Clapton  Square 

Auldjo,  John,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  Noel  House, 
Kensington 

Ayrton,W.,Esq.,F.R.S.,  F.S.  A.,  Dorset  Sq. 

Ayrton,  William  Scrope,  Esq.,  F.S.A. , 
Dorset  Square 

Bailey,  C.  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Gracechurch  Street 

Bailey,  George,  Esq.,  Curator  of  the  Soane 


Museum  ;  Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Inst. 

of  Brit.  Architects 
Bannister,  S.,  Esq.,  M.A.,  4,  Thurloe  Place 

AVest,  Old  Brompton 
Barham,  Rev.  R.  H  ,  M.A.,  Minor  Canon 

and    Divinity    Lecturer    of    St.   Paul's ; 

Rector  of  St.  Faith 
Barnwell,  Charles  Frederick,  Esq.,  M.A., 

F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,    Vice-President   of  the 

Numismatic  Society  ;  44,  Woburn  Place 
Barrett,  Rev.  J.  Tyers,  D.D.,  Prebendary 

of  St.  Paul's,  Rector  of  Attleborough, 

Norfolk 
Barrow,  John,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Admiralty 
Barry,  Charles,  Esq.,  R.A.,  Fellow  of  the 

Inst,    of    Brit.    Architects;    32,    Great 

George  Street,  Westminster 
Basire,  Mr.  J.,  Engraver,  Quality  Court, 

Chancery  Lane 
Baylis,  Thomas,  Esq.,  F.S.A., Prior's  Bank, 

Fulham 
Bayly,  Charles  Villiers,  Esq.,  Privy  Council 

Office ;  2,  Mount  Street,  Berkeley  Sq. 
Beattie,  William,  Esq.,  M.D.,  6,  Park  St., 

Regent's  Park 
Beaufort,  Captain,  R.N.,  Admiralty;    11, 

Gloucester  Place,  Portman  Square 
Becher,  Commander  A.  B.,  R.N.,  Admi- 
ralty ;   29,  Upper  Gloucester  Place 
Beck,  Mr.  William,  Stamford  Hill 
Bedford,    C.  Desborough,    Esq.,    Doctor's 

Commons  ;  8,  Montague  St.,  Portman-sq. 
Bell,  Mr.  G.,  Fleet  Street 
Bellamy,    T.,    Esq.,    8,    Charlotte    Street, 

Bedford  Square 
Benthall,  Francis,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  14,  York 

Street,  Portman  Square 
Bergne,  John  B.,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Treasurer 

of  the   Numismatic  Society;    19,  Hans 

Place 


BRITISH    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    A.SSOCIATIOX. 


11 


Bevaii,    Beckford,    Esq.,    16,    Devonsliire 

Place 
Bidwell,  Jolin,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  2,  Park  Place, 

St.  James's 
Birch,  Samuel,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Department 

of  Antiquities,  British  Museum 
Black,  W.  H.,  Esq.,  Rolls  House,  Chancery 

Lane 
Blackford,  John,  Esq.,  North  End,  Fulham 
Blewitt,  Octavian,  Esq.,  73,  Great  Ru'-sell 

Street,  Bloomsbury  Square 
Blore,    Edward,     Esq.,    D.C.L.,    F.R.S., 
•  F.S.A.,  4,  Manchester  Square 
Bodkin,  William  Henry,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Re- 
corder  of  Dover;    4,   Paper  Buildings, 

Temple  ;    8,  ^Mansfield  Street 
Bond,  Edmund,  Esq. ,  Department  of  M  SS., 

British  Museum 
Booth,  Wm.  J.,  Esq.,  Fellow  of  the  Inst. 

of  Brit.  Architects;  3i,  Red  Lion  Sq. 
Booth,  Mr.  A.,  Ph.  D.,  1,  Finsbury  Sq. 
Bowdler,  Rev.  Thomas,  M.A.,  Secretary  to 

the    Incorporated    Society  for  Building 

Churches 
Boyle,  Michael,  W.,  Esq.,  Clapton 
Bowers,  Rev.  G.  H.,  F.S.A.,  Rector  of  St. 

Paul's,  Covent  Garden  ;   7,  Henrietta  St. 
Bowyer,   George,    Esq.,    D.C.L.,    F.S.A., 

Old  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn 
Boxall,  William,    Esq.,  5,  Hinde    Street, 

Manchester  Square 
Brandon,  David,  Esq.,  Fellow  of  the  Inst. 

of  Brit.  Architects  ;  75,  Great  Russell  St. 
Brandon,    Raphael,    Esq.,    Architect,    11, 

Beaufort  Buildings,  Strand 
Brandreth,  Captain  H.  R.,  R.N.,  F.R.S., 

Admiralty;  43,  Hyde  Park  Square 
Brayley,  Edward  Wedlake,  Esq.,   F.S.A., 

Russell  Institution 
Bridger,  Edward,  Esq.,  32,  Finsbury  Circus 
Briggs,    John    Henry,   Esq.,    Accountant 

General,  Civil  Department,  Admiralty 
Britton,  John,  Esq.,   F.S.A.,  Secretary  of 

the  Wilts  Topographical  Society;  Burton 

Street,  Burton  Crescent 
Bromet,    W.,    Esq.,    M.D.,    F.S.A.,     10, 

Charles  St.,  Trevor  Sq.,  Knightsbridge 
Browne,  G.   Latham,  Esq.,    Barrister-at- 

Law,  57,  Chancery  Lane 
Buckler,  John,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  15,  Rocking- 
ham Row,  New  Kent  Road 
Bullen,    G.,    Esq.,    British   Museum ;    5, 

Garden  Street,  Stepney 
Burge,   William,    Esq.,    D.C.L.,    F.R.S., 


F.S.A.,  Queen's  Counsel;  Temple 
Burgess,  Alfred,  Esq.,   F.S.A.,  22,   Great 

George  Street,  Westminster 
Burgon,    Thomas,    Esq.,     Department    of 

Antiquities,    British     Museum  ;     Stoke 

Newington 
Burns,  James,  Esq.,   17,   Portman   Street, 

Portman  Square 
Burton,   Decimus,  Esq.,   F.R.S.,    F.S.A., 

Fellow  of  the  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects ;  6,  Spring  Gardens 
Busk,  Hans,  Esq.,  jun.,  1,  Fig-tree  Court, 

Temple 
Buss,  R.  W.,  Esq.,  68,  Warren  Street 
Cahusac,  John  Arthur,   Esq.,  F.S.A.,  56, 

Gibson  Square,  Islington 
Caldwell,  Charles  A.,  Esq.;  3,  Audley  Sq. 
Carey,  George,  Esq.,  Shacklewell 
Carlos,  E.  John,  Esq.,  Lord  Mayor's  Court, 

York  Place,  Walworth 
Cauvin,  J.,  Esq.,   Albert   Street,    Victoria 

Square,  Pimlico 
Chaffers,  W.,  Esq.,  Watling  St.,  London 
Chambers,  John  David,  Esq.,  7,  Connaught 

Square  ;  Old  Court,  Lincoln's  Inn 
Chester,  Harry,  Esq.,  Privy  Council  Office, 

Downing  Street ;   South  Grove,  Highgate 
Christmas,    Rev.    Henry,   M.A.,    F.R.S., 

F.S.A.,   Hon.    Sec.  of  the  Numismatic 
Society  ;   Librarian  of  Sion  College 
Clarke,  Joseph,  Esq.,  Associate  of  the  Inst. 

of   Brit.    Architects;    1,    Lincoln's    Inn 

Fields 
Clarke,  Thomas,  Esq.,  F.S.  A.,  Craven  St., 

Highgate  Hill 
Clarke,  H.  ]\Iatthew,  Esq.,  84,  Jermyn  St. 
Claxton,  Marshall,  Esq.,  6,  Southampton 

Street,  Fitzroy  Square 
Clutton,  Henry,  Esq.,  Associate  of  the  Inst. 

of  Brit.  Architects;  46,  Queen  Ann  St. 
Clifton,  William,  Esq.,  2.5,  South  Terrace, 

Alexander  Square,  Brompton 
Cockerell,    Charles    Robert,    Esq.,    R.A., 

F.S.  A.;   Bank  of  England 
Cocks,  R.  T.,  Esq.,  44,  Charing  Cross 
Cooke,  Montague  Jocelyn,  Esq.,  20,  Half 

Moon  Street 
Cole,  Robert,  Esq.,  14,  Tokenhouse  Yard 
Cole,  John  J.,  Esq.,  Fellow  of  the  Inst  of 

Brit.  Architects;  Palace  Chambers,  Lam- 
beth 
Collier,  John  Payne,  Esq.,  F.S. A.,  Victoria 

Road,  Kensington 
Colnaglii,  Mr.  Dominie,  Pall  Mall  East 


13 


MEMBERS    OF    THE 


Combs,  William  Addison,  Esq.,  Laurence 

Ponltney  Hill,  City 
Copland,    James,  Esq.,   M.D.,   F.R.S.,   5, 

Old  Burlington  Street 
Croker,    Thomas    Crofton,    Esq.,    F.S.A., 

M.R.I.  A.,       Admiralty;       Rosamond's 

Bower,  Fulham,  Middlesex 
Criiiksbank,  George,  Esq.,  Amwell  Street, 

Pentonville 
Cuff,  James  Dodsley,   Esq.,  F.S.A.,  New 

Park,  Clapham 
Cullimore,  Isaac,  Esq.   39   A.,   Arlington 

Street,  Camden  Town 
Cunningham,  Rev.  John  W.,  M.A.,  Vicar 

of  Harrow,  Middlesex 
Cunningham,    Peter,    Esq.,    Audit   Office, 

Somerset  House 
Curt,  Joseph,  Esq.,  65,  Lisle   Street,  Lei- 
cester Square 
Davies,  Percy,  Esq.,  18,  Gloucester  Cres- 
cent, Regent's  Park 
Davies,  F.,  Esq.,  5,  Craven  St.,  Strand 
Davis,  Major  Henry  S.,  52nd  Reg.  Light 

Infantry,  Dover   Castle ;    73,   Portland 

Place 
Dawnay,  Hon.  William   Henry,  M.P.,  30, 

Upper  Brook  Street 
Deane,  Rev.  John  Bathmst,  M.A.,  F.S.A., 

31,  Finsbury  Circus 
De  la  Beche,  Sir  Henry,  F.R.S.,6,  Craig's 

Court,  Charing  Cross 
De  la  Motte,  William,  Esq.,   10,  Queen's 

Terrace,  Bayswater 
Dewing,  E.  M.,  Esq.,  29,  Connaught  Sq. 
Diamond,    Hugh    Welch,     Esq.,    F.S.A., 

59,  Frith  Street,  Soho 
Dillon.  Capt.  Sir    Henry,   R.N.,   K.C.H., 

Hanwell 
Donaldson,  T.  L.,  Esq.,  Vice-President  of 

the  Institute  of  British  Architects  ;    7, 

Hart  Street,  Bloomsbury 
Donnadieu,  A.,  Esq.,  8,  Duke  Street,  St. 

James's 
Dyce,  Rev.  Alexander,  9,  Gray's  Inn  Sq. 
Eastlake,  Charles  Locke,  Esq.,  R.A.,F.SA., 

7,  Fitzroy  Square 
Edwards,  Edward,  Esq.,  British  Museum 
Ellis,   Sir  Henry,  K.H.,   L.L.B.,  F.R.S., 

Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  ; 

Principal  Librarian  of  the  Brit.  Museum 
Ellis,  Rev.  John  Joseph,  M.  A.,  F.S.  A.,  Rec- 
tor of  St.  Martin's  Outwich,  Bishopsgate 
Englcheart,  J.  Dillman,  Esq.,  East  Acton 
Evans,  Herbert  N.,  Eq.,  Hampstead 


Evans,  John,  Esq.,  F.S  A.,  17,  Upper  Stam- 
ford Street 

Fairholt,  William  Frederick,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
Grosvenor  Cottage,  Park  Village  East, 
Regent's  Park 

Farrer,  Mr.  Henry,  14,  Wardoiir  Street 

Faulkner,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Chelsea 

Ferrey,  Benjamin,  Esq.,  Fellow  of  the  Inst, 
of  Brit.  Architects  ;  7,  Bedford  Street, 
Bedford  Square 

Fitzgerald,  James  Edward,  Esq.,  Brit.  Mu- 
seum ;   Mitre  Court  Chambers,  Temple 

For.shall,  Rev.  Josiah,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A., 
Secretary  to  the  British  Museum 

Fourdrinier,  James  Sealey,  Esq.,  Doctors 
Commons 

French,  George  Russell,  Esq.,  Professor  of 
Grecian  and  Roman  Architecture  in 
"the  College  of  the  Freemasons  of  the 
Church;"  18,  Sussex  Gardens,  Hyde 
Park 

Fry,  Edward  H.,  Esq.,  23,  Upper  Barns- 
bury  Street,  Islington 

Gifford,  Edward,  Esq.,  Admiralty 

Oilman,  W.  A.,  Esq.,  21,  Hanley  Road, 
Holloway 

Godwin,  George,  Esq.,  jim.,F.R.S.,  F.S  A., 
Pelham  Crescent,  Brompton 

Goldsmid,  Augustus,  Esq.,  Barrister-at- 
law.  Inner  Temple 

Goldsmith,  George,  Esq.,  9,  New  Square, 
Lincoln's  Inn 

Gowland,  James,  Esq.,  London  Wall 

Greene,  Thomas,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Chairman  of 
the  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means  ;  19, 
Duke  Street,  Westminster 

Gwilt,  J.,  Esq  ,  F.S. A.,  20,  Abingdon  St. 

Haggard,  William  Debonaire,  Esq.,  F.S. A., 
F.R.A.S.,  Sussex  Place,  Hyde  Park 

Hakewill,  John  Henry,  Esq.,  Craig's  Court, 
Charing  Cross 

Hale,  Ven.  W.  Hale,  M.A.,  Archdeacon  of 
London,  Master  of  the  Charter- House 

Hallam,  Henry,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  Vice- 
President  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries ; 
21,  Wilton  Crescent 

Hamilton,  William  Richard,  Esq.,  F.R.S., 
Vice-President  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries; 12,  Bolton  Row 

Hamilton,  Rev.  George,  Burton  Crescent 

ILnnmon,  Henry  John,  Esq.,  Architect, 
13,  Brooksby  Street 

HannaTii,  Rev.  E.  P.,  M.A.,  Minister  of 
Camden  Town 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


13 


Tlarchvick,    riiilip,    Esq.,    K.A.,    F.R.S., 

F.S.A..  fiO,  Russell  Square 
Hardwick,  Philip  Ciiarles,  Esq.,  60,  Russell 

Square 
Hatcher,  W.  II.,  Esq.,  King's  Coll.,  London 
Hawkins,  Walter,  Esq.,    F.S.A.,   Fowkes' 

Buildings,  Tower  Street 
Hawkins,  Edward,    Esq.,  F.R.S.,   F.S.A., 

Keeper  of  the  Antiquities,  Brit.  Museum 
Hawkins,  M.  R.,  Esq.,  British  Museum 
Henslow,  S.  W.,  Esq.,  12,  Clement's  Inn 
Hewitt,  Daniel,  Esq.,    23,   Great   George 

Street,  Westminster 
Hobler,  Francis,  Esq.,  Bucklersbuiy,  City 
Hodgson,  Rev.    Beilby    Porteus,  Vicar  of 

Hillingdon,  Middlesex  ;   Clerk  in  Orders 

of  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square 
Holehouse,  Samuel,  Esq.,  F.R.A.S.,  Charl- 
ton Crescent,  Islington 
Holmes,  John,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Department  of 

MSS.,  British  Museum 
Holmes,   Owen    Pope,   Esq.,  6,  Liverpool 

Street,  City 
Hook,  Robert,  Esq.,  9,  Arlington  Street 
Hooker,  Sir  William  Jackson,  K.H.,  F.R.S., 

F.S.A.,  Kew 
Hopkins,  Edward  J.,  Esq.,  1,  Bedford  St., 

Strand 
Hoskins,   G.   A.,   Esq.,   Bamster-at-Law ; 

54,  Eaton  Sq. ;  9,  King's  Bench  Walk 
Hunter,  Rev.  Joseph,  F.S.A.,  Keeper  of  the 

Records,  Augmentation  Office  ;  30,  Tor- 

rington  Square 
Hutchison,  yEneas  B.,  Esq.,  6,  Lime  Street 

Square 
Huxtable,  John,  Esq.,  104-,  St.  John  Street, 

Clerkenwell 
I' Anson,  E.,  Esq.,  jun.,  Clapham  Common 
Innes,  John,  Esq.,  46,  Porchester  Terrace 
Irwin,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Audit  Office,  Somer- 
set House  ;   32,  Golden  Square 
Jacob,  Rev.  J.,  D.D.,  New  Hillingdon,  near 

Uxbridge 
Janson,  Joseph,  Esq.,  Stoke  Newington 
.Jekyll,  Edward,  Esq.,  2,  Grafton  Street 
Jordan,  William,  Esq.,   F.S.A.,  M.R.S.L., 

7,  Wellington  Street,  Strand 
Johnson,  James,  Esq.,  9,  Granville  Square, 

Peutonville 
Jones,  Michael,  Esq.,   F.S.A.,  33,  Mount 

Street,  Grosvenor  Square 
.Tones,  John  W.,  Esq.,  British  Museum 
Kay,  Joseph,  Esq.,  1,  Park  Road,  Kensing- 
ton Gore 


Kay,  Eben,  Esq.,  1,  Park  Road,  Kensington 

Gore 
Kaye,  Rev.   Peter,    St.   George's   Church, 

Southwark 
Keate,  R.  W.,  Esq.,  15,  Albcrmarle  Street 
Keats,  Edwin,  Esq.,  7,  Gloucester  Terrace, 

Kensington 
Kempe,  Alfred  John,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Fulham 
Kendall,  Henry  Edward,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Fel- 
low of  the  Inst,  of  Brit.  Architects;  17, 

Suffolk  Street,  Pall  Mall   East ;    Kemp 

Town,  Brighton 
King,  T.  William,   Esq.,    F.S.A.,  Rouge 

Dragon  Pursuivant ;  College  of  Arms 
Kirkmann,  A.,  Esq.,  89,  Chancery  Lane 
Knight,  Charles,  Esq.,  Ludgate  Street 
Lamb,   Edward  Buckton,  Esq.,  Fellow  of 

the  Inst,  of  Brit.  Architects  ;  10,  Burton 

Crescent 
Latter,  Arthur,  Esq.,  20,  Hereford  Place 
Lewis,  George  R.,  Esq.,  61,  Upper  Norton 

Street 
Lewis,   Thomas   Hayter,   Esq.,   70,   Baker 

Street,  Portman  Square 
Lister,  Daniel,  Esq.,  24,  Berkeley  Square 
Lockyer,  James  M.,  Esq.,  9,  Southampton 

Street,  Fitzroy  Square 
Long,  C.  E.,  Esq.,  52,  Upper  Brook  Street 
Longman,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Paternoster  Row 
Lott,  Thomas,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Bow  Lane 
Lowndes,  T,  M.,  Esq.,  54,  Eaton  Place 
Mackenzie,  Frederick,  Esq.,  1,  North  Place, 

Hampstead  Road 
Madden,    Sir   Frederick,    K.  II.,    F.  R.  S., 

F.S.A.,    Keeper  of    the    MSS.   British 

Museum 
Mair,  George,  Esq.,  Fellow  of  the  Inst,  of 

Brit.  Architects;     18,   Charlotte  Street, 

Bloomsbury 
Maitland,    Rev.    Samuel    Roffey,    F.R.S., 

F.S.A.,  Librarian  of  the  Archiepiscopal 

Library  at  Lambeth 
Manby,    Charles,   Esq.,    Secretary   of   the 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  ;  25,  Great 

George  Street,  Westminster 
Manning,  C.  J.,  Esq.,  Wimbledon  Common 
Mantell,    Gideon   Algernon,    Esq.,    M.D., 

F.R.S.,  F.G.S.,  19,  Chester  Sq.,  Pimlico 
]Martin,  Francis,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Norroy  King 

at  Arms  ;   Heralds'  College 
Maunsell,  William  Thomas,  Esq.,  Temple 
Maurice,  Rev.  F.,  M.A.,  Chaplain  to  Guy's 

Hospital;    Professor  of  English  Litera- 
ture, and  Modern  History,  King's  Col). 


14 


MEMBERS    OF    THE 


Merewether,  Henry  A.,  Esq.,  Serjeant  at 

Law,  Town  Clerk  of  the  City  of  London  ; 

5,  Victoria  Square,  Pimlico 
Miller,    Mr.    William,    Painter    on    Glass, 

Brewer  Street,  Golden  Square 
Milman,  Rev.  Henry  Hart,  M.A.,  Canon  of 

Westminster;  Rector  of  St.  Margaret's  ; 

Cloisters,  Little  Dean's  Yard 
Minty,  Joshua,   Esq.,  St.  Peter's   Square, 

Hammersmith 
Mitford,  Rev.  John,  Rector  of  Weston  and 

St.    Andrew,    Stratford,    Suffolk;     202, 

Sloane  Street 
Mocatta,  David,  Esq.,  Architect,  32,  Bruns- 
wick Square 
Moran,  E.  R.,  Esq.,  Globe  Office,  Strand 
Moxhay,  Edward,  Esq.,  Threadnecdlc  St. 
Murray,  Rev.  T.  Boyles,  M.A.,  Prebendary 

of  St.  Paul's ;    Rector  of  St.  Dunstan's 

in  the  East 
Nash,  Edwin,  Esq.,  Architect,  53,  Moor- 
gate  Street 
Nelson,  W.  B.,  Esq.,  Essex  Street,  Strand 
Newman,  John,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Tooley  St., 

Southwark 
Newton,  Charles,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Department 

of  Antiquities,  British  Museum 
NichoUs,  John,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Islington 
Nichols,  John  Bowyer,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  The 

Chancellor's,  Hammersmith 
Nichols,  John  Gough,  Esq.,   F.S.A.,   25, 

Parliament  Street 
Nicolas,  Sir   Nicholas  Harris,  K.C.M.G., 

55,  Torrington  Square 
Nicolay,  Rev.  C.  G.,  King's  College 
Nixon,  Samuel,  Esq.,  Sculptor,  'Wliite-hart 

Street,  Bishopsgate  Street 
Nixon,  Mr.  James  H.,  Painter  on  Glass, 

67,  Frith  Street,  Soho  Square 
Noble,  John,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  90,  Gloucester 

Place 
Norris, ,  Esq.,  Assistant  Secretary  to 

the  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  Grafton  Street 
O'Callaghan,   Hon.  George   Ponsonby,  3, 

Lowndes  Street,  Belgrave  Square 
Oldfield,  Edmund,  Esq.,  M.A.,  35,  Lin- 
coln's Inn  Fields 
Oliveira,  Benjamin,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  8,  Upper 

Hyde  Park  Street 
Ouiram,   B.   F.,   Esq.,   M.D.,   F.R.S.,  1, 

Hanover  Square 
Ouvry,  Frederick,  Esq.,  49,  Oxford  Terrace, 

Hyde  Park 
Palgrave,  Sir  Francis,  K.H.,  F.R.S.,  Pub- 


lic Records  Office,  Chancery  Lane 

Pearson,  F.  Burnett,  Esq.,  131,  Piccadilly 

Percival,  Richard,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Highbury 
Park,  Islington 

Perdue,  Mr.  John,  14,  Hemingford  Terrace, 
Islington 

Petit,  Louis  Hayes,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.R.S., 
F.S.A.,  9,  New  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn 

Pettigrew,  Thomas  Joseph,  Esq.,  F.R.S., 
F.S.A.,  8,  Savile  Row,  London 

Pettigrew,  William  Vesalius,  Esq.,  M.D., 
30,  Chester  Street,  Grosvenor  Place 

Phillips,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Barrister-at-law, 
21,  Hertford  Street 

Planchc*,  James  Robinson,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
Brompton 

Ponton,  Thomas,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  4,  Hill  St. 
Berkeley  Square 

Poole,  Paul  Faulkner,  Esq.,  1,  John's  Place, 
Lisson  Grove 

Postans,  Captain  T.,  M.R.A.S.,  55,  Mar- 
garet Street,  Cavendish  Square 

Poynter,  Ambrose,  Esq.,  Hon.  Secretary 
of  the  Royal  Inst,  of  Brit.  Architects ; 
Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Govern- 
ment School  of  Design ;  1,  Poet's  Comer 

Pratt,  Mr.  Samuel,  New  Bond  Street 

Price,  E.  B.,  Esq.,  29,  Cow-cross  Street, 
West  Smithfield 

Prior,  James,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Deputy  In- 
spector of  Royal  Naval  Hospitals;  14, 
Oxford  Terrace,  Edgeware  Road 

Pryer,  Thomas,  Esq.,  17,  Pavement,  Fins- 
bury  Circus 

Puttock,  James,  Esq.,  Hoxton ;  Dyer's 
Hall,  City 

Raymond,  George,  Esq.,  Barrister-at-Law, 
Pall  Mall,  East 

Rhodes,  Henrj-,  Esq.,  Architect,  26,  Mar- 
garet Street,  Cavendish  Square 

Richardson,  Edward,  Esq.,  Sculptor,  Hales 
Place  South,  Lambeth 

Richardson,  W.  S.,  Esq.,  3,Tanfield  Court, 
Temple 

Roberts,  Henry,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Fellow  of 
the  Institute  of  British  Architects 

Roberts,  David,  Esq.,  R.A.,  F.S.A.,  7, 
Fitzroy  Street 

Robiuson,  Ven.  Archdeacon,  14,  Euston  Sq. 

Robinson,  Henry  Crabhe,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
Russell  Square 

Rogers,  William,  Esq.,  Fellow  of  the  Inst, 
of  Brit.  Architects;  Palace  Chambers, 
Lambeth 


BRITISH    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    ASSOCIATION. 


15 


Rogers,  William,  Esq.,  Barrister-at-Law, 

Bedford  Square 
Rolfe,  Rev.  George,  Finsbury  Circus 
Rose,    Mr.  William    Edward,    1,   Wilmot 

Place,  Camden  Town 
Rosser,  William  Henry,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  6, 

King's  Row,  Pentonville 
Russell,    Rev.  John,  D.D.,    F.S.A.,   Pre- 
bendary of  Canterbury ;    Rector  of  St. 

Botolph's,  Bisliopsgate 
St.  Barbe,  J.,  Esq.,  jun..  Stoke  Newington 
Salt,  AVilliam,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  9,  Russel  Sq. 
Sampson,  George,  Esq.,  12,  Chester  Street, 

Grosvenor  Place 
Sandys,  William,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Serjeants' 

Inn,  Fleet  Street ;  25,  Devonshire  Street, 

Portland  Place 
Saul],  William  Devonshire,  Esq.,   F.S.A., 

F.G.S.,  Aldersgate  Street 
Scoles,  Joseph  John,  Esq.,   Fellow  of  the 

Inst,  of  Brit.  Architects ;  11,  Argyll  Place 
Scott,  Henry  D.,  Esq.,  Foreign  Office 
Scott,    George    G.,    Esq.,    Architect,    20, 

Spring  Gardens 
Scott,   Rev.   William,    M.A.,    Minister    of 

Christ  Church,  Hoxton 
Scott,    James  J.,   Esq,,   Barrister-at-Law, 

The  Cloisters,  Temple 
Shaw,  H.,  Esq,,  F.S.A.,  37,  Southampton 

Row 
Shaw,  J.,  Esq.,  Architect,  Christ's  Hospital 
Shepherd,  S.,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Marlborough 

Square,  Chelsea 
Sheppard,  Major  E.,  Clapham  Common 
Slack,  Henry,  Esq.  5,  Hackney  Terrace 
Smith,  Charles  Roach,  Esq.,  F.S.A. ;  Hon. 

Member  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 

Spain  ;  late  Hon.  Seer,  of  the  Numismatic 

Society;  5,  Liverpool  Street,  City 
Smithe,  William  Forster,  Esq.,  Barrister- 
at-Law,  46,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields 
Solly,  Edward,  Esq.,  jun.,  38,  Bedford  Row 
Spooner,  William,  Esq.,  17,  Chapel  Street, 

Belgrave  Square 
Spry,  Rev.  J.  Hume,  D.D.,  Prebendary  of 

Canterbury ;  Rector  of  St.  Mary-le-  Bone ; 

22,  York  Terrace,  Regent's  Park 
Stanley,  Captain  Owen,  R.N.,  38,  Brook  St. 
Stapleton,T.,Esq.,F.S.A.,  13, Wilton  Place 
Stothard,  H.,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Charter  House 
Strange,    Captain,    R.N.,    Junior   United 

Service  Club 
Strange,  R.,  Esq.,  1,  New  Court,  Temple 
Street,   Mr.  Thomas    H.,   Philpot    Lane, 

b 


Fenchurch  Street 

Stock,  Edward,  Esq.,  Poplar 

Symons,  Jelinger  C,  Esq.,  B.A.,  Barrister- 
at-Law,  Middle  Temple 

Thoms,  William  John,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  31, 
Marsham  Street,  Westminster 

Tite,  William,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  Vice- 
President  of  the  Inst,  of  Brit.  Architects  ; 
25,  Upper  Bedford  Place,  Russel  Square 

Tooke,  T.,  Esq.,  jun.,  31,  Spring  Gardens 

Turner,  Lieut.-Col.  F.  H.,  Scots  Fusileer 
Guards 

Twopeny,  William,  Esq.,  Lamb  Buildings, 
Temple 

Tytler,  Patrick  Eraser,  Esq., 34,  Devonshire 
Place 

Vaux,  E.,  Esq.,  2,  Upper  Montague  Street 

Vaux,  William  Sandys  Wright,  Esq.,  De- 
partment of  Antiquities,  British  Museum 

Vincent,  R.,  Esq.,  16,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields 

Virtue,  John,  Esq.,  58,  Newman  Street 

Walford,  Weston  Styleman,  Esq.,  2,  Plow- 
den  Buildings,  Temple 

Waller,  John  G.,  Esq.,  20,  Charles  Street, 
Berners  Street 

Waller,  Lionel  A.  B.,  Esq.,  20,  Charles  St., 
Berners  Street 

Waller,  William  S.,  Esq.,  20,  Charles  St. 

Walsh,  Rev.  J.,  Finsbury  Circus 

Wansey,  W.,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Stamford  Hill 

Ward,  Mr.  Thomas,  Glass  Painter,  67, 
Frith  Street,  Solio 

Ware,  Rev.  Thomas,  Second  Master  of 
Westminster  School ;  Student  of  Christ 
Church  ;  Dean's  Yard,  Westminster 

Way,  Rev.  William,  ^I.A.,  Rector  of  Den- 
ham,  and  Hedgerly,  Bucks  ;  Glymj)ton 
Park,  Oxfordshire ;  9,  Chandos  Street, 
Cavendish  Square 

Way,  Rev.  Charles,  M.A.,  Curate  of  Isle- 
w'orth,  Middlesex 

Way,  Albert,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Director  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  12,  Rutland  Gate, 
Hyde  Park 

Webb,  John,  Esq.,  1,  Laurance  Poultney 
Hill,  City 

Webb,  George  Bish,  Esq.,  3,  Mortimer 
Street,  Cavendish  Square 

Welby,  Glynne  Earle,  Esq.,  M.P.,  8,  Up- 
per Belgrave  Street 
Welton,  Mr.  Thomas,  Upper  Clapton 
Westmacott,    Sir    Richard,    R.A.,   F.S.A., 
Professor  of  Sculpture,  Royal  Academy; 
14,  South  Audley  Street 

2 


16 


MEMBERS    OF    THE 


Westmacott,  Richard, Esq.,  A.R.A.,F.R.S., 
21,  Wilton  Place 

Wliile,  Alfred,  Esq.,  15,  Cloudesley  Square, 
Islington 

Wilkinson,  Sir  J.  Gardner,  M.A.,  F.R..S, 
34,  Conduit  Street 

Willement,  Thomas,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Green 
Street,  Hyde  Park 

Williams,  Mr.  Joseph  Lionel,  Engraver  on 
Wood,  5,  Mabledon  Place,  Burton  Cres- 
cent 

AVilliams,  John,  Esq.,  4,  Furnival's  Inn 

Winston,  Charles,  Esq.,  2,  Paper  Build- 
ings, Temple  ;  64,  Torrington  Square 

Wise,  E.,  Esq.,  2,  Middle  Temple  Lane 

Wolfe,  Mr.  John  Lewis,  Guilford  Place, 
Kensington 

Woods,  Albert  W^illiam,  Esq.,  Lancaster 
Herald  ;    College  of  Arms 

Wordsworth,  Rev.  Christopher,  D.D. 


Wright,  Thomas,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Cor- 
responding Member  of  the  Institute  of 
France  (Academic  des  Inscriptions)  and 
of  the  "  Comite  des  Arts  et  Monuments  ;" 
1 8,  Gilbert  Street,  Grosvenor  Square 

W^right,  John,  Esq.,  Middle  Temple 

Wright,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A., 
67,  Westbourne  Terrace,  Hyde  Park 
Gardens 

W^yatt,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Fellow  of  the  Inst, 
of  Brit.  Architects  ;  75,  Great  Russel  St. 

Wyatt,  Digby,  Esq.,  75,  Great  Russel  St. 

Wyon,  E.  W.,  Esq.,  48,  Gower  Street, 
Bedford  Square 

Wyon,  Benjamin,  Esq.,  Chief  Engraver  of 
Her  Majesty's  Seals  ;   Regent  Street 

Yates,  Richard,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  8,  St.  An- 
drew's Hill,  Doctors  Commons 

Young,  Sir  Charles  George,  Knt.,  F.S.A.,        J 
Garter  King  at  Arms,  Herald's  College         ( 


NORFOLK. 


The  Lord  Bishop  of  Norwich,  F.R.S., 
Clerk  of  the  Closet  to  the  Queen  ;  88, 
Brook  Street 

The  Lord  Colborne,  West  Harling  Hall; 
19,  Hill  Street 

Bagot,  Rev.  Lewis  Francis,  Rural  Dean, 
Rector  of  Castle  Rising,  Secretary  of 
the  West  Norfolk  Society  for  the  en- 
couragement of  Ecclesiastical  Archi- 
tecture 

Barrett,  Rev.  J.  Tyers,  D.D.,  Rector  of 
Attleborough  ;  Prebendary  of  St.  Paul's 

Beauchamp,  Rev.  T.,  Rector  of  Buckenham 
Ferry,  Acle 

Birkbeck,  Henry,  Esq.,  Kes\vick,  Norwich 

Blake,  Robert,  Esq.,  Swafield 

Blencowe,  Rev.  E.  Everard,  Rector  of  West 
Walton  ;  one  of  the  Secretaries  of  the  W. 
Norfolk  Society  for  the  encouragement  of 
Ecclesiastical  Architecture 

Blyth,  George  K.,  Esq.,  North  Walsham 

Boileau,  Sir  John,  Bart.,  Ketteringham, 
Wyniondham 

Bouverie,  Rev.  W,  Arundel,  B.D.,  Rural 
Dean;  Rector  of  Denton,  near  Harle- 
ston 

Bransby,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  Master  of  the 
Free  Grammar  School,  King's  Lynn 


Carthew,  G.  Alfred,  Esq.,  East  Dereham 
Cobb,  James,  Esq.,  Solicitor,  Yarmouth 
Cresswell,  Francis,  Esq.,  Lynn 
Dewe,  Rev.  Joseph,  Rural  Dean,  Rector  of 

Rockland  St.  Mary's 
Edwards,    Rev.    Edward,    M.A.,    F.S.A.,       . 

Rector  of  North  Lynn  I 

Ewing,  W.  C,  Esq.,  Norwich  ' 

Fitch,  Rev.  F.,  Cromer 
Fitch,  Robert,  Esq.,  F.G.S.,  Norwich 
Freeman,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Ash- 

wicken  with  Leziate,  Lynn 
Green,  Charles,  Esq.,  Bacton 
Gunn,  Rev.  John,  Rural  Dean ;    Rector  of 

Irstead,  and  Vicar  of  Barton  Turf 
Gurney,  Hudson,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  Vice-Presi- 
dent   of    the    Society    of    Antiquaries ; 

Keswick  Hall,  Norwich  ;    9,  St.  James's 

Square 
Gurney,  Miss  Anna,  North  Repps,  Cromer 
Gurney,     Daniel,     Esq.,     F.S.A.,    North 

Runcton,  Lynn 
Hart,  Rev.  Richard,  Vicar  of  Catton 
Johnson,  Goddard,  Esq.,  Norwich 
King,  Rev.  George,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Wor- 

stead,  North  Walsham 
Lemann,    Rev.    F.    G.,    M.A.,    Rector   of 

Merton 


BRITISH    ARCHAEOLOGICAL   ASSOCIATION. 


17 


Mackenzie,     Rev.    Henry,     M.A.,    Great 

Yarmouth 
Master,    Alfred,    Esq.,    St.  Giles's    Street, 

Norwich 
Millard,    James    Elwin,    Esq.,    Sprowton, 

Norwich 
Minty,  Richard  G.  P.,  Esq.,  Norwich 
Munford,    Rev.    George,    Curate   of    East 

Winch,  Lynn 
Ormerod,    Rev.    Thomas    Johnson,    M.A., 

Rector  of  Framlingham-Pigott 
Palmer,  Charles  John,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Great 

Yarmouth 
Pellew,  Hon.  and  Very  Rev.  George,  D.D., 

Dean  of  Norwich 
Stevenson,    Seth    William,    Esq.,    F.S.A., 


Surrey  Street,  Norwich 
Taylor,  William,  Esq.,  Lynn 
Turner,    Dawson,    Esq.,    F.R.S.,    F.S.A., 

Great  Yarmouth 
Upcher,  Rev.  A.  W.,  M.A.,  Sherringham, 

Cromer 
Vaux,  Rev.  Bowyer,  Hethersett 
Warner,  Rev.  H.  James  Lee,  Perp.  Curate 

of  Walsingham;    Rural  Dean 
White,  Rev.  J.  Neville,   B.D.,  Tivetshale 

Rectory,  Long  Stratton 
Wilson,  H.,  Esq.  Kirby-Cane,  near  Bungay 
Wodehouse,   Rev.   Charles  Nourse,  M.A. , 

Canon  of  Norwich  ;  Rector  of  Morning- 

thorpe,  Long  Stratton 


NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 


The  Marquis  of  Northampton,  President  of 

the  Royal  Society ;    Castle  Ashhy,  Nor- 
thampton 
The  Earl  Spencer,  Althorp,  Northampton 
Addington,   Rev.  Henry,   B.A.,  Curate  of 

Castle    Ashhy ;    late    Secretary    of  the 

Oxford  Architectural  Society 
Artis,  E.  Tyrrell,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Caistor 
Bigge,  Rev.  H.  J.,  M.A.,   Curate  of  East 

Haddon 
Bishop,  Rev.  AV.  C,  M.A.,  Chaplain  to  the 

Coixnty  Gaol,  Northampton 
Botfield,Beriah,  Esq.,M.P.,F.R.S.,F.S.A., 

Norton  Hall,  Daventry 
Bridges,  Rev.  B.  G.,  Rector  of  Orlingbury, 

Wellingborough 
Browne,  Rev.  G.  A.,  Pytchley 
Butler,  the  Very  Rev.  George,  D.D.,  F.R.S., 

F.S.A.,  Dean  of  Peterborough  ;    Rector 

of  Gayton 
Cautley,  Rev.  George  S.,  ]\LA.,  Rector  of 

Castle  Ashhy 
Clough,  Rev.  Alfred  Butler,  B.D.,  F.S.A., 

Rector  of  Braunston 
Cuxson,  Rev.  George  A.,   Curate  of  East 

Carlton,  Rockingham 
Deane,  Rev.  William,  Hinton 
Dryden,  Sir  Henry  Edward  Leigh,   Bart., 

Canon's  Ashby,  Daventry 
Gery,  Thomas  Lcwin,  Esq.,  Daventry 
Harrison,  Rev.  H.  ,(.,  Rector  of  Bugbrook 


Hartshorne,  Rev.  C.    H.,    M.A.,   F.S.A., 

Curate  of  Cogenhoe,  near  Northampton 
James,  Rev.  Thomas,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Sib- 

bertoft ;  Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Oxford 
Langley,    Rev.    D.  B.,    D.C.L.,    Yardley, 

Hastings 
Lee,  Rev.  Philip  H.,M.A.,  Rector  of  Stoke 

Bruern 
Litchfield,   Rev.    Francis,  Rector  of  Far- 

thingoe,  Brackley 
Mamisell,  Rev.  G.  E.,  Rector  of  Thorpe 

Malsor,  Kettering 
O'Brien,  Augustus   Stafford,   Esq.,    M.P., 

Blatherwick  Hall,  Wansford 
Pretty,  Edward,  Esq.,  Northampton 
Rose,  Rev.  H.,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Brington 
Smith,    Rev.   J.  T.    H.,  M.A.,   Curate   of 

Floore 
Smyth,  William,  Esq.,  Little  Houghton 
Swaiiison,  Rev.  C,  B.D.,  Rector  of  Crick 
Th(n'nton,Tliomas  Reeve,  Esq.,  Brockhall, 

Weedon 
Thornton,    Rev.  William,  M.A.,   Vicar  of 

Dodfoid 
Waliord,    Rev.   Edward    Gibbs,    Vicar   of 

Sliotswell,      Warwickshire  ;       Chipping 

Warden 
Watkins,Rev.  Charles  Frederick,  Vicar  of 

Brixworth 
Wetherall,  Rev.  John,  Rector  of  East  Carl- 
ton, and  Rushton 


18 


MEMBERS    OF    THE 


NORTHUMBEKLAND. 


Adamson,  John,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Secretary  of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Newcastle 

Benson,  Rev.  Francis,  M.A.,  Perpetual 
Curate  of  Beltingham,  Haltwhistle 

Blackett,  Sir  Edward,  Bart.,  Matson  Hall 

Cresswell,  Addison  F.  B.,  Esq.,  Cresswell 

Fairless,  Joseph,  Esq.,  Hexham 

Gibson,  William  Sidney,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
Newcastle 

Hawkins,  Rev.  Herbert  S.,  Ford 


Hodgson,  Rev.  John,  Vicar  of  Hartburn, 

Morpeth 
Hutton,  William,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  Newcastle 
Richardson,  George  B.,  Esq.,  Grey  Street, 

Newcastle 
Sopwith,  T.,  Esq.,  Newcastle 
Swinburne,  Sir  John  Edward,  Bart.,  F.R.S,, 

F.S.A.  ;     President    of  the    Society    of 

Antiquaries   of  Newcastle  ;     Caplieaton 

House 


NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 


Fletcher,  Rev.  William, M.A.,  Head  Master 
of  the  Grammar  School,  Southwell 


Hodges,  Rev.  F.  Parry,  D.C.L. ;  Vicar  of 
North  Clifton,  (Lyme  Regis,  Dorset) 


OXFORDSHIRE. 


The  Lord  Bishop  of  Oxford,  Cuddesden 
Palace,  Oxford 

Akers,  Aretas,  Esq.,  jun.,  Worcester  Coll. 

Bandinel,  Rev.  Bulkeley,  D.D.,  F.S.A., 
Rector  of  Haughton  le  Skerne,  Durham ; 
Bodley's  Librarian 

Bennet,  F.,  Esq.,  B.A.,  Wadham  College 

Bevan,  Beckford,  Esq.,  Christ  Church 

Biddulph,  Rev.  Henry,  B.D.,  Rector  of 
Birdinbury,  Warwickshire,  and  Standlake 

Bliss,  Rev.  Philip,  D.C.L.,  F.S.A.,  Regis- 
trar of  the  University  of  Oxford 

Bloxam,  Rev.  John  Rouse,  M.A.,  Mag- 
dalene College 

Bode,  Rev.  John  Ernest,  Christ  Church 

Boyse,  A.,  Esq.,  Christ  Church 

Buckland,  Rev.  William,  D.D.,  F.R.S., 
Canon  of  Christ  Church;  Rector  of  Stoke 
Charity,  Hampshire 

Capel,  Rev.  George,  B.A. 

Coleridge,  John  Duke,  Esq.,  B.A.,  Fellow 
of  Exeter  College 

Collins,  Rev.  William  Lucas,  M.A.,  Clifton 
Hampden,  Abingdon 

Combe,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Printer  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford 

Dean,  Rev.  Edward,  B.C.L.,  Fellow  of 
All  Souls  ;  Vicar  of  Lewknor 

De  la  Motte,  Mr.  P.  H.,  Engraver, 
Oxford 

Drury,  B.,  Esq.,  Lincoln  College 

Duncan,  Philip  Bury,  Esq.,  Keeper  of'  the 


Ashmolean  Museum  ;  New  College 
Dyke,  Rev.  Wm.,  Fellow  of  Jesus  College 
Ellacombe,  Henry  Nicholson,  Esq.,  B.A., 

Oriel  College 
Faussett,  Rev.  Godfrey,    D.D.,   Canon   of 

Christ  Church ;    Margaret  Professor  of 

Divinity 
Ferridge,  William,  Esq.,  Magdalene  Hall 
Franks,  Charles,  Esq.,  Christ  Church 
Fripp,  Charles  Spencer,  Esq.,  Oriel  College 
Gordon,  Rev.  Richard,  Vicar  of  Elsfield 
Gordon,   Rev.  Osborne,  M.A.,  Student  of 

Christ  Church 
Gorham,    Rev.    George    Cornelius,    B.D., 

Curate  of  Fawley,  Henley  on  Thames 
Halliwell,   James  Orchard,  Esq.,    F.R.S. , 

F.S.A,,  Islip 
Harington,  Rev.  Richard,  D.D.,  Principal 

of  Brasenose  College 
Harris,  Hon.  and  Rev.  Charles  Amyand, 

M.A.,   Canon    of  Salisbury;    Rector   of 

Wilton  ;  Fellow  of  All  Souls 
Heaton,  Rev.  C.  W.,  Fellow  of  Jesus  Coll. 
Heaviside,  Mr.  John  S.,  Engraver,  Oxford 
Hotham,  W.  F.,  Esq.,  Fellow  of  All  Souls 
Howard,  Rev.  N.  A.,  M.A.,  Exeter  College 
Hussey,  Rev.  William  Law,  M.A.,  Student 

of  Christ  Church 
Ingram,  Rev.  James,  D.D.,  F.S.A.,  Rector 

of  G  arsington ;  President  of  Trinity  Coll . 
Jeune,   the  Very  Rev.  J.,  D.D.,  Dean  of 

Jersey  ;   Master  of  Pembroke  College 


BRITISH    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    ASSOCIATION. 


19 


Jewitt,  Mr.  Thomas  Orlando  Sheldon,  En- 
graver on  wood  to  the  Oxford  Architec- 
tural Society,  Headington 
Langton,  William  H.  P.  Gore,  Esq.,  Christ 

Church 
Liddell,  Rev.  Geo.  Henry,  M.A.,  Student 

of  Christ  Church 
Lockwood,  Rev.  John  William,  Rector  of 

Kingham,  Chipping-Nortou 
Lupton,  Harry,  Esq.,  Thame 
Macray,  W.  D.,  Esq.,  ^lagdalene  College 
Manning,  Frederick,  Esq.,  Oxford 
Master,  G.  S.,  Esq.,  Brasenose  College 
Nelson,    Rev.  G.  M.,   Boddicott  Grange, 

Banbury 
Oddie,  Rev.  W.,  Magdalene  College 
Oldfield,  Edmund,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Fellow  of 

Worcester  College 
Parker,  John  Henry,  Esq.,  Oxford 


Paterson,  G.  M.,  Esq.,  Lincoln  College 
Plumptre,  Rev.   Frederick   Charles,  D.D., 

Master  of  University  College 
Prater,    Rev.    Thomas,    M.A.,   Rector    of 

Hardwicke,  and  Tusmore,  Bicester 
Richards,  Rev.  Joseph    J.^uscombe,    D.D., 

Domestic  Chaplain  to  the  Prince  Albert ; 

Rector  of  Exeter  College 
Rooke,  S.  P.,  Esq.,  Oriel  College 
Ryder,  Thomas  Dudley,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Oriel 

College 
Watson,  George  W.,  Esq.,  Merton  College 
Webber,  C,  Esq.,  Christ  Church 
Wellesley,  Rev.  Henry,  M.A.,  Vice-Prin- 
cipal of  New  Inn  Hall 
Williams,  Rev.  Edmund  Turberville,  M.A., 

Exeter  College 
Wilson,  Rev.  John,  B.D.,  F.S.A.,  Fellow 

of  Trinity  College 


Baker,  Rev.  Henry  De  Foe,  Vicar  of  Greet 
ham ;  Browne's  Hospital,  Stamford 


KUTLANDSHIRE- 

Jeyes,  John  W.,  Esq.,  Uppingham 


SHROPSHIRE. 


The  Earl  of  Powis,  Lord  Lieutenant  of  the 
County  of  Montgomery;  Walcot,  Bi- 
shop's Castle 

Broadbent,  Rev.  C.  F.,  Vicar  of  Worfield, 
Shiifnal 

Darwall,  Rev.  Leicester,  M.A.,  Perpetual 
Curate  of  Criggion,  Alberbury,  Shrews- 
bury 

Drury,  Rev.  Charles,  M.A.,  Prebendary  of 
Hereford  ;  Rural  Dean  ;  Incmnbent  of 
Pontesbury,  Shrewsbury 

Dukes,  Thomas  Farmer,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
Shrewsbury 

Egerton,  Rev.  Thomas,  M.A. 

Eyton,  Rev.  Robert  Wm,,  Rector  of  Ryton 


Fisher,  Very  Rev.  Monsignore  Charles  L., 
Private  Chamberlain  to  the  Pope  ;  Alden- 
ham  Park,  Bridgnorth 

Kennedy,  Rev.  Benjamin  Hall,  D.D., 
Canon  of  Lichfield;  Head  Master  of 
Shrewsbury  Grammar  School 

Petit,  Rev.  J.  Louis,  M.A.,  The  Uplands, 
Shiffnal 

Wakefield,  Rev.  John  Mort,  M.A.,  Shrews- 
bury Grammar  School 

Wasey,  Rev.  George,  M.A.,  Perpetual 
Curate  of  Quatford  Morville 

Wynn,  Right  Hon.  Charles  W.  W.,  M.P., 
Llaugedwiu,  Oswestry ;  20,  Grafton-st. 


SOMERSETSHIRE. 


Acland,  Thomas   Dyke,    Esq.,    M.P.,   12, 

Queen  Street,  May  Fair 
Anstice,  Robert,  Esq.,  F.G.S.,  Bridgewater 
Brymer,  Ven.  W.  T.  P.,  M.A.,  Archdeacon 

of  Bath  ;  Rector  of  Charlton  Mackiell 
Dickinson,    F.     H.,     Esq.,    M.P.,    (West 

Somerset,)  King's  Weston 
Goodenough,  the  Very  Rev.  Edmund,  D.D., 

Dean  of  Wells 


Gunning,  Rev.  W.,  B.C.L.,  Prebendary  of 

Wells;  Rural   Dean;   Vicar  of  Stowey, 

near  Bristol 
Halliwell,  Rev.  Thomas,  Wrington 
Long,  William,  Esq.,  Bath 
Markland,  James  Heywood,  Esq.,  F.R.S., 

F.S.A.,  1,  Lansdowne  Crescent,  Bath 
Neville,    Rev.   William    Frederick,    B.A., 

Curate  of  Butleigh 


20 


MEMBERS    OF    THE 


Norris,  Henry,  Esq.,  South  Petherton 
Portman,  Rev.  Fitzharding  Berkeley,  M.  A., 

Canon  of  Wells  ;  Rural  Dean;  Rector  of 

Staple-Fitz-Payue,  Taunton 


Trevelyan,   Sir  John,    Bart,,    Nettlecombe 

Court,  Taunton 
Warne,  Miss,  Penn,  Yeovil 


STAFFORDSHIRE. 


The  Lord  Bishop  of  Lichfield,  Eccleshall 

Castle 
The  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  Alton  Tov?ers 
The  Viscount  Sandon,  M.P.,  Sandon  Hall ; 

39,  Grosvenor- square 
The  Lord  Hatherton,Teddesley,  Penkridge; 

45,  Grosvenor-place 
Bagot,   Hon.    and  Rev.    Harvey    Charles, 

M.A.,  Fellow  of  All  Souls;    Blithfield, 

near  Rugeley 
Broughlon,  Rev.  C.  F.,  Vicar  of  Uttoxeter 
Crewe,  Frederick,  Esq.,  Hon.  Seer,  to  the 

Literary  Instit.  Newcastle-vuider-Line 
Davis,  J.  B.,  Esq.,  Slielton 
Garner,  Robert,  Esq.,  F.L.S.,   Stoke  upon 

Trent 
Greene,  Richard,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Secretary  of 

the  Lichfield  Architectural  Society 
Harland,  Rev.  Edward,  M.A.,   Curate    of 

Sandon 
Hassels,  Rev.  Charles,  Foxearth,  Lane-end 
Hodson,Ven.  George,  M.A.,  Archdeacon  of 

Stafford  ;  Vicar  of  Colwich 
Hodsou,  William  Stephen  R.,  Esq. 


Kynnersley,  T.  C,  Esq.,  Woodseat 

Lane,  Rev.  T.  Leveson,  M.A.,  Vicar  of 
Baswick 

Monckton,  Edward,  Esq.,  Somerford 

Moore,  Rev.  Henry,  M.  A.,  Vicar  of  Eccles- 
hall, and  Penn 

Paget,  Rev.  Francis  Edward,  M.A.,  Rural 
Dean  ;   Rector  of  Elford 

Riddell,  Rev,  James,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Han- 
bury,  Burton  on  Trent 

Salt,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Stafford 

Salt,  Rev.  Joseph,  Perpetual  Curate  of 
Penkridge 

Vernon,  William  F.,  Esq.,  Hilton  Park, 
Wolverhampton 

Vernon,  Captain  George  Augustus,  Cold- 
stream Guards ;   Hilton  Park 

Walters,  Mr.  John  Thomas,  Publisher, 
Rugeley 

Wilson, — ,  Esq.,  M.B.,  Newcastle-under- 
Line 

Wise,  John  Ashford,  Esq.,  Clayton  Hall, 
Newcastle- under- Line 

Wyatt,  Rev.  Arthur  Montague,  Perry  Bar 


SUFFOLK. 


The  Lord  Thurlow,  F.S.A.,  Ashfield  Lodge, 

Ixwoith 
Acton,     Edward,     Esq.,     Grundisburgh, 

Woodbridge 
Almack,     Richard,     Esq.,    F.S.A.,    Long 

Melford 
Alston,  Rev.  Edward  Constable,  Curate  of 

Cransford,  Franilingham 
Attwood,  Rev.  G.,  Rector  of  Franilingham 
Austen,  Sir  Henry  Ecbnund,  Knt. ;  Gentle- 
man of  the  Privy  Chamber  ;    Chelsworth 

Hall 
Berners,  Ven.  H.  D.,  L.L.B.,  Archdeacon 

of  Suffolk 
Berners,  Rev.  Ralph,  M.A.,  Rural   Dean, 

Rector  of  Harlestead  and  Ervvarton 
Birch,  Rev.  Charles  Edward,  M.A.,  Vicar 
of  Wiston,  near  Neyland 


Brooke,  Francis  Capper,  Esq.,  Ufford  Place, 

Woodbridge 
Bullock,  Major,  Bury  St.  Edmund's 
Cobbold,  John  Chevallier,  Esq.,  Ipswich 
Crabbe,  Rev.  George,  Vicar  of  Bredfield 
Cullum,    Rev.    Sir    Thomas    Gery,    Bart., 
Hawstead,  and  Ilardwick  House  ;  Rector 
of  Knoddishall 
Darby,    Rev.    John    Wareyn,    Rector    of 

Shottisham,  near  Framlingbam 
Davy,  David  Elisha,  Esq.,  Ufford 
Edge,    Rev.  William  John,    Rural  Dean, 

Rector  of  Waldingfield 
Fitch,  William  Stevenson,  Esq.,  Ipswich 
Glover,  Ven.  George,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  Arch- 
deacon   of   Sudbury;    Rector    of  South 
Repps  ;  Vicar  of  Gayton,  Norfolk ;   Per- 
petual Curate  of  Bungay 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL    ASSOCIATION. 


21 


Gould,    Rev.    Edward,    M.A.,    Rector    of 

Sproughton,  Ipswich 
Ilagreeu,  Mr.  Walter,  Engraver,  Ipswich 
Henslow,  Rev.  Jolin  Stevens,  M.A.,  Rector 

of  Hitcham 
Hunt,  "William  Powell,  Esq.,  Ipswich 
Jackson,  Rev.  Stephen,  M.A.,  Ipswich 
Larken,  Rev.  William  P.,  Rector  of  Ufford 
Mills,  Rev.  Thomas,  Rector  of  Great  Sax- 
ham  and  Stutton,  Ipswich 
Mitford,  Rev.  John,  Rector  of  Weston  and 

St.  Andrew,  Stratford 
Myers,   Sir  Francis  W.,    K.C.S.,  Pentlow 


Hall,  Sudbury 
Pratt,   Rev.  J.,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Campsea 

Ashe 
Russell,  Mr.  Frederic,  Ipswich 
Suckling,  Rev.  A.  Inigo,  L.L.B.,  Rector 

of  Barsham,  Beccles 
Tbuilow,  Rev.  Edward,  L.L.B.,  Rector  of 

Lound  and  Ashby 
Tymms,  Mr.  Samuel,  Bury  St.  Edmund's 
Western,   Thomas  Burch,   Esq.,  Totting- 

stone  Place 
Wliincopp,  W.,  Esq.,  Woodbridge 
Wodderspoon,  John,  Esq.,  Ipswich 


SURREY. 


Alcock,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Kingswood,  Epsom 

Anderton,  James,  Esq.,  20,  New  Bridge  St., 
Biackfriars ;  Dulwich  Common 

Austen,  Sir  Henry  Edmund,  Knt. ;  Shalford 
House 

Boscawen,  Hon.  and  Rev.  J.  Evelyn,  Pre- 
bendary of  Canteibury;  Rector  of  Wootton 

Bridger,  Charles,  Esq.,  Dorking 

Burkitt,  A.  Horace,  Esq.,  Clapham  Rise 

Curling,  Henry,  Esq.,  91st  Regt,  Wood- 
manston,  Epsom 

Dealtry,  Rev.  William,  D.D.,  Chancellor 
of  the  Diocese  of  Winchester ;  Rector  of 
Clapham 

Hamilton,  Rev.  James,  M.A.,  Rector  of 
Beddington 

Harrison,  William  Henry,  Esq.,  2,  Lang- 
port  Place,  Camberwell 

Hodson,  Rev.  James  Stephen,  Curate  of 
Sanderstead,  Croydon 

Jackson,  Rev.  Thomas,  M.S.,  Principal  of 
tlie  National  Society's  Training  College, 


Battersea 

Lindsay,  Rev.  Henry,  M.S.,  Vicar  of 
Croydon 

Nash,  William  Llewelyn,  Esq.,  Surgeon, 
Leatherhead 

Neave,  Richard, Esq.,  jun.,  Felcourt,  Ling- 
field 

Nightingale,  B.,  Esq.,  Clare  Cottage, Priory 
Road,  Wandsworth 

Onslow,  Hon.  Col.  Thomas- Cranley-Main- 
waring-Ellerker,  Woodbridge  House, 
Guildford 

Rainbow,  J.  M.,  Esq.,  Guildford  Lodge, 
Upper  Tulse  Hill 

Roots,  William,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.S.A.,  Sur- 
biton,  Kingston- upon- Thames 

Roots,  Sudlow,  Esq.,  F.L.S.,  Kingston- 
upon-Thames 

Savory,  Thomas  Field,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Fair- 
mile,  Cobham 

Warren,  John  Neville,  Esq.,  High  Street, 
Guildford 


SUSSEX. 


The  Lord  Bishop  of  Chichester 

Blaauw,  William  Henry,  Esq.,  M.A., 
Beechland,  Newick  ;  Uckfield 

Blencowe,  Robert  Willis,  Esq.,  M.A.,  The 
Hooke,  Lewes 

Boscawen,  Hon.  and  Rev.  .T.  Evelyn,  Pre- 
bendary of  Canterbury  ;  Rector  of  Woot- 
toi!,  Surrey  ;  Vicar  of  Ticehurst 

Brooke,  William  Henry,  Esq.,  F.S..\., 
Hastings 

Cavendish,  Hon.  Cavendish  R.,  Eastbourne 

Chandler,  tlie  Very  Rev.  George,  D.C.L  , 


Dean  of  Chichester  ;  Rector  of  All  Souls, 

Marylebone  ;  .3(),  Mortimer  Street 
Davies,    Lieut.-Col.    Francis,    Daneliurst, 

Uckfield 
Dixon,  Frederick,  Esq.,  Worthing 
Dodd,  Rev.  Philip  Stanhope,  M.A.,  Rector 

of  Aldrington 
Elliott,  Robert,  Esq  ,  Chichester 
Freeland,  James  Bennett,  Esq.,   Secretaiy 

to  the  Bishop  of  Chichester,  and  Deputy 

Registrar 
Gaunt,    Rev.    Charles,    M.A.,     Rector    of 


2S 


MEMBERS    OF    THE 


Isfield,  and  Vicar  of  West  Wittering; 
Uckfield 
Gruggen,  John  Price,  Esq.,  Chichester 
Harcourt,    Rev.   L.    Vernon,   M.A.,  Pre- 
bendary of   York,   West-Dean    House, 
Chicliester 
Hussey,  Rev.  Arthur,  M.A.,  Rottingdean 
King,  Thomas,  Esq.,  Chicliester 
Lower,  Mark  Antony,  Esq.,  Lewes 
Manning,    Ven.    Henry    Edward,    M.A., 
Archdeacon   of  Chichester ;     Rector   of 
Wool  Lavington,  and  Graffham 


Parsons,  H.  G.  J.,  Esq.,  Magd.  Coll.  Oxford; 

Arundel 
Pitman,  Rev.  Thomas,  M.A.,  Prebendary 

of  Chichester,  Vicar  of  Eastbourne 
Stead,  Rev.  Alfred,  Rector  of  Ovingdean 
Tierney,    Rev.    Mark    Aloysius,    F.R.S., 

F.S.A.,  Arundel 
Tupper,  Martin  Farquhar,  Esq.,  Brighton 
Wilde,  Rev.  S.  Dod,  Vicar  of  Fletching 
Willis,  Rev.  William  Downes,  M.A.,  Pre- 
bendary of  Wells  ;  Rector  of  Elsted 


WARWICKSHIRE. 


The  Lord  Brooke,  Warwick  Castle 

The  Lord  Dormer,  Grove  Park,  Warwick 

Biddulph,   Rev.   Henry,    B.D.,   Rector  of 

Birdinbury 
Bloxam,  Matthew  Holbeche,  F.S.  A.,  Rugby 
Brockholes,  F.  Fitzherbert,  Esq.,  Leaming- 
ton-Priors 
Cliffe,  Rev.  Allen  R,,  Curate  of  Hampton 

Lucy 
Clive,  Rev.  Archer,  Rector  of  Solihull 
Craig,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Leaming- 
ton-Priors 
Dickenson,  W.  B.,  Esq.,  Leamington  Priors 
Drake,  Rev.  William,  M.A.,   Lecturer   of 

St.  John's,  Coventry 
Dugdale,  William  Stratford,  Esq.,    M.P., 

Merivale 
Easton,  Reginald,  Esq.,  Leamington-Priors 
Eyton,    J.    Walter    King,    Esq.,    F.S.A., 

F.S.A.E.,  Leamington-Priors 
Galton,  Rev.  John  Lincoln,  M.A.,  Leam- 
ington-Priors 
Grice,  Rev.  William,  M.A.,  Incumbent  of 

Wroxhall 
Fortescue-Knottesford,  Rev.  Francis,  M.  A., 
Rector  of  Billesley  ;    Alveston   Manor 
House,  Stratford-on-Avon 
Hampden,  John,  Esq.,  Leamington-Priors 
Hope,  J.  Esq.,  Leamington- Priors 
Huthersal,  Rev.  Cort,  Leamington-Priors 
Hussey,  Richard  Charles,  Esq.,  Architect, 

Ann  Street,  Birmingham 
.Jackson,    J.    G.,    Esq.,    Secretary    of  tlie 
Architectural  Committee,  Warwickshire 
Archaeological  Society ;  Leamington 
Jephson,  Henry,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Leamington- 
Priors 


Knottesford-Fortescue,  Rev.  E.  B.,  M.A., 

Wilmcote,  Stratford-on-Avon 
Lane,  Rev.  T.  Leveson,  M.  A.,  Rural  Dean ; 
Vicar    of    Baswick,    StaSordshire,    and 
Wasperton 

Lloyd,  George,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Secretary  of 
the  Warwickshire  Archaeological  Society ; 
Stank  Hill,  Warwick 

Mordaunt,  Sir  John,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Walton 
d'Evile ;  Massinghara,  Norfolk  ;  41, 
Eaton  Place 

Norbury,  John  George,  Esq.,  Merivale, 
Atherstone 

Osborne,  Rev.  George  Yarnold,  Curate  of 
Coleshill 

Reeve,  Mr.  W'illiam,  Bookseller,  Leam- 
ington-Priors 

Russel,  William  Congreve,  Esq.,  Leam- 
ington-Priors 

Sandford,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  Canon  of  Wor- 
cester ;  Vicar  of  Dunchurch 

Shirley,  Evelyn  John,  Esq.,  M.P.,  95,  Eaton 
Square  ;  Eatington  Park,  Shipston 

Spooner,  Ven.  William,  M.A.,  Archdeacon 
of  Coventry ;    Rector  of  Elmdon 

Staunton,  W.,  Esq.,  Longbridge,  Warwick 

Staunton,  Rev.  William,  M.A.,  Chairman 
of  the  Architectural  Committee,  War- 
wickshire ArchiEological  Society  ;  Long- 
bridge,  Warwick 

Tait,  Rev.  Archibald  Campbell,  D.C.L., 
Head  Master  of  Rugby  School 

Ullatliorne,  Rev.  W.,  D.D.,  Coventry 

Weedall,  Rev.  H.,  D.D.,  Leamington-Priors 

Wiseman,  Right  Rev.  Nicholas,  D.D., 
Bishop  of  Melipotamus ;  St.  Mary's 
College,  Oscott,  Birmingham 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 


23 


WILTSHIKE. 


Tlie  Lord  IJishop  of  Salisbury,  iO,  Chesham 
Place,  Eelgrave  Square 

Dansey,  Rev.  William,  M.A.,  Prebendary 
of  Sarum,  Rural  Dean,  Rector  of  Don- 
head,  St.  Andrew 

Fane,  Rev.  Artlmr,  Vicar  of  Warminster, 
Domestic  Chaplain  to  the  Marquis  of 
Westminster 

Glenie,  Rev.  J.  Melville,  Curate  of  St.  Mar- 
tin's, Salisbury 

Grey,  Rev.  W.,  AUington  Rectory,  Bos- 
combe,  near  Amesbury 

Hamilton,  Rev.  Walter  Kerr,  M.A.,  Pre- 
bendary of  Wells ;  Residentiary  Canon 
of  Salisbury 

Hatcher,  H.,  Esq.,  Salisbury 

Hill,  R.  H.,  Esq.,  Magdalene  College, 
Oxford  ;    Coomb  Bisset,  Salisbury 

Howman,  Rev.  George  Ei-nest,  M.A.,  Rural 
Dean;  Rector  of  Barnsley,  Gloucester- 


shire ;   Master  of  St.  Nicholas'  Hospital, 

Salisbury 
Lear,  Ven.  Francis,  B.D.,  Prebendary  and 

Archdeacon  of  Sarum ;  Rector  of  Bishop- 
stone,  Salisbury 
Lukis,  Rev.  William  C„  M.A.,  Curate  of 

Bradford 
Majendie,  Rev.  Henry  William,  M.  A.,  Vicar 

of  Speen,  Berks  ;  Prebendary  of  Bangor 

and  Sarum 
Smith,  A.  C,  Esq.,  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 

Old  Park,  Devizes 
Southwell,  Rev.  George,  Curate  of  Boyton, 

Heytesbury 
Thynne,  Rev.  the  Lord  Charles,  Rector  of 

Longbridge 
Ward,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Great 

Bedwyn 
Webster,    Rev.    George    Mountjoy,    B.D., 

Rector  of  Codford  St.  Mary 


WORCESTERSHIRE. 


The  Lord  Bishop  of  Worcester,  Hartlebury 

Castle 
Allies,  Jabez,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  13,  Foregate, 

Worcester 
Collis,  Rev.  John  Day,   B.A.,   Fellow  of 

Worcester  College,  Oxford  ;  Head  Master 

of  Bromsgrove  School 
Dean,  Rev.  Thomas,   Perpetual  Curate   of 

Little  Malvern;  Colwall  Green,  Ledbury 
Gutch,  John  M.,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Worcester 
Lechmere,  E.  E.,  Esq.,  Great  Malvern 
Norbury,  T.  J.,  Esq.,  Sherridge,  Worcester 
Norbury,  J.,  Coningsby,  Esq.,  Sherridge, 

Worcester 
Peel,    Rev.    John,    M.A.,    Prebendary    of 

Canterbury ;  Vicar  of  Stone 


Phillipps,  Sir  T.,  Bart.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A., 
Middle  Hill,  Broadway 

Sandford,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  Canon  of 
Worcester  ;  Vicar  of  Dunchurch,  War- 
wickshire 

Snelgar,  Rev.  J.  B.,  Incumbent  of  St. 
James',  Mathon,  Gi-eat  Malvern 

Stevenson,  Rev.  H.  J.,  M.A.,  Honorary 
Canon  of  Worcester,  Examining  Chap- 
lain to  the  Bishop  ;  Rector  of  St. 
Nicholas',  Worcester 

Turley,  Edward  Astbury,  Esq.,  M.D.,  St. 
John's,  Worcester 

Trenow,  Rev.  F.  W.,  Aston 

Walker,  Rev.  R.  O.,  Bewdley 


YORKSHIRE. 


The  Lord  Bp.  of  Ripon,  F.S.A.,  Bishopton 

Grove,  Ripon 
Allen,  Rev.  Samuel  James,  M.A.,  Vicar  of 

Easingwold 
Armistead,  C.  J.,  Esq.,  Leeds 
Barker,  W.  G.  Jones,  Esq.,   Harmby,  near 

Leyburu 
Bayfield,  Rev.  B.,  M.A.,  Perpetual  Curate 

of  St.  Bartholomew,  Rippondcn,  Halifax 
Bruce,  W.  D.,  Esq.,  Rii)on 
Bruce,  E.,  Esq.,  Connucreial  Si.,  Leeds 


Colls,  Somerset  Marinaduko  Morton,  Esq., 

H.  M.  Board  of  Ordnance  ;  York 
Copperthwaite,  William,  Esq.,  Old  Malton 
Davies,  Robert,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  York 
Edwards,  Henry,  Esq.,  D.D.,  Phil.  Doc, 

.Mills  Bridge,  liuduersfield 
Fawcett,  Rev.  J.,  M.A.,  Perpetual  Curate 

of  Holy  Trinity,  Wibsey  ;  Bradford 
Foster,  Francis,  Esq.,  M.A.,   Barrister   at 

Law,  Ryther 
Frost,  Charles,  Esq.,  F.S.A. ,  Pre.sident  of 


24 


MEMBERS  OF  THE 


the   Literary  and  Philosophical  Society 

of  Hull 
Goldie,  George,  Esq.,  M.D.,  York 
Haigh,  Daniel  H,,  Esq.,  Leeds 
Hailstone,  Edward,  Esq.,   F.S.A.,  Horton 

Hall,  Bradford 
Hamilton,  Rev.  Henry  Parr,  M.A.,  F.R.S., 

L.,  and  E.;  Rector  of  Wath 
Harcourt,  Rev.  L.,  Vernon,  Prebendary  of 

York ;  West  Dean  House,  Ciuchester 
Hogland,  William,  Esq.,  Halifax 
Hook,  Rev.  Walter  Farquhar,  D.D.,  Vicar 

of  Leeds;  Prebendary  of  Lincoln;  Canon 

of  York;   Chajilain  in   Ordinary  to   the 

Queen 
Hotham,  Rev.  Charles,  M.A.,  Rural  Dean; 

Patrington 
Jackson,  Joseph,  Esq.,  Settle 
Janson,  Rev.  W.,  Melmerby,  near  Ripon 
Jessop,  Rev.  Thomas,  D.D.,  Vicar  of  Wig- 
hill  ;  Bilton  Hall,  York 
Kenrick,  Rev.  John,  M.A.,  York 
Knight,  Henry  Gaily,  Esq.,  M.P.,  F.R.S., 


F.S.A.,  Firbeck  Hall,  Tickhill,  Rother- 

ham;  69,  Grosvenor  Street 
Longstaff,    W.    Hylton,    Esq.,    Kirkgate, 

Thirsk 
Mason,  Thomas,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,Copt-Hewick 

Hall,  Ripon 
Milnes,  Richard  Monckton,  Esq.,  M.P.,  26, 

Pall  Mall  ;   Fryston  Hall,  Ferrybridge 
Musgrave,  Rev.  Charles,  D.D.,  Archdeacon 

of  Craven  ;  Vicar  of  Halifax 
Ord,   John   Walker,   Esq.,   M.D.    F.S.A., 

Gisborough 
Ord,  John,  Esq.,  Melmerby,  near  Ripon 
Richardson,    Wormley    E.,    Esq.,    Riccall 

Hall,  Escrick 
Shaw,  George,  Esq.,  F.S.A.E.,  Architect, 

St.  Cliad's,  Uppermill,  Saddleworth 
Travis,  William,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Scarborough 
Walbran,  John  Richard,  Esq.,  Ripon 
Wellbeloved,  Rev.  C,  York 
Wood,    Neville,   Esq.,  M.D.,  of  London ; 

Camjjsall  Hall,  Doncaster 
Young,  Rev.  George,  D.D.,  Whitby 


WALES  AND  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 


The  Earl  of  Powis,  Lord  Lieut,  of  the 
Co.  of  Montgomery ;  Walcot,  Bishop's 
Castle;  45,  Berkeley  Square 

The  Lord  Bishop  of  Llandaff,  F.S.A.; 
Deanery,  St.  Paul's ;  Hardwick  House, 
Chepstow 

The  Viscount  Adare,  M.P.,  Dunraven  Cas- 
tle; 76,  Eaton  Square 

Blosse,  Rev.  Henry  Lynch,  Vicar  of  New- 
castle, Glamorganshire 

Briscoe,  Rev.  Richard,B.D.,  Vicar  of  Whit- 
ford,  Flintshire 

Carne,  John  Whitlock  NichoU,  D.C.L., 
Barrister-at-Law ;  Dimland's  House, 
Cowbridge,  Glamorganshire 

Collins,  Rev.  William  Lucas,  M.A.,  Rec- 
tor of  Cheriton,  Glamorganshire 

Cotton,  the  Very  Rev.  James  Henry,  B.C.L., 
Dean  of  Bangor 

Dyke,  T.,  Esq.,  Croft-y-bulla,  Monmouth 

Francis,  George  Grant,  Esq.,  Honorary 
Librarian  of  the  Royal  Listitution  of 
South  AY  ales  ;  Swansea,  Glamorgan- 
shire 

Glynne,  Sir  Stephen  R.,  Bart.,  M.  P., 
F.S.A,,  IlawardcMi  Castle,  Flintshire 

Hewson,    Rev.    William,    D.D.,    Vicar    of 


Swansea,    Glamorganshire ;    Chancellor 

and  Canon  of  St.  David's 
Jones,  Rev.  Hugh,  D.D.,  Rector  of  Beau- 
maris, Anglesea 
Knight,  Rev.  Henry  Hey,  B.D.,  Rector  of 

Neath,  Glamorganshire 
Lloyd,  Rev.  H.W.,M.A.,  Perpetual  Curate 

of  Pentre  Voelas,  Denbighshire 
Luxmoore,  the  Very  Rev.   Charles  Scott, 

D.D.,  Dean  of  St.  Asaph 
Mostyn,  Hon.  E.  M,  Lloyd,  Mostyn  Hall, 

Holywell,  Flintshire 
Oakley,  William,  Esq.,  B.A.,  Lydart,  near 

Monmouth 
Ormerod,   George,   Esq.,  D.C.L.,   F.R.S., 

F.S.A.,  Sedbury  Park,  Chepstow 
Owen,  Rev.  William  Hicks,  Rhuddlan,  St. 

Asaph,  Flintshire 
Owen,  Rev.  Hugh  Davis,  D.D.,  Perp.  Cu- 
rate of  Llanvaes  and  Penmon,  Anglesea  ; 

Head    Master  of  the  Grammar  School, 

Beaumaris 
Parry,  Rev.  Thomas,  Brynbella,  Flintshire 
Ricliards,  Edward  Priest,  Esq.,  Cardiff' 
Stacey,    Rev.    Thomas,    M.A.,    Rector   of 

Gellygaer  ;   Curate  of  St.  John's,  Cardiff, 

Glamorganshire 


ftRITTSII    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    ASSOCIATION. 


25 


Stanley,  lion.  William  Owen,  M.P.  Pen- 

rlios,  Holyhead 
Traherne,    Ilev.  John    M.,  M.A.,  F.R.S., 

Coedriglan,  Cardiff,  Glamorganshire 
Williams,  Ilev.  Edmund  Turherville,  M.A., 

Vicar  of  Caldicot,  Monmouthshire 
Williams,    Rev.  Richard    Hayward,  B.A., 

Master  of  the  Grammar  School,  St.  Asaph 
Williams,  Rev.  Robert,   M.A.,  Perpetual 


Curate  of  Llangadwaladr,  Oswestry,  Den- 
bighshire 

Williams,  Rev.  Rowland,  Rector  of  Yscei- 
fiog,  Holywell,  Flintshire 

Williams,  Rev.  .John,  Perp.  Curate  of  Ner- 
quis,  near  Mold,  Flintshire 

Wyatt,  Osmund,  H.  Esq.,  Troy  House, 
Monmouth 


SCOTLAND. 


The  Duke  of  Hamilton  and  Brandon,  K.G., 
F.R.S.,  F.S.A. ;  Lord  Lieutenant  of 
Lanarkshire ;  Hamilton  Palace 

Ainslie,  Philip  Barrington,  Esq.,  F.S.A. E., 
St.  Colme  House,  Fifeshire 

Boyle,  Rev.  John,  B.C.L.,  Incumbent  of 
St.  Mark's,  Portobello ;  Vice-President 
of  the  Spottiswood  Society ;  Hamilton 
Lodge,  East  Duddingston,  Edinburgh 

Dalrymple,  John  Henry  Manners,  Esq., 
Glasgow 

Ewing,  William,  Esq.,  Glasgow 

Gordon,  Sir  Alexander,  Bart.,  Queen  Sq. ; 
Kinstair,  Ayrshire 

Keith,  Mr.  John,  Bookseller,  Glasgow 


Mac  Lellan,  Archibald,  Esq.,  Glasgow 

Malcolm,  Rev.  H.,  Incumbent  of  Dumblane 

Ramsay,  Sir  James,  Bart.,  Bamff  House, 
Alyth,  Perthshire 

Ramsay,  William,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.S.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Humanity  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow;  Bamff  House,  Alyth,  Perthshire 

Robertson,  John,  Esq.,  Glasgow 

Robertson,  Joseph,  Esq.,  12,  Abbotsford 
Place,  Glasgow 

Smith,  John,  Esq.,  L.L.D.,  Honorary  Secre- 
tary of  the  Maitland  Club,  Glasgow 

Sluart,  Hon.  George,  Castle  Stuart;  Dar- 
naway  Castle,  Inverness-shire 

Weddel],  R.,  Esq.,  Berwick  upon  Tweed 


lEELAND. 


The  Duke  of  Manchester;  Tanderagee 
The  Earl  of  Enniskillen,  Florence  Court, 

CO.  Fermanagh 
Abell,  Abraham,  Esq.,  Cork 
Anthony,  R.,  Esq.,  Piltown,  co.  Kilkenny 
Atthill,  Edward,  Kish,  co.  Fermanagh 
Benn,  Edward,  Esq.,  Glenravel,  Bellymena 
Betham,  Sir  William,    F.S.A.,   M.R.I.A., 

Ulster  King  of  Arms,  Dublin  Castle 
Bolster,   Rev.  John   A.,  M.A.,   M.R.LA., 

of  Cork 
Bomford,  Robert  George,  Esq.,  Rakinstown 

House,  Summerhill,  Meath 
Butler,  Rev.  J.  G.,  Rector  of  Trim,  county 

Meath 
Chatterton,    Sir    William,    Bart.,     Castle 

Mahon,  Cork;   10,  Berkeley  Square 
Du  Noyer,  George  V.,  College  of  St.  Co- 

lumba,  Stackallan,  Navan 
Graves,    Rev.   James    Borris,    in    Ossory, 

Queen's  County 
Hackett,  W.,  Esq.,  Middleton,  co.  Cork 


Hincks,  Rev.  Edward,   D.D.,  Killyleagh. 

CO.  Down 
Hoare,     Edward,    Esq.,    14,    Summerhill 

Place,  St.  Luke's,  Cork 
Lindsay,  John,  Esq.,  Maryville,  Blackrock, 

Cork 
O'Connell,  Maurice,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Dublin 
O'Donnell,  Col.  Sir  Charles,  Commanding 

at  Waterford 
Oldham,   T.,  Esq.,  M.R.LA.,    7,   Suffolk 

Street,  Dublin 
Prim,  John,  G.  A.,  Esq.,  Kilkenny 
Shirley,  Evelyn  Philip,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Lough 

Fea,  CO.  Monaghan;  20,  Belgrave  Square 
Smith,   Dr.    Aquilla,    M.R.LA.,    Baggot 

Street,  Dublin 
Smith,  J.  Huband,  Esq.,  M.A.,  M.R.LA., 

2,  Holies  Street,  Dublin 
Tennent,  J.  Emerson,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Tempo 

House,  Fermanagh  ;  17,  Lower  Belgrave 

Street 
Windele,  John,  Esq.,  Cork 


26  MEMBERS    OF    THE 

ISLE  OF  MAN. 

Rogers,  Samuel  Sandilands,  Esq.,  Atliol  Street,  Douglas 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. 

Lempriere,  William,  Esq.,  Rozel,  Jersey 

Lukis,  Frederic  C,  Esq.,  Grange,  St  Peter's  Port,  Guernsey 


FoBEiGN  Members. 

Robert  Catlicart  Dalrymple  Bruce,  Esq.,  Upper  Park  Barracks,  Jamaica. 

Monsieur  de  Caumont,  Director  of  the  Society  for  the  preservation  of  Monuments 
in  France ;  Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Normandy ;  Cor- 
respondent of  the  Institute  of  France;  Honorary  F.S.A.;  Caen. 

Monsieur  Anatole  Chabouillet,  Honorary  F.S.A. ;  Department  of  Medals  and 
Antiquities,  Bibliotheque  Eoyale,  Paris  ;  Rue  Godot  de  Mauroy,  20. 

Le  Vicomte  de  Cussy ;  St.  Mande  ;  Normandy. 

Monsieur  Cesar  Daly,  Editor  of  the  "  Revue  generale  de  TArchitecture  et  des 
Travaux  publics  ;"  Paris,  Rue  de  Furstemberg,  6. 

Monsieur  Antoiue  Durand ;   Calais. 

Monsieur  D'Avezac,  Secretary  of  the  Geographical  Society  of  France  ;  Paris ; 
Rue  du  Bac,  No.  38. 

Monsieur  Joseph  Octave  Delepierre,  Archiviste  Provincial ;  Membre  de  la 
Societe  des  Bibliophiles  de  Mons  ;  de  la  Societe  des  Sciences,  des  Lettres  et 
des  Arts  du  Hainaut ;  de  celle  des  Anticpiaires  de  la  Morinie,  &c.  &c.,  Attache 
of  the  Belgian  Embassy  at  the  Court  of  London  ;  44,  Welbeck-street. 

Monsieur  Didron,  Secretary  to  the  "  Comite  des  Arts  et  Monuments,"  Paris, 
Rue  d'Ulm,  No.  1. 

Monsieur  Lecointre  Dupont,  Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  the 
West ;  Poitiers. 

Monsieur  Godard  Faid trier.  Keeper  of  the  Museum  of  Archaeology  at  Angers. 

Monsieur  de  Gerville,  Valognes  (la  Manche),  Honorary  F.S.A. ;  Associate  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland ;  associated  Correspondent  of  the  Institute 
of  France. 

Monsieur  Alexandre  Hermand,  Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  the 
Morini ;  Associate  of  the  Numismatic  Society  of  London  ;  St.  Omer. 

Monsieur  Achille  Jubiual,  Professeur  de  Litterature  a  la  Faculte  de  Mont- 
pellier. 

Doctor  Boruhard  Kohue,  Berlin. 

Monsieur  de  Lambron  ;  Tours. 

Monsieur  I'Abbe  Lacurie,  Secretary  of  the  Archaeological  Society  at  Saintes. 

Rev.  James  Christian  Lindberg,  Copenhagen. 

Major  Macphail,  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Dominica. 

Count  Mortara,  D.C.L.,  Member  of  the  Royal  Herculanensian  Society  of  Naples; 
Chamberlain  to  H.  R.  H.  the  Duke  of  Lucca ;  Oxford. 


BRITISH    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    ASSOCIATION.  27 

Monsieur  Paulin  Paris,  Member  of  the  Institute  of  France,  Conservateur  adjoint 

de  la  Bibliotheque  Royale,  departement  des  Manuscrits;  Rue  Neuve-des-Pctits- 

Champs,  12. 
Monsieur  Jacques  Bouclies  de  CreveccEur  de  Perthes,  Knight  of  Malta,  President 

of  the  Royal  Society  of  Emulation,  at  Abbeville  ;  Associate  of  the  Numismatic 

Society  of  London. 
Le  Marquis  de  la  Porte,  Vendome. 
Monsieur  Auguste  le  Prevost,  Member  of  the  Institute  of  France,  Honorary 

F.S.A. ;  Bcrnay  (Eure.) 
Monsieur  le  docteur  Rigollot,  Amiens. 
General  Nicholas  Sabloukoff,  in  the  Russian  service 
Monsieur  Charles  Sauvageot,  Paris,  Rue  Faubourg  Poissonniere,  56. 
Councillor  Thompsen,  Keeper  of  the  Coins  and  Medals  in  the  Collection  of  the 

King  of  Denmark  ;  Honorary  F.S.A. ;  Copenhagen. 
Monsieur  de  la  Fontenelle  de  Vaudore,  Poitiers. 


9 


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r, 


3  3 


III  mil 


INNEf?  TEMPLE 

1  9  JDK  1932 

LIBRARY 


25  00099   1725