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'Um ,'ifrl  Zito.  CnUfift 


THE 


9[rrl)acolo0ifal  journal. 


PUI3LiailKL>  UNDER  THE  DIKECTION  OF 


THE   CENTRAL   COMMITTEE 


Cfjc  Htcfjacological  Institute  ot  ©reat  i3i;ltain  anli  $relanu, 


rOK  TUB  ENCOURAGEMENT  AND  PROSECUTION  OF 


EESEARCHES  INTO  THE  AETS  AND  MONUMENTS 


Ei)e  (fHarljj  aiiti  IHititile  ^ses. 


VOLUME  Xlll. 


LONDON: 

PUBLISHED  AT  THE  OFFICE  OF  THE  INSTITUTE,  2G,  SUFFOLK 
STREET,  PALL  MALL  EAST. 

(DISTHUiUTED    GRATUITOUSLY   TO    SUBSCRIBING    IIEMISERS.) 

TO  BE  OBTAINED  THROUGH  ALL  BOOKSELLERS,  FROM  (THE  FIUNTERS) 
MESSRS.  BRADBURY  AND  EVANS,  WHITEFRIARS. 

MDCCCLVI. 


The  Ckntiial  Committef.  of  the  .Auciueological  Isstitutk.  dcs-iic  lliat  it  should 
bo  Julinclly  understood,  that  llicy  arc  not  rcsponsillc  for  any  statements  or  opinions 
cxprcMcd  Iq  Uic  Archaeological  Journal,  the  authors  of  tlic  several  memoirs  and  eom- 
inunications  being  alone  answerable  for  the  same. 


'     A 


CONTENTS. 


Description  of  a  Deposit  of  Roman  Antiquities  of  Iron  at  Great  Chesterford, 

Essex.     By  the  Hon.  R.  C.  Neville,  F.S.A 1 

Excavations  and  Discoveries  at  Calymnos.  By  Charles  T.  Newton,  M.A.  .  14 
The  Mint  at  Shrewsbury,  by  Edward  Hawkins,  F.R.S.,  V.P.  Soc.  Ant.  .  .  38 
Continuation   of  Artistic  Notes  on  the  AVindows  of  King's  College,  Chapel, 

Cambridge.     By  George  Scharf,  Jan.,  F.S.A 44 

Examples  of  Mediaeval  Seals.     By  W.  S.  W.,  and  A.  W 62 

Walsingham  Priory.     By  the  Rev.  J.  Lee  Warner 115 

Remarks  on  a  Casket  at  Goodrich  Court.  By  Weston  S.  Walford,  F.S.A.  .  134 
Notice  of  a  Mitre  preserved  in  the  Museum  at  Beauvais,  By  William  Burges  139 
The  Mouasterics  of  Shropshire. — Haughmond  Abbey.  By  the  Rev.  Robert  W. 

Eyton,  MA 145 

The  Present  Condition  of  the  Monuments  of  Egypt  and  Nubia.     By  A.  Henry 

Rhind,  F.S.A 154 

On  the  History  of  the  Systematic  Classification  of  Primeval  Relics.     By  A. 

Henry  Rhind,  F.S.A 209 

On  the  Removal  and  Relaying  of  Roman  Tceselated  Floors.    By  Professor 

BucKMAN,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S 215 

Sketch  of  the  History  of  Architecture  in  Scotland,  Ecclesiastical  and  Seculai'. 

By  Joseph  Robertson,  F.S.A.  Scot. 22S 

King  Edward's  Spoliations  in  Scotland  in  1296,  with  unpublished  Evidence 

regarding  the  Coronation  Stone.  By  Joseph  Hunter,  V.P.  Soc.  Ant.  .  .  245 
Notices  of  the  Brank,  or  Scold's  Bridle.    By  F.  A.  Carrington,  and  Albert 

Wat,  F.S.A 256 

On  some  of  the  Bearings  of  Ethnology  upon  Archaeological  Science.    By  J. 

Barnard  Davis,  F.S.A 315 

Roman  Villa  at  Colerne,  Wiltshire.    By  E.  W.  Godwin 323 

The  Houses  of  Fitz-alan  and  Stuart  :  their  Origin  and  Early  History.     By  the 

Rev.  R.  W.  Eyton,  M.A,  333 

Anglo-Saxon  Charters  of  Eadgar  and  Ofifa,  granted  to  the  Abbey  of  St.  Denis. 

By  Sir  Frederick  Madden,  K.H 355 

Original  Documents  : — 

The  First  Russian  Embassy  to  England,  in  1556.     Communicated  by 

Joseph  Robertson,  F.S.A.  Scot 77 

Regulations  pi-oposcd  for  the  Office  of  Arms  in  tho  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 

From  a  MS.  in  possession  of  the  Duke  of  Northumberland   .         .     .     164 

Letter  from  James  V.,  King  of  Scotland,  to  Henry  VIII.  in  1526.  Com- 
municated by  Joseph  Burtt  270 

The  Use  of  a  Crystal  for  purposes  of  Divination  in  the  XVth  century. 

Communicated  by  the  Rev.  James  Rainf,  Jun 372 


iv  CONTENT>i. 

PAGE 

Proceedings  at  the  Monthly  Meetings  of  the  Institute        .        .       SI,  171,  273,    402 

Annual  Report  of  the  AuJitoi-s 100 

Keport  of  the  Annual  Meeting  at  Edinburgh 375 

Notices  op  Archaeological  Pdblicatioks  : — Types  and  Figures  of  the  Bible, 
illustrated  by  the  Art  of  the  Early  and  ^Middle  Ages,  by  Louisa  Twining, 
p.  lO'J. — Ancient  Armour  and  Weapons  in  Europe,  by  John  Hewitt,  p.  107. 
— Sussex  Archaeological  Collections,  Vol.  VIIL,  p.  102. — rroccediiigs  of  the 
Society  of  Anti^iuai-ies  of  Scotland,  Vol.  I.,  p.  199. — Invcntorium  Sepulchrale, 
&C.,  by  the  Rev.  Bryan  Faussett,  Edited  by  C.  Roach  Smith,  p.  298.— Trans- 
actions of  the  Surrey  Archaeological  Society,  1854-55,  p.  303. — Proceedings 
of  the  Kilkenny  Archaeological  Society,  Vols.  I.,  11.  and  III.,  p.  30C. — 
Crania  Eritinnica,  by  J.  B.  Davis,  F.S.  A.,  F.E.S.,  and  J.  Thurnam,  M.D.        .    415 

Abcuaeological  Intelligence 114,207,314,    424 


LIST  or  ILLUSTHATIONS. 


Rohan  Antiquities  of  Iron,  found  at  Cliesterford  (Plate  I.)        .        .      To  face 

— ■ (Plate  II.)  .        •     .      To  face 

- : : (Plate  III.)      ,        .      To  face 

Ground-Plan  of  buildings  at  Calymnos 25 

Fragment  of  a  Pediment,  found  at  Calymnos  

Sketches  from  the  Painted  Windows,  King's  College  Chapel  (Plate  VI.)  To  face 

: '— ■      (Plate  VII.)    To  face 

-■ (Plato  VIII.)  To  face 


To  face 
To  face 


Seal  of  William  da  Yspania 

Seal  of  William  de  Vipout,     Two  cuts 

Seal  of  Margaret  D'Ouvedale       .....  •         • 

Seal  of  Sandre  de  Gloucctre 

Brass  Ewer,  inscribed  Vexez  layer 

Sepulchral  Urn,  found  near  Horucastle  .... 

Coin  found  near  the  Fleam  Dyke,  Cambridgeshire 

Saxon  Ring,  found  near  Peterborough.     Two  cuts 

Urn,  found  at  Fylingdales    .....••• 

Fastening  of  a  Bronze  Neck-ring,  found  at  Carlebury     . 

Plan  of  Frame-work  of  Oak,  found  at  Dover        .... 

Pierced  Quany  of  Lead,  found  at  Haverholme  Priory     . 

Ground-Plan  of  Walsingham  Priory  Church  and  adjacent  Building 

West  end  of  Walsingham  Priory  Church*       ... 

Well  in  the  Common  Place,  Walsingham     .         .         .         •         • 

West  end  of  the  Refectory,  Walsingham  .... 

Seal  of  Walsingham  Priory.     Two  cuts        ..... 

Painted  Glass,  Arms  of  Richard  Vowel,  last  Prior  of  Walsingham 

Leaden  Ampulla,  or  Pilgrims'  token  ....■• 

Coats  of  Arms  on  a  Casket  at  Goodrich  Court.     Two  cuts 

Mitre  formerly  in  Beauvais  Cathedral 

Ornaments  of  the  Robe  of  the  Empress  Constanza.     Two  cuts 
Roman  Urn,  found  at  Lincoln,  and  Potter's  Stamp     . 

Iron  Knife,  found  at  Lincoln. '^■ 

Coat  of  Arms,  Tutbury  Tenure-horn ■^ ' '' 

Bronze  Spur,  found  near  Oxford     .         .         .         .         •         .         •         ■         ...1(9 
Chess-men  of  Jet,  found  at  Warrington.    Two  cuts  t  •        •         •        ■        .180 

Silver  Coins  of  Illiberis.J     Two  cuts IS' 

Section  showing  the  Consti-uction  of  Tesselated  Pavements  §      .        .        .        .216 

*  For  this  and  some  other  illustrations  of  the  Jlemoir  on  ■Walsingham,  the  Institute  is  indebted 
to  the  kindness  of  the  present  possessor  of  the  site,  the  liev.  D.  H.  Lee  Warner. 
+  These  cuts  are  presented  by. Dr.  Kendiick,  M.D..  of  Warrington.  _  _ 

t  For  the  nso  of  tlicse  Woodcuts  the  Institute  ir^  indebted  to  tlie  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society. 
§  This,  and  the  following  illustrations  are  contributed  by  Professor  Buckman. 


To  face 
To  face 


To  face 


28 
48 
52 
5i 
02 
65 
VI 
1 3 
74 
80 
87 
ih. 
95 
9G 
102 
105 
115 

lis 

121 
125 
126 
127 
133 
134 
139 
144 
174 


LIST   OF    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Tesselated  Pavement,  found  at  Cirencester     .... 

Portion  of  Tesselated  Pavement,  paclied  for  removal 

Diagram  showing  the  mode  of  Removing  Tesselated  Pavements 

Brank  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Carrington 

Instrument  of  Punishment  at  "Worcester  *      .        .        . 

The  Witches'  Bridle,  Forfar  f 

Emnk  in  the  Ashmolcan  Museum  .... 

Brank  at  Doddingtou  Park 

Brank  at  Lichfield 

Brank  at  Hamstall  Ridwarc.     Two  cuts 
Bi-ank  found  in  Moray  House,  Edinburgh  t     . 
Engine  of  Torture,  in  the  Ludlow  Museum 
Inscriptions  on  an  Oculist's  Stamp,  found  at  Lidiiey 
Silver  Halfpenny  struck  at  York  .... 

Fragment  of  the  EfiSgy  of  Clement,  Abbot  of  SlierLorno 
Enamelled  Cross,  Arms  of  Do  Lara  ?    .         .        . 
Wooden  Font  at  Pengwern,  Denbighshire.     Two  cuts  + 
Gold  Ornaments,  found  in  Ireland.     Two  cuts 
Ground-Plan  of  a  Roman  Villa,  found  at  Colerne,  Wilts. 
Seals  of  Oflii  and  Eadgar.     Two  cuts  .... 
Roman  Inscription  on  Coome  Crags,  Cumberland      '     . 

Four  cuts 

Beads,  and  Rcliques  of  Bronze,  found  in  co.  Down  § 
Bronze  Spear,  found  in  Jlorayshirc      .... 

Sun-dial  at  Park  Hall,  Shropshire 

Sepulchral  Cross-Slab,  found  at  ManscU  Gamago 


To  face 


To  face 
To  face 


PAOR 

217 
220 
226 
257 
262 
264 
265 
266 
ib. 
267 
268 
269 
282 
283 
288 
289 
292 
295 
328^ 
366 
405 
40G 
407 
413 
417 
419 


Six  Woodcuts  from  Mr.  Hewitt's  "Ancient  Armour  and  Weapons  "  .     103 — 116 

Eight  Woodcuts  from  "Sussex  Archaeological  Collections,"  vol.  viii.  .  193 — 198 
Eight  Woodcuts  from  "  Proceedings  of  the  Antiijuaries  of  Scotland,"  vol.  i.  201—206 
Two  Woodcuts  from  "  Transactions  of  the  Surrey   Archaeological  Society," 

vol.  i.  pt.  i 304 

Fivo     Woodcuts     frmu    the    "  Proceedings    of    the    Kilkenny    Archaeological 
Society,"  vols,  i.— ill. 308—313 

*  For  tlio  iiBC  of  tliis  woodcut  .vknowlcJfrmont  Ih  ihio  to  Mr.  No.iko,  of  Worcester,  In  wliaso 
"  WorcoHtor  ill  the  (JMcii  Titiio  "  it  Ijii'l  licfii  |pri:viouHly  jfivoii. 

t  For  thin,  .-inil  tlio  wooUctit  roprexciitiiig  ii  bniiik  fuuii<liii  Kiliuburgh,  tho  Iitatituto  ia  inilubtod 
to  Mr.  T)ioiii:iii  CoiiMtaMc,  of  that  city. 

J  TlicHO  woodcutu  aro  coiitriljutod  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Wymio,  M.P. 

i  C'oiilrlbtitod  tliroiigli  tliu  kiiidiiusM  ot  tho  Kilkuiiiiy  Arcliucological  Society. 


COKEECTIONS    AND    ADDITIONS. 


Page  80.  Sir  Henry  Ellis  observes,  in  bis  "  Original  Letters,"  vol.  iii.  p.  47 
(1st  series),  tbat  the  Cottonian  MS.,  Nero  B.  viii.  fol.  3,  preserves  the  Latin  letter 
from  K.  Philip  and  Q.  Mary  to  the  Czar,  in  favour  of  mutual  commercial  intercourse  ; 
dated  at  Westminster,  in  April,  1557. 

Page  112,  line  4,  before  nostra  add  sigillo. 

Page  131.  The  document  in  the  Walsiugham  Register,  Cott.  MS.  Nero  E.  vii, 
may  be  more  correctly  read,  as  follows : — 

Copia  semita)  inter  Priorem  et  Stephanum  Blac.  Ad  curiam  tentam  apud 
AValsingham,  xv".  die  Junii,  anno  regui  regis  Ricardi  Secundi  post  conquestum  x°. 
coram  Roberto  Hethe  tunc  ibidem  Seneschallo,  Dominus  concessit  Johanni  Priori 
Ecclcsie  de  Walsingham,  et  ejusdem  loci  conventui,  quandam  semitam  ducentem  de 
communi  via  versus  quondam  fontem  vocatum  CabbokesweU,  in  communi  villata  de 
Walsiugham  parva,  ut  unum  purj^rise  quod  non  est  ad  nocumentum  aliquorum 
Communarium  ibidem,  ut  testatum  est  per  homagium.  Reddit  inde  domino  per 
annum  obolum  in  festo  Sancti  Michaclis.    Et  dat  domino  de  fine  vj.  denarios. 

[Notes.] 

Et  nota,  quod  ista  semita  jacet  sub  fovea  aquilonari  tenementi  vocati  Blakkes, 
juxta  cruftam  vocatam  Powerscroft.  Et  CabbokesweU  jacet  in  angulo  Australi  foveas 
de  Powerscloos,  videlicet  juxta  prmdictam  foveam  de  Blakkes. 

Et  nota,  quod  Dominus  Richardus  Dux  Eboraci  postca,  tempore  Thomai  Hunt 
Prioris,  confirmavit  prrcdictum,  et  super  hoc  etiam  dedit  Prioratui  totam  iDarccllam 
tcrrre  ex  parte  occideutali  vocatam  Elemosinariam,  qua)  jacet  inter  semitam  et 
prwdictam  Elemosinariam. 

[Endorsements.] 

Semita  subtus  Blackes.  Item  pars  terra)  vacua:  inter  semitam,  et  vetus 
Elemosynarium  I'rioratus. 

Ista  Billa  facit  mentionem  do  quadam  semita  ad  finem  aquilonarem  hujus  villa;, 
subtus  tenemcutum  quondam  Nicholai  Blac,  postca  Jacobi  Cawnocl  [or  Cawmel?] 

Page  295,  line  lU,  an  impression  from  the  seal  here  noticed  having  since  been 
obtained,  the  name  appears  to  be  Fulbert. 


FLojte.      1 


m^ 


';l)l!IIS    Ol    IMON.IOUND    AI    C  H  I  S  I  E  R  F  O  H  D  .  t  3  3  t  X  . 


'Ef)t  5tvcJ)acoIogical   3)ournaK 


MARCH,  1856. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  A  REMARKABLE  DEPOSIT  OF  ROMAN 
ANTIQUITIES  OF  IRON,  DISCOVERED  AT  GREAT  CHESTEPt- 
rORD,  ESSEX,  IN  1854. 

BY  THE  HON.  RICHARD  CORNWALLIS  NEVILLE,  F.S.A.,  VICE-PRESIDENT. 

The  discovery  of  a  shaft  or  cavity  filled  vvitli  Roman 
implements  and  objects  of  iron,  in  most  perfect  j^reservation, 
has  been  noticed  in  a  former  volmne  of  this  Journal.^  A 
detailed  description  was  then  given  of  the  numerous  deeiD 
pits  at  Chesterford,  filled  with  black  mould,  and  containing 
Roman  reliques  and  debris  in  great  variety.  The  nature  of 
the  receptacle  which  I  now  propose  to  describe  would  have 
entitled  it  to  a  i^lace  in  that  communication,  had  it  been 
possible  to  do  justice  at  that  time  to  a  discovery,  which,  from 
its  importance  and  singular  character,  seemed  worthy  of  a 
separate  memoir. 

In  order  to  introduce  the  subject  properly,  it  is  necessary 
to  describe  some  of  the  contents  of  the  ground  in  close 
proximity  to  the  pit  which  contained  the  iron,  \\ithout  refer- 
ence to  the  numerous  other  shafts  in  the  same  locality. 
On  the  3rd  of  January,  1854,  a  sort  of  square  grave  was 
opened  by  my  labourers  in  the  Rectory  grounds  at  Great 
Chesterford  ;  this  contained  four  skeletons,  three  of  them 
lying  intermingled,  the  fourth  at  some  little  distance.  Six 
armlets  of  bronze,  plain  and  ornamented,  of  Roman  type, 
a  slight  bronze  finger  ring,  the  neck  and  shoulders  of  an 
elegant  two-handled  glass  bottle,  an  iron  fal.r,  a  buckle,  a 
ladle,  and  a  dark  coloured  vase,  broken,  were  found  with 
the  three  first ;  with  the  fourth  skeleton,  was  found  a  bronze 
ring  upon  the  bono  supposed  to  be  that  of  the  middle  finger, 
and,   besides    a    bronze    bi"icolct,    two   iron    knives,    and    a 

'  Arcliccological  Journal,  vol.  xii.  p.  117. 
VOL.    XIII.  B 


Z  KOMAN   ANTIQUITIES 

broken  bronze  box,  resembling  one  found  at  Little  Wilbra- 
ham  (Grave, No.  141,  "Saxon  Obsequies,"  plate  15),  a  spoon 
of  bronze  w'nh  an  oval  bowl,  and  a  pointed  end  to  the  handle,  a 
ciiTular  metal  plate,  an  iron  spear,  in  remarkably  perfect  con- 
dition (See  plate  1,  fig.  12),  a  perfect  urn  of  gray  ware,  wkli 
bosses  on  the  sides  and  shoulders,  and  a  small  coin  of  Arcadius 
were  also  taken  from  this  large  grave.  A  space  of  between 
three  and  four  yards  intervened  between  it  and  the  pit 
under  consideration  ;  the  soil  continued  deep  and  black,  and 
from  it  were  taken  an  iron  key  with  a  lute-shaped  top  of 
bronze  to  the  handle,  half  an  armlet  like  those  before  men- 
tioned, and  a  perfect  circular  bronze  box  with  its  lid  attached 
to  the  side  by  a  small  chain  as  before.  The  two  last  objects 
were  found  innnediately  above  a  layer  of  chalk,  which 
proved  to  be  nearly  two  inches  thick,  and  spread  carefully 
over  the  mouth  of  a  deep  pit.  On  penetrating  the  chalk, 
the  point  of  the  pick  came  in  contact  w^ith  some  of  the  iron 
objects  with  which  the  cavity  was  filled  ;  the  shaft  was  six 
feet  deep,  sunk  like  the  neighbouring  pits  below  the  black 
soil,  through  the  natural  gravel  of  the  locality.  No  difficulty 
was  experienced  in  emi)tying  it,  and  the  following  articles, 
ninety-six  in  number,  were  taken  out  : — one  anvil,  one  bed 
of  an  anvil,  five  small  anvil  pegs,  two  axle  or  pole  guards,  one 
axe,  five  bars  of  iron,  three  llat  bands,  one  beetle  ring,  two 
chains,  five  coulters  of  ploughs,  ten  felloe  bands,  seven  ham- 
mers, four  lioops,  four  holdfasts,  seven  hinges,  three  keys, 
four  lock.s,  one  pivot  of  a  millstone,  one  ])ail  handle,  two  pail 
Ijoops,  one  pair  of  shears,  eight  shackles,  one  saw,  twelve 
scythes,  one  scpiarc  girder,  one  turf  cutter,  two  wall  ])egs, 
one  small  wheel.  These  werr  laid  (mr  upon  the  other,  in 
no  particular  order,  the  two  large  locks  were  among  the 
first  taken  out,  ami  the  scythes  lay  at  the  bottom.  The 
list  conveys  but  nii  imperfect  idea  of  (Im'  interest  and 
variety  of  the  objc.cts.  to  say  nothing  of  ihcir  marvellous 
state  of  ])i'f'S('rvation.  The  accomj»anying  r('|>resentations, 
prepared  IVuni  (iiiihrnj  ih';i\vings  of  tlir  |ii-in<-i|);il  objects, 
c!xecuted  l»y  Mr.  Voungnian,  of  Saffron  W'alden.  may  enable 
me*  to  attemj)t  a  description,  which,  without  their  aid,  I 
slioiiM  liav(;  (lespainMl  of  accomplisliing. 

Tlif  Anvil  is  lo  inches  iiigh,  incliisiv(^  of  the  top;  the 
>tiiii  is  :>  im-lies  sfpiare  at  IIk;  base,  and  continues  of  the  same 
-.1/.':    \i>y   '!  inrli.  .^  in  jici-'lil,  it    had    lici-n   set    thus   fai-  iiiL(»  a 


AT   GREAT    CTIESTERFORD,    ESSEX.  3 

wooden  block ;  it  tlioii  increases  to  5  inches,  and  the  marks 
of  its  setting  are  evident  by  the  friction  on  its  sides  and 
shoulders  ;  the  top  is  flat,  2  inches  thick,  7  long  by  5 
broad,  projecting  on  two  sides  an  inch  beyond -the  stem 
which  it  is  even  with  in  breadth.  Four  inches  of  it  would 
thus  be  raised  above  the  wooden  stand  ;  but  this  mode  of 
setting  appears  to  have  been  unusual  among  the  ancients, 
since  their  anvils  are  spoken  of  as  upon  rather  than  in  the 
blocks,  and  there  are  representations  of  them  with  forked 
ends  or  feet  to  stand  upon.  One  corner  of  the  top  is  broken 
off,  which  prevents  my  asserting,  positively,  that  there  was 
no  projecting  peg  or  point,  as  was  usually  the  case  for  forging 
the  links  of  chains  or  hollow  objects.  The  occurrence  of 
five  anvil-pegs  among  the  rest  of  the  find,  which  appear 
designed  for  this  purpose,  renders  it  improbable  ;  besides, 
such  a  projection  would  be  at  the  centre  rather  than  at  the 
corner  of  the  top.     (See  plate  1,  fig.  13.) 

Anvil  Bed. — This  was  a  large  lump  of  iron,  3  or  4 
inches  thick,  of  irregular  shape,  with  a  flat  surface,  and  it 
was  at  once  recognised  by  the  labourers  and  others,  as 
designed  to  be  placed  beneath  the  anvil  block.  Not  being 
removed  at  first,  on  account  of  its  weight,  with  the  rest  of 
the  iron,  it  was  laid  aside,  and  probably  appropriated  by 
some  Vulcan  of  the  vicinity,  since  it  was  afterwards  missing. 

Anvils. — Five  small  anvils  or  anvil-pegs  ;  these  appear 
to  have  been  used  for  forging  the  links  of  chains,  &c.  ;  they 
are  of  different  sizes  and  form,  like  a  large  peg  with  pointed 
end  and  broad,  flat,  circular  top.  Three  of  them  measure 
9,  two  11  inches  in  length  ;  all  have  loops,  one  on  each 
side,  projecting  from  1  to  1^  inches  horizontally  ;  these  are 
5  inches  from  the  points  of  the  three  first,  and  7  from  those 
of  the  other  two,  and  would  prevent  them  from  penetrating 
too  far  into  the  block  when  hammered  upon.  Their  tops 
would  then  be  elevated  4  inches  above  the  surface  of  the 
wood,  and  correspond  with  that  of  the  larger  anvil.  The 
tops  measure  from  1^  to  1-|  inches  in  diameter,  and  have 
all  been  much  battered.  (8ee  plate  1,  fig.  8.)  A  small  anvil, 
of  similar  form,  without  the  loops,  was  found  some  years 
since  by  my  labourers,  in  the  Boro'  field,  and  then  considered 
a  "  gate  anvil  "  in  modern  phraseology. 

Axe. — This  is  nearly  a  fiic-simile,  in  shape  and  size,  of 
one  found  in  grave  83,  in  the  Wilbraham  cemetery,  and  im- 


4  ROMAN   ANTIQUITIES 

properly  termed  an  adze  in  the  ''  Saxon  Obsequies,"  (plate 
39).  It  is  slightly  curved,  and  resembles,  also,  others  taken 
from  Frank  graves  at  Selzen  as  well  as  in  ISormandy. 
See  Lindenischniidt's  "  Todtenlager,"  and  the  Abbe  Cochet's 
"  Xormandie  Souterraine."  The  blade  is  G  inches  long,  2-|- 
across  near  the  edge,  and  1  at  the  haft  end,  which  has  an 
oblong  hole  to  receive  the  wooden  handle.   (See  jilate  1,  fig.  9.) 

Axle  Guards. — There  are  a  pair  of  these  precisely  alike: 
a  smith  who  has  seen  them  informs  me  he  makes  the  same 
now  for  strengthening  axles.  They  consist  of  a  ring  ^  inch 
in  diameter,  to  go  round  the  wood,  with  a  sheath  7  inches 
long,  extending  from  the  upper  side  curved  to  fit  it.  There 
is  a  large  nail  hole  through  the  end  of  this  next  the  ring. 
(See  plate  1,  figs.  14, 1.3.) 

Bars  of  Iron. — There  are  five  of  these,  square  sided,  and 
pointed  at  both  ends  :  they  vary  in  length  ;  two  of  them  arc 
3  feet,  and  three  from  2  to  2  feet  G  inches,  but  the  sides  of 
all  are  the  same,  1  inch  by  1 J  across.  These  bars  are  in 
wonderful  preservation,  and  ring  clear  on  being  struck  against 
each  other.      (See  plate  2,  fig.  17.) 

Bands  of  Iron. — Three  in  number,  and  all  Hat ;  one 
measures  t\  inch  thick,  21  inches  long,  2  across  at  the 
l)i-oad  end,  and  tapers  to  a  point  at  tlie  other.  A  long  nail 
for  iastcning  it  to  some  object  remains  ilnongh  it  near  the 
broad  end.  The  other  two  are  |  of  an  inch  thick,  21  and 
22  long,  and  1  across  tlieir  whole  length.  They  have  like- 
wise been  fastened  to  something,  and  each  of  them  has 
nail  holes  G  and  7  inches  apart.  Another  iron  band  allixed 
as  blacksmiths  su])posc,  to  some  wheeled  vehicle,  is  figured, 
plate  2,  fig.  19. 

]>j:ktM':  Rinc. — A  circular  band,  .]  of  an  inch  tliick,  ] 'J 
wide,  and  4|  diameter,  without  any  nail  holes. 

Chain  with  Hooks. — Tiic  entire  length  is  7  feet  7  inches. 
At  the  top  is  a  I'ing,  a  ll.'it  hoo|»  .',  an  inch  thick,  1  inch 
wide,  ami  ;">  inches  in  diameter  inside.  In  tlie  lower  |i,'iit  of 
this  is  inserted  a  large  oni:iineiited  s\vi\(l,  G  inches  in  eir- 
cumference,  2  in  lenglli,  to  wliich  are  attached,  by  their 
hooked  ends,  five  cords  of  iron,  1.0  inches  long,  skilfully 
wrought  to  iiiiit.-ite  ropo  ;  these  arc  festooned  .-md  brought 
togr-tlx-r  at  tlieir  lower  ends,  which  are  also  hooked  ;  from 
two  of  thi-ni  depends  a  single  chain  of  twelve  douhle  links, 
each    3   inches  long  by  2  across  ;  to  the  tweilih   link  a  Hat 


J 


I^laJx-.  .  1-' 


ROMAN    ANTlOUlTlt-S    OF    IRON. FOUND    AT   CHESTERFORD, 


AT   GREAT    CHESTERFORD,    ESSEX.  5 

knot  twisted  like  cord,  7  inches  long,  is  attached ;  from  this 
knot  hang  two  chains  of  five  double  links  of  the  same  size, 
each  of  which  has  a  large  hook,  10  inches  long,  hanging  to 
the  end.  These  hooks  terminate  in  a  round  knob  instead 
of  a  point,  their  backs  are  1  inch  broad,  and  ornamented 
with  a  plain  corded  pattern.     (See  jilate  3,  fig.  32.) 

The  simple  term  chain  is  quite  inadequate  to  convey  a 
correct  idea  of  this  unique  object,  to  the  elaborate  workman- 
ship of  which,  my  description,  even  with  the  pow^erful  aid  of 
Mr.  Youngman's  pencil,  can  scarcely  do  justice ;  nor  is  it 
easy  to  explain  its  purpose,  for  it  must  have  been  intended 
for  use  as  well  as  ornament,  though  quite  as  much  care 
seems  to  have  been  bestowed  on  the  latter  as  the  former, 
in  the  construction.  Although  they  afford  no  clue  to  its 
use,  my  excavations  enable  me  to  offer  two  examples  wdiich 
indicate  the  people  who  used  it.  In  1848,  the  end  of  a  chain 
consisting  of  three  double  links  of  similar  shape  and  size, 
with  a  hook  of  similar  form,  9  inches  long,  attached,  was 
found  in  the  Roman  building,  near  Ickleton,  and  in  October, 
1854,  among  the  Roman  remains  at  Bartlow,  my  labourers 
met  with  another  chain  ;  two  feet  of  this  remain  ;  it  is 
constructed  with  a  flat  ring  top,  5  inches  in  diameter,  which 
has  also  a  swivel  inserted  in  it ;  from  this,  instead  of  a 
festoon,  two  plain  ropes  of  iron,  9  inches  long,  depend,  and 
are  bound  together  in  two  places,  by  a  flat  band  :  to  the 
ends  of  these  are  attached  four  double  links  of  the  same 
pattern,  but  rather  under  3  inches  in  length.  It  is  singu- 
larly fortunate  that  both  these  discoveries  on  Roman  sites 
confirm  the  shape  and  size  of  the  double  links  of  the  large 
chain  under  consideration,  wdiile  each  individually  identifies 
a  pecuhar  feature  in  its  construction  ;  viz.  the  flat  ring  and 
swivel  at  the  to]),  and  the  round-ended  hook  dependent  from 
the  bottom. 

A  Seco^^d  Chain. — This  measures  more  than  14  feet 
in  length,  and  is  of  a  different  construction  from  the  first. 
The  links  are  thirty-seven  in  number,  long  and  flat,  they 
are  composed  of  two  bars  of  iron,  welded  together  in  the 
centre,  but  looping  at  each  end.  Eleven  of  them  measure 
more  than  4  inches  long,  seventeen  more  than  5,  six  are  6, 
two  7,  and  one  8  ;  all  are  1  inch  across  their  centre,  2-|-  in 
girth,  and  Ij  inches  across  their  loops.  A  hook,  2^  inches, 
^Yith  a  blunt  end,  is  fastened  to  the  last  link  at  one  end  ; 


G  ROilAX    ANTIQUITIES 

ill  llic  last  link  at  the  other  extremity,  Avlien  found,  there 
was,  what  is  known  in  modern  harness  as  a  S  hook,  4  inches 
long,  which  can  shifted  at  pleasure.  Blacksmiths,  and  other 
experienced  })ersoiis,  are  of  opinion  that  this  chain  was 
intended  lor  some  purposes  of  ilraught,  but  whether  for 
carts,  chariots,  or  ploughs,  it  is  impossible  to  say,  since  its 
strength  would  aihipt  it  for  all  these.  (See  j)late  3,  fig,  31.) 
A  somewhat  similar  chain  was  found  in  the  fens  in  Cam- 
briilgeshire,  and  is  now  in  the  j\Iuseum  of  the  Antiquarian 
Society  in  the  University. 

Coulters. — These  ponderous  implements  are  five  in 
number.  an<l  the  carriage  of  the  plough  to  which  they  be- 
longed, must  have  been  a  strong  one,  since  the  weight  of 
the  lightest  is  14,  that  of  the  heaviest  16  lbs.  Unlike 
those  now  in  use,  they  are  made  with  a  stem,  and 
measure  from  2  ft.  3  in.  to  2  ft.  11  in.  long,  inclusive  of 
their  blades  ;  the  length  of  the  blades  varies  from  8  to  1 1 
inches  by  :^}j  and  4  inches  at  their  tc^ps  ;  their  points  ^  of  an 
inch  across,  and  all  appear  to  have  been  much  used. 
The  stems  of  tw^o  are  octagonal,  1:^  inches  in  diameter, 
tlie  other  three  are  2  inches,  and  square.  (See  plate  2, 
fig.  18.) 

Felloe  Bands. — There  are  ten  of  these,  five  large  and 
five  smaller,  which  correspond  as  the  outside  and  inside  of 
as  many  wheels  ;  they  ai'e  very  strongly  made,  and  have 
projecting  rims  over  the  outer  edges  as  the  modern  ones. 
The  diameter  of  the  large  ones  is  8  inches,  that  of  the 
smaller  Gj  inches;  breadth  of  the  bands  I7V  inches  and  1-J 
inches  :  their  rims  are  -^  an  inch  across. 

IIammfjis. — There  are  seven  of  these  of  diflerent  weights 
and  shapes.  All  of  them  are  fiat,  and  all  more  or  less 
curved,  excepting  one  largo  and  one  small  one,  which  are 
quite  straight.  The  two  largest  answer  to  our  sledge-ham- 
mers, weigh  8  lbs.  and  .Oi,  measuring  7  and  S  inches  in 
length  :  the  last  is  a  straight  one  :  the  weight  of  the  largest 
lA'  the  other  five  is  l','  11'.,  tli;ii  <'f  th(>  smallest  ;J  of  alb. 
Two  of  them  arc  7  inchfs  long,  liie  remaining  thre(>  (!  inches. 
Tlic  diameter  of  the  heads  is  2  and  2},  inches  in  the  large 
ones,  1  inch  in  two,  and  |.  in  three  of  tiie  small  ones.  'i1ie 
diameter  of  the;  perforation  for  the  handle  vaiics  from  1^'  inch 
to  'l-     They  have  been  much  wsvaI.  (Sec  jil.iic  I.  Til;".  1  lo  7.) 

JliNGES. — There  arc  seven  of  these,  but  onl)  one  is  perfect. 


FLcUe..S. 


^  ih 


%^ 


Kl 


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ScclLc   df  jfeet. 
i 


.IKJLeE'c.. 


ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES    OF   IRON     FOUND    AT  CHESTERFORD     ESSEX, 


AT    GREAT   CHESTERFORD,    ESSEX.  7 

It  is  made  with  two  flat  band  sides,  one  18  inches  the  other 
6  inches  long,  and  is  very  much  hke  those  now  used  on  barn 
doors.  Both  sides  have  ornamental  ends,  are  2  inches  at 
widest  and  ^  inch  in  thickness.  The  side  of  one  of  the 
broken  ones  is  20  inches  long  and  2^  wide,  and  all  of  them 
seem  to  have  varied  in  size.  The  rivets  from  side  to  side 
and  lono-  nails  for  fastcnino;  remain  in  several  of  them. 

Holdfasts. — These  exactly  resemble  the  objects  now  used 
for  the  same  purpose ;  they  are  made  with  strong  flat  sides, 
1^  inches  wide,  in  form  like  a  staple,  to  be  afiixed  outside  a 
beam  or  other  object.  There  are  four  of  different  sizes, 
varying  from  1 3  to  18  inches  in  length  of  their  sides  ;  the 
top  which  connects  these  is  from  4  to  5  inches.  In  each  of  the 
sides,  are  two  nail  holes  to  fasten  them  on.  The  blacksmiths 
are  of  opinion  that  they  belong  to  something  like  the  shafts 
of  a  cart.     (See  plate  1,  fig.  16.) 

Hoops. — Four  large  hoops  of  iron  3  feet  7  inches  in 
diameter,  and  1-|  across  their  bands,  which  are  ^  an  inch 
thick.  These  appear  to  be  intended  for  tires  to  large  wheels, 
though  the  absence  of  nail  holes  through  the  bands,  which 
are  much  worn  on  the  inside,  seems  to  contradict  that  sup- 
position. They  are  much  heavier  and  stouter  than  those 
used  for  casks,  which  is  the  only  other  purpose  that  suggests 
itself  for  them. 

Key. — A  reference  to  the  accompanying  engraving  (plate 
2,  fig.  25),  will  show  this  to  be  of  very  dififerent  form  from 
what  is  usually  known  b}^  that  name.  The  shank  is  slight, 
flat,  1  inch  broad,  10  inches  long,  and  has  a  loop  at  the  top. 
The  wards  are  contained  in  a  sort  of  frame  If  inches  square, 
which  projects  at  right  angles  with  the  end  of  the  shank, 
and  is  pierced  very  much  as  the  modern  latch-keys,  to  fit 
the  springs  of  the  large  locks  found  with  it.  To  these  it 
ajiparently  belongs,  and  the  manner  in  which  it  was  used 
will  be  best  understood  by  a  comparison  with  the  following 
descrii^tion  of  them. 

Locks  or  Padlocks. — Two  large  padlocks  were  among 
the  first  objects  taken  out  of  the  hole,  and  the  plate  of 
one  being  broken  off"  aff"ords  a  view  of  the  construction  of 
the  interior,  which  is  as  follows  : — A  square  shaped  box 
or  case,  5^  inches  long  by  2}^  broad  and  3  deep  :  into  which 
the  springs,  eight  in  number,  fixed  on  four  square  bars, 
are  introduced   perpendicularly    through    a  small  ai^erture 


8  KOMAX    ANTIQUITIES 

ill  one  of  the  ciuls  of  tlie  lock  ;  these  bars  are  attacliecl  to  a 
rod  S  inches  long,  2J  in  girth,  corresponding  with  tlic 
hasp  of  a  padlock  ;  this  rod  is  connected  at  its  top,  and 
again  two  inches  above  its  jnnction  with  the  springs,  by 
means  of  a  horizontal  bar  with  a  ring  at  the  end,  with 
another  rod  of  KJ^  inches  long,  whicli  descends  perpen- 
dicularly at  1  inch  distance  from  the  outside  of  the  box 
to  1^  inches  below  it,  then  returns  upward,  forming  a  loop 
and  is  fastened  to  the  lower  edge.  This  rod  serves  for 
the  other  to  work  up  and  down  on,  by  means  of  the  hori- 
zontal bars  with  rings,  whicli  much  must  be  taken  off  over 
its  top  in  order  to  clear  the  sjH-ings  of  their  case  when  they 
are  released  by  the  key.  The  loop  at  the  bottom  serves  to 
hold  anything  locked  upon  it,  which  is  clearly  exemplified 
by  one  of  the  smaller  locks  ujion  which  are  several  shackles 
secured  in  this  manner.  There  is  a  narrow  slit  in  the 
lower  end  of  the  spring  box,  close  to  the  junction  with  the 
longest  or  guiding  rod.  through  Avhich  the  key,  above 
described,  is  inserted  ;  in  order  to  do  this,  it  is  necessar}''  to 
turn  the  frame  with  the  wards  edgeways,  and  when  they  are 
introduced,  there  is  sufficient  space  between  the  ends  of  the 
bars  with  the  springs  and  the  bottom  of  the  case  to  allow 
of  their  being  returned  horizontall}'.  It  is  then  only  neces- 
sary to  push  the  key  nj^wards  to  compress  the  springs  by 
the  passage  of  the  wards  along  the  bars  containing  them, 
sufficiently  to  allow  them  to  pass  through  the  small  aperture 
at  the  top  of  the  box.  The  construction  of  these  locks  is 
very  strong,  and  the  boxes  are  further  secured  by  six  rivets, 
witli  massive  heads,  passing  through  them  from  side  to  side. 
Tliey  arc  both,  as  nearly  as  possible,  alike  in  shape  and 
si/e,  the  only  dilVereiice  l)eing,  that  the  h(\->d  al)()V(>  (ho 
s])ringH  is  plain  and  single  in  one,  while  in  tlir  ollu  r,  it  has 
a  double  end  to  go  into  the  box,  with  two  recurved  j)ro- 
jfctions  above.    (Srr  |(late  2,  figs.  21-127.) 

I\  i:vs,— -Two  of  llif  same  shape  hut  much  sinallci- than 
the  first,  belonuine:  to  the  small  locks  next  to  he  described. 
Length  of  their  shanks.  (>  inches  ;  lii-(\'idth,  \  inch  ;  \\\r  wards 
ar(;  .,' in(;h  square,  and  by  theii'  form,  indicate  ilie  locks  to 
which  they  belong  t<»  iia\c  hail  onlv  two  bars  with  loni- 
sprin^'-s.  The  shanks  have  loops  at  the  top  ;  in  general 
form  these  keys  much  I'eseinhle  what  aic  n^ually  described 
as  "  laniji  iH.ldorH,"  amongst  objects  IoiupI   on    Uoman   sites. 


AT   GREAT   CHESTERFORD,    ESSEX.  9 

and  I  have  often  confounded  tliem  at  Chesterford  with 
objects  of  that  nature. 

Locks. — Two  small  locks  on  precisely  the  same  principles, 
but  slightly  diliering  in  construction  from  those  described 
above.  There  is-  only  one  horizontal  bar,  which  is  fastened 
to  the  top  of  the  outside  longest  rod,  and  has  a  hole  at  the 
opposite  end  ;  through  this  hole,  the  short  rod  with  the 
springs  is  drawn  out  perpendicularly  and  detached  when  the 
lock  is  opened  ;  when  it  is  shut  down,  the  two  rods  have 
the  appearance  of  being  firmly  united  by  the  horizontal  bar. 
These  two  locks  are  exactly  alike,  but  one  of  them  has  lost 
the  short  rod  and  springs  ;  the  other  has  them  shut  down, 
and  on  the  loop  at  the  end  of  the  long  rod,  are  locked  five 
shackles  or  fetters.  (Plate  2,  fig.  21.)  A  lock  of  similar  con- 
struction, but  rather  larger,  was  found  in  1849,  in  the  Boro' 
field  among  Ivoman  remains  by  my  labourers.  It  is  now  in 
my  collection,  with  a  mediaeval  one  on  the  same  principle, 
but  of  more  finished  workmanship,  presented  to  me  by 
Augustus  Franks,  Esq.,  of  the  British  Museum. 

Shackles. — There  are  eigiit  of  these ;  five  of  them 
are  locked  upon  the  small  entire  padlock,  the  other  three 
w^ere  lying  with  the  broken  one.  Seven  of  them  are  plain 
round  bars,  with  a  ring  or  eye  at  each  end ;  in  each  of 
these  is  a  link  2  inches  in  diameter  to  fasten  them  on  the 
loop  of  the  padlock.  The  eighth  is  of  like  form,  with  two 
links,  but  made  of  a  flat  band,  1  inch  across,  slightly  raised 
at  the  edges  and  ornamented  along  the  centre  w'ith  a  cord 
beautifully  wrought  to  imitate  the  strands.  This  is  one  of 
those  attached  to  the  first  padlock  ;  another  of  the  same 
form  and  ornament  was  found  by  my  labourers  in  August, 
1854,  in  the  Boro'  field,  with  lioman  remains.  (See  plate  2, 
figs.  21,  22.)  Several  shackles  may  be  found  in  the  museum 
of  the  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society  ;  and  two  found  with 
Eoman  ]*emains  in  Bedfordshire  are  in  the  British  Museum. 

Pivot  for  a  Millstone. — This  is  a  bar  21  inches  long. 
There  arc  three  horizontal  flat  spokes,  4  inches  long  by  2 
broad,  which  project  near  the  base  of  the  iron  bar,  at  right 
angles  with  it,  serving  to  rest  the  stone  upon.  The  top  of  the 
bar  tapers  to  a  point.  (See  plate  3,  fig.  28.)  Millers  and 
blacksmiths  at  once  declared  they  had  no  doubt  of  the 
purpose  for  which  this  object  was  intended,  and  I  find, 
on  comparing  it  with  some  Ivonian  querns  in  my  collection, 

VOL.    XIII.  C 


10  KOMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

that  there  is  every  reason   to  regai-d   the   siip})osition    as 
probable. 

Pail  Hoors. — Two,  roiiiul  on  the  outside,  flattened  on  the 
inside,  for  close  contact  with  the  wood.  They  are  11  and  9 
inches  in  diameter,  but  there  must  have  J)een  a  third  still 
smaller,  if  the  handle  found  with  them  belonged  to  the  same 
pail,  since  it  is  only  7  inches  from  end  to  end.  The  missing 
hoop  would  then  have  been  of  that  diameter,  and  the 
j»ail  broader  at  its  bottom  than  toji.  In  an  account  of  a 
remarkable  \nt  discovered,  near  Preston  in  Dorsetshire,  Avhicli 
seems  to  have  been  of  the  same  nature  with  those  at  Clies- 
terford,  a  handle  of  a  pail  is  mentioned  among  the  contents. 
This  discovery  is  described  by  Mr.  Waines,  by  whom  the 
examination  was  made   (Gent.  Mag.  vol  xxi.,  N.  S.,  p.  185). 

Pail  Handle. — This  is  like  modern  objects  of  the  same 
kind,  and  suited  to  a  small-topped  bucket,  being  only  7  inches 
between  the  hooks  to  fit  the  cars. 

Saw. — This  is  only  a  fragment ;  the  portion  found  mea- 
sures 1-1  inches  by  3\  across,  through  its  whole  length  ;  it 
is  part  of  a  cross-cut  saw,  which  has  had  a  large  handle ; 
a  long  nail  for  fastening  it  on  remains  through  the  end  of 
the  blade.  The  teeth  commence  at  2  inches  from  it,  arc 
triangular,  and  not  very  large,  there  being  forty-two  of 
them  in  12  inches.  Two  other  saws  were  found  in  the 
Rectory  grounds  in  the  vicinity  of  the  iron  pit ;  both  these 
liavc  very  small  teeth,  and  one  of  them  is  very  narrow,  long, 
and  tapers  to  an  acute  point.     (See  plate  2,  fig.   20.) 

SiiLAifs. — One  enormous  ]iair,  with  l)road  blades.  Their 
total  length,  inclusive  of  these,  is  4  feet  4;^;  inches  ;  the 
haiidk's  are  plain  round  l»;irs,  2  inches  in  circumference, 
the  blades  are  1f).^,  inches  long,  4  ])road  at  their  ends,  and 
."3  at  the  tops.  They  have  a  round  rim  at  their  backs,  jii-obably 
for  the  hands  to  rest  on,  or  to  give  Strength  to  the  blade, 
but  it  is  diflicult  to  iniMgino  how  they  could  ]\:\\v.  been  used 
in  cuttiuir,  on  account  of  the  Lrront  l('ni:;(li  of  tlicir  handles. 
(See  plate  'i,  fig.  :3().) 

SrvTIIKs. — Th(.'ro  are  t\vcl\e  of  llirsr  cxtraordinai-y  im- 
plements. Five  of  them  are  a  little  jjrokcn,  Imt  seven  are 
perfect.  The  blades  ar(j  2  indies  wiilc  in  ilic  broadest  part. 
They  li.'ive  ;i  ridgc!  .along  their  baeks,  on  ihe  upper  surfac(\ 
a  nie-ans  of  giving  stren;j;th  to  the  blade,  still  a.d(tpt(Ml  in  the 
construction  of  niodtirn  scythes.     The  blades  are  regularly 


AT   GREAT   CHESTERFORD,    ESSEX.  11 

curved,  measuring  across  the  span  (from  the  point  to  the 
extremity  of  the  cutting  edge),  about  5  feet  4  inches  ;  and 
they  are  formed,  as  shown  by  the  accompanying  representa- 
tion, with  a  recurved  piece  of  about  17  inches  in  length, 
gradually  decreasing  in  breadth  towards  its  termination, 
and  there  is  a  little  point  or  tang,  turned  up  at  right  angles, 
where  the  blade  was  affixed  to  the  handle.  Their  great  length 
would  render  these  scythes  inconvenient,  even  if  they  were 
made  to  be  fixed  on  the  sneed  in  the  modern  fashion  ;  but  the 
recurved  portion  at  the  end  of  the  blade,  makes  it  difficult  to 
understand  how  the  handles  could  be  attached  so  as  render 
them  available  for  mowing  in  the  ordinary  method.  Great 
excitement  was  caused  by  the  appearance  of  these  singular 
objects  among  those  who  came  to  see  the  contents  of  the 
pit,  and  the  prevailing  impression  was,  that  they,  at  least, 
belonged  to  the  celebrated  war-chariots  of  old,  an  idea 
Avhich  at  first  was  encouraged  by  the  felloe  bands,  wheel 
tire,  and  axle-guards,  also  found  with  them.  So  unusual 
is  their  shape,  and  so  incredible  did  it  appear  that  they 
could  have  been,  employed  in  simple  harvest-work.  (See  plate 
3,  fig.  2.9.)  Compare  a  broken  sc3^the,  in  some  respects 
similar,  found  with  Ivoman  remains  in  the  station  at  Neuwied 
on  the  Rhine,  and  figured  amongst  numerous  Roman  imple- 
ments and  mechanical  tools,  in  the  "  Romische  Alterthiimer 
in  Neuwied,"  by  Dr.  W.  Dorow,  Berhn,  1827. 

Turf  Cutter. — This  is  14  inches  in  length,  has  a  trian- 
gular blade,  7  long  by  4  wide  at  the  bottom,  or  broadest  part, 
and  1  across  the  neck  which  terminates  in  a  Ions;  hollow 
socket  for  a  wooden  handle.  There  is  a  foot  iron,  2  inches 
long,  which  projects  from  the  flat  side  of  the  blade  at  right 
angles  with  the  bottom  of  the  socket.  From  the  position  of 
this  foot-rest,  the  blade  could  not  have  been  used  for 
paring  turf,  but  must  have  been  intended  for  cutting  borders. 
(See  plate  1,  fig.  11.) 

Wheel. — This  is  a  fragment,  and  small,  6  inches  in 
diameter,  with  tire  2  wide,  from  the  outer  surface  of  which 
the  broken  extremities  of  three  flat  spokes  project,  and 
present  the  appearance  of  cogs. 

Wall  Pegs  (?) — These  are  objects  of  very  uncertain  use, 
the  form  of  which  has  been  correctly  shown  by  j\Ir.  Youngman. 
(See  plate  1,  fig.  10.) 

These  complete  the  list  of  this  interesting  assemblage  of 


12  ROMAN   ANTIQUITIES 

ancient  iron  implements.  I  liave  confined  myself  to  an 
accurate  description  of  each  object,  ^vitliout  enlarging  on 
their  several  uses,  (which  are,  in  the  majority,  self-evident, 
from  their  shape  and  construction,)  in  hopes  that  the  account 
aitled  by  the  engravings  which  accompany  it,  may  elicit 
some  opinion  regarding  those  objects  which  are  obscure. 
"With  the  objects  found  in  the  shaft,  one,  probably  of  mecha- 
nical use,  found  with  a  skeleton  in  an  adjacent  grave,  is  here 
figured,  as  a  relique  analogous  in  character.  (See  plate  2, 
fig.  23.)  It  is  remarkable  that  in  so  large  and  varied  a 
collection,  in  immediate  proximity  to  a  locality  which  we 
are  accustomed  to  regard  as  a  military  position,  no  object  of 
a  warlike  character  should  have  been  found.  In  the  adjacent 
place  of  interment  it  will  be  remembered,  as  above  described, 
that  a  spear-head  of  iron  was  discovered  amongst  personal 
ornaments  and  other  Koman  reliques.  In  the  shaft,  how- 
ever, the  objects  so  carefully  protected  consisted  exclusively 
of  implements  used  in  agriculture,  or  for  mechanical  and 
domestic  pin-poses,  a  fact  whicli  suggests  the  notion  that  this 
singular  <leposit  was  stored  away  in  times  comparatively  of 
tranquil  occupation,  when  the  colonists  of  Icianum  were  free 
to  prosecute  the  Arts  of  Peace,  and  devote  themselves  to 
the  culture  of  the  surrounding  district.  The  discovery  nuist 
be  regarded  as  one  of  especial  interest,  since  wo  possess  few 
well  rhai-acterised  examples  of  such  mechnnical  and  rui-al 
appliances  at  the  ])oriod  to  which  these  doubtless  belong. 
Iron  iiiiplciiKiits.  moreover,  ai'c  mostly  found  so  dcca3'C(l 
with  iMist,  that  their  forms  arc  very  imju-rfectly  defined. 
M.  Orivaud  do  la  Vincelle  has  sup])li(Ml,  in  his  "Ai-ts  et 
I^Ietiers  dcs  Ancicns,"  exatnples  of  tlic  iiucliniiical  tools  and 
iiiijilciiKMits  of  daily  use;  amongst  the  Jtoinaiis  ;  and  many 
(jther  objects,  highly  curious  as  compared  with  th()S(>  above 
described,  Ijavc  been  liguicd  by  i*r.  U.  Doiow.  in  his 
"  Iliiinischc  Allcrthiinici- in  Xcuwiod,"  already  citcMl,  and  are 
preserved  in  the  cuiions  museum  at  Ncuwicd  on  tlie  i{liine. 
Tlic  greater  part,  however,  (if  the  ichipies  ImimhI  ;it  Chester- 
ford  ar(?  as  peculiar  in  fnrni  as  they  are  reinarkal)l(^  in  llieir 
preservation,  and  the  discovery  may  well  claim  the  careful 
consiilcratioii  of  the  archaeulogist. 

There  an;  two  reatuics  (»f  this  curi(»us  dcjtosit  which 
rc<iuire  notice  before  takin-j;  le;ive  of  the  sniiject.  These  ai-o 
its  object  and  date.      With    regaiil  to    tin!  first,   it  is  evident 


AT   GREAT   CHESTERFORD,    ESSEX.  13 

there  must  have  been  some  special  reason  for  bmying  so 
large  a  quantity  of  valuable  metal ;  nor  can  there  be  much 
doubt  that  it  was  done  for  the  purpose  of  concealment. 
The  layer  of  chalk  spread  so  carefully  over  the  mouth  of  the 
pit,  to  preserve  its  contents  from  moisture  and  decay,  is 
strong  evidence  of  the  intention  of  using  them  at  a  future 
period.  Very  few  of  the  articles,  however,  are  new  ;  many, 
on  the  contrary,  have  been  much  worn,  as  the  hammers  and 
jilough  coulters  ;  the  hinges  and  holdfasts  had  been  attached 
to  doors  and  beams,  as  appears  by  the  wood  still  adhering 
to  them ;  but  old  iron  has,  in  all  ages,  been  of  sufficient 
value  to  be  preserved  for  some  secondary  uses.  Assuming 
that  concealment  was  the  object  therefore  for  the  deposit, 
it  is  a  subject  for  conjecture  whether  these  things  were 
buried  on  some  emergency  of  war,  or  as  a  store  by  some 
smith,  who  never  returned  to  take  possession  of  his  concealed 
hoard.  Tlie  question  must,  however,  occur,  whether  the 
deposit  is  to  be  considered  as  entirely  independent  of  the 
graves  so  closely  adjacent,  and  the  numerous  deep  pits  in  the 
vicinity  :  it  must  be  remembered  that  these  latter  have 
sometimes  been  regarded  as  depositories  for  grain  and  other 
stores.  The  graves,  at  all  events,  may  furnish  some  clue  to 
the  date,  by  the  small  bronze  box  and  armlets  found  in  them, 
which  correspond  with  similar  objects  of  each  description 
taken  from  the  soil  over  the  ])it,  as  well  as  others  from  the 
Anglo-Saxon  tombs  at  Wilbraham.  At  the  last  place,  too, 
an  axe  was  exhumed,  precisely  like  the  one  described  above. 
The  cliains  from  the  Roman  sites  of  Ickleton  and  Bartlow,  the 
keys  and  small  lock  of  the  same  construction,  the  ornamented 
fetter,  and  small  anvil,  all  from  the  Boro'  field,  Chesterford, 
among  Roman  remains,  must  not  be  lost  sight  of,  since  all  are 
of  peculiar  character.  All  these  combine  in  testimony  as 
to  the  Roman  origin  of  the  deposit ;  but  the  presence  of 
several  objects  which  may  also  be  traced  to  a  later  23eople, 
induces  me  to  fix  its  date  at  the  Transition  period,  about  the 
departure  of  the  Romans  and  the  first  coming  of  the  Saxons, 
in  whose  cemeteries  so  many  of  the  coins  and  implements 
used  by  their  predecessors  are  found.  This  is  further  con- 
firmed by  the  numerous  coins  of  Theodosius,  Arcadius, 
Ilonorius,  and  the  lowest  Empire,  found  in  the  surrounding- 
soil. 


EXCAVATIONS  AND  DISCOVERIES  AT  CALYMNOS. 

UAOB,     in    NOVEMBER,    1854,    BY   DIRECTION    OP    LOUD    STRATFORD   DE    REDCUFFE, 
U.    B.    M.    AMBASSADOR   AT   CONSTANTISOl'LE. 

UY  CHARLES  T.  NEWTON,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  BRITISn  VICE-CONSUL  AT  MTTILENE.' 

The  little  island  of  Calyinuos,'^  b'^'^S  ^^^  ^'^^  coast  of  Caria, 
iininediately  north  of  Cos,  is  almost  unnoticed  by  ancient 
\vriters,  and  but  little  known  to  modern  travellers.  It  may 
be,  therefore,  worth  while  to  explain  why  I  selected  so 
obscure  and  barren  a  spot  as  the  field  of  archaeological 
operations.  Two  years  ago,  in  the  summer  of  1853,  I 
visited  the  Sporades  with  no  other  guide  or  companion  than 
that  most  useful  and  able  work,  "  The  Travels  in  the  Archi- 
pelago," of  Dr.  Ludwig  Ross. 

lu  the  fourth  volume  of  this  book,  p.  9,  Dr.  Ross  gives 
au  account  of  a  most  remarkable  discovery  of  gold  orna- 
ments in  a  Greek  tomb  at  Calymnos,  which  took  place  about 
twelve  years  ago.  These  ornaments,  which  are  now  pro- 
baijly  dispersed  through  Phu'(ij)e  in  various  collections,  are 
said  to  have  been  of  the  m(jst  extpiisite  workmanship,  rival- 
ling the  work  of  the  Etruscan  artists.  I  was  also  aware  that 
great  numbers  of  terra-cotta  figures  had  been  fi)und  in 
tombs  at  Calymnos.  A  lai-ge  collection  of  these  was  brought 
to  London  about  six  or  seven  years  ago,  and  some  of  the  best 
were  purchased,  if  I  remember  right,  l)y  the  Ih-itish  ]\rnseum. 

My  first  oijject  in  landing  at  Calymnos,  was  to  visit  the 
localities  where  these  objects  had  been  found.  jMy  obser- 
vati(jns  and  the  information  which  1  received  on  tlie  sp(»t, 
enabled  me  to  ti'ace  out  vei'y  distincily  two  ancient  (Jieek 
cemeteries  extending  over  a  considciaMe  Irad  of  laml. 

Ah  in  these  two  districts  certain  lealui'es  may  he  recog- 
nised which  are  (tharaclej-istic  genei'ally  of  Hellenic  burial- 
places,  1  will  give  a  hriei"  descri]»tion  of  I  hem.   The  land  wliei'e 

'  Communirntc'i  to  tlio  S<;clion  of  An-  -  hi  ftiitiquily,  tin- nrinii-  is  iihviiyH  writ- 

tK|iiitic'it    (it     iho    .Slin.-wabury     Mci'tiii;;,       l<'n   ('.'ilyninii  ;    in    lliis    inrmoir    1    Imvo 
Ati;^.,  ma:,.  followcl  ilio  niiKleni  (jirii'k  fonn. 


EXCAVATIONS    AT    CAI.YMNOS.  15 

the  gold  ornaments,  described  by  Ross,  were  found,  takes 
its  name  from  a  small  church  dedicated  to  the  Prophet 
Elia ;  but,  as  it  is  contiguous  to  another  tract  which 
evidently  formed  part  of  the  same  cemetery,  and  which  is 
still  called  o  oajxas,  I  shall,  for  convenience,  consider  this 
ancient  Hellenic  name  as  applicable  to  the  whole  district. 
For  the  position  of  the  cemetery  of  Damos,  I  must  refer 
to  Dr.  Ross's  map,  which  is  based  on  our  Admiralty  Survey. 
It  will  be  perceived,  on  examining  this  map,  that  Damos 
is  situated  between  the  modern  harbour  of  Calymnos, 
now  called  Pothia,  on  the  Eastern,  and  Linaria  on  the 
Western  coast  of  the  island,  and  that  behind  it  is  a  range  of 
mountains  crossing  tlie  island  in  a  direction  North- West  by 
South-East.  Between  these  mountains  and  the  western  coast 
is  a  small  and  fertile  valley,  formed  by  alluvial  deposit.  The 
cemeter}'"  of  Damos  lies  on  the  sloping  irregular  ground 
intervening  between  the  mountains  and  the  valley  ;  and  here 
I  would  call  attention  to  the  fact  observed  by  Dr.  Poss, 
that  the  Hellenic  cemeteries  in  the  Archipelago  are  usually 
situated  on  the  declivities  between  the  mountain  and  the 
plain, — the  debateable  ground,  so  to  speak,  between  cultiva- 
tion and  barren  nature. 

There  were  reasons  for  the  preference  for  such  sites. 
Lower  down,  the  land  becomes  more  valuable,  and  would  be 
more  reluctantly  given  up  by  the  cultivator  ;  higher  up,  the 
sides  of  the  mountains,  difficult  of  access,  and  constantly 
denuded  of  soil  by  the  torrents,  are  for  many  reasons  unsuit- 
able for  the  purposes  of  a  burial-ground. 

This  general  observation  may  enable  the  future  traveller 
to  discover  many  sites  of  ancient  cemeteries  as  yet  unno- 
ticed, by  examining  the  lower  slopes  of  hills  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  ancient  cities,  and  looking  out  for  fragments 
of  Hellenic  pottery,  always  apparent  on  the  surface  of 
the  soil  where  there  are  tombs.  The  portion  of  the 
district  of  Damos,  which  most  attracted  my  attention,  is 
a  strip  of  rocky  land  which  evidently  formed  an  ancient 
stone-quarry.  Here  the  surface  of  the  rock  is  cut  into  'steps 
and  grooves.  In  one  place  is  a  monolithic  base,  containing 
a  square  chamber,  9  ft.  7  in.  by  7  ft.  8  in.,  entered  by  a 
doorway,  all  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock.  Above  the  doorway, 
the  rock  is  cut  into  stci)s.  This  was  evidently  a  rock 
tomb,  in  which  the  type  of  the  Mausoleum  on  the  opposite 


16  EXCAVATIONS   AT   CALYiMNOS. 

coast  of  Caiia  Avas  riulely  imitated.  Xear  it  is  another 
tomb  consisting  of  an  nnJcrground  chamber  or  vault,  cut 
out  of  tlie  rock  and  roofed  over  b}--  two  immense  blocks,  one 
of  which  has  been  removed.  The  chamber  is  8  ft.  long  by 
4  ft.  7  in.  wide.  One  of  the  blocks  which  cover  it  measures 
7  ft,  by  2  ft.  2  in.  wide,  and  is  2  ft.  5  in.  thick.  Adjoining 
this  stone  quarry  in  the  north,  is  a  field  where  a  nuiuber  of 
graves  have  been  opened.  They  lie  in  clusters  and  have 
been  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock.  This  field  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  a  ravine,  beyond  which  the  land  bears  the  singular 
name  of  ApaTrtrj/s. 

From  the  stone  quarry  the  district  of  Damos  extends 
downwards  towards  Linaria,  forming  a  sort  of  Uiujula  of 
rock  jutting  out  into  the  plain  in  a  direction  Xorth-AVest  by^ 
8outh-East  :   on  each  side  is  a  ravine. 

On  this  isolated  tongue  of  land,  are  foundations  of  houses 
and  two  Hellenic  cisterns,  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock,  with 
steps  in  the  sides,  giving  access  to  the  water  at  the  bottom. 
The  ground  is  strewn  with  the  fragments  of  pottery  and 
}>ainted  stucco.  It  is  evident  that  here  stood  a  town  or 
village.  The  neck  of  this  little  peninsula  is  separated  from 
the  cemetery  and  the  quarry  by  an  Hellenic  wall,  the  foun- 
dations of  which  yet  remain.  The  other  cemetery  at 
Calymnos  lies  between  the  modern  town  and  the  harbour 
Pothia,  nearly  opposite  the  mcdiiDval  castle  called  Tera 
Castro,  and  at  the  foot  of  the  range  of  hills  which  has  been 
already  described  as  crossing  the  island  in  a  direction  from 
Korth-West  to  South-East.  The  general  character  of  the 
gnjund  in  this  cemetery  is  analogous  to  that  of  Damos. 
Where  the  rock  rises  above  the  surfiice,  it  has  been  (|uaiiic'd 
away  for  building  ])urposes.  Here,  a  year  or  two  brfore  my 
final  visit,  grc'it  (|uaiitities  of  gold  ornaments  wei'e  discovered 
in  tombs,  wliidi  l;iy  in  one  lino  in  several  contiguous 
ficMs.  It  was  ol>served,  that  the  jiroprietor  of  part  of  this 
Califoniian  teiritory  made  iie(|uent  unc.xjtlaincd  voyages  to 
Smvrna.  .'iiid  aid  r  a  lini(»  sudilcniy  cinci-iiccl  (Voin  extreme 
j)ove!ty  to  conijiaratiN*!  com|)etence.  In  (hii-  course,  llu; 
mystery  of  his  wcahli  became  known.  lie  had  founil 
toml)S  in  liis  liejil  containing  gold  oi-nanienis  :  lie  kejiL  jiis 
own  counsel,  and  taking  advaiilagc;  of  the  season  when 
nearly  all  lh(;  mak;  population  of  Calymnos  pei'iodically  (piit 
the  island  loi-   the  sponge  fishery,  he  explored  not  only  his 


EXCAVATIONS  AT  CALYMNOS.  17 

own,  but  his  neighbours'  fields,  to  which  ho  appears  to  have 
been  nimium  vicinus.  I  w^as  assured  tliat  a  great  variety  of 
earrings  and  other  gokl  ornaments  Avere  found  in  tliese 
fiekls  ;  the  greater  part  were,  I  beheve,  sold  at  Smyrna  and 
are  now  dispersed.  I  purchased  one  specimen  at  Calymnos. 
It  was  an  earring,  fashioned  in  the  form  of  one  of  the  Basili- 
cata  vases  of  the  late  epoch.  Traces  of  a  vitreous  paste  w^ere 
observable  in  the  interstices  of  the  ornaments.  M.  le  Comte 
De  la  Borde  was,  I  believe,  the  first  to  point  out  the  fact, 
that  the  gold  ornaments  of  the  Greeks  were  originally 
filled  with  vitreous  pastes.  Such  is  the  case  with  several 
magnificent  necklaces  found  at  IMelos,  two  of  which  have 
been  published  by  M.  De  la  Borde,  the  third  is  in  the  pos- 
session of  Mr.  John  jMaltass,  of  Smyrna.  The  tombs  in  this 
cemetery  were  differently  constructed  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  soil.  Some  were  cut  out  of  the  rock,  others 
built  of  squared  freestone  blocks,  forming  stone  vaults  in  a 
soil  of  deep  sand.  In  one  instance,  a  coffin  made  of  thick 
clay  was  found,  it  w^as  moulded  into  a  form  like  a  slipper- 
bath.  Perhaps  these  were  the  kind  of  coffins  called  by  the 
ancients  "rni^koi. 

Many  members  of  the  Archaeological  Institute  will  recol- 
lect the  "red  grave"  made  of  clay,  discovered  at  Aldborough, 
and  examined  on  the  occasion  of"  the  York  Meeting.^ 

Just  at  the  time  of  my  visit  to  Calymnos,  some  interesting 
inscriptions  had  been  discovered  in  excavations  on  the  site 
of  the  ancient  temple  of  Apollo,  where  the  church  of 
Christos  now  stands.  They  contained  records  of  the  Manu- 
mission of  slaves  in  the  time  of  the  Roman  empire.  An 
examination  of  the  spot  led  me  to  the  conclusion,  that 
further  excavation  here  would  be  worth  undertakino-. 

Various  other  sites  wdiich  had  yielded  antiquities  were 
pointed  out  to  me  in  the  island,  and  it  appeared  to  me  that 
Calymnos,  in  proportion  to  its  geographical  extent,  presented 
a  greater  number  of  promising  spots  for  excavation,  than 
any  island  I  had  yet  visited. 

I  took  an  early  opportunity  of  submitting  my  views  on 
this  subject  to  Her  Majesty's  Ambassador  at  Constantinople, 
Lord  Stratford  De  Ivcdoliffe.  In  mentioninfj;  that  name 
so  long  associated  with  our   most  importnnt  archacoloo-ical 

■'  Figurcil  in  Mr.  H.  Ecroyd  Smith's  Reliquirc  Isuriaire,  p1.  \. 

VOL.  xni.  D 


18  EXCAVATIONS  AT  CALYMNOS. 

discoveries  in  the  East,  it  is  scarcely  necessary  for  me  to  add 
how  deeply  we  are  indebted  to  Lord  Stratford  for  those 
inestimable  acquisitions,  the  L^'cian,  Budrum,  and  Assyrian 
antiquities,  by  which  the  British  Museum  has  been  of  late 
years  enriched. 

Immediately  on  receiving  my  report  on  Cal3minos,  Lord 
Stratford,  with  that  promptitude  and  liberality  with  which 
he  has  ever  promoted  archaeological  enterprise,  obtained  the 
necessar}^  firman  from  the  Porte  to  enable  me  to  excavate, 
and  placed  ample  funds  at  my  disposal.  With  these  means 
I  set  to  work  in  Kovember,  1854. 

All  the  ground  where  I  wished  to  excavate  being  private 
property,  cut  up  into  small  holdings,  I  met  with  some  diffi- 
culties and  delays  in  obtaining  from  the  proprietors  the 
permission  to  dig.  To  avoid  endless  negotiations,  it  was 
necessary  for  me  to  choose  my  ground  rather  where  the 
contract  Tvould  be  most  readily  concluded,  than  where  the 
prospects  of  discovery  were  most  promising.  Hence  it  was 
impossil)le  to  explore  the  whole  locality  in  as  methodical  a 
manner  as  I  could  have  wished. 

I  shall  now  proceed  to  give  an  account  of  what  I  found. 
The  first  grave  I  opened  was  in  the  field  containing  the 
ancient  stone  quarry  and  rock  tombs.  This  grave  was  cut 
in  the  rocky  subsoil,  about  4  feet  5  inches  below  the  present 
surface,  and  w.'is  covere(l  Avith  a  stone  lid  in  two  pieces,  on 
removing  wliicli  appcai-ed  tlie  bones  in  very  fair  preservation. 
Tlic  head  was  placed  nearly  to  the  east.  At  the  feet  was 
a  vase  of  coarse  drab-coloured  ware  unvarnished,  and  a 
plain  lamp  ;  upon  the  centre  of  the  body  a  glass  cup  or 
basin,  of  elegant  (diiii. 

On  sifting  the  earth  about  the  head,  a  small  silver  coin 
was  found,  which  bad  (hjiibtless  been  placed  in  llio  month  as 
a  vavKov  or  davaK-i],^  to  pay  Charon  with.  1(  jh'ovcmI  t<^  ])o 
an  unedited  coin  of  1  l;ilic;ii'nassus,  with  a.  new  nmgistrate's 
name.  Jn  tht;  inxt  llrM,  to  Iho  sonlh,  I  fonnd  another 
grave,  containing  similar  coinnmn  |)ottery,  ainl  .-i  cup  of  very 
thick  well-preserved  glass  ;  in  the  next,  in  Ihesanie  direction, 
ancjther  kind  of  internient  presented  itself  ;  this  was  a  grave 
lined  with  large  square  tiles  wilh  ll.mL^cd  eilgcs,  ;i!id  covered 
with  a  stone.  Onlside  the  tiles  were  two  r(»ws  of  deej)  cups 
plac(.'(l  one  within  tiie  other,  and  lying  hori/ontally  on  their 
sides.     This  grave  contained  many  vases,   all    broken,  two 


EXCAVATIONS    AT   CALYMNOS.  19 

coarse  terra-cotta  bas-reliefs,  a  silver  ring,  two  silver  fibula?, 
of  very  ordinary  workmanship,  a  large  chalcedon,  polished 
for  engraving,  and  a  copper  coin  as  vavXov.  There  were 
layers  of  shingle  inside. 

I  found  in  this  field  a  whole  cluster  of  graves,  the  bearings 
of  which  evidently  followed  no  fixed  rules.  Thus  one  was 
E.s.E.  by  W.N.W.,  head  to  e.  Another  n.  by  s.,  head  to  s.  A 
third,  N.  by  s.,  head  to  N.  I  next  tried  the  field  where  the 
celebrated  discovery  of  gold  ornaments  described  by  Ross 
had  taken  place.  This  locality  I  shall  call  after  the  name 
of  the  proprietor,  the  field  of  Janni  Sconi.  Here  I  found  a 
number  of  graves  with  vases  of  rather  a  more  interesting 
character,  but  no  gold,  except  one  small  fragment.  In  this 
field  the  vases  were  found  imbedded  in  the  earth,  with  two 
or  three  rough  slabs  placed  over  them,  but  no  regular  cofiin- 
lids.  There  were  no  remains  of  bones.  In  one  grave, 
evidently  of  a  female,  I  found  a  small  marble  pyans,  with 
traces  of  colour  on  the  outside  ;  it  resembles  one  found  by 
Mr.  Bui-gon  in  an  Athenian  tomb,  and  now  in  the  British 
Museum  ;  in  another,  I  found  a  lamp  on  which  was  painted 
the  head  of  Leda  with  the  swan. 

In  the  soil,  when  sifted,  were  found  some  beads  of  a  silver 
necklace,  a  silver  fibula  of  very  ordinary  w^orkmanship,  and 
some  small  beads,  which  I  believe  to  be  pearls.  This  grave 
also  contained  a  large  two-handled  cup,  of  black  ware,  a 
lamp,  two  vases  with  covers,  and  a  lekane  with  a  cover. 
All  these  objects  were  found  about  two  feet  below  the  surface. 
I  opened  seven  other  graves  in  this  field,  several  of  which 
were  very  small,  and  apparently  intended  for  children.  One 
contained  a  terra-cotta  bas-relief,  representing  two  female 
figures  bidding  farewell  to  each  other.  The  material  and 
execution  of  this  bas-relief  were  very  ordinary  ;  it  was  so 
imbedded  in  the  earth  that  I  could  only  remove  it  piece- 
meal.    Such  terra-cotta  works  are  common  in  Greek  tombs. 

The  contents  of  the  tombs  which  I  had  hitherto  examined 
presented  a  great  sameness,  containing  always  the  same 
coarse  pottery.  In  one  instance  I  found  a  cup  of  late  black 
ware,  ornamented  with  Dionysian  figures  in  relief,  in  the 
style  of  the  Basilicata  vases.  In  one  of  the  graves  in  the 
same  field  where  I  had  found  the  tile  tomb  I  recognised  a 
mode  of  interment  which  I  have  observed  elsewhere.  The 
body  which,  it  may  be  presumed,  had  been  burnt,  is  placed 


~0  EXCAVATIO>'S    AT    CALYMNOS. 

in  a  large  caitlicii  jar,  such  as  is  still  used  in  Greek  houses 
instead  of  a  cistern  to  hold  water,  and  is  called  in  modern 
Greek,  Cupa.  AVith  the  bones  are  j^laced  lamjis,  small  vases, 
and  other  sepulchral  objects  ;  the  jar  is  laid  horizontally  in 
the  ground,  and  its  mouth  closed  by  a  flat  stone.  About 
two  years  ago  I  took  part  in  an  excavation  near  llenkoi  in 
the  Troad,  where  great  numbers  of  these  jars  were  found  in 
an  Hellenic  cemetery,  lying  very  near  each  other,  at  about 
three  feet  below  the  surface.  1  have  also  noticed  the  same 
mode  of  interment  in  llhodes,  ]\[ytilene,  and  Crete,  and  Mr, 
Finlay  has  met  with  similar  sepulchral  crocks  on  his  estate 
in  Attica.  These  jars  are  often  found  broken,  the  fractured 
edges  having  been  anciently  riveted  with  lead.  I  have  not  at 
hand  l^tackelberg's  "Griiber  d.  Griechcn,"'  nor  any  other  work 
on  ancient  sepulture,  to  refer  to,  and  therefore  am  not  awai"e 
whether  this  mode  of  interment  in  jars  has  been  described 
elsewhere.  I  do  not  know  whether  it  has  been  already 
remarked  that  the  discovery  of  these  sepulchral  jars  settles  a 
disputed  reading  in  Pliny,  who  i-emarks  in  his  account  of 
j)ottery,  Kat.  Hist.,  xxxv.  c.  4G,  "  Quin  et  defunctos  sese 
multi  iictilibus  doUis  condi  maluere,"  where  Harduin  reads, 
solris.  AVhat  we  call  the  tub  of  Diogenes  Avas  not  a  tub  at 
all,  but  an  earthen  jar,  pithos,  of  the  kind  used  in  se])uli,ure, 
l)iit  on  a  lai-ger  scale. 

Another  of  the  graves  in  the  same  field  contained  a 
number  of  broad-headed  iron  nail-heads,  and  a  bron/e  ai'row- 
head.  The  nails  may  .have  served  to  rivet  a  wooden  cofhn, 
^"/"'«^,  since  decayed. 

After  these  ti'ials  of  the  grouiul  south  dftlie  stone  (|uarry, 
]  ri  turned  to  the  rocky  })ai't  of  ])amos,  and  tricil  a  iirld 
adjoiiiiiiii;  the  j)eninsula  or  tongue  of  land,  where,  as  J  have 
ah'cady  noticed,  an  ancient  town  nuist  have  stood. 

Across  the  neck  of  tlic  peninsula  I  observed  the  founda- 
tions of  a  wall  i-inining  North  and  South  Ix'twecn  tlie  two 
ravines.  This  wall  I  laid  baix;  throughout  its  whole  length. 
It  is  about  seven  feet  wide,  vei-y  solidly  r;i((il  with  .s(iuared 
blocks  on  each  side,  the  centre  heing  lilh'd  up  with  unhewn 
stones.  The  blocks  were  of  considnablc  si/c.  the  lai'gest  ahoul 
4  feet  long,  by  2  feet  5  inches  wi<le.  The  stone  appears  to 
liave  been  cut  from  th(!  adjacent  (piarry.  This  wall  may  be 
continuously  traced  lor  ahout  HiJ  feet.  At  the  distance  of 
al>out  fifty-three  feet  from   its  JSouthcin   e.xticiuily  it  throws 


EXCAVATIONS    AT    CALYMXOS.  21 

out  a  square  tower,  probably  intended  to  protect  a  gateway. 
On  the  East  side  of  this  wall  I  dug  down  to  the  ancient 
surface  of  the  soil,  and  found  it  strewii  with  fragments  of  red 
coarse  pottery,  for  the  distance  of  some  yards.  The  depths 
at  Avhicli  this  stratum  of  pottery  occurred  varied  from  three 
to  eight  feet.  This  ancient  surface  had  been  covered  by  soil 
brouglit  down  by  the  rain,  to  which  the  wall  had  acted  as  a 
sort  of  dam.  Among  the  debris  I  found  three  handles  of 
llhodian  amphorce  inscribed  with  the  names  of  magistrates, 
three  grotesque  heads  in  terra-cotta,  which  had  formed 
handles  of  vases,  a  bronze  fish-hook,  part  of  a  terra-cotta 
figure,  and  portions  of  stucco  from  the  walls  of  Greek  houses. 
I  take  this  opportunity  of  mentioning  that  it  is  a  matter  of 
great  interest  to  note  the  localities  where  the  handles  of 
Ixhodian  amphora  inscribed  with  magistrates'  names  are 
found.  Mr.  Stoddart  has  shown,  in  an  interesting  paper 
published  by  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  how  much 
light  may  be  thrown  on  the  history  of  ancient  commerce 
in  the  Mediterranean  by  the  collection  of  these  handles. 

Having  now  established  the  position  of  the  city  wall,  I 
naturally  looked  for  tombs  in  its  immediate  vicinity.  About 
100  3'ards  East  of  the  wall,  in  the  same  field,  there  is  a  kind 
of  natural  platform  of  rock.  Examining  this  attentively',  I 
found  several  tombs  very  neatly  cut  in  the  bed  of  the  rock, 
and  closed  by  large  stone  lids.  In  one  instance  a  square 
aperture,  like  a  tank,  had  been  cut  out  of  the  rock,  at  the 
bottom  of  which  were  two  graves,  placed  side  by  side.  The 
dimensions  of  these  graves  were  larger  than  any  which  I  had 
discovered.  One  measured  in  length  6  ft.  10  in.,  width 
1  ft.  6  in.,  depth  1  ft.  3  in.  On  each  side  of  the  grave  was 
a  ridge,  or  step,  cut  out  of  the  rock. 

The  lids  were  monolithic,  and  slightly  ridged,  thus. 
The  dimensions  of  the  two  graves  sunk  in  the 
square  cutting,  wei'C  as  follows  : — Depth  from 
surface  of  the  rock  above  to  bottom  of  the  ffrave,  5  ft. 
5  in.  ;  depth  of  grave  itself,  2  ft.  4  in. ;  width,  2  ft.  2  in. ; 
length,  G  ft.  4  in.  These  graves,  though  very  promising  in 
appearance,  from  their  solidity  and  neatness,  yielded  only 
very  ordinary  pottery.  On  the  Northern  side  of  the  same 
rocky  platform  I  observed  a  square  opening,  like  a  doorway 
cut  through  the  rock,  at  the  edge  of  the  platform. 

The  sides  of  this  opening  had  been  lined  with  cement  in 


22  EXCAVATIONS    AT    CALYMNOS. 

"wliicli  were  fragments  of  tiles.  The  entrance  ^yas  blocked 
up  ^Titll  earth,  but  one  of  my  workmen  discovered  a  small 
hole  through  which  he  thrust  the  handle  of  his  spade  to  a 
considerable  depth.  I  therefore  had  the  earth  removed, 
behind  Nvhich  I  discovered  the  entrance  to  a  natural  cavern, 
carefully  walled  up.  Kemoving  the  wall,  I  found  the  cavern 
full  of  earth,  the  whole  of  which  I  caused  to  be  removed  and 
sifted.  After  clearing  away  the  soil,  I  found  three  small 
graves  cut  out  of  the  rocky  bottom  of  the  cavern,  side  by 
side.  The  cave  itself  was  about  3  ft.  10  in.  high,  and  8  ft. 
by  7  ft.  4  in.  in  area.  The  graves  measured  in  length  5  ft. 
4  in.,  de])th  1  ft.  7  in.,  width  1  ft.  4  in.  They  were  filled 
with  earth  and  stones,  and  had  apparently  been  disturbed. 
They  contained  fragments  of  bones,  of  glass  vessels,  and  of 
ordinary  red  pottery,  a  small  glass  bead,  and  two  fragments 
of  ornaments  in  thin  beaten  gold.  In  one  grave  wTre  two 
copper  coins,  one  of  which  proved  to  be  an  unedited  coin  of 
Cos,  struck  in  the  reign  of  Caracalla.  Altogether,  the  contents 
of  these  graves  showed  them  to  be  Roman  rather  than 
Greek.  Another  similar  cavern,  noticed  by  lloss,  was  disco- 
vered in  Calynmos,  some  years  ago,  about  half  a  mile  w.  of 
the  one  opened  by  me.  After  exploring  this  field,  I  next 
examined  one  immediately  to  the  East  of  it,  and  separated 
from  the  tract  called  Drapetes  by  a  ravine.  Here  1  found 
two  tank-like  square  a])ertures,  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock, 
side  by  side,  at  the  bottom  of  each  of  which  were  two  graves. 
These  pits  were  filled  willi  earth  up  to  the  surface  of  the 
field,  so  as  completely  to  conceal  the  tombs.  In  one  j)it  the 
lids  of  the  graves  were  monolitliic,  and  very  large.  One 
measured,  in  length,  (I  ft.  S  in.,  widili  1  It.  s  in.,  (U'pth  I  it, 
8  in.  In  two  graves,  side  \>y  side,  the  Jieads  were  j)laced  in 
o))posite  directions  ;  in  one  case,  towards  the  East  ;  in  the 
other,  towards  the  West.  Tlic  bones  were  exceedingly  large. 
In  the  grave  where  the  head  lay  to  the  East,  the  thigh-bones 
were  found  close  to  the  head,  a  cup  at  the  other  end  ;  in  the 
other  grave  the  cup  was  .'it  the  feet.  In  removing  the  cartli 
out  of  these  Jiits,  j>ai(  <>\'  ;i  lound  allai",  coarsely  cut  out  of 
the  ordinary  stone  (jf  iIk;  lieM,  was  lounil  ;  also  a  fragment 
of  ni;irl>le,  apj)arently,  the  leg  of  a  stahic,  but  too  nnicli 
decayed  to  l)e  int(;lligible.  ^fhese  may  be  tlie  relics  of  an 
altar  and  a  statue  j)laced  over  the  graves,  in  the  second 
l»it  the  graves  were  smaller,  measuring  in  length,  5  it.  7  in., 


EXCAVATIONS    AT    CALYMNOS.  23 

■width  1  ft.  8  ill.,  depth  1  ft.  8  in.  These  two  graves  were 
probably  of  women  ;  one  of  them  contained  fragments  of  a 
square  bronze  mirror,  a  bhie  glass  bead,  three  copper  coins, 
and  a  small  Ichjthos  of  red  earth. 

I  had  now  opened  about  forty  graves,  and  tried  the  ceme- 
tery of  Damos  in  various  places.  My  excavations  extended 
over  a  strip  of  land  half  a  mile  in  extent.  The  very 
ordinary  character  of  the  vases  and  other  objects  which  I 
had  discovered,  convinced  me  that  I  had  as  yet  only  met 
with  the  graves  of  the  poorer  classes. 

It  may  be  as  well  to  note  here  some  general  facts,  the 
result  of  my  researches  up  to  this  point.  1.  The  pottery  was 
all  of  a  late  period,  i.  c,  from  B.C.  330  to  B.C.  150.  The  forms 
of  the  cups  and  vases  were  deficient  in  elegance.  The  best 
were  those  covered  with  a  black  varnish,  but  this  had  not 
been  able  to  resist  the  action  of  the  soil  and  weather  like  the 
older  varnishes.  The  other  varieties  w^ere  a  bright-red  ware, 
and  an  unpaintcd  drab  ware.  In  only  two  instances  did  I  find 
any  subject  or  ornament  painted  on  a  vase.  2.  A  great  number 
of  the  graves  contained  a  vavXov,  nearly  always  a  copper  coin. 
3.  Except  in  three  or  four  cases  which  I  have  already  noted, 
there  was  no  trace  of  bones  in  the  graves.  4.  The  depth  at 
which  the  graves  were  found  was  from  3  to  4  feet  on  an 
average.  They  were  cut  in  the  bed  of  the  rock,  or  rocky 
subsoil.  The  labourers  whom  I  employed  distinguished  this 
rocky  subsoil  by  the  name  of  AvpcKo.  They  never  consi- 
dered it  worth  while  to  dig  through  it.  I  was  at  first 
under  the  impression  that  the  older  graves  might  be  in  a 
lower  stratum,  but,  though  I  sometimes  went  deeper,  never 
succeeded  in  finding  any.  5.  Very  commonly  a  lamp 
or  cup  would  be  found  in  the  soil,  a  few  inches  distant 
from  the  side  of  the  grave.  These  were  doubtless  left 
there  by  relations,  who  came  to  bring  offerings,  x^as  or 
ivayLfTfxara.  In  the  pictures  on  vases  representing  Heroa, 
or  architectural  tombs,  rows  of  these  cups  or  vases  are 
seen  on  the  steps  of  the  tomb,  at  which  female  figures  are 
seen  offering  Hbations.  The  visit  of  Elcctra  at  the  tomb  of 
her  father  was  a  favourite  subject  with  ancient  vase-painters, 
because  it  was  in  harmony  with  the  sepulchral  purpose  of 
the  vase  itself  To  this  day  the  Greek  peasant  does  not 
forget  to  make  periodical  visits  to  the  tombs  of  relations, 
and  on  Saturday  evenings,  at  Calymnos,  as  T  returned  from 


21  EXCAVATIONS  AT  CALYMXOS. 

my  diggings  in  the  cemetery  of  the  ancient  Calymniotes,  I 
never  faileil  to  meet  a  procession  of  peasant  women  on 
tlieir  way  to  the  churcliyard,  bearing  in  their  hands,  not 
indeed  the  oinochoe  and  the  Uhi/thus,  but  a  small  tin  can 
of  oil  to  replenish  the  lamps  ^Yhich  they  keep  ever 
burning  in  the  tombs,  and  a  censer  containing  burning 
incense.  Many  of  the  funeral  customs  of  antiquity  are  still 
extant  among  the  Greek  peasantry,  and  should  be  recorded, 
before  they  disappear.  The  present  Archbishop  of  ]\[ytilene 
told  mo  that  in  Macedonia  the  peasants  are  in  the  habit  of 
placing  a  iav\ov  in  the  mouth  of  the  dead.  Wishing  to  put 
a  stop  to  this  relic  of  paganism,  he  explained  to  them  that 
the  coin  they  used  for  tlie  purpose  being  a  Turkish  para,  and 
containing  a  quotation  from  the  Koran,  was  quite  unfit  to  be 
employed  in  Christian  burial.  lie  also  mentioned  to  me  that 
one  day  he  saw  a  poor  widow  place  a  quince  in  the  bosom  of 
tlie  corpse  of  a  young  boy,  as  it  lay  on  a  bier  in  the  cluu'ch, 
awaiting  interment.  He  asked  the  meaning  of  this,  and  was 
told  that  she  wished  to  convey  the  quince  to  a  son  of  her 
own  wlio  had  died  some  months  before,  and  had  thought  of 
this  ukmIc  of  transmitting  it  to  him  ! 

As  the  Danios  had  proved  so  mq)ronii.sing,  I  determined 
to  explore  a  new  locality — the  site  and  precinct  of  tlio  temple 
of  Apollo.  I  liave  ah'cady  mentioned  that  tlic  small  church 
of  Christos  is  built  on  tlie  actual  site  of  this  temple,  and  in  a 
great  measure  out  of  its  materials. 

The  situation  of  this  church  may  be  seen  marked  in  Ross's 
maj>.  It  is  situated  about  half-way  Ijetweeu  the  harl)0ur  of 
I'olliia  and  hinaria,  on  the  outskirt  of  Damos,  on  tlie 
South,  and  al.ioiiL  a  (juartrr  of  a  mile  iVom  tlic  modern 
town. 

At  this  Sj)ot  the  ciiUivatcil  Imid  l3ing  between  the  two 
seas  is  nan-owed  by  tlie  hills  on  each  side,  so  as  to  foi-m  a 
kind  of  neck  connrcting  tli(!  valley  of  Linaria,  on  tlio  West, 
with  that  of  Tothia,  on  the  ]*];ist.  In  V(»l.  ii.  of  Ross,  p.  !!)(!, 
will  be  found  a  ground-plan  lA'  (.Ik;  church  nf  Christos,  show- 
ing the  aj)sidal  formation  of  its  J^]ast  (Mid,  which  is  built  of 
ilell'iiic  blocks  with  archilcctural  oniamcnts,  which  Ross 
considers  to  be  of  the  .M.-iccilduirui  iiciioij.  In  (he  space  in 
front  of  the  W(,'st  door  a  < 'oiinihiaii  coliunn  is  .slill  strmdinL';. 
lioHS  was  iiifoi'med  that  tliei'o  were  pcisoiis  at  Calymnos  who 
remember  eight  of  these   colnnuis   in   ;i    row,  [trolonging  tlie 


I 


EXCAVATIONS    AT   CALYMNOS. 


25 


line  of  the  west  wall  of  the  church.  On  the  South  side  of 
Christos  is  the  smaller  church  rvjs  'Tiraiiovrjs,  attached  to  it 
hke  an  aisle. 

I  commenced  digging  in  a  field  at  the  back  of  the 
church.  After  a  time  I  discovered  the  foundations  of 
two  walls  of  Hellenic  masonry,  running  from  North-West 
to  South-East,  and  forming  three  chambers  as  shewn  by 
the  annexed  plan.  These  foundations  were  from  7  to  8 
feet  below  the  surface. 

The  wall  A  B  appears  to  be  nearly  on  the  same  line  with 
the  south  wall  of  the  church  of  Hypakoe.  It  was  com- 
posed of  two  courses  of  large  squared  blocks.  The  upper 
blocks  were  3  feet  10  inches  long,  by  1  foot  10  inches  deep 
and  1  foot  8  inches  wide.  The  blocks  of  the  lower  wall 
were  3  feet  long,  by  1  foot  2  inches  deep.  The  distance 
from  A  to  B  is  about  44  feet ;  the  width  from  A  to  c,  12  feet 


h..:.^.H 


■        ■        |t^.=^ 


20  30  Fcst 


4  inches.  The  space  marked  by  the  walls  A,  b,  c,  d,  was  paved 
with  rough  stones  as  if  it  had  formed  a  court.  I  had  these 
stones  removed,  one  by  one,  with  great  care.  In  the  inter- 
stices were  found  many  Greek  coins,  bronze  arrow-heads, 
glass  astragali,  small  glass  counters  of  different  colours, 
bone  hair-pins  and  other  small  objects  such  as  might 
naturally  have  been  dropped  there  from  time  to  time.  At  F 
I  found  under  the  pavement  a  Greek  sword-handle  of  bronze 
in  the  form  of  a  gryphon's  head,  in  a  very  fine  style  of  art. 
The  sockets  for  the  eyes  were  empty.     They  had  once  pro- 


VOL.  XUI. 


26  EXCAVATIONS    AT    CALYMNOS. 

bably  contained  precious  stones   w  sonic  vitreous  composi- 
tion.    Hence  Virgil's  expression  : — 

'•  StcUatus  iaspklo  fiilvo 
Ensis." 

I  Jo  not  remember  ever  to  Imve  seen  so  fine  a  specimen 
of  a  sword-handle  as  this  one.     The  smaller  chamber,  E, 
was  about  11  feet  2  inches  b}'  14  feet  10  inches.     The  pave- 
ment was  like  that  of  the  larger  chamber,  but  raised  about 
10  inches  above  it.     At  n  was  a  doorway  with  the  stone 
sockets  for   the  hinge  and  the   bolt,  and   a   window  about 
G  inches  wide.     The  third  chamber,  marked  G,   branches 
out  from  the  long  chamber,  in  a  south-west  direction.     It 
terminates  in  an  apse  ;  its  length,  the  apse  ii,  included,  is  IS 
feet  ;  its  width  from   14  feet  8  inches.     The  semicircular 
end,    and    one    side     of  the    chamber,    were    paved   with 
large  squared  blocks  very  hrnily  fitted  together ;  on  remov- 
ing which,   I  found  a  second    pavement  of  similar  blocks. 
Between    the  interstices   of  the   upper   pavement   I  found 
several    cupper    cuius,    arrow-heads,    and    glass    (i6tra(/(i//. 
Beyond  iliis  chamber  are  foundations  of  other  Hellenic  walls 
stretching  far  to  the  south-west  from  the  angle  i,  K.     These 
I  liad  not  time  to  explore   fully.     I  now  tried  other  j)arts  of 
tills   licM,    and    soon    came   to    foundations   of   a    dillerent 
character.      They  were   evidently  lUv.antine,  and  contained 
fragments  of  Greek  insci-ij)tioiis.      Among  these  foundations 
I  came   upnn    Uyzaiitine    coins   and    bronze   ornaments,    in 
which  I  recognised  a  strong  famil}^  likeness  to  some  of  our 
»Saxon    anti(|uities.     A    little    further    examination    of    this 
field,  and  one  adjacent   to  it,  enabled  me  to  account  for  the 
presence    of  these   anti(jnities.     Some    time  in    the    j\Iiddle 
Ages,  perha])S  about    the  XlVth  century,  two  large  monas- 
teries wei-e    built   on    the   site    of  the  Ti'ni]»lr  of  Apollo  and 
out  of  its  remains.      Time  had  in    turn   destroyed  the   work 
of  the   Byzantine    all    but    the    clinichcs   of     Christos   and 
IlviJakoe,  themselves  the  i-enmants  (•!' a  nnidi  larizcr  clinich. 
After    ill'-   bnildings   li;i<l    been    r;i/cd    ncai-ly  to  {\\v.  ground, 
the   .soli    brought   down    by  tlic  inonni.iin -torrents  gi-adu,'illy 
filled    up    the   interstices    of  the    foinid.iliuns    nil    die   lield 
iLSsunied  a  level   surface. 

ConlinuiiiL';    to    find   lra:i,iiients  of  sculplure  .-iiid    insci-ip- 
tions    ill    llie-.e    walls,   1   dug,   in    hope,    on    (mi-    many   days 


EXCAVATIONS   AT   CALYMNOS.  27 

remembering  how  the  precious  fragments  of  the  Temple 
of  Victory  on  the  Acropoh's  at  Athens  were  found  in 
tlic  centre  of  a  Turkish  bastion.  The  labour  of  this  work 
of  demolition  was  very  considerable.  "  It  would  require," 
said  one  of  my  Greek  workmen,  unconscious  that  he  was 
employing  an  Homeric  metaphor,  "  it  would  require  a 
brazen  man  with  iron  hands,"  eVa  ^i-naKi^pivov  avOpuiixov  ^ik 
(TLhi'ipiva  x^pia,  "to  break  through  these  walLs."  In  this  manner 
t  got  together  a  great  number  of  fragments  of  inscriptions, 
and  some  very  small  pieces  of  statues,  evidently  of  a  very 
good  time.  After  I  had  bestowed  a  certain  number  of  days 
on  the  fields  at  the  back  of  the  church,  I  commenced  digging 
in  the  front  of  it,  where  the  ground  slopes  down  towards 
two  wells.  I  thought  it  probable  that  the  Opisthodomos, 
or  back  chamber  of  the  temple  would  be  at  its  Western 
extremity,  on  the  side  where  the  present  entrance  to  the 
church  is,  and  that  as  the  ground  slopes  towards  the  wells, 
some  relics  of  the  temple  would  be  found  in  the  soil  of  this 
declivity.  I  was  not  altogether  disappointed  in  this  hope. 
A  few  feet  below  the  surface  I  came  upon  an  ancient  paved 
road,  which  had  led  evidently  from  the  wells  to  the  temple. 
I  removed  each  stone  of  the  pavement  very  carefully,  and 
thus  found  a  great  number  of  Greek  copper  coins,  several  of 
which  were  from  distant  places,  such  as  Miletus,  Sigeum  in 
the  Troad,  Macedonia.  These  were  probably  dropped  by 
strangers  who  visited  the  temple.  I  also  found  a  netting- 
needle  and  other  small  objects  in  bronze,  and  such  a  number 
of  bronze  arrow-heads  as  to  lead  me  to  suppose  that  a 
shower  of  arrows  had  fallen  here.  The  points  of  some  of 
them  were  blunted.  Along  the  side  of  the  road  were  traces 
of  an  ancient  watercourse,  in  the  bed  of  which  I  found  two 
or  three  interesting  terra-cotta  reliefs ;  and  higher  up  the 
slope  the  tooth  of  a  horse,  or  some  graminivorous  animal, 
bound  with  a  bronze  loop  by  which  it  had  once  been  sus- 
pended ;  a  tress  of  hair  in  bronze ;  a  colossal  thumb  in 
marble  ;  all  these  had  evidently  been  votive  objects  offered 
in  the  temple.  In  the  upper  part  of  the  field  I  found  some 
interesting  fragments  of  sculpture ;  a  male  head  in  the 
i'Eginetan  style,  but  greatly  defaced  ;  part  of  the  thigh  and 
knee  of  a  draped  colossal  male  figure  in  a  very  grand  style, 
and  the  body  of  a  female  statuette,  perhaps  a  Venus  tying 
her  sandal.     I  also  found  here  a  stone  which  had  formed 


28 


EXCAVATIONS    AT    CALYMNOS. 


one  corner  of  a  pediment,  doubtless  from  the  temple — of 
this  I  subjoin  a  rough  measurement.  (See  woodcut.)  At 
the  top  of  this  field,  on  the  south  side  of  the  temple,  and 
in  a  direct  line  with  the  Hellenic  foundations  at  the  back 
of  the  church,  which  I  have  already  described,  I  came  upon 
the  angle  of  another  Hellenic  building  very  solidly  con- 
structed of  squared  blocks.  I  had  so  much  to  explore  else- 
where, that  I  was  unable  to  ascertain  the  further  direction  of 
these  walls.  Within  the  angle  the  building  was  not  paved  ;  I 
found  no  antiquities  except  a  large  ball  of  lead,  too  heavy  to 
have  been  used  in  a  sphcEristerium. 

I  regret  that  my  limited  time  and  means  did  not  permit 
me  to   complete  the  excavation  of  this  building,  which,  I 


have  little  doubt,  furmetl  llio  urmination  of  a  scries  ot 
chambers  extending  along  the  whole  south  side  of  the 
temple,  and  beyond  it  to  the  Hellenic  foundations  in  the 
u])})er  field  which  I  have  already  described.  I  now  deter- 
mined to  explore  the  field  in  which  the  church  itself  stood. 
About  half  of  this,  immediately  west  of  the  churcli,  liad 
been  dug  over  last  year,  when  the  niscriptions  relating  to 
the  Manumission  of  slaves  liad  been  fouml.  J  commc'iu'ed 
digging  nearly  oj)posite  the  South-West  angle  of  the  cliurcli 
where  the  column  stands,  and  dug  across  the  field  northward 
ill  a  direction  jiarallel  to  the  West  wall  of  the  cliurcli.  1  was 
enabled  to  carry  my  excavations  within  al)out  \'l  feet  of  the 
western  wall.  I  found  liere  several  large  squares  of  marl)lc 
which  had  foniicd  part  of  the  original  basement  of  the 
temple,  ;ind  li.id  been  l;iii|  duwii  a  second  time  in  the 
liyzantiiio  church,  but  irregul;irly  ;  the  cIimsims  wliei-e  sl;il)S 
were  niissiiig,  being  filled  up  by  Abisaic  jKivemeiit.  The 
ui.ubic  squares  were  beautifully  j)olislied  and  wj'ought. 


EXCAVATIONS    AT    CALYMNOS.  29 

Among  these  squares  I  found,  built  into  Byzantine 
walls,  a  wrist  and  part  of  a  hand,  part  of  an  arm,  and  frag- 
ments of  two  feet  of  a  colossal  male  figure.  These  fragments 
all  appear  to  me  to  belong  to  the  same  colossal  statue  as  the 
knee  in  the  lower  field. 

They  are  in  the  finest  style  ;  the  portion  of  a  hand  is  quite 
worthy  of  Phidias  himself  Indeed,  I  have  never  seen  any 
fragment  so  entirely  in  the  style  of  the  Elgin  marbles  as  this. 
If  w^e  suppose  these  remains  to  belong  to  a  colossal  statue  of 
Apollo  himself  placed  in  the  va6s  of  his  temple,  the  position  in 
which  I  found  the  fragments  would  be  the  natural  place  to 
find  them  in,  supposing  the  statue  to  have  been  dragged 
from  its  base  and  broken  up  by  the  early  Christians.  The 
trunk  was  probably  pounded  into  small  pieces,  the  extremi- 
ties would  lie  where  they  first  fell  till  they  were  picked  up 
by  the  masons  and  incorporated  in  the  rubble  of  the  walls. 
I  dug  on  beyond  the  northern  wall  of  the  church,  and  found 
an  inscribed  stele  and  some  interesting  fragments  of  inscrip- 
tions and  sculptures. 

I  then  dug  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  field  a  narrow  strip, 
l^dng  south  of  the  church  of  H3q5akoe,  and  in  a  line  w^ith 
the  long  chamber  which  I  had  laid  bare  in  the  upper  field. 
Here  I  was  so  fortunate  as  to  find  four  very  well  preserved 
inscribed  sfelcE  l^ang  in  the  soil,  two  on  their  edges,  two  on 
their  sides,  like  books  just  taken  down  from  their  shelves. 
The  Byzantine  masons  must  have  left  these  slabs  here,  in- 
tending to  break  them  up  and  build  them  in  their  founda- 
tions. By  some  accident  tliey  were  forgotten  or  exempted 
from  the  common  destiny.  By  a  singular  chance,  I  began 
to  dig  under  the  roots  of  a  fig-tree  exactly  where  the  pro- 
prietor of  the  field  had  terminated  his  excavations  the  3'ear 
before.  He  had  desisted  from  digging,  out  of  regard  for  the 
roots  of  his  young  fig-tree.  Having  no  such  feeling,  I  excavated 
just  six  inches  below  his  mark,  and  so  found  a  most  inter- 
esting collection  of  decrees  of  the  Calymniote  people.  I 
continued  my  operations  along  the  outside  of  the  south 
wall  of  the  church,  and  found,  a  little  further  on,  a  very 
large  stele  covered  on  both  sides  with  a  deeply-cut  in- 
scription. This  marble  contains  the  record  of  a  trial 
between  the  people  of  Calymnos  and  the  heirs  of  a  certain 
Cleomedes.  The  sum  of  money  at  issue  is  very  con- 
siderable, being  no  less  than  300    talents,  about    73,125/. 


30  EXCAVATIONS   AT   CATA\MXOS. 

On  one  side  of  the  stele,  the  mode  of  procedure  in  the  trial  is 
set  forth,  with  the  form  of  the  oath  to  be  administered  to  the 
^vitnesses  ;  on  the  other  side  is  the  sentence,  which  is  decided 
b}'  a  court  of  Dicasts.  The  number  of  votes  for  the  plaintiff 
were  78,  for  the  defendant,  120.  In  the  case  of  some  of 
the  witnesses  who  resided  in  the  neighbouring  island  of  Cos, 
and  could  not  therefore  appear  in  court  at  Calymnos,  it  is 
ordered  that  their  depositions  be  taken  before  certain  magis- 
trates, prostata;  in  Cos,  and  sent  over  to  Calymnos,  sealed 
with  the  public  seal  of  the  people  of  Cos.  The  length  of 
time  for  the  pleadings  is  measured  by  the  klepsydra,  -ttotI 
Xoas ;  for  the  first  pleading  each  party  is  allowed  eighteen 
of  the  measures  called  x^o-h  for  the  second,  ten.  Such  a 
trial  Avas  technically  called  Sut)   irpbi  vbcop. 

It  is  a  point  of  some  interest  to  state  how  far  the  exca- 
vation to  the  West  of  the  church  has  thrown  light  on  the 
(piestion  as  to  the  extent  of  the  temple  in  this  direction — a 
])oint  which  Ross  thought  might  be  determined  by  digging. 
Unfortunately,  the  proprietor  of  the  field  had  anticipated 
me  as  far  as  regards  tlie  North  side  of  the  temple,  and  had 
here  destroyed  every  trace  of  foimdations  ;  but  on  the  South 
side  I  found  some  remains,  which  may  form  part  of  the  t\vo 
parallel  stylobates  or  walls. 

Immediately  in  front,  i.  e.,  West  of  the  single  column  still 
standing,  are  two  enormous  blocks.  One  of  these  measured 
'.i  it.  1  in.  by  2  ft.  5  in.  in  width,  and  1  ft.  f)  in.  in  dejitli.  On 
one  face  was  in  very  large  characters  MK<>k  \ii  ;  l)(>]()\v,  in 
smaller  characters,  [,\^,I|*iV,i;KNoT  ►^i^^c  by  side  with  this  was 
placed  a  second  block,  exten<ling  to  the  single  column. 
These  blocks  may  bo  j)art  of  the  stylobatc  still  remaining 
?'//  sif/L  South  of  this  r(nv,  at  the  distance  of  G  ft.  10  in.,  is 
a  parallel  row  of  blocks,  one  a  cube  of  .S  ft.,  next  to  it  a 
tlireshold  stone  :>  ft.  .0  in.  by  2  It.  loin.  This  apjicared  to 
be  the  threshold  stone  of  a  doorway  in  the  oi-iginal  (cniple. 
This  doo|-\vav  was  I  1  ft.  iHn.  to  the  AVcst  of  (he  single 
column.  Ill  ;:;i\ing  IIk-m'  ddails,  1  would  ;nl<l  ih.il  I  (liiiik  it 
floiibtlul  whether  any  jiorlioii  of  the  oii;;iiial  roiindations 
of  the  temple  remain  in  siln.  The  builders  of  [\w.  chinch  of 
Ciiristos  appear  to  have  disl(»cate(l  and  rudely  re-constructed 
;ill  that  they  found. 

I  w;is  iinabl(!  lo  <'arry  my  excavalioiis  any  further 
round    tln'    ehuich  (;!'  ("hristos.      Indeed,  the  site   could  not 


EXCAVATIONS   AT    CALYMNOS.  81 

have  been  thoroughly  explored  without  pulling  the  church 
down  and  making  a  careful  collation  of  all  the  archi- 
tectural fragments  and  inscriptions.  Many  of  these  have 
been  carried  awa}^  at  different  periods  to  supply  materials 
for  the  building  of  the  other  churches  in  the  island,  so  that 
the  investigation  would  not  be  complete  without  the  demoli- 
tion of  many  of  these  edifices.  I  have  made  a  small  collec- 
tion of  architectural  fragments  which  may  serve  to  show  the 
character  of  the  ornaments. 

The  excavations  on  this  site,  show  very  clearly  what  has 
been  the  fate  of  the  greater  part  of  the  Greek  temples  in 
the  Archipelago,  once  so  rich  in  the  works  of  the  great 
sculptors  of  antiquity. 

They  have  been  sacrificed  in  the  first  onslaught  of  Icono- 
clastic zeal.  Statues  of  matchless  beauty  have  been  broken 
up  into  small  fragments,  and  mixed  in  the  rubble  of  monastic 
walls.  Stelce,  containing  the  archives  of  many  an  ancient 
city,  have  been  remorselessly  imbedded  in  the  lowest  layers 
of  foundations,  or  inserted  in  pavements  on  wdiich,  through 
long  generations  of  fanaticism  and  ignorance,  the  dull  and 
listless  footstep  of  the  Byzantine  monk  has  gradually  trodden 
out  the  deeply  graven  record  of  Hellenic  times. 

It  is  recorded  in  the  legend  of  Christodulos,  the  founder 
of  Patmos,  in  the  Xlth  century,  that  his  first  act  in  arriving 
in  that  island,  was  to  crush  to  pieces,  crvvTpi\^(.w ^  a  statue  of 
Diana,  a  beautiful  work.  Perhaps  he  lent  a  helping  hand 
to  his  neighbours  at  Calymnos. 

The  fragments  of  sculpture  found  in  the  temple  of  Apollo 
are  a  contribution  to  the  history  of  Ancient  Art.  They  show 
that  this  little  island  could  afford  to  employ  sculptors  who 
certainly  belonged  to  one  of  the  great  schools  of  antiquity. 
Probably  the  sculptors  of  Cos  and  Halicarnassus  contributed 
works  to  the  neighbouring  temple  of  Apollo  at  Calymnos. 

It  is  worthy  of  note,  that  of  the  inscriptions  belonging  to 
this  temple,  two  contain  names  of  artists  ;  one  of  these 
records  a  dedication  to  Apollo  by  Nicias,  the  son  of  Thra- 
symedes.  Hoss  conjectures  that  this  Thras^'medes  ma}-  be 
the  Parian  sculptor  of  that  name  who  made  the  Chrysele- 
phantine statue  of  iEsculapius  at  Epidaurus — a  celebrated 
work,  of  which  we  have  a  representation  on  a  silver  coin  in 
the  collection  of  the  British  Museum.  If  that  is  the  case, 
we  may,  approximately,  fix  the  age  of  that  artist,  hitherto 


32  EXCAVATIONS    AT    CALY.MNOS. 

undetermined.  The  inscrij^tion  is  certainly,  from  the  form 
of"  the  letters,  of  tlie  same  period  as  the  majority  of  the 
inscriptions  from  the  temple  of  Apollo,  that  is,  from  B.C. 
3;30  to  200. 

The  other  artist  named  in  a  Calymniote  inscription  is 
Antamos,  the  son  of  Theodores,  of  Cnossus.  I  cannot  find 
this  name  in  Sillig-'s  list  of  artists.  The  inscription  is  of 
the  Roman  time.  This  is  all  wo  know  at  present  of  the 
sculptors  of  Calymnos. 

The  tragments  of  inscriptions  collected  in  the  course  of  this 
excavation  have  occupied  me  for  several  months.  I  have 
now  sufficiently  arranged  and  deciphered  them  to  be  able  to 
irive  a  o;eneral  account  of  their  contents.  There  are  eighteen 
decrees  granting  the  poUteia  or  citizenship  to  foreigners 
for  services  rendered  to  the  Calymnian  people  ;  ten  decrees 
granting  'proxcma  to  foreigners  for  similar  reasons  ;  thirteen 
decrees  relating  either  to  piAitcia  or  prod'cnia,  but  of  which 
the  precise  import  cannot  be  decided  from  their  mutilated 
condition  ;  two  decrees  relating  to  judicial  proceedings;  two 
conferring  crowns  ;  two  bestowing  honours  on  physicians;  two, 
lionours  for  military  services,  and  eleven  fragments  of  decrees, 
the  subjects  of  which  cannot  be  ascertained.  The  whole  of 
these  inscriptions  are  of  the  period  between  Alexander  the 
Great  and  Augustus.  If  the  king  Antigonus  mentioned  in 
one  of  them  is,  as  is  most  probable,  Antigonus  the  Great, 
the  date  of  most  of  tlie  inscriptions  would  be  B.C.  350  to  250. 

There  were  also  several  inscri})tions  and  a  number  of 
fragments  of  the  Roman  period.  Of  these  the  most  in- 
tei-esting  were  the  dedication  of  a  statue  to  Caligula  ;  a 
dedication  to  Apoll(;  by  Pul)lius  Scrvilius  Isauricus,  when 
consul  ;  tlir  <iatc  of  this  inscription  is  therefore  fixed  to 
B.C.  1\).  1  I'oimd  another  dedicatory  inscription,  by  the  same 
Servihus,  bulk  into  the  Western  wall  of  ('lii-is(os. 

Tlicre  were  also  eiglit  records  of  tlie  manumission  of 
slaves,  two  other  dedications,  and  a  variety  of  fragments, 
some  of  which  appear  to  relate;  to  grants  of  lands. 

I  also  copied  at  Calymnos  the  Ibllowing  iniedilcd  inscrip- 
tions, which  I  was  unahle  to  l)ring  away : — One  list  of 
citizens  and  virtoihoi,  coutiibnlors  to  some  tax,  one  decree  of 
prn.i  I  iiin,  Diie  i>\'  /lo/ih/d^  n\\r  liuutn'ary  grant  ol  land,  seven- 
teen re<*ords  of  llie  nianuniission  of  slaves,  two  dedications. 

All   these    I    know  to   have   belonged    to    the    Temple   of 


EXCAVATIONS   AT   CALYMNOS.  33 

Apollo.  Tlic  Avliole  list  of  inscriptions  discovered  in  this 
teraplc  is  as  follows  : 

Macedonian  Period.  2  decrees  conferring  crowns. 

19  decrees  of  7;o^ift/a.  2       „        honours  to  pliysicians. 

11  decrees  of /);-oa;e>n'a.  2       „        honours  for  military  services. 

13  decrees,  eitlier  proxenia  or  xtoli-         1       „        honorary  grant  of  land. 

tcia.  11       „        subjects  unascertained, 
2  decrees  of  judicial  proceedings.  1       „        list  of  citizens  and  me^Oj'Zroi. 

Ill  all,  sixty-four  inscrij^tions.  Of  the  Roman  period  there 
were  twent^'-five  forms  of  Manumission  ;  six  dedicatory  in- 
scriptions, pi'oLably  of  statues  ;  and  a  number  of  miscellaneous 
fragments  too  small  to  be  taken  into  account. 

This  ' cataloffue  raisonne  will  enable  us  to  form  some  idea 
of  the  rich  collection  of  historical  and  municipal  records  which 
once  existed  in  the  Temple  of  Apollo.  I  have  elsewhere 
observed,  that  "  it  is  in  the  mai'ble  and  the  granite,  in  the 
inarkct-jDlaces,  the  temples,  and  the  sei)ulclires  of  the 
ancients,  that  we  must  search  for  their  records  ;  these  were 
their  archives  and  libraries,  their  heralds'  college,  their 
muniment-rooms." 

It  may  be  remarked  that  in  this  list  the  number  of  grants 
of  politeia,  or  citizenship,  are  far  more  numerous  than  those 
of  pro^'cnia. 

The  full  citizenship  was  granted  very  liberally  by  the 
Asiatic  cities,  but  we  have  no  instance  of  the  concession  of 
such  a  right  by  any  of  the  states  of  Greece  ProiDcr.  The 
privileges  of  proa^enia  were  granted  very  generally  through- 
out the  Hellenic  world.  Procvcni  were  agents  appointed  by 
Greek  cities  to  protect  their  merchants  and  commercial  in- 
terests generall}''  in  foreign  states.  In  this  resjDect  the  duties  of 
a  prod'enos  resembled  those  of  a  modern  consul,  with  this 
difierence,  that  he  was  a  citizen,  not  of  the  state  by  which 
he  was  appointed,  but  of  that  in  which  he  exercised  his  agency. 

One  of  the  inscriptions  conferring  honours  for  military 
services  makes  mention  of  a  maritime  war  between  Calymnos 
and  the  city  of  Hierapytna  in  Crete,  of  which  I  have  not 
discovered  any  record  elsewhere. 

The  inscription,  containing  an  honoraiy  grant  of  land, 

acquaints  us  with  the  fact  that  there  was  a  Theatre    at 

Calymnos,  which,  if  I  have  rightly  decyphcred  a  very  ill 

preserved  line  in  the  text,  was  actually  within  the  precinct 

of  the  Temple  of  Apollo. 

The  land  is  granted  by  the  state  to  Aratocritos,  the  son  of 
VOL.  XIII.  r 


84  EXCAVATIONS    AT    CALYMNOS. 

Aristiiis,  to  enable  him  to  build  on  it,  at  his  o^Yn  expense 
and  for  the  pubUc  benefit,  a  prosccjiion  and  scenes,  and  to 
surround  the  temenos,  or  sacred  precinct,  with  a  wall.  These 
buildings  are  most  probably  the  very  foundations  which,  as 
has  alreadv  been  stated,  I  found  in  two  fields  on  the  South 
side  of  Christos,  and  which  probably  run  in  a  continuous 
line  on  the  south  side  of  the  church.  At  the  end  of  this 
decree  the  form  of  the  dedicatory  inscription  to  be  placed 
on  the  prosccnion  by  Aratocritos  is  given  : ' AparoKpiTO'i  'Apicrria 

Tav  (TKavav   koX  to  TrpocrKavLoi'   aTecfiaratjiopi'jaa'i  ' AttoWcovl. 

Now  it  is  a  curious  coincidence  that  over  the  doorway  of 
the  church  at  Christos  is  a  fragment  of  architrave,  on  which  is 
inscribed  in  very  large  characters  •  •  •  NA  .  .  PII1\\:£  AFOAA  . . . 
Ross,  although  unable  to  restore  this  fragment,  remarlcs 
that  it  was  probably  part  of  a  dedication  inscribed  on  some 
monument  in  the  vestibule  of  the  Temple  of  Apollo.  With 
the  aid  of  the  other  inscription  the  restoration  is  obviously 
(TTe(i)a)va{(i)o)pi](Tas  'A7ro'AA.(aji't)  and  I  have  little  doubt  that  this 
frfKjmcnt  of  architecture  actudlb/  formed  purt  of  the  pro- 
sccnion dedicated  hy  Aratocritos. 

The  fields  on  the  south  side  of  Christos  having  been,  as  I 
stated,  only  partially  explored  by  me,  perhaps  some  future 
excavation  there  may  bring  to  light  remains  of  the  theatre. 

The  magistrates,  whose  names  appear  at  the  head  of 
the  decrees  of  the  Macedonian  period,  are  always  the 
prostata;,  a  title  which  occurs  elsewhere  in  inscrij^tions, 
though  rarely.  In  the  Manumissions  the  Eponymous 
magistrate  of  Calymnos  is  the  stephanaphoros — this  title 
was  adopted  in  many  Asiatic  cities,  and  is  frecpientl}'  met 
with  on  coins  and  inscri])tions  of  the  Roman  j)eriod. 

In  the  Mainimissions  occur  some  curious  names  of  (ireek 
juonths,  wliicli  I  hope  to  compare  with  the  series  of  Doric 
iiKjiitlis  j)ul)lislied  by  Mr.  Stoddart,  and  to  which  I  liave 
already  allu<lr(l.  At  Calymnos  one  of  the  months  was  called 
Kaisar,  as  a  coMiplimcnt  to  some  Roman  emperor.  Jii 
the  grants  of  citizciisliip  we  get  tin-  names  of  scvci'al  Demi, 
or  burgs,  and  ti'ibcs,  J^hi/ht,  in  (\-ilyninos,  (o  \\liicli  (lie  new 
(•itiz(MiH  were  assigned  In'  lni.  Aiiioiig  tlic  n.-iincs  of  the 
J)('m(;s  is  that  of  tlic  J*olli(ti.  The  |iriii(i|>;il  harbour  in  the 
island  is,  as  lias  been  ainady  stated,  still  called  I'othia,  and 
I  am  a-ssiin-d  dial  in  tlic  island  of  Telindos,  lying  opjmsite 
the  Western  side  of  Calymnos,  is  a  place  called  Totha. 


EXCAVATIONS  AT  CALYMNOS.  35 

Having  concluded  tlie  excavations  in  the  precinct  of  the 
Temple  of  Apollo,  and  having  still  a  few  spare  days  before 
me,  I  returned  to  the  tombs.  I  tried  two  fields  in  the  lower 
cemetery  near  the  harbour,  but  with  no  success,  and  therefore 
made  one  more  experiment  in  Damos. 

Havinij;  already  examined  all  the  district  North  of  the 
church  called  Prophet  Eha  with  so  little  result,  I  determined 
to  try  a  field  lying  between  that  church  and  the  Temple  of 
Apollo,  very  near  the  field  of  Janni  Sconi,  where  the  cele- 
brated discovery  of  gold  ornaments  had  taken  place. 

Fortune  favoured  me  at  last.  On  the  foot-path  in  this 
field  were  the  marks  of  two  graves,  which  had  been  opened 
some  3"ears  ago  ;  one  contained,  it  is  said,  a  vase  ornamented 
with  silver,  the  other  I  was  recommended  by  a  by-stander  to 
examine  again.  The  workmen  had  hardly  broken  the  ground 
with  their  pickaxes,  before  they  found  a  small  circular  orna- 
ment in  bronze,  so  finely  wrought,  that  I  was  at  once  led  to 
hope  for  some  work  of  art.  I  very  soon  found  three  more 
of  these  circular  ornaments,  the  handle  of  a  large  bronze  vase 
with  rich  floral  ornaments,  and  lastly,  at  the  very  bottom  of 
the  grave,  but  not  more  than  eight  inches  below  the  surface,  a 
most  exquisite  bronze  alto-relievo  representing  a  male  figure, 
bearded,  and  with  large  wings,  carrying  off  a  youthful  female 
figure  who  is  looking  back  as  if  to  a  world  from  which  she  is 
snatched  away.  Her  attitude  at  once  recalls  the  Eur^'dice  of 
the  beautiful  episode  in  the  fourth  Georgic  : 

"  Invalidasque  mihi  teudens,  lieu  !  non  mea,  palmas  !" 

This  subject  may  represent  Boreas  carrying  off  Oreithyia,  as 
the  bearded  male  figure  has  wings  and  buskins  like  aWindGod. 

The  selection  of  such  a  subject  probably  commemorates 
allusively  the-  untimely  fate  of  the  person  in  whose  grave  it 
was  found  ;  in  the  same  manner  we  find  the  Death  of 
]\[eleager,  the  Rape  of  Proserpine,  and  other  kindred  subjects, 
commemorating  the  death  of  the  young,  frequently  repeated 
on  ancient  sarcophagi,  and  probably  chosen  for  those  who 
were  snatched  away  by  an  untimely  fate. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  tomb  at  Calymnos,  which  I  am 
describing,  was  that  of  a  female,  because  I  found  in  it  the 
relics  of  a  gold  necklace.  The  bronze  alto-relievo  is  executed 
in  the  finest  style.  I  know  of  nothing  in  ancient  repousse 
work  superior  to  it,  except  perhaps  the  bronzes  of  Siris.  The 


3G  EXCAA'ATIO>'S    AT   CALY^ilXOS. 

general  st3'le  remiiuls  me  of  that  of  a  beautiful  composition 
not  so  well  known  as  it  deserves  to  be,  the  Ficoroni  Cista 
at  Home,  on  which  is  engraved  the  contest  of  Pollux  with 
Amycus,  King  of  Bebryces.  In  that  composition  we  have 
a  winged  Itearded  figure  very  similar  to  that  in  the  Calymnos 
bronze,  and  who  certainly  represents  Death,  as  he  appears  in 
Etruscan  Art. 

Witli  this  discovery  I  closed  my  excavations  at  Calymnos. 
On  a  review  of  the  whole  of  the  facts  ascertained  with 
respect  to  the  cemetery  of  Damos,  I  am  inclined  to  the 
belief  that  the  rocky  fields  on  the  northern  side  formed 
a  public  cemetery,  lying  immediately  outside  of  the  walls 
of  a  small  town  on  the  rocky  peninsula  ;  that  the  fields 
on  the  south,  in  the  distiict  now  called  Prophet  Elia, 
were  private  burial-grounds  reserved  for  rich  individuals. 
This  side  of  the  cemetery  has  not  yet  been  sufficiently 
explored.  I  regret  that  circumstances  compelled  me  to 
quit  Calymnos  just  at  the  moment  when  I  appeared  to 
be  on  the  right  track.  It  is  i-emarkable  that  all  the 
vases  found  in  the  tombs  should  be  invariably  of  the 
same  ordinary  late  cliaracter ;  because  in  the  precincts 
of  tlie  Temple  of  Apollo  I  dug  up  several  fragments 
of  very  fine  vases  with  red  figures  on  a  black  ground, 
which  date  probably  from  the  time  of  Phidias.  The  tombs 
containing  these  earlier  vases  have  yet  to  be  discovered  : 
peihaps  they  lie  in  a  lower  stratum  of  soil,  to  which 
modern  cultivation  has  not  penetrated.  Almost  all  the 
anti(iuities  as  yet  found  at  Calymnos,  whether  coins,  vases, 
or  inscriptions,  are  either  of  the  Macedonian  or  of  the 
Roman  jieriod.  The  only  objects  that  can  be  referred 
to  an  earlier  epoch  arc,  an  unique  archaic  coin  in  the  Payne 
Knight  collection,  Pritish  IMuseum  ;  the  archaic  head  in 
marble,  which  I  Wmwd  below  the  temi)le  ;  perhaps  some  of 
the  other  fragments  of  sculpture,  and  the  fragments  of  vases 
with  red  figur(!s  on  a  l^lack  ground. 

Tli(;re  is  a  third  cemetery  in  Calymnos,  in  a  valley  in  the 
north  of  the  island  called  Vathy  ;  this  J  did  not  c'.\])lorc,  but 
tlie  vases  found  in  tlie  tombs  there  are  ol  the  same  character 
as  tho.so  of  Damos.  Tombs  have  also  l)een  found  ifi  the 
high  ground  south  ol"  Damos.  callrd  Ai'gos.  These  1  imagine 
to  1)0  of  the  Roman  pciaod.  Meal"  tin;  hai'bour  ol'  i'othia 
are  caves  called  f/nJ/,  hollt»wed  out   of  the  rock  in  a  conical 


EXCAVATIONS   AT   CALYMNOS.  37 

form,  witli  ca  small  aperture  at  the  top.  These  are  filled 
with  late  Roman  and  Byzantine  lamps  and  vases,  and  bones. 
Many  of  these  lamps  have  Christian  emblems.  I  have  made 
a  large  collection  of  them.  I  purchased  some  very  interest- 
ing coins  and  antiquities  at  Calymnos,  among  which  was 
a  large  gold  ear-ring  found  with  a  number  of  Byzantine 
coins  of  the  Emperor  Ileraclius.  I  hope  to  give  a  more  de- 
tailed account  of  these  antiquities  in  a  future  communication. 

C.  T.  NEWTON. 


NOTICES  OF  THE  ^IIXT  AT  SHREWSBURY. 

Bv  EDWARD  HAWKINS.  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  V.P.  Soc.  Ant.i 

"When  a  society  of  professed  antiquaries  pay  a  special 
visit  to  a  town  of  so  mucli  celebrity  as  Shrewsbury,  it  may 
reasonably  be  expected  tliat  its  members  would  endeavour 
to  learn  or  to  impart  all  that  may  be  known  respecting  the 
history  and  antiquities  of  this  ancient  and  interesting  town. 
Among  other  objects  which  invite  our  attention  is  the  mint 
which  was  established  here  at  a  very  early  period.  For  its 
elucidation  so  much  has  been  already  done  by  Ruding  in 
his  "  Annals  of  the  Coinage  of  Britain,"  and  so  much  more 
by  Messrs.  Owen  and  Blakeway  in  their  "  History  of  Shrews- 
bury," wdiich  maybe  considered  as  an  excellent  model  of  a 
local  history,  that  little  remains  to  be  said.  Of  the  state  of 
the  Mint  under  the  Heptarchy,  and  the  earlier  monarchs, 
there  is  very  little  information  to  be  derived  from  records. 
Almost  all  we  know  is  obtained  from  the  coins  themselves, 
and  from  them  we  learn  that  coins  were  struck  at  Shrews- 
bury by  Ethelred,  who  commenced  his  reign  a.d.  8G(),  and 
we  find  upon  his  coins  the  names  of  four  ditlcrent  moneyers. 
So  that  at  this  early  period  wc  may  be  assured  that  this 
mint  w^as  in  extensive  operation. 

Of  the  fourteen  monarchs  who  intervened  between  Ethelred 
and  the  conquest,  we  find  coins  of  so  many,  that  it  may  be 
reasonably  concluded  that  the  mint  here  continued  in 
operation  with  little  or  no  interruption  during  the  reigns  of 
tliem  all,  tliough  upon  the  coins  of  some  of  them  the  name 
of  Shrewsbury  has  not  yet  been  discovered. 

Although  it  appears,  from  records  still  existing,  that  in 
the  tJMje  of  tlie  Confessor  there  were  three  monoyers  estab- 
lislfd  at  Shrewsbury,  yet  in  Domesday  book  no  mention  is 
mad<;  of  a  mint,  and  we  might  be  led  to  supj)0se  that  no 
mint  existeil  in    this  town   when   that  document   was  com- 

'  Coiiiimiiiiciitccl  lit  iIk;  Aniiuiil  Metliiig  in  Slircvvsljiiry,  Aiij^uHt,  l)i5'>. 


NOTICES   OF    THE    MINT    AT    SHREWSBURY.  39 

piled.  It  is  nevertlielcss  certain  that  the  mint  still  continued 
to  be  worked  here,  as  we  find  the  name  of  the  town  upon 
coins  both  of  the  Conqueror  and  his  son,  and  also  of  the 
three  first  Henries.  After  this  time  the  name  of  Shrewsbury 
does  not  appear  upon  any  of  the  coins  of  the  realm,  nor  is 
there  any  evidence  that  a  mint  was  afterwards  established 
here  again,  before  1642. 

In  order  to  ascertain,  or,  rather  to  form  a  probable  con- 
jecture respecting  tlie  denomination  or  type  of  the  pieces 
struck  at  this  time,  and  in  this  town,  it  will  be  necessary  to 
trace  for  a  few  years  previous  the  history  of  the  mints  ot 
King  Charles  I. 

In  the  year  1637,  Thomas  Bushell,  who  was  lessee  of  the 
royal  mines  in  Cardiganshire,  memorialised  the  king,  stating 
that  he  incurred  much  inconvenience  and  expense  in  sending 
his  silver,  the  produce  of  his  mines,  to  London  to  be  coined 
into  money,  and  petitioned  that  he  might  be  allowed  to 
establish  a  mint  in  the  Castle  of  Aberystwith,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  mines.  In  consequence  of  this  petition  the 
mint  was  established  in  that  castle,  and  Thomas  Bushell  was 
appointed  master  of  the  said  mint,  and  was  authorised  to 
strike  half-crowns,  shillings,  half-shillings,  groats,  three- 
pences, half-groats,  pennies,  and  halfpennies.  It  was  ordered 
that  all  pieces  coined  at  this  mint  should  be  stamped  with 
the  Prince  of  Wales's  plume  of  feathers  on  both  sides.  This 
mint  continued  in  operation  till  about  the  month  of  September 
1642,  when  the  whole  establishment,  the  workmen  and  their 
tools,  were  removed  to  Shrewsbury,  and  in  this  town  it 
remained  till  nearly  the  end  of  December  that  same  year. 

It  appears  from  a  letter  from  Sir  Edward  Nicholas,  dated 
21st  December,  1G42,  that  orders  had  then  been  received  to 
remove  the  mint  to  Oxford,  and  on  Tuesday,  January  3, 
carts,  to  the  number  of  twelve  or  more,  arrived  in  that  city 
laden  with  Prince  llupcrt's  goods,  and  with  the  mint  from 
Shrewsbury.  In  this  town  then  of  Shrewsbury  the  mint 
was  in  operation  only  about  three  months  ;  from  some  part 
of  September  to  about  the  end  of  December  1642,  On  the 
19th  September,  the  king  made  his  memorable  speech  and 
declaration  at  Wellington,  in  which  he  said,  "  I  will,  to  the 
utmost  of  my  power,  defend  and  maintain  the  true  reformed 
protestant  religion  established  in  the  Church  of  England.  I 
desire  to  govern  by  all  the  known  laics  of  the  land,  that  the 


-10  KOTICES    OF    THE    MINT    AT    SHREWSBURY. 

lilierty  and  property  of  the  subject  may  be  by  them  preserved 
^vitll  tlic  same  care  as  my  own  just  rights.  I  promise  to 
maintain  the  just  riglits,  privileges  imdfrecdo7?i  of  parliament." 
Upon  coins  dated  1()42,  and  subsequent  years,  the  reverse 
bears  the  inscription  Ixelig.  Trot.  Leg.  Ang.  Liber.  Parl., 
that  is  :  Tlie  Protestant  religion,  the  laws  of  England,  the 
liberty  of  Parliament.  Now  ^fcssrs.  Owen  and  Blakeway 
remark  that  "^Ir.  BushcU  (for  the  device  seems  to  have  been 
his  own)  thus  not  unhappily  burlesquing  the  declaration  of 
pai-liament.  by  stating  the  king  to  lev}''  war  against  them  in 
dcl'ence  of  their  liberties,  as  they  had  taken  up  arms  against 
liim  under  pretence  of  defending  his  royal  person.^'  By 
comparing,  however,  the  inscription  upon  the  coins  with  the 
king's  declaration  at  Wellington,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
inscription  is  no  burlesque  of  Bush  ell,  but  most  seriously 
intended  to  convey  to  every  place  where  the  coin  circulated, 
and  to  every  person  who  possessed  a  piece  of  money,  the 
three  great  principles  upon  which  the  king  declared  liis  firm 
determination  to  govern  the  kingdom.  The  king's  declaration 
and  the  insci-iption  on  the  coin  are  identical. 

As  this  declaration  was  made  on  the  19th  September, 
1()42,  it  may  fairly  be  concluded  that  the  coins  asserting 
the  same  princi])les  were  struck  very  much  about  the  same 
time,  and  conse({uently  we  may  expect  to  find  this  inscrijv 
tion  upon  coins  struck  at  Shrewsbury.  It  is  quite  certain 
that  the  mint  was  removed  from  this  town  about  the  last 
day  of  ])ecember  this  same  year,  and  conse(piently  no  coins 
can  have  been  struck  here  which  bear  any  other  date  than 
1042.  Messrs.  Owen  and  lilakeway  observe,  "All  Charles's 
pieces  with  the  Prince's  feathei's,  the  above  reverse,  and  the 
date  1  G42,  can  have  been  struck  no  where  Imt  at  Shrewsbury." 
While  these  gentlemen  were  penning  this  paragraj)h  they 
liiifortunatoly  forgot  that  the  year  was  not  at  that  time 
calculated  to  terminate  with  the  .*31st  IJecembcr,  but  with 
the  25111  March,  and  (li;i(,  coiisefiuontly  coins  struck  during 
the-  fu'st  three  months  ol  (he  year,whicli  we  c;dl  l(!4M,  would 
he;ir  the  date  1()42,  exactly  as  tliose  struck  (hiring  what  wo 
call  the  last  three  months  of  tlie  yeai-  if!  12  :  and  as  the  mint 
was  established  at  Oxfoid,  W  .lanuary.  1''  l2-."{,  the  date  upon 
tlie  coins  docs  not  dilcnninc  the  d.-iiin  of  cither  jilace  to 
coins  dated  WI42.  We  must  look  then  lur  some  othei' chio 
to  guide  us  in   appropriating  to  Shrcwshury  its  proper  coins. 


NOTICES    OF    THE    MINT    AT    SIIliEWSBUUY.  41 

Tlicre  is  not  any  distinctive  mint-mark,  nor  any  letters 
uliicli  distinguisli  tlie  Sbrcwsbur}^  coins.  Chester  coins  have 
the  city  arms,  the  wheatsheaf ;  Worcester  coins  have  the 
pears  ;  Exeter,  Oxford,  Bristol,  York  have  the  initials  or 
names,  but  Shrewsbuiy  nothing.  Still  there  are  peculiari- 
ties about  some  of  the  coins  of  this  period  which  furnish 
grounds  for  reasonable  conjecture.  From  Aberystwith  the 
mint  moved  to  Shrewsbury,  and  Aberystwith  coins  have 
their  distinguishing  mark,  viz.,  the  Prince's  plume,  as 
ordered  by  the  indenture  which  established  that  mint,  and 
the  open  book  which  was  Bushell's  private  mark.  Now  there 
is  in  the  British  Museum  a  half-crown  which  bears  the 
feathers  upon  the  obverse,  and  the  horse  is  somewhat  of  the 
Abcrystwith  form.  The  reverse  of  this  coin  has  the  declara- 
tion, inscription,  and  the  date  1642  ;  it  cannot,  thei'efore,  be 
unreasonable  to  assign  this  coin  to  Shrewsbury.  The  same 
reasoning  applies  in  a  somewhat  greater  degree  to  a  shilling 
in  the  same  collection,  the  reverse  of  which  has  the  date 
1642,  the  declaration,  inscription,  and  the  feathers. 

This  argument,  however  plausible,  is  not  absolutel}^  irre- 
sistible, for  the  sixpences  and  groats  have  the  Aberystwith 
obverse  with  the  plume  and  book,  with  the  declaration 
tyi^e,  and  with  the  dates  1643  and  1644,  and  also  with  the 
letters  ox  for  Oxford;  so  that  we  have  convincing  proof  that 
upon  some  coins  the  Aberystwith  marks  were  continued 
not  only  immediately,  but  for  some  years,  after  the  mint 
had  been  removed  from  that  place. 

We  have,  however,  some  further  evidence  to  adduce 
respecting  Shrewsbury  coins  which  will,  to  a  certain  extent, 
confirm  the  appropriation  of  ceiiain  coins  to  Shrewsbury 
made  by  Messrs.  Owen  and  Blake  way,  but  upon  other 
grounds. 

In  the  year  1664,  Bushell,  in  a  letter  addressed  to  the 
Lord  Treasurer  Ashley,  says,  "  I  procured  such  quantities  of 
plate  from  persons  of  quality  at  Shrcwsbur}',  for  the  more 
magnifi cense  of  his  ]\Iajesties  present  service  in  that  expedi- 
tion, as  the  sight  of  it  stopt  the  present  meeting  of  the 
soulder}',  when  the  adverse  part  had  j^lotted  a  division  for 
want  of  pa3^ 

"  And  in  order  to  their  furthei*  content,  I  procured  two 
daics  before  Edchill  Battle,  of  his  late  Majesty  at  AV^odver- 
hampton,  a  gratious  gift  of  his  affection  ;  to  each  colonel  the 

VOL.    XIII.  G 


42  NOTICES    OF    THE    MINT    AT    STIKEWSBUKY. 

medal  of  a  20.s\  piece  in  silver,  all  other  officers,  ten  or  five, 
and  every  private  souldier  lialf-a-crown,  Avitli  this  motto  on 
the  reverse  cross  : 

Exurgat  Deus  dissipentur  iuimicl 
Kelig.  protest  :  Leg. 
Aug  :   Libert.   Parliament. 

Aviiicli  pleased  everv  regiment  so  much,  coming  from  his 
^lajesty's  bounty  (of  blessed  memory),  as  if  they  had 
received  their  Avliole  arrears  from  their  paymaster-general." 

The  battle  of  Edoehill  was  fou<2,ht  in  October,  1G42,  at 
which  time  the  mint  was  at  Shrewsbury-,  and  had  been  there 
ever  since  the  adoption  of  the  declaration  t3^pe  which  appears 
upon  these  coins.  It  is  quite  certain,  therefore,  that  some  of 
the  pound,  half-pound,  crown,  and  half-crown  pieces,  with 
the  declaration  type  and  the  date  1642,  were  struck  at 
Shrewslniry.  "We  are  not  allowed  to  go  so  far  as  to  state 
that  all  such  })ieces  of  this  date  were  struck  there,  as  we 
have  already  seen  that  Oxford  has  equal  claims  to  that  date. 
And  there  are  some  remarkable  peculiarities  on  some  of 
these  pieces  which  prove  that  they  must  have  been  struck  in 
that  city. 

There  is  a  jwuud  jiicce  dated  1643,  which  could  not  have 
been  struck  at  Shrewsbury  ;  it  Avas,  however,  struck  from  the 
same  dies  as  a  piece  dated  10*42,  the  figure  3  having  been 
stampt  in  the  die  over  the  2,  so  that  both  figures  arc 
apparent  uj)on  the  coin.  This  die  may  have  been  nse«l  at 
►Shrewsbury,  but  it  was  clearly  afterwards  used  at  Oxford. 

S(jnie  of  the  half-pound  ])ieces  dated  1(143,  are  used  with 
the  same  obverse  as  some  of  those  with  the  date  10*42. 

Such  is  also  the  case  with  some  of  the  crown  pieces,  where 
the  same  obverse  occui's  iipMn  pieces  with  reverses  of 
dillerent  dates. 

Soon  after  tin-  mint  was  es(Mbh.slie(l  at  Mncwsbui-v,  a 
difl'f.'rent  ailist  fmni  tln'  ciic  wlio  had  enui-aNcd  the  dies  at 
Abf-rystwitli  was  |irnb;ibly  enijilovcd.  fni-  tlic  style,  charactei', 
an<l  workmanship  of  die  figure  df  llic  king  on  hoi'soback  is 
eonspieiiously  unlike  what  had  pi'e\  ioiisly  aiiiir.ucd  upon  any 
of  llie  king's  coins.  Tliis  jiccuhar  figui-e  occiiis  upon  coins 
dalcfl  l(il2,  3,  4,  .0,  'I,  .•iiid  ("iisequenllv  increases  oui'  difli- 
cnlfy  of  identifying  thf  enins  with  aiiv  |i;iil  iiuln  pljice.  The 
nn'nt    wre-'    rciiioved    Iimiii    Shn'\\sbur\    to    Oxlord    in    10  12. 


I 


NOTICES    OF    THE    MINT    AT    SHREWSBURY.  43 

according  to  the  calendar  of  those  times,  consequent!}^  both 
those  places  have  equal  claims  to  coins  so  dated.  In  1643, 
part  of  the  mint  was  removed  to  Bristol,  and  the  Bristol 
coins  have  the  same  peculiar  horse,  consequently  this  city 
and  Oxford  have  equal  claims  to  coins  dated  1643.  In  the 
latter  part  of  this  year  these  two  cities  stampt  their  initials 
on  their  coins,  and  Oxford  employing  a  different  artist, 
adopted  a  different  character  of  horse. 

All  then  that  we  have  been  able  to  ascertain  is,  that  some 
of  the  pound,  half-pound,  crown,  and  half-crown  pieces  dated 
1642,  were  struck  at  Shrewsbury,  but  which  of  them  we 
have  not  any  means  of  ascertaining. 

I  fear,  then,  that  we  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion  of  a 
chapter  in  which  nothing  is  concluded. 


CONTINUATION  OF  ARTISTIC  NOTES  ON  THE  WINDOWS  OF 
KING'S  COLLEGE  CHAPEL,  CAMBRIDGE. 

Ix  tlie  (Irapcrj  and  style  of  the  angels  supporting  shields 
that  appear  in  the  upper  lights  of  all  the  side  windows,  we 
find  indications  of  the  X  Vth  rather  than  the  XVIth  century.^ 
These  angels,  represented  hovering  in  the  air,  are  clothed  in 
full  white  robes  which  entirely  conceal  the  limhs  and  feet, 
and  are  disposed  in  large  elaborately  bent  folds  peculiar 
to  German  and  Flemish  art  of  the  XVth  century.*  There 
are  no  figures  at  all  in  the  tracery  lights  of  the  east  window. 


^  Mr.  Winston  expresses  his  suspicion 
tliJit  llie  glass  in  the  tnicery  li^lits  of  the 
siJe-wintlows  is  somewhat  earher  than  tliat 
ill  the  lower  lii;ht.s.  'I'liis  favours  the 
opinion  of  Mr.  Bolton,  who  very  jusily 
pt-rct'iveil  a  uniformity  of  style  ami  exe- 
I'Utioii  throiii;liout  ail  the  liea(lini;s  on 
Loth  sitles  ;  ami  from  praetieal  eonsidei'a- 
tic.ns  was  led  to  infer,  that  the  entire 
up])ermo8t  rani;c  of  gliiss  was  inserted 
before  the  seaHoliling^^  for  the  stonework 
w<re  removed.  He  that  as  it  may,  they 
certainly  accord  in  style  and  peeuli«rities 
with  the  windows  containing  the  hi--ti)ry 
of  the  Virgin  Mary.  The  initial  Utters 
on  the  shield-*  IIH,  II-K,aiidIl  K.  clearly 
refer  to  ll.nry  VII.  and  Kli/.aiitlh  of 
York,  and  Henry  Vlll.  and  Ciitherine  of 
Arii^^on,  and  nmst  have  been  designed 
before  the  kinn's  divorce  was  seriously 
entert.iined.  The  allusions  to  Henry  VII. 
would  not  have  been  necessarily  lonlined 
to  his  lilctime,  as  we  see  l)y  the  pifturi-  of 
Henry  VIII.  and  .lane  .Seymour,  to;,'eiber 
with  full-length  ri;;ures  of  his  piirents, 
painted  by  llolbeln  in  l."):!*)-?,  on  tin- 
wall  of  the  j'rivy  Chamber  at  Whitehall 
A  copy  of  it  by  lUineo  is  still  preserved 
at  lliimpton  ('iMirt. 

r>ut  the  iUKMlion  of  the  viiliilily  of 
lli-nry's  nniiria;{e  was  not  nunle  publii- 
till  I.'>'J7,  four  yinrs  before  his  aelual 
H'paration  from  the  <|Ueeri,  and  tbedevites 
llii;;lit,  for  that  efii.MJderation  only,  will 
Im  lon((  to  the  date  of  the  seconil  eoi, tract, 
I.VJC. 

In  the  upper  lights  of  tin;  east  window 
among   the    devices    of   roses,   trees,  ainl 


crowns,  may  be  found  the  feather  and 
laiiel  borne  by  the  Frince  of  Wales.  It 
occurs  on  each  side  of  the  window  between 
roses,  and  next  to  the  crown.  From  this 
circunisianee  an  earlier  date  niiuht  be 
a.ssii,'ned,  since  upon  the  death  of  Prince 
Arthur  in  1 /iOJ,  the  kini;  invested  his  son 
Henry  with  the  principality  of  Wnles, 
ai.d  Ijy  simction  of  Pope  .Julius,  m.'irried 
him  in  l.')0:j  to  Catherine,  his  broiher's 
widow.  That  sumo  year  his  mother, 
Klizabeth  of  York,  diid.  Wo  niight 
thus  have  had  an  approximate  date  of 
1. ■)(),■',,  for  the  execution  of  the  devices  and 
cc^mpleiion  of  the  stonework  of  the 
windows  ;  but  unfortunately  the  initials 
IIK  in  the  next  light  are  surinoiinted 
with  a  crown. 

■•  Such  an  arran;,'ement  is  to  be  seen  in 
the  famous  "  Last  .Jnd.^nunt"  at  Dan/ig, 
in  the  works  of  Van  I\vck,  in  the  tapestry 
of  St.  Mark's  Hall,  Coventry,  the  en;;rav- 
ings  of  .Mnrtin  .Sciiiin.  the  woodcuts  in  the 
Nuri-mberg  Cbronii-le,  anil  in  a  curious 
painting,  once  at  .Strawberry  Hill,  now  be- 
liin'.,'ing  to  Lord  Walde^^ravc." 

This  iilnnkely  encumlii-ance  of  the 
legs  and  feet  is  characteristic  of  transal- 
pine art,  a  natural  association  with  a 
more  severe  climate  ;  (or  in  Italy,  even 
where  the  feet  are-  concealed,  it  is  with 
(Iriipery  of  a  more  delicate  niilnre.  In 
ancient    (d.-issic    art,   the    feet    of    Hying 


.liimeKnll'H    Legends    of    the    .Ma- 

p.    7.1  ;     Walpole's    Anecdotes    of 


•  .M 
ibiinia, 
Painting,  ed.  ITl'K. 


king's   college   chapel,    CAMBRIDGE.  45 

The  central  compartments,  containing  angels  and  prophets, 
afford  a  peculiarity  worthy  of  observation.  Many  of  the 
figures  among  them  are  several  times  repeated.  The  same 
cartoon  or  vidimus  for  a  figure  has  been  made  to  serve 
in  some  instances  as  many  as  three  or  four  times,  and 
frequently  twice,  whilst  only  a  few  of  the  figures  have 
escaped  repetition  altogether.^  In  every  figure  of  course 
the  writing  upon  the  scroll  is  varied  ;  and  although  the 
form  is  accurately  repeated  according  to  the  cartoon,  the 
colours  of  the  dress  are  constantly  changed.  There  is  also 
a   oreat   diff"erence   in   execution   wherever   the    device    is 

o 

repeated.-' 

It  is  singular,  considering  that  the  chapel  is  dedicated  to 
8t.  Nicholas,  as  well  as  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  that  we  find  no 
representation  of  him — not  even  the  slightest  allusion  to 
his  miracles,  which  were  always  so  popular  in  this  country 
— throughout  the  building.  Possibly  this  deficiency  was 
originally  rectified  in  the  decoration  of  the  altar-piece,  which, 
as  in  the  Sistine  Chapel  at  Rome,  may  have  displayed  some 
subject  more  pertinent  to  the  dedication  than  the  awful 
themes  of  the  Crucifixion  or  the  Last  Judgment. 

figures  are  «ererhiiklen :  Cavallini,  Giunta  know     the     exact     scale    of     repetition 

Pisano,  Ciniabue,  Giotto,  and   Gaddi,  Ire-  adopted,  and   a    glance    at    the   accoin- 

quently  dispensed   with   the   legs  of  tlieir  panyiiig    Plate    of     the    "general    view," 

.•iiigels  altogniher,  leaving  instead  a  vague  where  each   fiL'ure  has  a  j)eculiar  letter, 

nebulosity  starting    out  like   the  tail  of  a  will  sliow  the  distribution  lietter  than  any 

comet,  or  the  wavy  lines,  marking  what  the  other  mole  of  explanation.     Thus  tlien  it 

heralds  call  erased.     Orcagna  and  Butial-  stai.ds  numerically.    There  are  altogftht-r 

macco,  on  the  contrary,  covered  the  feet  ninety-four    Messengers    and     Prophets, 

entirely,  but  with  sucli  delicate  folds  as  to  seventeen  of  these  are  used  only  once,  the 

prepare    tiie  way    for    the    examples    we  rest    is   made   up    of    twenty-six    figures 

meet   with  in    purest   Gothic  sculptures.  variously  repeated  ;   thus,  eight  of  them 

Our  own  great  Flaxman  has  adopted  it  in  twice  ;    eleven,    three  ;    and   seven,    four 

his  Homeric  desi-jn*,  Iliad,  plates  25,  "27  ;  times.     Forty-tliree  figures  are  tlius  made 

Odyssey,  7  ;    Hesiod,   5  ;    ^Escliylus,  "22  ;  to  afford    ninety -four.      Tiiis    poverty    of 

but  it  is  unsuppoited  by  any  known  speci-  material  seems    the    more  strange,  as  in 

men  of  ancient  art.  tiie    ninety-six    historical     pictures    that 

Tliese  peculiarities  of  drapery  in  the  occupy  the  other  compartments,  not  a 
upper  lights  of  the  Cambridge  windows,  single  instance  of  rejietition  can  be  de- 
occur  also  in  some  of  the  lower  subjects  tected.  It  mu^t  be  ol  served  of  the  mes- 
towanls  the  west  end,  especially  in  that  of  sengers,  that  the  same  canopy  or  lieading 
"  The  .\ngel  Appearing  to  .Joaciiim."  It  is  not  always  repeated  with  ijie  figure, 
appears  conspicuously  in  all  the  fioating  •"'  Nor  does  there  seem  to  have  been 
angels  in  the  central  lights  of  the  last  three  any  desire  to  conceal  the  fact  of  this 
windows  on  the  north  side  marked  N.Il*.  repetition,  inasmuch  as  the  same  figures 
K*  anil  H.  Another  Hoating  angel  with  often  appear  in  adjacent  windows  ;  nay, 
curled  drapery  and  feet  exposed,  a|>pears  even  two  figures,  precisely  alike,  occupy 
in  the  ninth  nortli  window  marked  B*.  the  same  central  compartment,  one  above 
The  style  and  conception,  however,  is  and  the  other  below,  and  the  same  pecu- 
very  difi'erent  from  that  of  the  figures  liarity  is  repeated  in  the  very  next  window; 
just  noticed.  see  letters  L  on  the  south  windows  of  the 

•'  It   may    be    interesting  to   some    to  ante-chaix  I  towards  the  screen. 


4G 


ARTISTIC    NOTES. 


On  comparing  tlic  subjects  represented  at  Cambridge 
with  tliose  ill  the  Block-Books,  ^ve  arc  struck  with  several 
remarkable  omissions  which  rarely  occurred  in  earlier  timesJ 

The  three  windows,^  illustrating  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles, 
display  many  of  the  peculiarities  of  Holbein,  and,  considering 
that  he  was  in  England,  on  his  first  visit,  at  this  very  period, 
and  that  Erasmus,  avIio  was  his  friend,  had  been  so  long 
at  Cambridge,  it  seems  more  than  probable  that  Holbein 
would  have  at  least  been  consulted  in  the  matter.  If 
he  gave  the  compositions,  many  of  the  heads  and  expres- 
sions were  refined  by  some  one  more  conversant  than  him- 
self with  Raphael  and  the  Roman  school.  There  is  in  many 
of  the  faces  in  these  paintings  a  tendency  to  show  the  teeth, 
particularly  in  the  expiring  "  Ananias,"  but,  in  Raphael's 
cartoon  at  Hampton  Court,  no  such  display  is  perceptible.^ 

The  locks  of  hair  and  flowing  l)eards  in  these  windows  arc 
almirably  drawn,  and  the  red  llesh  tint  is  preserved  in  several 
of  the   fio'ures,   although  not  retained  in  any  of  the  other 


~  We  look  in  vain  for  the  Truiihfinur.'i- 
tioii  piiia Ik-led  in  the  "  liihlia  I'uupfnim," 
No.  I "2,  wiih  Abraham  and  the  Three 
Angela,  aiiil  the  Three  cliildren  in  the  Fiery 
Furiiacf  ;  no  Marv  M.i;,'ihilene  anointing 
the  .Saviour's  feef,"H.I'.  No.  1  ;i,  S.H.S.  ch. 
14  No.  117  ;  no  Ex|)nlsii)n  of  the  .\Ion(-y- 
ClmnLrers,  B.  1*.  1,");  nor  Visitiition  of 
the  Virgin  Mnry.  All  these  are  sul)- 
jpcts  which  ariistH  and  divines  especially 
delighted  to  dwell  upon.  The  apiiearnncu 
of  the  .Saviour  before  His  Judges  is  iiere 
elaborated  tu  the  extent  of  a  Dueciu  or 
Fiehole,  whi-n  professitig  in  tln-if  series  to 
treat  of  the  I'ausiciii  alone,  and  this  parti- 
ality niny  serve  in  home  measure  to  aciMiunt 
fur  the  rejection  of  siiljicts  :ifI'onling, 
it  m«y  he,  more  striUing  parallels  than 
inuiiy  of  the  rest. 

The  Hulject  of  "  Christ  appearing  (o 
His  .Mother,''  is  one  unknown  in  curly 
lialian  art.  It  grew,  as  Mrs.  .lamesoii 
iil.si-rves,  with  the  feelings  of  the  p< ople. 
It  IS  introdneed  in  the  fitniotis  llemling  at 
■\Imiich,  and  beeiime  espeiinlly  popular 
among  tha  GerinuiiH.  '1  his  huhjeet  may 
he  found  among  tli(!  .Six  .South  winilowsof 
ihe  ehoir,  which  I  have  aluady  noted  for 
the  prevah-net)  of  Albert  Jiiirer  eharaeier- 
ihticM.  Hiii-irr  dii  d  in  l.'j'JII,  but  befnre  l.'Mli 
he  had  ah'iMidy  ixi  euted  and  piiblihhed 
honii-  iif  his  lineMt  eiigraviiiKs.  A  retiiMi-k- 
iible  M'tieH  of  designs  from  thi<  Kiblia 
I'nuperum  will  b«i  found  among  the 
titpeHirien  from  tli<r  Abbaye  <le  la  (  hiiise 
U.eu,  iiigrav<  d   by   Jubinul    in  hm  mag- 


niticent  work,  "  Ancienncs  Tapisseries," 
&c.     Fol.     Paris,  18;i!i.« 

'"*  These  windows  have  a  remarkable 
attinity  to  the  beautiful  painted  glass  in  the 
ehoir  of  Lichlield  cathedral.  Tlie  breiidth 
of  areli  has  been  already  noticed,  and 
there  is  a  remaiivable  absence  nf  petty 
detail  ;  no  small  aral>esipies  within  the 
panels  on  the  pilHstersor  spjuidrils,  which 
we  shall  have  occasion  to  remark  upon  in 
another  place.  A  rich  brown  hue  in  the 
shadows  hurnioni.ses  all,  aiul  it  is  in  these 
windows  especially  that  large  nuissts  of 
bright  erini.son  occur.  A  few  may  be 
noticed  both  to  the  west  and  the  e:ist,  bur 
c-)iii|iaraiively  in  a  much  more  moderate 

degn-e. 

■'  In  his,  "  St.  Stephen  being  stoned," 
however,  the  teeth  were  distinctly  shown, 
and  also  in  the  "  Supper  at  Fmniaiia''  of 
the  'lapestries  of  the  Scuida  Nuova. 

•  M.  Jubiiial  supiioses  the  Ch.aise  Dieii 
tapestry  to  ha\e  lieeii  wrought  at  Venice 
or  i'"loienei',  late  ill  the  XVth  or  early  in 
the  X  Villi  i-eiitiirieH. 

I'iiich  tiipesiry  is  a  page  of  tlx!  Itiblia 
ranperimi,  with  the  siiino  architecture, 
Prophets,  scrolls,  and  legends  as  in  the 
series  from  which  plate  v.  in  my  first 
jiliper  on  this  snijeet  Wiis  copied.  Plate 
iv.  of  •Inbinal  contains  the  "  Tempialioii 
of  Kve,"  "Ciidi'on,"  "The  Aiiniincia- 
lion."  Plate  XXX.  "The  ( 'oronalion  of 
th<>  Virgin"  Phite  xx.xiv.  "'Ihe  Last 
Judgment." 


-rTrrv. 


CONTAIMINQ   SIX  S 


Upper. 


EAST 


The  Nailing  to  the  Cross. 

Th« 

1  The  "  Ecce  Homo." 

Pilate  ^ 

END.                    LowEB. 

^       A] 

Solomon  crowned. 

Chi-ist  crowned  with  thorns. 

rH 

^                 h 

rl 

Job  tormented. 

The  Flagellation. 



Noah  and  his  Sons. 

Christ  before  Herod. 

ffl 

H                 fq 

O^ 

Jeremiah  imprisoned. 

Christ  before  Caiaphas. 

Shimei  insulting  David. 

Christ  insulted. 

eo 

•<                 O 

rt                           M 

w 

Cain  killing  Abel. 

The  Betrayal. 

-»)• 

•* 

Fall  of  Lucifer. 
Fall  of  manna. 

The  Agony. 
The  Last  Supper. 

Triumph  of  David. 

The  Entry  into  Jerusalem. 

iO 

>                 ^ 

H                      P 

>o 

Elisha  reviving  the  child 

The  Raising  of  Lazarus. 

— 

Jacob  tempting  Esau. 

The  Temptation. 

<o 

X                >* 

o                 p 

ta 

Naaman. 

The  Baptism. 

Joash  saved  from  the  massacre. 

Massacre  of  the  Innocents. 

t^ 

>                 ^ 

H                     p 

t~ 

The  Golden  Calf. 

Fall  of  Egyptian  Idols. 

Jacob's  Flight  from  Esau. 

The  Flight. 

ao 

«                   * 

W                     fe 

00 

Purification  of  Women. 

The  Presentation. 

— 

Queen  of  Sheba. 

Adoration  of  Elings. 

a> 

•                   * 

o                c 

Oi 

1 

Circumcision. 

M              !    f  •   Turning  Bush. 

The  Circumcision. 

— 

The  Nativity. 

«                    • 

y.              o 

o 

Temptation  of  Evo. 
Marriage  of  Tobias. 

Tlio  Annunciation. 

— 

Marriage  of  the  Virgin. 

P5                      S?                o  § 

^ 

*                   « 

^ 

1       OfTorinK  of  the  Golilon  Table. 

Presentation  of  tlio  Virgin.           *" 

1       Joachim  with  the  Angol. 

Birth  of  tiio  Virgin. 

O) 

1                     *                    * 
1                     UJ                  ►J 

y,                o 

CI 

Joachim  pjocted. 

Mooting  of  .Joachim  and  Anna. 

UlTER. 

NoTie.— ThociiplUl  Icttorn 


LOWKK. 

iimrk  tlic  criitml  f^ifurcN  or  rnciiaongorii ;  each  luttM| 


<je.nj;i;al  vii;\v  of  bUDJECTS  of  the  ulass  Vj 


3  CBBIST. 


The  Deposition. 


The  Cross-bearing. 


Lower. 


EAST  END. 


Upper. 


t-^ 

Naomi  and  her  Daughters, 

X                                   Q 

Christ  bewailed. 

1-1 
to 

CO 

to 

09 

The  Entombment. 
Delivery  from  Hell. 

Joseph  let  down  into  the  well. 

W                           <; 

Passage  of  the  Red  Sea. 

The  Resurrection. 

Christ  appearing  to  His  Mother. 

Jonah  leaving  the  whale. 

*                 * 

Tobias  returning  to  his  mother. 

«0. 

en 

The  Maries  at  the  Sepulchre. 
Christ  appearing  to  Mary  Magdalene. 

Reuben  seeking  Joseph. 
CO                          5d 
Darius  seeking  Daniel  in  the  lions'  den. 

iK 

The  Journey  to  Emmaus. 

W                        O 
The  Supper  at  Emmaus. 

The  Angel  meeting  Habbacuc. 
Habbacuc  feeding  Daniel. 

tex 

The  Incredulity  of  Thomas. 
Christ  appearing  to  the  Disciples. 

The  Return  of  the  Prodigal  Son. 
Joseph  meeting  Jacob. 

The  Ascension. 

Descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost. 

Elijah  ascending  to  Heaven. 

a               Q 

Delivery  of  the  Law. 

00 

The  Healed  Man  going  to  the  Temple. 
The  Death  of  Ananias. 

Peter  before  the  High  Priest. 
The  Apostles  taken  and  scourged. 

CO 

© 

<o 

The  Sacrifice  at  Lystra. 
Paul  stoned  at  Lystra. 

The  Conversion  of  Saul. 
Saul  at  Damascus. 

© 

Paul  Preaching. 

Paul  before  the  Emperor. 

Paul  and  the  Demoniac  Woman. 
Paul  before  a  Governor. 

►"• 

„     Death  of  the  Vii-gin  Mary. 
Burial  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 

Death  of  Tobit. 
Burial  of  Jacob. 

to 

^0 

Assumption  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 
W                           Q 
Coronation  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 

Translation  of  Enoch. 
Solomon  and  Bathsheha. 

Lower. 


Upper. 


it  figure,  so  that  the  repetition  of  the  messengei-s  may  be  perceived  by  their  recurrence 

CHAPEL  OF  KING'S  COLLEGE,  CAMBRIDGE. 


o 

>^ 

o 

K 
> 


/f 


) 


king's    college    chapel,    CAMBRIDGE.  47 

windows  except  the  east  one.  In  several  instances  tlie  C3'eballs 
have  faded  to  a  dull  grey,  which  gives  a  disagreeable  effect  to 
the  countenance.^ 

In  the  seventh  north  window  the  shadows  seem  to 
liave  been  laid  on  very  dark  and  solid ;  in  some  parts,  at 
first,  covering  the  whole  surface,  after  which  the  lights  and 
middle  tints  were  taken  out  wdth  a  fine  point,  or  piece  of 
wood,  so  as  to  leave  the  whole  surface  covered  with  delicate 
scratches,  according  to  the  gradations  of  tint.  As  the  main 
design  is  bold  and  uniform  with  the  rest,  whilst  the  manipu- 
lation is  timid,  laborious,  and  elaborate,  I  fancy  this  window 
to  be  one  of  the  four  for  which  Williamson  was  to  receive 
the  composition  or  design  at  the  hands  of  Hone  and  his  col- 
leagues. On  ascending  the  stairs  of  the  organ-gallery, 
the  scratches  alluded  to  are  very  perceptible,  especially  in  the 
central  half-figure  of  a  prophet. 

Still  a  department  of  glass  has  to  claim  our  attention.  It 
is  not  stated  how  far  Bernard  Flower  had  proceeded  in  his 
work  before  his  decease  mentioned  in  the  second  contract. 
Certain  it  is,  however,  from  the  provisions  made  therein,  that 
his  preparation  could  not  have  been  for  more  than  four  win- 
dows. He  may  have  made  several  experiments,  and  employed 
various  artists,  but,  at  all  events,  inferior  as  the  glass  now 
to  be  spoken  of  is  to  the  rest,  it  surpasses  the  solitary 
figure  still  remaining  at  Westminster.  In  the  compositions 
of  "  The  Agony"  and  "  The  Betrmjal,''  we  are  reminded 
of  a  foreign  style,  with  long-drawn  draperies,  small  delicate 
features,  beautiful  finish,  and  a  general  timidity.  The 
costume  is  the  same  as  appears  in  the  works  of  Gentile 
da  Fabriano  and  Hubert  van  E^'ck  ;  the  subject  of  "  Christ 
Insulted''  also  belongs  to  this  class.  The  architecture  in 
this  composition  is  very  peculiar.  Spectators,  in  remarkable 
costumes,  are  placed  in  a  kind  of  gallery.  Small  upright 
wooden  panelling  prevails  ;  a  feature  not  to  be  found  in  any 
other  of  the  windows. 

The  extreme  westerly  window  on  the  north  side  has  been 
much  injured,  and  man}'  parts  of  the  glass  misplaced  ;  a 
little  care  and  moderate  outlay  would  soon  re-establish  the 

'   Similar    composition    ami     costume  .armour  of  the  eoidiers  is  identical  with 

ajipear  in    the   iiortli    window,   over  the  e.\ami)les   in  the  east  window.  "  The  Coii- 

orjjan-gallery,  which  coiitain-i  "  The  Mas-  version   of  St.    I'aul,"  and  "  The  Stoning 

sacre   of  the  Innocents,"  "  Tiie    Fall    of  of  St.  I'aul  ;"  but  the  execution  is  verv 

the  Idols,"  and  "  The  Golden  Calf."    The  difl'erent. 


■iS  AKTISTIC    KOTES. 

more  important  parts  of  the  composition,  all  of  ^Ylncll  T 
l>L'rceivc  to  be  there.  Any  one  knowing  the  conventional 
treatment  of  the  subjects  \\ill  detect  particular  portions, 
hoNvever  extensively  they  may  have  been  disturbed. 

The  upper  tracery  has  been  good,  ^itli  much  Avhite  and 
yellow,  Kich  deep  tone  of  brown,  green,  and  crimson. 
Observe  the  elaborate  folds  of  upper  central  angel. 

'  JM('cti)i()  at  tlie  Gulden  (Jalc.  Draperies  excellent.  Rich 
lieading,  uitli  baluster-sliaped  supports.  Angels  appear  over 
the  ]>ortal. 

Birth  of  the  Mrgin.  The  counterpart  of  execution  and 
arrangement  to  the  Annunciation.  On  the  canopy  of  the  bed 
i«  inscribed  ancia.  anna,  matkk.  ma.  in  laroe  yellow  letters 
on  grey.  Several  parts  of  the  room  resemble  the  well-known 
picture  of  "  The  Death  of  the  Virgin,"  at  Munich,  erroneously 
attributed  to  Schorcel.^ 

All  the  architectural  framework  of  the  window  over  the 
north  entrance  is  white,  shaded  with  a  deep  reddish  grey  ;  this 
tint  indeed  jiervades  also  the  figures  and  every  compartment 
in  dense  broad  masses,  giving  thereby  a  totally  distinct 
effect  from  that  presented  by  any  other  window.  It  has  a 
slaty,  but  not  disagi-eeable  hue. 

The  same  leady  colour  is  used  even  in  shading  the  faces. 

Marrimfc  of  Tohias.  On  the  yellow  edge  at  top  of 
dra]>ery  suspended  behind  the  figures  is  the  legend  in  small 
black  letter.^',  liENDlCTli  sit  douum.  In  ''The  Marridfje  of  the 
V?7'f/in"  there  is  no  legend  either  upon  the  dresses  or 
tapestry  band  as  in  the  subject  above  it.  ^J1ie  taste  of  the 
architectural  framework  is  especially  beautiful  and  distinct 
i'vom  the  rest.  It  contains  ceitain  oi-naments  ])eculiarly 
fijrcign,  and  generally  designated  (icruian  gothic.  They  may 
be  T-ecognised  among  the  engravings  of  Israel  \;\\\  ]\Ieekenen 
and  .Martin  Sch<in.  A  vei-y  go(»d  specimen  of  the  latter, 
a  cen.scr,  dad-  about  1-17<'.  has  been  CMpicd  in  Shaw's 
*'])re.sses  and  J)ecorations." 

The  small  half-ajigels  also  have  legen^ls.  the  central  (»ne  of 

wliidi    is    KCO  SIM    ,\I,ni.\     r/r  OMKCA.        On     (lie    left     li;ilhl     \WA\ 

'  S<-lcelionN  from  it  liHvv  l)cin  piililislicrl  rnnlniiiiiiK  liolnnlccl    Iku'Ih,    niilic'l    diil 

in     Klii»w'«   "  Ifrt-HnCH  nii'l     DcconiiiimM."  «lr<'ii    iiilrmliicTil    inin    tin-    ;ir>-|ii(i'ciiiri', 

Till;   l>nck;;i'iiiiii<l     in    tliin  |iic(ui'i-   utlorcls  iiiil    loii^    (Ii-Hcrrwlinx'   ^'iirlainlH    liniif,'    in 

KVfrtil  ^inlilrll•ilil•H   to   ili<-  il<M-<iriiliMn<  in  fchloonM.        A     (Mi|il)o:ir"l     wiiii    tiilli  ront 

lln?  winilowH  (;f   tliiii  |»!irt  ol   tin-  cli.'iiii'l.  vcmhcIm   on    il   Ih  cHiicciiilly  HtTvicfiiiili-  to 

Fur   inhtAuc-f,     tlio    ciiiiilur    inL->lulii<iim  liic  lowr  uf  ancient  (lonuMtic  oi'iiunicntH. 


PLaUt    G  . 


SKETCHES    FROM    THE    PAINTED    WINDOWS  OF 
KINGS    COLLEGE    CHAPEL.    CAMBRIDGE. 


king's   college   CILVrEL,    CAMBRIDGE.  40 

be  read  mo  animo,  held  by  ca  figure  clotlied  in  a  white  co\y1, 
with  blue  sleeves.  May  not  this  window  prove  to  be  a 
memorial  window,  referring  to  the  Queen,  or  the  King's 
sister,  who  died  in  1503  1  The  position  over  the  north  door 
is  a  marked  one,  and  was  usually  adopted  for  representa- 
tions of  the  Virgin  Mary  annunciate.     "  I  am  the  door." 

The  figure  of  the  priest  in  "  The  Marriage  of  Tobias  "  is 
very  hke  Henry  VII.,  and  the  bride  closely  resembles 
Elizabeth  of  York.  The  Virgin  has  a  queenly  coronet  and 
mantle  in  the  lower  subjects.  St.  Joseph  is  clad  in  priestly 
white. 

Anminciation.  Here  we  meet  with  a  decided  example  of 
the  North  Italian  style,  blended  Avith  the  German.  The 
Milanese  began  first  to  display  the  hair  of  the  Madonna  in 
long  flowing  tresses,  which  was  soon  adopted  in  North  Italy 
and  German}^  In  some  German  masters,  and  in  the  Coventry 
Tapestiy,  the  dishevelled  locks  and  luxurious  negligence  seem 
more  befitting  the  representations  of  JMar}^  Magdalene.  Here, 
however,  the  beautiful  and  yellow  hair  is  richly  flowing, 
and,  although  contrasting  with  the  veiled  figures  of  lower 
Italy,  is  carefully  arranged.  The  costume  is  rich,  but 
elegant.  The  jewellery,  although  elaborately  ornamented,  is 
not  obtrusive.^  The  archangel  kneeling  is  attended  by 
two  lovely  children,  M'ho  support  his  mantle.  Here  again 
is  an  essential  diff'erence  between  the  German  and  Florentine 
treatment  of  this  event.  The  latter  clothed  the  divine 
messenger  in  pure  classic  drapery,  delicately  feminine  in 
character,  whilst  the  former  seem  to  have  always  invested 
him  with  pontifical  insignia.  The  richl}^  jewelled  cope,  with 
broad  clasp,  was  adopted  by  Stephen  of  Cologne,  Van  E^xk 
and  Hemling.  The  under  garments  are  long,  and  fall  in 
a  profusion  of  folds.  At  Hexham,  in  Northumberland,  in 
a  painting  on  the  rood-screen,  the  angel  wears  a  simple 
deacon's  habit."^ 

3  The  jewelled  band  on  her  ample  brow  a  bed  with  handsome  ornaments  and  cur- 
is  unusual,  but  apjears  also  on  a  figure  tains,  and  this  was  not  adopted  by  the 
of  Venus  engraved  by  Robetta,  who  Italians  till  a  very  late  period,  lon<;  after 
flourished  about  1520.  (See  Bartsch,  the  date  attril  utable  to  the  Cambridge 
vol.  xiii.,  p.  40;5,  No.  18.)  glass.     Again,  the  curtains  are  shortened 

^  Another    German    peculiarity    is    in  by  being    folded    up   within    lllcn)selve^, 

the  sane  where  tlie  Annunei:\tion   takes  and  made  to    hang    like   bags    from    the 

pl.ace.     Invarial)ly,  as  far  as  I  remember,  corners  of  the  canopy.     This  tran.saljiinc 

it  is  repi-esented,  by  all  Schools,  within  a  peculiarity   is  very  common   iu  German 

building,  often  a  handsome  chamber  or  and  English  art. 
chapel.     The   Germans  always  introduce 

VOL.    XIII.  II 


50  AltTISTIC    NOTES. 

Here,  at  Cambridge,  a  large  yellow  rose  appears  in  a  medal- 
lion in  the  backgronnd.  The  oak  })lanking  and  pot  of  lilies 
are  minntely  detailed.  The  angel,  also,  has  llo"\ving  and 
somewhat  crimped  hair,  very  German  in  appearance ;  and,  as 
in  the  Cologne  picture,  he  holds  a  sceptre.  The  folds  of 
drapery,  although  angular,  are  arranged  Avith  remarkable 
elegance.  An  inscri}ition  appears  on  the  cornice  of  the  bed 
in  white  letters  on  grey — ancilla  domini  ma. 

Tlie  ''  JVafin'ft/''  is  combined  with  the  '^ Adoration  of  the 
Sltcphcrdsy  The  cottage  is  strangely  connected  with  the 
goro-eous  architecture  both  of  framework  and  back^-round. 
Two  large  medallions  are  prominent  above.  ]\rany  of  the 
lines  of  the  architecture  are  variously  curved.  Blue,  red, 
and  green  baluster  columns  are  united  with  upright-shafted 
columns,  and  a  square  pilaster  of  the  Italian  Kenaissancc 
period  is  prominent  behind  the  figure  of  the  Virgin.  The 
yellow  star  appears  at  the  top  of  the  left-hand  compartment, 
penetrating  through  the  rich  architecture.  The  kneeling 
figure  of  tiie  \'iig'in  is  especially  beautiful,  her  drapery  also 
is  gracefully  cast  and  carefully  modelled.  The  adoring 
angels  have  the  naive  charm  so  often  seen  in  the  ^lilanese 
school.  A  broad  white  culf  is  remarkable  on  the  blue  sleeve 
of  the  Virgin.  The  angel's  hair  is  arranged  in  s])arkling 
yellow  curls  and  bi-aiding. 

In  the  "  Tcmiitation  of  Eve,''  the  treatment  is  peculiarly 
German ;  the  sky  is  deep  blue  and  the  green  of  trees  intense. 
A  handsome  German  fountain  occupies  the  centre  of  the 
composition.  The  Tem})ter,  in  female  form,  of  deep  red  hue,^ 
ending  in  a  serpent,  is  twisted  round  the  tree,  and  handing 
the  rijjple  to  our  first  parent  standing  alone.  The  head  of 
tlie  Tempter  is  extremely  beautiful.  The  canopy  over  this 
subject  is  positive  Gothic,  and  contrasts  strangely  with  the 
taste  of  the  one  to  the  riglit,  over  "  ]\Io.ses  and  the  liui-niiig 
Jhish." ''  It  seems  as  if  Hone,  hnviiig  Ix'cn  entrusted  with 
fixing  the  glass  in  their  jilaces,  li.nl  imlisci  iminati'ly  mixed 
up  the  various  styles,'  since  all  spaces  were  of  tli(!  same 
dimensions. 

*  In  l'"uirfi)r<l  cliurcli  the  colour  of  tlio        tion  in  liotli  in  vory  Hiiniliir. 

Ti'iniiliT  Ih  liliK'.  ?  Tlio   I'uifMt   (lotliie    c.inoj)y    1    wotiM 

*  Tlio  " 'I'cniptnlion,"  togotlicr  wiili  mention,  Ih  over  tii«  Hiil»ji<(?t  of  "  r/i/-/v«< 
"  TIm-  iinrniii);  Itntli,"  «' diilrun,"  uml  Imii'iiil :"  \\w  ni«xt  will  l>i«  Inun  I  iiliovo 
tin;  "  Vmit  of  tlii;  (^iiocn  to  Solmnnn,"  nml  Ix-Iow  in  tli«  Hixtli  north  wijiilow  ;  in 
ocni|iy  rinu  of  th<^  windowH  of  Iwiii-funl  tlm  clcvcntli  north  ;  iiiul  uIho,  to  jii<l|{0 
churcli,  Uloucfi(t«!rtiliii-e.     'J'lic   cunipo-ii-  from  what  now  ivinuinH,  iit  thu  to|i  of  tlio 


king's   college    CITAPEL,    CAMBRIDGE.  51 

The  next  window  embraces  much  darker  and  more 
coarsely  executed  designs.  The  rich  figure  of  angel  in 
lower  central  light  shows  clearly  the  scratching  out  mode  of 
execution.  The  messenger  below  it  is  in  a  wretched  con- 
dition arising  perhaps  fi-om  mere  dirt,  but  for  example  of 
difference  of  execution  the  visitor  may  be  advantageously 
referred  to  the  only  other  repetition  of  these  figures  in  the 
third  window  on  the  south  side. 

The  composition  of  the  '' Flujlit  into  Efjypt"  resembles  a 
well-known  panel  picture  of  Angelico  da  Ficsole.^  The  story 
of  the  reapers  is  carefully  introduced  in  the  background. 

The  next  window  is  also  dark.  The  composition  of  both 
subjects  relating  to  ''  Slaufjhtcr  of  the  Children''  wonderfully 
vigorous.  The  front  kneeling  woman  in  orange  dress  per- 
fectly Italian.  The  central  messengers  are  excellent  ;  the 
hands  of  standing  angel  beautifully  drawn. 

The  standing  "  Madonna  and  Child,"  both  without  a  nim- 
bus, are  majestically  conceived.  The  figure  kneeling  to 
them  has  an  inscription  on  his  dress  over  the  shoulder  ;  it 
seems  to  be  eoboam  •  avte  •  en  •  sias  os  awlp.  The  figure 
may  be  Jeroboam,  in  reference  to  (1  Kings,  ch.  xiii.  verses 
2  and  5)  the  prophecy  uttered  to  him,  "  Behold  a  child  shall 
be  born  unto  the  house  of  David  ;"  "  The  altar  also  was  rent." 
The  figures  are  richly  adorned  with  pearls  and  jewels.  On 
the  dress  of  the  front  kneeling  figure  in  the  "  Adoration  of 
the  Golden  Calf"  is  written  liverem.  Letters  also  appear 
on  the  pavement  round  the  standing  figure  of  "  Madonna 
and  Child." 

The  next  window  is  dark.  The  Naaman  contains  some 
admirable  specimens  of  costume  belonging  to  the  commence- 
ment of  the  XV'^Ith  century.  The  architecture  of  the 
"  Temptation  of  Esau  "  is  entirely  different  from  any  sui-- 
roundino;  it,  althouo-h  the  execution  seems  from  the  same 
hand.  The  broad  large  arch,  with  square  pilasters,  classic 
medallions,  and  large  figures  of  Cupids  in  the  headings,  show 
the  cartoon  to  have  been  made  by  the  designer  of  the  south 
choir  windows  first  adverted  to.^ 

twelfth  south.     Ovei'  the  "  Temptation  of  '  These  pilasters,  witli    arabesques   in 

£ve  "  the  hearlin^  is  coarser,  very  small  panels  upon   them,  are  to  be  seen  also  iu 

red  pillars  are   iiitroilnced,  with   red   and  tiie  uppermost  central    light    of    window 

preen    spandrils  ;    but    still   it    is    more  over  the  north  entrance,  where  the  angel 

Gothic  than  anything  else.  hovers  in  the  air  over  a  pavement,  and 

'^  In  the  Galleria  delle   Belle    Arti   di  the  space  between  them  is   filled  up  with 

Firenze,  the  bases  of  two  enriched  pilasters.     The 


52 


AUTISTIC    NOTES. 


Diirev  may  have  a«loptetl  the  Renaissance  ^  style  during 
his  visit  to  Italy  before  1507  ;  but  I  do  not  remember  any 
instances  of  his  ever  givinu;  into  the  fantastic  taste  remarked 
upon  in  the  ^'Xadcifj/^'  \vindow.  and  ^vhich  pervades  so  many 
German  engravings  from  Dirk  Van  Staren,  1523,  to  the 
mi<ldle  of  tlie  century. - 

In  the  lower  ^lessenger  subject,  between  "  T/ic  Baptism  " 
and  ••  Temptation,"  the  letters  s.  o.  K.  N.  appear  on  the  square 
pavement. 

In  •'  'T/te  Raisin(j  of  Lazarus  "  the  re-animated  figure  is 
very  poorly  drawn,  but  with  evident  attempts  to  follow  a 
good  design.  The  female  costumes  in  this  subject  are  very 
characteristic. 

"  The  Last  Supper ''  clearly  belongs  to  the  author  of  the 
south  choir  windows.  It  stands  alone  here  in  point  of  style 
and  execution.  The  countenance  of  the  Saviour,  represented 
without  a  nimbus,  is  almost  as  villainous  as  that  of  Judas. 
A  broad  horizontal  panelled  ceiling  accords  with  the  style  of 
the  opposite  windows  ;  a  chandelier  also  is  worthy  of  obser- 
vation. Two  large  Cupids  fill  the  headings.  The  colouring 
of  tliis  window  is  peculiarly  warm,  with  large  masses  of 
crimson,  and  more  white  upon  architecture.  In  the  sur- 
rounding windows  there  is  scarcely  any  jjositive  red  ;  green, 
madtler,  brown,  and  blue,  predominate.  The  square  leading 
acro.ss  the  ''Entry  to  Jcrusalon'  is  particularly  oifensive.  The 
messenger  to  the  right  of  "  The  Last  Supper"  is  coarse  and 


heading  over  this  fi^^ure  is  also  cinquo- 
cento  ;  and  round  the  lower  angel  also  of 
the  same  window  wo  find  the  circuliir 
arch  and  HpandriN,  preen  wreaths,  and 
mjuare  |)ilaKt<-r  bases,  wliieh  contrast  very 
htranguly  with  the  arehitecturo  on  cacli 
hide  of  it.  These  eonihinations,  however, 
at  the  very  beginning  of  the  ci-ntnry,  are 
reconcih-able,  One  style  does  not  imme- 
diately and  entii'ely  give  way  to  anotlier, 
and  the  works  of  iJiiri'r  and  ('ranarh 
alone*  would  sulKco  to  show  tliat  the  same 
artint  niadi-  n^e  of  ••acli  st_v!«'  in  (urn. 
'I'lio  eanojiy  of  the  figun'  of  .lercnii.-ili  in 
Il<-nry  Vll.'s  Chu|)el  at  Wct<tininHter  is 
jMire  (jothic  in  plain  white,  with  only  tho 
|irominenees  coloured  yellow. 

'  Tho  claMHical  Kenais.Hanco  arehitec- 
tiiro  came  from  Flonnee.  There,  at 
U-unt,  uiid<r  the  fostering  inlluenee  of  lliii 
Ali'diei,  wi-re  iniroiluci'd  numerous  iianels 
eontaiiiiiig  arabeM|U''H  co|iied  from  the 
Ancient   ilonmn    buildinjjH,    niches    wiili 


fluted  shell-like  heads,  and  friezes  of  nnUed 
figures,  or  warriors  attired  in  ela«8ic  cos- 
tume. The  picture  of  "  Cahnnny,"  by 
Samlro  Hoticelli,  is  an  early  instane*- ; 
also  the  frescoes  of  (ihirlandajo  in  ."^anla 
Marirt  Novella  ;  and,  more  recently,  tho 
beauiifully  propi)riii>ned  arcide  anil  pilas- 
ters in  Allpcrtinelli's  picture  of  "Tho 
Visitation,"  preserved  in  the  L'llizj.  Tho 
recent  discovery  of  an  early  painting  by 
Raphael  of  " 'i'ho  Last  .Supper,"  shows 
also  this  style  in  all  its  richness.  The 
eliilioratiiin  of  cla'-sic  architeclure  may  bo 
Si-en  ill  Iti'i-iiard  van  Orby's  picture  of 
"  .St.  Norbi  rt  preaching." 

^  It  is  obHcrvablc  that  wherever  win- 
dows are  represeuteil  in  the  interior 
subjects  on  this  side  of  the  chnpel,  they 
are  barred  diagonally.  'I'liere  is  no  iii- 
ilic.'ition  of  tracery  or  of  the  roundels 
so  nnu-h  in  vogue  at  that  time  in  (<er- 
maiiy. 


KINGS    COLLEGE    CHAPEL,    CAMBRIDGE.  515 

clnms}'',  but  the  hcand  on  the  breast  is  carefully  outhncd. 
This  figure  occurs  only  once.  The  half  angel  in  armour  is 
inferior  to  the  one  in  second  south  window.  In  the  "  Aipny'''' 
and  "  Betrayal "  the  figures  are  remarkably  small,^  the  treat- 
ment of  the  subject  is  very  weak,  but  in  several  respects 
partakes  of  the  models  and  execution  of  Quentin  Messys. 

The  robes  in  "  The  Acjony  "  are  edged  with  broad 
gold  bands,  ornamented  with  pearls  and  jewels  in  imperial 
fashion  ;  but  none  of  the  robes  are  patterned  or  embroidered. 
Most  of  the  figures  in  "  The  Betrayal "  seem  to  have  their 
names  written  upon  the  border  of  their  dresses  in  black 
letters  upon  yellow.  The  hair  of  the  personages  in  these 
subjects  is  also  coloured  deep  madder,  in  all  other  instances 
it  is  either  quite  white  or  pure  yellow.  Two  figures  of 
messengers,  in  the  upper  part  of  tlje  north  window  next 
the  altar,  have  close  affinity  to  the  last  mentioned.  They 
are  small  and  of  equal  size,  the  upper  one  is  surmounted 
by  a  genuine  Gothic  canopy  of  pure  white,  encircled 
with  gold.  The  lower,  somewhat  like  the  Westminster 
"  Jeremiah,"  is  placed  under  an  arch  similar  to  the  form 
introduced  in  the  "  Christ  Insulted."  A  Grothic  window, 
with  lozenge  framing,  appears  behind,  and  also  at  the  back 
of  each  of  the  Messengers  just  described  ;  they  are  marked 
F"  and  G".  Two  other  figures  of  small  but  equal  size  are 
somewhat  similar  ;  they  are  marked  X  and  Y,  and  occupy 
the  upper  central  part  of  the  sixth  north  window  from  the 
altar.     They  only  occur  once. 

The  ''Fall  of  the  Angels"  is  a  rich  and  charmingly 
coloured  desi^'n.  Here  the  ano;els  belono;  to  an  earlier 
period,  so  also  the  armour  of  St.  Michael ;  it  marks  the  time 
of  Edward  IV.,  about  1480.  It  is  almost  the  same  as  in  the 
great  Danzig  "  Last  Judgment."  Both  figures  have  only  a 
band  upon  the  head,  surmounted  with  a  cross.  The  demons 
are  frog-like,  and  some  with  pig-snouts,  as  in  the  engravings 
of  Martin  Schon.  A  very  similar  treatment  of  robed  angels 
and  combating  demons  may  be  seen  in  Albert  DUrcr's 
"  Fall  of  the  Angels  "  among  the  woodcuts  of  the  Apocalypse, 
which  a2:)pcared  in  1498.     Also  in  the  great  west  window  of 


^  Tiie  cup,  of  great  size,  placed  alone  at  Pauperum.      It    appears   also,   but   still 

the  top  of  a  mountain,  appears  also  in  the  more  exaggerated,  in  the  lower  series   of 

engravings  of    Dlirer,    representing    the  the    east  window    of    Fairford    church, 

same  subject,  and  iu  No.  20  of  the  Biblia  Gloucestershire. 


51-  AUTISTIC    NOTES. 

FairforJ  Cliurcli,  wliicli  is  deservedly  admired  for  compo- 
sition and  colour. 

The  enthroned  fionrc  of  the  Almighty,  represented  bare- 
lieaded  and  \x'\i\\  nimbus,  is  especially  grand.  The  fighting 
angels  are  draped  as  in  the  well-known  engraving  .of 
St.  Michael,  by  Martin  Sclion  :  a  group  of  floating  angels  in 
act  of  adoration  is  very  lovely. 

A  coarse  inscription,  sic  repodes  potifice,  appears  on  the 
side  of  the  step  supporting  seat  in  "  Christ  before  Caiaphasr 
The  high-priest  here  wears  a  bonnet  over  the  judge's  liood.^ 
In  the  next  subject,  Ilerod  positively  grins,  perhaps  in  refer- 
ence to  the  passage  of  St.  Luke,  ch.  xxiii.  v.  8,  "  and  M'hen 
Herod  saw  Jesus,  he  was  exceeding  glad."  ^  The  architec- 
ture of  this  window  is  profusely  ornamented,  several  of  the 
ffices  are  from  the  san"Lp  models  as  in  east  window,  but  much 
inferior  in  execution.  The  head  of  lowest  central  messenger 
is  fine  ;  it  resembles  that  of  Pilate  enthroned  at  east  end. 
These  windows  show  strong  resemblance  to  the  designs  of 
Pietro  Koeck  d'Aelst,  in  the  British  JMuseum. 

The  two  next  subjects  of  "  llie  Fkujellatlon  "  and  "  Christ 
Crowned  ivith  Thorns,"  are  the  very  worst  in  the  whole  chapel. 
Oppressively  heav}'-  and  clumsy  architecture,  small  figures, 
utterly  deficient  in  form  or  expression,  betoken  an  ignorant 
copy  from  what  may  have  been  originally  spirited  composi- 
tions. Here,  then,  we  find  a  very  difi'erent  method  of  copy 
from  what  we  observed  in  the  central  north  windows.  The 
copyist  here  was  both  ignorant  and  self-sufiicient,  a  combi- 
nation unfortunatel}^  only  too  common  in  all  times. 

The  great  east  window  ^  is  too  extensive  a  subject  to  be 
entered  upon  minutely  in  the  space  assigned  to  this  connnu- 
nication  ;   of  some  of  its  merits  I  have  alread}'  spoken,  others 

*  A  (Ion  Bcoms  to  have  been  introilucod  wcai*  turbans  twifitcil  roiiiul  lofty  onus, 
to   iiiilicatc  ruliMc    and    jioiJiiliir  tumult,       V.  Z.  I.  C!*  and  (J*. 

one    uppt-arH    also    where    "  St.    Paul    is  ''  In    St.    Marj^nn-t'H   nt   Wt'stiuinsfor, 

attJicked    at     Ly.stra."     N.H.    -ll,    p.    f'?,  the  whole  centre  of  the  window   is  oeeu- 

do.  p.  111.     In  Albert  Dlirer's  "Snialhr  jiied  by  the  "Crucifixion."      In  the  ^rcat 

I'liHsion,"  a   <log   is  introduced  in  "  Clirist  last   wiiulow  of  Fiiirronl    church,    (Jlou- 

bffore  Caiajihas,"  an>l  in   "CJiriKt  bcforn  ccMtcrshire,  tbi-  five  upiicr   li^jhts  are  do- 

I'iluie,"    and    a   crourbiiij'   nni-    lies    be-  voted   cxfluMivrly    (o   tin'   siinie    sulijfct  ; 

liind    the   feet   of  tli<!    .lwd;,'c    in  "  CbriMt  the   live   lower    \\\^\\U  are    lillid  wilh    the 

Milt  Xf>   Herod."      Ill    (;rniiach'K    "Christ  f<dlowiiiK     mibjects,    iiaiiiiii;;    iheiii     from 

bi'forel'iliite,"  twodof^s  are  fi;,'htiiiKat  the  norlli    to    south.       1.  " 'I'he    Miiiry    into 

feel  of  the  .)iid}{e.  ,IeiiiHfiU-m  ; "     2.    "Agony    in    the    (Jar 

*  Ilerod  and  (laiaphaH  both  wear  boii-  d«'n  ;"  .'».  "  I'ilato  Washiii;;  his  llaiidH  ;" 
nelii  ;  Pilate,  in  the  eimt  window,  wears  4.  "  The  Flagcdlalion  ;  "  (i.  "  Tlie  Cnms- 
n    turban.       The     f(dlowiiig     Messeii};ers  bearing." 


SKETCHES    FROM   THE    PAINTED   WINDOWS   OF 
KINGS    COLLEGE   CM APEL, CAMBRI DCE. 


king's    college    chapel,    CAMBRIDGE.  55 

I  hoiDG  to  make  known  on  a  future  occasion.  The  composition 
and  effect,  witli  rich  bkie  and  deep  shadows  against  bright 
masses  of  Hght,  constantly  remind  me  of  Tintoretto  ;  the 
balance  of  colour  is  admirably  preserved.  One  singular 
expedient  is  w^orth  mentioning.  In  the  lower  right  hand 
subject  a  mass  of  red  was  required  against  the  extensive 
blue  and  green  of  the  landscape.  To  afford  this,  a  large 
patch  of  the  landscape  itself  was  coloured  bright  red.  At  a 
distance  it  looks  like  a  banner  floating,  but  on  closer  inspec- 
tion rocks  and  grass  on  it  are  distinctly  visible. 

On  the  south  side  we  enter  upon  the  most  extensive  and 
uniform  series.  The  first  compositions  nearest  the  altar  are 
very  poor.  The  lowest  angel  holding  tablet  in  second  win- 
dow is  remarkably  beautiful.  The  motive  seems  derived 
from  some  of  Raphael's  angels  in  the  dome  of  the  Chigi 
Chapel  at  Rome.  The  wings  are  thrown  up  ornamentally, 
as  in  a  figure  of  St.  Michael  by  Angehco  da  Fiesole.^  There 
seems  little  uniformity  with  regard  to  the  introduction  of 
the  nimbus,  in  these  window^s,  or  of  its  colour  wdien  intro- 
duced ;  sometimes  it  is  represented  as  a  flat  circle,  at  others, 
as  a  disk  seen  in  perspective.  In  the  "  Entombment "  and 
"  Descent  to  the  gates  of  Hell "  it  is  omitted  entirely.  The 
subject  of  the  "  Descent  into  Hell  or  Hades,"  ^  well  shows 
the  distinctive  features  I  have  already  described.  Larger 
figures,  clearer  spaces,  broader  forms,  and  a  studious  display 
of  waving  drapery  in  the  banner  and  mantle  behind  the 
Redeemer's  shoulder.  The  latter  is  again  apparent  in  tlie 
""Resurrection,''  but  there  serves  usefully  to  fill  a  space  to  the 
left  of  the  principal  figure  ;  but  in  the  subjects  of  "  Christ 
appearing  to  His  Mother,"  "  Journey  to  Emmaus,''  and  in  the 
banner  in  the  "  Incredulity,''  these  curling  graces  may  be 
considered  ornamental  rather  than  necessary.  These  acces- 
sories, so  nobly  treated  in  the  genuine  ^vorks  of  RajDhael, 
become  mere  flourishes  in  the  hands  of  his  successors  and 
imitators.  Here  may  be  perceived  a  peculiar  roundness  of 
limb  and  fold  which  was  afterwards  carried  to  extreme 
excess  in  the  hands  of  Rubens  and  his  scholars,  and  these 
works  in  many  respects  seem  to  have  prepared  the  way  for 

'  In  the    Gallcria  delle  Belle  Arti  at  17flf!  for   the   sake   of  the  gold.     It  had 

Florence.  fortunately  been  engraved  previously  by 

*  Thiswas  the  subject  of  one  of  Raphael's  Sommereau.      See  Passavant,   vol.  ii.  p. 

tapestries,  which  the  Jews  destroyed  in  2(31',  and  Landon,  pi.  309. 


5G  ARTISTIC   KOTES. 

liim.  The  front  soldier  in  the '' JieswTecti<ni'' Ims  a  most 
liideous  face,  the  armour  of  this  subject  is  the  pseudo-classic 
of  Francis  I.  The  colouring  of  the  next  subject  to  tlie  right 
is  ver}'  similar  to  that  of  the  Liclitiekl  Choir,  containing  rich 
brown  deep  shadows  well  massed.  The  composition  seems 
derived  from  a  woodcut  by  Albert  Diirer  of  the  same  subject. 
The  next  window^,  containing  the  "  Maries  at  the  Sepidclu-c," 
and  the  "  Meeting  in  the  Garden,"  allbrds  similar  costumes  to 
figures  in  the  works  of  Lucas  Van  Leyden,  Bernard  van 
Orlcy  (his  St.  Korbert),  Schoreel,  and  Albert  Diirer,  dating 
1510,  besides  a  fine  German  picture  belonging  to  Lord 
Ixadnor,  at  Lonoford  Castle.^  The  drawin<>-  of  the  laroc 
figures,  especially  of  the  kneeKng  J\Iagdalen,  is  admirable, 
worthy  indeed  of  Pontormo  when  fresh  from  j\Iichael  Angelo. 
There  is  in  truth  not  a  little  of  a  model  of  the  great  Floren- 
tine, also,  in  the  style  of  head  and  neck  of  the  "  Magdalene 
standing  at  the  Tomb.'"  I  am  aware  that  the  head  is  a  re- 
pi'oduction,  but  as  it  w\as  merely  copied  from  what  had 
before  existed  there,  the  general  character  must,  of  course, 
have  remained  the  same.  The  messengers  in  both  lights  are 
richly  coloured,  the  lowest  figure  with  hat  and  cape  is  the  best 
among  three  repetitions.  The  figure  of  the  winged  deacon 
also  is  vigorously  expressed,  the  canopy  with  rich  gold 
filu'Tcc  is  excellent.  The  lower  fii>;urcs  between  the  Emmaus 
suljjects  are  very  inferior  to  sixth  north  window.  The  u])per 
figures  also  very  weak  and  inferior  to  ninth  north  window. 

The  lions  in  the  '7A////y^/cw"  subject,  as  well  as  "  Visit 
of  JJarins,"  are  admirably  drawn.  The  boldness  of  their 
attitudes  merits  attention.  The  messengers  between  the 
"  fnerrdnlifij"  and  ''  Appearanee  to  the  Eleven''  are  rcmnrk- 
ably  fine,  and  only  occur  once  ;  the  modelling  of  the  face 
of  the  lowest  angel  is  marvellous  ;  clearly  painted  and  not 
stijtpled.  The  window  containing  the  ''  Aseension,''  ''  I'enle- 
cost^'  ''Moses"  and  ''Elijah,^'  ought,  ])ci-liaps,  to  I'ank  among 
the  very  finest.  The  vigour  of  concept i<»ii  aii<l  a|i|»ropriate- 
ncss  of  execution,  place  this  at  once  on  a  level  wiih  the  cast 

*  Tlio  curioiiB    fn'-liion    in    luad-orna-  Rrftciful    fi;;nro    <>f   "St.    MMr;,'arot    witli 

ni<-iit  of  t\  cintiliir  i.liitu  or  hIik-IiI  iit  cnuli  Mitrj^Jint  nl'  AtiMlria,"  an  <t<liiii;{  diiliil 

MJclr  of  tli<;  liiii'l,  hci.iiiH  to  liHVo  ]iriviiilt(l  I't.'tl,   wliic'li    Mr.   (Jir|iiiit(  r  mi|i|(()kc'h  to 

for   II   loii;^   time,      h   iii)ip(iirH  in  ii  lar^'u  bo    by    Hfriiaril  van   Orlcy,        \n   oni!  of 

wo«m1  cii^jniviii;,'  after  roiitormo,  iimcrlfd  the  iiKnlaliioim  of  tlio  wiinlowH    iit   Lie-go 

ill    I)<r«<  bail,  ill    II  biMiutiful    ciiKraviiig  of  tbo  Haiiie  coHliimi-   aiipcarH.      'riicHo    wiii- 

tb.>  "SniiiariUiii  Woman  ttl  tii(^  Will,"  by  doWM  beur  dulott  ranging    from    15'20    to 

iJirk  Van   SIjulii,  dated   l.VJ.'i,  and    in  a  l.VJl. 


king's   college    chapel,    CAMBRIDGE.  57 

^Tindow  and  tliosc  devoted  to  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles.  It  is 
considerably  darker,  a  decided  Italian  composition  is  percep- 
tible, except  in  the  figure  of  the  Saviour  ascending  to  Heaven, 
which  is  seen  as  in  Albert  Diirer,  Angelico  da  Fiesole,  in  the 
BibHa  Pauperum,  and  in  the  Enoch  of  the  Speculum.^ 

In  "  The  Law  given  to  Moses,''  cherubim  appear  in 
the  air  according  to  the  Italian  conception.  In  "  The 
Descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost''  the  figures,  and  especially 
tlie  Virgin  Mary,  are  aU  clothed  in  the  Italian  manner. 
The  upper  messengers  arc  the  best  of  three  repetitions ; 
upon  the  sleeve  of  the  half  figure  is  inscribed  7  hen.  The 
lower  figures  are  also  good,  especially  the  head  of  the  one 
holding  a  tablet.  The  three  next  windows  have  already 
elicited  much  admiration,  but  the  "  Ananias  "  claims  espe- 
cial notice,  on  account  of  its  well-known  prototype.^ 
The  figures  of  "  St.  Paul  Preaching, "  and  in  the  "  Attack  at 
Lijstra,"  partake  more  or  less  of  Raphael's  influence  ;  many 
are  very  powerfully  shaded ;  there,  as  in  the  east  window, 
even  among  subjects  of  tumult,  is  a  propriety  and  natural- 
ness of  expression  which  we  look  for  in  vain  among  the 
subjects  of  "  The  Trials  of  our  Lord."  The  grimace  and 
caricature  so  repugnant  to  us  were  possibly  traditional, 
which  painters  adhered  to  more  in  Germany  than  Italy. 
Among  these  windows  in  the  central  lights  occur  the  repe- 
titions of  a  standing  figure  ^  in  doctor's  gown  and  cap  ;  a 
kneeling  bull  is  thought  by  some  to  mark  the  evangelist 
St.  Luke,  as  writer  of  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles.  The  face 
is  beardless  and  evidently  a  portrait.  The  best  among  these 
four  repetitions  is  decidedly  the  lower  one  in  the  ninth 
window. 

The  last  two  windows,  relating  to  the  history  of  the 
Virgin,  are  similar  to  the  twelfth  on  the  north  side.     They 

1  The  lower  part  of  the  figure  and  soles  mcnted.     In  the  cartoon  and  Mare  Anto- 

of  the  feet  are  alone  visible  in  the  sky,  nio's   engraving,    Ananias  has   bare  legs 

the  rest  is  cut  off  by  the  bright  blue  clouds.  and  feet,  his  shoulder  also  is  uncovered. 

The      "Ascension"     and     "  i'entcoost  "  In  the  glass  painting  he  wears  a  yellow 

occur  side  by  side  on  the  south  windows  dress    with    white  stockings    and    orna- 

of  Fairford   church.     The  lower  part  of  mented  shoes.  The  teeth  also  are  shown  ; 

the  figure  of  the   Saviour  is  seen  in  the  they  are  not  to  be  seen  in  the  cartoon, 

air,  with  the  feet  so   turned  as  to  show  One  of  the    profile  heads  behind  is  very 

the  soles  conspicuously.     The  mount   is  Kaphaclcsque.       The  apostle  raising   his 

elongated  into  a  column  with  a  green  top  arm    and  pointing,  shows   distinctly  the 

like  a  mushroom,  upon   which   two  foot-  intluencc  of   Marc   Antonio's  engraving, 

prints  remain.     The  apostles  kneel  in  a  The  figure   of  St.   Peter  is   quite  in  the 

circle  round  the  base  of  the  column.  older    Florentine     style     of     Lippi     or 

-  In   Raphael's  cartoon,  the  steps  are  Masaccio. 

fewer,  and  the  railing  not   so  much  orna-  ^  Indicated  by  the  letter  L. 

VOL.    XIII.  I 


AETISTIC   NOTES. 


have  likewise  suffered  nmcli  from  wanton  injuiy.  In  tlic 
"  Death  of  Tobit"  the  patriarch  Hes  in  a  bed  with  richly 
ornamented  valance  and  curtains  hanging  down  halfway  as 
noticed  in  the  ''Annunciation."  Tobias  and  his  wife  kneel 
at  the  foot  of  the  bed  and  the  angel  llaphael  appears 
to  the  left.  The  subject  beneath  it,  the  "  Death  of  the 
Virgin,"  is  very  similar,  the  colours  are  intense,  and  there  is 
a  beautiful  filagree  work  in  the  canopy.  "  The  Burial  of 
Jacob  "  is  sadly  mutilated  and  clumsily  patched  together, 
the  central  messenger,  and  angel  of  upper  light,  are  beau- 
tifully rich  in  colour,  the  draperies  wonderfully  modelled 
and  preferable  to  the  repetition  in  opposite  tenth  window\ 
The  lowest  figure  is  the  only  full-length  one  of  the  series 
clad  in  armour.  The  angel  above,  a  kneeling  female  figure 
with  remarkable  sleeves,  has  wings.  The  grass-green  bracket 
with  deep  perforations,  upon  which  the  lowest  figure  stands, 
is  exquisitely  l)eautiful.^ 

"  The  Assuniptinn  of  the  F/r^//;^ "  is  graceful.  The  angels 
are  clad  in  beautifully  arranged  drapery,  some  floating,  with 
admirable  shai-p  folds  in  early  German  style.  One  angel  above 
plays  a  guitar,  another  a  harp.  The  Virgin  being  carrietl 
up  by  four  angels  folds  her  hands  in  prayer.  The  hair  is 
long  and  flowing,  and  the  entire  figure,  firm  as  a  statue,  is 
exactly  like  that  in  the  centre  compartment  of  the  Coventry 
Taj)estry.  The  next  subject,  "  The  Coronation  of  the 
Jlrfjin,"  is  surmounted  with  a  rich  curtained  canopy  ;  below, 
two  angels  play  a  j^pe  and  dulcimer,  the  Virgin,  clad  in 
celestial  blue  and  white,  kneels  praying  tow\ards  the  spec- 
tator and  with  her  back  to  the  Saviour,  who  sits  with  the 
Almighty  P'ather  ;  the  Holy  Spirit,  "dove-like,"  hovers  above 
thcm.^  The  Almighty  wears  an  arched  crown  Avith  fillets 
sun-(»unde<l  by  a  purple  circular  niml)us.  The  knee  supporting 
the  globe  and  cross.  The  Saviour's  head  is  bare,  with  a 
j-ed  nimbus  seen  in  perspective.  The  crown  held  over  the 
Vii-gin's  head  is  unarchcd  but  jewelled.  TIk^  subject  over 
the  '"  As.siinijilion  "  is  uiKjUCStioiiably  ''Enoch."  Tlic  j)0uch 
noticed  by  Air.  JJolton  was  no  distinctive  emblem  of  St. 
Ni('h(jl;is,    besides  the  action   of  the  Almighty  receiving  tlu^ 

*  A  Hiiniliir  ii;ilt<rii  will  In-  fonml    npon  Dlinr'H    woimIciiIs     of    tlic     y\ii(ic;ilyj),si', 

iIh)    Mti(i|iorl    ciiluinii    i)f    A'lniii    KihIi'm  'J'iicv  uiiimmuimI  in  ll'dl. 
"  .SttkriuiKiithiiiiHfrlicii  "   or  IiiIiimiihcIc    at  '   'I'li-  huiiic  riiiii|Misilioii  nini  ndittidp  of 

Klirtli,  iKiir   Niiniiilnrn,  ox'tuNmI  iiWoiit  tin-   MikIihiiwi  iimy  lio  ki-iii  in    No.  ."to  of 

\\Ul.     'I'll'-   tiiMic    of   niuny  of  tlic  oniu-  tlin  ClmiHU  Dicii  'IninatricB. 
mcniH  n  (-iiIIm  thi.-  Ii<'iiiilifiil  cundlrHlirkH  in 


king's   college   chapel,    CAMBRIDGE.  59 

personage  by  the  hands  is  only  seen  in  connection  ^vitll 
Enoch.     It  is  so  represented  in  the  Bibha  Paupcruni.'' 

I  cannot  i:)retend  to  have  afforded  materials  for  clearly 
deciding  the  relative  periods  of  the  glass,  but  I  hojie  that 
internal  evidence  derived  from  artistic  considerations  may 
do  something  towards  attaining  the  desired  point.  With 
that  view  also,  I  recapitulate  one  or  two  particulars  which 
seem  to  me  most  likely  to  indicate  an  approximate  date. 

In  the  fifth  indenture,  a.d.  152G,  still  preserved  in  the 
archives  of  the  College,  eighteen  windows  were  ordered  ; 
six  of  which  were  to  be  completed  within  a  year  from  the 
date,  April  30,  and  the  remaining  twelve  in  four  years,  that 
is,  by  April  30th,  1530.  As  one-third  of  the  windows  was 
to  be  finished  in  one-fourth  of  the  entire  time  allotted,  there 
seems  to  have  been  some  pressure,  and  this  may  have  arisen 
i'rom  the  necessity  of  glazing  the  South  windows  of  the 
choir  as  a  defence  against  the  sunshine  as  soon  as  possible. 
The  windows  of  this  part  of  the  chapel  are  jDrecisely  six  in 
number,  and  on  the  south  side  alone  do  we  find  a  uniform 
series  of  paintings  in  one  style  only.  These  windows,  I 
would  unhesitatingly  assign  to  the  date  1526-7  by  which 
period,  Albert  Diirer — whose  style  and  breadth  is  here 
peculiarly  discernible — had  executed  all  his  finest  works. 
Diirer  died  in  1528.  But  we  know  from  the  indenture  of 
April  30th,  1526,  just  referred  to,  that  some  glass  had  been 
already  prepared  :  for  provision  appears  for  its  being  put 
up  at  the  pleasure  of  the  Provost  and  his  two  colleagues. 
Concerning  this  glass,  excepting  that  a  certain  Bernard 
Flower,  recently  dead,  had  been  connected  with  it,  we  know 
nothing.  As  the  indenture  provides  for  twenty-two  windows 
still  to  be  made,  they  could  not  have  exceeded  four  in 
number. 

I  cannot  help  fancying  Flower's  portion  to  have  been  the 
glass  for  all  the  upper  lights,  since  they  are  uniform 
throughout  the  chapel.  I^ext  to  these  in  date,  judging 
pictorially,  I  would  place  the  four  westerly  windows  relating 
to  the  life  of  the  Virgin.  Several  of  the  draperies  have 
strong  affinity  to  those  of  the  Angels  in    the  uppermost 

^  In  the  Speculum  Humanoe  Salvationis,  receives  him  hy  the  hands.     Below,  and 

the  "Tnt)is?«<io?^o/Jt'^^oc^"  is  represented  somewhat    behind,  remains    a     bearded 

like  "  Tlic  Ascension  of  our  Lord."     Tlic  figure   with   a   label  "  Quis   est  iste  qui 

"  Translation    of  Enoch  "  forms  No.   25  venit  de  Edom  ?  "  &c.     Something  of  the 

of    the    Chaise     Dieu     Tai)estrics,     (see  same  kind    I   fancy  to  have  obsci'ved  at 

ante   p.   46),   there  ■  also    the    Almighty  Cambridge. 


60  ARTISTIC   NOTES. 

lio-lits.  The  t^Yelvc  windows  to  be  wroimht  between  1526 
and  1530,  were  entrusted  to  two  distinct  schools  ;  one, 
inchiding  the  East  window,  Flemish  with  an  Italian  basis, 
the  other  German,  of"  the  Cologne  School,  blended  with  the 
Saxon  style  of  Cranach.  To  the  latter  may  be  assigned  the 
windows  relating  to  the  Infancy  of  Christ  ;  to  the  former, 
the  windows  relating  to  the  lives  of  the  Apostles,  and  ones 
over  Organ  Gallery,  "  The  Entry  into  Jerusalem,"  and  "  The 
Lazarus^  The  Diirer  characteristics  do  not  extend  beyond 
the  six  south  choir  windows  and  the  "  Last  Supper  "  on  the 
north  side  ;  except  in  the  architecture  of  the  "  Temptation 
of  EsaK." 

For  contractors  to  employ  artists  of  various  countries 
and  make  use  of  engravings,  was  by  no  means  uncommon. 
The  system,  less  honestly  pursued,  is  often  adopted  at  the 
present  day,  when  insipidity  is  generally  ju-eferred  to  origi-. 
nahty.  As  Mr.  Bolton,  with  every  probability  on  his  side, 
tells  us  that  the  West  window  had  never  been  filled  with 
painted  glass,  the  contract  could  not  have  been  entirely 
observed,  and  it  may  therefore  be  uncertain  how  far  the 
four  designs  to  be  provided  by  ]\Iessrs.  Hone  and  Co.,  were 
carried  into  effect.  Judging  from  discrepancies  between  the 
design  and  execution  of  certain  parts  of  the  nortJt  side, 
some  being  too  bold  and  others  too  timid,  I  fancy  they  may 
liavc  been  the  copies.  In  the  messengers,  such  certainly 
was  the  case,  for  in  the  repeated  figures  we  often  see  a  good 
and  bad  use  made  of  the  same  cartoon.  As  the  charges 
were  so  niMoXi  per  foot ^  the  work  seems  to  have  been  allotted 
to  various  artists  without  reference  to  subject  or  position, 
and  their  pi-oductions  being  placed  together  as  pictures  are 
arranged  on  the  walls  of  a  jnodern  exhibition  room,  there 
seems  little  chance  of  the  difficulty  ever  being  solved  witli- 
out  catalogues  or  names  to  identify  them.  The  })eculiar 
windows  on  the  north  side,  "  The  Aijonij "  and  "  The 
lirtrnijdl,"  kc,  arc  distinct  from  the  rest.  They  have  an 
almost  j)rovincial  insipidity  about  them,  and  the  costumes  as 
well  as  architecture  indicate  an  earlier  ]>eri()d.  Tiie  north 
side  certainly  displays  a  curious  variety  of  styles  and  com- 
position.    The  tliree  most  westerly  arc  the  most  uniform. 

With  tliesc  rough  notes  I  must  conclude  my  ])a])er  : 
would  that,  as  an  Englishman,  1  could  convince  myself  and 

7  Sixlccn-iieiico. 


king's   college   chapel,    CAMBRIDGE.  61 

others  that  these  glass  pamtings  originated  with  Englishmen. 
If  we  had  not  an  English  school  of  art  in  the  beginning  of 
the  XVIth  century,  we  had  certainly  manufactures;  and  the 
constant  demand  for  art  up  to  the  period  of  the  Reformation, 
must  have  maintained  a  multitude  of  workmen,  strong  and 
ready  at  their  craft.  In  former  times,  during  the  reigns  of 
Edward  III.  and  Henry  VI.,  our  more  limited  intercourse 
with  foreign  nations  favoured  the  employment  of  native 
artists.  Hence  John  of  Chester,  and  John  Thornton  of 
Coventry,  were  largely  employed,  and  seem  to  have  fully 
met  all  that  was  required  of  them.  But  it  is  impossible  to 
believe,  that  after  the  invention  of  engraving,  both  in  wood 
and  metal,  our  original  artists,  if  we  had  still  possessed  any 
of  importance,  would  not  have  manifested  themselves.  All 
portraits  and  works  for  publication,  commemorative  of  state 
events,  came  from  the  hands  of  foreigners,  and  no  reference 
whatever  is  preserved  of  English  originals.^  That  we  had 
nationally  an  ardent  love  and  taste  for  art  is  sufficiently 
evident,  and  the  employment  of  such  extensive  resources  as 
may  be  traced  in  the  decoration  of  this  chapel  goes  far  to 
refute  the  charges  of  those  who  say  we  undervalued  art 
in  those  days.  I  cannot  follow  Mr.  Bolton's  proof  of 
oriijinality  in  the  necessarily  high  pitch  of  the  "horizon 
line"  page  169.  The  high  horizon  was  adopted  by  all  the 
great  historical  painters  of  that  period,  and  nowhere  is  it 
more  conspicuous  than  in  the  cartoons  of  both  series 
designed  by  Raphael  for  tapestry.  That  these  windows 
were  designed  by  persons  accustomed  to  tapestry,  I  have 
before  expressed  my  conviction,  and  that  the  requirements  of 
the  loom  and  furnace  should  have  been  jointly  considered  was 
only  in  accordance  with  the  spirit  of  the  age  which  united 
the  exercise  of  painter,  sculptor,  architect,  and  engineer  in 
one  person.  It  would  bo  unbecoming  on  my  part  to  omit 
acknowledging  the  value  of  ]\Ir.  Bolton's  paper,  which,  without 
entering  upon  any  artistic  criticism,  has  rendered  us  so 
extensive,  clear,  and  concise  an  account  of  these  windows, 
their  history,  signification  and  manufacture. 

GEORGE  SCHARF,  Jun. 

^  The  Hampton  Court  pictures  of  "The  vinp;,  with  an  Enj;lish  name,  known,  is  a 

Cloth  of    Gold,"    "The    Embarcation    at  print  of  the  family  of  Henry  VIII.,  about 

Dover,"   and     "The    Battle    of    Spurs,"  158.5,  graven  by  W.  Rogers.    Two  copies 

although  no  longer  attributed  to  Holbein,  only   are    known:    one   in    the   British 

have  not  been  proved  to  have  been  done  Museum,  the  other  at  Paris, 
by  an  Englishman.     The  earliest  engra- 


EXAMPLES  OF  MEDI.'EVAL  SEALS, 

1.  Peksonal  Seal  of  \Villiam  de  Yspaxia  (ITispania). — It  will  be 
observeil  the  impression  is  a  jiointed  oval  and  dish-shapod,  and  the  figure 
of  the  horse,  on  which  the  knight  is  mounted,  is  placed  in  the  longer  axis. 
The  knight  ajijiears  in  a  pointed  chapel  dc  fer,  with  a  nasal,  having  a  kite- 
shaped  siiield,  and  carrving  on  his  right  shoulder  a  lance  with  a  pennon. 
A  few  letters  arc  perceptible  above  the  device,  being  probably  the  remains 
of  the  word  Yspania.  We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  ^Villianl  Clayton  for  directing 
our  attention  to  this  curious  seal  :  the  original  is  attached  to  an  early 
document  among  the  muniments  of  the  Barrington  Hall  estate,  the  property 
of  Mr.  Alan  Lowndes,  by  whom  a  cast  has  been  presented  to  the  Institute. 

But  little  is  known  of  the  family  of  De  Hispania  beside  what  is  given 
bv    Morant.      They  held   estates   in   Essex  ;    and  one  parish,  VVillinghall 


Spain,  and  two  manors,  S|)ain'8  Hall  in  Finchingfield,  and  Spayncs  Hall  in 
Great  Yeldliam,  aro  distinguiHhcd  by  their  name,  llerveus  de  llispunia, 
at  the  time  when  i>ome.Hd(iy  was  comj)iled,  hehl  lands  in  that  county  under 
Alan,  Karl  <if  Uritiiny  and  Iviehmond.  This  William  was  probably  his 
grandHon.and  held  ihc!  manor  of  S|iain'H  Hall,  Kinchingfiehl,  nH  a  vnsHnl  of 
A  Inn  the  Savage,  Karl  of  Britany  and  Kichniond,  who  grunted  the  Heignory 
of  it  and  other  e.Mlates  to  Alberic  de  Yen-,  an  anet-.stor  of  the  Dc  VercH, 
J'wirlH  of  Oxford,  if  nut  the  iirHtearl  of  that  family.  That  was  probably  about 
the  middli;  of  the  Xllth  century,  'i'lu!  family  of  \)r  Hispania  Hcems  to 
have  contiruHMl  at  l'"inehingfield  and  (Jreat  Yeldliam  till  the  begliming  of 
the  XI  Vlh  century  ;  abi»iit  which  time  an  lieireMH,  Margaret  or  Margery, 
daughter   of    a    Kiehanl   de    lli.-ipaiiia,    nuirried     Micholaa    Kcniji,    ami    .so 


EXAMPLES    OF    MEDLEVAL    SEALS.  G3 

conveyed  the  Fiucliingficld  estate  to  that  family.  Their  connection  with 
Spain,  or  how  they  ac([uired  their  svirnatne,  has  not  been  discovered. 

The  document  to  which  the  seal  is  attached  is  remarkable,  being  a  deed 
of  endowment  at  the  church  door  ;  a  species  of  instrument  that  is  rarely 
met  with.  According  to  the  conmion  law  of  this  country  the  usage  was  the 
same  as,  Tacitus  tells  us,  existed  among  the  ancient  Germans  :  "  Doteni 
non  uxor  marito,  sed  uxori  maritus  ottert."  Dower,  unlike  dowry,  was  a 
provision  for  the  Avife  in  the  event  of  her  surviving  her  husband,  and 
consisted  generally  of  one  third  of  his  lands  and  tenements.  There  were 
several  modes  of  assigning  it,  but  it  eventually  became  a  legal  right  irre- 
spectively of  any  intention  on  the  part  of  the  husband  to  confer  it. 
Among  the  various  kinds  known  after  the  Conquest,  if  not  the  earliest,  was 
Dos  ad  ostium  Ecclesice,  which  was  a  specific  provision  made  for  the  wife 
by  the  husband  at  the  door  of  the  church  in  which  they  were  married. 
Glanville,  a  distinguished  lawyer  and  soldier,  who  was  Justiciary  under 
Henry  II.,  and  died  at  the  siege  of  Acre  in  the  service  of  Cccur  de  Lion, 
Avriting  in  the  reign  of  the  former  king,  and  but  a  few  years  after  this 
document  was  sealed,  calls  such  dower,  "id  quod  aliquis  liber  homo  dat 
sponsa)  sua)  ad  ostium  ecclesia)  tempore  desponsationis  sure."  Littleton  in 
the  XVth  century,  at  which  time  it  should  seem  the  practice  was  not 
extinct,  explains  it,  according  to  Coke's  translation,  thus  :  "  Dowment  at 
the  church  door  is  where  a  man  of  full  age  seised  in  fee  simple,  who  shall 
be  married  to  a  woman,  and  when  he  cometh  to  the  church  door  to  be 
married,  there,  after  affiance  and  troth  plighted  between  them,  he  endowetb 
the  woman  of  his  whole  land,  or  of  the  half  or  other  less  part  thereof,  and 
there  openly  doth  declare  the  quantity  and  certainty  of  the  land  which  she 
shall  have  for  her  dower."  "This  dower,"  says  Sir  Edward  Coke,  "is 
ever  after  marriage  solemnised,  and  therefore  this  dower  is  good  without 
deed,  because  a  man  cannot  make  a  deed  to  his  wife."  But  it  may  be 
doubted  whether  marriage  did  always  precede  in  earlier  times,  for  Littleton 
says  "  after  affiance  and  troth  plighted,"  which  may  mean  betrothal  ;  and 
Avith  this  agrees  Glanville,  as  has  been  seen,  and  also  Bracton,  c.  39.  It 
was,  however,  good  without  deed,  and  hence,  perhaps,  the  rarity  of  such 
instruments.  In  this  instance,  William  de  Hispania  calls  the  lady  his 
wife,  and  appears  to  have  married  her  in  the  church  of  Shalford,  a  village 
adjoining  to  Finchingfield,  where  he  probably  resided.  Tiie  name  of  her 
father  does  not  appear.  Iler  husband  gives  her  the  town  [viUam,  probably  a 
manor  only)  of  Willinghall,  and  one  knight's  fee,  viz.,  that  of  Robert,  son 
of  Mcnguus,  and  what  is  remarkable,  one  socman,  viz.,  Eustachius  of 
"Willinghall  ;  another  instance,  in  addition  to  those  noticed  by  Sir  II.  Ellis 
in  his  Introduction  to  Domesday,  of  the  base  condition  of  some  socmen  in 
Essex,  who  were  apparently  attached  to  the  manors  on  Avhich  they  dwelt. 
Among  the  numerous  witnesses,  comprising  most  likely  some  of  the  lady's 
friends,  we  have  William  de  Ilispania's  brother  Richard,  Robert,  son  of 
Menguus,  the  socman  Eustace,  and  also  the  "  deans  "  of  Finchingfield  and 
Matching  (a  village  near  Barriugton  Hall).  The  deed  read  in  extenso  is  as 
follows  : 

"  Sciant  tarn  presentcs  quam  futuri  quod  ego  Willelmus  de  Yspania  dedi 
et  concessi  uxori  mee  Lucie  Villam  do  Willigcbale  cum  omnibus  pertinentiis 
suis  et  fcudum  unius  militis  scilicet  Rodberti  filii  mengui  et  unum  socheman 
scilicet  Eustachium  de  Willigcbale  ante  hostium  ecclesia?  sanctc  Marie  de 
Scaldeford  ubi   cam  desponsavi  in  dotein  sine  contradictione  aliqua.      His 


Gl-  EXAMPLES   OF   MEDIJ^YAL   SEALS. 

testibus  Ricanlo  fratrc  meo,  Willelmo  filio  Joiclicl,  Fuloonc  da])ifero,  Rod- 
berto  de  Vallis,  Gillcberto  fillo  Radulfi,  Rodberto  filio  ilengui,  Eustachiode 
AVilligehalc,  Ernaldo  dccano  dc  Fincbingefeld,  Willolnio  filio  Fulconis, 
Thoina  de  Ardena  et  Radulfo  filio  ejus,  Radulfo  de  Cauri,  Elia  de  Sancto 
Goorgio,  llunifrido  de  Bruill,  Alaiio  dc  Sancto  Georgio,  Ilugone  dccano  dc 
Macinga,  Luciano  medico,  Ricardo  pinccnia,  Eudone  filio  Geivasii,  Rodberto 
masculo,  Nicolao  coco,  Thonia  cainerario,  Ainaldo  coco. 

"  Valeant  iiresentcs  et  futuri  et  mee  donationis  doteni  uianuteneant." 

As  tbe  marriage  took  place  at  Slialford  Church,  and  the  dean  of 
Finchingfield,  the  husband's  parish,  was  present,  the  lady  was  probably  of 
Shaiford  ;  but  we  have  not  been  able  to  connect  any  of  the  witnesses  with 
the  latter  parish,  or  to  discover  which  of  them  were  her  friends.  The 
"  deans  "  of  Finchingfield  and  Matching,  if  not  rural  deans,  which  seems 
very  questionable,  may  have  been  the  principal  priests  in  those  parishes,  or 
even  rectors,  having  others  in  some  way  subordinate  to  them.  Finchingfield 
is  so  large  a  parish,  that  there  were,  most  likely,  several  priests  in  it  ;  and 
though  Matching  was  much  smaller,  there  appears  to  have  been  a  chapel  as 
well  as  a  church  in  it.  The  name  Menguus  is  very  uncommon,  but  "  Filio 
Mengui,"  we  are  assured,  is  the  reading  of  the  deed.  A  Richard  Masclc 
was  tenant,  according  to  Morant,  of  certain  lands,  the  scignory  of  which 
was  granted  by  the  Earl  of  Britany  and  Ftichmond  to  Alberic  dc  Vere,  at 
the  same  time  as  the  scignory  of  William  de  Ilispania's  manor  in  Finching- 
field. The  witness,  Robcrtus  Masculus,  may  therefore  very  likely  have 
been  a  relative.  Ralph  de  Ardena,  son  of  Thomas,  was  probably  the  same 
who  was  some  years  after  Bailiff  of  Pont  Audemer  (Normandy),  and  had  a 
son  Thomas.  They  seem  to  have  been  connected  with  West  Sussex,  and 
therefore  Humphry  de  Bruill  may  have  derived  his  surname  from  the 
Brovlc,  near  Chichester.'  St.  Georges  was  a  family  in  the  same  county  in 
the  Xllth  century.  The  Ardonas,  Broylcs,  and  St.  Georges,  were  probably 
some  of  the  wife's  friends.     The  Joichels  (Jekylls)  were  of  Finchingfield. 

It  may  seem  a  little  unaccouMtal)lc  how  this  document  should  have  got 
among  the  JJarrington  Jlall  muniments.  It  was  probably  through  the 
Dc  Veres,  under  wliose  ancestor  we  have  seen  William  dc  llispania  held  ; 
a  considerable  number  of  whose  muniments,  wc  have  understoinl,  came  into 
the  hands  of  the  owners  of  Barrington  Hall,  in  consequence  of  the  addition 
of  some  property  that  had  belonged  to  them.  There  was  no  obligation  to 
deliver  up  tliis  deed  to  the  lord,  but  the  vassals  were  likely  to  consult  their 
lord's  Pteward,  who  was  generally  a  lawyer  ;  and  thus  the  document  may 
liuvc  been  left  in  the  steward's  cu.stody,  and  so  got  mi.ved  with  the  Dc 
\'ere  archives,  which  ultimately  came  into  the  possession  of  Mr.  Alan 
Lowndes. 

The  curious  seal,  now  for  the  first  time  published,  presents  an  example 
of  the  Hcyphute,  or  dished  form,  which  is  of  rare  occurrence.  We  may 
mention  as  specitnens  of  this  peculiarity,  a  contemporary  seal  with  a 
mounted  figure,  and  the  inscription,  skuli-vm  uoitni:ini  cu.Mni.s  nu  nioiils 
(Niorts?  in  I'oictou")  ;  ami  a  very  interesting  seal  <tf  pointed  oval  form, 
oljtaitjcd  by  the  late  Mr.  Doublcday  at  the   Hotel  Soubise,  in  I'aria,  being 

'  Suplcton,  Pref.  Uot.  Scac.  Nonii.,  ii.  pli<<l  l>y  Mr.  Ucmly.     Tlw  Hciil   of  one  of 

p.  xxxiv,  ct  Hi-(|.  iIk'     ourlitT    |iri'liil<H    of  llic    clmrcli   of 

»  TliiH    M?nl    in   di«lu'<l    in  a    morn  re-  Mnyi'nrc  nxiy  Iti- imI<mI  iia  iiuotlitr  inbtiiiici- 

rnnrkftlilf  (lc^'n-<;  tlmn  iiny  ollur  liilliiTto  of  tlio  nfy|iliiitf  form, 
noticed.     A   iul|(liiir  ciiMt  lm«  lim-n  hiij)- 


EXAMPLES    OP    MEDIAEVAL    SEALS. 


05 


that  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Victor,  near  Paris,  founded  by  Louis  le  Gros,  in 
1113,  probably  the  date  when  the  matrix  was  engraved.  This  seal  is 
figured  in  the  "  Tresor  de  Glyptique — Sccaux  des  Evcques."  <kc.,  pi.  1, 
but  the  "  Procc'de  Collas  "  has  failed  to  give  a  correct  notion  of  the  peculiar 
concavity  of  its  surface.  The  interition  was  doubtless  to  protect  the  device 
in  the  centre  of  the  impression  from  injury,  a  purpose  admirably  effected 
by  the  broad  massive  margin  bearing  the  inscription  of  the  seal  of  Eudes, 
King  of  France,  engraved  in  this  Journal,  vol.  xi.  p.  261.  It  may  possibly 
have  been  suggested  by  the  scyphate  coins  of  the  Byzantine  Emperors  ; 
the  fashion  is  said  to  have  commenced  from  the  reign  of  Basilius  II.,  who 
died  A.D.  1025.  The  pointed-oval  form  of  the  seal  communicated  by  Mr. 
Clayton  deserves  notice  as  supplying  a  remarkable  exception  to  the  rule 
by  which  some  would  strictly  limit  the  seals  of  that  shape  to  ecclesiastics, 
monasteries,  certain  corporate  bodies,  and  to  females.  We  may  call 
attention  to  another  contemporary  example,  namely,  the  pointed-oval  seal 
of  Giles  do  Gorram,  lord  of  la  Tanniere  in  Maine,  a.d.  1158.  He  is 
represented  kneeling,  a  posture  which  rendered  it  very  difficult  to  introduce 
the  figure  into  a  space  of  that  form.  A  representation  of  this  curious  seal 
is  given  in  the  "  Collectanea  Topographica,"  vol.  v.  p.  187. 

2.  Seal  of  William  de  Vipont  (Vieuxpont,  Veteriponte),  and  also  his 
Secretum  or  privy  seal,  which  formed  the  reverse  or  counter  seal.  These 
are  personal  seals  from  General  Hutton's  Collection  of  casts,  recently  pre- 
sented to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland.     They  are  probably  of 


the  time  of  King  John,  or  soon  after  the  accession  of  Henry  III.,  judging 
from  their  design  and  execution.  Were  there  not  some  indications  of  an 
earlier  date,  the  heraldry  would  seem  to  require  them  to  be  assigned  to  the 
first  quarter  of  the  latter  reign.  It  will  be  seen  the  principal  seal  is 
circular,  and  bears  an  escutcheon  of  a  peculiar  form,  almost  heart-shaped, 
charged  with  three  lions  rampant,  and  between  them  on  the  honor  point  a 
star,  and  on  each  side  of  the  escutcheon  is  a  similar  star.  The  legend 
is  ►J*  siGiLLTM  wiLLELMi.  DE  VETEIUPOXTE.  These  arms  do  not  at  all 
resCnible  wliat  are  generally  known  as  those  of  Vipont,  and  were  borne, 
with  little  variation,  by  the  Viponts  of  England  and  Normandy;  which  were 
six  or  more  annulets  ;  nor  are  they,  we  believe,  like  those  that  have  been 
attributed  to  any  family  bearing  a  name  answering  to  any  translation  of  De 

VOL.    XIII.  K 


OG  EXAMPLES    OF    MEDLEVAL   SEALS. 

Veteriponte.  Tlic  name  however  of  William  do  Veteriponte  being  upon  the 
seal  identifies  the  arms  as  his  beyond  question.  The  stars,  though  not  an 
ordinary  mark  of  cadency,  may  have  some  significance.  The  Sccrctum  is 
also  circular  ;  the  device  two  demi-lions  combatant,  not  on  an  escutcheon  ; 
and  the  legend  ►J*  sigillvm  secketi.  The  demi-lions,  notwithstanding  the 
difference  of  attitude,  may  have  been  derived  from  the  charges  on  the 
principal  seal. 

Unfortunately  we  have  no  certain  information  as  to  the  locality  or 
custody  from  which  these  seals  were  obtained  ;  and  General  llutton's 
Collection  was  so  comprehensive,  that  the  fact  of  their  having  formed  part 
of  it  does  not  alone  much  assist  us  in  determining  even  the  country  to 
which  they  are  to  be  referred,  whether  Normandy,  England,  or  Scotland  ; 
for,  though  that  collection  was  chiefly  formed  in  Scotland,  the  Chapter- 
liouse  at  Westminster,  and  the  Treasury  at  Canterbury,  furnished  many 
examples.  The  English  family  of  Vipont,  originally  Vieuxpont,  were  from 
Normandy,  and  derived  their  name  from  the  l^ordship  of  Vieuxpont-cn- 
Auge,  near  Caen.-*  The  Norman,  or  rather  French  branch,  held  the 
Lordship  of  Courville-en-Chartrain.  A  common  ancestor  seems  to  have  had 
both  lordships  at  a  very  early  period. ■*  Among  these  we  have  found  no 
William  at  the  probable  date  of  these  seals.  In  the  Anglo-Norman  or 
English  branch  there  was  a  William  living  in  1202,  whom  Dugdale 
has  confounded  with  another,  probably  his  father,  who  was  of  full 
age  in  5  Steph.  (1139),  and  held  lands  in  Cumberland  under  William, 
King  of  Scotland,  It  should  seem  the  William  of  1202  did  not  live  long 
after  that  year,  and  died  without  issue;  unless,  like  many  other  English  at 
that  time,  he  held  lands  both  in  England  and  Scotland,  and  Avas  the  pro- 
genitor of  a  family  in  the  latter  kingdom.  The  arms  of  the  Viponts  of 
Scotland  are,  we  apprehend,  wholly  unknown,  unless  they  are  restored  to 
us  by  these  seals.  If,  as  is  highly  probable,  these  were  an  offset  from  the 
Anglo-Norman  stock,  it  is  less  unlikely  that  they  should  have  taken  other 
arms,  than  that  one  of  the  Anglo-Norman  Viponts  should  have  done  so, 
and  that  all  trace  and  reminiscence  of  the  change  should  have  been  lost. 
The  Viponts  of  Scotland  seem  to  have  settled  beyond  the  Tweed  about  the 
middle  of  the  Xllth  century,  and  were  benefactors  to  some  religious  houses 
near  the  borders,  and  especially  to  Kelso  Abbey  ;  and  General  Ilutton, 
while  making  his  collection,  lived,  we  are  informed,"  some  years  near 
Kelso.  Add  to  this,  that  there  are  some  peculiarities  about  these  seals, 
which  seem  to  point  to  a  Scotch  origin,  viz.,  an  anti([uatcd  character  in  the 
style  which  may  be  attributable  to  Scotch  art  ;  ami  the  legend  sigillvm 
SECKETI  on  the  counterscal,  which  accords  with  Scotch  usage,  but  is  very 
ran;  on  English  seals  :  while  there  is  nothing  about  either  of  them  peculiarly 
English.  \V(i  think,  therefore,  it  will  not  he  unreasonable  to  assume 
these  seals  to  be  from  Scotland  ;  and  we  will  jjroceed  to  take  :i  brief 
Hurvey  of  the  Viponts  located  there,  in  order  to  ascertain  to  which  of  them 
they  may  with  most  ])robability  be  referred.  There  were  several  Williams 
in  that  kingdom.  'J'lio  earliest  that  we  have  met  with,  and  j)roiial)ly  the 
fiiht  of  the  family  that  held  lands  beyond  the   Tweed,   wa.s  a  William  dc 


*  .Stiiplitoii  H  i'rcl.  ii>  Kilt.  ."^ciic.  Norm.  "  I'or  tliis  iukI  Hoino  citlicr  iiifoniuiliim 
ii.  |i.  ri'lxiv.  oil    tlu'    Milpircl    nt    tliciii-    sihIh,    wi-    are 

*  Diclioiirmire       Gcn(':ili>f,'ii|iif,     I'ariH,  iiiilcliticl  in  Cnsino  Idikh,  IIm'I.,  ri-oliKMor 
1757,  V,  Vit;ux]>out.  ul  HiHtury  in  t!ii  UtiivorHity  ut  ildiiiburgli. 


EXAMPLES   OF    MEDIiEVAL   SEALS.  07 

Vcteripontc,  who,  in  the  time  of  David  King  of  Scotland  (1124 — 1153), 
had   a   dispute    with   the   monks    of    Coldingham    about    some    land    in 
"  Iloruordrcsdene,"  which  in  the  next  reign  he  gave  up  to  them  by  a  deed, 
witnessed  by  Ernald,  Abbot  of  Kelso,  who  became  Bishop  of  St.  Andrews 
in  1159.''     A  William  de  Vyerpunt,  most  likely  the  same,  with  the  consent 
of  his  wife  Matildis,  gave  certain  quarries  (eschalingas)  in  "Lambremore"  to 
the  monks  of  Kelso,  by  a  deed  which  was  witnessed  by  a  Fulk  do  Vyerpunt,' 
a  name  not  common  in  the  family,  but  which  does  occur  associated  with  a 
William    about   1172,    and    again    in    1198,   in   some  Norman   accounts."* 
William  de  Veteriponte,  son  of  the  former,  confirmed  that  gift,  and  also  one 
of  the  Church  of  Worueldene,  likewise  made  by  his  father.''     The  deed 
was  witnessed  by  Engelram,  Bishop  of  Glasgow  (11G4 — 1174),  and  David, 
brother  of  King  William.     William,   bishop  of  St.  Andrews  (Scottorum 
Episcopus)  confirmed  to  the  monks  of  Kelso  the  Church  of  "Horueresdene," 
which  William  de  Veupunt  (the  father  we  presume),  had  given  them  in 
his  presence.'     This  charter  was  witnessed  by  Herbert,  Bishop  of  Glasgow, 
but  we  have  not  found  one  of  that  name  contemporary  with  William,  bishop 
of  St.  Andrews.     Wc  soon   after  find   mentioned  among  the  benefactors 
to  Kelso,  a  William  de  Veteriponte  (probably  the  son  before  noticed),  that 
married,  first,  Emma  de  St.  llilary,  and  second,  Matildis  de  St.  Andrew  ; 
by    the   former  of  whom  he  had  three  sons,  and  by  the  latter  one,  if  no 
more ;    and   strange  as   it   may  seem,    of  his    sons    three   were   named 
William,   and    were   distinguished    as    "  primogenitus,"   '*  medius,"    and 
"junior  ;  "    while    the   eldest   of  them  had    a   son   also  called   William 
junior.    In  the  chartulary  the  eldest  is  described  as  William  de  Veteriponte, 
"  primogenitus  "  of  the  sons  of  William  de  Veteriponte,  which  he  had  by 
the  Lady  Emma  de  St.  Hilary,  and,  for  the  health  of  his  Lords  (dominorum) 
King  William,  and  the  Queen,  and  their  son  Alexander,  and  their  other 
children,  and  for  the  health  of  himself,  and  his  wife,  and  his  heirs,  and  for 
the  souls  of  Kings  David  and  Malcolm,  and  of  Earl  Henry,  and  for  the 
souls  of  his  own  father  and  mother,  and  all  his  ancestors  and  successors — he, 
with  the  consent  of  his  wife  (who  is  not  named),  confirmed  some  gifts  of  his 
father,  which  are  not  before  recorded  in  the  Chartulary.     One  of  these 
confirmations,   No.  139,  relates   to  the  Church  of  Langton  (said  to  have 
been  their  first  place  of  settlement  in   Scotland),  and  was  witnessed  by 
"  Willelmo  de  Veteriponte  juniore,  Domina  Matilde  de  Sancto  Andrea  matre 
ejus,"  and  others.     In  another  of  them,  No.  140,  after  describing  certain 
lands,  mention  is  made  of  the  church  of  Horuerdene  and  some  quarries  in 
Lambremore,  and  there  is  added,  "  sicut  eas  possident  et  carta  {sic)  avi  mei  et 
patristestantur  et  confirmant."  Tliis  was  witnessed  by  "  Willelmo  de  Veteri- 
ponte juniore  fratre  domini,  Willelmo  juniore  filio  domini,"  and  others. 
Another,   No.  141,   was  witnessed  by  *'  Willelmo  de  A^eteriponte  juniore 

^  Raines's  N.  Durham,  App.  p.  36.     To  berland  and  Westmoreland,  i.,  p.  270)  ; 

this  deed  the  seal  of  William  de    Veteri-  yet  there  is  great  reason  to  think  tlit-y  at 

ponte  is  appended,  and   is  engraved    by  the  same  time  bore  six  or  more  annulets 

liaines.      It  is  circular,    and   has  for  a  for  their  arms. 

device   a  lion,  not  ujion  an  escutcheon,  ''  Chartulary  of  Kelso,  No.  .319.     Tills 

nor  in  any  heraldic  attitude.    The  legend,  has  been  printed  by  the  Bannatyne  Club, 

when    perfect,    was  his   name.      We  are  ^  Stapleton's  prof,  to  Rot.  Seac.  Norm., 

not   disposed    to    regard    it   as   heraldic.  i.,  p.  clxxii  ;  ii.,  p.  cdxiv. 

Robert  and    Ivo   de  Vipont  of  England  a  '-*  Chartulary  of  Kelso,  No.  321. 

few  years   later  scaled,  it  is   said,  with  a  '    ibid.,  No.  417. 
lion  passant  (Nicholson  and  Burn's  Cum- 


6S  EXAMPLES    OF    MEDLEYAL    SEALS. 

filio  domini,  Domina  Matilile  dc  Sancto  Andrea,"  and  others.  It  will 
be  observed  "  matre  ejus  "  does  not  occur,  she  not  having  been  the 
mother  of  this  William.  In  No.  142,  which  is  a  confirmation  of  a  former 
confirmation,  and  made  "  ad  operationem  et  opcrls  sustentationem  "  of  the 
Church  of  Kelso,  he  speaks  of  it  as  the  church  in  which  the  body  of  Earl 
Henry  rested,  meaning  Henry,  Earl  of  Huntingdon,  son  of  King  David,  and 
father  of  King  Malcolm  ;  to  all  of  whom  probably  this  family  was  indebted 
for  substantial  benefits,  seeing  the  manner  in  which  they  are  mentioned  in 
these  documents.  The  next  instrument.  No.  143,  in  the  same  Chartulary, 
is  dated  on  Wednesday  before  Pentecost,  1203,  and  is  an  agreement  for 
settling  some  disputes  between  William  de  Veteriponte  (in  all  probability 
**  primogcnitus  ")  and  the  abbot  and  monks  of  Kelso  ;  and  he  thereby 
discharged  them  "  de  ossibus  patris  sui  de  Anglia  reportandis,  et  in 
cimiterio  Kalchoensi  tumulandis."  To  this  and  the  last  preceding  docu- 
ment none  of  the  family  are  witnesses.  The  reference  to  the  bones  of  his 
father  seems  to  imply,  that  he  died  in  England,  or,  if  abroad,  as  perhaps  in 
Normandy,  they  were  to  have  been  brought  from  England  to  be  interred  at 
Kelso.  The  abbot  and  monks  on  their  part  promised,  that  his  father's  soul 
should  be  for  ever  specially  named  among  the  benefactors  to  the  monastery 
in  the  mass  for  the  faithful.  As  prince  Alexander  was  not  born  till  1198, 
the  confirmations,  in  which  he  is  named,  must  have  taken  place  after  that 
event.  Probably  the  father  of  the  three  Williams  was  recently  dead  in 
1203,  and  those  confirmations  were  obtained  from  William  "  primogeuitus," 
as  his  heir,  as  soon  as  might  be  after  his  accession  ;  a  conjecture  that  is 
sanctioned  by  the  consecutive  order,  in  which  they  and  the  agreement  of 
1203  are  copied  into  the  Chartulary.  In  the  Chartulary  of  Dryburgh 
Abbey  -  we  find  about  this  time,  not  only  an  Ivo  who  may  have  been  a 
generation  earlier,  but  also  a  Robert  de  Veteriponte,  that  was  a  son  of  Alan, 
who  appears  to  have  been  feudally  connected  with  Alan,  Lord  of  Galloway. 
The  Cliartulary  of  Holyrood  contains  other  notices  of  this  family.  Passing 
by  a  charter  of  King  Malcolm,  witnessed  by  a  William  dc  Veteriponte,  wc 
liave  in  No.  33,  William,  son  and  heir  of  William  de  Veteriponte  and  Emma 
de  St.  Hilary,  for  the  welfare  of  the  soul  of  his  lord  William  King  of  Scots  and 
of  his  son  Alexander,  and  for  bis  own  soul,  and  the  soul  of  his  wife  (not 
named),  and  his  son  and  heir  \Villiam,  and  the  souls  of  his  father  and  mother 
itc,  confirming  to  Holyrood  the  Church  of  " Jioeltun,"  which  had  been  given 
by  his  father;  and  the  deed  was  witnessed  by  "Willelmo  Medio,  ct  WilU'lmo 
Juniore,  fratribus  meis."  No.  44  is  a  similar  confirmation  witnessed  by  the 
Bamc,  and  a  Fulk  dc  Veteriponte.  In  No.  41 ,  the  same  William  is  called  tho 
eldest  of  the  three  sons  of  the  Lady  Emma  de  St.  Hilary,  and  he  thereby 
granted  and  confirmed  certain  tithe  at  "Kareddin"  to  Holyrood,  and  that  was 
also  witnessed  by  "  Willolmo  Medio  ct  AVillelmo  Juniore,  fratribus  nu-is." 
TiioHc  confirmatioiiH,  like  those  in  the  Kelso  chartulary,  were  most  likely 
made  soon  after  the  father's  death.  A  \VilIiam  do  Veteriponte,  whom  we  may 
with  good  reason  assume  to  have  been  the  one  known  as  *'  priiuogonitus," 
was  a  person  of  consideration  in  Scotland  in  the  time  of  our  King  John,  in 
the  l.Otli  year  of  whose  reign  (1213)  wo  find  recorded  a  writ,  directed  to 
Saber  de  (^uincy,  Karl  of  Wincbcster,  commanding  him  to  send  safely  to 
the  King  his  (tlie  i'iurl'Hj  .son  lleginald  (Regin'),'  and  the  son  of  William  dc 

'  Tli'm  nti'l  llio  (Miiirlulary  of  Holyrood,       by  tlio  niiiiimlyno  (Jliil). 
prcucnlly    iiieiitioiicil,   Imvc  ln-tii   i»riiit<;il  **  (iiiury,  a    nuHreiulinf;  of    lti);,'rniiii  ; 


EXAMPLES    OP    MEDI/EVAL    SEALS.  fiO 

Vctcriponte,  hostages  of  the  King  of  ScotLand,  who  were  In  his  custody.'' 
These  hostages  were  probably  taken,  when  John  in  1209  led  an  army  to 
the  Borders,  in  consequence  of  some  disquietude  that  the  Scotch  had  given 
him.  Their  King  William  marched  to  meet  him,  and,  a  treaty  ensuiuf, 
John  complained  of  his  reception  and  encouragement  of  fugitives  from 
England.  William  came  to  terms  promptly,  and  delivered  to  him  his  two 
daughters  Margaret  and  Isabel,  as  hostages,  and  also  nine  noblemen  of 
Scotland. "^  Among  the  prelates,  earl  and  barons,  who  in  the  28  Hon.  III. 
(1244)  sealed  with  King  Alexander  II.  his  engagement  to  keep  good  faith 
with  Henry  III.,  and  who  took  an  oath  for  the  Scotch  king's  observance  of 
it,  was  a  William  de  Veteriponte.''  He  is  the  second  among  the  few  who 
sealed  at  the  same  time  with  Alexander,  as  if  he  were  in  personal 
attendance  on  the  king  ;  though  in  the  body  of  the  instrument  where 
they  are  named  he  is  last  but  four.  In  a  contemporaneous  letter,  addressed 
by  them  and  other  nobles  to  the  pope  to  confirm  the  treaty,  this  William  is 
named  fifth  after  the  Scotch  earls  ; '  so  that  it  should  seemhe  was  a  person 
of  some  importance,  and  probably  the  same  who  was  a  hostage  in  1213. 
At  a  much  later  date  there  were  two,  if  not  three,  widows  of  Williams  de 
Veteriponte,  living,  as  appears  by  an  instrument  in  24  Edw.  I.  (1296),  by 
which  that  king  commanded  the  lands  of  several  widows  in  Scotland,  who 
had  done  fealty  to  him,  to  be  delivered  up  to  them.**  But  their  husbands 
may  be  assumed  to  have  belonged  to  a  generation  later  than  their  namesake 
■who  concurred  in  the  treaty  of  1244. 

Among  these  many  Williams  we  think  we  shall  not  be  wrong  In  ascribing 
these  seals  to  one  of  those  named  in  the  Kelso  clmrtulary.  And  then, 
having  regard  to  the  probable  date  of  them  as  inferable  from  their  design 
and  execution,  we  are  led  to  assign  them  either  to  \Villiam  "  prlmoo-enitus," 
•whose  son  was  a  hostage  here  In  1213,  or  to  that  son  himself,  who 
succeeded  his  father,  probably,  about  1220,  and  with  his  seal  and  oath 
gave  his  support  to  the  treaty  of  1244.  In  judging  of  a  seal  of  this  kind, 
it  is  to  be  borne  in  mind,  that  it  is  more  likely  to  have  been  executed 
shortly  after  a  man's  accession  to  his  property  or  honours,  than  late  in  life  ; 
and,  therefore,  but  for  some  indications  of  an  earlier  date  than  the  heraldry 
would  have  suggested,  we  might  refer  these  to  William  his  son  rather  than 
to  William  "primogenitus"  himself  ;  who,  at  the  time  of  his  confirmations  of 
his  father's  gifts  to  Kelso  Abbey,  had  a  son  competent  to  be  a  witness  to 
them,  and  was  therefore,  we  may  suppose,  past  the  prime  of  life.  Should  it 
be  suggested  that  they  may  have  belonged  to  William  "  medius,"  or  his 
brother  William  "junior,"  especially  as  the  stars  may  be  a  mark  of 
difference  ;  we  think  had  such  been  the  case,  the  legend  on  the  principal 
seal  would  have  distinguished  him  from  the  head  of  the  family  :  whereas 
William  "  primogenitus  "  himself,  or  his  son  William  after  his  father's 
death,  needed  no  such  addition.  However,  be  this  as  It  may,  the  seals  are 
remarkable  for  their  style  and  character,  and  furnish  authority  of  the  best 
kind  for  a  coat  of  Vipont  or  De  Veteriponte,  that  had,  we  believe, 
become  wholly  unknown  to  her.ilds  and  genealogists. 

For  the  casts  in  sulphur,  from  which  the  accompanying  woodcuts   liave 

for  Sailer  de  Quincy  does  not  appear  to  anything  of  these  noMemen.     Ilohnshed 

have  liad  a  son   HuginaUl,  so  far   as  we  mentions  tlie  muiiber  but  not  their  names, 

can  learn.  ''  Rynier,  i.,  p.  '2.i7. 

•*  lljmer,  i.,  p.  113.  7  M".  Taris,  p.  5G9. 

*  Neither  M.  Paris  nor  Fordnn   says  ^  Rymer,  i.,  p.  846. 


70  EXAMPLES    OF    MEDLETAL   SEALS. 

been  engraved,  we  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Henry  Laing,  an  artist  much 
skilled  in  reproducing  facsimiles  of  ancient  seals.  The  liberal  facilities  of 
access  to  public  and  private  depositories  in  Scotland  which  he  has  for  many 
years  enjoyed,  have  enabled  him  to  form  that  extensive  collection  of 
Scottish  seals  of  which  his  "  Descriptive  Catalogue,"  published  in 
Edinburgh  in  1850,  forms  a  most  valuable  record.  It  comprises  1248 
examples,  of  which  a  considerable  number  are  displayed  in  the  plates  and 
woodcuts  which  serve  to  illustrate  the  volume,  the  most  important 
publication  on  Mediaeval  Seals  hitherto  produced  in  this  country.  It  may 
be  acceptable  to  some  of  our  readers  to  be  informed  that  casts  from  any  of 
the  seals  described  in  that  volume,  as  also  glass  matrices,  may  be  obtained 
from  Mr.  Laing,  55,  East  Cross  Causeway,  Edinburgh.  The  seals  of 
William  do  Vipont  are  amongst  the  numerous  acquisitions  made  since  the 
completion  of  his  catalogue  ;  they  have  been  obtained,  as  already  men- 
tioned, from  the  collection  of  the  late  General  liutton.  Wc  may  here 
advert  with  much  satisfaction  to  the  rare  liberality  evinced  by  the  Rev. 
Henry  Hutton,  in  regard  to  the  valuable  stores  of  information,  chiefly 
relating  to  the  Monasteries  of  North  Britain,  collected  by  his  father,  and 
comprising  many  original  charters,  an  extensive  assemblage  of  transcripts 
of  deeds  and  of  registers  or  chartularies,  with  drawings  of  monastic  and 
other  remains,  of  which  many  have  now  perished.  With  the  generous 
desire  that  this  important  mass  of  evidence  should  be  deposited  where  it 
might  prove  most  extensively  useful,  Mr.  Ilutton,  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
Kev.  T.  Polham  Dale  and  of  a  member  of  our  Committee,  the  Rev.  J. 
Bathurst  Deane,  presented  the  MSS.  and  drawings  to  the  Library  of 
Advocates  at  lidinburgh,  which  had  previously  acquired  several  volumes  of 
General  Ilutton's  MSS.  (See  Mr.  Turnbull's  Fragmenta  Scoto-Monastica, 
p.  19.)  T!ic  numerous  casts  from  seals  have  been  deposited  in  the  Museum 
of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  being  the  place  where  it  was 
considered  that  such  collections  might  be  most  advantageously  preserved. 

3.  Seal  of  Margaret  D'Odvkdai.e,  widow  of  Sir  Peter  d'Ouvedale  or 
Uvedale.  This  quaint  cxam[)le  of  a  personal  seal  with  heraldry  is  from  a 
cast  by  the  late  Mr.  Doubleday,  in  whose  list  it  appears  with  the  surname 
of  Donnerdale,  which,  notwithstanding  his  general  accuracy,  we  have  no 
doubt  is  due  to  some  misreading  and  hasty  transcription  of  Douuedale,  the 
r  having  been  an  unauthorised  addition.  It  is  not  im[)rubable  that  he  may 
liave  found  the  name  so  written,  for  it  has  been  freciucntly  misread  and 
miscopicd  in  consequence  of  the  second  u  having  been  taken  for  an  n.  It 
lias  been  conmionly  known  as  Do  Uvedale,  or  in  its  modern  form  of 
Uvedale,  the  De  being  dropped.  But  in  later  times  the  earlier  form  of  it 
has  been  jirinted  almost  as  often  wrong  as  right.  The  changes  the  name 
lias  undergone  are  curious.  It  has  been  converted  into  Douneihilc, 
Downdale,  Dovedale,  Unedale,  Undal,  Udall,  and  so  even  into  Woodhall.'' 
Strange  as  tlic  last  may  appear,  it  will  be  readily  intelligible  to  those  who 
are  familiar  with  the  jirovinciul  pronunciation  of  irood  iis  'ood,  T\\i\  seal  is 
given   by  Mr.  ])oubleday  with   the  date  of   l.'Mj  :   we  presume  that  of   the 

■'  'I'liis  cxamiilf,  JiH  well  ns  Hoim-  of  llio  cium;;!!  ImcU   for  onr  ]iiir|)oso.     Coin|nire 

olIuTH,  in  liK'iilioiiiMl  ill    ('ollci-luiii'ii  'l'o|io-  iilf-o    llic   ailim   (»f   llvi'ilull,  W'ooiliill,   aiid 

};rn|i)iiu,    v.,    |i.    'JfJ  —  "Jl'l,   in   h    iiotiod  W'ooilliall  in   Iliirki'V  ( iciii  rai  A  rinory. 
ol    lli(;    family,    wliicli    docH    not    g"    ^'^^ 


EXAMPLES    OF    MEDIEVAL   SEALS. 


71 


instrument  to  which  the  original  was  found  attached  ;  hut,  owing  to  his 
extreme  ilhiess  fur  some  months  before  his  decease,  we  have  not  been  able 
to  ascertain  either  this  fact,  or  the  explanation  he  would  otlierwise  have 
been  able  to  give,  we  doubt  not,  as  to  how  the  name  came  to  be  written 
Donnerdale  in  his  list. 

Sir  Peter  de  Uvedalc  was  summoned  to  parliament  from  1332  to  1336. 
lie  did  not  long  survive  the  latter  year :  his  death  occurred  probably 
about  1340.  He  was  the  son  of  John  de  Ovedale  or  Uvedale,  who  held 
lands  at  Titsey,  Surrey,  under  the  Earl  of  Gloucester,  and  died  15  Edw.  II. 
(1322).'  His  name,  if  we  mistake  not,  appears  as  Johannes  de  Unedale 
among  the  witnesses  to  a  grant  in  2  Edw.  II.  by  Sir  John  de  Rivers  (of 
Essex),  printed  in  Madox's  Form.  Angl.,  p.  281.  It  was  the  same 
John  de  Ovedale,  probably,  though  called  Dounedale  in  the  printed  Rulls 
of  Parliament,  who  obtained  the  wardship  and  marriage  of  the  heir  of  Sir 
Nicholas  Cambel."  Margaret,  whose  seal  this  was,  is  said  to  have  been  the 
daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Ilidon,  of  Clay  Ilidon,  Devon.  Sir  W.  Pole  says 
she  married,  first,  Sir  Josce  Dinham,  and  second.  Sir  Piers  de  Uvedall  ; 
and  in  another  place,  under  Luttokeshele,  in  the  parish  of  Columpton,  he 
states  that  it  "  was  granted  by  Sir  John  Ralegh  of  Beandport  unto  the 
Lady  Margaret  de  Uvedall  and  Sir  John  Dinham  her  son,  which  conveyed 
the  same,  anno  22  of  King  Edw.  III.  unto  John  Ilidon  the  younger."" 
According  to  Dugdale  and  later  writers,  a  Margaret,  daughter  and  heir  of 
Richard  Ilidon,  became  the  second  wife  of  a  grandson  of  the  before 
mentioned  Josce,  viz.,  Oliver  de  Dinham,  whose  father,  also  named  Oliver, 
second  son  of  Josce,  died  in  134G,  leaving  him  his  heir,  and  he  died  in 
1351,  leaving  an  only  son  Oliver  and  three  daughters.  This  therefore 
could  not  have  been  the  Margaret  in  question,  as  she  was  a  widow  of  Sir 
Peter  Douvedale  in  1345,  and  her  son  was  named  John  de  Dinham.  It 
should  seem,  therefore,  that  there  were  two  marriages  between  the  Dinham 
and  Ilidon  families,  in  which  the  lady  was  a  Margaret,  daughter  of  a 
Richard  Ilidon.  However  that  may  be,  this  seal  appears  to  support  Sir 
W.  Pole's  statements  in  regard  to  such  a  marriage.  It  is  remarkable  not 
only  as  a  work  of  art,  but  for  its  heraldry.  As 
appears  by  the  woodcut  it  is  circular,  and  on 
an  eagle  displayed  is  an  escutcheon  charged 
with  four  fusils  conjoined  in  fess,  upon  each  of 
which  is  an  ermine  spot ;  a  bearing  which 
would  at  that  time  have  been  blazoned  as  a 
fess  indented  (or  engrailed)  ermine.  The 
legend  is  makgareta,  the  letters  being  sepa- 
rated as  shown  in  the  cut,  and  placed  between 
four  crosses  moline,  or,  as  they  were  then  often 
termed,  fers  de  molin,  or  crosses  rccercellee. 
The  arms  of  Dinham,  as  given  in  the  Roll  t. 
Edw.    II.,    were    "  de   goules,    a   une    fesse 

endente  de  ermyne."  These  are  there  ascribed  to  Sir  Oliver  de  Dynaunt 
(another  spelling  of  Dinham),  and  they  might  be  imagined  to  be  the  arms 
of  the  Oliver,  second  son  of  Josce  ;  but  at  the  time  wlien  that  roll  of  arms 
was  compiled,  both  he  and  his  elder  brother  John  were   under  age,  and 


'   A  pedigree  of  tlic   family  is  given 
Maun,  and  Jiray's  Surrey,  ii.,  p.  400. 


-  Rot.  Pari.  i.  p  4(17,  a. 

•*  Pole's  Collections,  203,  188. 


72  FA'AMTLES    OF    MEDI.KVAL    SEALS. 

therefore  not  likely  to  have  been  knighted.  There  arc,  we  believe,  other 
instances  in  that  roll  where,  the  heir  being  an  infant,  the  name  of 
the  ancestor,  though  deceased,  is  inserted  instead  of  that  of  the  heir.  This 
Sir  Oliver  was  most  likely  the  grandfather  who  died  in  1300  ;  and  though 
his  son  Josce  survived  hiui,  it  was  for  little  more  than  a  year,  and  since  he 
was  never  summoned  to  parliament,  he  was  probably  not  so  well  known  as 
his  father  Sir  Oliver.  In  a  Roll  a  few  years  later,  viz.,  t.  Edw.  III.,  the  arms 
of  Monsire  de  Dynant  are  "  de  gules,  a  une  fes  engrcle  d'ermine  ;"  and  in  the 
same  Koll  those  of  Monsire  Olyver  dc  l^ynham  arc  given  as  "gules,  a  trois 
pellots  dor,  labcll  d'asure. "  The  arms,  therefore,  on  the  escutcheon  of  this  seal 
would  seem  to  be  those  of  the  senior  branch  of  the  family,  and  consequently 
those  of  Josce,  rather  than  those  of  his  junior  grandson  Oliver.  The  cross 
moline,  or  fer  de  molin  had  reference  to  Margaret's  second  husband  ;  for 
in  the  Roll  t.  Edw.  II.,  we  find  "  Sire  Johan  Douwodale,  de  argent,  a  un 
fer  de  molin  dc  goules."  In  the  Roll  t.  Edw.  III.,  the  arms  of  Sir  Peter 
himself  probably  are  given,  though  by  an  oversight,  the  two  w's  having 
been  mistaken  for  n's,  the  name  is  printed  Wonnedale.^  The  passage 
stands  thus  :  "  Monsire  dc  Wonnedale  port  d'argent,  une  crois  reccrscle  de 
gules."  If  any  diti'crence  then  existed  between  a  fer  dc  molin  and  a  cross 
recercelK'e,  it  was  that  the  latter  more  resembled  the  cross  moline,  the  ends 
of  it  being  curved  further  round  after  the  fashion  of  a  volute.  It  may 
appear  strange  that  the  arms  of  Margaret's  father,  which  were  G'u. 
three  bezants,  a  label  of  five  points  [^liv/.],  should  not  appear  on  the  seal  ; 
but  some  of  our  readers  may  recollect,  that  this  was  the  case  with  the  seal 
of  her  contemporary,  Margaret  de  Nevylc,  which  is  given  in  Vol.  XI.  of 
this  Journal,  p.  371.  The  heraldic  anomalies,  as  we  are  apt  to  consider 
them,  of  this  period  arc  very  great.  If,  however,  numerous  examples 
could  be  brought  together,  and  accompanied  with  genealogical  comments, 
there  might  be  no  ground  to  despair  of  the  greater  part  of  them  being 
f(jund  referuble  to  usages  of  early  heraldry,  which  have  long  become 
obsolete.  To  this  class  may  belong  the  eagle  displayed  on  which  the 
escutcheon  is  placed.  There  are  other  seals  resembling  the  present  in 
this  respect,  and  we  cannot  doubt  but  that  the  eagle  on  them  all  had  some 
significance.  To  these  seals,  which  arc  chieily  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
wc  propose  to  advert  on  some  future  occasion,  in  the  hope  of  otfering  a  few 
suggestions  towards  an  explanation  of  a  practice  now  little  understood. 

4.  Seal  of  Sandue  de  Gloucetue,  a  personal  seal  with  a  device. 
Amongst  seals  bearing  devices  allusive  to  the  trade  or  occupation  of  the 
owticr,  this  cxamplo  appears  worthy  of  selection,  as  connected  with  an 
ancient  local  industry  of  considerable  note.  From  an  early  period,  prol)ably, 
workers  in  metal  were  cstablislieil  at  (iloucestcr.  The  principal  mart  for 
the  products  of  the  great  Roman  iron-works  in  the  adjacent  forest  of  Dean, 
had  doubtless  been  at  (Jhrnm,  a  place  advantagrously  situated  on  the 
Severn.  In  Saxon  and  in  Nornuin  linuis  the  chief  employment  of  the  town 
iH  stated  to  have  been  smelting  and  forging  iron  ;  in  tho  time  of  the 
ConfcHhor,  as  recorded  in  Domesday,  (iioiieester  paid  to  the  King  "  xxxvi. 
<iicraH  ferri,  ct  c.  virgas  ferreas  duetiies  ad  clavos  navinin  regis,"  ''  In  the 
reitjtiH  of  ivicliard  II.  and  Henry  IV.,  it  was  nole(l  for  its  iron  mainifacturcs  ; 
the  ore,  it  is  haid,  was  obtained  in  abimdance  from  Kobin  Hood's  Hill,  about 
two  miles  distant  from  the  city.      Of  the  reputation  of  its  smiths  an  honour- 

*  Sco  OjIIi'cIjiiicii  'I'djiog.,  v.,  J).  'Jl  I,  iiol''.  '   DomtHilav,  vol.  i.,  f.  Ki'J,  ii. 


EXAJfl'LES    OP    MEDLEVAL    SEALS. 


73 


able  memorial  may  probably  be  traced  in  the  horse-sbocs  and  largo  nails 
which  surround  tlie  head  of  Edward  I.,  on  the  king's  seal  for  Statutes 
Merchant  at  Gloucester,  in  pursuance  of  the  Statute  of  Acton  Burnel,  in 
1283.  The  horse-shoes  are  still  displayed  in  the  heraldic  insignia  of  the 
city  with  the  sword  of  state  presented  to  the  city  by  Richard  II.  Amongst 
the  twelve  companies  of  the  corporation  who  attend  the  mayor  on  solemn 
occasions,  the  "  Metal-men  "  still  hold  their  place. 

It  was  not  in  iron  alone  that  the  metallurgical  industry  of  Gloucester  was 
famed  in  former  times.  Of  the  early  history  of  manufactures  in  copper  and 
brass  little  has  been  ascertained  ;  and  we  are  ignorant  where  the  first 
foundr}'^  for  bells  was  established  in  England.  The  name  Billiter  Lane, 
Aldgatc,  anciently  Belzettar's/'  or  Bellfoundcr's  Lane,  suggests  the  suppo- 
sition that  their  art  may  have  been  practised  in  early  times  in  the  metropolis. 
It  certainly  was  a  noted  feature  of  the  skill  of  the  metal-workers  at  Gloucester. 
The  Rev.  W.  C.  Lukis  observes  in  his  Memoir  on  Church  Bells  ("Wiltshire 
Archaeological  Magazine,"  vol.  ii.  p.  49),  "  A  great  many  Gloucester  bells 
are  to  be  met  with  in  AViltshire,  and  they  abound  also  in  the  Western 
counties.  That  foundry  is  of  great  antiquity,  and  it  was  there  that  the  art 
was  brought  to  great  perfection.  In  the  time  of  Edward  II.,  circa  1310, 
it  is  known  that  bolls  were  founded  there  by  John  of  Gloucester,  From 
his  days  to  the  present  time,  i.e.,  for  more  than  500  years,  the  foundry  has 
been  in  active  operation,  and  especially  so  from  the  close  of  the  XVI Ith 
century,  when  we  are  introduced  to  the  well-known  name  of  Rudhall."  la 
St.  Michael's  Church,  Gloucester,  there  are  sepulchral  brasses  to  the 
memory  of  William  Ilenshawe,  Bell-founder,  and  his  wives.  He  was  sheriff 
of  the  city  in  1496  and  1501,  Mayor  in  1503,  1508,  and  1509. 

Sandre  of  Gloucester,  to  whom  the  seal  here  represented  belonged,  was 
no  doubt  one  of  the  "  Bellzetters  "  established  in  that  city  towards  the  close 
of  the  Xlllth  century,  as  the  character  of  the  seal  would  indicate.  The 
device  shows  that  his  craft  was  not  limited  to  the  manufacture  of  bells  ; 
according  to  the  definition  of  the  "  Promptorium 
Parvulorum,"  it  comprised,  "  Zetynge  of  metelle, 
as  bellys,  pannys,  potys,  and  other  lyke."  Some  of 
our  readers  may  incline  to  conclude  from  the  pointed- 
oval  form  of  the  seal,  that  Sandre  was  an  eccle- 
siastic, but  the  rules  which  seem  usually  to  have 
prevailed  in  regard  to  the  use  of  that  form  were  not, 
as  we  apprehend,  so  strictly  limited  as  some  sup- 
pose. The  device  is  a  tripod  pot,  or  ewer  [aqua- 
manile,  Lat.  aiguicre,  Er.),  of  which  imnierous 
examples,  of  brass,  have  been  found  in  this  country, 
and  several  have  been  produced  at  the  meetings  of 
the  Institute.  The  tripod  form  rendered  it  well 
adapted  for  heating  water,  when  placed  amongst 

the  embers  on  the  hearth.''  The  letters  ave,  distinctly  seen  u])on  this 
vessel,  may  be,  as  it  has  been  suggested,  part  of  the  Angelical  Salutation, 
80  frequently  inscribed  on  objects  of  personal  and  domestic  use.  The 
inscription  may,  however,  have  had  a   more  homely  intention,  since  on  a 


''  "  Bollezctter  (in  other  MSS.  bel  zetar 
or  bo'.lyator)  Cavipanaritis, "  Proniptoriiiui. 
Anir.  Sax.  Gcotere,  fusor." 

VOL.  Xlll. 


^  Tlie  arms  of  the  Founders'  Company 
of  London  arc,  a  laver  pot  between  two 
priket  candlesticks. 

L 


74 


EXAMPLKS    OF    MEDLEVAL    SEALS. 


brass  tripoil  ewer,  cxliibitetl  by  the  Rev.  C.  R.  Manning  in  the  temporarv 
iluseum  at  the  Norwich  Meeting,  the  quaint  invitation  was  insoribod, 
^  VEXEZ  lavkk/  (See  wooilcut.)  Above  tlie  ewer  the  seal  of  Sandre  de 
Gloueetre  dis[>hiys  a  bell,  with  tlie  crown,  or  loops,  by  which  t'luireh-bells  are 
attached  to  the  stock.  The  legend  i^,  *  s'  .s.vNDKE'DE*GLOV0ETHE{See  woodcut, 
size  of  the  original).  The  niatri.v,  of  brass,  has  a  small  loop  on  the  reverse; 
it  was  purchased  from  a  dealer  in  London,  and  the  place  wlicre  it  was  found 
has  not  been  ascertained. 

The  name  Sandre,  a  diminutive  probably  of  Alexander,  is  of  uncommon 
occurrence  as  a  prccnoincn ;  it  occurs,  however,  in  the  Hundred  Rolls, 
t.  Edw.  1.,  at  Northampton,  and  at  Shrewsbury."  As  a  surname,  Sandre 
is  found  in  the  Rolls  of  the  same  period,  at  Denton,  Oxfordshire,  and  it  may 
deserve  notice  that  Saunders  seems  to  be  a  common  name  at  Gloucester. 


Uraiw  Ewer,  inscribod  VENEZ  I.AVi;i{.     Duto,  iiImmiI  MOO. 

William  Saunders  was  a  bcMicfactor  to  the  city  in  1570.  Amongst  the 
Muitors  to  the  ilundi-cd  (!ourt  the  name  of  Saunders  Saunders  occurB,  early 
in  the  last  century.' 

.0.  I'erhonul  beal  with  a  device,  but  no  name.  This  examplo  which  claims 
notice  as  bearing  a  device  regardrd,  po.ssibly,  as  in  homu"  dei^rec  of  n 
talismunic   character- -the  lioud   (jf    St.  John    tin-    i?apti.-,t — was   found    in 


''  N<»r*i(rli  Viiliuii",  Oatulii;;!!!'  of  Aiiti- 
f|iili'-H,  |i.  xixv.  Soino  of  tlii-Hi-  tri|ii>il 
liroii/.'-  cwiTtt  liiivi!  I»i'i;ll  lutHi^lii'il  tn  tin- 
R  .  II  ill  |iiri<«l,  hut  tlicy  ttio  |ir()ljat)l}' 
III    i'.uvitl.       bc'u     WiUuii'it     I'ic'liiHturic 


AiiiuiIh    of    .S, -nil  III. 1,     p.    'j-j^       llrufc'rt 
Koiiikii  Willi,  |il.  xvi.  |i.  I.'tl. 

''  Hot    lliiiiil    loiii.  i.  |)|).  .^,  (i7. 

'   Kii  IdiT,   llirtt.  of  lilouooatcr,  p.  11. 


EXAMPLES  OF  MEDLEVAL  SEALS,  75 

Norfolk.  Tlic  matrix  is  of  silver,  of  oval  form,  and  it  is  now  in  the 
possession  of  Mr.  Diimbleton,  of  Soutlianipton.  The  head  of  St.  John 
appears  placed  in  a  vessel  resembling  a  basin,  and  several  other  instances 
occur  of  this  mode  of  representing  the  "charger,"  or  large  deep  dish  (in  the 
Vulgate,  disco)  in  which  the  daughter  of  Iferodias  received  the  head  of  the 
Precursor.  The  device  is  in  high  relief,  witliin  a  circular  compartment,  the 
words  capvd-bai't'e  being  written  above,  and  amor  :  loii'is,  beneath.  We 
are  indebted  to  the  Rev.  Grevillc  J.  Chester  for  an  impression  from  this  seal, 
which  may  be  assigned  to  the  XlVth  centur3\ 

The  mediation  of  St.  John  was  regarded  as  of  especial  efRcacy  against 
the  dreaded  disorder  of  epilepsy,  or  the  falling  evil,  called  "  Morbus  sancti 
Johannis,  le  l\Ial  de  Saint  Jean,"  (See  Paciaudi,  de  Cultu  S,  Johannis 
Baptiste,  diss.  vii.  p.  302.)'  Pilgrims  resorted  in  great  numbers  to  the 
Church  of  Creteil,  near  Paris,  on  the  feast  of  his  Nativity,  seeking  relief 
from  that  disease.  The  most  remarkable  place  of  pilgrimage,  however,  was 
Amiens,  where  the  supposed  head  of  the  Baptist  was  preserved,  and  where 
it  may  still  be  seen.  A  representation  of  this  remarkable  relique  has  been 
given  by  Ducange.''  Part  of  the  head  of  St.  John  was  reputed  to  be  preserved 
in  the  Church  of  St.  Sylvester,  in  the  Campo  Marzio,  at  Rome  ;  but  some 
doubt  having  arisen  regarding  it,  a  portion  of  the  head  shown  at  Amiens 
was  obtained  by  Pope  Clement  VIII.  for  St.  Sylvester's  church.  There 
was  likewise  a  celebrated  relique  in  our  own  country,  venerated  as  the  head 
of  St.  John  Baptist,  in  the  Church  of  Trimingham,  Norfolk.  Blomefield 
cites  the  will  of  Alice  Cook,  of  Horstcad,  dated  1478  :  "  Item,  I  wyll  have 
a  man  to  go  a  pilgrimage  to  St.  John  hys  hede  of  Trymmyngham."  The 
church  is  dedicated  to  St.  John  Baptist.     (Hist.  Norf.,  vol.  viii.  p.  179.) 

It  has  been  observed  that  seals  bearing  the  device  of  the  head  of  the 
Baptist  are  not  uncommon.  In  some  instances  a  sword,  the  symbol  of  his 
martyrdom,  is  introduced  above  the  head,  as  on  the  little  matrix  found  at 
Winchester,  and  produced  by  Mr.  Gramme  in  the  Museum  formed  during 
the  meeting  in  that  city  in  1845.  The  legend  was  simply  the  name 
lOiiANXES.  Occasionally  the  favourite  device  of  the  sleeping  lion  accom- 
panies the  head  in  a  charger.  On  the  seal  of  John  Patrik,  22  Edw.  III., 
amongst  the  curious  seals  recently  copied  by  Mr.  Ready,  at  Caius  College, 
the  head  appears  with  the  symbols  of  St.  Matthew  and  St.  John  ;  whilst 
on  the  curious  seal  of  Thomas  Morys,  28  Edw,  III.,  it  is  seen  placed  under 
the  favourite  device  of  two  hands  gra.sping  a  heart.  Mr.  Ready  has  obtained 
other  examples  from  the  college  muniments  at  Cambridge,  amongst  which 

-  Many  curious  ilhistratioiis  of  popular  by  Ducanj;c,  Paris,   lGo,5  :  "Ilistoire  de 

vfucratidii  in  niediiuval  times  towards  tiie  la    Villo    d'  Amiens,"    par    le    P.    Daire. 

Precursor  might  be  cited.    Tliei'c  isinueli  Pai-iaudi  gives  arepi'eseutation  of  another 

curious  information  in   the  Essay  by  M.  reliquary    at   Malta,  in  the  form  of  the 

Breuil,  "Du  cultedeSa'nt  Jean- Baptiste,"  head  placed  in  a  disli.   (De  Cultu  S.   Joli. 

in  the  Memoires  de  la  Soc.  des  Antiqu.  de  diss.  vii.  p.  332).     Mr.  Roach  Smith  has 

Picardie,    vol.    viii.    p.     15.5.      See    also  given  in  his  Cidlecianea  Antiqua  rcpre- 

Brand's  Popular  Antiquities.     As  late  as  seniations  of   several  pilgrims'  signs,  of 

1671,  the  jiroverbial  expression  occurs —  pewter  or  lead  (iiisciijncs  or  .</'/»«)  found 

"Saint  John  to    borow,  eu-p.   with    good  at    Amiens  and   Abbeville,  Vol.  i.   p.  }{7, 

speedjVel.fj.  d.  Divo  Jidiannefidejubente."'  vol.  ii.  p.  4,5.     They  are  also  noticed   by 

Skinner,  EtynKilogicon.  Dr.  lligollot  in  his  '*  Monuaies  iuconnues 

^  Constantinopolis    Christiana,   p.   101.  des   eveques    des    lunocens,"    &c.   Paris, 

Sec    also  the    "Traitt-    llistorique    de    la  1837. 
Translation  du  chef  de  St.  Jean-13aptiste," 


70  EXAMPLES   OF    MEDLEVAL  SEALS. 

may  be  mentioned  the  seals  uf  Hicharcl  llollc,  13  Eilw.  HI.,  and  Laurence 
Drake,  20  Edw.  III.^ 

A  curious  seal  bearing  the  head  of  St.  John  in  disco,  occurs  amongst  the 
"  Sigilhi  Antiqua,"  selected  by  the  Kev.  G.  Dashwood  from  the  documents 
in  the  muniment  room  of  Sir  Thomas  Ilare,  Bart.,  of  Stowe-Bardolph, 
Norfolk.''  (Plate  S,  fig.  8.)  It  is  appended  to  a  deed  dated  3  Edw.  111. 
The  legend  is,  lEsvs  :  est  :  amor  :  mevs.  The  dexter  Dei  appears  extended 
in  the  gesture  of  benediction  over  the  head  of  the  Baptist. 

Many  other  indications  might  doubtless  be  noticed  of  the  popular 
veneration  towards  St.  John,  and  the  belief  in  the  powerful  efficacy  of  his 
intercession.  The  *'  Festum  Inventionis  Capitis  S.  Johannis  "  (Feb.  24) 
occurs  in  Bede's  Martyrology.  The  seals  above  mentioned  appear  to  pre- 
sent an  evidence,  amongst  the  minor  objects  of  personal  use,  how  prevalent 
was  that  feeling  of  veneration  in  this  country,  in  mediaeval  times.  Wo  have 
not  hitherto  found  a  similar  device  on  any  foreign  seal.  The  especial 
ciiltiis,  however,  shown  in  England  towards  the  Precursor  is  illustrated  in 
a  more  remarkable  manner  by  the  alabaster  tablets,  of  which  no  example 
has  at  present  been  noticed  on  the  Continent,  and  to  which  the  attention  of 
readers  of  this  Journal  was  recently  invited  (Sec  Arch.  Journ.,  vol.  xii., 
p.  184).  In  the  curious  symbolism,  and  combinations  of  figures  of  saints 
with  subjects  of  sacred  character,  there  described  as  displayed  by  those 
sculptures,  the  principal  feature  is  almost  invariably  the  Head  of  the 
Baptist  in  a  charger  ;  whilst  its  large  proportions,  as  compared  with  the 
subjects  by  which  it  is  accompanied,  seem  to  indicate,  as  upon  the  seals 
■which  have  boon  described,  some  especial  import  of  which  we  have  sought 
in  vain  for  explanation  in  treatises  on  sacred  Iconography. 

W.  S.  W.  and  A.  W. 

NOTE. 

On  collating  tlie  proof  with  the  original  of  the  deed  printed  (pp.  G3,  G4) 
it  appeared,  that  the  church  there  mentioned  is  called  *'  Ecclesia3  Sancto 
Marie  de  Scaldcford."  The  present  church  at  Shalford  in  Essex  is  dedi- 
cated to  St.  Andrew.  There  was  a  free  chapel  there,  but  we  have  not 
found  the  name  of  its  titular  saint.  If  that  were  not  St.  Mary,  the  parisJi 
church  may  have  been  formerly  dedicated  to  her.  Supposing  Shalford  in 
Essex,  which  adjoins  in  I'inchingfield,  was  not  the  place  intended,  the 
occurrence  of  Sussex  as  well  as  Essex  names  among  the  witnesses  would 
lead  us  to  think,  that  Shalford  St.  Mary  near  Guilford  may  have  been  the 
church  at  which  the  marriage  was  solemnised,  and  if  so,  that  the  bride  was 
a  lady  of  Surrey  or  West  Sussex. 

*  III  (jtiit.  .Ma;;.   l7'J'2,\i.  .')'2'.i,\h  rL'\)rv-  *  Priviitfly    iiriiitoil     in     l!l(7   liy   Mr. 

Hc-tited   a  Hiiiiill   iiiutrix   with   thiH    ilcvii-e  DubIiwooI,  \vlii»  kimlly  ])risriitcd  ii  copy 

find    tho   IcKiiid — cai-vt   lon'is  in   disco.  t<»  the  Litd-iirv  nf  iln'  Iiisliiiito. 
It  woH  found  at  tlic  Nuiinury  of  (iodHtow. 


CDn'gmal  Botumtnts. 

THE  FIRST  RUSSIAN  EMBASSY  TO  ENGLAND. 

DOCUMENTS   RELATING   TO   THE   MISSION    OF   OWSCHEIP   NErERA,    AMBASSADOR   FROM 
RUSSIA,    A.D.    1556,    AND    HIS   SUIPWRECK    ON    THE    COASTS    OF    SCOTLAND. 

COMMtJNICATED  BY  JOSEPH  ROBERTSON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  Scot. 

The  history  of  the  First  Russian  Embassy  to  England  is  recorded  in 
"  A  Discourse  of  tlie  honourable  receiving  into  England  of  the  first  Ambas- 
sador from  the  Emperour  of  Russia,  in  the  yere  of  Christ,  155G,  serving  for 
the  third  voyage  to  Moscow :  registered  by  John  Incent,  protonotarie." 
(Printed  by  Hakluyt,  p.  332,  edit.  1589,  vol.  i.  p.  318,  Reprint  1809.) 

The  ambassador  was  wrecked  on  the  north-eastern  promontory  of  Scotland, 
and  certain  documents  regarding  the  wreck  have  been  discovered  in  Her 
Majesty's  General  Register  House  at  Edinburgh,  by  Mr.  Joseph  Robertson, 
Superintendant  of  Searches  for  Literary  Purposes  in  that  establishment, 
by  whom  copies  (omitting  clauses  of  style)  have  been  communicated  for 
publication  in  this  Journal  of  the  Archaeological  Institute,  in  the  hope 
that  they  may  help  to  call  the  attention  of  English  scholars  to  the  mate- 
rials for  the  illustration  of  English  history  and  antiquities,  which  arc 
preserved  among  the  National  Records  of  Scotland. 

The  first  document  of  the  series  is  a  safe-conduct,  in  the  usual  form,  b^- 
the  Queen  of  Scots,  granted  "  at  the  instance  and  request  of  our  derest 
sistir  the  Quene  of  Ingland,"  and  empowering  "Laurence  Huse,  George 
Gilpyn,  and  Robert  Best,  Inglishmen,  merchandis  of  the  toun  of  London 
within  Ingland,  with  their  servants,  to  cum  within  the  realm  of  Scotland, 
on  hors  or  on  fute,  by  scy  or  land,  and  to  pass  and  repass  through  the 
samyn."  It  is  dated  at  Linlithgow,  on  the  28th  January,  1556-7  ;  and 
was  presented  for  registration  before  the  Lords  of  Council  and  Session 
at  Edinburgh,  on  the  6th  February,  1556-7,  by  "  Laurence  Iluse, 
doctour  in  the  lawis,  George  Gilpyn,  and  Jhone  Lewis,  Inglishmen,  mer- 
chandis in  London." 

On  the  same  day,  the  same  persons  presented  the  following  document 
for  registration  in  the  books  of  the  Lords  of  Council  and  Session  : — 

In  Dei  nomine.  Amen.  Prescntis  publici  instrumenti  serie  cunctis  inno- 
tescat  et  palam  fiet  qualiter  die,  mense,  anno  et  loco  in  calce  prcsentis 
publici  instrumenti  specifice  descriptis,  Constituti  personalitcr  preeximii 
viri  Georgius  Barnes  et  Andreas  Judde,  milites,  et  Anthonius  Huse, 
arraiger,  Consules  coUegii  sive  socictatis  Jlcrcatorum  Anglic  [versus]  partes 
Russie  et  Moscovie,  ditionis  illustrissimi  et  potentissimi  principis,  Johannis 
Vesselevyche,  Dei  gratia  Impcratoris  totius  Russie,  ac  Magni  Duels 
Valledermuskie,  Muskoskie,  Novigrotskic,  Bazouskie,  I'laskoskie,  etc., 
nogoliandi  gratia  traphicantiuni,  doiuinorum  et  proprictariorum  cuju&dam 


78  ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS. 

iiavis  oneraric  dicte  hi  Etluord  Ijoiiavcnture,  oncris  sivc  poitagii  centum  ct 
sexagiuta  dolioruin,  ac  reiimi,  mcrcium  ct  bonoium  in  cadcni  nave  nupcr 
in  partibus  Moscovie  ct  Russie  ditionis  ejusdcni  Augustissinii  Inipcratoris 
oiieratoiiim,  ac  a]>paiatus,  nuiuitioniini,  victualiuni,  et  alioruni  orna- 
nicntoruni  ct  instiunicntoiuni  naiiticonini  quonnnci.iujuc  ojusdcni,  in  ora 
Scotie  jiixta  seu  prope  sinum  seu  littiis  maris  Scotici  dictum  Buchan 
Ness  vi  tcmpcstatuni  jactitate  quassate  ct  rnptc,  tam  nominibus  suis  pro- 
priis,  quam  vice,  loco,  et  nomine  onmium  ct  singulorum  aliorum  cjusdcm 
societatis  Eociorum,  fratrum,  et  collcgarnm,  dixcrunt,  allogaiunt  et  pro- 
posuerunt :  Quod  cum  dicta  eorum  navis,  mense  Novcmbris  ultimo,  sub 
ductu  et  rcgimine  Joannis  Bukcland  magistri  sub  Deo  sive  exercitatoris 
cju.-dem,  existcns  in  itcnere  suo  versus  civitatcm  Loiidoncnsem  partium 
regni  Anglic  portum  vidilicet  destinatum,  vi  tcmpcstatuni  (ut  premittitur) 
ita  perierit  ct  occubucrit  ut  magna  pars  apparatuum,  rcruni,  mercium  et 
bonorum  in  ea  (nt  preinseritur)  onustorum  et  caricatorum,  in  mare  natans, 
pars  vcro  ad  terram  dejecta  ad  manus  quorundam  inliabitantium  fines 
ct  eras  do  Bucbquhan  iS'ess  predictas,  ct  alia  loca  maritima  adjacentia 
Serenissime  Rcgine  Scotie  subditorum,  pervenerit,  et  ab  cisdcm  (ut  ipsi 
cxponcntes  asseruerunt)  injusteoccupata  et  detentaexistit :  Ideo  exponcntes 
memorati  nominibus  quibus  supra  ....  fecerunt  .  .  .  dilectos  sibi  in 
Cbristo  eximium  virum  Doniinum  Lanrcntium  Iluse  Icgum  doctorcm, 
Georfi-ium  Gylpvn  gencrosum,  societatis  Mercatorum  Anglorum  infra  ()]q)idum 
Antverpie  residcntium  sccrctariuni,  .Joliannem  Lewes,  mcrcatorcm  civitatis 
Londonensis,  .Tobaiincm  Bukcland,  magistrum  sive  exercitatorcm  navis 
predicte,  Edmundum  Roberts  ct  Robcrtum  Best  ....  snos  veros, 
leo-itimos,  ac  indubitatos  procuratorcs,  actorcs,  factores,  ncgotiorumquc 
suorum  infrascriptorum  gestures  et  nuncios  generales  ct  generalissimos 
....  quascunque  res,  merces,  mercimonia,  bona,  mercandizas,  et  alia 
quecunque  jura  ....  societatis  predicte  in  quorumcunquc  manibus, 
possessione,  retentiono  aut  contractatione  cxistentia,  et  precipue  in 
manibus  quorumcunque  subditoruin  Serenissime  Rcgine  Scotie,  qui  bona, 
res,  merces,  mcrcinioiiia  et  cetera  jura  .  .  .  societatis  predicte  nuper  in 
dicta  nave  nuncupata  lie  Kdwcrd  Bonavcnture  uncrata,  ac  sic  (ut  pre- 
mittitur) natantia  rcpcrta  vcl  ad  terram  dejecta  rccopcrunt  ct  subtraxerunt, 
ac  penes  se  injuste  tletiimcrunt  et  detiiient  in  prcscnti .  .  .coram  Sercnissima 
Domina  Regina  Scotie,  ejusque  a  consiliis  domiiiis  illustribus,  ac  coram 
quibuacuuque  admirallis  regni  Scotie,  (iflicialil)usf|uo,  consulibiis,  magistra- 
tibns,  ct  jus  dicentibus  tam  ecclesiasticis  cpiam  sccularibus  (iuil)uscun(|uc, 
comparcndiiiii  .  .  .  ac  bonorum,  rcrum,  et  mercium,  ac  cetororum  jurium 
.  .  .  societatis  predicte  dctcntorcs  ct  occupatorcs  ad  debitam  satisfactioiiem 
et  folutionom  ac  rcstitutionem  corundem,  juxta  juris  exigcnciam,  cogcndum 
ct  compellcndum  .  .  .  Unde  .  .  .  factum  est  prescns  procurafimiis  iiistru- 
mcntuin  per  me  Tliomam  Atkinson  notarium  publicinn,  sigii(M|iir,  nomiiu', 
cognomine,  et  subscriptioin;  nicis  solitis  et  consiictis,  unacuin  appcnsione 
Bigilli  comnumis  societatis  predicte,  roboratum.  Actum  Ldndini,  in  cdibus 
solite  rchidentic  Galfridi  Walkedcn,  sitis  infra  parocbiam  Suncti  I'ancrasii, 
civitatis  LoiidoncuMiH,  decimo  di(;  mensiH  Dcceuiltris,  aiimt  l)oniiiii  miliesimo 
quiiigciitesimo  quiiiqiia^esiiiio  hc.xlo,  ct  amiiH  rcgnorum  Serenissimonun  in 
t.'liri«to  princi|iuru  I'liilippi  et  Marie,  Dei  gratia  Aiiglie,  Ili.spaiiiarum, 
l''raMcie,  iitriii>qiie  Cicilie,  .IcrUHalcm.  et  ilibernie  Regis  ct  Uegine,  fide, 
defcnHoruiii,  Areliidueum  Austric,  Burgundie,  Mediolane  el  Biuitanciei 
CoinilUin  Iluhpnrgi,  Elaiidrie  ct  Tirolis,  leitiit  rt  quiulo  :    I're.seiitilni.s  tunc 


OIIIGINAL    DOCUMENTS.  79 

ibidem  eximlo  viro  Rogcro  Martine,  alilermanno  civitatis  Londonensis, 
Joanne  Marshe,  arniigero,  Leonello  Duckette,  Joanne  Ryvers,  Tlioma 
Bannostar,  Francisco  llohensouno,  mcrcatoribus  civitatis  Loudonensis  pre- 
dicte,  necnon  Tlioma  Kioolcs  ct  Riohardo  Wliellar  testibus  .  .  .  vocatis  et 
specialiter  requisitis. 

Sequitur  subscriptio  notarii. 
Et  quia  ego,  Thomas  Atkynsoun  civis  civitatis  Londonensis, 
publicus     Sacra    Regia    auctoritate    notarius    [etc,   in 
forma  communi.] 

Simultaneously  with  the  registration  of  this  deed,  the  following  docu- 
ment was  presented  for  registration  by  "  Jhoue  Lewis,  Inglishman,  mer- 
cliand  of  Londouu  :" — 

Universis  pateat  per  presentes,  me  Owscheip  Gregorybeche  Nepera, 
oratorem  Ulustrissimi  et  poteutissimi  principis  Johannis  Desselebeche,  Dei 
gratia  Imperatoris  Totius  Russie,  ac  Magni  Ducis  Valledarmuskic,  Mus- 
koskic,  Novigrotskie,  Bazouskic,  Plaskeskie,  etc.,  fccisse  .  .  .  Johannciu 
Lewesche,  Ednunulum  Roberts,  et  Johannem  Bukland,  Anglos,  milii  dilectos 
.  .  .  meos  legitinios  procuratores  generalcs  ct  specialcs  :  Concedendo  et 
committendo  cisdem  .  .  .  meam  plenani  .  .  .  potestatem  illas  meas 
fortunas,  res,  merces,  corporis  ornamenta,  et  reliqiia  que  amisi  bona 
quecunque  prope  Bucquhanness  maritimum  Scotie,  sexto  mensis 
Novembris  ultimo  elapsi  (tempore  scilicet  quo  navis  ilia  Anglicana  dicta 
Edward  Bonaventure  qua  ego,  mee  fortune,  merces,  et  bona  vehebamur, 
iiaufragium  passa  est)  perscrutaudi,  recuperandi  et  recipiendi  .  .  .  .  lu 
quorum  .  .  .  testimonium  has  presentes  mcas  mandati  et  procuracionis 
literas  manu  mea  propria  signatas,  per  notarium  et  tabelllonein  publicum 
ad  majorera  facti  certitudinem  subscribi  curavi  :  Apud  Edinburgum,  quiuto 
Februarii,  anno  a  nato  Christo  millesimo  quingentesimo  quinquagesimo 
sexto  :  Coram  Willelmo  Maitland  de  Lethingtouu,  secreti  consilii  sjriba, 
Laurcntio  Iluseo,  doctore  Icgum,  Georgeo  Gylpj'n,  Henrico  Ray,  Berwik 
nuncio,  Anglis,  Joanne  Gibsoun,  aurifabro  Scoto,  Ilectore  Troop,  Joanne 
Brown,  et  Jacobo  Nicholsouu,  Scotis,  notariis  et  tabellionibus  publicis,  cum 
multis  aliis. 

Sic  subscribitur. 

Et  ego,  Jacobus  Nicholsouu,  notarius  et  tabellio  publicus,  dictum 
Ovvsclicip  has  presentes  literas  vidi  scribere,  et  ultra  audivi  euui 
pronunciantem  nunnulla  verba  sua  lingua  vcrnacula,  que  Robortus 
Best  in  huuc  modum  Anglice  vertebat,  Ego  Owscheip  constituo 
prefatos  meos  procuratores  ad  formam  harum  literarum  supra- 
scrij)tarum.  Acta  in  hospicio  Richardi  Troop,  hora  nona  ante 
mei'idiem,  anno,  die,  et  mense  prescriptis,  et  coram  testibus 
prenotatis. 

Notices  of  the  chief  persons  referred  to  in  these  deeds  will  be  found  in 
Hakluyt.  The  following  account  of  the  shipwreck  is  preserved  in  the 
contemporary  "  Historic  of  Scotland,"  by  John  Lesley,  Bishop  of  Ross, 
pp.  257-8.     Edinb.  1830  :  — 

"  About  this  tyme  [the  end  of  the  year  15jGJ.  thaircome  ane  gret  ship, 
and  with  her  a  pink,  furtli  of  Mascovia,  bowin  toward  Ingland  with  ane 
a:nbassadour  frome  the   Emperor  of  Muscovia,  quhilk  ship  and  pink  was 


80  ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS. 

(Irevin  be  gret  stormes  and  windis  apoun  tlic  northcst  of  Scotlandc,  at 
Kynardis  heid,  witliiii  the  couutrey  of  Bucbanc,  (jubair  a  gret  iiombrc  of 
tliair  cumpaiiie  was  dronit  and  buitb  tbe  sbippcs,  tbe  moist  pairt  of  his 
guidis  lostd  be  tbe  wrake  of  tbe  sey  ;  hot  tbe  ambassadour  him  selfe  was 
saved,  with  a  gret  part  of  bis  cumpaiiie,  and  was  weill  cntortenit  be  tbe 
cuntreynion,  and  cunvoyit  thairfrc  to  Edinburgh  to  the  C>uene  Regent;  quba 
efter  <'uid  intertenemont  caused  tlie  Lord  llwme  acconipanie  biin  to  Berwik 
in  the  monetb  of  Feuruar  thaireftir." 


Tiie  documents,  for  which  we  are  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Mr. 
Robertson,  are  interesting,  more  especially  at  the  present  moment,  as 
connected  with  the  earliest  relations  of  friendly  intercourse  and  commercial 
enterprise  between  this  country  and  Russia.  Those  who  desire  information 
on  this  subject,  may  consult  Dr.  llamel's  "England  and  Russia,"  (trans- 
lated by  J.  S.  Leigh,  London,  1854).  Notices  will  there  be  found  of  the 
embassy  of  Owscheip,  named  in  the  narrative  given  by  llakluyt,  "  Osep 
Gregorywich  Napea  ;  "  also  of  the  early  voyages  of  John  Tradescant,  Sir 
Ilugb  Willougbby,  and  other  adventurous  travellers.  Some  account  of 
this  first  embassy  is  given  by  Stow  and  Ilolinshed,  under  the  year  1557. 
Ivan  IV.,  Vassiliewitch,  or  son  of  Vassili,  to  whom  be  succeeded  in  1533, 
first  assumed  the  title  of  Tsar  or  Czar.  Amidst  the  horrors  of  continual 
warfare,  he  appears  to  have  sought  every  means  of  elevating  the  condition 
of  Russia,  by  introducing  tbe  arts  and  manufactures  of  more  civilised 
nations,  by  encouraging  commerce,  and  by  conciliatory  reception  of 
foreigners  and  foreign  missions  to  his  Court.  To  Ivan  was  due  tbe  intro- 
duction of  tbe  art  of  printing  into  Russia.  A  remarkable  illustration  of 
bis  policy  is  presented  in  the  embassy  to  the  Court  of  Philip  and  Mary, 
*' with  certainc  letters  tenderly  conceived,"  and  presents,  as  a  manifest 
argument  and  token  of  a  mutual  amity  and  friendship  to  be  made  and 
continued  between  their  Majestys  and  subjects,  respectively,  for  the  com- 
modity and  benefit  of  both  the  realms.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  these 
credentials  arc  not  now  to  be  found  ;  they  may  indeed  have  perished  in 
the  disastrous  wreck  on  tbe  inhospitable  shores  of  Aberdcensliirc.  Tbe 
presents  sent  by  the  Czar,  "  spoyled  by  the  Scots  after  the  shipwracke  " 
at  Kinnairil's  Head  or  Bucban  Ness,  consisted  of  the  richest  sables'  skins, 
some  of  them  entire,  cvceeding  beautifid,  with  teeth,  oars,  and  claws  ;  four 
living  sables,  with  chains  and  collars  ;  lus;irnes,  and  furs  "  W(»rn  onely  by 
tbe  Emporour  for  woortbinesse."  Also  a  "large  and  faire  white  jer- 
fawcon  for  the  wilde  swanne,  crane,  goose,  and  other  groat  fowles,  together 
with  a  drumme  of  silver,  tbe  boopes  gilt,  used  for  a  lure  to  call  tbe  sayd 
Ilawkc."  (llakluyt,  vol.  i.,  p.  323,  ed.  180!).)  After  a  stay  of  some 
weeks  in  London  ilie  envoy  took  bis  leave  with  all  honours,  charged  with 
gifts  considered  most  acceptaljle  to  tbe  Czar, — rich  cloth  of  tissue,  scarlet, 
violet  in  grain  and  line  azure  cloth  ;  "  a  notable  pair  of  Brigandines  with 
u  Murriun,  covered  with  criinscjn  velvet  and  gill  nailcs  ;  Item,  a  maii;  and 
ffuuile  lions." 


^3roccctitngs  nt  t^e  iWccttngs  of  t5e  ^rcljneological  institute. 

November  2,  1855. 
The  Hon.  Richard  C.  Neville,  F.S.A,,  Vice  President,  in  the  Chair. 

Ix  opcnhig  the  Proceedings  of  another  Session,  Mr.  Neville  took 
occasion  to  congratulate  the  Society  on  the  friendly  welcome  with  which 
they  had  been  received  in  Shropshire,  a  district  of  the  greatest  archaeo- 
logical interest,  and  hitherto  insufficiently  investigated.  The  cordial 
feelings  shown  towards  the  Institute  might  well  encourage  the  hope  that 
the  recent  meeting  in  Shrewsbury  would  tend  to  stimulate  some  more 
energetic  moveu  ent  for  the  preservation  of  local  antiquities,  and  the 
prosecution  of  historical  and  archaeological  inquiries.  The  Museum  formed 
in  that  town  during  the  visit  of  the  society  had  amply  realised  the  antici- 
pation, that  in  a  county  so  rich  in  British  and  Roman  remains,  as  well  as 
those  of  later  periods,  numerous  valuable  objects,  preserved  in  private 
hands,  would  be  drawn  forth  from  oblivion.  The  temporary  collections  thus 
brought  together  each  successive  year  by  the  Institute  must  be  recognised 
as  of  essential  advantage  to  archaeological  science,  more  especially  whilst 
no  National  Collection  on  an  extended  scale  existed  for  purposes  of  scien- 
tific comparison  and  instruction. 

Mr.  J.  M,  Kemble  delivered  a  Discourse  on  "Burial  and  Cremation." 
(Printed  in  this  Journal,  vol.  xii.  p.  309.)  He  exhibited  drawings  of 
sepulchral  urns,  found  in  the  previous  year  at  Stade  on  the  Elbe,  in  exca- 
vations made  under  his  direction,  and  closely  resembling  those  discovered  in 
Cambridgeshire  by  Mr.  Neville,  and  the  remarkable  group  of  urns  found  at 
Kingston,  Nottinghamshire,  some  of  which  are  figured  in  this  Journal,  vol. 
iii.  p.  159  ;  Journal  Arch.  Assoc,  vol.  ii.  p.  60. 

Professor  J.  Buckmax  communicated  the  following  notes  on  various 
Roman  reliques  formed  of  bone,  found  with  Roman  remains  at  Cirencester, 
comprising  pins,  counters,  liandlos  of  knives  or  other  implements,  cross 
guards  of  daggers,  part  of  an  armlet,  a  cochlear  with  a  round  shallow  bowl 
and  pointed  handle,  &c.,  the  whole  being  of  bone. 

"  The  articles  in  bone,  which  I  have  the  pleasure  of  submitting  to  the 
attention  of  the  Institute,  may  be  deemed  interesting,  not  only  from  their 
off"ering  examples  of  so  many  ditferent  bone  implements  and  ornaments,  but 
as  being  so  little  changed  in  colour  and  chemical  i-elations  after  a  lapse  of 
so  many  centuries.  The  extreme  freshness  in  appearance  of  some  of  the 
articles,  particularly  the  pins  and  the  little  spoon  here  presented,  have 
doubtless  often  caused  things  of  this  kind  to  have  been  overlooked,  or  not 
to  be  considered  as  ancient  ;  indeed  when  I  first  saw  the  pins  and  the  spoon, 
I  at  once  concluded,  especially  in  regard  to  the  latter,  that  they  were 
things  of  yesterday.  However,  although  it  is  true  that  the  spoon  is 
exactly   like  some   of  the  like  material  used   in   present  times,  yet  upon 

vol.  XIII.  ^ 


82  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

examining  tlie  bones  of  animals  that  have  been  used  as  food  by  the 
Romans,  it  will  frequently  be  found  that  they  have  lost  little  either  of  their 
gelatine  or  fatty  matter  ;  nay  more,  bone  even  of  fossil  animals,  such  as 
fossil  ivory,  frequently  retains  much  of  its  brilliancy  :  here  then  these 
facts  may  serve  to  show  that  the  antiijuary  must  not  conclude  against  the 
antiquity  of  any  articles  in  bone,  because  the  same  forms  are  employed 
in  domestic  appliances  at  the  present  day.  Nor  should  the  <;cneral  observer 
refuse  his  assent  to  the  antiquity  of  articles  of  this  description  on  account 
of  the  aspect  of  freshness  an  ol)ject  of  bone  may  present.  The  whole  of 
the  articles  of  this  little  collection  were  obtained  from  Roman  chambers  on 
the  site  of  Coriniuin,  as  the  excavators  proceeded  with  their  work  under 
my  direction,  and  were  found  intermixed  with  coins,  nrmilhc,  fibula3, 
pottery,  and  the  general  admixture  of  reliques  usually  occurring  amongst 
Roman  ruins.  The  ornament  on  some  of  the  specimens,  of  a  point  within 
i\  circle,  the  latter  varying  considerably  in  size,  is  so  common  on  Roman 
antiquities  of  bronze  as  to  be  almost  indicative  of  Roman  date,  where  it 
occurs  ;  its  appearance  on  bone  is  a  matter  of  interest,  and  may  assist  in 
solving  the  question  as  to  its  intention.  I  have  not  seen  this  mark  on  bono 
articles  before. 

"  Another  question  suggested  for  our  consideration  by  some  of  these 
specimens,  is  not  only  the  antiquity  of  turning  with  a  lathe,  but  the  varied 
materials  to  which  the  action  of  the  lathe  was  applied.  Metals  and  pottery 
we  know  to  have  been  turned,  the  former  on  the  latlie,  the  latter  both  on 
the  lathe  and  the  potter's  wheel,  and  these  examples  show  specimens  of 
turning  in  bone.  Again,  we  may  remark,  that  although  in  our  own 
country  ivory-bandied  knives  have  only  come  into  general  use  within  com- 
paratively recent  times — horn  and  antlers  of  deer  being  formerly  used  for 
the  purpose — yet  knife-handles  of  bone  and  very  varied  in  form,  were,  as  it 
appears,  not  uncommon  in  the  Roman-British  period." 

The  remarkable  freshness  of  the  bone  in  all  manufactured  objects  found 
on  ancient  sites  has  been  repeatedly  noticed.  Bones  found  in  immediate 
juxtaposition,  being  remains  of  dogs  or  other  animals,  or  of  such  as  had 
probal)ly  been  used  for  food,  are  found  deprived  uf  their  gelatine,  light, 
and  approaching  to  a  fossilised  condition.  This  was  espccialiy  noticed  by 
Mr.  Trollope,  during  his  excavations  at  the  lloman  rubbish-pits  on  the 
north  side  of  Lincoln.  Kvon  the  splinters  of  bone,  in  the  first  stage 
of  their  being  formed  into  pins,  had  preserved  the  freshness  and  weight  of 
ordinary  bone.  Tlie  simple  cochlear,  of  the  form  noticed  by  Professor 
Buckman,  is  not  uncommon  in  bronze,  amongst  Roman  remains,  but  bono 
objects  of  the  same  kind  liave  repeatedly  occurred.  Amongst  the  reliques 
produced  were  small  cylinders,  with  a  perforation  on  one  side,  like  the 
jrtints  of  a  flute  :  (length  1}  in.)  Their  use  has  not  been  ascertained; 
similar  object.s  have  been  found  at  I'ompeii  and  at  Lyons,  amongst  Roman 
rernains. 

.\fr.  Ni:.HnrTT  gave  the  following  description  of  two  se|»ulcliral  brasses, 
one;  in  the  church  of  St.  Andrew  at  Vcrden,  the  other  in  that  of  St.  I'etcr 
ut  Brunswick.      Rubbings  (if  lliese  UHMnoriiils  were  exhiliitr.l. 

" 'J'ho  first  of  these  commemorates  Yso  Von  Wcipe,  Bishop  of  Verden, 
wlio  dierl  in  the  year  IL'.'JI,  nnd  as  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  tlio 
braHH  is  of  this  perioil,  it  is  of  much  interest,  as  being  much  earlier  in  dato 
than  any  other  example  yet  noticed,  either  in  Knghiiul  or  on  the  continent. 
It  is  a  plute  measuring  C  ft.  G  in.  by  2  ft.  G  in.,    on    which    is  engraved   a 


THE    AKCIIAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  83 

Btanding  effigy  of  the  Bisliop,  habited  in  mitre,  pallium,^  chasuble, 
dabnatic  and  alb.  The  mitre  is  low,  as  is  usual  at  the  period,  the  pallium 
very  long,  reaching  to  within  8  inches  of  the  ground,  and  is  ornamented 
with  six  crosses  ;  the  chasuble  is  unornauiented  on  the  outside,  but  the 
inside  is  covered  with  lines  curved  to  about  three-fourths  of  a  circle, 
evidently  intended  to  indicate  a  lining  of  some  kind  of  ornamented  stuff, 

"  Both  the  Bishop's  hands  are  raised  with  the  palms  uppermost  ;  on  the 
right  hand  he  carries  a  model  of  the  church  of  St.  Andrew,  represented 
with  considerable  accuracy  as  it  still  exists,  and  on  the  left  a  model  of  a 
tower  with  two  windows  in  its  upper  part,  surmounted  by  a  cross,  and 
enclosed  within  abattlemented  wall.  It  will  be  seen  by  the  inscription,  that 
Bishop  Yso  founded  the  Convent  of  St.  Andrew  and  fortified  Verden, 
to  this  latter  act  allusion  is  no  doubt  made  by  the  battlementcd  wall,  the 
tower  which  it  encloses  may  have  reference  to  the  western  tower  of  the 
cathedral,  a  work  of  the  same  period,  and  possibly  also  erected  by  him. 
His  crosier,  with  a  crook  of  simple  form,  rests  against  the  right  arm. 

"  The  drawing  of  the  whole  is  fault}',  and  the  execution  poor,  scratchy, 
and  uncertain,  the  whole  has  suffered  much  from  wear. 

"  A  narrow  fillet  surrounding  the  whole  contains  the  inscription  given 
below  ;  the  places  where  a  *  is  placed  are  those  of  the  clamps  by  which  it 
is  now  affixed  to  the  wall.  As  however  no  letters  seem  to  be  wanting  at 
these  points,  it  would  appear  that  the  modern  clamps  fill  the  places  of  some 
like  fastenings  for  which  provision  was  made  when  the  inscription  was 
engraved.  That  the  plate  has  at  one  time  been  in  a  horizontal  position  is 
evident  from  its  worn  state,  but  it  is  possible  that  at  first  it  may  have  been, 
as  now,  placed  perpendicularly  against  a  wall. 

"  The  inscription  is  in  small  Lombardic  capitals,  and  runs  as  follows  :  — 

"ANNO.~IC  *  ARNA.  DNI.  mTcC.  XXXI.  NONAS.  A  *  VGTI.  FELICIT.  0.  TSOWILPE. 
NAT*.  VE  *  RD.  N.  XXXl'.  ANNIS.  XXVI  I.  PF  *  VIT.  EPC.  HC.  S.  ANDR  *  EE. 
'vent.  ISTITVIT.  VDA.  Pm'.  MVNIVIT.  ADVOCAT  *  A.  CIVITATIS.  E  *  SVp.  BONA. 
FRM.  LIBA  *  IT.  PATMONIV.  WESTENE.  QNGENT.  IS.  MRCIS.  ET.  AMPLi'.  EMP  *  T. 
S.  MARIE.  OBTVLIT. 

"  The  brass  in  the  churcli  of  St.  Peter  at  Brunswick  commemorates 
John  de  Kintclen,  rector  of  that  church,  who  died  in  1376.  It  is  one  of 
the  earliest  instances  of  that  peculiarly  German  manner  of  forming  these 
memorials,  in  which  very  low  relief  instead  of  engraving  is  the  method 
employed.  Small  ornamental  details  however,  such  as  borders  of  draperies, 
<kc.,  are  usually  engraved,  and  such  is  the  case  in  this  instance. 

*'  This  memorial  consists  of  two  parts,  a  plate  measuring  G  ft.  3  in.  by 
1  ft.  11  in.,  and  a  fillet  4.1  inches  wide  surrounding,  but  at  the  distance  of 
a  few  inches  from  the  plate. 

"  Upon  the  plate  is  the  effigy  of  the  Rector  under  a  bold  and  well 
designed  canopy,  he  is  clothed  in  the  usual  eucharistic  vestments  ;  the  amice 
however  is  represented  merely  by  a  very  narrow  collar,  and  a  tight  sleeve  is 
seen  within  the  loose  sleeve  of  the  alb.  The  effigy  is  only  4  ft.  9  in.  in 
height,  but  the  size  of  the  head,  hands  and  feet,  and   the   breadth   of  the 

1  It  is  remark.iblo  to   fiiul   a  siifrr.npan  tlie  see  of  Verden  was  suffragan  to  that  of 

bishop  assuming  the  palliimi,  usually  tlio  Mentz.     Mr.  Kenible  remarked  that  the 

distinctive   mark    of   an   arelibisiiop    (sec  jialliuni  mij;ht  have   been  assumed  by  the 

on  this  point  vol.  ix,  of  the  Areliaobif^ieal  bishop   of  Virden  in   consecjuence  of  the 

Journal,  p.  191).     In  the  time  of  Bishop  fact  that   his  see   was  of  eai'lier  founda- 

Yso,  and  for    some  previous   centuries,  tion  ihan  that  of  Mcntz. 


84  TROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

body,  are  (juitc  tliose  of  nature,  tlic  features  arc  peculiar  and  individual, 
evidently  an  attempt,  and  probab  y  a  not  very  unsuccessful  one,  at  a  portrait. 
The  riffht  hand  has  the  fore  andniiddlo  fingers  extended  as  in  the  usual 
gesture  of  benediction,  but  the  hand  is  placed  obliquely  on  the  breast  with 
the  palm  inwards,  instead  of  being  held  upright  witli  the  palm  outwards,  as 
is  usually  the  case  when  bishops  or  saints  are  represented  in  the  act  of 
bestowin"'  a  benediction.  In  the  left  hand  is  held  a  chalice  with  the  host 
above  it.  A  border  surrounds  the  plate,  in  which  arc  engraved  grotesque 
animals  and  foliage,  executed  with  much  spirit. 

"  On  the  fillet  is  engraved  the  following  inscription,  in  large  and  very 
fine  Lombardic  capitals. 

"  ANNO  DOMINI  MILLESIMO  TRICENTESIMO  SErTVAGESIMO  SEXTO  IN  OCTAYA 
PASCITE  OBIIT  lOHAXNES  DE  RISTELEN  RECTOR  HVIVs  ECCE  CVIVS  AIA  REQVIESCAT 
IN  PACE  AMEN." 

Mr.  Le  Kecx,  in  submitting  to  the  Society  proofs  of  several  plates  of  the 
Seals  of  the  Percy  family,  engraved  through  the  liberality  of  Ilis  Grace  the 
Duke  of  Northumberland,  amongst  numerous  illustrations  destined  to 
accompany  the  "  Transactions  of  the  Institute  at  the  Newcastle  Meeting," 
offered  a  few  remarks  on  the  character  of  Art  shown  in  mediaeval  seals. 
The  series  of  the  Percy  seals,  he  observed,  displays  in  a  very  marked 
manner  the  advance  of  Art  from  an  early  period;  and  also  that  after  having 
readied  the  highest  point  of  mediaival  excellence,  at  the  commencement  of 
the  XlVth  century,  they  show  the  gradual  decline  of  all  taste  and  skill  in 
design,  until  the  ornamentation  becomes  a  confused  complication  of  heraldic 
and  conventional  details,  in  which  the  hand  of  the  painstaking  workman 
only  is  visible,  instead  of  the  master  mind  of  the  artist.  This  series  will 
be  very  useful  (Mr.  Le  Keux  remarked)  for  comparison  with  other  seals,  in 
order  to  determine  doubtful  dates  ;  it  will  be  found  by  careful  examination, 
that  each  period  has  its  characteristic  type.  It  might  be  supposed  that  in 
the  minor  branches  of  Art,  as  well  as  in  Architecture,  there  existed 
associations  or  guilds  of  artificers,  trained  to  carry  out  the  beautiful  designs 
of  their  time.  Mr.  Le  Keux  produced  casts  of  the  seals  and  counter-seals 
of  Henry  do  Percy,  from  the  Barons'  Letter  to  the  Poi)e,  A.n.  1301,  and  of 
the  seal  of  Henry  do  Lacy,  Karl  of  Lincoln,  who  died  in  1,")12,  (engraved 
in  the  Lincoln  volunie,  p.  274.)  Ho  noticed  the  close  similarity  in  design 
and  execution  in  these  remarkable  examples,  and  compared  tlioin  with  the 
design  of  the  mounted  figure  which  fills  the  trefoiled  compartment  on  the 
pediment  of  the  canopy  over  the  tomb  of  Aymcr  do  Valence,  in  ^Vestminster 
Abbey. 

Communications  having  been  received  from  Rcvcral  correspondents  of  the 
Institute  at  Dovor,  slating  that  the  Roman  Pharos  at  the  Castle,  an  object 
of  great  interest  as  an  example  of  construction,  and  the  only  reliquc  of  its 
clasB  existing  in  this  country,  (erected  as  it  i.s  supposed  uliout  A.n.  I'l,  at 
the  same  time  as  that  built  by  Caligula  at  Poulogiie,  long  since  destroyed), 
hud  recently  been  a|(pr(i|)riated  to  nio.st  unworthy  purposes,  since  the  soldiers 
of  the  Poreign  Li-gion  hud  been  rpiartered  in  Hovor  Castle.  A  strong 
feeling  hud  been  aroused  through  fhi.s  wnnton  desecration  of  u  remarkable 
nionuincnt  of  Roman  times,  for  the  j)re.servution  of  which  the  late  I  hike  of 
Wellington  hud  tuken  careful  jireeautions.  It  was  proposed  by  Mr.  M(Mgan, 
nnd  ununimonsly  resolved,  that  a  memorial  should  be  addressed  (n  Lord 
Puiinuire,  HMpiesting  his  eon.sideration  of  the  <\il,  and  that  means  mi"-lit 
bo  taken  for  ilu  abatement. 


THE    AUCIIAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  35 

Mr,  W.  Clayton  at  the  same  time  invited  the  attention  of  the  Institute  to 
the  actual  condition  of  tlic  site  of  the  Round  Church  of  the  Templars  on 
the  Western  Heights.  The  entire  ground-plan  had  heen  laid  open  in  the 
autumn  of  1854,  and  considerable  interest  excited.  It  was  promised  by 
the  officers  of  the  Engineers,  that  a  strong  fence  should  be  placed  around 
the  foundations,  to  Avhich  such  protection  is  indispensable  ;  and  to  carry 
this  into  effect,  a  subscription  had  been  raised,  but  hitherto  nothing  had  been 
done,  and  the  vestiges  of  the  building  in  which,  as  there  are  considerable 
grounds  to  believe,  the  memorable  interview  between  King  John  and 
Pandulpli  took  place,  will  speedily  disai^pcar  for  want  of  a  little  timely 
precaution. 

At  a  previous  meeting  (see  vol.  xii.  p.  187)  Mr.  Westwood  had  called 
attention  to  the  supposed  loss  of  an  ivory  crosier-head  formerly  in  the 
Allan  Museum  at  Newcastle-on-T}'ne.  We  are  gratified  in  being  enabled 
by  Dr.  Charlton  to  state  that  this  curious  relique,  for  which  search 
was  made  in  vain  during  the  meeting  of  the  Institute  in  that  town,  has 
recently  been  brought  to  light,  with  some  other  antiquities,  in  the  Museum 
of  the  Philosophical  Society  there. 


^uttquittr^  anU  'mav'k^  nf  '^rt  <B}:^iMttS, 

By  Mr.  R.  Hall  Warrex,  of  Bristol. — A  bronze  palstave,  with  a  side 
loop,  stated  to  have  been  found  in  Devonshire. 

I3y  the  Rev.  Hugh  Jones,  D.D. — A  small  bronze  palstave,  found  at 
Rhos-y-Gad,  Anglesea  (the  meadow  of  the  Battle),  a  field  near  the  Llanvair 
station.  It  has  no  side-loop,  the  stop-ridge  is  very  prominent,  and  the 
general  fashion  bears  much  resemblance  to  that  of  palstaves  found  in 
Ireland.  Another  palstave,  of  larger  size,  found  at  the  same  place,  was 
formerly  presented  to  the  Institute  by  Dr.  Jones. 

By  the  Rev.  Greville  J.  Chester. — Drawing  of  a  small  specimen  of 
pottery,  resembling  the  class  of  objects  described  by  Sir  R.  Colt  lloare 
as  "  thuribles."  It  was  stated  to  have  been  found  by  Mr.  J.  Tissiman,  of 
Scarborough,  in  a  barrow  called  "  Swathy  Howe,"  on  Silpho  Moor,  near 
that  town,  and  to  have  been  deposited  in  a  large  urn,  (now  placed  in  the 
Scarborough  Museum,)  full  of  burnt  bones,  amongst  which  lay  this  little 
vessel,  which  is  pierced  with  large  square  apertures  at  the  sides,  and  a  few 
rude  arrowheads  of  flint. — Also  drawings  of  several  arrowheads  of  flint 
of  very  unusual  forms,  and  found,  as  asserted,  in  a  tumulus  on  the  moors 
near  Scarborough.  They  appeared  of  questionable  authenticity,  and  it  is 
believed  that  some  designing  person,  near  the  western  coast  of  Yorkshire, 
practises  with  considerable  skill  the  fabrication,  not  only  of  fictitious  anti- 
quities of  flint,  but  even  of  British  urns. 

By  Mr.  Arthur  Trollope. — Eight  bronze  armilla!,  found  July  9,  in 
the  present  year,  at  Lincoln,  in  digging  a  drain  in  the  parish  of  St.  John, 
Newport.  They  were  found  on  the  arm  bones  of  a  skeleton,  about  four 
feet  deep  under  the  present  road  in  Rasen  Lane,  outside  the  Roman  wall 
and  Northern  Vallum  of  the  station.  The  spot  is  to  the  west  of  the 
"Fr^'ery,"  in  Stukeley's  map  of  Linduni,  given  in  the  Volume  of  Trans- 
actions of  the  Institute  at  the  Lincoln  meeting.  On  sifting  the  mould, 
Mr.  Trollope  found  about  fifty  small  beads  of  blue  glass  of  a  beautiful 
deep  colour,  about  the  size  of  a  small  pea  ;  also   four  thin  pieces  of  bone, 


86 


PROCEEDINGS   AT    MEETINGS    OF 


apparently  portions  of  armlets,  of  sufficiently  large  size  to  be  placed  on 
the  upper  part  of  the  arm,  or  over  the  dress  :  they  are  tipped  at  the  extre- 
mities with  bronze,  which  is  jiierced  for  a  rivet  or  some  mode  of  attach- 
ment. Tlie  bronze  armlets  are  very  similar  to  those  found  at  Cadbury, 
and  described  by  Mr.  C  Tucker  in  this  Journal  (vol.  v.  p.  193).  A 
portion  of  a  thin  bone  armilla.  found  by  the  late  Dr.  Alantell  in  a  cinerary 
urn,  near  Lewes,  is  figured  in  llorstield's  "  History  of  Lewes,"  pi.  v.  p.  48. 
Also  a  drawing  of  a  small  urn  of  unusual  form  and  decoration,  found 
duriii"-  the  present  year,  about  a  mile  from  llorncastle,  Lincolnshire,  in  the 
course  of  railway  excavation.  It  is  in  the  possession  of  the  Rev.  A. 
Newbold,  Vicar  of  Thornton.  (See  woodcut.)  The  height  of  the  original 
is  9  inches. 


"^^?- .     > 


Fcpitlclinil  urn,  foimd  nc-.w  Unnicustlc. 


V>y  the  Hon.  K.  C.  Nrvii.i.E. —  A  bronze  Roman  libula  lately  brought  to 
light  amongst  the  burnt  bones,  (tc,  in  an  urn  found  in  tlu?  Roman  cemetery 
at  Chci-tcrford,  excavated  in  1S4G.  It  is  an  examjile  of  the  "  tasselcd  " 
type,  of  which  another  is  figured  by  Lindenschmidt,  "  Griiber  bei  Selzen  " 
p.  19.'"^  A  bronze  relique,  resembling  a  large  spur  rowel  of  six  points,  it 
npjiears  to  have  been  cast,  and  to  be  too  heavy  for  that  jturposc  :  it  was 
found  recently  at  Chcfiterford.  Two  fragments  of  Saniian  ware,  found  at 
Chesterford  during  the  jirevious  month,  and  bearing  the  potters'  marks — 
TlTVUoM.s  and  (.VNt)i'Ml  Fi:<:. — Also  a  bead  of  agate,  and  a  sjKion  and  fork 
of  cryHlal,  mounted  in  gold,  elaborately  cut,  and  of  very  (plaint  design. 
I  hey   had    belonged    to   (leorge    (Jordon,    sixth    earl    of    Iluntlev,    created 

'  (''oin|irir<'    n    viiri«  ly    of    ilic     tjiHuel-        \ii.  p.   .'i.'i.'i  ;  iilho  one   figureil    ]>\  Kunlv, 
iiliii|>v(i  libuliij  figured  ill  (IiIh  Juuriiiil,  vol.       pi.  !.'». 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE. 


87 


marquis  by  James  VI.  in  1599,  and  were  presented  to  Mr.  Neville  in  1852, 
by  tbe  Ducbess  of  Gordon.     The  crystal  portions  are  probably  Indian. 

We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Neville  for  enabling  us  to  place  before  our 
readers  a  representation  of  the  bronze  coin  found  in  April,  1853,  during 
bis  excavations  near  tbe  Fleam  Dyke,  Cambridgeshire,  described  in  this 
.Journal,  vol.  ix.  p.  226.  It  was  discovered  with  numerous  Roman  coins 
amongst  the  foundations  of  a  circular  building  at  tbe  base  of  the  tumulus 
known  as  Muttilow  Hill.  This  coin  is  of  a  typo  of  which  no  other  example 
is  known,  and  unfortunately  it  is  in  very  im- 
perfect condition.  It  has  been  considered  to 
belong  to  the  coins  of  Cunobeline,  but  the 
imperfect  legend,  within  a  tablet,  on  the 
reverse,  remains  to  be  explained.  The  horse 
usually  appears  galloping  to  the  rir/ht,  but  oc- 
casionally, as  in  this  instance,  to  the  left.  Compare  a  silver  coin  of  Cuno- 
beline, Ruding,  British  Coins,  pi.  iv.  fig.  16.  The  obverse  of  Mr.  Neville's 
coin  is  slightly  convex,  and  tbe  reverse  concave. 

By  Mr.  Brackstoxe. — A  collection  of  iron  axe-beads,  comprising 
examples,  possibly  of  Saxon  date  ;  fourteen  iron-heads  of  arrows, 
quarrels,  (fee,  of  various  forms,  also  an  iron  knife  of  peculiar  form, 
described  as  found  near  Banbury,  an  iron  spear,  and  a  spiral  bronze  wire, 
said  to  have  been  found  near  Ambleside. 

By  Professor  J.  Buckman. — A  small  collection  of  very  interesting 
Saxon  reliques  from  the  cemetery  at  Fairford,  Gloucestershire.  They 
comprised  two  scyphate  fibulae  of  gilt  bronze,  with  a  central  star-shaped 
ornament  (compare  Mr.  Wylie's  "  Fairford  Graves,"  pi.  v.  fig.  1),  a  pair 
of  small  oblong  fibulse,  a  square  chased  plate  (compare  one  found  at 
Ringwould,  Kent,  Arch.  Journal,  vol.  ix.  p.  30-i,  of  different  design),  all 
of  bronze,  thickly  gilt.  Bronze  forceps,  fibulse,  <kc.,  of  tbe  forms  usually 
found  in  Saxon  burials.  A  pair  of  very  remarkable  round  fibula?  ;  the 
ornamented  surface  consists  of  a  thin  plate  of  bronze,  hammered  up,  and 
representing  apparently  a  series   of    faces  of  animals,   as  often    seen   on 

Saxon  ornaments.      Tbe  fibula   is   in  tbe  form  of  a  shallow  box,  filled  with 
some  compact  paste,  which  serves  as   the  groundwork  upon  which  the  thin 

plate   was   laid.      A  pair  of  fibulfc,  of  similar  construction,  were  found  by 

Mr.  Neville  in  Cambridgeshire.      Also,  several 

mediajval  brass  buckles,   of  unusual  forms,  a 

leaden    finger-ring,    (fee,   found    at    Stratton, 

Gloucestershire. 

By  Mr.  Franks. — A  gold   ring  which   bad 

been    discovered  near   Peterborough,    in   the 

river  Nene.     It  is  represented  in  the  accom- 
panying engraving,  and  is  peculiar  for  having 

two  facets.      The  ornaments  are  engraved  and 

inlaid  with  niello,  part  of  which  is  broken  out. 

The  ring  was  considered  to  be  of  a  late  Saxon 

origin.      Mr.  Franks  observed  that  the  ring  of 

Ethelwulf,  in  the   British   Museum  (engraved 

in  this  Journal,  vol.   ii.  p.  103),  is  not   inlaid 

with  enamel,  as  is   generally  stated,  but  with 

niello.     The  former  being  a  vitreous  matter  coloured  by  metallic  oxides,  the 

latter,  a  kind  of  amalgam  of  silver,  copper,  and  sulphur.     The  same  may  be 


88  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

said  of  the  ring  of  Alhstan,  fouml  in  Caernarvonslurc  (Arclu'cologia,  vol. 
iv.  p.  47).  which  Mr.  Franks  has  recently  seen,  and  the  ring  bearing  the 
name  of  Athrcd,  in  the  British  Musenin,  The  dnll,  leaden  colonr  of  the 
matter  filling  the  incisions,  sufficiently  shows  it  to  be  niello.  The  same 
material  may  be  found  on  the  silver  brooches  of  the  Merovingian  period 
found  in  France,  as  well  as  on  several  Irish  remains.  In  regard  to 
examples  of  niello,  Mr.  Franks  observed,  that  the  gold  ornament  found  at 
Matlask,  Norfolk,  and  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Robert  Fitch  (Norfolk 
Archaeologv,  vol.  iii.  p.  97),  is  enameled  and  not  inlaid  with  niello,  the 
fractures  being  vitreous  and  jet  black.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the 
black  portions  of  the  enameled  reliquary  found  near  Devizes  (Arch.  Journ., 
vol.  V.  p.  157),  and  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Maskell.  In  this  specimen 
moreover,  the  use  of  niello  is  rendered  improbable,  by  the  ditiiculty  which 
exists  of  applying  both  enamel  and  niello  to  the  same  object,  owing  to 
the  much  lower  temperature  at  which  the  latter  is  fusible. 

Mr.  Franks  exhibited  also,  through  the  kindness  of  the  Dean  of  Llandaff, 
a  remarkable  sculpture  in  ivory,  which  appears  to  be  of  German  art, 
Xth  century.  It  is  a  block,  measuring  8  inches  in  height,  possibly  intended 
as  the  base  of  a  cross  ;  around  it  are  sculptured  six  scenes  of  Our  Lord's 
Passion,  and  figures  of  the  four  evangelists.  The  soldiers  guarding  the 
Sepulchre  are  armed  with  round  bucklers,  and  the  peculiar  transverse  bar 
appears  on  the  spear-heads,  as  seen  iu  Carluvingian  MSS.  Spears  of  this 
tvpe  have  been  found  in  the  Thames,  and  arc  in  Mr.  Roach  Smith's 
Museum  (figured  in  hia  Catalogue,  p.  103).  There  is  an  inscription,  of 
which  unfortunately  only  the  letters — ME  fieri  ivss — are  visible,  without  the 
context.  Tills  sculpture  has  subsequently  been  presented  by  the  Dean  of 
LlandatY  to  the  British  Museum  ;  it  had  been  obtained  in  Paris  some  years 
since  by  his  brother,  Professor  Conybeare. 

By  Mr.  S.\.MLEL  DoDn.—  A  small  MS.  volume, containing  the  assessment 
of  certain  hundreds  of  Wiltshire,  for  the  two  Subsidies  granted  by  Parlia- 
ment, Nov.  IG,  Charles  I.,  1G40,  on  the  invasion  of  the  northern  counties 
by  the  Scots.  It  is  thus  entitled — "  Wilts.  The  Subsidie  Booke  con- 
taining the  Two  entire  Sub.>-idies  granted  to  his  majestic  by  the  Laytye  in 
tliirf  jjrcsent  parliament  begun  and  hulden  at  Westminster  the  Third  Day 
of  November  in  the  IGth  yeare  of  the  Raigne  of  our  Soveraiguo  Lord 
Charles,  «kc.  in  and  by  an  Act  intituled  An  Act  for  the  Further  releifo  of 
Ills  Majesties  Army  and  the  Northcrno  parts  of  the  Kingdome.  Together 
with  the  names,  Siruames,  and  Dwelling  places,  and  also  the  true  value. 
Rate,  and  just  Sunnnc  that  every  person  is  charged  with  all,  inhabiting 
within  the  Hundreds  of  (Jhipj)cnham  aiul  Calne  in  the  said  County  of 
Wilts,  taken  at  (Jhippenham  the  Hth  Day  of  October  in  the  17th  yeare  of 
lii.s  said  Majesties  raigne.  Before  Sir  John  Ernie  and  Sir  Theobald 
Georges,  Ivnigbts," — with  other  persons  commissioners  for  the  said  hundreds. 
The  amount  of  the  two  Kubsidies  wa.s,  u])on  lands  8.f.  in  the  pound,  rated 
value  ;  and  5n.  Hd.  in  the  pouiul  upon  goods,  which  are  most  fre([uently 
valued  at  £'i.  The  volunu;  comprises  with  the  hundreds  above;  meiitiohcd 
tho.se  of  Malinosbury  and  Damcrliam  North  ;  the  sum  total  is  X.''7il,  (i.«. 
This  enumeration  of  the  inhaliitants  of  each  parish  in  IGll,  and  retm-n  of 
their  rateable  poHSCHsioJis,  supply  evidence  of  considerable  local  intcrcrtt  ns 
regards  the  rfocial  condition  of  these  parts  of  Wiltshire  in  the  reign  of 
Cliarli'H  I.  At  the  conuncncomcnt  of  the  volume  the  following  coat  of  arms 
has  been   alii.xed   to   a   fly-leaf, — Arj.   three    bulLs'   faces,  ,<!<(.,  honied  or 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  89 

(Gore).  We  are  indebted  to  the  Rev.  J.  E.  Jackson,  of  Leigh  Delamere, 
for  the  information  that  tlie  volume  is  in  the  hand-writing  of  Tiionias 
Gore,  Esq.,  of  Aklcrton,  the  Wiltshire  Herald  and  antiquary  who  died  in 
16S4.  His  MS.  collections  were  dispersed  about  50  years  since.  A  more 
full  account  of  the  contents  of  this  Subsidy  list  will  be  given,  it  is 
hoped,  by  Mr.  Jackson,  in  the  publications  of  the  Wiltshire  Archaeological 
Society. 

By  the  Rev.  G.  Mastkr. — Tliree  packs  of  playing  cards,  of  the  hitter 
part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  when  an  endeavour  was  made  to  adapt 
them  as  a  means  of  imparting  useful  and  entertaining  knowledge.  Tiie 
use  of  such  "  Scientiall,"  or  scientific,  cards,  probably  oiiginated  in  France, 
and  was  introduced  into  England  as  early  as  1651,  as  we  learn  from 
Mr.  Chatto's  curious  treatise.'  They  were  much  in  vogue  in  the  time 
of  Charles  II.,  and  as  late  as  the  reign  of  Anne,  and  embraced  a  wide 
range  of  subjects.  The  packs  now  produced  consisted  of, — 1.  Geographical 
cards,  the  English  counties  ;  not,  however,  identical  with  those  described 
by  Mr.  Chatto,  and  assigned  to  the  time  of  Charles  11.,  of  which  a  set  were 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Caton  at  a  former  meeting  (Arclmeol.  Journal,  vol.  vii., 
p.  30G).  This  pack  is  probably  of  later  date  ;  the  map  of  Staffordshire 
(deuce  of  spades)  bears  a  red  stamp,  a  crown  surrounded  by  foliage, 
the  amount  of  duty  is  marked  as  si.vpence.  On  each  card  is  a  little  map, 
and  on  the  map  the  suit  is  shown  ;  a  short  account  is  given  of  county 
boundaries,  general  productions,  number  of  parishes,  «tc.  Thus  of  Cum- 
berland it  is  stated,  amongst  other  particulars,  —  "It  hatli  58  Pish 
Churches,  plenty  of  Fowle  and  many  Rivers.  Ileere  the  Gaping  Fish 
receives  a  dew  w'^'^  producetli  pearles,''  heere  are  many  mountains,  rich 
mines  of  Brass,  som  Gold  and  Silver,  heere  is  found  y*^  Minerall  shining 
earth,  called  black  lead.  In  it  is  y'^  well  [sic  for  wall)  of  Picts,  122  miles 
long,  once  8  foot  broad,  and  twelve  foot  high,  its  in  a  right  line  from 
E^'.  to  W^t.  som  ruins  w^^  out  battlements  are  yet  to  be  seen." — 2.  A  pack 
thus  entitled. — "The  Use. — Grammaticall  Cards,  comprizing  the  Generall 
Rules  of  Lilley's  Grammer,  in  y*^  4  Principall  parts  thereof,  Viz'. 
Orthograpbia,  Etymologia,  Synta.xis,  Prosodia,  very  usefuU  to  all  persons 
who  understand  Latin,  not  only  for  recollecting  their  memories,  but  for  the 
farther  improvement  of  Such,  as  have  made  some  progress  in  y*  Language." 
The  rules  inscribed  on  the  cards  are  in  Latin. — 3.  A  pack  of  Arithmetical 
cards,  each  inscribed  with  a  sum  or  question  in  the  various  rules  ;  for 
instance,  ace  of  spades,  "  Reduction  of  Money,  Quest.  3d.  In  7538 
Guineas  at  2l5.  6d.  apeice,  How  many  Nobles,"  &,c.  The  date  of  this 
pack  is  therefore  later  than  16G3,  when  guineas  were  first  coined  ;  but  it 
appears  to  be  of  the  time  of  Queen  Anne.  The  ace  of  diamonds  (the 
Numeration  Table)  is  stamped  in  red,  with  a  crown  and  escutcheon  bearing 
the  duty-mark  of  one  shilling,  imposed  in  that  reign.  The  cards  exhibited 
measure  about  3|  in.  b}'  2]. 

By  Mr.  G.  Bisii  Wei?I5,  with  permission  of  Col.  the  Hon.  M.  E.  Onslow. 
A  brass  figure  of  cinquecento  workmanship,  found  about  twenty  years  since 
in  the  chalk   and  rubbish  close  to   the   exterior  face  of  the  north  wall  of 

3  Facts  and  Speculations  on  the  origin  in  the  Irt  and  other  rivers  in  Cumberland, 

and  history  of  Playing  Cards.     By  W.  A.  and  a  patent  was  granted   for  the  fishery. 

Chatto,  1«48,  I'p.  K^y,  Ml,  15C.  Cough's    Canid.    Brit.    vol.    iii.    p.    r-ili. 

*  Pearls  were  formerly  found  in  mussels  Burn,  vol.  ii.  p.  24. 

VOL.   xin.  N 


90  rEOCEEDlNGS    AT    MEETINGS   OF 

Guilford  Castle.  It  is  supposed  to  represent  Mars.  Height,  62  in.  It  is 
in  the  possession  of  Col.  Onslow,  at  Woodbridge,  Surrey. 

By  Mr.  Way. — A  pmtion  of  a  parchment  roll  of  swan-marks,  lately 
presented  to  him  hv  Mr.  Bloxam,  of  Slircwshury.  Amongst  the  names 
occur  Nicholas  BuUokke,  Babliam,  M.  Ric.  Bewcliam,  Tliomas  Drewe, 
Robert  Colyngborne,  Umfre  Forstor,  John  Koke,  John  Baskett,  William 
Pomrov,  etc.,  and  a  memorandum  in  a  later  hand  states  that — "  These  are 
the  Marks  put  on  the  Swans  hy  their  owners,  that  were  kept  on  the  River 
Thames."  Also  a  note  on  the  name  of  Forster,  —  "Sir  llnm]ihrey 
Forster,  Knt.,"  possibly  the  knight  of  that  name,  of  AliIerma.<^.ton,  Berks, 
about  IGOO.  A  family  of  the  name  of  Bullock  were  settled  in  the  same 
county,  at  Arbortield,  Sunning  ;  and  the  ancient  family  of  Bahham,  at 
Babham-end,  Cookham.  In  regard  to  rolls  of  swan-marks,  and  the  usages 
connected  with  swans,  see  Archajologia,  vol.  xvi.,  p.  153  ;  and  Mr. 
Bromehead's  Memoir  in  Proceedings  of  the  Institute  at  Lincoln,  p.  296. 

By  the  lion.  R.  C.  Nevili.e. — A  gold  signet-ring,  hearing  the  device  of 
the  pelican  in  piety  :  it  was  ])urchased  at  the  sale  of  the  collection  of  the 
late  Mr.  Windus,  F.S.A.,  and  was  descril)ed  as  having  been  found  in 
digging  one  of  the  cotier-dams  for  the  construction  of  New  London  Bridge. 
Mr.  Neville  purchased  at  the  same  sale  a  silver  ring,  with  two  figures  of 
saints  on  the  facets,  noticed  in  volume  xii,  of  this  Journal  (p.  I'J-i),  and 
there  inadvertently  described  as  found  at  London  Bridge.  The  place  of  its 
discovery  has  not  been  ascertained. 

By  Mr.  Biotiiel  Jacobs,  of  Hull. — A  silver  signet-ring,  date  XVIth  cent., 
stated  to  have  been  found  near  Tliornton  College,  Lincolnshire.  The  hoop 
had  been  highly  chased,  but  it  is  now  too  much  worn  to  distinguish  the 
character  of  workmanship.  The  impress  is  a  truelovc-knot  uniting  the 
initials,  I — S.  The  ring  may  have  belonged  to  some  person  of  the  Skinner 
family,  who  held  property  at  Tliornton  from  about  1G(*2  to  1720. 

M.vTiiicEsand  liii-itESsiONsfrom  Seals.  By  thellon.W.  Fox  Stu.vnoways. — 
Impression  from  a  round  seal  of  XlVth  century,  found  in  Somersetshire  ; 
the  device  is  a  fleur  de-lys,  *  .s'AnE  :  de  :  stoddone.  The  name  of  William 
do  Stoddone  occurs  repeatedly  in  the  Hundred  Rolls  in  the  County  of  Devon. 
Sir  W.  I'ole,  in  his  "  Collections,"  states  that  Hugh  Stmldoii  held  Stoddon, 
in  that  county,  t.  Hen.  II.,  and  that  the  name  continued  till  the  latter  part 
of  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  Mr.  Strangways  produced  also  a  half-noble  of 
Edward  III.,  lately  found  on  the  Chesil  Bank,  Dorset.  It  is  clipped,  but 
the  impress  very  distinct.      (Figured  in  Ruding,  gold  coins,  ])1.  I,  fig.  8.) 

By  Mr.  R.  FiTcir. — A  small  brass  matrix,  of  the  XlVth  century, 
obtained  at  Hajipisburgh,  Norfolk,  being  found  attached  to  a  countrynuvn's 
watch  chain.      The  device  is  a  lion  couchant,  with  the  legend — ici  noiiT  la 

MOV. 

By  the  Rev.  fiiiEViM-E  .).  Ciik.steu. — Impression  from  the  silver  matrix 
of  the  seal  of  the  Vicars  Choral,  of  Wells.  It  is  of  pointed-oval  form 
(23  in.  by  2  in.),  and  bears  an  escutcheon  of  the  following  arms,  a  sallirt^ 
per  saltire  quarterly,  Kurmounting  a  crosier,  between  two  keys  endorsed  in 
pale,  on  the  dexter  Hide,  and  a  sword  erect,  on  tlio  winihter  side.  The 
inscription,  commencing  with  a  ileur-de-lis,  is  as  follows, —  .s'  novi.ci.av.si. 
VICAUIOII*.  ECCr/lE.  CATIJEDIIAMS.  wem.e.n'.  1.0!(2.  'i'lie  \'icars'  College  or 
CloHc,  nt  Wells,  dates  its  origin  from  Walter  do  Hull,  Canon  of  Wells, 
about  1100;  in  1384  collegiate  buildings  were  erected  by  Bishop  Ralph 
do  Salopia,  the  vicars  and    chorister.s    of  the   cathedral  were  incorporated. 


THE    AllCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  91 

statutes  made  for  their  regulation,  and  tlieir  endowment  augmented.  Tlie 
college  was  much  improved  by  Bishop  Beckington,  and  refounded  Ijy 
Charter  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  dated  Nov.  5,  1591.^ 

By  Mr.  Ready. — Fncsiiuiles,  in  gutta-percha,  from  the  seal  of  Humphrey, 
Duke  of  Gloucester,  12  lien.  VI.,  of  wliich  a  well  preserved  impression 
has  recently  been  found  by  Mr.  Ready  amongst  the  muniments  of  Queen's 
College,  Cambridge;  also  an  unpublished  seal  of  Richard  II.,  as  Prince 
of  Chester  ;  and  a  very  interesting  seal  of  Isabella  de  Fortibus,  Countess 
of  Albemarle,  appended  to  a  document,  dated  21  Edw,  I.,  in  the  muni- 
ment chamber  of  Winchester  College,  where,  by  the  kindness  of  the 
Warden  and  of  the  Rev.  W.  II.  Gunner,  Mr.  Ready  has  lately  copied  a 
large  number  of  seals  of  much  historical  value. 

December  7,  1855. 

OcTAVirs  Morgan,  Esq.,  M.P.  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

Mr.  Morgan  described  the  result  of  recent  explorations  made  by  him,  in 
co-operation  with  the  Caerleon  Antiquarian  Association,  at  Caerwent.  He 
placed  before  the  Meeting  a  model  of  the  hypocausts  and  baths  there  dis- 
covered, with  numerous  reliques  of  bone,  bronze,  iron,  glass,  and  pottery, 
found  amongst  the  remains.  The  excavations  had  been  directed  by  Mr, 
Akerman,  Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  Mr.  Morgan  took 
occasion  to  express  his  high  sense  of  the  services  rendered  by  that  gentle- 
man, and  of  tlie  intelligence  and  assiduity  with  which  he  had  guided  the 
operations.  At  a  previous  meeting,  Mr.  Morgan  liad  intimated  his  inten- 
tion of  examining  the  vestiges  of  Venta  Silurum  {Arch.  Journ.,  vol.  xii, 
p.  276),  and  he  commenced  operations  in  September  last.  The  walls,  of 
which  considerable  remains  exist,  enclose  an  area  of  about  forty  acres.  The 
spot  selected  for  excavation  was  that  where  a  tessellated  floor  of  remark- 
ably rich  design  had  been  brought  to  light  in  1774,  near  the  S.  W.  angle 
of  the  station,  and  here  the  remains  of  an  extensive  structure  were  exposed 
to  view,  presenting  one  of  the  most  complete  and  instructive  examplesof 
the  baths,  and  the  arrangements  for  artificial  heating,  in  use  amongst  the 
Romans.  The  model  which  Mr.  Morgan  brought  for  examination  admir- 
ably illustrated  their  ingenious  combination.  He  pointed  out  the  frigida- 
rium,  which  was  not  provided  with  an  hypocaust,  and  had  at  one  end 
the  jriscina,  or  cold  bath,  in  very  perfect  state,  lined  with  red  stucco,  and 
paved  with  large  stones.  The  access  from  this  chamber  to  the  apodytcrium, 
or  dressing-roc  m,  was  distinctly  shown  ;  the  side  opposite  the  entrance  is 
nearly  semicircular,  forming  an  alcove  ;  the  floor  has  been  of  tessellated 
work,  and  "as  supported  on  square  stone  pillars.  The  next  chamber,  of 
which  the  floor  and  siispmsiira  had  been  destroyed  by  the  growth  of  a  large 
apple  tree,  was  the  tej^idarium,  of  warmer  temperature  than  the  last, 
leading  to  the  caldarium,  the   most  curious  part   of  the   whole  structure. 

•■■'  Tanner,  Notitla  ;  Dugd.  Mon.  vol.  vi.  pivfii,  are   the  saltire,  whiuli   occurs  also 

p.  I4(i(;  ;  CoUiiison,   Hist.  Somerset,  vol.  iminiled  with  the  arms  of  the  Priory  of 

iii.  1).  lO;'.  ;  Phelps'   Hist.   vol.  ii.  p.   70,  Bath,    two    keys    eiifilcd    with   a    sword, 

wliere   some    acconnt    of  the    liuildin,!;   is  PiMiop    Montaj;ue,    IGOf!— 18,    bore    the 

<,nven,  and  of  tlu-  painting  in  the  Vicars'  keys    ami  sword   as   they  appear  on  the 

hall  commemorative  of  their  benefactors.  Vicars' seal  above  described. 
The  anna  of  the  see  ol   Wells,  «s  usually 


r2  TROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

Here  the  warm  bath  was  foiiml  in  a  perfect  state  ;  the  entire  chamber  was 
lieateJ  by  a  hypocanst,  anil  three  sides  of  the  batli  were  formeil  with  upright 
flue-tiles  for  the  ditlusion  of  the  heated  air.  From  tliis  chamber  a  narrow 
doorway  leads  to  a  small  apartment  which  Mr.  Morgan  supposes  to  have 
been  the  sudatorium,  where  a  dry  heat  of  very  high  temperature  might  be 
obtained  in  close  proximity  to  the  furnace,  or  prcefurnium,  serving  to  heat 
the  hypoeausts  of  all  these  apartments.  Here  it  is  probable  that  there 
may  have  been  some  arrangement  for  heating  water,  but  this  essential  part 
of  the  apjiliances  for  the  lloman  baths  is  not  to  be  traced,  and  it  is  remark- 
able that  it  is  defii-ient  in  other  exam])les  discovered  in  England.  Mr.  Morgan 
pointed  out  the  curious  adjustment  of  the  flues  and  the  course  of  the  heated 
air  diffused  under  the  su-'^pensuroe,  directed  by  certain  dwarf  cross-walls 
usually  found  in  such  buildings  of  the  Roman  age,  and  which  served  the 
essential  purpose  of  a  support  to  the  floors.  In  tliese  M'alls  openings 
are  found  ingeniously  arranged  for  the  distribution  of  the  heated  air. 
Tlie  pillars  supporting  the  suspensurce  are  formed  of  roughly  squared 
pieces  of  sandstone,  and  the  floors  themselves  consist  of  large  tiles  or  slabs 
of  stone,  on  which  was  laid  a  bed  of  concrete,  14  in.  in  thickness  ;  it  must 
therefore  have  required  a  long  time,  and  a  large  consumption  of  fuel,  to  heat 
these  floors  through  such  a  thickness  of  compact  material.  The  bottom  and 
sides  of  the  bath,  being  only  five  inches  in  thickness,  niu-t  have  become 
more  speedily  heated,  and  Mr.  Morgan  considered  it  piobable  tliat  the 
water  had  actually  been  heated  in  the  bath  itself.  The  provision  for 
emptying  both  the  baths  is  clearly  seen,  but  there  is  no  indication  of  the 
mode  by  which  they  were  filled.  Mr.  Morgan  entered  into  a  detailed 
description  of  many  curious  features  of  construction  in  these  remarkable 
vestiges  of  Roman  luxury,  surpassing  probably  any  hitherto  brought  to 
light  in  this  country.  The  remains  have  not  been  destroyed  ;  Mr.  Morgan 
stated  that  a  model,  plans,  and  sections,  having  been  taken,  the  site  had 
been  carefully  tilled  in,  so  as  to  preserve  this  curious  building  from  decay  by 
exposure  to  the  air  or  the  wanton  injuries  through  which  such  objects  arc 
usually  permitted  to  perish.  Tliis  remarkable  building  occupies  an  area  of 
about  .30  feet  by  32.  In  one  wing  of  the  villa  at  Whitcombc,  Gloucester- 
shire, of  which  an  account  is  given  the  Archa?ologia,  vol.  xix.,  a  set  of 
baths  was  found  very  similar  to  those  here  noticed,  in  the  general  arrange- 
ment, and  esj)ecinlly  in  the  Apodytcrhua  formed  witli  an  alcove. 

Mr,  .J.  M,  Ki;miii,k  read  a  dissertation  on  the  Mortuary  Customs  of  the 
Hcandinavians,  and  their  analogy  with  the  usages  of  the  Germans.  One 
I'ssential  flitf'erence,  he  observed,  consists  in  the  fact  that  the  former  censed 
to  burn  their  dead  long  before  they  adopted  Christianity,  This  may  have 
bcfMi  owing  to  scarcity  of  wood,  as  also  to  the  wandering  habits  of  the 
Scandinavian  rovers.  Mr.  Kemble  pointed  out  the  imporlanco  of  investi- 
gating Scandinavian  funeral  riles  as  explamxtory  of  those  prevalent  in  our 
own  country  in  remote  times,  and  forming  an  integral  feature  of  oiu-  national 
anticiuitieB.  Dnne.^,  N<u-wogiaiiH,  and  Swedes,  inhabited  our  land,  and 
prchi-rvcil  all  llnir  heathen  customs  and  super.stitions  long  after  the  Saxon 
and  the  (Ji-rman  Imd  adopti;d  the  Christian  creed,  'i'he  geiu-ral  idea  of 
the  .Vorthman  is  thus  rcieordt^il  in  tin;  lieimskringlu  ;  the  earliest  age  was 
that  of  cronnition,  an<l  the*  dead  were  couimemorated  by  gravestones  :  t() 
tliJM  Hliccccded  barrows  raised  as  nitiinorials.  Tin?  custom  having  been 
introduced  in  Denmark  of  placing  the  corpse  in  the  barrow,  with  the  nrms, 
lior«e,  ami  ornaments  of  the  deeeaseil,  that  mode  of  imriul  became  general 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  93 

in  Denmark,  whilst  in  Norway  and  Sweden  cremation  was  practised  much 
later.  The  Norse  tradition  knew  nothing  of  hurial  older  than  burning, 
and  even  of  Odin  and  otiier  gods  we  are  tokl  that  after  death  they  were 
placed  upon  the  funeral  pile.  Mr.  Kemble  cited  a  remarkable  passan^e 
from  the  Edda,  in  which  the  wife  of  a  deceased  hero  is  described  ascending 
the  pile  with  her  slaves  and  ricliest  treasure.  She  rode  in  her  car  covered 
with  tapestry,  and  slew  herself  with  the  sword.  In  other  Norse  traditions 
the  curious  feature  occurs  of  the  interment  of  chariot  and  horse,  the  saddle 
and  trappings,  with  the  mighty  dead,  for  their  use  in  the  other  world. 
Facts  indicating  similar  usages  have  been  noticed  in  the  northern  parts  of 
England,  where  Norse  influence  must  have  prevailed.^  The  evidence  is, 
however,  insufficient  to  decide  that  the  interments  were  in  fact  Scandinavian. 
Tbe  practice  of  throwing  rings  and  ornaments  into  the  barrow  appears  by 
the  Heimskringla  to  have  originated  in  the  notion  that  a  man  was  con- 
sidered in  Valhalla  in  proportion  to  the  amount  placed  with  him  on  the  pile, 
or  the  valuables  which  he  had  buried  during  life,  and  devoted  to  the  gods. 
To  this  superstition  may  be  attributed  many  of  the  hoards  found  in  the 
earth  or  under  stones,  without  an  interment.  Mr.  Kemble  gave  some 
illustrations  of  this  very  curious  Scandinavian  superstition.  Sometimes  the 
ship  of  the  deceased  was  burnt  with  him,  or  it  was  set  afloat  and 
abandoned  :  the  corpse  was  also  in  some  cases  placed  in  it,  and  committed 
to  the  waves,  or  buried  in  the  ship  within  a  barrow.  An  interment  of  this 
nature  had  been  found  in  Norway  not  many  years  since.  At  one  end  of 
the  ship  were  the  skeletons  of  horses  and  dogs,  with  ornaments  and 
weapons.  The  practice  of  some  Northern  tribes  may  be  connected  with 
this  ;  they  placed  over  the  corpse  stones  arranged  so  as  to  represent  a  ship, 
or  set  up  a  slab  on  which  was  engraved  the  figure  of  a  ship.  A  vestige  of 
this  usage  may  even  be  traced  in  the  hollow  tree  used  as  a  coffin,  as  in  the 
remarkable  interment  found  at  Gristhorpe,  near  Scarborough.  This  curious 
boat-sepulchre  is  preserved  in  the  Museum  at  that  town.  Prayer  for  the 
dead,  Mr.  Kemble  observed,  was  used,  consistently  with  the  belief  that  the 
departed  lived  another  life  in  the  barrow,  whence,  if  any  cause  hindered 
their  resting  in  peace  in  the  grave,  they  sometimes  issued  forth,  to  the 
injury  and  annoyance  of  the  survivors.  In  this  country  disturbed  spirits 
are  said  to  icalk,  and  the  Northern  phrase  was  to  go.  The  Sagas  supply 
numerous  instances  of  this  superstition,  of  which  several  were  cited  by 
Mr.  Kemble,  affording  an  insight  into  the  wild  confusion  into  which 
declining  heathenism  had  fallen.  It  is  remarkable  that  cremation, 
abandoned  in  later  times  as  the  ordinary  funeral  rite,  was  employed 
in  order  to  subdue  such  restless  spirits.  The  corpse  was  taken  out 
of  the  barrow  and  burnt.  In  regard  to  the  barrow,  as  a  feature  of 
Norse  interment,  it  seems,  even  after  Christianity  was  introduced,  to 
have  been  the  prevalent  usage.  Its  size  was  proportioned  to  the  rank 
or  renown  of  the  deceased  ;  there  were  family  mounds,  and  in  some 
cases  the  man  and  Avife  were  deposited  clasped  in  each  other's  arms. 
The  barrow  was  often  raised  in  the  life  of  the  person  for  whom  it  was 
intended,  being  made  hollow,  either  by  a  cist  of  stones,  or,  as  the  tomb  of 
a  Danish   queen  recently   opened,   formed   with    a   chamber  of  stout  oak. 

'  See  e.speeially  the  account,  by  the  actions  of  the  Arcli.  Inst.  York  Meeting, 
Rev.  E.  W.  Stillingfleet,  of  an  interiucnt  ]>.  "JfJ.  See  also  p.  100,  infra,  and  refer- 
lound   oil  the   Yorkshire    Wolds ;  Trans-       ences  in  tbot-uote,  ibid. 


9i  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

Mr.  Kemblo  noticed  various  other  curious  details  in  pursuing  tliis  highly 
interesting  ini|uiry,  such  as  the  usage  in  removing  the  corpse,  which  was 
not  conveyed  through  the  door  of  the  iiouse,  hut  the  wall  was  broken  down. 
When  deposited,  tlie  head  was  placed  to  the  north,  a  peculiarity  often 
found  in  early  interments  in  England  ;  the  pt-rsonal  ornaments,  tools,  and 
weapons,  were  invariably  interred  with  the  body,  a  certain  religious  respect 
towards  the  dead  requiring  that  they  should  be  provided  witli  all  that  might 
be  of  advantage  to  them  in  a  future  state.  At  a  later  period  this  feeling 
wholly  ceased  ;  in  the  tenth  century  mention  is  made  of  persons  of  note  who 
were  but  poorly  provided  with  valuables  in  their  interment  ;  and,  not  long 
after,  the  plundering  of  graves  was  connnonly  practised,  the  buried  wealth 
of  previous  generations  presenting  to  the  predatory  Northman  an  irresistible 
temptation.  Mr.  Kemble  strongly  impressed  upon  his  hearers  the  essential 
importance  of  the  mortuary  ceremonies  of  the  Northman  as  an  elucidation 
of  those  of  the  Anglo-Saxons  ;  and  still  more  that  all  the  labour  so  largely 
bestowed  on  the  investigation  of  barrows,  will  be  in  vain,  unless  commenced 
with  a  clear  historical  view  of  those  ancient  races,  whose  remains  should 
never  be  irreverently  or  uselessly  disturbed. 

Mr.  Franks  observed,  that  very  recently  a  remarkable  interment  had 
been  found  in  the  Isle  ofPurbeck  ;  as  in  the  Scandinavian  burials  to  which 
Mr.  Kemble  had  alluded,  there  also  two  skeletons,  male  and  female,  had 
been  found.  The  wife's  head  had  rested  on  the  breast  of  her  husband, 
and  her  arms  embraced  the  corpse.  A  detailed  account  of  the  discovery 
has  been  prepared  by  the  Rev.  J.  II.  Austen  for  the  Transactions  of  the 
Purbeck  Archaeological  Society. 

Mr.  W.  BcuGES  read  an  account  of  a  mitre  of  rich  tissue,  preserved  in  the 
Museum  at  l^cauvais,  in  France,  and  of  which  he  produced  a  representation, 
with  highly  finished  drawings  of  other  examples  of  ancient  tissues  existing 
in  France.  The  mitre  had  probably  belonged  to  Philippe  de  Dreux,  Bishop 
of  Beauvais,  in  lI7o. 

Mr.  W.  B.  DiCKF.NSON'  communicated  a  detailed  account  of  a  collection 
of  contracts  for  the  supply  of  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax's  army  with  clothing  and 
munitions  of  war,  in  1(345.  The  original  documents  were  sent  for  examina- 
tion. They  are  addressed  to  the  officers  of  the  ordnance  at  the  Tower,  to 
authorise  tlie  admission  into  store  of  the  articles  contracted  for,  and  are 
signed  on  the  part  of  the  Committee  of  the  Army  of  the  Parliament  by 
various  parties.  The  name  of  Robert  Scawen  occurs  very  fre(|uently,  also 
.John  Venn,  the  regicide.  Sir  Walter  Frle,  Lieut,  (ien.  Hammond,  itc.  The 
contracts  comprise  uniforms,  red  coats,  called  also  cassocks,  of  Suffolk, 
Coventry,  or  Glouccstersiiire  cloth,  l)reeches  of  grey  or  other  colours,  of 
Reading  cloth,  and  stockings  of  Welsh  cotton.  Some  of  the  latter  are 
called  Irish.  The  coats  were  ordered  to  he  furnished  with  tapestrings, 
wiiite,  blue,  green,  and  yellow,  possibly  as  distinctions  of  regiments.  In 
one  of  the  contracts  tiicre  is  a  notice  of  orange  rilibon  facings,  and  under- 
written again  by  Scawen  for  special  care.  Hy  reference  to  Clarendon  it 
appears  that  orar)gc-tawncy  wa.s  more  jiarticularly  tin*  colour  of  the 
Parliiimentarians,  for  when  Colonel  (iage  went  to  relieve  the  garrison  of 
I'asing  liouBe,  ho  dressed  his  men  in  "  orango-tawney  scarfs  and  ribbons," 
that  th(!y  might  pass  for  Parliamentary  Holdicrs,  hut  the  artilico  failed, 
through  the  men  forgetting  their  orange-tawney,  and  falling  upon  a  small 
(htaclinwiil  of  the  enemy.  The  c(»ntracts  for  shirtH  described  them  as  of 
good  lockrani  ;    those  for  bIioch,  of  which  .'»l',(l(i(l  pair  wcic  confrnctcd  for. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE. 


95 


are  singularly  minute  in  detail  ;  each  pair  was  to  be  marked  on  the  soles 
to  distinguish  the  makers,  whose  punclies  or  marks,  usually  bearing  the 
initials  of  their  names,  are  actually  impressed  on  the  margins  of  the  con- 
tract, to  obviate  all  possibility  of  dispute.  The  armour  consisted  of  "  Pots" 
with  three  bars,  of  English  make,  and  head-pieces,  backs  and  breasts  ;  the 
price  of  a  suit  being  205.  There  are  contracts  for  drums,  ensigns  of  blue 
Florence  sarcenet,  with  distinctions  of  gold  laurels  ;  in  the  proportion  as  it 
seems  of  eight  ensigns  for  a  regiment,  tents  of  lockram,  waggons,  hair-cloth 
tilts,  canvas,  sheepskins,  &c.  also  for  sea-coal,  at  235,  Gd.  per  chaldron,  tools, 
ordnance,  comprising  the  cannon,  demi-cannon,  culverin,  demi-culverin  and 
saker,  and  a  mortar-piece  for  saker  shot.  The  muskets  are  said  to  be  match- 
locks and  snaphaunce,  the  latter  measuring  4  ft.  in  length;  of  the  pistols 
some  are  described  as  snaphaunce.  Holsters,  carbine  belts,  "  snapsacks  "  of 
leather,  bandoleers  of  wood  painted,  cartridge-boxes  of  plate  covered  with 
leather,  cartridge-girdles,  ash  pikes  16  ft.  in  length,  and  Spanish  pikes  15  ft., 
swords  with  Dutch  blades,  saddles,  harness,  horse-shoes  and  other  articles  are 
minutely  described  in  these  contracts.  The  ammunition  consisted  of  the 
best  English  corn  powder,  match,  hand-granadoes  and  granadoe-shells  for  a 
mortar  jtiece,  round  shot,  bullets,  <kc.  The  precautions  taken  to  ensure  the 
due  fulfilment  of  the  contracts  are  worthy  of  notice,  and  Mr.  Dickenson 
pointed  out  the-  care  with  which  the  Parliamentarian  leaders  provided  to 
*'  keep  their  powder  dry,"  in  the  minute  specifications  for  the  bandoleers, 
as  also  for  the  "good  holdsters  of  calve-skine,  inside  and  outside  well 
sowed  and  liquored,"  This  volume  of  contracts  formed  part,  probably,  as 
Mr.  Dickenson  observed,  of  the  mass  of  public  documents  sold  by  the  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer,  in  1838,  to  Mr.  Jay,  a  fishmonger,  to  the  extent 
of  eight  tons  in  weight,  at  8^.  per  ton.  Many  have  since  been  repurchased 
at  large  prices  by  the  Government  and  by  the  British  Museum." 

^nttquttic^  antf  USav'k^  of  ^rt  evljiittclf. 

By  Mr.  Arthcr  TuOLLOrE. — A  representation  of  a  diminutive  urn  found  in 
August,  1850,  in  a   small  barrow,  in  the  parish  of  Fylingdales,  about  100 
yards  from  Kirkmoor  Gate,  on  the  right  hand  side  of  the  road  from  Whitby 
to  Scarborough.     The  barrow  measured  27 
ft.  in  diam.,  2   ft.    in  height,  and  the   de- 
posit of  burnt  bones  was  discovered  nearly 
in   the  centre,  2  ft.  from  the  surface,  in  a 
cavity  cut  in  the  natural  soil,  15  in.  deep. 
On  examining  the  bones  the  small  cup  was 
found,  in  fragments,  which  were  reunited, 
and   its   form   accurately  ascertained   (see 

woodcut).    It  measured  3  j*^;  in.  in  height  ;  '-  ~  Y    T 

diam.  at  top  5  in.,  at  base  2|  in.  The 
siu'face  is  ornamented  with  an  impressed 
corded  pattern,  which    appears  also  within 

the  rim.     The  inside  of  the  cup  is  rounded  im  iL.uu.i.u  iMiuyu.ucs. 

at  the  bottom   and  has  a   neatly  finislied 

appearance.  In  general  form  this  curious  little  vessel  resembles  that  found 
in  Holyhead  Island,  and  described  by  the  Hon.  W.  Owen  Stanley  in  this 
Journal  (Vol.  vi.,  p.  230).     The  ornament  in   that  example  is  rather  more 

-  Quarterly  Review,  March,  1855. 


•3^-1 


1} 1 ) II ?ef 


9G  rROCEEDIXGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

elaborfttc.  The  proximity  of  the  interment  to  the  coast  in  botli  instances 
may  deserve  notice. 

By  Mr.  W.  J.  Bernhard  Smith. — An  iron  boss  of  a  shield,  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  period,  found  at  Fairford,  Gloucestershire.  Compare  the  examples 
fifured  in  Mr.  Wylie's  *'  Fairford  Graves,"  PI.  X.,  and  that  found  in  the 
cemetery  on  Linton  Iloath  by  Mr.  Neville,  figured  in  this  Journal,  Vol.  xi., 
p.  lOG,  Fig.  7. 

By  Mr.  \V.\Y. — A  silver  Family  coin,  of  the  Gens  Cornelia,  found  near 
Prin'stead,  Sussex,  near  the  shores  of  the  estuary  forming  Chichester 
harbour.  Obv. — ex.  blasio.  ex.  F.  the  galeated  head  of  Mars,  with  a  star 
at  the  nape  of  the  neck.  Rev. — Jupiter  standing,  with  a  lance  supported 
bv  his  rin-ht  hand,  and  the  rays  of  afttlmcn  with  a  girdle  iii  his  left,  lie 
is'  beino-  crowned  by  a  galeated  female  on  the  right,  and  on  the  other  side 
stands  a  draped  female  with  the  hastapura,  perhaps  Minerva  and  Juno.  The 
coin  was  probably  struck  about  B.e.  40,  but  of  Bhisius  nothing  is  known. 
Family  coins  are  far  less  frequently  found  in  England  than  imperial  denarii, 
and  the  discovery  of  this  coin  in  a  locality  where  few  vestiges  of  the  Romans 
have  been  noticed,  is  deserving  of  record. 

Bv  Mr.  M.  AlsLABlE  Deniiam,  of  Fierscbridge. — A  sketch  of  a  ring  of 
bronze  wire,  of  uniform  thickness,  well  coated  with  patina,  and  found  in 
September  last  around  the  neck-bones  of  a  skeleton,  at  Carlebury,  co. 
Durham,  east  of  tlie  Roman  station  on  the  river  Tees,  of  which  a  plan  by 
Mr.  Maclauchlan  was  given  in  this  Journal,  Vol.  vi.,  p.  217.  This  ring 
measures  nearly  5  in.  in  diameter  ;  and  the  ends  are  fastened  together 
with  spiral  twists,  so  adjusted  as  to  allow  a  certain  degree  of  play  or  en- 
largement of  the  rinf'.  The  mode  of  fastening  shows  that  it  was  intended 
to  be  worn  permanently,  probably  as  a  token  of  servitude.  Compare  a 
bronze  neck-ring  with  similar  fastening,  found  at  Aldborough,  Yorkshire, 
Fcroyd  Smith's  Relicpi.  I.suriana),  pi.  xxv.  a. 


Bv  the  Rev.  E.  AViltox. — A  fibula  of  tinned  bronze,  of  Roman  work- 
manship, found  on  West  Lavington  Down,  in  Wiltshire,  and  the  inm 
spring-bolt  of  a  felter-lock,  probably  of  Roman  date.  Numerous  small 
relinues  of  metal  arc  found  by  flint-diggers  on  Charlton  Down,  where  the 
latter  was  disinterred,  and  where  traces  of  ancient  habitations  arc 
8trikin<'Iy  aiiparent.  About  two  miles  distant  is  Kll  Banow,  and  within 
half  a  mile  only  of  the  spot  where  these  objects  occur,  fruiu  time  time,  is 
another  tumulus  known  by  the  name  of  Slay  ]]arro\v. 

liy  Mr.  Ai.EXANDKli  Kksbitt. — A  collection  of  easts  from  the  sculjjtures 
in  ivory  in  the  posscHsion  of  Colonel  Meyrick,  at  Goodrieh  Court.  They 
hiid  origiiuilly  belonged  to  the  late  Mr.  Douce,  and  comprise  examples  of 
early  <latc  and  remarkable  character.  Some  accdunt  of  the  "  Doueean 
Museum  "  wa.s  given  in  the  Gcntlcvmns  Maijazinc,  in  18.'{0,  by  the  late 
Sir  S.  Meyriek,  in  which  a  notice  of  the  ivory  cahkets,  diptyehs,  a  renuirk- 
nbh;  Het  of  Kculptured  pat(;rnohlerH.  and  other  objects,  may  he  found.  Mr. 
Nchbill  produced  also  n  facMimih-,  in  "  lictile  ivory,"  of  the  curious  head  of 
:i    'T'nicr,   placcfl   in    the  <'liaj>el  at  Goodrich    Court  ;    it  iu   sculptured  in 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  07 

the  style  of  tlic  early  Irish  artists,  in  the  Xlltli  century.  It  may  be  an 
example  of  the  Opus  JJunolmcnse.  He  brought  also  casts  from  one  of  the 
finest  and  earliest  examples  of  sculpture  in  ivory,  of  Christian  character,  a 
work  attributed  to  tlie  lYth  century,  and  actually  at  Berlin  ;  also  some 
admirable  productions  of  the  Vlth  century,  from  Mr,  Maskell's  collection, 
and  part  of  a  consular  diptych,  from  that  of  the  Vicomte  de  Genzi.  Amongst 
the  ivories  at  Goodrich  Court  there  is  a  singular  subject  of  spirited  execu- 
tion, although  of  very  recent  date,  representing  Orator  Henley  delivering  a 
funeral  sermon  on  Colonel  Charteris. 

By  !Mr.  Westwood. — Six  casts  from  chess-men  sculptured  in  ivory,  or 
tooth  of  the  walrus,  preserved  in  the  Kunst  Kammer  at  the  Royal  Museum 
at  Berlin.     They  are  of  the  Xlth  and  Xllth  centuries. 

Sir  Artiicr  de  Capell  Buoke,  Bart.,  presented  a  collection  of  documents, 
comprising  copies  of  Grants,  Claims,  and  other  ancient  evidences  relating 
to  the  Forest  of  Kockingham,  co.  Nortlianipton,  made  by  the  late  Sir 
Richard  do  CapcU  Broke,  Bart.,  of  Oakley  Hall,  a  verderer  of  the  forest. 
These  documents  had  been  collected  from  the  public  records  preserved  at 
the  Tower,  the  Rolls  Chapel,  and  from  other  sources. 

By  the  Rev.  II.  T.  Ellacombe. — The  Book  of  Accounts  of  the  Church- 
wardens of  the  Parish  of  Woodbury,  Devon,  from  1537  to  1792;  comprising 
an  uninterrupted  record  during  that  long  succession  of  years,  curiously 
illustrative  of  tlie  progress  of  the  Reformation,  the  alternations  and  changes 
of  public  feeling  in  the  reigns  of  Edward  VI.,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth,  with 
numerous  details  of  historical  as  well  as  statistical  information.  A  selection 
from  this  unique  series  of  parochial  accounts  will  be  published  by  the 
Camden  Society\ 

By  i\Ir.  Fakrer. — Several  specimens  of  mediaeval  art, — a  sculptured 
tablet  of  ivor}-,  Xllth  cent.,  representing  Our  Lord  meeting  the  widow  of 
Nain  at  the  city-gate,  following  the  body  of  her  son  to  the  grave.  The 
back-ground  is  pierced  with  small  cruciform  apertures. — A  reliquary, 
obtained  in  Germany,  containing  the  jaw-bone  of  St.  Mark  (according  to 
the  inscription — Mandibula  S.  Marci  Evangeliste)  accompanied  by  a 
tooth  of  St.  Sebastian.  The  former  is  supported  by  two  small  figures  of 
angels,  and  the  tooth  is  held  by  a  third  ;  the  whole  forming  a  curious 
example  of  the  quaint  metal-work  of  the  fifteenth  century. — Two  priket 
candlesticks,  ornamented  with  heraldic  bearings,  and  described  as  being  of 
Italian  workmanship. — A  nuptial  casket  of  carved  wood,  inscribed, — ciniCj;. 
llilVluil.ttl). ^in. — Alone  to  thee  I  will  be.  Date,  late  XVth  cent. — 
Another  casket  or  forcer,  covered  with  cuir-bouilli  ;  and  bearing  the  date 
1512,  with  two  armorial  escutcheons  accoUcs. — A  corporas  case,  covered 
with  embroidery^  and  gold  lace,  probably  Venetian. — Also  a  round  miniature 
portrait,  attributed  to  Holbein.  The  person  represented  is  not  known, 
it  depicts  probably  a  courtier  of  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.,  his  age  about 
forty,  in  a  furred  robe,  with  a  small  flat  cap  on  his  head,  the  left  hand 
resting  on  his  sword.  The  character  of  the  design  seems  to  indicate 
that  it  portrays  some  personage  of  note  in  England  at  the  period. 

In  reference  to  the  Mandibula  of  St.  Mark,  Mr.  Kemble  took  occasion 
to  observe  that  the  entire  body  of  the  Evangelist  is  reputed  to  be  preserved 
at  Venice ;  the  thumb  was,  however,  alleged  to  be  at  Hanover,  and 
no  less  a  sum  than  30,000  sciuli  d'oro  had  been  offered,  it  is  said,  for  its 
restoration. 

By  Mr.  OcTAVius  Morgan,  M.P. — Three  clocks,  of  remarkable  design 

VOL.    XIII.  0 


9S  rROCEEDlNGS    AT    .MEETINGS    OF 

and  construction.  One  of  tliem  is  in  a  form  of  an  hexagonal  temple,  and 
bears  the  date  1545.  Another  is  in  the  form  of  a  griffin,  bearing  an 
escutcheon  on  whidi  is  tlie  dial.  The  animal  constantly  rolls  his  eyes 
whilst  the  mechanism  is  in  movement,  and  he  opens  his  mouth  when  the 
quarters  strike,  and  Haps  his  wings  at  the  striking  of  tiic  hour.  The  third 
is  in  the  form  of  a  crucifix  ;  the  hours  are  sliown  on  a  globe  which 
revolves  on  the  top  of  the  cross.  The  date  of  the  two  hist  is  the  earlier 
part  of  the  XVlIth  century. — Also  a  model  of  Sawston  Hall,  Cambridi;e- 
siiire,  the  ancient  mansion  of  the  liuddlestone  family  ;  erected,  as  is  stated, 
in  1557,  by  Sir  John  liuddlestone,  who  entertained  the  Princess  Mary  on 
the  death  of  Edward  VI.  This  model  belonged  to  the  late  Mr.  Gage 
Ivokewode,  for  whom  it  had  been  nuide,  in  1838,  by  the  Rev.  Patrick 
0 'Moore. 

By  the  Kcv.  J.  IlDrKiNSOX. — A  collection  of  Crimean  reliques  from  the 
battle-field  of  tlie  Tchernaya,  the  Redan,  and  the  Mahikofi',  consisting 
of  Russian  military  decorations,  and  the  snuiU  metal  dijUychs  and  medal- 
lions of  a  sacred  kind  worn  by  the  Russian  soldiers.  The  more  ancient 
types  of  Eastern  art  are  frequently  to  be  traced  in  these  objects  of  daily  use 
amongst  the  Christians  of  the  Greek  Church. 

By  the  Hon.  R.  C.  Nevillh:. — A  silver  Greek  or  Greco-Russian  seal,  of 
curiously  perforated  work,  with  a  facet  or  central  compartment  turning  on 
a  swivel  within  the  inscribed  margin,  so  as  to  present  two  faces.  On  one 
of  these  appears  the  head  of  a  figure  in  sacred  vestments,  apparently  repre- 
senting St.  Nicholas,  with  the  inscription  —  O  Ayios  'SikoKuos,  on  the 
other  side  a  figure  with  a  cross,  possibly  St.  Helena,  or  Constantino. 
Around  the  verge  is  an  inscrii>tion,  which  has  been  thus  deciphered, — 
>J<  riAHECTUE  IKPOMONAXOT  "  173G,  ])robably  indicating  that  it  was  the  seal 
of  Silvester,  the  holy  monk  (?  of  the  Monastery  of  Mount  Athos).  This 
seal  was  found,  as  stated,  at  Maldon,  Essex.  Several  seals  of  similar 
workmanship,  but  varied  in  form,  have  been  noticed  ;  one,  in  the  ])ossession 
of  Mr.  M.  V.  Tu]i])er,  is  figured  in  the  .Journal  Arch.  Assoc,  vol.  i.,  p.  Gl; 
of  another,  described  as  found  in  the  Isle  of  Paros,  impressions  are  to  bo 
seen  in  the  collection  of  the  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society. 

By  Mr.  C.  Dji.snoaouGU  Bi:iJrouD. — A  massive  gold  ring,  lately  found  at 
a  great  depth  in  sinking  a  shaft  for  the  construction  of  a  tunnel  in  Wap- 
ping.  The  impress  is  the  initial — l[jt\-,  over  which  is  the  letter — I.  Date, 
XVth  cent. 

January  1,  1S5G. 

Jo.snriI  IlfXTEll,  Eh(|.,  \'.l'.  Soc.  Ant.,  in  the  Chair. 

A  Communication  was  received  IVom  the  War  Department,  in  reference 
to  the  Roman  jdiaros  at  Dovor  and  the  ancient  Church  at  tin;  Castle.  An 
appeal  in  belnilf  of  their  preservation  had  been  addrcHsed  to  Lord  Pannuno 
on  the  part  of  the  Institute,  in  pursuance  of  tiio  resolution  at  a  pn^viou.s 
meeting.  Lord  Pamnuro  courteously  acknowledged  the  receipt  of  that 
fxprcH.sion  of  intcrcBt  felt  by  archacologiHts  in  the  coiiHcrvation  of  these 
ancient  renmins,  ami  tim  complaint  which  had  arisen  that  the  Pharos  had 
recently  been  appropriated  to  unworthy  purposcH.  lionl  Paiimme  in  reply 
ilirccted  that  the  following  gratifying  aH.Huranee  sliouM  be  conveyed 
to  the  liihtituto. — "  Ilis  Lordhliip  regrelH  tlu!  emergency  which  it  is  found 
on   inquiry  induced  the  cngiuccrB  bo  to  inihUHe   the  Pharos  in  |)o\or  Castle, 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  99 

as  you  liavc  ropresentod  ;  but  tlic  wrong  lias  been  already  repaired,  and 
directions  given  tliat  tlie  ruins  of  tlie  old  churcli  be  cleared  of  coals, 
and  tliat  tbey  be  respected  and  kept  more  decently  in  future." 

A  communication  was  also  read,  addressed  by  tlie  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction  in  France,  to  Mr.  Octavius  Morgan,  M.P.,  in  reference  to 
bis  recent  explorations  at  Caerwent,  of  wliich  a  detailed  account  had  been 
given  at  the  previous  meeting  of  the  Institute.  The  Minister  had  per- 
ceived, by  the  reports  of  the  procecdiiigs  at  that  meeting  given  in  the 
English  journals,  that  Mr.  Morgan  had  brought  under  public  notice  certain 
jiarticulars  of  essential  interest,  illustrative  of  the  vestiges  of  the  Roman 
period,  to  which  detailed  attention  has  been  recently  directed  by  the  French 
(jovernment.  He  requested  a  more  full  account  of  the  researches  at 
Caerwent,  as  desirable  for  insertion  in  the  *'  Revue  des  Socictcs  Savantes," 
produced  under  the  Minister's  direction.  M.  Fortoul  signified  also,  in  a  very 
gratifying  manner,  his  wish  to  establish  friendly  relations  in  England  with  a 
Society  such  as  the  Archaeological  Institute,  devoted  to  literature  and 
science,  and  he  proposed  an  exchange  of  publications  of  the  Institute  for 
those  produced  imder  the  auspices  of  the  "  Ministere  do  I'lnstruction,"  at 
Paris. 

The  Rev.  Edward  Troli-OPE  communicated  a  notice  of  a  remarkable 
collection  of  specimens  of  Roman  glass,  and  produced  admirable  coloured 
drawings  in  illustration  of  their  rich  variety  of  decoration  and  hue.  "  These 
fragments  of  Roman  coloured  glass,  with  two  exceptions,  were  collected 
some  years  ago  from  the  site  of  the  ancient  Tartessus  of  the  Greeks,  the 
(!alpe^  Carteia  of  the  Romans,  situated  near  Gibraltar.  They  have  lately 
been  kindly  submitted  to  my  inspection  by  Mr.  Kent  of  Padstow,  who 
brought  them  over  to  this  country  after  a  long  residence  in  Spain.  They 
arc  highly  interesting,  not  only  from  the  beauty  and  agreeable  combination 
of  their  colours,  but  from  the  fact  that  through  these  alone  it  might  have 
been  proved  how  completely  the  Romans  had  overcome  almost  every 
difficulty  in  the  art  of  glass  making;-  for  here  are  some  specimens  of 
highly  translucent  white  glass,  as  well  as  of  the  purest  milk  white — some 
forming  a  combination  of  opaque  and  transparent  portions, — some  of  clear 
glass  having  opaque  rims, — some  opaque,  with  pieces  of  transparent  glass 
inserted  in  them  ;  whilst  others  form  a  sort  of  glass  conglomerate  of 
variegated  fragments,  so  well  fitted  to  each  other  as  to  bo  perfectly  smooth 
throughout  their  whole  surfaces,  although  formed  of  many  portions  widely 
differing  not  only  as  to  colour,  but  in  quality.  One  fragment  supplies  an 
example  of  moulded  or  pillar  glass  :  it  formed  part  of  a  vase  of  the  deepest 
green,  partly  transparent,  having  yellow  streaks  inserted  in  it,  and  two  of 
scarlet.  There  is  a  very  pleasing  imitation  of  some  fine  marble,  the 
ground  puce-coloured,  transparent,  with  veins  of  opaque  white  ;  another 
specimen,  of  opaque  turquuise-blue  and  yellow,  presents  insertions  of  clear 
glass,  exactly  resembling  agate  ;  as  does  also  a  third,  a  wonderfully  minute 

'  Tlie  full   Roman  name   for  Tartessus  frajjments     of     marble    with     traces    of 

was  undoubtedly  (7a///t -Carteia,  some  coins  Roman  inserij>tions  on  them,  and  portions 

found  on  the  site   bearing   this   appella-  of  a  marble  statue. 

tion,  as  well  as  a  die  for  striking  tiicin,  -  iM.  de  Caylus,  in  his  "  Rocueil  d'An- 

lately  forwarded   to   Mr.  Trollope.      The  tiquitiis,"   gives  some    similar    specimens 

hput    it    once    occupied    is    now    termed  of  Roman  glass,  and  enters  into  the  par- 

"  Rocadillo,"  and  has  yielded  many  small  ticulars  of  their  production  very  minutely, 
intaglios  and  pastes,  besides  a  few  t-mall 


100  PROCEEDINGS   AT    MEETNGS    OF 

ailtiiixture  of  small  white  opaque  paiticlcs  in  a  blue-grey  transparent  biuly. 
The  colours  are  exeeeilingly  varied  ; — transparent  puce  ground,  with  yellow 
and  green  opaque  spiral,  and  white  centre  and  ring,  resembling  an  onyx  ; — 
milk-white  opaque  ground,  with  insertions  of  scarlet  and  deep  transparent 
Ijlue  ; — amber  and  deep  blue  conglomerate,  with  opaque  white  insertions, 
and  a  spiral  of  yellow  blemling  into  green.  In  another  specimen  are  seen 
opaque  yellow  stars  with  white  pipe-like  centres  floating  as  it  were  in  the 
transparent  green  of  the  foundation,  but  yet  thick  enough  to  touch  both  the 
inner,  as  well  as  the  outer  surface  ;  but  iierha[is  the  most  curious  fragments 
are  two  formed  apparently  of  a  series  of  transparent  strips,  or  rods,  encircled 
with  a  worm  or  spiral  of  milk-white  glass,  and  laid  ujion  the  top  of  each 
other  until  the  required  form  and  lu-ight  of  tlie  vases  were  attained,  when 
the  whole,  haviu"-  been  finished  with  a  coloured  rod,  also  encircled  by  a 
spiral  thread,  was  consolidated,  and  the  surface  smoothed,  by  subjection  to 
renewed  heat,  an  operation  which  although  perfectly  effectual  as  to  their 
complete  fusion,  has  in  no  instance  blended  the  colours  of  tho  various 
portions  at  their  points  of  contact.  All  these  specimens  formed  parts  of 
small  cups,  plates,  or  flat  Tazzas,  portions  of  the  circular  rim  from  which 
they  sprang  being  observable  on  some  of  them,  whilst  the  curve  and 
lip  of  others  indicate  the  purpose  for  which  they  were  intended  when 
entire. 

"  Two  examples  of  ancient  glass  remain  to  be  noticed,  which  have  boon 
found  at  Lincoln.  Of  these,  one  is  of  a  bright  transparent  green,  the 
other  deep  blue  with  white  spots.  It  must  be  observed  that,  with  the 
exception  of  its  having  been  a  portion  of  a  moulded  vase,  in  the  pattern  and 
colour  this  last  precisely  resembles  one  of  those  from  Carteia  ;  before 
seeing  that  specimen  I  was  in  some  doubt  as  to  the  Roman  origin  of  the 
two  Lincoln  specimens  which  were  found  together  within  the  walls  of  that 
colony,  a  doubt  which  has  now  been  entirely  removetl  by  a  vipw  of  the 
Spanish  fragments." 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  it  has  proved  impracticable  to  reproduce 
Mr.  TroUope's  ex(piisite  drawings,  for  the  gratilication  of  the  readers  of  the 
Journal.  The  minute  descriptions  by  which  they  were  accompanied  can 
present  but  a  very  imperfect  idea  of  the  character  of  the  glass.  A  con- 
siderable number  of  examples  may  be  seen  at  the  British  Museum.  Amongst 
these,  Mr.  Traidcs  observed,  there  is  only  one  siij)posed  to  have  been  foimd 
in  England,  and  the  fact  had  not  been  establisiu-d.  The  discovery  there- 
forc  of  two  specimens  at  Lincoln  is  of  considerable  interest.  Although 
constantly  found  with  lioman  remains  in  foreign  parts,  it  has  been  generally 
supposed  that  this  curious  glass  was  not  actually  of  Ivouum  manufacture  ; 
and  tlie  facts  connected  witii  its  occurrence  in  various  loculities,  moie 
especially  at  Calpr.,  regarded  by  soma  antiquaries  as  tho  Tarshish  of 
Holy  Writ,  are  well  deserving  of  attention. 

Mr. I.  M.  Kkmiii.i:  resmned  the  comparison  of  tin-  .'•tpulcliral  usages  of 
Scandinavia  with  tho  ancient  vestiges  noticed  in  the  British  islands,  ilin 
observations  on  this  occasion  ndated  to  the  remarkalde  custom,  liolh  in 
heathen  and  early  Christian  times,  of  including  certain  aninnils,  stones, 
and  lr(rr-.s  in  the  funeral  rites.  Such  a  practice  jirevaiied  long  after  the 
introiluction  of  (Jhrihlianity.  The  hor«e,  cHpeciaily,  was  burnt,  and  in  a 
later  age,  buried,  with  the  dead.  Of  this  Mr.  Kemlile  citetl  numerous 
cxnmpleH,  conimcncing  with  tho  usage  of  the  Scythians,  recorded  by 
|[..,..,i.,(  , .    n,„i  tiiat  of  other  Kastcrn  natiouH,  ui  likewise  of  the  Ciermans, 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  101 

tlic  Franks,  and  various  races  whose  remote  origin  must  probaLly  bo 
traced  to  Asia.  He  cited  evidence  of  this  usage  as  traced  in  England. 
Mr.  Kemblc  described  a  remarkable  interment,  at  a  very  recent  period, 
in  wliicli  the  ancient  pagan  rite  bad  been  renewed  as  part  of  a  solemn 
Cliristian  burial.  On  the  decease  of  Frederic  Kasimir,  commander  of  the 
cavalry  in  the  Palatinate,  his  obsequies  were  solemnised  at  Treves,  in 
1781  ;  his  charger  was  led  after  the  corpse,  and,  at  the  moment  when  the 
coffin  was  lowered  into  the  grave,  a  skilful  blow  laid  the  noble  horse  dead 
upon  its  margin,  when  it  was  deposited  in  the  tomb  and  the  earth  forth- 
with filled  in.  Mr.  Kemble  pursued  this  curious  subject,  adverting  to 
usages  of  the  like  nature  in  regard  to  the  dog,  man's  faithful  companion, 
often  associated  with  him  in  the  funeral  rites  of  earlier  times  ;  as  also  the 
ox  or  cow,  with  which  a  remarkable  superstition  was  connected  ;  the  ho"*, 
the  hare,  and  the  stag. 

Mr.  M.  AlSLAHiE  Deniiam,  of  riersebridge,  co.  Durham,  communicated 
the  following  particulars  regarding  recent  discoveries  of  interments  near 
the  Roman  station  at  that  place.  During  the  railway  operations  in  the 
townships  of  Piersebridgc  and  Carlebury  several  skeletons  have  been 
exhumed  ;  the  most  remarkable  discovery  of  this  kind  occurred  in  May, 
IS.ja,  when  the  bones  of  a  horse  and  those  of  a  young  bullock  were  found 
mixed  with  the  human  remains.  In  another  grave  at  the  same  spot  two 
small  urns,  formed  on  the  lathe,  were  found  on  the  breast  of  the  skeleton, 
as  described  by  the  workmen.  In  September  six  skeletons  were  found 
to  the  E.  of  the  station  ;  at  the  side  of  one  of  these  (buried  N.  and  S  ) 
were  the  bones  of  a  horse  ;  and  around  the  neck  of  another  was  a  bronze 
ring  (see  p.  9G,  ante).  At  a  later  time  an  interment  was  found  at 
Piersebridge,  with  which  were  brought  to  light  a  spear-head,  several  iron 
nails  which  had  been  used  in  the  construction  of  a  wooden  coffin,  and 
broken  vessels  placed  by  the  side  of  the  body.  These  were  of  fine  red 
clay,  coloured  black  externally  and  internally  ;  fragments  of  similar  ware 
are  often  found  at  Piersebridge.  This  body  lay  E.  and  W.,  at  no  great 
distance  from  the  spot  where  a  leaden  coffin,  encased  by  roughly  wrought 
ponderous  blocks  of  sandstone  was  exposed  to  view,  in  1771,  by  an  unusual 
flood.  Mr,  Denham  observed  that  Hutchinson  (Hist,  of  Cumberland, 
vol.  ii.,  p.  281)  mentions  a  tumulus  at  Ellcnborough,  in  which  the  bones 
of  a  heifer  and  of  a  colt  were  found.  Several  instances  of  the  occurrence 
of  remains  of  the  horse  have  been  noticed  in  early  interments  ;  in 
some  cases  doubtless  they  may  be  remains  of  the  funeral  feast.^ 

Mr.  W.  P.  Elsted,  of  Dover,  conmiunicated  an  account  of  the  discovery 
of  a  frame-work  of  timber,  near  St.  James'-street,  in  that  town,  supposeil 
to  have  been  a  pier  or  causeway  connected  with  the  landing-place,  at  a 
period  long  anterior  to  the  building  of  the  medieval  town,  lie  sent  a 
drawing  to  show  its  construction.  A  communication  was  likewise  received 
from  Mr.  Joseph  Beldam,  in  reference  to  the  same  subject.  This  ancient 
work  was  found  in  the  autumn  of  1855,  in  constructing  a  gasometer. 
The  accompanying  woodcut  represents  the  circular  excavation  made  for 
that    purpose,     and     the     framed    timbers    found    at    a    depth    of    about 

3  Sir   II.   Dryden,   Bart.,  foiiiul  an  en-  Proceedings  of  the  Somerset   Areli.  Soc, 

tire    skeleton    of    a  horse    in  the    Saxon  1!)54,  p.   (iO  ;    Dr.    Wilson's  Prehistoric 

cemetery     at     Marston     St.     Lawx'eriCe,  Annals   of  Scotland,  pp.  455,  552 ;    Me- 

Northamiitunsliire.       See,    in    regard    to  moires,    Soc.    des    Autiqu.    de    Picurdie, 

remains  of    the   horse    in    early    graves,  vol.  v.  p.  145. 


10.^ 


PROCEEDINGS    AT    JIEETINGS    OF 


Fri.nic-woi-k  of  oak  t'oiind  at  Dovor. 


21  feet  below  the  present  surface.  Tliis  frame-work  was  formed  of  beams 
of  oak,  squared,  10  to  12  inches  thick,  and  transverse  pieees  between  the 
beams,  at   intervals  of  about   two   feet  apart,  tlie  whole   being  dovetailed 

together,  and  not  a  trace  of  iron 
was  to  be  found.  This  frame, 
now  unfortunately  destroyed,  was 
in  perfect  ])rescrvation,  resting 
on  an  irregular  bed  of  black  peat, 
from  three  to  five  feet  deep, 
beneath  which  was  chalk,  broken 
flints,  and  fresh-water  shells. 
Ft)ur  beams  of  the  size  above- 
mentioned  were  fixed  one  upon 
another,  forming  solid  fences  or 
walls  of  about  4  feet  0  inches  in 
height,  enclosing  a  space  10  feet 
9  inches  in  width,  filled  in  with 
shingle  and  hard  ballast,  appa- 
rently to  form  a  pier  or  cause- 
way. Immediately  over  the 
timbers  lay  a  thin  stratum  of 
chalk  and  flints  rounded  by  action  of  water  ;  and  upon  these  a  layer  of 
pure  sea-sand,  4  to  5  feet  deep,  with  a  few  shells  at  the  bottom.  Over 
the  sand  lay  black  vegetable  mould,  17  or  18  feet  in  depth,  mixed 
with  roots  and  branches  of  trees  ;  the  whole  showing  a  gradual 
accretion  from  materials  brought  down  by  the  river,  and  thrown  up 
by  the  sea.  A  portion  only  of  the  timbers  was  exposed  to  view  by  the 
excavation  ;  the  framcd-work  lay  in  the  direction  of  north-cast  by  south- 
west, and  it  extended  on  each  side  into  neighbouring  property  where  its 
course  could  not  be  traced.  No  tradition  of  any  such  pier  exists.  The 
spot  where  the  discovery  occurred  is  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  mouth  of 
tiie  valley  in  which  Dovor  is  built,  and  thiough  wliich  the  river  Pour  flows 
towards  the  sea.  The  course  of  the  stream  and  the  position  of  the  haven  at 
its  mouth  have  obviously  been  subjected  to  great  changes,  and  it  appears 
probable  that  the  timbers  above  described  may  be  vestiges  of  the  landing- 
place  and  haven  at  a  very  early  period.  Lyon,  in  his  "  History  of  Dovor," 
states,  that  in  the  time  of  Henry  VII.,  the  mouth  of  the  harbour  was  at 
the  foot  of  the  Castle  Clifi",  but  this  wood-work  is  considerably  to  the  south- 
west of  that  spot.' 

Mr.  Bki.DAM's  observations  were  in  confirmation  of  ilio  opiiiidii  tliat  this 
discovery  hud  evpusocl  to  view  vestiges  of  an  ancient  jticr  or  causeway, 
[(OHsibly  the  original  lauding-|)lace  of  the  haven  in  Saxon,  or  even  in  luinuin, 
times.  He  described  the  spot  as  about  1  10  feet  within  the  old  Norman 
wall,  and  about  2.V)  feet  to  the  east  of  the  present  course  of  the  river.  Tlie 
more  probable  opinion  seems  to  be,  that  the  sea  once  extended  for  »tm\o. 
(lixtance  into  the  valley  of  the  Dour  ;  the  Koman  town  was  built,  not  in  the 
vale,  but  on  the  western  slope  of  the  hill  along  the  present  nnuket-]>laco 
and  IJiggin-strcet  ;  the  Wathng-fitrcet  being  supposed  to  have  entered  at 
IJiggin-gutc,  demolished  in  1702. 

*  .St.  JikincH'H  Street,  Towii-wnll  Street,  iiilerveiiiii;f  llioroiinlirareM,  now  Bopni-nto 
Livcrjtool  T" mice,  nml  tlm  Miiriim  tin-  M|i(it  wliei'i-  ilie  mi|i|i..m(1  pit-r  was 
I'armle,   ill    nil    liv<-    rijwn   of  liounett  \\itli        foiiiiil  li-niii  llie  |ii'i'Heiil  v <!•>,'<•  ul    ilie  ho.'i. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  103 

Mr.  Weld  Taylor,  of  Wimborne  ]\Iinster,  Dorset,  coninuinicatcd  the  fol- 
lowing notice  of  some  mural  paintings  lately  brought  to  light  in  the  church 
of  that  place  : — 

"  The  frequent  appearance  of  portions  of  pictures,  and  of  remains  of 
scroll-work  in  colours,  on  the  walls  of  the  chancel  and  chancel  aisle  of 
AVimborne  Minster,  had  attracted  my  attention.  The  opportunity  being 
afforded  for  searching  for  other  remains  during  the  progress  of  a  complete 
restoration  of  that  part  of  the  church,  at  the  beginning  of  August  last,  I 
carefully  examined  the  walls  in  many  places,  and  at  length  brought  to  view, 
by  carefully  removing  numerous  coats  of  whitewash,  a  curious  picture  on 
the  side  of  the  cast  window.  The  entire  walls  of  the  Minster  bear  evidence 
that  at  an  early  period  the  whole  had  been  decorated  with  fresco-painting  ; 
but  mural  monuments,  repairs,  and  destruction,  through  various  causes,  had 
loft  nothing  visible  but  fragments.  The  painting  discovered  had  happily 
escaped,  and  was  almost  entire.  The  subject  commenced  from  the  point 
of  the  arch  of  the  east  window,  by  patterns  painted  in  oil,  and  taking  the 
form  of  the  usual  exterior  label.  They  consisted  of  broad  ribands,  with 
curved  lines  ending  with  balls  at  intervals.  At  the  spring  of  the  arch  a 
horizontal  pattern  of  black  and  red  came  close  above  the  upper  picture  ; 
this  represents  six  figures  in  red,  yellow,  and  white,  garments,  apparently 
carrying  a  sort  of  cage  or  bier  on  their  shoulders  ;  another  figure,  whicli 
was  nearly  destroyed  by  two  holdfasts  having  been  driven  into  the  wall, 
appeared  to  have  been  a  personage  towards  whom  the  procession  advanced. 
The  subject  of  this  picture  I  am  unable  to  explain,  but  it  may  represent 
the  punishment  of  some  martyr. 

"  Below  this  picture  was  another  pattern  in  red  and  black,  and  below  that 
four  figures  in  red  and  yellow  draperies,  apparently  representing  the  four 
evangelists  ;  each  figure  has  the  nimbus  around  the  head. 

"These  pictures  appeared, on  examination, to  have  been  executed  in  fresco. 
The  outline  caused  by  the  indentations  of  the  stylus  on  the  wet  plaster  was 
very  distinct,  and  on  uncovering  the  outer  plaster  the  white  in  most  places 
filled  up  the  groove  formed  by  its  indentation.  The  drawing  is  bold  and 
the  lines  flowing  ;  the  whole  depending  more  upon  the  outline,  painted  with 
a  mixture  of  red  and  black,  than  upon  the  colours.  There  is  a  solemnity  in 
the  effect  of  the  whole  very  suitable  to  mural  decoration  in  such  a  position  ; 
and,  had  the  opposite  picture  on  the  right  of  the  window  been  in  existence, 
the  effect  would  have  been  very  rich  and  pleasing. 

"  The  only  remains  of  other  pictures  in  Wimborne  chm-oh  are  two  figures 
in  the  crypt,  whicli  were  never  painted  over  ;  this  subject  has  been  sup- 
posed to  represent  King  Edward  receiving  a  model  of  the  church  from  the 
architect  ;  this  design,  I  believe,  is  well  known,  and  has  been  published. 
These  paintings  will  be  lost  on  account  of  the  repairs  ;  they  might  have 
been  taken  off  from  the  walls  and  preserved  as  examples  of  the  early  state 
of  the  Arts  in  our  country.  Vestiges  of  similar  decoration  occurred 
throu"-hout  the  church,  but  no  other  subjects  of  note  were  to  be  found." 

The  Rev.  J.  II.  Austen  sent  coloured  tracings  of  the  paintings  above 
mentioned  ;  the  figures  measured  about  3  feet  in  height  ;  the  design  was 
executed  with  greater  freedom  and  spirit  than  is  usually  seen  in  works  of 
this  description.  The  date  of  the  pairitings  in  the  S.  chancel  aisle  may  be 
assigned  to  the  XlVth  century.  The  subjects,  as  far  as  can  be  traced 
in  their  imperfect  condition,  appear  to  have  been,  the  last  scenes  of  the  life 
of  the  Virgin,  and  her  interment.     The  four  figures  in  the  lower  band  of 


104  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

painting,  may  have  Leon  some  of  the  apostles,  in  deep  sorrow  around  her 
death-hed,  the  gesture  indicates  sonic  severe  emotion  of  grief ;  whilst 
the  suhject  above  is  evidently  the  funeral  proeession.  The  bier  is  earriml 
by  several  persons,  preceded  by  two  apostles,  one  of  whom  possibly 
represented  St.  Peter  ;  upon  the-  pall  covering  it  appear  the  head  and 
upraised  arm  of  the  impious  Israelite,  who  according  to  the  legend 
attempted  to  overthrow  the  bier,  liis  liands  were  miraculously  affixed  to 
tlic  bier,  so  that  he  was  unable  to  remove  them,  until  he  was  released  by 
the  intercession  of  St.  Peter.^ 

•[antiquitir^  mtj  Etlarli^  of  '3rt  evT)tittitf. 

By  the  Lord  LoNPEsnonouGn, — A  bronze  double-edged  hook,  a  cutting 
implement,  recently  obtained  from  Ireland,  where  objects  of  this  description 
liavc  not  unfrequently  occurred.  ^Ir.  Fairholt,  in  submitting  this  object  to 
the  meeting,  at  Lord  Londesborough's  rerjuest,  observed  "  that  the  form  is 
known  to  archaeologists,  but  its  uses  are  not  clearly  defined.  The  older 
writers  have  considered  that  it  might  be  a  sacred  implement  for  severing 
the  mistletoe,  an  opinion  that  wants  confirmation.  Modern  anticpiarics 
have  thought  it  merely  afalx  or  pruning-hook.  Mr.  Lukis  discovered  one 
in  excavations  made  by  him  in  Alderney,  in  1833.  It  would  serve  an 
useful  purpose  if  opinions  could  be  elicited  on  this  subject."  The  blade  of 
this  example  measures  about  5^  in.  in  length,  the  breadth,  at  the  widest 
part  being  about  li  in.  In  form  and  the  socket  for  its  adjustment  to  a 
liaft,  fixed  by  a  rivet,  it  closely  resembles  the  example  figured  in  this 
Journal,  vol.  ii.  p.  18G,  and  found  in  co.  Tyrone.  Lord  Loudesborough 
ahso  sent  a  skilfully  fabricated  lance-head  of  black  flint  for  inspection,  and 
stated  that  it  is  a  modern  forgery  recently  purchased  in  Yorkshire  :  and 
lie  desired  to  call  attention  to  it,  in  order  that  archaeologists  might  be  on 
their  guard  against  such  rogueries,  now  too  prevalent  in  that  part  of 
England.'' 

lly  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Cl'mming,  of  Lichfield. — A  cast  from  an  object 
fiupjtosed  to  be  an  ancient  lamp  formed  of  granite,  found  at  Maryvonr,  in 
the  Isle  of  Man.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a  small  bowl  with  ono  handle, 
rudely  shaped  ;  diameter  of  the  bowl,  85  in.  ;  of  the  cavity,  3.\  in. 
Similar  reliques  have  repeatedly  been  found  in  Scotland,  and  several  are 
jue.served  in  the  Museum  of  the  Scottish  Anti(|uaries  at  Ediuburgli. 
(Wilson's  Prehistoric  Annals  of  Scotland,  p.  148.  Proceedings  of  the 
Soc.  of  Anti([u.  of  Scot.,  vol.  i.  ]>.  lla.)  Tin  se  stono  vessehs  have 
usually  been  de.scribcd  as  "  Druidical  patera;."  Stone  reli(pies,  however, 
jtrccisely  similar  in  fashion,  arc  used  as  lamps  at  the  present  time  in  the 
J-'eroe  Islands  ;  and  it  may  deserve  remark  that  the  same  kind  of  rude 
lamp  or  cre.sHct  is  in  use  in  Ceylon. — Al.so  a  cast  from  a  stone  axe-head  of 
uniiHual  form  in  this  country  ;  it  was  found  on  the  Curragh,  in  (ho  Isle  of 
Man,  and  is  formed  of  white  whin-stone.  The  original  is  in  the  Museum 
at    King    William's   College.      It  measures  8i    in.,  by  G  in.,  width  of  the 

•  .-^<  <•  Mrs.  JnniicHon's    Legemls  of  tlio  Anotlicr,  fDuml  in   Nnrfolk,  is  (k-Hcriliril, 

Mniliiiiiiti,  |i.  .'t.'i'J.  Arcli.   .Iniirn.   v>il.    viii.   |i.    l!)|  ;  uml    oiio 

'■  .Sci-  nii'iiJK-r  form  «»f  tlio  Irinli  Itroiizi?  fuimd   nt    Iti'iiiicH,   in    I'rniu'c,  \h  fij^urcil, 

f'U.r,  I)iiMiii  I'cimy  .loiiriitil,  vol  i.  y.  Kill.  in    llio  "  IliHtniro  Arclir()li>};ii|iiu  "  of  tluit 

8«'f  ftliw»  niiotlii-r  ty|ii-  fniiiiil  in  OiimhriilL''"-  jilncc,  p.  1  1  .'I,  jij.  iii. 
filiin-,      Anil.    .Joiirn.     vol.     vii.    ji.    '.iu'J. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE. 


105 


cutting  edge.  In  fonn  it  bears  some  resemblance  to  one  brought  from 
Alexandria,  figured  in  this  Journal,  vol.  viii.,  p.  421,  but  it  is  perfectly 
plain,  without  any  grooved  or  other  ornament.  Mr.  Gumming  has  pre- 
sented the  fac-similes  of  these  ancient  reli([ues  from  Mona  to  the  Institute. 
By  the  Rev.  E.  Tuollopi^. — A  representation  of  a  small  ventilating 
quarry  of  lead,  lately  found  with  fragments  of  painted  glass,  in  the  course 
of  excavations  on  the  site  of  the  Gilbcrtine  Priory  of  Ilaverholme,  near 
Sleaford,  Lincolnshire.  The  glass  appeared  to  be  of  the  XVth  century, 
and  the  quarry,  according  to  the  character  of  the  tracery  forming  the  open- 
work, may  be  assigned  to  the  same  period.  Original  media3val  examples 
of  such  quarries  are  of  unconunon  occurrence  :  some  obtained  at  Ely  were 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Morgan  at  a  previous  meeting.  This  quarry,  now  imper- 
fect, measured  nearly  ol  in.  square.  It  was  doubtless  cast  iu  a  mould, 
and  the  two  sides  are  alike.     (See  woodcut.) 


Portion  ot  a  pierced  quarry  of  lead,  from  Haverholme  Priory. 

By  the  Rev.  Edward  Wilton. — A  sketch  of  a  small  sepulchral  brass, 
lately  brought  to  light  in  Upminster  church,  Essex,  by  removing  the  floor 
of  the  pews  in  the  Gaines  Chapel.  It  had  been  supposed  to  pourtray 
Ralph  Latham,  Common  Sergeant  of  the  City  of  London,  about  1C4I,  but 
the  costume  is  obviously  that  of  the  previous  century.  The  discovery  of 
this  effigy  is  due  to  the  researches  of  Mr.  Johnson,  of  Gaines,  who  is  pre- 
paring a  topographical  notice  of  the  parish  for  publication. 

By  Mr.  ^^  estavood. — Casts  from  several  sculptures  in  ivory  preserved  in 
the  Kunst  Kamnier,  in  the  Royal  Museum  at  Berlin,  comprising  a  prt.r,  a 
mirror-case,  writing  tablets,  and  examples  of  various  periods. 

By  the  Rev.  T.  Hugo. — Three  leaden  signacula,  or  pilgrims'  signs, 
XVth  century,  found  in  the  bed  of  the  Thames.  One  represents  the  Virgin 
with  the  infant  Saviour  ;  another  bears  the  figure  of  a  bishop,  with  a  crosier 
in  his  left  hand,  his  right  raised  upwards,  with  a  chain,  or  fetters,  hanging 
from  it  (St.  Leonard?)  ;  the  third  is  a  roundel,  with  a  mitred  head  between 
two  erect  swords.     (St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury  ?) 

By  the  Rev.  G.  M.  Nelson. — A  little  perfume-bottle  of  cornelian,  in  the 
form  of  the  flagon  of  the  XVIth  century,  elegantly  mounted  and  harnessed 
with  silver,  and  a  small  perforated  globe  on  the  cover  to  receive  a  pastille. 
— Also  a  gold  ring,  found  at  Lamborne,  Berks,  and  inscribed  with  this  posy 
inside  the  hoop,  "  God's  providence  is  our  inheritance." 

VOL.    XIII.  p 


Xoiiccs  of  .^rcl^acologtcal  ^3iiblicntions. 

TYPES  AND  FIGURES  OF  THE  BIBLE;  Illustrated  by  the  Art  of  the  Early 
and  Middle  Ages.  By  Louisa  Twining.  London,  Lungman  &  Co.  I}i5,5.  4to. 
54  plates. 

Having  recently  (vol.  xi.  p.  201)  taken  occasion  to  notice  Miss  Twining's 
interesting  "  Sj'mbols  and  Emblems  of  Early  and  Mediaeval  Christian  Art," 
we  have  now  before  us  another  work  by  the  same  indefatigable  artist,  in 
which  the  remarkable  development  of  another  phase  of  the  Christian  spirit 
of  the  midiile  ages  is  brouglit  before  the  view  of  the  stndent  of  sacred  art. 
"We  allude  to  the  typical  and  figurative  manner  in  which  the  subjects  of  the 
Old  Testament  Scriptures  were  supposed  to  represent  those  of  the  new 
dispensation.  Of  course,  many  of  these  typical  analogies,  which  are  not 
only  self-evident,  but  are  expressly  referred  to  in  the  Bible  itself,  such  as 
the  Brazen  Serpent  and  the  Crucifi.xion,  or  Jonah  in  the  whale,  and  Our 
Lord  in  the  Sepulchre,  will  suggest  themselves  to  the  mind  of  every  reader, 
but  many  others  are  of  a  far  more  recondite  and,  it  must  be  admitted,  often 
of  a  scarcely  appreciable  kind. 

"The  general  belief,"  says  Miss  Twining,  "  which  has  existed  more  or 
less  in  all  periods,  and  was  expressed  by  St.  Augustine,  when  he  declared 
that  'the  Old  Testament  is  one  great  prophecy  of  the  New,'  is  the  source 
from  which  all  the  modifications  of  opinions  and  their  representation  in  art 
have  taki'ii  their  rise.  It  is  now  generally  believed  that  the  principle  of 
application  was  too  widely  extended  by  the  writers  of  the  early  and  middle 
ao-es,  some  of  whom,  without  laying  down  any  regular  plan  of  interpretation, 
believed  that  they  saw  in  every  event  and  character  of  the  Old  Testament, 
a  type,  or  at  least  a  similitude  of  some  person  or  event  in  the  New.  The 
ideas  of  the  early  Christians  were  carried  on  and  even  extended  by  those 
of  the  middle  ages,  and  it  was  chiefly  towards  the  end  of  the  XI 1 1th 
century  that  this  system  of  interpretation  was  generally  adojited." 

That  the  earliest  Christians  were  compelled,  almost  in  self-defence,  to 
hide  tlie  objects  of  their  devotion  under  the  form  of  symbolical  represen- 
tations, is  well  known,  and  hence  it  is  that  we  find  the  earliest  jtictorial 
illustrations  of  the  Christian  snltjects  concealed  under  the  form  of  types, 
which,  although  well  understood  by  the  little  baud  of  believers  themselves, 
were  unappreciated  by  their  enemies.  lleiiee  we  find  even  pagan  or 
pastoral  sultjects  employed  symbolically,  Orpheus  being  represented  not  only 
as  the  type  of  David,  but  also  as  a  symbol  of  the  time  when  the  nations  of 
the  earth  should  be  attracted  to  Christ  by  the  sound  of  the  gospel,  the  (Jood 
Sliepherd  carrying  the  lost  shoep  as  typical  of  (-'hrist  the  '*  (Jood  Shepherd, 
who  carri(!H  tins  lambs  in  his  bosom."  itc,  whilst,  to  come  more  directly  to 
the  Huhjeet  before  tis,  various  well-known  Old  Testament  subjects  which 
woidd  bear  ft  figurative  hpiisc,  wen*  repreHented,  such  as  Noah  iu  th(«  Ark, 
Mo»c»  Blriking  the  Rock,  David  in  the  Lion's  Den,  Aic.    But  it  is  a  remark- 


NOTICES   OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS.  107 

aLlo  circumstance  that,  with  tlic  exception  of  some  few  of  tliese  now  sclf- 
evidcnc  types,  tlie  artists  of  the  subsequent  centuries — tliat  is  from  the 
IVth  to  tlie  Xlllth — do  not  appear  to  iiave  iUustrated  this  branch  of  the 
sul)jcct  ;  at  least  no  such  representations  liavecome  down  to  our  own  times, 
altlioui>h  many  ilhuiiinated  manuscripts  and  even  sculptures  of  that  period 
have  survived.  The  immense  development  of  symbolical  views  which  arose  in 
the  Xlllth  century  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  desire  to  instruct  an  ignorant 
people  by  the  aid  of  pictures  on  the  other,  led  to  an  extended  system  of 
typical  representations  at  this  period,  of  which  various  manuscripts  are 
remarkable  exam])les.  In  these  great  folio  books,  whole  pages  are  occupied 
with  miniatures,  often  richly  coloured  and  gilt,  in  which  every  circumstance 
in  the  Bible  was  interpreted  either  by  some  other  event  in  the  Holy 
Scriptures,  or  in  the  history  of  the  church  and  the  world.  These  volumes 
were  the  precursors  of  the  Biblia  Pauperum  and  the  Speculum  humanse 
Salvationis  which  appeared  in  the  XVth  century,  and  which  were  distributed 
to  an  extraordinary  extent  by  the  assistance  of  wood-blocks. 

It  is  consequently  from  the  paintings  of  the  Catacombs,'  and  from  these 
illuminated  l^ibles  of  the  Xlllth  and  XlVth  centuries,  together  with  the 
early  block-books,  that  Miss  Twining  has  derived  her  materials,  and  when  we 
state  that  no  fewer  than  200  subjects  are  represented  in  these  plates,  we 
shall  have  no  further  occasion  to  insist  upon  either  the  activity  of  the 
authoress  or  the  value  of  her  work,  each  plate  of  which  is  accompanied  by 
descriptive  text,  containing  not  only  a  short  notice  of  the  figures  themselves, 
but  also  extracts  from  the  works  of  the  most  eminent  writers  on  the  tvpoloo-y 
of  Scripture,  such  as  McEwen,  Fairbairne,  Jeremy  Taylor,  Chevallier, 
Jones,  Hook,  &c.,  in  which  the  nature  of  the  typical  relationship  of  the 
subjects  contained  in  the  plates  is  described.  We  must  add  that  the  plates 
are  etched  in  lithography  by  Miss  Twining  herself,  and  with  the  exception 
of  some  few  subjects  copied  from  certain  Ilorpe  and  other  later  exquisitely 
illuminated  missals,  give  a  very  good  idea  of  the  original  rude  desigiis  which 
she  has  selected.  We  must,  in  conclusion,  be  permitted  to  express  our 
regret  that  the  work  before  us  has  not  been  brought  out  in  a  size  to  match 
with  her  former  publication  upon  the  Symbols  of  the  Christian  Art. 


ANCIENT  ARMOUR  AND  WEAPONS  IN  EUROPE  :  from  the  Iron  Period 
of  the  Northern  nations  to  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century  ;  with  Illustrations 
from  coteniporary  Monuments.  By  Joun  Hewitt.  Oxford  and  London  : 
J.  H.  and  James  Parker.     1855.     8vo. 

In  the  present  advanced  state  of  archaeological  investigation,  when  the 
value  of  minute  details  has  gradually  become  fully  recognised,  it  seems 
needless  to  point  out  to  our  readers  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  a 
correct  knowledge  of  medifeval  costume.  On  former  occasions,-  when 
inviting  attention  to  the  admirable  **  Dresses  and  Decorations,"  produced 
by  Mr.  Henry  Shaw,  the  "  Costume  du  Moyen  Age  Chretien,"  by  Hefner, 
and  other  instructive  publications  of  the  same  class,  wc  have  sought  to  show 

1  It  is  unfortunate  that  Miss  T\vinin2;'s  the   works    of    Bottari,    Bosio,    &c.,  the 

work  was  undertaken  before  the  puldica-  coarse  engravin2;9  of  which  have  supplied 

tion  of  M.  Perret's  splendid  work  on  the  Miss  Twining  »ith  her  r*- presentations  of 

Cataeonihs.     The  latter,  for  which,  as  for  the  earlier  subjects  in  her  work, 

many  other  noble  publications  of  a  similar  -  See  Arch.  Journ.,  vol.  i.  p.  284  ;  vol. 

character,  we  are  mdebted   to  the  French  ii.  p.  212. 
Government,   will,   of    course,    supersede 


lOS 


NOTICES   OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL  rUBLlCATIOXS. 


that  costume,  correctly  understood,  supplies  the  key  to  the  Chronology  of 
Art.  There  is  indeed  scarcely  any  subject  of  research,  connected  with 
Medijeval  history  or  antiquities,  upon  which  the  knowledge  of  costume  docs 
not  throw  light.  It  were  only  necessary  to  glance  at  the  pages  of  the 
valuahle  manual  for  which  we  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Hewitt,  to  perceive  how 
vain  were  the  attempt,  without  such  knowledge,  to  comprehend  the  chronicle 
or  the  romance,  tiie  historical  documents  or  the  poetry  of  the  Middle  Ages. 
It  is  a  far  easier  task  to  amass  materials,  than  to  combine  them  in  scien- 
tific clas.--ification.  To  appreciate  the  value  of  the  volume  under  considera- 
tiun,  for  the  practical  purposes  of  the  student  of  military  costume,  we  must 
look  back  to  the  earlier  productions  of  those  who  first  approached  a  subject, 
at  that  time  contemned  as  trivial  pastime, — to  the  praiseworthy  endeavours 
of  Grose  and  of  Carre,  of  the  laborious  Strutt,  and  of  other  emeriti  in  the 
ranks  of  anti<iuarianism.  To  these  succeeded  the  indefatigable  researches 
of  the  late  Sir  S.  Meyrick,  of  which  the  value,  even  if  their  results  appear 
occasionally  deficient  in  accuracy,  or  the  conclusions  insufficiently  matured, 
can  scarcely  be  too  highly  esteemed.     An  increasing  interest  in  the  subject 

has  rapidly  been  developed  ;  a  mass  of  accu- 
rate evidence  has  been  collected  in  all  direc- 
tions ;  cfHgies,  sepulchral  brasses,  illumina- 
tions, painted  glass,  seals,  all  sources  of 
authentic  information  have  been  diligently 
searched  ;  the  means  of  testing  the  truth- 
fulness of  conventional  representations  has 
/^^    Crf^^^*^n  been  supplied  by  the  comparison  of  mediicval 

/\l   <■/  reliques  or  works  of  art  in  foreign  countries. 

Archaeological  societies  and  publications  in 
all  quarters  have  gatlicrcd  in  a  harvest  of 
scattered  facts,  where  till  of  late  so  nuich 
valuable  matter  had  perished,  for  want  of 
the  encouragement  to  ol)serve,  and  the  ready 
opportunity  to  record. 

It  remained  for  some  author  well  versed 
in  all  these  vestiges  of  the  mediojval  period, 
long  conversant  with  the  best  original  ex- 
amples of  armour  and  arms  preserved  to  our 
times,  possessing  also  the  critical  skill  and 
the  perseverance  requisite  for  the  laborious 
enterprise  of  comparing  and  combining  this 
testimony,  to  present  the  whole  in  a  well- 
digested  fi)rm,  available  for  general  informa- 
tion and  ready  reference.  Scarcely  less  to 
>.  ,  .  .   .  be    desired    was    it,    that    the   liand    which 

m\  M^  should  reproduce,  as  in  a  magic  mirror,  tlie 

^^  ■!      VL  glowing  picture  of  the  days  of  Chivalry  in  all 

^      ^^-    ^^  tlieir  picturoHcpJC  detail,  sliould  possess  tho 

skill   to  wield   the   pencil  with    no  less  con- 
scii-nlioiis  accuracy  than  the  pen. 
Mr.  lIcwilL  lias  (•(iiiiMiniccd  bis  labourH,  as  llic  titliMtf  his  work  cikiumccs, 
with  llir-  ho-culled  "  Iron  I'eriod  "  of  tlu!    NortberM    Antiquaries.      It  were 
to  be  desired  that  some  master-band  mii;li(  dispel  tbe  obseinily    which    still 
jirevuilh  in  reganl  to  the  I'eriods  prior  to  tlial  of  "  Iron,'    and  airango  in  a 


NOTICES    OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS.  109 

scientific  order  the  weapons  and  warlike  defences,  the  chief  vestiges  of  that 
great  crisis  in  the  destinies  of  Western  Europe.  Arcliaeologists  look  hope- 
fully towards  one,  whose  intelligence  and  profound  research  has  achieved  so 
much  for  a  later,  and  deeply  interesting  period  of  National  History.  Who, 
like  a  Kenihle,  could  wield  the  hammer  of  Thor  or  the  brand  of  bronze, 
dispersing  as  by  a  wizard's  spell  the  dense  mists  which  enwrap  the  Thule  of 
our  Primeval  Period  ?  In  the  first  Part  of  the  work  before  us  Mr.  Hewitt 
treats  of  the  military  equipment  and  usages  of  the  Teutonic  conquerors  of 
Europe,  from  the  dismemberment  of  the  Roman  empire  to  the  triumj)hs 
achieved  by  the  Norn)ans  in  the  Xlth  century  ;  he  has  derived  the  chief 
evidences  from  contemporary  writers,  from  illuminated  MSS.,  and  from 
sepulchral  vestiges,  of  which  the  spirited  exertions  of  such  earnest  enquirers 


Great  Seal  of  William  the  Couqueror. 

as  Mr.  Akerman,  Mr.  Neville,  Mr.  Roach  Smith,  and  Mr.  Wylie,  have 
recently  exhumed  so  copious  a  series.  We  may  refer  to  the  plates  in  which 
Mr.  Hewitt  displays  the  varied  forms  of  the  spear,  the  sword,  and  the 
axe,  the  characteristic  weapon  of  the  Northern  nations,  as  some  of  the  most 
instructive  exemplifications  in  the  volume.  Even  at  this  early  period 
valuable  information  is  supplied  by  the  drawings  in  MSS.,  as  may  be  seen 
by  the  annexed  subject  from  a  copy  of  Prudcntlus,  written  in  the  Xlth 
century,  (see  woodcut  p.  108)  which  displays  the  peculiar  spear  with  its  cross- 
guard,  like  a  vcnahuhim,  the  round  shield,  the  banded  head-piece  and  the 
singular  leggings  of  the  Anglo-Saxons.  Mr.  Hewitt's  critical  remarks  on 
the  "  war-byrnie,"  and  the  use  of  interlinked  chain-mail  at  a  very  early 
period,  deserve  careful  attention,  as  compared  with  the  vague  speculations 
hitherto  advanced  on  the  subject. 


no 


NOTICES    OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS. 


In  tlie  second  Part,  from  the  Norman  Conquest  to  tlie  end  of  the 
Xllth  century,  a  more  copious  provision  of  contemporary  cvitlonce  becomes 
available.  Amongst  these  may  be  mentioned  the  Bayeu.x  tapestry,  royal 
and  baronial  seals.  We  are  greatly  indebted  to  the  Kev.  Dr.  Collingwood 
Bruce  for  brin::ing  within  our  reach  accurate  reproductions  of  the  former, 
recently  publislied  in  a  form  very  convenient  for  reference  and  study. ^  Of 
the  latter,  we  are  permitted  to  jdace  a  very  remarkable  example  before  our 
readers,  the  Great  Seal  of  William  the  Conqueror,  now  for  the  first  time, 
as  we  believe,  rejiresenteil  with  scrupulous  accuracy  from  an  impression  at 
Paris.     (See  woodcut,  p.  109.)     The  representation  of  chain-mail  deserves 


Grc:il  S,:il  c,r  Ki.li:inl  lli.-  First. 

notifc  :  in  cimnexion  with  the  question  arising  from  the  various  conventional 
modes  of  p..urtrayiMg  dcf.  nces  of  mail,  we  may  refer  to  the  very  instnu-nve 
fiami)l<'s  shown  by  Mr.  Hewitt  in  this  portion  of  his  work  ;  (see  p.  124). 
We  may  lierc  commend  to  especial  notice  the  admirable  representations  of 
the  earlier  lloval  Seals,  drawn  by  Mr.  Hewitt's  skilful  iK-neil.  and  after 
careful  compaiison  of  several  impressiims.  The  C.reat  Seals  of  Wdlinm 
KufuH,  of  Alexander  I.,  king  ofScotlau.l.  of  iieiuy  I  .  Slepben.  Henry  II.. 

5  "  Th<-  Havfux  TaixHtry  Kluri.lfttrd."  inlcnHliiij;    .liHr-oiuM.    .1.  Ilv.n.l     \<\     l>r 

By    tb*<   U.v     J.    C    Hnir...   LI,.I).       J.  Uni.o  nt   tl...  M.-rtiiiR  of  llie  li.HlMuIr  u. 

ItiiHM-ll   .Siniili.      lll.'.fi.     4to.         Mnny    of  CliidM-M.  r.   in    Hi.i.'J,   now    publisliLd    m 

'.ur   r.u<KTn  will   r<  rnll  witli    jliiihun' tlio  tbin  nttrn-livo  form. 


NOTICES   OP    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS. 


Ill 


Richard  I.,  Kinfr  John,  Henry  III.,  and  Edward  I.,  form  a  series  of  great 
vahic.  It  is  to  he  regretted  that  the  ohverses  only  are  given,  but  these 
alone  were  immediately  available  for  Mr.  Hewitt's  purpose. 

Of  the  second  seal  of  Cceur  de  Lion,  we  are  enabled  to  give  the  accom- 
panying faithful  representation  (see  woodcut).  This  example  is  specially 
interesting  on  account  of  the  curious  cylindrical  helmet,  with  its  crest 
charged  with  a  lion  passant,  a  feature  of  very  rare  occurrence  ;  and  the 
shield  cliarged  with  three  lions,  the  first  example  of  that  familiar  bearing. 
On  Richard's  earlier  seal  a  single  lion  rampant  is  to  be  seen.  The  loss  of 
that  seal,  and  the  substitution 
of  the  one  here  figured,  present 
a  question  of  some  interest,  to 
which  our  author  has  not  ad- 
verted, as  indeed  not  directly 
relevant  to  his  subject.  A 
learned  antiquary  of  Norniand}', 
M.  Deville,  has  published  a  Dis- 
sertation on  these  seals,  with 
engravings,  deficient  in  scrupu- 
lous accuracy,  as  compared  with 
those  given  by  Mr.  Hewitt, 
llovcden  states  that  Ricliard 
caused  a  new  seal  to  bo  made 
in  1194,  declaring  all  grants 
bearing  his  earlier  seal  to  be 
invalid  ;  and  he  assigns  as  the 
cause,  either  that  the  chancellor 
had  made  improper  use  of  the 
seal,  or  that  it  had  been  lost, 
when  Roger,  the  vice-chancellor, 
was  drowned  off  the  coast  of 
Cyprus.  Vinesauf,  however,  dis- 
tinctly asserts  that  after  that 
disaster,  which  occurred  on  the 
Vigil  of  St.  Mark,  1191,  the 
body  was  found  by  a  peasant, 
and  the  seal  recovered  (Gale, 
torn,  ii.,  p.  320).  On  the  other 
hand,  impressions  of  the  earlier 
seal  occur  in  1195  and  1197, 
aiul  M.  Deville  points  out  that 
the  new  sealing  of  grants 
througliout  the  realm  occurred, 
according  to  the  Annals  of 
Waverly,  in  1198.  Matthew 
Paris  fixes  the  time  more  pre- 
cisely, as  having  been  about 
Michaelmas  in  that  year.  We  owe,  however,  to  M.  Deville,  the  fact  that 
the  new  seal  had  been  in  use  some  months  previously,  since  he  has  fuuiul 
it  appended  to  a  grant  to  the  Abbey  of  St.  Georges  de  Bocherville,  dated 
18  May,  1198.  The  precise  cause  of  the  change  of  seals  still  remains 
obscure.      In  the  formula  which  accompanied  tlie  second  sealing  of  a  grant 


Knightly  Effigr,  Haseley,  Oxfordsliire. 
Date,  about  V2oO. 


U2 


NOTICES    OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    rUBLICATIONS. 


to  the  church  of  Purhani  (Hist.  Dunehn.  Scriptorcs  tres,  app.  p.  Ixi.  edit. 
Surtees  Soc),  after  reeitii)g  the  terms  of  the  earlier  grant,  mention  is  thus 
maile  of  tlie  secoiul  sealing  ; — "  Is  erat  tenor  chartit;  nostra;  in  primo 
nostro  quod  quia  aliquamlo  pcrdituni  fuit,  et  iluin  in  Ahnanna  capti  cssenuia 
sub  aUena  potostate  con>titutuin  inutatuni  est.  "  Tlie  date  of  tlie  re-sealing 
in  this  instance  was  7  Dec.  1198.  Compare  another  charter  dated  15 
June  llOS  ;  Selden's  Tit.  of  Honor,  Part  II.,  c.  v.,  s.  13.  We  have 
thought  the  precise  age  of  so  remarkable  an  example  of  military  costume 
and  heraldry  not  undeserving  of  investigation. 

The  third  Part  of  Mr.  Hewitt's  volume  is  devoted  to  the  Xlllth  century  ; 
and  here  the  most  authentic  information  is  supplied  from  the  numerous 
knightly  effigies  preserved  in  England,  so  rich  in  sculptured  works  of  this 
class,  as  also  at  a  later  period  in  the  instructive  and  carefully  elaborated 
sepulchral  portraitures  on  brass  plates.  From  these  valuable  sources 
Mr.  Hewitt  has  drawn  largely  and  with  great  judgment.  The  preceding 
woodcut  enables  us  to  present  an  excellent  type  of  the  military  costume  of 
the  period.  The  shield  in  this  example  is  ])laced  under  the  knight's  head, 
an  arrangement,  as  far  as  we  are  aware,  unique.  Mr.  Hewitt  has  carefully 
compared  the  sculptured  and  engraved  memorials  with  the  invaluable 
testimony  supplied  by  illuminated  MSS.,  painted  glass,  and  other  jiroduc- 
tions  of  medieval  art,  in  which  may  always  be  traced  so  remarkable  a 
conformity  with  the  peculiar  and  capricious  fashions  of  each  successive  age. 
Illuminations  more  especially  present  to  us  innumerable  details,  to  besought 
in  vain  elsewhere.    For  examiile,  one  of  the  richest  MSS.  for  the  illustration 


<if  nrmoiir    iind    mililary    unngcH    of  every    kind  (iuiy.    MS.    '.!(),   I>.    l.)lias 
hiipplii  i|  llie  vciy  curitHirt  illii'-tralion  (hcu  woodcut)  which  di.splay.s  a  iikiuiiKhI 


NOTICES    OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS.  113 

archer.  Of  that  class  of  li<jjht-horse  troops  representations  are  rare  ;  of  still 
less  familiar  occurrence  is  the  mounted  soldier  armed  with  the  cross-bow,  a 
weapon  which  it  must  have  been  extremely  difficult  to  render  available  for 
cavalry.  Amongst  the  remarkable  subjects  obtained  from  the  decorative 
tiles  lately  discovered  at  Chertsey  Abbey,  and  produced  at  one  of  our 
meetings  in  London  by  Mr.  Westwood,  a  striking  example  occurred  of  the 
Arblaster  on  hoi?eback,  steadily  adjusting  his  aim,  by  aid  of  the  enormous 
arcons  of  his  saddle,  which  must  have  rendered  him  almost  immoveable  in 


his  seat.  We  hope  that  Mr.  H.  Shaw  will  include  this  curious  subject 
amongst  his  beautiful  illustrations  of  the  Chertsey  pavements.''  Mr.  Hewitt 
has  occasionally  availed  himself  of  another  valuable  source  of  information, 

'  "  Specimens     of     Tile     Pavements,"  tlie  best  examples  from  Cliertsey.     This 

drawn  by  H    Shaw,  F.S.A.      No.  vii.   of  portion  of   llie  work   may  be  purchased 

this  interesting  work  compi'ises  some  of  separately. 

VOL.    XIII.  Q 


lU  NOTICES    OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS. 

namely  Painted  Glass,  and  our  acknowledgment  is  due  to  ^Ir.  Parker,  the 
publisher  of  this  voUinie,  for  the  obliging  permission  to  give  amongst  the 
examples  of  its  beautiful  illustrations,  one  obtained  from  that  class  of 
mediaeval  art.  It  is  a  representation  of  the  murder  of  Becket,  from  a 
window  in  Oxford  Cathedral  (See  woodcut,  p.  113).  This  subject  is  full  of 
curious  detail  as  regards  the  miUtary  eijuipment  of  the  period,  and  it 
presents  one  of  the  best  examples  of  tlie  defences  of  "  banded  mail,"  the 
nature  of  which  still  remains  without  any  conclusive  explanation.  Mr. 
Hewitt's  valuable  remarks  given  in  this  Journal  (vol.  vii.  p.  3G2)  supply 
the  fullest  information  on  that  difficult  question. 

We  are  unable  here  to  advert  to  the  numerous  matters  of  curious  investi- 
gation, connected  with  the  warlike  times  of  Henry  111.  and  Edward  I.,  which 
are  skilfully  elucidated  in  Mr.  Hewitt's  attractive  volume.  Besides  armour 
and  weapons,  his  enquiries  have  been  addressed  to  various  interesting 
questions  relating  to  tournaments  and  hastiludes,  the  wager  of  battle  or 
judicial  duel,  the  engines  of  war,  the  Greek  lire  and  otlicr  subtle  inventions, 
precursors  of  the  introduction  of  artillery  to  wliicli  was  due  the  great  crisis 
in  the  history  of  mediaeval  warfare. 

We  hope  at  no  distant  period  Mr.  Hewitt  may  be  encouraged  to  resume 
the  theme  of  his  treatise,  so  successfully  commenced.  The  XlVthand  XVth 
centuries  present  a  field  of  investigation  replete  with  interest,  not  less  in 
connexion  with  stirring  historical  events,  than  with  the  progress  of  civilisa- 
tion and  the  arts.  We  already  owe  to  the  taste  and  spirit  of  Mr.  Parker 
man}'  volumes  not  less  deservedly  esteemed  for  the  beauty  and  accuracy  of 
their  illustration,  than  for  the  stimulus  they  have  given  to  the  pursuits  of 
archaeological  science.  None  probably  will  be  more  generally  appreciated 
than  the  handbook  uiulcr  consideration.  In  none,  perhaps,  has  the  scientific 
and  instructive  arrangement  of  facts  been  more  advantageously  cumUined 
with  an  etjual  measure  of  artistic  conscientiousness  and  perfection  in  the 
illustration. 


We  announce  with  pleasure  the  completion  of  Mr.  C.  Roach  S.mitii's 
undertaking,  in  the  publication  of  the  Original  .Journal  of  Excavations  in 
Kent,  by  the  Rev.  Bryan  I'uussett,  which  brought  to  light  the  remarkable 
assemblage  of  K(jMian  and  Anglo-Saxon  antiquities,  rejected  by  the 
Trustees  of  the  British  Museum,  and  actually  in  the  possession  of  Mr. 
Joseph  Ifayer,  F.8.A.  This  volume,  entitled  "  Inventorium  Sepulchrale," 
is  copi<*uhly  ilhistrated  by  Mr.  Eairholt  ;  an  Introduction  and  Notes  by 
Mr.  Roach  Smith  acrompaiiy  the  minute  record  of  Mr.  Faussett's  explora- 
tions. We  hope  to  notice  more  fully  this  invaluable  accession  to  Archaeo- 
logical Literature.  Mr.  Roach  Siiiilh  has  also  in  forwardness  his  "  Roman 
London  ;  "  (published  for  subscribers  only).  Subscribers'  names  may  bo 
sent    to  the  Author,  5,  Liverpool  Street,  City. 

Thr;  first  Decade  of  the  "  Crania  liritdniiica,"  by  Mr.  J.  15.  Davis 
and  Dr.  Thurnani,  illustrating  not  only  the  j)hyBieal  peculiarities  of 
the  earlier  occupants  of  the  British  Islanils,  but  also  their  sepulchral 
usages,  weapons,  pott(!ry,  ttc,  has  been  recently  produced.  Suliscribers 
to  tliin  important  work  should  send  their  nanies  to  Mr.  Davis,  Shelton, 
Stoffordbhire. 


I 


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€6e  ^vcftaeological  SouvnaL 


JUNE,  1856. 


WALSINGHAM  PRIORY,  A  MEMOIR  READ  AT  THE  MEETING 
OF  THE  INSTITUTE  IN  CAMBRIDGE,  JUNE,  1854  :  AVITH  AN 
ACCOUNT  OF  RECENT  DISCOVERIES. 


BY  THE  REV.  JAMES  LEE  WARNER. 


The  connexion  of  the  Priory  of  Walsingliam  Avith  tlic 
University  of  Cambridge  is  at  first  sight  far  from  obvious  ; 
yet  the  tide  of  pilgrims  who  visited  the  far-famed  shrine, 
would,  doubtless,  going  or  returning,  halt  at  the  seat  of 
learning  which  graced  the  banks  of  Cam.  That  this  was  the 
case  with  some  of  them,  we  have  sufficient  evidence.  The 
sceptical  doctor,  Erasmus,  the  eccentric  chronicler,  William 
of  Worcester — and  perhaps  we  may  add  also,  the  author  of 
the  anonymous  legend,  preserved  amidst  the  quaint  archives 
of  the  "Bibliotheca  Pep^^siana," — these  are  within  our  reach, 
and  have  all  contributed  their  share  in  illustration  of  the 
great  monastery  of  our  eastern  counties,  which  they  had  in 
turn  visited.  And,  as  on  a  former  visit  to  our  Lady  of 
Walsingliam,  the  shades  of  her  Augustine  Canons  seemed  to 
rise  before  us,  and  impart  a  tone  of  freshness  to  the  scene  of 
their  former  glories,  so  let  us  now  in  imagination  spend  a 
half-hour  in  company  with  our  three  pilgrims,  and  hear  what 
they  can  tell  us  in  illustration  of  our  monastery,  whose 
records  must  be  gleaned  slowly,  and  recovered  (if  it  may 
be)  from  obscurity,  to  be  placed  in  the  light  of  day. 

The  anonymous  ballad  of  the  Pepysian  library,  surviving 
in  an  unique  copy  from  the  press  of  Richard  Pynson,  bears 
internal  evidence  of  having  been  composed  about  a.d.  14G0. 
Its  title  runs  thus  : — 

*'  Of  tliys  Chappel  see  here  the  fouiuhityuii. 
Builded  the  yere  of  Christ  s  infari)at>oii 

vol..   xiii.  U 


116  WALSINGHAM    ritlOKY. 

A  thousamle  complete  sixty  ami  one. 

The  tyiue  of  Suiiit  Kdwanle,  Kiiii^c  of  this  region.  " 

It  relates  how  "  the  noble  Wedowe,"'  sometime  Ladye  of 
the  town  of  Walsingham,  named  liychold  de  Faverches,  was 
favom-ed  by  the  Virgin  Mother  witli  a  view  of  the  Santa 
Casa  at  Xazareth,  and  commissioned  to  build  its  counterpart 
at  Walsingham,  upon  a  site  thereafter  to  be  indicated.  It 
relates  very  circumstantially  the  widow's  perplexity  : —  ^ 

"  When  it  was  all  formed  then  had  she  great  doutc 
Where  it  should  he  sette  and  in  what  manner  place, 
Inasmuch  as  twcyne  places  were  fowne  out 
Tokened  with  meraclcs  of  our  Laydie's  grace." 

•  *»««♦* 

"  The  Wedowe  thought  it  moste  lykely  of  congruence 
This  house  on  tlic  first  soyle  to  huild  and  arrcrc  : 
Of  thys  who  lyste  to  have  experience  ; 
A  Chappel  of  Saynt  Lawrence  standyth  now  there, 
Faste  hy  tweyne  wellys,  experience  do  thus  lere  : 
There  she  thought  to  have  sette  this  Chappel, 
Wliycli  was  begone  by  our  Ladie's  counsel." 

We  shall  not  quote  specially  the  progress  of  the  work 
according  to  the  monkish  chronicler,  because  it  is  nothing 
more  than  the  oft  repeated  story  of  a  building  removed  by 
miracle  and  set  up  in  another  place.  We  are  only  concerned 
here  with  the  site,  which  the  building,  in  after  ages  destined 
to  Ije  of  such  celebrity,  actually  occupied.  And  the  legend 
thus  proceeds  :  — 

"  All  night  the  Wedowe  permayneing  in  this  prayer, 
Our  blessed  Laydie  with  blessed  niinystrys. 
Herself  being  here  chief  Artificer, 
Arrorc'd  thys  saydo  house  with  Angolls  handys, 
And  not  only  rorcd  it  liut  sette  it  there  it  is. 
That  is  tweyne  hundrodo  font  and  more  in  distaunco 
I'Vom  the  first  jilace  fekes  make  remcmbrnunco. " 

And  mucli  interest  attaches  to  the  site  llius  ocnipIiMl  ; 
for    ho\v(;ver    great   IIk;    iii.'ignificcncc  of  tlio    cliiof  convcn- 

'  The     (l(it<'    of    tlio    orr-ctioii    of    tin;  Account  of  tin*  I'oiinilfition  ol  the  Priory, 

riiiijM-1  of  tlu!  Aniiiini'ifitioii  of  Otir  Liuly  Cott.   MS.    Nrro,   K.  vii.     Ni'w  cilit.    of 

at  VValhini^luim,  l)y  Uicliolil  (!<•  Favcri-hi-H,  l)ii;;iliilf"n  MoiiiiHt ,  vol.  vi.,  ]>.  "'>.    lllonic- 

linH   iihunlly   Iii-(mi    nHHi^jricil    to    tin.'    ycur  fulil  Iiiih  frroiifiiiiHly  ilcHfriln-il  tlic  foiind- 

10(;1.      Ihr  Moii,  "Sir  (loirniy  I'livcrclu-s,  r<«H  hh   "tlii-uiilow    Imiy   of   Hicoldic   <I(; 

kriylli,  lord  of   WiilMinnlifiiii,  lonmlylli   tli<!  I'livircliis  "  ( llisf.    Norf.,  vol.  ix.,  p. 'JZ  I), 

Cliyri'h  of  till?  H<yil  I'riory  ;  nii<l   In-  (jnffo  Imi  tin-  rlmrlir   of   llo^'cr,    Iviil  of  (JMn', 

llii-rto  tin-   (,'lm|.c|    f>f  owr   Iwidy  with  tin-  in    tin-    Coll.    MS.     cxiircHHly     incnlioiiH, 

growinl    with    iiiii<-   tin;    Hvto   of  the    Hcyil  "  ( 'n|ii  lliuii  <|il!mi  KifluliliH   iimlcr    <;iiirr' 

|iliu;<-,  wytli  ill"'  flivnli  ipff  lln-Kryd  Ion.''  <!<•  l"iiviirclnH  ftiiKlavit  in  WHlHiii^hiuii." 


WALSINGHAM    PRIORI.  117 

tual  buildings  about  to  bo  described,  it  Avas  to  the  Lady 
Chapel  that  they  owed  all  their  splendour.  That  in  fact 
was  the  shrine  wdiich  kings  visited  barefooted — the  wonder- 
working spot,  which  rivalled  Compostella  or  Loretto — the 
"counterfeit  Ephesian  Diana"  of  the  14th  Homily;  the 
Parathalassian  temple,  which  the  travelled  Erasmus  saw, 
and  declared  that  its  costly  magnificence,  its  gems,  and  its 
relics,  surpassed  all  that  he  had  ever  seen  in  his  most  dis- 
tant w^anderings.  "  Divorum  sedes !  adeo  gemmis,  auro, 
argentoque  nitent  omnia  !  "  Where  was  it  1  Archaeology 
enquires,  and  hitherto  no  solution  has  been  given  or 
attempted.  And  although  our  legend  informs  us  that  200 
feet  from  the  wells  will  bring  us  to  the  spot  w^here  it  stood, 
still,  so  changed  is  the  surface  of  the  soil,  and  so  occupied 
at  the  same  time  by  the  gravel  walks  and  shrubberies  of  an 
ornamental  pleasure-ground  (to  say  nothing  of  a  large  yew 
tree,  which  has  probably  grown  and  luxuriated  for  at  least 
two  centuries)  that  excavation  with  a  hope  of  success  is  well 
nigh  impracticable.  Yet  within  recent  times  something  has 
been  accomplished,^  and  the  result  has  been  the  formation 
of  a  ground-plan,  in  which  the  disjecta  membra  are  for  the 
first  time  put  together,  so  as  to  show  their  connexion  and 
arrangement,  as  far  as  hitherto  discovered. 

The  great  feature  of  interest  in  these  venerable  ruins,  in 
addition  to  the  two  wells  already  mentioned,  is  the  great 
eastern  window  of  the  conventual  church,  despoiled  of  all 
its  tracery,  but  flanked  by  staircase  turrets,  and  surmounted 
by  the  peak  of  the  gable,  w^iich  rises,  thus  supported,  about 
70  feet.  The  buttresses  are  perfect  specimens  of  the  early 
Perpendicular  period,^  divided  into  three  stages  of  ogee- 
headed  niches  with  pedestals,  crockets,  and  canopies.  Some 
arches  of  the  Refectory,  and  the  principal  western  gateway 
complete  the  picture  ;  and  to  these  may  perhaps  be  added 
the  town  pump,  a  construction  used  originally  as  a  domed 
covering  to  a  well,  and  roofed  with  ashlar,  whose  slope  is 
broken  at  intervals  by  three  mouldings  (See  woodcut,  p. 
121).   This  w^ell  is  situated  in  the  area  called  the  'Common 

2  The  first  excavations,  of  which  the  Ilarrod,  the    Secretary  of    the    Norfolk 

results  are  here   described,  were  carried  Archaeological  Society,  has  assigned  the 

out  in  the  year  1 853.  erection    of     this   Eastern   end   to   John 

^  In  his  forthcoming  work,  on    "The  Snoring,  Prior,  who  died  a. d,  1425.    It  is 

Castles  and  Convents  of  Norfolk,"   Mr.  engraved  in  Britten's  Arch.  Ant,  vol.  iv. 


lis  WALSINGIIAM    rniORY. 

Place,'  a  designation  which  has  come  clown  to  us  from 
remote  antiquity.  Thus  we  read  in  a  document,  temp. 
Ilenrv  VI..  reciting  various  donations,  int.  al.  as  follows  : — 
"  AtVivr  him  come  Gylbertus  de  Clar,  Erie  of  Glowceter  & 
of  Hertford,  and  he  gaff  thereto  the  ground  withouth  the 
west  zate  of  the  yerd  of  our  Ladys  Chapell  which  is  now 
callyd  the  common  place."  And  more  remotely  we  have  on 
a  fly  leaf  inscited  at  p.  26  of  the  Registr.  Wals.  among  the 
Cotton  MSS.,^  the  copy  of  an  admission  in  the  10th  of 
Richard  II.,  which  mentions  "  qucndam  fontem  vocatum 
Cabbokeswell  in  communi  villatura  de  Walsingham  parva."^ 
In  testing  our  ground-plan  by  the  admeasurements  of  William 
of  Worcester,  which  may  be  seen  in  the  library  of  Corpus 
Christi  College,'^'  it  is  satisfactory  to  be  able  to  trace  a  suffi- 
cient coincidence.  Some  confu.sion  may  have  arisen  from 
his  mentioniuir  two  churches  :  "  Longitudo  ecclesiio  Fratrum 
Walsyngham  54  gressus  ;"  and  again,  "  Longitudo  totius 
ecclesiic  de  Walsingham  13G  gre.ssus."  The  smaller  church 
doubtless  was  that  of  the  Franciscans,  or  "  Fratrum 
Minorum,"  and  taking  the  (jressus  to  be  somewhat  under 
two  feet,  the  length  corresponds  with  traces  existing  of  tliat 
edilice.  That  William  of  Worcester's //r«".s\v//.v  averaged  about 
tw(j  feet  appears  IVoiu  his  measurement  of"  the  cloister,  which 
being  \)i)  x  [){]  feet  he  puts  at  54  (/rc.s.sus  :  or  the  chajiter- 
Ikjusc,  which  being  IG  feet  wide  he  puts  at  10  f/resfitts. 
This  evidence  to  the  chapter-house  is  conclusive  and  circum- 
stantial, as  coincidini!*  with  the  large  foundations  now 
covered  with  the  greensward.  "  Longitudo  pi'opria  de  le 
Chapiter-hous  continet  20  gressus.  Latitudo  ejus  continet 
10  gressus.  Sod  longitudo  introitus  de  le  Chapiter-hous 
a  claustro  continet  10  gressus.  JSic  in  toto  continent  80 
gressus,"  '^ 

Tlie  chief  point  of  interest  in  the  recent  excavations  has 
been  the  discovery  of  portions  of  the  two  western  piers  with 
the  corresponding  abutments  of  the  western  wall,  the  jambs 
of  the  W(.\'itei'n  doorway,  and   the   exteiior  buttresses.      (JSee 

*  C<)tt.  M.S.  N<ro,  E.  vii.  uMc   iliHrrcpnncy  ii|i|ii'(»rH   in   Wiltiain   of 

*  S«;c     lliu    viitiru     document     in     tin'        Worci-Htc-r'M  own    cHiinintc  of  h\»  i/t-iign-g. 
Ap|)<nflix.  ni  oni'   |iurt    of  \>\h    hintmry  wi-  find  tlio 

'    Ivlit<<l   ill    177n   liy    NftJ4niylli  in  tlio  HlJit<  intni,  "  M<  m.   i|iiii(l    21  stippyn  hivo 

voluniu     i-ntitli'(l,     "  Itincniria     .Syni<»niH  >,'rfSHUH   int'fiH   fucinnt  I'J  virj,'(iH  ; "    wliilHt 

Siinconiii  et  Will.  <!i)  Worci-Htre."     Soo  ji.  in  h  liiti-r  [piirt  In;  wrolf,  "  item,  M)  virfjiu 

S.T.'i.  fftciiint     11.0    ^jrinliiH   hIvo    Htc|i|)yH    niooH." 

*  Jt  mii«t   !)<•  oljHcrvf'I  tliiit  ii  conwiilir-  I  tin.  dl.  N;i'-m)tli. 


a>     o 
13    ^ 


WALSINGHAM    PRIORY.  119 

woodcut.)     The  bases  of  these  piers  are  of  early  decorated 
character.*^     The  pair  nearest  to  the   doorway  are  massive 
clustered  columns  ;    each   being   a   combination   of  fifteen 
circular  shafts  separated  by  hollows,  and  disposed  in  three 
groups,  from  whence  sprang  originally  the  architraves   of 
the  nave  and  side  arches  ;  and  each  connected  by  a  cross 
wall  5  feet  thick  with  the  north  and  south  walls  of  the 
building   respectivel3^     These  grand   proportions    indicate 
most  distinctly  the  existence  in  the  original  construction  of 
a  western   tower  ;  but  it  is  probable  that  this   tower  had 
been   removed  before  William   of  Worcester's  visit,  as   he 
speaks   only  of  the  "  campanile  in  medio  ecclesise."     This 
had  been  the  case  beyond  all  doubt  with  the  smaller  piers 
of  the  nave  generally,  w^hich  had  been  taken  down  nearly 
to  the  level  of  the  pavement,  and  upon  them  may  now  be 
seen  Perpendicular  bases  of  inferior  design  and  execution. 
Another  peculiarity  must  also  here  be  noticed,  viz.,  that  the 
south  wall  of  the  church,  and  the  north  wall  of  the  adjacent 
dormitories,  each  several  feet  in  thickness,  run  parallel  for 
nine  yards,  separated  only  from  each  other  by  an  interval 
of  nine  inches.     A  doorway  through  the  walls,   pierced  at 
the  same  point,  established  a  communication  w4th  a  vestry, 
separated  from  the  bay  of  the  nave,  by  an  ancient  intrusive 
wall  joining  the  large  pier  and  its  respond.      This  curious 
arrangement  is  exhibited  at  one  view  in  the  subjoined  illus- 
tration, except  that  the  interpolated  wall  between  the  pier 
and  its  respond  has  been  removed  since  the  discovery.     The 
state  of  the  smaller  piers  (from  one  of  which  the  view  here 
given  is  supposed  to  be  taken)  proves  that,  at  some  time 
during  the  Perpendicular  Period,   the  nave  was  re-roofed, 
the  piers  taken  down,  and  the  pavement  raised  about  six 
inches.     If  at  that  period  the  cloister  and  dormitory  were 
added,  and  if  in  the  prosecution   of  these  extensive  works 
a  few  feet  additional  were   desired  for  the  breadth  of  the 
aisle,  no  other  method  would  so  readily  present  itself,  as  to 
make  the  whole  wall   continuous  for  the  church  and  dormi- 
tories, thus  leaving  untouched  the  western  end  of  the  church, 
which  probably  owed  its  preservation  to  the  great  western 
towers  superimposed  upon  it. 

*  The  Institute  is  indebted  to  the  coiir-  mains    of   the   fabric,    wliich    have    been 

teous    liberality  of  the   Rev.   D.  H.    Lee  brought  to    Hght  through  the  exertions  ot" 

Warner,  the  present  possessor  of  the  site,  liis  nephew,  the  author  of  this  memoir. — 

for   the   woodcut  representing  these  re-  Ed. 


120  WALSINGHAM    PRIORY. 

Before  dismissing  the  Itinerary  of  William  of  Worcester, 
we  will  simpl}^  quote  liis  reference  to  two  smaller  build- 
ings : — "Lungitudo  iiovi  operis  de  Walsvngham  continet  in 
toto  l(j  virgas  ;  latitudo  continet  infra  arcam  10  virgas  ; ''' 
longitude  capelle  Beata?  Maria;  continet  7  virgas  30  pollices  ; 
latitat lo  continet  4  virgas  10  pollices/'  As  to  the  precise 
locality  of  the  buildings  thus  indicated,  we  must  hope  that  the 
ilay  will  come  when  it  may  be  no  longer  conjectural ;  for  there 
can  be  no  question  but  that  one  or  other  of  them  Avas  the 
Chapel  of  tlie  Annunciation,  the  house  "arrered  with  angells 
handys,"  which  has  been  already  mentioned,  and  which  formed 
the  glory  of  Walsingham  in  its  most  palmy  days.  The 
writer  of  this  memoir,  having  had  the  subject  much  forced 
on  his  attention,  by  living  amidst  the  ruins  for  a  series  of 
years,  may  be  permitted  to  avow  his  opinion,  that  of  these 
two  buildings  one  was  a  covering  to  the  other,  that  of  the 
interior  being  a  wooden  shrine,  the  "•  sacellum  angustum  " 
of  Erasmus,  that  of  the  exterior  being  "  novum  opus "  of 
William  of  Worcester,  corresponding  with  the  "opus 
inabsolutum  "    of  Erasmus. 

But  in  making  this  reference  to  the  Colloquies  of  the 
great  Erasmus,  1  feel  that  I  am  not  (as  previously)  dealing 
with  a  legendary  rhyme,  or  an  obscure  itinerary.  In  the 
case  of  a  learned  audience,  I  nmst  presume  a  general  ac- 
quaintance with  the  writings  of  the  accom})lished  traveller, 
especially  that  the  "  Peregrinatio  religionis  ergo"  is  well 
known  to  those  who  hear  me.  Yet  the  world-wide  rejnita- 
tion  of  that  great  man,  contended  for  by  so  many  universities 
(as  the  great  bard  of  antiquity  by  the  cities  and  islands  of 
Greece)  may  well  justify  a  regret  in  the  hearing  of  his  own 
Queen's,  that  the  Cambridge  of  the  XV'lth  centui-y  could  not 
boast  its  Frobenius,  as  well  as  Canterbury  its  Warham. 

1'he  Ih-st  connexion  of  Erasnuis  with  the  University  of 
Cambridge  was  in  I.'jOJ),  a  connexion  ))ut  slightly  interruj)ted 
for  ten  years  sul)sequently.  During  this  })eriod  lie  twice 
visited  \\'alsingli;nii.  J  lis  hrst  visit  was  productive  of  his 
elegant  vc^tive  oilcring,  so  curiously  mystified  by  the  sub-1'rior 
at  iiis   visit   tliree  years  later  (I'ercgr.  rclig.  ergo),  "  Erasmi 

''  In   HrnwiK!  WilliH*  "  Mitnd  AlilirvM,"  uimIit  tin- vimllin^.      Hy  cnn  ful  cximiiim- 

A'ldJiiriii,  vol.  ii.,   p.  .'{.'5(1,   tliin   juihwi^r  in  tiim  <>f  ilic  (iri({iiiiil  M.S.  at  ('uipiiM  ChiiHti 

\\ .    iif    Wor<<ht"-r"8    Ms.   Ih    tliUH    H'^'"i  Collrtjc,  ('iimlniii^i',  tln'  word  ih  cfrliiiiily 

"  Ijititii'lo  loiilijH-l  iiifrii  (Utvn;/  lO  virjjiiH,"  nniiin,  iiH   <<iiriMlly   |>iintoJ    L^'  Niuilililli, 

iMJ|)|iMM]il,  |>robal<ly,  to  «igiiify  tin-  Ijixiullli  "  lliiiLniiin,    j).  ;'.;i.'i. 


WALSINGHAM    PRIORY. 


121 


Roteroclami  carmen  lambicum  ex  voto  dicatum  virgini 
Vualsingliamicse."  In  his  letter  to  Ammonius,  afterwards 
Latin  Secretary  to  Henry  VIIL,  dated  from  Cambridge, 
9  May,  1511,  Erasmus  mentions  his  visit  to  Walsingham,  and 
his  votive  carmen.  It  commences  thus,  "w  yalp  'It^o-ov  ju?Jrep 
€vkoyr]jxh'i]  \  "  and  it  "vvas  printed  by  Frobenius  as  earlj'- 
as  1518.  Tlie  first  edition  of  the  Colloquies  appeared 
but  a  few  years  later  ;  and  even  had  it  been  otherwise,  no 
one  could  venture  to  gainsay  the  truth  and  freshness  of  the 
description.  In  that  spirited  dialogue,  "  Peregrinatio  religio- 
nis  ergo,"  a  quondam  Augustine  Canon  is  drawing  a  picture 
of  his  fraternity,  and,  after  a  lapse  of  more  than  300  years, 
the  numerous  pilgrims  to  Walsingham  can  find  no  better 
handbook  than  that  of  the  jesting  Cantab,  whilst  enjoying 
his  long  vacation  in  1514.  It  is  hoped  that  a  correct  plan  is 
now  produced  in  illustration,  and  it  is  offered  in  confidence, 
that  whatever  additions  may  hereafter  be  made  to  it,  its 
accuracy  will  be  established,  and  its  errors  found  in- 
significant. 


The  Covered  Wull  in  the  Coniuion  Place,  Walsingham   (See  .p  117). 


VOL.    XIII. 


U-Z  WALSINGHAM    PRIORY. 

ACCOUNT    UF    RECENT    DISCOVERIES    AT    WALSINGHAM. 

Since  the  above  was  written,  the  hope  that  the  lost 
fuiuithitioiis  might  gradually  be  recovered,  has  been  fully 
realised.  tSuch  having  been  the  case,  the  writer  is  now 
induced  to  relate  the  steps  of  his  discovery,  not  only  by  way 
of  marking  the  accuracy  of  his  ground-})lan,  but  also  as  a 
permanent  record  of  many  points  of  interest  attaching  to  the 
celebrated  locality,  which  it  has  been  his  lot  to  illustrate. 

The  first  desideratum  was  to  assign  to  the  ground-plan  of 
the  clioir  its  true  form  and  dimensions.  The  title  of 
Vanderuucht's  enL;raving  of  this  part  of  the  building, 
••  Cienubii  Walsinghauieusis  quod  reliquum  est,  a.d.  1720," 
(published  by  tlie  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  the  "Vetusta 
jNIonumenta,"  vol.  i.)  compared  with  that  of  Buck,  a.d.  1738, 
traces  for  us  the  progress  of  decay,  or  rather  of  ruin  and 
spoliation.  An  examination  of  a  few  inches  beneath  the 
level  turf  revealed  the  hidden  motive  which  ])ronqited  this 
destruction  ;  for  there  the  last  remnant  still  exists  of  a  noble 
pair  of  stone  buttresses,  connected  with  each  other  at  their 
intersection  by  a  diagonal  splay,  which  formed  the  main 
an^le  of  the  buildino;.  Each  of  these  buttresses  is  4  feet 
4  inches  across,  and  they  project  4  feet  10  inches  from  the 
north  and  east  walls  respectively.  Their  position  enables  us 
to  inve  IG  feet  as  the  exterior  face  of  the  chancel  wall,  and 
1 1  feet  as  that  of  the  north  aisle.  Following  the  external 
face  of  the  north  wall,  three  single  buttresses  of  similar 
dimensions  were  successively  developed,  separated  by  irregu- 
lar intervals,  and  of  less  careful  construction  than  the  pair  first 
noticed.  Tlic  iiitrivals  between  them  are  as  follow  :  from 
1  to  -2,  1  1  li.  (>  ill.  ;  Ircin  2  to  3,  10  ft.  3  in.  ;  from  3  to  l,  10  ft. 
The  second  and  (liifd  buttresses,  subsequently  to  their 
ori;i;inal  ctjiistruction,  had  itccn  prolonged  northwards,  so  as 
to  form  a  porch  or  vestibule,  in  one  corner  of  which  there 
still  exist  ///  s/fn  a  red  and  a  yellow  glazed  tile,  a  portion  of 
its  che(pien.'(l  pavement.  Tlio  jiortion  of  church  wall  inter- 
voiiintr  ijctween  lliese  last  buttresses,  is  loiined  below  the 
gnjuml  line  \villi  a  massive  arcli,  turned  to  a  span  n|  (]  feet, 
apparently  tlie  enl  ranee  \n  ;i  \;inll  m|-  eivpl  liene;ith  tlu! 
original  |)a\-einenl  of  llie  ejmreli.  It  is  tilled  witli  loose 
mould,  aiel  eireiini-tancr-,  ijid  nut  |)erniil  an  exjilmal  ion  ol 
its  iiiterioj-.      TIn'    |initioii   of  wall   eniinect  ing  llie  buttresses 


WALSINGHAM    PRIORY.  123 

hitlierto  described  is  about  5  feet  in  thickness,  but  on  the 
other  side  of  a  gravel  walk,  which  crosses  it  diagonally  over 
the  foundations  of  the  fourth  buttress,  it  is  found  to  have 
increased  in  thickness  to  12  feet.  The  additional  7  feet  are 
gained  externally,  but  the  formation  of  the  gravel  walk  has 
not  only  in  part  broken  the  junction,  but  prevents  a  proper 
examination  of  the  precise  point  of  increase. 

Remarkable,  however,  for  solidity  as  these  foundations 
are,  they  are  comparatively  insignificant  by  the  side  of 
others  connected  with  them,  which  are  now  about  to  be 
noticed.  The  12-foot  wall  pursues  its  course  westwards, 
and,  at  a  distance  of  78  feet  from  the  north-east  corner  of 
the  aisle,  is  found  to  abut  upon  a  platform  of  solid  grouted 
masonry,  which  measures  from  east  to  west  20  feet,  and  from 
north  to  south  40.  It  is  now  covered  with  garden  mould  to 
a  depth  of  several  inches,  sufficing  merely  for  the  growth  of 
shrubs  and  flowers,  beneath  which  its  surface  is  for  the  most 
part  level ;  but  attempts  seem  to  have  been  made  both  at  the 
sides  and  centre  to  break  through  its  solid  crust,  as  if  with  a 
view  to  discover  the  secrets  of  its  interior.  Neither  has  the 
hope  peradventure  been  disappointed  ;  for  nearly  at  the 
angle  formed  by  it  with  the  12-foot  wall  (which  passes 
beyond  it),  a  stone  coffin  remains,  which  contained  the 
larger  portion  of  an  undisturbed  skeleton,  interred  in  the 
south-east  angle  of  the  Lady  Chapel,  whose  enclosure  we 
have  now  entered.  The  measurements  of  this  buildins;  coin- 
cide  so  exactly  with  the  dimensions  of  the  "  novum  opus,"  as 
already  quoted  from  William  of  Worcester,  that  not  a  shadow 
of  a  doubt  can  exist  as  to  their  identity.  The  length,  we 
may  remember,  is  stated  by  him  at  1 6  vhgcB  ;  the  breadth 
'' infra  ar earn"  at  10.  And  he  adds,  (apparently  as  con- 
nected with  this  particular  building)  "  Longitudo  capcllae 
BeattB  MaricB  continet  7  virgas  ;  Latitude  continet  4  virgas, 
10  polHces." 

But  what  was  the  "  infra  aream  ? "  Authority  seems 
wanting  for  the  use  of  the  word  ara,  as  equivalent  to  altare, 
or  a  mere  slip  of  the  pen  would  account  for  the  ambiguity. 
But  the  area  (whatever  it  was)  seems  to  have  been  identical 
with  the  platform  of  solid  masonry  (see  the  Ground-plan) 
which  forms  the  eastern  end  of  the  ''novum  opus."  The 
expression  "  infra  aream  "  may  imply  that  it  was  elevated  ; 
but  why  William  of  Worcester  excluded  it  fi-om  his  internal 


124  WAL^IINGIIAM    ITJOliY. 

measurement  of  the  chapel,  of  which  it  foriiied  the  most 
honourable  part,  is  not  so  apparent.  Here,  however,  the 
descrijnion  of  Erasmus  comes  in  very  seasonably,  and  enables 
us  to  till  up  the  "  lacuna,"  at  all  events  conjecturall}'".  "  In 
60  templo,"  he  says,  "  quod  inabsolutum  dixi,  est  sacellum 
angustum.  ligneo  tabulate  constructum,  ad  utrumque  latus 
per  angustum  ustiolum  admittens  salutatores/'  And  speaking 
of  it  afterwards,  he  adds,  "  In  intimo  sacello,  quod  dixi  con- 
clave Divic  Virginis,  adstat  altari  Canonicus."  It  seems 
reasonable  to  suppose,  that  this  wooden  sacellum,  in  which 
the  costly  image  was  thus  honourably  enshrined,  and  thus 
carefully  guarded  b}^  no  inferior  ministei*,  must  have  occupied 
the  east  end  of  the  chapel,  and  thus  that  it  was  superimposed 
upon  the  area,  or  platform,  whose  place  and  purpose  we 
have  thus  miimtcly  investigated.  With  respect  to  the  cha})el 
itself,  its  level  w\as  about  2^  feet  above  that  of  the  church  ; 
its  pavement  was  of  Purbeck  marble,  bedded  on  solid  mortar 
of  3  inches  in  thickness  ;  and  it  was  entered  by  a  doorway 
of  three  steps  pierced  in  the  12-foot  wall,  which  se})arated 
the  church  from  it.  This  being  the  door  of  entrance,  a 
corresponding  door  of  egress  was  placed  directly  opposite, 
flanked  by  large  buttresses  ;  or  possibl}''  these  foundations 
may  liave  carried  a  shallow  porch.  Their  ])osition  nuist  have 
had  reference  to  the  streaming  throng  of  pilgrims,  who  on 
all  grand  occasions  would  thus  be  enabled  to  obey  the 
"  Guarda  e  pn.ssa  !  "  of  the  j\[ystagogus,  Avithout  hindrance  or 
confusion.  Their  situation  explains  also  the  "patentibus 
ostiis  "  of  Erasnnis,  who,  probably  visiting  the  shrine  on 
the  20th  of  March,  would  have  ample  reason  for  remarking 
in  the  person  of  his  Ogygius,  "  Prope  est  Oceanus,  Ventorum 
Pater !  " 

And  now,  (putting  the  l)uilding  by  its  northern  doorway, 
we  find  ourselves  in  the  sc[)arate  yard  of  our  Lady's  Chaj)e], 
and  might  have  left  the  j)recincts  of  the  abbe}',  either  by  the 
West  gate  (Opening  on  the  Conniion  Place,  or  by  the  "  ostiolum 
})er})UsilhnM  ''  of  Erasmus,  the  menioi-y  of  which  is  preserved 
in  1\ night  Street.  The  foundations  of  these  gates  have  yet 
to  be  discovered.  Xot  so  th(^  foundations  of  the  north  and 
west  walls  of  ihe  ehapel.  The  west,  as  well  as  ilie  north, 
a[)pears  to  liave  had  its  dooi-way  ;  and  the  north  wall,  at  its 
ground  line,  was  bedded  in  flat  nias(»nry  at  two  se|)arate 
levels,  as  if  it  lia<l  been  cased  originally  with  sfpiared  Mocks 


WALSINGHAJI    PRIORY. 


Went  End  of  tbo  Refectory, 


WALSINGHAM    PRIOIIY.  125 

of  stone  of  large  dimensions.  And  it  may  be  also  noted, 
that  small  fragments  of  magncsian,  or  lloche-Abbcy,  lime- 
stone are  found  repeatedly  around  these  foundations,  although 
never  wrought,  as  if  they  had  been  used  in  construction. 
And  under  the  head  of  fragments,  it  may  be  added  further, 
that  amidst  the  copious  wreck  of  rich  mutilated  carving 
which  frequently  comes  to  light  in  digging  around  the  ruins, 
two  unconnected  portions  of  angels,  each  bearing  part  of  the 
scroll,  inscribed  AVE  maria — gratia  plena,  attest  the  exquisite 
finish  and  costliness  of  the  decoration.  It  will  be  seen  by 
the  Ground-plan,  that  the  north  facade  of  the  chapel  exhibited 
in  this  instance  the  rather  unusual  composition  of  a  central 
doorway  flanked  by  octagonal  turrets,  and  that  it  occupied 
in  external  appearance  the  place  of  a  north  transept.  Its 
general  effect  must  have  harmonised  with  the  east  window  of 
the  church,  as  now  standing,  which,  combined  with  the 
ancient  wells,  the  elegant  pulpit  of  the  Refectory,^  and  the 
faithful  restoration  of  its  beautiful  western  window  (due  to 
the  present  proprietor,  the  Rev.  D.  H.  Lee  Warner,  and  of 
which  a  representation  accompanies  this  memoir)  forms  a 
group  of  ruins,  as  grand  in  actual  effect  as  it  is  rich  in 
ancient  reminiscences. 


APPENDIX. 

ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS   AND    SUPPLEMENTARY    NOTES. 

In  connection  with  the  foregoing  memorials  of  Walsingham,  and  of  the 
actual  condition  of  the  existing  remains,  it  has  been  thought  desirable  to 
give  the  following  documents,  hitherto  unpublished.  The  Acknowledgment 
of  supremacy,  in  September,  1534,  and  tiie  actual  Surrender  of  the  Priory, 
in  August,  1538,  to  Sir  William  Petre,  Commissioner  for  the  Visitation 
of  Monasteries,  appear  worthy  to  be  placed  on  record  in  the  full  detail  of 
their  legal  phraseology,  since  they  serve  as  exemplifications  of  the 
formality  and  the  deliberate  purpose  with  which  the  Suppression  of 
Monasteries  was  carried  out.  The  former  is  especially  deserving  of 
attention  ;  the  original,  bearing  the  autographs  of  the  prior  and  canons, 
with  a  perfect  impression  of  the  fine  conventual  seal,  has  been  preserved 
in  the  Treasury  of  the  Exchequer,  at  the  Chapter  House,  Westminster. 
The  Surrender  has  been  found  entered  on  the  Close  Roll,  30  llcnr.  VIII., 
deposited  at  the  Rolls  Chapel.  Our  acknowledgment  is  due  to  the  kind- 
ness of  Mr.  Joseph  Burtt,  in  directing  our  researches  for  those  documents, 
and  obtaining  transcripts.  Bishop  Burnet  has  given  in  the  Appendix 
of  Records,  Hist,  of  the  Reform.,  Book  iii.,  c.  iiii.,  the  Latin  preamble  of  the 

'  A  representation    of    this    pulpit    is       Notes,    Transactions    of     tlie    Archaeol. 
given     in     Mr.    Parkers     Architectural       Institute  at  tlie  Norwich  Meeting,  p.  188. 


126  WALSINGHAM    PRIOKY. 

Surrender  of  Langden  Abbey,  being  also  tbat  occurring  in  most  of  the 
Surrenders,  as  in  the  8ul)joined  document.  Some  houses,  however,  as  he 
observes,  could  not  be  persuaded  upon  to  adopt  such  form.  The  examples 
obtained  bj  Weever  from  the  Augmentation  Office,  and  printed  in  his 
"  Funerall  Monuments,"  p.  106,  as  also  in  part  by  Fuller  and  Collier,  and 
the  Surrender  of  Betlcsden  Abbey  (Burnet,  llecords,  B.  iii.,  c.  iii.,8ect.  iv.), 
are  in  English,  and  are  not  accompanied  by  the  tedious  minutioj  of  legal 
diction,  of  which  an  example  is  here  given.  Within  a  month  after  the 
visit  of  Sir  William  Petre,  namely,  in  Sept.  30th,  lieu.  MIL,  the  image 
of  our  Lady,  long  the  glury  of  Walsingliam,  was  brought  to  London 
by  sjiecial  injunction  from  Cromwell,  with  all  the  notable  images  to  which 
any  special  pilgrimages  were  made,  and  they  were  burnt  at  Chelsea. 

The  seal  of  Walsingham  Priory,  of  which  an  impression,  on  white  wax, 
is  appended  to  the  Acknowledgment  of  Supremacy,  has  never,  as  far  as  we 
are  aware,  been  published.  For  the  woodcuts  representing  the  obverse  and 
reverse  of  the  seal,  we  are  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  the  Rev.  D.  H. 
Lee  W^arner,  the  present  possessor  of  the  site  and  remains  of  the  Priory, 
and  who  has  liberally  presented  several  of  the  illustrations  of  this  memoir. 
On  one  side  of  this  seal  appears  a  cruciform  church  of  Norman  character, 
with  a  central  tower,  and  two  smaller  towers  both  at  the  east  and  west  end. 
The  roof  of  the  church  appeals  to  be  covered  with  tiles,  a  crest  of  small 
intersecting  arclies  runs  along  its  ridge.  Through  a  round-headed  aperture 
in  the  nave  and  another  in  the  choir  are  seen  heads,  as  of  persons  within 
the  church  ;  and  in  a  larger  opening  or  door  in  the  transept  is  likewise 
perceived  a  demi-figure  in  the  attitude  of  supplication  ;  it  represents  an 
aged  man  with  a  beard,  clad  in  a  sleeveless  garment,  with  a  hood  which 
is  thrown  back,  and  his  sleeved  arm  passed  through  the  wide  opening 
in  the  shoulder  of  the  upper  garment.  The  inscription,  commencing  from 
the  cross  on  the  summit  of  the  tower,  is  as  follows, — sioillvm  eccl'ie 
BEATE  MAUlE  DE  WALSINGHAM.  The  work  is  in  higher  relief,  and  has  an 
aspect  of  greater  anticjuitv,  than  that  of  the  reverse  :  at  first  sight,  it 
might  be  supj)Osed  that  the  date  of  its  execution  was  earlier,  or  that  the 
other  side  had  been  copied  from  an  early  type.  On  that  side  appears  the 
Virgin  seated  on  a  peculiar  high-backed  throne  ;  she  holds  the  infant 
Saviour  on  her  left  knee  ;  on  her  head  is  a  low  crown,  an  elegantly  foliated 
sceptre  is  in  her  right  hand  ;  the  dia|)eries  are  poor  and  in  low  relief  ;  over 
the  figure  is  a  sort  of  canopy  Avith  curtains  looped  hack  at  each  side, 
and  falling  in  ungraceful  folds.  The  Angelical  Salutation  is  inscribed 
around  the  margin, —  ^  :  ave  :  mahia  :  guacia  :  plena:  DOMisrs  :  teci'M.  Iu 
addition  to  less  archaic  effect  of  the  workmanship,  Huggesting  the  notion 
that  this  side  may  be  the  reproduction  of  an  earlier  .seal,  it  may  he  noticed 
that  the  word  plena  is  blundered,  a  I)  being  found  in  place  of  N,  an  error 
which  might  easily  occur  from  the  similarity  of  the  two  letters  in  the 
{(articular  character  here  used.  From  the  general  execution,  however, 
of  thcho  seals,  their  date  may  juobably  he  assigned  to  the  later  part  of  tho 
twelfth  or  commencement  of  the  thirteenth  «-entiiry.  On  careful  ex- 
amination of  till!  impression  jtieaerved  in  the  Chapter  House,  (he  seal  of 
Wal.'^iiigham  is  foiiiid  to  snjiply  an  example  of  the  rare  j)ractico  of  impressing 
an  inscription  upon  the  edge  or  thiekne^H  of  the  seal,  us  on  that  of  Norwich 
Cathedral,    the  city   of  Canterbury,   and   a    few  others.''      In    the   present 

'  Sec  Sir  !•'.  Mnddi-n'n  Ucrnnrkn  on  tliiH  |ii<-iili;iril_\       ;\rch:ici>lii;;iH,  vol.  xx. 


VOL.    XTIT. 


WALSINGHAM    PRIORY. 


127 


instance,  the  following  words  of  a  Leonine  verse  may  be  docyplicred, — 
vuiGo:  riA  :  genitrix  :  sit  :  nobis  :  — In  Taylor's  "  Index  Monasticus  "  a 
second  impression  of  the  seal  of  Walsinghani  is  mentioned,  in  imperfect 
state  ;  it  was  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Miller,  of  London.  This  we  have 
not  had  the  opportunity  to  examine. 

No  seal  of  any  of  the  Priors  of  Walsingham  has  hitherto  been  described. 
Of  Richard  Vowel,  the  last  Prior,  who  succeeded  on  the  resignation  of 
William  Lowth,  1514,  a  rclique  deserving  of  notice  exists  in  the  cast 
window  of  the  chancel,  in  the  parish  church  of  Walsingham  ;  where  it  was 
placed  about  30  years  since,  having  been  found  in  a  luml)er-room  in  the 
modern  mansion  occupying  the  site  of  the  Prior's  dwelling,  for  a  window  of 
whicii  this  painted  glass  may  have  been  originally  destined.  Through  the 
liberality  of  the  Rev,  J).  11.  Lee  Warner  we  are  enabled  to  give  the 
accompanying  representation.  Three  different  coats  of  arms,  it  must  be 
observed,  have  been  assigned  to  Walsingham  Priory  (See  Taylor's  Index 
Monast.,  p.  26).  Argent,  on  a  cross  sahle  five  billets  of  the  first : — Argent, 
on  a  cross  quarterly  pierced  sable,  a  tree  erased,  vert: — and,  Argent,  on  a 
cross  sahh,  five  lilies  stalked,  of  the  first.  The  last,  for  whicli  Tanner 
is  the  authority,  here  appears  impaling  the  bearing  of  Vowel,  Gules, 
three  escutcheons  argent,  each  charged  with  a  cinqfoil  pierced  of  the  first. 
The  colour  of  the  cinqfoils  is  faded,  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  this 
escutcheon  commemorated  Richard  Vowel,  whose  signature  appears  on  the 


Acknowledgment  of  Supremacy.  The  upper  portion  of  the  dexter  coat  has 
unfortunately  been  destroyed  ;  a  line  in  the  annexed  woodcut  shows  the 
portion  of  the  cross  and  of  the  uppermost  lily  here  restored  by  the 
engraver.  It  is  very  unusual,  as  we  believe,  to  find  examples  of  the  arms 
of  any  monastery  thus  impaled  with  those  of  its  superior,  in  like  manner 
as  the  arms  of  a  see  arc  often  found  occu]iying  the  dexter  side,  or  place 
of  honour,  and  impaling  the  personal  coat  of  the  bishop.  Deans  and  heads 
of  colleges,  however,  have  been  accustomed  to  impale  their  own  arms 
with  the  insijrnia  of  their  offices. 


128  WALSINGHAM   PllIORY. 


ACKNOWLEDGMEiNT  OF  SUPREMACY. 

(records     PR»afc:RVED    IN     THE    LATE     TREASURY    OF     THE    EXCHEQUER,    IN    THE    CirAl'TER 
HOUSE,    WESTMINSTER.       ACKNOWLEDGMENTS    OF    SUPREMACY,    NO.  112*). 

Quuin  ea  sit  non  solum  Cliristianc  rcligionis  et  piotatis  ratio,  seel  nostre 
etiain  obediencie  rogula,  Domiiio  Regi  nostro  Henrico  ejus  nouiinis  octavo, 
cui  uui  et  soli  post  Christum  Jcsuiu  servatorem  nostrum  deb^mus  universa, 
non  mode  oninimodani  in  Christo  et  eandem  sincerani,  integraui,  per- 
petuanique  animi  devotionera,  fidem  et  observanciam,  honorem,  cultum, 
reverenciam  prestemus,  sed  etiam  de  oadeni  fide  et  observancia  nostra 
rationem  quotioscunque  postulabitur  reddamus  et  jialam  omnibus  (si  res 
postulat)  libcntissime  testemur ;  Noverint  univcrsi,  ad  quos  presens 
scriptum  perveiierit,  quod  nos  ])rior  et  couvcntus  priorutus  canouicorum  de 
Walsingham,  Norwicensis  Diocesis,  uno  ore  et  voce  atquc  unanimi  omnium 
consensu  et  assensu,  hoc  scripto  nostro  sub  sigillo  nostro  communi  in  domo 
nostro  capitulari  dato,  pro  nobis  et  successoribus  nostris  omnibus  et  singulis 
iniperpetuum  profitemur,  testamur,  ac  fideliter  promittimus  et  spondemus, 
DOS  dictos  prioreni,  conventum,  et  successores  nostros  omnes  et  singulos 
integram,  inviolatam,  sincerani,  perpetuanique  fidem,  observanciam,  et 
reverenciam  semper  prestaturos  erga  Dominum  Regem  nostrum  Ilenricura 
Octavum,  et  erga  Annam  Roginam  uxorem  ejusdem,  et  erga  sobolem  ejus 
ex  cadem  Anna  legitime  tam  progcnitam  quam  progenorandam,  et  quod 
cadem  populo  nolificabimus,  predicabimus,  et  suadobimus,  ubicuiKjuc 
dabitur  locus  et  occasio.  Item,  quod  confirmatum  ratum([ue  habomus, 
sempenjue  et  perpetue  habituri  sunuis,  (puid  predictus  Re.x  iiuster  Ilenricus 
est  ca[)Ut  Ecclesie  Anglicane.  Item,  quod  Episcopus  Konninus,  qui  in 
Buis  bullis  pajie  nomeii  usurpat,  et  summi  pontificis  pi-iiicipatum  silii 
arrogat,  non  habet  majorem  aliipiam  jurisdictionem  a  Deo  sibi  collatam  in 
hoc  regno  Anglie  quam  quivis  alius  c.vtcrims  episcopus.  Item,  cpiod  nullus 
nostrum  in  uUa  sacra  concione  privatim  vel  publico  habcnda  cundem 
e[iiscopum  Romanum  appellabit  nomine  ]iapc  aut  sunmii  pontificis,  scd 
nomine  episcopi  Romani  vel  Ecclesie  Romane;  et  (piod  nullus  nostrum 
orabit  pro  eo  tanquam  papa,  sed  tanquam  Episcopo  Romano.  Item,  quod 
Koli  diclo  Domino  Regi  et  successoribus  suis  adherebimus,  ct  ejus  leges  ac 
decrcta  manutcnebimus,  Episcopi  Romani  Icgibus,  decrctis,  et  canonibus, 
(|ui  contra  Icgiin  divinam  ct  sacram  scriptunim,  aut  contra  jura  hujus 
Regni  esse  invcniontur,  impei|POtuum  rcMiunciantes.  Item,  (piod  nullus 
nostrum  omniinn  in  ulla  vel  ])riviita  vol  |iublica  concione  quicquam  e.v 
sacris  script uri.s  dosumptum  ad  alienum  BenHinn  detoi-qucre  presunuit,  sed 
(pii.s(|uam  Christinn  cjiL'.qiie  verba  et  facta  .simpliciter,  aperto,  sincere,  et  ad 
normani  hcu  regulam  sacrarinn  scripturarum  et  vere  catholicoruni  atcjue 
orthodoxorum  doctorum  predicabit  catholicc  et  orthodo.xe.  Item,  (|uod 
umisrpii.squc  noHtrum  in  suis  orationibus  ct  comprecalionibus  do  moro 
facicmlis  primum  omnium  Regem,  tanquam  Hupreminn  cajiut  Ecclesio 
Anglicane,  d(!o  et  j)(q>Mli  prccilms  connnendabit,  liiiiidf  Ri-gimim  Annam, 
cum  Hua  hobole,  tmu  dcmum  ArchicqiiscopoH  (^ant'  ct  El»or',  <'um  cctc'riH 
clcri  ordiniliiiH,  prout  vidcbitur.  Item,  cpiod  omncs  et  Hinguli  |)redicti, 
prior,  conv(!ntus,  ct  hucccs.sorcs  nostri,  <ronHcicnci(!  ct  junHJuranili  sacra- 
nicnti)  nosmfit  firmitcr  obligamus,  et  <|uod  omnia  et  ningula  prc(licta 
fideliter   iniperpetuum    ob.servaitimiiM.       In     cujii.s     rci     tcslimuiiium     luiic 


WALSINGHAM    PRIORY.  129 

scripto  nostio  commune   sigillum  nostrum   appcndimus,  et  nostra    nomina 
propria  quisque  manu  subscripsimus.      Datum   in   domo  nostra  capitulari, 

xviij.   die    mensis    Septembris,    anno  Domini     Millesimo,    quingentesimo, 
tricesimo  quarto. 

per  me  Ricard  Vowel,  Priorem  per  me  Riearrhim  Garnett 

per  me  Wilk-hnum  Kase  {sic).  per  me  Joliminem  Clark 

per  me  FMmundiim  Warliam,  Subpriorem  per  me  Joliaiinem  Awstyne 

per  me  Johaniiem  Clenchwardtoii  per  me  Johannem  iMatliye 

per  me  Nicholaum  Myleliam  per  me  'J'liomain  Pawlum 

per  me  Robertum  Sail'.  per  me  Edwarduin  Marstone 

per  me  Robertum  Wylsey  per  me  Joliaiinem  Byrcliam 

per  me  Willeliuum  Castellacre  per  me  Johannem  Hadlay 

per  me  Simonem  Ovy  per  me  Thomam  Holte 

per  me  Johannem  Harlow  per  me  Thomam  Walsyngham 

per  me  Johannem  Lawin.xley.  per  me  Umfrcdum  Lor.don 


SURRENDER  OF  WALSINGHAM  PRIORY. 

August  4,  30  Henr.  VIII.,  a.d.  1538.i 

(prima  pars  claus'  de  anno  regni  regis  henrici  octavi  tricesimo.     n.  68. 
DE  scripto  prioris  ue  walsi.ngham  facto  domino  regi.) 

Omnibus  Christi  fidelibus,  ad  quos  presens  Scriptura  pervenerit,  Ricardus 
Prior  Domus  sive  Prioratus  Beate  Marie  de  Walsyngham,  Ordinis  Sancti 
Augustini,  Norwicensis  Diocesis,  et  ejusdem  loci  Couventus,  Salutera  in 
Domino  Sempiternam.  Noveritis  nos  prefatos  Priorem  et  Conventum 
unanimi  assensu  et  concensu  nostris,  animis  deliberatis,  certa  sciencia,  et 
mero  motu  nostris,  ex  quibusdam  causis  justis  et  racionabilibus  nos,  animas, 
et  consciencias  nostras  specialiter  moventibus,  ultro  et  spoute  Dedisse, 
Concessisse,  ac  per  presentes  Damus  et  Concedimus,  Reddimus  et  Confir- 
mamus  illustrissimo  prineipi.  Domino  Henrico  Octavo,  Dei  Gratia  Anglie  et 
Francie  Regi,  Fidei  Defensori,  Domino  Hibernie,  et  in  terra  Supremo 
Capiti  Anglicane  Ecclesie,  Totam  dictam  Domum  sive  Prioratum  de 
Walsyngbam  predicta,  ac  totura  scituni,  fundura,  circuitum,  et  prccinctum 
ejusdem  Domus  sive  Prioratus  de  Walsyngbam  predicta,  necnon  totam 
cellam  nostram  de  Flycbam,  ac  totum  situni,  Fundum,  Circuitum,  et  pre- 
cinctum  ejusdem  Celle  de  Flicbam  ;  ac  omnia  et  singula  Maneria,  Dominia, 
JMesuagia,  Gardina,  Curtilagia,  Tofta,  Terras  et  Tenemcnta,  Prata,  Pascua, 
Pasturas,  Boscos,  Redditus,  Reversiones,  Servicia,  Mulendina,  Passagia, 
Feoda  Militum,  AVardas,  Maritagia,  Nativos,  Villanos  cum  eoruni  sequelis, 
Commuiiias,  Libertates,  Francliesias,  Jurisdicciones,  Ofticia,  Curias,  Letas, 
Hundreda,  Yisus  Franciplegii,  Ferias,  Mcrcata,  Parcos,  Warrennas, 
Vivaria,  Aquas,  Piscarias,  Vias,  Cbimina,  Vacuos  Fundos,  Advocaciones, 
Nomiuacioues,   Presentaciones    et    Donaciones    Ecclesiarum,    Vicariarum, 

'  It  is  stated  in  Dnjjdale's  Monastieon,  vol.  ix.   p.  278.     The  document   is  here 

new  edit.    vol.   vi.    p.    71,    tliat    Rifhaid  f;iven   {in  cxtciiso)  i'rom   the  entry  on  the 

Vowel,  with  tlie  sul)-prior  and  Canons,  on  Close  Roll,  preserved  at  the  Rolls  Chapel. 

Au2.   4,   30   lien.  VI II.  by  deed   enrolled  We  are   indebted   to  the  kindness  of  Mr. 

in  Cliancery,  surrendered  the  Priory  with  Joseph  Burtt  in  directing  our  search  and 

the  Cell  of  Fliteham,  and  all   their  pos-  obtaining  a  transcript, 
sessions  to  the  king.     Blomef.  Hist.  Norf. 


130  WALSINGIIAM    nnORY. 

Capcllaruni,  Cantariaruni,  Ilospitaliuin,  ot  alioruni  Ecclesiasticonim  Be- 
neficioriim  quoruineiiniqiie,  Kectorias,  Yicarias,  Cantarias,  Pensiones, 
rorcioiies,  Aniiuitatcs,  Dccimas,  Oblaciones  ;  ac  omnia  et  singula  Eniolii- 
mcnta,  rroficua,  Possessiones,  Hereditanicnta,  ct  Jura  nostra  quccunique, 
tarn  infra  dictum  Comitatum  Norfolcliic  quam  infra  Coniitatus  Sulfoldiie, 
Essexie,  ct  Cantebrigie,  vol  alibi  infra  Kognuin  Anglie,  Wallie  et  Mareliiarum 
eorumdem,  cidem  Domui  sive  Prioratui  de  Walsyngliam  prodicta,  ac  Celle 
de  Flicliam  prodicta,  ac  corum  utrique  quu(iuoniodo  pertinentia,  spoetantia, 
appcndentia,  sive  incumbcntia  ;  ac  omnimodo  Cartas,  Kvidencias.Soripta  (et) 
^lunimcnta  nostra  cisdcm  Domui  sive  Prioratui,  ac  Celle  predictc,  Mancriis, 
Terris  et  Tenementis,  ac  ceteris  Premissis  cum  jtertincritiis,  sen  alioui  inde 
parcelle  quoquomodo  spectantia  sive  concernentia ;  Habendum,  Tenendum, 
et  Gaudendum  dictum  Domum  sive  Prioratum,  Situni,  Fimdum,  Circuitum, 
et  precinctum  de  Walsyngliam  predicta,  necnon  Celiam,  Fundum,  Cir- 
cuitum et  precinctum  de  Flicliam  predicta,  ac  omnia  et  singula  Dominia, 
Maneria,  Terras,  Tencmenta,  Kectorias,  Pensiones,  et  cetera  Premissa, 
cum  omnibus  et  singulis  suispertiiientiis,  prefato  Invictissimoet  (sic)  Domino 
nostro  Rcgi,  lieredibus,  et  assignatis  suis  imperpctuum.  Cui  in  liac  parte 
ad  omnem  juris  eflcctum,  qui  exinde  sequi  potorit  ant  potest,  nos,  et  dictum 
Domum  sive  Prioratum  do  Walsyngliam  predicta,  ac  omnia  jura  nobis 
qualitorcumque  acquisita,  ut  decet,  subjicimus  ct  submittimus,  dantes  ct 
concedentes,  jirout  per  presentes  damus  et  concedimus,  oidein  Kegie 
Majestati,  lieredibus,  ct  assignatis  suis,  omnem  et  omnimudam  plcnam  et 
liberam  facultatcni,  auctoritatem,  ct  potestatem  nos,  et  dictam  l)onium  sive 
Priuratum  de  Walsyngliam  jiredicla,  ac  Ccllani  de  Flicliam  jiredicta,  unacum 
oninil)US  et  singulis  XIaneriis,  Terris,  Tenementis.  Redditibus,  Reversiouibus, 
berviciis,  et  singulis  premissis,  cum  suis  juribus  ct  pertineiitiis  quibuscum- 
quc,  disponendi  ac  pro  suo  libero  Regie  voluntatis  libito  ad  quoscunKjue 
usus  majfstati  sue  placentcs  alienandi,  donandi,  convertendi,  et  transfer- 
endi  ;  Imjus  modi  disposiciones,  alienaciones,  donaciones,  conversiones  ct 
translaciones  per  dictam  Mnjestatem  suam  quovisniodo  fiendas  cxtuiic 
ratificaiites,  ratasquc  ct  gratas  ac  perpctuo  firmas  nos  babituros  jiromit- 
tliiuis  jier  presentes  ;  ct  ut  jircmissa  omnia  et  singula  siiiim  debitum  sortiri 
valeant  eflcctum,  cleccionibus  iiisu])or  nobis  et  succcssoribiis  nostris,  necnon 
onmilms  et  singulis  querelis,  provocacionibus,  ajijiellacionibus,  aecionibus, 
litibus,  et  iiistauciis  aliisfjue  nostris'-'  remodiis  et  beneticiis  nobis  forsan  et 
flucccBsoribus  nostris  in  ea  ]>artc,  jiretextu  disposicioiiis,  alieiiacionis,  trans- 
lacionis,  et  convcrsionis  predictarum  et  ccterorum  jiremissorum,  qualitor- 
cum«iue  competentibus  ct  competituris,  omnibusqiic  doli,  crroria,  nietus, 
ignorancic,  vol  aherius  matcric  sive  disposicionis  c.xcejicionibu?,  objcc- 
cionibuH,  ct  nllcgaciouibus  jirorsus  scmotis  ct  dejiositis,  palam,  jiublico,  ct 
fXprcHsc,  ex  ccrta  jiostra  scicncia,  animiscpic  Bpontaneis  renunciavimus  ct 
cessimuB  prout  per  presenteH  reminciamiis  et  ccdimuH,  et  ab  cisdcm  recedi- 
niUH  in  bis  Bcriplis.  Et  nos,  prcfati  Prior  ct  CiMiveiitiis  et  .SucccssoroH 
noHtri,  dictum  Domum  Hive  J'rioratum,  I'rccinctum,  Situm,  Man.Hioiiem,  et 
Ju-cb'hiam  de  Wnlningliam  pn-dicta,  necnon  Celiam,  l-'uiidnm,  Ciicuidim,  ct 
I'n-cinctum  de  I'licbuiii  pr<  dicta,  an  omnia  et  singula  niancriii,  Dominia, 
MoKHungia,  (lardiiui,  Curtilagia,    Tofta,    l'nit:i,    l'a?-(iin,    I'aslmas,  1?ohco9, 

-  "  Aliitt'iuo  c|uil)U«cutnquo  ^'urM  remo.  Dii^d.  Mon.  «-(lit,('ulc>y,  vol.  i.  j).  (;•(((.  In 
dim,"  \i'.,  Ill  iliii  Siirrfinlir  i>l  IJiUfhiry,  tln'  Siirrriulfr  of  (Vine,  Imwi  vcr,  iliid., 
«4.'cor<liii{{  lo  (III- KtiiM'  loitn  fiM  iIk-  iilii»v«'.        Vol.   ii.  p.  li'.'ll,  the  roailiii^  in     "  iioslrif.'' 


WALSINGIIAM    PUIOllV.  131 

Siibboscos,  Terras,  Tcncinenta,  ac  omnia  et  singula  cetera  prcmissa  cum 
suis  pertinentiis  univer-sis,  Uomino  nostro  Rcgi,  hercdibus,  ct  assignatis  suis, 
contra  omncs  gentes  warrantizabinius  imperpotuum.  In  quorum  testimo- 
nium nos,  profati  Prior  et  Conventus  liuic  Scripto  Sigillum  nostrum  Com- 
mune apponi  focimus.  Datum  in  Domo  nostra  Capituhiri,  quarto  die  Mensis 
Augusti,  Anno  llogni  Regis  Ilenrici  supradioti  tricesimo.      [a.d.  1538.] 

Et  memoraiulum  quod  die  et  anno  predictis  venerunt  predicti  Prior  et 
Conventus  in  domo  sua  Capitulari  apud  Walsyngliam  coram  Willelmo 
I'etre,^  pretexlu  Commissionis  dicti  Domini  Regis  ei  in  hac  parte  directe,  et 
recognoverunt  scriptuni  predictum  ac  omnia  et  singula  in  eodem  coutenta, 
in  forma  predicta. 

CABBOKESWELL.    See  page  118,  supra. 

The  following  is  a  Copy  of  tlie  Document  wliicli  forms  a  fly-leaf  at 
fol.  26  of  the  Walsingham  Register,  Cotton  MSS.  Nero,  E.  VII.  with  its 
various  endorsements  and  notes. 

Copia  Semitie  inter  Priorem  de  Walsingham  et  Stephanum  Black. 

Ad  curiam  tentam  apud  Walsingham,  XV.°  die  Junii,  anno  regni  regis 
Ricardi  sccundi  post  conquestum  X°,  coram  Roberto  Hethe  tunc  ibidem 
Senesehallum,  Dominus  concessit  Johanni  Priori  Ecclesie  de  Walsinofliam 
et  ejusdem  loci  conventui  quandam  scmitara  ducentem  do  communi  via 
versus  quondam  foutem   vocatum   Cabbokeswell  in  communi  villatura  de 

Walsingham  parva,  ut  unum  .   .  .  non  ...   ad  noc aliquorum  Com- 

nmnarium  ibidem  ut  testatum  est  per  homagium  redditum  inde  domino  per 
annualem  oh'"  in  festo  Sancti  Michaelis.    Et  dat  domino  do  fine  VI.  denarios. 
(Notes) 

Et  nota  quod  ista  semita  jacet  sub  fovea  aquilonari  vocata  Blacks,  juxta 
Cruftam  vocatam  Powerscroft.  Et  Cabbokeswell  jacet  in  auo-ulo  Austi'ali 
foveas  de  Powerscloos,  juxta  prajdictam  foveam  de  Blacks, 

Et  nota  quod  Dominus  llichardus  Dux  Eboraci  postea  tempore   Thomte 
Hunt  Prioris,  Coufirmavit  praedictum,  et  super  hoc  etiam  dedit  Prioratui 
totam  parcellam  terrse  ex  parte  occidentali  vocatam  Elemosinariam,  qua; 
jacet  inter  semitam  et  praedictam  Elemosinariam. 
(Endorsements) 

Item  pars  terrae  vacute  inter  semitam  et  vetus  Elemosynarium  Priori. 

Ista  Billa  facit  mentionem  de  quadem  semita  ad  finem  aqnilonarcm 
hujus  vilUe  subtus  tenemeutum  quondam  Nicholai  Black  postea  Jacobi 
Cabb— k. 

THE  KNIGHT'S  GATE  :    LEGEND  OF  SIR  RALPH  BOTETOURT. 

(See  page  124.) 

The  probable  position  of  the  ostiolum  is  shown  in  the  plan  accompanyino- 
this  memoir.  Erasmus  distinctly  states  that  the  gate,  to  which  the  legend 
cited   by  Blomcficld   related  was  on   the  north  side.      It  is  sin"-ular  that 

3  Sir  William  Petre,  a  great  favourite  reigns.     He  had   large  grants  out  of  the 

of  Ci'oniweH's,  and  one  of   tiio  Connnis-  spoils  of  the  monastories,  as  enumerated 

sioners  employed  by  him  to  visit  monas-  in   Biog.    Brit.,   Life  of    Petre  ;    and   he 

teries,  of  which   Henry  VIII.  had  nomi-  obtained  a   Bull  from  Pope  Paul  IV.,  in 

natcd  Cromwell  General  Visitor.     Petre  the  reign    of  Mary,   permitting    him    to 

was  afterwards  Secretary   of   State   and  retain  thciu. 
held  posts  of  high  trust  in  four  successive 


lo-2  WALSINGHAM    PRIORY. 

Mr.  J.  Gough  Nichols  (Pilgrimages  to  Walsingliain  aiul  Canterbury,  p.  8) 
should  liave  fallen  into  the  error  of  giving  the  principal  gateway  to  the  tceft 
of  the  church  as  that  in  question,  and  he  produces  in  illustration  Cotman's 
representation  of  that  gatehouse,  with  its  old  gates  and  "  the  very  wicket 
which  was  the  supposed  scene  of  the  miracle."  Blomefield  gives  the  following 
relation,  from  an  old  MS.  On  the  north  side  of  the  close  there  was  a  very 
small  wicket,  "  not  past  an  cine  hye,  and  three  quarters  in  bredth.  And  a 
certain  Xurfolk  knight.  Sir  Iiaaf  Botetourt,  armed  cap-a-pee  and  on  horse- 
back, being  in  days  of  old,  1314,  persued  by  a  cruel  enemy,  and  in  the 
utmost  danger  of  being  taken,  made  full  speed  for  this  gate,  and  invoking 
this  lady  for  his  deliverance,  he  iM\mediately  found  himself  and  his  horse 
within  the  close  and  sanctuary  of  the  priory,  in  a  safe  asylum,  and  so  fooled 
his  enemy."  Hist,  of  Norf.  vol.  i.x.  p.  280.  An  engraved  brass  plate 
representing  this  miracle  was  atfixed  to  the  gate,  and  was  there  seen  by 
Erasmus.  One  of  the  articles  of  eiujuiry  for  the  monastery  of  Walsingham 
(Harl.  MS.  791,  p.  27)  is — '«  What  is  the  sayng — of  the  knyght,  and  what 
of  the  other  wonders  that  be  here,  and  what  proves  be  therof?  "  It  is 
singular  that  amongst  numerous  representations  of  mii'aculous  interpositions 
of  the  Virgin  Mary,  as  for  instance  amongst  the  sculptures  in  the  Lady 
Chapel  at  Ely  Cathedral,  erected  so  shortly  after  the  alleged  date  of  this 
miracle,  no  representation  of  it  should  have  been  noticed. 

The  name  of  the  '*  Knight  Street,"  Mr.  Lee  Warner  observes,  "  is  the 
sole  local  evidence  now  remaining  of  the  scene  of  Sir  Ralph  Botetourt's 
exploit.  The  outline  of  the  boundary  of  the  precincts  might  lead  us  to  the 
supposition  that  the  foundations  of  the  original  gate  are  below  the  present 
turnpike  road  : — but  when  wo  remember  that  the  road  has  been  altered,  as 
shown  in  the  anne.vcd  plan,  we  are  inclined  to  attach  credit  to  the  report  of 
ancient  inhabitants,  that  formerly  an  old  building  e.vistod  nearer  to  the 
Wishing  Wells,  which  may  have  been  the  gate  in  question,  or  possibly  the 
chapel  of  St.  Nicholas.  This  notable  miracle  is  perhaps  alluded  to  in  the 
I'epvsian  Ballad,  cited  at  the  commencement  of  this  memoir,  and  written 
about  a   century  after  the  time  to  which  the  miracle  has  been  assigned  :  — 

"  Foke  tliat  of  focncs  have  had  inouinhraiicc, 
Ami  of  wicked  sprites  also  niueii  ve.xatyoii, 
Have  here  been  tlelivered  from  every  tueh  cliaunce, 
And  bouis  greatly  vexed  with  gostely  toutatyoii." 

Before  we  close  these  notices  of  a  place  of  such  interesting  memories  as 
Walsingham,  it  may  not  be  irrelevant  to  mention  tlie  signs,  s'ujnacula,  of 
metal,  which  were  doubtless  as  much  in  request  here  by  the  innumerable 
pilgrims  to  tlie  shrine  of  Our  Lady,  as  they  were  in  other  notable  resorts  of 
pilgrimage.  Tlicso  tokens  of  v(jws  performed  were  usually  of  pewt(>r  or 
leail,  and  they  were  ofti;n  formed  so  as  to  be  allixcil  totlic  cap  or  tlie  dross, 
or  hung  round  the  neck,  as  Giraldua  Canibrensis  describes  the  Bishop  of 
WinchcHtcr  and  his  company,  lately  come  from  Canterl)ury,  "cum  signacidis 
Ji.  Thome  a  collo  HU.spen.His."  It  has  been  sujtposcd  that  the  pewter 
atnpulln,  of  which  representations  are  subjoined,  bearing  on  one  side  the 
initial  W.  under  a  crown  (see  woodcuts),  may  have  been  a  VValsiiigbam 
Hign,  carried  by  Home  pilgrim  to  Cirencester,  where  it  was  found  ;  it  was 
brought  under  the  notice  of  the  Institute  by  ProfesHor  Buckman.  Another, 
luarkcrd  with  the;  crowned  W  .,  fouml  at  Ihinwich,  is  figured  in  (iardner'a 
Ilihlory  «if  that  place,  Plate  II I.  p.  GG.  Such  aiiijmlhn  nuiy  have  Bcrved 
to  contaiti   Bninll    quantities   of  the   waters    of  the    Wishing    Wells,   as    at 


WALSIN(iIlAM    ritlOKY. 


133 


Canterbury  tliey  were  filled  from  Bocket's  liealing  well,  nilraciilously  tinged 
as  if  with  blood.  Mr.  Roach  Smith  ha.s  given  a  cmious  epsay  on  Pilgrims' 
Signs,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Arch.  Assoc,  vol.  i.  p.  200,  and  they  are 
more  fully  noticed  in  his  Collectanea  Antiqua,  vol.  i.  p.  81,  vol.  ii.  p.  43, 
and  in  the  catalogue  of  his  museum,  p.  134.  The  original  sujnacula  have 
lecently  been  deposited  with  his  collections  in  the  British  Museum, 
Mr.  Roach  Smith  has  also  kindly  made  us  acquainted  with  an  uniloubted 
Walsingham  sign,  of  which  he  possesses  a  cast.  It  is  a  small  rectangular 
ornament  of  lead,  on  which  appears  the  Annunciation  with  the  vase  con- 
taining a  lily  between  the  figures,  and  underneath  is — Walsygham.  We 
have  not  been  able  to  ascertain  where  the  original  was  found,  or  in  whose 
possession  it  is  preserved. 

There  is  a  curious  relation  by  Richard  Southwell,  one  of  Cromwell's 
Commissioners  for  the  visitation  of  monasteries,  addressed  to  him  in  July, 
1536.  It  describes  a  secret  laboratory  discovered  in  "Walsingham  Priory, 
a  circumstance  eagerly  seized  by  the  captious  visitor,  whose  special  object 
it  was  to  magnify  suspicion  and  give  a  colour  to  any  mysterious  discovery. 
The  sequestrators,  Southwell  states,  had  taken  possession  of  money,  plate 
and  stuff,  found  at  Walsingham,  and  "  emoung  other  thinges — dyd  thcr 


^-i^JT^^W^-^J^; 


fynd  a  secrete  prevye  place  within  the  howse,  where  no  channon  nor  onnye 
other  of  the  howse  dyd  ever  enter,  as  thev  saye,  in  wiche  there  were 
instrewmentes,  pottes,  belowes,  flyes  of  such  strange  colers  as  the  lick  non 
of  us  had  scene,  with  poysies  ^  and  other  thinges  to  sorto,  and  denyd  (?) 
gould  and  sylver,  nothing  ther  wantinge  that  sliould  belonge  to  the  arte  of 
multyplyeng."  '"  It  is  bj'  no  means  improbable  that  this  furnace  was  for  no 
processes  of  alchemy,  but  simply  the  jdace  where  the  sacristan  molted  the 
metals  suited  for  his  craft  of  casting  signacula  and  "  ampulles  "  for  the 
pilgrims.  Such  a  privy  furnace,  very  probably  destined  for  a  similar 
purpose,  may  still  be  seen  in  an  upper  chamber  in  Canterbury  Cathedral. 


Weights. 

Cott.   MS.  Cleop.  E.  iv.,  f.  2?,\. 


\A-t- 


ters  relating  to  tlie  Suppression  of  Monas- 
teries, p.  138.     Canulen  Soc. 


VOL.    Xllt. 


SOME  KK MARKS  OX  A  CASKET  AT  GOODRICH  COURT. 

Ix  the  collection  of  the  late  iSir  Sainuel  Meyrick,  still 
preserved  at  Goodrich  Court,  is  a  small  casket  of  silver-gilt, 
which  formerly  belonged  to  Mr.  Astle,  and  after^vards  to 
j\rr.  Douce.  By  the  kind  permission  of  Colonel  Meyrick 
squeezes  were  taken  from  it  a  few  months  ago  by  Mr.  A. 
Nesbitt,  from  w^liich  a  remarkably  good  electrotype  in  copper 
has  been  executed,  that  w^as  exhibited  by  him  at  a  recent 
meeting  of  the  Institute. 

The  present  gilding  of  the  casket  is  modern,  but  tliere  is 
no  good  reason  to  doubt  that  it  was  originally  gilt.  It  is 
3^  inches  long,  1|-  inch  Avide,  and  2 J  inches  high,  and 
resembles  a  rectangidar  Gothic  building,  with  a  pitched  roof, 
that  forms  the  lid.  On  each  slope  of  the  lid  are  three 
quatrefoils ;  and  in  each  quatrefoil,  on  one  side,  are  the 
arms  of  England  dimidiated  with  France  semee,  entire  ; 
and  in  eacli  quatrefoil,  on  the  other  side,  are  the  same 
arms  with  a  plain  label  of  3  points  over  all.  A  woodcut 
of  each    coat    is   given    below.      The  last-mentioned  arms 


are  \n  front.  Tlif  former  must  bo  tlinse  of  some  queen  of 
Enjrland,  wiio  w;is  ;i  dauii-htor  of  a  i<iii<r  of  l^^'ance.  There 
were  only  two  fjurciis  of  l*liiL;l;iiid  .•mswciMiig  (his  description 
before  Edw.uil  III.  (|ii;iricr((l  tlic  .-irnis  of  l^'r.-incc  in  WV.V.)  or 
I.")  10  ;  n.'inicjy,  M;irg;n-ct,  I  ho  second  (|ii<'('n  of  M<l\v;ird  I., 
;iri'l  ls;il)<ll;i,  thf  f|nc('ii  of  Mdwai'd  II.  Il  will  pi-cscntiy 
;ipji(-;ir.  tli;it   wliijc    the    l;iHcr    w.'is   <|uci'ii.  there    \v;is   no  one 


REMARKS    ON    A    CASKET    AT    GOODRICH    COURT.  l:J5 

who  bore  the  other  coat ;  and,  therefore,  the  arms  \vithout 
the  label  must  be  Queen  J\Iargaret's. 

The  other  coat  is  probably,  to  some  extent,  incorrect  as 
regards  the  label  ;  for  no  such  arms,  as  England  dimidiated 
with  France,  and  a  label  over  all,  were  borne  by  any  one 
while  either  of  these  two  princesses  was  Queen  of  England, 
unless  it  were  by  Isabella  herself  as  the  betrothed  of  Prince 
Edward  while  his  father  was  living.  This  coat  was  once 
supposed  to  be  that  of  Edmund  Crouchback,  Earl  of  Lan- 
caster, brother  of  Edward  I.  He  bore  England  with  a  label 
of  France,  having  married  for  his  second  wife  Queen  Blanche, 
the  widow  of  Henry  I.  of  Navarre.  Her  father  was  Robert 
Count  of  Artois,  whose  arms  were  France  with  a  label  gides 
charged  with  castles  or.  But,  beside  that  the  label  would 
not  be  correct,  the  earl  would  not  have  used  either  a  dimi- 
diated or  an  impaled  coat  ;  and  in  fact  he  was  dead  before 
Margaret  became  Queen  of  England. 

If  we  suppose  the  label  to  have  been  meant  for  two  labels, 
or  for  parts  of  two  labels,  there  was  no  one  that  bore  such  a 
coat  while  Isabella  was  queen  ;  but  in  that  case  it  might 
possibly  have  been  intended  for  the  arms  of  Blanche  herself 
after  the  death  of  her  second  husband,  the  Earl  of  Lan- 
caster, in  1296  ;  for  she  survived  him,  and  did  not  die  till 
1302,  which  was  three  3''ears  after  Queen  Margaret's  mar- 
riage. There  are,  however,  considerable  difficulties  to  be 
overcome  in  order  to  arrive  satisfactoril}"  at  that  conclusion. 
For  the  label  is  quite  plain,  and  to  all  appearance  but  one 
and  uncompounded  ;  whereas,  for  this  Blanche  the  dexter 
part  of  the  label  ought  to  have  been  charged  with  fleurs-de- 
lis,  and  the  sinister  with  castles  ;  and  even  granting  that  the 
space  is  too  small  for  such  charges,  there  should,  and  most 
likely  would,  have  been  some  means  resorted  to  in  order  to  dis- 
tinguish the  two  parts,  and  show  that  it  was  not  a  single 
label.  It  may  be  noticed  too,  that,  as  France,  in  these  arms, 
is  entire,  the  label  for  Artois  ought  not  to  have  been  dimi- 
diated, but  to  have  been  entire  also.  It  may  be  thought 
difficult  to  distinguish  between  France  dimidiated  and  France 
entire,  because  the  coat  was  semee  ;  but  I  think,  if  a  few 
seals  in  which  those  arms  are  dimidiated  be  compared  with 
the  arms  on  this  casket,  any  one  will  be  soon  satisfied  that 
such  is  not  the  case.  I  need  hardly  mention,  that  instances 
of  half  of  one   coat  being  impalc^l    with    the    entiretv  of 


l:3i;  KEMAKlvS    ON    A    CASKET    AT    UUOUKICII    COL'KT. 

aiiudier  about  that  lUuc  are  not  vei'y  rare.^  Add  to  these 
considerations,  that  there  is  no  reference  to  Navarre  ;  yet 
Blanche  was  Queen  consort  of  Henry  I.  of  Navarre  for 
nearlv  four  years,  and  Avas  generally  styled  Queen  of  Navarre 
until  her  death,  notwithstandiuii;  her  second  nialriaire.  Since 
the  coat  in  question  occurs  three  times  on  the  same  side  of 
this  casket,  the  omission  of  Navarre  could  not  have  been  for 
want  of  room.  According  to  the  heraldic  usage  of  that  age, 
her  arms  would  most  Hkely  have  been  placed  between 
Navarre  on  the  dexter  and  Lancaster  on  the  sinister.  Should 
it  be  objected  that  Navarre  was  not  on  Crouchback's  monu- 
ment at  Westminster,  though  Artois  was,  I  grant  it,  and  reply, 
that  neither  was  the  coat  of  Blanche  herself  there  ;  which 
would  have  been  a  dimidiation  or  impalement  of  Lancaster 
and  Artois,  most  likely  with  Navarre  introduced  in  some 
manner.  The  coat  of  Artois  on  that  monument  had  refer- 
ence to  her  father  to  show  the  alliance,  and  not  to  herself 
AVith  Navarre  Crouchback  himself  was  unconnected.  There- 
fore, there  was  no  reason  why  Navarre  should  have  apjjeared 
on  his  tomb,  unless  her  arms  had  been  there,  and  then  only 
as  i)art  of  them.  1  am  thus  brought  to  a  conviction,  that  it 
is  improbable  that  the  arms  in  (picstion  on  this  casket  should 
have  been  intenchi'd  for  those  of  Blanche  Queen  of  Navarre 
and  Countess  of  Lancaster. 

If  they  were  not  meant  for  licr  arms,  J  think  they  ittmt 
be  those  of  Isabella,  while  she  was  the  betrothed  of  Prince 
Edward,  afterwards  Edward  11.  ;  ibr  1  can  discover  no  other 
person  to  whom  they  can  with  any  show  of  reason  be 
attributed  ;  since  they  nnist  have  belonged  to  some  j)rinccss 
of  France  who  married,  or  was  affianced  to,  an  English 
Prince  that  boi'e  a  label  as  a  mark  of  cadency,  while  either 
Mai-gai-et  or  I.sabella  was  (^ucen  of  England. .  I'here  was  a 
usaire,  which  those  who  have  read  Mrs.  Green's  Lives  of  the 
Princesses  of  England  may  recollect,  of  a  Princess  after  her 
betrothal  a.ssuming  the  same  title  that  she  would  iiave  borne 
liad  she  been  actually  married  to  hrr  bitiothed  ;  and  there 
is  no  reason  to  doubt,  that  with  the  title  she  assumed  the 
corresponding  ai'ms.  Now  had  Isabella  been  manied  to 
I'rince  Edward  in  iiis  father's  lilciinic,  she  wuuld  have  borne 
Knglaiid    with  ;i  l.-ibi'l    ii:inr   diniiili;ilri|    willi   l''r;iiice  semec, 

'  f)ini  of  till)  wuIb   (iI   Mar({arrl,  Couii-       u    fiiiii<iiiii>>iiiin-uiiH  rxiiiii|ili'.  an  H|ii)iurs 
ttim  of  \rU>\»,   HlniiclioH  nistor-in  luw,  in       \>y  «ii  iriiiiaviiig  ol   il  in  Vroiliua,  |.l.  JK. 


KliMAKKS    UJS'    A    CASKET    AT    GOUDKICH    COURT.  L'i? 

either  dimidiated  also  or  entire.  There  was  a  treaty  between 
Edward  I.  and  Philip  the  Fair  in  1299,  by  which  it  was 
agreed,  not  only  that  Edward  should  marry  Philip's  half- 
sister  Margaret,  but  that  Prince  Edward  should  marry  his 
daughter  Isabella,  avIio  was  then  not  quite  seven  3'ears  old. 
The  betrothal  of  the  Prince  and  Isabella  did  not  take  place 
till  May  1303.  Their  marriage  was  deferred  till  January 
1308,  which  was  about  six  months  after  Prince  Edward  had 
succeeded  to  the  throne  of  England.  It  is  possible  the  label 
may  have  been  designedly  placed  over  both  England  and 
France,  but  that  would,  I  conceive,  have  been  anomalous  ; 
for  ladies'  seals  of  corresponding  date  occur,  in  which  the 
label  is  confined  to  the  arms  to  which  it  properly  belonged.'^ 
I  am  therefoi'e  inclined  to  believe,  that  the  extension  of  it 
over  France  was  an  error  of  the  artist ;  and  in  this  opinion 
I  am  confirmed  by  observing,  that  it  appears  to  have  been 
treated  as  an  error  ;  for  though  that  part  of  the  label  was 
not  removed,  the  engraving  of  the  arms  of  France  is  in  each 
case  carried  through  it.  I  think,  therefore,  we  may  upon  the 
whole  conclude,  that  the  arms  with  the  label  are  those  of 
Isabella  as  the  betrothed  of  Prince  Edward  between  May 
1303  and  the  death  of  Edward  I.  in  July  1307  ;  and  if  so, 
they  are  a  coat  which  had  long  become  unknown  ;  for  I  am 
not  aware  of  any  other  example  of  her  arms  during  that 
period  being  in  existence  or  even  recorded. 

The  form  and  size  of  the  casket  have  been  mentioned,  and 
also  the  material,  and  that  it  was  in  all  probability  originally 
gilt.  It  has  all  the  appearance  of  being  of  English  work- 
manship. The  arms  are  too  slightly  engraved  to  lead  me  to 
think  they  were  ever  enamelled.'  Its  form  may  have  been 
intended  to  represent  a  house,  a  chapel,  a  shrine,  or  a  chasse. 
There  is  no  saint,  symbol,  name,  or  other  peculiarity  to  mark 
it  as  ecclesiastical,  unless  the  form  suffices  for  that  purpose. 
Chrismatorics  are  to  be  found  of  a  similar  shape  :  one  such 
was  discovered  a  few  years  ago  in  St.  Martin's  church, 
Canterbury  ;  and  I  have  been  informed  of  another,  in 
which  the  three  compartments  for  the  diff'erent  kinds  of 
chrism  or  holy  oil  were  marked  with  the  letters  used  to 
distinguish  them  ;^  and   I  am  told  by    Mr.  A.    Way,  who 

-  As  an  exuiuiile,  it  maybe  sufficient  kinds:  1.  The  Clirisma  properly  so  called, 

to  mention  tlie  seal  of  Margaret,  Countess  which  was  made  <>f  oil  and  balsam,  and 

of  Artois,  before  noticed.  was  used  at  the  blessing  of  fonts,  chalices, 

^  The  chrisms  or  holy  oils  were  of  three  and  patens, at  the  consecration  of  churches 


loS  KEMAKKS    OX    A    CA:?KET    AT    GOODRICH    COURT. 

had  examiiiL'J  this  casket  before  it  uas  regilt,  that  there 
were  then  traces  of  two  partitions,  which  divided  it  into 
three  compartments,  as  if  for  the  small  vessels,  probabl}'  of 
glass,  that  held  the  chrisms.  This,  therefore,  may  have  been 
a  chrismatory.  If  it  were  not  that,  it  may  have  been  a  box 
for  trinkets  or  the  like,  such  as  might  have  been  a  very 
suitable  present  from  Queen  ^largaret  to  her  niece,  a  child  ot 
ten  or  eleven  years  of  age,  and  indeed  more  appropriate  for 
her  than  lor  Isabella's  grandmother,  as  Queen  Bhinchc  really 
was,  having  been  the  mother  of  Joan  Queen  of  Philip  the 
Fair.  That  it  was  a  present  from  Queen  Margaret  is  highly 
probable  ;  for  the  arms  with  tlie  label  being  on  the  front,  the 
more  honourable  place,  w^ould  seem  to  indicate  the  donee,  and 
those  at  the  back  the  donor.  Had  it  been  a  joint  gift  by 
those  whose  arms  are  upon  it,  the  differenced  coat  would,  no 
doubt,  have  been  in  the  less  honourable  place.  Therefore, 
whether  ecclesiastical  or  not,  I  thiuk  we  may  safely  assume 
this  casket  was  presented  by  Queen  Margaret  to  some  one, 
and  most  likely  to  her  niece  Isabella  on  or  soon  after  her 
betrothal  ;  and  if  it  be  ecclesiastical,  it  may  have  been 
intended  to  form  part  of  the  furniture  of  her  chapel.  We 
find,  for  example,  a  chrismatory  in  the  Inventory  of  the 
effects  of  the  l)uke  of  Berry,  in  1417,  '' un  cresmier  d'argent, 
ver^,  a  trois  estuis  pour  mettre  le  saint  cresme  ;"''  and 
there  was  also  one  of  silver  gilt  among  the  jewels,  &c.,  of 
King  Henry  V J' 

At  any  rate,  whatever  may  have  been  its  object,  and 
whether  a  present  or  not,  one  thing  seems  morally  certain, 
viz.,  that  the  date  of  it  nuist  be  between  September  ^•l\)\), 
when  Margaret  married,  orwery  shortly  before,  and  .l.muary 
13()S,  when  Isabella  became  Queen  of  England  ;  and  witii 
this  inference  derived  from  the  heraldi-y  n|)on  it,  all,  I  think, 
will)  rxMhiinc  the  electi'otyjte,  will  agree  that  the  design  and 
workmanshij)  aecoril.  It  is  not  often  that  an  initiated 
work  of  ail  can  have  the  time  of  its  execution  so  cleaily 
asceiiaiiicij.  \v.  s.   \v. 

niid  altai'M,  nt  linptiMiiH  mill  <-oi)firii)iitii)iin,  ni-cretnlcH,    Lib.     I,    tit.     w.     (I<>    Hucra 

mill    Ht    till-     coiiMccratidii    of     liihlii>|iH  ;  niiftioii''.       TIicn*'    (liflfrfiit    liiinlH    wi-re 

■J.   Oli'Uiii  Cntccliiiiin-iioniiii,  \imci1   uIho  iit  ^jriHTully  <lihtiiiKnifli<-cl  nii   tin-  rcM|i«'clivi) 

WaiitiHriiH  uinl  tii<- cunHi-rratioii  of  cliiirc'licH  vchmi-Im  (■ontiiiiiin^;  tjicin    liy  tlii>  Hlilii'f^vin- 

mill    allurM,    nml     nt     tiir     onjinatioii    of  lioim  CI!  U.  ( 'ATI!    aixil  \  I'lK. 

|>n>'iilM,  ainl  the  riii'iitiHtioii  of  hovrrci^iiM  ;  '    Lulxinlf'x    IOiiiau\    ilii    Lmivrc,   (iioH- 

.!.    OU'iiin    liilirtiioniin    for    tin-   i-xlrcrni-  «:iir<',  p.  •.'.'i.'! 

iitirtioii   of   the   nink.     .Sco  Sii|i|ii<Miii-iitiim  '    Kot.  I'lirl.  1  V.  |i.  'I'Ht. 
Nicolai    df     AiiHiim,     vorn     Oli-inn,    nml 


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NOTICE  OF  AN  ANCIENT  MITRE  PRESERVED  IN  THE  MUSEUM 
AT  BEAUVAIS. 

During  a  recent  visit  to  Beauvais,  M.  I\Iathon,  one  of  the 
Conservators  of  the  Public  Museum  in  that  city,  was  kind 
enough  to  afford  me  facihties  for  making  a  careful  drawing 
of  a  mitre  which  that  institution  has  now  possessed  for  httle 
more  than  a  year.  At  the  same  time  he  communicated  to 
me  some  interesting  particulars  respecting  its  history. 

In  bringing  these  particulars  under  the  notice  of  the 
Institute,  I  have  added  a  few  observations  upon  some  frag- 
ments of  ancient  textile  fabrics,  possessing  analogies  either 
of  design  or  manufacture  with  the  peculiar  features  of  the 
Beauvais  mitre. 

It  appears  that  when  purchased  for  the  Museum,  at  a  sale 
of  a  collector  of  ancient  reliques  at  Beauvais,  there  was  a 
short  notice  appended  to  it,  of  which  the  following  is  a  trans- 
lation : — 

"  This  mitre,  of  somewhat  ancient  form,  was  nailed  to  the 
top  of  one  of  the  presses  in  the  sacristy  of  the  Cathedral  of 
Beauvais.  The  revolutionary  devastations  of  the  year  1792, 
and  the  years  following,  abandoned  it  as  an  object  of  too 
small  value  to  be  noticed.  The  bands  semees  of  fleurs-de-lis, 
with  which  this  mitre  is  ornamented,  would  appear  to  denote 
that  it  was  the  best  of  those  mentioned  by  Philippe  de  Dreux 
in  his  will,  and  which  he  left  to  the  church.  Philippe  de 
Dreux,  grandson  of  Louis  le  Gros,  was  elected  Bishop  of 
Beauvais  in  1175,  and  died  in  1217." 

We  find  accordingly  in  the  will  made  by  this  prelate,  on 
the  day  after  the  feast  of  All  Saints,  the  following  directions  : , 
— "  Ego  Philippus,  Dei  patientia  Belvacensis  Episcopus  .  .  . 
lego  Ecclesia?  B.  Petri  Belvacensis,  prseter  textum  aureum 
quem  jam  dederam,  meliorem  crucem  auream  meam,  et 
calicem  unum  aureum,  et  navem  argenteam,  et  missale  et 
ordinarium  tecta  argento,  et  meliora  sandalia,  mehorem 
mitram,  et  omnes  pannos  meos  senios  {Uericos)  quae  dependere 

VOL.  xm.  X 


140  NOTICE    OF    AN    ANCIENT   MITRE. 

Solent  in  Ecclesia,   et  quindecira  cappas  sericas,   et   decern 
infulas,''  et  octo  dalmaticas.'' 

It  aji) tears  that  the  former  possessor,  above  mentioned, 
•was  under  a  misaiiprehension  ^Yhen  he  imagined  the  term 
'*  meUurcm  ntitram  "  to  apply  to  tlie  subject  of  the  present 
notice.  It  is  more  probable,  I  think,  that  the  expression 
would  mean  the  mitra  preciosa,  of  which  every  bishop  pos- 
sessed one  or  more.  This  latter  was  generally  formed  of 
plates  of  gold  and  silver,  and  was  enriched  witli  pearls  and 
precious  stones  ;  and  it  was  by  no  means  an  uncommon 
occurrence  for  a  bishop  to  leave  it  at  his  death  to  his  cathe- 
dral. In  the  inventories  of  the  treasures  of  St.  Paul's,  Lon- 
don, and  St.  Peter's  at  York,  several  instances  of  this  muni- 
ficence of  the  deceased  prelates  are  recorded,  while  the  less 
costly  mitres  are  stated  to  have  been  given  by  the  gentry 
and  persons  of  lower  degree. 

If  this  mitre  ever  did  belong  to  Philippe  de  Dreux,  (and 
from  its  form  and  armorial  decoration  this  has  been  considered 
by  no  means  improbable.)  I  think  it  must  have  been  included 
in  the  "  omnes  pannos  meos  sericos  "  mentioned  in  tlie  latter 
part  of  the  extract  from  his  will. 

It  is  not  vcr}'  clear  whether  it  must  be  classed  with  what 
was  denominated  the  mitra  aiiriphri/fjiata,  which  was  to  be 
"aliquibus  parvis  margaritis  composita,  vel  ex  serico  albo 
intermixto,  vel  ex  tela  aurca  simplici,"  or  with  the  mitra 
simpled\  which  was  without  gold,  made  of  simple  damask,  or 
even  of  linen. 

This  mitre,  it  will  be  perceived,  partakes  of  both  varieties, 
for  it  is  formed  of  linen  damask  with  embroidered  or[)ln'eys. 
The  fleurs-de-lys  of  these  orphreys  are  worked  in  tlie  common 
embroidery  stitch,  upon  a  ground  of  violet-coloured  silk, 
strengtlicned  by  a  double  layer  of  strong  canvas  underneath  ; 
a  small  silk  thread,  formerly  black,  but  now  brown,  is  worked 
round  each  fleur-do-lys  to  dcnne  the  outline.  The  orphreys 
and  the  linen  damask  were  then  sewn  together,  and  the  whole 
strengthened  hy  a  stiff  piece  of  vellum,  wliicli  in  fact  forms 
the  body  of  the  mitre.  A  lining  of  red  silk  concorded  this 
from  view,  and  formed  a  l)order  by  turning  over  the  inner 
C'flge. 

'    Hy    rff<Toneo    to    DiicanR^,   wn    finl  <if   n.  mitre  ;  niid    .'i,  a    rovcriiiK    for   Iho 

that  till!   word   infvln  him  wvi-rnl  »i(;iiifi-  licmi,  and  pvrhnpn,  orcoMioiiftUy,  the  mitre 

r^liorm  : — I.    A  '•haitiilil'- — whirh    I    think  il>n'lf. 
in  it<»  mf>iinin;;  in  \\\\n  ran**  ;  2.   tho    l/ihfU 


NOTICE    OF    AN    ANCIENT    MITRE.  141 

The  inful(S  or  pendant  labels  have  unfortunately  disap- 
peared, but  if  we  may  judge  by  the  mitre  of  8t.  Thomas  of 
Canterbur}^,  preserved  in  the  treasury  of  Sens  Cathedral, 
and  published  by  Mr.  Shaw,"^  they  would  be  of  the  same 
matei-ial  as  the  mitre,  and  accordingly  may  have  been  of  linen 
damask,  lined  with  red,  and  terminated  by  violet  fringes. 

The  colour  of  this  linen  damask  has  no  doubt  much 
altered  from  its  original  tone  ;  at  present  the  figures  are 
almost  yellow,  and  the  ground  brownish  purple.  In  all  pro- 
bability the  original  colour  was  not  far  different  from  that 
of  the  coarser  kind  of  napkins  of  the  present  day.  M.  Michel, 
in  his  "  Recherches  sur  la  Fabrication  des  etofFes  de  sole, 
d'or  et  d'argent,"  adduces  a  curious  passage  from  the  collec- 
tion of  "  Poesies  latinos  anterieures  au  douzieme  siecle," 
edited  by  M.  de  Meril,  to  prove  that  linen  napkins  were 
w^oven  and  in  use  in  western  Europe  anterior  to  that  epoch. 
Most  probably  this  piece  of  linen  came  from  Abbeville,  which 
had  a  considerable  reputation  for  the  manufacture  during 
the  Xlllth  century. 

As  to  the  rest  of  the  precious  bequests  given  by  the  piety 
of  Philippe  de  Dreux  to  his  church,  M.  Mathon  states  the 
following  particulars  : — 

"  I  have  spoken  with  old  men  who  remember  having  seen 
all  the  copes,  chasubles,  crosses  and  pictures  which  were  in 
the  church  and  treasury  collected  into  a  great  heap  before  the 
door  of  the  church,  and  set  fire  to  as  a  feu  de  joie,  in  1793." 

The  mitre  is  described  in  the  Museum  at  Beauvais  as  having 
belonged  to  Philippe  de  Dreux,  and  indeed  generally  attributed 
to  him  in  that  town.  In  regard,  however,  to  the  tradition, 
which  would  assign  to  that  prelate  this  interesting  example 
of  a  class  of  sacred  objects  of  which  very  few,  of  early  date, 
have  been  preserved,  it  must  be  admitted  that  certain  doubts 
have  arisen.  Mr.  Franks  has  kindly  pointed  out  that,  from 
the  form  of  the  flcur-de-lys,  this  mitre  must  be  referred  to  at 
least  a  century  later  than  the  time  of  Philippe  de  Dreux,  and 
that  the  armorial  decoration  may  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact, 
that  kings  and  distinguished  personages  often  gave,  or  left 
by  will,  their  best  garments  to  be  made  into  sacerdotal  vest- 
ments. I  am  afraid  that  Mr.  Franks'  objection  extinguishes 
the  claim  of  Philippe  de  Dreux  to  the  ownership  of  this  mitre. 
With  regard  to  the  latter  fact  a  singular  contemporary  testi- 

''■  DressesandDecorations,  vol.i.,  pi.  13. 


142  NOTICE    OF    AN    ANCIENT    MITRE. 

mony  is  contained  in  the  story  of  Martin  Hapart  in  the 
''Xouveau  recueil,  Contes,  Dits,  et  FabHaux  dcs  18,  14,  15 
siecles.    Par  Achille  Jubinal."  Paris,  183i).    Vol.  II..  p.  204. 

"  II  ne  a  riens  de  Saint  Michiel 
Fors  les  paroi.s 
Et  I'yniage  que  le  bian  rois 
Fist  parer  des  ses  vieu.x  OuFUOis." 

Considerable  attention  has  been  of  late  years  besto^ved 
by  French  archaeologists  npon  the  class  of  fabrics  of  which 
such  quantities  were  ruthlessly  destroyed.  In  addition  to 
tlie  liglit  thrown  upon  the  subject  by  M.  Michel,  Le  Pere 
Martin,  in  his  "  Melanges  Arclicologiques,"  has  engraved 
many  interesting  reliques,  in  which  an  oriental  character  of 
design  is  strongly  imprinted  ;  and,  although  it  appears 
probable  that  the  materials  of  the  Beauvais  mitre  were 
French,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  pattern  of  the  fiibric 
which  forms  its  base  was  founded  upon  the  traditions  of 
Byzantine  art,  popularised  throughout  Europe  through  the 
Mahometan  weavers,  and  their  successors  of  the  royal  esta- 
blishment in  Sicily.  To  illustrate  this  connection  I  w^ould 
notice  some  details  relatint!"  to  such  manufactures. 

Amongst  interesting  reliques  of  this  class  found  in  France 
may  benientioned  the  remains  of  a  sacerdotal  vesture,  with 
Arabic  inscri[)tions  found  in  a  tomb  of  a  bishop  of  the 
Xllth  century  at  Bayonne,  opened  in  1853.^  The  original, 
witli  the  crozier  of  Limoges  enamel,  and  other  objects,  is  pre- 
served in  the  Hotel  de  Cluny  at  Paris.  There  can  be  little 
doubt  that  they  belong  to  that  period  when  Europe  generally 
was  supjdied  with  fabrics  of  gold  and  silk  from  the  East 
through  Jerusalem  and  Constantinople. 

I  may  here  also  notice  an  example  of  what  M.  i\richel 
calls  tlie  second  period,  when  first  the  Sicilians,  inul  after- 
wards tlie  Italians,  Ijegan  to  nianuracturi.'  silk  on  their  own 
account,  so  as  to  become  independent  of  the  East  ;  but  still, 
as  might  b<3  e.vpected,  with  a  very  strong  infiisioM  of  Oriental 
taste  in  the  designs. 

It  wouM  ;i|ii»('ar  that  when  the  Normans  conquered  Sicily 
they  found  attached  to  the  I';il;i<-('  of  the  Emirs  of  i'alcrnio 
a    very    coinnK^n     state     appciid.'igo    ol    j^astern    Monarchs, 

''  .Mr    Iliirt^cM  liKM  v<Ty  l«iiiill_v  itimciiImI        tlic    iiiitri-     pi-iHirvi d    At     IkiiuvaiH,   de- 
to  tli<>  limlitiiti;  liin   IxMiiilifiil   ilniwiii|{H  of       hcrilx-il  in  llim  .Mi'iiuiir. 
kfHH-irtK-im  iif  nia-iciit   tiwrni-H,  an  bIimi  «f 


NOTICE  OP  AN  ANCIENT  MITRE.  143 

namely,  a  manufactoiy  of  precious  fabrics  destined  for  the 
wardrobe  of  the  king  himself,  or  to  be  used  for  presents 
in  the  form  so  common  in  the  East  at  the  present  day, 
namely,  dresses  of  honour.  The  kings  of  Sicily  of  Norman 
race  retained  this  manufactory,  and  Roger  I.  even  increased 
it  by  transplanting  to  Sicily  the  workers  in  silk  from  the 
Greek  towns  sacked  by  his  army.  Many  of  the  original 
artificers  would  be  Mahometans,  and  we  accordingly  find 
Moorish  patterns  and  even  Moorish  inscriptions  in  most  of 
the  Sicilian  fiibrics  of  that  time.  Thus  the  coronation 
garments  of  the  German  emperors,  formerly  preserved  at 
Nuremburg,  but  now  deposited  at  Vienna,  have  an  entirely 
Eastern  composition  ;  the  cope  presents  Cufic  inscriptions, 
informing  us  that  it  was  made  in  the  city  of  Palermo,  in  the 
year  1133  ;  while  the  tunics  claim  a  little  later  date,  1181, 
but  this  date  is  inscribed  in  the  Latin  language.* 

The  piece  of  stuff,  to  which  I  have  adverted,  was  dis- 
covered in  the  tomb  of  the  Emperor  Arrigo  or  Henry  VI., 
who  died  1196.  It  would  appear  originally  to  have  been 
of  that  colour  called  in  the  inventory  ''Diarhodon "  and 
which,  we  are  told,  "  strikes  the  look  with  the  appearance 
of  fire."  This  at  the  present  day  has  faded  into  a  reddish 
murrij  colour.  Lighter  than  this  was  the  Rhodinum,  or  rose 
colour,  and  a  still  more  delicate  tint  of  the  same  colour  was 
the  LeucorJiodiiia.  The  inventory  of  the  Capella  Reale, 
taken  in  1309,  presents  a  vast  number  of  sacerdotal  vest- 
ments made  of  silk  and  gold  figured  with  lions,  parrots, 
peacocks,  wheels,  antelopes,  &c. ;  so  much  so,  indeed,  that  we 
almost  appear  to  be  reading  again  the  accounts  of  Anastatius 
of  the  riches  of  St.  Peter's,  at  Rome,  in  the  IXth  century. 
Among  the  items  the  inventory  describes  "  cappam  unam 
vetustam  deauratam  super  seta  rubea,  ad  aviculos  et  alias 
operas,"  a  description  which  might  almost   serve   for   the 

*  Representations  of  these  remarkable  and  finislied  in  1 1 32,  ascertained  that  they 

vestments  were  published  in  a  work  pro-  are  identical  with   the  inscription  on  the 

duced  at  Nuremburg,  by  M.  d'Ebncr,  in  robe  of  honour,  above-mentioned,  wrought 

1790;   one   of   the   tunics    is    given   by  for    King    Roger   in    1133,    and    carried 

Willemin,  in  his  "  Monuments  Im'dits,"  away  by  the  Emperor  Henry  VI.     It  was 

pi.  21.      The  inscription  records  th»t  it  subsequently  used  as  the  Imperial  coro- 

was  "operatum   felici  urbe  Panormi,"  in  nation  robe,  and  was  ultimately  conveyed 

the    reign   of    William,    King    of    Sicily.  to     Vienna.        The    Saracens    of     Sicily 

Gaily  Knight,  "  Normans  in   Sicily,"  vol.  wrought  another  robe,  and   presented  it 

ii.,  p.  242,  states  that  a  learned  'Italian  to  the  Emperor  Otbo,  whom   they  desired 

antiquary,  by  careful  examination  of  the  to  conciliate.     It  came  into  the  possession 

Saracenic  inscriptions  on    the    ceiling  of  of    Frederic    II.    and    was   found   in    his 

the  Capella  Rdale,  built  by  King  Roger,  tomb. 


144  yOTlCE    UF    AN    ANCIENT    MITRE. 

tissue  found  in  the  tomb  of  Henry  \l.  I  have  on)}'  to 
point  out  the  drauino-  of  the  animals,  which  is  pai'ticularly 
Eastern,  and  indeed  bears  consideivible  resemblance  to  that 
on  the  hunting-horn  of  ivory  preserved  in  the  Tresor  at 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  said  to  have  been  given  by  Haroun 
Alraschid  to  the  Emperor  Charlemagne.^ 

Sicily  at  this  time  ^vas  celebrated  all  over  the  world,  not 
only  fur  its  stutis  of  gold  and  silk,  but  for  the  application  of 
precious  stones  to  embroidery.  A  contemporary  historian 
quoted  by  M.  j\Iichel,  says, — "  Margaritie  quoque  aut 
Integra)  cistulis  aureis  includuntur,  aut  perforatic  filo  tenui 
connectuntur,  et  eleganti  quadam  dispositionis  industria 
picturati  jubentur  formam  operis  exhibere."  One  piece  of 
this  manufacture  has  come  down  to  us  and  is  preserved 
with  other  things,  including  the  piece  of  the  garment  of 
the  Emperor  Henry  VI.,  in  the  Duomo  at  Palermo.  (See 
woodcut.)  It  is  the  border  of  the  dress  of  Constanza.  the 
consort  of  Henry,  and  is  composed  of  plates  of  gold,  alter- 
nately decorated  with  cioissounes  enajnels  and  filagree  work. 


Boi'Uci  ul  ihu  UuUu  Ml  thu  hiu|jrc66  CuUHtuuza,  size  o(  thu  nht^iual, 
and  one  of  the  oiiarnuUcd  ornuiucutii,  culargod. 

sewn  on  linen,  the  interstices  being  filled  up  with  pearls — 
"  perforatiu  filo  tenui."  "^  Most  of  the  jjoarls,  however,  have 
now  disappeared.  An  enlarged  representation  is  here  given 
of  one  of  the  enamelled  ornaments  ;  the  colours,  red,  blue, 
and  white,  are  varied;  in  two  (tf  the  segments  (;()mj)osing 
earl)  (pintrcfdil.  tlie  centi-.-il  (n-nainrnt  is  val.  surrounded  by 
bhie  and  a  \\hit<'  niamin  ;  in  the  oilier  pair,  blue,  sin'i"ounded 
by  red,  witli  a  Muf  margin.  Tlie  Empress,  who  dieil  in  1 11)8, 
was  interred  in  a  toinb  of  porj)livrv  in  the  Duomo. 

WILLIAM    n URGES. 

'  Il<'prcHriiUitioim    of    llio    ri-murkalil('  li»lu'<l  nt  Niipli-s,  17III,  fol. 

rcliqucH  rouiiil  ill  tlin  toinli  of  llciiry  VI.,  "  .Sri'  ftili-NJ/.cil    rc|iri'mMitiitiiiMH  of  tlii» 

an  niHo  ill   tliohi!  of  ll<i({i-r,  Kiiifj  of  Sicily,  rii'li   tK-conitioii,  an  uIho  of   tlu<  jowelled 

who  (lictl  in    I  l.'i'l,  uiitl  of    tliu    Kinpii'xH  <liik<l<'iii  iiiul  oilier  very  intcrcHtinK  rfli(|U(>H 

CoiiHtnii/.n,   inny   bo  m-fii    in    the  "  Ut'^iili  foiiml     in     tin"     toiiili    of     the     J')iii|ii'cnH, 

S'polrri   ilfl    Duomo  ili    riileriiio,"    pub-  "  Ui'i^nli  Si-polrri,"  Tiiv.  .M.  uiid  N. 


THE  MONASTERIES  OF  SHROPSHIRE :   THEIR  ORIGIN  AND 
FOUNDERS.- HAUGHMOND  ABBEY. 

BY  THE  REV.  R.  W.  EYTON,  M.A. 

In  entering  upon  this  subject,  we  are  at  once  beset  by  a 
variety  of  previous  statements,  which,  as  being  discordant 
with  each  other,  must  involve  some  degree  of  error.  To 
detect  that  error  shall  be  our  first  concern. 

The  first  statement  which  I  shall  cite  upon  the  matter  is 
embodied  in  the  Abbey  Register.'  It  has  been  printed  in 
the  Monasticon,^  but  with  much  verbal  and  grammatical 
incorrectness.  Tliis  is  not  chargeable  on  the  original,  which 
runs  as  follows  : — 

Fundata  est  Ahbathia  de  HmjUmon  anno  domini  millesimo 
centesimo  et  in  anno  ultimo  recpii  Regis  Willielmi  Rufi  et 
anno  regni  Regis  Henrici  primi  primo,  per  Willielmuni  filium 
Alani,  ut  patet  in  pluribus,  et  specialiter  in  duobus  Bullis  sub 
phimbo  Akcvandri  PapcB  Tercii  vocantis  eum  Fundatorem 
predicti  loci.^ 

This  document  then  asserts  Haughmond  Abbey  to  have 
been  founded  in  1100,  and  William  Fitz-Alan  to  have  been 
its  founder.  It  alhides  to  much  unspecified  evidence  of  the 
fact,  or  facts  (for  it  is  ambiguously  worded),  and  particularly 
cites  two  Bulls  of  Pope  Alexander  III.  in  support  thereof. 
Now  we  happen  to  know  something  of  Pope  Alexander's 
two  Bulls  to  Haughmond.  One,  dated  apparently  in  1172,  is 
of  "  Privileges."  It  is  preserved  in  the  Register^  in  all  its 
essential  parts,  and  says  not  a  word  about  the  founder  or 

'  Chartulary  of  Haughmond  Abbey  (in  be    transcribed    or    rather    abridged    in 

possession  of  Andrew  W.  Corbet,  of  Sun-  Harleian  MSS.,  2188  and  ."{SeS. 

dorn,  Esq.),  fol.   76.     This  Chartulary   is  -  Monasticon,  vi.,  108,  No.  I. 

the  same  with  that  which   Tanner  speaks  ^  The  words  "  de  sede  et  loco  abbathise 

of  as,    in    165.'?,   in  possession    of  Dame  ibidem,"  which    in    the    Monasticon    are 

Martraret  Barker.       The  Harleian    MS.,  added   to  this  sentence  as  if  part  thereof, 

No.  446,  which  once  belonged  to  Peter  le  form   in  the  Chartulai-y   the  title  of  the 

Neve,  is  a  fragment  (less  than  a  quarter)  .succeeding  document, 

of   a  very  Hne  original    Chartulary.      A  *  Monasticon,  vi.,  112,  No.  XII. 
few  of  the  lost  contents  of  this  .seem  to 


U6  THE    MONASTERIES    OF    SHROPSHIRE. 

date  of  foundation,  nor  indeed  is  it  a  document  of  the  class 
which  would  be  likelv  to  contain  such  allusions. 

The  other  Bull  also  exists  in  the  shape  of  a  full  and 
apparently  accurate  transcript.^  It  is  dated  at  Tusculanum, 
]\Iay  14,  1172.  It  is  a  confirmation  of  "grants"  to  the 
Abbey.  It  distinctly  indicates  William  Fitz-Alan  as  the 
founder  thereof,  but  says  nothing  about  the  date  of  founda- 
tion. In  short,  a  matter  so  irrelevant  and  discursive  can 
hardly  be  conceived  to  have  crept  into  a  Papal  Bull  of  any 
kind.  AVe  therefore  have  no  other  authority  for  dating  the 
foundation  of  Ilaughmond  in  1100,  than  the  assertion  of  that 
Abbot  or  Canon  of  the  house  whoysrrote  the  above  extract  at 
least  72  years  after  the  event  he  aftects  to  describe  (other- 
wise he  could  not  quote  the  bulls  of  1172).'^ 

Any  one  acquainted  with  those  monastic  documents, 
usually  entitled  "  De  Fundatione,"  or  "  Historia  Fundationis," 
will  know  that  they  are  not  to  be  received  without  caution. 
The  antiquity  of  a  house  was  a  matter  of  pride  as  well  as  of 
advantage.  It  was  tlierefore  seldom  underrated  by  any 
member  of  the  house  concerned. 

We  liavc  external  evidence  which  is  very  strong  against 
this  alleged  date  of  foundation.  William  Fitz-Alan,  the 
undoubted  founder,  was,  as  we  learn  from  Ordericus,  but  a 
youth  in  1  1  oS,  ami  tlierefore  not  born  so  early  as  11 00. 
Also,  there  weix'  no  Canons-regular  of  St.  Augustine,  such  as 
were  those  <jf  Ilaughmond,  introduced  into  England,  till  1 105 
at  the  earliest." 

A  second  date  has  been  assigned  for  this  foundation  under 
the  following  circumstances;  in  the  year  12."3.S  a,  [Shropshire 
jury  had  been  empanelled  to  try  an  issue  as  to  the  right  of 
j)atr<)nagc  over  this  house.  Their  return,  made  to  the  Courts 
at  Westminster,  in  Michaelmas  Term  of  that  year,  remains 
on  the  Plea-Rolls,  and  a  seeming  copy  thereof  is  given  in  the 
Al)b<'y  Register.  The  latter  amplifies  the  inforiiiation  con- 
tained in  the  Plea-Rolls.  Part  of  the  verdict  as  recorded  in 
the  legal  document  is,  "  Dicta  Abbacia  est  dc  feodo  Johannis 

''   liiiil.  .M.S.  3(JG8,  fol.  11.  ullowid    ill    the    t.\t   f.ir  a  p.msil.ility  (imt 

*  Til"    extract    JH    wriiicii    in    roil    ink  iIh-  writt-r  >;<it  his  iiifynimiinn  from  Home 

tlirnnnlmut,  ftii<l    ih  tlnnfor*!  tliu  work  of  older  hi. nice. 

llie   UnWriiiitor  of  tlie    Cliiirlnhiry.       All  ''  'I'iieir  first  lionHcH  Ri-cm  to  linve  lippn 

dociiiiieniH    profcMHiii;;   to   lie   copieil  from  at  ColclieHter,    fonmled     in     I  Kl.'i,— ("JiriHt 

oriijiiiiil    ile.ilH  MUind    in    hlack   ink.     The  Church,  Lomion,   fmimled    about    11(111,— 

(Jlmrtiilarv   wa»i  prohaldy  wrilt4-n    aH   lati>  and   .S'oHiell,    Yorkshire,    founded     iilmiit 

ivi  the  rcinii  of  lli-nry  VII.  ;  hut  I  have  I  1 1  •(.     Sue  MoiiaHticon,  vi.,  37. 


HAUGHMOND    ABBEY.  147 

filii  Alani  et  a  predccessoribiis  suis  fundata."  To  wliicli 
words  the  Register  adds,  "  anno  xxxvii  Regis  Henrici 
Secundi."*  Hcnrj  ]I.  did  not,  however,  live  to  enter  on  his 
36th  regnal  year.  This  inaccuracy  is  not,  I  imagine,  to  be 
explained  by  charging  it  on  a  false  chronology  of  the  jurors, 
who  probably  did  not  make  any  date  part  of  their  verdict. 
It  rather  belongs  to  tlie  transcriber  of  the  chartulary,  who  has 
assigned  the  3"ear  in  which  the  trial  was  taken  (viz.  37 
Henry  11.)  to  the  foundation  of  the  Abbey,  and  so  incorpo- 
rated it  in  the  supposed  verdict,  altering,  however,  the  name 
of  the  Kino;  to  suit  his  own  ideas. 

The  third  date  assigned  for  the  foundation  of  Haughmond 
is  1110,^  which  ma}'-  be  possible,  so  far  as  that  about  that 
time  Augustine  Canons  were  settling  in  England,  but  is 
inconsistent  with  the  known  era  of  the  founder. 

AV^e  may  now  dismiss  all  previous  statements  on  this  subject, 
and  investigate  the  question  of  date  on  other  evidence. 

The  mistakes  which  have  given  to  Haughmond  Abbey  a 
too  high  degree  of  antiquit3%  may  possibly  be  connected  with 
a  circumstance  which  Leland  heard  and  recorded,  viz.,  that 
there  had  been  an  Hermitage  and  Chapel  there  previous  to 
the  erection  of  the  Abbey.^ 

The  Chartulary  contains  no  Charter  of  Foundation  by 
which  we  may  estimate  the  date  when  the  abbey  was  begun. 
The  document  purporting  to  be  a  Foundation-Charter  is  in 
fact  nothing  of  the  kind,  but,  as  I  shall  presently  show, 
belongs  to  a  much  later  period.  The  next  object  of  search 
must  therefore  be  the  earliest  deed  which  the  charter  con- 
tains. This,  when  found,  though  it  may  say  nothing  about 
foundation,  will  probably  belong  to  the  period  immediately 
succeeding  that  event.  The  deed  then  which  I  fix  upon 
hypothetically,  as  the  oldest  in  the  Chartulary,  is  one  whereby 
William  Fitz-Alan  gives  to "  the  Church  of  St.  John  the 
Evangelist  at  Haghmon  the  fishery  of  Upton,  which  is  upon 
Severn,  and  the  man  and  land  pertaining  thereto,  free  and 
quit  of  all  service,  for  the  maintenance   (victum)  of  Fulco 

'Compare    Monasticon   vi..    Ill,    No.  also  gives  1101  as  the  date  of  the  Abbey, 

VIII.,  and  Abbreviatio  Placitorum,  page  and   William    Fitz-Alan    as  tlie   founder. 

129.  He  savs  also  that  William  Fitz-Alan  and 

^  Tanner  assigns  this  date  on  the  evi-  his  wife  were  buried  at  Haughmond.     If 

denee  of   a  MS.    chronicle,    formerly  in  the     founder     is      hereby     meant     (and 

possession  of  Tiioraas   White,   Bishop  of  Lelands  words  can  only  be  so  taken)  it  is 

Peterborough  (168,5-1690).  a  mistake.     He  was  buried  at  Shrewsbury 

'  Itinei-ary,  vol.  viii.,  fol.  11.3  a.   Lcl.an<l  Abbey. 

VOL.  XIII.  T 


148  THE    MONASTERIES   OF    SIIKOrSlIIRE. 

the  Prior  and  all  his  brethren  livins;  in  the  aforesaid  church, 
in  right  perpetual,  so  long  as  faithful  brethren  shall  serve 
God  in  the  same  church.  Witnesses,  Walter,  his  (the 
grantor's)  brother,  and  Christiana,  his  (the  grantor's)  wife."^ 

Now  this  deed  exhibits,  T  think,  the  churcii  of  Ilaughniond 
as  a  Prior}'',  and  so  in  an  intermediate  state  between  the 
previous  hermitage  and  the  subsequent  Abbey.  As  no  other 
charter  to  Haughmond  basso  obvious  an  appearance  of  being 
a  grant  to  a  Priory,  we  have  thus  far  justified  our  selection 
of  this  as  the  earliest  of  its  charters. 

The  difliculty  of  dating  this  charter  is  not  so  great  as  its 
ver}''  brief  testing-clause  would  promise.  The  grantor  was 
a  "  youtli,"^  and  became  an  exile  from  Shropshii'e  in  1138. 
lie  is  not  heard  of  at  any  earlier  period  than  the  close  of 
Henry  L's,  or  beginning  of  Stephen's  reign.  To  that  period 
(1130 — 8)  I  therefore  assign  the  deed.  With  this  agrees  all 
that  can  be  ascertained  of  the  two  witnesses  ;  e.g.,  Walter 
Fitz-Alan  had  no  feoffment  in  bis  brother's  barony  till  after 
1135.  In  1141  he  appears  as  an  active  partisan  of  the 
Empress.  He  died  in  1177.  Christiana,  the  wife  of  William 
Fitz-Alan.  was  a  niece  of  the  Earl  of  Gloucester.  The  latter 
was  the  eldest  of  Henry  L's  illegitimate  childi-en.  It  is  not 
proliable  that  he  should  have  had  a  marriageable  niece  much 
before  113.5.  At  the  same  time  Fitz-Alan  must  have  been 
married  at  least  as  early  as  1 1  3n,  for  in  August,  1 1 38,  ho  was 
father  of  more  than  one  child  by  this  wife,  of  whom  we  are 
speaking. 

Thoro  is  another  very  early  grant  by  William  Fitz-Alan 
to  Haughmond.  It  does  not  speak  of  the  church  either  as  a 
prior}'  or  an  abbey,  but  I  cannot  help  looking  on  this  charter 
as  nearly  coeval  with  the  last.  "William  Fitz-Alan  with  his 
wife,  Uame  Christiana,  give  to  God  and  to  tiie  Church  of  8t. 
John  of  llinion,  and  to  the  Canons  there  serving  God,  two 
r;irnf;itrs  (»f  tlieii"  own  demesne  (do  proprio  nostro  Ihndo)  of 
Hales"'  (Siicrill"  Hales)  :  they  give  the  same  "  Ibr  support 
of  the  Canons' necessities,  in  perpetual  .alms,  lor  the  I'cmission 
ftf  thf  ^--rantors'  sins  and  the  sttuls'  rcclcmjitiou  of  their 
parents  and  ancestors,  and  specially  for  (he  soul  of  their  son 
Alan,  whoso  bod}'  they  liad  bestowed  in  bini.il  there"  (at 
ir.-iii'..'litnftnd).'* 

-  Cliiirtiilnry,  f"l.   Ififl,  »i».  l'rc«fon.  Iiilihulc.    Fifz  Almi  wim  \i|i\vnrilH  f)f  thirty 

*  <)ril»TiciiH   cjilU    him   ho,   hut    thi»'-x-        vi-iirM  nf  ni{r  in  I  I  llll. 
fir«>*uii'iii    (iiiiMl    )•!■    <vinxirii)»l    with    Nfiim-  *   (  Imrliilnry,    (ol.    .'i.'l.      The    limd  ({iv«'" 


HAUGHMOND    ABBEY.  149 

The  next  charter  which  I  shall  cite  is  one  of  which  the 
date  can  be  proved  within  a  year,  almost  within  a  month, 
but  it  does  not  inform  us  whether  Haughmond  w^as  as  yet  an 
abbey,  or  only  a  pi'iory. 

"  Matilda  the  Empress,  daughter  of  King  Henry,  and 
Lady  of  tlie  English,  addressing  the  Bishop  of  Chester  and 
others,  informs  them  that  she  has  given  to  God  and  to  Saint 
John  the  Evangelist  of  Haghmon,  and  to  the  Canons  Regular 
there  serving  God,  three  carucates  of  land  in  Walecote,  with 
the  men  and  all  things  belonging,  with  soch,  and  sacli,  and 
thol,  and  infangetheof,  for  the  remisssion  of  her  sins.  This 
charter  is  attested  l)y  David  King  of  Scots,  R.  (Robert) 
Bishop  of  London,  A.  (Alexander)  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  W. 
(William)  the  Chancellor,  R.  (Richard)  de  Belmes  Arch- 
deacon (of  Middlesex),  Rainald  Earl  of  Cornwall,  W. 
(William)  Fitz-Alan,  and  W.  (Walter)  his  brother,  and 
Alan  de  Dunstonvill.  At  Oxenford."^  This  Deed  passed  in 
June  or  July,  1141,^  and  so  during  Stephen's  imprisonment 
and  the  temporary  ascendancy  of  the  Empress. 

Another  grant  of  the  Empress  to  Haughmond  I  can  say 
little  of.  It  was  of  Walcot  Mill,  and  was  attested  by  Robert 
Fitz  Heldeber,  Walter  Fitz-Alan  and  Nigel  de  Brae.  The 
infamy  of  the  first  witness  happens  to  furnish  us  with  the 
proximate  date  of  this  charter.  It  nmst  have  passed  before 
1144,  when  Robert  Fitz-Hildebrand,  having  betrayed  the 
interests  of  the  Empress  to  Stephen  and  the  Bishop  of 
Winchester,  and  being  tainted  Avith  the  further  crimes  of 
adultery  and  sacrilege,  expired  by  the  same  horrible  death 
which  is  recorded  as  the  judgment  of  Heaven  on  Herod 
Agrippa. 

was  Cuttestou,  then  a  member  of  Sheriff  great  a  problem  to  allow  of  its  yielding 

Hales.     The  forms  of  expression  used  in  any  facts  for  the  clearance  of  other  diffi- 

this  Charter  are  more  antiquated  than  in  culties.     1  would  only  advise  enquirers  to 

mHDy  other  deeds  of  William  Fitz-Alan.  suspect  former  statements  on  that  subject 

Two  of  the  witnesses,  viz.,   Rojier  Fitz-  — IJugilale's  especially. 

Siward,  and  Gluric  the  priest  (Saeerdos),  ^  (JhartulHry,    fol.     220,    collated    witli 

do  not  appear  in  any  other  or  presunip-  Harl.  MS.  2l!i8,  fol.  12.'5. 

tively   later    deed    hitherto  seen    by    me.  •"  Robert  de  Sigillo,  Bishop  of  London, 

The  other  witnesses  are  John  le  Strange  was  so  appointed  by  the  Empress  in  June, 

and     Marescote,    whose     feoffments     in  1141,  when  she    visited   tlie    Metropolis. 

Shropshire,  were  later  than  1 135.    Mares-  From    London   she  and   Kin>;  David  went 

cote,  unless  this  deed   be   the  exception,  to  Oxford,  thence  to  Gloucestersliire,  and 

does    not    appear   till     after    Fitz-Alan's  back  to  Oxford,  where  they  are  known  to 

restoration    in    1155.      John    le    Strange  have  been  on    July  25.     On    August  2nd, 

held,    however,  a   fee    in    Norfolk   under  they  had   invested   Winchester.      'Ihence, 

Fitz-Alan,  which   was  apparently   of  old  after  their  disastrous  defeat.  King  David 

feoffment,   i.  e.    granted    to    him    or   his  Hed  to  Scotland.     He  never  baw  his  uiece 

ancestors    before    1 1  ?>h.        However,    the  afterwai'ds. 
early  history  of  the  Strangea   is  itself  too 


150  THE    MONASTERIES   OF    SHROPSHIKE. 

There  was  a  charter  of  King  Stephen  to  Ilaughiiiond,  in 
which,  addressing  the  Bishop  of  Chester,  he  gives  three 
carucates  and  the  mill  of  Walcote,  as  if  his  own  original 
gift,  antl  without  any  reference  to  the  Empress'  previous 
charters."  Tliis  was  the  usual  course  pursued  by  these  great 
antagonists.  It  is  again  to  be  noted  in  this  charter,  that  the 
grantees  are  described  only  as  the  *•  Canons  Regular  of 
Ilaghnion/'  Another  early  grant  to  llaughniond  is  by 
Walcheline  de  Maminot,  a  noted  partisan  of  the  Empress, 
and  who  early  in  Stephen's  reign  succeeded,  in  what  way  is 
not  known,  to  a  share  of  the  Shro])shire  Barony  of  the 
Peverels.  This  charter  is  to  the  "  Church  of  St.  John  of 
Ilaghmon,"  to  which  it  conveys  the  ]\Iill  of  Bradeforde,^  then 
involved  in  the  Manor  of  High  Ercall.  It  is  attested  by 
Roger  Fitz  Warin  and  Fulk,  his  brother,  whom  I  believe  to 
have  been  tenants  of  the  Peverels  at  Whittington.  This 
deed  passed  before  the  year  1147,  as  we  know  from  the 
concurrent  act  of  Wilhara  Peverel  of  Dover,  at  that  time  a 
Coparcener  in  the  Peverel  estates.  William  Peverell's  grant, 
the  original  of  which  still  exists,^  is  verbally  to  "  St.  John 
and  the  Canons  of  Haiman."  Its  date,  as  well  as  the  date  of 
Walcheline  Maniinot's  deed  (to  which  it  refers),  is  fixed  as  in 
or  before  1147,  for  William  Peverel  went  on  the  crusade  of 
that  year,  and  perished  therein. 

'•  Henry,  Duke  of  Normandy  and  Acpiitaine,  and  Earl  of 
Anjcni,"  confirmed  his  mothers  donation  to  llaughmond, 
according  to  her  charter.  The  prince  was  at  Leicester,  and 
WilHam  Fitz-Alan  attests  his  Deed.^  It  can  be  dated  almost 
to  a  day,  and  so  is  not  only  a  fact  for  history,  but  a  nu)nu- 
ment  of  Fitz- Alan's  constancy.  The  prince  attained  the 
titles  which  he  uses  in  1151  and  1152.  On  January  0", 
115;j,  he  landed  in  England  to  fight  for  his  crown.  He  was 
at  Leicester  on  June  7,  at  Warwick  on  June  12,  and  on 
August  LS  entered  on  that  jtacification  with  Stephen  which 
at  length  ended  in  liis  leaving  England  about  Faster  1  154. 
In  cigiit  mcjntlis  he  returned,  not  however  as  Duke  of 
Xoi'mandv  onlv,  l)iit  as  Ste])hen's  successor  on  tlie  Llirone. 

In    1155,    tbe    llaughmond   Chartulary    su])plies   us    with 

'  (;iiurtiilury,   I">1.   --1.      Suplieii  cuIIh  of    SlircwMliury.       It    Ih    priiilcd     in    Uio 

Wnlriit.',    u    iiii.iiibcr    of    Am    iiuiiior    of  (/'(illcctniifii  'I'ojMtgniiiliictt  tt  Cicueulof^ieii, 

WdiiitoM.  vol.  v.,  |>.  17.V 

"  Clmrniliiry,  lol.  Hit.  '   Chiiriiiliiiy,  l-.l.  JJO  I,. 

»  III   iNjAfM-iMiuii  of  .Mr.  Uvurgu  Moriiw 


HAUGHMOND    ABBEY.  151 

another  interesting  circumstance  and  its  date.  In  the 
beginning  of  July  a  great  council  of  the  nation  had  been 
summoned  to  Bridgnorth  to  settle  the  terms  of  the  king's 
peace  with  Hugh  de  Mortimer,  hitherto  in  rebellion.  William 
Fitz-Alan  now  no  longer  an  exile,  had  restitution  of  his 
lands  and  honours  from  the  king.  On  the  25th  of  July,  the 
day  on  which  he  took  the  homage  of  his  tenants  at  Bridg- 
north, and  in  presence  of  a  great  concourse  of  barons  and 
knights,  Fitz-Alan  gave  the  church  of  Wroxeter  to  the 
Abbot  and  Canons  of  Hageman  in  perpetual  alms,  for  the 
well-being  of  the  Lord  the  King,  and  the  souls'-health  of 
himself,  his  ancestors  and  successors." 

At  Michaelmas,  1156,  the  same  William  Fitz-Alan,  as 
Sheriff  of  Shropshire,  discharges  his  account  of  the  ferm 
of  the  kino's  demesnes  of  a  sum  of  3/.  11^.  4.5.     It  was  for 

o 

"land  given  to  the  Abbot  of  Hageman;"^  and  we  know 
from  later  records  that  this  sum  represented  the  annual 
revenue  arising  from  those  grants  in  Walcote  which  the 
Empress  had  made  long  before. 

Between  his  restoration  and  his  death,  which  happened 
about  Easter,  1160,  William  Fitz-Alan  made  and  encouraged 
various  other  grants  to  Haughmond  Abbey.  He  gave  them 
land  at  Downton,  Marscot,  his  tenant  there,  acceding,  and 
also  Isabel  (Fitz-Alan's  wife)  to  whose  dowry  the  premises 
belonged.  He  gave  them  the  Mill  of  Upton,  with  half  a 
virgate  of  land,  and  the  islands  belonging  thereto,  which 
grant  only  appears  on  the  chartulary  as  if  originally  made 
by  his  son,  which  it  was  not. 

He  gave  them  the  land  of  Piperinges  (in  Sussex)  with  a 
right  of  such  common-pasture  in  the  neighbouring  vill  of 
Stokes,  as  had  been  enjoyed  by  Avelina,  his  mother.  This 
grant  he  made  while  Ingenulf  was  Abbot  of  Haughmond, 
and  before  he   (Fitz-Alan)    had  enfeofled  his  brother  Walter 

-  Some  of  these  particulars  are  taken  curiuus  document,  but  too  long  for  inser- 
from  two  curious  certificates  of  John  le  tiou  here.  I  should  state,  however,  that 
Strange  aud  Roger  de  Powis,  who  (per-  he  gives  Wroxeter  Cliureli  to  his  Canons 
haps  in  consequence  of  some  (question  as  (Cauouicis  nieis  de  Ilagiimon)  "  to  in- 
to the  Abbot's  title  to  Wroxeter  Church)  ci'ease  their  number,  so  thut  they  may 
were  called  upon  to  state  their  recollection  theuceforih  have  a  full  convent."  He 
of  the  grant,  some  jcars,  appart'nily,  also  stipulates  certain  coiKlitions  which 
after  the  grantor's  death.  The  original  the  "  Abbot  of  Haghuu)n  "  is  to  observe, 
of  Roger  de  Powis's  certificate  is  in  the  Here,  therefore,  we  have  not  only  the 
possession  of  ilr.  Geor-e  Morris  of  first  assurance  of  Haughmond  having 
Shrewsbury.  become  an   Abbey,  but  also  a  specific  as- 

The  grant  by    William     Fitz-Alan,   as  seriion  of  its  previous  lowly  condition, 
preserved   in  the  Chartulary,   is   a  most  •*  Rot.  Pip.,  I  lien.  II.     Salop. 


152  THE    MONASTERIES    OF    SllKOrSlIlRE. 

in  Stokes.     He  i^ave  them  the  churcli  of  Stokes  witli  consent 
of  his  wife,  Isabella. 

He  gave  them  half  a  salt-pit  in  South-AVich  (Cheshire), 
a  ^rant  afterwards,  it  wouhl  seem,  increased  by  his  son,  but 
again  without  reference  to  the  previous  gilt  of  the  father. 

He  further  encouraged  and  confirmed  several  grants  of 
his  tenants,  viz.,  of  Hamo  le  Strange  in  Naginton  ;  of  Gilbert 
de  Hadnall  in  Hardwick  ;  of  Osbert  de  Hopton  and  others 
in  Hopley  ;  of  Alan  Fitz  Oliver  and  others  in  Sundorn,  and 
of  Roger  Fitz  Hunald  in  llee.* 

I  have  said  that  William  Fitz-Alan  died  about  Easter, 
1160.  13y  his  tirst  wife,  Christiana,  he  left  no  surviving  male 
issue,  but  by  his  second  wife,  Isabel  de  Say,  Baroness  of 
Clun,  whom  he  seems  to  have  married  about  1153-4,  he  left 
a  son,  William,  an  infant,  whose  minority  seems  to  jiave 
expired  about  June,  1175. 

It  was  during  this  minority  that  King  Henry  II.,  at 
request  of  Alured,  Abbot  of  Haughmond,  who  seems  to  have 
sometime  been  the  king's  tutor,^  granted  to  AVilliam  Fitz- 
Alan  and  his  heirs,  custody  of  the  abbey  and  its  possessions 
in  all  future  vacancies  ;  and  this  notwithstanding  any  grants 
which  had  been,  or  might  be  made,  by  the  king  or  hits  heirs 
to  the  said  abbey.'' 

This  was  in  effect  a  cession  of  the  right  of  i)atronage  by 
the  king  to  the  youthful  heir  of  the  founder  of  Haughmond. 
The  Deed  passed  un(piestionably  either  between  11G3  and 
J  ](')('),  or  else  in  1170.^  The  favour  thus  granted  at  petition 
of  Abbot  Alui-ed,  rather  than  of  ?'itz-x\lan,  is  curiously  con- 
si.stent  with  the  known  minority  of  the  latter. 

Another  charter  remains  on  the  abbey  register,  which 
re(piii-es  a  few  remarks,  inasmuch  as  its  e.xpi'ession.s  are 
.such  as  to  render  it  ciisily  mistaken  for  the  b'oundation 
(Jharter.  It  is  entitled,  "  De  Sede  et  Loco  Abbathiie  ibidem," 
ami,   ill   fact,   conveys  the    site  and    pi'ecinct  of  the  church, 

*  Clidi-tiilary,  puHiiiii  :    iiinl   Ihirl.    .MS.  tt-rlmry,  ho  nii|M(iMU!(l  in    IKi.'i,  nmi  wliu 
2IH»,  fol.  12.1.  «iiH  i-li-ctcl  KihIioji  or  I'Ay  in  117.1. 

*  Ad  iirecm   Aluitdi  Ablialix  d<:  Jlajk-  A  xnint  i»f  liimi  wliii-li  the    \\.\i\\i  nmiio 
inon,  riutricii  inei.  cotcniiiorarily  to    lliiu'liiiiniiil    Iiiim   tin-  two 

*  Mi»naMiicon,  vi.,  10(1,  1 1 1.  \s  itiii-HHi-H    riijlitly    ili'si-riliiil    (Cluiriiiiiirv, 
7    'J'lic    I)«;<<1    piiKMrd    at    WoodHtock  mid         fnl     l.iJ).       h    lils.i  i^  diil.d    lit    WoiMlMlix-k, 

|itn'|i'irlH  t<i  liiivii  l))-i:n   trttccl  liy  (ii-ollVfy,  nn'l  it  ■-•■i-i-ivi->l  tin-  i'ii|inl   ( 'oiifirniiiliiin  in 

"  ArrliliiHJiKji   of    Cmitirliiiry    '  (ii    |«THon  Miiy,  117'J.     'riicHo    Iik-Ih,  wlimi  ciMiiliiiicd 

wlio   n<-v.-r  c.xiMU'il)  uii'l  Kii-iiiird  d«- ('am-  wiili   tin-    knnwii    niovi'iiii-ritH  iil   tln'  Kiiit', 

villc.  Til*-  lirHt  wilni'HH,  wlione  titlti  I  liitvo  lini>t    tliu   diUc  of  lioili    dccdM  hh  htitlt-'d  in 

mnsu   niinilnrly  iniHr«<|>ri!»<-niiMl    elm-wjn-ri',  tliu  tc-xl. 
uitt    l.r<i(fri-y    Uidcl,  Aiiliilimon  of  Can 


HAUQHMOND    ABBEY.  15:3 

with  all  appurtenances,  to  the  canons.^  This  is  done  without 
any  reference  to  a  previous  grant  thereof.  The  charter  is, 
however,  by  the  second  William  Fitz-Alan,  and  so  is  really 
only  a  charter  of  confirmation.  I  could  quote  several  other 
charters  of  the  same  baron,  which  have  similar  delusive 
appearance,  but  avoiding  a  matter  of  such  detail,  I  will 
merely  say  that  this  deed  passed  positively  between  the 
3'ears  1175  and  1196,  probably  towards  the  close  of  that 
period. 

Summarily  then  we  conclude  the  Augustine  House  of 
Haughmond  to  have  been  founded  as  a  priory  between  1130 
and  1138,  to  have  grown  into  an  abbey  in  or  before  1155, 
and  that  its  founder  in  all  respects  was  the  first  William 
Fitz-Alan  ;  that  its  other  benefactors,  during  the  life  of  the 
founder,  were  the  Empress  Matilda,  King  Henry  U.,  Wal- 
cheline  Maminot,  William  Peverel  of  Dover,  and  several  of 
the  founder's  tenants.  We  need  not  include  Stephen,  whose 
grant  was  either  an  act  of  usurpation,  or  a  piece  of  mimic 
piety  ;  but  we  must  add  the  names  of  Randulph  de  Gernons, 
Earl  of  Chester,  who  was  poisoned  by  the  partisans  of 
Stephen  in  December,  1153,  and  of  Walter  Durdent,  Bishop 
of  Chester,  who  died  in  1159. 

The  foundation  of  Haughmond  was  therefore  associated 
with  a  distinct  political  creed,  for  those  whom  I  have  named 
were,  for  the  most  part,  either  the  representatives  or  cham- 
pions of  that  cause  of  legitimacy  which  was  at  issue  during 
the  twenty  years  that  followed  the  death  of  Henry  I.  All 
or  nearly  all  were  sufferers  either  from  the  eminence  of  their 
position,  or  the  greater  loftiness  of  their  principles.  Thus 
out  of  calamities  such  as  Shropshire  has  never  again  expe- 
rienced, were  elicited  at  least  two  beneficial  results — the 
increase  of  its  religious  establishments,  and  the  triumph  of 
those  hereditary  rights  which  it  has  ever  since  venerated  as 
divine. 

*  Printed  Monasticon,  vi.,  108,  No.  II. 


TITK  rPvESEXT  CONDITTOX  OF  THK  MUM  MEXTS  OF  EGYPT 
AND  XUBIA. 

BY  A.  HEXRV  UniXD,  F.S.A.,  LosD.  asd  Scot. 

So  valuable  have  been  the   results  derived   by   modern 
investigation  of  the  Monuments  of  Egypt,  that  it  may  not  be 
uninteresting  to  be  reminded  of  the  present  condition    of 
remains   'svliich  have  occupied  so   prominent  a  place  in  the 
field  of  antiquarian  research.     For  my  own  part,  although 
prepared  to   find   the  evidence  of  the  vicissitudes  through 
which  they  have  passed,  and  of  the  neglect  or  destructive 
cupidity  of  the  Egyptian  government,  so  strongly  deprecated 
as  well  in  official  documents^  as  by  personal  remonsti'ance, 
still  I  did  not  expect  the  reality  which  on  actual  inspection 
is  so  painfiilly  apparent.      Accustomed  as  we  are  in  Britain 
to  the  desecration  and  destruction  of  memorials  of  the  past, 
there  is  a  lower  depth  of  degradation  reserved  for  the  monu- 
ments of  the  ancient  Pharoahs — a  degradation  i-endered  more 
intense  bv  the  noble  aspect  of  the  structures  themselves,  and 
by  the  importance  of  the   facts  to   be    deduced  from   them. 
Already,  in  remote  ages,  they  had  suffered  iV(»m  the  violence 
of  invading  conquerors,  and  the  zeal  of  iconoclasts    whose 
chisels  made  sad  havoc  on  tlie  sculj>tured  walls  ;  but  much 
of  the   sense  of  indignity   wliich  theii-  present    appearance 
suggests,    arises    from    the    circumstance   that    the   original 
character    which   most    of  the    I'eligious    ediiices,    at    least, 
possessed,  as  centres  of  population,  descended  as  was  natural, 
after  they   themselves  had  ceased   to  be   venerated,  and  in 
many    cases    even    to  the   present  day.      Hence   it   is   that, 
except  in  those  instances  wliere  the  sand   ol    the  dcseit  has 
done  its  work  unaided,  the  temples  ai-e  olten  choked  U]i   or 
Mirnniben'd    bv    tlie    d('bris    of  dwellings,    wliicli    grailu.-illy 
fnei-o;irliiii;j;  on  tbeii"  preciucts,  liad   been    built    in   and  u|ion 
tli(,-ni.      And   lience  it   is,  as  no  attempt  lias  in  recent  times 
been  made  to  rescue  them  from  similar  inroa«ls,  that  ruins  of 

'   Kr.  I'.'iwrlng'H  rnrliimi-  titnry  Idpnrt  on  i;>,'V|>l  himI  ('.iiulia 


MONUMENTS    OF    EGYPT    AND    NUBIA.  155 

extraordinary  interest  and  magnificence  arc  devoted  to  the 
vile  purposes  of  a  P'ellali  village.  Thus,  at  Edfoo,  a  small 
colon}^  of  men  and  cattle  is  established  on  the  top  of  the 
half-buried  temple,  after  Dendcra,  the  most  perfect  in  Egypt, 
and  foul  streams  of  manure  trickle  down  its  decorated  walls. 
So  in  like  manner  at  Luxor,  squalid  hovels  are  liuddlcd  round 
the  splendid  columns,  many  of  which  cannot  be  approached 
at  all,  and  many  only  by  penetrating  the  filthy  intricacies  of 
those  miserable  dwellings.  Nor  is  this  by  any  means  an 
unusual  state  of  things. 

The  grandest  remains  of  all,  however,  those  at  Karnak, 
have  happily  escaped  a  fate  so  degrading  as  a  matter  of 
sentiment,  and  so  detrimental  as  a  matter  of  fact.  But  even 
they  have  not  been  left  quietly  to  the  dealings  of  the  hand  of 
time,  and  they  have  suficred  from  the  paltry  rapaciousness 
of  government  ofiicials,  who  sought  there,  as  it  was  their 
habit  to  seek  too  often  in  similar  monuments,  materials  for 
building  some  public  work,  or  for  burning  into  lime.  In  fact, 
to  such  a  pitch  had  this  species  of  spoliation  arrived  some 
years  ago,  that,  besides  other  indications  of  dissatisfaction, 
several  gentlemen  of  influence  addressed  remonstrances  on  the 
subject  to  the  then  Vicero}^  Mohammed  Ali.  The  result  was  a 
promise  from  the  Pacha  that  a  different  course  would  be 
pursued,  and,  as  I  am  informed,  a  standing  order  in  con- 
sonance with  this  promise  was  issued  and  exists.  This, 
however,  has  not  been  strictly  attended  to  ;  and  it  has 
happened  oftener  than  once  that  government  quarr^Tiien  have 
only  been  deprived  of  their  prey  by  subsequent  represen- 
tation to  the  higher  powers.  I  have  not  heard  that  they 
have  of  late  injured  the  ruins  to  any  great  extent,  but  it  is 
hinted  that  this  is  as  much  owing  to  the  absence  of  any 
demand  for  building  materials,  as  from  a  desire  to  abide  by 
the  prohibitory  ordinance.  At  all  events,  in  the  best  point 
of  view^,  the  conduct  of  the  government  with  respect  to  the 
monuments  is  simply  passive  ;  for  the}^  may  be  appropriated 
by  the  Fellahs  as  cattle-pens  or  pigeon-cotes, — in  fact 
al3used  or  mutilated  in  every  way  not  even  short  of  actual 
demolition,  without  apparently  the  slightest  interference. 

The  temples  in  Nubia  are  similarly  circumstanced  to  those 
of  Egypt.  In  like  manner  some  are  embedded  in  mud-built 
hovels,  some  nearly  overwhelmed  by  the  drifting  sand,  and 
even  some  of  those  excavated  in  the  rock  arc  partially  filled 

VOL.    XIII.  z 


156  THE    TRESEXT    CONDITION    OF    THE 

up  by  tlie  restless  activity  of  the  same  agent.  The  entrance 
to  Aboo  Siuibel  which  was  cleared  about  thirty  years  ago,  is 
particularly  exposed  to  obstruction,  and  once  more  is  nearly 
blocked  up.  With  this  exception,  that  wonderful  memorial 
of  the  ancient  religion  is  in  excellent  condition,  and  would 
not  leave  much  to  be  desired  were  it  not  for  the  abominable 
practices  of  travellers  which  have  so  constantly  excited 
indignation. 

It  will  not,  of  course,  be  supposed — and  the  numerous 
illustrated  works  which  are  everywhere  met  with,  would, 
without  any  allusion  here,  counteract  the  impression — that 
many  of  the  ruins  on  the  Nile  are  not  singularly  perfect  con- 
sidering their  great  antiquity,  and  strikingly  noble  notwith- 
standing the  disadvantages  with  which  they  have  to  contend. 
Their  substantial  workmanship  has  stoutly  defied  the  influence 
of  three  thousand  years  in  a  climate  whose  exquisite  equa- 
bility has  rendered  resistance  more  simple  ;  their  massive 
proportions  cannot  easily  be  degraded  even  by  the  closest 
contact  with  the  degenerate  })roducts  of  modern  misery  ;  and 
they  rise  up  grand  and  imposing  amid  surrounding  desolation 
or  among  the  puny  parasites  that  cluster  arouml  them. 
With  respect,  also,  to  some  of  those  of  which  this  may  be 
said,  it  is  perhaps  often  the  case  that  as  regards  picturesque 
eflect  they  sacrifice  little  by  being  j)artially  buried  and  en- 
cumbered by  masses  of  debris.  But  scenic  interest  is  a  small 
part  of  the  character  of  vestiges  so  intimately  bound  up  with 
all  tliat  concerns  the  early  histoiy  of  human  civihsation, 
and  which  have  for  that  very  reason  been  subjected  to  such 
sustained  scrutiny.  Still,  notwithstanding  the  fruits  of  this 
investigation  ;  notwithstanding  tlic  earnestness  with  which 
they  are  desired  ;  notwitlistanding  the  vigorous  pursuit 
implied  by  the  despatch  of  four  or  five  national  cxj)editions, 
no  one  ruin  (jf  constructive  architecture,  save  that  at  Demlera, 
whether  in  Kgypt  or  Nubia,  has  been  thorouglily  ck'ared  of 
rubbisli  :  nor,  with  the  additional  exc('|)tion  of  Mohammed 
Ali  liaving  caused  tlu;  portico  of  the  Tenqile  of  Ksnch  to  be 
excavated  during  our  of  liis  visits,  has  any  attempt  deserving 
(;f  notice  been  nia<le  beyon<l  pailial  explorations  at  points  of 
interest.  No  doubt  tlic  laboin-  of  tlisclosiiiL;  the  whole  of 
huge  temj)les  to  ihcii- foundations,  wliicli  might  bo  productive 
of  ^onoral  instruction  ami  Liratificalion,  rather  than  of  any 
Hpecific    discovery    of   commensurate    briliiaiMy,    could    not 


MONUMENTS   OF    EGYPT   AND    NUBIA.  157 

reasonably  be  expected  from  unaided  private  enthusiasm, 
and  is,  from  its  nature  and  magnitude,  an  undertaking  which, 
did  the  country  possess  an  enhghtened  government,  could 
only  be  looked  for  from  it.  Certainly  it  was  a  work  not 
sufficiently  inviting,  beyond  the  compass  of  their  resources, 
and  savouring  far  too  much  of  the  principle  vos  non  vobis  to 
recommend  itself  to  the  scientific  commissions  who  had 
museums  to  fill  at  home,  and  were  laudably  ambitious  to 
secure  a  higher  and  less  barren  fame. 

With  regard  to  the  tombs,  which  are  so  valuable  from 
presenting  in  infinite  diversity  the  various  phases  of  life, 
manners,  and  religious  belief,  their  nature — being  excavated 
in  the  living  rock — has  preserved  them  in  a  great  measure 
from  the  chance  of  being  gradually  dismembered  and  utterly 
swept  away  like  structural  buildings.  But  although  it  is 
true  their  chambers  and  passages  deep  in  the  sides  of  lime- 
stone mountains  may  last  to  the  end  of  time,  these  may  still 
be  but  as  the  shadow  when  the  substance  is  gone  ;  for  the 
more  perishable  decorations  on  the  walls,  which  may  be 
regarded  as  the  latter,  enjoy  no  similar  immunity.  In  fact, 
the  deterioration  which  they  have  experienced,  even  of  late 
years,  is  alarmingly  considerable,  as  they  manifestly  show, 
and  as  I  have  been  assured  by  those  familiar  with  them  at 
the  period  when  a  voyage  up  the  Nile  was  only  undertaken 
by  the  zealous  few,  and  who  have  seen  what  they  are  to-day. 
In  certain  instances,  a  good  deal  of  this  is  owing  to  dust  and 
other  impurities  arising  from  some  of  the  tombs,  being,  as 
many  were  centuries  ago,  inhabited,  or  at  all  events  occupied 
as  lumber-stores  attached  to  mud-dwelhngs  in  front.  For 
example,  one  of  the  most  remarkable,  that  known  as  the 
Brickmakers',  at  Goorneh,  where  scenes  of  the  most  interesting 
description  illustrative  of  arts  and  customs  are  depicted  with 
great  precision,  is  in  this  condition,  and  is  likewise  a  nursery 
for  tame  pigeons,  which  resent  intrusion  by  fluttering  from 
side  to  side,  and  charging  the  atmosphere  with  impalpable 
dust."  That  under  these  circumstances  the  paintings  on  the 
walls  should  grow  dim  is  not  surprising  ;  and  it  may  be 
anticipated  with  regret,  that  a  continuance  of  this  state  of 
things  will  render  them  at  no  distant  date  hopelessly  obscure. 

-  Dr.  Rol)inson  found  this  same  tomb       cattle.     Biblical  Researches  in  Palestine, 
filled    with    an    Arab   family    and    their       &c.     Vol.  i.,  p.  543. 


158  THE    PRESENT    CONDITION    OF    THE 

The  splendid  Sepulchres  of  the  Kings,  situated  in  a 
mountain  gorge,  are  not,  from  their  sequestered  position, 
liable  to  this  sort  of  treatment,  but  in  them  as  everywhere — 
in  temples  as  in  tombs — the  grand  enemy  of  the  sculptures 
has  been  the  very  reputation  which  demonstrates  their  value. 
Unlike  the  usual  course,  where  increasing  interest  in  any 
object  is  followed  by  increasing  care,  notoriety  has  in  their 
case  been  the  death-knell  of  some  and  the  curse  of  all.  It 
has  been  theii*  fortune  that  hosts  of  the  visitors  attracted  by 
their  fame,  instead  of  bestowing  upon  them  the  cheap  tribute 
of  respect,  have  left  traces  not  unworthy  of  the  followers  of 
Attila  or  of  Genseric.  Apart  from  the  violation  of  good 
taste,  the  amount  of  damage  which  has  been  inflicted  in  this 
manner  can  scarcely  be  believed.  Whole  tableaux  previously 
uninjured  either  in  outline  or  in  colour,  have  been  sacrificed 
in  the  attempt  to  chip  out,  perhaps,  the  head  of  a  figure  that 
excited  an  ignorant  acquisitive  desire  ;  elaborate  inscriptions 
have  been  ruthlessly  mutilated  to  gain  possession  of  one  or 
two  of  the  characters  ;  while  here  and  there  are  to  be  found 
examples  of  that  species  of  vulgar  humour  akin  to  idiotcy, 
which  exhibits  itself  in  irremediably  spoiling  a  historical 
document  or  a  work  of  art,  for  the  sake  of  producing  some 
grotesque  effect.  But  the  most  glaring  offence  arises  from 
the  pains  which  so  many  have  taken  to  secure  lasting  ridicule 
for  themselves,  by  scrawling  or  chiselling  their  names  in  the 
very  midst  of  the  sculptures.  So  often  has  this  silly  and 
liatef'ul  practice  been  reprobated,  that  I  had  no  intention  to 
allude  to  it  ;  only,  as  a  part  of  the  present  state  of  matters 
which  I  have  ventured  to  describe,  I  am  conq)elled  to  say, 
with  regret,  that  up  to  this  hour  a  few  names  seem  to  bo 
added  in  equally  objectionable  positions  to  those  which 
already  excite  derision  or  contempt.  While  leaving  on  ruins 
so  distant  a  record  of  their  visit  tliat  might  possibly  be  their 
only  epitaph,  it  did  not  j)robabIy  occur  to  men  like  Bruce  and 
Bel/oni  to  what  a  disastrous  extent  it  might  be  in  the  power 
of  followers  to  coj)y  their  example  without  the  slightest  exer- 
cise of  discretion.  Jt  is  liuiiiiHatiiig,  however,  to  liiid  ascieiitilic 
body  (piite  I'ecently  coiiiiteiiaucing  tliis  iiu^deni  folly,  by  dis- 
figiiiing  tlie  fiFcat  I'yramid  at  (ii/j'li,  and  inserting  above  its 
entrance,  niid<  r  iIhj  sanction  of  (Ik.' cl.'ussical  iii\c /irt).sknnr?na, 
a  slab  witii  their  names,  inseriljed  to  tlie  honour  of  a  northern 
king,   who,  among  other   pedantic  and  equally   appropriate 


MONUMENTS   OP   EGYPT    AND    NUBIA.  159 

liieroglypliical  epithets,   is   designated   "  the    Favourite    of 
Wisdom  and  History," 

In  connection  with  this  subject  it  is  impossible  not  to 
notice  the  mode  of  action  pursued  by  some  of  the  scientific 
expeditions,  and  particularly  by  that  from  Prussia,  under 
Dr.  Lepsius,  which  spent  three  years  in  the  country  from 
1842  to  1845.  Everywhere  this  body  made  free  use  of  the 
hammer  and  the  crowbar  ;  and  if  half  the  absent  groups  in 
tombs  and  temples,  whose  removal  is  attributed  to  Dr. 
Lepsius,  were  carried  oft'  by  him,  he  certainly  dealt  with  the 
monuments  with  no  sparing  hand. 

It  is  of  course  evident  that  there  can  be  no  fixed  rule  by 
which  to  test  the  propriety  of  dismantling  ancient  ruins  and 
transporting  the  excised  fragments  to  other  lands.  What  in 
one  case  would  be  highly  meritorious,  would  in  another  be 
equally  reprehensible,  the  pecuHar  circumstances  of  each 
being  the  turning-point.  Hence  an  investigator  professing 
to  act  in  the  interests  of  science  can  only  be  guided  by  a 
sound  discretion.  That  in  the  exercise  of  this  discretion 
Dr.  Lepsius  saw  good  grounds  for  some  of  his  proceedings, 
may  unfortunately  be  very  true  ;  but  there  certainly  is  room 
for  a  grave  difference  of  opinion  with  regard  to  some  of  his 
more  prominent  operations.  Take  for  instance  the  most 
magnificent  tomb  in  Egypt,  Belzoni's,  where,  finding  every 
column  standing,  and  the  whole  in  general  good  order, 
he  overthrew  one  to  secure  a  portion  of  it,  leaving  the 
remaining  half  crumbling  on  the  floor.  Many,  we  apprehend, 
would  not  undertake  to  defend  the  decision  of  Champolhon, 
who,  twenty  years  before,  cut  away  one  or  two  slabs  from 
the  same  sepulchre  ;  and  certainly  the  act  contrasts  most 
unfavourably  with  the  right  feeling  and  considerate  care  of 
another  distinguished  archieologist.  Sir  Gardner  Wilkinson, 
and  his  fellow-workers,  who,  about  the  same  time,  laboriously 
examined  and  sketched  the  figures  on  the  walls  by  the  light 
of  wax  candles,  rather  than  injure  the  paintings  with  the 
smoke  of  torches. 

But  not  only  are  the  dilapidations  by  Dr.  Lepsius  of  a 
more  violent  character,  they  were  accomplished  under  a  very 
difterent  order  of  things.  They  were  executed  after  nume- 
rous visitors  from  all  countries  had  begun  to  visit  Egypt 
chiefly  for  the  sake  of  those  monuments  which  lie  was  help- 
ing to  destroy,  and  at  a  time  when,  by  increasing  facilities 


]()0  THE    PRESENT    COXDITION    OF    THE 

of  communication,  a  voyage  up  the  Nile  was  becoming  a 
matter  of  so  easy  acliievement,  that  in  sucli  a  point  of  view  to 
bring  the  ruins  piecemeal  to  Europe  might  be  deemed  as  ad- 
visable as  to  break  off  the  mouldings  from  some  remarkable 
gothic  oditicc  in  Germany,  and  deposit  them  in  London  or 
Paris.  Nor  is  it  enough  to  say  that  the  sculptures  which  Dr. 
Lepsius  removed  at  such  a  sacrifice,  might  have  been 
scribbled  over  or  otherwise  ruined  b}'-  successors  like  those  I 
have  before  alluded  to.  For,  first,  the  alternative  was  no  in- 
evitable sequence  ;  second,  in  so  far  as  the  general  aspect  of 
tlie  monuments  themselves  is  concerned,  it  is  of  little  conse- 
quence whether  they  are  mutilated  b}""  the  crowbars  of  a  scien- 
tific commission,  or  by  less  learned  chisels  ;  and  finally  since 
the  skill  of  the  draughtsman  and  modeller  has  attained  sucli 
excellence,  the  presence  in  our  museums  of  the  actual 
l)locks  hewn  by  the  old  workmen,  is  not  so  indispensable  for 
purposes  of  scientific  research,  that  whole  buildings  of 
matchless  interest  must  be  irremediably  defaced  to  procure 
them,  and  that  they  should  be  deprived  of  the  chance, 
probably  every  year  now  becoming  less  remote,  of  being 
preserved  in  their  original  and  jieculiar  positions  where  their 
value  would  be  tenfold  greater.  Neither  should  it  be  for- 
gotten that  this  sort  of  authoritative  demolition,  b}^  declaring 
ipso  facto,  that  the  ruins  are  delivered  over  to  perdition, 
must  have  largely  tended  to  encourage  tlie  desti-uctive 
faculties  of  succeeding  visitors,  and  to  countenance  the 
wanton  carelessness  of  others.  It  also  ought  to  be  remem- 
bered that,  foi-morly,  when  j\roliammcd  Ali  was  urged  to 
save  the  antiquities,  he  retaliated  by  saying,  "How  can 
I  do  so,  and  wiiy  should  you  ask  me,  since  Europeans  them- 
selves are  their  chief  enemies?"  And  thus,  nllliongh  one 
well-known  investigator  before  named,  Sir  Gardner  Wilkinson, 
could  and  did  intercede  for  them  with,  as  we  liave  ah-eady 
seen  from  liis  own  conduct,  the  best  title  to  be  lieard, 
another,  Ciiampollion,  who  was  also  particularly  pressing 
ill  his  solicitations,  certainly  assumed  a  curiously  incon- 
sistent })osition  when  he  besought''  IIk;  Pacha  to  cherish 
with  relii^ious  can.-  those  very  memorials  which  he  himself 
harl  just  returned  from  despoiling. 

These  considerations  seem   to  show  that  th(>  propriety  of 
the  course  pursued  by  I'rofessor  IjCjjsjms  was  at  least  highly 

•'   Leltri"  .i-rltiH   irKt'vpIc  fl  dr  Niiliir.      A|i|i<>iiilix. 


MONUMENTS   OF    EGYPT    AND    NUBIA.  161 

questionable.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  he  saw  other  reasons 
which  were  adequate  in  themselves  and  sufficient  to  satisfy 
his  judgment  ;  for  certainly  if  he  were  actuated  by  no 
higher  motive  than  to  bring  home  tangible  fruits  of  his 
mission  to  fill  new  galleries  at  Berlin,  his  well-earned  fame 
and  the  liberalit}'-  of  his  government  in  sending  forth  the 
expedition  will  not  shelter  both  from  the  charge  of  unjusti- 
fiable spoliation.  His  proceedings  have  frequently  been 
censured  severely,  and  they  have  sometimes  most  unfairly 
been  attributed  to  personal  objects.  To  accusations  of  this 
nature,  as  unjust  as  they  were  invidious,  he  has  thought  it 
necessary  to  allude  by  repeating  that  "  we  made  the  selec- 
tion of  the  monuments  not  for  ourselves,  but,  commissioned 
by  our  government,  for  the  Royal  Museum,  therefore  for  the 
benefit  of  science  and  a  public  eager  after  knowledge."  '^ 
Yet  this  alone  would  not  be  enough  ;  the  end,  we  know, 
cannot  always  justify  the  means  ;  and  where  would  this 
reasoning  lead "?  Antiquarian  collections  are  no  doubt 
admirable  institutions,  and  so  rare  is  it  to  see  any  over- 
weening zeal  displayed  in  their  management,  that  no  reason- 
able man  would  think  of  squeamishly  conjuring  up  obstacles 
to  their  progress.  But  there  are  certain  limits  to  their  field 
of  operation  ;  and  were  they  to  be  conducted  on  principles 
of  refined  cupidity  akin  to  those  which  stimulated  Aurelian, 
as  some  allege,  to  sack  Palmyra  for  the  purpose  of  seizing 
the  works  of  art  within  its  walls,  or  induced  Napoleon  to 
dismantle  St.  Mark's — were  their  stores  to  be  augmented  at 
the  cost  of  dilapidating  ancient  structures  in  every  quarter, 
without  due  reference  to  the  circumstances  or  conditions 
which  might  render  that  course  desirable  in  itself  or  other- 
wise,— then  we  should  have  seed  capable  of  producing  all 
the  fruit  of  a  fresh  barbaric  irruption,  and  the  world  might 
one  day  be  startled  by  enormities  as  glaring  as  the  despatch 
of  an  expedition  to  treat  for  the  removal  of  the  Fountain  of 
Lions  from  tlie  Alhambra,  or  to  subsidise  the  Neapolitan 
government  for  permission  to  quarry  out  the  choicest  vestiges 
of  Pompeii. 

Six  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago  a  traveller  in  Egypt, 
Abd-el-Lateef,  condemning  by  arguments  drawn  from  reason 
and  philosophy,  the  ravages  which  had  already  commenced, 
deplores  that,  while  "in  former  times  the   kings  watched 

*  Letters    from    Egypt  and    Ethiopi:i.     Note  p.  41.     Horner's  Translation. 


162  THE    PRESENT    CON'DITIOX    OF    THE 

■vNith  care  over  tlio  preservation  of  tliese  precious  remains  of 
the  past,  in  tliese  days  the  reins  have  been  cast  loose  to  men, 
and  nobody  has  troubled  himself  to  repress  their  caprices/'^ 
Of  the  ]ires(.'nt  century  this,  as^ve  have  seen,  could  be  said  as 
truly  as  of  the  Xlllth,  ^vith  the  unfortunate  addition,  that  the 
rulers  were  now  to  be  regarded  as  the  most  dangerous, 
because  the  most  sweepinjj;  and  persevering,  delinquents,  and 
that  too,  unha]>pi]y,  at  a  time  when  the  jirogress  of  scientific 
discovery  was  imparting  fresh  value  to  the  doomed  vestiges, 
and  calling  more  loudly  for  their  conservation.  But  this 
would  hardly  influence  in  any  great  degree  a  semi-barbarous 
despotism  ;  and  under  such  a  government,  careless,  yet 
ra})acious,  lavish,  yet  niggardly — served  by  employes  cor- 
ru[<t  as  those  in  the  East  proverbially  are,  even  the  medium 
course  of  quiescent  toleration  was  little  likely  to  prevail  if 
directly  opposed  to  the  ftincied  exigences  of  a  grasping  self- 
interest.  j\Iany  have  probably  heai'd  of  the  havoc  com- 
mitted, not  earlier  than  the  present  generation,  by  vice-regal 
auth(»rity  or  consent  ;  and  for  those  who  may  desire  minuter 
information  on  the  sul)ject,  an  energetic  writer  has  drawn  up 
a  long  catalogue  of  the  misdeeds  of  Mohammed  Ali,*'  with 
a  zeal  which  cannot  be  disputed,  but  with  a  bitter  censorious- 
ness  almost  indicative  of  jiersonal  resentment. 

A  mere  cessation,  if  such  be  really  the  case — a  mei-e 
cessation  of  these  wholesale  razzias  is  no  doubt  an  imjxu-tant 
gain,  still  the  monuments,  as  has  been  pointed  out,  sutler 
I'loni  so  many  other  quarters,  that  no  languid  supineness 
would  do  nnicii  more  than  p-i-otract  their  deterioration,  if  not 
destruction.  But  surely  tliese  noble  relics  are  not  to  perish 
so  miserably  just  as  they  are  becoming  at  once  more  acces- 
sil)le,  better  luiderstood,  and  moi-e  generally  attractive. 
Every  day  brings  Egypt,  so  to  say,  further  within  the  circle 
of  European  nations,  and  more  within  the  inlhicnce  of  that 
icchng  with  wliich  (hose  heirlooms  of  primeval  skill  are  there 
universally  regarded.  Yet  1  iear  it  will  be  vain  to  hope 
for  spontaneous  active  supervision  on  tiic  p.nt  of  the  native 
government,  although  the  organisation  «»f  its  inferior  depart- 
ments would  allbrd  extraordinary  facilities  Ibr  the  woik  at 
the  most  trilliiig  cx})ense.  1 1'.  Iinwcver.  tins  were  ever 
undei'taken  before'  it   is  too  late,  wliellu  r  inidii-   tlie  jncsent 

*  Hilntlnii  (Ic   rKgypto,  Ir.iil.  pur  S.  <li'  '  'aiililoii'd   Ap|nnl    tu   tin    Aiiiii|ii;iricH 

Sac)-,  p.  \'Jb.  "f  Kino|..v      lllil. 


MONUMENTS   OP   EGYPT   AND   NUBIA.  163 

tottering  regime,  or  after  great  political  and  territorial 
changes  foreseen  on  all  sides  shall  have  occurred — and 
especially  if  by  judicious  exertions  the  principal  ruins  were 
cleared  and  exhibited  to  fair  advantage,  there  would  be 
saved  for  future  ages  a  heritage  such  as  neither  they  nor  we 
would  willingly  lose.  And  it  is  perhaps  not  unworthy  of 
notice  that,  in  the  position  of  affairs,  a  request  from  the 
British  or  French  Government  to  the  Porte,  and  its  vassal 
the  Viceroy,  would  scarcely  be  neglected.  Nor  would  it  be 
an  ignoble  use  of  the  paramount  influence  in  the  East  which 
the  stirring  events  of  the  period  have  given  to  the  Western 
States,  were  they  to  stretch  out  a  hand  to  preserve  for  the 
admiration  of  generations  to  come,  the  remnants  of  the 
greatness  of  a  people  to  whom  are  traced  the  germs  of  our 
hio-her  civilisation. 


(©n'shial  SocumtntiS. 

REGULATIONS   PROPOSED   FOR  THE    OFFICE    OF    ARMS   IN   THE 
REIGN   OF  HENRY   VIII. 

FKOM  A  TRANSCRIPT  IN  THE   LIBRARY  OF    HIS   GRACE   THE   DUKE   OF   NORTHUMBERLAND, 

AT   SYON    HOUSE. 

The  foUowino-  documents,  connected  with  the  functions  of  the  officers  of 
arms,  in  tlic  XVItli  century,  and  the  high  position  Avhich  they  occupied  in 
all  matters  of  state  and  ceremony,  have  been,  preserved  in  the  library  of 
his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Northumberland.  They  are  here  printed  througli  his 
kind  permission.  The  oath  taken  by  Heralds  at  the  time  of  their  creation 
has  been  given  by  Weever  ^  and  other  writers,  but  the  form  as  preserved 
in  the  MS.  at  Syon  appears  to  be  of  earHer  date  than  those  hitherto 
printed,  to  some  of  which  it  is  for  the  most  part  similar.  The  inauguration 
oaths  used  in  lGSo-6,  at  the  creation  of  Sir  Henry  St.  George,  Garter, 
John  Dugdalo,  Norroy,  and  other  officers  of  arms,  closelj'  resemble  the  form 
given  by  Weever,  and  printed  from  Pliilipot  in  the  "  Antiquarian  Repertory," 
vol.  i.  p.  159.  The  very  brief  oath  used  in  more  recent  times  may  be 
found  in  the  *'  Repertory,"  vol.  iii.  p.  375,  wliere  it  is  given  from  Vincent's 
Collections,  preserved  at  the  Heralds'  College." 

The  draught  of  the  order  "  for  the  welthe  and  quyetnes  of  th'office  of 
Arnics"  has  not,  so  far  as  we  can  ascertain,  been  printed  or  even  noticed 
by  any  of  the  writers  on  the  subject.  We  are  disposed  to  attribute  it 
to  Sir  Thomas  Wriothcslcy,  Garter  king  of  arms  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
Vlll.  He  made  large  collections  and  wrote  much  himself  on  all  matters 
connected  with  his  official  functions ;  and  on  his  death,  in  1534,  bequeathed 
his  books  to  his  friend,  Thomas  Ilawley,  Clarenccux,  and  after  his  life  to 
those  who  should  hold  the  office  of  Garter,  for  ever.  The  proposed 
ordinances,  of  which  a  transcript,  probably  contemporary,  has  been  pre- 
served in  the  Duke  of  Northumberland's  library  at  Syon  House,  appear  to 
have  been  submitted  by  Garter  to  the  Earl  Marshal,  designated  at  the 
close  of  the  document,  "your  noble  grace,"  M'itli  the  request  that 
lie  should  put  his  hand  to  tiic  confirmation  of  such  articles  therein  as 
Bcemed  advantageous  to  the  office,  and  cause  the  olliccrs  of  arms  to  do 
likewise.  If  the  Hupj)osition  be  well  grounded  tliat  Wriothesley  was  the 
autbor  of  this  project,  it  was  probably  suiiniittcd  citlier  to  Tliomas  Howard, 
Earl  of  Surrey,  created  Earl   Murslnil  in  150',),  tn-  to  his  successor,  Charles 

'   Weever,  Futicrttll  Mor)umc'iitfl,  p.  (Jfifi.  ainl   ^ivcii  in    his  ('<illoctioii8,  AhIiiii.  M.S. 

-  Coiii|i!ir(:    iiIho    tlio    oath    uh    used   at  I  I  Hi,   |i.    1.      'I'li<^    hcrahl'H    oath    \n   al.so 

NifhohiH   I)<rlhick'H  cn-atioii  uh   WimlHur  luuiid  in  Ahliin.  MSS.,  HKi,  ]>.   lOd'  ;  Hl^iJ, 

hiTuhl,  l,")ll.{,  in   hiH  own   m-cdunt  ol'  iIk;  pp.  1,7;  1 1  l.'t,  p.  ."51,   and   in  other  AIS. 

ceremonial,  (Junt.  Mug.,  .\ov(  niijci",  1  >uil,  ••oIliLiion.s, 


ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS.  165 

Brandon,  Duke  of  Suffolk.  The  former  died  in  1524,  and  in  the  previous 
year  certain  orders  were  concUided,  of  which  a  copy  may  be  seen  amongst 
Ashraole's  Collections,  thus  entitled — "  At  a  chapter  houlden  at  the  frise 
of  Greenwich,  the  23rd  of  May,  15  Henry  VIII.,  it  was  ordained  that  the 
ordinances  insuinge  should  be  observed  by  the  king  at  armes,  wherunto 
the  then  oflacers  at  armes  did  set  the[ir]  signets  maniiell."^ 

It  is  not  however  certain  that  the  provisions  "  for  the  welthe  and 
quyetnes  "  of  the  office  of  arras,  proposed  by  Garter  in  the  draught  under 
consideration,  were  actually  carried  into  effect.  The  indecorous  variance 
which  too  frequently  prevailed,  and  the  intrusion  of  one  functionary  upon 
tlie  province  of  another,  had  from  an  eai'ly  time  called  for  some  wholesome 
discipline. 

In  1368  (18  July,  10  Eliz.),  orders  to  be  observed  by  the  officers  of 
arms  were  made  by  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  at  that  time  Earl  Marshal.^ 
At  a  subsequent  period  no  slight  prejudice  having  arisen  from  disputes,  at 
the  time  when  Burleigh,  with  Lord  Howard  of  Effingham  and  Lord 
Hunsdon,  was  deputed  by  Elizabeth  by  commission  for  the  office  of  Earl 
Marshal,  the  orders  were  set  forth,  in  1596,  of  which  the  titles  may  be 
seen  in  Noble's  "  History  of  the  College  of  Arms."^  It  will  be  seen  that 
although  not  identical  with  the  ordinance  here  given,  there  is  so  close  a 
resemblance  in  many  clauses,  that  those  orders  were  very  probably 
grounded  on  the  regulations  drawn  out,  as  we  have  supposed,  by 
Wriothesley.  Noble  has  also  given  the  heads  of  regulations,  for  the  most 
part  to  the  same  eflect,  proposed  by  Sir  William  Dethick,  Garter,  who 
held  that  office  from  1586  to  1603.^  The  principal  features  of  all  these 
injunctions  are  moreover  familiar  to  us  through  the  well-known  "  Discourse 
of  the  Duty  and  Office  of  an  Herald  of  Arms,"  written  by  Francis  Thynne, 
in  1605.7 

A  remarkable  feature  of  the  following  document  consists  in  the  evidence 
which  it  supplies  of  the  arbitrary  power  exercised  by  the  officers  of  arms, 
especially  in  matters  connected  with  funeral  ceremonies.  In  the  XVIth 
century,  and  the  earlier  part  of  the  XVIIth,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Earl 
Marshal's  Court  appears  to  have  been  absolute  in  all  questions  concerning 
the  office  of  arms  or  the  privileges  of  heralds.  The  correspondence  between 
the  provincial  deputies  and  the  officers  of  arms,  such  as  has  been  preserved 
amongst  Ashmole's  Collections,  presents  singular  instances  of  such  arbitrary 
jurisdiction.^  We  find  these  functionaries  making  bitter  complaint  that 
"  Gent'  keepe  theire  buryalls  secret,  and  are  growne  so  miserable  that  they 
will  not  have  an  escutcheon  of  armes  made  for  them  ;  "  whilst  illegal 
hatchments  or  penons  were  pulled  down,  and  on  one  occasion  the  ignorant 
arms-painter,  who  had  intruded  upon  the  proper  functions  of  the  heralds, 
suffered  the  loss  of  an  ear  for  his  presumption.'* 

^  Ashmol.  MS.  No.  7C.3,    f.    181,  b —  Appendix  p.  xii.     The  chapters  enume- 

182,  b.     See  Mr.  Black's  Catalogue,  col.  rated  are  fifteen,  eomnieiicin<^  with  "  the 

377.  scite  of  the   house   appropriated   to   the 

■•  See    transcripts    of    this    ordinance,  college  of  heralds,"  of  wliich  no  mention 

Ashmol.  MSS.,  fUG,  p.   102,  and  857,  p.  occurs    in  the  draught  of   the  order  by 

22.    A  general  chapter  was  held,  14  Eliz.,  Garter,  here  printed. 

at  which  statutes  and   orders  were  cstab-  ''  Ibid.  p.  x. 

lislied  by  consent  of  all   the   officers   of  ^  Hearnes   Collection  of   Curious  Dis- 
arms.    Glover's    draught    may   be  seen,  courses,  vol.  i.,  p.  1.)I5. 
Ashmol.  MS.  839,  p.  6l)3.  '^  Ashmol.  MS.  83C,  f.  171,  cScc. 

*  History    of    the    College    of    Arms,  '  The  following    documents   are   here 


160  ORIGINAL   DOCUMENTS. 

THE    OTHES    OF    nERAULDES." 

(SyonMS.,  ful.  17.) 

Furste,  ye  scball  sweyre  to  our  SutVraigne  Lorde  the  Kyng,  that  made 
you  of  the  Ordre  of  Ileraude  in  his  exelent  [sic)  presence,  aud  to  he  trewe 
in  all  nianer  poyntes.  And  if  ye  here  ony  manor  Language  or  ony  other 
thynges  that  sholde  towch  treason  to  His  liighe  and  exelent  personne  or 
other  wise  in  ony  poyntes,  as  God  defende,  ye  shall  discover  hit  to  his  hightj 
and  exellent  parsonne,  or  to  his  noble  and  discrete  Cowncell.  So  helpe  you 
God  and  Ilolydome. 

Item,  ye  sliall  be  servysablo  and  Secret  in  all  poyntes,  except  Treasone, 
and  obc'diense  to  all  knighthode  and  gcntilncs  to  Lordes  and  Ladies,  and  to 
all  trentilnien  and  ijentilwomen,  and  as  a  Confessour  of  Amies,  and  Cawse, 
and  Conceill  to  all  them  trowthe,  worschippe,  and  vertewe,  in  that  you'-  in 
you  is  {sic).     So  helpe  you  God  and  Ilolydome. 

Item,  ye  shall  be  trewe  of  all  your  repourtes.  And  diligent  to  seke  wour- 
shippe  and  desire  to  he  in  place  ther  greate  Semble  of  prynces  and  pryu- 
cessis,  Lordes,  Ladies,  and  Estates  of  great  worshippe,  wher  through  ye 
may  have  connyng  to  reporte  to  yourc  prynce  or  pryncesse  or  other  astates 
such  wurshippe  as  is  Occupied  ther.      So  helpe  you  God  and  Ilolydome. 

Item,  ye  shall  promyse  in  Case  that  fortune  fall  ye  to  mete  ony  gontilman 
of  name  and  of  Armes,  that  hath  loste  his  goodes  in  our  Suti'raigne  Lorde 
Service  or  in  ony  other  place  of  wurshipe,  if  he  requyrcd  you  of  yourc 
goode  to  his  Sustenaunce,  ye  shall  gyve  or  Leande  liym  to  your  powre.  So 
helpe  you  Gode  and  Ilolydome. ' 

Item,  if  Case  fall  tliat  yo  be  in  ony  place  that  ye  here  ony  language 
betwcne  gentilman  and  gentilman  that  sholde  towche  ony  stryfe  or  debate 
betwene  them  twoo,  and  after  that  ye  be  send  for  to  come  befor  our 
Suffraigne  I'rince,  Lorde,  or  Juge,  to  beyr  a  witnes  of  the  forsaide  langage 
(sic),  ye  shall  kepe  your  mowth  close  and  beyre  no  witnes  witboute  leave  of 
both  parties.  And  with  their  leave  ye  shall  say  the  Trewth,  aud  leyt 
neyther  for  love  nor  dreade.      So  helpe  you  God  and  Ilolydome. 

Item,  ye  .shall  be  serviseable  and  trew  to  all  wydowes  and  Maydens  of 
their  Sujiportcs  in  all  wurshippe  and  conceill  to  all  vcrtewes.  And  if  ony 
man  wuld  diswurshipe  or  fuurce  tiicm  other  in  ony  manor,  or  otherwise  take 

\\r\nU-il  in  (j'lrtiito.    The  words  — the,  tlifir,  tin'    iiupst    jmrt    hiniiliir    to    this    Imt    not 

iliiit,    &c.,   beinn  Hometinics   bo    writlLii,  iilciiticiil    witli    it,   iiiid    tin-    luii^uftj;i'    in 

H'liiiotiiiicH — y',  A.C.,   Imvo    been    jiriritiMl  wliich   it  is  expresaed  Heenm  of  u   more 

uniformly  widi  tli.     The  volume  of  mis-  recent  time. 

efllaiieouM  ciilleeiions  in  wliieli  these  trim-  -  Conipiire  tho  e.x})reKaion  infra, — "in 

HrriplH  occur   conipriMS    viii-ious  contcm-  nil  tliiit  in  you  is."      I'ossilily  lliesc  wordH 

piir.iry  ilrauulits,  citiiiioiij.'iIm,  \c  ,  cliiclly  were  written  by  liie   lirBt  iianil  "  y' in  you 

r>  lilting  to  the  sixteenth  century.  Amiin^Mt  is." 

thi-Hi)    aro    eiTtain     noticcH    of    Scottish  •'  ThiH  |ilrilj;o  of  a   K'''"'ros!fy,   worthy 

ntruirH,  which,  by  the  kiml   |M-riniHHion  of  of  the  mont  vaunte<l  ilays  of  chivalry,  does 

tho   lJul»e  of  NortinMnberluinl,  have  been  not    occur    in    tlie    latir  formula    of    tho 

communicated    to    tho    .Society    of    Anti-  heralil's  oath  ;    in  that  printid  by  Wccver 

i|u»ricH  o(  .Scotland.  the  promiNc  is  thus  inmliliid,   "  Ve  Hhall 

'    \Ve<  ver,   l-im.    .Moil.,  p.   Ctid,  priiit<'d  j^ive  him   part  ..f  such  >;oci(!  jis   (iodliatli 

"  Tlic  (ialli  of  tho  Herald  at  tho   time  of  sent  you,  to  your  power,  and  jis  you  may 

Ilia  creation  before  iiia   Sovcraigne,"   for  bcarc."     i'un.  .Mon.  p.  (ili?. 


ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS.  1G7 

from  them  their  goodes  agelnst  the  Lawe  of  God  and  of  al  gentylncs,  yf 
they  requyre  you  of  your  goode  Supportacion  ye  shall  diligently  and  trewly 
certifie  it  to  your  Suffraignc  Lorde,  Fryuce,  or  Lordc,  or  Judge,  to  lielpe  them 
that  they  may  have  right  in  all  that  in  you  is,  as  the  Matter  requyrithe.  So 
helpe  you  God  and  Ilolydome. 

Item,  ye  shall  promesse  to  your  powre  to  forsake  all  vyces  and  take  you 
to  all  vertewes.  And  to  be  no  commen  gooar  to  Taverncs  wieh  mighte 
cawse  onvertewouse  and  oncleane  langage.  And  that  ye  be  no  dyse 
Playar  nor  Hasardar.  And  that  ye  flee  places  of  debate  and  onhonest 
places.  And  the  Company  of  whomen  onhoneste.  This  Articles  and  other 
abovesaide  ye  sweyre  trewly  to  kepe  with  all  your  myghte  and  power.  So 
helpe  you  God  and  Ilolydome.^ 

TlIOIlDER  DRAWEN   AND  MADE  BY  GARTIER   KYNG    OP    ARMES    OF    ALL    YNGLOND 
FOR  THE  WELTIIE  AND  QUYETNES  OF  TflOFFICE  OF  ARMES. 

(Syon  MS.,  fol.  24.) 

Furst,  Where  thoffycers  of  Amies  of  this  Noble  Realme  of  Englond  afor 
this  tyme  have  ben  had  in  greate  Estymacion,  and  reputid  the  most 
experte  and  most  approvyd  persons  in  knowledge  of  all  thinges  apar- 
teynyng  to  nobilitie,  above  all  other  oflicers  of  strange  reaulmes,  And 
so  have  contynued  and  have  bene  suffycyently  mayntenyd  by  many 
yeres  in  the  tyme  of  dyverse  famous  and  noble  kynges  and  prynces, 
Wich  officers  of  armes  both  of  utilitye  and  Necessitie  be  requysite  to  be 
had,  both  for  ordring  of  armes  and  Crestis,  Connysancis  and  devicis, 
Regestryng  of  Pedegrewis  and  recordyng  of  marciall  actis  and  valiaute 
dedis,  achewide  by  persons  of  Nobilitie  and  Reynowme,  The  knowledge 
wherof  can  not  be  lightlly  had  withowte  grete  study,  longe  contynu- 
aunce,  and  daily  experyense,  for  lernyng  and  exersycyng  of  the  same, 
wich  Lernyng  and  Exersice  must  ryse  of  reasone,  of  diligent  study, 
serchyng  of  Antiquyties,  and  of  oftyne  commuuycacion  had,  and 
assemblies  of  all  such  as  be  experte  and  playnly  instruct  in  the  featis 
of  the  said  office,  so  that  thoffice  do  not  decay  through  owr  neglifens, 
that  we  may  reforme  owr  sclfis,  doyng  owr  dewties  to  god  and  to  owr 
Suff"raigne  Lord  tiie  Kyngis  Ilighnes. 

Item,  that  we  three  kyngis  of  armes,  Gartier  kyng  of  armes  over  all 
Englond,  Clarcnceux  kyng  of  armes  of  the  Sowth,  and  Norrey  kynge 
of  armes  of  the  Northc,  loke  to  owr  othes,  that  we  bee  sworne  befor 
the  kyngis  highenes  to  his  honour,  and  advauntage  of  this  his  realme, 
to  study  every  day  to  bo  more  cunnyng  then  other  in  thotfyce  of  armes, 
to  tech  other  of  the  saide  office,  how  they  shuld  doo  accordyng  to  owr 
olde  ordynuuiicis  and  Rolles  of  the  same,  To  have  knowledge  of  noble 
gentilmen  of  tliis  realme,  of  their  Cootis,  Who  is  moost  able  to  serve 
the  kyng  owr  Sutfraigne  Lord  in  his  warres,  or  otherwise.  Them  with 
their  Yssewis  trewly  regester,  all  such  armes  as  they  bey  re,  with  their 

■•  Tliis  clause,  as  given  in  Weevcr,  ends  cess^aries     there     enumerated     for     the 

thus. — "  So  God  you  helpe  and  holydoonie,  creation  of  a  herald,  arc,  a  boo!;,  whereon 

and  by  this  Booko,  and   Crosse   of   this  he  must  take  his  oath,  a  drawn  sword, 

sword,    that  beloni;eth   to    Knighthood."  collar  of  SS.,  a  bowl  of  wine,  to  pour  over 

Fun.    Mou.    p.  GG7.      Amongst    the  ue-  his  head,  &.c. 


168  ORIGINAL   DOCUMENTS. 

differcncis  dcwe  in  armvs  to  be  gevvne,  and  their  servisse  tliat  tliev 
owe  by  their  tenour  to  the  kynge  our  SiittVaigne  Lortle. 

Item,  tlie  saide  kingis  of  amies  to  kcpe  trewly  their  visitacions,  and  to 
tench  other  herauldis  and  pnrsyvauntis  of  all  dowbtis  concernvng  their 
oftyce,  if  tlioy  doniando  thoni  so  to  doo,  to  teeh  tlioni  their  deniaiulis. 

Item,  as  oft  as  nede  shall  rcijuyre,  to  kepe  chapiters  for  the  rcforniacion  and 
welthe  of  thotfycers,  to  thcncrease  of  Cunnyng  and  lornyng,  and  to 
regester  all  actis  of  honoure  in  manor  and  forme  as  they  be  doon,  as 
fart'ourth  as  their  Cunnynge  and  power  may  extende. 

Item,  that  Clarenceux  and  Norreykyngis  of  amies  [bring]  all  such  patentis 
of  amies  or  contirmacions  and  pedegrewes  by  them  gyvync  (and 
visitacione  interlined)  to  ony  parsone  or  persons,  to  be  seen  and 
Kegesterde  after  the  old  Custorae  by  a  ccrtein  day,  in  the  bokys  of 
gartier  Pryncipall  kyng  at  amies,  upon  payne — 

Item,  that  all  herauldis  and  purcyvauntis  of  the  Kyngis  Coote,  and  all  other 
Ordynary  or  extraordinare,  or  ony  other  offycer  of  amies  of  the 
Realme  of  Ynglonde,  not  being  of  the  Kyngis  Coote,  to  kepe  their 
order  in  goyng  on  Festyvall  days  according  to  their  rowmes  and 
awncyentye,  not  goyng  oon  at  thothor  Ileclis,  but  a  good  space  on 
froili  the  other  at  all  tymes,  so  that  it  may  bo  saide,  that  we  kepe 
good  order  seyng  we  be  thordercrs  of  all  otlier. 

Item,  that  every  offycer  know  and  forbeir  his  awncyent  feylowc  to  suffer 
hyiii  to  speyke^  not  to  Kcply  ageinst  hyiu  till  he  have  herd  his  reasono. 
And  then  to  speyke  and  shew  his  mynd  ;  And  if  that  ony  deniande  hyin 
ony  questione,  to  putte  it  to  his  awncyent  if  he  bo  there,  and  that  no 
purcyvaunte  assoyle  if  a  Ilerauld  be  there.  And  if  a  Kyng  of  amies  bo 
there  to  put  it  to  hyiu  to  assoyle,  so  that  no  man  of  thotiicc  medio,  his 
awncyent  being  present. 

Item,  for  all  such  days  as  they  Ordynaryc  shuld  gyve  attendaunce  on  the 
kynges  highcncs  at  ony  festyvall  day,''  if  it  be  a  kyng  of  arnies,  and 
he  be  absent,  when  the  kyngis  grace  goith  to  Evensong,  ho  shall  lose 
of  his  parte  to  his  company  being  there  for  that  defaulte — xvj  d.  A 
Ileraulde — viij  d.  And  a  purcyvaunte — iiij  d.  that  shuld  be  their 
ordynaryc.  And  if  he  defawtc  the  next  day,  to  dowble  the  same  some, 
onles  he  bo  sickc  or  have  conunandment  of  the  Kyng  or  his  conccll 
contrary,  or  els  thes  to  stand  in  effect  without  favour  of  ony  of  them 
of  what  degree  so  ever  he  be,  without  the  cause  or  leytt  aforsaide. 

Item,  that  neyther  Ileraulde  ne  Purcyvaunt  of  amies  medic  with  nothyng 
that  longith  unto  the  kyngis  of  amies,  without  the  aucthorytie  of  the 
said  kyngis,  that  is  to  say,  Enteremeutis,  nor  to  order  ony  arnios,  as 
(juartior,  or  mynishe,"  or  ]>utt  in  I'alc  mariages,  without  the  lycens  of 
the  Kyngis  of  amies.  Nor  crcstis  nor  devices,  nor  Instmccions  t)r 
i'dlogrewis  of'  ony  thing  longying  to  thoftice  of  the  forsaide  Kyngis 
of  armoH,  wilhouto  theyr  laut'uU  auctorytie,  u|ion  such  j>ayne  as  slialhe 
ordyncd  by  chapiter.      Nor  tln-y  to  have  non  advantage  of  the  kyngis  of 

'   llinry  VII.  in   tlw  tliinl  yi  ar  of  IiIh  crrtnin  iivcricN  ami  r<  rs.  AiistiH,  Oidrrof 

rciu"  inti<l<-  nil  onliiiaiK-i-  fcir  tlic  i<-;,'iiliir  tli<'  (iiirl'T,  vol.  I.  I?-.'. 
ntliMKlftiiri-    of    tlifj    heniJcU  on    principal  '''  Markn  r)r  cndi'iicy,  or  ilifr.TcnccH  of 

fesMtN,  roiiiirilH,  tic,  mid  llwit  on  nil   ordi-  nniiH,  wiT<'n..nulinn'M  t.-niicd  diniiiiutioim. 
nnry  occBmoim  a  king  of  nrniH,  lici-nM  nnil  '  Xic.   ToHhildy  nii   <n  or   of   (lio   truii- 

ptirwiivnnt,    ttlu.iild    ntHiid    in    rotation,  ncribiT  for "  <>/■  ony  lliiiin,"  A:c. 
arcordini;  i»>  llic  Hclicnie  tlieii  iKiUli'd,  with 


ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS.  1G9 

ariues,  till  they  be  well  recons3'ldc  ami  know  their  defaultis,  without 
their  lawfull  auctorytie  in  that  behalf,  They  havyng  aucthoritie  to 
have  them  cntred  in  the  Bokis  of  the  kyugis  of  amies  their  doingis 
froiil  tyme  to  tyme  trcwly  and  according  to  thold  ordynauucis  of  the 
saide  ofHcc. 

Item,  that  no  paynter  niedle  with  no  armory  of  no  mans  puttyng  to  hyiii, 
Nor  take  upon  hym  to  medle  with  burials  of  ony  nianer  of  parson  or 
persons,  of  what  degre,  astate,  or  condicion  so  ever  they  bee,  Avithout 
the  Lycens  of  a  kyng  of  armes  appoyntid  ;  and  if  he  doo,  the  kyng  of 
armes  to  put  the  Busynes  to  other  wurkenien  till  he  be  reconsyld  ; 
And  they  to  have  no  profytt  of  the  saide  kingis  of  armes  handis  after 
a  Lawfull  wornyng. 

Item,  that  thoffycers  of  armes,  Iicrauldis  and  pursyvauntis  shall  visytte  all 
the  paynters,  Marblelers,  glasyers,  and  goldsmythcs,  for  armes  not 
lawfull,  to  brynge  the  Trycke  to  the  kyngis  of  armes  ;  And  if  he  be 
not  trew  Armory,  to  deface  theiii  at  their  parels  or  they  goo  to  ony 
place  for  memorye  ;  to  thyntent  they  may  aske  cowncell  in  so  doyng  of 
Kyngis  of  armes  and  of  them  that  have  Aucthoritie. 

Item,  that  No  waxchaundlers  seit  or  poynte  ony  armes  uppe  or  achementis 
of  ony  parsons,  till  the  parties  have  agreid  with  the  kyng  of  armes, 
as  they  will  have  the  favour  of  the  saide  kyng  of  armes  for  their 
proffyttes  in  gretter  caussis  for  ther  advauntagis,  and  therfor  to  be 
paynede/ 

Item,  that  thoffycers  of  armes  that  be  expert  in  lernyng,  takyng  payn  in 
thes  thinges  to  see  them  executid,  shall  have  profytte  and  advantage 
befor  them  of  thoffice  that  applieth  them  to  no  lernyng,  nor  in  this 
thing  aforsaide  take  no  payne,  [who  ?]  schall  have  no  protfytte  in  tyme 
commyng. 

Item,  that  no  offycer  of  armes  from  hensforth  complaynyng^  to  ony  Estate 
or  gentilmah  ageinst  ony  offycer  of  armes,  but  onely  to  the  Compayny 
of  tiie  kyngis  and  offycers  of  armes  furst,  The  wich  offycers  shall 
redresse  the  said  coraplaynt  amongest  them  selfis  or  otherwise  in  their 
Chapyter,  Indifferently  and  equally,  withowt  ony  favour  or  parcyaltye, 
or  els  to  complayne  to  therle  Marshall. 

Item,  that  every  offycer  of  armes  use  and  haunte  honest  j)lLicis  and  good 
compaigny  ;  And  that  they  eschew  all  placis  and  parsons  wich  many- 
festly  and  openly  be  sklawnderde  ;  And  if  he  be  of  good  behaviour 
and  manors,  that  he  kepe  hym  self  from  shame  and  vicious  language, 
and  above  all  thingis  from  speykyng  openly  ony  villany  in  presens  of 
the  People.  And  in  tyme  convenyent  that  he  applye  hym  self  to 
reede  Bokis  of  good  manors  and  Eloquens,  Cronycles,  Actis,  and  gestis 
of  honour,  feattis  of  armes,  and  the  proprities  of  Colours,  and  herbis 
and  stonys,  to  thyntent  that  they  may  be  the  more  acceptable  and 
commendable  and  wurthy  to  have  preferremcnt  to  come  to  honour, 
with  payn — 

Item,  we  wuU  that  in  every  Chapiter  Certen  dowbtis  be  movyd  for  thawg- 
mentacion  of  thoffice  in  JScyens,  and  the  said  dowbtis,  so  assoyled  by 

^  The  waxch.andleis    appear   to   have  tlie    einl)alming.     It     is    recorded    that 

taken  a  leading  part  in  ancient  obsequies.  Elizabeth,  second  daughter  of  Henry  VII., 

Besides    torches    and     numerous    lights  was  "  eered  by  the  wax-chandler."  Dai't's 

around  the  hearse,  they   probably  were  Westm.,  vol.  ii.  p.  '23. 

engaged   in  supplying    the    cerecloth  for  ''  Possibly  an  error  for  "  complayn.'* 


170  ORIGINAL    DOCUMEXTS. 

good  ileliheracion  and  detormyned  trowlv,  for  a  perpctuall  memory  to 
be  regesterd,  upon  payne — 

Item,  we  wyil  that  no  man  presume  to  take  upon  hym  to  make  visitacion  or 
to  have  knowledge  of  Oerten  armys  of  ony  Estate  or  gcntihiian,  what 
so  ever  he  be,  in  manor  aforsaid,  witliowt  tlic  Lycens  of  the  fnrst  kyng 
of  amies,  or  of  the  kyng  of  amies  of  the  marches  that  the  gcntilman 
is  of,  upon  Payne — 

Wherfor  your  said  Oratour  most  humbly  besechitlio  yoiu-  noble  grace  with 
good  dcliberacion  to  peruse  thes  articles  by  the  said  gartier  thus  made 
and  drawcn  for  the  quyetnes  of  thoffice,  and  after  your  gracis  most 
high  discression  to  put  your  hand  to  the  confirmacion  of  such  of  them 
as  your  grace  doith  suppose  concerne  the  welth  of  thoffice.  And  to 
comniaunde  and  cawse  the  offycers  to  doo  likewise  to  them  and  such 
other  as  your  grace  shall  devyce  and  ordcyn. 


^Procecliings  at  tt)e  ittfcttngs  of  tlje  i^rchacological  jInsu'tutE. 

February  1,   1S5G. 
OcTAviDS  Morgan,  Esq.,  M.P.,  F.S.A.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

A  COMMUNICATION  was  received  from  the  President  and  Council  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy,  announcing  their  intention  to  form  during  the 
ensuing  summer  an  extensive  collection  of  Scottish  Historical  Portraits, 
and  to  inaugurate  hy  such  an  appropriate  exhibition  the  new  galleries 
recently  erected  by  Government  in  the  structure  adjoining  the  National 
Gallery  at  Edinburgh.  For  some  years  past  a  project  of  this  nature  had 
been  under  consideration  ;  the  value  and  interest  of  such  an  Exliibitiou 
must  obviously  be  very  great  in  the  illustration  of  the  History  of  Art,  the 
elucidation  of  National  history,  and  tend  to  encourage  the  development  of 
an  historical  school  of  Painting  in  Scotland.  The  Academy  had  taken  up 
the  undertaking  with  energy  ;  the  project,  having  been  submitted  to  the 
Hon.  Commissioners  of  the  Board  of  Manufactures,  in  Edinburgh,  and  to 
the  Lords  of  H.M.  Treasury,  had  received  the  entire  sanction  of  the 
government.  Scotland  is  rich  in  works  of  Art  of  the  kind,  and  such  a 
series  must  greatly  contribute  to  the  gratification  of  those  who  may  visit 
Edinburgh  during  the  meeting  of  the  Institute.  The  Royal  Scottish 
Academy  expressed  every  desire  to  give  furtherance  to  the  purposes  of  the 
Institute  on  that  occasion,  and  invited  the  co-operation  of  the  Society  in 
giving  aid  to  the  proposed  Exhibition  of  Scottish  Wortliies,  by  information 
regarding  such  valuable  portraits  as  may  be  preserved  in  private  collec- 
tions in  England.  The  project  has  subsequently  received  the  sanction  and 
patronage  of  her  ilajesty,  who  has  graciously  signified  her  pleasure  that  the 
portraits  of  James  III.,  king  of  Scotland,  of  Margaret  of  Denmark,  and  of 
their  son,  afterwards  James  IV.,  now  at  Hampton  Court,  as  also  the 
remarkable  "  Darnley  Picture,"  with  other  Scottish  portraits  in  the  Royal 
collections,  should  be  sent  to  Edinburgh  for  exhibition.  The  curious  portrait 
of  Queen  Margaret  is  familiar  to  many  of  our  readers  through  the  admirable 
plates  in  Mr.  Shaw's  "  Dresses  and  Decorations." 

The  Hon.  Richard  Neville  gave  the  following  account  of  his  recent 
explorations  at  Great  Chesterford,  and  of  a  cemetery  discovered  in 
December  last,  adjacent  to  the  site  of  the  Roman  station. 

*'  The  burying-ground,  of  which  the  description  is  subjoined,  is  the  third 
cemetery  of  the  Romans  which  I  have  examined  since  1  first  commenced 
excavations  at  Great  Chesterford.  Like  the  two  before  noticed,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  general  custom  it  is  placed  on  the  outside  of  the  walls  of  the 
town  ;  the  former  ones  lay  to  the  north-east  and  north  at  nearly  the  same 
distance  from  the  wall,  while  the  present  one  is  on  the  south,  and  also  about 
two  hundred  yards  distant,  and  the  river  Cam,  in  this  instance,  intervenes 

VOL.  XIII.  B  B 


172  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS   OF 

between  them  ami  it.  The  site  is  a  field  belonging  to  J.  Parker  Ilamond, 
Esq.,  of  Pampisfonl,  to  whose  kindness  1  am  indebted  for  permission  to 
explore  the  spot.  The  field  is  skirted  by  the  modern  road  from  Chesterford 
to  Ickleti'ii,  which  pursues  the  track  of  the  ancient  way,  and,  deeming 
from  this  circumstance,  as  well  as  its  situation  on  the  outside  of  the  station, 
that  it  was  a  likely  spot  to  contain  funeral  renniins,  I  commenced  digging 
there  on  the  17th  of  last  December.  The  result  justified  my  expectations, 
for  within  twenty  feet  of  the  iiedge  on  the  side  of  the  Ickleton  road,  tiie 
labourers  met  with  vessels  of  Roman  fictile  ware,  which  were  at  once  shown 
to  be  of  a  sepulcliral  character  by  the  burnt  human  bones  contained  in  the 
largest.  Before  the  first  day's  work  terminated,  sixteen  of  them  had  been 
exliumed,  and  the  number  was  increased  to  twenty-nine  by  the  evening  of 
Saturday,  the  22nd.  Many  of  these  urns  were  entire,  and  most  of  the 
others  have  been  restored  from  the  fragments,  which  lay  in  heaps  where 
the  vessels  had  been  originally  interred.  They  stood  apparently  in  groups, 
and  as  there  were  only  seven  olla'  containing  burnt  bones  out  of  twenty-four 
vessels,  I  should  infer  that  there  were  no  more  than  the  same  number  of 
persons  interred,  which  is  confirmed  by  the  nature  of  the  accompanying 
urns,  since  they  are  clearly  of  domestic  use,  and  buried  as  such  with  their 
owners  ;  among  them  are  four  plain  jyatera  of  Samian  ware,  with  potters' 
names — marci.  ma  : — mixxa  : — tittivs  : — andeuxi — five  bottles  with  one 
handle,  of  white  ware  ;  one  pitcher,  elegant  shape,  of  ditto  ;  four  black 
pocula  ;  the  remaining  five  of  the  twenty-nine  were  found  in  a  group  by  the 
side  of  a  small  infant  or  very  young  child,  and  call  for  remark  in  conse- 
quence. The  group  consisted  of  one  white  ware  buttle  with  one  handle  ; 
one  small  plain  Samian  ware  dish  with  ivy-leaf  pattern,  and,  as  usual,  no 
potter's  name  ;  and  three  very  small  vessels  of  black  ware,  and  similar  in 
shape  and  size  to  those  found  formerly  at  Chesterford,  with  the  remains  of 
infants,  which  are  engraved  in  Volume  X.  of  this  Journal,  page  21.  Here, 
then,  in  contradistinction  to  the  general  custom,  instead  of  being  buried  in 
suggrundaria  or  under  the  eaves  of  the  houses,  we  have  an  instance  of  an 
infant  interred  in  the  middle  of  adults,  but  still  without  cremation.  Nor 
does  this  instance  stand  alone  here,  for  on  excavating  the  ground  around, 
although  no  fresh  interments  by  cremation  were  discovered,  as  many  as 
twenty-five  more  small  children  were  found  lying  separately  in  no  regular 
order,  and  many  separate  from  one  another  ;  one  of  these  had  another 
small  vessel  of  the  same  type,  and  by  another  some  fragments  of  a  snuxU 
glass  vessel  wore  lying  ;  the  renuiinder  were  accompanied  bv  no  deposit. 
The  ground,  it  is  true,  contained  many  ohj(!cts  of  interest,  but  none  which 
I  can  connect  immediately  with  those  infantine  remains,  nor  were  there  any 
traces  of  foumlationn  or  debris  of  buildings  in  the  soil  ;  otherwise  it  might 
have  been  supposed  that  the  babies  had  been  interred  among  them,  as  I 
have  found  them  in  every  Roman  building  hitherto,  or  that  n  wall  had  been 
built  as  a  fence  to  the  graves  of  their  parents,  aromnl  which  they  had  been 
laid,  since  twenty-five  out  of  the  tWenty-six  chililrcii  were  rather  outside 
than  among  the  mass  of  other  burials,  'i'he  soil  was  carefully  trenched  on 
every  siile,  an<l  produci'd  several  coins  and  two  or  thr<'e  nu)re  fictile  vessels, 
whi(;h  ure  no  d(»ubt  in  somo  way  connected  with  the  interments  desciilied, 
or  others  perhajtH  disturbed  by  agrieulliinil  operations.  In  a  small  blaek 
vuMC,  ittiperfect  fniin  old  fracture,  tiight  coin.H  wtuo  found,  seveu  of  large 
bran«,  one  Hadrian,  two  AntonimiH,  two  Kjiustina  sen.,  one  Lueilla,  ono 
(^'ommodus  or    AurcliuH,    ami    one  ilji-i^'ililr  ;    the    cit'litli,    u    small    brass  of 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  173 

Tetricus  nearly  new,  lay  in  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  below  all  the  others,  and 
may  be  considered  as  near  the  date  of  the  deposit  ;  but  close  to  this,  and 
apparently  dropped  from  the  broken  side  of  the  pot,  a  base  metal  denarius 
of  Gailienus,  with  a  large  brass  Hadrian  and  Antoninus  were  also  found, 
as  well  as  a  one-handled  bottle  of  white  pottery.  About  a  score  of  coins 
were  found  in  the  course  of  the  excavation,  all  third  brass  of  the  Constantino 
family,  of  Tetricus,  and  Valentinian,  with  the  exception  of  one  Carausius, 
a  large  brass  of  Antoninus,  Trajan,  and  Faustina  the  younger  :  the  usual 
amount  of  bone  pins,  iron  styli,  keys,  one  of  the  latter  with  a  lute  shaped 
top  of  bronze,  two  or  three  bronze  spoons,  and  a  fine  bow-shaped  bronze 
fibula,  comprise  the  list  of  relics  obtained.  Nearly  all  the  coins,  keys, 
spoons,  etc.,  have  passed  through  the  fire  and  suffered  in  consequence.  I 
cannot  conclude  this  account  without  mentioning  the  discovery  of  an  entire 
human  skeleton  near  the  western  end  of  the  work.  Near  it,  although  not 
immediately  close,  an  enormous  urn  of  thick  black  ware  was  lying  in  frag- 
ments, which  proved  to  be  too  much  decayed  to  be  restored.  •  Some  idea 
of  the  size  will  be  afforded  by  the  fact,  that  the  diameter  of  the  bottom  was 
18  inches,  which  would  indicate  the  girth  to  have  been  over  4  feet,  and 
there  is  no  reason  to  doubt,  from  the  number  of  fragments,  that  the  height 
was  proportionally  great.  The  above  particulars  will  enable  you  to  form  an 
opinion  as  to  what  connection,  if  any,  there  is  between  the  last-mentioned 
human  body  and  the  Roman  cemetery." 

Mr.  Arthur  Trollope  communicated  the  following  notices  of  Roman 
pottery  found  in  Lincoln,  and  of  a  recent  discovery  of  a  small  vase  of 
peculiar  ware,  rarely  if  ever  bearing  the  potter's  mark,  and  in  this  instance 
stamped — camaro  .  v.,  a  name  hitherto,  as  we  believe,  not  recorded. 

"  In  excavating  for  the  foundations  of  some  houses  in  Monson  Street, 
Lincoln,  in  November,  1855,  a  Roman  cinerary  urn  was  found,  6i  inches 
in  height,  2|  inches  at  base,  and  4  inches  8-lOths  over  top.  This  urn  is 
somewhat  peculiar,  and  differs  from  others  in  having  seven  rows  of  pro- 
jecting knobs,  which  have  been  pushed  out  by  some  blunt  instrument  from 
the  interior.  It  is  of  that  porous  light  ware  called  Castor  ware,  but  which 
is  found  continually  at  Lincoln,  and  was  made  to  a  great  extent  at  the 
Boultham  pottery,  situated  about  a  mile  from  Lincoln.  Great  quantities  of 
fragments  of  the  same  ware  was  found  at  this  pottery  in  1847,  from  four  to 
five  feet  deep,  in  cutting  a  railroad  through  it.  The  paste  of  which  this 
urn  is  formed  is  light  yellow  approaching  white,  the  exterior  is  brushed 
over,  from  the  inside  of  the  lip  to  the  edge  of  the  base,  with  a  metalloid 
wash,  composed  chiefly  of  a  small  sparkling  yellow  mica  ;  underneath  the 
urn  the  maker's  name  is  stamped,  as  fresh  as  if  only  just  turned  out  of  the 
potter's  hand.  This  ware  appears  to  have  been  used  chiefly  for  drinking 
cups  and  urns  of  moderate  size.  Some  are  found  ornamented  with  raised 
figures  representing  hunting  scenes,  animals  of  various  kinds,  and  scroll 
patterns.  All  these  are  raised,  havitig  been  first  moulded  and  then  affixed 
to  the  urn  whilst  the  clay  was  wet.  The  figures  are  of  the  same  clay  as  the 
urn,  in  some  cases  a  white  pattern  is  put  on  in  pipe-clay  slip.  The  glaze 
employed  is  not  a  true  glaze,  impervious  to  moisture,  like  what  is  seen  on 
Samian  ware,  but  merely  a  metalloid  wash,  sometimes  brushed  on,  when 
it  was  intended  to  decorate  the  outside  only,  but  generally  the  pieces  were 
dipped  into  the  liquid,  covering  them  both  inside  and  out.  After  this  they 
were  turned  upside  down  to  drain,  which  is  the  reason  so  many  are  seen 
with  a  very  slight  coating  towards  the  bottom.      This  ware  does  not  appear 


17-i 


TROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 


to  have  underfjoue  two  firings  ;  the  wash  was  put  on  as  soon  as  the  vessel  was 
dry,  after  which  they  underwent  a  moderate  firing.  Some  of  the  metalloid 
colours  seen  on  many  pieces  at  Lincoln  are  very  heautiful,  beginning  with 
yellow  of  many  shades,  then  colours  like  polished   steel,  many  shades  of 


Vm  found  iu  Lincoln.     Height  6i  in. 


Potter's  stiinip,  orig.  size. 


>'^ 


hrown  with  purple  tints  thereon,  and  lastly  black.  Although  so  many 
metallic  tints  are  seen  on  tliese  nrii.'<,  the  material  from  which  it  was  made 
was  probably  obtained  at  Lincoln  from  the  oclircy  ferruginous  stone  bed, 
the  next  stratum  under  the  lower  oolite.  In  the  ochrcy  bed  is  formed  the 
sparkling  kind  of  mica,  ochre  and  iron. 

'*  Li  packing  the  kiln  the  Romans  were  in  the  habit  of  putting  the  small 

drinking  cups  in  the  larger  ones,  then  one  on  the  top  of  the  other,  and  so 

on   until  the  kiln   was  filled.      Thus  many  urns   when   fired   appeared  of 

the   colour  of  polished   steel,  brown  or  black,  on  being  taken  out  of  the 

furnace  ;   according  to  the  degree   of  heat,  and  the  quantity  of  iron  they 

received  at  the  time  of  dipping,  the  closeness  in  which  they 

were  packed  in   another   urn,  or  in  the  middle  of  a   kiln. 

Those  on  the  out.side  and  top  would  assume  a  yellow  hue, 

whilst  the  lower  jiart,  which  had  fitted  within  the  rim  of  the 

one  underneath,  would  be  dark,  and  have  more  or  less  of  the 

polished  steel  or  other  metalloid  tints.      This  is  .shown  by  a 

j)ortion  of  an  urn  in  my  possession — a  rim  of  clay  adheres 

to  the  lower  part,  where  it  caught  the   edge  of  the  urn  in 

which    it   was    placed.      The   upper  part    of    this  urn    is 

of  a  brilliant  yellow  ;    the  lower  part,  undi-rneath  the  rim  of 

r**.      rTW      t-'liiy,  is  quite  of  a  dillerent  colour,  being  dark  with  a  metalloid 

V'jfa      '""l'"'-  ;   the  inside  is  the  same  (-(donr  as   the  lip  of  this  urn, 

K.e1      Khowing  that  another  urn  had   been  ]>laced  on  it  in  the  kiln. 

wUff      ^''''i'"  the  urn,  figured  above,  on  the  same  level   was  found  a 

rulttr,  or  knife  ;  jiortions  of  wood  are  seen  in  the  socket,  it 

meaHuri'H  9.^   inches  in  lenglli  from   the  point  to  end  of  the 

Hocket,  the  bladi'  is  (JJ  inches;  it  is  much  eorrodi'd,  a  piece  of  the  jioint  is 

broken   otf,  at   which  place  the  section  of  the    blade    is   very  plainly   seen, 

bliowing  that  it  hail  a  back  of  considerable  Htrenglh  and  thickncsH." 

Mr.  C  I).  nKl>roi(i),  by  the  permisHion  of  Henry  (ireaves,  Esq.,  produced 
the  'I'utbiiry  Horn.  The  Honor  of  'riilbury,  Slairordsliirc,  extends  into 
the  adjoining  counties  of  Derby,  Nottingham,  l^eicestcr,  and  Warwick.      It 


r 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  175 

h  a  portion  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  and  formed  part  of  the  Lancas- 
trian possessions  from  the  time  of  its  acquisition  hy  Edmund  Crouch- 
back,  the  first  Earl  of  Lancaster,  in  1266,  till  their  conversion  into  a 
Duchy.  It  had  previously  belonged  to  the  Earls  of  Derby  of  the 
family  of  De  Ferrars.  Many  of  our  readers  will  recollect  the  mention 
of  this  Horn  in  Blount's  Tenures,  and  Mr.  Pegge's  paper  in  the 
Archseologia,  TIL,  p.  1.  It  there  appears,  on  the  authority  of  a  MS. 
formerly  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  St.  Lo  Kniveton,  that,  at  some  early 
period  not  stated,  Walter  Achard,  or  Agard,  claimed  to  hold  by  inherit- 
ance the  office  of  Escheator  and  Coroner  through  the  whole  of  the  Honor 
of  Tutbury  and  the  Bailiwick  of  Leyke  ;  for  which  office  he  could  pro- 
duce no  evidences,  charter,  or  other  writing,  but  only  a  white  Hunter's 
Horn,  decorated  in  the  middle  and  at  each  end  with  silver  gilt  ;  to 
which  also  was  affixed  a  girdle  of  black  silk  (cingulum  byssi  nigri), 
adorned  with  certain  "fibula;"  of  silver,  in  the  midst  of  which  were 
placed  the  arms  of  Edmund,  the  second  son  of  King  Henry  III.,  ac- 
cording to  the  MS.  quoted.  The  arms  now  on  it  are  France  (modern) 
and  England  quarterly  with  a  label  of  three  points  ermine,  impaling 
vair  or  vairy,  for  the  tinctures  are  not  given.  The  Horn,  with  the 
belt  and  appendages,  is  engraved  in  the  Archa;ologia.  but  Mr.  Pegge 
supposed  the  label  to  be  charged  with  fleurs  de  lis.  These  charges  are 
not  clear,  being  very  minute  ;  but  they  more  resemble  ermine  spots  than 
fleurs  de  lis,  and  there  was  no  coat,  we  believe,  such  as  this  would  have 
been,  if  the  charges  were  fleurs  de  lis.  Henry  Earl  of  Derby,  son  of 
John  of  Ghent,  and  afterwards  King  Henry  IV.,  bore,  in  the  life  time  of 
his  father,  France  and  England  quarterly  with  a  label  of  five  points,  of 
which  two  were  charged  with  ermine  spots,  and  three  with  fleurs  de  lis  ; 
and  the  same  coat  was  borne  by  his  son  John  Duke  of  Bedford  ;  but  these 
charges  are  all  alike,  and,  as  has  been  said,  resemble  the  former  more 
than  the  latter.  Mr.  Pegge  remarks  on  the  discrepancy  between  the  arms 
mentioned  in  the  MS.  and  those  now  on  the  Horn,  and  especially  the 
omission  of  the  coat  vair  or  vairy  ;  but  if  the  claim  were  made,  as  is  most 
probable,  before  John  of  Ghent  became  Duke  of  Lancaster,  the  shield  of 
arms,  if  any,  must  have  been  different  from  the  present,  and  it  may  have 
been  only  England  with  a  label  of  France,  the  arms  of  Crouchback  and  the 
succeeding  Earls  of  Lancaster,  as  they  were  Lords  of  Tutbury.  Judging 
by  its  form  and  e.\ecution,  and  the  three  fleurs  delis  for  France,  the  present 
escutcheon  may  be  referred  to  the  beginning  of  the  XVth 
century,  soon  after  the  time  the  Duchy  and  Crown  were 
de  facto  vested  in  the  same  person,  Henry  IV.  The 
belt  is  of  black  silk,  with  silver  mountings, 
possibly  as  old  as  the  escutcheon,  though  they  appear 
rather  later.  These  arms  have  long  been  a  perplexing 
subject.  They  can  hardly  be  an  impalement  on  a 
marriage  ;  for  no  prince  of  the  lineage  of  John  of 
Ghent,  the  first  who  bore  the  dexter  coat,  married  a 
lady  whose  paternal  coat  was  either  vair  or  vairy. 
A  daughter  of  his  by  Katherine  Swinford,  viz.,  Joan  Beaufort,  married 
Robert  Lord  Ferrers  of  Wem  ;  but,  even  supposing  the  coats  to  be  re- 
versed because  of  the  lady's  royal  blood,  this  marriage  will  not  explain 
these  arms  ;  for  it  is  remarkable  that,  though  legitimated,  this  lady  did  not 
use  her    father's   coat,   but   Beaufort,    which   was    France    and    England 


]7»J  PROCEEDINGS   AT    MEETINGS   OF 

quarterly  witliiu  a  borJure  coinpony,  as  appears  by  her  seal  described  in 
Sandford  ;  and  Ferrers  of  Wera  bore  vairy  with  a  lion  pass,  guard,  in  a 
dexter  canton,  Mr.  Pegge  suggested  that  a  Ferrers  of  Tamworth  may 
have  held  the  above-mentioned  offices  by  this  Horn  before  the  Agards, 
because  a  Nicholas  Agard  of  Tutbury,  who  was  living  in  1569,  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Roger  Ferrers,  son  of  Sir  Thomas 
Ferrers  of  Tamworth.  But,  beside  that  this  does  not  account  for  the 
impalement  of  Lancaster  according  to  any  known  heraldic  usage,  the  claim 
by  Walter  Agard  must,  in  all  probability,  have  been  considerably  earlier 
than  l.odO.  The  sinister  coat  is  most  likely  not  Ferrers  of  Tamworth,  but 
that  of  the  Earls  of  Derby  of  the  family  of  do  Ferrars,  the  last  of  whom  was 
disinlicrited  in  ll?G(J,  and  his  estates,  including  the  Honor  of  Tutbury, 
were  granted  to  Crouchback,  and  the  earldom  granted  to  his  grandson,  Henry 
Earl  of  Lancaster,  in  1337.  This  vairy  coat  occurs  also  on  one  of  the  seals 
of  Tutbury  Priory,  which  is  said  to  have  been  founded  in  1080  by  Henry  de 
Ferrars,  an  ancestor  of  the  Earls  of  Derby  of  that  name.  Seeing  that 
the  escheator  and  coroner,  who  held  by  this  Horn,  was  an  officer  under  the 
Lord  of  the  Honor  of  Tutbury,  and  that  the  Honor  had  gone  first  with  the 
earldom,  and  then  with  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  from  12GG  till  the  probable 
date  of  this  escutcheon,  and  that  from  13G2,  and  indeed  earlier,  the  Lord 
of  Tutbury  had  been  Duke  of  Lancaster  and  Earl  of  Derby  ;  and  since 
the  dexter  coat  is  without  doubt  that  of  the  Duke  of  Lancaster,  though 
tlie  quarters  of  France  had  earlier  been  borne  senu'e,  it  has  been  suggested, 
that  these  two  coats  may  have  been  intended  for  those  of  the  Duchy  and 
Earldom  respectively,  the  arms  of  the  ancient  Earls  of  Derby  having  been 
taken  as  those  of  the  earldom,  just  as  the  arms  of  the  first  Duke  of 
Lancaster  were  shortly  afterwards  adopted  as  those  of  the  Duchy,  This 
would  seem  highly  probable,  but  that  it  is  rare  in  English  heraldry  to  find 
any  arms  referred  to  dignities  or  property  instead  of  jiersons.  Some  indi- 
cations of  atten)pts  to  introduce  a  practice  of  this  kind  are  to  be  met  with, 
yet  it  never  gained  such  a  footing  as  it  did  in  Scotland  and  other  countries. 
Still,  until  some  better  explanation  of  these  arms  be  given,  this  suggestion 
seems  not  undeserving  of  attention,  as  the  escutcheon  so  understood  might 
be  in  the  nature  of  a  badge  worn  by  the  official  owner  of  the  Horn,  or 
regarded,  as  the  arms  of  the  Honor  of  Tutbury,  for  tliere  are  some  Honors 
to  which  arms  have  been  attributed. 

As  to  tiie  devolution  of  the  ownership  of  this  Horn,  it  may  be  mentioned 
that  the  heiress  of  Agard  married,  we  understand,  in  1G29  a  Stanh<q)e  of 
Elvaston  Derbyshire  ;  a  descendant  of  whom  sold  it,  with  the  offices,  in 
1753,  to  Samuel  Foxlowe,  Esq.,  in  whose  possession  .Mr.  Pegge  saw  it. 
His  son,  tile  Ucv.  F.  Foxlowe,  by  his  will  gave  it  to  his  widow  ;  and  she  by 
her  will  gave  it  to  his  nephew  Francis  (ireaves,  Esq.,  of  iianner  Cross, 
Sheffield,  atid  Ford  Hall,  ('liapel  le  Frith,  now  a  minor.  Tli(>  various 
po.HHessors  of  this  interesting  relic  have  appointed  ecuttncrs  and  other 
officers.  The  last  appointment  was  made  a  f(!W  months  ago  l)y  the  father 
of  Mr.  F.  fjreaves,  and  is  menti(jn('(l  in  Notes  and  (^Micrii's,  L'nd  Scries,  i. 
p.  115. 

'i'lie  Hnv.  W.  H.  Gi;nm;h  gave  a  detailed  account  of  tin;  ancient  library 
of  Winche-^ter  College,  and  ((specially  of  bocdis  given  by  the  founder,  as 
recorded  in  the  origiiuil  catalogutis.  Mr.  (Junner  exhibited  tracings  from 
several  hingular  drawings  in  one  of  the  manuscripts,  ehicilly  of  an  allegorical 
charactnr,  rir  moral  HymholismH  ;  amongst   them   was   an  early  map  of  the 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  177 

world,  of  pointed  oval  form,  surrounded  by  the  ocean,  Jerusalem  being 
placed  in  the  centre- 
Mr.  G.  SciiAUF  read  a  memoir  on  the  Coventry  Tapestries,  of  which  he 
produced  an  elaborately-coloured  representation,  which  he  had  executed  with 
tiie  greatest  care.  After  a  few  preliminary  observations  on  the  importance 
and  rarity  of  historical  tapestries,  Mr.  Scharf  remarked  that  the  date  of 
the  tapestry  at  Coventry  appears  to  be  towards  the  close  of  the  XVth  or 
early  ia  the  XVIth  century.  It  was  evidently  executed  for  the  place  it 
still  occupies,  and  is  most  probably  a  Flemish  design,  wrought  at  Arras,  a 
town  which  gave  its  name  to  the  old  English  designation  for  hangings,  and 
is  still  perpetuated  in  Italy  by  the  word  ''  Arazzi."  The  compartments  in 
this  tapestry  correspond  precisely  with  the  muUions  of  the  window  over  the 
spot  where  it  was  placed,  and  it  exactly  fills  the  wall  against  which  it 
hangs.  The  design  is  divided  into  six  compartments,  first  by  a  horizontal 
line  the  entire  length  of  the  tapestry,  and  tiiis  is  again  intersected  by  two 
upright  divisions,  leaving  the  two  central  purtions  narrower  than  the  outer 
ones.  The  lower  central  division  contains  the  Assumption  of  the  Virgin, 
attended  by  the  twelve  apostles.  Angels  support  the  figure  of  the  Virgin, 
who  stands  upon  an  angel  holding  the  crescent.  In  the  compartment  to  the 
left  a  monarch  kneels  at  a  desk,  on  which  lie  a  book  and  arched  crown,  and 
behind  him  stand  numerous  courtiers  and  noblemen  :  a  cardinal  kneels  in 
front  of  them  behind  the  king.  On  the  opposite  side  a  queen,  with  a 
coronet  on  her  head,  kneels  attended  by  her  ladies.  The  upper  division, 
on  the  right  side  of  the  pictui-e,  is  filled  with  female  saints  ;  the  foremost 
are  St.  Katharine,  St.  Barbara,  and  St.  Margaret.  The  corresponding 
division  on  the  left  side  is  occupied  by  male  saints,  the  most  prominent 
being  St.  John  the  Baptist,  St.  Paul,  St.  Adrian,  St.  Peter,  and  St.  George. 
In  the  central  compartment  it  is  generally  supposeil  that  a  personification 
of  the  Trinity  was  placed,  for  which  a  representation  of  Justice  was  sub- 
stituted in  the  Puritan  times  ;  but  Mr.  Scharf  expressed  his  belief,  from 
the  remaining  angels  bearing  the  instruments  of  the  Passion,  that  it  had 
been  an  enthroned  figure  of  the  Saviour  in  glory,  called  by  the  older 
writers  a  "  Majesty,"  and  as  such  mentioned  in  records  of  the  reigns  of 
Henry  III.  and  Richard  II.  This  would  accord  with  tlie  subject  of  the 
compartment  below,  namely,  the  Assumption  of  the  Virgin.  The  style  of 
costume,  and  many  of  the  accessories,  clearly  indicate  the  close  of  the 
reign  of  Henry  VII.,  but  the  monarch  represented  is  most  probably  Henry 
VI.  In  the  ornamental  border  which  surrounds  the  whole,  large  red  roses 
are  introduced,  drawn  heraldically  as  the  Lancastrian  badge.  If  relating 
to  Henry  VII.,  the  rose  would  have  been  parti-coloured,  as  familiar  to 
antiquaries  on  monuments  of  the  period.  In  the  spandril  of  an  arch  over 
the  king's  head,  a  red  rose  had  been  carefully  introduced.  No  legend  to 
afiord  explanations  of  the  persons  represented  appears  on  the  tapestry. 
The  writing  on  the  books  before  the  king  and  queen,  although  indicated  in 
lines  and  groups  of  letters,  is  not  sufficiently  intelligible.  At  the  four 
angles,  Mr.  Scharf  discovered  labels  with  letters  and  numerals  on  them, 
but  unfortunately  they  have  been  too  much  injured  by  nails  and  careless 
treatment  to  afi'ord  conclusive  evidence.  The  whole  work,  however,  is  in 
fair  preservation,  and  many  of  the  colours  very  brilliant,  especially  in 
the  draperies.  Two  entries  relating  to  the  tapestry  have  been  found  by 
Mr.  Alderman  Eld,  of  Coventry,  in  the  guild  accounts  ;  one,  dated  1519,  of 
jiayment  for  mending  the  arras  ;  the  other,  in  IGOo,  of  -i.^.  CnL,  for  cloth  to 


ITS  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

line  the  cloth  of  arras  in  St.  Mary's  Hall.  Mr.  llld  lias  taken  ureat  interest 
in  the  preservation  of  this  tapestry.  Mr.  Scharf  had  hecn  induced  to  make 
his  elahorate  drawing  with  the  desire  of  preserving  a  minutely  accurate 
record  of  so  valuable  a  monument. 

From  want  of  light  the  details  uf  this  curious  tapestry  can  with  difficulty 
be  discovered,  and  the  tissue  is  in  a  very  perishable  condition  ;  the  value 
therefore  of  so  careful  a  memorial  as  tlio  skilful  pencil  of  Mr.  Scharf  has 
produced  is  considerable,  and  it  well  deserves  a  place  where  it  might  be 
accessible  to  the  student  of  medieval  art,  in  some  public  depository.  An 
engraving  on  a  small  scale,  representing  the  interesting  group  of  the  king 
and  his  court,  has  been  given  in  the  "  Handbook  of  the  Arts  of  the  Middle 
Ages,"  p.  00,  and  this  by  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Murray  we  were  enabled  to 
place  before  our  readers  in  a  former  volume  of  this  Journal  (vol.  xii.  p. 
417).  Coloured  reproductions  of  the  two  principal  subjects  were  also 
e.\ecuted  some  years  since  by  Mr.  Bradley,  and  portions  copied  from  his 
plates  were  given  b}'  Mr.  Shaw,  in  his  "  Dresses  and  Decorations," 
representing  the  royal  personages  with  their  attendants. 

Intiquitir^  mti  UHavh^  nf  'Hrt  evijtftttcif. 

By  Lord  Talbot  de  Malaiiidk. — A  collection  of  casts  in  plaster,  from 
Irish  antiquities  of  stone  and  bronze,  in  the  Museum  of  the  Koyal  Irish 
Academy,  and  the  collections  of  Mr.  Cooke,  Mr.  Iluband  Smith,  Mr. 
Ilaliday,  ice.  They  comprised  150  examples,  illustrative  of  the  various 
types  of  stone  hammers,  axe-heads,  celts  and  palstaves  of  bronze,  swords, 
with  good  specin)ens  of  the  type  described  as  the  "  At/an:  leaf  shaped 
blade,"  spear  and  arrow  heads,  daggers,  bronze  rings  and  other  reliipies. 
The  series  of  celts  and  palstaves  was  most  instructive,  displa3'ing  the 
progressive  forms  in  great  variety,  from  the  simple  hatchet  to  the  more 
elaborate  and  ornamented  types.  Also  casts  from  bronze  brooches,  nearly 
all  of  which  retain  traces  of  enamel,  and  in  some  instances  of  ornaniental 
glass  in.serti(ins  ;  copper  brooches,  originally  tinned  or  silvered,  and 
apparently  intended  to  be  riveted  on  leather  ;  casts  from  the  remarkable 
forula  or  case  of  thick  stamped  leather  in  which  the  "  Book  of  Armagh," 
an  Irish  MS.,  supposed  to  be  of  the  early  part  of  the  IXth  century,  has 
been  preserved  ;  the  ornament  partakes  of  the  character  of  that  occurring 
in  early  sculpture  and  metal-work  in  Ireland.  Tbese  interesting  exempliti- 
cations  of  tlie  most  characteristic  types  amongst  the  earlier  antiipiities  of 
Ireland  were  consigned  by  Lord  Talliot  to  the  care  of  Mr.  Konible,  for 
pr*'sentation  to  the  Museum  formed  at  Hanover.  The  Directors  of  that 
collection,  to  the  formation  of  wbieli  Mr.  Kemble's  exertions  have  largely 
contributed,  are  desirous  of  bringing  together  by  exchange  or  purchase,  as 
extensive  an  assemblage  as  ])ossible  of  casts  and  modols  of  ahti(|iiities  fnmi 
all  countries,  an  invaluable  means  of  facilitating  comparison,  in  many  cases 
where  it  may  be  impracticable  to  obtain  originals. 

J{y  PuoKKHsoii  HucK-MAN. — A  brouzc  stalcra,  or  steel-yard,  found  at 
Walern)oor  near  Cirencester.  It  is  of  umiHual  size,  the  srajms,  or  yard, 
nn-asuring  rather  mor(!  than  17  in.  in  length.  To  its  nbort  end  is  apjiended 
a  wr'i;^bt,  to  which  a  pair  of  liooivs  are  attached,  to  hold  tlic  object  to  bo 
weighed  ;  the  (itisa,  or  hook,  for  suspensidii,  is  perfect  ;  the  secdud  hook, 
on  the  nnrlcr  side  of  the  seapus,  which  UHually  in  attached  behind  the  ansa, 
or  nearest  to  the  hhort  end,  is  in  this  example  placed  lieyond  it,  or  (((wjinis 
llin  graduated  end.     Compare  the   staUra  found  at  Cirencester,  ligured  in 


THE   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE. 


179 


this  Journal,  vol.  vii,  p.  411,  and  sec  the  explanation  given  in  the 
"  Illustrations  of  Roman  Remains  "  at  that  place,  by  Professor  liuckman 
and  Mr.  Newmarch,  pp.  100,  105.  A  smaller  statera,  having  the  same 
arrangement  of  the  hooks  as  above  described,  was  found  at  Kingsholm, 
Gloucestershire,  in  1788,  and  is  figured  in  the  Archaeologia,  vol.  .\.  pi.  13. 
Several  curious  examples  of  the  statera  are  given  by  Caylus,  vol.  iv.  plates 
94— 9G. 

By  the  Rev.  R.  Gordon,  of  Elsfield. — A  collection  of  spurs  of  various 
periods,  chiefly  found  near  Oxford.  Amonst  these  was  one  of  very  curious 
character,  formed  of  bronze,  with  the  point  or  aculeiis  of  iron,  now  much 
corroded  by  rust,  so  that  its  original  form  and  dimensions  cannot  be  ascer- 
tained. The  bronze,  however,  is  in  the  finest  preservation,  and  well 
patinatcd.  It  has  studs  or  buttons  on  the  inner  side  of  the  shanks,  and  a 
hook  under  the  point,  as  shown  in  the  woodcut,  which  represents  the  under 


side,  as  supposed,  of  this  curious  spur.  It  has  been  considered  with  much 
probability,  to  be  Roman  ;  it  was  found  in  arable  land  where  for  many 
years  Roman  pottery,  coins,  fibula),  rings,  <kc.  have  been  turned  up  by  each 
successive  ploughing.  Coins  of  other  periods  are  occasionally  found  there, 
but  the  prevailing  character  of  the  remains  discovered  is  that  of  Roman 
workmanship,  and  the  field  occupies  an  elevated  position  commanding 
some  miles  of  the  Roman  road  from  Alchester  to  Dorchester.  Spurs  of 
that  period  are  of  great  rarity  ;  there  is  one  of  bronze  in  a  private  collec- 
tion at  Metz,  which  resembles  this  example  in  the  adjustment  of  the  studs, 
on  the  inner  side,  and  the  hook  at  the  heel.  It  was  found  with  Roman 
remains  at  Ell,  (£'^se6itHi)  in  Alsace,  and  is  figured  in  the  "  Memoirs  of 
the  Academy  of  Metz,"  1838-9.  A  Roman  spur  of  bronze,  of  very 
diminutive  proportions,  was  in  the  museum  of  the  late  Comte  de  Pourtalt's, 
at  Paris,  and  there  is  another  in  the  Museum  of  Antiquities  at  the 
Bibliotheque  Imperiale.  Some  iron  spurs,  found  with  Roman  remains  at 
Hod  Hill,  near  Blandford,  arc  figured  in  the  Journal  of  the  Archaeological 
VOL.  XIII.  r  c 


ISO 


rnOCEKDlNOS    AT    .MEETINGS    OF 


Association,  vol.  iii.  p.  08,  and  they  closely  resemble  one  of  bronze,  figured 
by  Caylus  as  an  object  of  the  greatest  rarity,  llecueil,  vol.  iii.  p.  69. 
Other  examples  of  spurs  of  Roman  or  very  eaily  date  may  be  seen  in 
\\  agener,  liandbuch,  figs.  12G7,  1289,  and  Dorow,  Roman  Antiquities 
found  at  Neuwied  on  the  Rhine,  pi.  xxv.  ;  the  latter  supplii'S  another  speci- 
men of  the  studs  on  the  inner  side  of  the  sliaidis.  Mr.  Ciordon  exhibited 
also  several  Norman  or  pryck  spurs,  and  some  specimens  of  later  periods, 
one  of  them  elaborately  inlaid  with  silver. 

I>y  the  Rev.  S.  Banks. — A  richly  enamelled  ornament  of  bronze,  found 
with  a  skeleton,  accompanied  by  an  iron  sword  and  some  other  enamelled 
reliqucs,  in  Staftordshire.  It  is  an  object  of  the  same  description  and 
period  as  that  found  in  Warwickshire,  and  figured  in  this  Journal,  vol.  ii. 
p.  161. 

By  tho  Rev.  Walter  Sxeyd. — A  circular  fibula  of  bronze  enamelled, 
purchased  at  Amiens,  and  described  as  having  been  found  in  a  tomb,  near 
that  place  ;  it  is  of  late  Roman  workmanship. — A  sculpture  in  ivory, 
XlVtli  century,  representing  the  Virgin  with  the  infant  Saviour. — A 
pilgrim's  sign,  found  in  the  river  Somme,  at  Amiens  ;  it  is  of  lead  and 
represents  a  crowned  personage,  possibly  St.  Olaus,  king  of  Denmark, 
armed  in  mail  and  raising  an  enormous  battle-axe,  as  if  about  to  strike  a 
deadly  blow.  A  small  shield  on  his  left  shoulder  displays  a  cross  charged 
with  five  roundels  or  annulets.  This  curious  little  figure  is  broken,  in  its 
perfect  state  it  may  have  measured  about  3.V  inches  in  height.  Pate, 
about  1400. 

By  .James  Kendiuck,  Esq.  M.D.,  of  Warrington. — Two  chess-men  of 
jet,  found  in  the  Mote-IIill,  at  Warrington,  in  the  course  of  excavations,  of 
which  a  detailed  aceoniit  is  given  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Historic  Society 
of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  18;'32-.'5,  p.  .0!).'  These  pieces  are  i)robably  a 
pawn  anrl  a  knight,  of  the  black  game,  the  adverse  set  may  have  been  of 
Walrus'  tusk  or  .some  other  material,  of  colour  contrasted  to  that  of  the  jet. 
They  have  been  assigned  to  (be  Au'^lo-Saxon  pcridd.  and  rcL'-nrdcd  by  .sonic 


nntiqnarieR  an  Sc;iiidinavian.  As  types  of  very  early  forms  of  chess-men 
they  muht  bo  regarded  as  objectH  of  lingular  interest.  The  picc(>  which 
liiiH  been  described  ns  n  knight  is  euriously  onmmenled  with  incised  lines 
niidHUiull  concentric  circles,     'i'here  is  a  Hmall  projection  on  one  side  at  its 


'    ThcHC  ollji'Ct"    \VrT<.    til,.,    |i,,li 


•'•  •innl     \..|   Ix.,  |.     ;tll.|. 


THE    ARCIIAEOLOOICAL    INSTITUTE.  181 

upper  edge,  which  may  i)rob;ihly  he  a  distinctive  mark  of  the  piece  intended. 
Tlie  Institute  is  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Kcndrick  for  the  accom- 
panying woodcuts  of  tliesc  unicjuc  and  remarkable  relifpies. 

By  Mr.  Hewitt. — Two  iron  arrow-heads,  found  in  an  Anglo-Sa.xou 
grave  on  Chcssell  Down,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight.  It  has  been  supposed, 
from  certain  appearances  at  the  time  of  the  discovery,  that  a  sheaf  of 
arrows  had  been  deposited  in  this  instance  with  the  corpse.  It  has  been 
questioned  whether  the  bow  was  in  common  use  amongst  the  Anglo-Saxons 
as  a  weapon  of  war.  The  spear  was  the  weapon  of  the  common  soldier, 
and  the  sword,  of  the  warrior  of  the  higher  class.  See  some  remarks  on 
this  subject  by  Mr.  Akerman,  Gent.  Mag.,  A\m\,  185G,  p.  401. 

By  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Gunner. — Four  Anglo-Saxon  charters,  formerly 
belonging  to  the  Abbey  of  Hyde,  near  Winchester,  and  now  amongst  the 
muniments  of  Winchester  College.  They  consist  of  a  grant  of  land  to 
Hyde  Abbey  by  Edward  the  Elder,  dated,  a.d.  900  ;  a  charter  of  king 
Edmund,  dated,  A.D.  940  ;  a  charter  of  Athelstan,  and  a  charter  of  Canute. 

By  Mr.  W.  Buuges.— Two  early  Italian  paintings  on  panel,  obtained  in 
Florence,  in  the  original  gilt  frames.  They  represent  St.  Barbara  and  St. 
Agatha.     Date  XlVth  century. 

By  Mr.  J.  B.  Waking. — A  series  of  drawings  of  painted  glass,  repre- 
senting some  of  the  finest  existing  examples  in  Italy,  of  the  XV th  and 
XVIth  centuries.     From  the  cathedrals  of  Florence  and  Lucca. 

By  Mr.  White. — Four  paintings  on  panel,  which  appear  to  have 
formed  the  folding  shutters  of  an  altar  piece.  They  are  of  French  art, 
late  XVth  century,  or  of  the  commencement  of  the  XVIth  century,  and 
represent  subjects  from  the  legend  of  some  bishop  or  abbot,  probably  a 
local  saint  who  has  not  been  identified.  Under  these  subjects  appear  the 
four  Evangelists,  and  on  the  reverse  of  each  panel  is  a  figure  of  much 
larger  proportions.  The  saints  pourtrayed  are — St.  John  the  Evangelist, 
St.  Anne,  St.  Mary  Magdalene,  and  St.  Martin, 

By  the  Lord  Londesborougii. — A  remarkable  production  of  the  skill  of 
the  Italian  armourers,  about  a.d.  1550.  It  is  the  back  of  a  war-saddle,  of 
steel  chased,  and  richly  damascened  with  gold.  The  subjects  are  battle- 
scenes  of  very  spirited  design. 

By  Mr,  Augustus  Franks. — A  "  Palimpsest  "  sepulchral  brass  from 
Bcrkhampstead,  Herts.  On  one  side  of  the  plate  appears  an  inscription  to 
the  memory  of  Thomas  Humfre,  goldsmith  of  London,  about  1470;  on  the 
other  side  is  an  inscription  of  later  date  (about  1530).  They  are  given  in 
the  "  Lectures  on  Berkhamstead,"  by  the  Rev.  J,  W.  Cobb,  p.  54. 

By  Mr.  Johnson,  of  Gaines. — Rubbings  from  a  "  Palimpsest  "  sepulchral 
brass  lately  found  in  Upminster  Chm-cli,  Essex,  in  removing  the  pews  in  the 
Gaines  chapel.  The  discovery  had  been  noticed  by  the  Rev.  E.  Wilton,  at 
the  previous  meeting.  (Seep.  105,  ante).  On  the  reverse  of  the  efligy, 
which  is  in  the  costume  of  the  XVIth  century,  is  part  of  a  figure  vested  in 
pontificals  of  rather  earlier  date.  The  former  had  been  regarded  as  the 
memorial  of  Ralph  Latham,  Common  Serjeant  of  London  about  1641,  but 
the  design  is  of  a  much  earlier  period.  Weever,  in  his  "  Funerall  Monu- 
ments," p.  651,  states  that  Ralph  Latham,'-  of  the  ancient  family  of  that 
name  in  Lancashire,  purchased  the  manor  of  Gaines,  and  was  buried  in 
Upminster  Church,  with   an  epitaph  placed  in  brass,  recording  his  death, 

-  In  Jones'  Origiiialia,  the  name  of  liohert  Latham  occurs  as  grantee  of  the 
niauoi'  of  Upminster,  ,3.)  lien.  VIll. 


1S2  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

July  19,  1557.  Elizabeth,  his  wife,  was  daughter,  according  to  Wccvcr, 
nf  Sir  William  Roche.  At  some  distance  on  the  left  of  the  "  Palimpsest " 
figure,  beneath  it,  is  an  escutcheon  of  the  arms  of  Latham,  impaling  this 
coat  a  chevron  charged  with  a  mullet  ;  no  colour  indicated.  At  the  side  of 
the  effigy  Mr.  Johnson  found  another  escutcheon — 1st  and  4th,  a  leopard's 
face,  jessant  ?  2nd  and  ord,  a  covered  cup,  in  chief  two  buckles.  If  this 
effigy  is  not  the  memorial  of  the  earlier  possessor  of  Gaines,  of  the  Latham 
family,  it  may  have  represented  Nicholas  Wayte  of  London,  interred  at 
Upminster  in  1544. 

Mr.  Johnson  sent  also  rubbings  from  two  other  sepulchral  brasses,  and  a 
small  "  Palimpsest  "  fragment  found  in  the  Gaines  chancel,  one  side  of  the 
plate  bearing  part  of  the  spandril  of  a  ])iece  of  canopied  work,  and  on  the  other 
is  found  a  portion  of  an  atchievcment,  with  lambrequins,  ttc.  The  effigies 
are  the  memorials  of  Jllizabcth,  wife  of  Roger  Dcincourt,  date  about  14G0, 
and  that  of  Grace,  daughter  of  William  Latham  ;  she  died  unmarried  in 
1G26.  This  pretty  little  brass  measures  nearly  IG  inches  in  length.  The 
figure  of  Elizabeth  Dcincourt  bears  a  general  resemblance  to  that  of  Joyce, 
Lady  Tiptoft,  at  Enfield,  who  died  in  144G  ;  it  measures  .jo.t  inches  in  length, 
and  is  in  perfect  preservation,  with  the  exception  of  the  mantle,  originally 
filled  in  with  colour,  possibly  to  indicate  some  heraldic  bearing,  but  this  has 
disappeared.  The  figure  of  Roger  Dcincourt,  who  died,  according  to  tho 
epitaph  given  by  Weever,  in  1455,  was  sold  some  time  ago  to  an  itinerant 
tinker.  The  sepulchral  brass  of  Gerardt  D'Ewes,  an  effigy  in  armour,  sur- 
rounded by  heraldic  bearings,  as  figured  in  Weever,  p,  653,  stUl  exists  in 
Uj)minster  Church.     lie  died  in  1591.' 

By  the  Hon.  AV.  Fox  Strang  ways. — Two  photographic  representations 
of  the  ancient  palace  of  the  Dukes  of  Brabant  and  Burgundy  at  Brussels. 
Also  a  large  family  Modal  of  silver,  by  John  Roticr,  representing  Colonel 
Giles  .Strangways  of  Melbury,  Dorset,  who  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  of 
London  by  tho  Parliamentarians,  having,  with  his  father.  Sir  John  Strang- 
ways, distinguished  himself  as  a  partisan  of  King  Charles  I.  This  medal 
has  been  engraved  in  Ilutchins's  "  History  of  Dorset  ;"  it  measures 
in  diameter,  1]A  inches.  Obv.,  the  bust  of  Sir  Giles  Strangways,  with 
long  flowing  hair — .t;gidivs  •  .strangway.s  •  de  •  melbvuy  •  in  •  com  •  dor- 
CK8TER  •  ARMIGER.  Under  tho  shoulder  are  the  artist's  initials — ian  •  u  •  f. 
Rev.,  the  Tower  of  London,  the  Royal  Standard  flying,  the  sun  amidst 
clouds  over  it. —  decvsqve  •  adversa  •  dedeuvnt.  In  the  exergue — ixcar- 
CERATVS  •  SEI'T.  1G45.  LlHElfArvs  •  APR.  1G48.  Ill  a  letter  to  Pcpysfrom 
Mr.  Siingsby  of  the  Mint,  in  1G87,  offering  a  choice  sot  of  "Monsieur 
Kootticr's  medals,"  this  is  valued  at  1/.  17.<;. — Corrosjiondonce  of  Pepys, 
Appendix  to  his  Diary,  edited  by  L(jrd  iiraybrooke.  vol.  V. 

Mr.  T.  Laing  jtrcsented  photographic  views  of  Stukosay  Castle,  and 
Wetdock  Prir)ry,  Sliropshire. 

By  Mr.  T.  Wim.hon. —  A  multangular  die  for  playing  some  game  of 
chance  ;  it  has  a  number  engraved  on  oach  facet  ;  a  similar  object  in  the 
P»riliHli  Museum  has  letters  instead  of  numerals. 

Matrick.s  aiirl  Imi'KEs.sioxs  from  Seals.  By  Mr.  Ready. — Impression 
from  the  nenl  of  Ricliard  Eitz-alan,  Earl  of  Arundol,  roooiitly  obtained  at 
Shrcw.Hbury.      'i'lie  original  is  appeixled  to  an  ar(|iiiltance  to  the  I'miliifs  of 

'  Mr.  'J'.  L.  VVilHon  Ikim  nciMitly  nwinoriulM,  nf  llic  clmn-li  niid  iiiioiont 
piililiMic<l  till!  Iiiittory  uf  lJ|iiiiiiiHt<r,  in  Iioiimch  in  tlio  piirihli,  will  li(<  IoiiikI. 
which   It    inoro     full    iiccoiiiii     of    tliciK-       I<oiidoii,  Ikll  ami  iJuUly,  I'Jiito.     18.^>G. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  183 

Shrewsbury  for  money  repaid  to  the  Earl.  Dated  at  Arundel  Castle, 
Dec.  13,  18  Edw.  III.,  1344,  In  the  centre  is  an  escutcheon  charged 
with  a  lion  rampant  ;  the  escutcheon  enclosed  within  a  triangle,  and  around 
it  are  three  roundels  cheeky,  (Warren)  Edmund,  father  of  Richard  Fitz- 
alan,  having  married  Alice,  sister  and  heir  of  John,  the  last  Earl  Warren. 

By  Mr.  Way. — Impression  from  a  beautiful  silver  matrix,  in  the  pos- 
session of  Mr.  John  Ellen,  of  Devizes.  It  bears  an  escutcheon  of  the  arms 
of  Giffard,  three  lions  passant,  with  a  label  of  three  points.  The  escutcheon 
is  appended  to  a  tree,  and  is  in  bold  relief :  ^tgtllum  : :  ti^ome  :  :  gyffarti : 
It  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  seal  of  Thomas  Giifard,  of  Boyton,  co.  Wilts, 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  (Figured  in  the  Wilts  Archaeological 
Magazine,  vol.  ii.  p.  391.) 

By  Mr.  Franks, — A  brass  matri.K  of  pointed  oval  form,  the  seal  of  some 
person  named  Adam  ;  date,  Xlllth  century.  The  device  is  the  Tempta- 
tion of  Adam  and  Eve  in  Paradise,  with  the  legend — est  •  ade  •  signv  • 

VIR  •  FEMINA  •  VIPERA  *  LIGNV. 

By  the  Rev.  Walter  Sneyd. — An  Italian  personal  seal  of  the  XlVth 
century  :  so  fashioned  as  to  combine  the  seal  and  the  secrctum,  or  privy- 
seal,  which  form  the  extremities  of  a  short  straight  handle,  an  arrange- 
ment of  frequent  occurrence  amongst  Italian  seals.  The  larger  seal,  of 
pointed  oval  shape,  bears  an  escutcheon  charged  with  these  arms,  a 
bend  between  two  stars  of  six  points. — ^  •  s  •  fratris  •  PETRI  •  de 
p'arixio.  The  secretum,  of  small  size  and  circular  shape,  bears  the 
initial  r.,  surrounded  by  five  cinqfoils. 


March  7,  1856. 
The  Hon.  Richard  C.  Neville,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

Professor  Buckman  gave  an  account  of  the  method  employed  in  the 
removal  of  the  fine  tesselated  pavements  discovered  at  Cirencester,  in  1851, 
and  now  deposited  in  the  building  erected  for  the  purpose  of  a  local  museum, 
through  the  liberality  of  the  Earl  Bathurst. 

Mr.  Barclay  Phillips,  of  Brighton,  related  the  following  interesting 
particulars  regarding  a  tumulus  and  sepulchral  deposit  at  Hove,  to  the  west 
of  that  town,  about  100  yards  N.N.E.  of  the  newly-erected  church  of  St. 
John  the  Baptist.  Until  recent  times  this  hillock,  about  15  feet  or  20  feet 
in  height,  situate  in  level  pasture  land  near  the  path  leading  from  Brighton 
to  Hove  Church,  had  been  the  resort,  every  Good  Friday,  of  hundreds  of 
young  persons,  to  join  in  the  rural  game  of  "  Kiss  in  the  Ring."  A  few 
years  since  a  road  to  the  Hove  Station  was  cut  through  the  hillock,  and 
Mr.  Phillips  then  made  careful  enquiry  whether  any  reliqucs  were  found, 
being  impressed  with  the  notion  that  it  was  an  artificial  mound.  Nothing, 
however,  had  been  brought  to  light  at  that  time.  Very  recently,  in  the 
course  of  extensive  works  on  the  estate  of  Baron  Goldsmidt,  the  contractor 
caused  the  mound  to  be  removed,  in  order  to  level  the  gardens  in  the 
newly-erected  "  Palmyra  Sijuare,"  not  far  distant.  In  January  last,  on 
reaching  the  centre  of  the  tumulus,  about  G  feet  east  of  the  road  to  Hove 
Station,  and  about  9  feet  below  the  surface,  in  stift'  clay,  the  labourers 
struck  upon  a  rude  wooden  coffin,  G  or  7  feet  in  length,  deposited  east  and 


184-  PKoci:i:i)iNGS  at  meetings  of 

west,  ami  formcil  with  bonrcls  ajtpaiciitlv  shaped  riuloly  witli  tlic  axe.  Tho 
wood  soon  crumbled  to  dust  ;  a  knot,  however,  or  gnarled  knob,  was 
preserved,  and  ascertained  to  be  of  oak.  In  the  earth  witli  which  the 
coffin  was  filled  many  frairnients  of  bone  were  found,  soenniij^^ly  cliarred. 
About  the  centre,  the  following  objects  were  discovered, — a  cup  or  bowl, 
jiupposed  to  be  of  aniber,  with  one  small  handle  near  the  rim,  sufficiently 
hirt'e  to  pass  a  finger  through  it.  A  band  of  five  lines  runs  round  tho 
rim,  interrupted  by  the  handle.  The  height  of  the  cup  is  2^  inches, 
diameter  3^  inches,  average  thickness,  one  fifth  of  an  inch.  The  interior 
surface  is  smooth,  and  the  appearance  would  indicate  that  the  cup  had  been 
formed  in  a  lathe,  which,  however,  seems  scarcely  ])Ossiblc,  when  the 
|)osition  of  the  handle  is  considered.  The  cup  would  hold  rather  more  than 
half-a-jiint.  A  stone  axe,  perforated  for  the  haft  ;  it  is  of  an  unusual 
form,  wrought  with  much  skill,  the  length  is  5  inches.  This  relique  hears 
some  reseiuhlance  in  fashion  to  that  found  in  a  barrow  at  Upton  Lovel, 
Wilts.  Soc  lloare,  vol.  I.  pi.  v.,  conij)are  also  an  e.Nan)ple  in  the  Cnpeidiagen 
Museum,  figured  by  Worsaae,  "  Afbildninger."  p.  11,  fig.  25,  and  the  more 
hii'ldy-finislicd  specimens  of  the  Bronze  Period,  pp.  22,  23,  to  wliich  the  axe 
found  near  Drigiiton  bears  resemblance  in  its  proportions,  although  much  less 
elaborate  in  its  fashion.  A  small  hone  (?),of  stone,  measuring  2  inches  and 
seven-tenths  in  length,  perforated  at  one  end;  the  surface  was  covered  with  a 
red  crust.  This  little  relique  closely  resembles  tiiat  found  in  a  barrow  on  Bow 
Hill,  near  Chichester,  during  the  excavations  made  in  1853,  and  figured  in 
this  Journal,  vol.  x.  p.  35G.  A  bronze  blade,  of  a  type  which  has  fretpiently 
occurred  in  Wiltshire  and  in  other  parts  of  England  ;  these  blades  are  sup- 
j)osed  to  have  been  daggers,  they  were  attached  to  the  handles  by  strong 
rivets.  Compare  Hoare,  vol.  I.  pi.  xiv.,  xv.,  xxiii.,  xxviii.  Length  5,\  inches, 
greatest  width  2]  inches.  The  labourers  stated  that  the  coffin  rested  on 
the  natural  soil,  stilf  yellow  clay,  whilst  the  barrow  seemed  to  have  been 
formed  of  the  surface-mould  of  the  locality  and  rubbi.sh  heaped  together, 
with  considerable  <iuantilic3  of  charred  wood.  It  could  not,  however,  be 
ascertained  whether  the  corpse  had  been  actually  burned.  The  interesting 
reliques  above  described  have  subsecpiently  been  presented  by  Baron  Gold- 
emidt  to  the  Alu.seum  of  the  Literary  Institution  at  Brighton. 

Mr.  Kemhle  delivered  a  discourse  on  "  Self-immolation,"  in  continuation 
of  his  striking  and  instructive  development  of  the  mortuary  usages  and 
fiuperstitions  of  the  ancient  Scandinavians.  Tho  suttee  in  India  has 
continued  until  recent  times,  notwithstanding  the  energetic  efforts  of  our 
government  ;  the  practice  is  of  high  anti(piity  in  the  Last,  and  it  is 
mentioned  by  Straho,  Biodorus,  and  other  ancient  writers,  as  existing  many 
centuries  before  the  Christian  era.  It  is  not  so  well  known,  Mr.  Keinblc 
observed,  that  the  custom  extended  to  others  besides  the  wife,  and  that 
traces  of  it  occur  amongst  races  more  immediately  conmcted  with  ourselves; 
the  consideration  thcrcforo  of  this  curious  fiuhject  may  throw  light  upon 
qucHtioiiH  which  occasionally  arise  in  investigating  sepidchral  deposits.  Mr. 
K(;mbh!  traced  the  cu.stom  among  tlu!  Greeks  from  very  remote  limes  ;  and 
ho  nhowed  that  among  the;  Konuins,  ev<'n  till  a  late  period,  we  find  the  friend 
joining  his  friend  in  death,  thcs  client  his  patron,  the  slave  or  froedman 
refuhing  to  Hurvive  his  master.  Servius  states,  that  at  tho  funerals  of  great 
men  it  was  usual  for  their  slav<>H  to  be  put  to  death,  and  here  it  is  obvious 
that  these  were  t)ft('n,  an  in  some  other  eases,  involinilary  \ictims.  Of  tho 
Keltic   (iauU   in   Cuisur'n  time,  we  luarn  that  they  had  been  accustonH.>d  to 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  185 

burn  with   the   dead,  not  only  the  ornaments  or  weapons  most  valued  by 
them  in  life,  but  also   animals,  and   their  favourite  serfs  and  dependants. 
Cajsar  does  not  indeed  assert  that  these  Avere  voluntary  victims,  but  Pom- 
ponius  Mela  records  that  there  were  some  who  cast  themselves  of  their  own 
free  will  upon  the  funeral  pile  of  their  friend.  Among  some  of  the  Germanic 
tribes  we   find  unquestionable  evidence   of  the  usage    of  self-immolation  ; 
thus  Procopius  tells  us,  that  as  late   as  the  Vth  or  Vlth  century  it  was  the 
custom  among  the  Heruli  for  the  wife  to  strangle  herself  at  her  husband's 
death.   The  legendary  records  of  Scandinavia,  where  heathendom  maintained 
itself  much  longer  than  among  the  Germans,  supply  numerous  examples  of 
the  usage ;  and  Mr.  Kemble  cited  various  passages  in  the  Sagas,  in  which 
the  prevalence  of  self-immolation  is  shown.      Nor  was  the  wife  alone,   as  in 
the  majority  of  instances,  the   voluntary  victim   on   the  funeral  pile  ;  the 
friend  would  not  survive  the  friend  ;  the  comes  refused  to  live  when  his  chief 
had  fallen  ;  the  serf  would  not  desert  in  death  the  lord  whose  bread  he  had 
eaten  ;  the  maidens  strangled  themselves  around  the  corpse  of  their  mistress. 
Mr.  Kemble  cited  a  remarkable   passage  in  the  Islandic  Landnamabok,  re- 
lating to  the  obsequies  of  a  chief  in  his  ship  placed  in  a  mound,  and  his  thrall 
with  him,  who  would  not  survive  his  lord,  and  slew  himself,  his  corpse  being 
placed  in   the  stern   of  the  ship.      According  to  a  notion,  of  which  other 
instances  occur,  it  was  afterwards  believed  that  the  thrall,  who  possibly  had 
cherished  a  hope  of  entering  Valhalla  with  his  master  by  dying  with  him, 
had    become    a   troublesome    companion   in  the  burial-ship,  and    he    was 
accordingly  dug  up.      In  the   Saga  of  king  Gautrek  a  most  striking  tale  is 
preserved  ;   we  there  find  the  account  of  a  whole  family,  whose  chiefs   for 
several  generations  put  themselves  to  death  by  precipitation  from  a  rock, 
whenever  any  unusual  occurrence,  by  them  regarded  as  a  portent,  alarmed 
them.     Amongst  races   in   more  remote  parts  of  Europe,  and  less  cognate 
with   ourselves,  vestiges  may  be  noticed,  Mr.  Kemble  observed,  of  similar 
funeral  sacrifices   on  the  part  of  the  survivors.     Boniface,  in  the  Vlllth 
century,  describes  the   high   regard  for  marriage  among  the  Wends,  who 
considered   it  honourable   that  the  widow  should   kill   herself,  so  that  she 
might  be  burnt  with  him.      Nearly  three  centuries  later  it  is  stated   of  the 
Poles,  that,  at  the  death  of  the  husband,  the  wife's  head  was  cut  off,  and 
their  ashes  were  united  in  one  common  resting-place. 

Mr.  WiLLEMENT  communicatcd  an  account  of  an  unique  "  privy  cap  of 
fence,"  formed  of  pierced  iron  jdates,  curiously  quilted  between  stout  linen. 
In  form  it  resembles  a  small  hat,  with  very  narrow  brim  :  its  date 
may  be  the  XVIth  century,  or  possibly  as  early  as  the  close  of  the  XVth 
century.  It  was  found  in  a  very  singular  position,  at  Davington  Priorv, 
near  Faversham,  placed  on  the  top  of  the  wall,  about  twenty  feet  from  the 
ground,  between  two  wall-plates  of  oak.  The  roof  which  they  carried 
appears  not  older  than  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.  The  cap  is  in  most  perfect 
preservation,  and  no  similar  hoad-picce  is  known  to  exist,  although  some 
examples  of  body  armour,  formed  of  small  plates,  quilted  between  folds  of 
linen,  are  preserved,  but  defences  of  this  kind  are  of  the  greatest  rarity. 
A  representation  of  this  curious  object  will  be  given  horeaftcr. 

The  Rev.  Edward  IIarston,  Vicar  of  Sherborne,  Dorset,  conmiunicated 
the  following  singular  circumstance,  relating,  probably,  to  one  of  the  great 
pestilences  in  England,  in  the  XVth  century.  During  recent  repairs  of 
the  Parsonage  house  at  Sherborne,  a  curious  old  structure  of  Early  Per- 
pendicular date,  there  was  found  in  the  wall  concealed  between  two  stones. 


186  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS   OF 

a  little  slip  of  parchment,  foldeil  up,  nieasurin«;  9}  inches  by  about 
2i  inches.  The  writing  was  much  dcfaccJ,  but  by  careful  cleaning  it 
has  been  thus  decyphered. 

"  Be  hyt  knowcn  to  alle  crystyn  men  and  wymmen,  that  cure  holy 
fadir  the  pope  hath  very^  knowlyche  by  revelacioun  whate  mcdicyne  is  for 
tlie  seknvs  tliat  rayiiytli*  nowe  a  nionge  the  peple.  Yn  any  wyse,  when 
that  ve  liyrythof  thus  bull,  furste  sey  in  the  worschup  of  God,  of  oure  lady 
and  seynte  Martyne  iij.  pater  noster.  iij.  Ave,  and  a  erode  ;  and  the 
niorow  aftir,  mediatly  byre  ye  yowre  masse  of  seynt  Martyne,  and  the 
masse  whvle  sey  ye  the  suwter  of  oure  lady,  and  yeve  one  otfrynge  to 
seynte  Martyne,  wliate  that  cvyr  ye  wille,  and  promysc  ye  to  faste  onys  a 
yere  yn  brede  and  watyr  whiles  that  ye  lyve,  othir  sum  othir  person  for 
vow.  And  he  that  belevyth  nott  on  this  stondythe  in  the  sentence  of  holy 
Church,  for  hit  hath  be  precliyd  at  Pawles"  Crosse." 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  singular  little  scroll  was  one  of  certain 
nutitications  circulated  through  the  country  to  allay  popular  apprehension, 
and  offer,  on  the  authority  of  soiue  papal  bull,  a  remedy  for  one  of  those 
deadly  visitations  by  which  England  was  afflicted  during  the  XlVth 
and  XVth  centuries.  From  the  writing  and  the  language  of  tlie  little 
document,  it  seems  probable  that  it  related  to  the  great  pestilence  in  the 
first  year  of  Henry  VII.,  14S5,  which  was  regarded  witii  great  apprehen- 
sion as  a  token  of  troublous  times.  Its  ravages  extended  to  every  town 
and  village,  and  from  England  it  passed  to  Flanders  and  Germany. 
(Ilolinshed,  vol  II.,  p.  763  ;  Grafton,  p.  S5S.)  We  have  sought  in  vain 
for  any  other  allusion  to  the  special  veneration  shown  towards  St.  Martin 
in  En'Mand,  or  the  virtues  attributed  to  his  intercession,  on  the  occasion 
of  any  of  the  dreadful  pestilences  by  which  the  country  had  been  depopu- 
lated.^ We  read,  in  ancient  inventories,  of  rings  described  as  "St.  Martin's 
rinfa,"**  which  very  possibly  were  worn  with  some  notion  of  talismanic 
virtue,  like  the  rings  with  Are  Maria,  the  names  of  the  three  Kings  of 
Cologne,  and  other  inscriptions.  Such  rings  appear  to  be  described  as 
*' Anuuli  rertuosi,"  the  virtue  consisting  sometimes  in  the  inscription 
whicli  they  bore,  and  sometimes  in  the  stone  or  intaglio  with  which  they 
were  set.  The  rings  of  St.  Martin  may  have  been  distributed  or  sold 
on  his  Feast,  as  the  rings  of  St.  llulicit  still  arc  in  Belgium,  in  large 
numbers. 

The  intercession  of  St.  Martin,  Bishop  of  Tours,  had  at  all  times  been 
regarded  as  of  singular  efficacy  against  disease,  and  it  is  not  surprising 
that  it  should  have  been  brought  forward  as  of  especial  virtue  at  a  time 
when  there  must  have  existed  tlu;  greatest  apprehension  and  agitation 
of  the  public  mind,  in  a  time  of  fearful  pcHtilence.  In  l."!7S.  Boniface  \'l  II. 
hought  to  allay  tliis  |ierilt.'us  ap|trfli»'nsion  by  issuing  ii  l>ull  of  plenary 
indul"-once  to  the  .siiircrcrs  by  the;  deadly  disease  tlu-n  prevalent;  and  although 
there   is   no  tnui;   of   tin-    i'lill  to  wbicli    tliis   littli'   parcliniciit   alludes,    as 

*  Trui',  nii<l<iul)t«(l ;  I"r.  rrai.  So  uwd  _'  Urn.  IV.  Giciit  iicKtilcnocH  also 
in  till' lilmvy,  "  Very  'ioil  of  Very  (lod."  <m(iii  r<  .1    17   liinl    l.'i  Ivlw.  I  V.,  jiml  in '22 

*  .So  ulho' of   tlic    uniit    |n-Hiiliiicr   of  lltii.  VII.,  Ill  iiikI 'JO  Hon.  Vlii. 
l.H7-l.'5Hi,   |-'iil)yiiii     H|MiikM    fliUH  :       "in  "   llnnni,    I'"]!.     Ant.,     vol.     li.    p.    Co. 
KiiKlnmlt!   find   h|H'ci;illy  in  Loinlim  niooKt  Ari-lin  iil.i;,'ia,  vol.  xviii.,  p.  ."i.      'I'iicy  wciv 
fi'rv<Mitly  riiynyn;;!-."  |irolml)ly  nold  or  (lihtiil.utrd  on  tin-  i-VoMt 

«  (»r  "  I'owoIm  ;"  of  .St.   .Muriin.      Sir    N.-uch"   (JiosH.iry  r. 

J  Tlu-n-   wnH  II    dnwlfnl    inort.ilitv    in        M.irllrnmH. 


THE   ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE. 


187 


♦'  prechyd  "  or  proclaimed  at  Paul's  Cross,  there  was  doubtless  some 
special  privilege  declared  in  the  following  century  by  the  authority  of  the 
Pope,  of  which  no  other  record  has  hitherto  been  found. 

Antiquities  mxO  ZMavli^  of  -art  evljiliitvlr. 

By  the  Lord  Londesborocgii.  —  A  bronze  buckler,  found  with  a 
spear-head  of  bronze  in  a  rath  or  tumulus  at  Athenry,  co.  Galway.  No 
example  of  this  form  of  the  cetra,  it  is  believed,  had  hitherto  been  found 
in  Ireland.  The  specimen  exhibited  closely  resembles  that  found  in  the 
bed  of  the  Isis,  in  1836,  and  now  preserved  in  the  British  Museum.  A 
representation  of  it  may  be  seen  in  the  Archseologia,  vol.  xviii.,  pi.  22.' 
Another,  measuring  only  9^  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  single  row  of  bosses 
and  two  raised  ribs,  is  in  the  Museum  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.  This 
likewise,  it  is  believed,  was  found  in  the  Isis.  (Catalogue  of  the  Museum, 
Soc.  of  Antiqu.,  p.  17.)  The  buckler  recently  obtained  by  Lord  Londes- 
borough  measures  13}  inches  in  diameter  ;  the  entire  disc  has  a  considerable 
degree  of  convexity,  with  a  central  uinbo  of  slightly  conical  form,  sur- 
rounded by  two  concentric  rings  of  bosses  resembling  large  nail-heads, 
fourteen  in  the  inner  and  thirty  in  the  outer  circle.  Of  those  in  the  inner 
circle,  two  are  the  heads  of  rivets  serving  to  attach  the  bronze  handle, 
affixed  within  the  umbo ;  and  two,  of  the  rivets,  by  which  the  metal 
fastenings  of  a  strap  or  guige  were  attached.  All  the  other  bosses  were 
hammered  up,  the  metal  being  of  no  great  thickness.  The  round  target, 
or  cetra,  originally  covered  with  hide,  was  chiefly  used  by  the  natives  of 
Africa,  Spain,  and  by  some  other  barbarous  nations,  but  it  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  used  by  the  Romans.  Tacitus  describes  the  Britons  as  armed 
"  ingentibus  gladiis  et  brevibus  cetris."  (Agric.  36.)  Of  the  target  of 
bronze  several  remarkable  varieties  have  occurred  in  various  parts  of 
England,  but  of  larger  dimensions  and  usually  less  convex  than  that 
exhibited.  A  specimen  in  the  Goodrich  Court  Armory  measures  27  inches 
in  diameter.'  Another,  found  in  the  Thames,  diameter  21V  inches,  has 
recently  been  added  to  the  collections  in  the  British  Museum,  with  the 
numerous  interesting  antiquities  which  formed  the  Museum  of  Mr.  Roach 
Smith.     It  is  figured  in  the  Catalogue  of  his  collection,  p.  80.     A  shield 


of  this  type,  found  near  Harlech,  is  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  W.  W. 
Wynne,  M.P.,  and  is  figured  in  this  Journal,  vol.  vii.,  p.  77.  Two 
round  specimens,  and  one  of  oval  form,  in  the  Royal  Museum  at  Copenhagen, 
are  figured  in  Worsaae's  "  Afbildninger,"  p.  34—37.  The  silver  coinage 
of  Illiberis,  in  Hispania  Bcetica,  supplies  an  interesting  illustration  of  the 


9  It  is  figured  also  in  Worsaae's 
"  Primeval  Antiquities  of  Denmark," 
translated  by  Mr.  Thoms,  p.  32. 

'  Skelton's  Illustrations,  vol.  i.,  pi.  47. 
See  notices  of  other  examples,  Catalogue 
of  the  Museum  of  the  Soc.  of  Antitju.  p.  lO". 

VOL.  XIII. 


Two  bucklers  now  in  the  Museum  of  the 
Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society,  are 
figured  in  their  Publications,  No.  xiv. 
Notices  of  several  found  in  Scotland  may 
be  found  in  Dr.  Wilson's  "  Prehistoric 
Annals,"  p.  2()7. 

DD 


ISS  PROCEEDINGS   AT    MEETINGS   OF 

use  of  the  cetra,  by  mounted  warriors.     (See  woodcuts.)     These  coins  are 
probably  not   of  later  date  than  B.C.  140,  accordinfj  to  De  Saulcy.- 

By  the  lion.  11.  C.  Neville. — A  lari^e  bronze  fibula,  found,  December, 
1S55,  in  a  Roman  cemetery  at  Great  Chesterford,  Essex. 

By  the  Rev.  T.  Hl'GO. — A  bronze  statuette,  apparently  representing 
Ileroules,  described  as  found  iu  1854,  in  excavations  fur  the  new  buildings 
iu  Cannun  Street,  City. 

By  Mr.  \V.  J.  BEU.sn.xRD  Smith. — The  triangular  front  of  an  antefix  of 
terra-cotta,  stated  to  have  been  found  near  Aionmouth,  and  as  supposed 
near  the  so-called  Oratory  of  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth.  It  measured,  in 
perfect  state,  about  9  inches  in  width  by  8  inches  in  height ;  in  the  centre 
there  is  a  grotesque  face  with  inflated  cheeks,  like  an  impersonation  of  the 
winds  ;  in  the  upper  angle  is  introduced  a  Greek  cross  ;  and  below,  on 
either  side  of  the  face,  is  a  globular  object,  the  whole  being  surrounded  by  a 
border  raguly.  A  similar  Roman  antefix  found  at  Caerleon,  but  with 
a  wheel  of  six  spokes  on  its  apex,  in  place  of  the  Christian  symbol,  is 
figured  iu  Mr.  Lee's  "  Delineations  of  Roman  Antiquities,"  found  at 
Caerleon,  pi.  8  ;  as  also  a  fragment  of  another,  on  which  three  trees 
appear  rudely  represented  in  the  lower  angle  at  the  side  of  the  grotesque 
visage.  Antefixcc,  intended  to  conceal  the  ends  of  the  ridge-tiles,  imbrices, 
as  shown  in  Mr.  Rich's  useful  "  Companion  to  the  Latin  Dictionary," 
p.  39,  are  of  rare  occurrence  in  England.  Two  specimens,  found  at 
Chester,  were  exhibited  in  the  Museum  of  the  Institute  at  the  Shrewsbury 
meeting  ;  and  some  found  at  York,  one  of  which  may  be  seen  in  the 
Minster  library,  are  figured  in  Mr.  Wellbeloved's  "  Eburacum,"  pi.  xv. 

By  Professor  Bl'ck.\ia.s'. — Several  tesserce  (?)  or  discs  of  bone,  glass, 
terra  cotta.  Sic,  found  with  Roman  remains  at  Cirencester.  Three  were 
formed  of  fragments  of  Sarnian  ware.  One,  of  bone,  not  perforated,  is 
marked  with  small  impressed  circles,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  cross.  It 
rosenibles  a  piece  for  the  game  of  draughts,  and  may  have  served  for  the 
lutlus  latruiiculorum. 

By  Mr.  J.  Beld.\m. — A  collection  of  fragments  of  antique  bronzes, 
ornaments,  portions  of  vases,  and  other  reliques. 

By  Mr.  Hewitt. — A  remarkable  iron  sword,  found  in  the  Anglo-Sa.\on 
graves  on  Chessell  Down,  Isle  of  Wight,  discovered  in  excavations  by  Mr. 
ilillier,  and  figured  in  his  "  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  Isle  of  Wight," 
Part  I.,  p.  .'i.O,  fig.  2.  A  small  plate  of  j)unctured  gold  remains  attached 
to  the  handle,  as  also  tlie  silver  mountings  and  the  elaborately  chased 
silver  mount  of  tlie  scabbard,  upon  wliicli  niello  is  introduced,  forming  a 
zigzag  pattern  of  very  delicate  workmanship.  Tliis  *'  costliest  of  irons," 
to  use  tlic  cxprcshion  in  l^eowulf,  measures  .'{(!i  inches  in  length  :  the 
width  of  tlo;  blado  at  tlie  hilt  is  ratlior  more  than  2  inches. 

J>y  Mr.  Nesiuti. — A  pcnannular  fibula  of  bronze,  of  very  curious  work- 
Mian.sliip,  ornainented  with  eiwuncl  ;  it  was  found  in  cutting  turf  near 
J''arnliarn,  co.  Cavan  ;  and  a  bronze  pin,  with  bicoriinte  head,  resembling 
lliat  of  tlie  patriarchal  Htatf,  used  in  tlie  Greek  Cliuicli. 

By  the  Rev.  KijWaiui  Wilton. — An  iron  aingle-cdgcd  knife,  length 
about  9  inchcB  ;  length  of  the   blade,  GJ  incliCH,   resembling  those  usually 

•  MoniiftiirH  d'KK|inKii.',  Mel/.,  11(10,  pj..  I.ii>l^;<  Cumilcii  .Society,  No.  ,\iv.,  jt.  10. 
12,  'J02.  'riiew  coiiiH  liavc  Ixin  ri>{iiM<l  Wc  uii-  imli  littil  to  tliu  Society  for  the 
»l»w»  in  tho    Ito  J'uhliLtttiouH  of  tlic  Cam-       illuslrutioiin  givuii  ubovo. 


THE   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE.  189 

found  with  interments  of  the  Saxon  period.  It  was  found  with  the  skeletons 
of  a  young  adult  and  a  youth,  about  30  inches  below  the  surface,  at  Elston 
Winterbournc,  Wilts,  in  one  of  the  vales  runni«<ij  S.E.  on  Salisbury  Plain, 
and  within  2\  miles  of  the  Charlton  locality,  where  numerous  vestiges  of 
early  occupation  have  been  discovered. 

By  Mr.  II.  W.  King. — A  rubbing  from  the  sepulchral  brass  of  Sir  John 
GifFard,  who  died  in  1348.  This  remarkable  example  of  military  costume, 
of  life-size,  is  mentioned  by  Dr.  Salmon,  the  topographer,  as  existing  in  the 
church  of  Bowers  Gifford,  Essex,  in  1740.  Through  Mr.  King's  enquiries 
it  has  been  recovered,  having  been  found  in  the  possession  of  a  gentleman 
at  Billericay,  to  whom  it  was  given,  many  years  ago,  when  the  church  was 
rebuilt.  He  readily  consented  to  restore  it  to  the  present  rector,  the  Rev. 
W.  Tireman,  by  whom  it  has  been  replaced  in  the  church.  The  head  of 
the  effigy,  and  part  of  the  right  leg,  are  unfortunately  lost.  A  small  shield 
on  the  left  arm  is  charged  with  the  bearing  of  Gitfard,  sable,  six  fleurs-de- 
]ys  or,  3,  2,  1.  Mr.  King  has  given  a  full  account  of  this  memorial, 
preserved  through  his  praiseworthy  exertions,  with  some  notices  of  the 
Giffards,  and  a  good  representation  of  the  effigy,  in  the  "  Proceedings  of 
the  Essex  Archaeological  Society,"  vol.  i.  p.  93,  recently  published. 

By  the  Lord  Londesborocgh. — Three  silver  hexagonal  etuis,  enclosing 
mathematical  instruments,  and  most  delicately  engraved  with  scales  and 
graduated  lines  serving  for  the  calculation  of  horoscopes,  taking  altitudes, 
for  astronomical  and  horological  calculations.  They  are  of  German  work- 
manship, date  early  XVI Ith  century.  On  one  are  introduced  small  figures 
of  the  Planets,  the  Months,  <fec.,  curiously  represented  in  the  costume  of 
the  period.  In  one  of  them  is  a  silver  die  and  a  silver  teetotum,  thus 
engraved  on  its  six  faces,  respectively — F.  An. — L.  Ston. — S.  Zue. — 
N.  halb. — N.  dein. — N.  Gar. 

By  the  Rev.  T.  Hugo. — Two  fragments  of  painted  glass,  from  an  excava- 
tion made,  in  February  last,  in  St.  James's  Square,  Clerkenwell.  One  of 
them  bears  part  of  a  quatrefoiled  flower,  and  the  other  is  a  portion  of  a 
pinnacled  canopy. 

By  Mr.  S.  Dodd. — Two  small  portraits,  representing  Cromwell  and 
Milton. 

Matrices  and  impressions  of  seals. — By  Mr.  J.  Henderson. — A  small 
oval  seal,  set  with  an  antique  intaglio,  representing  Mercury,  on  cornelian. 
The  setting  is  of  silver,  inscribed — ►{<  sigillvm  :  secketi  : 

By  the  Rev.  F.  Hopkixson. — A  brass  matrix,  of  pointed  oval  form, 
recently  obtained  at  the  sale  of  Mr.  Moore's  collections,  brought  to  this 
country  from  Paris.  It  is  probably  a  modern  casting  from  an  original 
impression,  and  not  easily  to  be  decyphered.  The  device  is  the  figure  of 
a  Saint,   possibly   St.   Denis,   and    the    inscription    may  be    read   thus — 

S'  :?ioi)annis  Dj,)ontsi(  birar'  S'  iacnrti'  floviarfn*. 

By  Mr.  II.  W.  King. — An  impression  from  the  brass  matrix  of  the  seal 
of  Henry,  Prince  of  Wales,  for  tlie  lordship  of  Caermarthen.  It  was 
formerly  in  Greene's  Museum,  at  Litchfield,  as  described  in  his  Catalogue, 
p.  12,  and  was  figured  in  Gent.  Mag.,  1769,  with  a  notice  by  Pegge. 
See  pp.  277,  377,  438,  568  ;  also  November,  1813,  p.  432.  It  measures 
2J  inches  in  diameter,  the  matrix  was  formed  with  four  perforated  pro- 
jections, to  receive  the  pins  affixed  to  the  obverse,  by  means  of  which  the 
two  parts  of  the  matrix  were  adjusted  in  taking  impressions.  This  curious 
seal  has  been  assigned  to  Prince  Henry,  son  of  Henry  IV.     It  represents 


190  PROCEEDINGS   AT   MEETINGS   OF   THE   INSTITUTE. 

the  prince  mounted  on  his  war-horse,  and  in  complete  armour.  On  his 
shield,  jupon,  and  liorse  trappings  appear  the  arms  of  France  and  England, 
quarterly,  with  a  label  of  three  points.  The  bearing  of  France,  with  three 
fleurs-de-lys  only,  appears  to  have  been  first  so  used  by  Prince  Henry : 
compare  his  seal  as  Prince  of  Wales,  engraved  by  Sandford,  p.  24"),  and 
described,  p,  277,  possibly  used  as  the  obverse  of  the  seal  in  Greene's 
possession.     It  is  not  known  where  the  hitttM-  now  exists.      It  is  inscribed — 

***  t)fnr'  prinripis  ^iiiair  tiur'  acquit'  lanrastr'  ft  rormib'  romrs 

rfStr'  t)f  t'niO  i)^  ferrmrilipnc.  On  the  great  seal  of  Henry  IV.  the 
coat  of  Franco  is  suniy  of  Heurs-de-lys,  but  on  his  tomb  at  Canterbury 
it  appears  with  three  Meurs-de-lys  only,  as  on  this  seal  of  Prince  Henry, 
and  on  his  Groat  Seal  as  Henry  V.  The  princes  of  Wales  had  their 
Chancery  and  Exchequer  for  South  Wales  at  Caermarthcn. 

By  Mr.  Joseph  Beldam. — Two  brass  matrices  of  Customers'  seals  for 
wools  and  hides,  being  the  obverses  of  the  seals  for  Lincoln  and  Caermarthen, 
t.  Edward  I.  The  reverses  are  actually  in  the  British  Museum,  having 
been  presented  by  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury  with  the  concurrence  of  Lord 
Montcagle,  comptroller  of  the  Exchequer.  They  had  formed  part  of  the 
ancient  treasures  of  the  Exchequer,  found  in  the  Pix  Chamber  in  June, 
1842.  See  !Mr.  Black's  description  of  these  seals  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Archaeological  Association,  vol.  i.  p.  130.  The  following  description  of  the 
seals  for  Caermarthen  may  serve  to  indicate  the  type  of  all  these  seals. — 
Obv.  an  escutcheon  in  bold  relief,  charged  with    three   lions.     ►f«siciiLL'* 

KDWARPr  REGIS' ANGL'-  APVD-  KEUMEUDYX.  Rcv.  —  PKO*  LAMS'  Ef  COREIS" 
L1BEUAXDI8. 


Annual  Honion  ji^fcting. 


The  Annual  Meeting  took  place  on  May  15,  Octavics  Morgan,  Esq., 
M.P.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair.  The  acconqtanying  Balance-sheet, 
with  the  Auditors'  Report,  was  then  submitted  and  approved  : 

REPORT    OF   THPJ    AUDITORS 

poll  THH   YEAR  ENDING   DECEMBER  31,  1855. 

Wr.,  the  undersigned,  having  examined  the  Accounts  (with  the 
Vouchers)  of  the  Akciiaeolookal  Is.stitute,  for  the  year  ISri'),  do  hereby 
ccrtifv  that  the  same  do  present  a  true  statement  of  the  lu'ccipts  and 
PaymentH  for  that  year  ;  and  from  th(>,m  has  been  prcpiuc  d  tin-  following 
abatract,  dated  this  I'lth  day  of  May,  185G. 


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Xoticfs  of  ;<licI)acoloQical  ^Jublications. 

SUSSEX  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  COLLECTIONS,  relating  to  tlie  History  and 
Antiquities  of  tiic  County,  published  by  tlie  Sussex  Archaeological  Society. 
Vol.  viii.     London  :  John  Russell  Smith.      18j(i.     8vo. 

It  has  often  been  said,  in  discouragement  of  local  societies  of  this  kind, 
that  they  must  soon  exhaiLst  their  materials,  and  then  their  publications 
will  dwindle  into  in.'^ignificanee.  Whatever  truth  there  may  be  in  this 
remark,  the  present  volume  affords  no  evidence  of  it.  Here  we  have  the 
eighth  volume  of  the  Sussex  Society,  whose  existence  dates  only  from  the 
latter  part  of  1S46,  as  full  of  appropriate  and  interesting  subjects  as  any  of 
the  former  ;  nor  can  it  be  said  that  there  is  any  falling  off  in  the  ability 
with  which  the  papers  are  written.  A  friendly  sjiirit  pervades  the  Society, 
which  is  very  comiiiendable,  and  worthy  of  imitation.  We  find  acknowledg- 
ments of  suggestions  and  assistance  from  various  (piarters  and  in  divers 
ways  ;  especially  deserving  of  mention  is  the  contril)ution  of  illustrative 
drawings  from  the  pencils  of  several  ladies.  It  is  gratifying  to  sec  their 
artistic  skill  so  usefully  employed  ;  and  it  must  be  agrecal)le,  we  doubt  not, 
to  them  to  find  so  praiseworthy  an  application  of  their  talents  of  this  kind, 
and  to  have  such  permanence  given  to  the  results.  For  the  want  of  a  little 
more  care  on  the  part  of  the  printers,  some  of  the  wood  cuts  are  over- 
jirinted,  and  full  justice  has  not  been  done  to  the  artists  or  the  engraver. 
This  might  have  been  easily  avoided,  and  we  trust  it  will  be  in  future. 
JJefore  proceeding  to  the  contents  we  must  acknowledge  our  obligations  to 
the  Cofnmittec  for  j)ermission  to  use  the  blocks  with  which  this  notice  of 
the  volume  is  illustrated. 

Mr.  M.  A.  Lower  has  contributed  a  paper  on  the  Scrase  family,  now 
represented  by  Mr.  Scrase  Dickens  ;  in  which  is  introduced  a  brief  notice 
of  the  dilapidated  Church  of  Blachington,  near  Brighton,  where  some  of  the 
family  resided,  with  two  views  of  its  present  state.  These  ruins  deserve 
the  attention  of  any  ecclesiologist,  who  may  happen  to  visit  that  neighbour- 
hood.     They  arc  ca.sy  of  access*  from  lirighton. 

The  Rev.  C.  Gaunt  has  furnished  an  accoimt  of  a  recently  discovered 
bras.H  at  Ticcliur.st,  which  now  commemorates  Jtdin  Wyb.irn,  Ks(j.,  who 
dieil  .0  Henry  VII.  (14!)(l),  ami  his  two  wives,  one  on  each  side.  The 
jteculiarity  of  it  is.  that  tlie  husbund  is  in  the  bascinct,  camail.  jnpon.  itc. 
of  about  1100,  while  the  two  wives.  wh(»  are  only  half  bis  beiglil,  are  in 
the  costume  of  the  reign  of  Ileiny  Vll.  The  rational  inference  from  this 
would  Kcem  to  be,  tliat  the?  jirincijial  figure  had  originally  coimneinoralcd 
home  knight  who  dieil  about  1100,  and  was  a|>|in»priated  nearly  a  century 
afterwards  to  its  present  [lurpose  ;  and  that  the  two  wives  were  then  adiled, 
but  of  Hniallor  ahi}  because  of  the  limited  space  that  was  available  for  them 
on  the  ulab.  In  thiH  view  of  the  subject,  which  Heems  to  have  lu'cn  suggested 
to  Mr.  (Jaunt,  he  does  not  aci|uieKce  ;  but  opposes  it  by  suppositions  and  con- 
jccturcH  that  we    think    improbable.      However,  it  is  not  easy  to  collect  his 


NOTICES   OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS. 


193 


serious  meaning,  and  we  could  have  wislied  the  subject,  as  it  deserved,  had 
been  ditforontly  treated.  We  regret  that  our  space  does  not  allow  us  to 
reproduce  the  woodcut  of  this  brass.  The  interest  of  the  paper  is  increased 
by  some  particulars  of  John  Wybarn's  family,  and  extracts  from  his  will 
and  that  of  his  widow,  who  directed  her  executors  to  buy  a  convenient 
stone  to  lay  upon  the  grave  of  her  liusbaiul  and  herself. 

The  next  article  is  by  the  Rev.  Edward  Turner  on  Sedgwick  Castle,  a 
ruin  near  Horsham.  Small  castles  seem  to  have  been  unusually 
numerous  in  Sussex,  and  some  of  them  may  have  been  intended  as  occa- 
sional residences  in  the  forest  districts  for  their  owners,  while  engaged  in 
the  pleasures  of  the  chase  at  a  distance  from  their  principal  castles  ;  but  it 
is  not  easy  to  explain,  why  any  of  such  smaller  ones  should  have  been  so 
well  defended  as  Sedgwick  appears  to  have  been  ;  for  it  had  an  inner  and 
an  outer  moat.  Probably  wooden  houses  existed  outside  the  outer  moat,  which 
were  protected  by  a  palisade.  This  would  account  for  the  situation  of  the  well. 
These  small  c;istlos  would  be  a  fit  subject  for  a  future  paper.  Mr.  Turner 
has  also  supplied  a  short  paper  on  the  College  of  Saxon  foundation  at  Bosham. 

From  Mr.  Blaauw  we  have  three  contributions,  the  most  remarkable  of 
which  is  that  on  "  Dureford  Abbey,  its  fortunes  and  misfortunes,  with  some 
particulars  of  the  Premonstratensian  Order."  The  chartulary,  which  is 
among  the  MS.  treasures  in  the  British  Museum,  has  been  turned  to  good 
account :  the  gradual  increase  of  the  possessions  has  been  traced,  and  the 
means  by  which  many  of  them  were  acquired.  One  noticeable  mode,  as 
illustrative  of  the  age,  was  by  lending  money  to  small  proprietors  to  free 
them  from  the  Jews,  and  then,  with  little  less  mercy  than  they  practised, 
taking  possession  when  the  mortgages  were 
forfeited.  For  some  years  this  Abbey  seems  to 
have  been  very  thrifty,  but  at  length  its  turn  to 
borrow  came,  and  it  was  glad  to  raise  money  by 
granting  corrodies,  i.e.  certain  daily  allowances 
of  meat  and  drink,  with  sometimes  lodging, 
firing,  and  lights,  during  the  lives  of  those  by 
whom  adequate  sums  were  advanced.  The 
mention  of  candles  has  led  to  the  introduction 
of  a  woodcut,  which  we  give  in  the  margin,  as 
exemplifying  the  candle  and  candlestick  formerly 
in  common  use  in  Sussex,  and  still  occasionally 
found  in  cottages,  and  the  dairies  and  kitchens 
of  farm-houses.  The  candle  is,  in  fact,  the  inner 
part  of  a  rush  dipped  in  melted  grease,  and  when 
burning  it  is  held  in  a  kind  of  spring  nippers, 
so  that  it  can  be  easily  raised  as  occasion  re- 
quires. This  example  was  8  [  inches  high  ;  but 
the  "  rushstick  "  or  holder  varies  in  form,  and  is 
sometimes  made  to  hang  by  a  hook.  Little  now 
remains  of  this  Abbey  beside  a  few  detached 
pieces  of  architectural  decoration,  and  numerous 

fragments    of    ornamental  tiles.      Some  of  the      „ 

former  are  engraved  ;  and  from  the  latter  several     /i.e>^M_-^^ 

of  the  most  rare,  including  the  heraldic,  have 

been  ingeniously  completed   and  arranged  by   Mr.  A.  W.  Franks,  so  as  to 

form  an  illustrative  page.     Beside  important  materials  for  a  gcuealof^ist  of  the 


191  NOTICES   OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS. 

llusseys,  this  paper  contains  some  curious  information  on  various  subjects  ; 
especially  the  ceremony  of  electinfj,  inducting,  and  installing  an  Abbot  of 
the  Order  of  Fronionstre.  Such  of  our  readers  as  are  intent  on  campano- 
logy will  be  interested  in  learningthat  there  were  eight  bells  in  1417.  when 
they  were  destroyed  by  lightning,  and  that  in  the  next  year  five  had  been 
restored,  the  respective  weights  of  which  are  recorded.  Mr.  Blaauw's 
second  contribution  is  on  some  Anglo-Saxon  charters  of  the  Vllth  and  VII  1th 
centuries,  showing  the  condition  of  Sussex  at  that  time,  divided  as  it  was 
into  several  small  states.  The  mention  of  Biochandonnc  and  Cealtborgsteal 
led  to  an  endeavour  to  identify  these  localities  ;  as  to  the  former,  it  appears 
to  have  been  successful.  The  third  is  "  Extracts  from  Iter  Sussexiense  of 
Dr.  John  Burton,"  an  amusing  narrative  written  in  Greek  of  a  journey  into 
Sussex  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century. 

Another  Abbey,  that  of  Kobertsbridge,  has  furnished  the  Rev.  George 
Miles  Cooper  with  the  subject  of  a  paper.  Some  recently  discovered  deeds, 
which  bad  long  Iain  hid  among  the  archives  of  the  Sidneys  at  Penshurst, 
have  supplied  some  new  material  for  his  purpose.  If  we  rightly  understand 
bin),  he  has  had  the  use  of  transcripts  only,  which  is  to  be  regretted.  A 
few  things,  which  would  be  a  little  unaccountable  otherwise,  may,  perhaps, 
be  due  to  his  not  having  had  the  opportunity  of  consulting  the  originals. 
This  paper  is  liberally  illustrated.  We  avail  ourselves  of  the  permission  ac- 
corded to  us,  to  present  to  our  readers  the  Seal  of  the  Abbey,  and  that  of  one 
of  the  Abbots,  with  their  respective  reverses.  The  former,  (see  next  page), 
though  attached  to  the  Surrender  of  the  Abbey  to  King  Henry  VIII..  appears 
to  be  from  a  matrix  of  the  Xlllth  century.     The  latter  is  remarkable  as  not 


I'rivy  Siiil  of  111"'   Al.bot  ol"  ItobcHnliri.lK'o. 

giving  the  (Jhrislian  name  of  the  Abbot :  it  nniy  therefore  have  been  used 
by  mr)re  than  one.  It  has  been  engraved  from  a  drawing  by  llowlett, 
taken  in  1 8,3.0  from  a  seal  attached  to  a  deed  without  date,  supposed  to 
be  of  the  XlV'lh  century.  The  absence  of  date,  aH  well  as  the  character 
of  the  Heal,  would  have  led  oh  to  ex|)ect  to  find  the  deed  to  he  of  tho 
preceding  century.  Mention  in  mailo  at  p.  l.'><)  <»f  a  Seal  of  Kalph  do 
lnHo<lun,  Karl  of  Ku,  in  right  of  his  wife  the  CouiitrHs  Alice,  whose  seal  is 
cngrav«;d  in  the  chtvcnth  vohnno  of  this  .lournal.  p.  .'Ui!t,  and  on  the  reverse 
of  lii»  ueal  there  ia  Haid  to  be   a    sliidd   of  arms  harry    of  live,  whieh  is  not 


ROBEUTSBRIUCiK  AD15EV,  SUSSEX. 
Seal  and  Counterscal,  from  the  Suvrendcr,  dated  Aiiril  IC,  153S. 


VOL.    XIII. 


£  £ 


19G 


NOTICES   OP    AKCHAEOLOGICAL   PUBLICATIONS. 


quite  intelligible,  because  barry  iiui>;t  be  of  an  even  number  ;  and  tliere  is 
no  label  mentioned,  an  omission  that  is  singular,  since  the  arms  on  the 
■widow's  seal  have  one.  The  head  of  his  family,  that  of  Lusignan,  as 
stated  in  the  notice  of  her  accompanying  her  seal,  bore  barry  arg.  and 
azure.  We  attach  no  importance  to  the  number  of  bars  or  pieces  barwise, 
but  as  he  was  a  cadet,  he  is  not  likely  to  have  borne  that  coat  without 
any  difference.  It  would  be  desirable  to  know  something  more  of  this  seal. 
There  is  also  a  cut  of  the  seal  of  Alfred  de  St.  Martin,  one  of  the  founders. 
The  other  illustrations  arc  ehietly  architectural  ;  most  of  their  oiiginals 
have  perished,  as  the  scattered  ground-plan  shows.  Mr.  G.  M.  Cooper  has 
"•leaned  some  forgotten  jKirticulars  of  the  Al)boy  and  its  benefactors,  and 
restored  the  names  of  a  few  abbots  that  had  been  lost.  Some  transaction 
having  taken  place  in  the  presence  of  Eleanor,  the  Queen  of  Ilcnry  III., 
the  story,  started  we  believe  by  !Miss  Strickland,  and  adopted  by  Lord 
Campbell,  of  this  Queen  having  been  Lady  Keeper  of  the  Great  Seal,  has 
been  revived  in  a  note.  Mr.  G.  M.  Cooper  probably  was  not  aware  of 
what  had  been  said  on  that  subject  in  the  third  vol.  of  this  Journal,  p.  275, 
et  seq. 

In  a  valuable  geneaological  paper,  Mr.  W.  Durrant  Cooper  has  given 
some  account  of  the  family  of  liraose  of  Chesworth.  and  of  that  of  Hoo, 
with  reference  to  two  monuments  in  Horsham  Church  in  memory  of 
members  of  those  families.  He  has  shown  the  connection  of  these  Braoses 
with  the  older  branch,  whence  the  Lords  of  Bramber,  and  also  with  the 
junior,  which  was  located  at  Wiston.  He  mentions  in  the  i)edigree  Sir 
Giles,  a  half  brother  of  the  Sir  William  of  Bramber,  who  died  in  13-6. 
Sir  Giles  died  in  1305,  ami  it  i^  not  generally  known  that  a  sepulchral 
effio'y  of  him,  now  much  mutil.itiMl,  lies  in  the  belfry  of  llorton  Church, 
Dorset,  in  which  parish  he  had  ]>r(ipcrty.  The  arms  on  the  shield  are 
crusily  a  lion  ram|>ant  charged  on  the  shoulder  with  a  flour  de  lis  ;  which 
agree  with  those  ascribed  to  liim  in  the  Roll.  t.  Edw.  II.  Tiiough  ho 
died  before  Sir  William,  and  left  a  son,  Thomas,  this  child  was  then  an 
infant,  and  probably  died  young  and  issueless,  as  Mr.  W.  Durrant    Cooper 

Hcems  to  have  assumed.  Of  the  Hoo 
family,  the  most  distinguished  members 
appear  to  have;  been  Sir  William,  who 
served  three  kings,  and  died  in  141 U,  aged 
.M  viiity-live,  and  his  grandson,  Thomas, 
who  was  created  Lord  Hoo.  In  the 
margin  we  give  the  seal  of  this  Sir 
William,  attached  to  a  document  dated 
in  IDI'L',  a  good  example  of  the 
perind.  The  arms  below  the  helmet 
are  Hoo,  llu^  others  i\n'  Andeville,  St. 
heger,  St.  Umer,  and  .Malmains.  The 
crowned  .M  over  the  last  is  remarkable, 
and  also  the  place  of  the  motto,  blcil 
ai|tril  .Tlmmas  I-ord  1  loo  distinguished 
IiimHclf  both  as  a  civilian  and  a  holdier.  He  tin  .1  in  II,").")  without 
mnlc  ihHUO,  An  nmcnded  copy  of  Imh  will  i.s  ^ivcn,  thai  in  llie  Tesla- 
nicntn  VetuHta  bc?ing  in  several  placcB  incorrect.  In  another  |iapei-  Mr. 
W.  Durrant  Cooper  lia.s  furniHhed  Homo  notices  of  U  inchelHca  in  and  alter 
the  X\'th  century,  with  an  account  and  pedigree  of  the  Uxcnhridge  family. 


^^^:% 


NOTICES   OF    AUCHAEOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIONS. 


107 


Tliese  may  bo  considered  as  supplemental  to  his  History  of 
Wincholsca. 

The  Rev.  Tliomas  Medland  has  furnished  extracts  from  an  old  Book 
l;ept  in  the  church  chest  at  Steyning,  and  still  used  for  entering  the 
churchwardens'  accounts  and  other  important  matters  connected  with  the 
parish.  The  occurrence  of  the  word  "  Erydc-paist "  has  afforded  an  op- 
portunity for  oftering  an  explanation  of  this  portion  of  ornamental  attire 
for  the  head.  The  word  had  been  much  misapprehended  by  recent 
writers. 

There  is  a  paper  by  Mr.  W.  S.  Walford  oti  Worth  Church  ;  one  well 
known  by  name,  at  least,  to  many  of  our  readers,  as  it  occurs  in  most 
of  the  lists  of  churches  which  are  supposed  to  have  some  portions  of  them 
Anglo-Saxon.  We  are  glad  to  be  able  to  give  a  print  of  the  exterior  from  the 
south-east  after  a  photograph  by  Dr.  Diamond  ;   and   a  ground  plan,  with 


dimensions,  the  additionsof  buttresses  and  masonry,undoubtcdly  of  later  date, 
being  distinguished  by  linear  shading  ;  and  also  a  woodcut  of  the  oast  side 
of  the  north  capital  of  the  chancel  arch,  from  a  drawing  by  Mr.  A.  Ncsbitt. 
On  examining  the  ground-plan,  which  has  been  reduced  from  one  made  by 
Mr.  F.  T.  Dollman  for  the  Society,  certain  small  exterior  projections  at  the 
corners,  and  on  all  sides,  except  the  north  side  of  the  nave,  will  be  observed. 
These  are  the  coins  and  the  pilasters,  or  remains  of  pilasters,  which  were  placed 
on  a  graduated  base  or  plinth  near  the  ground,  and  sup[)orted  a  stringcourse 
about  half  the  height  of  the  wall.  They  are  of  what  may  be  called  long 
and  short  work,  but  the  alternations  of  long  and  short  are  not  so  marked 
as  is  usual  in  work  so  designated.  Two  only  of  these  pilasters  remain 
entire :  they  are  near  the  south-west  corner  of  the  nave.  There  is  no 
tower :  what  in  the  print  looks   like    a    small  spire,  is  a  modern  belfry 


IDS 


NOTICES    OF    AUCIIAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS. 


erected  over  the  north  transept.  The  doorways  are  decorated,  except 
those  into  tlie  transepts  which  arc  modern.  The  windows  are  of  various 
dates  and  stylos,  hut  none  earlier  than  the  Xlllth  century,  unless  a  small 
one  ou  tlie  "east   side   of  the  north   transept  he  an  exception.     The  most 

striking  feature  in  the  interior  is  the 
chancel  arch.  It  is  14  feet  1  inch  in 
span,  semicircular,  and  of  a  single 
order,  measuring  22  feet  5J  inches  at 
its  highest  point  from  tlie  floor.  It 
springs  at  the  height  of  ahout  15  feet 
G  inches  from  massive  semicircular 
jamhs  with  remarkable  imposts  or 
capitals,  each  consisting  of  a  flat 
cushion  and  a  square  abacus,  with  an 
intervening  quarter-round  moulding. 
The  piers  and  arch  are  about  3  feet 
thick,  exclusive  of  the  mouldings ; 
and  the  stones,  of  which  they  are  con- 
structed, extend  through  the  whole 
thickness.  Tlie  work  is  doticicnt  in  the 
neatness  and  regularity  characteristic 
of  Norman  masonry;  and  there  is  a  want 
of  parallelism  and  similarity  in  parts 
which  should  have  been  respectively 
parallel  and  alike.  Something  of  this 
is  apparent  in  the  accompanying  cut. 
The  transepts  communicate  with  the 
nave  by  semicircuhir  arehes  spiing- 
ing  from  Pf|iiare  jambs  of  irregular  masonry,  with  imposts,  now  nuu'h 
mutilated,  which  socm  to  have  consisted  of  two  meniber.s  each,  the  upper 
projecting  beyond  the  lower  ;  both  were  probably  square  and  plain  ;  and  a 
plain  square  moulding  descends  from  them  to  the  floor  on  the  inner  side  in 
a  corresponding  situation  to  the  half  round  moulding  on  the  east  side  of 
the  chancel  arch,  which  is  shown  in  the  woodcut  of  the  capital.  These 
arches  are  about  8  feet  8  inches  in  span,  and  rise  to  14  feet  7  inches  above 
the  floor.  The  square  imposts  and  mouldings  suggest  the  idea  of  their 
having  been  left  in  block.  There  is  no  documentary  evidence  of  the 
chureli  earlier  than  the  Xlllth  centiu'y,  but  Mr.  W.  S.  Walford  concurs  with 
Mr.  I'doxam,  Mr.  Sharpe,  and  others,  who  have  come  to  the  conclusion 
that  it  is  8ul)Stantially  an  Anglo-Saxon  building  ;  and  what  is  rare,  that 
there  has  been  no  deviation  from  the  original  groimd-plan  :  th(tui;h  without 
doulit  there  have  been  great  repairs  at  various  times,  and  wiiuiows  and 
doorways  inserted,  and  the  roof  throughout  replaced  liy  a  modern  one. 
Still  be  sees  no  good  reason  for  believing  it  to  be  of  earlier  date  than  the 
first  half  of  the  Xllli  century,  'i'he  font,  of  which  there  is  a  woodcut,  is 
sitignliir  ;  for  it  consiHls  of  two  of  nearly  the  same  date,  neither  later  than 
the  Xlllth  century,  j)laced  one  on  the  other,  the  lower  serving  as  a  base  to 
tlif»  upper,  and  yet  there;  is  no  incongruity  that  suggests  the  fact  of  there 
being  two  fonts. 

Ti»  thirt  volume,  after  some  "  .Votes  and  (,Miei'ies  "  reluling  to  locul  suh- 
jnctH,  tlu-re  in  added  the  Catalogue  of  tlnr  Antiquities  e,\lili)ited  at  the 
MuBcum  formed  during  the   meeting  of  the  Archaeological    Institute,  held 


NOTICES    OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    TUBLICATIONS.  199 

at  Chichester  in  July,  18.03.  In  tlio  previous  volume  produced  by  the 
Sussex  Society  a  General  Report  of  the  Proceedings  on  that  occasion  had 
been  given,  as  a  record  of  the  friendly  participation  of  the  two  Societies  in 
their  prosecution  of  a  common  purpose,  and  comprising  notices  of  various 
matters  of  local  interest.  This  Report,  accompanied  by  the  Catalogue 
of  the  Museum,  which  contains  numerous  interesting  illustrations  of  local 
antiquities,  has  been  published  in  a  separate  form  by  Mr.  J.  Russell 
Smith.  Such  a  memorial  of  the  Chichester  Meeting  cannot  fail  to  be 
acceptable  to  many,  as  well  members  of  the  Institute,  as  others,  wlio  may 
not  have  joined  the  ranks  of  the  Archaeologists  of  Sussex.' 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  SCOTLAND. 
Vol.  I.  Edinburgh,  in5"2-54.  Printed  for  the  Society.  Small  4to,  312  pp. 
Plates  and  numerous  woodcuts. 

Amongst  the  earliest  of  those  combined  endeavours  for  the  promotion  of 
archaeological  investigations,  which  have  taken  in  recent  years  so  extended 
a  development,  in  almost  every  part  of  the  United  Kingdom,  the  Anti- 
quaries of  Scotland  may  justly  claim  an  honourable  precedence.  The 
infancy  of  such  antiquarian  confederations  in  our  country  was  fostered  by 
the  patient  research  and  the  genial  patriotism  of  that  great  leader  in 
untrodden  paths,  whom  we  still  delight  familiarly  to  hail  as  the  "  Nourrlce 
of  Antiquity."  It  were  no  uninteresting  task  to  trace,  from  the  days  of 
Camden  and  his  learned  associates,  the  small  beginnings  of  that  extensive 
movement,  which  in  our  own  times  has  taken  so  wide  a  range  of  energetic 
operation  and  influence  on  popular  opinion.  Through  the  length  and 
breadth  of  the  land  there  is  now  scarce  any  locality,  or  any  special  depart- 
ment of  historical  and  antiquarian  inquiry,  unprovided  with  its  associated 
band  of  kindred  spirits,  united  for  the  special  purpose  of  prosecuting  their 
purpose  by  friendly  co-operation,  more  efficiently  than  can  ever  be  done  by 
any  individual  efforts. 

It  is  with  no  ordinary  interest,  however,  that  we  address  our  attention 
to  the  position  and  the  prospects  of  archaeology  in  North  Britain.  As  we 
observed  on  a  former  occasion,  the  impulse  to  which  we  may  undoubtedly 
trace  the  growing  taste  for  archaeological  investigation,  not  only  in  our  own 
country,  but  throughout  Europe,  is  to  be  sought  in  the  wizard's  spell  which 
emanated  from  Abbotsford.  It  has  been  truly  remarked  by  one  of  the 
most  acute  of  modern  writers  on  the  subject  under  consideration,  that 
thougli  not  exactly  the  source  which  we  miglit  expect  to  give  birth  to  the 
transition  from  profitless  dilettantism  to  the  intelligent  spirit  of  scientific 
investigation,  yet  it  is  unquestionable  that  Sir  Walter  Scott  was  the  first  of 
modern  writers  "  to  teach  all  men  this  truth,  which  looks  like  a  truism, 
and  yet  was  as  good  as  unknown  to  writers  of  history  and  others,  till  so 
taught — that  the  bygone  ages  of  the  world  were  actually  filled  by  living 
men."  - 

'  Report  of   the    Transactions   at   the  with  the  series  of  Annual  Transactions  oi 

Annual     Meetiiig    of    the      Institute    at  the  Institute,  nniy    be    obtained  through 

Chichester,  1 1)53,  with  a  general  notice  of  any  bookseller. 

Memoirs,  ami  a  detailed  catalogue  of  the  -  Carl^Je's  Miscellanies,  vol.  v.,  p.  301, 

temporary  Museum.      Publi.Khed  for   the  second      edit.,     cited     by    Dr.    Wilson 

Archaeological    Institute.       London:    J.  "Prehistoric  Annals  of  Scotland,"' p.  xi. 
Russell  Smith,  8vo.  This  volume,  ranging 


200  NOTICES    OF    AlICIIAEOLOGICAL    PTBLICATIONS. 

It  was  not  until  17S0  that  any  institution  of  a  permanent  character 
was  organised  in  Scothiml  for  tlie  special  purpose  of  antiquarian  and  histo- 
rical research.  It  is  not  our  present  purpose  to  pass  in  review  in  any 
detail  the  earlier  eti'orts  of  the  Society,  the  foundation  of  which,  at  that 
period,  orit,'inatcd  with  the  Earl  of  Buchan,  who  appears  to  have  taken  the 
most  lively  interest  in  its  establishment,  and  tliruiigh  whose  liberality 
a  suitable  jilace  was  speedily  provided  for  the  formation  of  a  museum. 
Thus  fortunately  a  depository  was  established  for  the  preservation  of 
numerous  reliques,  the  nucleus  of  those  important  and  highly  instructive 
collections  actually  in  the  possession  of  the  Society.  The  scheme  of 
operations,  sketched  out  with  considerable  ability  by  the  noble  fuuuder,  the 
progress  of  the  institution,  and  its  beneficial  results  in  stimulating  a  taste 
for  inquiries  connected  with  National  History  and  Ancient  Vestiges,  may  be 
found  fully  recorded  in  the  earlier  publications.^  Nor  can  we  here  omit  to 
advert  to  the  brief  but  interesting  sketch  of  the  growth  of  the  Society  and 
of  its  museum,  prefixed  to  the  Synopsis  of  that  Collection,  which  we  owe 
to  the  exertions  of  one  of  the  most  energetic  and  eidightened  of  our 
fellow-labourers  in  the  cause  of  National  Antiquities,  Daniel  Wilson.  The 
loss  which  archaeological  and  ethnological  science  has  sustained  in  the 
untimely  removal  of  so  able  and  intelligent  a  votary  to  a  distant  country, 
is  deeply  to  be  regretted. 

The  earlier  publications  of  the  Antiquaries  of  Scotland  form  four  quarto 
volumes,  comprising  a  large  amount  of  valuable  information  relating  to  the 
ancient  vestiges  from  time  to  time  discovered  in  North  Britain,  illustrations 
of  historical  incidents,  popular  customs  and  superstitions,  with  the  record 
of  numerous  observations  and  curious  facts  brought  under  the  notice  of  the 
Society  from  its  formatiun  in  1780,  through  a  period  of  rather  more  than 
half  a  century.  The  Memoirs  are,  with  very  few  exceptions,  exelusively 
illustrative  of  the  Antiquities,  Secular  and  Ecclesiastical,  of  Scotland  ; 
but  they  comprise  many  matters  of  essential  value  to  the  archaeologist, 
more  especially  in  connection  with  the  obscure  period  of  our  earlier 
remains. 

The  seventy-second  session  of  the  society  was  a  memorable  period  in  its 
history  ;  a  crisis  from  which  may  be  traced  the  renewal  of  energetic  and 
well  organised  co-operation.  Those  who,  like  Mr.  TurnbuU  and  other 
devoted  historical  enquirers  and  archaeologists,  for  some  years  had  exerted 
their  best  eilorts  to  sustain  the  vitality  of  the  institution  in  adverse  times, 
are  to  be  remembered  with  cordial  commendation.  It  was  not,  however, 
until  18.02  that  the  Society  found  themselves  in  a  position  to  re^ume  the  regu- 
l.ir  publieation  of  tlieir  Transactions,  and  wisely  resolved  to  commit  to  Mr. 
David  haing  and  Dr.  Wilson  ihe  preparation  of  abstracts  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  each  session,  in  a  hinaller  aiul  less  costly  form  than  had  previou.sly 
bc;en  adopted,  accompanied  with  illuitrations  of  objects  of  special  interest. 
They  rcHcrved  the  power  of  ]trinting  in  full  hereafter  such  memoirs  as 
might  appear  dcsiruble  to  form  u  continuation  of  the  "  Archaeologia 
Scotica,"  aB  often  as  the  funds  of  the  society  should  rendir  such  publication 
udvisablc.  It  is  to  these  **  Proceedings  of  the  Society,*'  of  which  the 
firnt  volume  has  recently  been  completed,  that  wo  would  take  occasion  to 
invite  the  attention  of  our  mendic-r,'^,  on  the  eve  of  their  visit  to  tin-  interest- 

■■  Sf  Mr.  Sini'lliiV  "  Afcmirit  ol  llic  niili-il  n.irrallvc  dniwii  up,  in  11I.'}1,  l)y 
Inmilulion  mill  iiro^'ri-MH  of  tin?  .^mifty  l>r.  Ilililn  rt  iiiid  Mr.  I».  I.niii^',  ai>ipcii(itil 
or  Aitli'iuuricB  of  .V-ollnini,"  aiul  llio  il<>       Id  vol.  in.  oi    rli<'  'I'liiiiMutioiis. 


NOTICES    OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS. 


201 


ing  scenes  of  so  many  heart-stirring  memories,  of  so  many   memorable 
deeds  of  bold  daring  and  devoted  patriotism. 

The  volume  before  us  commences  with  the  anniversary  meeting  in 
November,  1851,  and  the  address  of  Dr.  Wilson,  on  the  future  prospects 
of  the  Society,  and  the  result  of  long-pending  negotiations  for  the  establish- 
ment of  the  collections  on  the  footing  of  a  National  Museum,  thus  securing 
permanent  accommodation  for  tho-e  collections  and  for  the  meetings  of  the 
Society  in  some  suitable  public  Institution.  It  must  be  a  subject  of  great 
regret,  that  the  pledge  then  given  of  the  tardy  assent  of  government  to 
establish  in  the  Scottish  capital  a  museum  of  historical  antiquities,  still 
remains  unfulfilled.  We  cannot  doubt  that,  remarkable  as  are  the  collec- 
tions amassed  within  the  insufficient  space  of  the  rooms  now  occupied  by 
the  Society,  their  value,  as  an  instructive  exemplification  of  the  vestiges  of 
every  period  in  North  Britain,  would  be  speedily  augmented  to  an  important 
extent,  if  a  depository  were  provided,  worthy  of  the  national  character  of 
such  a  museum.  We  might  then,  possibly,  see  united  in  such  a  national 
depository,  many  of  those  precious  relics  of  ancient  art,  not  less  remarkable 
through  the  historical  or  personal  associations  connected  with  them  ;  such, 
for  instance,  as  the  Dunvegan  Mether,  of  which  we  find  a  notice  by 
Dr.  Wilson,  in  the  "  Proceedings  "  before  us.  It  has  been  described  with 
more  critical  accuracy  by  Mr.  Alexander  Nesbitt  in  this  Journal,  vol.  xii. 
p.  79,  on  the  occasion  of  its  exhibition,  through  the  kindness  of  the  present 
possessor,  Norman  Mac  Leod,  Esq.,  at  one  of  the  meetings  of  the  Institute. 
Of  another  highly  interesting  example  of  early  workmanship  in  metal,  the 
Guthrie  Bell,  an  heir-loom  of  the  Guthrie  family,  an  engraving  is  given  in 
the  volume  under  consideration  (p.  55). 

"  Amid  the  increasing  zeal  for  the  advancement  of  knowledge  (as 
Dr.  Wilson  has  well  observed)  the  time  appears  to  have  at  length  come  for 
the  thorough  elucidation  of  Primeval  Archaeology  as  an  element  in  the 
history  of  man."^  Numerous  are  the  examples  of  vestiges  of  the  earlier 
races,  their  implements  or  weapons,  of  which  notices  may  be  found  in  these 
*'  Proceedings,"  as  also  of  the  daring  enterprise  of  the  Roman  invader. 
A  detailed  description  Avill  be  found  of  the  remarkable  hoard  of  denarii, 
including  the  entire  imperial  series  from  Nero  to  Severus,  discovered  in 
Fifeshire,  in  1851  ;  as  also  notices  of  altars  and  inscriptions  found  at 
Newstead  and  Castle  Gary,  camps,  remains  of  buildings,  with  many  other 
traces  of  Roman  occupation  in  North  Britain.  Amongst  the  vestiges  of  the 
earlier  period,  it  is  believed,  the  curious  mould,  of  serpentine,  found  in 
Ayrsliire,  may  be  classed  (See 
woodcut).  It  measures  16  i 
inches  by  9i,  the  greatest  thick- 
ness being  about  21  inches.  It 
is  difficult  to  comprehend  the 
purpose  of  the  objects  which  this 
rudely  fashioned  mould  was  des- 
tined to  produce  ;  amongst  them 
are  certain  implements,  bearing 
some    analogy     to    the     simpler 

types  of  the  celt.     It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  a  stone  mould  presenting 
features    of   similarity    to   this,    in    regard    to    the    forms    of   implements 


*  "  Prehistoric  Ann.ils,"  p.' xii. 


VOL.  xrii. 


;02 


NOTICES   OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS. 


which  it  was  intended  to  supply,  has  been  found  in  Ireland,  and  is  now 
in  the  collection  of  our  noble  President,  Lord  Talbot,  by  whose  kindness 
it  was  exhibited  in  the  museum  of  the  Institute  at  the  Shrewsbury  Meeting. 
These  reliques  of  early  metallurgical  industry  in  the  British  Islands  are  of 
freat  curiosity  ;  another  stone  mould,  but  obviously  of  a  much  later  period, 
is  figured  in  the  *'  Proceedings,"  p.  125  :  it  is  suited  for  casting  buckles 
of  various  sizes.  Amongst  the  stone  reliques  rarely  found  south  of  the 
Tweed,  we  may  here  notice  the  curious  "  Druidical  Patera),"  of  which,  by 


the  fricndlv  permission  of  the  Society,  we  are  enabled  to  present  the 
accompanying  representation  to  our  readers.  They  have  been  discovered 
in  various  ])ositions,  within  stone  circles,  and  in  "  Pictish  Forts."  They 
are  formed  of  soft  calcareous  stone,  or  of  steatite.  Such  vessels  are  still 
used  in  the  Faroe  Islands  as  lamps  or  chating-dishes,  and  on  the  northern 
shores  of  Scotland  sucli  '*  Druidical  "  appliances  may  have  served  the  like 
bonielv  purpose  even  to  a  comparatively  late  period.  A  good  Scotti.sh 
example  was  placed  in  our  museum  at  the  Chichester  Meeting  by  the  kind- 


nchH  of  Wm  Grace  tin-  I'ukc  of  ilicliMioml  ;  :iiiil  ut  Slircwshiiry  another, 
found  in  the  IhIc  of  Man,  wiih  bnmglit  under  the  notice  (if  (lie  Institute  by 
tJH!  Roy.  .1.  a.  Cnniming.  (Sec  p.  lU  I,  ttttic,  in  this  volunio  of  tin;  .lournal.) 


NOTICES    OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS.  203 

Amongst  reliqucs  of  bronze,  notices  occur  of  celts,  spears  and  swords,  found 
in  various  parts  of  Scotland  ;  o'i  lyatellce,  of  lares,  and  productions  partaking 
of  an  artistic  character.  The  curious  frat^nient  of  a  lar^e  iron  chain,  27  inches 
in  length  (see  woodcut),  was  discovered  in  Berwickshire,  with  large  culinary 
vessels  of  bronze,  a  Roman  lyatella  and  ornaments,  iron  hammers  or  pick- 
axes, and  mechanical  tools,  an  iron  lamp-stand,  and  other  reliques  of  the 
Roman  age.  The  remarkable  resemblance  of  the  object  above  represented 
to  the  massive  iron  chain  discovered  by  Mr.  Neville  at  Chesterford,  as 
described  by  him  in  this  Journal,  (p.  4,  ante,  pi.  3,)  claims  our  notice  ; 
whilst  the  cause  of  the  concealment,  in  this  instance  on  clay  below  peat, 
to  which  the  preservation  of  the  metal  is  probably  due,  may  have  occurred 
under  similar  circumstances  to  that  of  the  deposit  brought  to  light  through 
Mr.  Neville's  researches.  An  object  of  interesting  character  is  tlie  bronze 
sheath  here  figured,  (length  of  in.)  found  with  four  leaf-sliaped  swords  and 
a  large  spear-head,  all  of  bronze,  on  Lord  Panmure's  estates  in  Forfarshire. 


tr 


The  first-mentioned  object  has  been  regarded  in  Scotland  as  the  end,  or 
houteroUc,  of  the  scabbard  of  a  sword,  and  is  described  as  unique  amongst 
Scottish  remains.  A  relique  of  the  same  class,  found  in  the  river  Isis,  has 
been  figured  in  this  Journal  (vol.  x.  p.  259.  fig.  on  the  left  side  of  the  page, 
inadvertently  there  described  as  found  in  the  Thames).  It  is  now  in  the 
British  Museum,  with  other  examples  from  the  Thames,  one  of  them  recently 
acquired  with  Mr.  Roach  Smith's  museum,  and  figured  in  his  catalogue, 
p.  81.  In  the  bronze  sheath,  now  in  the  museum  of  the  Scottish  Anti- 
quaries, the  peculiarity  occurs,  noticed  by  Mr.  Franks  in  some  of  the 
specimens  found  in  England  (Archaeol.  Journ.,  vol.  xii.  p.  201).  There 
are  round  holes  at  about  mid-length,  near  the  central  ridge,  not  pierced 
one  opposite  the  other,  so  as  to  form  a  perforation  through  the  sheath,  but 
alternately,  that  on  one  side  being  on  the  dexter  side  of  the  central  ridge, 
that  on  the  reverse  on  the  sinister  side.  The  cause  of  this  singular  adjust- 
ment has  not  been  explained. 

Amongst  other  ancient  reliques  of  an  interesting  description  noticed  in 
this  volume  there  are  various  objects  of  mediaeval  date,  ecclesiastical, 
sepulchral,  sculptured  crosses  and  monuments,  coins,  seals,  «kc.  Wo  are 
enabled  to  give  the  representation  of  a  singular  fragment  found  near 
Newstead,  Roxburghshire,  part  of  an  incised  slab,  on  which  the  sword 
appears,  with  certain  objects  which  we  arc  surprised  to  find  thus  associated 
— apparently,  a  mason's  square,  and  a  pair  of  compasses.  It  may  be 
conjectured  that  these  were  symbols  of  freemasonry  ;  and  the  initials  a  p 
have  been  regarded  as  possibly  commemorative  of  a  person  of  the  Pringle 
family,  a  common  name  in  that  locality.  The  imperfect  state  of  this 
curious  sepulchral  fragment,  however,  prevents  our  forming  any  certain 
conclusion  regarding  the  intention  of  the  symbols  in  question.  The  square 
may  possibly  be  the  termination  of  a  kind  of  staft",  such  as  occurs  on  a 
cross  slab  at  ^Yoodhorn,  Northumberland,  figured  in  Dr.  Charlton's  Memoir 


204 


NOTICES   OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS. 


in  this  Journal,  vol.  v..  p.  257  ;  ns  also  at  Lanchoster,  and  with  a  sword,  on 
a  slab  in  the  county  of  Durham.   It  may  possibly  be  a  symbol  of  pilgrimage. 

The  compasses  ou  the  fragment  here 
represented  may  be  the  shears,  a  symbol 
which  Dr.  Charlton  has  shewn  to  desig- 
nate the  memorial  of  a  female.  Amongst 
the  interesting-  examples  noticed  by  him 
in  the  Northern  counties,  it  may  be 
observed  that  the  hammer  and  pincers 
occur  combined  with  the  sword.  Many 
examples  of  these  sepulchral  slabs  may 
be  found  in  Mr.  Cutt's  Manual  illustra- 
\ r|'        ■      -  ^        I   1^    "  V I     ting   that  class    of  memorials,   and  the 

\     x: .Q  'I'-     ii'    1 1  r  iTa      numerous  forms  of  sepulchral  crosses. 

Several  other  reliques  of  this  de- 
scription are  noticed  in  the  first  volume 
of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Scottish 
Antiquaries.  We  may  notice  the 
incised  slab  found  by  Mr.  John  Stuart  in  a  grave  near  Dunrobin  Castle, 
and  bearing  the  mysterious  symbols  of  the  fish,  the  comb,  and  the  mirror, 
so  frequently  found  on  sculptured  crosses  in  North  Britain.  The  attention 
of  archaeologists  was  first  called  to  that  remarkable  class  of  early  Christian 
monuments  through  the  series  of  examples  in  the  county  of  Angus,  a  pub- 
lication which  we  owe  to  the  munificence  of  a  lamented  and  highly  gifted 
antiquary,  the  late  Mr.  Patrick  Chalmers.  A  notice  of  that  valuable  work 
was  given  in  this  Journal,  vol.  vi.  p.  86.  Numerous  sculptured  slabs  of 
most  curious  character  exist  in  the  more  remote  parts  of  Scotland,  and 
may  be  classed  amongst  the  most  interesting  vestiges  in  that  country. 
We  look  forward  with  high  satisfaction  to  the  complete  collection  of  these 
sculptures,  now  on  the  eve  of  publication,  the  result  of  the  research  and 
intelligent  devotion  to  the  elucidation  of  National  antiquities  in  North 
Britain  evinced  by  Mr.  Stuart,  the  Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Anticpiaries 
of  Scotland. 

The  collector  of  niodia;val  seals  will  find  a  rich  supply  of  admirable 
examples  in  Scotland,  which  liave  been  brought  within  his  reach  through 
the  labours  of  Mr.  Henry  Laing,  who  has  long  enjoyed  the  encouragement 
and  friendly  cooperation  of  Mr.  Cosmo  Innes  and  other  able  enquirers  into 
monastic  antiquities,  family  history,  and  the  documentary  treasures 
preserved  in  many  repositories  in  North  l^ritain.  The  extent  and  varied 
character  of  the  Sphragistic  series  collected  by  Mr.  Laing,  is  fully  set  forth 
in  liis  "  Catalogue  of  Impressions  from  Scottish  Seals."'  By  the  kindness 
of  the  Society  we  are  enabled  to  place  before  our  readers  representations  of 
one  of  the  most  artistic  and  delicately  wrought  e.\ain]»les.  It  is  the 
Clia[iter-Hcal  of  Brc.'chin,  a  brass  matrix  of  the  highest  chiss  of  art  in  the 
.\  1 1 1th  century,  as  hhewn  in  these  exquisitely  elabonitcd  jiroductions.  '^Phe 
reverse  of  tlic  matrix  is  enricheil  with  fuiiage  iti  high  relief,  i'-suitig  from  a 


*  TluH  intcrcitliriK  rntul()){iin  (|itiblihlie<| 
in  l'l(liiiliiir{;li  in  Dl.'iO,  410.)  in  c<i|ii(Misly 
illiiHirntctl,  nnil  <'(iiii|iriHPM  12 III  cxitiniilcK 
of  roynl,  hnronini,  orolchiahticitl  niirl  muni- 
cipitl   Msnlh.      It    tna^  t)c  arcr-iit.-ilijp  tfi  till 


coiiccliir  to  III'  iiifiirnird  (lint  mil|ilnir 
t'liMtH  or  j{lii.HM  timlrit'cs  of  uny  of  thcHO 
m'nU  uuiy  Ix'  |iiiri'liUHcil  nt  nioilcrute  cost 
from  Ml  II.  I.nin^,  .').">,  Knst  CroHh  C'atiBe- 
wiiy,  f'jrliiihiir^li. 


JTOTICES   OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS. 


205 


grotesque  head  of  an  animal,  perforated  to  admit  a  small  cord  or  chain  for 
suspension.     The  matrix  has  been  recently  presented  to  the  Museum  of  the 


Antiquaries  of  Scotland.  An  account  of  it,  accompanied  by  woodcuts  from 
the  delicate  pencil  of  Mr.  H.  Shaw,  was  given  in  the  Archaeologia  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London,  vol.  xxxv.  p.  487.  In  the  Museum  at 
Edinburgh,  many  matrices  of  interest  will  be  found,  and  amongst  them 
there  is  one  of  very  unusual  de- 
scription, found  near  Edinburgh 
on  the  eastern  slope  of  Arthur's 
Seat.  (See  woodcut.)  It  dis- 
plays a  turbaned  head,  with  an 
inscription  in  Hebrew  characters, 
containing  the  name  Solomon  Bar 
Isaac,  probably  the  ancient  owner 
of  the  seal,  with  some  words  of 
which  no  satisfactory  interpreta- 
tion has  been  given.  It  is  not  easy 
to  I'econcile  the  device  of  the  human  head  with  the  supposition  that  this 
relic  belonged  to  an  Israelite,  since  the  Jews  have  always  eschewed  all 
such  imagery.  An  engraving  of  another  Hebrew  seal,  found  at  Gibraltar, 
may  be  seen  in  Gent.  Mag.,  vol.  Ixiii.,  p.  209.  The  device  is  a  fleur-de-lis, 
•with  six  stars,  hammer  and  pincers.  A  singular  matrix  of  quatrefoiled 
form,  with  a  Hebrew  inscription,  and  the  device  of  a  castle  and  fleiu-dc-lis, 
exists  in  the  British  Museum.  These  seals  may  have  been  talismanic  or 
magical. 

In  a  recent  contribution  to  this  Journal,  the  subject  of  mcdiaival  tissues, 
hitherto  insufiiciently  noticed  in  this  country,  has  been  brought  before  our 
Society  by  Mr.  Burges.  (See  p.  139,  ante.)  Examples  of  early  date  are 
of  the  greatest  rarity.  The  woodcuts  liere  given  represent  portions  of 
silken  bands,  woven  with  gold  or  silver  thread,  found  in  the  tomb  of  one  of 


20G 


NOTICES   OF   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   PUBLICATIONS. 


the  bishops  ut"  lioss,  in  tlie  Cathedral  of  Fortrose.  The  narrow  band  was 
bound  round  the  body,  from  head  to  foot  ;  the  broader  band  was  wound 
round  the  neck,  having  attached  to  it  an  object  resenibhng  a  long  seal, 
lying  on  the  left  breast.  These  curious  bands,  here  figured  half  the  actual 
size,  preserve,  probably,  the  tradition  of  the  peculiar  designs  of  the  Oriental 
looms,  in  the  ciiaracteristic  ornament  known  amongst  the  Byzantine 
artificers  as  the  O'aminadion,  and  still  prevalent  on  many  of  the  decorative 
appliances  of  the  Greek  Church. 


The  foregoing  notices  may  suffice  to  invite  attention  to  the  rrococdings 
of  the  kindred  Society  in  the  Northern  metropolis.  Through  their  friendly 
invitation  the  Institute  will  ere  long  cross  the  Border,  on  no  hostile  raid,  as 
in  times  of  olden  jealousies  and  spoliation,  now  happily  for  ever  passed 
away.  On  no  former  occasion,  perhaps,  since  the  establishment  of  the 
Institute,  has  a  more  advantageous  (ip|iortunity  been  presented  tons  fur  the 
extension  of  friendly  relations,  and  that  mutual  interchange  of  the  fruits  of 
toil  in  the  field  of  Archaenlogical  and  Historical  enquiry,  to  wliich  we  should 
ever  look  as  the  threat  benefit  accruing  from  these  jioriodical  gatherings,  in 
the  systematic  direction  and  impulse  which  tliey  give  to  scientific  enquiry. 


glvcOacologitnl  lutdltaencc 

Mr.  Akermax  announces  an  interestino-  sequel  toliis  "  Remains  of  Pagan 
Saxondoni,"  recently  completed.  It  will  be  entitled  "  Rcliques  of  the 
Celtic,  Romano-British,  and  Anglo-Saxon  Periods,"  and  is  destined  to 
comprise  some  of  the  choicest  examples  of  ancient  art  of  the  three  periods, 
selected  from  various  puhlic  and  private  collections.  The  whole  will  be 
issued  in  4to  parts,  at  2s.  (yd.  each,  containing  carefully  coloured  plates 
accompanied  by  letter-press  descriptions.  Subscribers  are  requested  to  send 
their  names  to  Mr.  J.  Russell  Smith,  Soho-square. 

The  exquisite  reproductions  of  carvings  in  ivory,  frequently  exhibited  at 
meetings  of  the  Institute  by  Mr.  Alexander  Nesbitt,  have  aroused  no 
slight  interest  in  the  examples  of  ancient  art,  of  that  class.  We  invited 
the  attention  of  our  readers  on  a  former  occasion  to  the  advantageous 
arrangement  through  which  these  exquisite  facsimiles  in  "  Fictile  Ivory  " 
may  be  obtained  from  the  Arundel  Society.  A  catalogue  has  been  recently- 
published  by  the  Society,  comprising  much  important  and  critical  informa- 
tion, and  more  especially  in  the  valuable  Dissertation  on  art,  as  exemplified 
by  sculptures  in  ivory,  contributed  by  Mr.  Digby  Wyatt. 

The  precious  collection  of  ivories,  heretofore  known  as  the  Fejervary 
Collection,  is  known  to  many  of  our  readers,  especially  as  having  been 
exhibited  in  the  Museum  of  the  Institute  at  the  Shrewsbury  Meeting. 
The  spirited  archaeologist,  Mr.  Joseph  Mayer,  F. S.A.,  of  Liverpool,  in 
whose  museum  these  treasures  of  ancient  art  are  now  preserved,  and  to 
whose  kind  liberality  we  were  indebted  for  their  production  at  Shrewsbury, 
has  prepared  an  interesting  catalogue  of  the  collection.  It  is  accompanied 
by  an  essay  an  antique  ivories,  with  detailed  notices  of  consular  diptychs. 
which  range  from  the  Ilird  to  the  Vlth  centuries,  by  M.  Francis  Pulszkv. 

Mr.  Richard  Sims,  compiler  of  the  "  Index  to  all  the  Pedigrees  and 
arms  in  the  Heraldic  Visitations  and  other  Genealogical  MSS.  in  the  British 
Museum, "as  also  of  the  useful  Handbook  to  the  Library  of  thatlnstitution, an- 
nounces for  immediate  publication  (by  subscription)  a  Manual  for  the  Genea- 
logist, Topographer,  and  all  who  are  engaged  in  antiquarian  researches. 
It  will  comprise  information  regarding  the  depositories  of  public  records, 
parochial  and  other  registers,  wills,  heraldic  collections  in  various  public 
libraries,  with  lists  of  monastic  cartularies,  of  county  and  family  histories, 
and  general  notices  of  the  chief  sources  of  information,  of  the  greatest 
utility  in  various  researches  to  which  the  attention  of  many  of  our  readers 
is  devoted.  Those  persons  who  desire  to  encourage  this  useful  undertakino-, 
may  address  the  author,  12  Grafton-street  East,  London  University. 

The  Rev.  J.  Jordan,  Vicar  of  Enstonc,  Oxfordshire,  proposes  to  publisli 
(by  subscription)  a  Parochial  History  of  that  Parish,  witli  memorials  of 
certain  families  of  note  anciently  settled  there,  its  connection  witii  Winch- 
combe  Alibey,  with  other  particulars  of  intcM'ost  to  tlio  gcnornl  reader. 


20S  ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INTELLIGENCE. 

We  hope  on  a  future  occasion  to  notice  several  recent  publications  by 
societies  in  various  parts  of  England.  The  Surrey  Archaeological  Society 
has  produced  the  first  fasciculus  of  their  Transactions,  to  which  we  invited 
attention  in  the  last  number  of  this  Journal.  The  annual  meeting  has  been 
lately  held  successfully  at  Croydon,  and  a  very  interesting  assemblage  of 
local  antiquities  was  produced  on  that  occasion.  The  Essex  Archaeological 
Society  has  published  the  first  instalment  of  their  Proceedings,  comprising 
an  Inaugural  Lecture  by  Professor  Marsden  ;  Memoirs  on  Roman  remains 
discovered  at  Chelmsford,  Colchester,  and  Coggeshall  ;  on  the  Roman 
Sepulture  of  infants,  and  the  singular  usage  of  depositing  their  remains  in 
the  sunprunilaria — under  the  eaves  ;  this  curious  subject  has  been  here 
brought  befure  the  society  by  their  President,  the  Hon.  Richard  Neville,  to 
whose  indefatigable  research  we  have  frequently  been  indebted  for  valuable 
informatiun  regarding  the  sepulchral  usages  of  the  earlier  periods.  Mr. 
Ashurst  Majendic  has  contributed  notes  on  Iledingham  Castle  and  the 
Do  Vere  family,  and  amongst  the  illustrations  will  be  found  two  elaborate 
woodcuts,  representing  very  successfully  the  delicately  sculptured  details  of 
the  tomb  of  .lohn.  Earl  of  Oxford,  in  Castle  Hedingham  Church.  The  fine 
memorial  of  this  earl,  who  died  in  1539,  was  brought  formerly  under  our 
notice  through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Majondie,  who  exhibited  at  our  meetings 
the  beautiful  drawings  prepared  by  his  direction.  Amongst  other  subjects 
of  interest,  the  Proceeilings  comprise  remarks  on  the  Round  Church  of 
Little  Maplestcad,  by  Mr.  Buckler  ;  on  the  recently  discovered  sepulchral 
brass  at  Bowers  Gitford  Church,  by  Mr.  II.  AV.  King  (noticed  in  this 
Journal,  p.  193,  ante)',  on  mural  paintings  at  East  Ham,  ikc.  A  representa- 
tion of  a  remarkable  urn  of  Castor  ware,  found  at  Colchester,  is  given  by  the 
Rev.  B.  Lodge.  It  bears  inscriptions,  with  figures  of  gladiators  engaged 
in  combat,  and  subjects  of  the  chase. 

It  may  be  interesting  to  many  readers,  who  visited  the  church  of  Battle- 
field on  the  occasion  of  the  generous  hospitality  with  which  the  Society  was 
welcomed  by  Mr.  Corbett  at  Ilaughmond  Abbey,  during  the  meeting  of  the 
Institute  at  Shrewsbury,  and  saw  with  regret  its  ruinous  cundilion,  that  an 
effort  has  been  made  for  the  conservation  of  that  highly  interesting 
memorial.  The  funds  available  for  the  purpose  are  inadequate,  and  any 
contributions  in  aid  of  the  undertaking  will  be  received  with  gratification. 

We  would  invito  the  attention  of  mciubers  of  our  Society  to  the  publica- 
tion, by  Mr.  J.  Russell  Smith,  of  a  Memorial  of  the  Transactions  at  the 
Chichester  Meeting,  accom[)anie<l  by  a  Catalogue  of  the  temporary  Museuu), 
which  lia.s  been  pn-jiarcd  with  (ronsiderable  care  and  detail,  in  accordance 
with  tlio  frequent  wish  of  our  members,  that  a  permanent  record  should  be 
preserveil  of  the  instructive  collections  brouglit  together  at  our  luuiual 
meetings.      The  volume  may  be  obtained  through  any  bookseller. 

The  Annual  Meeting  of  tlic  Camiiuia.n  Aiicii.KoMxiicAi.  As.s()ciation 
will  commence,  at  Welslniool,  on  August  18,  and  will  continue  throughout 
the  week. 


€f)t  ^vcftaeolo^icml   3)ouvnai 


SEPTEMBER,  1856. 


ON  THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  SYSTEMATIC  CLASSIFICATION  OF 
PRIMEVAL  RELICS. 

The  stud}^  of  that  branch  of  archaeology  which  relates  to 
the  period  of  man's  history,  conventionally  termed  primeval, 
occupying,  as  it  does,  so  prominent  a  place  in  the  antiquarian 
literature  of  the  age,  engrossing,  from  its  obvious  importance, 
so  large  a  share  of  the  attention  of  many  active  investigators 
and  societies  throughout  Europe,  and  having  attained  the 
rank  of  a  substantive  science,  there  is  not  only  a  sufficient 
warrant,  but  every  satisfactory  reason,  why  we  should  en- 
deavour to  trace  the  introduction  of  those  principles  which 
have  advanced  it  to  its  present  worthy  position.  For,  as  an 
eminent  writer  has  observed,  "  It  is  a  very  great  error  to 
suppose  that  the  truths  of  philosophy  are  alone  important  to 
be  learnt  by  its  students ;  that,  provided  these  truths  are 
taught,  it  signifies  little  when  or  b}^  wliom,  or  b}'-  what  steps, 
they  were  discovered.  The  history  of  science,  and  of  the 
stages  by  which  its  advances  have  been  made,  is  of  an  im- 
portance far  beyond  its  being  subservient  to  the  gratification 
even  of  an  enlightened  and  learned  curiosit}^"^ 

It  is  true  that  this  species  of  investigation  seems  more 
applicable,  and  calculated  to  educe  more  trenchant  results  in 
the  case  of  sciences  partaking  of  the  nature  of  the  exact,  than 
when  directed  to  discriminate  the  progress  of  any  inductive 
system,  which,  from  its  nature  as  the  growing  offspring  of 
constantly  accumulating  facts,  is  more  likely  to  number 
among  its  most  successful  cultivators,  not  so  much  original 
discoverers  in  the  more  marked  meaning  of  the  name,  as  in  the 

'  Bi'ougliam's  Lives  of  Men  of  Letters,  ii.,  p.  2'27. 
VOL.    XIII.  G  0 


210        ni^Tonv  OF  THE  systematic  classification 

sense  of  extracting  tlie  full  significance  of,  and  shaping  into 
harmonious  form  by  the  exercise  of  a  rare  po^Yer  of  generali- 
sation, the  mass  of  materials  Avhich  a  hundred  hands  are  daily 
adding  to  the  structure.  Ihit  although  primeval  archaeology 
partakes  largely  of  this  character,  and.  in  later  years  at  least, 
presents  the  constant  and  gradual  enlarging  of  its  base  of 
operation,  coupled  -with  that  diversity  of  theory  incident  to  a 
.speculative  iiupiiry,  rather  than  tliosc  distinctly  defined 
stages  of  advancement  Avhich  investigations  involving  the 
demonstration  of  absolute  verity  exhibit,  still  it  so  happens 
that,  ^vitll  respect  to  this  science,  it  is  customary  to  point  to 
one  grand  stride,  com]>letcly  separating  the  old  order  ot 
things  from  the  new.  llere,  then,  is  a  chaniie  which,  as  it  is 
sometimes  insisted  on,  is  not  less  salient  than  the  annals  of 
any  intellectual  pursuit  have  recorded — a  change  implying 
a  total  revolution  in  an  important  inquiry — a  change,  there- 
fore, of  whose  nature  and  origin  it  is  due  to  ourselves,  and  to 
those  who  were  instrumental  in  bringing  it  about,  that  we 
should  possess  a  clear  understanding. 

It  will  be  seen  that  I  allude  to  the  promulgation  of  the 
.systematised  classification  of  ancient  relics,  which  began  to  be 
carried  out  vigorously  about  fort}'  years  ago,  and  has  since  given 
the  tone  to  nearly  all  subsequent  researches  and  deductions. 
I  do  not  propose  to  discuss  here  the  merits  of  this  scheme, 
as  it  may, be  taken  for  granted  that  those  who  hold  its  doc- 
trines to  be  stringent]}''  accurate,  as  most  Scandinavian, 
besides  some  German,  anti(piarics,  as  Ilerr  Lisch,  continue 
to  find  their  explorations  to  warrant,  and  those  who  perceive 
in  it  oidy  the  germs  of  truth  too  jiositivcl}''  dogmatised, 
equally  acknowledge  its  valuaMc  iiilluonce, — the  one  I'ccog- 
nisingin  it  the  advent  of  a  dustworth}'  guide  to  tjie  mystery 
of  jtrimeval  ages — the  other  admitting  that  the  method  of 
iiKpiii-y  which  it  enjoined,  if  not  crami)cd  by  too  servile  an 
appeal  to  an  assumed  fornmla,  was  adiiiiiably  adapted  to 
l»ring  tliem  witliin  reach  of  the  tru(h. 

iS'uw  if  it  is  in(juire<l  Avhenco  cain(>  (h(^  dissemination  of 
tliis  system  at  the  perioil  named,  it  is  usual  to  reply,  willi 
justice,  from  Denmaik  ;  and  it  is  (|uit(3  as  rre(juently  added, 
that  it  was  then  an  indej)endent  crc.'itioii.  or  ivither  a  sub- 
sU'iiitive  aipl  Iirilliant  discovery  ol' one  of  the  most  energetic 
archaeoloLiists  of  tlu.'  tinie,  Privv-couneillor  ('.  .).  Thomsen. 
Among   others,  my  distiiigui.shed  fiimil.  Ibir  Worsaae,  lias 


OF    rrJMEVAL    IlELICS.  211 

expressly  attributed  tliis  achievement  to  liim,  in  a  communica- 
tion to  the  Royal  Irish  Acadeni}'-,'^  and  again  in  his  excellent 
work,  "  Zur  Alterthumskundc  des  Xordens,"''  he  explicitly 
mentions  that  the  idea  of  classifying  antiquities  into  three 
periods  originated  ^Yitll  Mr.  Thomson,  and  "  was  first  pointed 
out  by  him." 

I  cannot  help  seeing,  however,  that  in  tlie  tribute  which  is 
thus  so  commonly  paid  to  that  gentleman's  acumen,  there 
appears  to  be  some  confusion  with  regard  to  the  nature  of 
his  great  services,  and  that,  as  often  happens,  the  line  which 
distinguishes  the  originator  of  a  system  from  him  wdio  first 
gives  it  practical  effect,  has  been  overlooked.  In  fact,  I  do 
not  think  there  can  be  a  doubt  that  it  is  in  this  latter 
capacity  Mr.  Thomson  is  so  well  entitled  to  take  rank,  and 
tliat  the  notion  of  three  archaeological  periods  had  been  dis- 
tinctly enunciated  long  before  he  began  to  arrange  the 
humble  nucleus  of  the  now  magnificent  collection  at  Copen- 
hagen. 

Although  probably  in  some  degree  pertinent  to  the  sub- 
ject, it  would  be  supererogatory  to  point  to  allusions,  now  so 
generally  familiar,  in  the  pages  of  some  of  the  oldest  extant 
literature  of  the  world,  where  a  successive  development  ot 
the  nature  indicated  is  an  hypothesis  more  or  less  minutely 
implied  ;  but  it  would  hardl}^  be  just  to  omit  the  compendious 
theory  of  progression  propounded  by  Lucretius  : — 

Arma  antiqua,  maims,  iini^^ues,  dentesquc  fuerunt, 

Et  lapidcs,  et  item  sylvarum  fraguiina  rami — 

Postcrius  fcrri  vis  est,  rerisquc  reperta  ; 

Et  prior  a;ris  crat  quam  fcrri  coguitus  usus. — Lib.  v.,  i-2'6-2. 

It  is  true  that  to  statements  such  as  this  it  might  be  ob- 
jected, that  they  are  not  always  even  the  embodiment  of  tra- 
ditions, much  less  inferences  deduced  from  observed  facts ; 
and  that,  in  the  case  of  Lucretius,  just  as  with  other  classical 
poets  who  sketched  the  early  condition  of  the  human  race 
with  more  brilliant  and  fantastic  embellishment,  he  too 
created  an  imaginary  picture,  drawn  in  harmony  Avitli  more 
prosaic,  but  still  purely  speculative,  views  of  man's  history-, 
and  therefore,  wdiether  right  or  wrong,  a  mere  baseless  guess. 

-  Autlquities  of  Irulaud  and  Deinuark,      Tlioniseu  (icr  ziierst  die  Idee  der  Theilung 
j>.  8.  dcr    AltertliUim.r  in   drei    I'eriodcn   gab. 

•■'  Es  war  dcr  jctzigc  Etatsralli,  C.  J.       p.  0". 


212  HISTOllY    OF   THE   SYSTEMATIC   CLASSIFICATION 

I  ilo  not  stop  to  inquire  ^vllctllCl'  this  miglit  not  be  treating 
with  scant  justice  tlie  intuitive  connnon  sense  of  a  ^vriter 
>Yhose  poem  contains  a  considerahlo  ainount  of  Avonderfully 
sound  archaeology  of  tlie  conijnx'hensive  kind,  Avliich  ]\rilton 
has  so  grandly  introduced  in  the  ])revisionarj  conversations 
between  Adam  and  the  angel  .Alichacl.  But  let  ns  pass  on 
to  times  when  professed  antiipiarian  disquisitions  abounded, 
and  when,  from  exhumed  relics  being  brought  into  evidence, 
any  ethnographical  system  advanced  with  reference  to  them 
is  entitled  to  claim  in  its  full  significance  wliat  merit  it  may 
possess. 

Looking  along  the  prolific  stream  of  antiquarian  litera- 
ture, it  would  exceed  all  reasonable  bounds  to  record  in 
detail  the  glimmerinos  of  rational  aroument  which  occa- 
sionally  break  through  the  almost  forgotten  masses  of  con- 
jecture and  false  induction  ;  but  we  nmst  not  omit  to  notice 
some  of  the  more  prominent  earlier  traces  of  a  tripartite 
arrangement  of  primeval  relics.  A  correspondent  of 
Montfaucon's,  Professor  Iselin  of  l^asle,  when  discoursing  of 
some  stone  celts  in  1717,  tends  towards  this  division  ;  l)ut 
his  mode  of  expression  is  so  vague,  that  it  may  be  doubtful 
whetlier  he  contemplated  any  precise  definition."*  In  one  of 
Eccards  volumes,  however,  "  l)e  Origine  et  Moribus  Germa- 
norum,"  published  in  17o0,  the  doctrine  is  stated  in  })lain, 
succinct  terms,  while  stone  and  bronze  weajions  are  engraved 
U)  illustrate  and  support  it.  Tliis  writer  ridicules  the  popular 
belief  that  the  former  were  thiniderbolts  ;  points  out  that 
similar  objects  were  observed  by  Dam])ier  in  use  among  the 
wild  tribes  of  America  :  and  classes  them  as  the  ])riinordial 
means  of  defence,  enjoining,  elsewliere,  that  it  nnist  be  held 
as  coniiiiou  In  all  nations,  while  vet  ignorant  of  metallurgy, 
that  their  lir.sL  arms  and  implements  were  of  stone,  lie  then 
adds  that  these  were  succeeded  by  such  weapons  and  orna- 
ments of  bronze  as  he  delineates,  anddevelnpes  the  same  idea 
in  a  single  sentence,  to  the  i'lfect,  that  implements  of  stone 
were,  in  orilinary  cases,  superseded  by  the  manufacture  of 
bras.s,  which  was  in  tmii  displaced  by  that  of  iron.'' 

1  do  not  at  pi'csent  know  whether  l']ccard  may  be  re- 
garded as  the  first  s])ecilically  to  demonstrate  this  system 
with   direct   reference   to  cxam])les  of  primitive  art,  hut  he 

*   L'.Vlui<iuili;  Kxpl^HK^,  v.,  100.  '^  Oji.  Cit.  p.  G-2,  tl  ytinn. 


OF    I'EIMEVAL    RELICS.  213 

certainly  was  not  the  only  writer  who,  in  the  same  century, 
adopted  the  same  conclusion.  A  marked  instance  is  the 
President  Goguet,  whose  elaborate  work,  "  De  I'Originc  des 
Lois,"  the  first  edition  of  which  was  printed  in  1758,  contains 
nearly  a  whole  chapter  to  this  effect.  Then,  again,  two  of 
the  most  diligent  antiquaries  of  that  period  in  England, 
liorlase  ^  and  Pennant,^  indicate  the  same  opinion,  although 
their  deductions  were  not  always  guided  thereby  ;  and  a 
paper  by  Mr.  W.  Little,  read  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
of  Scotland  in  17.91,  to  a  certain  extent  discusses  this  ques- 
tion with  reference  to  flint  weapons."^ 

It  is  thus  apparent  that  at  least  a  hundred  years  ago  the 
weapons  and  implements  of  ancient  Europe  had  been  re- 
ferred to  three  processional  epochs,  and  although  there  were 
at  the  opening  of  the  j^rcsent  century  many  dissentients, 
just  as  there  are  now  on  broader  principles,  and  many  who, 
without  reference  to  the  writings  of  predecessors,  hazarded 
all  sorts  of  conjectures,  still  the  classification  in  question 
had  not  the  less  been  distinctly  asserted.  No  doubt  Skule 
Thorlacius  was  discussing  primeval  relics,  as  simulacra  armo- 
rum,  typical  of  Thor's  power  over  elves  and  evil  spirits,  while 
others  still  continued  to  view  them  as  mere  symbols  of 
the  warrior's  profession,  or  the  sacred  instruments  of  sacri- 
fice ;  and  hence  Mr.  Worsaae  may,  with  some  reservation, 
be  right  in  saying,  that  confused  and  chaotic  opinions 
prevailed  regarding  those  objects  when  Mr.  Thomson  began 
his  labours  ;  but  he  is  assuredly  mistaken  in  supposing  that 
]\lr.  Thomson  was  the  first  to  enunciate  the  idea  of  a  sub- 
division into  three  periods. 

It  will,  of  course,  be  seen,  that  I  do  not  advert  to  the 
subsequent  graft  upon  this  simple  outline,  the  corresponding- 
ascription  of  sepulchral  usages,  and  still  more  comprehensive 
generalisations  which,  even  if  we  admit  their  applicability 
to  Scandinavia,  in  deference  to  native  investigators,  arc 
quite  untenable  with  us.  It  is  not  to  these  that  I  wish  to 
allude,  but  only  to  the  broad  general  classification,  as  being 
the  germ  whence  so  many  results  have  sprung,  and  which 
is  now  never  altogether  lost  sight  of,  even  when  strict  adhe- 
rence to  axiomatic  maxims  is  most  resisted.  In  hesitating 
to  recognise  Mr.  Thomson   as  its  originator,  I  would  not 

'■'  Anti(iuitie.s  of  Cornwall,  200-00.  '^  Ardu-vologia  Scotica,  i.  3fiO. 

"  Tour  in  Scotland,  j)assini. 


■m  CLASSIFICATION    OF    IT.LMEVAL   EELICS. 

wish  for  a  moment  to  be  regarded  as  desiring  to  detract 
from  his  jnst  fame.  Indeed,  it  is  precisely  bci.'ansc  his 
reputation  rests  upon  another  foundation,  tliat  I  have 
tliouglit  it  well  thus  to  })oint  out  what  seems  to  be  a  miscon- 
ception on  the  subject  ;  for  the  truth  of  Lord  Broughams 
remark  is  sufficiently  apparent,  that  '*  The  mere  panegyric  of 
eminent  men  must  i-emain  Avholly  worthless  at  the  best,  and 
is  Cei]»able  tif  being  mischievous,  if  it  aims  at  praise  without 
due  discrimination,  still  mure  if  it  awards  to  one  man  the 
eulogv  which  belongs  to  another." ''' 

If  then  we  apportion  to  Mr.  Thomson  the  precise  tribute 
which  is  so  fairly  his  due,  wc  shall  iind  that  modern  archae- 
ology lias  hardly  benefited  less  by  his  labours  than  if  he 
had  possessed  the  clearest  claims  to  priority  in  framing  the 
doctrine  whose  precepts  he  so  energetically  carried  out. 
For.  whatever  may  be  the  fruit  of  future  researches  in  con- 
iirming  or  modifying  existing  inductions,  it  will  always  be 
remembered,  that  to  the  Danish  antiquary  is  mainly  owing 
tlie  imj)ulsivc  movement  which  hrst  gave  just  prominence  to 
ancient  i-clics  themselves  as  the  actual  records  of  primeval 
ages,  auil  awakened  that  more  rational  mode  of  investiga- 
tion, which  has  since  ])rc\ailcd  in  nearly  every  civilised  land 
where  such  vestiges  occur.' 

A.  IIENUV  KllliND. 

t 
''  Life  of  Lnvoisler.  '  lli-iul  ftt  tlic   Edinburgh   Meeting,  in 

July,  \ii',6. 


ON  THE  REHOYAL  AND  RELAYING  OF  ROMAN  TESSELATED 

FLOORS. 

I5Y  TROFESSOR  BUCKMAX.  F.L.S,,  F.G.S. 

The  remarkable  mosaic  pavements  discovered  at  Ciren- 
cester, in  1849,  Avere  so  striking  in  appearance  as  to  lead  all 
Avho  saw  them  in  situ  to  Avisli  for  their  preservation.  As 
they  occurred,  however,  in  the  very  midst  of  the  most  im- 
portant thoroughfare  of  the  town,  it  was  evident  this  could 
not  be  effected  without  removal,  a  process  attended  with 
considerable  expense,  and  requiring  no  little  skill  and  address 
to  take  such  <a  mass  from  its  position,  so  that  it  might  be 
removed  to  a  more  convenient  spot,  and  be  ultimatel}^ 
relaid  in  as  perfect  a  state  as  at  the  time  when  the  discovery 
had  taken  place.  This  too  had  to  be  achieved  in  a  short 
time,  as  the  road  was  inconveniently  obstructed  by  delaying 
the  sewerage  works  then  in  progress.  In  this  emergency 
some  gentlemen  of  the  town,  foremost  among  whom  was 
the  Rev.  Canon  Powell,  applied  to  the  Earl  Bathurst  for  his 
counsel  and  assistance.  The  noble  earl,  with  his  usual 
generosity,  directed  that  the  pavements  should  be  fortliwith 
removed,  with  a  view  to  their  future  preservation. 

In  the  meantime,  tracings  of  the  floors,  as  they  were 
gradually  explored,  were  made  by  Mr.  Cox,  of  Cirencester, 
assisted  by  the  vicar  and  some  of  the  professors  of  the 
Iloyal  Agricultural  College,  and  even  a  few  of  the  students 
shared  in  the  work.  A  busy  scene  it  was,  to  see  all  these 
volunteers  kneeling  and  patiently  tracing,  stone  by  stone, 
the  complicated  details,  of  which  the  colours  in  the  fresh 
state  were  carefully  matched  by  Mr.  Cox. 

This  done,  the  two  fine  floors  were  removed  piecemeal, 
and  carefully  conveyed  to  a  temporary  resting-place  with 
the  view  of  forming  ultimately,  as  they  do  at  this  moment, 
the  permanent  pavements  of  a  suitable  building  erected  for 
them  by  the  liberality  of  the  Earl  Bathurst,  destined  to  form 
a  Museum  of  the  lloman  Antiquities  of  Corinium. 

The  removal,  and  an   equally  important  undertaking,  the 


210 


OX    THE    liE.MOVAL    AND    DELAYING    OF 


relaying,  of  these  pavements  lias  been  a  matter  of  no  small 
anxiety  to  those  concerned,  and  as  the  resnlt  shows,  has  been 
satisfactorily  accomplished,  notwithstanding  the  little  infor- 
mation that  conld  be  derived  from  precedents  or  written 
descriptions  of  the  processes  previonsly  employed.  It  has 
been  thought  advisable  that  I  should  bring  the  subject  under 
the  attention  of  the  Institute,  detailing  step  by  step  the 
expedients  to  which  we  had  recourse  in  accomplishing  our 
object  at  Cirencester.  In  connection  with  these  observations 
it  mav  be  advisable  to  direct  attention  to  the  following 
subjects  :— 

1st.  The  constiiicuon  of  dififerent  kinds  of  Roman  tesse- 
lated  pavements. 

2nd.  The  operations  connected  with  their  removal  de- 
pendant  thereupon, 

3rd.  Relaying  and  reparations  of  removed  floors. 

Roman  pavements  arc  usually  of  two  descriptions.  A 
fnior  kind,  consisting  of  various  borders  and  frets  employed 
as  a  frame-work  to  pictorial  subjects,  and  usually  supported 
r»n  pila'.  A  coarser  kind  composed  of  frets  without  pictures, 
ami  i-esting  on  a  solid  base,  without  pila'. 

The  fust  of  these  are  designated  as  suspcn.mrcp,  being 
elevated  on  a   iiuiiiber  of  small    supports   or  pillars,   called 


Tctwlftted  i^voincnt,  laid  on  flanKod  tiles,  a.  Pilm  of  bricks ;  h.  lait'or  biioks ;  f.  n:mk"-<l  lilus  :  <'•  con- 
t-rcU-;  f.  U-««olliL- ; /.  /'.V.i  of  h  luriicd  blocks  of  stuiio  ;  y.  Vdiv,  i>:irl  Nt.nu- tuid  part  bricks. 

pihr,  composed  of  diircrent  materials  aniomist  wliich  are 
lioliow  brick.s,  or  flue-tiles;  solid  Hat  bricks  (u- wall-lilcs ; 
blocks  of  stone,  and  bases  of  old  c(.lu!iiiis.  Vyow  these  siij)- 
ports  a  continuous  lldor  was  fnrnied.  ciilier  ol  k'irge  Hat  tiles 
of  considei-.-ible  tliickiic^s.  or  of  lliiiiiMi-  ll.nivrd  tiles,  wliicli 
are  sometimes  ))l:i<rd  with  the  ll-iiiL;-es  uj. wards,  sonietimeH 
i?i  tin;  other  direction.      Upon  a  iloor  so   prepared  was  laid 


IIOMAN    TESSELATED    FLOOIIS. 


217 


VOL     Xlll. 


ll  II 


218  ON    THE    REMOVAL    AND    DELAYING    OF 

a  thick  mass  of  a  very  liard  coiici-cte.  composed  of  potsherds, 
gravel  and  lime  "vvliicli  Avas  made  into  a  smootli  terras  for 
the  reception  of  the  tesselhe.^  The  various  kinds  of  j)il(C 
fouiul  at  Cirencester  are  shown  in  the  accompanying  woodcut. 

Tlie  tesselhe  tliemselves  deserve  careful  attention  in  all 
processes  connected  with  their  removal,  as  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  restore  certain  parts  that  must  be  displaced  in 
dividing  the  floor  into  portions  for  convenience  of  transport. 
All  the  fragments  so  taken  out,  as  indeed  all  loose  tessella), 
should  be  carefully  jireserved  for  further  use.  But  besides 
this,  the  examples  of  stone  and  other  materials  in  our  pave- 
ments Avere  cautiously  investigated  by  the  geologist  and  the 
chemist,  and  their  determinations  of  the  kind  and  nature  of 
the  substances  employed  were  found  of  great  use  in  the 
restorations  subsequently  undertaken. 

The  list  of  these  substances  included,  besides  pottery  and 
glass,  stones  from  the  following  geological  formations : — Chalk ; 
Purbeck  ]\[arble  ;  Oolitic  stones  of  various  shades  of  colour  ; 
Lias  Limestone  ;  New  lied  Sandstone,  and  Old  Red  Sand- 
stone. Some  of  these,  especially  the  oolites,  had  evidently 
been  made  suitable  for  dillerent  degrees  of  coloration  by 
some  curious  processes.  These  and  the  preparation  of  the 
ruby  glass  have  been  moi'o  fully  set  forth  in  the  '*  Illustra- 
tions of  Ancient  Corinium,"'  by  j\[r,  Newniarch  and  myself 

As  respects  the  subjects  usually  pictured,  they  have 
reference  mostly  to  mythology  and  objects  connected  with 
the  chase.  The  story  of  Orpheus  is  one  of  those  of  frequent 
occurrence  ;  no  less  than  four  times  has  this  subject  been 
rejieatcfl  in  different  i)arts  of  Cloucestershire. 

If  I  might  venture  a  remark  upon  the  construction  ol 
these  pictures  as  an  art,  one  would  ahnost  be  led  to  think 
that  designs  wore  lirst  made  l)y  tolerable  artists,  and  that 
these  in  all  })robabiIity  were  gradually  worked  l)y  persons  of 
inferior  skill,  or  even  members  of  the  household.  There  is 
an  unevenness  in  the  working,  aj>parenlly  from  having  been 
doMf  at  diflerent  times,  and  by  various  hands.  St»me  of 
tlic  pavements  at  Cirencester,  moi'eovei-,  are  Inund  in  an 
unfnji^ili(,'d  state,  whilst  others,  and  t'sjteeially  those  which 
we  have  removed,  are   patched  in   several   places   in  a  Avay 

'  Tlio  iinlliDcl  of  con»lnictiiig  (fsHi'liitcd       Ilonmii    Art,    in    ('irciic'cntrr,"    hy    I'rol. 
flrMimwill  In- foiiiiil   more  fully  <\|iliiiiiiil        IIikIiIiiiiii  ami  ^n•.  -Ncwmiircli,  lll.'jO. 
ill   llif  "  liliiotinli'jiifi  i»l    tlio  icniniiiB    of 


ROHAN-   TESSELATED   FLOORS.  219 

that  marks  reparation  at  various  periods.  It  may  therefore 
be  possible,  that  these  elaborate  floors  were  tlie  result  of 
that  kind  of  patience  more  recently  expended  on  "  Berlin 
work"  and  einl)roidery,  a  notion  which  seems  in  some 
measure  confirmed  by  the  delicate  working  of  sprigs  of 
flowers,  endless  knots,  and  intricate  guilloches,  which  charac- 
terises the  decorations  of  this  class. 

The  common  tessclated  floors  were  formed  by  smoothing 
the  earth,  and  upon  this  was  then  laid  the  concrete  prepared 
as  above  described.  Upon  this,  beautiful  geometrical  and 
other  patterns  were  often  laid,  but  seldom  any  designs  com- 
prising figures  or  subjects  of  the  higher  class  of  art. 

Occasionall}''  in  excavations  at  Cirencester  I  have  met 
with  pavements  constructed  as  just  described,  one  over  the 
other,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  lead  to  the  inference  that  the 
higher  floor  was  formed  to  escape  an  inundation,  which 
seems  to  have  visited  the  valley  once  in  about  half  a  cen- 
tury. In  1833,  there  was  a  flood  of  this  kind,  when  all  the 
cellars  in  the  town  were  filled  with  water,  and  I  observed 
that  while  the  upper  of  these  double  floors  were  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  flood,  the  lower  floor  would  have  been  inundated. 

2nd.  The  two  kinds  of  construction,  to  which  I  have 
briefly  adverted,  of  course  necessitated  very  different 
methods  to  be  adopted  in  removal  of  the  pavements.  As 
regards  pavements  on  pila%  the  following  was  the  course  pur- 
sued : — The  first  process  Avas  to  cause  the  floor  to  be  divided 
into  smaller  portions.  This  was  done  by  removing  the  rows 
of  white  tessellas  from  around  the  circles,  semicircles,  and 
quadrants  of  our  two  large  pavements,  and  then  with 
chisels  and  stone -saws  cutting  through  the  concrete  to  the 
very  base  of  the  terras.  By  these  means  the  pavements 
were  divided  into  j^ortions  of  various  weights  and  sizes, 
which  had  to  be  finally  prepared  for  removal. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  edges  of  these  large  heavy  blocks 
would  be  liable  to  break  away,  and  some  of  the  concrete 
would  unavoidably  crumble,  in  the  jolting  necessitated  by 
the  carriage  from  one  place  to  another.  To  prevent  the 
former,  a  thin  coating  of  plaster  of  Paris  was  run  over  the 
outer  surfaces  of  the  designs,  upon  which  were  laid  pieces 
of  blue  slate.  This  process,  however,  in  several  instances 
was  omitted,  but  in  its  stead  a  hoop  of  iron  was  fastened 
around  the  edges,  a  plan  which  succeeded  much  better,  as  the 


2-20 


ox    Tin-:    KEMOVAT.    AND    RELAYIXO    OF 


plaster,  on  its  removal,  tore  a^Yay  many  of  the  looser  tosserfo 
of  the  design. 

The  next  step  was  to  pass  nnder  the  block  to  be  removed 
slabs  of  ^vood,  consisting  of  two  or  more,  according  to  tlie 
size  of  the  portion  of  pavement.  Into  these  wove  screwed 
long  iron  loop-screws,  thrcniuli  the  loops  of  \Yhich  poles 
could  be  passed,  and  the  whole  might  bo  lifted  either  by 
men  or  by  pulleys,  and  placed  on  a  truck  to  bo  conveyed 
away.  The  same  mechanical  means  were  resorted  to  to 
deposit  the  mass  in  the  place  of  temporar^M'cst,  and  then  tho 
screws  were  taken  out  to  be  employed  in  tho  same  way  for 
the  other  portions. 

This  apparatus  of  the  boards  and  screws  is  very  simple, 
as  it  was  only  necessary  to  readjust  the  screws  in  order  to 
remove    the   blocks    at    any  time   to    their  final  resting- 


Portion  of  a  tcssclntcd  floor,  pnckcil  for  removal.    WciKlit,  abmit  12  cwt. 

]»lace,  and  one  set  of  screws  sufTiccd  for  the  whole.  Itshould 
be  boi-ne  in  mind  that  some  of  the  blocks  were  of  groat 
weight,  and  conscquontly  much  strength  (»f"  apj)ai'atus  had 
to  be  ciiijilfivcd  Tlic  annexed  diagi'Miu  sh(»ws  (Uio  of  (lie 
blocks  prejiared  a-,  di'scriljcil. 

llci'C  then,  in  the  ease  of  a  sii'^jniisiird,  it.  was  tolerably 
easy  to  get  to  all  sides  so  as  to  ailjiist  (lie  apparalus,  as 
deseribed  ;  l>nt  wliei-e  the  pavement  was  laid  on  a  solid 
ground  terras  tho  dillieuUies  wer(^  increased,  as  not  onl)' had 
the  .soil  to  lie  LJi'Mdiially  removed  IV<ini  heluw,  yo  as  (o  achnit 
the  packing  lor  its  support  and  removal,  but  pavements  so 
constructed  arc  usually  not  so  well  ])rcscrvcd  as  those  j)l.'iced 


EOMAN    TESSELATED   FLOORS.  221 

on  siispensiirfv ;  these  mosaic  floors  have  suff'crcd  more  from 
damp,  and  consequently  the  tessera). are  often  much  broken 
and  dispLaced.  If  then  such  a  pavement  can  be  removed 
in  divided  blocks,  hke  those  before  described,  upon  carefully 
working  underneath  them,  that  mode  of  proceeding  is  pre- 
ferable, and  we  have  then  solid  slabs  for  relaying;  but  if  too 
broken  or  too  fragile  for  this  process,  it  is  well  to  look  only 
to  the  tesserio,  and  adopt  a  plan  to  remove  it  in  pieces  from 
the  concrete  substratum,  which  can  be  done  in  this  as  in  all 
cases  of  loose  tesselhe,  by  spreading  a  cement  made  of  a 
mixture  of  resin  and  bees'  wax  on  rough  pieces  of  canvas, 
and  applying  it  hot,  carefully  adjusting  it  to  the  floor  to  be 
removed.  This  enables  the  operator  to  remove  all  the 
tessera}  in  such  a  state  as  to  be  capable  of  being  put  away 
on  any  flat  surface  for  future  replacement.  This  plan  is 
well  adapted  for  all  small  portions  of  pavement,  which  it 
may  be  desired  to  preserve,  as  it  can  be  readily  adopted 
where  every  other  expedient  would  be  unsuccessful. 

It  may  be  well  here  to  give  the  result  of  our  experience  as 
regards  the  temporary  deposit  of  pieces  of  pavement  so  re- 
moved. j\Iany  of  the  slabs  prepared  as  described  were  removed 
to  one  of  the  lateral  chapels  of  the  parish  church,  others  to 
Earl  Bathurst's  coach-house,  but  the  greater  part  were  laid 
upon  a  lawn,  and  a  temporary  canvas  building  erected  over 
them  to  protect  them  from  the  weather.  Of  these,  the  por- 
tions placed  in  the  church  were  badly  preserved  ;  those  in 
the  coach-house  proved  to  be  in  better  condition,  whilst  the 
portions  protected  by  the  tent  were  in  the  best  state  ;  and, 
as  they  had  to  remain  in  these  positions  some  time,  while  a, 
building  was  in  course  of  erection  for  their  final  reception,  it 
is  a  matter  of  congratulation  that  the  injury  anticipated  from 
atmospheric  causes  did  not  arise.  The  truth  being  that  too 
dry  a  state  of  the  air,  whether  from  their  sudden  removal 
from  the  bed  in  which  they  have  lain  for  so  man}'  centuries, 
or  from  wdiatever  other  cause,  is  injurious,  as  tending  to 
crack  and  separate  the  tessella)  one  from  another,  as  also  to 
split  of^  masses  of  the  concrete  ;  and  as  the  plaster  of  Paris 
had  been  applied  to  those  in  the  church,  in  the  manner  pre- 
viously described,  its  subsequent  removal  occasionally  caused 
the  breaking  ofl'of  large  portions  of  the  design.  That  in  the 
tent  was  never  too  dry,  and  consequently  its  liability  to 
crack  w\as  not  so  great ;  and  it  may  be  mentioned  with 


2i23  OX   THE    REMOVAL    AND   RELAYING    OF 

respcrt  to  tlicse  pavements  now  tliey  arc  relaiil.  that  constant 
washing  may  he  considered  henclicial  rather  than  prejudicial 
to  their  preservation. 

.*3rd.  On  rehaying  and  repairing  Roman  floors. — Tn  tlie 
case  before  us,  we  have  to  congratulate  ourselves  upon  the 
erection,  through  the  Earl  Batlmrst's  liberality,  of  a  most 
suitable  and  substantial  building  for  the  reception  of  the  two 
floors  discovered  in  Dyer  .Street,  in  1849. 

In  buildings  for  this  purpose  two.  circumstances  ought  to 
be  provided  for,  a  thorough  ventilation,  and  a  perfectly  dry 
atmosphere.  The  first  is  secured  by  windows  that  can  be 
leailily  opened.  The  second,  we  hope,  has  been  accomplished, 
by  making  a  deep  drain  around  the  outside  of  the  building, 
to  keep  the  walls  dry  at  their  foundations.  The  ground  on 
which  the  pavement  is  laid  was,  at  the  recommendation  of 
.Air.  Digb}'  AVyatt,  prepared  by  a  layer  of  concrete  2  feet 
thick,  which  has  the  eftect,  besides  keeping  the  base  dr}^,  of 
forming  a  strong  and  immovable  foundation  for  the  recep- 
tion of  the  pavement. 

I  M'ould  here  express  the  thanks  of  all  those  interested  in 
the  preservation  of  these  ]iavements,  for  the  valuable  sngges- 
tioiis  kindly  sna  by  .^Ir.  \Vyatt ;  at  this  time  our  pavements 
had  Ijcen  removed,  but  his  instructions  were  of  great  use  in 
facilitating  tlie  relaying  of  tliem,  and  were  imj^licitly 
r«jll()\ved.  To  his  vahiaMc  advice  on  this  occasion,  given  in 
the  most  friendly  manner  at  tlu'  i-cMpu'st  of  ]\Ir.  Albert  Way, 
we  owe  nuich  of  the  success  with  which  this  dillicult  under- 
taking has  been  achieved." 

The  building  having  been  completed,  the  n(.)ble  earl,  on 
whose  property  it  is  placed,  put  tlu'  whole  matter  of  relayin<_:; 
tlle  pavements  into  the  hands  of  the  Kcv.  Canon  I'owdl  and 
myself  iriviui::  us  in  the  most  lilicial  nianncr  every  lacility  as 
to  workmen,  and  all  the  retjuisite  arrangements.  j!\t  ihis 
stage  of  the  proceeding,  we  deeiued  it  advisal)lc  to  api)ly  to 
Mr.  Minton,  to  recommend  us  a  person  expert  in  laying 
floors,  and  he  sent  us  in  Mr.  Allen,  a  coadjutor  in  every  way 

-  I  inint  liiko   tliiH  nnonmon  to  fXi>rcHH  (inl   on   nil  ocraHioim  liiiyc   jind   no  nlight 

my    hcLn<.\sl<..lj{ni<iit,     and    t<i    ollVr    tlu)  inlliuiifH   in   keeping  nlivc   anioiiUHt  n«  a 

llmnkN    of    my    Cirenc<?Hlir    l"ii<niiH,    to  f.•l•lin^;  uliidi    1  ln.|.<-  may  toml  more  and 

Mr.  Tuckir,  imil    Mr.    Alln-rt  Way,  an.l  m<.rt<  to  the  prosnvalum   of  the  vcHii^og 

ollii-r  mcmlitTM  of  tiic  Innliliitf  wlm  iiavo  which  ilhimrato  the  an<icnt  comlilion  und 

taki'n  n  rordiul  inti-ifhl  in  the  ili«ci,veri<H  hintory  of  (.'urinium. 
nt  Circnrt-tl'T.  'I'li'ir  Hyiii|intliy  iiml  rt'inly 


ROMAN    TESSELATED    FLOORS.  223 

suited  to  direct  so  difficult  an  operation.  He  entered  upon 
tlic  work  in  the  spirit  of  one  avIio  was  proud  of  being  engaged 
on  such  an  undertaking,  and  ■who  had  the  taste  and  know- 
ledge to  appreciate  the  value  of  so  remarkable  a  work  of 
ancient  art.  Mi'.  Allen's  first  proceeding  was  to  examine 
with  great  care  the  tracings  of  the  floors,  and  when  wc  had 
decided  upon  the  positions  they  Avere  to  occupy  in  the  room 
the  work  of  relaying  commenced  in  earnest. 

The  loop-screws  previously  described  were  screwed  into 
the  boards  supporting  the  first  portion  to  be  removed.  It 
was  lifted  on  a  spring-truck,  so  as  to  avoid  injury  from 
jolting,  and  from  this  it  was  moved  to  its  future  position, 
which  having  been  accurately  determined,  the  careful  adjust- 
ment of  the  tesselated  mass  took  jDlace,  by  packing  below 
with  stones  and  bricks,  and  when  j^erfectly  levelled  in  its 
position  a  paste  of  Roman  cement,  made  thin  enough  to 
run  into  every  crevice,  was  carefully  poured  beneath  the 
whole.  By  these  means  it  was  soon  firmly  established  in  its 
destined  resting-place. 

The  other  portions  of  the  pavement  followed  one  after 
another,  and  each  upon  being  carefully  adjusted  to  its  fellow, 
was  secured  by  the  Roman  cement,  until  the  whole  became 
joined  together  in  a  compact  mass,  which,  from  the  manner 
of  working,  I  conceive  to  be  as  smooth  and  secure  as  when 
the  floor  was  originally  formed.  I  would  remark  upon  the 
adjustment  of  large  pieces  of  work  like  that  under  considera- 
tion, ranging  from  half  a  cwt.  to  as  much  as  a  ton  in  weight, 
being  all  parts  of  a  continuous  pattern,  that  nmch  patience 
and  skill  is  required  in  fixing  the  first  piece,  and  adapting 
thc  various  portions  one  to  the  other  afterwards.  This  was 
in  our  case  rendered  nnich  easier  b}'  a  careful  study  and 
admeasurement  of  our  accurate  tracings,  which,  to  this  end, 
were  laid  down  in  Earl  Bathurst's  hall,  for  constant  study 
and  reference  during  the  progress  of  the  work. 

The  various  parts  of  the  two  pavements  having  been 
secured  in  position,  in  the  manner  described,  then  followed 
the  gradual  restoration  of  those  portions  which  had  been 
removed  in  dividing  the  floor  into  smaller  masses.  To  this 
end,  the  variously -coloured  tessenc  were  assorted  and 
w\ishcd.  These  were  then  restored  for  the  completion  of  the 
designs,  and  adjusted  in  their  places  by  a  strong  cement  sent 
for  the  purpose  by  Mr.  Minton,   the  whole  being  pressed 


2-21  ON  THE  EEMOYAL  AND  DELAYING  OF 

evenly  into  their  places  by  a  ilat  block  uf  wooil.  This,  from 
the  nature  of  the  material,  allowed  considerable  weight  and 
I)ressure  l)y  blows  or  other  means  to  be  applied,  without 
connnunicating  a  jar  to  the  adjacent  work.  In  some 
instances,  great  portions  of  a  com])licated  guilloche  or  other 
border  had  to  be  rei)laced  ;  in  this  case  the  pattern  Avas 
ai-ranged  on  a  piece  of  board  in  the  jn-oper  tesselUv,  from 
Avhich  it  was  worked,  bit  by  bit,  into  its  appropriate  place. 
In  a  few  instances,  owing  to  change  from  accident  and  other 
causes,  the  colours  could  not  be  matched,  even  by  using  the 
same  geological  materials  as  were  originally  employed,  so 
that  we  had  to  seek  the  best  substitutes  for  our  jmrpose.  In 
this  case,  a  few  of  the  coloured  tcsselkx'  manufactured  by 
JMinton  were  substituted'for  the  fictile,  and  even  some  of  the 
stone,  tessella}  of  the  ancient  designs.  I  cannot,  however, 
recommend  the  use  of  these,  as  they  proved  objectionable 
from  their  being  formed  in  a  mould  and  of  uniform  size. 
This  regularity  in  dimensions,  though  it  might  at  first  appear 
to  a<Ivantage,  nevertheless  takes  from  that  freedom  of  design 
and  efi'ect  which  the  ancient  pavements  present,  from  the 
ver}^  fact  that  stones  of  all  shapes  and  sizes  were  used  to 
work  out  the  intention  of  the  operator. 

In  our  restorations  it  should  be  understood  that  we  have 
confined  ourselves  to  the  re})lacing  what  was  unavoidably 
removed,  in  order  to  separate  the  lloors  into  convenient 
pieces  for  carriage.  An  important  question  has  been  sug- 
gested uiMMi  which  we  are  desirous  of  obtaining  the  opinion 
of  archaeologists.  Is  it  advisable  in  such  operations  to  restore 
the  broken  designs  "?  I  confess,  as  the  work  progressed,  I 
almost  felt  a  wish  to  du  lliis,  but  uiiou  mature  rcllection, 
I  was  convinced  that  we  could  not  carry  out  such  a  renova- 
tion without  gi-eat  disadvantage.  It  is  true,  we  might  have 
shown  what  tiic  lloor  would  liavc  been  if  jterfect,  but  it  is  a 
(juestion  Avhether  the  new  wui'k  would  not  liave  essentially 
detracted  from  the  archaic  intent  and  autlicnticily  of  the 
j>avcmcnt,  and  I  cannot  help  thinking  that  sncli  an  o\aiii])lo  of 
the  ai-ts  of  anticjuity,  even  in  a  fragmentary  state,  possesses 
a  far  higher  interest  and  value  as  an  instructive  memorial  of 
tlie  ))ast  tlian  the  most  skilful  restoration. 

As  regards  the  relaying  of  floors  of  tiie  second  class,  formed 
\vitli(;ut  snsprnsio'd,  tliis  of  conise  jnust  be  done  in  the  same 
maimer,   IjuL   the  operation  will    i- ijuii-c   even   ijiore   careful 


ROMAN    TESSELATED    FLOORS.  225 

packing  with  the  cement.  If  the  tessera3  have  been  removed 
on  the  canvas  by  the  adhesive  process  above  mentioned, 
this  must  be  pressed  smoothly  on  a  bed  of  prepared  cement, 
and  when  set  hard,  the  canvas  and  resin  can  be  removed 
by  gentle  heat. 

It  now  only  remains  to  point  out  a  difficulty  which  we 
experienced  in  keeping  the  surfaces  of  these  floors  sufficiently 
bright  and  clean.  The  tessera?  seem  to  be  affected  by  two 
causes,  chemical  change,  and  the  growth  of  mosses  and 
minute  fungi  upon  the  surface,  by  which  the  designs  are  very 
much  dimmed.  In  order  to  prevent  this,  I  have  experimented 
in  several  w^ays  ;  one  method  proposed  is  by  scrubbing  with 
silver  sand ;  this  polishes  the  surfaces,  but  it  is  a  work  of 
great  time  and  labour  ;  another  is  the  use  of  a  Bath  brick  ; 
this  certainly  cleans  the  tesselated  floor  very  well,  but  I  fear 
the  constant  cleaning  which  any  plan  would  entail,  may  tend 
to  loosen  the  tessella),  and  we  have  not  the  ready  means  at 
hand  to  repair  such  casual  injuries,  as  was  the  case  with  the 
original  occupants  of  the  buildings  in  which  these  elaborate 
decorations  were  displayed,  and  to  which  these  very  ex- 
amples bear  witness.  Would  it  therefore  be  desirable,  when 
once  cleaned,  to  rub  them  well  with  oil,  or  by  some  other 
means  to  protect  the  surface  from  future  decomposition, 
arising  from  any  such  cause  as  has  been  mentioned  above  ? 

Having  now  detailed  the  processes  emplo^^ed  in  the 
removal  and  replacing  of  the  Cirencester  pavements,  I  can 
only  hope  that  these  remarks  may  draw  forth  some  further 
observations  upon  this  subject,  or  produce  the  result  greatly 
to  be  desired — the  publication  of  plain  directions  for  pro- 
ceeding with  the  preservation  of  such  examples  of  ancient 
art,  when  they  may  be  brought  to  hght.  In  our  case,  much 
time  and  trouble  might  have  been  saved,  had  we  been  in 
possession  beforehand  of  the  practical  knowledge  which  we 
have  gained  by  experience.  Scarcely  a  year  elapses  without 
the  announcement  of  some  fresh  discoveries  of  these  interest- 
ing vestiges  of  Roman  occupation  in  our  country  ;  from  the 
peculiar  nature  of  tesselated  pavements,  or  the  circumstances 
under  wdiicli  such  discoveries  mostly  occur,  it  must  frequently 
happen  that  valuable  examples  are  destroyed  or  very 
imperfectly  preserved,  for  the  want  of  that  very  promptitude 
of  action  which  the  knowledge  of  the  means  most  readily 
available  would  so  essentially  tend  to  ensure. 

VOL.    XIII.  '  I    I 


220  OX    THE    I;KM(>VAL    and    KKI.AYING    OF 

SUPrLEMENTARY  NOTP:S  OX  TJIK  REMOVAL  OF  MOSAIC 
PAVEMEJsTS. 

Tlie  fullowiiifj  counsels,  from  one  so  accoiniilished  in  every  subject  con- 
nected with  archaeology  and  art  as  Mr.  Digby  Wyatt,  cannot  fail  to  prove 
acceptable.  Professor  Bucknian  has  already  adverted  to  the  kindness  with 
which  Mr.  Wyatt  aided  the  undertaking  at  Coriuium  by  his  valuable 
advice  : — 

"  It  is  difticult  (Mr.  Wyatt  observed)  to  advise  about  the  removal  of  a 
mosaic  pavement  without  seeing  its  condition,  and  more  especially  the 
condition  of  the  cement  upon  which  it  has  been  bedded.  Under  average 
circumstances  I  should  be  inclined  to  adopt  the  following  course.  After 
removing  all  dust, — 

•'  1.  With  strong  bookbinders'  paste  cover  the  whule  surface  of  the  pave- 
ment with  brown  paper  in  large  sheets,  as  a  security  against  the  displace- 
ment of  the  tesseraj  in  the  subsequent  operations. 

"  2.  Make  a  hole  in  the  earth  at  the  margin  of  tlie  pavement  at  a  point 
where  a  line  of  cutting  may  best  be  made  without  interfering  with  the  best 
parts  of  the  work,  such  as  figures,  tfcc,  and  then  with  a  stonecutter's  hand- 
saw, or  some  such  tool,  cut  through  the  pavement  in  one  direction.     Then, 

starting  from  another  hole  in 
the  ground,  make  a  cutting  in 
an  opposite  line,  so  as  to  free 
a  ^lab  of  about  four  feet  square, 
— as  much  as  can  be  conve- 
niently maiuiged.  Some  con- 
sideration and  care  must  bo 
exercised  in  dividing  the  jtave- 
ii.ent,  so  as  to  j)roserve  the 
more  important  portions  of  the 
design  uninjured  ;  and  it  is  obviously  advisable  to  follow  the  lea<ling 
divisions  of  the  design,  the  borders,  panels,  &c.  The  joint  lines  of  the 
tesserae  may  readily  be  found,  after  the  pavement  has  been  covered  with 
paper,  by  rubbing  down  the  paper,  in  the  various  directions  in  which  the 
cuts  have  to  be  made. 

"  3.  Each  slab,  as  it  is  freed,  should  be  carefully  raised,  and  rcTuoved  to  a 
level  floor,  on  wjiich  it  should  be  laid  face  downwards.  If  the  face  of  the 
tesselated  slab  is  pretty  true,  and  the  old  cement-backing  in  a  good  stale, 
it  will  be  enough  for  a  mason  to  trim  off  the  back  to  a  rough  face,  so  as  to 
bring  the  slab  to  an  unif(nin  thickness  of  about  four  inches.  If,  on  tiio 
contrary,  the  backing  is  friable  and  rotten,  and  has  allowed  the  pavement 
to  sink  and  lose  its  level,  it  will  be  necessary  to  remove  it  by  linking  it 
away  with  a  chisel,  until  the  backs  of  the  tcsserie  are  reached.  When  they 
are  laid  bare,  a  fresh  backing  tiiust  be  nuide  with  Portland  cement,  pure, 
next  the  tcHseraj  (like  a  coat  of  whitewash)  with  sand,  for  about  an  inch  in 
ihicknoHB,  and  then  with  gravfl  or  hue  concrete  (lime  and  gravel)  to  the 
hame  thickni'SH  an  the  otli<-r  nlabs.  I  need  not  say  that,  when  the  tessera) 
have  hail  their  old  cement  taken  away,  they  .^Imiild  be  pressed  down  to  a 
level  face  before  the  n(!W  backing  is  put  on. 

"  4.  When  the  Hlabs  are  all  prrjiarecl,  and  an-  thoroughly  set  huril,  they 
hhould  be  laid  im  ordinary  paving  slabs  are  laid  in  the  best  work,  that  is, 
oil  a  good  hard  concrete!  bed. 


KOMAN    TESSELATED    FLOOIJS,  227 

"  5.  Tlie  brown  paper  may  then  be  removed  from  the  face  of  the  pavement 
with  hot  water  and  a  scrubbing  l)rusb. 

"  6.  The  action  of  tlic  scnib!)ing  brusli  should  be  continued  after  the  brown 
paper  and  paste  are  wholly  removed,  so  that  the  joints  may  be  freed  from 
dirt  and  loose  fragments.  A  grouting  of  Portland  cement  should  then  be 
poured  over  the  surface  and  rubbed  into  the  joints,  care  being  taken  to 
wipe  off  witli  a  dryish  sponge  all  superfluous  cement  from  the  face  of  the 
pavement.  Should  any  considerable  ineqnalities  remain,  they  may  be 
rubbed  down  with  a  hard  heavy  stone  and  a  little  grit,  till  the  whole  is 
level  and  smooth.  Then,  when  the  floor  is  well  washed  and  cleaned  off,  the 
operation,  I  doubt  not,  will  prove  to  have  been  satisfactorily  achieved. 

"  If  the  old  backing  is  very  good,  I  should  endeavour  to  move  the  pave- 
ment in  much  larger  pieces  ; — if  it  should  be  altogether  rotten,  and  the 
tesserae  loose,  1  should  try  strong  glue  and  calico,  instead  of  paste  and 
brown  paper,  and  endeavour  to  draw  off  all  the  tessera)  adhering  to  the 
calico.  I  should  then  re-back  them,  as  described  above,  much  in  the  same 
manner  as  frescoes  are  removed  from  walls." 


Very  recently  several  valuable  mosaic  pavements  discovered  in  York- 
shire have  been  successfully  taken  up  by  a  skilful  and  ingenious  manipu- 
lator, Mr.  Baines,  sub-curator' of  the  Museum  of  the  Philoso])hical  Society  at 
York.  One  of  these  pavements,  found  in  1853,  near  Micklegate  Bar, 
York,  has  been  laid  down  in  the  lower  apartment  of  the  Ilospitium,  the 
building  in  which  the  Museum  of  Antiquities  is  placed.  In  this  instance  a 
stratum  of  plaster  of  Paris  was  formed  over  the  face  of  the  pavement, 
which  was  by  that  means  raised  in  portions  of  moderate  dimensions.  It 
Avas  then  backed  with  Roman  cement  and  slates,  and  carefully  laid  down 
on  a  bed  of  sand.  The  application  of  the  liquid  cement  to  the  reverse,  it 
should  be  observed,  caused  the  layer  of  plaster  to  detach  itself  so  perfectly 
that  a  cast  might  be  taken  from  it,  and  a  coloured  facsimile  produced,  if 
desired,  showing  all  the  interstices  and  arrangement  of  the  tessellse.  The 
other  pavements,  which  are  of  fine  character,  have  not  at  present  been 
laid  down.  They  were  obtained  from  a  Roman  villa  discovered  near 
Easingwold.  In  this  instance,  Mr.*  Baines  states  that  he  adopted  a 
difl'erent  process  with  great  success.  The  face  was  first  carefully  cleansed 
from  dust  ;  the  margins  of  the  panels  and  chief  divisions  of  the  design 
were  cut  round,  removing  two  rows  of  tesserae  between  each,  and  dividing 
the  whole  work  into  slabs  of  manac:eable  dimensions.  Strong  canvas  was 
then  attached  to  the  surface  by  bookbinders'  glue,  the  glue  being  first 
applied  to  the  tessera),  and  the  cloth  then  laid  upon  it.  In  parts  where 
the  damp  state  of  the  floor  prevented  the  canvas  becoming  firmly  attached, 
a  hot  iron  was  passed  over  it  with  advantage.  The  sub-stratum  was  then 
cut  away,  and  the  portion  of  the  floor  taken  up.  Mr.  Baines  then  removed 
all  the  lime  at  the  hack,  leaving  the  tesserte  only  adherent  to  the  canvas. 
The  mosaic  work  is  then  backed  with  slate,  affiled  by  Roman  cement. 
When  firmly  set,  the  various  panels  may  then  be  laid  in  sand,  the  cloth 
removed  by  hot  water,  the  interstices  between  the  panels  filled  up  by 
replacing  the  two  rows  of  tessera)  which  had  been  removed,  as  before 
described,  and  any  other  defective  portions  made  good.  Mr.  Baines  proposes 
to  make  use  of  Roman  cement  for  every  purpose  connected  with  relaying 
the  pavement.  By  this  mode  of  proceeding  the  face  of  the  work  may  be 
rendered  perfectly  level,  an  advantage  not  to  be  attained  where  the  plaster 
of  Paris  is  used. 


SKETCH  OF  THE  HISTORY  OF  ARCHITECTURE  IN  SCOTLAND, 
ECCLESIASTICAL  AND  SECULAR,  PREVIOUS  TO  THE  UNION 
WITH  ENGLAND  IN  1707.' 

UY  JOSEPH  ROBERTSON,  F.S.  A.,  Scot ,  Superintendent  of  Searches  in  the  Literary  and 
Antiquarian  Uepartmcut  of  Ucr  Majesty's  General  Register  House,  Edinburgh. 

In  compliance  ^vith  a  suggestion  tliat  such  an  outline, 
however  rudely  or  feebly  drawn,  might  not  be  wholly 
unacceptable  to  the  Archaeological  Institute,  I  venture  on 
an  attempt  to  sketch,  as  briefly  as  may  be,  the  chief 
epochs  in  the  annals  of  Scottish  architecture,  as  well  eccle- 
siastical as  civil  or  secular,  previous  to  our  happy  union  with 
England,  in  the  beginning  of  the  XVIIIth  century.  If  I  am 
unable  to  produce  pictorial  illustrations — for  which  I  must 
be  content  to  refer  to  Mr.  Billing's  admirable  volumes  "^ — I 
shall  not  enter  upon  any  consideration  of  details — which  (so 
far  as  the  first  part  of  my  sul)ject  is  concerned)  will  be  found 
copiously  collected  and  classitied  in  Mr,  Thomas  S.  Muir's 
*'  Descriptive  Notices  of  Scotch  Collegiate  and  Paroclnal 
Churches,"^  and  "  Notes  on  Remains  of  Ecclesiastical  Archi- 
tecture in  the  South  of  Scotland."'^ 

Taking  no  account  of  buildings  of  which  no  vestiges 
survive — such  as  the  white-walled  church,  a  marvel  to  the 
liritish  tribes,  wiiich  St,  Ninian  reared  on  the  shores  of  Gal- 
hiway  by  the  hands  of  builders  brought  from  Gaul,  about 
the  beginning  of  the  Vth  century;  and  "that  clnu'ch  of 
stone  ailci'  \.\\v.  Itomaii  manner,"  for  the  construction  of  which 
a.s  liede  tells  us,  aichitects  were  sent  to  the  Pictish  King 
fi-om  till'  vfiiorablc  historian's  own  monastery  in  Northum- 
])('i-laud  in  lli(.'  lirst  years  of  the  Vllitli  ccnluiy  ; — passing 
over  also  such  objects  as  those  graxcn  cinsscs  .nnl  incised 
pillars  of  stone  which  l)elong  rather  to  the  dcjtartincnt  of 
Hculplurc    than    to   the  provinc.'c  of  architecture  ;   and   those 

'   rniniimiiicii'<i|    to   ili<-    A  nliii.i-lunil  ticH  nf  .Sciitliiiul.      Lomliui,  lltl.l-^j'J.     4to, 

S«Ttii>ii,  lit  111.-  M.Tlini;  ot  llic  Iiibtitutc  ill  I  vkIh. 
K<liii»>iirKii,  .Jul),  IH.')!;.  •'   l.'Mi.loii,  llllll.      llvo. 

'   ItAroiiinI    ftiiil    l>cU'»iiiwtii'ftl  .\iil'n|iii  *   Ivlinl.iir^li,  IH:..'.     Hvo. 


HISTOKY    OF    AllCIIITECTlJRE    IN    SCOTLAND.  229 

rocky  caves  for  which  nature  had  done  so  much  that  scarcely 
any  art  was  needed  to  sliape  them  into  oratories  or  penance- 
cells  for  St.  Ninian  and  8t.  Columba,  St.  Kentigern  and  St. 
Rule,  St.  Serf,  St.  Kicran,  St.  Maoliosa,  St.  Gernad,  and 
many  others  of  our  early  missionaries  :  dismissing  these,  I 
say,  the  Ecclesiastical  Architecture  of  Scotland  ma}^  be  dis- 
tinguished into  three  great  periods — one,  the  earliest,  during 
which  the  influence  of  Ireland  prevailed ;  a  second,  by 
far  the  richest,  during  wdiich  we  followed  the  footsteps  of 
England ;  a  third,  the  last,  during  which  w^e  borrowed 
largely  from  France. 

The  First,  or  Scoto-Irish  period,  as  it.  may  be  called,  ex- 
tends over  more  than  five  centuries,  from  about  the  middle 
of  the  Vlth  to  near  the  end  of  the  Xlth  ;  from  the  landing  of 
St.  Columbkillc  on  lona,  in  the  year  565,  to  the  marriage  of  St. 
Margaret  with  King  Malcolm  at  Dunfermline, in  the  3'ear  1070. 
Of  the  few  and  scanty  relics  of  this  period,  the  best  known 
are  the  round  towers  of  Brechin  and  Abernethy.  The  Irish 
character  of  both  is  sufficiently  obvious.  Neither  would  seem 
to  belong  to  the  most  ancient  order  of  the  class.  The  religious 
community  which  found  shelter  w^ithin  the  tower  of  Brechin, 
does  not  seem  to  have  been  founded  until  the  end  of  the 
Xth  century  ;  and  there  are  features  in  the  tower  of  Aber- 
nethy wdiich  appear  to  show  that  it  is  the  3^ounger  of  the 
two.  It  is  amongst  the  distant  Western  Isles  that  we  must 
seek  for  the  oldest,  if  not  the  most  instructive,  edifices  of 
this  earl}'^  age.  On  Eilean  Naomh,  an  uninhabited  rock  mid- 
way between  Scarba  and  Mull,  are  remains  as  well  of  those 
circular  dome-roofed  cells,  which  in  Ireland  are  known  as 
"  bee-hive  houses,"  as  of  a  building,  probably  a  chapel,  of 
W'hich  the  w^alls  are  without  cement,  and  the  doors  and 
windows  are  square-headed.  The  skilled  glance  of  my 
friend,  the  Ilev.  ])r.  Reeves  of  Ballymena,  author  of  the 
"  Ecclesiastical  Antiquities  of  Down,  Connor  and  Dromore," 
at  once  recognised  in  these  ruins  the  characteristics  of  the 
Irish  architecture  of  the  Vlltli  or  Vlllth  centur}-.  The 
same  very  learned  and  accurate  antiquary  has  kindly  placed 
in  my  hands  a  proof-sheet  of  his  forthcoming  edition  of 
Adamnan's  Life  of  St.  Columba,  in  which  he  gives  an  account 
from  his  own  observation  of  a  "  C3'cloj)ean  cashel,'"  and  of  a 
chapel  built  w^itliout  mortar,  in  the  Isle  of  Skye,  which  may 
be  contemporary^  he  believes,  if  not  with  the  great  Apostle 


230  HISTOKY    OF    Ar.CHlTECTURE    IN    SCOTLAND 

of  Scotland,  at  least  wiih  tlic  first  or  second  generalion  of 
liis  disciples.  On  the  island  <>f  Inchcolni,  in  the  Firth  of 
Forth,  are  still  to  be  seen  the  ruins  of  an  oratory  of  the 
same  typo,  if  not  of  the  same  remote  age,  as  the  oratories  of 
St.  Senan  and  Gallerus  in  Ireland — the  capclhda  in  which,  in 
1 1  -'^.  the  shipwrecked  king  of  the  Scots  found  a  hermit  serving 
St.  Columbkille.  When  1  mention  some  almost  obliterated 
traces  at  louca,  some  doubtful  relics  near  the  ancient  sanctuary 
of  St.  l^lane  in  Bute,  and  Avhat  would  seein  to  be  a  "  bee- 
hive house"  in  the  rarely-visited  island  of  St.  Kilda,  I  believe 
that  I  nearly  exhaust  the  meagre  catalogue  of  the  ascer- 
tained monuments  of  the  Celtic  or  Scoto-Irish  aire  of  our 
architecture. 

The  Second,  or  Anglo-Scottish  era,  embraces  three  centu- 
ries, reaching  from  al)out  the  end  of  the  Xltli  to  about  the  end 
of  the  XlVth,  from  the  accession  of  St.  JMargaret  in  1070  to 
the  accession  of  the  Stewarts  in  1371.  This  was  emphati- 
cally the  great  age  of  ecclesiastical  architecture  in  Scotland, 
the  noontide  at  once  of  the  sj)iritual  glory  and  earthly 
grandeur  of  the  ^ledieval  Church  in  the  north.  As  it  was  an 
English  Princess,  the  saintl}'  niece  of  the  meek  Confcssoi-,  who 
laid  the  foundations — who  laid  the  foundations  as  well  of  our 
social  and  political  civilisation — so  it  w\as  by  English  hands 
that  the  fai^ric  was  built  up.  Knglish  monks  })eo]iled  our 
monasteries,  English  priests  served  our  parochial  cui-es, 
English  bishops  ruled  our  episcopal  sees.  Our  cathedials 
framed  their  constitutions  after  the  English  models  of  Salis- 
l)ury  and  Lincoln  ;  our  provincial  councils  copied  their 
canons  from  the  I'lnglish  synods  of  Oxford  and  Durham  ; 
the  language  and  rites  of  our  liturgy  were  the  language  and 
rites  of  the  English  use  of  Sarum.  When  such  was  the 
character  (jf  the  Scottish  Church,  it  iiccmI  scarcely  be  ailded 
that  her  architecture  was  English  too.  Throughout  the 
three  centuries  which  I  have  n.-iincd,  the  ecclesiastical  edifices 
of  Scotland,  excej)t  in  I  \\r\v  ImniMcr  dimensidiis.  their  sniailei* 
iiMiiibci-,  ;iih1  iheii"  less  copious  and  les.s  costl\-  di •(•(.ration,  dillei' 
Irorn  ihosi-  o(  Mngland  onlv  as  the  churches  ol  one  Mnglish 
shire  niay  dillcr  from  llmse  of  ;iiio(li('i\  <»r  as  llie  consi  inc(iv<' 
art  of  on(.'  i''r<iich  |iro\inc('  \;irics  IVoni  lli.-ii  oI'mhoi  Ik  r  p'rcnch 
province.  Tlie  .Xoi-man,  or  lioni:in(S(|ii<',  the  i'iist,  i'oinled 
or  i'iarlv  KiiL^lish,  and  liicSicoiid  r(<iiii(<l  »i|-  I  )ceoi-;it(M|,  a]-<! 
Kulwtaiil  i;dl  V  llic   sanio   on    holh    hank.-  olTwccd  ;    llics.'tnic 


rui:vi(jus  to  the  union.  231 

ill  their  general  features,  nearly  the  same  in  their  date  and 
duration. 

Of  our  Romanesque  buildings,  the  earliest  is  the  nave  of 
the  conventual  church  of  Dunfermline,  begun,  it  would  seem, 
in  the  last  years  of  the  Xlth  century,  and  consecrated  in 
the  middle  of  the  Xllth.  Its  foundations  were  laid  by  the 
same  King  of  Scots  who  about  the  same  time  laid  the 
foundations  of  Durham  ;  and  looking  to  the  close  resem- 
blance between  the  two,  it  seems  not  improbable  that  they 
may  have  been  planned  by  the  same  head,  if  not  executed  by 
the  same  hands.  Of  our  other  Romanesque  structures — such 
as  the  noble  cathedral  of  St.  Magnus,  at  Kirkwall  (if  a  work 
built  when  the  Orkneys  were  part  of  Norway,  may  fairly  be 
claimed  as  Scottish),  the  conventual  minsters  of  Kelso  and 
Jedburgh,  the  parish  churches  of  Dalmen}^,  Leuchars,  and 
Tyninghame — all  are  of  a  comparatively  kite  order,  some  of 
them  indeed  bordering  on  the  Transition  to  First  Pointed. 
One  Romanesque  building — the  old  church  of  St.  Rule,  the 
elder  of  the  two  cathedrals  at  St.  Andrews — shows  a  feature 
to  which,  so  far  as  I  know,  there  is  no  existing  parallel  in 
England — a  square  central  tower,  more  than  a  hundred  feet 
high,  and,  so,  wholly  disproportioned  to  the  diminutive  choir 
from  which  it  springs.  There  is  sufficient  evidence  that  it 
was  built  between  the  years  1127  and  1144,  by  an  Austin 
Canon  from  the  English  monastery  of  St.  Osw^ald  near  Ponte- 
fract,  who  then  filled  the  primatial  see  of  the  Scots.  The  object 
of  the  builder,  as  I  think  I  could  show  from  some  inedited 
documents,  may  ha\e  been  to  surpass  the  neighbouring  and 
rival  church  of  the  Culdees  of  the  Heugh  (that  is  the  Rock); 
and  could  we  be  sure  that  the  Culdee  canons  of  St.  Andrews 
had  a  round  tower  like  their  Culdee  brethren  of  Abernethy 
and  Brechin,  it  would  be  easy  to  conjecture  why  Bishop 
Robert  carried  his   rectan<>ular  tower  to  such  an  unusual 

O 

altitude. 

The  choir  of  the  later  and  larger  cathedral  at  St.  Andrews, 
begun  in  1162,  shows  how  the  Romanesque  was  at  that 
date  passing  into  First  Pointed.  In  the  conventual  church 
of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury  at  Arbroath,  founded  in  1 1 78, 
we  see  the  Transition  almost  or  altogether  consummated.  In 
the  matchless  crypt  of  the  cathedral  of  Glasgow,  founded  in 
1181  and  consecrated  in  119  7,  we  have  the  First  Pointed 
com})letely  developed.     In  the  cathedral  church  of  lona,  on 


•2'i-2  HISTORY    OF    AKCHITECTUKE    IX    SCOTLAND 

the  other  haiul,  llomanesque  presents  itself  after  the  year 
1200  ;  but  Irish  liaiuls  were  at  work  there,  and  tlie  buikling 
is  anomalous  in  other  respects.  One  Romanesque  feature, 
the  semi-circular  arch,  lingeret-l  with  us  through  every  order 
to  the  last. 

To  the  First  Pointed  or  Early  English  style — including 
under  that  name  as  well  the  more  advanced  stages  of 
Transition  from  the  Romanesque  as  the  earlier  stages  of 
Transition  to  Second  Pointed — to  the  First  Pointed  style, 
extending  over  little  more  than  one  busy  century  from  the 
accession  of  King  WilHam  the  Lion  in  1165  to  the  death  of 
Alexander  III.  in  128G — belong  the  chief  portions  of  the 
cathedrals  of  St.  Andrews,  Glasgow,  Galloway,  Caithness, 
Elgin  and  Bi-echin,  and  of  the  conventual  churches  of 
Coldingham,  Ilulyrood,  xVrbroath,  Dryburgh,  Paisley,  Kil- 
winning, Inchcolm,  Restennet,  Dundrennan,  New  F'erne, 
Cambuskenneth,  Inchmahome,  Sweet  Heart  or  New  Abbey, 
and  Pluscardine.  They  who  are  familiar  with  the  archi- 
tectural remains  of  Scotlan<l,  will  at  once  ])crceive  how  many 
of  our  finest  structures  are  included  in  this  list. 

If  the  Second  Pointed  style  in  England  be  held  to  extend 
from  the  accession  of  King  Edward  I.  in  1272  to  the  acces- 
sion of  King  Riclinid  11.  in  i;i77,  we  may  ailirm  that  up  to 
its  close — which  nearly  coincides  with  the  accession  of  the 
hou.se  of  Stewart  to  the  Scottish  throne- — the  ecclesiastical 
architecture  of  Scotland  continued  upon  the  whole  to  main- 
tain its  conformity  with  the  contenq)oiary  ecclesiastical 
architecture  of  England.  ])Ut  the  long  and  sanguinai-y  wars 
of  the  Scotch  Succession  hail  now  at  length  li.xcd  the  two 
counti'ies  in  a  position  of  antagonism — antagonism  political, 
social,  and  even  ecclesiastical.  For,  when  the  Papal  schism 
broke  out  in  1378,  England  adhered  to  Urban  V^I.  and 
Boniface  IX.,  while  Scotland  followed  Clement  VII.  and 
Benedict  Xlll.  The  point  of  dillei"(Mice  was  of  consecpience 
enough  to  aflcct  the  laity,  and  so  to  add  the  gall  and  bitter- 
ness of  sectarian  strife  to  the  many  causes  which,  on  one 
liand,  led  Scotsmen  to  speak,  even  in  the  solemn  language  of 
the  statute-book,  of  their  "  auld  enemies  of  England  " — and, 
on  the  other  |i;i)i(l.  led  English  fatliei's,  in  iIm-  northei-n  coun- 
ties, to  declare,  in  their  last  wills,  dial  lliclr  <l;inghters  should 
Ijc  disinJMM'ited  if  they  mariieil  Seoicjinirn.  Thus  ellectually 
CHtram:;(.'d  I'loni  Ikc   nearest  anil  n.iiiii;il  neiLihbour,  Scotland 


PREVIOUS    TO    THE    UNION.  233 

was  gradually  drawn  into  close  connection  with  France  ; 
and  one  fruit  of  this  fellowship  was  that,  from  about  the 
middle  of  the  XVth  to  the  beginning  of  the  XVIIIth 
century,  French  influence  prevailed  more  or  less  in  every 
department  of  Scottish  art. 

The  Second  Pointed  style,  which,  in  England,  came  to  a 
close  about  the  year  1377,  may  be  regarded  as  extending 
itself,  in  Scotland,  to  the  Reformation,  with  this  distinction, 
that,  soon  after  the  appearance  of  the  Third  Pointed  or 
Perpendicular  style  on  the  southern  side  of  Tweed,  Scottish 
churches  began  to  show  the  flamboyant  window-tracer}^  the 
double  doorways  with  flattened  heads  under  one  pointed  arch, 
the  large,  richly-crocketted  pinnacles,  the  polygonal  apses  or 
many-sided  eastern  terminations,  and  other  characteristics  of 
the  contemporary  architecture  of  Franco,  of  which  you  will 
hear  more  from  my  learned  friend  Mr.  Burton,  in  the  paper 
on  the  "  Analogy  of  French  and  Scottish  Architecture  "  with 
which  he  is  to  favour  this  section  of  the  Archaeological 
Institute.  Our  Scotch  Second  Pointed  style  thus  falls  to  be 
divided  into  two  nearly  equal  portions,  both  comparatively 
barren  (for  sixty  years  of  war  with  England  had  spent  the 
strength  and  exhausted  the  resources  of  the  country),  the 
earlier  portion  belonging  to  what  I  have  termed  the  Anglo- 
Scottish  period,  the  latter  to  what,  I  hope,  we  may  be  allowed 
to  call  simply  the  Scottish  period.  To  the  former  are  to  be 
assigned  the  greater  part  of  the  beautiful  cathedral  church  of 
Fortrose,  and  great  part  of  the  still  more  beautiful  conventual 
church  of  Melrose — the  latter  dating  from  about  the  middle 
of  the  XlVth  to  about  the  middle  of  the  XVth  century, 
during  most  of  which  time  Melrose  stood  on  the  English  side 
of  the  Border,  and  its  Cistercians  gave  their  allegiance  to  the 
English  Edwards,  Richards,  and  Henrys.  To  this  circum- 
stance, perhaps,  we  may  owe  the  tracery  of  Third  Pointed 
character,  which  fills  the  great  eastern  window  of  ]Melrose. 
It  is  the  only  example  of  the  Perpendicular  style  which  is  to 
be  found  in  Scotland,  with  the  exception  of  the  four  centred 
arches  in  the  crypt  of  St.  Triduan's  chapel  at  Rcstalrig,  built 
about  1486  by  King  James  III.,  from  a  design,  we  may  be 
allowed  to  conjecture,  of  some  of  his  English  favourites. 

We  can  boast  of  no  such  temple  as  Melrose,  in  that  later 
order  of  our  Second  Pointed  style,  which — extending  from 
the  accession  of  the  first  Stewart  in  1371,  to  the  accession 

VOL.    XIII.  K    K 


23t  HISTORY    OF    ARCHITECTURE    IN    SCOTLAND 

of  the  sixth  of  our  Jameses  in  1567 — fills  the  wliole  of  the 
Thirtl  and  last  period  of  Scottish  ecclesiastical  aichitecture. 
To  this  age  of  decline,  we  are  indebted  for  one  cathedral 
church,  that  of  !St.  ^lachar  at  Aberdeen,  and  for  portions  of 
five  or  six  others,  such  as  the  choir  of  Lismore,  the  eight- 
sided  chapter-liouse  of  Elgin,  the  to">ver  and  western  \\indow 
of  Brechin,  the  tower,  nave,  and  chapter-house  of  Dunkeld, 
and  the  spire,  nave,  chapter-house,  and  transept-cr3'pt  of 
Glasgow.  We  are  indebtetl  to  it  also  for  the  conventual 
churches  of  iSt.  ]\Ionan's  in  Fife,  the  Black  Friars  at  St. 
Andrews,  the  Greyfriars  at  Aberdeen  and  Stirling,  for  the 
gateway  and  refectory  at  Dunfermline,  and  the  doorway  and 
buttresses  of  the  north  isle  of  the  nave  of  Holy  rood.  But  its 
chief  works  were  collegiate  or  parochial  churches — such  as 
those  of  Linlithgow,  Corstorphine,  Dalkeith,  Seton,  and  Had- 
dington, in  this  neighbourhood  ;  St.  Mary's  at  Dundee,  St. 
Saviour  s  at  St.  Andrews,  St.  John's  at  Perth,  and  King's 
College  at  Al)erdeen.  It  is  in  this  class  of  edifices — built 
chiefly  during  the  second  half  of  the  XVth,  or  the  first  half 
of  the  XVIth  centuries — that  French  features  are  most  con- 
spicuous. Some  of  these  Continental  characteristics  may 
still  be  discerned  in  St.  Giles'  Church  in  this  city,  in  spite  of 
the  restoration  to  which  it  has  been  subjected.  A  still  finer 
e.\am})le  of  the  style,  was  that  Trinity  College  Church, 
wliicli  was  so  barbarously  taken  down  a  few  years  ago,  and 
the  rebuilding  of  which,  to  the  deep  disgrace  of  our  Scottish 
caj)ital,  has  not  yet  been  begun.  Nearly  contemj)orary  with 
Trinity  College  Church  and  St.  Giles,  is  the  collegiate  chapel 
of  Uoslin,  begun  in  1440*,  and  so  wholly  anomalous  that  it 
would  be  cjuite  inexplicable  wei'e  we  not  told  that  its  founder 
brought  the  builders  from  aljroad.  It  was  these  foreign 
ma.sons,  doubtless,  who  introduced  into  (liis  little  Scottish 
<*li.'ip<'l  the  first  fi'atm-es  of  Renaissance  that  are  to  be  found 
jierhaps  within  the  Jh'itish  Islands. 

if  the  Reformation  was  not  so  destructive  of"  our  ancient 
eliurehes  as  has  Ix'en  comnioidy  su|)j)osed,  it  was  at  least 
fatal  for  a  time  to  tlie  progress  of  ecclesiastical  arc-hitecture. 
The  sacred  edifices  whicli  were  built  during  tlu^  last  hundred 
and  fifty  years  of  Scotland's  existence  as  an  independent 
r(,'alm,  were  as  few  in  number  as  they  wcic  worlliless  in  art. 
If  wo  except  one  or  two — sncli  ms  D.iirsir  in  l'"il'e,  Auchter- 
houHc  in  Angus,  and  Ogston   in    .Mnii;iy      wiiicli   asj»ire(.l   to 


riiKVious  TO  THE  UNiox.  235 

imitate  English  models  of  an  earlier  age,  I  believe  tliat  I 
name  the  best,  when  I  point  to  the  Tron  Church  in  Edin- 
burgh, as  an  example  of  that  incongruous  mixture  of  Gothic 
and  Italian,  Middle  Age  and  llenaissance,  which  obtained 
in  Scotland  in  the  XVIIth  century. 

In  beginning  to  speak  of  the  Civil  or  Secular  buildings  of 
Scotland,  I  pass  over — as  works  of  engineering  rather  than 
of  architecture — our  many  hill-forts,  whether  ramparts  of 
earth  or  stone,  or  walls  more  or  less  perfectly  cemented  by 
vitrification.  I  pass  over,  too,  the  numerous  caves,  cut  like 
pigeon-holes  in  the  face  of  precipitous  cliffs,  which  served  as 
places  of  refuge  to  our  forefathers,  so  late  even  as  the  Eng- 
lish invasions  in  the  reign  of  King  Henry  VIII.  Nor  shall 
I  do  more  than  mention  the  low  under-ground  dens,  called 
wecms.  Earth-houses,  or  Picts  Houses,  where  one  long  stone 
successively  overlapping  another,  served  as  a  substitute  for 
the  arch,  and  so  roofed  in  a  hole  in  which  the  wild  Scot,  or 
barbarian  Pict  might  find  concealment  and  shelter  for  his 
family,  with  their  few  scraps  of  dried  deer's  flesh,  their 
scanty  heap  of  oats,  and  their  little  quern  or  hand-mill.  In 
the  Orkneys,  and  a  few  other  northern  counties,  these  sub- 
terranean or  semi-subterranean  chambers  attain  much  larger 
dimensions,  and  show  both  greater  resources,  and  more  skill 
in  construction.  It  is  in  the  same  district  that  we  find  the 
perplexing  edifices  called  Burgs  or  Duns — circular  erections 
of  no  great  height,  built  of  unhewn  stones  without  cement, 
enclosing  an  open  space  in  the  centre,  and  having  in  the 
gradually  diminishing  thickness  of  the  wall  a  succession  of 
gradually  diminishing  chambers.  It  is  very  difficult  to 
determine  either  the  use  or  the  era  of  these  singular  struc- 
tures. The  subject  has  engaged  the  attention  of  an  accom- 
plished member  of  the  Institute,  ]\Ir.  A.  H.  Rhind,  from 
whose  pen,  we  may  be  assured,  it  will  receive  all  the  elucida- 
tion of  which  it  is  capable. 

With  abundance  of  Noi'man  work  still  survivins;  in  our 
churches,  it  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  Ave  have  now  so  little 
of  Korman  work  to  show  in  our  castles.  I  cannot  speak  of 
any  from  my  own  observation,  and  do  not  remember  to  have 
read  of  an}^  except  two  Kornian  doorways  at  Closeburn,  in 
Dumfriesshire,  drawn  and  described  by  Cardonnel  and  Grose. 
Yet  that  many  fortresses  were  built  in  Scotland  during  the 


2:36  HISTOIJY    OF    ARCHITECTURE    IX    SCOTLAND 

prevalence  of  the  Roinanesquc  style,  is  not  to  be  questioned. 
The  castles  raised  by  St.  David,  who  reigned  from  1124  to 
1153,  are  expressly  coninieni(M-ated  by  his  friend,  servant, 
and  biographer,  St.  Ailred  ;  and  the  intimations  of  the  Abbot 
of  Rievaux  are  abundantly  confirmed  by  chronicle,  charter, 
and  capitulary.  But  the  son  of  St.  Margai-et  planted  his 
Norman  keeps,  for  the  most  part,  upon  the  Border  ;  and  not 
only  their  ruins,  but  every  vestige  of  the  prosperous  towns 
that  grew  up  around  their  walls,  have  been  swejjt  from  that 
imstable  soil,  by  the  frequent  ebb  and  flow  of  the  desolating 
tide  of  war.  A  few  green  mounds  and  shapeless  heaps  of 
stones  arc  almost  all  that  now  remain  of  the  Roxburgh  of 
the  Xllth  and  Xlllth  centuries  ;  its  castle,  mint,  churches, 
chapels,  hospitals,  mills,  and  streets  of  trading  booths.  The 
other  strongholds  reared  by  St.  David  and  his  successors 
stood,  with  scarcely  an  exception,  within  burghs  ;  and  these, 
overspreading  their  ancient  limits,  have  long  obliterated  the 
last  traces  of  the  feudal  towers  to  which  they  owed  their 
birth.  At  a  still  earlier  period,  the  Wars  of  the  Succession 
proved  more  fatal  to  Scottish  castles  than  ever  the  Refor- 
mation was  to  Scottish  chui'ches.  In  the  first  six  years  of  his 
rcigJi.  King  Robert  Bruce  destroyed  no  few^cr  than  a  hundred 
and  thirty-seven  towers,  castles,  and  fortalices,  ''  Quia,  sicut 
communiter  adhuc  dicitur,"  says  the  Cistercian  annalist  of 
Cui)ar,  '•  nisi  castra  et  turres  exterminassct,  regnum  nequa- 
quam  in  lil>ertate  gubernasset."  We  must  keep  in  mind, 
to.o,  that  of  the  secular  as  well  as  of  the  ecclcsiasticnl  edifices 
of  the  north  in  the  j\Iiddle  Ages,  many  were  of  timber. 
Thus,  it  is  recorded,  that  when  the  Wilil  Scots  p.oui-ed  down 
from  the  hills,  or  swarmed  across  the  firths,  in  1228,  to 
i-avaire  the  rich  corn-lands  of  ]\[urrav,  it  was  by  wooden 
casth.'S  that  they  found  the  country  defended.  We  have 
still  ill  the  Peel-I>()g  of  ]iUiiii)h;maii,  the  Bass  of  Inverury, 
the  JJouim;  of  Iiiveiiiochty,  and  elsewhere,  the  remains  of 
the  fiiriiiidablc  (lailliwoiks,  jtartly  natural,  jiartly  artificial, 
on  wliicli  such  wcmxIcii  towers  were  crcclcil. 

Setting  aside  mere  Iragiiicnts  of  ruin  witlioul  any  archi- 
tectural expression  —  such  as  hunli.n'.  llic  sr;ii  ol'  llie  great 
jMarcli  Karls,  or  LMclmiahrn  ami  Tiirnlieiy.  Uuitle.  i)alswinton 
and  Kynedar,  ("oiill,  Diillus  ;iiid  lloliaini.  ancient  lioMs  of  the 
Bnices,  lialliols,  Cumyiis,  l)niwai(ls.and  .Muirays  lean  recall 
at  tliis  nionx-nl  (till  voiie  cast  le  in  Scoilau'l.  w  Incli  can  he  pro  veil 


niliVIOUS    TO    THE    UNION.  237 

from  record  to  be  of  so  old  a  date  as  the  middle  of  the 
Xlllth  century.  "  In  the  year  1267,"  says  John  of  Fordun, 
"  died  Hugh  Giffard  of  Tester,  whose  castle,  at  least  its  pit 
and  donjon,  were,  according  to  old  legends,  built  by  de- 
moniac art :  for  there  is  a  wonderful  cave  beneath  the 
ground,  of  admirable  construction,  stretching  far  into  the 
earth,  and  commonly  called  Bohall."  The  Bohall,  or  Hall  of 
Goblins,  still  remains  in  the  Marquess  of  Tweeddale's  park  at 
Yester,  to  attest  the  accuracy  of  description  of  the  Father 
of  our  Scottish  Chroniclers.  The  Lord  of  Yester  chose  for 
the  site  of  his  stronghold  a  steep  peninsular  mound,  washed 
by  the  Hopes  burn  on  the  one  hand,  and  by  a  tributary  of 
that  streamlet  on  the  other.  The  situation  had  every  ad- 
vantage except  one,  water  within  the  precincts  of  the  castle  ; 
and  it  was  to  obtain  this  that  the  subterranean  passage  was 
hewn,  which  excited  the  terrors  of  the  East  Lothian  peasantry 
in  the  XHIth  century.  From  a  vaulted  hall,  which  is  itself 
below  the  natural  surface  of  the  soil,  a  vaulted  staircase  of 
six-and-thirty  steps  winds  downwards  into  the  bowels  of  the 
earth,  until  at  the  level  of  the  neighbouring  brooks  a  never- 
failing  supply  of  water  is  reached.  The  masonry  of  the 
woi'k  is  not  surpassed  by  any  railway  tunnel  which  I  have 
had  an  opportunity  of  seeing.  In  other  respects  the  edifice 
is  too  much  ruined  to  be  very  instructive ;  but  enough 
remains  to  show  that  the  style  was  First  Pointed,  and  that 
the  decoration  was  of  the  same  character  as  the  ornamenta- 
tion of  the  Scottish  churches  of  the  same  time.  For  this 
conformity  between  our  secular  and  ecclesiastical  architec- 
ture we  are  prepared,  both  by  the  example  of  other  countries, 
and  by  what  is  recorded  of  the  only  Medieval  architect  of 
Scotland  whose  name  and  works  have  descended  to  our  day. 
The  Scottish  Breviary  tells  us  how  St.  Gilbert  of  Murray — 
who  built  the  cathedral  of  Dornoch  in  the  XII Ith  centur}^ 
and  filled  its  windows  with  glass  made  by  himself  on  the 
coast  of  Sutherland — built  also,  and  fortified  many  royal 
castles  in  the  north. 

The  oldest  fortresses  now  existing  in  Scotland,  in  an^'thino- 
like  an  entire  shape,  are  what  in  England  would  be  called 
Edwardian — a  name  which  there  are  no  reasons  for  rejectino* 
in  Scotland.  It  is  in  the  Scotch  wars  of  the  first  three  Ed- 
wards, extending  from  129C  to  1357,  that  these  castles 
emerge  into  notice,  if,  indeed,  as  is  much  more  probable,  it 


23S  HISTORY    OF    AUCFllTECTUKE    IX    SCOTLAND 

\vas  not  that  terriMe  struggle  wliicli  called  tliein  into 
existence.  The  chief  of  them  are  Caerlaveroc  on  the  Sohvay, 
Dirlton  in  East  Lothain,  \vliich  you  will  liave  an  opportunity 
of  visiting  an  hour  or  two  hence,  liotlnvell  on  the  Civile,  l\il- 
(Ituniiiiv  ill  Aberdeenshire,  and  Lochindorb  in  ^Murray.  They 
have  all  the  same  general  character  —  long  curtain  walls, 
ilanked  at  the  angles  with  lufty  circular  towers  which  ai-e 
vaulted  throughout — the  entrance  being  by  a  drawbridge 
ami  gateway  defended  by  a  poi'tcullis,  and  guarded  on  either 
side  by  a  round  tower.  With  the  exception  of  Lochindorb — 
which  trusted  not  in  vain  for  defence  to  the  lake  in  wdiich  it 
stands — the  walls  are  of  great  strength,  and  the  area  (gene- 
rally of  an  irregular  shape)  which  the}'  enclose  is  of  con- 
siderable size  ;  that  is,  when  measured  by  our  Scotch 
standard,  for  I  should  think  that  one  of  the  great  Edwardian 
castles  of  the  Welsh  marches — Conwa}',  Caernarvon,  or  Caer- 
philly— might  hold  two  of  our  Scotch  examples.  In  every 
instance  which  I  know,  the  ciirular  towers  sjiring  from  their 
foundations  in  that  bell-like  shape  with  which  we  are  all 
familiar,  through  representations  of  the  Eildystone  light- 
house. The  absence  of  this  ])eculiarity  makes  me  hesitate  to 
include  Tantallon  among  the  Edwardian  castles,  which  it 
otherwise  resembles,  and  to  which  it  can  be  shown  to  approxi- 
mate in  jioint  of  date. 

Of  the  next  class  of  our  northern  castles — dating  from  the 
end  of  the  XlVth  to  the  middle  of  the  XVIth  centuries — 
the  j)rimitive  form  is  the  square  or  oblong  tower.  In  its 
simplest  or  humblest  shape  this  was  of  no  more  than  two 
storeys,  both  vaulted,  the  lower  containing  the  kitchen,  a 
well,  and  store-r(joms,  the  upper  occupied  by  the  hall  ;  the 
sleej>ing  a])artments,  if  thei'e  were  any,  being  closets  within 
the  thickness  of  the  wall.  liut  it  was  seldom  that  the  square 
tower  had  fewer  than  three  storeys — there  are  instances  of 
four  and  even  five — the  hall  being  still,  for  obvious  consi- 
derations of  safety,  next  the  roof,  while  the  lower,  (»i-  under- 
ground chamber,  accessible  by  a  trap-iloor,  which  was  the 
(jnly  opening,  for  there  was  noidiei-  chimney,  airhole,  nor 
window,  served  as  the  prison,  or  "pit."  as  it  was  called. 
Tlie  walls  are  for  (lie  most  |i:iit  \(rv  lliiclx,  ine,'isui'in<»' 
lioui  (en  In  lirtccii  feci,  :\\  (lir  rniniil.ilidii,  ;iiid  conliiining 
wit.liin  iIhh)  iiewrl  >l;iirc;iscs  and  nne  m  lud  sninll 
cji.-inibcr.s.      Till'  winilows,  except  in  ilir  topmost  storey,  are 


PREVIOUS   TO    THE    UNION.  239 

mere  slits,  only  a  few  inches  wide  at  the  exterior,  but  deeply 
splayed  within.  The  entrance,  as  in  the  Irish  Hound  Towers 
and  in  some  of  the  Anglo-Norman  keeps,  was  by  a  doorway 
(closed  by  an  iron  grate)  in  the  second  storey,  to  which  there 
was  access  either  by  a  ladder,  or  by  a  stone  stair,  built  at 
some  little  distance  from  the  tower,  with  which  it  com- 
municated by  a  drawbridge,  or  more  often,  it  Avould  seem, 
by  a  moveable  plank  or  two.  Little  more  than  a  century 
has  passed  since  at  least  one  of  these  towers  might  have 
been  seen  in  Scotland,  inhabited,  in  almost  every  respect, 
as  when  it  was  first  built,  three  hundred  years  before. 
James  Ferguson,  the  self-taught  astronomer,  who  lived  for 
some  months  with  Simon  Lord  Lovat  in  1740,  found  his 
Lordship  occupying  the  hall  of  Castle  Downie,  for  all  the 
purposes  of  drawing-room,  parlour,  dining-room,  and  bed- 
chamber. "  His  own  constant  residence,"  we  are  told,  "  and 
the  place  where  he  received  company,  and  even  dined  con- 
stantly with  them,  was  just  one  room  only,  and  that  the 
very  room  in  which  he  lodged.  And  his  lad^^'s  sole  apart- 
ment was  also  her  own  bed-chamber  ;  and  the  only  pro- 
vision made  for  lodo-ino;  either  of  the  domestic  servants  or  of 
the  numerous  herd  of  retainers  was  a  quantity  of  straw  which 
was  spread  over  night  on  the  floors  of  the  four  lower  rooms 
of  this  sort  of  tower-hke  structure.  Sometimes  about  400 
persons  attending  this  petty  court,  were  kennelled  here." 

Of  these  oblong  towers — which  were  often  allowed  to 
remain  in  their  original  shape,  as  a  refuge  in  emergency, 
long  after  their  owners  had  begun  to  make  their  usual  abode 
in  lower  and  more  commodious  houses,  "  the  laigh  bigging," 
as  our  Scotch  phrase  ran — under  the  shadow  of  the  old  keep 
— of  these  rectangular  towers,  one  of  the  earliest  and  best 
examples  is  that  of  Drum  in  Aberdeenshire.  ]\Iercliiston  in 
the  suburb  of  this  city,  and  Cawdor  and  Kilravock  in 
Nairnshire,  are  excellent  examples  of  the  later  style  of  the 
second  half  of  the  XVth  century.  Borthwick,  about  ten 
miles  to  the  south  of  Edinburgh,  is,  without  question,  by  far 
the  noblest  structure  of  this  class  which  we  possess.  Built 
of  ashlar  within  and  without,  it  soars  to  the  height  of  more 
than  a  hundred  feet,  and  presents  to  the  eye  the  appearance 
of  two  huge  contiguous  square  towers.  Diftering  in  this 
regard  from  most  others  of  the  same  style  and  age,  its  lofty, 
well-proportioned  hall  is  in  the  second  storey,  an  arrange- 


•2\0  IIISTOKY    OF    ARCHITECTURE    IX    SCOTLAND 

inent  wliicli  may  liave  been  considered  safe  in  this  instance, 
where  the  tower  was  defended  by  an  outer  wall.  At  Craio- 
miliar,  within  siiiht  of  Edinburgh,  tiio  rectangular  tower  has, 
as  it  weiv.  an  oblomi;  block  nutclied  out  of  the  sonth-west 
corner,  where  the  doorway  was  so  placed,  at  the  top  of  a 
flight  of  steps,  as  to  be  protected  by  portholes  commauding 
the  approach  at  once  in  flank  and  front.  Craigmillar  boasts, 
perhaps,  the  fmest  specimen  wliicli  we  now  possess  of  the 
(uite)nur(di',  or  barmkin,  a  dclence  which  gradually  became 
of  more  and  more  importance,  as  the  use  of  fire-arms 
increased,  until,  in  the  beginning  of  the  XVIth  century,  we 
find  its  presence  expressly  stipulated  for  among  other 
appointments  of  the  fortresses  which  crown  vassals  were 
taken  IkmukI  to  build.  •'  A  tower,  with  a  barmkin,  of  stone 
and  lime,  a  hall,  a  chamber,  a  kitchen,  a  pantry,  a  bake- 
house, a  brew-house,  a  barn,  a  byre,  a  cot,  a  pigeon-house, 
an  orchard,  and  hedge-rows," — so  the  enumeration  runs  in  a 
charter  of  King  James  IV".  in  the  year  1509.  Wo  are  able 
to  compare  this  catalogue  of  the  requirements  of  a  castle  on 
the  shores  of  Loch  Ness  with  a  contemporary  list  of  the 
apai-tments  of  a  mansion  in  the  cajtital.  The  Kdinbm-gh 
house  of  the  Napiers  of  ^lerchiston,  in  14i).3,  contained  "a 
liall,  a  chamber,  a  kitchen  with  a  loft  above,  a  pantry  with 
a  loft  above,  a  chai)el,  three  cellars,  and  a  little  house  called 
the  prison."  At  a  somewhat  later  period,  the  barndvin  seems 
to  have  fallen  into  disu.se,  its  place  being  supplied  by  two 
circular  towers,  which  being  attached,  one  to  each  of  the  two 
opposite  corners  of  the  great  rectangular  tower,  eflcctually 
flanked  its  walls  on  every  side.  Of  this  class  of  Scotch 
fortified  houses,  Drochil  in  Tweod(hde,  built  by  the  liegent 
.Morton  in  the  minority  of  King  James  V'l.,  is  an  instructive 
example. 

In  the  middle  of  the  XVth  century,  Scottish  architecture, 
fostered  l^v  the  love  of  art  which  the  ill-stan-ed  King  James 
I  If.  transmitted  to  so  many  of  his  ill-starre(l  (h'scendants, 
began  to  recover  fVoiu  a  long  season  of  ilepression.  Jhit  its 
progress  was  slow,  an<l  it  is  not  until  noai-  the  beginning  of 
tlic  XVIth  centui-y  that  we  can  he  said  to  reach  anew  era. 
As  o!ic  of  its  earliest  fruits,  I  may  mention  the  ol<iei-  j)ortions 
of  the  JJog  o'  Cjligiit,  "oiu-  Talac*^  of  New  Walk  uj)on  Spey," 
as  it  is  proudly  styh'd  in  tin'  rh.iileis  of  its  founder,  Goorgo, 
second  Iv-wl  nl    Ilimilv.  wlm  ilicd    in   l.")i»l.      The  huildinfr  is 


I'KEVIOUS    TO    THE    UNION.  241 

now  buried  in  the  modern  mass  of  Gordon  Castle,  so  that  we 
know  it  only  in  an  engraving  of  the  XVIIth  century,  which 
by  a  mistake  in  the  lettering,  calls  it  Inverary.  The  chival- 
rous King  James  IV.  was,  in  the  latter  years  of  his  reign,  an 
energetic  builder  ;  but  it  is  not  easy  always  to  distinguish 
between  what  he  built  and  what  was  built  by  his  son.  King 
James  V.  It  is  important  to  know  from  our  records  that 
both  princes  employed  Continental  masons.  In  the  reign  of 
the  former,  an  Italian  was  at  w^ork  upon  Holyrood — in  the 
reign  of  the  latter,  Frenchmen  were  busy  at  Stirling,  at 
Falkland,  at  Holyrood,  and  at  Linlithgow,  Of  this  last 
edifice,  the  finest  altogether  of  our  Scotch  Palaces,  the  larger 
and  better  part  belongs  to  the  first  half  of  the  XVIth 
century.  What  it  possesses  ''of  foreign  aspect  is  doubtless 
due,  along  with  the  foreign  features  of  Stirling  and  Falkland, 
to  their  foreign  builders.  In  Linlithgow,  I  may  add,  the 
ornamentation  partook  of  the  spirit  of  allegory  which  runs 
through  the  contemporary  poetry  of  Dunbar,  Gavin  Douglas, 
and  Sir  David  Lindsay.  The  now  empty  niches  above  the 
grand  gateway  in  the  eastern  side  of  the  quadrangle,  W' ere 
filled  wdtli  statues  of  a  pope,  to  represent  the  church,  a 
knight,  to  indicate  the  gentry,  and  a  labouring  man,  to 
symbolise  the  commons,  each  having  a  scroll  above  his  head 
on  which  w^re  inscribed  a  few  words  of  legend,  now  irre- 
trievably lost.  All  this  I  learn  from  records  of  the  year 
1535,  which  further  show  that  this  group,  together  with  the 
group  of  the  Salutation  of  the  Virgin  upon  the  other  side  of 
the  quadrangle,  and  certain  unicorns  and  a  lion  upon  the 
outer  gateway,  were  brilliantly  painted.  This  external  use 
of  gaudy  colour  survived  in  Scotland  to  a  comparatively  late 
date.  In  the  records  of  the  year  1629,  for  instance,  I  find  a 
sum  of  2661.  charged  for  "  painting  his  Maiesties  haill  rowmes 
in  the  Pallice  of  Linlithgow,  both  in  sylringis,  wallis,  doris, 
windowis,  bordaris  above  the  hingingis  ;  and  for  furnisching 
all  sortis  of  cullouris  and  gold  belonging  thairto ;  and 
lykwayes  for  painting  and  laying  ouer  with  oyle  cullour  and 
for  gelting  with  gold  the  haill  foir  fiice  of  the  new  wark — [that 
is  the  north  side  of  the  quadrangle,  built  by  King  James  VI.] 
— with  the  timber  windowis  and  window^  brodis,  staine 
windowis  and  crowncllis,  with  ane  brod  for  the  Kiniris  amies 
and  houssing  gilt  and  set  of ;  and  lykwyse  for  gelting  and 
laying  ouer  with  oyle  cullour  the  Four  Ordci'is — [that  is  the 

VOL.    XIII.  L    L 


•Z\-Z  HISTOID'    OF    AUCIlITECTlTiE    IN    SCOTLAND 

Garter,  the  Thistle,  St.  .Mu-liacl,  aiul  the  Golden  Fleece,  all 
held  by  King  James  V.] — above  the  vtter  yett,  and  fiir- 
nischiiig  all  sortes  of  gold,  oyle,  and  warknianschip  thairto, 
and  for  lavinii'  uuer  the  tuo  vnicurnes  and  ueltinjr  of  thame.'' 
Metal  work — cresting  the  tops  of  our  buildings  sometimes 
with  a  ballustrade,  more  often  with  iigurcs  of  the  cross,  the 
tlii^tle,  the  liun,  and  the  like — Nvas  in  general  use  in  IScotch 
buildings — here  again  fullowiiig  the  fashion  of  France — 
during  the  XVItli  and  XVI  1th  centuries  ;  and  we  have 
pruuf  tiiat  it  was  liberally  painted  and  gilded.  1  have  tres- 
passed too  far  in  this  digression  on  the  external  use  of  colour 
to  say  anything  of  its  internal  application,  except  that  this 
must  have  been  very  general.  The  vestiges  of  brilHant 
colouring  are  yet  perceptible  in  the  crypt  of  Glasgow  ;  and 
dim  outlines  of  once  resplendent  forms  are  still  to  bo 
discerned  on  the  walls  of  the  castle  halls  of  Borlhwick  and 
Craigmillar. 

If  1  give  way  to  the  temptation  of  saying  something  upon 
painted  glass,  it  shall  be  but  a  sentence  or  two.  In  each  of 
the  five  windows  of  tlir  cliapil  in  Linliilmow  Palace  was  a 
fijiure  or  imaLrc  of  what  the  records  of  153;;  call  "made 
work,"  that  is,  pieced  work  or  mosaic.  The  price  of  this 
was  6s.  Sd.  a  foot — tlie  jirice  of  the  white  or  connnon  glass 
being  l.v.  1'^.  a  foot — both  sums,  of  course,  being  Scotch 
mono}'.  The  five  images  cost  altogetlicr  less  than  10/.,  the 
plain  glass  in  which  they  were  set  costing  15/.  The  painted 
i^lass  of  the  live  windows  of  the  Lion  Chamber  of  Linlithi-ow, 
executed  in  the  same  year,  1535,  cost  7/.  ;  the  connnon  ghiss 
costing  less  than  4/. 

To  the  same  age  witli  most  part  of  the  quadrangle  of  Lin- 
lithgow, the  finest  of  our  Falatial  courts,  belongs  most  part  of 
the  quadrangle  of  Crichton,  the  finest  of  our  Castle  courts. 
Here,  again,  wo  meet  tlio  m;irks  of  foreign  taste.  The  pecuhar 
ornament  of  the  structure  is  in  the  sliarp  four-sided  facets 
into  which  the  stones  are  cut. 

"  .Muivc  its  coriiic*',  row  on  row 
Of  fair  licwii  fiifcts  rirlily  .sliow 

'I'licir  |toiiitL'il  (liiuiH)iiil  fill  in." 

Ami  tliis  kiii'l  itl  ilccfjrated  nias(»my  is  Idiiiiil  in  I'Vaiice, 
acconhng  lo  .M.  di;  (vauniont,  at  an  r.iily  piiind.  Thirty 
or    forty    years    later,  pi.-rliaps,    than    the     be.^t    [)orLi(jns    of 


PKEVIOUS    TO    THE    UNION.  243 

Cricliton,  tlie  arcliiepiscopal  castle  of  St.  Andrews  may  be 
named  as  a  favourable  type  of  Scottish  architecture  in  the 
middle  of  the  XVIth  century. 

I  now  reach  the  last,  the  most  prolific,  and,  as  I  think,  the 
best  ao'e  of  Scotcli  secular  architectui"e.  Kiii";  James  V.  was 
still  busy  with  his  buildings  at  Ilolyrood  and  Linlithgow,  at 
Stirling  and  Falkland,  when  the  fatal  rout  of  Sol  way  broke  his 
heart  in  1542.  The  tumults  and  wars  of  the  Reformation — 
extending  through  the  distracted  minorit}'",  and  still  more 
calamitous  reign  of  his  hapless  daughter — were  fatal  to  all 
the  arts  ;  and  when  at  length  they  began  to  revive  under  the 
peaceful  rule  of  King  James  VI.,  about  1570,  it  was  to  show 
how  vital  a  change  had  been  wrouoht  in  architectural  form 
and  feeling  during  an  interval  of  thirty  years.  Tendencies 
towards  Renaissance  mav  be  found  in  all  the  buildino-s  of 
King  James  V.  ;  but  when  the  unfinished  Avorks  were 
resumed  by  his  grandson,  Renaissance,  established  in  prin- 
ciple, was  beginning  to  advance  towards  supremac3\  Its 
progress,  however,  was  so  slow  that  it  can  scarcely  be  said, 
perhaps,  to  have  completed  its  develoj)ment  until  the  reign 
of  King  Charles  II.  It  is  to  the  century  j^receding  his  death, 
from  about  1570  to  1G85,  that  we  owe  what  we  ma}^  em- 
phatically call  the  Scotch  Castellated  Style — that  st3de  which 
(still  obviously  deriving  much  from  France)  produced  Strath - 
bogie  and  Edzell,  Fyvie  and  Castle  Fraser,  Crathes  and 
Craigievar,  ]\Iidmar  and  Craigston,  Pinkie  and  Glammis.  In 
almost  all  these,  I  think,  as  in  most  other  instances,  the 
architect  was  set  to  Avork  on  the  square  tower  of  the  XVth 
century  as  the  nucleus  of  his  composition  ;  and  it  is  impos- 
sible not  to  admire  the  skill  with  which  the  old  rcctano-ujar 
blocks  are  grouped  into  harmony  with  the  new  buildings  to 
which  they  give  dignity,  vastness,  and  variety. 

It  is  not  unworthy  of  remark  that  in  one  or  two  cases 
where  the  histor^^  of  the  building  has  been  ascertained,  the 
owner  would  seem  to  have  been  his  own  architect.  Pinkie  and 
F3'^vie  assumed  their  present  shape  under  the  eye  of  Alex- 
ander Seton,  first  Earl  of  Dunfermline,  who  died  in  1622,  at 
the  age  of  sixty-seven.  His  education,  begun  at  Rome,  was 
completed  in  France,  where,  doubtless,  he  acquired  that 
"great  skill  in  architecture"  for  which  he  is  praised  by  his 
contemporaries.  Glammis,  again,  became  what  it  is,  under 
the  eye  of  Patrick,  third  ]']nrl  of  Kinirhorn  and  first  Earl  of 


244  HISTORY    OF    ARCHITECTURE    IN    SCOTLAND. 

Stratlimorc,  ^Yllo  died  in  1695,  at  tlie  age  of  fifty-two,  leaving 
a  memoir  of  what  lie  did  for  his  castle,  in  which  he  takes 
blame  to  himself  for  not  consulting  "  any  who  in  this  age 
were  known  and  repute  to  be  the  best  judges  and  con- 
trivers." 

While  one  development  of  our  Scottish  architecture  of  the 
XVlIth  century  was  into  these  princely  chateaux,  another 
development — congenial,  at  once,  and  contemporary — gave 
us  such  edifices  as  the  Parliament  House  of  Edinburgh, 
Moray  House  in  the  same  city,  Glasgow  College,  Winton 
House,  Innes  House,  Argyll  House  at  Stirling,  one  front  of 
the  courtyard  at  Falkland,  and  one  of  the  court3'ard  at 
Caerlaverock — reaching  its  proudest  triumph  in  Heriot's  Hos- 
jiital.  Only  a  few  years  after  the  genius  of  Wallace,  of 
Aytoun.  and  of  Mylne  had  brought  that  noble  pile  to  com- 
pletion, Sir  William  Bruce  of  Kinross  was  commissioned  to 
build  a  palace  for  our  Scottish  Kings.  The  result  was  Holy- 
rood,  almost  the  last  edifice  of  mark  built  in  Scotland  before 
the  Union.  That  event  opened  new  fields  for  the  display  of 
the  architectural  taste  and  talents  of  our  countrymen — but 
lu}'  task  is  done.  It  is  beyond  my  j)rovince  either  to  advert  to 
what  Gibbs,  and  Mylne,  and  the  A(hmises  achieved  dui-ing 
the  last  century  on  the  other  side  of  the  Tweed,  or  to  trace 
the  fortunes  on  this,  of  that  modern  school  of  Scottish  archi- 
tecture whicli  has  never  been  adorned  by  more  names  of 
eminence,  or  by  more  works  of  merit,  than  at  this  hour. 


KING  EDWARD'S  SPOLIATIONS   IN  SCOTLAND  IN  a.d.  1296— THE 
CORONATION  STONE— ORIGINAL  AND  UNRUBLISHED  EVIDENCE. 

COMMUNICATED  BY  JOSEPH  HUNTER,  a  Vice-President  of  tlie  Society  of  Antiquariea 
of  London,  and  an  Assistant  Keeper  of  the  Public  Records. 

The  first  northern  campaign  of  King  Edward,  in  which  he 
reduced  John  BaUiol,  King  of  Scotland,  to  submission,  is 
marked  by  two  circumstances,  both  of  which,  though  but  of 
the  underwood  of  history,  are  of  singular  interest  to  both 
nations.  These  are,  first-,  the  seizure  of  the  royal  treasures 
in  the  castle  of  Edinburgh  ;  and  secondly,  the  removal  to 
Westminster,  from  the  Abbey  of  Scone,  near  Perth,  of  the 
chair  in  which  the  Kings  of  Scotland  had  been  accustomed 
to  sit  when  crowned,  and  the  "  fatal "  or  sacred  stone  which 
was  inclosed  within  it. 

The  historical  evidence  which  we  now  possess  on  this 
campaign  is  not  of  that  minute  and  particular  kind  which 
the  antiquarian  mind  requires  :  and  concerning  the  two 
incidents  above  named,  little  is  authentically  told.  Not  but 
that  in  the  main  the  historians  have  reported  the  facts  truly, 
as  for  as  they  go.  What  I  propose  is  a  little  to  extend  the 
information  they  have  given  us  :  and  I  rely  upon  the  Institute 
not  forgetting  that  as  antiquaries  or  archaeologists  we  are 
sohcitous  about  mere  fticts  and  dates,  content  to  leave  the 
nobler  province  to  the  historian  and  philosopher. 

When  the  King  of  England  had  formed  the  resolution  to 
reduce  by  foroe  of  arms  the  realm  of  Scotland  to  the  sub- 
mission to  which  he  had  already  brought  the  Welsh  princes, 
his  pohcy  being  that  the  whole  population  of  the  isle  of 
Britain  should  be  under  one  sovereignty,  he  moved  rapidly 
in  the  winter  through  Yorkshire  and  Northumberland  to  the 
town  of  Berwick.  It  is  unnecessary  that  I  should  trouble 
the  Institute  with  the  dates  of  these  movements.  About 
the  28th  of  March,  he  was  before  Berwick.  This  was  in 
1296,  the  twenty-fourth  year  of  his  reign.     Berwick  soon 


246  KINO  Edward's  sroLiATioxs  ix  Scotland. 

.surreiuli'i'i'd.  aiiJ  tlic  kluu:  reinaiiiod  tliere  <liii-iiiir  tlio  irrcatcr 
]»art  of  the  montli  of  Api'il,  towards  the  close  of  wliicli  was 
foiiLilit  the  battle  of  Dunbar,  Avhicli  broke  for  that  time  the 
jtower  of  >Sootlaii(l.  The  king  did  not,  as  might  liave  been 
expected,  advance  immediately  upon  Edinburgh,  but  spent 
the  month  of  !May  in  marches  and  countei'marches  in  the 
country  about  Haddington,  Jedworth,  Koxboi'ough,  and 
Castlcton  "  in  valle  Lydd."  This  is  gathcr^'d  I'rom  the 
testes  of  his  writs,  and  is  supported  by  the  diary  of  this 
campaign  printed  in  the  Archacologia  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  vol.  xxi.  p.  49s.  It  may  be  observed  b^^  the 
Avav,  that  this  diar}'  is  evidently  the  work  of  a  contemporar}', 
and  is  Avurthy  to  be  received  as  an  authentic  account  of  the 
king's  movements,  being  so  avcII  supported  by  dates  of 
tlie  king's  ^vrits.  At  the  beginning  of  June  he  arrived  at 
Edinburgh.  The  Castle  was  bravely  defended;  but  at  length 
it  yielded,  and  with  the  loss  of  this  fortress,  ensuing  on  the 
battle  of  Dunbar,  the  military  operations  may  be  said  to 
have  ceased,  and  the  furthoi-  progress  of  Edward  was  little 
less  than  a  triumphal  maicli  of  a  conqueror. 

He  remained  at  Edinburgh  I  ill  the  14th  of  June  :  and  in 
those  feW  (hiys  it  ap})cars  to  have  been,  that,  being  com- 
j>letely  master  of  the  place,  he  forced  his  way  into  the 
treasuries  of  the  Ivings  of  Scotland,  and  selected  such  things 
as  he  thought  })ropcr  to  be  removed  as  spolia  opima,  partly 
to  enrich  his  own  trcasur}'',  and  parti}''  to  break  the  spirit  of 
a  brave  people  struggling  to  maintain  their  ancient  indc- 
])endcncc. 

That  he  removed  or  destroyed  the  aneicnt  i-ecoi'ds  of  the 
kingdom  is  asserted,  and  the  document  whicli  i  sliall  first 
a<hluco  will  sIhjw  that  some  things  of  this  nntm-e  wei-e  at 
this  time  taken  by  him,  beside  those  which  a  few  years 
before  had  been  exhibited  at  Norham.  and  perhaps  nevei- 
returned.  That  he  took  away  the  ancient  ciown  and 
sce[)tre,  and  oMid'  insignia  of  sovereignty,  is  .also  asserted  ; 
and  mT  thi-  act  ol'  rapine  there  seems  to  I'e  Millicient  proof, 
tlioiigh  it  receives  no  ^uppert  frotn  the  inventories,  as 
far  ;is  tliev  are  known  in  nu',  el  his  chniccr  jMissessions  in 
the  later  years  of  his  I'cign.  Things  whicii  he  aetiially 
i-eniovcd  will  aj)pear  fi'om  a  schedule  entiiied  "liiNcnlairi 
(.'asti'o<le  I'jch'iieburgh,  '  oim'  of  a  cdHectioiMif  such  schedulcvs, 
harming    togelhi  i-    an    iii\(iilery    of    the    cups,     jewels,    (S:c., 


KING    EDWARDS    SPOLIATIONS    IN    SCOTLAND.  21.7 

belonging  to  the  king  :  everything  indeed  which  fell  under 
the  head  Jocalia.  This  list  was  compiled  very  soon  after  his 
return  from  this  expedition. 

INVENTA  IN  CASTKO  DE  EDENEBURGH. 
I.      IN    CUFFKO    CUM    CIIUCE    SUNT    INFKA    SCHIPTA  : 

Primo.     Unum  forceiiuiii'  pulcrum  in  quo  sunt  lieec  : 

ununi  pulvinariuin'-  dc  urmisj  fractum. 

unus  mofsus^  ilcauratus. 

una  crux  stanynea 

unum  pulvinariuni  cum  griffonibus 

duo  panni  do  arista' 

una  alba  de  arniis  Re<:;i3  Anijlia). 

una  stola  et  unum  fanuin." 
Item  unum  pulvinarium  de  armis  Regis  Scotia)  cooportum  sindonc  rultio. 

una  crocia''  deaurata  qua)  fuit  Ejiiscopi  Rossensis. 

una  nux  cum  pcde  et  coo[)erculo  argento  deaurato  niuirito. 

unus  ciplius  de  ciistallo  cum  pcde  deaurata. 

unus  cipbus  totura  cristallo  argento  munitus. 

tria  cornua  eburnea  baruesiata  cum  serico  et  arfrento 

o 

unum  coriiu  de  bugle 

duo  parvi  costelli"  de  tammari"*  muniti  argento 

unus  parvus  cipbus  argcnteus  deauratus  cum  pede  de  niazero'' 

unus  cipbus  dc  tammari  cum  pede  argentea 

una  nux  cum  pede  argentea  deaurata,  fiacta. 

unus  cipbus  de  cristallo  cum  pede  argentea  deaurata,  fractus. 

n.       IX    COFFHO    CUM    L. 

Primo.     duo  costelli  de  cristallo  argento  ligati. 

unus  mazerus'  cum  pcde  et  cooperculo  argento  munito  deaurato. 

unus  cipbus  de  ove  griffini-  fracto  in  toto  argento  munitus"' 

unus  cipbus  de  cristallo  cum  pede  argenti  deaurati. 

unus  cipbus  cum  cooperculo  de  mugetto^  et  una  pede  argenti  deaurati 

unus  picberus  de  mugetto  argento  deaurato  munitus. 

unus  mazerus  sine  pede  parvi  valoris. 
[Tbc  tbree  entries  wbicb  follow  are  cancelled,  and  tbc  reason  is  given  in 
tbe  margin  : — Intrantur  in  Libro.] 

una  navis  argenti  pondcris  ix''* 

unum  par  pelvium  argenti,  pondcris  vi''* 

unum  par  pelvium  ai'genti  pondcris  cxvii'^'"  vi'^" 

•  A  small  chest.  ^  Taniarisk-wooil. 

-  A    small     shrine   or    perhaps    altar,  '■*  Maple.     This  entry  is  cancelled, 

adapted  to  Ht  a  travelling  chapel.  '  A  maple  howl. 

^  Clasp.  ■  A   gritlin's  ej;^,  re.illy  an  egg  of  the 

■•  Hair — a  hair  cloth  for  penance.  ostrich,  if  not  rather  a  cocoa-nut. 

*  Albe,  stole,  and  maniple.      "  Crozici".  ^  Cancelled. 

'   Costelli  is  written  by  mistiike  for  cos-  ■•  This    word    is    not    in    tlie    original 
trelli,  as  in  the  corresponding  entry  in  Ducange,   or  in  his  Continuator,  nor  in 
another    inventory    of   the    twenty-ninth  other  glossaries  where   it  might    be  ex- 
year.     The  costrelli  were  drinking- cups.  pected  to  appear. 
See  Ducange. 


24S  KINO    EDWARDS    SPOLIATIONS    IX    SCOTLAND. 


111.       l.\    COFFKO    DE    X. 

[The  whole  of  the  fulluwing  tiitries  are  cancelled,  and  for  the  reason  given 
in  tlie  former  case.  But  it  is  added — '  Kestituantur  pustea  in 
garderoha. '] 

Ciphus  magnus    argentcus  deauratus   ciua    [)cde  ct  eooperculo  pond. 

vi  marc  ii*"  vi^* 
Cipluis  argenti  deaurati  cum  pode  et  eooperculo  pond.  Iviii*-  ix''* 
Ciphus  argenti  deaurati  cum  pcde  et  eooperculo  pond,  xlvi^*  viii'^* 
Ciphus  argenti  deaurati  cum  pede  et  eooperculo  pond,  js-  minus  iii'^* 
Ciphus  argenti  deaurati  cum  pede  et  eooperculo  pond,  x.xxviiis*  vi'^- 
Cipluis  argenti  cum  pede  et  eooperculo  pond,  lii*-  xi''* 
Ciplius  argenti  deaurati  cum  pede  et  sine  eooperculo  pond,  xxxv^'  iii^'* 
Cipluis  argenti  deaurati  cum  pede  et  eooperculo.  li^*  v*^* 
Cipluis  argenti  cum  pede  et  eooperculo  puiul.  i.  marc  xvii*^- 
Ciphus  argenti  cum  pede  sine  eooperculo  pond.  xxxviii=*'  iiii'^* 
Ciphus  argenti  albus  cum  pede  sine  eooperculo  pond,  xx^'  minus  v''' 
Ciphus  argenti  deaurati  cum  pede  sine  eooperculo  pond,  xxiii'** 
Ciphus  argenti  platus  pond,  xxiii'*'  vi''* 
Picherus  argenti  cum  eooperculo  pond,  xli"-  iiii''" 
Picherus  ad  aquam  alhus  pond,  xxvi** 
Unum  lavatorium  ad  aquam  argenti  album  pond,  xxii'" 
Picherus  argenti  ad  aipiain  albus  pond,  xx^'  viii''. 

On  the  dorse  of  this  part  of  tlie  inventory  is  the  following  important  notice. 

Et  memorandum  quod  xvii  die  Septemhris,  anno  xxiiii'"  omnia  Jocalia 
infra  scripta  mittebantur  de  Berewico  usque  London  per  Johannem 
Candelarium  in  tribus  Cofris  cum  signis  ut  infra.  Et  unum  magnum 
Cofrum  ct  ii.  jiarvos  Cttfros  cum  diversis  scriptis  ct  memoraiulis 
inventis  in  Castro  de  Edenehurgh  :  ct  unum  Cofrum  cum  reli<iuiis 
inventis  ibidem:  et  xix  cornua  de  Bucle,  et  unum  cornu  gritfone ;  quio 
liberata  fucrunt  in  Garderoba  per  Doniinum  Kobcrtum  Gitfard  et 
Dominum  Ihigonem  de  lloburo  qujc  invcnta  fuerunt  in  (piodam  Prioratu 
juxta  Forfare  :  et  unum  fardellum  cum  divorsis  rebus  qua)  fucrunt 
Episcopi  Sancti  Andrei  liberatum  in  Garderoba  per  Dominum  .1.  do 
Swinehorn  militcm  et  custodem  ejusdem  J-lpi.sropatus  mensc  Septemhris 
in  principle  :   et  unum  discum  magnum  argentenm  pro  elemosyiui. 

Kt  omnia  ista  libi-ravit  dictus  Johannes  Domino  Johanni  de  l)rokens- 
ford  :  qiue  idem  domiiuis  Johannes  deposuit  in  (lanK-roba  West- 
nionasterium. 

It  will  not  b(!  out  of  place    if   we   add    that    in   another    invenlory    of  the 
king's  '•  .localia,"  forn  ed  in  the  31st  year  of  his  reign,  we  liiid  : 

una  pix  cum  impreshiono  sigilli  regni  Scocia'. 

uim.'<  panel ius  coopertus  corio  nigro  fcrro  ligatus,  in  quo  contiiicntur 
Hcripta  niagnatum  et  alioriim  regni  Scocia.*  facta  lu-gi  de  liilelitali- 
hiis  Hiiis  et  homngiis  post  gnerram  Seocia'  ann(»  xxiiii""' 

duri  pallia  ad  pendenda  in  ecclesia  (pi:i!  venenml  de  Scocia,  eooperla 
de  viridi  iiand. 

uttutt  cottlrcllus  ligncua  invulutus  pannolineo  .sigillatiis  sigillis  divcrais. 


KING    EDWAKD's    spoliations    IN    SCOTLAND.  219 

umis  Cofriis  nilxnis  in  quo  contiiicntur  Litera  ct  Argunicnta  tangciicia 
rcgimm  et  doiuiniuin  Scocia;  ct  fidolitatem  liomagii  Rcgia  et  Mag- 
natuni  Scocia). 


We  left  the  King  of  England  at  Edinburgli.  He  marched 
on  to  Stirling,  where  his  writs  are  dated  from  the  16th  to 
the  20th  of  June.  On  the  21st  he  was  at  Uglitrahurdur 
(Auchterarder),  and  on  the  22nd  he  arrived  at  Perth.  He 
halted  there  for  a  few  days,  as  afterwards  at  Clunj  and 
Forfar,  and  on  the  7th  or  8th  he  arrived  at  Montrose. 
There  he  remained  till  the  11th,  and  during  the  time  received 
the  submission  of  Balliol  and  many  of  the  magnates.  He 
then  passed  on  to  Aberdeen,  Kyntore,  and  "  Elgin  in  Moravia,' 
so  designated  in  the  writs,  confirming  so  far  the  statement  in 
the  old  chroniclers,  through  whose  orthography  we  should 
hardly,  without  assistance,  recognise  the  name  of  this 
ancient  town. 

He  advanced  no  flirther  north.  On  the  2nd  of  August  he 
was  at  "  Kyncardine  in  Neel,"  from  whence  he  passed  to 
Brechin,  Dundee,  and  Perth.  That  he  visited  Perth  on  his 
return  from  Elgin,  a  fact  which  we  find  in  the  Itinerary,  is  a 
confirmation,  worthy  regard,  of  the  statement  of  the  English 
chroniclers  Walsingham  and  Hemingford,  that  it  was  on  his 
return  southward  that  he  visited  the  Abbey  of  Scone,  for 
Scone  is  situated  ver}^  near  to  Perth.  The  ancient  kings  of 
Scotland  had  been  crowned  at  Scone,  and  in  the  Abbe}^  there 
was  kept  the  fatal  stone  inclosed  in  a  chair  in  which  the 
kings  had  been  accustomed  to  sit  when  the  crown  was  placed 
upon  their  heads.  For  this  stone  they  claimed  what  appears 
to  be  a  fabulous  antiquity.  It  was  no  less  than  one  of  the 
stones  in  the  ston}--  region  of  Beth-El,  nay,  the  very  stone  on 
which  the  head  of  the  patriarch  Jacob  rested  when  he  saw 
the  vision  of  angels  ;  and  there  was  a  story  belonging  to  it 
of  its  having  been  brought  by  way  of  Egypt  into  Spain,  of 
its  resting  in  Galicia,  of  its  being  carried  from  thence  to 
Ireland,  of  its  removal  to  Argyleshire,  where  it  was  placed 
in  the  royal  castle  of  Dunstatthag,  from  whence  it  was  re- 
moved to  this  Abbey  of  Scone.  History  finds  it  there, 
though  it  may  know  nothing  of  its  previous  wanderings,  and 
may  repudiate  entirely  the  names  and  the  dates,  which  are 
not  wanting  in  the  traditions  respecting  it. 

Whatever  amount  of  credit  may  be  given  to  its  earlier 
VOL.  xni.  M  M 


250  KING  Edward's  spoliatioxs  in  Scotland. 

conditions, tlicrc  is  no  Joubt  that  wlicn  at  Scone  it  Avas  rcoarded 
with  superstitious  reverence,  and  that  a  large  amount  of  aficc- 
tion  and  pati-iotism  Avas  gathered  around  it.  But  it  was  looked 
upon  witli  other  feelings.  It  was  regarded  as  assuring  seeure 
possession  to  the  kings  of  Scotland  of  whatever  land  in  which 
it  was  found,  and  it  is  alleged.  ]ierhaps  on  somewhat  doubtful 
autliority,  that  before  it  had  lell  Scone  these  verses  were  in- 
scribed upon  it  or  near  to  it :  — 

Ni  fallat  Fatuni,  Scolia  liunc  iiimc-iiiiqiio  locutiiin 
Iiiveiiiunt  lapiilein,  rogiiaro,  tciicntur  il/nlcin. 

It  was,  therefore,  strictl}'  in  accordance  Avith  the  line  of  King 
Edward's  policy  to  get  possession  of  this  ancient  and  vener- 
able relique,  and  to  remove  it  far  from  the  sight  of  a  people 
whose  spirit  of  independence  it  so  directly  tended  to  foster. 
He  spent  only  one  day  at  Perth,  and  we  can  hardly  doubt 
that  he  then  personally  visited  the  Abbey  of  Scone,  and 
that  under  his  immediate  inspection  the  stone  was  removed, 
and  the  chair  jierhaps  destroyed,  as  we  hear  no  more  of 
it  ill  documents  in  which  the  stone  itself  is  mentioned. 

The  king,  on  returning  to  Berwick,  where  he  proposed 
to  remain  for  some  weeks,  passed  through  Edinl)urL!;li, 
where  he  arrived  on  Friday,  the  17th  of  August.  There 
is  some  slight  reason  for  thinking  that  he  might  deposit 
the  stone  for  a  time  in  the  Castle  ;  for  in  one  of  the  royal 
inventories — that  wliich  was  made  in  his  tliirty-fifth  year, 
the  year  in  which  lie  died  at  Burgh  on  the  Sands — it  is  said 
to  have  been  found  in  the  Castle  of  Edinburgh.  But  this 
is  so  contrary  to  much  other  evidence,  tint  unless  we  re- 
gard it  as  referring  to  a  temporaiy  abode  there  after  its 
removal  from  Scone,  we  must  look  ujion  it  as  an  en*or. 

Its  removal  to  Westminster  ensue(l  very  speedily  on  its 
being  tJiken  from  Scone.  Jt  occms  in  scvcr.il  inventories 
of  tiio  choice  possessions  of  the  king,  where  it  is  described 
simply  thus  :  Una  jX'tra  magna  super  (jiiani  lieges  Scoeia; 
8olcbant  coroiiari.  Tlie  king  treated  it  ^\illl  (lie  liigliest 
respect.  We  liave  tlie  testininny  ef'liis  e)ii(,i|ili  (lint  lie  was 
a  devout  prince  : 

lilms  i|iM-  Dei,  (|ii('in  curd"'  culcluil,  ct  <nc  ; 

aii'i  iiMJccij  tlie  whole  course  ol'  his  Iii^Imi'v  shows  i(,  espe- 
cially   his    e,\p(  iliiiiiii    (o    r.-ilestine.        W'r    Mi;iy    c-ili    him    ;i 


KING  Edward's  si'oijations  in  Scotland.  251 

superstitious  prince,  even  with  all  liis  fine  qualities  and 
admirable  abilities  as  a  temporal  ruler,  carrying  about  with 
him,  as  he  did,  sacred  rcliques,  and  storing  among  his  choicer 
possessions,  two  pieces  of  the  rock  of  Calvary,  which  were 
presented  to  him  by  one  llobert  Ailward.  It  is,  perhaps,  not 
going  beyond  the  limit  of  legitimate  conjecture  to  suppose 
that  he  gave  credit  to  the  ancient  traditions,  and  seriously 
regarded  it,  if  not  the  very  stone  on  which  the  head  of  the 
Patriarch  had  rested,  yet,  as  at  least,  a  stone  from  the  plain  of 
13eth-El,  which  had  once  formed  part  of  the  piece  of  Cyclo- 
peian  architecture,  which  the  Pentateuch  informs  us  the 
Patriarch  had  there  erected  in  memory  of  so  remarkable  a 
vision.  In  accordance  with  this,  its  religious  character,  he 
determined  to  give  it  a  place  in  the  chapel  at  Westminster, 
recently  erected  by  his  father,  inclosing  the  shrine  of  King 
Edward  the  Confessor.  There,  also,  the  remains  of  his 
father  and  of  his  own  Queen  Eleanor  were  deposited,  and 
there  he  himself  intended  to  lie.  No  place  more  sacred  than 
this  could  have  been  chosen.  There  was  an  altar  opposite 
the  shrine.  It  stood  where  are  now  the  two  Coronation  Chairs. 
The  stone  was  deposited  near  this  altar,  where  it  may  be 
presumed  daily  services  were  performed.  In  contemplating 
it  in  its  place,  which  we  may  now  do,  to  feel  the  full  effect  of 
the  scene,  we  should  for  the  moment  restore,  in  imagination, 
the  altar  and  its  appendages,  and  lay  aside  for  the  time  the 
low  esteem  in  which  reliques,  however  sacred,  are  in  these 
times  held. 

But  the  king  had  a  further  purpose  respecting  it.  He 
prided  himself  on  having  brought  his  affairs  in  Scotland  to  a 
successful  issue.  He  is  described  on  his  monument  as 
"  Malleus  Scotorum,"  and  here  was  the  proof — the  stone  on 
which  the  fate  of  Scotland  might  be  said  to  hang. 

Further,  he  determined  that  it  should  be  devoted  to  the 
same  purpose  to  which  it  liad  been  devoted  while  in  the 
possession  of  the  Scots.  It  had  formed  part  of  the  Corona- 
tion Chair  of  Scotland  :  it  was  now  to  be  the  scat  on  which 
future  sovereigns  of  England  should  be  seated  when  they  were 
anointed  with  the  sacred  oil,  had  the  diadem  placed  upon  their 
brow,  and  the  sceptre  in  their  hand.  And  with  this  inten- 
tion he  ordered  a  chair  to  be  constructed,  and  the  stone  to 
be  placed  immediately  beneath  the  scat.  That  this  was 
done  with  a  view  to  its  future  use  as  the  throne  on  which 


25:3  KING    EDWAEDS   SPOLIATIONS    IN    SCOTLAND. 

the  sovercii;-!!  was  to  sit  on  tlie  ilay  of  the  coronation,  appears 
tVuni  the  tullowing  entry  bv  a  contemporary  hand  in  the 
Inventory  of  tlie  hist  year  uf  his  reign  : — "  ]\Iittebatnr  per 
preeeptuni  Itegis  usque  Abbatliiani  Je  AVestnionasterio  iid 
asseJendum  ibidem  juxta  feretrum  ISancti  Edwardi,  in  qua- 
dam  cathedra  lignca  deaurata  quam  Rex  lieri  precepit  [ut 
Keires  Anirhie  et  ►'^cociie  infra  sederent  (he  Curonationis  eorun- 
dem]  ad  perpetuam  rei  memoriam."  This  may  be  set  against 
Avliat  Walsingliani  states,  "jubens  inde  fieri  celebrantium 
cathedrain  sacerdotum."  I  ought  to  add,  liowever,  that  the 
words  inclosed  in  brackets  have  a  b'ne  drawn  through  them; 
but  still  they  may  be  taken  as  good  proof,  with  other  circum- 
stances, and  the  subsequent  usage,  that  tlie  chair  was,  as  to 
its  original  purpose,  the  Coronation  Chair. 

The  king's  first  intention  was  that  the  chair  should  be 
of  bronze,  and  Adam,  his  goldsmith,  had  made  considerable 
progress  in  the  work,  when  the  king  changed  his  purpose, 
and  directed  that  a  chair  of  wood  should  be  constructed,  and 
he  called  in  the  assistance  of  ^Master  Walter,  his  i)ainter,  to 
decorate  it  with  his  art.  We  learn  these  particulars  from  a 
piece  of  evidence  of  a  cliai'acter  remarkably  authentic,  the  bill 
of  Adam  the  goldsmith  of  expenses  for  which  he  chiimed 
payment.  This  bill  is  entitled — "  Compotus  Adie  aurifabri 
liegis  de  jocalibus  emptis  ad  opus  Kegis  ;  et  de  aui-ifabria 
diversa  facta  per  eundem  anno  xxvii''  et  anno  xxviii"  us(pie 
xxvii  diem  i\Iarcii."  An  extract  from  this  account  of  so 
much  as  relates  to  the  chaii-,  is  the  second  piece  of  original 
evidence  which  I  proposed  to  lay  before  the  Institute. 

Ibidem  'id  est  Ad;u]  pro  divcr.sis  custil)iis  ])cr  ijisuiii  factis  circa  qunudaiii 
cathcdraui  de  cu])io  fiuain  Ilex  jiriiis  fieri  precepeiat  anno  x.w"  post  retlittiiii 
suutn  de  Scocia,  pro  pctra  sii|)cr  (iiiaiii  KcL^es  Scocije  solobaiit  coroiiari 
iiiveiitu  nj)iul  Scone  anno  xxiiii'"  superponenda  juxta  altare  ante  feretrum 
Saiicti  I'ldwardi  in  Ecclcsia  Al>l)atlii;e  Westinonaaterii  :  (  t  iiinic  oadeni 
potra  in  (juadatn  catliedra  dc  Iis;no  facta  j)er  Ma^istruni  W  ;ilteruni  pictoreni 
Kctfis  loco  dictiu  Cathedra)  <pue  prius  ordiiuita  fuit  do  cupro  cbt  assessa  : 
videlicet  |iro  una  Catliedra  dc  ligno  facta  ad  exemplar  alterius  cathedrro 
fuiidc-nda  de  cupro — (;  bdI. —  I'U  pro  m'  d  lil).  eupri  emptis  una  euin 
Htii^nr)  empto  ad  idem  ciiprutn  allaiandum  xii  lib.  v  sol. —  I'lt  pro  vadiis  ct 
htipeniliis  uiiiiis  operarii  fundentiH  eandein  catlie(Iram  «'t  prcparantis  pceios 
ejundem  una  cum  formis  ad  hoc  invenic'ndinn  et  faciendum  ;  per  ccrtam 
conventionem  factam  cum  eodeni,  x  lii).  —  Kt  pro  Htipcniliis  divcisoi  imi 
C)[)iTancium  in  mctallo  predicto  post  formationem  ejusdem  cathedra'  mensihus 
Junii  et  .lulii  ante  primum  diem  Au^usti  anno  xxv"  ipio  die  dictji;  (iperationes 
CCKftarunt  c.\  toto  per  preceptuiii  Ucgis  ratione  pa.^sagii  aui  veisus.  1' Imdi  iam, 


KING   EDWARD  S   SPOLIATIONS    IN    SCOTLAND.  253 

ix  lib.  vii  sol.  xi  deii. — Et  pro  ustilcuicntis  cmptis  pro  opcrationibiis  predlctis 
et  emcndacioiie  alioruin  per  vices,  xl  sol. — Et  pro  diiubus  Icopardis  parvis 
de  iigno  facieiidis  depiugciulis  et  deaurandis,  et  liberatis  Magistro  Waltoro 
pictori  ad  assideiidis  super  catliedrain  de  ligno  factain  per  dictum  Magistrum 
Walterum  per  utrasque  costas,  xiii  sol.  iiii  den.  per  compotum  factum  cum 
eodem  apud  Westmonasterium  xxvii  die  Marcii  anno  xxviii". 

Summa  xxxix  lib.,  vi  sol.  iii  den. 

There  is  another  notice  of  work  performed  on  this 
chair,  in  the  War(h-obe  Account  of  the  29th  of  the  reiffn, 
published  from  tlie  original  in  the  Libraiy  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries. 

Magistro  Waltero  picturi,  pro  custubus  et  expensis  per  ipsum  factis  circa 
unura  gradum  faciendum  ad  pedem  iiovse  cathedrse  in  qua  petra  Scocia) 
reponitur  juxta  altare  ante  feretrum  Sancti  Edwardi  in  Ecclesia  Abbatiaj 
Westmonaster'  juxta  ordinationem  Regis,  mcnse  Martii,  et  in  stipendiis 
carpentariorum  et  pictorum  eundem  gradum  depingoncium,  et  pro  auro  et 
coloribus  diversis  emptis  pro  eadem  depingenda  ;  una  cum  factura  unius 
cassi  pro  dicta  cathedra  cooperianda,  sicut  patet  per  particulas  inde  iu 
garderoba  liberatas,  i  lib.  xix  sol.  vii  den. 

The  position  in  the  Chapel  of  Saint  Edward  the  Confessor 
occasioned  the  chair  to  be  called  Saint  Edward's  chair,  by 
which  name  it  is  usually  spoken  of,  when  people  had  become 
familiar  with  it.  Now,  when  called  into  use,  it  is  covered 
with  cloth  of  gold ;  but  when  Queen  Elizabeth  sat  in  it,  we 
find  the  following  entry  of  decorations  for  what  is  called  the 
Siege  Royal :  "  Cloth  of  silver  incarnate,  for  covering  Saint 
Edward's  Chair,  18^-  yards.  Fringe  of  red  silk  and  silver, 
71bs.  and  3^-  oz.  J^awdekyn  crimson  and  green  and  other 
mean  silk,  for  covering  the  steps  going  up  into  the  Mount, 
149  yards.  Says  of  the  largest  size,  12  pieces.  Says  of  the 
lesser  size  for  the  Siege  Royal,  1 7  pieces.  Cusshions  out  of 
the  wardrobe." 

When  the  fortune  of  war  turned  against  England,  and  a 
less  vigorous  successor  lost  all  that  King  Edward  had  gained 
in  Scotland,  it  is  stated  that  there  were  negotiations  for  the 
return  of  this  stone  ;  and  it  is  even  alleged  that  the  return  of 
it  was  one  of  the  articles  of  the  Treaty  at  Northampton  in 
the  second  year  of  King  Edward  the  Third.  No  such  clause 
is  found  in  the  copy  of  the  treaty  in  the  Foedera  ;  but  that 
such  an  act  was  contemplated  seems  to  be  implied  in  the 
terms  of  a  Royal  Writ,  of  the  date  of  July  1,  1328,  addressed 
to  the  Abbot  and  Monks  of  Westminster,  setting  forth  tiiat 
the   Council  had  come  to  the  resolution  of  giving  up  the 


'Z'oi  KlXa    EDWAUDS   SPOLIATIONS    IX    SCOTLAND. 

stone,  and  rc(|uiring  tlicni  to  deliver  it  to  the  Sheriff  of 
London,  to  be  Ccirried  to  the  Queen  Mother.  This  writ,  it 
will  be  observed,  is  for  its  delivery  to  the  Queen  Mother, 
meaning  Isabella.  Her  influence  was  then  beginning  to  be 
looked  upon  with  jealousy  by  the  English  nobles,  who  may 
have  in  some  way  not  now  known,  frustrated  in  this  par- 
ticular the  Queen's  policy. 

However,  it  is  manifest  that  it  was  not  returned  ;  for  the 
k?cottisli  historians  do  not  claim  the  recovery  of  it  among  the 
good  deeds  done  to  their  nation  by  Eobert  Bruce,  and  the 
stone  and  the  chair  in  which  it  was  enclosed  may  still  be 
seen  in  the  chapel  at  Westminster. 

One  word  more  respecting  the  alleged  antiquity  of  the 
stone,  which  Toland  does  not  hesitate  to  call  •"  the  ancientest 
respected  monument  in  the  world."  In  considering  this 
question  we  are  to  try  its  claims  to  be  what  the  tra- 
ditions of  the  middle  ages  claimed  for  it,  by  the  same 
tests  by  which  other  reli(iues  of  high  anti([uity  arc  tested. 
AVe  are  not  to  e.xpect  written  evidence  as  we  do  for  transac- 
tions of  a  time  when  the  art  of  writing  was  extensively  used, 
but  car///  tniditiondyji/  hcUif  supported  hi/  jmrfdirl  Kstujcs  or 
incidents,  and  free  from  (/ross  iinprohaljiUlics.  Few  in  this 
instance  will  contend  for  the  dates,  or  for  the  existence  even 
of  the  })erson  who  is  said  to  have  brought  it  from  Kgypt  ; 
but  there  is  nothing  which  violently  shocks  the  sense  of 
probabihty  and  the  regard  which  all  must  cherish  for  main- 
taining the  truth  of  history,  in  sui)posing  that  some  Christian 
devotee, inpcrha})S  the  second,  thirtl, or  fourth  century,  brought 
this  stone  from  the  stony  territory  of  the  plain  of  Luz, 
having  persuaded  himself  that  it  was  the  very  stone  on  which 
tlic  head  of  the  patriarch  had  rested  when  he  saw  the  vision  of 
Angels;  or  had  even  become  possessed  of  the  very  stone  which 
is  said  to  have  been  preserved  in  the  Holy  <>l  Holies  of  the 
second  Temple  at  JeiMisnlem,  with  the  iraditictn  that  it  had 
been  Jacob's  pillow.  Where  is  the  improbability  that  when  the 
Ti'iiii»le  was  destroyed,  this  st(jne  sIkmiM  pass  into  the  hands 
of  a  devotee,  to  be  preserved  by  him,  as  the  ahar  of  the 
(liiireh  <jf  Doncaster  was  pnrserved  by  Thridwulf  in  the  wood 
<pf  I'ihnete,  when  the  churrh  was  burnt  by  the  i'agans. 
Once  in  the  possession  (»f  such  a  person,  it  W(tuld  be 
dierished  l)y  him  as  Jving  Edward  cherishetl  ilie  |)(ti-tions  of 
the  rock   of  Calvary  which  were  presented  to  iiini,  or  as  his 


KING    EDWAKDS    SrOLIATIOXS    IN    SCOTLAND  255 

uncle  the  King  of  the  llomans  clicrislied  tlic  Christian 
reUques  of  the  most  sacred  character  which  he  brought  to 
England,  Once  preserved  and  venerated,  nothing  is  more 
probable  than  that  it  should  at  length  be  found  in  Galicia, 
where  Christianity  took  deep  root  in  the  ver}^  earliest  ages  of 
the  Church.  There  is  no  natural  impossibility  in  its  passing 
from  thence  into  Ireland,  the  land  of  Saints,  and  where  races 
of  people  have  claimed  a  Spanish  origin,  and  from  thence 
to  Scotland.  That  it  there  became  allied  to  Royalty  is  but 
in  accordance  with  what  appears  to  have  been  the  usages  of  the 
island, — the  stone  at  Kingston  upon  Thames  being  connected 
in  popular  tradition  with  the  coronation  of  Saxon  Kings 
known  to  have  been  performed  there. 

The  stone  is  said  to  be  a  calcareous  sandstone,  and  may 
one  da}'-  be  shown  to  be  of  the  same  formation  with  those  of 
which  Dr.  Clai-kc  speaks  as  found  on  the  site  of  Bcth-El. 


NOTICES  OF  THE   I5KANK,  cU   SCOLDS'  BRIDLE. 

BY  F.  A.  CAURINGTON,  Ksq. 

This  instrument,  used  for  the  piinislmiLiiL  of  scolds,  of 
^vllich  a  specimen,  now  in  my  |)Ossession,  •was  exhibited  at  a 
i-ccent  meeting  of  the  Institute,  appears  to  have  been  in  use 
in  this  country  from  the  time  of  the  Commonwcaltli  to  the 
reign  of  King  WilHam  the  Third. 

As  far  as  I  am  aware,  it  never  was  a  legal  punishment  ; 
indeed,  in  the  year  1655,  Mr.  Gardinei',  in  his  woi'k  hereafter 
cited,  complains  of  it  as  illegal  and  improper.  The  punish- 
ment for  scolds  was,  and  is  still,  by  the  laws  of  England,  the 
Cucking-stool,  of  which,  in  its  two  foi-ms,  i-epresentations 
liave  been  o;ivcn  in  illustration  of  a  memoir  in  the  Wiltshire 
"  Arclueological  Magazine.^"  The  fi.xed  Cucking-stool  was 
found  in  a  perfect  state,  near  Worthing,  l)y  my  late  friend 
]\[r.  Curwood,  the  barrister ;  and  the  movable  one  was 
noticed  in  a  state  efjually  ]>erfect  at  Wootton  lUssett,  by 
Mrs.  Hains  of  that  place,  who  is  still  living. 

I  know  of  the  existence  of  branks  in  several  places,  and 
no  doubt  there  are  other  exam})les  ;  the  punishment  must, 
therefore,  have  been  quite  a  connnon  one. 

There  was,  in  the  year  lG5a,  a  brank  «at  Newcastle-u])on- 
Tync,  and  it  possibly  exists  there  still.  ])r.  Plot  mentions 
braid^s  at  Newcastle-under-Lyme  and  at  Walsall,  in  the  i-eign 
of  l\iiig  .lames  II.  These,  liowcvor,  arc  a  little  diilerent  in 
Imiii  fi-oiii  tli.it  at  Newcastle-uj)on-Tyne. 

TIktc  is  a  brank  in  the  Ashmolean  ]\ruseuin,  at  O.xfoi'd  ; 
and.  ab(;ut  seven  yeai's  ago.  there  was  anotliei"  in  the  magis- 
trates' ro<»in  in  the  Sliiio-liall  at  ,^lii-c\vsliury.  bui  llie  latter 
has  sinrc  that  time  been  taken  away.  The  branks  at  0.\ford 
and  Shrewsbnrv  were  both  similar  to  that  figured  l)y  Dr. 
riot;  (',\c(']it  tli;il  cacli  (iriliciii  Ii.mI  only  one  .vLipIc,  .-ind  /lot 
dill'ci'cnt  staples  to  suit   jicrsoiis  (d  dillrnnt  >\/.rs. 

A  brank,  fi'om  Lichlichl,  was  fniiii(il\  shown  at  a  iiiccling 

'  On  (^TUiii  Aiiricnt  WilU»liirc  Ciik-  cillur  t'xiim|)l(H  iimy  lie  fouml.  Sn-  hIho 
totnii.  1.  TIk!  CuckiiiK  Hl(K>l.  "  Wiltn.  Mr.  Wrif;lil"i»  "  Arciiifologiciil  Alhnm," 
Magozinr^'  v«il.  i.,  p.  (ill,  wIktc  notiron  of       i>.  •111. 


NOTICES    OF    THE    BRANK,    OH    SCOLDs'-BRIDLE. 


257 


mi 


of  the  Institute,  c-uicl  I  am  told  tliat  another  exists  at  the 
church  of  Walton-on-Thames  ;  and  Mr.  Noake,  in  Ids  "  Wor- 
cester in  the  Olden  Time,"  gives  an  entry  in  the  corporation 
books  of  that  city,  relating  to  the  repair  of  this  species  of 
instrument,  under  the  date  of  1658. 

The  brank  in  my  possession  is  of  the  reign  of  William  III., 
if  a  stamp  of  the  letter  W,  crowned,  may  be  considered  as 
denoting  that  date.  Of  this  brank  I  can  give  no  account. 
The  person  from 
whom  I  had  it  knew 
nothing  of  its  history, 
not  even  for  ^Yhat 
purpose  it  was  intended. 

The  Venerable  Archdeacon 
Hale,  on  seeing  this  example 
of  the  brank,  when  it  was 
produced  for  the  inspection  of 
the  Institute,  remarked,  that 
from  so  many  cucking-stools 
and  branks  having  existed 
from  the  reion  of  Charles  11. 
to  that  of  Queen  Anne,  and 
from  so  many  entries  and  me- 
moranda being  found  respect- 
ing them,  they  must  have  been  then  in  frequent  use  ;  and 
yet  now  there  seemed  no  occasion  for  either.  He  suggested, 
that  in  those  times,  there  being  few  lunatic  asylums,  and 
insanity  being  a  disease  little  understood,  it  was  probable 
that  many  insane  women  were  violent,  and  punished  as 
scolds,  who  would  be  now  treated  as  lunatics. 

It  was  also  stated  by  the  Archdeacon,  that,  in  addition  to 
cucking-stools  and  branks,  the  scolds  of  former  days  had  the 
terrors  of  the  ecclesiastical  courts  before  their  eyes,  and  that 
the  ecclesiastical  records  of  the  diocese  of  London  contained 
many  entries  respecting  scolds  ;  and  it  is  stated  by  Mr. 
Noake,  in  his  "Notes  and  Queries  for  Worcestershire,"-  that 
"  in  1614,  Margaret,  wife  of  John  liache,  of  Chaddesley,  was 
prosecuted  at  the  sessions  as  a  '  comon  skould,  and  a  sower 
of  strife  amongste  her  neyghboures,  and  hath  bynn  presented 


Brank,  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  F.  A. 
Carrington. 


-  P.  106.     This  is  an  admirable  little       O'-'ti   pa;;es  of  adiieuda  to  "  Brand's   Po- 
work.     It  contiiins  iiiucli   iiiforinaiitiii,  in       i)ular  Aiitic|uities."' 
a  i-Ir'hi)  and  poj  ular  i'orni,  and  is  in  tfl'ect 


VOL.  .\1II. 


25S  NOTICES    OF    THE    BRANK.    OR    PCOLDS'-RKIDLE. 

for  a  skoulde  at  the  leete  lioulJeu  for  the  iiiauoiir  of  Chads- 
ley,  and  for  misbehavying  her  tonge  towards  lier  mother-in- 
law  at  a  visvtacon  at  BroniSi>rove,  and  was  excoinniuiiicatcd 
therefore.' 

*•  In  1G17.  Khnor  Nichols  was  presented  as  'a  great 
scold  and  niischicf-niaker,"  who  is  said  to  have  been  excom- 
nuuiicatcd,  and  had  never  npplied  to  make  her  peace  with 
the  Church." 

I  shouM  observe,  that  this  instrument  is  in  some  instances 
called  "a  l)rank  ;  "  in  others,  "  the  branks  ; "  "a  pair  of 
branks  ; ""  and  '•  the  scolds'-bridle  ; "  but  it  is  worthy  of 
remark,  that  the  word  "  brank "  does  not  occur  in  any 
dictionary  that  I  have  seen,  although  the  instrument  itself 
aj^pears  to  be  so  frequently  met  with. 

The  brank  is  mentioned  in  the  works  of  j\rr.  Brand,  ^Iv. 
Gardiner,  Mr.  Sykcs,  Dr.  Plot,  and  Mr.  Noake,  in  the  fol- 
lowing jiassages. 

3Ir.  Brand,  in  his  "  History  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne," 
says, — "  In  the  time  of  the  Commonwealth,  it  appears  that 
the  magistrates  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  punished  scolds 
with  the  branks,  and  drunkards  by  making  them  carry  a  tub, 
called  the  Drunkard's  Cloak,  through  the  streets  of  that 
town.  We  shall  presume  that  there  is  no  longer  any  occasion 
for  the  former  ;  but  why  has  the  latter  been  laid  aside  ?^ 

"  A  pair  of  branks  arc  still  preserved  in  the  Town-court  of 
Newcastle.  See  an  account  of  them,  with  a  })late,  in  Blot's 
'  .Staffordshire.'  Vide  Gardiner's  '  English  Grievance  of  the 
Coal-ti-ade.'  Tlie  representation  in  this  work  is  a  fac-similo 
from  liis."' 

Mr,  (iai"diiier's  woi'k,  lirrc  ciU-il,  is  a  siii;ill  (juarto  vchinie, 
tlnis  eiititle<l  : 

"  Kiiij;laiid's  Gi-icvaiicc  Dis(;ovcr('d  in  i-clation  to  (ho  Coal- 
trade,  with  a  Map  (if  tlir  lli\('i-  Tiiio,  and  sitiiahdn  of  (lie 
Town  and  C<»rporation  of  Nowcastlc  ;  tlie  (yrainiical  (tpjires- 
sion  of  their  Magistrates;  their  Charters  and  (Ii'anls;  the 
several  Tr\  al^.  De|io.siti(ins.  and  .1  iiducnients  olitained  against 
them  ;  willi  a  Ih'eviate  oC  several  .Siatules  j>ro\ing  I'epngnant 
to    their   actions,  with    pi'oposais   Ibr  reducing  the  excessive 

•■   I'or   i«-|.r.  mniiil'iiMH  of   Imtli,  m-n    the  '  "  lllMtnry   of    N<h  ■•.•mile,"  vol.    ii.,  ]). 

filuti- ol  "  .MiMiri-lliiMiMiiiH  Aiitii|niticH,"  No.  IM'J.     'I'lic  r<'|>ri'Mciiiiiiiiiii   Ih   not  vory  uc- 

2  Mi<l  .'5,"  Mrami'n  liiHtorv  ..(  ,%■  wiii-ili  ,"  <tir.ii<-  us  n  •m-.l-,  il,.'  diisM. 
vol.  ii.,|>    17. 


NOTICES    OF    THE    BRANR,    OR    SCOLDS'-BRIDLE.  259 

Rates  of  Coals  for  tlie  future,  and  the  rise  of  their  Grants 
appearing  in  tliis  Book. 

"Bj  Ilalph  Gardiner,  of  Chiton,  in  the  county  of 
Northumberland,  Gent.  London,  printed  for  R.  Ibhitson,  in 
Sinithfiehl ;  and  P.  Stent,  at  the  White  Horse  in  Giltspur 
Street  witliout  Newgate.     1655."  '^ 

The  work  commences  with  an  Epistle  dedicatory  to  "  His 
Highness  Oliver,  Lord  Protector  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  &c.,"  in  which  the  writer 
states  several  public  grievances,  and  makes  ten  suggestions 
for  their  remedy  ;  the  tenth  suggestion  being  as  follows  : — 

*•'  X.  And  that  a  law  bo  created  for  death  to  such  as  shall 
commit  perjury,  forgery,  or  accept  of  bribery," 

Against  this  some  one  has  written  in  the  margin  of  the 
British  J\[useum  copy — "  The  author  suffer'd  death  for  forging 
of  guineas."  '^  The  handwriting  of  this  piece  of  interesting 
information  being  apparently  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  or 
George  L 

The  work  contains  Forty-six  Depositions  of  witnesses  in 
support  of  the  Allegations — at  the  commencement  of  six  of 
these  are  engravings  ;  and  the  work  concludes  with  an  Ab- 
stract of  Statutes  from  Magna  Charta  to  1 7  Charles  L,  and 
Ordinances  of  Parliament  relating  to  Municipal  matters  from 
1640  to  1653.— Chap.  LV.  At  p.  110  the  following  Depo- 
sitions occur,  to  which  is  prefixed  the  well-known  engraving, 
which  has  been  frequently  copied,  representing  a  female 
wearing  the  branks. 

"  (A.)  lohi  Willis,  of  Ipswich,  upon  liis  oath  said,  that  lie,  this  Depo- 
nent, was  in  Newcastle  six  months  ago,  and  there  he  saw  one  Ann  Bidie- 
stone  drove  through  the  streets  by  an  officer  of  the  same  corporation 
holding  a  rope  in  his  hand,  the  other  end  fastned  to  an  engine  called  the 
Branks,  which  is  like  a  Crown,  it  being  of  Iron,  which  was  muslcd  over  the 
head  and  face,  with  a  great  gap  or  tongue  of  Iron  forced  into  her  mouth, 
which  forced  the  blood  out.  And  that  is  the  punishment  which  the  Magis- 
trates do  inflict  upon  chiding  and  scoulding  women,  and  that  he  hath 
often  seen  the  like  done  to  others. 


■'  In  Mr.  II:irt;riive's  copy  of  this  work,  seller  in  Lower  Moor  Fields.     I  l)OUght  it 

now  in  the  British  Museum,  is  the  follow-  of  Mr.  King,  and  paid  him  one  guinea  and 

ing  note,  written  by  that  learned  gentle-  a  half  for  it. — F.  Hargrave." 
man  : — "  H)th  May,  17(i3.      This   hook  is  '^  Counterfeiting  gold  or  silver  coin  was 

extremely  scarce.  This  copy  of  it,  though  a  capital  offence  in  the  reign  of  t'harles  II., 

without  the  map  mentioned   in   the   title,  but  no   forgery  of  any  document  was  so 

was   sold   at   the    sale   of  Mr.    Gulston's  till  the  reign  of  Geoi'ge  I. 
books  for  one  guinea,  to  Mr.  King,  book- 


260  NOTICES    OF    THE    BRAN'K.    OU    J^COLDS'-BRIDLE. 

"  (B.)  llo.  this  Deponent,  fiirtlicr  affirms  tliat  he  liatli  seen  men  drove 
up  and  down  the  streets  with  a  great  Tub  or  Barrel  opened  in  the  sides, 
with  a  hole  in  one  end  to  put  througli  their  heads  and  so  cover  their 
shoulders  and  bodies  down  to  the  small  of  their  legs,  and  then  close  the 
same,  called  the  new-fashioned  Cloak,  and  so  make  them  wear  it  to  the  view 
of  nil  beholders,  and  this  is  their  punishment  for  drunkards  and  the  like. 

"  (C.)  This  Deponent  further  testifies  that  the  Merchants  and  Shoe- 
makers of  the  said  Corporation  will  not  take  any  Apprentice  under  ten 
years'  servitude,  and  knoweth  many  bound  for  the  same  terme,  and  cannot 
obtain  frecdome  without."     5  Elh.  4. 

*'  (D.)  Drunkards  are  to  pay  a  fine  of  five  shillings  to  the  poor,  to  be 
paid  within  one  week,  or  be  set  in  the  Stocks  six  hours  ;  for  the  second 
otfence  to  be  bound  to  the  Good  Behaviour.      I.  K.  James,  9,  21,  7. 

"  (E.)  Scoulds  are  to  be  Duckt  over  head  and  ears  into  the  water  in  a 
Ducking-stool. 

'*  (F.)   And  Apprentices  are  to  serve  hut  seven  years.     5  Eliz.  4." 

^Ir.  John  Sykcs,  in  his  "  Local  Records  of  Northumber- 
land,"" under  the  date  of  Sept.  14, 1G49,  says — "  Two  ancient 
punishments  of  Newcastle,  inflicted  on  disturbers  of  the 
])cace,  appear  as  being  practised  a/joui  this  time,''  a  New- 
castle cloak  for  drunkards,  and  "  the  scold  wore  an  iron 
eni^ine  called  'the  branks,'  in  the  form  of  a  crown;  it 
covered  the  head,  but  left  the  face  exposed,  and  having  a 
tongue  of  iron  which  went  into  the  mouth  constrained  silence 
from  tlie  most  violent  brawler."  Mr.  Sykes  gives  a  copy  of 
.Mr.  Gardiner's  engraving  of  Ann  JJidlestone  wearing  the 
brank,  and  adds — "  the  branks  arc  still  preserved  in  the 
town's  court." 

y^\\y  Mr.  Sykcs  should  have  inserted  his  notice  of  the 
brank  under  the  date  of  1G49  I  know  not.  He  derived  his 
iidurmation  apparently  from  ^Ir.  Gardiner's  volume,  printed 
in  lG5;j,  and  tlie  only  dates  which  occur  in  that  work  are  of 
the  year  1G53,  viz.:  — 

Mr.  Gardiner's  Petition  to  Parliament,  Sc})t.  '2.'),  \C)~)'i\. 

It  is  referred  to  the  Committee  of  Trade  aiul  C\!rp(>rations, 
Oct.  .0,  M\:i\]. 

All'!,  on  \\\i-  Istli  of  Oct.,  Klj.'i,  that  ('ommittee  directs 
that  it  .siiall  bi'  taken  into  considcralittn  on  the  Ifjth  of 
Novoniln.'r  tlieii  next. 

Alter  tliis  .Mr.  Gaidincr  oxhiliits  charges  against  the  Cor- 
jtoratioii  (tf  Xcwcasllc  upon  ']\  lie,  daled  !(»"):■{  (no  UKUith  or 
day),  and  at  the  end  of  them  he  says  -"  The  ('ominitteo 
drew  np  and   signed   a   Ju'port  against  the  Curporalioii,  ami 

?  V..1  i .  |..  lo:..    piii.'.iHiiiii  in  HI ',;{. 


NOTICES   OF    THE    BRANK,    OR   SCOLDS -BRIDLE.  2GI 

would  have  presented  the  same  to  his  Highnesse  the  Lord 
Protector,  but  I  conceived  that  a  narration  was  better," 

Then  follow  the  depositions — one  of  which,  relating  to 
scolds,  drunkards,  and  apprentices,  has  been  given  above. 

Dr.  Plot,  in  his  "Natural  History  of  Staffordshire,''' 
chap,  ix.,  s.  97,  sa^^s — "  We  come  to  the  Arts  that  respect 
Manldnd,  amongst  which,  as  elsewhere,  the  civility  of  prece- 
dence must  be  allowed  to  the  women,  and  that  as  well  in 
punishments  as  favours.  For  the  former  whereof,  they  have 
such  a  peculiar  artifice  at  New -Castle  [under  Lyme]  and 
Walsall,  for  correcting  of  scolds,  which  it  does  too  so 
effectually,  and  so  very  safely,  that  I  look  upon  it  as  much 
to  be  preferred  to  the  Cuckincj-stoole,  which  not  only  en- 
dangers the  health  of  the  party,  but  also  gives  the  tongue 
liberty  'twixt  ever}^  dipp  ;  to  neither  of  which  is  this  at  all 
l3'-able  ;  it  being  such  a  bridle  for  the  tongue,  as  not  only 
quite  deprives  them  o^  speech,  but  brings  shame  for  the  trans- 
gression, and  humility  thereupon,  before  'tis  taken  off. 
Which  being  an  instrument  scarce  heard  of,  much  less  seen, 
I  have  here  presented  it  to  the  reader's  view,  tab.  32,  fig.  9, 
as  it  was  taken  from  the  original  one,  made  of  iron,  at  New- 
Castle  under  Lijme,  wherein  the  letter  a  shows  the  joynted 
collar  that  comes  round  the  neck  ;  h,  c,  the  loops  and  staples 
to  let  it  out  and  in,  according  to  the  bigness  and  slenderness 
of  the  neck ;  d,  the  joynted  semicircle  that  comes  over  the 
head,  made  forked  at  one  end  to  let  through  the  7iose ;  and 
e,  the  plate  of  iron  that  is  put  into  the  mouth,  and  keeps  down 
the  tongue.  Which,  being  put  upon  the  offender  by  order  of 
the  magistrate,  and  fastened  with  a  padlock  behind,  she  is 
lead  through  the  towne  by  an  officer  to  her  shame,  nor  is  it 
taken  off,  till  after  the  party  begins  to  show  all  external 
signes  imaginable  of  humiliation  and  amendment." 

Dr.  Plot  was  keeper  of  the  Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford, 
and  professor  of  chemistry  in  that  university  ;  this  work 
was  printed  at  Oxford  in  168G,  and  dedicated  to  Kino- 
James  IL 

Mr.  Noake,  in  his  "  Worcester  in  the  Olden  Time,"^  gives 
the  following  entry  from  the  corporation  books  of  that 
city. 

"  1G58.  Paid  for  mciiiliiii^  tlic  briille  for  bridleiii^c  of  scouKls,  ami  two. 
conJs  for  tlic  same.     js.  ij<l.'' 

8  l\  no. 


•2(j-2 


NOTICES    OF    THE    BUAXK,    OR    SCOLDS -BIMDLE. 


It  would  seem  that  tlie  braiik  or  ''  bridle  for  bridleinge  of 
scoulds ''  must  have  been  a  good  deal  used  in  the  city  of 
Worcester,  from  its  requiring  so  considerable  a  repair  in 
IGoS  ;  and  it  further  appears  that,  within  thirty-five  years 
before,  the  cuckiniT-stool  had  not  fallen  into  desuetude  in 
that  city,  as  jMr.  Koake  gives  the  following  entries  from  the 
corporation  books  there  respecting  its  use  : — 

"  1623.  AllowcJ  tlic  money  for  wliipping  of  one  Rogercs,  and  for 
carrs  inn:  several  women  upon  the  gum-stoolc. 

"  IG'25.  For  mentling  the  stocks  at  tlie  Grass-crosse,  for  wliipping  of 
divers  persons,  and  carting  of  oilier  some,  and  for  hailing  the  goome-stoole 
to  the  liouses  of  divers  scoiildliige  people." 

^[y.  Noake  adds — "  A  curious  instrument  of  punishment, 
])roba])ly  used  for  a  similar  purpose,  may  still  be  seen  hung 
up  with  some  armour  in  the  Woi'cester  Guildhall.  The  fol- 
lowing is  from  a  sketch  taken  b}^  me  a  few  months  ago.  The 
head  was  inserted  in  this  helmet,  and  the  visor,  which  is 
here  represented  as  hanging  down,  being  connected  with  the 
toothed  uprights,  was  drawn  up  and  down  by  means  of  a 
key  winding  up  the  end  of  the  rod  which  })asses  imme- 
diately acro.ss  the  top  of  the  helmet,  and  which  rod  is 
lurnishcd  with  cogs  at  the  end,  to  fit  into  the  teeth  of  the 

upriglits.     The  visor  was  thus 
drawn  up  so  as  to  comi)letely 
darken  the  eyes  and  cover  the 
nose.      The  little  square  box 
with  a  hole,  to  which  a  screw 
is    aflixcd    at    tlie    side,   was 
j^robably    intended   to  receive 
tlic   end  of  a  ]iolc  fixed  in  a 
wall,   i'i(»iii    which    the  jiatient 
was  thus  made  to  stand  out, 
lli(uii;li  certainly  not  '  in  relief 
"These  instruments  [InaiiksJ, 
as  well  as  ciieking-stools,  wi're 
in  use  in  ni-arly  all  towns.    The 
present  sj>e('im<Mi   is  jirobably 
/'■wjt.  Ileiiiv  \'  1 1."' 
iiidlow,  ae<-(trdiii,LC   !'»   iiiloi'ination  for 
Mr.  W.  .1.  rx-niliard   Siiiilli,  another 
f  an  ii'tiu  cap,  I'lidiahly  \\>\-  hiaiidiiig 
f)f!V»n<lcrs.  imieh   i-eseinhliiiLC   thai    at   W Urceslcr,  luit    pi'ihaps 


in    tiM>   inns)'iiiii    al 
which  J  am  inilehted 
example  is  preserved 


ADDITIONAL  NOTICES  OF  THE  BRANK,  OR  SCOLDS'-BRIDLE.         203 

more  complicated.     It  is  furnislicd  with  a  similar  rack  and 
side  wheels  for  compression.      [See  page  269,  M?/r«.] 

Dr.  Orraerod,  in  his  "History  of  Cheshire,"^  after  men- 
tioning that  a  cucking-stool  was  in  existence  at  Macclesfield 
in  the  last  century,  adds — "  and  there  is  also  yet  preserved 
an  iron  brank  or  bridle  for  scolds,  which  has  been  used  within 
the  memory  of  the  author's  informant,  Mr.  Browne,  and 
which  is  mentioned  as  '  a  brydle  for  a  curste  queane,'  among 
the  articles  delivered  by  the  serjeant  to  Sir  Urian  Legh,  Knt., 
on  his  being  elected  mayor,  Oct.  3,  21  Jac.  I.  An  iron 
bridle  was  used  at  Bolton -le-Moors,  Lancashire,  a  few  years 
ago,  as  a  punishment  for  prostitutes.  The  bridle  was  fixed 
in  their  mouths  and  tied  at  the  back  of  the  head  with  rib- 
bons, and,  so  attired,  they  were  paraded  from  the  cross  to 
the  church  stej)s  and  back  again  by  the  beadles," 

F.  A.  CARRINGTON. 


ADDITIONAL  NOTICES  OF   THE  BRANK,    OR   SCOLDS'-BRIDLE. 

The  origin  of  the  grotesque  implement  of  punishment,  forming  the 
subject  of  the  foregoing  observations,  as  also  the  period  of  its  earliest  use 
in  Great  Britain,  remain  in  considerable  obscurity.  No  example  of  the 
Scolds'-Bridle  has  been  noticed  of  greater  antiquity  than  that  preserved  in 
the  church  of  Walton-on-Thames,  Surrey,  which  bears  the  date  1G33, 
with  the  distich, — 

CHESTER  presents  WALTON  with  a  Bridle, 
To  Curb  Women's  Tongues  that  talk  to  Idle. 

Tradition  alleges  that  it  was  given  for  the  use  of  that  parish  by  a 
neighbouring  gentleman  who  lost  an  estate,  through  the  indiscreet  babbling 
of  a  mischievous  woman  to  the  kinsman  from  whom  he  had  considerable 
expectations.'  Some  have  conjectured,  from  the  occurrence  of  several 
examples  of  the  Branks  in  the  Palatinate,  one  more  especially  beino-  still 
kept  in  the  Jail  at  Chester,  that  this  implement  of  discipline  "  for  a 
curste  queane,"  had  been  actually  presented  by  the  city  of  Chester  ;  it 
may  however  seem  probable  that  the  name  of  an  individual  is  implied,  and 
not  that  of  a  city  so  remote  from  Walton.  Another  dated  example  is  in 
the  possession  of  Sir  Jolm  Walsham,  Bart.,  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds  ;  it  was 
found  in  Old  Chesterfield  Poor-house,  Derbyshire,  whore  it  is  supposed  to 
have  been  used,  and  it  was  given  to  Lady  Walsham  by  Mr.  Wcale, 
Assistant  Poor  Law  Commissioner.  This  Brank  has  an  iron  chain 
attached  to  it  with  a  ring  at  the  end  ;  it  bears  the  date  and  the  initials 

9  Vol.  iii.,  p.  38o  n.    Publi>liedin  IHli). 
'   Brayley's    Hist,    of  Surrey,     vol.    ii.    p.    331,     where    a    represeut'ition    of    the 
"  Gossip's  Bridle  "  is  given. 


2G1  ADDITIONAL  NOTICES  OF  THE  BRANK,  OR  SCOLDS -BRIDLE. 

1688,  T.  C.  It  was  produced  at  a  mectiui,^  of  the  West  Suffolk  Archsco- 
logical  Institute,  according  to  int'ornuitiun  for  which  I  am  indebted  to  the 
secretary  of  that  Society,   Mr.  Tyinnis,  the  historian  of  Bury. 

It  is  probable  that  at  a  more  remote  period  the  inconvenience  attending 
the  use  of  so  cumbrous  au  apparatus  as  the  cucking-stool, — the  jiroper 
aud  legal  engine  of  punishment  for  female  offenders,  whether  for  indecent 
brawling  or  for  brewing  bad  beer, — may  have  led  to  the  substitution  of  some 
more  convenient  aud  not  less  disgraceful  penalty.  In  some  parishes  in  the 
West  country,  cages  were  provided  for  scolds  ;  and  the  ancient  Custumal 
of  Sandwich  ordained  that  any  woman  guilty  of  brawling  should  carry  a 
large  mortar  round  the  town  with  a  piper  or  minstral  jireceding  her,  and 
pay  the  piper  a  penny  for  his  pains.  This  practice  was  established  ])rior 
to  the  year  151 S,  and  a  re[iresentation  of  the  mortar  may  be  seen  in  Boys' 
History  of  Sandwich.  The  suggestion  of  Mr.  Fairholt,  in  his  notice  of  a 
grotesque  iron  mask  of  punisiuuent  obtained  in  the  Castle  of  iSuremberg, 
that  the  Branks  originated  in  certain  barbarous  implements  of  torture  of 
that  description,  seems  well  deserving  of  consideration.  The  example 
which  he  has  described  and  figured  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Historic 
Society  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  vol.  vii.  p.  61,  is  now  in  Lord 
Londesborough's  collection  at  Grimston  Park  ;  it  is  a  frame  of  iron  made 
to  fit  the  head  like  the  scolds'-bridle  ;  it  was  attached  by  a  collar  under 
the  chin,  and  has  a  pair  of  grotesque  spectacles  aud  ass's  cars.     There  are 

other  examples  in  various  collec- 
tions; one  of  wood,  in  the  Goodrich 
Court  Armory,  was  assigned  by 
the  late  Sir  S.  Moyrick  to  the 
times  of  Henry  Vlll. 

The  fashion  and  construction  of 
the  brank  varies  considerably,  and 


a  few  specimens  may  deserve  par- 
ticular notice.  The  most  simple 
form  consisted  of  a  single  hoo[> 
which  passed  round  the  head, 
opening  liy  means  of  hinges  at  tlie 

,r,    ,w.  .  .nil    r-    r  sides,  and  closed  by  a  staple  with 

T ho  Witchfl'  Bndlo,  Forfar.  ;  i       '        i  i 

a  padlock   at  the    hack  :   a   plate 

within  the  hoop  projecting  inwards  pressed  upon  the  tongue,  and  formed  an 
etfectual  gag.  1  am  indebted  to  the  late  Colonel  Jarvis,  of  Doddiiigton, 
Lincolnshire,  for  a  sketch  of  this  simple  kind  of  bridle,  and  he  informed 
me  that  an  object  of  similar  construction  had  been  in  use  amongst  the 
Spaniards  in  the  West  Indies  for  the  punishment  of  refractory  slaves.  The 
"  Witchs'  j'.raiiks,  or  Bridle,"  preserved  some  years  since  in  the  steeple  at 
Forfar,  North  I'.ritain,  is  of  this  form,  but  in  place  of  a  fiat  plate,  a  sharply- 
pointed  gag,  furnished  with  tliree  spikes,  entering  the  mouth,  gives  to  this 
examph;  a  fearfully  savage  aspect.  The  date,  KKil.  is  punched  upon  the 
hoop.  In  the  old  statistiral  account  of  the  parish  of  Koriar.  it  is  described 
aH  the  bridle  with  which  victims  condennied  for  witchcraft  were  led  to 
execution.-'  The  facility,  however,  with  whirh  the  single  hoop  might  bo 
Hiipped  ofi'  the  head,  led  to  the  addition  of  a  cm  ved    band    of  iron   passing 

'  TliiHnli<|ii<r  of  cni.liy  liiiH  Ixtii  <!ir-  K.iiiiliiir;^!!.  .SioDr.  WiUuiTh  I'r.lii^ldi-ic 
ri«-.l  ftwny  Iroin  I'oifiir,  iiii'<l  it  wan  in  tin?  AiiiiuIm,  |i.  (IfCi.iiii.l  Sir  .J.  Diilyili  s  Dml..  r 
collcclioii    of   ihc    liilc    .Mr.    Dcucluir    of       tjiipirniiliuimof  bioiliiiici,  ji.  (JKO". 


ADDITIONAL  NOTICES  OP  THE  BRANK,  OR  SCOLDS'-BRIDLE.  205 

over  the  forcliead,  with  an  aperture  for  the  nose,  and  so  formed  as  to  clip 
tlie  crown  of  the  head,  rendering  escape  from  the  bridle  scarcely  practicable. 
Of  this  variety  the  specimen  preserved  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford 
supplies  an  example.  (See  Woodcut).  It  is  not  stated  in  the  catalogue 
of  that  collection,  by  whom  it  was  presented,  or  where  it  was  previously 
used  ;  it  is  described  as  "  a  Gag,  or  Brank,  formerly  used  with  the 
ducking-stool,  as  a  punishment  for  scolds."^  In  this  instance,  it  will  be 
observed  that  the  chain  by  which  the  offender  was  led  is  attached  in  front, 
immediately  over  the  nose,  instead  of  the  back   of  the  head,  the  more 


JJrank  in  the  Aslimoleaa  Museum. 

usual  adjustment  of  the  leading  chain.  For  greater  security,  the  transverse 
band  was  in  other  examples  prolonged,  and  attached  to  the  collar  by  a 
hinge  or  staple,  as  shown  by  the  brank  figured  in  Plot's  Staffordshire,  and 
those  existing  at  Macclesfield,  Newcastle  under  Line,  and  Walton  on 
Thames.  A  very  grotesque  variety  was  exhibited  by  the  late  Colonel  Jarvis, 
of  Doddington  Park,  Lincolnshire,  in  the  Museum  formed  during  the 
meeting  of  the  Institute  at  Lincoln.  It  has  an  iron  mask  entirely  covering 
the  face,  with  apertures  for  the  eyes  and  nostrils,  the  plate  being  hammered 
out  to  fit  the  nose,  and  a  long  conical  peak  affixed  before  the  mouth,  bearing 
some  resemblance  to  the  peculiar  long-snouted  visor  of  the  bascinets  occa- 
sionally worn  in  the  time  of  Richard  II.  (See  Woodcut,  next  page).  No 
account  of  the  previous  history  of  this  singular  object  could  be  obtained. 

A  brank,  actually  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  Kendrick,  of  Warrington,  is 
figured  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Historic  Society  of  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire,  session  ii.  p.  25,  plate  5.     A  cross  is  affixed  to  the  band  which 

,    3  Catalogue  of  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  Miscellaneous  Curiosities,  No.  517,  p,  148. 
VOL.  XIII.  0   0 


20U 


ADDITIONAL  NOTICES  OF  THE  BRANK,  OK  SCOLDS'-BRIDLE 


«»Ac^!J(«F*-. 


Brauk  at  Duddin^j'tou  Park,  Liucoliisliire. 


passed  over  the  lieail,  ami   a  curved  piece  on  eitlier  side  clinped  tlic  crown 

of  the  head,  and  kept  the  biauk  uiore  tirmly  iii  position.   In  other  examples 

we  find  in  phice  of  ihese 
recurved  appendages, 
two  bands  of  iron  plate, 
crossing  each  other  at 
right  angles  on  the 
crown  of  the  head, 
their  extremities  being 
riveted  to  the  horizontal 
hoop  or  collar  ;  in  that 
preserved  at  the  Guild- 
hall, Lichfield,  and  ex- 
hibited by  kind  per- 
mission of  the  mayor 
'*■*'  at  one  of  the  meetings 
of  the  Institute,  a 
more  complete  frame- 
work or  skeleton  head- 
piece is  formed  by  five 
pieces     of   iron    hoop, 

which  meet  on  the  crown  of  the  head,  where  they  are  conjoined  by  a  single 

rivet.''  (See  Woodcut.)     Lastly,  a  more  complicated   arrangement  is  shown 

inthehrank  preserved  at  Ilamstall 

Hidware,  Staffordshire,  in  the  ancient 

manor-house    in    the    possession     of 

Lord    Leigh,    described   in     Sliaw's 

History   of  that  county.      It   bears 

resemblance  to  a  lantern  of  conical 

form,  presenting  in  front  a  grotesque 

mask   pierced   for   eyes,   nose,   and 

mouth,    and    opening     with  a  door 

behind.       The   construction   of  this 

Bingular    engine    of   punishment    is 

Bufticicntly  shown  by  the  accompany- 
ing Woodcuts,  prepared  from  draw- 
ings   for   wiiich  we   are   indebted  to 

Mr.  Ilewett. 

There  was  a  brank  at  lieaudesert, 

Staffordshire,. as  ahso  at  Walsall,  and 

at  Holme,  Lancashire.      There  was 

one  in  the  town-hall  at  Leicester,  now    "riink  holonKinfr  to  tho  Towu  Couucil,  LicbilolJ. 

in  private  hands  in  that  town.      That 

which  is  recorded  in  1G23  as  existing  at  Macclcsfiold,  and  ia  still   seen  in 

the    town-hull,'   had   been   actually    used,    as    1    was   ashured  by  a  friendly 

ccjrrcHpondent,    within    tlu!  mcinory  (jf  an    aged   oflicial    of    iIk;    municipal 


^  ft  Ih  bi'lievnl  tlint  lliis  JH  tln'  mjiiiki 
which  .Shriw  ini-iitioiis  us  {uriiu-vly  in 
(irwiui'M  .MiiMiMitii  at  Licliti<-lil. 

'  OninToil  iiHiiti»iiM  thiN  hrnnk  nt 
MarrlpnfuThl,  hikI  Mitliiii  nn-iimry  of  IiIh 
inrortiiant,  Mr.  lirownc.  It  in  dcMcrihitI 
A4I  a  "hr^fllij   for  a  cunttc    qui-ano"  in 


(hi>  fh'livcry  of  iirlirliH  tu  .Sir  rriim  L<'(;h, 
luii^hl,  nil  hiH  flcctiiin  iiH  iiiaydr,  in  lU'J.'K 
'I'ho  iiiickiii(;-|ii)(>l  ikUo,  with  tlic  tiinilu'cl 
|i()Ht,  rcniuiiii'il  (it  Miti-i'li'hili'lil  in  iho  hiHt 
rrntiiry.       Ili.it.     of     ('h.hiiirc,     vi.l.     iii., 

p.  :w:,. 


ADDITIONAL  NOTICES  OF  THE  BRANK,  OR  SCOLDS -BRIDLE. 


267 


authorities  in  that  town.  The  hideous  "  brjdle  for  a  curste  queane  "  remains 
suspended,  with  an  iron  straight-waistcoat,  hand-cuffs  and  bilboes,  and  other 
obsolete  appliances  of  discipline.  To  the  same  curious  observer  of  olden 
usages  I  owe  the  fact,  that  within  comparatively  recent  memory  the  brank 
was  used  for  punishing  disorderly  females  at  Manchester.  At  Bolton-le- 
Moors,  Lancashire,  the  iron  bridle  was  still  in  use,  not  many  years  since, 
for  the  correction  of  immorality.  It  was  fixed  in  the  female's  mouth, 
and  tied  at  the  back  of  the  head  with  ribands,  and,  thus  attired,  the 
offender  was  paraded  from  the  cross  to  the  church  steps  and  back  again. 
Mr.  Greene,  in  a  communication  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1849,  ac- 
companying the  exhil)ition  of  the  branks  from  Lichfield  and  Ilamstall 
Ridware,  Staffordsliiro,  advanced  the  supposition  that  the  punishment  of 
the  scolds'-bridle  had  been  peculiar  to  that  county  ;  *"  its  use  was,  however, 
even  more  frequent  in  the  Palatinate,  as  also  in   the  northern  counties  and 


Kiauk  at  the  Jlanor-IIousc,  Haiust;iU  Ridwaie 

in  Scotland.  Pennant,  in  his  Northern  Tour  in  1772,  records  its  use  at 
Langholm,  in  Dumfriesshire,  where  the  local  magistrates  had  it  always  in 
readiness  ;  it  had  been  actually  used  a  month  previous  to  his  visit,  till  the 
blood  gushed  from  the  mouth  of  the  victim.'  Several  other  examples  of 
the  brank  have  been  noticed  in  North  Britain  ;  it  is  indeed  mentioned,  with 
the  jougs,  by  Dr.  Wilson,  in  his  "  Prehistoric  Annals  of  Scotland,"  as  a 
Scottish  instrument  of  ecclesiastical  punishment,  for  the  coercion  of  scolds 
and  slanderous  gossips.  The  use  of  such  bridles  for  unruly  tongues  occurs 
in  the  Burgh  Records  of  Gla.sgow,  as  early  as  1574,  when  two  quarrelsome 
females  were  bound  to  keep  the  peace,  or  on  further  offending — "  to  be 
brankit."  In  the  records  of  the  Kiik  Session,  Stirling,  for  1600,  "the 
brankes  "  are  mentioned  as  the  punishment  for  a  shrew.  In  St.  Mary  s 
church,  at  St.  Andrews,  a  memorable  specimen   still  exists,  displayed  for 


■^   Proceedings  of  Soc.  Aiit.,  vol.  ii.,p.  o. 


Tuiii.'  iiJ  Scotlaail,  vol.  ii.,  p.  91. 


2GS 


ADDITIONAL  NOTICES  OF  THE  BRANK,  OR  SCOLDS  -BRIDLE. 


limnk  found  in  Moray  Uou- 


tlie  ciHficatioa  of  all  zealous  rresbyteriaus,  on  a  table  iu  the  oUlers'  pew. 
It  is  known  as  the  ''  Bishop's  Blanks,"  but  whether  so  styled  from  the 
alleged  use  of  such  torment  by  Cardinal  Beaton,  in  the  sufferings  of  Patrick 
Hamilton  and  other  Scottish  martyrs  who  perished  at  the  stake  iu  the  times 
of  James  V.,  or  rather,  in  much  later  times,  by  Archbishop  Sharp,  to 
silence  the  scandal  which  an  unruly  dame  promulgated  against  him  before 

the  congregation,  popular  tradi- 
tion seems  to  be  unable  to  deter- 
mine.'* A  representation  of  the 
"  Bishop's  Branks  "  is  given  in 
the  Abbotsford  edition  of  "  The 
Monastery,"  where  it  is  noticed. 
It  precisely  resembles  the  spe- 
I  p  j  cimen  found  in  1848  behind  the 

//  /  oak    panelling,    in    the    ancient 

IM  i '-X ~,  L  mansion   of  the  Earls  of  Moray, 

^^  /    -  /^     lAw  in  the  Canongate,  Edinburgh.   Of 

this,  through  the  kindness  of  Mr. 
Constable,  I  am  enabled  to  offer 
the  accompanying  representation. 
In  the  Museum  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland  ano- 
,,,  ther  specimen  may  be  seen,  thus 

described  by  Dr.  ^Vilson  in  the 
Synopsis  of  that  Collection. — "  The  branks,  an  ancient  Scottish  instru- 
ment. Its  most  frequent  and  effectual  ap]ilication  was  as  a  corrector  of 
incorrigible  scolds. — Presented  by  . I.  M.  lirown,  Ksip,  F.S.A.  Scot.  1848." 
The  term  brank  is  found  in  old  Scottish  writers  in  a  more  general  sense, 
denoting  a  kind  of  bridle.  Jamieson  gives  the  verb,  to  Brank,  to  bridle,  to 
restrain  ;  and  he  states  that  Branks,  explained  by  Lord  Hales  as  signifying 
the  collars  of  work-horses,  "  properly  denotes  a  sort  of  bridle,  often  used 
by  tlic  country  people  in  riding.  Instead  of  leather,  it  has  on  each  side  a 
piece  of  wood  joined  to  a  halter,  to  which  a  bit  is  sometimes  added  ;  but 
more  frequenllv  a  kind  of  wooden  noose  resembling  a  muzzle.  Anciently, 
this  seems  to  have  been  the  common  word  for  a  bridle  "  (in  the  North  of 
Scotland)."'  In  regard  to  tlie  etyniology  of  the  word,  Jamieson  ol)8ervc8, 
"  Gael,  brancas  is  mentioned  by  Sliaw.  ns  signifying  a  halter  ;  lirans  is 
also  said  to  denote  a  kind  of  bridle.  But  our  word  seems  originally  the 
same  with  Tent,  jiraiujlic,  which  is  defined  so  as  to  exhibit  an  exact 
description  of  our  branks  ;  h.  and  j).  being  often  interchanged,  and  in 
Oerm.  used  indifferently  in  many  instances.  Pnouihc,  inuyl-praughc, 
postomiH,  pantomis,  coiifiliula  :  instrumentum  quod  naribus  eijuorum  inj- 
ponitur.  Kiliaii.  Wachlcr  gives /)?v</i7-cr — preniere,  eoarctare.  Hence, 
ho  says,  the  piHory  is  vulgarly  called  prangcr,  Belg.  j>rau,ilu\  from  the 
yoke  or  collar  in  which  the  n«ek  tif  the  culprit  i«  lieM."  '  ^^ 

In   a  copy   of   Dr.    Plot's    "  History   of   Staffordshire,"   in   the     British 
Museuin  liibrary,  the  following  marginal  note  occurs  on  his  description    of 


'  Tlu)  incident  m  rc)ul<'l  in  tin-  l.ifi'  of 
Ardil'iHliop  Slinrp.  .S«Mt  hIk..  IlowiiV 
.Jii'l((tiiciit  on  r<n«H-iit<)rH,  p.  :'.((,  Uio- 
^miiliia  .S<'oiirritin,  iw  fit"  il  liy  .J;imi""*"ti 
t'    ltriiiil>M. 


''  C!oni|i.'iro  Ilriidirlf'K  r\|iluiiiitiiin  of 
flu-  W(»ril  liiiiiikH  iiMi  il  nil  llio  ilonlorH. 
North  Cotiiitry  Woriln. 

'  l»r.  .laiiiichoii'H  Sriiiii^li  Diciidiifirv, 
mill  Siipp   1(1  voi-c. 


ADDITIONAL  NOTICES  OP  THE  BRANK,  OR  SCOLDs'-BRIDLE.  269 


tlie  Brank.  It  has  been  supposed  to  be  in  his  own  handwriting. — "  This 
Bridle  for  the  Tongue  seems  to  be  very  ancient,  being  mentioned  by  an 
ancient  Enghsh  poet,  I  tlwnk  Chaucer,  qitem  vide : — 

"  '  But  for  my  daughter  Julian, 
I  would  she  were  well  bolted  with  a  Bridle, 
Tliat  leaves  her  work  to  play  the  clack, 
And  lets  her  wheel  stand  idle. 
P'or  it  serves  not  for  she-ministers, 
Farriers  nor  Furriers, 
Cobblers  nor  Button-makers 
To  descant  on  the  Bible.'  " 

Whilst  these  observations  were  in  the  printer's  hands,  I  have  received, 
through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  W.  J.  Bernhard  Smith,  a  drawing  of  the 
horrible  engine  preserved  in  the  Museum  at  Ludlow,  to  which  allusion  had 
been  made  in  the  foregoing  memoir  by  Mr.  Carrington.  It  appears  to  be 
analogous  to  that  described  by  Mr. 
Noake  as  existing  at  Worcester,  and 
of  which  he  has  very  kindly  supplied 
the  representation  accompanying  these 
notices.  (See  p.  262,  ante.)  Of  the 
example  at  Ludlow,  Mr.  Bernhard 
Smith  gives  the  following  account :  — 

"  I  think  you  will  find  these  iron 
head-pieces  to  belong  to  a  class  of 
engines  of  far  more  formidable  charac- 
ter than  the  Branks.  Their  powerful 
screwing  apparatus  seems  calculated 
to  force  the  iron  mask  with  torturing 
effect  upon  the  brow  of  the  victim  ; 
there  are  no  eye-holes,  but  concavities 
in  their  places,  as  though  to  allow  for 
the  starting  of  the  eye-balls  under 
violent  pressure.  There  is  a  strong 
bar  with  a  square  hole,  evidently 
intended  to  fasten  the  criminal  against 
a  wall,  or  perhaps  to  tlie  pillory  ; 
for  I  have  heard  it  said  that  these  in- 
struments were  used  to  keep  the  head 

steady  during  the  infliction  of  branding.  Another  cruel  engine  in  the 
Ludlow  Museum  appears  to  have  been  intended  to  dislocate  the  arm,  and  to 
cramp  or  crush  the  fingers  at  the  same  time.  It  is  so  much  mutilated  as 
to  render  its  mode  of  application  very  difficult  to  make  out." 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  said  of  these  antique  reliques  of  a  cruel  discipline, 
as  well  observed  of  the  Brank  by  Mr.  Fairholt," — "  as  rare  examples  of 
ancient  manners,  they  are  worthy  the  attention  of  all  who  studv  what  are 
frequently  termed  the  good  old  times,  and  who  may,  by  that  study,  have  to 
be  thankful  that  they  did  not  live  in  them." 

ALBERT  WAY. 


Engine  of  torture  iu  the  Ludlow  Museum. 


TrunsMctions  of  the   Historic  Society  of  La'icasliiro  and  Cliesliii-c,  vol.  vii.,  p.  Hi 


C5rigm.ll  Botumtnts. 

LETTER  FROM   JAMES  Y.,   KING   OF  SCOTLAND,   ADDRESSED  TO 
HENRY  YIIL,  DATED  AUGUST  24,  a.d.  152G. 

FROM    THE    ORIGINAL    CORRESPONDENCE    PRESERVED    IN    THE    STATE    PAPER   OFFICE. 

By  the  fate  of  the  cliivah'ous  James  IV.  upon  the  field  of  FlochU'ii. 
Scotland  had  to  pass  through  one  of  the  severest  trials  to  which — next 
j)cihaps  to  a  civil  war — a  kingdom  can  be  subjected,  viz.,  a  long  minority 
of  the  sovereign.  Joined  to  the  many  occasions  for  disputes  which  perhaps 
must  always  exist  among  a  high  spirited  and  brave  people,  and  which  had 
prevailed  from  a  very  early  period  among  the  nobility  of  Scotland,  the 
accession  of  the  infant  nephew  of  the  wealthy  and  powerful  sovereign  of 
the  neighbouring  kingdom  introduced  many  fresh  elements  of  ditlerence. 
The  violence  of  the  "  National  "  and  "  French  "  parties  was  only  mode- 
rated to  be  directed  with  greater  force  against  the  rising  power  of  the 
'*Engli^h"  party.  The  Duke  of  Albany,  opposed  by  the  influence  of 
Henry  YIIL,  had  great  dittieulty  in  maintaining  his  position  as  Regent. 
His  difficulties  were  increased  by  the  fact  of  his  being  the  heir  presumptive 
to  the  kingdom.  Schemes  and  plots  of  various  kinds  were  entered  into — 
professedly  to  give  the  juvenile  sovereign  greater  liberty  of  action — but 
really  only  to  transfer  the  direction  of  that  action  to  other  hands. 

After  the  forced  retirement  of  Albany,  James  V.  was  in  the  power  of 
that  infliientiul  party  of  nobles,  of  whom  Archibald  Douglas  Earl  of  Angus, 
the  great  opponent  of  the  Regent  and  the  husband  of  the  quecn-motiier, 
was  the  chief.  So  matters  continued  for  a  short  time.  In  the  year  1524 
the  result  of  such  a  state  of  things  appears  by  some  correspondence  given 
by  David  Scott,  who  tells  us  that  Angus  got  the  king  to  write  publicly 
"  Tliat  his  mother  and  her  friends  need  not  be  solicitous  about  him," 
as  he  was  well  Ssatisiied  with  the  treatment  he  received  from  Angus — 
while  in  secret  he  wrote  letters  to  the  queen  of  quite  an  opposite  purport. 

An  opjtortuiiity,  afforded  by  the  ai)sencc  of  Angus,  enabled  the  queen  to 
place  h(;r  .son  uj)oii  the  tliroiie  two  years  before  tlic  time  appointed.  I're- 
Buiiiing  perhaps  too  much  upon  this  stroke  of  policy,  the  demands  of 
Margaret  upon  her  brother  became  immoderate,  and  her  now  divorced 
husbund  wa.s  again  in  secret  confederacy  with  the  l"'nglish  monarch.  By 
hi.s  aid  the  Earl  of  Angus  succeeded,  in  the  year  1.02(j,  in  once  more  over- 
throwing all  opposition,  and  wielding  all  the  power  of  the  country  to  the 
advantage  of  the  JJouglnses  and  the  dismay  of  their  ciifmics. 

To  the  critical  periotl  of  Scotland's  history,  which  1  have?  thus  slightly 
adviTtcil  to,  belongs  ii  colh^ction  of  original  correspondence,  numbering 
belwerMi  fifty  and  hi.xty  letters,  written  (or  signed)  by  the  king  himself,  his 
mother  Margaret,  the;  ICarl  of  Angus,  ami  other  iioldes,  to  Henry  Vlll., 
\Vf»|M<'y,  nnd  the  Earl  of  Northumberland,  which  has  been  very  lately 
tronnfcrred    l<>   tUf    Stat*-    I'aper   onicr.    fimii   one   ol    tin    iMiiiicli    IJceonl 


ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS.  271 

Offices,  where  tliey  have  king  hiin  comparatively  unknown.  That  these 
letters  have  been  equally  unused,  is  ap[)areiit  from  their  having  escaped  the 
diligence  of  the  late  Mr.  Tytler,  who  in  his  excellent  history  has  turned  to 
so  good  an  account  the  contents  of  the  State  Paper  Office  itself.  That 
some  of  those  letters  are  full  of  interest  to  the  historical  student  of  Scot- 
land, the  following  copy  of  one  of  them  will  show. 

It  has  been  already  seen  how  the  king  had  been  obliged  to  practice  the 
completest  deception  in  the  letters  issuing  from  liis  hand.  Henry  VIII. 
doubtless  always  kept  open  means  of  communication  with  the  leaders  of  all 
parties.  The  present  letter  was  written  to  him  while  James  V.  was  under 
such  duress  by  the  Douglases  that  he  was  obliged  to  borrow  his  mother's 
signet  ring  to  seal  the  letter — "  because  oure  selis  and  signettis  ar 
withalding, " — and  it  will  be  seen  how  the  actions  of  the  queen  and  the 
Bishop  of  St.  Andrews  are  defended  and  excused,  and  that  he  complains 
loudly  of  the  restraint  he  was  kept  under,  and  the  deception  he  had  been 
made  to  practice  by  the  uncontrolled  authority  of  the  Earl  of  Angus. 

A  small  fragment  of  the  wax  of  the  seal  remains  attached  to  this 
interesting  letter,  but  no  portion  of  the  impression  can  be  discerned.  An 
impression  from  the  signet  of  Queen  Margaret  has  been  found  b}'  Mr.  Ilenry 
Laing,  impressed  on  a  paper  document  amongst  the  Philliphaugh  Charters, 
bearing  date  the  same  year  as  the  following  letter.  The  seal  displays,  as 
described  in  Mr.  Laing's  useful  "  Catalogue  of  Scottish  Seals,"  the  arms 
of  Scotland  impahng  England  and  France  quarterly.  Above  the  shield  is 
an  arched  crown,  and  on  a  scroll  under  it — in  god  is  my  traist.' 

JOSEPH  BURTT. 

"  Richte  hie  Right  excelling  and  Right  michtie  prince,  oure  derrest 
uncle  and  bruther.  We  comoiend  we  unto  zou  in  oure  niaist  hartlie  and 
tendre  manere,  quhilk  emplesit  to  remembre.  We  wrait  lettres  unto  zou  of 
before  making  mencioune  hou  ane  maist  Reverend  fader,  oure  traist 
eounsaloure  and  cristin  fader,  James  Archiebischop  of  Sanctiandres,  witht 
certane  oure  liegis  his  assisteres  and  part  takaris,  maid  conspiracioune  and 
coufederacioune  till  oure  displcsoure,  and  contrare  ye  commoune  wele  of  oure 
realme,  quhilkis  writtingis  procodit  no*  of  oure  awin  mynde,  hot  thro' 
sollistaciouneof  certane  oure  liegis,  and  in  speciall  Archibald  erle  of  Angus, 
We  no''  being  at  oure  awin  liberte  and  kinglie  fredome,  bot  abandonnit  in 
sure  keping  and  nychtlie  awaiting  of  ye  said  Archibald,  his  assisteris  and 
part  takaris,  lyke  as  we  ar  zit  prcsentlie  :  Declaring  zou  maist  intrely,  oure 
belovit  uncle  and  brudre,  yat  ye  said  maist  Reverend  fader,  at  ye  instance 
of  oure  derrest  moder  zoure  luffing  sister,  lauborit  yat  tyuie  allanerly  for 
oure  fredoine  and  liberte,  and  to  have  ws  out  of  parciale  keping,  yat  We 
niy*^  resort  amangis  oure  trew  liegis  universalie,  to  the  wele  of  oure  hale 
realiile,  as  yai  zit,  with  assistence  of  oure  belovit  eounsaloure  and  cousino- 
Johune  erle  of  Levnax  and  utheris  oure  trew  liegis,  labouris  and  procuris  ye 
samyiie.  Quharforc  We  exhort  and  prayis  zou  oure  derrest  uncle  and 
bruder,  yat  ze  fortife  and  manteine  oure  derrest  moder  and  all  utheris  takand 
hir  opiniouile  to  ye  uptenyng  of  oure  fredoiiie  and  liberte.  Thankand 
yame  specialy  for  yare  cure  and  lauboris  takin  tharupoune,  praying  yaiUe 

*  Facsimile  casts  in  sulphur  from  this,  may  be  obtained,  at  moderate  cost,  from 
as  also  from  a  hn-^re  scries  of  Royal,  Mr.  H.  Laing,  55,  East  Cross  Causeway, 
Baronial,  and  Ecclesiastical  Scottish  Seals,       Edinburgh. 


272  ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS. 

for  coiitiiuuiiiec,  aiul  promittiug  yame  zour  fortificaciounc  :  And  vat  it  will 
plese  zou  to  writ  to  ye  papis  halynes  certifeing  of  ye  premisses,  and  in 
favouris  of  cure  derrest  nioder  and  oure  counsaloure  Arcliicbischop  ot 
Sanetiandresforsaid,  tliare  caiisis  and  niateris  for  the  graciouse  expedicioune 
of  ye  sauiyn  :  noclit  withstanding  ony  writtingis  send  at  oure  Instance  iu 
yare  contrare,  quhilkis  procedit  be  IndiictiouiTe  of  ye  said  Archibald  allanerlie. 
Kicht  hie,  Richt  excelling  and  Kicht  michtie  prince,  oure  derrest  uncle  and 
bruder,  almy'''^  gode  conserve  zou  in  niaist  prosperous  stait.  Subscrivit 
with  oure  hand,  and  closit  with  the  Signet  of  oure  derrest  moder,  becaus 
oure  selis  and  Signettis  ar  withalding  :  At  Edinburgh,  ye  xxiiij.  day  of 
August.     The  zere  of  god  I'"  V^  axvj  zeris. 

Zoure  loving  ncpheu  and  bruther 
King  of  Scottis 

(Signed)  James  R. 

(Addressed)  To  the  Richt  hie  Richt  excelling  and 

Richt  michtie  prince,  oure  derrest  uncle 
and  bruther,  The  king  of  Ingland." 


^roKcliinQS  at  t|^e  itlteiinQS  of  t^e  Archaeological  Jnsittutr. 

April  4,  1856. 
OcTAVius  Morgan,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

A  DISCOVERY  of  remarkable  interest  was  brought  under  the  notice  of  the 
Institute  by  Mr.  M,  HoLUEcnE  Bloxam.  In  June,  1854,  a  bronze  helmet, 
of  unique  form  and  in  remarkable  preservation,  was  found,  according  to  the 
account  given  by  Mr.  Bloxam,  in  the  bed  of  the  river  Tigris,  near  Tilley. 
It  is  at  that  part  of  the  stream  that  the  ten  thousand  Greeks  in  their  memo- 
rable retreat  from  the  province  of  Babylon,  u.c.  401,  are  supposed  to  have 
effected  the  crossing  of  the  Tigris.  This  very  curious  head-piece  is  wholly 
dissimilar  in  its  contour  and  general  character  to  any  relique  of  the  kind 
hitherto  noticed.  The  form  bears  some  analogy  to  the  ancient  Petasus, 
and  a  type  of  helmet,  in  certain  respects  to  be  compared  with  it,  occurs  on 
Macedonian  coins. ^  It  was  presented  to  the  present  possessor,  throuo-h 
whose  kindness  it  was  produced  on  the  present  occasion,  by  Mr.  R.  B. 
Oakley,  of  Oswaldkirk,  Yorkshire,  who  fortunately  was  present  at  the  time 
when  this  interesting  relique  was  obtained  from  the  channel  of  the 
Tigris. 

Mr,  J.  M.  Kemble  gave  a  dissertation  on  a  singular  feature  of  occasional 
occurrence  in  the  interments  of  an  early  age, — the  use  of  mortuary  urns  in 
the  form  of  houses,  or,  as  they  have  been  termed  by  German  antiquaries, 
"  house-urns."  The  idea,  Mr.  Kemble  observed,  of  giving  to  the  tomb 
some  resemblance  to  the  house,  is  natural,  especially  where  there  is  some 
belief  that  the  dead  continue  to  inhabit  the  tomb.  A  striking  illustration 
is  presented  by  the  magnificent  Etruscan  sepulchres,  where  scenes  of 
festivity  are  depicted  on  the  walls,  and  costly  vases,  furnfture  and  appliances 
of  daily  life  are  found  in  profusion.  Amongst  the  Greeks  and  other  nations 
of  antiquity,  a  similar  practice  seems  to  have  prevailed.  The  "  house-urns  " 
found  in  Germany  and  the  North  of  Europe  probably  originated  in  a  similar 
feeling.  They  are  of  comparatively  small  size,  being  intended  only  to 
enclose  the  ashes  of  the  dead  ;  and  they  are  of  rare  occurrence,  five 
examples  only  having  fallen  under  Mr.  Kemble's  observation,  in  the 
museums  of  Germany  and  Denmark.  A  fine  example  in  form  of  a  tent 
exists  in  the  British  Museum  ;  it  was  found  at  Vulci,  and  some  others  have 
been  noticed  in  Italy.  The  peculiarity  iu  the  "house-urns,"  which  differ 
materially  in  their  form,  is  that  each  has  a  door  or  window  in  the  roof  or 
the  side,  through  which  the  contents  were  introduced.  This  aperture  was 
closed  by  a  separate  piece  of  baked  clay,  which  may  be  termed  a  shutter, 

'  Compare  also  forms  of  the  petasus,  in  some  degree  analogous,  Hope's  Costume 
of  the  Aucients,  vol.  1.,  pi.  74,  13G. 

VOL.  XIII.  P    P 


274  riMCEEDINGS    AT    -AIEETIXGS    OF 

fastened  by  a  bolt  or  bar.  The  greater  number  of  these  urns  are  round  in 
form,  like  the  liuts  represented  on  the  column  of  Antoninus  ;  one  preserved 
at  Berlin  is  oblong,  exactly  representing  the  peasant's  hut  of  the  present 
time,  the  roof  also  being  marked  to  represent  the  thatch.  A  remarkable 
examjile  in  a  collection  at  Liineburg  presents  the  peculiarity  of  being 
provided  with  two  apertures,  one  at  the  side,  the  other  in  the  bottom  of  the 
urn,  glazed  with  small  pieces  of  green  glass,  supposed  to  be  of  Roman 
manufacture.  In  regard  to  the  "  house-urns  "  discovered  in  Mecklenburg, 
Thurini,'ia,  and  other  localities  in  the  north  of  Europe,  Mr.  Kemble  expressed 
the  opinion  that  tlicir  age  may  be  assigned  to  the  later  period,  convention- 
ally designated  "  the  Age  of  Iron."  He  concluded  his  discourse  with  some 
important  suggestions  in  regard  to  the  question  of  Etruscan  influence  in 
Northern  Euroi)e,  and  the  probability  that  tlie  bronze  weapons  of  the  earlier 
period  may  be  connected  with  an  ancient  traffic  established  by  the  Etruscans 
with  .Scandinavia  and  other  parte  of  the  North. 

Mr.  W.  Impey  communicated  the  following  notice  of  ancient  reli(jiies 
recently  brought  to  light  in  London. 

"  In  excavating  for  tiie  buildings  now  in  course  of  erection  by  Messrs. 
Arthur  Capel  and  Co.,  in  Dunster  Court,  Mincing  Lane,  Mr.  I.  J.  Cole,  tiie 
architect,  found  an  accumulation  of  rubbish  from  12  to  15  feet  deep,  among 
whicli  were  the  Dutch  and  encaustic  tiles,  of  which  specimens  are  exhibited, 
with  a  silver  coin  of  Henry  VII.  From  that  depth  to  25  feet  were  found 
chalk,  ragstone,  and  brick  earth,  the  last  in  four  layers,  supposed  to  be  the 
remains  of  ancient  dwellings,  formed  with  '*  cob  "walls.  In  connection 
with  tliese,  fragments  of  Roman  pottery  were  discovered,  together  with 
human  bones,  and  under  these  remains,  at  a  depth  of  about  20  feet,  Mr.  Cole 
fuund  a  well,  and  leading  to  the  well  a  curved  foot  pathway  paved  with 
pieces  of  tile,  or  tesserju  put  together  with  some  care  in  lime.  In  the  well 
a  small  earthen  jar  was  found  with  green  glaze  on  the  upper  part,  and 
possibly  of  mediaeval  manufacture. 

"  The  averai^e  depth  to  which  it  is  necessary  to  excavate,  to  obtain  a  good 
foundation,  shews  an  accumulation  of  about  20  feet  of  soil  above  the  naturnl 
surface  in  this  part  of  London.  Mr.  Cole  informs  me  that  in  excavating  in 
Throgmorton  Street,  near  the  Auction  Mart,  he  found  the  accumulation 
considerably  less,  the  gravel  being  reached  at  little  tnore  than  12  feet  from 
the  present  surfacej  In  Throgmorton  Street  several  interesting  discoveries 
were  made.  A  deep  ditch  crossed  the  north-east  angle,  in  which  remains 
of  cask-hoops  had  become  petrified  :  the  springs  through  the  gravel  of  the 
site  generally  were  htrong,  and  had  been  made  available  by  means  of  oaken 
wells,  like  large  casks  without  top  or  bottom,  and  on  removing  the  soil  the 
water  roH<!  in  them.  There  was  discovered  besides  these  a  Kotnan  well, 
built  of  .H(piured  chalk,  v<;ry  neatly  constructed,  and  containing  aliont  .'5  feet 
in  depth  (jf  (;liarrcil  twigs,  probably  for  filtering.  In  digj^ing  were  found  a 
hirge  early  English  pitcln-r,  a  (lonsideiable  (|uanlily  of  hinnan  bones,  Saniian 
ware,  with  well -executed  ornamentation,  some  of  the  de«ii;nH  being  very 
obHcene,  Roman  glass  bottles,  <tc.;  ami  in  the  well  lay  a  snuill  and 
perfect    Roman    fibula   of   bronze  which    had   asHumed  almost  the  colour  of 

g<>ld."    .... 

Mr.  (iKoiiay.  SfHAiir,  jun.,  olfcred  some  oltHcrvations  on  the  renuirkahle 
painted  glass  exi«ling  in  the  ehmch  of  Fairford,  (iloueeHterHliire,  tiie  finest 
cxiMting  examjde,  pohsibly,  of  its  ag«!  in  tliiM  ciMuitry.  Sncli  is  the  j)erfec- 
lioi),  indeed,   of  the  design,   tliat   sonic  have  regarded   that  line  series  of 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  275 

windows  as  produced  under  the  immediate  influence  of  Italian  art.-  Mr.  Scharf 
produced,  through  the  kindness  of  Miss  Kyiner,  of  Reading,  a  portfolio  of 
drawings  executed  by  that  lady,  in  illustration  of  the  painted  glass,  the 
sculptured  misereres,  and  various  architectural  details  in  Fairford  church. 

Mr.  Charles  Winston  made  the  following  coninninication,  being 
desirous  to  bring  under  the  notice  of  the  Institute  the  lamentable  state  of 
the  East  window  of  the  Chantr}',  on  the  south  side  of  the  chancel  of  North 
Moreton  church,  Berks. 

"  The  window  consists  of  five  lower  openings  and  a  head  of  tracery. 
The  greater  part  of  the  glazing  has  been  lost  from  the  tracery,  but  by 
means  of  the  fragments,  and  a  drawing  made  some  thirty  years  ago  by 
Mr.  Ward  of  Frith  Street,  when  the  window  was  more  perfect,  it  is  possible 
to  make  out  the  original  design.  It  consisted  of  ornamentation  and  three 
shields  of  arms,  part  of  one  of  which  remains,  displaying  the  sable  lion  of 
the  Stapleton  family,  who  were  said  to  have  founded  the  chantry. 

"  The  lower  lights  represent  incidents  in  the  lives  of  St.  Nicholas,  St. 
Peter,  Our  Lord,  St.  Paul,  and  the  Virgin  Mary  ;  each  light  being  devoted 
to  a  series  of  three  subjects,  beginning  from  the  bottom  of  the  light. 

"  In  the  easternmost  light  are  the  following  subjects  : — 

"  The  consecration  of  St.  Nicholas,  as  a  Bishop;  St.  Nicholas  restoring 
the  Children  to  Life ;  St.  Nicholas  relieving  the  poor  Nobleman's 
Daughters  by  throwing  his  purse  in  at  the  window  of  the  house  at  night. 

"  In  the  next  light  appear — the  Call  of  Peter,  Our  Lord  delivering  the 
Keys  to  Peter,  and  the  Crucifixion  of  St.  Peter. 

"  In  the  centre  light  are  to  be  seen — the  Passion  of  Our  Lord,  the  Cruci- 
fixion, and  the  Resurrection. 

"  In  the  West  light  are — the  Conversion  of  St.  Paul,  Paul  before  Felix  (?), 
and  the  Martyrdom  of  St.  Paul. 

"  And  in  the  next  light — the  Death  of  the  Virgin,  the  Burial  of  the  Virgin, 
with  the  Jew  who  attempted  to  overthrow  the  Bier,  and  the  Assumption 
of  the  Virgin. 

"  The  glass  has  suffered  much  damage,  especially  within  the  last  few  years, 
by  pieces  dropping  out  of  the  decayed  leads  ;  and  it  is  surprising  that  it 
stands  at  all.  Nothing  can  save  it  from  certain  destruction  except  careful 
reloading.  This  will  cost,  according  to  Mr.  Ward's  estimate,  501.,  and  the 
only  chance  of  raising  that  amount  is  by  private  subscription.  The  parish, 
a  very  poor  one,  is  already  sufficiently  taxed  with  the  necessary  repairs  of 
the  church,  which  is  in  a  very  dilapidated  state,  and  the  lessors  of  the 
great  tithes  are  likewise  compelled  to  repair  the  chancel.  The  living, 
worth  83^.  a  year,  a  vicarage  in  the  gift  of  the  Archdeacon  of  Berks,  will 
have  to  be  charged  with  the  building  of  a  vicarage-house.  There  is  no 
endowment  whatever  for  the  repair  of  the  chantry  or  glass  ;  and  it  is 
doubtful  whether  the  parishioners  are  bound  to  repair  it  at  all.  Certainly 
they  could  not  be  compelled  to  do  more  than  substitute  plain  glazing  for 
the  remains  of  the  old  glass.  The  old  glass  is  tolerably  perfect,  enough 
remains  of  all  the  subjects  to  enable  them  to  be  distinctly  made  out,  and 
the  date  of  the  glass  is  between  1300  and  1310,  or  thereabouts.  It  is  a 
very  fine  specimen  of  the  period.     The  colours  are  magnificent. 

-  An  account  of  the  windows   in  Fair-  Hearne,    Life   of    Sir   T.   More,    p.   273. 

ford  Church  was  pubhshed  at  Cirencester,  Tlie  glass  lias  been  sometimes  supposed 

in  1765,  I'Jmo.     The  description,  written  to  have  been  e.\ei-iited  alter  the  designs 

on  parchment,  and  formerly   kept  in  the  Francesco  Franciu. 
town    chest,      has      been     publi-lied    by 


276  rROCEEDINQS   AT    ^rEETIXGS    OF 

"  The  Society  of  Antiquaries  has  oft'ored  to  givo  101.  towards  the  repair 
of  the  gh\ss,  and  some  other  contrihutions  in  aid  have  heen  promised, 
inadequate,  however,  to  secure  the  preservation  of  an  example  of  consider- 
able artistic  and  antiquarian  interest."'" 


gintiquttirS  nntr  23:inrft£i  of  'Hrt  evljibttrt. 

By  Mr.  Albert  Way. — A  silver  Roman  Family  coin,  recently  found  at 
Red  Ilill,  near  Reigate,  by  a  cottager  in  digging  in  his  garden.  It  is  of  the 
Gens  Carisia,  and  although  a  coin  of  no  great  rarity,  it  is  of  interest  as 
occurring  in  a  locality  where  few  Roman  vestiges  have  occurred.  Ohv. 
— A  fine  female  head,  with  the  hair  bound  up  by  a  fillet  :  it  has  been 
regarded  as  the  effigies  of  the  Gergithian  Sibyl.  Ilev. — T.  carisivs.  On 
the  exergue — iii.vi(r),  a  sitting  winged  sphynx.  Titus  Carisius  was 
monetary  triumvir  to  Julius  Cassar,  u.c.  4-1,  the  period  to  which  the  coin 
may  be  assigned.  A  similar  coin  is  figured  in  Dr.  Smith's  Dictionary  of 
Roman  and  Greek  Biography,  etc.,  under  Carisius.  This  and  the  otlier  coins 
of  the  Gens  Carisia  are  described  in  Admiral  Smyth's  valuable  "  Catalogue 
of  a  Cabinet  of  Roman  family  Coins,  belonging  to  the  Duke  of  Northum- 
berland.^ " 

By  Mr.  Wi:stwood. — A  tall  one-handled  jar  of  niedia3val  ware,  found 
under  the  foundations  of  an  old  house  in  Fleet  Stre<;t,  opposite  to  St.  Bride's 
church.  This  specimen,  which  resembles  those  found  at  Trinity  College, 
O.xford,  and  figured  in  this  Journal,  Vol.  III.,  p.  G2,  has  subsequently  been 
presented  to  the  British  Museum.  Its  date  may  be  as  early  aa  the  XlVtli 
century. 

By  the  Hon.  W.  Fox  Stranowavs. — Several  ancient  documents,  relating 
chit'tly  to  the  counties  of  Dorset  and  Somerset.  Some  of  the  seals  appended 
to  them  arc  of  considerable  interest,  especially  the  seal  of  the  mayoralty  of 
the  staple  of  Westminster,  an  impressiun  in  fine  preservation.'' 

We  are  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  W.  S.  Walford  for  the  follow- 
ing description  of  these  documents  : — 

1.  Undated.  Inspexinuis  and  confirmation  by  Philip  do  Columbariis  the 
Bth,  son  of  Philip  de  Columbariis,  of  a  deed  {c((rt<()  of  Kgclina,  his  mother, 
whereby  she  (being  described  as  Egclina  de  Columbariis,  formerly  the  wife 
of  Philip  de  Columbariis  the  4th),  granted  to  Reginald  de  Mere,  and  Alicia 
his  wife,  tlie  tenement,  land,  and  meadow,  which  she  l»ad  of  the  gift  of 
Philip  de  Columbariis,  son  of  William  de  Columbariis  of  Stockhuide  ; 
which  land  and  tenement  Juliana,  the  relict  of  the  said  William  do  ('olum- 
hariis,  formerly  held  in  dower,  in  the  vill  of  Lytlctone  in  the  manor  of  Dun- 
dene  ;  to  lioId,of  her  (j'lgelina)  and  her  heirs,  to  the  said  lieginaldand  Alicia, 
or  one  of  thein,  and  the  heirs  of  Alicia,  or  to  the  heirs  and  assigns  of 
Reginald,  if  Alicia  diccl  without  heirs  of  her  (body)  ;  tloiiig  thercifore  to 
Philip  de  Columbariis  of  Nuthcrestaweye,  chief  lord  of  the  fee,  and  to  liid 
lioirs,  the  Bcrvice.s  due  and  accustomed  ;   vi/.,  lliat  due  to  tlie  king  (regale), 

*  Contributionn   arc    rccpiv.il    liy    Mr.  ''   rnpniniiN's     in      ^;iiti:i  ihtcIih,    fVniii 

Witmloii,  "2,  lliirroiirt    lliiililin^"*,  'JViiiplf,  fliiHo  liniiilifiil  hihIh.  iiiiiy  In- Dliliiiiiiil  Inmi 

or  l.y  .Mr.  .J.  II.  ritrkcr,  Oxionl.  .Mr.    It.    K<ii<ly,    rrim-fH  Slii'<-t,  ShrcwH 

'   rriiiU-il  for  |irivrit4;  circ-iilation,  IJi.'iii,  Imry. 
Ito.     St-i-  [.p.  .'VJ,  .'..i. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  277 

so  far  as  pertained  to  the  3rd  part  of  the  tenement,  which  the  aforesaid 
Philip  of  Stocklande  held  of  the  Lords  of  Staweye,  in  the  same  vill  of 
Lytletone,  for  all  services,  <fec.  For  which  grant  the  said  Reginald  and 
Alicia  gave  to  the  said  Egelina  100  marks  of  silver. — Witnesses  to  the 
grant,  Michael  le  Goyz,  Roger  le  Touk,  Robert  de  Wottone,  Robert  de 
Bartone,  Thomas  de  luethorne,  William  de  luethorne,  and  Richard  le 
Deneys  de  Ilybroke  :  Witnesses  to  the  confirmation  by  Philip  de  Colum- 
bariis,  Galfrid  dc  Stawclle,  John  son  of  Galfrid,  Alande  Waltone,  knights; 
Walter  de  Shapcwike,  Thomas  Whyteng,  William  de  Berc,  Robert  Burty 
de  Hamma,  Nicholas  de  Sowy,  and  Philip  le  Knizt  de  Somertone. 

On  a  lat)el  a  round  seal  of  dark  green  wax,  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in 
diameter  ;  device  a  flower,  resembling  a  fleur-de-lis,  above  which  is  a  dove  ; 
leo"end — *  s'  ph'i  de  colvmbariis,  in  capitals. 

Note. — This  deed  extends  our  knowledge  of  the  family  of  De  Colum- 
bariis,  and  adds  another  Philip  in  the  direct  line  to  the  generally  received 
account  of  them  ;  for  those  above  respectively  designated  as  the  fourth  and 
fifth  would,  according  to  Dugdale  and  others,  have  been  the  third  and 
fourth.  Egelina  is  said  by  some  to  have  been  a  daughter  of  Robert  de 
Coiirtenay  ;  but  she  does  not  appear  in  the  Courtcnay  pedigree  by  Dr. 
Oliver  and  Mr.  P.  Jones.  As  her  husband  died  in  1256,  the  confirmation 
was  between  that  date  and  1276,  when  her  son  Philip  died. 

2.  Undated.  Feofi"ment. — William,  son  of  Robert  de  Canneswelle, 
granted  to  Sir  William  de  Canneswelle  (and)  Joan  his  wife,  for  their  lives, 
and  the  life  of  the  survivor,  and  to  Alianora  their  daughter,  and  the  heirs 
of  her  body,  the  manor  of  Luttiwode,^  with  the  demesnes,  <fcc.,  [then 
follow  the  names  of  several  tenants,  viz.,  Roger  de  Canneswelle,  Galfrid 
de  Wolastone,  Elias  de  Wolastone,  John  de  la  Hoke,  John  de  Morlond,  and 
Adam  son  of  Nicholas  de  Luttiwode],  with  a  windmill  and  the  suit  of  his 
tenants  of  Luttiwode  ;  and  he  also  gave  to  the  said  William,  Lord  of  Can- 
neswelle and  Joan  his  wife,  and  Alianora  their  daughter,  in  like  manner 
the  homage,  suits,  and  services  of  William  de  la  Doune,  and  also  a  moiety 
of  the  mill  of  the  "Doune,"  called  Glenwemulne,  and  a  moiety  of  the 
pool  or  fish-pond  (vivarium);  and  if  Alianora  should  die  without  heirs  of  her 
body,  the  premises  should  revert  to  William  son  of  Richard  de  Canneswelle 
and  his  heirs.  Witnesses,  Sir  Reginald  de  Lega.  Robert  Corbet 
de  Mortone  (then  sherifT  of  Salop  and  Stafl"ord),  William  Bagot,  William  de 
Stafi'ord,  William  Wythere,  William  de  Mere,  Robert  de  Knycteleye, 
knights  ;  Richard  Spygurnel,  Stephen  de  Wolaston,  William  Godefrey  of 
Wylintone,  and  William  de  Fuleford,  clerk. 

On  a  label  is  a  seal  of  green  wax,  escutcheon-shaped  with  rounded  base, 
1  inch  by  f  at  the  top  ;  device  a  gloved  hand  holding  a  hawk,  the 
jesses  pendant ;  legend — *s'  will'i  fil'  roberti,  in  capitals. 

3.  39  Edw.  III.  Lease. — John  Sonynghulle,  of  the  county  of  Berks, — 
after  reciting  that  he  had  granted  to  William  le  Vcnour,  citizen  of  London, 
the  manor  of  Styntesforde  and  Frome  Bonuylestone,''  in  the  county  of 
Dorset,  for  his  life,  at  a  rent  of  twenty  marks  a  year,  as  appeared  in  a 
certain  fine  thereof  levied, — granted  the  same  to  the  said  William,  his 
heirs,  assigns,  and  executors,  for  the  term  of  the  lives  of  him  and 
Mabilla  his  wife,  and  ten  years  after  the  death  of  the  survivor  ;  rendering 
yearly  a  rose  at  the  Feast  of  the  Nativity  of  St.  John  Baptist.    One  part  of 

^  This  reading  is  somewhat  iinpcrtain.         "^  Si:  possibly  U  for  V — Boiivylcstone  ? 


278  PROCEEDINGS   AT    MEETINGS   OP 

the  deed  is  stated  to  have  the  seal  of  the  said  John  appeuded,  the  other  that 
of  the  said  William.  No  witness.  Dated  at  London  on  Thursday  next 
before  the  Feast  of  the  Purification  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  39  Edw,  III. 
On  a  label  is  a  round  seal  of  dark  brown  wax  within  red,  4  inch  in  diani.  ; 
device  on  a  diapered  ground  a  lion  sitting,  with  a  heaun;e  on  its  head, 
ensigned  with  a  crown,  out  of  which  issues  a  fan-shaped  object  reseiubhng 
a  plume  of  feathers,  the  body  of  tlie  lion  being  covered  with  mantling 
charged  with  three  castles  ;  no  legend.  (Compare  the  seal  of  the  next 
deed.) 

By  an  indorsement  the  deed  appears  to  have  been  enrolled  in  Chancery 
in  February  in  the  same  year. 

4.  40  Edw.  III.  Grant  and  Release. — John  SonynghuUe  granted  and 
released  to  William  le  Ycnour,  citizen  and  merchant  of  London,  his  heirs 
and  assigns,  all  his  right  and  claim  in  the  manor  of  Styntesforde  and  Frome 
Bonuilestone  ;  and  because  his  seal  was  unknown  to  many  j)ersons,  he  had 
procured  the  seal  of  the  mayoralty  of  the  Stajile  at  Westminster  to  be 
appended  to  the  deed  in  testimony  of  the  premises.  Witnesses — John 
Kot,  John  Aubrey,  Nicholas  Chaucer,  John  Warde,  and  Thomas  Thornev, 
citizens  of  London.  Dated  at  London  on  Tuesday  next  before  the  Feast 
of  St.  Barnabas  the  Apostle,  40  Edw.  III. 

On  labels  are  two  round  seals  of  red  wax  ;  the  first  is  J  inch  in  diam.  ; 
device,  within  a  quatre-foiled  panel,  an  escutcheon  charged  with  five 
castles,  triple  towered  2  •  2  •  I,  and  a  label  of  three  points  ;  legend — 
*  s'  DROGO.N'is.  DE.  WARCiEs :  in  Capitals;  the  other  seal  is  IJ  inch  in 
diam.  ;  device  between  two  keys  in  saltire  four  pellets  and  as  many  wool- 
packs,  and  between  the  pellets  and  wool-packs  on  each  side  of  the  keys  a 
rose  ;  legend — *  s'  officii  :  maiohatvs  :  stapvlk  :  avest.m'. 

An  indorsement  states  that  this  deed  was  enrolled  in  the  King's  Bench 
(coram  domino  regi')  in  Michaelmas  term,  40  Edw.  III. 

Note.  —  In  all  ]>robability  the  first  of  these  two  seals  belonged  to  the 
Bame  person  as  tiiat  on  the  preceding  deed,  and  that  in  fact  neither  of 
them  was  made  for  John  SonynghuUe.  They  have  a  foreign  appearance, 
and  are  probably  Flemish.  I  have  not  met  with  the  name  of  AVarcies  in 
Flanders  or  elsewhere,  but  the  sitting  lion  with  heaunie  and  mantling 
rcaeniblcs  in  design  some  seals  of  Louis  de  Male,  Count  of  Flanders, 
engraved  by  Vredius.  They  seem  to  have  been  appropriated  by  John 
SonynghuUe  witliout  any  regard  to  their  fitness  or  unfitness,  and  it 
is  not  surprising  that  there  were  some  misgivings  as  to  their  boing 
recognised  as  his  seals.  It  is  not  imj)robable  the  witne.-^s,  Nicholas  Chaucer, 
was  a  relation  of  the  poet.  He  seems  to  have  been  a  merchant.  See  Kot. 
I'arl.  ii.  p.   l.OTa. 

!j.  22  Rich.  n.  Lease. — John  Syward  and  .loan  his  wife  granted  to 
William  Canyngtone,  Robert  Pennc,  clerks,  Ralj)li  luyt,  Tliomas  llobbes, 
and  John  .Inrdane,  the  manor  of  Wynterborn  West,  with  Bokhampton  and 
Svvanwych,  with  the  advowson  of  the  church  of  the  Hame  manor,  in  the 
C'junty  of  Dorset,  and  alH(»  all  their  lands,  ite.,  in  Crekkelade,  Chelworthe, 
and  Colcote,  and  their  mill  of  ran<'het,  in  the  county  of  Wilts  ;  to  hold  to 
the  Haid  Williani,  Robert,  Ralph,  'Ilionnis,  and  John,  and  their  assigns,  for 
tb<!  life  of  the  Haid  John  Syward.  In  witness  whereof  (he  said  John  and 
•Fonn  ha<l  attnebed  their  seals,  and  as  their  hciiIs  were  unknown  to  many 
pfTHOUH,  they  had  pro(riired  the  Heal  of  Ivo  Kytz  Wareyii,  Knight,  to  be  also 
attached.      WiinesHes — Ivo    I'vtz    \Nar\ii,    .lolin    Moi^ne,    Knights;    John 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE,  279 

Gonytz,    William  Peiicrellc,  and  John  iJiidJille.     Dated  at   Wynterborne, 
20cli  May,  22  Rich.  II. 

On  a  label  is  the  seal  of  Sir  Ivo  Fitz  Waryn,  which  is  of  red  wax,  round, 
and  Ij  inch  in  diameter  ;  device  a  shield,  with  his  arms,  viz.,  quarterly, 
per  fess  indented  ermine  and  [gules],  hanging  on  a  tree  between  two 
fitorks  (?)  ;  legend,  s':iuoNis  :  fywaryn  :  in  black  letter.  On  another 
label  are  the  remains  of  two  small  seals  of  red  wax  ;  on  one  is  an 
escutcheon  charged  with  probably  three  mullets,  and,  as  part  of  the  legend, 
WOLASTON,  in  black  letter  ;  on  the  other  is  a  small  figure  of  a  Palmer  (?), 
but  no  legend. 

6.  37  Edw.  Ill,  Feoffment, — Robert  de  Sambourne,  late  parson  of  the 
church  of  Meryet,  and  John  de  Fordo,  granted  and  confirmed  to  Sir  John 
de  Meryet,  Knight,  and  Matildis  his  wife,  and  the  heirs  and  assigns  of  the 
said  John  de  Meryet,  the  Manor  of  Lopne  and  Strattone,  in  the  County 
of  Somerset ;  to  hold  to  them  of  the  chief  lords  of  the  fees  by  the  accus- 
tomed services.  Witnesses,  Sir  John  de  Chydyok,  Sir  John  Beuchanip, 
de  Lillisdone,  Sir  John  atte  Hale,  Knights  ;  William  Byngham,  John 
Frysel,  Robert  Loughe,  and  John  Benyn  de  Hentone.  Dated  at  Lopne  on 
Thursday  next  after  the  feast  of  St,  Hilary,  37  Edw.  III. 

On  labels  are  two  round  seals  of  red  wax  :  one  an  inch  in  diameter  ; 
device  two  figures,  a  saint  not  identified  and  St.  Katherine,  under  canopies, 
and  below  an  ecclesiastic  kneeling  in  devotion  ;  legend,  s'.iiOB 'ti.de  samboux, 
in  capitals.  The  other  is  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  device, 
within  an  eight-cusped  panel,  an  escutcheon  charged  with  a  fess  engrailed 
between  three  crescents  ;   no  legend, 

7.  47  Edw,  III.  Feoft'ment. — John  de  Meryet,  Knight,  granted  and 
confirmed  to  Richard  Palniere,  John  Hayward,  and  Nicholas  Becke, 
Chaplains,  the  Manors  of  Comptone,  Dundene,  and  Brodemersshtone,  in  the 
County  of  Somerset,  except  the  fees  and  services  of  the  tenants  that  held 
l[)y  knight  service  ;  to  hold  to  them  and  their  heirs  of  the  chief  lords,  and 
by  the  accustomed  services.  Witnesses,  Giles  Daubene,  William  Bone- 
uylle,  John  Beauchampe,  Walter  Romeseye,  Thomas  Marchal,  Knights, 
John  luethorne,  John  Panes,  Robert  Wyke,  Thomas  Knoel,  and  Peter 
Vocle.     Dated  26th  day  of  May,  47  Edw,  III, 

On  a  label  a  round  seal  of  red  wax,  1 J  inch  in  diameter  ;  device,  partly 
within  an  elongated  panel,  a  shield  of  arms  with  helmet  and  crest,  the 
lielmet  occupying  the  centre,  the  shield  couche  and  passing  out  of  the 
panel,  so  as  to  interrupt  the  legend  ;  the  arms  are  quarterly,  1  and  4, 
barry  of  six,  2  and  3  vair  or  vaire  ;  the  helmet  is  mantled  and  ensigned 
with  a  chapeau,  on  which  is  a  talbot  (?)  statant  for  a  crest.  Legend, 
SIGIl'  :  lOHANNis  :  MERYOT,  in  black  letter. 

8.  21  Rich.  II.  Release, — John  de  Chidioke  "  consanguineus  "  and  heir 
of  John  de  Chidioke  the  elder,  Knight,  released  to  Matill',  who  was  the 
wife  of  Thomas  de  Boukland,  Knight,  Humphry  de  Statforde,  Knight,  and 
Elizabeth  his  wife,  and  William  de  Boncuille,  Knight,  and  Margar'  his 
wife,  and  the  heirs  and  assigns  of  the  said  Elizabeth  and  Margar',  all  his 
right  in  the  Manors  of  Great  Lopenc  and  Great  Strattone,  in  the  County 
of  Somerset.  Witnesses — Ivo  Fitz-Wareyn,  John  Berkele,  John  Lorty, 
Knights  ;  John  Keynes,  John  Denebande,  John  Mannyngforde,  John 
Fytiltonc,  and  John  Benyn.      Dated  the  18th  day  of  July,   21  Rich.  II. 

On  a  label  a  round  seal  of  dark  green  wax,  1|  inch  in  diameter  ;  device, 
within  a  curvilinear  triangle,  an  escutcheon  charged  with  an  inescutcheou 


2 so  niOCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS  OF 

ill  a  boiilure  of  ei^slit  inartlets  ;  legend,  sioillv  iuha.n.ms  oiiidyok,  in  black 
letter. 

9.  Same  date.  Diijilicate  of  jtrecediug  deed,  except  that  William  de 
Boneuille,  and  Margar'  Lis  wife,  are  named  before  Humphry  de  StaH'ord 
and  Elizabeth  his  wife.  The  same  seal  is  attached,  but  it  has  been 
mutilated. 

Mr.  Stuangw.ws  brought  also  fur  inspection  several  drawings  of  archi- 
tectural subjects  in  the  West  of  England  ; — the  George  Inn,  a  picturesque 
structure  of  the  XVth  century,  at  Norton  St.  Philip,  [Somerset  ;  a  view  of  a 
Ijuilding  at  Coinpton  Duiulon,  in  the  same  county  ;  and  a  representation  of 
*'  the  Abbey,  "  at  Chew  Magna,  supposed  to  have  been  connected  with  some 
monastic  or  ecclesiastical  foundation. 

By  Mr.  OcTAVius  Mougax,  M.P. — A  portable  day  and  night  dial,  made 
by  Ilumfrey  Cole,  1575.     It  has  the  following  motto — 

"As  Time  and  houres  pasith  awaye 
So  dooth  the  lite  of  Alan  decay  : 
As  Time  can  be  redt-enied  with  no  coste, 
liestow  it  well  and  let  no  hour  be  lost." 

.Mr.  Muigau  exhibited  also  a  portable  sun-dial  and  pedometer,  made  by 
.luhan  Melchior  Landeck,  of  Nuremburg,  sometime  in  the  XVIIth  century. 

By  Mr.  W.  .1.  Beunhaud  Smith. — Two  Sa.xon  rajiier-bladcs,  one  of 
them  engraved  with  figures  of  the  Apostles  ;  the  other  engraved  and  gilded, 
and  bearin"-  a  coat  of  arms  surmounted  by  a  coronet.  A  cut-and-thrust 
two-edfed  blade,  engraved  with  grotesque  designs  on  each  side,  and  a  single 
fleur-de-lys,  inlaid  in  copper.  On  one  side  near  the  tang,  has  been  a  coat 
of  arms,  of  four  quarterings,  inlaid  in  silver  ;  two  of  them  only  are  now 
distin^uibhable — a  chevron  and  a  cross  (in  sinister  chief,  and  sinister  base). 
On  the  other  side  of  the  blade  apj)ear  traces  of  a  figure  of  St.  Michael, 
XVIth  cent. — A  rapier  of  the  time  of  James  II.,  with  hilt  of  russet  steel 
inlaid  with  silver.  An  early  examjile  of  the  bayonet-.shaped  blade,  which 
is  engraved  throughout  its  length  with  figures  of  the  twelve  Apostles,  and 
on  each  side  the  profile  of  an  emperor. — A  bayonet-shaped  rapier-blade,  of 
the  time  of  George  11.,  bearing  the  forge-mark  of  Solingen,  and  inscribed 
GUI)  uu'.a  Tin:  ki.no. 

By  the  Rev.  C.  R.  Man.ni.n'g. — Impression  from  a  privy-seal  of  silver,  set 
with  an  antique  intaglio,  found  in  January  last  at  Ashwicken,  Norfolk,  and 
now  in  the  possession  of  the  Rev.  J.  Freeman,  Rector  of  that  place. 
The  loop,  which  had  been  affixed  to  the  back  of  the  seal,  has  been 
broken  off;  an  elegantly  formed  ornament  of  foliage  remains  ;  the  intaglio 
(chalcedony  ?)  represents  a  warrior  resting  on  a  kind  of  jiedei^tal.  The 
surface  of  the  gem  has  been  much  injured. 

By  .Mr.  Ai.niOKT  Way.  —  Impressions  from  a  .--mall  brass  seal,  of  circular 
form,  foinid  at  (ireat  Harford,  Hedfordshire,  in  IS.Vl.  It  bears  a  singular 
(],.vice, — a  tn;e,  apparently  a  pear-tree  charged  with  fruit,  hanging  over 
water,  on  the  surface  of  which  is  a  fi.>ih.  The  legend  is,  ►!«»  s'  iikmucI  ni: 
Mllou.sNK.      XlVth  cent. 

IJy  Mr.  RkaUV. — Inipressions  in  gnttu-]irrcba  ffiuw  a  matrix  of  jet, 
preserved  in  tl>c  Fitzwilliam  Museum,  at  Cambridge,  with  several  ancient 
matrices  of  bcrIb,  of  considerable  interest.  This  seal,  of  pointed-oval 
form,  bears  a  device  on  both  its  sides.  0/jr.  a  large  flcur-de-lys.  ►J^.sigim,' 
wii.i,'  OK  WAI.D.  Jicv.  a  hand  holding  a  stem  or  branch  erect,  with  the 
legend— ♦!<  HiGNVM  .   tacis  .   roiiTO.      Xilllhcent. 


THE    AKCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  281 

May  2,  1856. 

The  lion.  Richard  C.  Neville,  F.S.A.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

Mr.  A.  II.  RriiXD  conimunicatcd  a  ^lenioir  on  tlie  present  condition  of 
the  Monuments  of  Egypt  and  Nubia.      (Printed  in  this  volume,  p.  154.) 

Professor  Bl'Ckman  communicated  the  following  note  of  certain  vestiges 
of  early  occupation  in  Gloucestershire,  nearLidney  : — 

*'  On  the  west  side  of  the  Kiver  Severn,  not  far  from  the  village  of 
Lidney,  is  a  small  estate  known  as  the  Warren,  in  the  occupation  of  its 
jirosent  proprietor,  R.  Addison,  Esq.  It  looks  down  upon  the  river  at  a 
distance  of  more  than  two  miles,  and  occupies  a  semi-circular  hollow  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Forost  Hills.  The  whole  estate  is  situate  on  the 
Conglomerate  of  the  Old  Red  Sandstone,  masses  of  which  project  through 
the  heather  and  furze  with  which  the  broken  ground  is  mostly  occupied. 
Much  of  the  estate  has  been  recently  levelled  and  brought  into  cultiva- 
tion, and  it  was  while  pursuing  this  work  that  Mr.  Addison's  attention  was 
frequently  arrested  by  some  roughly  hewn  circular  stones  of  the  Conglomerate 
of  the  hill.  Some  of  these  flat  disks,  rudely  fashioned,  and  in  form  very 
similar  to  a  cheese,  were  shown  to  me  by  Mr.  Addison,  one  of  which 
measured  16  inches  in  diameter,  and  was  4  inches  thick  ;  another  14 
inches  by  4.  Afterwards,  in  taking  a  walk  on  ^Ir.  Bathurst's  estate  at 
Lidney,  I  saw  by  a  hedge  a  stone  disk  similar  to  these  both  in  form  and 
size,  and  Mr.  Addison  informed  me  they  are  frequently  found  about  the 
district.  Now,  as  in  my  excavations  in  Corinium,  amongst  other  mill- 
stones I  have  met  with  portions  of  molars  of  Old  Red  Conglomerate,  it 
struck  me  as  not  improbable  that  the  stones  at  Lidney  may  have  been 
intended  for  molars,  of  which  these  were  the  rough  outlines  of  the  first 
process  of  manufacture.  In  that  case,  may  we  not  suppose  that  the  work- 
man rudely  fashioned  these  out  of  suitable  stones  upon  the  open  common, 
perhaps  taking  them  to  a  more  convenient  place  for  their  final  preparation  : 
this  indeed  would  be  much  like  what  I  recently  saw  on  the  Cornish  coast, 
between  St.  Just  and  St.  Ives,  where  the  granite  which  hes  scattered  over 
■wide  open  commons,  is  rudely  fashioned  on  the  ground,  in  blocks  for 
various  purposes,  before  finding  its  way  to  the  mason's  workshop. 

It  should  be  remarked  that  an  old  British  trackway  runs  through  the 
estate  down  to  the  river,  and  this  track  was  doubtless  connected  with  the 
roads  leading  from  the  Cotteswold  to  the  Forest  of  Dean,  from  whence,  as 
the  Corinium  remains  testify,  were  obtained  molars  of  Old  Red  Conglo- 
merate, and  also  of  Millstone  Grit  ;  and  it  is  more  than  probable  that 
iron  ore  was  brought  from  the  forest  to  be  smelted  in  the  Cotteswold 
district,  as  close  to  Cirencester  are  found  quantities  of  old  slags,  but  there 
is  no  ore  in  the  neighbourhood." 

The  objects  noticed  by  Professor  Buckman  may  possibly  be  vestiges  of 
the  Roman  period,  numerous  remains  of  that  age  having  occurred  in  that 
locality. 

Mr.  Franks  communicated  the  following  account  of  a  Roman  relique  of 
rare  occurrence  discovered  in  the  same  district :  — 

'*  A  Roman  oculist's  stamp  was  discovered  a  few  years  since  at  Lidney 
in  Gloucestershire,  which  has  not  1  believe  been  hitherto  engraved, 
although  an  account  of  the  inscriptions  have  been  given  by  Dr.  Simpson 
in  the  Monthly  Journal  of  Medical  Science,  (vol.  xii.  p.  338.) 

VOL.    XIII.  Q    Q 


282  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS   OF 

This  interesting  object  is  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Lathurst,  of  Lidney 
Park,  to  whose  kiiulness  I  am  imlebtcd  for  the  impressions  from  which  the 
accompanying  woodcuts  have  boon  prepared. 

'*  Tlie  stone  is  of  the  usual  greenisli  grey  colour,  and  is  inscribed  on 
three  of  its  sides.  The  inscriptions  mention  three  salves  of  the  Roman 
oculist,  Julius  Jucundus,  viz.  his  Colh/rhim  Melinum,  a  salve  that  derives 
its  name  from  its  colour  of  honey,   and  which  appears  to  have  contained 


^jv/xr/e^i^gj  ( JYL  ] VCVND 3 


c-j  r/vM  >:x/^?^  CO  LDI^i;PE  N  C 


jyi.jyevKi2)2'\ 


i^oL^-imnnn 


Ceruse  and  Calamine  ;  CoUyrium  Stactutn,  which  was  to  be  applied  in 
drops,  and  CoUvrium  rcniciUum,  which  was  to  be  used  with  a  soft  sponge 
or  peniciUwn.  The  names  of  those  three  drugs  are  well  known  ;  the  first 
occurs  on  si.v  stamps,  the  second  on  twelve,  and  the  last  on  six  stamps.  I 
am  indebted  for  tiiesc  details  to  Dr.    Simpson's  valuable    Memoir  already 

quoted. 

The  chief  peculiarity  in  the  c.\ami)le  funiul  at  Lidney  is  the  introduction 
of  the  word  coUyrium,  which  appears  to  have  been  generally  considered 
superfluous.  It" occurs  on  two  stamps  only  of  those  hitherto  recorded: 
one  of  them  is  preserved  in  the  Bibliothcque  Jmperiale  at  Paris  ;  the 
other  is  in  the  British  Museum.  In  the  latter  e.vample  the  word  could  not 
well  be  dispensed  with,  as  the  name  of  any  particular  salvo  is  not 
mentioned. 

Manv  interesting  objects  have  been  discovered  at  Lidney  Park,  some 
of  which  arc  ent^raved  in  Lysons'  'lleliquia)  Britannico-lu»inana3.'  From 
a  curious  inscrij)tion  on  silver  discovered  there  it  wouhl  ajtpear  that  there 
was  a  temi)le  on  that  spot  dedicated  to  the  healing  god  Nodeus,  no  doubt 
a  local  form  of  the  Pvoman  Jvsculapius." 

Notices  of  various  stamj)8  used  by  Roman  oculists  or  empirics  have  been 
communicated  on  several  occasions  at  the  meetings  of  the  Institute.  In 
the  course  of  the  year  1855,  a  remarkable  discovery  has  been  nuidc  at 
Rhoims,  connected  with  these  vestiges  of  the  Roman  empirics.  Amongst 
Bomc  remains  of  buildings  were  found  a  bronze  ewer  with  the  basin 
belon'Mii"'  to  it,  a  pair  of  scales  and  a  stilyard,  seventeen  instruments  used 
by  oi-idihts,  ])incer8,  scalpels,  cauterising  instruments,  spatuhe,  itc,  the 
whole  of  bron/.f  and  of  fine  workmanship.  With  these  wore  brought  to 
light  remains  wliicb  appeared  by  careful  examination  and  analysis  to  have 
been  dry  coUvfia  in  small  cakes,  and  an  iron  vial  which  contained  a 
similar  compound  to  that  of  which  the  cakes  or  tal)let«  w«'re  formed.  An 
oculiht's  stamp  was  found  with  the.se  relitpies,  and  bronze  bowls,  in  (mc  of 
which  wore  two  fir^t  l)rasH  coins  of  Antoninus.  These  emious  objects  in 
connection  with  the  history  of  mediciin'  amongst  the  Romans  are  in  the 
pOHHOHKion  of  M.  Dufpienclle,  who  has  formed  mi  exlen^ivc;  eolleetioii  of 
local  unti(juitieH  at  llheims.' 

'   KfViH!  ArdiiM»logi(iiif,  Oct.  111.').*),  tonic  xii.  p.  VM>. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  283 

The  Rev.  Gkeville  J.  Chester,  Local  Secretary  in  Yorkshire,  sent  the 
following  account  of  a  recent  discovery  at  York. 

"  At  the  end  of  Fehruary  last  some  workmen  engaged  in  making  a  sewer 
in  Walmgate,  York,  threw  out  a  quantity  of  soil  into  the  middle  of  the 
street  during  the  night.  Next  morning  this  soil  was  found  to  be  full  of 
small  silver  coins,  which  were  picked  up  by  children  and  others,  to  the 
number,  as  nearly  as  I  can  learn,  of  about  a  hundred.  All  the  coins  thus 
discovered  which  I  have  seen,  witli  five  exceptions  only,  bear  the  name  of 
St.  Peter,  and  were  struck  at  York,  as  it  is  probable,  about  the  year  950. 
All  the  fifteen  pennies  in  my  own  possession  and  all  the  others  which  I 
have  seen,  with  one  exception,  resemble  type  No.  4,  described  in  Hawkins's 
Silver  Coins  of  England,  but  they  exliibit  numerous  small  ditferences. 
In  fact,  very  few  seem  to  be  struck  from  the  same  die.  The  ditferences 
consist  in  variations  in  the  shape  of  the  cross  on  the  reverse,  and  in  the 
spellini^  of  tlie  names  of  the  saint  and  the  city.  The  exceptional  penny 
alluded  to  above,  seems  to  be  of  a  new  and  unpublished  type  :  it  belongs  to 
Mr.  \V.  Procter,  of  York.  The  five  other  coins  found  with  those  of 
St.  Peter  are  all  in  my  own  collection.  They  comprise  two  pennies  of 
St.  Edmund,  a  halfpenny  of  St.  Edmund,  and  two  halfpennies  of  St.  Peter. 
This  discovery  of  coins  bearing  the  name  of  St.  Edmund  with  those  of 
St.  Peter  confirms  the  opinion  expressed  in  Mr.  Hawkins's  work,  that  they 
should  be  consigned  to  the  same  period.  The 
halfpence  of  St.  Peter  were  previously  to  this 
find  altogether  unknown.  One  of  them  whicli 
is  in  excellent  preservation  reads,  Obv  : — sciil 
TRill,  (Sancti  Petri)  a  small  cross  above  and 
below  and  two  dots  between  the  lines  :  Bev  :  naiipeuuy  struck  at  York. 
^  EPORACECI  round  a  cross  resembling  that  on 

the  pence.  [See  woodcut  .]  The  other  halfpenny  is  far  more  imperfect, 
but  though  struck  from  a  different  die,  it  also,  I  believe,  may  be  assigned 
to  St.  Peter.      Compare  Ruding,  pi.  12. 

This  interesting  hoard  of  coins  was  probably  in  the  first  instance 
deposited  in  a  wooden  box,  now  decayed.  I  gather  this  from  the  state- 
ment of  one  of  the  labourers,  who  informed  me  that  some  of  the  coins 
were  found  stuck  together  one  on  the  other — '  like  heaps  of  change  on  a 
counter.'  The  coins  were  found  at  the  depth  of  between  three  and  four 
feet  from  the  surface,  in  a  deposit  of  black  earth  :  many  of  them  were 
much  corroded  and  fell  to  pieces  on  attempts  being  made  to  clean  them, 
but  others  are  in  a  fine  state  of  preservation. 

A  large  stone  bead,  or  spindle-stone  for  the  distaff,  flat  below  and  round 
above,  with  three  annular  grooves  upon  the  upper  surface,  was  thrown 
out  of  the  same  excavation." 

Mr.  Salvin'  reported  the  satisfactory  progress  of  the  restorations  at 
Lindisfarne,  which  have  been  carried  out  under  his  directions.  At  a 
former  meeting  the  attention  of  the  Society  had  been  called  by  Mr.  Way  to 
the  neglected  condition  of  the  Abbey  Church,  and  the  rapid  progress  of 
decay,  urgently  demanding  some  conservative  precautions.  The  matter 
having  been  subsequently  brought  under  the  consideration  of  Her  Majesty's 
Commissioners  of  Public  AVorks,  the  sum  of  5001.  had  been  appropriated 
to  that  desirable  object,  and  the  work  had  been  entrusted  to  the  able 
direction  of  Mr.  Salvin.  The  site  of  the  abbey,  with  great  part  of  Holy 
Island,  form  part  of  the  possessions  of  the  Crown. 

"  A  liberal  grant  of  money  (Mr.  Salvin  observed)  having  been  made  by 


284  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

tiie  Crown  for  the  preservation  of  the  ruins  of  Limlisfarno  Abbey,  on  Holy 
Ishuul,  the  repairs  were  commenced  in  the  hitter  part  of  1855,  and  Iiappily 
all  those  portions  in  the  greatest  danger  were  made  secure  before  the 
winter.  Visitors  to  Holy  Island  will  remember  the  remarkable  arcade  over 
the  west  door  ;  this  with  a  considerable  portion  of  that  end  fell  for  want  of 
timely  precaution,  in  the  winter  of  1851  or  '52.  The  stones  have  all  been 
collected  and  replaced,  and  the  west  end  has  now  the  same  appearance  it 
has  had  for  at  least  the  present  century.  In  searching  for  stone  the 
rubbish  has  been  cleared  from  the  walls,  and  the  base  discovered  in  a  very 
perfect  condition  all  round  the  building.  The  arches  have  been  made 
secure.  The  loose  stones  on  tlie  top  of  the  walls  are  fixed,  and  holes  and 
broken  portions  of  piers  filled  up  to  prevent  the  action  of  the  winds,  which 
crumble  and  hollow  out  cavities  in  a  singular  manner.  It  is  also  intended 
to  cover  the  walls  with  asphalt  to  prevent  the  rain  from  penetrating  and 
increasing  the  injurious  etieets  frost  has  on  ruins.  Many  curious  fragments 
wiiich  had  been  carried  away  have  been  rescued  from  walls  and  fences  in 
the  island,  and  a  check  has,  it  is  hoped,  been  at  length  effectually  put  to 
the  wanton  injuries  and  decay  which  have  of  late  years  been  viewed  with  so 
much  regret  by  visitors  to  Lindisfarne.  This  most  interesting  fabric  will 
now  be  preserved  for  many  years  from  further  dilapidation." 

Mr.  W.  S.  Walfukd  gave  an  account  of  a  small  silver  casket  preserved 
at  Goodrich  Court.     (Printed  in  this  volume,  p.  134.) 

Mr.  J.  PoLLAKD  communicated  the  following  statement  relating  to  the 
discovery  of  early  interments,  at  Lincoln,  in  which  the  corpses  had  been 
wrapped  in  hair-cluth  garments. 

"In  the  year  1840  a  stone  coffin  was  found  on  the  outside  of  Lincoln 
cathedral,  not  many  inches  below  the  surface  of  the  ground,  near  to 
the  south-east  angle  of  the  south  arm  of  the  upper  transept.  It  was 
covered  with  a  lid  of  the  same  material  in  one  piece.  The  bones  of 
the  corpse,  which  had  been  deposited  in  the  coffin,  were  when  first 
discovered  in  a  perfect  state,  but  shortly  fell  to  dust  after  exposure  to 
the  air.  What  excited  much  curiosity  was  the  circumstance  of  the 
body  having  been  enveloped  in  a  dress  composed  of  the  hair  of  some 
animal,  which  appeared  to  have  been  woven  to  the  proper  shape  for  the 
purpose. 

In  1842,  in  lowering  the  ground  near  the  same  spot,  four  other  stone 
coffins  were  discovered,  some  of  tlicm  still  nearer  to  the  surface  than  that 
before  referred  to.  In  one  of  these,  evidently  containing  the  remains  of  an 
ecclesiastic,  was  found  a  small  latten  or  pewter  cup  ;  the  bones  were  perfect, 
and  enveloped  in  a  similar  habit  to  that  before  described,  wove  to  fit  the 
body,  thighs,  legs,  and  feet.  Three  other  similar  coffins  were  soon  after 
laid  bare  ;  the  remains  of  two  of  these  were  covered  with  sitnilar  hair 
shirtA  or  shrouds.     A  piece  of  the  tissue  is  sent  for  examimition. 

The  opinion  entertained  is,  that  these  bo<lies  were  iiit(>rred  in  the 
Xlllth  century.  'I'Ik!  eofUn  discovered  in  1840,  and  one  of  those  in  1842, 
W(?re  taken  U[i  and  removed  into  the  cloistcrB,  as  they  could  not  well  bo 
lowered  so  as  to  bo  below  the  surface  of  the  ground  so  altered." 

The  use  of  the  ri/irinm,  or  undi^r  garment  of  liair-clotli,  appears  to  have 
been  frorpiently  adopted,  as  by  Becket,  for  penance  or  mortification  of  the 
flcHli. — Sec  Fosltroke  H  Monachism,  p.  31.  liven  liedge-liog  skins  {pcllrs 
hericii)  were  worn  for  this  purfiose  ;  the  praetie<>  is  forliidilen  in  the 
"  Aneren  Kiwlo,"p.  419  ;  nee  also  p.  .'}8.'!.  The  rr'niains  of  such  tissue 
of  hair  have  occafliunally  been  Muiif.il  in  midin-viil  iiiternients. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  285 

Mr.  Joseph  Bcrtt  read  the  following  particulars,  connected  with  the 
early  commercial  importance  of  Bristol  ;  they  throw  fresh  liglit  on  certain 
interesting  facts  communicated  by  him  on  the  occasion  of  the  meeting  of 
the  Institute  in  that  city  in  1851  : — 

*'  To  the  volume  which  the  meeting  of  tlie  Institute  at  Bristol  contributed 
in  illustration  of  the  antiquities  of  that  city,  I  furnished  a  few  particulars 
of  some  proceedings  taken  by  the  mayor  and  commonalty  to  be  released 
from  the  exercise  of  a  privilege  which,  in  early  times,  must  have  been  very 
seldom  appealed  against. 

"  Without  the  opportunity  of  holding  fairs,  the  advantages  resulting 
from  the  productions  of  handicrafts  and  the  wealth  of  commerce  were 
exceedingly  limited.  They  became,  accordingly,  the  occasions  of  frequent 
and  bitter  disputes  ;  and,  in  the  history  of  most  cities  of  high  commercial 
rank,  we  find  accounts  similar  to  those  which  record  the  struggles  of  the 
Corporation  of  London  with  the  sovereigns  of  this  country,  when  they  found 
a  profit  in  supporting  the  Abbot  of  Westminster,  the  Prior  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew, or  some  other  neighbouring  soke-lord,  in  their  claims  to  a  fair, 
against  whicdi  nothing  but  the  ready  cash  of  the  city  had  any  weight. 

"  But  there  must  have  been  something  peculiar  in  the  circumstances  of 
the  holder  of  such  a  privilege,  either  corporate  or  individual,  who  had  to 
complain  that  what  had  been  eagerly  sought  for  as  a  benefit  a  few  years 
before,  had  become  disadvantageous  and  a  burden.  And  the  tracing  the 
fluctuations  of  mercantile  prosperity  in  so  important  a  commercial  mart  as 
Bristol — the  Liverpool  of  its  day, — or  rather,  I  would  say,  the  rescue  of 
facts  relating  thereto  from  utter  oblivion,  will,  I  am  sure,  be  considered  a 
subject  in  every  way  worthy  the  attention  of  the  Institute. 

"  The  few  introductory  remarks  I  prefixed  to  the  documents  printed  in 
the  '  Bristol  Volume  '  were  made  in  the  hope  that  they  would  lead  the 
way  to  the  discovery  of  other  particulars  relating  to  that  subject,  most  pro- 
bably among  the  archives  of  the  city  itself.  But  nothing  was  met  with  in 
that  quarter.  This  passage  in  the  history  of  their  commerce  was  entirely  a 
new  one  to  the  merchants  of  Bristol ;  and  it  is  only  very  lately  that  I  have 
myself  met  with  some  further  evidence  which  now  enables  me  pretty 
clearly  to  trace  out,  if  not  entirely  to  supply  the  missing  portions  that  were 
wanting  to  complete  this  page  in  their  commercial  annals. 

"  What  I  have  already  brought  forward  was  a  copy  of  the  original  peti- 
tion of  the  mayor  and  principal  inhabitants  of  Bristol  to  the  Lord  Privy 
Seal,  setting  out  in  very  plaintive  terms  the  ill  effects  upon  the  trade  of  the 
town  produced  by  the  fair  held  at  Candlemas  [Feb.  2].  I  have  now  to 
bring  before  you  some  interrogatories  and  depositions  upon  the  subject, 
which  I  have  found  with  some  proceedings  of  the  Court  of  Star  Cham- 
ber, but  to  which  court  I  do  not  consider  they  belong.  They  are,  doubtless, 
the  result  of  proceedings  consequent  upon  the  petition  already  printed,  and 
they  contain  many  references  to  facts  and  other  particulars  which  do  not 
appear  in  that  instrument,  though  they  also  comprise  its  principal  state- 
ments. A  commission,  directed  by  the  Bishop  of  Bristol,  Sir  John  Seynt- 
low,  and  John  Key,  Esq.,  had  been  issued  (probably  out  of  the  Court  of 
Requests),  under  whose  authority  witnesses  were  examined  at  Bristol  in  the 
35th  year  of  King  Henry  VIII.  (a. D.  154r4).  By  the  answers  of  the  wit- 
nesses, who  comprised  the  principal  merchants  and  inhabitants  of  the  city, 
it  appears  that  fourteen  years  previously  the  then  mayor  had  been  induced 
to  obtain  a  royal  grant  of  the  fair  in  question,  and  I  was  thus  guided  to  the 


2SG  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

Fatont  Roll,  inuin  which  tliat  lUieuiueiit  woiihl  he  recoriloil.  Accordingly, 
I  found  the  Letters  Patent  :  they  are  dated  20th  of  Septemher,  in  the  I'lst 
year  of  the  king  (a.d.  1;)30),  and  they  give  to  the  mayor,  kc.  of  Bristol 
the  right  to  them  and  their  successors  for  ever  of  holding  an  annual  fair 
within  the  bounds  of  the  parish  of  St.  Mary  of  Redclitf  for  the  space  of 
eight  days  ;  viz.,  from  the  2nd  to  the  9th  day  of  February  in  each  year, 
with  the  ri«rht  of  takintr  tolls,  kc.  The  jjrant  itself  is  cancelled,  and  in 
the  n)ar;j;in  the  occasion  of  its  being  so  is  clearly  referred  to  the  proceed- 
ings which  1  have  now  brought  forward. 

"  It  there  says,  'These  Letters  patent,  with  their  enrolment,  were 
vacated  because  the  Mayor,  etc.,  of  Bristol,  on  the  lOth  of  June,  in  thoooth 
year  of  the  reign,  by  John  Willy,  their  attorney,  duly  authorised  under  the 
common  seal  of  the  town,  persoiuvUy  appeared  in  our  Chancery,  and 
surrendered  these  Letters  there  according  to  the  form  and  effect  of  a  certain 
order  made  by  our  Council  on  the  27th  of  May  last.  Therefore  the  said 
Letters  Fatent,  together  with  their  enrolment,  are  cancelled  and  annulled, 
as  appears  in  the  said  surrender.' 

"  Tills  fair  it  was  proposed  to  sub-grant  to  the  Master  of  St.  John  of 
Jerusalem  and  the  Vicar  of  lledcliff,  in  whose  district  it  was  to  be  held, 
under  conditions  that  it  was  not  to  prejudice  the  town.  These  parties 
appear  to  have  been  the  prime  movers  in  inducing  the  Mayor  to  obtain  the 
grant.  It  appears  the  sub-grant  was  made,  but  without  the  condition 
annexed.  In  answer  to  the  enquiries  as  to  tlie  effect  of  the  fair  upon  the 
trade  of  the  town,  they  allege  that  it  had  been  unprofitable  in  the  extreme, 
and  fully  confirm  all  the  allegations  contained  in  the  petition,  some  of 
wliieh  are  almost  literally  expressed.  The  great  objection  to  the  fair  was 
that  strangers  and  other  buyers  were  enabled  there  to  meet  and  deal  with 
those  who  had  wares  to  dispose  of,  without  the  intervention  of  the  inluibi- 
tants  ;  and  the  decay  of  the  'great  shippis  wherein  is  reised  and  mayn- 
teyned  many  good  mariners  '  is  pronounced  as  very  imminent,  and  involving 
with  it  the  fate  of  numerous  de|)endents  and  chapmen.  From  one  portion 
of  the  depositions  we  gather  that  the  burgesses  had  long  wished  to  get  rid 
of  the  fair. 

"  The  relation  of  William  Fi)]iley,  gentleman,  aged  fifty,  and  a  native  nf 
liristol,  sets  out  that  he  being  servant  to  the  Earl  of  Essex,  Master  of  the 
Kolls,  was  visited — then  about  seven  years  since — by  some  of  his  acquaint- 
ances, burgesses  of  the  City,  who  showed  him  how  the  connnoiuilty  sustained 
much  loss  by  the  fair  at  Candlemas,  and  that  greater  decay  was  like  to 
ensue  if  it  continued;  so  they  desired  him  to  intercede  witii  his  master  to 
annul  the  fair,  whereon  he,  '  considerynge  he  had  fryndly  ac(pieaunta»ince 
with  the  parochians  of  Ivedclyffe,  who  had  procured  to  have  the  said  Fain;, 
hciit  woord  unto  them  of  the  said  re(|uest  nnide  to  him  by  the  said 
burgosHes  ;  whereupon  they  sent  unto  hym  one  \\'cr»  Cheritie.  one  of  the 
liead  or  clicilf  of  the  I'arisshe  of  Kailditi".  and  he  said  in  ilede  iif  itt  be 
loHse  to  the  towne,  itt  is  lille  proilit  to  the  Churche  ;  and  to  prove  tlie  same 
hhcwed  to  th(r  saiil  I'oplcy  certain  bokes  of  acc(tm|)t  to  declare  th(^  same ;  and 
ferthcr  said  iff  the  Mayor  and  his  brethren  wold  rcHtor(r  them  to  the  money 
they  iuid  paid  for  the  charges  of  the  Faire  they  wt;re  contented  to  surrender 
tlieir  interest  therein  ;  '  but  the  suit  was  not  lollowed  vi|i.  I'opley  concludes 
by  remarking  that  being  born  in  Bristol,  '  and  seeing  liiat  the  occu|)i<>rs  of 
the  itaid  city  do  not  bo  well  encreace  as  they  have  <lone  hefore  tiu^  said 
fttirc   was   kept,   by   reson   tliat  oil  strungerH  that  were   wunt    ulkdy    to 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  287 

repayre  with  many  kiiules  of  inorcliancIi.se,  espicially  with  fisshe,  they  tarv 
now,  and  come  all  at  once  to  the  faire  where  other  straungers  have  the 
choyse  and  most  part  thereof  at  their  pleasure — yea,  and  rather  better 
chepe  than  the  conions  shall  have,  bycawse  they  take  and  bye  great 
quantitie  at  ones  ;  and  fcwe  of  them  that  nioost  desier  to  have  the  faire  (if 
itt  be  trewly  enscrchid)  be  the  better  therby  at  the  yeres  end  one  penye.' 

"  Some  details  are  then  given  of  certain  profits  belonging  to  the  church 
of  RedclifFe,  but  apparently  not  in  connection  with  the  fair. 

"  I  will  conclude  by  referring  to  another  petition  relating  to  the  condition 
of  Bristol,  which,  though  undated,  may  perhaps  have  some  reference  to  the 
effects  of  the  fair.  It  asserts  that  upwards  of  nine  hundred  houses  had 
fallen  down,  and  speaks  of  the  general  decay  of  the  town.  As  the  means 
of  raising  its  condition  it  prays  that  it  may  be  released  from  paying  prisage 
of  wines,  and  from  the  pa\Mnent  to  the  Castle,  '  which  is  now  in  utter  ruin, 
and  serveth  for  no  purpose  but  for  idle  persons  to  play  there  at  the  bowles 
and  other  unlawful  games.'  It  prays  also  that  religious  and  other  persons 
might  be  allowed  to  subscribe  for  the  purchase  of  the  King's  fee  farm,  and 
then  the  tolls  and  duties  taken  from  merchant  strangers  would  be  entirely 
remitted  by  the  Corporation." 


'Hntiqutttfjf  mts  CJUorit^  of  9rt  evijiliitcii. 

By  the  Hon.  R.  C.  Neville. — A  Roman  die,  of  bone,  found  in  ploughino- 
at  Arbor  Banks,  in  the  parish  of  Ash  well,  Herts,  about  1820.  Roman 
pottery,  coins,  &,c.,  were  discovered  at  the  same  place  :  the  spoils  situated 
on  the  property  of  Mr.  Nash,  Fordham,  of  Royston.  Each  side  of  the  cube 
measures  about  f  of  an  inch  ;  the  pips  are  marked  by  two  concentric 
circles,  with  a  central  point.  The  die  had  been  placed  in  a  vessel  of 
Roman  ware,  in  which  it  was  found.  Two  diminutive  bone  dice,  in  the 
Faussett  Collections,  found  in  Kent,  are  figured  in  Mr.  Roach  Smith's 
"Inventorium  Sepulchrale,"  p.  7.  Several  Roman  dice  are  figured  in 
Tersan  (Arts  et  Metiers,  pi.  18)  ;  they  are  of  ivory,  bone,  agate,  rock- 
crystal,  and  basalt :  the  bone  die  is  perforated  through  the  middle  in  one 
direction. 

By  Mr.  A.  W.  Franks. — A  small  four-footed  stand  of  bronze,  like  a 
diminutive  model  of  a  stool,  the  upper  part  enamelled  :  it  belongs  to  the 
same  rare  class  of  Roman  reliques  of  which  two  specimens,  found  on  Farley 
Heath,  and  presented  to  the  British  Museum  by  Henry  Drummond,  Esq., 
M.F.,  are  figured  in  this  Journal,  vol.  xi.,  p.  27. — A  looped  enamelled  orna- 
ment, formed  for  suspension  to  horse-trappings,  or  for  some  similar  purpose: 
diam.  2i  in.  It  is  charged  with  an  escutcheon,  quarterly,  Toulouse,  and 
France,  semy.  It  is  figured  in  the  Journal  of  the  Archaeological  Associa- 
tion, vol.  v.,  p.  161,  with  a  notice  by  Mr.  Planche,  who  is  inclined  to  assio-n 
it  to  John,  King  of  France,  taken  prisoner  at  Poictiers,  1356,  sujiposing  it 
to  bear  his  arms  as  Count  of  Toulouse. — A  proof-piece,  struck  in  a  thick 
piece  of  lead  from  dies  for  coining  pennies  of  the  reign  of  King  Alfred,  the 
type  resembling  that  of  fig.  176,  pi.  .\iii.,  of  Mr.  Hawkins'  Silver  Coins.  It 
is  evidently  a  trial-piece  of  the  engraver.  Figured  in  Gent.  Ma"-.,  1842, 
part,  ii.,  p.  498,  and   in   the  catalogue  of  Mr.  Roach   Smith's    Museum  of 

London  Antiquities,  p.  107.      It  was  found  in   St.  Paul's  Churchyard. A 

large  collection  of  pilgrims'  signs,  or  signacula,  of  lead  or  pewter,  found  in 
London,  comprising  several  "Canterbury  Bells,"  one  of  them  bearino-  the 


28S  TROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

name  of  St.  Tlionias  ;  a  niitroil  lioail,  similarly  inscribed  (figured  in  Mr. 
Roach  Smitli's  Collectanea,  vol.  ii.,  jil.  xvii.)  ;  a  figure  of  a  bishop  on  horse- 
back, possibly  intended  to  represent  ]^ecket  ;  two  ampnlhv;  a  sword  scab- 
bard, with  an  escutcheon  afti.xed  behind  it  ;  the  lid  of  an  hexagonal  ]iyx, 
inscribed  with  the  names  of  the  three  Kings  of  the  East  :  it  was  found  in 
the  Thames,  (figured.  Collectanea,  vol.  i.,  |>1.  xliii.)  These  curious  reliijuos 
liave  subsequently  been  deposited,  with  Mr.  Roach  Smith's  collection,  in 
the  Briti.-ih  Museum. 

By  Mr.  Cole. — A  bronze  fibula,  jtrobably  of  late  Roman  workmansliip, 
plated  with  tin  or  some  white  metal  :  it  was  found  a  considerable  dei)th  in 
Throgmorton  Street,  City,  as  related  at  the  previous  meeting.  Also,  a 
small  globular  money-pot,  or  tirelire,  of  green  glazed  ware,  found  in  Dunster 
Court. 

By  the  Rev,  Edwaiid  IIahstox,  Vicar  of  Sherborne,  Dorset. — Photo- 
graphic representations  of  a  remarkable  sculptured  fragment,  found  in  June, 
1S54,  in  digging  a  grave  near  the  south  porch  of  tlic  Abbey  Church.  It 
lay  ten  feet  below  tlie  surface,  and  portions  of  niosaic  pavement,  and  tiles 
with  impressed  patterns,  were  brought  to  light  at  the  same  time.  Careful 
search  was  made,  but  in  vain,  for  any  other  fragments  of  sculpture.  During 
recent  "  restorations  "  of  the  church,  portions  of  old  monuments  of  similar 
description,  one  of  them  with  a  crosier  and  inscription,  were  found  in  much 
better  preservation  than  that  under  consideration  ;  but,  according  to  the 
account  given  by  the  se-xton,  the  workmen  always  threw  them  in  again 
amongst  the  rubbish.  A  notice  of  the  discovery  in  1854  had  been  sent  to 
Professor  Willis  by  the  Rev.  J.  Williauison,  and  Mr.  Ilarston,  who  had 
shortly  after  been  presented  to  the  living,  supplied  further  infonnation. 
At  his  request  Mr.  Bergman,  of  Sherborne,  had,  in  the  most  obliging 
manner,  given  the  aid  of  his  skill  in  the  art  of  i»hotograi)hy.  Through  his 
kindness  we  are  enabled  to  present  to  our  readers  the  accompanying  repre- 
sentation, a  fresh  example  of  the  great  value  of  the  photograpiiic  art  as  an 
au.xiliary  to  antiquarian  research.  The  sculptured  fragment,  described  as 
of  granite,  is  evidently  part  of  a  monumental  effigy,  chiselled  on  the  lid  of  a 
Btone  coffin,  or  low  altar  tomb,  of  greater  width  at  the  liead  than  at  tlie 
foot.  The  tonsure  is  distinctly  shown,  the  hair  and  the  beard  are  arranged 
in  locks  with  singular  conventional  regularity,  similar  to  that  shown  in  tho 
remarkable  sculptures  in  Chichester  Cathedral,  figured  in  this  Journal,  vol. 
.xii.,  p.  409.  The  stone  measures  about  27  inches  at  top,  25  inches  at  the 
bottom  ;  the  length  of  either  side  about  22  inches  ;  thickness,  8  inches.  Tho 
inscription,  ruiniing  round  the  circular  arch  over  the  head  of  the  effigy,  is 
to  be  read  thus,  the  numerous  contractions  being  given  in  c.itcnso, — 

CLK.MKN'.S  :   CLEMENTKM  :   »Un  '.  SENTIAT  :  OMNII'OTK.NTEM  : 

q\o:  DUM  :  viveiiat:  uomvs  :  iiec  :  domina.nte  :  vioeiiat. 
This  Lroninc  distich  may  bo  thus  rendered  : — May  Clement  find  the  Omni- 
potent cleuM-nt  to  him  ;   under  whose  rule,  (namely,  the   Abbiit  Clement's.) 
throughout  his  life,  this  house  fiourished. 

There  screniH  good  reason  to  regard  this  curious  sculpture  as  jiart  of  tho 
niemoriul  of  Clement,  Abbot  of  Sherborne,  about  the  middlt>  of  the  Xlllh 
(.•(;ntury.  I'eter  was  abbot  about  1112,  and  Clement  occurs  in  1  Ki.'J.  but 
the  jirecise  date  of  hih  succession,  as  also  of  his  deeeiise,  is  not  known, 
lie  may  have  been  living  as  lute  as  ll.SH,  when  Williani  do  Stoke  was 
cdccttid  abbot.' 

'  Hiilcirmn'H  IliMt.  oi   DorHit.     WilliH,  "  Milnd  AMk  ys,"  vol.  ii.  j..  71. 


FRAGMENT   OF  A   SCULPTURED  EFFIGY  DISCOVERED   AT  THE 
ABBEY   CHURCH,  SHERBORNE,  DORSET. 

[Supposed  to  be  part  of  the  Sepulcliral  .Meiuorial  of  Clement,  Abbot  of  Sherborne 

about  A.D.  11G3.] 


CLEMENS   CLEMENTEM  SIBI  SENTIAT   OMNIPOTENTEM. 
QUO   DUM   VIVEBAT  DOMUS   EEC   DOMINANTE   VIGEI3AT. 


VOI-.   XIll. 


11  II 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE. 


289 


By  the  Rev.  "Walter  Sneyd. — Four  glass  beads,  stated  to  have  been 
found  in  Berkshire  ;  a  metal  figure  of  St.  George  and  the  Dragon,  found 
in  Oxfordshire  ;  and  an  ornament  of  copper,  originally  enamelled  {champ- 
leve),  described  as  found  near  the  Beacon  Hill,  Kent.  The  latter  is  an 
unusual  example  of  the  looped  enamelled  ornaments  formed  for  suspension, 
as  supposed,  to  horse-trappings  and  harness,  of  which  numerous  specimens, 
in  form  of  escutcheons,  have  been  produced  at  the  meetings  of  the  Institute. 
This  cruciform  ornament  (see  woodcut ,  orig.  size)  is  charged  with  five 
caldrons,  probably  taken  from  the  armorial  bearing  of  some  Spanish  family 
(De  Lara  ?).     Palliot  gives  the  following  coat, — "  De  Lara  en  Espagne 


Enamelled  Cross.     Orig.  size.     Date,  XlVth  cent. 

porte  de  gueules  a  deux  chaudieres  fascees  d'or  et  de  sable,  en  chacun  8 
serpens  de  sinople  issans  des  costc's  de  I'ance."  The  caldrons  appear  here 
to  he  fascees,  but  the  colours,  which  were  expressed  by  enamel,  have  unfor- 
tunately disappeared.  Some  trace,  however,  of  gules  may  be  seen  in  the 
field. 

By  Mr.  Albert  Way. — An  enamelled  ornament  of  copper,  chased  in 
relief,  partly  gilt,  and  preserving  portions  of  rich  colouring:  it  is  probably 
of  early  mediaeval  date,  and  had  been  recently  purchased  in  London  by  Mr. 
C.  Roach  Smith. 

By  the  Hon.  W.  Fox  Straxgways. — Transcript  of  a  fragment  found  in 
the  binding  of  a  volume  of  old  i\IS.  collections  in  his  possession,  containing 
medical  receipts,  physical  charms,  a  treatise  on  astrology,  the  virtue  of 
herbs,  (tc.  It  is  a  copy  of  the  oath  and  homage  of  John  Balliol  for  the 
Kingdom  of  Scotland,  done  before  Edward  I.,  at  Norham  Castle,  Nov.  20, 
1292,  and  printed  in  the  series  of  documents  given  in  Rymer,  vol.  i.,p.  781 
(new  edit.).  This  transcript,  probably  of  contemporary  date,  is  closely  con- 
formable to  the  text  as  there  printed. — Two  plates,  architectural  subjects, 
fi'om  the  last  number  of  lIeidelotl"'s  '  Deutsche  Ornamcntik,'  representations 


200  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

of  windows  in  the  Castle  of  Rotenburp;,  called  the  P.ilaee  of  the  Dukes  of 
Franconia,  and  of  a  modern  house  built  at  Nurember;^. 

By  Mr.  W.  TiTK.  M.P. — Two  illuminated  service  books,  Italian  MSS.  of 
the  XVth  century. — Two  riatoria,  or  portable  dials  ;  and  an  elaborately 
sculptured  ivory  comb,  probably  of  the  work  of  Goa,  in  the  times  of  Portu- 
guese occupation. 

By  Mr.  F.  A.  C.^RRIN'GTON". — A  massive  gold  ring,  found  in  a  gravel  pit 
on  the  Bansted  Downs,  Surrey,  and  bearing  the  initials — W.  T. — Date, 
XVI.  cent. 

By  Mr.  OcTAVins  Morgan*.  M.P. — .V  massive  Papal  ring,  of  Pope 
Paul  II.  Pietro  Barbo,  a  Venetian  of  good  family,  was  elected  Pope 
under  this  name  in  14G4.  lie  projected  an  expedition  against  the  Turks, 
and  Ferdinand,  King  of  Naples,  promised  him  aid,  if  he  would  remit 
a  debt  due  from  him  to  tlie  Holy  See.  He  achieved  the  union  of  all  the 
Princes  of  Italy,  and  received  with  great  state  the  Emperor  Frederick  III., 
to  whom  he  gave  a  consecrated  sword.  He  died  in  1471,  having  been 
found  dead  in  his  bed,  as  it  was  supposed  from  apople.vy,  having  eaten  two 
large  melons  for  supper.  The  ring  is  of  large  size,  and  has  for  a  stone  a 
piece  of  rich  crystal,  with  red  foil  under  it.  It  is  ornamented  with 
emblematical  figures  of  the  four  evangelists,  and  has  on  one  side  the 
family  arms  of  Barbo,  surmounted  by  tiie  Papal  tiara,  and  on  the  other 
the  arms  of  Arragon,  which  were  also  those  of  Ferdinand,  King  of  Naples, 
who  was  of  the  Arragon  family  ;  these  are  surmounted  by  a  pointed  crown 
or   coronet   of  fine  points.      The  ring  bears  the   inscription, — taulos  P.r. 

SKCU.NDLS. 

By  .Miss  J.  M.  BocKETT. — A  large  silver  niL'dal  (Schaumunze)  of  .lohn 
Frederic,  Fleeter  of  Sa.xony,  called  the  Magnanimous.  He  succeeded  in 
15.'32,  and  died  in  1554.  Obv.,  the  bust  of  the  elector,  seen  nearly  full  face, 
a  drawn  sword  upraised  in  his  right  hand,  with  his  left  he  holds  his  hat, 
placed  before  him.  ioankis  .  frideuicvs  .  elector  .  Dvx  .  saxonie  .  fieri  . 
FECIT .  ETATis  .sv.E  .  32.  Under  his  hand  are  the  initials  II — R.  united, 
being  the  monogram  of  Ileinrich  Reitz  of  Leipsic,  an  artist  of  considerable 
celebrity.  On  the  reverse  there  is  a  large  richly  decorated  achievement 
of  numerous  quarterings,  cnsigned  with  three  helms  and  crests,  land»re(iuins, 
«tc. — SPEM    MEA    I.V    1)E0    EST    ANNO    NOSTUI     SALVATOKIS     .M.D.X.X.X.V.       This 

fine  medal  measures  ratlier  more  than  2i  in.  diani.  It  appears  to  have 
been  cast,  and  then  worked  up  by  the  tool.  Mr.  Franks  does  not  notice  it 
in  his  accounts  of  the  works  of  Ileinrich  Reitz,  in  this  .lournal,  V(d.  viii., 
p.  317,  where  a  representation  of  one  of  his  finest  prdductions  may  be 
seen. 

By  Mr.  Charles  Wii.cox,  of  Wareham. — Brass  matrix  of  the  sen!  of  the 
prioress  of  the  Benedictine  nuiniery  of  Ivingho,  or  St  Margaret's  do  Bosco, 
liuckingham.shire,  foundi'd  by  William  Gitfard,  Bishop  of  Winchester, 
early  in  the  Xllth  century.  This  nnitrix  was  found  in  a  wall  at  Worth 
.Matravers,  in  the  isle  of  Purbeck,  Dorset.  It  is  of  round  form  ;  diameter 
rather  more  than  Heven-eightliH  of  an  iiu-h  :  the  device  is  a  crowned  female 
IdiMt,  seen  full  face,  possibly  representing  St.  Margaret.*  »'l(Jllllim 
piiOltfigf  :  tJf  :  ibllUQho  Date,  lato  XlVth  century.  This  seal  is  not 
UK  iitiiiiifd  Ml  (JalrvM  edition  of  Dug<lale's  Monastieon,  where  a  list  of 
tlnr  [(riiuesHUH  i.H  given  (vol.  iv.,  p.  2G<S).  An  impression  of  tin*  comnioii 
bcal  of  the  nunnery  is  app<'iiili'd  to   the  llarliiaii  Cluirler,  dated  1,''25. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  291 

June  6,  185G. 
The  IIox.  Richard  C.  Neville,  F.S.A.,  Vice-President,  in  tlie  chair. 

Mr.  J.  M.  Kemble,  in  continuation  of  his  valuable  illustrations  of  the 
ancient  mortuary  custom-;  of  Scandinavia,  offered  some  observations  upon 
the  various  fruits  and  plants  found  in  connection  with  the  interments  of 
nortliern  nations,  as  also  upon  their  stone-worship.  lie  adverted  to  the 
ancient  use  of  the  liazel-twig,  of  which  the  tradition  may  be  recognised 
even  in  very  recent  times,  in  the  divining  rod  used  in  Cornwall  and  other 
parts  of  England  for  discovering  water  or  veins  of  metal.  Hazel-nuts  hail 
been  found  in  the  hands  of  buried  skeletons  ;  and  in  two  instances,  which 
had  come  under  Mr.  Kemble's  own  observation,  walnuts  had  been  found 
thus  deposited.  He  stated  various  other  remarkable  facts  in  illustration 
of  this  remarkable  subject.'  In  regard  to  stone  monuments  of  the  earliest 
periods,  Mr.  Kemble  remarked  that  a  large  ring  of  stones  appeared  to  have 
enclosed  a  place  of  combat  or  judgment ;  and  connected  with  it  was  a 
great  stone, — the  stone  of  Thor,  upon  which  criminals,  or  vanquished  com- 
batants, were  slain  or  sacrificed  by  having  the  spine  broken.  Large  stones 
were  regarded  as  abodes  of  the  gods,  and  Mr.  Kemble  cited  various  legends 
in  connection  with  such  superstition.  Circles  of  stone  were  sometimes  con- 
sidered to  be  persons, — for  instance,  a  nuptial  procession  turned  into  stone 
during  a  violent  thunderstorm.  Mr.  Kemble  concluded  his  discourse  by 
earnestly  advocating  the  careful  collection  of  all  the  materials  which  may 
tend  to  throw  light  upon  the  customs  of  the  earlier  periods,  still  involved  in 
so  much  obscurity ;  and  the  endeavour  by  such  means  to  establish  our 
knowledge  and  opinions  upon  a  secure  basis. 

The  Hon.  R.  C.  Neville  gave  a  short  account  of  the  discovery  of  a 
Roman  interment,  accompanied  by  glass  unguentaria  and  other  reliques. 

"  The  five  Roman  unguentaria  (which  were  exhibited)  were  fotmd  in  a 
square  leaden  coffin,  with  a  bronze  armlet,  a  bone  pin,  and  a  small  brass 
coin  of  Cunobclin.  The  discovery  took  place  in  lowering  a  hillock  at 
Meldreth,  Cambridgeshire,  about  1816.  The  place  is  called  "  Metal 
Hill,"  and  is  not  an  artificial  tumulus,  but  apparently  a  natural  eminence. 
The  name  possibly  may  be  a  corruption  of  Muttilow,  the  name  of  several 
places  of  ancient  sculpture.  Muttilow  Hill  is  the  designation  of  the  tumulus 
on  the  Fleam  Dyke,  Cambridgeshire,  opened  under  n)y  directions  in  1852, 
as  related  in  this  Journal,  vol.  ix.,  p.  226.  Myrtle  Hill,  at  Wenden,  Essex, 
as  it  is  now  called,  is  properly,  as  I  believe,  Muttilow  Hill  ;  and  ancient 
interments  have  been  found  there.  The  glass  vessels  and  other  ancient 
objects  submitted  to  the  meeting  are  actually  the  property  of  Mr.  Carver, 
of  Meldreth,  by  whom  they  were  purchased  from  the  workmen  at  the  time 
of  the  discovery." 

Mr.  W.  W.  E.  Wynne,  M.P.,  communicated  representations  of  a  singular 
rude  wooden  vessel,  supposed  to  have  been  used  as  a  font,  preserved  in  the 
hall  at  Pengwern,  the  seat  of  Lord  Mostyn,  in  Denbighshire.      Mr.  Wvnne 

^  In  an  interment  fouml  in  county  Kin-  pebbles;   and  around  tlie  body,  as   it  was 

cardiiie,    in    lii"2"2,  a    skeleton    oceuiTed,  lielieved,  had    been   placed   a   number   of 

placed  doubled  up,    in    a   stone  cist,   the  acorns. —  Arcti.  Scot ,  vol.  ii.,  p.  463. 
flour  of  wliicli  was  strewed  with  sea-sliore 


292 


PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 


gave  tlie   following   account   of   this  curious   reliquc,   by  Richard   Llwyd, 
written  in  1790. 

**  It  was  found  in  a  bog  near  Dinas  Mowddwy,  in  ^ferionethshire,  possibly 
in  old  times  occupied  by  some  great  forest,  ami  near  the  site  of  sonic 
building,  of  which  there  is  not  a  vestige  left.  It  is  formed  of  a  massy 
piece  of  knotty  oak,  rude  on  tlie  sides  as  in  the  state  of  nature,  the  top 
and  bottom  levelled  seemingly  with  no  better  instrument  than  thea.xe.  On 
the   upper  part   is   a  large  hollow  basin  capable  of  containing  about   six 


Wooden  Font,  ut  IVnKwcrn,  1)cnlji(;li«liirc. 

qiinrts.  A  little  bc^oinl  this  is  a  KUjicrdcial  hollow  of  snuill  diamolpr, 
witli  an  artlcHH  f<dia;.M!  witli  round  l)erries  (i.xed  to  the  leaves,  cut  ou  each 
sidf,  nnd  iminediately  beyond  a  narrow  slope  had  been  formed  on  which  is 
cut  in  large  IctterB  the  word  Atiiuvwvn,  which  Davis  interprets  Vxtgnantes 
et  dixcf/rdantes  srjtitigcrc.  Atiiuvwvn  is  a  word  still  in  use,  but  not  com- 
monly, but  in  the  Bamc  Kcnse  as  that  given  in  the  Welsh  Dietiomiry. 

The  diameter  of  the  larger  hollow  is  11  inchoH  ;  (h'plb  .''i  in.;  diameter 
of  the  h'MH  hollow  .'5  in.  ;  depth  aiiout  1  in.;  leiiL'lh  of  the  log  ]  foot  10  in.; 
tltickiicHH  near  10  in. 


THE    ARCIIAEOLOGICAl.    INSTITUTE.  293 

That  this  wa3  a  very  ancient  font  I  have  no  sort  of  doubt  ;  the  large 
cavity  contained  the  water,  the  lessor  may  liave  held  the  salt,  which  to  this 
day  is  used  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  the  ceremony  of  baptism. 
The  priest  blesses  the  salt  in  case  it  has  not  been  blessed  before,  then  takes 
a  little,  and  putting  it  into  the  child's  mouth  says,  *'  Receive  the  Salt  of 
Wisdom," 

The  word  "  Athrywyn  "  may  signify  the  putting  an  end  to  the  contests 
between  Christianity  and  Paganism  by  the  quiet  progress  made  by  the 
true  faith  in  the  world;  or  it  may  signify  the  separations  of  the  "  Lusts  of 
the  Flesh  "  from  the  purity  of  the  spirit  by  virtue  of  this  Holy  Sacrament. 

In  the  early  days  of  Christianity  fonts  were  not  confined  to  churches. 
They  were  usually  kept  in  private  houses  and  sometimes  in  public  places  in 
the  open  air.  Out  of  tenderness  to  infants  they  were  afterwards  removed 
into  the  porch,  and  finally  into  the  church  itself.  From  the  smallncss,  it 
must  have  been  made  when  aspersion  was  admitted. 

This  font  seems  made  of  the  material  next  at  hand.  The  rude  block  cut 
out  of  the  next  oak.  I  do  not  recollect  any  font  made  of  this  material,- 
and  therefore  look  on  it  as  a  curiosity  worthy  the  attention  of  the  public. 
It  isiu  fine  preservation,  owing  to  the  bituminous  peat  or  turf  which  so  well 
preserves  the  fossil  trees,  the  date  of  which  may  boast  of  far  higher  antiquity 
than  this  venerable  relique. 

N.B.  Athrywyn,  as  a  substantive,  signifies  "  happiness,  tranquillity,  paci- 
fication."    As  a  verb,  to  "  conciliate  or  reconcile." 

In  the  museum  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  a  rudely 
fashioned  vessel  may  be  seen,  formed  of  a  trunk  of  a  tree,  and  possibly 
used  as  a  font  in  primitive  times.  The  font  in  the  church  of  Chobham, 
Surrey,  is  formed  of  wood,  lined  with  lead.  See  Simpson's  Baptismal 
Fonts,  preface,  p.  viii.  The  chief  examples  of  fonts  bearing  inscriptions  are 
enumerated  by  Mr.  Paley,  in  the  introduction  to  the  Illustrations  of  Fonts, 
published  by  Van  Voorst,  p.  26.  The  second  basin  of  smaller  size,  as  seen 
in  the  wooden  object  found  in  Merionethshire,  occurs  in  a  font  at  Youlgrave, 
Derbyshire,  figured  in  Mr.  Markland's  Remarks  on  English  Churches,  p.  92, 
third  edition.  A  projecting  bracket  or  ledge  occurs  on  a  font  at  Pitsford, 
Northamptonshire  (Van  Voorst,  ut  supra).  It  has  been  conjectured  that 
the  small  basin  served  as  a  stoup  for  holy-water,  the  font  being  placed  near 
the  entrance  door  ;  or  possibly  for  allusion  in  the  rite  of  baptism.  It  was  more 
probably  a  receptacle  for  the  chrismatory,  for  the  holy  oil  used  in  baptism. 

Mr.  F.  A.  Caurixgtox  read  a  memoir  ou  the  Brank  or  Scolds'  Bridle 
(Printed  in    this  volume,  p.   2G3). 

Mr.  R.  W.  Bi.E.vcowE  read  the  following  letter,  relating  to  the  Rooper 
family,  in  the  XVIth  century,  and  addressed  by  George  Rooper,  son  of 
Richard  Rooper,  of  Derbyshire,  who  appears  to  have  been  in  favour  with 
Henry  VIII.  and  Queen  Mary.  The  letter  is  dated,  Bridgewater,  May  25, 
1626,  directed  to  his  "Worshipful  Cozen,  Mr.  Samuel  Roper,  Esq.,  at 
Lincoln's  Inn."  His  ancestor,  Richard,  eldest  son  of  Richard  Furneaux  of 
Beighton,  in  Derbyshire,  married  Isolda,  only  daughter  of  John  Roper,  of 
Turndich,  Derbyshire,  (in  7  Hen.  VI.)  and  it  was  covenanted  ou  that  occasion 
that  he  and  his  issue  by  her  should  thenceforth  assume  the  name  of  Roper.-* 

"  There  is,  as  Mr.  Wynne  observed,  a  ^  See  Du<;('.ile's   Warwickshire,   under 

plain  octagonal  oak  font  at   Efeueclityd,       Lemiiigtou  Ilastang.  and  Hasted's  .iceount 
iu  Denbighshire.  of  the  Ropers  of  Wellhall  in  Eltham,  Kent. 


204  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

[To  mv  Woi-shiiiful  Cu/.eii,  Mr.  Samuel  Uoper,  Es(i.,  at  I.iiu-olirs  lun.     Deliver  these.] 

Worthy  Cozen, 

I  rcc'd  your  letter  by  Mr.  Daugc,  wlien  he  eame  from  the  last 
temi,  wherein  you  ilesire  me  to  set  down  what  I  know  upon  ?«!/  oirn  knoiv- 
ledgc  of  our  kindred  ;  indeed.  Cozen,  I  can  say  little,  butt  of  my  father's 
and  mother's  uncles  which  liv'd  in  my  tyme,  for  I  was  but  a  stranoer 
myself  in  n)y  father's  countrey  of  Darbyshire.  I  and  my  five  brethren  were 
all  borne  in  Hide  I'ark  by  London,  in  the  Lod>:e  neere  Kni<;htsbridge. 
My  fathers  name  was  Richard,  bee  was  servant  to  Kin<x  Henry  the  seventh 
and  to  King  Henry  the  eighth,  and  was  much  in  their  favour,  and  a 
]>entioncr,  as  I  have  heard  my  mother  and  many  others  say  ;  and  soe  it 
should  seeme,  for  King  Henry  the  eighth  gave  him  the  Keeping  of  Entield 
chace.  Hide  Park,  and  Marebone,  and  the  King  gave  him  good  gifts  ever 
and  anon,  and  my  father  put  keepers  in  and  out  at  his  pleasure,  but  bee 
lived  beyond  it,  and  bee  left  us  all  unprovided  for.  I  was  not  above  8  or  9 
years  old  as  1  take  it  when  bee  died.  I  remember  Queen  Mary  came  into 
our  house  witiiiu  a  little  of  my  father's  death,  and  found  my  mother  weeping, 
and  took  her  by  the  hand  and  lifted  her  up,  for  slice  kneeld,  and  bid  her 
bee  of  good  cbeere,  for  her  children  should  be  well  provided  for.  After- 
wards my  brother  llicbard  and  1  being  the  eldest  were  sent  to  Harrow  to 
school,  and  were  there  till  almost  men.  Sir  Ralph  Sadler  took  order  for 
all  things  for  us  there,  by  Queen  Mary's  appointment,  as  long  as  shee  lived; 
and  after,  C^ueen  Elizabeth  for  a  tyme,  but  shee  gave  orders  to  bind  my 
brothers,  William,  Ralph,  Henry  and  Hugh,  aprentices,  and  sent  for  us  to 
the  Court,  and  said  shee  would  give  us  good  places  ;  but  wee  were  put  to 
bee  of  her  guard,  which  I  think  kill'd  my  mother's  hart,  for  slice  would 
allwavs  say  that  my  father  was  of  a  very  great  stock,  and  little  look't  for 
such  place  for  his  somios.  I've  often  lieard  her  say  she  thdught  we  fared 
the  wor.'ss  that  (^ucen  Mary  was  so  kind  to  us.  t^Uiecn  Elizabeth  had  not 
reigned  long  but  my  mother  died.  Shee  was  one  Mr.  llanshaw's  daughter 
belonging  to  the  law.  My  father  had  two  brothers,  Henry  was  the  eldest, 
and  your  great  grandfather,  and  George  was  the  second,  he  married  one 
Mr.  Alsop's  daughter  in  Darbyshire  ;  this  am  I  sure  of,  for  once  1  went  into 
Darbyshire  to  see  our  friends,  and  went  to  Alsope  and  to  Heanor  your 
great  grandfather's,  and  to  my  aunt  Gilbert,  and  my  aunt  Key's,  and  my 
aunt  Hall,  they  were  my  father's  sisters.  My  brothers,  Richard,  Henry, 
Ralph  and  Hugh,  died  without  issue.  My  brother  William  had  one  son 
borne  in  Milk  street,  who  was  father  to  Sir  Thomas  Roper  in  Ireland,  bis 
wife  was  daughter  of  one  Fctherstone,  [he  was  created  N'iscount  Haltinglasn, 
extinct  17.5U,]  Hugh,  a  citizen  ;  for  my  part  I  married  a  widdow  here  by 
Bridgewater,  past  children  when  I  had  her  fir.'it.  I  bad  good  means  by 
iier  whili's  shec  lived,  and  it  was  all  the  good  I  ever  got  by  my  mistress 
(^ueen  Elizabeth,  but  indeed  by  her  means  I  gott  her.  dizen  you  must 
pardon  nice,  for  thi.s  I  write  not  with  mine  own  hand.  1  have  not  writt  a 
letter  this  seven  years,  my  eyes  are  ho  bad.  1  am  now  above  fourscore 
years  old,  but  I  made  this  to  be  written  after  my  "wn  very  words,  and  the 
writer  reade  it  over  again  to  nice.  Worthy  Cozen,  the  I, ord  of  Heaven 
blesH  you.  It  joycH  my  hart  to  bear  from  you.  and  theref<Hc  I  be.scecb  you 
lelt  me  receive  a  letter  from  you  now  and  llun.  I  hball  not  live  long,  for 
I  uni  ulhiioHt  done.  God  prepare  mee  for  bimsidfo,  for  I  have  beene  a 
great  Minnor.  1  re.it  your  loveving  Cozen,  till  death, 

(i.   ROI'EK. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUIT. 


295 


Cozen,  if  you  look  upon  the  scale  of  this  letter,  you  shall  find  I  hai?e 
the  scale  of  my  father  still.  My  brother  Richard  gave  it  mee.  He  w'd  say  it 
had  long  beene  in  the  name,  and  after  my  death  it  shall  be  yours,  ita 
natural  possessor,  but  I  will  never  part  with  it  till  death. — G.  ROOFER. 

"  Tliis  is  a  true  copy  of  the  originall  given  in  my  custody,  who  am  the  only 
male  heir  of  that  branch  of  the  family,  given  under  my  hand  and  the  seal 
aforementioned,  Gth  of  April,  1G79. — Thomas  Roofer." 

The  original  letter  and  seals  were  in  the  possession  of  the  late  John 
Boufoy  Rooper,  Esq.,  of  Abbotts  Ripton,  Hunts.  The  bearing  appears  to 
be  an  eajrle,  the  winas  closed. — sigillum  rulbekti  ou  le  kospee.  In 
Burke's  Armoury  the  coat  of  Roper  of  Derbyshire  is  given  as — "  ISa.  a 
stork  Or."  With  this  seal  has  been  preserved  that  of  Sir  Robert  Furneaux, 
SIGILLUM  d'ni  iiOBERTi  DE  FURNEAUX  MiLiTis,  of  wliich  and  of  the  Other 
seal  drawings  were  brought  by  Mr.  Blencowe,  as  also  of  the  crest  of 
Rooper  ; — on  a  chapeau  a  flaming  star,  with  the  motto — Lux  Anglis, 
Crux  Francis.  No  charge  appears  on  the  escutcheon  on  the  seal  of 
Furneaux.  A  pedigree  in  possession  of  the  family  gives  the  coat  as — Gu.  a 
bend  Arg.  between  six  cross  crosslets  Or. 


^nttqutttr^  aixH  Wiaxiii  of  'Hrt  evlbtbttctr. 
By  Mr.  Albert  Way. — Representations  of  some  armlets  and  ornaments 
of  unknown  use,  of  gold,  stated  to  have  been  found  at  Gaerwein,  Anglesea. 
They  had  been  brought  to  Newcastle  by  an  itinerant  dealer  in  the  watch- 
making trade,  named  Edward  Brown,  and  sold  to  Mr.  Young,  a  silversmith 
in  the  Bigg  Market  at  Newcastle,  from  whom  they  had  been  recently 
purchased  by  Dr.  Collingwood  Bruce.  There  were  reported  to  have  been 
eleven  armlets  discovered,  and  with  each  there  was  a  flat  capsule  or  penan- 
nular  ornament  of  thin  gold  plate.  The  armlets  are  likewise  penannular, 
with  the  extremities  slightly  dilated,  the  weight  of  each  being  nearly  an 


Irish  gold  ornaments,  simUar  to  those  found  in  Anglesea, 

ounce.  The  peculiar  form  of  the  ornaments  will  be  best  understood  from 
the  accompanying  representations  of  a  pair,  in  all  respects  similar,  found 
in  the  county  Limerick  ;  no  other  example,  it  is  believed,  had  hitherto  been 
noticed.  There  appears  to  have  been  much  intercourse  in  early  times 
between  Anglesea  and  Ireland  ;  and  these  peculiar  objects  may  possibly 
have  been  derived  from  that  country  at  some  remote  period.^  Pennant  had 
in  his  collection  "  three  gold  bracelets  and  a  bulla,"  found  in  Anglesea,  in  the 
parishof  Llanflewyn,  near  some  circular  entrenchments  called  Castell  Crwn.* 
The  bulla  may  have  been  an  object  of  the  same  fashion  as  those  here  figured. 


*  See  Mr.  Edward  Ho.ire's  observations 
on  tlie   gold  ornaments,  formerly  in   Mr. 
VOL.    XIII. 


Aliell's  collection,  Arih.  Jour.  vol.  x.  p.  73. 
^  >iicholson's  Cambrian  Guide. 


290  rUOCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS   OF 

By  Mr.  Brackston'k.  —  A  necklace  of  beads,  fouiul  in  Febrimry, 
1830,  in  removing  parts  of  a  barrow  near  Lord  Berneis'  watoimill,  in 
tbe  parisli  of  Nortbwold,  Norfolk.  The  beads,  sixty-five  in  number,  com- 
prise fifty-six  of  dark  blue  glass,  with  one  of  rock  crystal,  cut  in  facets, 
cubes  of  variously  coloured  opaque  vitrified  paste,  and  other  beads  of  like 
material.  They  are  doubtless  of  Anglo-Saxon  date. — Two  small  Egyptian 
figures  of  bronze,  brought  from  the  tombs  in  Egypt. — An  Irish  spcar-head 
of  bronze,  of  unusual  length  (Hf  inches)  and  of  very  fine  workmanship. 
It  has  loops  at  the  lower  end  of  the  blade,  and  the  socket  is  pierced 
tlirough  both  sides  for  a  rivet.* — Two  basket-hiltid  swords  ;  one  of  thorn 
from  Stanton  Ilarcourt,  Oxfordshire,  has  a  remarkably  small  hilt  of  peculiar 
fashion.  It  has  long  been  in  the  possession  of  a  family  at  that  place,  and 
was  regarded  as  a  relitjue  taken  in  the  Civil  Wars.  The  other  found  near 
Worcester,  was  formerly  in  the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Turley,  of  that 
city.  The  basket-hilt  and  part  of  the  blade  are  coated  with  a  black 
varnish,  supposed  to  have  been  used  in  token  of  mourning  by  the  Royalists. 

By  Mr.  Evelyx  Siiiuley,  M.P. — Bronze  reliques  found  near  the  bog  of 
Annamawen,  Barony  of  Ferney,  co.  Monaghan  :  supposed  to  have  been  the 
rin)s  and  handles  of  ancient  Irish  vessels,  in  form  of  pails. 

By  Mr.  W.  J.  Bernii ard  Smith. — A  small  urn  of  dark  black  ware,  found 
at  Upchurch,  Kent,  where  traces  of  extensive  Roman  pottery-works  have 
been  found,  as  described  by  Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith,  Journal  of  the 
Archaeol.  Assoc,  vol.  ii.,  p.  133.  The  form  bears  resemblance  to  that  of 
the   Upchurch  vases,  Akcrman's  Archaeol.  Index,  ])1.  xi.  figs.  83,  8L 

By  Mr.  G.  A.  C.\RTin:w. — Two  fragments  of  silver  personal  ornaments, 
probably  portions  of  girdles  :  they  are  bands  of  stout  metal,  chased  with 
considerable  care,  the  surface  being  alternately  grooved,  and  ornamented 
with  beaded  and  zigzag  lines  in  relief.  One  of  the  fragments  measures 
1  i  inch  in  width,  the  other  rather  less  than  an  inch,  and  a  round  locket  or 
fastening  is  hinged  upon  it,  like  the  fastening  of  a  belt.  In  this  is  set  a 
.silver  coin  of  the  Lucretia  family.  Obv.  a  radiated  head  of  the  sun. — 
Rev.  a  crescent  in  the  midst  of  seven  stars,  l.i.vcreti.  [trio  ?]  These 
fragments  were  found  in  the  Norfolk  Fen,  at  Northwold,  and  are  supposed  to 
be  of  Saxon  workmanship.  They  rescndde  the  work  of  that  period  in 
general  character.  (Compare  some  of  the  silver  fragments  found  at 
Cuerdale.)  The  ornaments,  however,  appear  to  be  wholly  wrought  with 
the  tool,  without  the  use  of  the  punch. 

By  Mr.  J.  L.  Randal,  of  Shrewsbury. — A  cast  from  an  inscribed 
fragment  of  Furbeck  marble,  lately  found  in  Castle  Street,  Shrewsbury, 
and  bearing  the  name  of  Alice  Lestrango.  Mr.  Randal  had  kindly  caused 
a  cast  to  be  taken,  which  he  presented  to  the  Institute.  .\  more  detailed 
notice  of  this  curious  inscription  will  be  given  hereafter. 

By  Mr.  R.  R.  CaTo.n.  —  Representation  of  an  nncient  sun-dial  of 
renmrkable  character,  cxiHting  on  the  terrace  at  I'aik  Hall,  near  Oswestry. 
A  brass  key  of  curious  construction,  found  in  ploughed  land  on  the  I'en- 
trcclawd  farm,  in  the  parish  of  Selattyn,  Sliropsliiri>,  close  upon  Wat's 
])vke.  The  lii'ld  is  known  as  "  Norman's  Field,"  ami  there  is  a  tradition 
that  a  l»attl(!  was  fought  there  between  '*  King  Norman"  ami  tim  Welsh. 
The  space,  about   two   or  three   miles  in  width,  between   Ofia's  and  Wat's 

'   A   liron/<*   M|><'nr,   wiili   Himilur   InopH,        l)iililii:  cxiiibition  ;  it  iiiLMsurcd  27  itieluH 
foiiiifj  At    lOihHiiKiri!    I'nrk,  ini.    MhiuikIihii,       in  l<'ii;;tli. 
v/oM  |iro<luc-e(l  \ty  Lord    llubHiiiuru  in   tlio 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  297 

Dykes,  wliicli  in  that  part  run  parallel  to  each  other,  was  formerly  con- 
sidered neutral  ground  between  the  Plnglish  and  the  Welsh,  and  Mr.  Caton 
suifgested  that  the  name  niiglit  be  a  corruption  of  No-man's  Field. 

By  Mr.  W.  BuituES. — A  betrothal  ring  of  silver,  parcel-gilt,  date 
XlVth  century,  the  hoop  formed  with  the  device  of  a  crowned  heart, 
instead  of  the  hands  conjoined,  the  more  usual  fashion  in  such  rings. 

By  the  Hon.  11.  C.  Neville. — A  gold  ring  having  on  the  facet  a  small 
cottage,  with  the  initial  R.  upon  it  ;  possibly  intended  as  a  rebus  for  the 
name  R.  Cot-ton,  or  Ilut-ton.  On  the  hoop  is  engraved  on  each  side 
St:  Anthony's  Tau.     Date,  XVth  century. 

By  Mr.  J.  Rogers. — A  rubbing  from  a  sepulchral  brass  in  the  church 
of  St.  Ives,  Cornwall,  unnoticed  by  collectors.      It  bears  the  date  1467. 

By  the  Rev.  Walter  Sneyd. — A  silver  mounted  cup,  supposed  to  be 
formed  of  the  horn  of  the  rhinoceros,  which  was  regarded  as  possessing 
virtue  against  poison.  It  belonged  to  Helena,  daughter  of  the  .second 
Viscount  Mountgarret,  and  wife  of  Walter,  eleveiith  Earl  of  Ormonde, 
who  succeeded  in  1G14.     Also  a  Gcrn)an  knife  and  fork,  silver  mounted. 

By  Mr.  OcTAVius  Mougan,  MP. — A  one-handled  silver  porringer,  or 
more  properly  a  barber's  eight  ounce  bleeding  basin,  bearing  the  assay- 
mark  of  the  year  1GS4.  The  porringer  or  pottinger,  Mr.  Morgan  observed, 
appears  to  have  had  two  handles  {'' escuelle  a  oreillons,''  Cotgr.)  and  to 
have  been  rather  difierent  in  form,  not  contracted  at  the  top,  like  that 
exhibited. — A  Gothic  relicjuary  of  copper-gilt,  with  the  knop  and  stem 
partly  enamelled,  and  on  the  latter  the  mystical  or  talismanic  inscription, — 
*'  Jesus  autem  transiens  per  medium  illorum.'' — A  collection  of  ecclesi- 
astical and  other  finger-rings,  one  of  them  formed  with  a  diminutive  squirt, 
which  being  concealed  in  the  hand  would  at  pleasure  throw  a  jet  of  water 
into  the  eye  of  any  one  examining  it. 

By  Mr.  James  Yates. — An  elaborately  carved  wooden  box,  bearing  the 
emblems  of  the  Passion,  possibly  intended  to  hold  the  wafers  used  in  the 
services  of  the  Church. 

By  Mr.  Albert  Way. — A  small  globular  one-handled  bottle,  of  white 
enamelled  pottery,  manufactured  in  England  in  imitation  of  that  made  at 
Delft.  This  ware  was  probably  made  at  Lambeth.  On  one  side  is  inscribed 
in  bright  blue — sack,  1661.  The  Hon.  Robert  Curzon  has  a  similar  bottle 
for  Sack,  dated  1659,  figured  in  this  Journal,  vol.  vii.,  p.  211  ;  Mr.  Franks 
has  another,  dated  1648  ;  and  in  the  Norwich  Museum  there  are  three 
similar  bottles, — sack,  1650.     whit,  1648.     claret,  1648. 

By  Mr.  J.J.  Boase,  of  Penzarice. — An  impression  from  a  brass  matrix, 
dug  up  in  the  parish  of  St.  Burian,  near  Penzance,  and  now  in  his  posses- 
sion. The  seal  is  circular,  diameter  2|  in.;  in  the  centre  appears  the  Virgin 
Mary  with  the  Infant  Saviour,  standing  on  a  bracket,  as  if  in  a  niche  of 
tabernacle  work.  On  the  dexter  side  is  a  Saint  probably  intended  f(ir 
St,  Augustine,  vested  in  a  cope,  wearing  a  mitre,  and  holding  a  crosier  in 
his  right  hand.  Three  small  figures,  apjiarently  females,  kneel  at  his  feet, 
apparently  protected  within  the  skirt  of  the  Saint's  ample  cope.  On  the 
sinister  side  is  a  female  Saint,  and  at  her  feet,  sheltered  by  her  mantle, 
are  three  little  male  figures  kneeling.  The  inscription  is  as  follows  : — 
^  :  confrattnutatis  :  contfpc'oni^.  b'tc  :  m  :  oiTi'  :  eci  :  augu£ittnt  : 
paitfiiu^.  A  representation  of  this  seal  may  be  seen  in  the  recently 
j)ubiished  volume  of  *'  Ancient  Crosses  and  other  Antiquities  in  Cornwall," 
by  Mr.  J.  T.  Blight,  of  Penzance. 


Xoti'ccs  of  .<tvcf)ncoIogital  ^3ubIicatfons. 

"  INVENTORIUM  SEl'ULCllRALE,"  &c.     By  the  Rev.  Urvan  FAisstTT  ;  edited 
by  C.  Roach  Smith.     4to.     Loudon,  1850". 

Inventorium  Sepulchrale  is  the  title  given  by  tlie  Rev.  Bryan  Faussett 
to  the  journals  conscientiously  kept  by  him  during  the  progress  of  his 
excavations  of  Kentish  Tumuli  ;  and  under  this  name,  those  journals  have 
been  arranged  for  publication  by  our  learned  colleague,  Mr.  C  R.  Smith, 
in  a  liandsonie  quarto  volume,  enriched  with  a  multitude  of  woodcuts, 
coloured  and  uncoloured  plates,  an  introduction  and  an  indispensable  index. 
By  means  of  this  work,  which  we  owe  mainly  to  the  enlightened  liberality 
of  Mr.  Joseph  Mayer — the  owner  of  the  Faussett  Collection, — these 
beautiful  and  interesting  records  of  Anglo-Saxon  life  are  made  accessible 
to  the  archaeologist,  and  placed  beyond  the  reach  of  accident.  We  do  not 
intend  to  reopen  the  vext  question  respecting  the  refusal  of  the  trustees  of 
tlie  British  Museum  to  purchase  the  collection  itself,  when  offered  to  them 
at  a  very  low  price.  The  oj)iiiion  of  all  archaeologists  througliout  Europe 
lias  declared  against  them,  and  settled  that,  whatever  unfortunate  mis- 
apprehensions may  have  led  to  their  decision,  it  was  an  unhappy  and 
t-rroueous  one.  We  shall  only  express  our  warm  satisfaction,  that,  it"  this 
collection  of  national  antiquities  was  not  to  find  a  place  in  the  National 
Museum,  it  should  have  ])assed  into  the  hands  of  a  gentlennm  so  fully 
cajialjle  of  appreciating  its  value,  and  so  honourably  distinguished  by  the 
liberality  with  which  he  renders  his  treasures  accessible  to  all  who  know 
how  to  use  them. 

If  the  Faussett  Collection  itself  is  pronounced  by  all  judges  to  be  one  of 
the  most  interesting  and  important  of  its  kind,  the  journals  which  record 
the  slow  and  gradual  labours  by  which  it  was  formed,  are  no  less  deserving 
of  attention  and  praise.  In  order  fully  to  a])preciate  the  calm  common 
sense,  and  conscientious  spirit  that  dictated  them,  we  must  remember  what 
anti(|uarian  research  usually  was  in  the  hitter  half  of  the  last  century, 
when  Mr.  Faussett  was  occupied  with  his  on(|uiries,  and  boar  in  mind  the 
wild  spirit  of  reckless  theorising  which  cliaracterisetl  almost  every  branch 
of  Arcliae(»li)gical  study.  A  few  vague  traditions,  copied  from  book  to  book, 
or  delivered  from  hand  to  hand,  but  based  upon  no  sound  historical  grounds, 
and  never  brought  to  the  reasonable  test  of  observation,  were  assumed 
to  account  for  whatever  was  exhumed.  Ciosar's  legions,  Drnidism,  Sabajan 
worship,  Helio-Arkito  cult,  the  Lingam  lonam,  and  Iloavon  only  kiuiws 
liow  much  more  trasli,  were  the  convenient  catchwords  under  the  cover  of 
which  the  antiquarian  mde  oil';  aiul  if  tlu'  facts  ilid  not  exactly  square  with 
the  tlieory,  tUny  were  strained  till  they  suited  it.  (!oinparative  Arcliacology 
of  course  did  n<it  exi«t  ;  nor  was  history,  a  hundred  years  ago.  pursued  as 
now  it  is,  under  our  crucial  system  of  criticism.  It  is  due  to  the  memory 
of  two  Kentihli  antiquaries  to  rec(Md  that  they  were  the  first  to  desert  the 
unttulittfuctory  method  of  tlnir  contemporiirie-",  :niil  to  found  a  school  whose 


NOTICKS   OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS.  299 

principle  was  to  be  patient  observation,  and  conscientious  collection  of 
facts  for  future  induction.  Bryan  Faussett  and  Douglas,  tbe  author  of 
the  Nsenia,  are  in  this  respect  the  fathers  of  the  modern  Archaeological 
method,  and  we  owe  them  no  little  gratitude  both  for  the  example  they  set, 
and  the  materials  they  laboriously  collected.  In  truth,  when  we  remember 
with  what  difHculties  they  had  to  contend,  we  cannot  prize  their  insight  too 
highly,  or  speak  in  terms  of  too  great  praise  of  the  cool  judgment  which 
directed  their  proceedings. 

The  work  of  Douglas  has  long  been  known  to  and  appreciated  by 
English  archaeologists  :  the  labours  of  Faussett,  never  having  been  reduced 
to  form,  and  put  forth  in  the  imposing  dimensions  of  a  book,  have 
remained  unknown.  It  is  well  that  this  late  justice  has  been  done  to  his 
memory,  and  that  the  simple  records  of  his  activity  should  be  given  to  us, 
in  their  integrity.  We  can  value  them  now,  as  perhaps  we  might  not  have 
done,  half  a  century  ago.  And  indeed  it  is  just  possible  that  had  he  lived 
to  reduce  his  own  observations  to  order,  the  spirit  of  systematising,  and  the 
anxiety  to  win  results  from  the  phenomena  collected,  might  have  seduced 
him  into  adopting  a  form  for  his  journals,  which  would  have  been  less 
satisfactory  than  their  present  unadorned,  and,  as  it  were,  spontaneous 
record.  We  follow  iiira  now  from  grave  to  grave,  and  see  how  in  every 
case  the  details  of  the  interment  presented  themselves  to  his  eyes  upon 
removal  of  the  superincumbent  earth.  We  observe  the  circular  fibula, 
richly  ornamented  with  gold  and  jewels,  in  its  place  below  the  neck  ;  we 
see  the  earrings  at  the  sides  of  the  head  ;  tbe  knife  or  knives  suspended  to 
the  girdle  ;  the  rare  sword,  the  large  spear — the  characteristic  weapon  of 
the  Germanic  tribes  ;  the  javelins,  which  probably  rarely  left  their  hands  ; 
the  traces  of  the  orbicular  shield  with  its  boss  or  umbo.  The  ornaments 
of  the  toilet,  and  the  implements  of  the  household,  are  supplied  in  great 
numbers  and  interesting  variety.  The  position  of  many  articles  upon  the 
skeleton  teaches,  for  the  first  time,  what  was  their  actual  use,  and  puts  an 
end  to  a  good  deal  of  unprofitable  speculation,  as  to  the  modes  of  their 
employment. 

By  the  means  of  comparison  thus  furnished  in  so  extensive  a  degree,  we 
gain  also  important  lessons  as  to  the  condition  of  Kent,  in  relation  to 
other  parts  of  England,  and  some  valuable  hints  as  to  the  chronology  of 
Archaeological  data.  It  is  impossible  to  doubt  that  the  elaborate  ornaments, 
the  improved  pottery,  the  buried  skeletons  of  the  Kentish  grave-yards, 
mark  a  mucli  more  advanced  development  of  culture,  and  probably  a  much 
later  period  of  time,  than  the  rude  evidences  of  cremation  in  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk.  While  these  latter  recall  to  us  the  wild,  wandering  pagans  of  the 
Elbe  and  Weser,  the  Kentish  deposits  remind  us  rather  of  the  settled 
districts  under  Frankish  rule,  and  the  Merovingian  culture  of  Xorth  France, 
Germanic,  indeed,  but  modified  by  Roman  models  and  the  adoption  of  the 
Christian  faith.  We  wait  still  for  archaeological  evidence,  drawn  from  the 
earth,  for  the  Pagan  age  of  the  Franks,  which  is  to  be  sought  in  Belgium 
perhaps  rather  than  in  France  ;  unless,  indeed,  the  cemetery  of  Port-le- 
grand  and  others  like  it,  should  contain  such  ;  however,  I  ain  at  present 
inclined  to  look  upon  these  as  Saxon.  But  the  historical  evidence  is  suffi- 
cient to  show  that  the  Fagan  Franks,  like  all  other  Pagans  of  German  race, 
burnt  their  dead.  We  wait  c([ually  for  evidence  of  the  Pagan  Saxon  a^e  in 
Kent  ;  the  discoveries  there  have,  hitherto,  almost  exclusively  revealed  to 
us  deposits  of  the  Christian  times.   Faussett  and  Douglas  looked  down  upon 


300  NOTICES   OF   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   PUBLICATIONS. 

the  bones  of  men,  not  such  as  acconipaniod  a  falmluus  Ilongist  ami  Ilorsa, 
or  tlironiTod  ruuiul  tlie  more  historical  Kurmanric  ;  but  men  who  may  have 
helped  j'dhclberht  to  give  form  to  his  laws,  or  even  battled  for  Eadherht 
Prcn  an^ainst  the  intrusive  Cenwulf  of  Mercia.  There  is,  in  fact,  nothing 
in  these  interments  inconsistent  with  the  supposition  that  they  belong  to 
the  period  extending  from  the  commencement  of  the  seventh,  till  at  least 
the  tirst  half  of  the  ninth  centuries.  We  see  in  them  the  contemporaries, 
not  of  Clovis  or  Theodoric,  but  of  Carl  Martel,  Pepin,  and  Charlemagne. 

And  in  truth  there  is  a  remarkable  resemblance  between  the  contents  of 
these  Kentish  graves  and  those  of  the  Frankish  or  Aleniannic  inhabitants  of 
the  valleys  of  the  Rhine  and  Danube.  Any  one  who  will  take  tlie  trouble 
to  compare  the  plates  of  the  Inventorium  Sepulchrale  with  Dr.  von  Raiser's 
account  of  the  cemetery  at  Nordendorf  in  Bavaria,  will  see  that  he  has 
before  his  eyes  the  products  of  the  same  stage  of  civilisation.  The  beau- 
tiful circular  fibula)  which  are  so  distinguishing  a  characteristic  of  Kentish 
interments,  are  reproduced  there  in  even  greater  variety  :  they  are  found 
in  Normandy,  in  Luxemburg,  and  in  Suabia.  On  the  other  hand  they  are 
entirely  wanting  in  the  districts  from  which  the  Saxon  populations  emigrated 
to  Enfland  :  nothing  at  all  resembling  them  is  preserved  in  the  museums 
of  North  Germany,  or  even  in  Copenhagen  :  neither  Count  Minister,  Von 
Estortf,  nor  myself,  detected  a  trace  of  them  on  the  Weser,  in  Westphalia, 
or  in  Liineburg.  The  Jutish  peninsula  repudiates  them  :  Mecklenburgh 
knows  them  nut.  In  short  they  appear  as  yet  nearly  confined  to  the  Franks, 
and  the  men  of  Kent  who  were  at  all  times  in  close  relation  to  that  j)euple.  At 
the  same  time,  to  the  honour  of  the  Knglish  workmen,  it  must  be  admitted 
tiiat  their  circular  brooches  are  superior  in  finisli  to  the  most  of  those  found 
upon  the  continent :  nothing  in  this  class  will  hear  comparison  for  a  moment 
with  the  splendid  ornament  found  at  Kingston,  and  delineated  upon  Mr.  C.  R. 
.Smith's  first  plate.  As  far  as  we  have  yet  seen,  those  of  Nordendorf 
a[)proach  the  nearest  in  beauty  to  the  Kentish.  It  is  possible  that  one 
reason  for  the  inferiority  of  the  continental  circular  fibula)  may  be  found  in 
the  prevalence  of  fibula)  of  another  pattern — the  cruciform — which  may 
have  been  more  in  fashion.  Nothing  which  England  has  to  show  in  this 
respect  can  be  put  in  competition  with  the  exquisite  jtroducts  which  the 
valleys  of  the  Rhine  and  Danube  furnish,  some  few  of  which  may  be  known 
to  our  readers  from  a  specimen  jilate  issued  by  Lindenschmidt  anil  Wilhchni, 
or  by  the  casts  which  the  first  of  those  gentlemen  has  had  made  from 
several  of  them,  and  which  have  found  their  way  into  this  country.  These 
too  are  nearly  as  rare  in  the  North  German  graves.  The  gen(>ral  character 
of  the  Kentish  graves,  the  position  of  the  skeletons,  the  arms,  the  orna- 
ment.s,  the  doniestic  implements,  in  short  the  whole  scries  of  accidents,  are 
in  all  ecsential  respects  identical  with  tho.sc  described  in  the  Normandio 
Souterraine  of  M.Cochet,  and  in  the  observations  of  MM.  Nanun-,  Raudot, 
Moiitic,  Troyon,  Litidcn.schmidt,  von  Raiser,  and  Willrflini.  We  may  admit 
hli'Mit  variations  in  degree,  but  there  are  none  in  kind.  The  niiin  of  Kent, 
favoured  by  his  position,  and  a  sharer  in  the  IxMieiits  of  an  early  commercial 
<:ivilihatir)n,  may  have  been  richer  than  the  Frank  of  Londinieres  or  Knvre- 
nieu,  or  Luxemburg,  (»r  Lausanne  ;  he  had  no  doubt  Home  peculiar  fashions 
of  his  own  :  but  there  is  less  ditlerence  between  himself  and  the  inhabitant 
«)f  iIk;  CalvailoH  than  between  this  one  ami  the  Siixon  of  the  We.-er,  or  the 
cultivator  of  Schlcswig  an<l  I  l<.l>tein  :  lesM,  perhaps,  than  the  dilferencc 
between  liim  of  Kent,  ami  liiin  ..i  VmL^liire  or  (Iloucesterslilie.     W'c  might 


NOTICES   OF    AUCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS.  301 

have  been  tempted  to  explain  this  Archaeological  fact  by  assuming  an  early 
and  close  intercourse  between  the  inhabitants  of  the  Littus   Saxonicum  per 
Gallias  and  the  Littus  Saxonicum  per  Britannias,  but  for  two  reasons.    The 
first  of  these  is,  that  the  interments  of  the  Saxons  (Saxones  Baiocassini)  upon 
the  coast  of  France  are  of  a  much  older  character  than  the  Frankish  in 
Normandy  or  the  Kentish,  and  as  nearly  as   possible   identical  with  tliose 
discovered  by  myself  at  Molzen  and  Ripdorf  on  the  Ilmenau  and  Wipperau, 
or  by  von  Estorffand  Zimmermann  in  the  adjoining  districts.    The  second  is 
that  the  Frankish  interments  in  Normandy  do  not  differ  essentially  from  those 
noticed  in  other  parts  of  France,  in  Switzerland,  and  in  Germany,  where  no 
influences  of  Baiocassine   Saxons  can    have  been  exercised.      I  am,  there- 
fore, on   the  contrary,   disposed  to  refer  any   peculiarities  by    which   the 
Kentish  may    be   distinguished    from    other    Anglo-Saxon    interments    to 
Frankish  influence,  which   the  political  relations  between  the  Merovingian, 
Carolingian,   and    Kentish   kings  must   early   have  created.      There   was 
probably  a  good  deal  of  acquaintance  with  Christianity  in  Kent  before  the 
time  of  Augustine  :  without  it  we  can  hardly  believe  the  Christian  Frankish 
kings  to  have  given  their  daughters  in  marriage  to  English  princes  :   and 
it  is  to  be  borne  in  mind,  that  the  orthodox   Roman   Catholic  writers  are 
very  apt  to  ignore  all  Christianity  which  did  not  go  out  directly  from  Rome. 
St.  Boniface,  for  example,  is  constantly  spoken  of  as  the  Apostle  of  Ger- 
many ;  yet,  from  his  contemporaneous  biographer,  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the 
conversion  of  the   pagan  Germans  was  not   his  greatest  service — this  was 
the  reduction  of  Christian  communities,  already  extant,  to  obedience   to 
Rome.      It  is   now   pretty  certain    that  very   many  of  the    Franks   were 
Christians  before  Clovis   professed   that  faith  in  496  ;  and  although  their 
Christianity  probably  was  of  a  somewhat  indefinite  character,  and  may  have 
spread  slowly  enough,    still  no  one  can   doubt    for    a    moment    that  the 
Frankish  cemeteries  in  France,  hitherto  described,  are  those  of  Christians. 
Even  in  the  most   remote  corner  it  cannot   be  believed   that  heathendom 
would  be  openly  practised  after   the  beginning  of  the  Vlth  century,  such 
a  heathendom  at  least  as  carried  the  dead  in  ostentatious  solemnity  to  a 
funeral  fire.     A  timid,  half-concealed  Paganism  in  spells  and  superstitions 
there  was  then,  as  there  is  now  ;  but  bold  flaunting  heathendom  that  burnt 
its  dead  in  the  face  of  the  sun  was  become  an  impossibility.     Uow  this  may 
have  acted  upon  England  it  is  easier  to  guess  than  to  prove  ;  but  as  yet  I 
have  only  heard  of  one  or  two  Kentish  Saxon  interments  which  could  be 
shown  not  to  be  Christian.     It  is  true  that  even  Kent  has  as  yet  been  very 
imperfectly  explored,  or  very  carelessly  observed.    Only  one  class  of  graves 
has  received  the  proper  measure  of  attention  ;  and  it  is  perhaps  now  too  late — 
in  a  country  so  generally  cultivated — to  expect  any  other  to  be  detected  except 
by  some  fortunate  accident.     It  is,  however,  extremely  gratifying  that  even 
one  class  should  have  been  so  admirably  illustrated  as  this  has   been.     It 
furnishes  a  great  link  in  the  Teutonic  chain,  and  gives  the  Archaeological 
evidence  to  the  truth  of  what  history  has  taught  us  :  the  Frank  and  the 
Saxon,  when  no  longer  separated  in  spirit  by  desolating  wars,  and  the  fury 
of  religious  difierence,  readily  coalesced  again,  and  fell  into  that  similarity 
of  customs  which  might  have  been  expected  in  two  races  so  nearly  co"-nate 
in  blood,   and   which,  probably,  in   earlier  periods  had   already  prevailed. 
This  is  an  important  point  in  the  history  of  these  races  ;  mucli  more  im- 
portant, indeed,  than  the  vain  efforts  of  our  English  antiquarians  in  an 
overstrained  love  of  antiquity, — to  make  out  our  early  Christian  sepulchres 
to  be  pagan. 


30^  NOTICES   OF    AKCIIAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS. 

It  is  uf  cuiirse  impossible  here  to  go  into  ilctails  wliic-li  can  only  be 
protilably  stiulied  in  the  work  itself,  and  with  the  plates  under  our  eyes.  I 
will  only  add,  that  these  are  extremely  well  executed  and  very  faithful 
representations  of  the  originals.  They  give  an  accurate  and  lively  picture 
of  the  treasures  in  this  collection.  The  antiquarian  who  studies  in  earnest 
will  tiiid  in  tliem  some  compensation  for  tiie  impossibility  of  contemplating 
the  arms  and  ornaments  of  his  forefathers  in  their  proper  place — the 
Anglo-Saxon  room,  which  I  hope  may  one  day  exist,  in  the  British  Museum. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  Mr.  C.  R.  Smith's  part  of  the  work  is 
also  done  extremely  well,  and  with  much  judgment.  With  all  of  his 
introduction  I  am  disposed  to  concur,  excei)ting  such  jtarts  as  seem  to  waver 
as  to  the  Christian  character  of  the  deposits.  It  is  evident  that  on  this  ])oint 
his  own  opportunities  of  observation  have  been  too  limited.  The  notes 
which  he  has  here  and  there  added  are  useful  and  practical  ;  and  I  readily 
believe  that  anvthing  which  he  has  omitted  from  Faussett's  ilSS.  would 
at  this  stage  of  Archaeological  study  have  been  superfluous.  Those,  how- 
ever, who  have  studied  the  question  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  settlements  will 
not  be  disposed  to  attach  much  importance  to  Mr.  Wright's  views  with 
respect  to  the  ancient  divisions  of  Saxon  England,  incorporated  in  the 
introduction  :  all  who  heard  Dr.  Guest's  admirable  dissertation  upon  the 
four  Great  Roads  at  Edinburgh,  will  readily  agree  witli  me  in  this. 

Mr.  Roach  Smith  has  taken  upon  himself  a  labour  of  love  in  the 
Appendix  to  this  volume.  It  is  one,  too,  that  rewards  itself.  When  we 
liavc  become  familiar  with  the  work  of  an  author,  and  as  in  this  case, 
accompanied  him  from  spot  to  sj)ot,  and  from  discovery  to  discovery,  we 
r'ladly  learn  what  manner  of  man  he  was,  and  how  he  moved  and  con- 
versed anion"-  his  fellow  men,  in  pursuits  of  a  more  general  tendency.  Wo 
are  here,  therefore,  presented  with  a  biugraphical  sketch  of  Bryan  Faussctt, 
and  with  selections  from  his  correspondence,  which  are  of  great  interest. 
We  cannot  doubt  that  every  reader  will  gladly  see  this  record  of  the  vian 
added  to  tlie  record  of  the  archaeolcjist. 

Both  to  Mr,  Mayer,  the  munificent  possessor  of  the  collection,  and  to 

Mr.    Roach   Smith,    who  has  done  the   work   of  making  it    accessible    so 

well,  we   in  common   with    all   archaeologists   return  hearty  thanks.     The 

collection  itself  might  have  been  dispersed,  or  lost  to  us  :    it  is  preserved 

entire.      Even  in   tlie   Musemn  it  might   have   been    inaccessible   to  many 

who    w(juld   gladly  have   used   it  :     the   publication   of  the    "  Inventorium 

Sepulcbralo  "  has  multiplied  it,  and  placed  it  within  the  reaeli  of  hundreds 

who  would  probably  never  have  seen   it  ;    and    the  labours   of  the  editor 

have    supplied   a  guide    by   which  all   may   be   instructed    to  use   it  with 

ndvanta"e.      We   hope,    and  wc   believe,    that  the   example   thus  set  will 

not  be  lost,  and   that  the  good  work  these  gentlemen   have   done    will   ho 

fruitful  in  the  future. 

.1.  M.   K. 


NOTICES    OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS.  303 


TRANSACTIONS  OF  THE  SURREY  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SOCIETY,  for  ti.e 
years  18o4— 1855.  Vol.  I.  part  i.  London:  published  for  the  Society,  by  J. 
Russell  Smith,  36,  Soho  Square.     1856.     Octavo. 

It  is  with  pleasure  that  we  take  occasion  to  invite  attention  to  the 
coniniencenicnt  of  a  fresh  effort  to  give  an  impulse  to  the  prosecution  of 
historical  and  antitpiarian  research,  in  a  locality  of  no  ordinary  interest.  At  a 
period  when  so  many  institutions  and  combinations  of  local  talent  and  archaeo- 
logical information,  have  rapidly  been  established  throughout  England, 
for  the  special  purpose  of  developing  the  taste  for  national  antiquities, 
it  might  well  be  anticipated  that  the  memory  of  Sir  Edward  Bysshe,  of 
Aubrey  and  of  John  Evelyn,  of  Salmon,  and  Ducarel  and  Manning,  with 
other  honoured  precursors  in  the  field,  should  quickly  give  to  the  antiquaries 
of  Surrey  the  watchword  and  the  rallying-point  for  some  well  directed 
enterprise  amidst  the  ranks  of  archaeologists. 

The  first  fasciculus  of  the  publications  of  the  Surrey  Society  is  now 
before  us.  It  were  needless  to  point  out  how  varied  and  how  extensive  are 
the  subject-matters  of  investigation,  connected  with  the  metropolis  itself, 
and  with  one  of  the  most  populous  counties  in  the  realm,  associated  with  so 
many  stirring  historical  recollections,  which  fall  within  the  range  of  the 
labours  of  the  Society.  Originated  by  Mr.  Bish  AVebb  in  the  autumn  of 
1852,  the  Society  has  already  held  its  periodical  gatherings  in  Southwark, 
and  around  the  "  Morasteen  "  at  Kingston, — the  Fatale  Saxum  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  kings  ;  they  have  assembled  near  the  venerable  vestiges  of 
Chertsey  Abbey,  at  Guildford  also,  and  at  Croydon.  Of  these  meetings,  as 
also  of  numerous  collections  of  Surrey  reliques  and  illustrations  of  local 
antiquities,  which  such  meetings  invariably  draw  forth,  Mr.  Bish  Webb  has 
preserved  a  detailed  record  in  the  publication  before  us.  The  Inaugural 
Address  by  Mr.  Henry  Drummond  must  be  read  with  interest,  marked,  as 
it  will  be  found  to  be,  by  originality  of  thought  as  of  expression.  The 
Surrey  archaeologists  will  do  well  to  bear  in  mind  the  suggestive  counsels 
of  the  accomplished  Litta  of  English  Family  History.  Amongst  memoirs 
read  at  the  annual  and  other  meetings,  a  selection  of  the  subjects  regarded 
as  of  leading  interest  has  been  made  by  the  council  to  form  the  fasciculus  of 
"  Transactions  "  under  consideration.  It  commences  with  a  discourse,  by 
the  Rev.  0.  F.  Owen,  on  "  The  Archaeology  of  the  County  of  Surrey  ;"  fol- 
lowed by  an  essay  on  "  The  religious  bearing  of  Archaeology  upon  Archi- 
tecture and  Art,"  by  the  Rev.  John  Jessop.  Dr.  Bell  has  contributed  a 
dissertation  on  "  The  Kingston  Morasteen,"  the  name  by  which  he  desig- 
nates the  supposed  coronation  stone  of  Athelstan,  and  Edgar,  and  Edward 
the  Martyr,  a  name  derived  fiom  that  of  the  remarkable  stone-circle  or 
inaugural  Swedish  temple  near  Upsala.  Whether  the  supposition  be  well- 
grounded  or  not  that  the  Surrey  Palladium  may  at  some  remote  period 
have  formed  part  of  certain  concentric  circles  of  stones,  as  Dr.  Bell  con- 
jectures, we  are  unable  to  determine  ;  but  all  must  honour  the  good  feeling 
and  conservatism  on  the  part  of  the  worthy  townsmen  of  the  Rcgia  I'illa, 
recently  shown  in  protecting  with  due  respect  so  precious  arelique,  hallowed 
by  popular  tradition. 

Mr.  Steinman  has  given  a  nutice  of  "  the  Warham  Monument  in  Croydoa 

VOL.  XIII.  T    T 


304 


NOTICES   OF   ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS. 


Church,"  hitherto  incorrectly  aitjiropriatcil  ;  the  memorial  of  a  near 
relative  of  Archhishop  Warhaiu,  ami  presenting  some  features  of  interest 
in  connexion  with  the  history  of  his  family.  A  short  memoir  hy  Lieut. 
Col.  McDougall,  of  the  Royal  Military  College  at  Sandhurst,  with  some 
observatious  by  Mr.  Lance,  accompany  a  plan  of  the  Hue  of  Roman  Road 
from  Staines  towards  Silchester,  accurately  marking  its  course  to  the  south 
of  Virginia  Water,  and  over  Duke's  Hill  passing  Bagshot  Park  to  East- 
liamjistead  Plain.  Of  the  approach  of  tlie  great  Roman  way  to  Silchester, 
Mr.  McLauchlan  gave  an  account  in  his  valuable  memoir  on  that  station 
in  this  Journal,  vol.  viii.  p.  2^14.  The  survey  also,  of  which  the  results 
have  been  recorded  in  the  United  Service  Journal,  Jan.  183i!,  Part  L  p.  30, 
may  be  consulted  with  advantage.  A  short  notice  of  British  gold  coins 
found  in  Surrey,  is  accompanied  by  representations  of  eleven  specimens 
of  this  curious  class  of  our  earlier  remains,  from  the  collection  of  Mr.  R. 
Whitbourn  of  Godalmiug,  who  for  some  years  has  preserved  with  much 
good  taste  and  intelligence  all  vestiges  of  antiquity  which  have  fallen 
within  his  reach.  To  the  Council  of  the  Surrey  Society  we  are  indebted 
for  the  illustration,  which  gives  seven  of  these  coins,  chiefly  of  the 
"  Charioteer  type,"  found  on  Farley  Heath,  a  locality  where  numerous 
remains  of  highly  interesting  character  have  been  brought  to  light  through 
the  researches  of  Mr.  Henry  Drummond  and  Mr.  M.  Farquhar  Tupper. 
The  first  of  these  coins  (see  woodcuts)  inverted  by  accident  in  the 
engraving,  is  of  a  rare  and  remarkable  typo,  of  which  several,  found  near 
Albury  in  1848,  are  figured  in  the   XumisnuUic    Chronicle,  vol.  xi.,  p.  IL*. 


i., 


/, 


Anclont  Gold  Colnn,  found  in  Piirroy. 


Tho  diHcovcncH  at    l''ailry    licalh,    .uhI    iIk-  liberality  "I"   Mr,   itniiiiiniprid    in 
presenting  tho  antiipiitipH  there  i-oili'itcd  In  lli<'  jlriti.-h  Museum,  liav(>  been 


KOTICES   OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    TUBLICATIONS. 


30i 


ropeatedly  lirouglit  under  the  notice  of  our  readers.  We  may  here  refer 
tliem  for  further  information  to  the  narra- 
tive of  Mr.  Tupjier,  "  Farley  Heath  ;  a 
record  of  its  Roman  Remains  and  other 
Antiquities,"  in  which  several  of  the 
Numismatic  treasures  there  found  have 
been  figured. 

A   notice  of  Mural   paintings,  found  in 
Lingfield   church  in    1845,  is  supplied  by 
Mr.  I'Anson.     Tiie  examination  of  a  tumu- 
lus at  Teddington,  which  took  place  under 
the    direction  of    Mr.    Akerman,    is   duly 
recorded.     Popular  tradition  affirmed  that 
a  warrior  and  his   horse  were  buried  be- 
neath the  mound  ;    no  remains,  however, 
of  the  latter  were  traced  :  the  precise  site 
of  the  funeral  pyre  was  brought  to  view  in 
the  centre  of  the  hillock,  where  there  lay 
a  small    heap    of   calcined   bones,    a    few 
chippings  of  flint,  and  a  bronze  blade,  of 
a   type  which  has  frequently  occurred  in 
Wiltshire  and  other  localities.      This  had 
probably  served  either  as  knife  or  dagger; 
the  handle,  of  bone,   wood,   or  horn,    had 
])erished.       A    secondary    interment    was 
found,     accompanied    by    fragments    of   a 
large  urn,  and  a  flint  celt.      The  body  had 
not   been   burnt.     Mr.  G.  R.   Corner  con- 
tributes the  last  Memoir  in  this  fasciculus, 
"  On  the  Anglo-Saxon  Charters  of  Frid- 
wald,  ^Eifred,  and  Edward  the  Confessor, 
to     Chertsey     Abbey,"    printed    by     Mr. 
Kemble  m  his  "  Codex  Diplomaticus."     It 
is    gratifying    to    witness    the    important 
bearing  of  tliat  collection,  in  questions  of 
local  investigation.     Mr.  Corner  has   suc- 
cessfully  identified    many    of  the   ancient 
sites  named   as   boundary  marks  in  those 
early  evidences,  which  are  replete  with  curious  interest  to  the  Surrey  anti- 
quary; more  especially  as  associated  with  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  im- 
jiortant  of  the  monastic  foundations  of  the  countv. 


Bronze  We.iiimi  found  in  a  tumulus 
iu  Surrey.     Leugth.  7  iu. 


TROCEEDINGS  AND  TRANSACTIONS  OF  THE  KILKENNY  AND  SOUTII- 
E.\ST  OF  IRELAND  ARCILEOLOGICAL  SOCIETY.  Vols.  I ,  II.,  and 
IU.     1850-6.     Dublin  :  Printed  for  the  Society.     Octavo. 

We  have  on  several  former  occasions  briefly  noticed  the  progress  of  the 
energetic  and  well-sustained  movement  to  which  the  first  impulse  was  o-iven, 
in  1849,  by  the  Rev.  James  Graves,  at  Kilkenny.  The  short  reports  of 
the  proceedings  of  the  society  which  have  been  given  from  time  to  time  in 
former  volumes  of  the   Journal,  have    sufficed  to  show  the  rapid  growth  of 


30G  NOTICES   OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PrP.MCATIONS. 

intelligent   interest   in  the   national  antiquities  of  licland  ;  anil  tlio  ailvan- 
tageous   position   to  whii-li  tlie  Kilkenny    Society  had  uttaiiieil.    under  the 
auspices  of  the  late  lamented  Marquis  of  Ormonde.      Of  the  benefits,  however, 
to  Archaeoloi^ieal  Science,  which  have  accrued  from  the  enterprise  so  zealously 
and  successfully  achieved  by  Mr.  Graves,  the  volumes  before  us  present  the 
best    evidence.       Ireland    presents    a    problem    of    deep    interest   to     the 
archaeologist.      Our  cordial  thanks  are  due  to  those  who,  content  to  abandon 
the  visions  of  romantic   s])eeulatiun,  in   regard   to  the  Primitive  inhabitants 
of  Ireland,  or  the  origin   of  those  remarkable  types  occurring  amongst  the 
reliques  of  the   earlier  periods,  earnestly  address  themselves   to  the  com- 
parison of  established  facts  with  the  vestiges  of  similar  character  or  age  in 
other   countries.      The  volumes  before  us  show  how  varied  and  valuable  are 
the  authentic     materials    throughout    Ireland,    demanding    only    scientific 
classification.      An   important   advantage   is   within    reach    of  the    student 
of  antiijuity  in  that  country,    in  the    means    of  reference  ati'orded   by  the 
extensive  collections  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  with  which  the  members 
of    the   Institute   have   been   in   some    measure    familiarised,    through  the 
lil)erality  of  that  institution    in   permitting   the   "  Pictorial  Catalogue  "  of 
their  museum  to  be  produced    at   our   Edinburgh    meeting,    as    also    on 
previous   occasions.     Nothing,  perhaj)S,  would  conduce   more   profitably  to 
the  extension  of  knowledge,  in  regard  to  the  earlier  vestiges  in  the  British 
Islands,  tliaii  the  publication  of  an  illustrated  description  of  those  collections. 
We  earnestly  hope  that  the  Council  of  the  Academy  may  be  encouraged  by 
the  rapidly  increasing    interest  in    Irish  anti(|uities,    to  produce   such   an 
instructive   manual   as    we  now  possess  in    Mr.  Worsaae's    Illustrations  of 
Scandinavian    Anti(piities,  j)reservcd  in  the  Royal  Museum  at  Copenhagen.' 
The   limits   of  our  present  purpose  will  only  admit  of  our  noticing  a  few 
amongst  many  interesting   subjects  comprised   in    the   Transactions  of  the 
Kilkenny  Society.      Amongst  those  which    bear  on    the  Primeval  Period, 
we   may   specially   advert  to  the  memoirs  of  Mr.  Graves,  Mr.  O'Neill  and 
Mr.  II.  P.  Clarke,  on  the  Stone  Monuments  of  Ireland,  the  cromleacs,  cists, 
earns   and  rock  chambers,  (vol.  i.  p.  129,  vol.  ii.  p.  40).     In  regard  to  the 
Ro-called  cromleacs  in  Ireland,  a  name  alleged  to  have  been  introduced  from 
Wales  by  Vallancey  and  his  scliool,  it  is  stated  that  the   stone   momiments 
of  tliat  class  are  almost   unifurndy  termed  by  the  j)easantry  leahn,  beds   or 
graves.     The   baseless   theory   of  the    "  Druids'  Altar  "  api)ears  indeed  to 
have    been    dispelled    by    the    scientific    examination    of    these     jwimitive 
structures.      One   of  the   most   remarkable   examples  hitberto   described  is 
undoidttedly  that  discovered  in  the  Phccnix  I'aik,  Oublin.      It  was  enclosed 
in  un  earthen  mound,  known  as    "  Knockmary,"  (the  hill  of  the  mariners), 
on    the    removal   of  whieb    a   rock    eliand)er   (or  cromleac)  was  found,  con- 
taining  hunuiii    ftkeletons  doubled   up,  with  a  <]uantity   of  small  sea-shells, 
preparc<l  ho  as  to  be  strung,  and  possibly  worn  as  a  necklace.     This  formed 
the   central   depf)sit  :   in    other  parts  <»f  the  tumulus  were  smaller  chambers 
or   cifitH,  containing  smnll  urns  with  burnt  bones.      One  of  the  urns,  now  in 
the  muHCUni  of  tin;    Ac.ideniv,  is  ligincd,  (vul.  ii.  p.   11).      It    may   deserve 

'  "  Aniil<liiitit'<'r  fr»  ilel  lvon(,'ilini-  Mil-  ucciiracy   of  tlctail   )>>■  ii   iTrtain  "clicnii- 

iMiim,"  A:c.,  \iy  .J.  J.  A.  Wurwuic  ('open-  i_v|iic"  art,  well   ilcHrrvinj;  ol  a(lti|iiiiiii  in 

lia^^'i'ii,     llt.M,     llvo.        'I'Ik!      illiiHtnilioiiH  iIiih  foiinlrv.      'I'Iiih  licniiiil'iil  vdIiiiih- inny 

n'|iri'Hi-niin){   •l.'i.''   xiiicicnt  ol>j«-ctn    in    (Im  I'c  ulitjiini'il    (Vnni  W'illiuniH   ami  Nnri^ulc, 

MiiM'Uin,  i-oin|iriHin(;  all  ]i('rioilMan<i  I'Vei-y  I  IciirictUi  Slrci  t,  Onveiii  (iai'<l<  n,  oi-  ullior 

cluiiM  uf  n-iiininH,  nrc  proiiuccd  with  ;jreat  forei;;!!  hookMillerH. 


NOTICES    OF    AT?CITAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS.  307 

notice  that  a  bone,  stated  to  be  that  of  a  dopj,  was  found  with  tlie  liunian 
remains  in  the  principal  chamber.  Some  traces  of  the  interment  of  a  dog 
with  the  aslies  of  the  deceased,  occurred,  it  may  be  remembered,  in  the 
burial-place  at  Portli  Dafarch  in  Holyhead  Island,  described  in  this  Journal 
bv  the  lion.  William  Owen  Stanley,  M.P.-  Amongst  the  numerous  facts 
relating  to  peculiar  sepulchral  ages,  brought  under  the  notice  of  the 
Kilkenny  Society,  the  discovery  of  a  sepulchre,  nearly  resembling  in  form 
that  of  a  shoe  made  to  fit  the  right  foot,  may  claim  attention,  (vol.  i.  p, 
13S).  It  was  a  covered  cist  formed  of  flag-stones  set  on  their  edges  ;  the 
|)art  answering  to  tiic  heel  was  made  by  small  stones,  set  one  over  another. 
The  chamber  contained  a  great  (juantity  of  ashes  of  oak  with  a  few  burned 
bones.  We  remember  no  similar  form  of  tomb,  with  the  exception  of 
those  found  at  Aldborough,  Yorkshire,  figured  in  Mr.  Ecroyd  Smith's 
"  Reliquiai  Isuriana;,"  pi.  x.  ;  one  of  them  formed  of  slabs  set  on  edge,  the 
other,  precisely  similar  in  shape  to  a  shoe,  was  of  clay  well-tempered  and 
burned,  and  it  contained  a  mass  of  ashes  of  oak,  with  small  fragments  of 
bone.^  These  remarkable  tombs  appear  to  present  a  certain  analogy  to  the 
TiveXni  of  the  ancients.  Mr.  Newton  discovered  at  Calymnos  a  coffin 
made  of  thick  clay,  moulded  into  a  form  like  a  slippcr-bath,  as  described  in 
this  volume  of  the  Journal,  p.  17. 

Some  curious  varieties  of  the  "  Ring-money  of  ancient  Ireland  "  are 
described  and  figured  by  Dr.  Cane  and  Mr.  Windele  (vol  i.  pp.  322,  333). 
Our  readers  are  familiar  with  various  types  of  this  supposed  currency,  of 
very  rare  occurrence  in  England  or  in  Scotland,  but  profusely  scattered  over 
Ireland.  Gold  rings  have  been  found  varying  from  56  oz,  to  2  dwts. 
Silver  rings  are  less  common,  but  several  varieties  are  here  given.  Some 
persons  have  endeavoured  to  establish  the  principle  of  a  certain  adjust- 
ment of  weight  in  these  gold  rings,  so  as  to  confirm  the  theory  of  their  use  as 
money  at  a  remote  period,  in  like  manner  as  rings  arc  actually  used  by 
certain  African  nations  in  lieu  of  specie. 

By  the  kindness  of  the  council,  we  are  enabled  to  place  before  our  readers 
the  accompanying  representation  of  a  very  singular  object,  deposited  in  the 
museum  of  the  Kilkenny  Society  by  Mr.  Blake,  in  the  possession  of  whose 
family  it  had  long  remained.  It  is  the  upper  portion  of  a  staff",  apparently 
of  yew,  which  had  been  coated  with  silver;  the  boss,  which  is  richly  wrought 
with  intertwined  lizards,  is  of  bronze,  and  the  boat-shaped  head  with 
recurved  dragon-heads  is  of  the  same  metal.  The  eyes  of  these  heads  are 
formed  altcrniitcly  of  red  enamel  and  of  silver.  Mr.  Blake  remembered 
three  bosses  of  the  lacertinc  work,  but  two  of  tliese  had  been  lost.  At  the 
March  meeting  of  the  Institute,  in  1854,  the  learned  President  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy,  Dr.  Todd,  produced  a  drawing  of  this  unique  relique,  and 
he  expressed  an  opinion,  in  which  other  able  antiquaries  concurred,  that  it 
bore  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  pastoral  staff  carried  by  dignitaries  and 
abbots  of  the  Greek  Church,  of  which  the  handle  was  sometimes  formed  by 
two  heads  of  dragons  or  some  other  animal,  turned  upwards  and  recurved. 
A  staff"  of  this  description  api)ears  in  the  right  hand  of  the  Patriarch, 
figured  in  Goar,  Rituale  Gijucorum,  pp.  15G,  313.  It  was  termed  BlkuvIkiov, 
and  was  often  presented  to  a  patriarcli  or  bishop  by  the  Imperial  hand.     It 

-  Arch.  Jdurnal,  vul  vi.  p.  ^I?!!.      A  full  •*  See  an  account  of  a  s.arc()plia<;us  of 

account  ol  the  Inirial-place  in  the  IMklmiIx  clay,  enclosing  a  human  body,  found  near 

I'iirk  may  be  found  in  the  Proceedings  of  Maidstone,   in   lo4'!.      Journal  ot    .Vrch. 

the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  vol.  i.  p.  186,  Assoc,  vol.  iv.  p  G,j 


Aocient  Iri 


I,  in  Ibe  MuBoum  of  Uio  Kilkonsy  v&ixshoDological  Socioty, 

(8ralr,  niii-  linlf  oilicliinl  t\t.e) 


NOTICES   OF    AllCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS.  309 

differed  materially  from  the  camhuca  or  crosier  of  the  Laliii  Cliureli,  its 
proportions  being  those  of  a  walking-staff,  and  it  was  rarely  formed  of 
precious  materials,  being  most  commonly  of  ivory  and  ebony,  &c.  The 
Abbe  Texier,  in  his  "  Kccueil  dcs  Inscriptions  du  Limousin,"  has  given  a 
representation  of  a  staft'-head,  found  in  the  tomb  (as  supposed)  of  Gerard, 
bishop  of  Limoges,  who  died  1022.  This  has  a  cross-piece  of  ivory,  ter- 
minating in  two  animal's  heads,  and  it  presents  at  first  sight  considerable 
resemblance  to  the  object  here  figured.  The  heads,  however,  are  not 
recurved,  and  there  appears  to  have  been  a  suitable  rest  for  the  hand  at  the 
top  of  the  cross-handle  ;  whereas  in  the  Irish  staff",  the  heads  approacli 
so  closely  together  as  to  preclude  such  use  of  the  staff.  It  will  be  seen 
moreover  by  the  vertical  view  (see  woodcut)  that  two  small  bars  cross  the 
aperture  between  the  dragon-heads,  suggesting  the  idea  that  a  cross  or 
crosier-head  may  have  been  there  affixed,  when  the  staff  was  perfect. 
Mr.  Graves  states  the  opinion,  most  consistent  with  probability,  that  a  cross, 
such  as  the  Cross  of  Cong  in  the  museum  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy, 
protruded  between  these  bars,  which  cross  the  inside  of  the  present  boat- 
shaped  termination  of  the  staff.  Whatever  may  have  been  its  intention, 
this  example  of  the  opus  llibernicum  is  of  highly  curious  character,  and  as 
it  is  believed,  unique  in  form.' 

A  memoir  is  contributed  by  Mr.  T.  L.  Cooke  (vol.  ii.  p.  47)  on  the 
singular  Irish  bells,  some  of  which,  of  great  antiquity,  have  been  exhibited 
at  the  meetings  of  the  Institute.  The  earliest  examples  are  of  iron,  riveted 
together,  in  form  four-sided  ;  they  were  regarded  with  singular  veneration, 
as  we  learn  from  Giraldus  and  other  authorities,  and  were  often  encased  in 
costly  jewelled  cases  or  shrines  of  the  richest  workmanship.  In  many 
instances,  such  was  the  popular  superstition  in  regard  to  these  reliqnes, 
that  they  were  used  for  the  purpose  of  adjuration.  As  examples  of  early 
skill  in  metallurgy,  these  bells  are  highly  curious.  They  were  dipped  in 
molten  bronze,  so  as  to  be  plated  with  that  metal,  doubtless  to  increase  the 
sonorous  qualities  of  the  bell,  and  to  preserve  the  iron  plate  from  rust.  Bells 
of  similar  construction,  and  partly  encased  in  bronze,  were  produced  by  Lord 
Cawdor  and  other  exhibitors  in  tlie  museum  formed  during  the  recent 
meeting  in  Edinburgh.  Several  valuable  memoirs  on  these  British  and 
Irish  sacred  bells  have  been  given  by  Mr.  Westwood  ;  Archa^ologia  Cani- 
brensis,  vol.  iii,  pp.  230,  301  ;  vol.  iv.  pp.  13,  167. 

In  these  volumes  will  be  found  several  interesting  communications 
regarding  Popular  Traditions  or  "Folk-lore,"  by  Mr.  Duimo,  Mr. 
0 'Kearney,  Dr.  0 'Donovan,  and  other  writers.  There  are  various  contri- 
butions to  ecclesiology,  monastic  history,  and  the  general  topography  of  the 
south-eastern  parts  of  Ireland,  amongst  which  we  may  mention  the  papers 
on  the  "Ecclesiastical  Antiquities  of  Youghal,"  and  the  numerous  con- 
ventual institutions  at  that  place,  by  the  Rev.  S.  Ilayman,  who  has  produced 
a  monograph  on  that  subject,  as  a  separate  publication,  a  desirable  acces- 
sion to  the  "  Monasticon  Ilibernicinn."  Mr.  Graves  and  Mr.  0 'Donovan 
have  illustrated  an  obscure  chapter  in  the  history  of  the  ancient  Celtic 
divisions,  by  their  detailed  memoirs  on  "the  ancient  tribes  and  territories 
of  Ossory."  The  lamented  and  able  archaeologist,  the  late  Mr.  Prendergast, 

^  Transactions  of  the  Kilkenny  Society,       tlie  Cross  of  Cong,  by  M  i\  llcnry  O'Neill, 
vol.  iii.  p.  i;57.   Wo  may  here  invite  atten-       ibid,  p.  417. 
tion  to  tlio  explanations  of  the  legends  on 


310 


NOTICES   OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL   PUBLICATIONS. 


contributed  largely  to  these  voliinies,  not  only  from  the  historical  materials 
and  record-lore,  with  which  he  was  so  conversant,  but  from  his  researches 
of  a  more  generally  popular  character,  such  as  his  memoir  "  Of  Hawks 
and  Ilnunds  in  Ireland,"  an  agreeable  chapter  in  the  history  of  ancient 
Field  S|)urts. 

Sepulchral  memorials  of  the  mediaeval  age,  to  which  so  much  attention 
has  been  devoted  in  England,  are  not  abundant  in  the  sister  kingdom.  We 
find,  however,  besides  the  elaborately  sculptured  crosses  to  which  Mr. 
O'Neill  has  recently  attracted  the  attention  of  antiquaries  by  his  valuable 
publication,  numerous  early  cross-slabs  and  inscriptions,  such  as  those  in 
Lismore  Cathedral  (figured  vol.  iii.  p.  2U0)  ;  the  curious  fragment  of  a 
sepulchral  cross  or  lieadstone  found  there  by  Archdeacon  Cotton,  in  1851, 
(.see  woodcut)  soliciting  a  prayer  for  Cormac;  the  more  enriched  grave-slabs 
at  Clunniacnoise,  described  by  ]\lr.  Graves  (vol  iii.  p.  2!l.i)  and  other 
simihxr  memorials.  Amongst  medijeval  tombs  we  may  advert  to  those 
Jound  at  the  Dominican  Abbey,  Kilkenny,  described  by  Air.  J.  G.  A.  Prim. 


(vol.  i.  p.  -ij.S)  ;  the  cross-slab  of  very  imconimon  design,  fduinl  at  Bannow, 
(vol.  i.  p.  ly}),  and  the  cross-legged  efligies  of  the  eo.  Kilkenny,  iigurcd 
in  Mr.  Graves'  memoir  (vol.  ii.  p.  G.'3).  JCfligiesof  the  earlier  periods  are  verv 
rare  in  Ireland  ;  our  readers  may  however  recall  those  existing  at  Casliel, 
dcHcrilieil  in  this  Journal  by  Mr.  Du  Noyer,  inclnding  three  figures  of  ladies, 
of  the  \llllh  cent.,  in  the  cross-legged  attitude.' 

'I'Im;  nio>t  peculiar  inscrilieil  ineniorials  presented  to  ns  in  the  vari<Ml  field 
of  Irish  archaeology  are  undijubtcdly  tliose  which  bear  the  mysteriou.s 
markitigH,  generally  known  a.s  Oghams,  once  a  fertile  subject  of  visionary 
Hpeculution  to  Irish  anti(piarianH,  amidst  perplexing  absurdities  which  tho 
recent  rcHoarchcH  of  a  few  intelligent  cncpiircrs  have,  n»  we  believe,  satis- 
factorily dispolleil.  Many  examples  of  these  very  singular  cryjitic  inscrip- 
tioiiH  will  lie  found  in  the  volinnes  br'fore  us  ;  and  not  a  few  of  these  lniV(! 
been    brought    to  light  through  the  inihience  and  e.vertion.s  of  the  Kilk<nny 


*   All  li.ndl.  .iMiini.  vol    ii    ]p    I'Jl. 


NOTICES   OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS.  311 

archaeologists.  Amongst  these  none  are  more  remarkable  than  the  slabs 
here  represented,  (see  woodcuts)  found  in  1855,  in  an  artificial  cavity  or 
passage  at  the  Rath  of  Dunbel,  co.  Kilkenny.  Mr.  Prim  has  given  (vol. 
iii.  p.  397)  a  full  report  of  the  multifarious  reliques  brought  to  light  on  that 
site  of  ancient  occupation  ;  the  Ogham  stones  were  unfortunately  broken 
by  the  workmen  into  fragments,  but  these  were  rescued,  and  the  slabs  are 
actually  preserved,  as  here  represented,  in  the  Museum  of  the  Kilkenny 
Society.  We  have  gladly  availed  ourselves  of  the  kind  permission  of  their 
Council,  to  bring  before  our  readers  these  examples  of  Ogham  inscriptions, 
not  only  as  a  memorable  result  of  the  devoted  ingenuity  and  perseverance 
of  Mr.  Graves  and  his  brother-archaeologists,  in  effecting  their  preservation 
after  such  disastrous  mutilation,  but  with  the  view  of  inviting  research  for 
similar  inscriptions,  probably  existing  in  Cornwall,  Wales,  or  other  parts  of 
our  island.  One  highly  curious  specimen  found  in  Shetland,''  has  already 
been  brought  before  the  Institute  by  Dr.  Charlton,  at  the  Newcastle  meeting, 
and  formed  the  subject  of  a  discourse  by  Dr.  Graves,  of  Dublin,  at  one 
of  our  monthly  meetings  in  London.''  Ogham  inscriptions  have  been  found 
at  Golspie  in  Sutherland,  and  at  Newton  in  the  Garioch,  Aberdeenshire, 
figured  in  Dr.  Wilson's  "  Prehistoric  Annals,"  p.  506,  and  more  accurately 
in  Mr.  Stuart's  admirable  "  Sculptui-ed  Stones  of  Scotland,"  pi.  i.  We 
are  not  aware  that  any  Ogham  monument  has  hitherto  been  noticed  in 
England.  The  number  of  examples  already  collected  in  Ireland  is  con- 
siderable, and  we  await  with  anxiety  the  promised  Dissertation  by  Dr. 
Graves  on  this  very  curious  subject.  Meanwhile,  information  may  be 
obtained  from  his  contributions  to  the  volumes  under  consideration,  and 
from  the  abstracts  of  his  papers  read  before  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  in 
1848,  and  printed  in  their  Proceedings  (vol.  iv.  pp.  173,  356).  The  credit 
of  ascertaining  the  principle  upon  which  these  remarkable  cryptic  memorials 
may  be  decyphered,  is  due,  as  we  believe,  to  that  learned  archaeologist,  to 
Mr.  Hitchcock,  and  Mr.  Windele  of  Cork.  Occasionally  the  "medial 
line,"  in  most  cases  defined  by  the  angle  of  the  inscribed  slab,  was  not 
used.  In  Lord  Londesborough's  collections  at  Grimston,  there  is  an  amber 
bead,  inscribed  with  Oghams  ;  it  had  been  highly  esteemed  as  an  amulet  for 
the  cure  of  sore  eyes,  and  was  obtained  in  the  co.  Cork.  Vallancey 
published  a  brooch,  charged  with  Oghams.  They  are,  however,  of  excessive 
rarity  on  any  object  of  ornament  or  daily  use. 

A  personal  seal  of  great  interest,  and  as  far  as  we  are  aware  previously 
unknown,  is  given  by  Mr,  Graves,  by  whom  it  was  discovered  in  the 
muniment  chamber  of  the  Ormonde  family,  at  Kilkenny  Castle.  This 
remarkable  example  (figured,  vol.  i.  p.  503)  is  the  seal  of  Richard,  Earl  of 
Pembroke,  surnamed  Strongbow,  appended  to  his  grant  to  Adam  de 
Hereford  of  lands  in  Aghaboe  and  Ossory.  On  one  side  the  earl  is  seen  on 
his  charger,  with  sword  upraised  ;  he  wears  a  singular  conical  helm 
furnished  with  a  nasal.  On  the  obverse  appears  an  armed  figure  on  foot, 
bearing  a  lance  or  javelin,  and  a  long  shield  chevron^,  doubtless  the  earliest 
type  of  the  bearing  of  Clare,  afterwards  modified  as  three  chevrons.  The 
same  chevrony  shield  may  be  seen  on  the  seals  of  Gilbert,  father  of  Strong- 
bow,  created  Earl  of  Pembroke  by  Stephen,  in  1138.    It  has  been  figured  in 

^  It  has  been  figured   in  tlie  Aroliceo-  published  by  the  Spalding  Club,  pi.  .')4. 
logia  yEliiuia,  vol.  iv.   p.  150,  and   in  Mr.  '  May   4,    1855,  noticed   Arch.  Juurn. 

Stuart's  Sculptured  Stones    of    Scotland,  vol.  xii.  p.  274. 

VOL.  XIII,  U  D 


Upright  Siaba,  baaring  Oi^bam  Ipaoriptiona.    Found  in  a  RaUi 
at  Dunbol,  county  V  "■? 


(8e*lr,  1  Inrh  la  «  r»ul. 


NOTICES    OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    PUBLICATIONS.  313 

the  Notes  on  Upton,  p.  80,  and  presents  nearly  the  same  tj'pes  as  the  seals 
found  by  Mr.  Graves  at  Kilkenny.  The  warrior  on  foot  bears  a  barbed  and 
feathered  javelin  ;  on  tlie  seal  of  the  son  the  weapon  has  a  lozenge-shaped 
head,  and  to  the  other  extremity  appears  to  be  attached  a  ulobular  object, 
probably  as  a  counterpoise,  not  shown  in  the  lithograph  which  accompanies 
Mr.  Graves'  notice.  The  costume  and  equipments  are  for  the  most  part 
similar  on  these  two  rare  examples  of  so  early  date.  Mediaeval  seals  are 
comparatively  of  uncommon  occurrence  in  Ireland,  but  some  good  matrices 
exist  in  the  museum  of  the  Academy.  Mr.  Caulfield,  of  Cork,  has 
recently  produced  the  third  and  fourth  parts  of  his  "  Sigilla  Ecclesiaj 
Hibernica;,"  the  only  work  specially  devoted  to  the  illustration  of  Irish 
seals.  A  curious  little  example  is  figured  in  the  Kilkenny  Transactions, 
(vol.  iii.  p.  330)  found  near  the  Friary  at  Youghal,  of  which,  by  the 
kindness  of  the  Rev,  S.  llayraan,  author  of  the  *'  Ecclesiastical 
Antiquities "  *  of  that  place,  we  here  give  a  representation.  (See 
woodcut.)  Its  date  may  be  XlVth  or  early 
XVth  century.  The  device  is  a  heart,  of  frequent 
occurrence  on  seals  of  that  period,  here,  as  has  been 
supposed,  "pierced  from  above  by  a  perpendicular 
sword-blade,  and  resting  on  a  mass  of  coagulated  blood." 
We  must  leave  it  to  some  antiquary  practised  in  these 
conventional  devices  to  suggest  a  more  probable  explana- 
tion. The  legend  appears  to  read,  ^.  If'ii.  ioi)'. 
ti)l)ug;I)ul,  which  suggests  that  brother  John  may  have 
been  of  the  place  where  his  seal  was  found  ;  Dr.  Todd 
was  of  opinion  that  the  last  word  may  be  the  same  as 
de  Yughul,  of  Youghal  ;  whilst  the  late  Mr.  Crofton 
Croker  proposed  to  read  t^  as  a  contraction  for  thesaurarii, 
supposing  the  seal  to  have  belonged  to  the  Treasurer  of 
the  Franciscan  Friary.  Some,  however,  read  the  name , 
as — Thynghul. 

The  foregoing  notices  may  serve  to  show  some  of  the 
subjects  of  interest  comprised  in  these  volumes.  The 
illustrations,  (lithographs  and  woodcuts,)  are  numerous, 
and  for  the  most  part  effective  and  accurate.  We  regret 
to  be  unable  to  place  before  our  readers  the  facsimile  of  a  spirited  sketch  of 
the  Court  of  Exchequer,  with  the  judges  and  officials,  the  suitors,  &c., 
crowding  around  the  table  covered  Avith  a  chequered  cloth.  (Vol.  iii.  p.  45.) 
This  curious  picture  of  a  court  of  law  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  has  been 
preserved  in  the  Liber  Ruber,  in  the  Chief  Remembrancer's  Office,  Dublin. 

**  Notes  and   Records  of  the  Relii»i<)"s  account  of  the   seal   above   figured,    was 

Foundations  at  Youghal,  co.  Cork,  and  its  given  by  Mr.  llajinan  in  Gent.    Mag.  vol. 

vicinity.     By  the   Rev.   Samuel   Haynian.  xli.  p.  277. 
Youghal:    R.   Lindsay,   18o5,  8vo.      An 


3U  ARCHAEOLOGICAL   INTELLIGENCE. 


;ilicljacolooiical  lutcUtgciUf. 

We  arc  specially  desirous  to  invite  attoiitiou  to  the  important  work 
announced  for  immediate  publication  by  Mr.  J.  M.  Kemble,  entitled — 
"  Horaj  Ferales  ;  or  studies  in  the  Archa3ology  of  the  Northern  Nations." 
Tlie  aim  proposed  is  to  supply  the  means  of  comparison  between  the  prin- 
cipal types  of  objects  of  Archaeological  interest,  from  different  ages  and 
different  parts  of  the  world.  The  illustrations  (thirty  plates,  of  which 
twenty  coloured)  v.  ill  represent  the  most  remarkable  antiquities  in  the 
principal  Museums  of  Northern  Europe.  The  introductory  letter-press  will 
Contain  the  author's  complete  "  System  of  Northern  Archaeology."  The 
work  will  be  published  (by  subscription)  by  Mr.  Lovell  Reeve,  5,  Henrietta- 
street,  Covent  Garden  ;  price,  to  subscribers,  21.  12i>.  6cZ. 

Dr.  DcxcAN  McPiiERSOX,  late  Inspector  of  Hospitals  in  the  Turkish 
Contingent,  had  prosecuted  during  the  recent  occupation  of  Kertch  by  the 
allied  forces,  some  important  investigations  of  the  tombs  of  various 
periods  near  that  place.  Dr.  McPherson  gave  a  discourse  at  the  Edinburgh 
Meeting  on  the  curious  reliques  lately  disinterred,  and  which  he  has 
generously  presented  to  the  British  Museum.  He  proposes  to  produce  (by 
subscription)  a  detailed  account  of  his  discoveries,  accompanied  by  ten 
coloured  plates,  displaying  fictile  and  bronze  vessels,  lamps,  gold  orna- 
ments, and  a  very  remarkable  collection  of  bronze  fibula;,  «fc.c.,  of  high 
interest  on  account  of  their  close  resemblance  to  those  found  in  Anglo- 
Saxon  graves.  Subscribers' names  are  received  at  the  Office  of  the  Institute. 

The  Rev.  J.  C.  Cimming,  of  Lichfield,  author  of  the  "  Isle  of  Man,  its 
History,  Physical,  Ecclesiastical,  Civil,  and  Legendary,  "  proposes  to 
publish  (by  subscription)  two  works  in  further  illustration  of  the  History 
and  Antiquities  of  that  Island.  One  of  these  will  be  entitled,  "  The  Story 
iif  Rushen  Castle  and  Abbey,"  the  other  will  comprise  representations  of  the 
sc-ulptured  monuments,  crosses  and  Runic  inscriptions  existing  in  the  Isle 
of  Man.  1  he  latter  volume  will  be  in  quarto,  uniform  with  Mr.  Graham's 
"  Antiquities  of  lona,"  and  will  contain  about  sixty  plates.  Subscribers 
are  requested  to  send  their  names  to  the  Author,  or  to  Mr.  Lomax,  book- 
heller,  Lichfield. 

Mr.  J.  T.  Bi.iGiiT,  of  Penzance,  who  has  recently  produced  a  volume 
entitled  "  Ancient  Crosses  and  other  Anti(juitics,  in  the  West  of  Cornwall," 
(London  :  Simpkin  and  Marshall,)  comprising  upwards  of  seventy  repre- 
sentations of  scul[>tured  crosses,  of  crondechs,  and  other  ancient  remains, 
proposes  to  produce  (l»y  subscription)  a  similar  work  on  the  Crosses,  itc.,of 
the  Northern  parts  of  Cornwall.  Subscribers  are  requested  to  forward  thei 
names  to  tlio  autlior. 

Mr.  G.  Goi.jjii;,  of  ShcfUold,  has  announced  for  judilication,  in  twenty 
nundicrH,  lioyal  quarto,  select  cxiimples  t)f  the  Mediieval  Arcliitccture  and 
Arts  of  Italy.  A  list  of  the  subjects,  amongst  wliich  are  some  of  the  best 
Italian  examples  of  an  hiteetural  conijiosition,  metal-work,  sculpture, 
painted  glahs,  mural  and  other  decorations,  may  he  obtained  from  the 
autiior,  or  fr(jm  Messrs.  Bell  and  ]>aldv,  the  IMiblisliers. 


€f)t  ^vcfiaeological   3louvnaU 


DECEMBER,  1856. 


ON   SOME    OF   THE   BEARINGS   OF   ETHNOLOGY   UPON 
ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SCIENCE.i 

By  J.  BARXARD  DAVIS,  F.S.A.,  F.E.S. 

Ethnology  may  heave  been  regarded  as  a  series  of  fan- 
ciful, and,  probably,  futile  inquiries,  leading  to  no  very 
definite  ends ;  and  the  ethnologist,  as  a  sort  of  harmless 
visionary,  led  hither  and  thither  by  trifling  indications,  and 
exciting  more  smiles  than  looks  of  satisfaction.  In  such  a 
region,  hypotheses  have  been  very  prolific,  and  the  per- 
tinacity of  their  inventors  has  usually  been  in  the  inverse 
ratio  to  the  stability  and  the  number  of  the  facts  on  which 
they  have  built  them.  Great  learning  has  often  been 
expended,  even  by  men  of  sterling  merit,  upon  investigations 
into  the  origin,  migrations,  and  settlements  of  early  nations, 
without  any  fixed  principles  or  sound  philosophy,  to  guide 
or  to  support  the  inquiries  entered  upon.  Frequently  some 
fancied,  especially  when  recondite,  resemblances,  have  led  to 
a  search  for  facts  and  appearances  to  give  countenance  to 
the  theories  they  have  suggested.  Ethnology,  therefore, 
in  this  sense,  is  mainly  an  abstraction  of  the  mind.  Such 
vague  lucubrations  may  be  very  fascinating,  but  are  chiefly 
to  be  tolerated  on  the  principle  of  the  old  French  maxim  : 
"  Du  choc  des  idces  jaillit  la  lumiere."  This,  however,  is 
but  a  description  of  the  early  stage  of  ethnology,  like  that  of 
many  other  branches  of  research,  which  have  grown  into 
sciences.  The  wild,  if  not  groundless  speculations,  not 
based  upon  facts  and  sound  principles,  of  some  antiquaries 
of  the  last  century,  perhaps  even  of  more  recent  times — 
which  speculations  have  commonly  been  as  erroneous  in  their 

'  Communicated  to  the  Section  of  Antiquities,  at  the  Edinburgh  Meeting  of  the 
Archaeological  Inslilute,  July,  1850'. 

VOL.  XIII.  X  X 


316  OX   SOME   OF   THE    BEARINGS   OF   ETHNOLOGY 

ethnology  as  in  their  archaeology — hear  httle  rehitioii  to  tlic 
science  of  archaeok")gy,  as  at  present  niulcrstood.  And  the 
"  theories  of  the  eartli "  of  the  earher  cosmogonists,  in  ^vhich 
the  imagination  set  itself  to  educe  order  out  of  primeval 
chaos,  using  all  the  wonderful  forces  of  nature  at  discretion, 
had  a  very  small  resemblance  indeed  to  modern  geology. 

The  great  erudition  disj)la3'cd  by  the  German  philologists 
upon  sul)jccts  so  captivating  to  enquiring  minds,  may  not 
be  regarded  as  leading  to  very  definite  conclusions.  Still 
a  sort  of  science  of  comparative  plnloloijy  is  being  raised  up, 
which,  when  subjected  to  more  rigid  criticism,  and  eliminated 
from  those  hasty  views  that  have  misled  some  very  eminent 
cultivators  of  this  field  of  knowledge,  may  ultimately  pro- 
duce satisfactory  results.  Man,  his  origin,  his  relations  and 
alliances  in  all  their  extent,  constitute  a  series  of  complex 
and  difficult  subjects  of  inquiry.  And  it  is  not  to  be  won- 
dered that  the  learned  have  too  readily  identified  particular 
lamruao-es  with  certain  races  of  men  ;  and  have  allowed 
their  attention  to  be  absorbed  by  the  curious  and  erudite 
study  of  the  tongues  of  ancient  people,  when  their  personal 
peculiarities  were  so  inaccessible— supposing  this  more  facile 
ground  to  be  the  true  ground  of  anthropological  research. 
Language,  the  property  of  man,  offers  an  immense  region 
for  investigation,  and  when  investigated  upon  large  and 
correct  principles,  such  as  are  being  gradually  introduced 
inlo  conq)arativc  philolog}',  will  no  dotibt  lead  to  valuable 
results.  Still  language  is  only  one  of  the  attributes  of  man, 
and  all  the  conq^arisons  it  admits  of,  constitute  but  a  small 
ji;ii-l  of  the  circle  of  iu'iiiiiv  oi'  wliich  lie  is  the  centre. 
\V\<,  jiliysicdl  characfrrs,  i\\Q  physiological  laws  to  which  his 
oi-ganisation  and  whole  being  are  suhjecteil,  ar.d  the  essen- 
tial properties  and  distinctive  })eciili,irilits  of  his  mental 
constitution,  all  ditlicult  to  learn  on  any  eonqirehensive 
scale,  and  to  elucidate,  and  rei|niring  for  their  study  long 
and  extensive  research,  arr  ihc  surest  ami  lirst  bases  of 
ethnological  science,  as  it  ajipeais  to  us. 

This  nnist  fu'st  of  all  acipiire  IixcmI  and  NNell-ddineil  piin- 
ciplcs  before  it  can  deserve  thr  name  ol  a  science.  It  must 
before  all  be  ascertaine(l  by  a  close  and  lhoroUL;h  investiga- 
tion of  diflerelll  races  of  people,  that  they  have  and  do 
observe  SOmet  hi  111;'  liKi'  ihriiuii'  la^\^  in  tlnir  diiMJn^  (h-\c|()j,- 
inents,  alliances,  and  nnitations.  Iidoi-e  ftluiology  itself  can  have 


UPON   ARCHAEOLOGICAL    SCIENCE.  317 

any  stable  ground  to  stand  upon.  The  speculations  wliicli 
have  formed  its  aerial  substance  too  frequently,  must  be  called 
down  from  the  cloudy  regions  in  which  they  have  floated, 
wherein  transmutations  and  metamorphoses  innumerable 
have  been  as  easy  as  those  of  the  magician.  And  when  this 
is  accomplished,  and  the  whole  has  been  subjected  to  the 
test  of  rational  inquiry,  ethnology  will  itself  obtain  firm 
foundations,  and  be  able  to  afford  aid  and  elucidation  to 
other  branches  of  study. 

I.  For  instance,  if  it  can  be  ascertained,  as  there  is  every 
reason  to  believe  it  will  be,  that  race  is  something  more  than 
the  mere  name  of  a  mutable  tiling,  and  is  really  a  permanent 
and  enduring  entity,  which  must  of  necessity  have  had  a 
primeval  origin,  and  exists  the  same  now  as  it  has  always 
done,  unchanged  and  unchangeable  ;  archaeology  will  find 
in  this  ethnological  principle  a  stable  and  consistent  basis  of 
inquiry  of  real  value  and  use.  Instead  of  the  doubt  and 
hesitation  with  which  current  doctrines  have  led  us  to  regard 
the  remnants  of  ancient  people  to  be  met  with  in  almost 
every  country,  we  shall  then  look  upon  them  as  the  venerable 
living  representatives  of  nations  whose  ancestry  reaches 
back  perhaps  to  creation  itself.  A  firmer  and  surer  footing 
will  thus  be  given  to  antiquarian  researches,  which  will  not 
be  confined  to  unfolding  ancient  manners  and  customs,  old 
dialects,  or  even  modes  of  thought  and  expression,  but  may 
retrace  the  very  lineaments  and  foi-ms  of  people  of  primitive 
and  pre-historic  times. 

As  examples  of  the  permanent  and  undj'ing  endurance 
of  race,  of  features  and  physical  peculiarities  which  have 
lasted  for  many  ages,  and  cling  with  imchanged  constancy 
to  the  people  still,  we  may  especially  cite  one  from  the  most 
primitive  of  ancient  nations,  the  ancient  Egyptians.  In 
point  of  antiquity  we  can  refer  to  no  older  on  the  face  of 
the  globe,  and  their  most  remarkable  monuments  afford  the 
very  test  our  citation  demands.  In  physical  conformation, 
special  study  has  convinced  us,  they  also  present  peculiarities 
which,  taken  altogether,  do  not  meet  in  any  other  peo})le. 
So  that  whether  they  be  admitted  to  be  an  autocthonous 
race  or  not,  they  are  strictly  indigenous  to  the  Valley  of  the 
JS^ile  ;  for  we  may  pronounce  with  much  confidence,  that  no 
people  presenting  the  same  peculiarities  of  form  are  to  be 
met  with  elsewhere.     This  ancient  and  fine  race  is  to  be 


318  ON    SOME    OF    THE    BEARINGS    OF    ETHNOLOGY 

traced  through  all  the  luoiiuiiicnts  of  the  successive  d^'iiasties, 
possessing  the  same  delicate  features,  in  iierfect  contrast 
Avitli  the  Negroid  conformation,  Avliich,  from  an  ill-under- 
stood passage  of  Herodotus,  they  had  been  supj)osed  to 
present.  And,  what  is  still  more  remarkable,  all  observant 
travellers  who  ascend  the  sacred  river,  even  the  most  recent, 
concur  in  the  testimony,  that  the  people  of  the  country'- 
everywhere  offer  the  most  striking  resemblance  to  the 
venerable  bas-reliefs  and  paintings  of  the  monuments.  This 
forcible  figure  has  moi'c  than  once  been  used  by  Egyptian 
travellers,  that  in  colour,  form,  and  every  other  outward 
feature,  the  proper  rural  po])ulation  look  as  if  they  had 
stepped  from  the  walls  of  the  temples  as  animated  images 
of  their  far-off  ancestors.  Notwithstanding  a  succession  of 
invasions  and  conquests,  continually  repeated  from  the  time 
of  Camb3'ses  downwards,  to  the  intrusion  of  the  Saracens 
and  modern  Turks  and  Arnaouts,  the  true  Egyptian  people 
have  remained  as  constant  as  the  Nile  and  its  inundations. 
We  need  not  here  refer  to  the  features  and  chai-acteristics 
of  the  ancient  Egyptians,  and  the  many  curious  questions 
connected  with  them.  It  is  enough  to  establish  the  great 
central  ethnological  position,  that  the  most  ancient  of  the 
Egyj)tian  people  still  exist  in  their  living  representatives,  in 
the  l'\'llahs  of  tlie  villages  on  the  shores  of  the  Nile.  A 
position  in  itself  sullicicnt,  were  it  requisite,  to  show  that 
ethnology  and  archaeology  are  twin  sisters,  intimately  con- 
nected, and  mutually  supporting  each  other — destined,  when 
better  understood,  and  their  relations  more  fully  developed, 
each  to  lend  the  other  reciprocal  aid. 

Examples  of  like  peculiarity,  and  of  like  pertinacity  of 
form,  occur  on  every  hand.  Of  the  personal  i-eniains  of  the 
(Dicicut  Assi/rians^  i\\G  learned  ;tiid  most  entcrpiising  anti- 
quarians who  have  revealed  their  remarkable  ba.s-reliefs,  and 
other  characteiistic  monuments,  have  scarcely  met  with  any. 
We  have  been  infonncd,  through  the  kindness  <»f  Sir  lli'iiiy 
Itawlinson,  that  "in  all  llic  ruins  of  Assyria,  jiabylonia.  and 
(Jlialdea,"  evidences  of  a  jn-culiar  mode  of  scpultui-e  are  met 
with,  which  arcounts  f<ir  this.  "  The  bodies  wei"e  originally 
doubled  up  and  .si|Ui'e/.ei|  iu(o  the  lowei'  hall"  of  .-i  (tlay 
sepulehrai  jai-,  al'lei-  wliicli  (lie  uppei-  half  of  llie  jar  must 
have  been  added  in  a  S(tll  s(a(e  and  aL'ain  e.\|Mise(|  to  the 
furnace,  the   resull    being   dial    llie  Imnrs  \vei-e  partially  cal- 


UPON    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    SCIENCE.  .'319 

ciuccl  in  tlie  process,"  Sir  Ilcnry  adds,  "  I  judge  that  this 
was  the  mode  of  sepulture,  from  having  in  a  hundred 
instances  found  skeletons  in  jars,  either  with  no  aperture 
at  all,  or  at  an}"-  rate  with  so  small  an  orifice  that  by  no  pos- 
sibility could  the  cranium  have  been  forced  through  it." 
j\lr.  Layard,  in  his  second  work,  alludes  with  an  expression 
of  sur2:»rise  to  the  absence  of  tombs  at  Nineveh,  and  observes, 
"  I  cannot  conjecture  how  or  where  the  people  of  Nineveh 
buried  their  dead."  From  accidental  circumstances,  how- 
ever, Mr.  Layard,  during  his  excavations  at  the  North  West 
Palace,  was  enabled  to  bring  to  light  a  veritable  skull  of  an 
ancient  Assyrian,  now  preserved  in  the  British  Museum.  It 
was  found  in  a  chamber,  which  had  an  entrance  and  no  exit, 
with  a  great  many  other  bones  and  armour ;  a  room  to 
which  it  is  supposed  the  defenders  of  the  palace  on  its 
destruction  had  retreated,  and  there  perished.  This  skull  is 
possessed  of  great  interest  for  its  complete  identity  with  the 
heads  of  the  people  of  the  sculptures,  thus  conferring  upon 
them  the  irrefragable  stamp  of  nature  and  of  authenticity. 
Besides  which  it  presents  special  characters,  which  distin- 
guish it  from  tlie  crania  of  all  other  ancient  races,  as  far  as  the 
writer's  inquiries  have  enabled  him  to  determine.  And  this 
precious  osseous  relic,  archaeologically  of  such  great  value, 
is  equally  so  in  an  ethnological  view,  for  it  not  only  repre- 
sents the  special  people  of  ancient  Assyria,  but,  according  to 
the  testimony  of  high  authorities,  especiall}'-  that  of  j\I.  Botta, 
it  may  be  considered  as  a  model  of  those  now  inhabiting 
Persia,  Armenia,  and  Kurdistan.  For  these  are  said  still  to 
preserve  the  type  offered  by  the  bas-reliefs  themselves.  Not 
only  in  their  physical  conformation,  but,  according  to  Sir  H. 
Ivawlinson,  in  mother-tongue  also,  the  present  inhabitants  ot 
the  countr}'-  resemble  thoir  far-off  ancestors — for  he  says, 
"  they  speak  a  language  closely  alhed  to  that  of  the  Nineveh 
inscriptions." 

But  it  is  the  same  with  other  ancient  races,  the  Jens  and 
the  Gi/psics  being  the  most  familiar  instances.  The  former 
present  specific  features,  which  we  are  authorised  specially 
to  identity  with  them  in  all  ages  and  in  all  countries,  proof 
of  which  it  were  easy  to  adduce  from  every  quai-ter  of  the 
globe,  and  almost  every  clime,  did  time  permit.  We  pi-efer, 
however,  rather  to  allude  to  an  observation  made  some 
years  ago,  by  the  present  governor  of  Hong-Kong,  Sir  John 


320  OX    SOME    OF    THE    BEARINGS    OF    ETHNOLOGY 

Bowring,  ^vlicn  he  visited  Nabloiis,  the  Schechcni  of  tlic  OKI 
Testament  and  Sycliar  of  tlie  New,  tlic  ancient  capital  of 
Samaria.  The  excellent  and  learned  traveller  was  sui'jirised 
to  tind  that  the  Chief  Priest,  and  other  remnants  of  this 
ancient  sect,  personally.  '•  had  nothing  of  the  Hebrew  expres- 
sion," bnt,  on  the  contrary,  "  nuich  i-esembled  the  Drnscs 
of  Mount  Lahanon,  the  ancient  Syrian  race."'  They  were 
"  utterly  unlike  Jews,"  of  whose  remarkable  features  the 
traveller  had  expected  to  find  traces,  whilst  the  similarity  to  the 
ancient  race  of  the  country  was  striking.  But  there  is  a  total 
failure  of  evidence  to  show  that  the  ancient  Samaritans  w^rc 
of  the  Jewish  race,  however  much  the}^  might  be  allied  in 
religious  views  and  worship.  Some  have  affirmed  that  the}'- 
Avere  "a  mixed  race  of  people,  being  composed  of  immigrants 
and  the  remaining  natives."  There  appears,  therefore, 
strong,  and,  we  believe,  conclusive  evidence,  that,  notwith- 
standing the  captivity  under  one  of  the  Assyrian  monarchs, 
the  Samaritans  were,  and  continue  to  be  to  this  day,  mainly 
the  aboriginal  race  of  the  countr3^  As  M.  Alfred  Maury 
lias  so  well  expressed  it,  "  C'est  toujours  le  caracterc 
primitif  (pii  a  })r(.'valu,"'  whatever  mixture  may  have  taken 
j)l;ic('. 

11.  If  it  can  be  established  that  not  only  })e('uliar  physical 
conformations,  but  t/ie  mental  (uid  moral  proju'rtics  of  all 
races  are  ensential  to  them,  and  do  not  admit  of  being  trans- 
nmted  one  into  the  other,  or  of  undergoing  any  material 
chancre — and  there  are  stronc;  reasons  for  thinking  this  will 
bo  established — the  archaeologist  \\'\\\  be  able  with  much 
more  self-reliance  to  travel  back  along  the  line  of  preceding 
centuries,  and  to  fix  upon  jieoplc  whose  mental  and  moral 
status,  who.se  social  and  intellectual  characteristics,  he  has 
devel(jped  by  the  study  of  various  ages. 

The  civilisations  of  all  civilised  races  are  special.  Whether 
wo  regard  the  civilisation  ol'  the  ancient  Egyptians,  ol'  the 
Assyrians,  of  the  (Wrecks,  ol'  the  Ai-Ml)ians,  of  the  Chinese,  of 
the  Hindoos,  of  the  J\Iexicans,  or  of  tlic  I'cnn  i.nis.  we  cannot 
deny  that  we  are  contenij)lating  in  cnli  case  an  auxi-ci^ate  of 
causes  and  efl'octs  which  is  j)eculiai-,  ami,  without  rcrusing  to 
admit  tiiat  one  ni;iy  iiavc  inlluciicod  the  otlici*  in  some 
respects,  as  the  art  of  h^gypL  or  ((f  As.syria  may  have  been 
rellected  upon  that  of  Greece  at  its  dawn  ;  and  possihly  the 
letters  of  Greece  m.-iv  have  shed  an  inllucncc,  liillu  rlo  nn<Ie- 


UPON    ARCHAEOLOGICAL   SCIENCE.  321 

velopecl,  over  those  of  the  East — the  whole  mental  and  moral 
character  in  its  evolutions,  of  these  distinct  civilisations  has 
been  peculiar  to  it — and  not  capable  of  being  transferred 
from  one  great  nation  to  another.  It  has  had  its  bases  in 
their  physical  and  psychical  organisation,  and  has  been 
intimately  connected  with  it,  and,  therefore,  cannot  in  the 
nature  of  things,  really  and  thoroughly  reappear  in  a  people 
of  different  organisation. 

The  Jew  of  modern  times,  and  in  almost  all  countries, 
presents  the  same  propensities  as  to  trade  and  a  "wandering 
life  that  distinguished  him  in  the  middle  ages,  and  which 
have  characterised  him  since  he  was  first  induced  to  mio;rate 
from  the  plains  of  Mesopotamia.  His  civilisation  is  quite 
peculiar  and  distinct  from  all  those  in  which  he  mingles,  but 
never  wdiolly  adopts.  In  hterature  and  art  his  position  is 
inferior,  and  one  belonging  to  himself  alone. 

The  Chinese  are  a  race  of  people  whose  mental  and  moral 
organisation  has  conferred  upon  them  as  marked  a  character 
as  any  we  can  refer  to,  and  which  will  be  at  once  admitted 
by  those  who  have  paid  attention  to  this  remarkable  nation, 
having  a  civilisation  of  its  owm.  That  they  have  an 
especial  endowment  of  mind  appears  in  every  feature  of 
their  characters.  During  the  war  with  this  people,  wdiich 
led  to  the  admission  of  the  English  to  different  parts  of  the 
Celestial  Empire,  a  phenomenon  was  frequently  exhibited 
which  it  would  be  impossible  to  parallel  in  European  coun- 
tries. On  the  capture  of  different  places  by  the  English 
demons,  for  such  they  appear  to  have  been  esteemed,  as  soon 
as  our  soldiers  entered  them,  they  were  appalled  by  sights 
as  unaccountable  as  they  w^ere  monstrous  and  unheard  of. 
The  inhabitants,  instead  of  perishing  in  the  defence  of  their 
household  gods,  or  flying  from  an  enemy  which  had  overcome 
them,  with  some  shadow^  of  hope  for  future  resistance,  if  not 
revenge,  or  at  least  with  the  instinct  of  self-preservation, 
were  discovered  quietly  in  their  houses  in  great  numbers  dead 
or  dying  of  sheer  terror,  hanging  and  drowning  themselves  by 
scores  wutli  fanatical  agony.  That  our  irrepressible  love  of 
life,  which  leads  to  ceaseless  care  and  anxiety  for  its  pre- 
servation, and  wdiich  we  regard  as  an  instinct  of  human 
nature,  is  not  shared  in,  in  anything  like  the  same  degree,  by 
this  singular  people,  is  apparent  from  the  accounts  lately 
transmitted  to  this  country  by  Sir  John  Bowring — which  do 


322  OX    SOME    OF    THE    BEARINGS    OF    ETHNOLOGY 

equal  violence  to  the  precious  estimation  of  the  value  of  life 
inherent  in  our  minds.  Sir  John,  in  his  recent  visits  to  con- 
tinental China,  says,  he  has  passed  towers  built  up  for  tlie 
reception  of  living  infants,  into  ^Yhich  they  are  thrown  by 
tlieir  parents,  through  a  hole  left  for  that  purpose,  there  to 
perish.  He  also  saw  ponds  in  which  were  numerous  bodies 
of  infants  lloatinic  about,  victims  of  the  same  barbarous 
inhumanity.  The  instinctive  horror  connected  with  the 
jircsence  of  the  dead  seems  also  to  be  wanting,  for  he  fre- 
(piently,  on  entering  a  house,  stumbled  over  a  corpse  lying 
at  the  threshold  ;  and  witnessed  parties  seated  at  table  witli 
a  dead  body  under  their  feet.  One  result  of  the  recent 
rebelhon  is  a  sacrifice  of  liuman  life  intensely  painful  to 
reflect  upon.  It  is  believed  that  in  the  city  of  Canton  alone 
from  70,000  to  100,000  j^crsons  perished  by  the  hands  of 
the  executioner  during  the  3'ear  18.)5.  And  it  is  stated  on 
good  authority,  that,  on  the  taking  of  Blenheim  Fort,  near 
Canton,  houses  were  erected  in  many  of  the  surrounding 
vilhiges,  where  suspected  and  proscribed  ])crsons  might  go 
and  commit  suicide,  by  hanging  or  by  opium,  to  save  the 
disgrace  of  a  jiubHc  execution — and  tliat  hundreds  availed 
ihemselves  of  this  privilege.  We  have  it  on  the  authority  of 
a  iiuiiiIhi-  of  respectable  witnesses,  whose  testimony  there  is 
no  reason  to  question,  that  in  China  there  is  no  insuperable 
dilliculty,  when  an  individual  is  condemned  to  capital 
j>uiiishment,  fur  him  to  procure  a  substitute,  if  he  have  the 
means,  who  will  submit  to  the  last  infliction  of  the  law  in 
his  dead.  For  alluding  to  these  appalling  facts  before  this 
learned  Society  an  apology  seems  necessar3^  They  arc 
adiluced  as  striking  and  convincing  evidence  of  an  6'.v.s77///V// 
diilerence  in  the  moral  constitution  of  the  peoj)le  to  which 
they  appertain,  from  anything  of  which  we  have  any  cog- 
nisance .■imoiig  Enrop(;an  nations,  —  notwithsl.-inding  (Ik^ 
occasional  calamities  which  have  at  times  occurred  in  this 
western  world,  and  for  short  periods  seemed  to  pervert  the 
strongest  instincts  of  our  nature  by  the  ovci-wlu'lmiDg  force 
(»f'desj)air,  or  other  fearful  passions. 

The  .sanguinary  worship  of  the  Aucioif  Mr.ricdiis,  in  which 
hecatombs  of  hiiiii.'iii  beings  were  annually  sacrificed  on  (he 
altars  in  honour  of  iheir  gods,  is  an(»tiiei"  jiaivillel  instance 
that    need     iioL     deiaiii     n.s,    but    which    substantiates   our 

<l''ductioii. 


UrOX    ARCHAEOLOGICAL   SCIENCE.  323 

It  is  unnecessary,  however,  to  travel  so  far  to  discover 
tlie   very   different   estimate   wliicli   is   entertained  of  the 
precious  principle  of  life  by  dissimilar  races,  and  which  seems 
to  prove   an   essential  diversity   of    moral  character.     The 
Celtic  races,  amongst  many  other  markedly  peculiar  moral 
features,  are  well  known  to  entertain  very  different  notions 
about  the  value  of  life  from  those  of  Germanic  descent.     We 
may  merely  point  to  our  fellow-countrymen  across  the  channel, 
and  to  the  people  of  France  for  evidence  of  this  position — a 
position  that  may  be  confirmed  not  only  in  our  own  day, 
but  in  any  period  of  the  history  of  these  nations.     The  "  wild 
Irish "  of  the  Middle  Ao'es  were  not  doubtful  descendants 
of  those  more  voracious,   and  less  discriminating  in   their 
repasts,   of  Diodorus  and  Strabo.     The   people   of  Anglo- 
Saxon  descent,  on  the  contrary,  are  remarkable  among  all 
races  for  the  reverence  they  entertain  for  the  priceless  boon 
of  life,  for  the  stringency  of  the  laws  which  are  designed  to 
protect  it,  and  the  sacredness  with  which  it  is  always  invested 
in  their  estimation.^ 

III.  A  third  point,  which,  if  it  can  be  established,  that 
any  mixture  of  races  does  not  result  in  a  new  hijhrid  people, 
will  have  an  equal  tendency  to  render  the  doctrines  of 
ethnology  stable,  and  to  strengthen  its  archaeological 
applications.  It  would  appear  that  any  mixture  of  breeds 
among  the  families  of  man  can  only  be  effected,  so  as  to 
produce  fruitful  and  permanent  results,  when  the  original 
families  are  very  similar,  or  belong  to  tribes  nearly  allied. 
When  ever  this  essential  condition  does  not  exist,  the  hybrid 
product  is  not  endowed  with  those  vigorous  and  healthy 
qualities,  neither  of  mind  nor  body,  which  are  necessar}^  for 
its  permanence  and  welfare.  And  a  physiological  law  conies 
into  immediate  operation  amongst  all  mixed  breeds,  which 
in  a  few  generations  eliminates  the  foreign  blood  from  the 

-  Tlie  earliest  of  our  written  laws,  the  tlie  Teutonic  race,  in  all  periods  of  their 

"  Dooms "   of    Ethelbert,    Kiii.r  of  Kent,  history. 

niiglit  be  adduceil  in  sui>i)ort  of  this  posi-  It  is  also  worthy  of  remark,  that  the 

tion,  as  they  ordain   the  W'  r-fjeld,  or  com-  title  of  the  work  of  Bartlioline,   the   son 

pensatory  mulct,  solely  as  the  penalty  for  of  the  celebrated  physician  and  anatomist, 

every  offence,   however   heinous.       But,  "  De    Causis  Mortis    a  Danis   gentilibus 

leaving   out   of    view    the     influence    of  Contemptaj,"  refers  not   to  the    want  of 

Augustine  and  his  monks  in  the  enact-  appreciation  of  life  among  the  nortJiern 

ment  of  these  laws,  wiiich  might  cast  a  nations,  but  to  their  contempt  of  death — 

doubt   upon  their   validity  in  support  of  an  essentially  different  feeling — however 

tile  position  now  maintained,  we  appeal  to  jirodigally  they  may   have  sported   with 

the  general  cluir.icter  of   the    people    of  tlie  precious  possession. 

VOL.    XIU.  Y    Y 


oii  ON    SOME    OF    THE    BEARINGS    OF    ETHNOLOGY 

stronger  and  nioro  preiloininaiit  race,  and  restores  it  to  its 
original  jnirity.  "Were  it  not  for  the  operation  of  this  Law, 
what  an  inconceivable  medley  mankind  ^Yould  by  this  time 
have  been  rednced  to.  There  would  be  scarcely  a  people  on 
the  face  of  the  globe  that  we  could  recognise.  All  would  be 
change  and  equally  mongrel  deterioration,  which  is  opposed 
to  observation  in  almost  every  country ;  and  against 
which,  hai)pily,  the  divine  fore-ordination  has  provided ; 
and,  as  the  lesser  evil,  all  really  mixed  races  are  by  the  very 
circumstance  of  such  mixture,  naturally  transient  and 
perishable.  The  consequence  is,  there  is  no  o-nce  of  mulattos, 
or  half-breeds,  in  any  country,  and  wherever  they  arc 
produced,  they  excite  no  important  and  persistent  influence 
on  the  native  populations. 

IV.  A  fourth  and  last  subject  to  which  we  shall  advert  on 
the  present  occasion,  as  having  an  important  influence  on  the 
bearing  of  ethnology  on  archaeological  science,  refers  to 
vivHisation.  If  it  can  be  confirmed  by  reasonable  evidence  that 
civilisation  is  not  a  state  of  i)rogression,  equally  common  to  all 
races  of  man,  from  a  pristine  condition  of  helpless  barbarism 
upwards,  whether  ascending  by  definite  degrees  and  ages, 
like  the  stone,  bronze,  &c.,  or  otherwise,  but  is  a  resultant 
of  I  lie  developmental  process  of  certain  given  races  only; 
S(-»  that  there  are  as  many  civilisations,  as  we  have  before 
hinted,  as  there  have  been  civilisable  and  civilised  races,  each 
essentially  dill'erent  from  the  rest  ;  we  shall  have  another 
test  of  the  greatest  value  archaeologically,  whereby  to  try 
all  ancient  people,  their  remains  and  works. 

i t  is  scaicely  necessary  to  allude  to  the  most  extraordinary 
doctrine  that  the  discovery  of  stone  weapons  and  impltMuents 
in  every  (juarter  of  the  g]ol)e,  is  a  valid  evidence  that  the 
very  same  race,  a  nation  of  workers  in  stone,  has  been  spread 
over  all  these  vastly  separated  countries.  Such  incrediblo 
hvj)oth<;sis  is  by  no  means  necessary  to  account  lor  this  lact, 
which  is  readily  exjil.iiiicil,  il"  we  consider  iliat  every  race  of 
man,  having  the  same,  or  nearly  the  same,  thews  and 
sinews,  tlie  same  faculties  ;  being  stiniulatetl  by  the  same 
wants  and  iMJce.ssities  to  pidcure  Inoii,  cloiliing,  and  shelter, 
ainl  being  surrounded  by  vei-y  similar  circum.stances  in  tlio 
Imiim  of  obj(;cts  of  chase,  and  minerals,  and  other  natural 
productions,  (dit  of  whieli  lo  jH(i\iile  wiajKins,  c^c,  must 
necessarily  go  lo  wmk  juriiy  much  in  ihe  s.mie  maimer,  and 


UPON    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    SCIENCE.  325 

produce  very  similar  results  ;  objects,  which,  in  reality,  have 
stood  to  these  simple  and  primitive  people  everywhere  in 
place  of  the  claws  and  teeth  with  which  the  lower  beasts  of 
prey  are  naturally  armed.  It  is  no  doubt  a  curious  circum- 
stance to  find  the  forms  of  arrow  and  spear-heads,  &c.,  from 
such  distant  countries,  presenting  the  same  shape  ;  nay,  some 
of  the  ruder  flint  spear-heads  from  the  Pacific  Islands  are 
fashioned  by  the  same  number  of  blows,  given  in  the  self- 
same direction,  as  the  similar  weapons,  of  the  same  material, 
of  the  ancient  Britons.  The  materials,  however,  frequently 
vary,  whilst  the  most  perfect  and  appropriate  shapes  occur 
everywhere.  The  ancient  stone  weapons  of  the  North 
American  Indian  tribes  are  formed  of  a  variety  of  very 
beautiful  hard  stones,  of  agates,  sienite,  obsidian,  jaspers, 
quartz,  chalcedonies,  in  the  place  of  the  flint  and  the  granite 
of  the  ancient  Briton. 

It  has  been  a  prevalent  view  of  this  subject  to  regard  the 
early  period  of  all  people  to  be  alike.  When  they  first  find 
themselves  scattered  over  the  land  they  are  in  the  archaeo- 
logical position  of  a  stone  age.  This,  however,  in  one 
respect,  may  be  very  much  questioned.  Primitive  races 
have,  in  all  probability,  been  very  differently  endowed,  and 
whilst  all  may  have  adopted  stone  weapons  and  implements, 
some  only  have  continued  in  their  use  for  any  length  of  time 
— the  civilisable  races  having  abandoned  them  soon.  AVe 
know  not  that  any  great  weight  in  support  of  this  view  can 
be  attached  to  the  fact  of  the  much  greater  prevalence  of 
these  stone  objects  in  some  countries  than  in  others.  In 
Egypt,  for  example,  we  beheve  they  have  only  been  met  with 
infrequently,  and  in  small  numbers,  which  we  should  expect 
among  this  most  carl}^  civilised  people.  In  Greece  and 
Assyria,  we  believe,  they  have  never  been  found  in  the  same 
profusion  as  in  the  British  islands,  and  on  the  continent  of 
America. 

If,  therefore,  the  four  positions  we  have  enumerated,  and 
supported  in  this  brief  manner,  can  be  satisfactorily 
established — and,  we  wish  it  to  be  distinctly  noticed,  that 
what  we  have  put  hypothetically  and  suggestively  is  not  to 
be  understood  as  uttered  dogmatically, — then  the  advantages 
which  archaeology  may  derive  from  ethnology  will  be  very 
materially  increased.  Instead  of  the  dubious  and  uncertain 
doctrines  ^^hich  have  hitherto  prevailed,  ethnology  will  be 


326  ON    SOME    OF    THE    BEARINGS   OF    ETHNOLOGY 

based  upon  more  fixed  iiriiiciplcs,  and  tliese  principles  will 
afford  the  foundation  for  antiquarian  investigations  and 
reasonings  of  tlie  greatest  interest  and  importance.  The 
anticpvitics  of  diilerent  races,  especially  of  primeval  ones, 
may  be  studied  and  elucidated  uiili  iniuli  more  confidence 
and  more  satisfactory  results. 

Ethnology,  it  must  be  recollected,  we  consider  to  embrace 
the  investigation  of  the  anatomical  and  physiological  pecu- 
liarities of  all  people  of  all  ages,  of  their  nianiiei-s  and 
customs,  religion,  mode  of  thought ;  their  history  and 
traditions,  their  origin  and  migrations,  and  the  whole  subject 
of  their  language.  If  the  study  of  their  momunents  and 
■works  be  more  particularly  archaeological,  ethnology  cannot 
fail  to  claim  her  part  in  this  inquiry,  as  exemplifying  the 
specific  character  of  the  people  themselves.  And  without 
pretending  to  have  pointed  out  a  tithe  of  the  alliances  of  the 
two  sciences  within  the  limits  of  this  brief  paper,  we  believe 
enough  has  been  shown  to  prove  beyond  question  that  they 
are  destined  mutually  to  help  each  other,  as  their  resources 
are  developed,  and  their  principles  become  more  and  more 
established,  and  that  they  should  always  go  on  together, 
liand  in  hand. 

Ethnology  is,  and  must  needs  frequently  be,  itself  an 
archaeological  research,  when  it  concerns  itself  with  ancient 
people  ;  and  it  is  much  to  be  desired  that  archaeologists 
would  take  up  the  study  of  old  races  cthnologically,  instead 
of  being  too  easily  contented  with  that  of  their  works  of 
art,  and  the  monuments  they  have  left  behind.  If  the  views 
we  have  been  endeavouring  to  explain  be  correct,  there  must 
be  a  nundx.'r  of  renmants  of  people  in  the  remote  corners  of 
our  Islands,  that  can  trace  their  descent  from  the  great  races 
which  have  inhabited  them  in  distant  ages.  These  remnants 
of  ancient  races  deserve  the  most  careful  investigation  in 
every  [leculiarity  attached  to  them,  and  results  of  a  curious 
nature  may  confKleiitly  be  expected.  It  seems  jirobablo  tliat 
modern  changes  will  tcii<l  to  increase  the  rapidity  witli  m  hicli 
these  j)riniitive  jicopjc  mic  (lisapj)eariiig.  Tlicrcrorc,  I  heir 
jjliysical  cliaivicters.  Ii.iImIs,  niaimci's,  ami  iii^hiiiiN,  ;ill  (Ik^ 
peculiar  properties  of  llnir  inimis  in  llicir  ili'Vclopuiciit, 
should  be  observed  willi  uiucli  caic  that  is  llicif  clliiiologic-Ml 
pliciioiMMia  — in  oi'dcr  that,  I  Ik;  an(i(|uitics  of  llicii-  (iir-off 
ancestors  may  be  bctlei-  understood,      i'i.icli  shidy  will  llirow 


UPON    ARCHAEOLOGICAL   SCIENCE.  327 

liglit  upon  the  other  reciprocally.  Nothing  could  be  of 
greater  value  and  interest  in  these  pursuits  than  careful 
descriptions  of  these  more  obscure  people,  a  collection  of 
faithfully  executed  coloured  drawings  of  them,  of  their 
crania,  their  most  characteristic  and  comprehensive  epitome, 
and  of  their  implements,  utensils,  and  weapons.  Human 
knowledge  must  always  remain  imperfect,  and  have  an 
illimitable  field  before  it ;  but  it  can  never  reach  attainable 
perfection  without  collecting  all  the  rays  from  all  available 
sources  of  lidit. 


ACCOUNT  OF  A  ROMAN  VILLA  DISCOVERED  AT  COLERNE,  IN 
THE  COUXTY  OF  WILTS. 

TnE  remains  of  tlic  Roman  villa,  which  form  the  siil^ject 
of  this  paper,  are  situated  in  a  field  called  the  Allotment,  in 
the  parish  of  Colerne,  Wiltshire,  about  six  miles  N.E.  of 
Bath,  and  about  half  a  mile  E.  from  the  Fosse  way. 

Eighteen  years  since  (in  1838),  some  men,  whilst  ploughing 
in  this  field,  accidentally  struck  upon  a  pavement  which  the 
occupier  of  the  land,  Mr.  James  Perron,  immediately  caused 
to  be  exposed  ;  finding,  however,  that  neither  the  owner  of 
tlie  field,  nor  any  gentleman  in  the  neighbourhood,  took  any 
interest  in  the  discovery,  the  remains  were,  after  a  short 
time,  covered'  up,  and  unfortunately  without  any  drawing  or 
notes  being  taken.  As  soon  as  I  became  accjuainted  with  these 
circumstances,  I  communicated  them  to  my  friend,  the 
Mow  Gilbert  lleathcotc,  vicar  of  the  jiarish,  in  whom  I  found 
a  must  ready  and  liberal  coadjutor,  and  having  obtained 
permission  of  the  present  occupier,  Mr.  Frederick  Perron,  we 
commenced  digging  upon  the  10th  of  October,  1854.  At 
about  nine  inches  below  the  surface  of  the  ground,  we  found 
the  remains  of  the  pavement  that  had  been  previously  opened. 
The  excavations  were  then  contimicd  under  my  direction  for 
about  a  month,  and  at  the  end  of  tliat  time  the  remains  of  a 
villa  of  no  inconsiderable  extent  were  exposed.  During  the 
progress  of  the  work  a  great  quantit}''  of  Ijroken  ])ottei*y, 
ilanged  and  striated  fine  tiles,  roofing  slabs  and  charcoal,  besides 
numerous  fragments  of  stucco  of  various  coloui'cd  patterns, 
were  brought  to  light.  A  few  plastei'  mouldings,  some  copper 
roofing-nails,  two  or  three  bits  of  a  coloured  glass  lachrymatoiy, 
mimI  some  copper  coins  of  tlie  Constantino  i'amily,  were  also 
found.  The  walls  were  built  chiofiy  of  the  stone  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood, in  coursed  i-ubbit;  work,  and  varied  from  three  feet 
to  one  foot,  in  tliickin'ss. 

I  shall  now  proceed  to  describe  tlie  vaiioiis  i-ooms  aTid 
j)ortioiis  of  the  villa,  according  to  tin-  nuinbci-s  on  IIk;  pl;in, 
corrCHponding  witli  the  ordei'  in  uliicli   tliey  were  excavated. 


M/m: 


/' 


ROMAN    VILLA    AT    COLEIINE,    WILTSHIRE.  329 

The  apartment  which  was  first  opened  proved,  on  examination, 
to  have  retained  only  one  or  two  small  fragments  of  the  borders 
of  the  pavement  previously  exhumed  (fig.  1).  No  idea  could 
be  obtained  of  the  rich  mosaic  which  formed  the  centre,  the 
whole  of  this  part  being  a  confused  mass  of  loose  tessera3 
and  cement.  P'rom  the  descriptions  of  those  persons  in  the 
neighbourhood  who  visited  the  pavement  in  1838,  it  appears 
that  the  design  consisted  of  a  chariot,  with  a  charioteer,  and 
four  horses  abreast.  Some  persons  in  the  parish  remembered 
seeing  an  inscription  or  word  above  the  chariot,  which  the 
parish  clerk  told  me  was  either  SERVivs  or  severvs,  but  this 
I  found  no  one  could  confirm. 

The  outer  border  of  the  pavement,  which  was  two  feet  wide, 
was  composed  of  white  tessera?  about  one  inch  square  ;  imme- 
diately within  this  was  a  narrow  guilloche  border  about  five 
inches  wide,  composed  of  blue,  red,  and  white  tesserse,  f 
inch  square,  inside  which,  at  the  N.E.  and  S.W.  angles,  frag- 
ments of  a  kind  of  wheel  pattern  (blue  and  red  upon  a 
white  ground)  could,  after  some  difficulty,  be  traced.  There 
were  no  flues  under  this  apartment,  but  a  sleeper  wall,  shown 
dotted  on  the  plan,  crossed  the  western  end.  The  w^alls  of 
this  apartment  were  so  entirely  razed  that  the  position  of  the 
doorway  could  not  be  determined.  At  this  point  of 
the  excavations  I  was  suddenly  called  away,  and,  on 
returning  two  or  three  weeks  after  to  the  scene  of  our 
labours,  I  heard  with  regret  that  in  1838  three  labourers 
had  been  employed  by  Mr.  Perren  to  dig  for  further 
remains,  but  without  success.  It  was  therefore  with 
anything  but  sanguine  expectations  that  I  directed  the 
labourers  to  dig  northwards,  and  was  agreeably  surprised 
when  at  about  14  inches  below  the  surface  they  came  to  a 
remarkably  perfect  pavement,  measuring  inside  the  walls 
15  ft.  4  in.  by  17  ft.  8  in.  This  room  (fig.  2)  was  apparently 
entered  by  a  doorway  in  the  middle  of  the  south  wall.  One 
rather  peculiar  feature  in  this  room  was  the  stone  curb  indi- 
cated in  the  plan,  the  inside  of  which  had  decidedly  been  sub- 
ject to  the  action  of  fire.  Mr.  Heathcote  supposes  this  to  have 
been  a  fireplace.  It  is  true  no  hypocaust  was  found,  but 
the  size  and  position  of  the  curb,  as  well  as  what  we  know  of 
the  habits  of  the  Romans,  would  throw  some  doubt  upon  this 
supposition.  The  pavement  of  this  room  was  anything  but 
pleasing  in  eff'ect,  from  the   great   preponderance  of  blue 


330  ROMAN    VILLA    AT    COLERXE,    WILTSHIRE. 

tessei'ce,  and  the  repetition  of  fret-work  ;  the  double  guilloche 
or  ribbon  pattern  at  the  upper  end  of  tlie  room,  and  the 
remarkably  wide  outer  border  composed  of  the  largo  white 
inch-sipiare  tessene,  tend  somewhat  to  relieve  this  monotony. 
Tiie  furnace-chamber  (fig.  3)  was  constructed  of  large  stones, 
which,  from  the  action  of  the  fire,  had  very  much  the 
asjiect  of  very  large  blue  pebbles ;  the  comnuuiication 
between  this  and  the  hypocaust  (fig.  4)  had  its  sides  con- 
structed with  bricks  an  inch  thick,  whilst  the  top  and  bottom 
of  the  aperture  were  of  hard  stone.  In  excavating  the  hypo- 
causts  no  tesserse  of  any  description  w^ere  discovered,  although 
the  circular  ends  were  plastered  with  precisely  the  same 
kind  of  cement  used  in  tlie  bath  of  a  villa  discovered  at  the 
nei^hbourine:  villaue  of  Box,  where  it  was  embedded  with 
white  tessera).  The  pillars,  all  of  which  existed  hi  situ,  were 
cunstructetl  of  a  hard  red  stone,  in  slabs  about  an  inch  thick, 
and  varying  from  1(J  to  12  inches  square  ;  the  most  perfect 
pier  measured  about  27  or  28  inches  in  height.  From  the 
second  hypocaust  (fig.  5)  a  passage  cased  with  stone,  similar 
to  that  used  in  the  furnace,  and  whicli.  like  tliai,  had  mate- 
rially sufleiXMl  from  the  action  of  fire,  conumiiiicatctl  with  the 
chamber  (fig.  (>).  ilei-e  two  ieaturcs  |)rcsent  themselves  to 
our  notice  ;  viz.,  the  [xxsitioii  of  tlic  diain  in  the  east  wall, 
and  the  ste})S  in  the  south-west  corner.  Returning  to  the 
first  hypocaust,  we  find  that  the  only  entrance  to  the  cham- 
ber or  bath  above  was  from  the  passage  (fig.  7),  and  that  the 
floor  of  the  bath-room  was  one  or  two  steps  below  the 
passage  ])avement,  as  was  evinced  by  the  stone  step  with  the 
tessera)  upon  it  still  existing.  In  this  passage,  and  in  the 
small  room  in  connection  with  it,  another  tesselated  pave- 
ment was  discovered,  of  whicli  a  representation  has  been 
f)rcserved,  taken  from  actual  measurement.  The  arrange- 
ment <jf  this  pavement  is  almost  of  itself  sufiicient  to  indicate 
that  this  apartment  was  the  dressing-room,  separated  only 
from  the  ])aHsage  by  a  curtain  susj)cnded  between  the  piers. 
iJut  the  purposes  for  which  the  two  small  comj);irtments 
(figs.  .S  and  I))  were  cijiistructed,  are  by  no  me;iiis  so  evident. 
.Similar  in  size  and  character  to  those  at  il.tii low, discovered 
l»y  the  ijoii.  Ii.  0.  Neville,'  and  concerning  the  use  of  which 
tiiat  able  archaeologist  felt  some  uncertainty,  they  demand 
particular  attention.    The  first  of  tliese  chambers  (fig.  8)  was 

'  DcMcribi'il  ill  llio  Arch,  .louiii.,  vi>l.  x.,  i'.  17. 


ROMAN    VILLA   AT    COLERNE,    WILTSHIRE.  331 

in  the  form  of  a  recess,  having  had  a  pavement  in  continua- 
tion of,  or  rather  in  juxtaposition  with,  that  of  the  dressing- 
room.     Two  small  fragments  only  of  this  pavement  existed, 
but  enough  to  show  that  the  design  consisted  of  the  double 
guilloche  or  ribbon  pattern,  bordered  by  large  blue  tesserae. 
But  the  singularity  which  attaches  itself  to  this  recess  lies 
mainly  in  the  cavity  constructed  at  its  further  end.     This 
receptacle,  which  ran  about  15  inches  into  the  foundation 
of  the  outer  wall,  is  2  feet  1  inch  below  the  level  of  the  pave- 
ment, and  built  perfectly  water-tight,  with  stone  drains  com- 
municating with  it  from   the  exterior  as  well  as  from  the 
interior.     This   feature  in  its   arrangement  would   to  some 
extent  point  out  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  used,  but  the 
small  size  of  the  cavity,  and  the  difference  of  level  between 
the  two  drains,  that  towards  the  room  being  the  lowest, 
make  it,  however,  a  matter  of  some  uncertainty.    The  second 
of  these  compartments  is  still  more  puzzling  ;  the  dimensions 
would  seem  to  preclude  the  probability  of  its  being  a  bath  ; 
another  objection  may  be  made  against  this  supposition,  as 
well  as  any  purpose  connected  with  water,  from  the  fact  of 
the  floor  being  constructed  of  hvo  stones  by  no  means  water- 
tight. The  sides  were,  however,  thickly  plastered,  and,  when 
first  exposed,  the  mortar  was  so  hard  that  the  pickaxe  would 
scarcely  penetrate  it.     These  circumstances,  considered  with 
the  seat-like  projection  on  one  of  its  sides,  ma}^  give  rise  to  a 
question  whether  it   was  not  appropriated  to  the  slave  in 
attendance  upon  the  bath.     There  is  still  another  peculiarity 
in  this  part  of  the  villa  that  remains  to  be  noticed  ;  viz.,  the 
short  branch  drain  AB.  Its  fall,  which  was  very  slight,  was  from 
east  to  west,  and  from  a  portion  discovered  in  excavating  the 
chamber  (fig.  6),  it  appeared  to  have  projected  beyond  the 
wall  interiorly  ;  the  main  drain  with  which  it  communicates 
fell  in  the  same  direction,  and,  after  traversing  tnore  than 
1 00  feet  towards  the  south-west,  terminated  in  a  sort  of  cess- 
pool hollowed  out  of  the  rock.     Remains  of  foundation  walls 
adjoined  this,  and  it  was  here  that  the  greater  number  of  the 
coins  w^ere  found.     In  the  room  numbered  10  on  the  plan, 
the  sleeper  walls  and  passages  for  hot  air  were  to  be  seen; 
the  pavement  had  been  destro^^ed,  but  a  few  loose  fragments 
of  the  tessera)  were  found  in  the  flue  on  the  west  side  of  the 
chamber.     The  only  apparent  entrance  to  this  apartment 
Avas  from  the  room  (fig.  2).     The  herring-bone  masonry  of 
VOL.  xiir.  z  z 


332  EOMAN   VILLA    AT   COLEENE,   WILTSHIEE. 

one  of  ilic  transverse  sleeper  avails,  and  the  some^vliat  singular 
terminatiou  of  the  building  northwards,  deserve  attention. 

The  remaining  j)ortiuns  of  the  villa  require  but  little  com- 
ment. The  huge  })aving-stones  in  the  central  court  (tig.  11), 
the  flues  at  the  S.AV.  angle,  and  the  drain,  m  n,  as  far  as  is 
shown  on  the  plan,  had  been  left  quite  undisturbed.  It  is 
cut  out  of  solid  stone,  and  from  the  absence  of  all  kind  of 
covering  appears  to  have  acted  simpl}^  as  a  surface  drain. 
The  chambers  on  the  east  side  of  the  building  were  merely 
marked  by  the  two  lower  courses  of  the  foundation  walls, 
and  call  for  no  further  remark. 

There  is  little  doubt  that  more  extensive  remains  might 
be  discovered,  for  several  vestiges  of  masonry  have  been 
brought  to  light  by  the  plough,  subsequently  to  the  excava- 
tions which  I  have  described.  It  must  be  a  matter  of  great 
regret  that  these  vestiges  of  a  villa  presenting  more  than 
ordinai'ily  perfect  and  interesting  features,  should,  through 
the  apathy  and  indiilerence  evinced  both  by  the  proprietor 
and  occupier  of  the  land,  liave  been  hidden  from  view, 
shortly  after  the  discovery,  and  the  ground  has  again  been 
subjected  to  the  plough. 

EDWAUI)  WILLIAM  GODWIN. 


THE    HOUSES  OF  FITZ-ALAN  AND  STUART :   THEIR  ORIGIN 
AND  EARLY  HISTORY.' 

BY  THE  REV.  ROBERT  WILLIAM  EYTON,  M.A. 

This  subject  is  brought  forward  in  the  present  instance  as 
one  well  fitted  to  an  occasion  when  it  may  reasonably  be 
expected  to  attract  some  degree  of  antiquarian  notice.  The 
writer  submits  a  problem  rather  than  a  mature  theory, 
anxious  that  some  new  lights  may  be  elicited  on  a  question 
which  at  present  seems  to  be  as  full  of  difficulty  as  of  interest. 
Thus  seeking  for  assistance,  he  feels  that  the  surest  way  to 
obtain  it  is  to  arrano;e  and  ojffer  all  the  evidence  which  he 
has  himself  collected  on  the  subject. 

The  preliminaries  of  the  proposed  investigation  are  these  : 
— The  English  Genealogists  say,  and  say  trul}',  that  the 
great  house  of  Fitz  Alan  is  descended  from  Alan  Fitz  Flaald. 
The  Scottish  historians  say  that  the  Koyal  House  of  Stuart 
is  descended  from  Banquo,  Thane  of  Lochaber,  the  victim  of 
King  Macbeth.  It  is  also  discovered  that  the  same  Royal 
House  is  descended  from  Alan  Fitz  Flaald. 

The  further  question,  and  that  which,  answered  affirma- 
tively, will  make  all  these  assertions  consistent,  and  establish 
a  great  genealogical,  or  rather  historical  truth,  is  this. — 
Were  the  Stuarts  descended  from  Banquo  through  Alan  Fitz 
Flaald  1  or  in  other  words — Was  Alan  Fitz  Flaald  a 
descendant  of  Banquo  1 

Before  we  enter  into  particulars  we  must  discharge  this 
subject  of  certain  previous  mistakes,  which,  if  allowed  to 
remain,  will  encumber  us  with  some  such  chronological 
difficulties  as  usually  pave  the  way  to  wild  conjecture  and 
double  error. 

"  In  the  time  of  William  the  Conqueror,"  says  Dugdale, 
"Alan,  the  son  of  Flathald  (or  Flaald),  obtained  by  the  gift 
of  that  king,  the  Castle  of  Oswaldster,  with  the  territory 
adjoining,  which  belonged  to  Meredith  ap  Blethyn,  a  Britton." 

•  Communicated    to    the    Historical   Section,   at  the   Meeting  of  the  Institute  at 
din'nir  gli,  July,  1856. 


334.  THE    HOUSES    OF    FITZ-ALAX    AND    STUAKT. 

This  statement  seems  to  have  been  originally  derived  from 
the  "  Fitz  Warine  Chronicle,"  Avhich  (purporting  to  give  an 
account  of  AVilliam  the  Conqueror's  visit  to  Wales  and 
disposal  of  the  ]\Iarches)  says  that  the  king  "  came  to  a 
country  joining  to  the  White  Laund "  (the  district  about 
"Whittington  is  meant)  "^vhich  belonged  formerly  to  a 
liriton,  ^leredus  son  of  Belcdins  ;  and  beside  it  is  a  little 
castle  uliich  is  called  the  Tree  of  Oswald  ;  but  now  it  is 
called  Osewaldestre.  The  king  called  a  knight  Alan  Fitz 
Flaeu,  and  gave  him  the  little  castle  with  all  the  honour 
appertaining  to  it  :  and  from  this  Alan  came  all  the  great 
lords  of  Enirland  who  have  the  surname  of  Fitz  Alan. 
Subsequently  this  Alan  caused  the  castle  to  be  much 
enlarged."  '^ 

John  Leland,  abridging  another  version  of  this  same 
metrical  romance,  says — "  Alane  Fleilsone  had  gyven  to 
liym  Oswaldestre."  ^ 

The  i>articulars  thus  asserted  require  some  observation. 
In  the  first  place  William  the  Conqueror's  only  visit  to  AVales 
was  ill  A.D.  1081  ; — earlier  rather  than  later.  JJomesday 
(compiled  five  years  after  that  date)  says  not  a  word  about 
Oswestry,  or  any  place  which  we  can  identify  with  the 
present  town.  Neither  does  it  say  anything  of  a  castle 
thereabouts.  It  gives,  however,  a  full  account  of  all  the 
manors  in  the  district ;  and  a  brief  comparison  with  later 
documents  will  show  that  llainald,  Shcritl  of  Shropshire, 
was  then  holding  all  the  lands  in  that  quarter  which  wire 
subsequently  held  by  Fitz  Alan.  The  Shropshire  Doniesd.'iy 
moreover,  makes  no  mention  of  Alan  l''itz  ]*'laa]d.  cither 
iiinlci-  that  or  any  similar  name.  There  is.  in  slidrt.  no 
coeval  mention  of  such  a  ])cr,s(»n  in  Slii'opsliirc  till  tlie  reign 
of  Ilciny  1. 

In  llic  next  place  Meredvlli  ;ip  lihlliyn.  whose  ci'a  (Hio 
would  lix  li-oni  the  above  as  earlier  than  the  visit  of  William 
the  Conqueror,  was  a,  i^rince  (•!"  N^oilh  Wales  at  the  very 
time.  The  de.-ilh  of  his  liiilK  r.  r>lctliyii  ap  ('cnvyn,  was  in 
1073.  jAFereclyth  did  not  succeed  him  as  kini;-  of  iXorlh 
Wales,  nor  as  anything  more  than  piince  of  I'owis  Land. 
Ho  died  in  1  \\V.\  ;  and  it  was  Madoc.  ap  Arcredyth,  his  son, 
^\ll0,  according  to  tin-  Wclsb  Chronicles,  fust  bnilt  Oswestry 
Ca.stle,  in  I  II H. 

'■"  Fit/.  Wiiriiw  Cli) icli>(Wiirtniieiiilii.  i,|..  i;t,  1  |. 

•■'   Colli  CIIIIHII.        \  1.1.  i.,  ji.  'J(il. 


THE    HOUSES    OP    FITZ-ALAN    AND    STUART.  335 

Diigdalc  further  relates  how  "  Alan  Fitz  Flaakl  married 
the  daughter  and  heir  of  Warine,  Sheriff  of  Shropshire, 
and  liad  in  her  right  the  Barony  of  the  said  Warine." 

That  Alan  Fitz  Flaald  had  Warine's  barony  is  true,  but 
it  was  after  the  era  of  Rainald  the  Sheriff,  Warine's  suc- 
cessor. Moreover,  the  documents  to  which  Dugdalc  refers 
in  proof  of  the  alleged  marriage,  prove  nothing  of  the  kind. 
I  discredit  this  supposed  match  altogether  ;  and  for  three 
reasons: — 'Ist.  Because  it  is  nowhere  authentically  announced. 
2ndly.  Because,  if  it  had  taken  place,  there  are  authentic  docu- 
ments which  traverse  the  very  ground  in  which  it  would 
have  constituted  an  important  fact,  and  yet  these  documents 
say  nothing  about  it.  3rdly.  Because  there  are  good  reasons 
for  thinking  that  Alan  Fitz  Flaald's  onl}'-  w^ife  was  another 
person  than  any  supposed  daughter  of  Warine,  Sheriff  of 
Shropshire. 

Another  story  has  yet  to  be  told  and  contradicted.  The 
Fitz  Alans  held  a  considerable  fief  in  Norfolk,  the  tenure  of 
which  was  made  matter  of  report  by  a  provincial  jury  in  the 
year  1275.  These  jurors  said  that,  "  Melam  (Mileham)  with 
its  appurtenances,  was  in  the  hand  of  William  the  Bastard  at 
the  Conquest,  and  the  said  king  gave  the  said  manor  to  a 
certain  knight,  who  was  called  Flancus,  who  came  with  the 
said  king  into  England  ;  and  afterward  the  said  manor 
(descended)  from  heir  to  heir  till  (it  came)  to  John  Fitz 
Alan,  now  (1275)  in  the  king's  custody."^ 

There  was,  therefore,  a  Norfolk  tradition,  the  counterpart 
of  that  current  in  Shropshire,  except  that  it  made  Flancus  or 
Flaald  the  feoffee  of  the  Conqueror,  and  not  his  son  Alan. 
We  will  examine  this  tradition  by  the  same  test  as  the  last. 
The  honour  of  Mileham  with  its  adjuncts,  as  subsequently 
held  by  Fitz  Alan,  is  readily  identified  in  the  Norfolk  Domes- 
day. It  had  belonged  to  Archbishop  Stigand  (deprived  in 
1070),  and  was  then  (1085-6)  in  the  king's  hand,  William 
Noiers  having  custody  thereof  Neither  in  ]\Iileliam  itself, 
nor  in  any  of  its  adjuncts,  does  the  name  Flancus  or  aught 
associable  therewith  occur.  After  the  completion  of  Domes- 
day, William  the  Conqueror  passed  so  little  of  his  remaining 
life  in  England,  that  it  would  be  idle  to  attribute  his  alleged 
feoffment  of  Flancus  to  that  brief  interval. 

••  Rot.  Hundred,   i.    '(.'it.      Tlio  juvora  made  a,  mistake   aa  to  the  name  of  the 
minor  tlicn  in  custody.     It  was  RicliaVd. 


336  THE    HOUSES    OF    FITZ-ALAX    AND    STUART. 

lla\  iiig  now  gut  ri<l  oi"  certain  traditions  about  Flaald  and 
his  son  Alan  as  untrue  in  each  essential  particular,  we  pass 
to  certain  utlier  traditions,  which  only  relate  to  those  persons 
b}'  implication,  which  are  also  inaccurate  in  many  points, 
but  whicli  may  possibly  contain  a  germ  of  truth  well  worth 
searching  for. 

IShakespeare  knew  of  a  legend  which  made  Banquo  ancestor 
of  the  Stuarts.  The  story  in  his  hands  became  a  matter  of 
world-wide  fame.  We  attend  first,  therefore,  to  his,  as  to 
tlie  most  known  version  thereof,  and  we  must  attend  ^\ith 
caution.  The  funchimental  study  of  the  dramatist  is  the 
human  mind,  its  motives,  its  workings,  and  its  })assions  :  his 
art  is  to  exhibit  those  principles  in  appropriate  though 
imaginary  action.  AV'itli  the  historian  it  is  otherwise.  His 
knowledge  should  be  primarily  that  of  actions  themselves  ; 
from  these,  well  and  honestly  investigated,  he  will  infer  or 
suggest  what  were  the  characters  and  motives  of  the  actors. 

When  Shakespeare  sought  in  a  remote  and  obscure  period 
of  Scottish  story  the  materials  of  a  drama  which  was  to 
exhibit,  in  one  phase,  his  consummate  knowledge  of  the 
human  heart,  no  secondary  considerations  were  suffered  to 
interfere  with  his  engrossing  purpose.  Among  adjuncts 
altogether  subsidiary  to  the  main  object,  we  trace  rather  the 
flattery  of  a  courtier  than  the  accuracy  of  an  historian. 

Waiting  on  the  smiles  of  royalty,  Shakespeare  was  by  no 
means  careful  to  memorialize  the  circumstance  that,  when 
Macbeth  rebelled  against  and  slew  king  Duncan,  IJaiKiuo 
Tiiane  of  Lochaber  was  of  ]\racbcth's  }>arty  ;  l»ut  Shakespeare 
did  not  omit  aiK^ther  matter  of  tradition,  \  iz.  ;  that  this 
same  I)an(iu<>  was  progenitor  of  the  Royal  House  which  liicii 
occiipieil  the  throne  of  I'higland.  The  existence  of  this 
legend  being  established,  Shakespeare's  ]>ers()nal  helief"therein 
or  particular  use  thereof  are  no  longer  matters  foi-  oui-  con- 
sideration.     We   pi'oceed    to   ju'esent   it   in   its    other   forms'* 

''   For  the  boHt  vorHion  of  tliiw  tru'litimi  I'rinp  .-md  first  I)<iiii  of  Kly,  luini;  ft  viiin 

I  ilc|>cricl   on  llio   followiiii;   initli(iritii>s.  nutii    (liniin)    vi-iiIomim)    uiul    |iriiuil    cif  liin 

I'owcI'm    IliHtory    of    Wii1«,-h    (IMitiuii    of  m sti'v,    coiiipilcil    in    (Ik-    yc.ir    l.VJ'J   ii 

lull,    |)a;;i!     7.'5)    i'<)niiiiim     iiii    itliHlriict  nfiiciilo^;y  of  llii«   .StimrlH.      It   ih  printed 

Ihi-n-of,  cijni|iil(;il    ii|ipiircntly    from    llo-  by  Wliiirton  in   llm   AM^liii  Siicni  (vol.  i., 

lintilied  and  from   tlir  .Scotcli   liiMtorinnH,  p.  (Iii(i;.     Tin;   iiiillinr,   who   wuh  rciilly  ii 

Hi<lor     Hoecc   and    (ieor;;!!     Hiicliiin.m,  .Stiiiirt,  Hiirr<'ndiTe<l    lOly  I'riory,  Nov.  1)1, 

wiio  both   wrote  in    tiie  firBt  half  of  the  l.l.'t;*,  and   hrinn  ii  nuhl  |)ronioler  of  the 

XVIlh  eciitiiry.  DinMolution,   wuh    iippoiiitid     dciin  of  tlio 

KoIktI     WcHk,    uli.iM    Stiwarde,     lust  Hiinic  cathedral  hy  I lenry   VII 1.  on  Sept. 


THE   HOUSES   OF   FITZ-ALAN   AND   STUART.  337 

accompanied  by  such  external  tests  of  date  and  circumstance 
as  remain  for  our  guidance. 

Macbetli  reigned  in  Scotland  about  seventeen  years,  viz.  ; 
from  1039-40  to  1056-7.  A  date  varying  between  the  years 
1048  and  1053  is  assigned  for  the  period  when  Macbeth, 
suspecting  that  certain  of  his  subjects  ■were  plotting  the 
restoration  of  ]\Ialcolm  Canmore  (eldest  son  of  Duncan), 
endeavoured  to  fortify  his  throne  by  confiscations,  imprison- 
ments and  executions.  Some  nobles,  more  fortunate  than  the 
rest,  fled  the  kingdom,  and  awaited  in  foreign  countries  the 
turn  of  events.  Of  those  wdio  perished  by  the  axe  or  the 
dagger  was  probably  Banquo  Thane  of  Lochaber  ;  of  those 
who  escaped  was  Fleance,  Banquo's  son.  He  sought  the 
protection  of  the  king  or  prince  of  North  Wales, — Trahern 
ap  Caracloc,  says  one  account ;  Gruffyth  ap  Lewell^ni,  sa3's 
another.  We  must  adopt  the  latter,  whose  era  (1037-1063) 
is  entirely  consistent  with  the  facts  above  stated,  whereas 
Trahern  ap  Caradoc  did  not  succeed  to  the  throne  of  North 
Wales  till  1073,  i.e.  seventeen  years  after  Malcolm  Canmore 
had  been  restored  to  that  of  Scotland. 

As  the  guest  then  of  Gruffyth  ap  Le welly n,  Fleance 
secretly  became  either  the  husband  or  the  paramour  of  his 
protector's  daughtei',  a  deception  or  a  crime  for  which  he 
atoned  with  his  life.  The  issue  of  this  alliance,  doubly  ill- 
fated  if,  as  it  is  said,  the  Welsh  princess  died  in  prison,  was  a 
son  whom  I  find  called  Walter  in  both  versions  of  this  tradition, 
but  whom  I  shall  here  call  only  Son  of  Fleance. 

It  does  not  appear  where  the  Son  of  Fleance  was  brought 
up  :  it  was  "  in  the  country  "  says  one  authority,  by  which, 
I  presume,  is  meant,  not  in  the  Welsh  Court.  He  was,  sa3's 
the  same  authority,  in  his  eighteenth  year,  when  some  Welsh- 
man having  insulted  him  with  the  supposed  illegitimacy  of 
his  birth,  he  slew  the  over-curious  genealogist,  and  was 
obliged  to  fly  the  country.  Naturally  enough  he  returned 
to  Scotland,  where  ]\Ialcolm  Canmore  was  at  length  reignino;. 
The  period  of  his  return  can  be  ascertained  by  a  circumstance 
given.  It  was,  says  the  legend,  at  the  time  when  "  Queen 
Margaret,  sister  of  Edgar  Atheling,  sought  refuge  there  with 
many  English."  Though  Margaret's  royalty  is  here  some- 
what  anticipated,   the  event   alluded   to   and  its  date  are 

10,1541.  He  died  Dec.  23,  1557.  Among      genealofiy  is   the   ancient   Stuart   coat — 
the  arnaorial    insignia    attaclied   to   tliis       Arg.  a  fesse  cheque,  az.  and  arg. 


338  THE    HOUSES    OF    FITZ-ALAX    AND    STUART. 

obvious  cnoim'li.  It  was  in  the  suininer  of  1067  that  EJo'ar 
Athehng,  liis  mother  aiul  two  sisters,  with  many  Saxons  left 
England  to  the  triumphant  Norman  and  placed  themselves 
under  the  protection  of  i\Ialcolm,  who  soon  afterwards  married 
^largaret,  the  elder  of  the  said  sisters. 

The  Son  of  P'leance  then,  born  about  1050,  and  returning 
to  Scotland  in  10G7,  is  said  to  have  soon  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  service  of  ^lalcolm,  who  knighted  him,  gave  him 
lands,  and  made  him  seneschal  or  steward  of  Scotland. 

"Of  the  which  office,"  says  one  authority,'"'  "he  and  his 
posteritie  reteined  that  sername  of  Steward  ever  after,  from 
wliom  descended  the  most  noble  kings  of  Scotland  of  the 
family  of  Stewards,  besides  many  other  Dukes,  Marquesses, 
Eai-ls,  and  liarons,  of  great  fame  and  renowne.^' 

My  second  authority,  after  a  similar  flourish,  ends  his 
account  of  the  Son  of  Fleance,  whom  he  calls  Walter 
throughout,  by  saying  tliat  he  died  about  the  forty-second 
year  of  his  age  (constructively  then  about  10.01),  and  left  a 
son  Alan.^ 

"  Alan  Sencscliul  or  Stuart, '"  continues  this  writer,  "  was 
also  a  famous  knight.  He  performed  great  things  in  the 
Holy  Land  under  the  standard  of  Godfrey  of  Bouillon"  (the 
crusade  of  lODG-1099  must  be  here  intended).  "He 
demeaned  himself  bravely  against  Stephen  Iving  of  England 
at  Abarton."  (The  Battle  of  Alverton,  otherwise  called  tlie 
l^attle  of  the  Standard,  must  be  the  event  alluded  to.  It 
was  fought  on  August  22nd,  1138.  No  Alan  of  this  family 
can  have  been  present  thereat.)  Tin-  same  writer  proceeds 
to  give  Alan  a  son,  Alexander,  whom  In-  makes  to  have  been 
founder  of  l^iisley;  l)ut  we  liapj)en  to  km-w  that  I'aisley  was 
foimded  in  <»i-  ;ilMiiit  1  I  n,"?,  by  Walter  Fitz  Alan,  Steward  of 
Scotland,  wlioiii  tliis  author  altogether  exclndes  from  his 
proper  place  in  the  genealogy.  In  l;i<t,  the  known  descent 
of  the  earlier  Stuarts  is  quite  irreconcilal)le  with  this  part  of 
the  account  which  T  fpiote,  and  which  we  may  lier(^  dismiss, 
having  In-tter  authoi-ities  to  depend  upon  than  tlidse  which 
at  the  best  were  merely  legendary. 

I'efore  howevei-  we  can  conq)are  the  Scottish  legends 
with  th(!  JMiglish  accounts  of  the  origin  of  the  Stuails,  the 
latter   must    be   c(jllected   and  aiiange<h  for  at  present  they 

'•  I'owcl,  tt<  $upra,  '  Uobcrt  SIcwardc,  ut  supra. 


THE    HOUSES    OF    FITZ-ALAN    AND    STUART.  339 

exist  in  only  ca  fragmentary  form.  To  this  business  I  now 
address  myself. — 

It  is  well  known  how  Henry  I.  endeavoured  to  strengthen 
his  hold  on  the  English  sceptre,  to  which  his  title  was  doubt- 
fid.  His  uniform  policy  was  to  create  a  new  aristocracy, 
unconnected  with  that  older  one  with  which  Domesday 
acquaints  us. 

This  policy  had  a  double  result.  It  secured  to  himself 
and  his  daughter  after  him,  the  steadfast  loyalty  of  a  small 
but  able  band  of  chieftains,  but  it  alienated  the  affections 
of  the  nobility  created  by  his  father,  which  underrated  the 
new  fjivourites,  and  in  the  sequel  adhered  generally  to  the 
usurper  Stephen. 

Further,  it  is  not  probable,  nay  in  some  instances  we  know 
the  contrary,  that  Henry  selected  his  favourites  from  among 
the  Normans.  Foreigners,  or  men  whose  origin  was  unknown 
or  problematical,  wei'C  preferred.  Such,  in  Shropshire,  were 
Warin  de  ]\Ietz,  a  Lorrainer,  the  three  Peverels,  and,  greatest 
of  all,  Alan,  son  of  Flaald. 

King  Henry  had  occupied  the  throne  of  England  about 
three  months,  when  (on  November  11,  1100),  Matilda, 
daughter  of  that  Malcolm  and  ]\Iargaret,  of  whom  we  have 
spoken,  became  his  queen. 

The  first  mention  which  I  can  find  of  Alan  Fitz  Flaald 
belongs  to  the  year  following.  On  Sept.  3,  1101,  the  king 
was  holding  a  great  court  at  Windsor.  A  charter,  which  he 
granted  to  Herbert,  Bishop  of  Norwich,  is  attested  by  Alan 
Fitz  Flaald,  (whose  name  however  is  printed  as  Alan  Fitz 
Harald).  The  charter  designates  the  witnesses  as  the 
'•  illustrious  of  England,  ecclesiastical  and  secular,"  and  the 
list  (headed  by  Queen  Matilda)  warrants  the  description. 
Alan  Fitz  Harald's  name  occupies  no  mean  position  thereon. 
It  stands  before  those  of  Gilbert  and  lloger  Fitz  Richard,  of 
Robert  ]\Ialet,  and  of  Herbert,  the  king's  chamberlain.'^ 

The  charter  by  which  Herbert,  Bishop  of  Norwich, 
founded  the  cathedral  priory  of  his  see,  passed  on  this 
same  occasion.  It  is  attested  by  the  king  and  queen,  and  by 
a  set  of  witnesses  who  nearly  all  appear  in  the  king's  charter. 
Among  the  rest,  Alan  Fitz  Flaald  is  a  subscriber.  But  this 
charter  contains  something  still  more  to  our  purpose.     It 

8  Monasticon,  iv.  17,  v. 
VOL.   XUI.  3   A 


oiO  THE    HOUSES    OF    FITZ-ALAN    AND    STUAKT. 

confirms  the  ''Cliurcli  of  Lan^liani,  Avliicli  had  boon  Alan's, 
and  his  (Ahin's)  tithes.""*  Now  Longhani  Avas  afterwards  a 
recognised  member  of  Fitz-Alan's  Honour  of  ]\Iileham,  from 
^vhich  it  was  not  far  distant.  Summarily,  then,  wc  conclude 
that  Alan  Fitz  Flaald  had  acquired  a  part  of  his  Norfolk 
fief  before  September  1101,  and  had  already"  granted  a  church 
and  tithes  therein  towards  the  endowment  of  Norwich  Priory. 

Continuiiitr  to  investii»:ate  Alan  Fitz  Flaald's  connexion 
with  Norfolk,  I  should  point  out  that  Henry  I.  seems  to 
have  been  seized  in  demesne  of  the  ]\[anor  of  Eaton.  Eaton 
was  near  Norwich,  and  so  not  a  member  of  JMileham,  This 
iiiaiicr  tlic  king  gave  to  Alan  Fitz  Flaald,  and  Alan  trans- 
ferred it  to  Norwich  prior}',  a])parontly  before  November 
1109  ;  for  that  I  take  to  be  the  date  of  a  charter,  ^vhereby 
Henry  I.  gives  to  the  said  priory  "  his  (the  king's)  Manor  of 
P]aton,  -which  Alan  Fitz  Flahald  liad  before  given  thereto  ; 
and  this  Avith  soc  and  sac  and  other  customs,  as  the  manor 
was  when  in  the  king's  demesne."  "  And  hereof,"  says  the 
king,  "I  will  confirm  unto  them  (the  monks)  a  charter,  when 
Alan  shall  come  to  my  court."  ^  I  suppose  the  king  was 
waiting  for  some  fuller  information  as  to  the  grant  before 
he  gave  it  a  more  formal  sanction. 

Alan  Fitz  Flaald's  interest  in  Norfolk  is  further  illustrated 
l)y  his  grants  to  the  priory  of  Castle  Acre,  a  Cluniac  house, 
whose  site  and  precinct  formed  the  western  boundary''  of  his 
lionour  of  ^lileham.  His  charter,  already  ])rinted,^  I  will 
not  here  recite,  but  only  remark  that  Adclina,  his  wife,  is  a 
[)arty  thereto  ;  that  he  gives  land  at  Kameston,  (Kempston), 
and  "  aj)ud  Sparlacum  "  (at  Sjiorle),  also  three  soldatcs  of 
rent  out  of  his  mill  of  Newton,  with  other  things  ;  and  that 
three  of  the  witnesses  to  this  deed,  viz.,  Kuald  le  Strange, 
Gorhannus,  and  Henry  de  Fagrave,  were  probably  ancestors 
of  John  lo  Strange,  ilerbei-t  i^'itz  CJurant,  and  William  <lc 
Pagrave,  who  held  three  of  tlic  five  knights'  fees,  wliicli,  in 
llCf),  constituted  the  Norfolk  lirf  of  Fi(z-AIan.'' 

A  confnniation  (»f  KiiiL::  Henry  i.'s  to  Castlc-Acro.  wiiicji 
seems  to  have  passed  ill  I  1  <»:),  dues  not  include  Alan  Fitz 
Flaald's  donations,"*  wliicli  1  (licroforc  take  to  have  been 
later.      He  seems    to    have;    ollierwise    benefitecl   (liis   house, 

^  .Moniuitinon,  iv.  17,  Niiin.  iii.  Ii.'in   "'I'l   Ciisilc    Acre,    all    lie    witliiii    a 

'  Moiiiutticoii,  iv.  17,  jN'iim.  vi.  «-iri-|i'  of  Ickh  tliuii  fi^lit  iiiiIcK  in  (liiiinct)  r. 
'  M(iiiiutii<-iiri,   V.    .'jl,    ix.       KcmjiHtnn,  '   il'Mnii-'M  MIht  Ni^cr,  i.  l-J'J. 

Sporic,  (imitiiii.l   Eitilt!   I'al-ruvr,    Milf-  '   Il.ul.  MS    JIK),  r„.  II  J. 


TIIK    HOUSES    OF    FITZ-ALAN    AND    STUAltT.  311 

and  ci  different  confirmation  of  Henry  I.,  Avliicli  I  have  no 
means  of  datins^,  alludes  to  his  further  grants.^ 

A  grant  by  William  do  lioscvill  to  the  same  priory  conve3'S 
the  church  of  Newton,  and  is  tested  by  Alan  Fitz  Flaald. 
This  grant  I  believe  to  have  been  earlier  than  1109.*^ 

I  should  now  notice  that  the  foreign  Abbey  of  St.  Florant, 
near  Saumur,  on  the  Loire,  (diocese  of  Angers,  province  of 
Anjou)  had  several  very  ancient  cells  in  England.  I  here 
instance  Andovcr  (Hampshire),  Sole  (Sussex),  and  Sporlo 
(Norfolk),  because  I  can  show  a  connexion  between  Alan 
Fitz  Flaald  or  his  descendants  and  each  of  these  cells. 

Sporle  to  wit,  was  near  to,  if  not  a  member  of  the  honour 
of  JMileham  :  and  its  endowments  lay  chiefly  in  Alan  Fitz 
Flaald's  Norfolk  fief,  viz.,  in  Great  and  Little  Palgrave,  in 
Dunham  Magna,  Mileham,  Hunstanton,  and  Holme." 

Early  in  the  reign  of  Henry  L,  the  privileges  of  their 
church  or  cell  of  Andover  being  in  question,  the  monks  of 
St.  Florant  defended  the  same.  An  inspeximus  of  the 
record,  wdiicli  details  the  consequent  proceedings,  calls  the 
said  record,  by  great  error,  a  charter  of  king  William  I. 
Whatever  of  royal  charter  is  involved  in  the  narrative  is  by 
Henry  L,  and  must  have  passed  between  1103 — 1107, 
probably  in  the  former  year.  The  royal  memorial  favours 
the  immunities  of  the  monks  of  St.  Florant.  It  passed  at 
Storunell,  in  the  New  Forest,  wdiere  the  king  was  probably 
hunting,  and  is  attested  amongst  others  by  Alan  Fitz 
Flaald.^ 

As  regards  the  cell  of  St.  Peter's  at  Sele,  both  Alan  Fitz 
Flaald's  son  and  grandson,  were  benefactors  thereto,  as  the 
charter  testifies  ;  wherein  the  latter,  called  Jordan,  son  of 
Jordan,  son  of  Alan  Fitz  Flaald,  is  said  to  have  confirmed 
the  mill  of  Burton  to  the  Abbey  of  St.  Florant,  as  his  father 
had  previously  given  it.^ 

5  Harl.  MS.  2110.  fo.  112— Alan  Fitz  G  ibidem,  fo.  23,  b. 

Fliiald's   interest   in   some   of  tlic  places  ^  The  foundation   of  Sporle  has  been 

wherein  he  granted  to  Castle  Acre,  was  not  attributed  to  Henry  II.,  prohably  because 

the  sole  interest.      His  grants,  too,  were  be  was  an  Anjovin.     1  should  suppose  it 

al'terwards  contirnied  and  augmented  by  to  have   been  earlier  tlian  his  day,   but 

persons  whom   I  cannot  make  out  to  l»»ve  little  is  known  about  it. 

been  descended  from  Alan.    One  of  these,.  ^  Monasticon,    vii.    992,    i.       Another 

Simon  de  Norfolc,  mentions  his  "  ances^  attestation    of    Alan    Fitz    Flaald's   to  a 

tors  from  the  time  of  A.an  Fitz  Flaald,"  charter  of  Henry  I.,  was  at  York  (Monas- 

speaLs  of  his  (Simon's)  mother,  Avelina,-  ticon,  vi.   Gi!;>,  Num.  v).    I  can  only  guess 

and  of  the  day  when  hc(  Simon)  acquired  its  date  as  circa  1 109. 

(concjuisivit)  the  Honour  of  Mileham.  '>  Dallaway's  Sussex,  vol.   ii.,  pt.  ii.,  p. 


342  THE    HOUSES   OP   FITZ-ALAN    AND    STUAKT. 

I  now  pass  to  a  niucli  more  important  an  J  more  diflicult 
subject,  tlie  connexion  of  Alan  Fitz  Flaald  with  tSliropshire. 
We  have  seen  that  lie  must  have  been  enfeofted  in  Norfolk 
before  the  period  of  that  great  Shropshire  catastro]>lie,  the 
forfeiture  and  exile  of  Earl  Robert  de  Belesme.  Tlie  latter 
event  occurred  in  the  autumn  of  11U2,  and  a  month  or  two 
later  there  is  good  reason  for  thinking  that  Rainald  the 
Domesday  sheriff  of  this  county  ^vas  still  unaffected  in  credit 
or  estate  by  the  fall  of  his  suzerain/ 

The  great  ascendancy  of  Richard  de  Beimels,  who  now 
bcccimc  King  Henry's  viceroy  in  the  west,  makes  it  very 
difficult  to  mark  at  this  period  the  succession  of  those  \Yho 
may  be  called  sheriffs-in-fee  of  Shropshire. 

AVarin,  the  first  sheriff  of  Shropshire,  was  dead  at  the 
time  of  Domesday,  1085-6.  He  had  probably  held  both 
office  and  estate  in  consequence  of  his  marriage  with  Amcria, 
a  niece  of  Eai-1  Roger  de  jMontgomery.  AVarin  left  a  son, 
Hugh,  an  infant  at  his  decease.  Anieria  remarried  to 
RainaM,-  and  so,  at  the  date  of  Domesday,  Rainald  had 
both  the  shrievalty  and  lands  of  AVarin,  not  1  think  as 
guardian  of  AVarin's  heir,  but  in  right  of  Ameria.  There  is 
good  reason  for  thinking  that  Hugh,  the  son  «\'  \\';irin  and 
Ameria,  and  step-son  of  Rainald,  entered  on  his  inheritance 
after  the  cession  of  the  latter.^  His  line  however  must  have 
soon  expired  with  his  life  ;  and  failing  all  other  descendants 
of  Ameria,  the  shrievalty  and  its  attached  barony  will  have 
I'everted  to  the  crown. 

Then  came  the  event  thus  described  in  the  only,  but 
very  authoritative   document,  which  touches  the  (picstion. — 

225,  No.  X.    The  fn'andBoii'H  grant  Bceni.s  fk-f  of    nallol    (liiillorumi)    wn.s    in    tlio 

U)   liavo  Ijoen   in   tlio  way  of  ii'8titiitii)n,  Uximin,  luul  \\un  luM  umlir  Karl  llojjor. 
ami  to  Iiavo  bi-cn  made  "  liuring  ilie  sick-  •*  lime   the  word  *' ecsHion  "   adviHi-dly, 

noHH  whereof  lie  died,  and  in  the  jtre«enco  for  it  is  clear  to  me  that    It.'tinaid  neither 

of  the   Arehliinhop."     The  ori;;inul    deed  lost  his  shrievalty  hy   forfeiture    nnr    hy 

with  other  .S<le  eharfers  in,  1    jireHunie,  in  death,      lii'  was    in    faet   livin^'  in    I'raneo 

pohmsHioii   of  the   I'rehident  and    Fellows  as  late  as    111!!.     The   ihalh  of  Ameria, 

of  .St.  Al.  Magdalene  (,'ii||.,  Oxford.  at   whatever    period    (if  wiihont   insiie  hy 

'    AiitiijuitieH   of    Shrophhire.       V(d.    ii.  llainaid),   would,  aecordin;,'    to    the    well- 

193,  Ifit.  known  cUHtoni   of    KuKland,   have  termi- 

'  'I'luH  faet  has  heen  dunhted,  in  eonsc-  nated  all    his   preteiinion^    in    her   rij;lit. 

quenee   of    lUinald   hiing    called    in    one  NeverthelesH,    he    niinht    have   heen  eon- 

inntanco,    Hriither  of    Warin.     We  nnist  tinned  in  tilhci' either  hy  the  iNormnn  carl 

there    interpret  the   word  "  l.rother "  as  or    the  kin},',   for    a    jierinil    and    durinj{ 

hrotlo  T-iii  law,     for     it     is     certain     that  pleiihure,  if  llu;;li  hon  nt    \\  arin  had  been 

Uain»ld  (whoM;  name   hy  the  way  was  l>e  .still  in  minority  at  his  mother's  death. 
Ilftllol)    married    Ameiin.      His  ISormaii 


THE    HOUSES   OP   FITZ-ALAN    AND    STUAKT.  343 

"  Alaniis  filius  Fladaldi  lionorcm  Vfcccomitis  Warini  post 
filiiim  ejus  suscepit."* 

From  these  "words  has  arisen  the  uinvarraiitcd  statement 
that  ALan  Fitz  Flaald  acquired  his  h5hro})shire  fief  by 
marrying  a  supposed  daughter  and  eventual  heir  of  Warin. 

Had  it  been  so,  I  think  the  precise  and  nearly  coeval 
document  which  I  have  quoted,  would  have  stated  the  ftict. 

My  conviction  is  that  Alan  Fitz  Flaald  received  by  a  new 
investiture,  and  by  grant  of  Henry  I.,  the  whole  honour  of 
the  sheriff  of  {Shropshire,  whether  we  call  it  the  honour  of 
Warin,  of  Rainald,  or  of  Hugh  ;  that  he  so  received  it 
during  the  first  ten  years  of  lleni-y's  reign,  but  under  no 
claim  whatever  of  hereditary  right  or  succession. 

This  "  Honour  of  the  Shcrifi'"  lay  chiefly  in  Shropshire, 
but  it  involved  lands  in  Staflbrdshire,  A\^arwickshire,  and 
Sussex.^  In  three  out  of  these  four  counties  I  have  now 
to  speak  of  Alan  Fitz  Flaald's  further  concern. 

In  the  autumn  of  1109,  Henry  I.  paid  a  visit  to  Shrop- 
shire. It  was  during  that  visit  I  suppose  that  the  king, 
Richard  (de  Belmeis)  Bishop  of  London,  Alan  Fitz  Flaald, 
Hamo  Peverel,  lloger  and  Ilobert  Corbet,  and  Herbert 
Fitz  Helgot,  attested  a  judicial  decision  of  the  bishop, 
which  regarded  some  right  of  Shrewsbury  Abbey. *^ 

To  the  same  abbey  and  probably  at  the  same  period  "  Alan 
Fitz  Fladald,  with  ready  devotion,  conceded  all  things 
which  had  been  bestowed  by  his  predecessors'  or  by  his 
barons,  whether  in  his  time  or  previously."  Of  this  were  wit- 
nesses Richard  Bishop  of  London,  Hamo  Peverel,  Kooer 
Fitz  Corbet,  and  nearly  the  whole  county.^ 

We  learn  this  from  a  recitatory  charter  of  King  Henry  I., 
wdiich  passed  in  1121.  The  statement  is  repeated  in 
Stephen's  confirmation  (above  noticed),  with  the  adtlitional 
clause  about  Alan  Fitz  Flaald  having  received  the  honour 
of  Warin. 

Confirmations   of    Henry    II.    and   Henry    III.    mention 

••  Monnsticon,   iii.,   .')l!),    Col.  a. — This  ^  Salop  Chartulary,  No.  I. 

document  is  a  narrative  of  their  endow-  '  "  Anteeessorihus"   is  the  word   used, 

ments,  drawn  up  by  the  monks  of  Shrews-  which,  if   translated  "Ancestors"  niitrlit 

bury,   and    contirnied    by   King   Stephen  lead  to  error.     The  latter  inii)hes  iiere- 

soon  after  his  accession.  ditary  precedence,  a  meaning  which   the 

*  Viz.,  all  which  Rainaldns,  Rainaldus  usage  of  the  time  did  not  attach   to  the 

Vicecomes,  or  Rainaldus  Hailiole  hadlield  word  "  antccessores." 

in  those  counties  under  King  or  Karl  at  '^  Salop  Ciiartulary,  No.  35, 
Domesdav. 


.'jlt  Tin:  imr.sEs  of  fitz-alax  and  stuart. 

and  ratify  a  grant  of  tithes  in  Optun  (Ui)ton  3Iagna)  to 
►Salop  Abbey,  Ijy  Alan  Vicecomes.  This  was  doubtless  Alan 
Fitz  Flaald,  but  I  know  of  no  other  instance  of  his  being- 
described  bv  a  title,  which  probably  indicated  rather  his 
rifj-ht  as  of  fee,  than  anv  active  discharge  of  the  office 
of  sherifl'.  In  fact,  we  know  that  during  the  whole  of 
Alan's  life  the  official  deputy  of  Behneis  in  »Shropshire.  was 
Fulcuius. 

J)ugdalc  estimated  the  period  of  Alan  Fitz  Flaald's  tenure 
of  Wulston,  Warwickshire  (it  was  part  of  the  fief  of  llainald 
under  Earl  Roger  at  Domesday),  to  have  been  as  early  as 
the  time  of  the  said  earl  or  one  of  his  sons,  that  is  as  early 
as  the  year  1102/-*  In  this  antiquity  of  dates,  Dugdale  was 
mistaken.  Dugdale  constructively  intimates  that  Dame 
Adeliza,  who  granted  in  Wolston  to  liurton  Abbey, 
before  the  year  1114,  was  Alan  Fitz  Flaald's  widow, 
and  the  mother  of  that  Sibil  who,  with  her  husband 
lloger  de  Frevillc,  confirmed  Dame  Adeliza's  grant  in  the 
year  1132. — 

Here,  I  doubt  not,  tliat  J)ugdale  was  right ;  but  it  does 
not  at  first  appear  how  Dame  Adeliza,  as  a  widow,  could 
grant  delinitely  in  her  husband's  fief.  That  difficulty  is 
solved  l)y  a  further  piece  of  evidence  in  the  liurton  register, 
viz.,  that  the  monks  of  Burton  "  redeemed  the  grant  by  a 
pavmcnt  of  si.\  mcrks  to  Iloger  dc  Frevillc  and  Sibil  his  wife 
in  n:32."^ 

I  shall  say  nothing  more  as  to  Alan  Fit/  I'laaMs  AVai-wick- 
shire  fief,  than  that  it  involved  the  manor  of  Strctton  super 
Dunesmore ;  that  that  ninnor  had  constituted  pai't  of  Kainalds 
f^omesday  fief,  and  tliaL  there  Alan  l-'itz  J^Maald  himself 
sometinie  made  a  specific  grant  to  Burton  Abbey. 

As  succeeding  to  the  shrievalty  and  estates  cd'  liaiiiald, 
Alan  Fitz  Flaald  will  have;  been  a  tenant  in  tlu^  hoiKtur  of 
Aniii'I*'!.  I  have,  liowevei",  no  iinlicf  d'  liis  |MTS(.iial  cdii- 
cci'ii  in  Sussex.      A  liMidary  of  llio  lioiHuiror  Aniinlrl,  wliicli 

^  Du^Jnlc's    Wiir\vicli»hirc;    (Tli(  .iiuis'a  HUggcskul,  not  nssprti'd  liy  Iiini.     It  in.iy 

Kililioti),  vol.  i.,  |i.  .'>.'{.  liol|)  to  clciir  It  illMii-iilt  <|Ui'Mtiiiii  il'  I  mlil 

'   Du^j.lnlo'M  MSS.  in   lJil)l.  Aftliin.'.).,  l."}  tlmt,  in  1  li;."s  lln^^.lumi  .Ic    WIIVichcHlon 

CJ.    i.,    fo.    .Vi;).      'i'iu!    wiiiio     Ui>m  r    (Ic  iiiiil    ll.iiiio  films   Ud.niHi,  held    jiiintly   it 

Frcvillo  Mill   Siljil,  IiIh  wife;,  aUo  iii  i<lr  ii  l,fii;<lit'M  fee    iiinlcr    I'll/.  Al.'iii,  nml    Unit 

Kmiit  in  WolMtoii   to   Jveiiilwoilli  1'  nory.  tliiit     fee     wiw     umloulitcilly      WdlHlon. 

I)iii;ilttlo  Imi  nivcn  um,  iinilcr    Woinl  on,    ii  l)ii;{iliilc'«  (joiicikiogy   taktH   no   iiotici!  of 

inlnilur  htAt<'tn<-nt  of  tlieir  HUccvBtiJ  on,  as  iIu'ho  two  peruonK. 


TFIE    HOUSES    OF    FITZ-ALAN    AND    STUART.  315 

I  have  elsewhere  ascribed  to  the  3'ear  1135,^  enters  this 
tenure  as  "  Stokes  II.  miUtcs,"  without  giving  the  name  of 
the  then  tenant.-"^ 

The  widow  however  of  Alan  Fitz  Flaahl,  called  in  this 
instance  Avelinu,  seems  to  have  had  part  of  her  dower  in 
these  Sussex  estates  ;  for  William  Fitz  Alan,  her  eldest  son, 
granting,  between  the  years  1155  and  1158,  the  land  of 
"  Piperinges  "  to  Hauglnnond  Abbey,  added  to  his  grant  such 
rights  of  common  pasture  in  tlie  neighbouring  vill  of  Stokes 
as  had  been  previously  enjoyed  by  "  his  mother  Avelina.""* 

On  the  whole,  therefore,  we  conclude  that  Alan  Fitz 
Flaald  was  enfeoffed  by  Henry  I.  in  Norfolk  in  1100  or 
1101,  in  Shropshire  &c.,  after  1102  and  before  1109  ;  that 
he  was  living  in  the  latter  year,  but  dead  in  1114. 

His  wife  and  w^idow,  variously  called  Adelina,  Adeliza, 
or  Avelina,  perhaps  survived  him  many  A^ears.^  Their  mar- 
riage must  have  taken  place,  as  we  shall  presently  see, 
between  1100  and  1105.  Who  she  was  shall  now  be  our 
inquiry,  and  I  think  that  that  point  can  be  settled  without 
doubt.  The  various  fees  in  Gloucestershire,  Wiltshire,  and 
elsewhere,  which  formed  the  Domesday  barony  of  Ernulf  do 
Hesding,  are  found  in  11G5  to  be  divided  among  coparceners. 
A  third  of  this  fief,  or  thereabouts,  was  then  vested  in  the 
re]>rescntatives  of  Alan  Fitz  Flaald. 

Now%  that  Ernulf  de  Hesding,  who  for  his  brave  defence  of 
Shrewsbury  in  1138  was  so  mercilessly  put  to  death  by 
Stephen,  was,  as  Ordericus  informs  us,  maternal  uncle 
(avunculus)  of  William  Fitz  Alan.  Therefore  William  Fitz 
Alan's  mother  and  Alan  Fitz  Flaald's  wife  was  Avelina  de 
Hesding,  and  she  was  in  her  issue  a  co-heiress.^  These  are 
the  undoubted  conclusions  to  be  adopted  from  a  mass  of 
difficulties  which  beset  the  succession  of  the  Domesday  Ernulf 
de  Hesding.  With  the  residue  of  those  difficulties  we  have 
nothing  here  to  do.  We  are  content  to  have  demolished 
the  old  error,  which  made  the  wife  of  Alan  Fitz  Flaald  a 
daughter  of  Warin,  sheriff  of  Shropshire.     I  proceed  now^  to 

-  Antiquities  of   Shropshire.     Vol.  ii.,  W^iliiara  Fitz  Alan  (then  a  minor)  which 

p.  20"2,  note.  l.iy  in  W'iltshire  is  expressly  said  to  have 

^  Liber  Niger,  i.,  G5.  previously  beionjicd  to  "  Ernulf  de  Hcs- 

*  Ilaughmond  Cliartulary,  fo.  !()().  dinges  "  (Liber  Niger,  i.   145).     My  idea 

'^  I  also  think  that  she  ro-nisirried,  but  is,  that  this  Ernulf,  being  son  of  i)ini  who 

n>y  evidence  on  the  point  is  too  much  a  was  hangod  by  Stephen,  had  diod  without 

matter  of  detail  to  bring  forward.  issue,  so  that  his  estate  devolved   on  his 

'"'  Li   11(5.'),  that  part  of  the  Barony  of  collateral  heirs. 


otr.  THE    HOUSES    OF    FITZ-ALAX    AND    STUART. 

name  ilie  cliiMiTii  of  Al.in  l''ii/  l-'laald  and  liis  ^Yifo  Aveliiia 
tie  Hesding.  Tlicse  were  William,  the  heir  of  both,  Walter, 
Jordan,  l^ibil,  and  possibly  some  others.^  Of  AVilliani  Fitz 
Alan,  as  he  was  called,  I  have  said  most  of  what  need  be 
said  in  my  notice  of  Ilanghmond  Abbey.^  I  here  add,  or 
rather  dednce,  that  he  nuist  have  been  born  about  1105  ; 
not  much  later,  as  his  younger  brother  ^yas  of  age  in  11:21)  ; 
not  much  earlier,  otherwise  Ordericus  could  hardly  have 
called  him  a  youth  in  11. Ss.'' 

Of  Jordan  Fitz  Alan  1  liave  spoken  briefly  above.  It 
remains  to  say  of  him  tliat  in  llie  year  1129  and  lloO  he 
seems  to  have  been  farming  for  King  Ileiuy  1.  some  royal 
manor  (probabl}^  Clipston)  in  Nottinghamsliire  or  Derby- 
shire ;  also  in  1130  he  was  excused  his  quota  of  the  Dane- 
geld,  then  assessed  on  those  counties  and  on  Lincolnshire. 
In  Lincolnshire  too  the  sheriff  is  allowed  to  deduct  4/,  \ijs. 
from  his  yearly  ferni  in  respect  of  "land  of  Jordan  Fitz 
Alan  ;  "  that  is,  I  presume,  land  then  first  granted  by  the 
king  to  the  said  Jordan.^ 

Of  JSibil,  married  to  Roger  do  Frcville,  in  or  before  1132, 
1  have  before  spoken. 

It  remains  then  to  treat  of  Walter  Fitz  Alan,  the 
undoubted  ancestor  of  ilie  Itoyal  House  of  Stewart,  and 
therefore  the  person  around  whose  name  our  previous 
ariruments  ami  oni-  future  conclusions  must  be  assembled 
as  their  centre.  1  have  in  my  notice  of  Ilanghmond  Abbey 
shown  liow  W'aUci-  l''it/  i\Iau  attested  the  earliest  grant 
which  his  briAher  William  is  known  to  have  made  to  the 
canons  of  that  house.  1  have  also  cxliil)ited  AValtcr  Fitz 
Alan  in  the  (-(lurl  nf  the  ciiipi-ess  at  O.xlord  in  ilic  summer 
of  11  11,  where  also  was  l)a\id  king  of  Scots  and  William 
l''it/  Alan. 

Anothci"  charter  of  tlic  empress  made  perliajis  later  to 
Ilanghmond.  has  al>o   I  lie   attestation   of  Waller    l''it/,  Alan. 

7  Simon,   ft    brother  of    Wiilti-r     Fitz  tlTm  opcurs   witli    ivgnrd   to    tlio    Hccond 

.\liiii,  atlf-HtH  Ji  cliiirter  of  tlm  Ijiltir  alioiit  Willium    I'itz  Aliiii,   hoii    of    the    pci-Hon 

Wit'.',.      1    know   iiotliiin;   fiirllu-r   of    liiiii  licrc  H|)ok<ii  of.    Ilu  cnino  of  iif^oiii  1 17.5  ; 

wiih  any  cerUiiity.     lie   \n   tlic  rtputiil  mid  in    lUlll   (wlii-n   In-    wn8   tliirty-four 

tinc«-nlor  of  15o)d,  inrl  of  Knol.  yciii-H  of  ii;;c)   (oniMiiH,  IiIh   Kiicht,    culls 

"  Ar<-liii<'ol'>;;i<-iil.li)iiniiil,v()l.xiii,  j).  ll'i.  Iiiin  "ft  nolilo  and  lilnml  .mumik  num." 
»  Ilr  would  tli<iilii-tliiily-llir«'-,  iiccord-  '  Kol.    I'ip.    •'•I    U'l".    I.    l'|>.  7,  I  1,  12, 

ing   to   my  iHiiiiiiit<,  mid    I    In  liivo  it  was  l'Jl,\i'.     <>nc  <  iilry  h<i  inn  to  plact!  Jor- 

llii>  cuMloni    of  llial   w^vi    to   um-    tiio  tc-rni  dan      I'll/.  Alann    l.incolnhliirr    iHlato    in 

*•  JuvcniM"  nuitdi   lat<r   tlinn  is  conMiHti-nt  "  I.oii(iid<  nc  W  ape  iitac." 
with  our  id<iu4.     A  iiingulnr  instance  of 


TIJE    HOUSES   OF    FITZ-ALAN    AND   STUAliT.  ^31-7 

ISo  also  has  a  grant  of  William  Fitz  Alan  to  Shrewsbury 
Abbey,  Avhich  I  cannot  date  with  any  certainty,  but  think  it 
nuist  have  })assc(l  between  1155  and  1160."  Within  the 
same  limits  of  time  William  Fitz  Alan  "invested"  his 
brother  Walter  in  his  Sussex  manor  of  Stoke,"^  and  this 
feoffment  must  have  been  over  and  above  those  two  knights' 
fees  of  new  feofiment,  which  in  1165  Walter  Fitz  Alan  is 
said  to  have  held  in  the  barony  of  his  nephew.'*  The  locality 
of  the  latter  I  cannot  determine,  except  by  stating  that  the 
Ivnights  Templars  held  in  1185  a  virgate  of  land  in  Coneton, 
which  they  had  originally  by  gift  of  Walter  Fitz  Alan.^ 
The  place  alluded  to  was  undoubtedly  in  Shropshire,  and 
was  perhaps  Cound. 

This  is  all  that  I  can  say  of  Walter  Fitz  Alan,  as 
connected  with  England.  Notwithstanding  his  reappearance 
in  this  country  on  his  elder  brother's  restoration  (1155),  it 
is  quite  clear  that  during  the  reverses  which  began  to  attend 
the  cause  of  the  empress  in  1141,  Walter  Fitz  Alan  had 
taken  refuge  in  the  court  of  her  uncle, — David  king  of  Scots. 
lie  attested  a  grant  of  that  monarch  to  J\Ielrose  Abbey, 
which  seems  to  have  passed  in  June,  1142,  at  Ercheldon^ 
lie  also  attests  Jving  David's  charter  to  May  Priory,  which 
is  dated  at  Kyngor,  and  must  have  passed  between  August, 
1147,  and  May,  1153.^  Also  he  attested  a  charter  of  Prince 
Henry  of  Scotland  to  Holm  Cultram,^  which  must  have 
})assed  after  the  foundation  of  that  house  in  Januar}^  1150, 
and  })efore  the  death  of  the  prince  in  May  or  June,  1152. 
j\lalcolm  IV.  ascended  the  throne  of  Scotland  on  May  24, 
115.S.  On  June  24,  1157,  being  at  Koxburgh,  he  expedited 
a  charter  to  Walter  Fitz  Alan,  his  seneschal  (Dapifero).  It 
confirms  to  the  said  Walter  and  his  heirs  the  donation  which 
King  David  the  grantor's  grandfather  gave  him,  viz.,  llenfrew 
and  Passeleth.  It  also  gives  to  him  and  his  heirs  the  Royal 
Seneschalcy,  as  King  David  gave  the  same." 

-  Salop  Cliartiilary,  No.  fU.  ^  Hber  Sanctse  Marirode  Melros  (Ban- 

3  Ilarl,  MS.  -J  188,  fo.  123.  iiatyne  Club,  p.  4). 

••  Liber  Niger,  i.  14-1.     The  Sussex  fees  ^  Monasticon,  iv.  62,  i.     Ernald,  abbot 

of  Fitz  Alan  are  not  entered  in  the  Liber  of    Kelso     (the    first    witness),    did   not 

Nij;er,   that    is,   not    under   Fitz   Alan's  become  so  till  after    August,    1147,  and 

bai'ony.      They    were    no    part   of    Fitz  King  David  died  May  24,  1 153. 

Alan's  tenure  in  cajiito,  being  held  of  the  ■■*  Monasticon,    v.    .5!I4,  iii.      A  search 

Earl  of  Arundel.  among    Scottish    chartularies    would,     I 

•^  MS.  account  of  the  Templars,  quoted  doubt  not,  greatly  strengthen  this  evidence. 

Monasticon,  vii.  821,  xxiv.,  as  in  custody  ^  Douglas's      Peerage      of       Scotland 

of  the  King's  Remembrancer,                  '  (\\'ood's  edition,  1813',  p.  45. 

VOL.  xiiL  3  n 


348  THE    HOUSES    OF    FITZ-ALAN    AND    STLTAKT. 

The  Scottish  Abbey  of  Paisley,  near  Keiilrew,  is  said  to 
have  been  founded  in  11(53.  Its  founder  Avas  AValter  Fitz 
Alan,  and  it  uas  colonized  with  monks  from  the  great 
Cluniac  house  of  Wenlock,  in  Shropshire.  The  latter  event 
is  placed  by  the  ^lelrose  Chronicle  in  ]  1  (!;),  when  it  says 
that  •'  Ilunbaudus  Prior  de  Weneloc  adduxit  conventum 
a  pud  Passelet  qui  est  juxta  Kenfrieu."  A  charter  of  the 
founder  is  mentioned  by  a  great  Shropshire  antiquary  as 
containing  names  of  several  witnesses,  which  associated  their 
bearers  with  that  county.  He  instances  Ixobert  de  j\lun- 
degumbi,  llobert  and  Geoffrey  de  Costentin,  Kichard  Wall 
and  Koger  de  Nesse.^ 

"Walter  Fitz  Alan,  Seneschal  of  the  king  of  Scotland,  was 
also  a  benefactor  to  Melrose  Abbey,  lie  granted  to  that 
house  the  lands  of  Machline  in  Kyle,  about  the  year  1170, 
savs  my  authority.  His  charter  seems  to  be  yet  in  existence. 
Its  seal  presents  on  one  side  the  figure  of  an  '"armed  Knight 
on  horseback  ;  at  full  speed  ;  a  lance,  with  pennon,  couched 
in  his  right  hand  and  a  shield  on  his  left  arm."  The  legend 
is,  Sigillum  Walteri  filii  Alani  Dapiferi  Iveg.  The  coujiter- 
seal  presents  "a  Wairioi-  with  a  spear  in  his  right  hand, 
leaning  against  a  pillar,  and  witb  his  left  hand  huhling  a 
horse. '"^ 

Here  then  we  have  another  authentic  notice  of  Walter 
Fitz  i\lan  as  steward  or  seneschal  of  the  king  of  Scots. 

At  his  death,  in  1177,  the  j\Ielrose  Chronicle  accords  him 
the  same  title,  as  well  as  commemorates  the  ties  which  had 
l»oun<l  him  to  that  house. — "  Obiit  AValterus  filius  Alani, 
dapifer  Regis  ScoticO,  familiaris  noster,  cujus  beata  anin^a 
\  ivat  in  gloria." 


'  Blakeway's  MSS.    Parocliiftl  MiHtorv,  Ranetm  Mariro  do  Molros.     When  will  our 

vol.    ill.,    Tit.    Wi;nloek. — A   li<tt<r  tniii-  Knuli.ili  i-lmrtuiarifs  (many  of  tlitiii  csseii- 

kcript    of    tliiH  <:liart<T  m   I    fimi    in    tln!  tiul  to  a  i-onipliti'  liistoiy  of  the  kingdom) 

I'aiMlcy    UfgiHt<r   (Miiitland    ("luit,    lll^J'J,  bo  trciid'd  \\  itli  siniiliir  drffrcnci' J 
I>.   ."i).      It  1,'ivis   Alan   (111-   j;raiitor'n  son,  -   l.nin^^'K    Srntlisii  .SihIh,  |t.    l'_'(!,    Nos. 

Wnhcr  and  Ni^<l  d(!  Costentin,  ami  Altx-  7(1!),  7711,  ijuotin;;   Moiros  CliarlcrM.     See 

ancKr  do  liuBtiiig  (llcwding)  in  addition  us  also   jiliito   iii.,  ti),'.    1.     'J'Iumc  ^oalfl,  Niya 

witnoHxi  H. —  Mr.  Lain^',  all'ord   a  |>r<'snin|>lion   llint  as 

I    had  not   «ccn   the    PaiHley    Kejiister  yet  the  family  imod  no  eoat  ninionr. 
when    I    wroto  tho  nl)ov<«.     It  HlrenKllnnH  r..S.--'rhiM  eliarlcr  is,  I  lind,  jirinted  in 

nuiny  poiniH  of  my  Hfatomint,  and,  an  far  the   J.iher  ih?  MelroH    (Uunnaiyno    Cluh, 

an   1   am  aware,    eontroverlH    none      Its  IH.'JT,  )'   •'".'O-       lis  wilniHsin  are  Alan  tho 

ampliiu'lf  of  evidenceM  forhidH  more  thim  >;rantor'H  son,  Holurl  clc  ('(jstctin,   Koiicrt 

thin  w  neral    nhreneo  to  u  wdrU  of  giiat  do       .Moiiiej;nni<  ri,      Waiter      (,'oH(<ntin, 

iiitiTen',  and   mimt  conHUinniiite  i-diioi-ial  Kjeliard  Wulleiiiiir*,  Adam  do  Nciilnn. 
•kill.     The  nanii-  n;ay  be  mud  ol  tho  Ldjer 


THE    HOUSES    OF    FITZ-ALAN    AND    STi'ART.  310 

Walter  Fitz  Alan  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Alan,  called  Alan 
Fitz  Walter.     He  died  in  1204. 

Ho  also  granted  Machliiie  in  Kyle  to  Melrose  Abbey,  and 
apparently  early  in  his  life.  The  seal  of  his  charter  has  the 
fiourc  of  an  "  armed  knio-ht  on  horseback,  with  a  sword  in 
his  right  hand  and  a  sliicld  on  his  left  arm.  The  legend  is 
as  follows  ; — S'  Alain  L.  Fi  Watir  L.  Fi.  Al.  Senescall.  Re. 
Sco. — which  I  suppose  in  full  is,  Sigillum  Alain  le  Fitz  Watir 
le  Fitz  Alain  Sencscalli  Regis  Scotia)."'^ 

This  same  Alan,  renouncing  at  a  later  period  his  claim  to 
certain  lands  in  Rlenselei,  in  favour  of  Melrose  Abbey,  sealed 
liis  charter  with  a  seal  which  indicates  some  progress  in  art 
as  well  as  fashion.  On  the  knight's  shield  the  remains  of  a 
fesse  cheque  are  quite  apparent,  "  and  this,'^  says  Mr.  Laing, 
"  is  perhaps  the  earliest  instance  of  this  well-known  bearing 
of  the  Stuarts."  The  legend  is  :— Sigill.  Alani  filii  Walteri.'* 
At  his  death,  in  1204,  this  Alan  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Walter,  called  Walter  l^'itz  Alan. 

A  confirmation  by  this  Walter  to  Melrose  Abl)ey  assures 
certain  land  at  Edmunstune,  as  granted  by  Walter  Fitz 
Alan  his  grandfather.  The  shield  on  his  seal  is  charged 
with  a  fesse  cheque.  The  legend  is  Sigill'  Walteri  filii  Alani.^ 

This  is  the  same  Walter  Fitz  Alan   who,    as  seneschal, . 
attests  the   deed  whereby  Alexander  II.   of  Scotland  fixed 
the  dower  of  the  English  Princess  Johanna.     The   charter 
])assed  at  York  on  18  June,  1221.*' 

He  also  in  September  1237  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
named  by  the  same  king  to  swear  to  the  peace  then  agreed 
upon  with  Henry  III.'' 

He  died  in  1241,  says  the  Melrose  Chronicle,  calling  him 
"  Waltcrus  filius  Alani  Junioris,"  which  shows  that  the  Scotch 
annalists  recognised  an  earlier  Alan  in  this  descent  than  tlie 
father  of  Walter  Fitz  Alan  (II). 

^  Laing's  Seals,  p.    127,  No.    771,  and  plate  iii.,  fig.  4.     The  data  assigned  by 

plate  iii.,  tig.  3.     Mr.  Laing  estimates  the  Mr.   Laing  for  this  deed  (circa    1170)  is 

date  of  this  Charter  as  about  1 170  ;  \wr-  probably  a  typonr.sphical  error.     .\iMther 

haps  on  better  grounds  than  would  induce  deed   of  tlie  same  person  is  dated  by  Mr. 

me  to  place  it  after   1177.     The  mixture  Laing,  cjVcrt  1200.     Mr.  Laing  also  quotes 

of  Norman-French  and  Latia  in  the  legend  a  deed  of  Alexander  Stuart,  son  of  this 

is  singular.  Walter,  which  he   dates  circa   1226,  and 

P.S. — The  witnesses  to  this  deed  are  deeds  of  James  Stuart,  son  of  Alexander, 

1!e;.;inald  de  Asting,  William  de  Lindesei,  which    he    dates    circa    1270    and    \2'^6. 

Walter  do  Constentin,  Adam  de  Neuetun.  Some  of  these  dates  must  surely  be  vjry 

•*   Laing's   Seals,  p.    127,  No.   772,  and  wide  of  the  mark, 
plate  iii.,  tig.  2.  "^  Rymer's  Foodera,  vol.  i.,  p.  163. 

*   Lriing's   Seals,  p.    127,   No.    773,  and  ''   Ibid.  p.  234. 


350  THE    HOUSES   OF    FITZ-ALAN    A^'D    STUAI^T. 

Alexander  Stuart,  son  of  tlie  latter,  occurs  in  various 
deeds  and  diplomatic  matters  of  king  Alexander  III.,  and 
under  dates  of  12.rJ.  l-2.)5,  12r)S,  12G0,  1 -262.  and  Jul \\ 
1281.« 

Soon  after  the  last  date  he  will  have  died.  He  left  two 
sons,  James  and  John,  the  former  of  whom  occurs  as  senes- 
chal of  Scotland  on  February  5,  1283,  and  throughout  the 
reign  of  Edward  I.  of  England,  to  whom  he  did  formal 
huiiiage  as  seneschal  of  Scotland,  on  October  23,  130(j. 

liut  I  am  not  intending  to  enter  upon  the  various  political 
changes  of  that  period.  I  have  descended  thus  far  in  my 
account  of  the  Stuarts  for  a  specific  purpose.  It  is  to  say, 
that  at  one  period  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  Richard  Fitz 
Alan  (then  Earl  of  Arundel  in  England),  was  declared 
hereditary  steward  of  Scotland.** 

I  cannot  verify  this  statement  by  reference  to  the  parti- 
cular document  from  which  it  was  doubtless  derived,  and 
therefore  I  will  not  use  it  further  than  as  a  token  that  one 
fact  was  well  understood  in  that  day,  viz.,  that  the  English 
Fitz  Alans  and  the  Stuarts  of  Scotland  were  descended  from 
a  common  ancestor,  viz.,  from  Alan  Fitz  Flaald,  and  that  the 
Fitz  Alans  were  the  elder  representatives  of  the  line.  In 
short,  the  <j;reat-t>randfather  of  James  Stuart,  and  the  great- 
grandfather  of  Richard  Fitz  Alan  had  been  first  cousins,  and 
each  of  them  grandsons  of  Alan  Fitz  l^'laald.  I  now  leave 
this  matter  to  tiie  mure  intelligible  form  of  a  tabular  pedigree, 
;ind  })roceed  to  state  my  own  belief  as  to  that  part  of  it 
which,  at  present,  has  nut  ))cen  furtified  hy  ]>ruuf,  but  which 
may  now,  it  is  hoped,  atti'act  the  attention  uf  (»thers,  and  so 
meet  willi  rmther  cunuiiciit,  eilhci'  ilhistrativc  or  corrective, 
as  the  event  may  })rov('. 

My  belief,  then,  is  tliat  (he  son  ol'  l-'lcance  was  named 
Alan,  ]\()t  Wiihvv,  ami  lli.il  lie  wlioin  tlic  l^^ngli.sh  called  Alan 
I''itz  Flaahl  was  the  persuii  in  (|U<',sliun.'  The  change  fi'uni 
Fleanclius  to  M;i;i]diis  is  )ii>i  Ncrv  great,  when  we  cum])are  it 

*  Fu,"(lir.i /-«.',(, »i,uinl  lr;i;^iii<iit:i  Sccilo-  tisli   Icjji'ikIh.     Hut  il   nml«'H    Alim    I'ilz 

MoiiiiHiicu,  p.  xlii.  I'laiild  lo  be  in  n-nlity  Alim    Fit/.  Waller. 

'  liliikewiiv'M   ,MSS.  I'arocliial  Hihlory,  llowevn-,    iIichc     |>iiin>ii_viiiic    miriiiinics 

vol.  iii.,  'J'it.  Wiiilocli.  wiTo  HKiiicliiiK-M   |H'r|ii'(iiiit<'cl   to  ii  hccoihI 

'  Tin;  ulU-rii(itiv«)  in,  tlint  tlicro  wnn  n  ;;fiiirali<)ii  ;    lo   wlilili   il   iiiny    ho   u^aiii 

Wftlier,  H«ii    of    Fluniirc,   iiiid   fnllur   of  rtplicd,  tiiiit   wln-ii  ho  pi  riictmitccl,   they 

A  lull   Fit/,-l''lnul(l.      'I'liiil    HtippoHiiJoii  in  v/vw  UHiiiilly  ruriicil  uii  lo  tliu  iliiid  and 

iiiil  iiii-oii-iHti-iit  with   cliroiiolnj,'ioai  poKhi-  fourlli  guiuniiioim. 
Iiilily,  and  it  Iiuh  llio  mipport  ol   llio  .Scot- 


THE    HOUSES    OF    FITZ-ALAN    AND    STUART.  85] 

with  otlier  instances  where  a  foreign  name  had  to  be  accom- 
modated to  the  Enghsh  ear. 

We  must  remember,  too,  how  a  Xoi'folk  jury,  wisliing 
evidently  to  designate  the  father  of  ALan  Fitz  FlaakI,  called 
him  Flancus,  though  this  probable  approach  to  etymological 
correctness  was  adulterated  with  a  great  historical  inaccuracy. 

As  to  the  Prior  of  Ely's  genealogy  of  the  Stuarts,  so  fully 
quoted  above,  I  can  take  it  for  nothing  more  than  a  con- 
jectural embodiment  of  certain  traditions  preserved  in  the 
femily.  Possibly,  what  he  says  of  each  of  the  four  Stuarts 
whom  he  puts  after  Fleance,  may  have  been  true  of  some 
Stuart  ;  but  he  gives  names,  whose  order  of  succession  is 
known,  in  a  wrong  order,  and  connects  persons  and  events  in 
a  way  which  chronology  shows  to  have  been  impossible. 
J3etween  Fleance  and  Alexander  he  inserts  four  generations, 
the  number  of  the  subjoined  pedigree  :  but  his  four  succes- 
sive names  are  Walter,  Alan,  Alexander,  and  Walter, 
Avhereas  I  have  given  them  as  Alan,  Walter,  Alan  and 
Walter.  About  the  second  and  third  he  is  demonstrably 
wrong,  probably,  therefore,  about  the  first  and  more  remote. 

But  to  continue. — The  equivocal  circumstances  which  seem 
to  have  attended  the  birth  and  education  of  the  son  of 
Fleance  may  well  have  affected  him  and  his  immediate  suc- 
cessors in  such  a  Avay  as  that  they  were  disinclined  to  make 
any  parade  of  their  origin,  even  if  they  did  not  studiously 
conceal  it.  Alan  Fitz  Flaald's  supposed  changes  of  country, 
from  Wales  to  Scotland  and  from  Scotland  to  Eno-land,  2:ave 
unusual  facilities  for  such  concealment. 

I  take  it  to  have  been  Henry  L's  inarriage  with  a  Scottish 
princess  which  first  brought  Alan  Fitz  Flaald  to  the  English 
court.  He  came,  i  should  suppose,  in  the  suit  of  (jucen 
Matilda,  and  if  he  had  been  formerly  distinguished  as  a 
servant  of  king  ]\ralcolm,  and  more  recently  as  a  crusader, 
nothing  is  more  probable  than  that  he  was  retained  by  Henry 
I.  on  account  of  capabilities  which,  at  that  period  of  his  reign, 
were  greatly  needed  by  the  king.  The  enormous  fief  with 
which  the  king  so  pronq^tly  advanced  a  stranger,  does  not 
help  us  to  determine  who  that  stranger  was  ;  for,  as  I  have 
exfjlained,  no  specific  claim  to  the  shrievalty  of  Shropshire, 
could  have  accrued  to  Alan  Fitz  Flaald,  either  by  inheritance 
or  by  marriage.  I  say  no  specific  claim  to  the  s/irir'ra/t//, 
because  1  am  not  sure  that  Alan  Fit/  Flaald  had  not  a  lariie 


352  THE    HOUSES    OF    FITZ-ALAX    AND    STUART. 

claim  on  the  kind's  cuiisiJeratioii,  ami  one  of  an  hereditary 
nature  too,  though  not  amounting  to  a  legal  right,  nor  to 
any  claim  on  the  particular  lands  ^vllich  he  obtained.  And 
here  I  introduce  one  hy})othesis  more,  Avhich  possibly  may 
be  relevant  to  the  whole  subject.  Algar,  Earl  of  Mercia,  Avho 
died  in  10:39,  left  two  sons,  the  earls  Morcar  and  Edwin. 
They  both  sutfered  forfeiture  after  the  Conquest ;  both,  per- 
haps, died  by  violent  deaths,  nor  is  either  of  them  said  to 
have  left  any  smviviug  issue.  But  earl  Algar  is  said  also  to 
have  left  two  daughters.  About  one  of  these  alleged 
daughters,  Lucia,  there  is  much  mystery,  but  the  same 
legends  which  name  her  relationship  to  earl  Algar,  make  her 
also  to  have  been  ancestress  of  the  Anglo-Norman  earls  of 
Chester  and  of  Lincoln.  The  other  daughter  of  earl  Algar 
is  called  Alditha,  and  said  to  have  been  wife,  first  of  Griftyth 
ap  Le welly n,  jtrince  of  Nortli  AVales,  and  secondly  of  Harold, 
son  of  earl  Godwin.  AVitli  this  su])posed  remarriage  to 
Harold  I  have  nothing  here  to  do,  but  if  Alditha  was  a 
daughter  of  earl  Algai-,  and  the  wife  of  Griffyth,  she  may 
also  have  been  mother  of  Griflyth's  only  recoi-ded  daughter, 
— of  that  Guenta  I  iiicaii  wliom  leo;ends  woukl  teach  us  to 
have  been  the  wife  of  Finance,  or  at  least  mother  by  Fleance 
of  Alan  Fitz  Flaald.  Again,  if  Alan  Fitz  Flaald  was  the 
legitimate  son  of  Fleance  and  Guenta,  and  if  the  other  cir- 
cumstances alleged  al)Ove  be  true  or  j)rol)able,  it  is  also 
true  or  })robable  that  Alan  Fitz  Flaald  was  the  great  grand- 
son of  earl  Algar,  and  (setting  aside  attainders)  one  of  the 
legitimate  re])resentatives  of  the  ►Saxon  earls  of  j\rercia. 
Then,  again,  if  Henry  L  were  ])revented  by  law,  custom, 
Norman  prejudices,  or  Norman  interests,  from  recognising 
in  Alan  Fitz  Flaald  an  lieiXMlJtary  right  to  ))articulai-  estates 
already  in  the  hands  ol  others,  it  is  still  possible  that  the 
hu.sband  of  a  Scoto-Sa.\<»n  jiiinciss  m;iy  have  seen  something 
of  justice  in  placing  a  descendant  of  eail  Algar  in  a  pi'onii- 
nent  j)OHition,  esj)ecially  when  this  suppo.sed  scinn  of  nn  ill- 
fated  house  was  a  Scot,  able  and  brave,  a  comii"  r  lik(  ly  to 
return  a  voluntai-y  favour  with  gi-atitude,  not  a  deni.mdanl 
likely   to  treat  involuntai'y  gifts  as  concessions. 

Tiicn,  too,  we  may  suppose  a  policy  in  the  king's  nuasui-e. — 

I'y    giving   to    AImii     \'"\\/.  I''l;i.'dd    tlie    sjiecific    fid    of   tlie 

hhcritr  of  Shropshire,  lie  encoin'.iuccl   no  notion  ol  licreditarv 

nglit,  Kii'li    as   nn"L'ht    iiuve    led    to  l"urther   and  extravagant 


THE    HOUSES    OF    FITZ-ALAN    AND    STUART.  ^53 

expectations,  but  he  placed  in  the  very  van  of  border  Avarl'arc 
a  chieftain,  who,  if  our  assumptions  are  correct,  could  trace 
his  descent  from  the  native  princes  of  North  Wales. 

We  certainly  conclude,  then,  that  the  personal  favour  and 
peculiar  policy  of  Ilenr}^  I.  were  two  causes  of  Alan  Fitz 
Flaald's  advancement.  We  suggest  that  a  compassion  for 
misfortune  and  a  sense  of  justice  may  have  had  their  inlluence 
on  the  king's  conduct. 

Whatever  the  motives  and  whatever  the  facts,  they  are 
worth  the  fullest  investigation,  for  they  concern  the  founda- 
tion of  a  most  illustrious  house,  a  house  which  still  numbers 
among  its  representatives  the  Queen  of  England  and  the 
highest  of  her  subjects,-'  while  there  is  hardly  an  ancient  and 
noble  family,  whether  in  England  or  Scotland,  but  can  name 
among  its  ancestors  a  Stuart  or  a  Fitz  Alan. 

-  The   Queen  represents  one  liranch  of       premier  peer  (after  princes  of  the  blood 
the  Stuarts.     The  Duke  of  Norfolk,  the       royal)  represents  Fitz  Alan. 


II- 


?S  .12 


i  o  3 
2  C    "t 


ih- 


REMARKS  ON  THE  ANGLO-SAXON  CHARTERS  GRANTED  TO  THE 
A151!I-:Y  of  ST.  DENIS,  IN  FRANCE,  AND  ON  THE  SEALS 
ATTACHED  TO  TIFEM. 

In  an  article  on  the  charter  of  Eudes,  king  of  France, 
printed  in  the  Archaeological  Jonrnal  for  September,  1854, 
I  had  occasion  to  notice  the  remarkable  circnmstancc  that, 
previous  to  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  sovereigns  should  have  been  accustomed  to  authenticate 
their  grants  by  a  simple  cross,  and  not  rather  have  imitated 
the  practice  of  sealing,  which  had  prevailed  among  their 
neighbours,  the  Franks,  from  tlie  time  of  Clovis.  It  was 
intimated  at  the  same  time,  that  a  few  well-authenticated 
instances  to  the  contrary  existed  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  charters 
granted  to  the  Abbey  of  St.  Denis,  on  which  some  remarks 
were  promised  on  a  future  occasion.  This  promise  I  now 
proceed  to  redeem. 

The  existence  of  these  charters  in  the  archives  of  St.  Denis 
ought  to  have  been  well  known  to  the  English  antiquaries 
of  the  XVIItli  century,  since  they  were  printed  by  Doublet 
in  his  "  Ilistoire  de  I'Abbaye  de  S.  Dcnys,"  in  16-25  ;  and, 
even  at  an  earlier  date  (in  IGOG),  a  brief  abstract  of  the 
charter  of  OfFa,  with  a  cast  of  the  seal  affixed  to  it,  was  com- 
municated by  the  learned  Peiresc  to  Sir  Robert  Cotton,  as 
we  learn  from  an  entry  made  by  the  latter  in  MS.  Ilarl.  GO', 
fol.  91b,  and  also  from  a  letter  addressed  by  Peiresc  himself  to 
Camden,  in  1G18.^  Little  notice,  however,  was  taken  in 
England  of  these  remarkable  documents.  In  IGGl  the 
charter  of  Duke  Berhtwald  to  St.  Denis  was  again  printed 
by  Dugdale  in  the  "  Monasticon,"  vol.  ii.  p.  9G4  (the  copy  of 
which  he  had  obtained  from  Du  Chesnc),-  but  he  omits  the 
confirmatory  charters  of  Offa  and  ^Ethelwulf,  in  order  to 
save  space  \hrevitatis  infnitu),  and  makes  no  mention  of  the 
charter  of  Eadgar.     At  a  more  recent  period,  these  charters 

'  Onl.  Camdcni  ct  iUmtr.  Vlr.  Epidohv,  we  lo.arn  from  liis  "Life,"  eil.  Hamper, 

cditcil  l)y  Dr.  Smitli,  lO'Dl,  p. '255.  p.    23,    1!!'27.     His  copy   (f  Bcrlitwald's 

-  Diigdalo     obtained     access     to     Du  Cliarter   was  not  made  from  the  ori'/inal, 

Chcsne's  Collections  respecting  the  Frencli  but  from   the  aiicimt    Cartulary    of    St. 

monasteries,  when  in  I'aris,  in  IG-IU,  aa  Denis. 

VOL.  xni.  3  c 


•6oCt  A^'GLO-SAXON    CIIAItTERS    OF    EADGAR    AND    OFFA. 

are  entirely  ignored  by  llickes  and  ^ladox.  both  of  ^vllom 
contend  a2:ainst  the  usao;e  of  seals  before  the  rei^n  of  Edward 
the  Confessor  ;  and  although  Felibien,  in  his  History  of  the 
Abbey  of  St.  Denis,  in  ITOG,  reprinted  the  charters  of  Offa 
and  Eadgar.  and  their  authenticity  was  more  formally  stated 
by  the  Benedictine  authors  of  the  "'  Nouveau  Traite  de  ])iplo- 
matique,"  in  1759,  yet  it  ^vas  not  till  more  than  half  a  centuiy 
afterwards  that  the  attention  of  English  antiquaries  ^vas  first 
formally  directed  to  the  evidence  afforded  by  these  charters, 
as  to  the  use  of  seals  previous  to  the  Norman  Conquest, 
in  the  papers  Avritten  by  Ellis  and  Douce,  published  in 
tlie  "  Archtcologia,"  vol.  xviii.,  1817.  Neither  of  these 
writers,  however,  had  seen  the  original  documents,  and, 
consequentl}',  they  were  unable  to  add  anything  to  the  state- 
ments already  made  by  Douldct,  IVlibicn,  and  the  Bene- 
dictines. It  was,  therefore,  with  much  satisi'action  that  I 
inspected  in  1838 — I  believe  for  the  first  time,  any  person 
from  this  side  of  the  channel  had  done  so — two  of  these 
charters  (namely,  those  of  Olfa  and  Eadgar).  in  the  Hotel 
Soubise,  at  Paris,  where  the  Archives  dn  lUnjanmv  are  now 
preserved  ;  and  I  was  so  satisfied  of  their  genuine  cliaracter, 
tbat  I  caused  accurate  facsimiles  to  be  made  of  them,  together 
with  drawings  of  the  seals  attached.  It  was  my  intention 
to  liave  laid  these  before  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  but 
circumstances  having  occurred  to  prevent  this,  the  copies 
remaincil  forgotten  in  my  hands,  until  I  was  reminded  of 
them  in  the  course  of  the  inquiries  made  two  years  ago,  to 
illustrate  the  charter  and  seal  of  Eudes. 

These  sealed  grants  to  the  Abbey  of  St.  Denis,  at  a  j)eriod 
intich  anterior  to  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  seem  to 
deserve  more  consideration  than  has  liiiherto  been  bestowed 
on  them.  Vlw  Sharon  Turner,  the  special  liistorian  of  (lie 
Anglo-Sa.xons,  can  scarcely  l)e  said  to  have  given  moiv  than 
a  j)a.ssing  notice  to  their  existence  ;  Lappenljei'g.  in  his  more 
recent  and  able  work,  has  touched  but  lightly  (»n  them  ; 
whih-  ill  the  Coilr.r  I)iiil<nuitticiis  yl'A'i  SdJ'oiiii'L  pubhshed  in 
ISHfi— 1848,  they  arc  altogether  omitted. 

These  charters  are  (oi-  ivither,  were)  four  in  niunbei', 
namely,  of  IJerhtwaM.  Duke  of  the  South  Saxons,  and  of  the 
kings  Ollii,  yEthcIwulf,  and  l':.i.lgar.  Wlieii  Doublet  ))ub- 
lislicrl  In's  work,  all  ofdieiii  were  pi-eservcd  in  the  iiiuniiiieiit 
room  of  St.   Denis,    but  at  ]>r(sent  only  those  of  Ulla   and 


ANGLO-SAXON    CHARTERS    OF    EADGAR   AND    OFFA.  357 

Eaclgar  remain,  and  it  is  uncertain  at  what  period  the  others 
were  lost.^ 

The  charter  of  ]3cr]it\Yal(.l  is,  in  all  respects,  note-worthj. 
He  states  in  it,  that  having  been  afflicted  with  a  serious 
illness,  which  the  physicians  could  not  cure,  and  having 
heard  of  the  numerous  miracles  performed  by  the  Holy 
i\Iartyrs  Denis,  Ilusticus,  and  Eleutherius,  in  the  abbey 
presided  over  by  Abbot  Folcrad,  he  sought  and  obtained 
permission  from  the  Emperor  Charlemagne  to  cross  over  to 
France,  and  having  laid  do^Yn  before  the  tomb  of  the  Holy 
Martyrs,  he  was  in  a  few  da3's  completely  restored  by  their 
intercession.  In  gratitude  for  this  service,  he  made  a  vow 
to  the  Lord  and  to  those  Saints,  and  having  obtained  a 
portion  of  their  holy  reliques,  he  built,  after  his  return  home, 
a  church  in  their  name  "*  on  his  patrimonial  estate  at  Rother- 
field  {Ridrcfeldii)  ;  and,  with  the  concurrence  of  his  brother 
Eadbald,  and  consent  of  his  "  fidelium,''  he  bequeathed  to 
the  Holy  IMartyrs,  in  perpetuity,  all  his  vill  of  Rotherfield, 
situate  on  the  river  Saford,  in  the  county  of  Sussex,^  with 
its  appurtenances.  He  granted  also,  for  the  use  of  tlic 
monks  of  St.  Denis,  his  ports  of  Hastings  [Hastinrjas)  and 
Pevensey  {Pcvemsel),  Ij'ing  on  the  sea,  together  with  the 
salt-pans  there.  This  charter  is  witnessed  by  Eadbald,^  the 
Duke's  brother,  Egferdus  Comes,  Ediluinus  Comes,  and 
others.  It  is,  moreover,  stated  to  have  been  written  and 
subscribed  by  "  ^anfric  Cancellarius  ;  "  and  a  memorandum 
is  added,  testifying  that  Deodatus,  a  monk  of  St.  Denis, 
had  received  the  aforesaid  gifts  from  the  hand  of  the 
donor,  in  the  name  of  the  Holy  ]\Iartyrs,  and  certified  the 

2  It  is  x'emarkable  that  Felibien  does  ^    "  Omnem  illani    villam   mcam  qua) 

not  reprint  the  grants  of  Berhtwald  aud  vocatur  RidrefeLia,  sitain  super  fluvium 

yEtliohvulf,aiid  tlie  Beiiedictiucs  only  refer  (pii  dicitur  Saforda,  in  pa;;o  qui  uuiicupatur 

to     Eadgar's    chiirtcr,    as    haviuj^    Ijeeii  Successa,     et     pagi     civitas     appellatur 

actually  6'ee/i  by  them.     The  missing  docu-  Cliichestra,     cum     omnibus     appendiciis 

nients    may     therefore    have    been   lost  suis."      The   name    of    tlie    river   is   er- 

previously,  but  I  should  be  more  inclined  roneously  printed  Sulfunia  in   Dugdale, 

to  date  their  disappearance  at   the  perioil  vhich  is  repeated  by   Horsfield,  Hint,  of 

of  the  French  revolution,  when  the  Car-  i^nsse.r,  vol.  i.  p.  377,  edit.  1835.     No  such 

tularics  of  St.  Denis  were  so  lamentably  name  appears  on  tlie  county  maj)s,  aud 

destroyed.  the  name  of  Ilothcrjicld  is  derived  from 

■*  Thirteen   monks    of    the  Bcuedielino  the  R<>tha;  which  here  takes  its  rise. 
order  were  sent  over  from   St.  Denis  to  ''  This   Eadbald,  as  well  as  his  brother 

perform    the     duties    of    this    monastic  Berhtwald,  repeatedly  occur  as  witnesses 

establishment,  as  we  learn  from  Doublet,  in   the  cliartei's  of   Otfa,  from  the  year 

p.  187.     Nothing  more  of  its  history   is  770   to   79(i.     Both  are  qualified  by  the 

I'ecordcd,  either  liy  Dugdale  or  Tanner.  titles  of  dux  and  princeps,  which  appear 

The  pai'ish  church  is  still  consecrated  to  to  be  used  inditfcrcntly. 
St.  Denis. 


35S  ANGLO-SAXON    CHARTERS   OF   EADGAR    AND    OFFA. 

Uelivcrv  iu  the  presence  of  all  the  brethren  of  the  monastery.^ 
In  rey,ard  to  the  date  of  this  charter,  there  is  some  httle 
difficulty.  From  the  mention  in  it  of  Folcrad  (or  Fnlrad,  as 
he  is  called  by  the  French  writers),  the  journey  of  Duke 
Berhtwald  to  Paris  must  have  been  undertaken  previous  to 
the  year  784,  in  which  year  Fulrad  is  supposed  to  have 
died,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  disciple,  ^laginarius.'^  The 
charter  itself  was  not  executed  till  some  years  after,  Mhen 
the  church  had  been  built  by  Berhtwald  at  Ivotherfield,  and 
the  date,  as  printed  in  Doublet  (who  professes  to  have  copied 
from  the  original)  is  thus  given,  "  Actum  dominicie  incarna- 
tionis  anno  TOS,'-*  anno  quo  cccpit  Offii  regnare  31,"  but  in 
the  transcript  furnished  by  Du  Chesne  to  Dugdale,  the  gi-ant 
is  dated  in  70:2,  and  the  latter  date  is  repeated  by  JSharun 
Turner  and  Lappenberg,  l^otli  these  dates  are  erroneous, 
for  the  thirt3''-first  year  of  Ofla's  reign  (whether  we  reckon 
from  the  close  of  7.j7,  when  he  succeeded  to  the  throne,  or 
from  liis  coronation,  as  Lappenberg  justly  prefers,  in  758) 
will  alike  fall  in  the  year  788  ;  and  this  is  corroborated  by 
the  dates  of  the  regnal  years  and  indictions  given  in  other 
charters  of  Oila,'  and  also  by  the  coniirmation  charter  of  the 
same  monarch  specilictl  hereafter.  ])erhtwald's  grant  is 
ratified  in  the  following  form,  "^Ego  Derhtwaldus  Dux  manu 
mea  lirmavi  et  subscripsi."  No  mention  is  made  ol"  any 
seal,  but  frDin  the  testimony  of  Doublet,  who  saw  the  original, 
Ave  leai-n  that  there  was  one,  bearing  the  efligy  of  the  J)uke. 
His  woi-ds  are,  "■  Crilr  chnrte  scclld  d!mi  sccl  dc  cire  sain  ct 
cj/tirr,  (inijud  est  niiprdhitr  trf^h/ic,  dc  relief,  dudit  Prince 
Jiciilinuld,  apres  le  natarclJ'  This  is,  unduubtetlly,  the 
earliest  instance  yet  discovered  of  a  seal  having  been  employed 
by  the  Anglo-Saxons,  and  it  was  prol)ahlv  allixed  rii  jihtcard, 

7  Printcil  in  DouWit,  j>.  7ls,nn<l  in  ilic  7))7,  instead  of  I'M).     Dnfjdiilc,  in  .mollit  r 

Muiuuliron,  vol.    ii.   p.  ;>(j  I,  td.  lf;(il,v(.l.  ynvi   of  tin-    MouitMinni,  vol.  vi.  ji.  l(i:).'{, 

vi.  p.  1077  new  id.  ni'w  c(l.,  crroncou.sly   pliircs    Hfjlitwnld's 

*  Sco    I'Vliliicn,  p.  .IH.      Fuirftd  iMcainr-  ^-rnnt  "  nbdiit  the  y<-Hr  JKMI,"  and    tiiiH   iK 

nliliot  ill   7;''<t,  mid    fillcil   tlir   puht   wiiii  iollowi-d   hy  TuiiiuT,  in    liia  Nolilta  Mo- 

Rrcat    diMlinction    for    tliirly-fonr   ycm-H.  nuslica. 

ilin  will,  dntod  in  777,  ih  printed,  lAii/.,  in  '  TIuih,  tlio  ycnr  7711,  is  huHcl.  2.  {Cod. 

\\\'-  I'iirrn  Ju!itiJ.,lio.  hr,.     1 1  in  Huco'N.Hor,  Itijil.    No.    1  .'W.)  ;     7H0,    indict.    3,    anno 

Mn;;in»riiii4,  dii-d  in   7;i'J,  und   wim  l.nricd  ?vf/H/ 2.'<.  (No.  l.'J.'')!  ^Kl,  iudirt.  .J,   (No. 

ul  tin- feet  of  Fiilrnd.     'i'licir  i|(itnpli  wna  IJI);    7)11,   unnu   rrr/ni  '27,  (No.    147); 

wrilt.-n  l.y  Alrniii.      ////./.  p.  ',7I.  7Hf»,  inilid.  12,  uimim V.'/hi  ."il  rt  :\2,  (NoH. 

■'   It    would   njiprnr    lliat    |)onld>t  nniMl  J.M,  \r,(,)  ;  7!»:t,  fii<//<7.  '.'•,  mmo  rnjni   'Mi, 

Imvi- niit.i-<ftd  or////j/>i/ tlio  dato  in   tlio  (No.  Ki'J)  ;  7!»l,"»i"" 'rvd/ .'(7,  (No.  161)  ; 

oH;riiial  clmrlor,  m  Iio  Cfrtninly  did  tliut  7!'.'>  (dated   liy  Kciublo   7.''0),  uniio  rajni 

of  OirVn  connrniatioD,  wliieli   lio  datcH  in  .'ill,  (No.  l.'i.'»). 


ANGLO-SAXON  CHARTERS  OF  EADGAR  AND  OFFA.    35'J 

in'  imitation  of  tlio  Frank  usage,  in  order  to  render  the 
charter  more  vaUd  in  the  estimation  of  the  brethren  of 
St.  Denis.  It  is,  therefore,  deeply  to  be  regretted,  that  so 
interesting  a  document  should  have  been  destroyed  or  lost. 

About  two  years  after  Berhtwald's  grant,  nanieh',  in  7.90, 
a  confirmation  of  it  was  made,  at  the  request  of  Maginarius, 
abbot  of  St.  Denis,  by  the  Mercian  sovereign  Offa,  then  at 
the  height  of  his  power,  and  who,  from  the  friendly  inter- 
course maintained  by  him  with  Charlemagne  and  Alcuin, 
was  reo'arded  on  the  continent  with  sentiments  of  o-reat 
respect.  He  was  then  residing  at  the  royal  domain  of 
Tamworth,  in  Staffordshire,  and  styles  himself  in  his  charter, 
"  Rex  ]\Icrciorum,"  and  also,  "  Rex  Anglorum."  "  By  the 
same  charter  he  confirms  to  the  Holy  JMartj'rs  the  donation 
of  the  two  brothers  Agonauuala  and  Sigrinus,  of  all  their 
land  in  the  port  of  Lundenuuic,^  and  adds  to  it,  all  the  tax 
or  custom  payable  to  himself,  wdiether  in  gold,  silver,  or 
rents.  Amongst  the  witnesses  appear  the  Queen  Cyni- 
thryth  (of  legendary  and  unhappy  memory),  the  king's  son  and 
successor,  Ecgferth,  and  the  dukes  Berhtwald  and  Eadbald. 
This  charter  was  ratified  by  the  sign  of  the  cross,  and  by  an 
impression  from  the  king's  seal-ring ;  and  was  then  delivered 
by  Offa  to  the  monk  Nadelharius  (sent  over  to  England  for 
this  purpose  by  his  abbot,  ]\Iaginarius),  in  the  presence  of  his 
brother  Vitalis  and  Duke  Eadbald  ;  and  the  former  conveyed 
it  to  France,  and  placed  it  on  the  tomb  of  the  martyr 
St.  Denis,  in  perpetual  remembrance  of  the  transaction.^ 

The  third  charter  in  the  series  is  that  of  iEthelwulf,  kino- 

•  The  former  title  is  the  most  usual  in  the  monastery  of  St  Peter,  Thanct,  in 
his  charters  and  on  his  coins.  His  761,  bestows  "diiarum  navium  trans- 
biographer,  indeed,  tells  us,  "Omnibus  vectionis  censum "  at  Sarr,  "sicut  a 
diebus  vita;  suaj  se  solum  re;iein  Mcvciorum  regibus  Mercioruni,  yEthilbaldo  videlicet  et 
in  titulis  scriptorum,  in  salutationibus,  in  Ofian  longe  ante  concessum  est  tributum 
relationibus,  se  pr:eccpit  et  constituit  in  loco  cujus  vocabulum  est  Lundenuuic" 
norainari,"  p.  i)16,  edit.  1G8-2,  but  excep-  {Cud.  Dipl.,  No.  106,  vol.  i.  p.  129);  and  in 
tions  to  this  are  proved  by  the  charter  ^Ethelbald's  charter,  in  747,  (No.  97, 
above  specified,  and  also  by  other  charters  iljtd.)  he  grants  to  St.  Peter's,  "  totani 
iji  the  Codex  Dipl.  dated  in  772,  774,  exactioncm  navis  eorum,mihi  jure  publico 
781,  and  795,  (Nos.  120,123,  142,1.59).  ini«Hrfo?uVHS(;)o;-/Mprius  competentem," 
In  No.  142  he  styles  himself  "  Re.x  and  this  is  confirmed  by  Offa,  No.  112, 
Merciorum"  in  the  exordium  of  the  ibid.  According  to  Hasted, //vV.  o/^ch?) 
charter,  and  "  Rix  .Vnglorum  "  in  tiie  vol.  ii.  p.  643,  vol.  iv.  p.  247,  ed.  fol., 
attesting  clauses,  precisely  as  in  the  Lundcnwic  was  the  ancient  name  of  the 
charter  to  St.  Denis.  Lappenbcrg,  vol.  i.  port  of  Sandicicli,  from  its  being  the 
p.  3,  ed.  Thorpe,  only  refers  to  one  charter  entrance  to  the  port  of  London, 
of  Offa,  in  which  this  title  is  assumed,  •»  Printed  in  Doublet,  p.  720  and 
AD.  795.  Fclibien,  P.  J.  No.  62,  p.  xlii. 

3  Eadbcrht  of  Kent,  in  his  charier  to 


360  ANGLO-SAXON    CIIAKTEKS    OF    EADGAK    A^■D    OFFA. 

of  Wcssex,  dated  at  London^  (?),  in  Xuvembcr,  8.37,  the 
nineteenth  year  <•{"  liis  reign,  b}'  Avliich  he  recites,  that 
having  asked  permission  of  the  Roman  pontiff  Benc(hct,^"'  to 
bestow  some  of  liis  ^Yorhll3'  possessions  on  holy  places,  the 
treasurer  of  the  monastery  of  St.  Denis,  named  lluniuer,  liad 
been  sent  to  him  by  the  Pope,  together  Avith  envoys  of  the 
Emperor  Illudovicus  [Louis  II.,  son  of  Lothaire],  bearing 
the  papal  license  and  blessing  ;  and  who  forthwith  proceeded 
to  lay  his  complaints  before  the  king,  in  regard  to  the  injuries 
done  by  his  people  to  the  property  of  the  martyr  St.  Denis 
in  various  parts  of  Biitain,  particularly  at  Ilotherlicld, 
Hastings,  and  Pevensey,  as  also  at  Lundenwic.  The  king  not 
oidy  heard  him  fiivourably,  and  punished  the  offenders,  but 
with  the  consent  of  hiH/idelcs,  he  decreed  that  all  the  posses- 
sions held  by  the  Holy  Martyrs  in  his  dominions  should  be 
for  ever  free  from  exaction  ;  and  to  this  he  added  as  a  gift, 
out  of  his  treasur}^  twenty  marks  of  gold,  a  silver  vase  of 
the  same  weight,  and  two  purple  palls,  to  adorn  the  tomb  oi' 
the  aforesaid  martyrs.  The  chartei'  is  thus  attested.  "►I<Ego 
J'^theluulfus,  licx  Anglorum,  manu  mca  concessionis  hujus 
pricceptuui  liiinavi,  signo  victoriosissima,"  crucis  Christi  im- 
presso." '  Tlie  seal  is  not  mentioned,  but  Doublet  again 
testifies  its  existence  on  the  charter  (no  doubt,  ni  phiawd), 
in  the  following  words,  "  Avcc  Ic  scvau  dc  circ  .sain  ct  cidin; 
iiH'jnrl  cat  cmprainti'  l'*'ffi<ji€,  dc  relief,  dudii  Seitpieur  Hoy, 
fijjri's  le  naturcir  This  charter  is  now,  as  before  staled, 
unfortunately  lost. 

The  last  of  the  series  is  the  charter  of  Kadgar,  dated  at 
York,  2G  Decendjei-,  in  the  second  year  of  his  reign,  [DGO""!, 
who,  on  the  complaint  made  to  him  personally  by  Vitalis, 
I'ra'positus  of  the  monasteiy  of  St.  Denis,  against  Togrcd,'' 
I'rovost  of  the  king's  hmiseholl.  ini-  t;ikiiiga\vMy  three  hmidred 
slieep   and    fifty    oxen  from    Hh  ir    \ill  of  Uotheifield,'  one 

*  "  In  Limloma  Civitiitc,"  ])oiil,l<t,  V.wvX  Thnyrd,  him  of  (!iiiiii<r;  ImiI  tliis 
wliicli  in  probably  nri  error  of  tbc  copyist       so ms  to  iiu-  very  iloiiblful. 

Utr  Lundunia,  uh   Ih   iiIko    tbf    diili-  "diu  '   It  would  Htiin  by  lliis,  lliiit   tin-  fli'i-f 

uH»/f(*imo  nonuH  NovtnibriH,'' for  wbii  li  wo  ])ro|iriitor.slii|i    of     lloilit  rluld    htill    rc- 

tlioiild,  |)frliii|iH,  ri'id  '/icn/o.  iimincd  in  tlic  baiidH  of  the   Alibot    of  St. 

*  llclicMlicl  111,  wlio  Im  Id  llic  pBpfil  Hc«  IliliiH,  idlboii^;li  Kiiij,'  Alfred  ill  bis  will 
from  «.'».'>  to  H.'>H.  (iiiadu    bflwini   «7-  imd   ^ih.^)   IhhIowiiI 

'   J'riiitcd  in  Doublet,  ji.  TH.I.  tlic  ham  of   J/njtlinini/,lilii,  whh  otinr 

*  Dftled  wrongly  .''<;i  by  Lii|'pfnbcr;;,  placrH  in  Simw.x,  on  Ihm  idniivr  (^^f.•l•lll. 
vol.  i,  ji.  HI.  At  llio  |ierio(l  of  liio  Noriiifin  ('oiicuksI, 

»  Accordin;^'  to  ].ny]uii\><ri^,  {\i\n  Torrid  the  inoiiliH  n|'|ii:ir  to  li:ivc  bmt  lliiir  i  i;;lilH 
in  tlio  ttaniiT  individii.ii  wbo  in  iiii  iilioncd  in  Uolln  rlii  Id,  b)r  it  i»  not  nn  iilioiicd  in 
in  tlio  Knxoii  clironiclo  in  .'»0G  mid  UU'.i,  n-        {(..iimmIiiv  Ho.pL  nsbi  loii^;iiiL;  to  St,  iKnis, 


ANGLO-SAXOX    CHARTERS    OF    EADGAR    AND    OFFA.  301 

hundred  measures  of  salt  from  their  salt-pans,  and  one 
liimdred  and  fifty  solidos  dmariorum  from  the  acfricolce  of 
Hastings  and  Pevensey,  immediately  caused  the  whole  to 
be  restored  by  the  ofi'ender  ;  \\\\o  ^Yas  ordered,  moreover,  to 
carry  the  cliarter  over  to  Paris,  and  place  it  on  the  sepulchre 
of  the  Holy  ]\[artyrs."  This  charter  was  written,  at  the 
king's  command,  by  Ediluinus,  "  regia}  domus  cartigraphus." 
There  are  no  other  witnesses'  names  subjoined,  nor  does  the 
king  (as  was  usual)  add  his  cross  and  subscription,  but  an 
impression  from  his  seal  was  attached  (although  not  mentioned 
in  the  charter)  and  still  remains. 

The  two  charters,  now  preserved  in  the  Hotel  Soubise, 
are  here  reprinted  literatim,  but  with  the  punctuation 
supplied  ;  and  the  principal  variations  in  Doublet  and 
Felibien  will  be  found  noted  in  the  margin.  The  charter 
of  Offa  is  written  on  a  piece  of  j^archment,  folded  length- 
ways into  fourteen  folds,  and  measures  28|  inches  in  length, 
by  lOf  inches  in  width  ;  a  form  of  unusual  occurrence  in 
Anglo-Saxon  grants,  which  are  generally  of  greater  widtli 
than  length.  The  wi'iting  is  in  a  fair  open,  but  rather 
uneven  character,  as  seen  in  other  contemporary  charters. 
The  Saxon  letters  y,  s,  ji,  ]•  and  p,  are  used  in  it,  and 
the  orthography  is  occasionally  irregular,  such  as  the  use  of  ii 
for  0,  and  b  for  p. 

CHARTER  OF  OFFA,  a.d.  790. 
{^Archires  de  France,  K.  7,  olim  K.  23.] 
EuiDENTiA  iiERUM  ET  EXPERiENTiA  dcclarant  cassubuudiiiii 
mortalium  uitam,  et  inniimcris  cotidie  calamitatibus  coustringi,  ita 
duni  taxat  vit  ante  a  quibus  tciicri  ac  possidcri  pututur,  rcpcntc 
ct  raimieutaneo  intcruallo  Ingubritcr  euancscat.  Idco  singulis 
quibusquc  solhcite  studcndura  est,  ut  duni  indulta  teniporuni 
spatia  di  uutu  concessa  manent,  ne  sine  fructu  spiritalium'  bono- 
rum"  easdem  indutias  transeant.  Quam  obrem  ego  in  di  nomine 
Offa  rex  mcrcioru,  suggerente  Maginario  abbate  per  missum  sua 
Nadelharium,  de  terra  ilia  quie  -h  iu  loco  illo,  in  portu  uidelicct  qni 
numeupatur  Lundenuuic,  ubi  duo  ffs  Agonauuala  sen  Sigrinus 
omem^    snam     possessionem     spontanea    uoluntate     ante     duos 

liut   to  the   King,  in   demesne,  as  of  tlic  Feliliicn, />/tVc5  JmL,  No.  lO,"),  p.  Ixxix., 

fee    of    tlie     liishop    of    Baveux  ;     and  and  from  the  latter  reprinted  in  liouqnet, 

William  1.  by  his   cliarter  contirmed  the  Rccucil  dcs  J/istoriciis  de  France,  toni.  ix. 

prant  made  by  Gilbert  de  Tonebriiljio  to  p.  .".O?,  in  17.57. 
tlie  ehurch  of  Roehester  of  the  eluneli  of  ^  sjiiiitualium  D.  and  F. 

Rotherfield.      Sec     Monusticoit,    vol.     i.  ■*  After  io»orwHi,  D.  inserts «c  ('///((/((w. 

p.  1C4.  'o  Mistake  for  owjjcw. 

'  Printed  in   Doublet,   p.   SI 7,  and   in 


SGH  AXGLO-SAXOX    CIIAIITEES    OF    EADGAR    AXD    OFFA. 

nnnos  sco  Diunisio,  niartyri  prccioso,  qui  ~-  in  Francia,  sociisque 
ciiis  dedcrunt,  ego  quocjue  ccnsum  omncm  quod  in  parte  mea  iure 
accipcre  dcbui,  et  ad  iisus  proprios  adhuc  rctinebam,  sine  in  auro, 
sine  in  argento^  sine  in  reditilnis  aliis^  totuni  ob  amorem  di  onnii- 
potentis  et  reuerentiam  preciosorum  martyrum  Diunisii,  lUistici, 
ct  Eleutherii,  iam  dicto  abbati  INIaginario  ac  sob  congrcgationi 
mouaehorum,  iicl  eorum  snccessoribns,  in  eodcm  munastcrio  prc- 
claro,  ([uod  -f-  construetum  in  Gallias,  in  lionore  ipsoruni  martyrum 
libenti  ao  dcuoto  animu,  una  cu  uohnitatc  mcie  eongugis  (,su)  liliiquc 
mei/  et  obtimatum  mcoruni  consensu,  ab  liac  die  concedo,  cessum- 
que  impcrpetuum  esse  nolo,  itaut  ab  hac  die  nee  ego,  nee  posteres 
{sic)  mei,  neque  aliquis  ex  potestatibus  liuius  sseculi  reditum  aliquem 
cxinde  quacjua  rationc  reposcant,  neque  recipiant,  sed  semper  in 
tempore  moo  uel  meoruni  suceessorum,  in  potestate  ia  dicti  abbatis 
et  munacliorum,  fauente  xpo,  amplius  et  pcrfcetius  pcrmancat. 
Preterea  donatum  qd  amicus  nr  et  fidclis  Berlitualb'  dux,  ct  frater 
eius  EadbalS,^  de  receptaculo  suo  llidrcfelda,  quod  -i-  in  pago  qui 
uocatur  Successa,  super  fluuium  Saforda,  et  de  portu "  supei"  mare 
llasting^s  et  Peuenisel,  quo  modo  ante  dies  istos,  Icgaliter  sul)- 
seriptis  testibus,  ad  eosdem  scos  martires,  qui  sua  deprecatione  ab 
intirmitate  nimia,  qua  tenebatur  iam  dictus  dux,  cum  recuscitauc- 
rant,  fecit,  pctentibus  cisdem  atque  prefato  abbate,  nos  ct  consessus 
obtimatum  meorum  uno  eodemque  consensu  laudamus  ct  con- 
firmamus.  Si  quis  autem  lianc  nram  iiroque  constitutionem 
dcsidcrio  rol)oratam,  quam  ad  scos  martyres  pro  amore  di  et  sahitc 
lira  fecimus,  dctrahendo  uel  nioiando  intVegcrit,  ilia  maledictio 
neniat  super  en,  Ite  malcdicti  in  ignem  aeternfi.  Qui  aut  scr- 
uaucrit  et  adiuuerit,  cum  sc'is  di  uiuat  impcrpetuum.  Ut  aut  lia^c 
plcniorcra  obtineant  uigorem,  manu  propria  subter  firmauimus, 
atcjue  nr'i  anuli  imprcssionc  signari  fecim^. 

Anno  do.mimc.i:  incarnationis  dcc.  xc'  Indict  xiii.  Anno 
nani(| ;  regni  mei  xxxiii.'^  cum  his  testibus,  seeundo  die  pascae, 
pridiac  idus  Aprilis,  in  Tomcpordig,'  liauc  conccssioncm  cum  signo 
crucis  xpi  confirmaui. 

4-  Ego  OfFa  rex  Anglorum  lianc  donationem  mcam  ' 

manu  mea  confirmaui  et  subscribsi. 

+  Ilygberlit  arclii(q)is'  subscribs. 

+  Unuona  episcoj)  subscriji. 

-f-  (Jyni^ryN  rcgina  subscrijjsi. 

-I-  lOcgferiS  lilius  regis  sidjscriji. 

4-  IJrorda  dnx  subscripsi. 

+  Hcrtiiald  (hix  subscribsi/ 

-f-  J'^;dij;il(l  (lii\  subsciibsi." 

"  //('iV/iw  mcM,  I),  nml  V.  -  xxiii.  (ful8<ly).  !'• 

7    /In-Ill iiuld UK,  D.  niid  1''.  »  (oma-  jtufili;;,  1).  iiinl  I". 

••  Kndhuldiu,  \).  mill  F,  ■•  Aflt-r    vicam,  I),  ailds  ct  princijnim 

*  jioiluhim,  1).  iiuorinn. 

'  Bfj>(infjrn(c»imit  nona'jrthiio  P' pliiiin,  I).            '•   Uolli  llirsc  names  arc  omittoil  in   I). 


ANGLO-SAXON    CHARTERS    OF    EADGAR    AND    OFFA.  oCo 

+   Eduinus  comis'^  subscribsi. 

4-  Ego  Nadelharius  monaclius  cum  fre  meo  Uitale  et  Eodbald 
duce  de  manii  regis  litteras  has  accipiens,  et  mecuni  deportans 
in  Francia,  super  sepnlcrum  sci  mr  Diunisii  couseruaudas  imper- 
petuura,  iubcnte  eo  posui,  ubi  pro  rege  memoria  inter  reliquos 
benefactores  agatur  imperpetuum.     Am. 


On  the  dors  of  the  charter  is  written  in  a  contemporary 
liand,  in  large  letters — 

PR*  Offantis'  gloriusi  regis  Anglorum. 

The  date  of  this  charter  is  stated  in  such  precise  terms  as 
to  afford  of  itself  a  good  test  of  the  genuineness  of  the  docu- 
ment. The  thirty-third  regnal  year  of  Offa  and  the  thirteenth 
indiction  both  come  within  the  year  790,  whilst  the  second 
day  of  Easter,  in  the  same  year,  actually  fell  on  the  twelfth 
of  April,  as  noted  in  the  charter.  Among  the  witnesses  who 
subscribe  their  names  are,  Hygberht,  Archbislioi)  (of  Lich- 
field), and  Unuuona,  Bishop  (of  Leicester),  who  sign  imme- 
diately after  the  king,  and  before  the  queen  and  their  son 
Ecgferth,  although  the  latter  had  been  previously  crowned 
by  his  father.  With  regard  to  these  prelates,  as  well  as 
some  others  of  this  period,  the  greatest  confusion  and 
obscurity  exist,  on  which  I  feel  it  necessary  to  make  some 
remarks,  at  the  risk  of  being  tedious.  Wharton  in  his  Anfilla 
Sacra,  vol.  i.  p.  423,  seems  almost  in  despair  at  the  difficulties 
occasioned  by  the  conflicting  historical  authorities  and  dis- 
crepancy of  dates,  and  says,  "  nusquam  crassiores  tenebrie, 
nusquam  plures  nodi,  quam  in  successione  episcoporum  Mer- 

^  So  in  an  indorsement  of  a  ciiarter  of  (edit.  Hardy),  Viut  I  find  among  the  wlt- 

OPfa  in  tlie  Cud.  Dipl.  (No.  116),  we  read  ncsses   who   subscribe   to  the  first  session 

"  Pillicardus  misellus  comis."  of  the  Council  of   Cealc-liyth   (in   7B7   or 

'"  Aher  this  D.insvrta*^ Ego  ^deluinus  788)  the  following  one,   '^  Eiio  ^■Ethiluinus 

Episcopus  omni  volo  scripd  et  confirmavi  EpUcopus  per   legatos  suscripsi."      Who 

hancc'iitani.  It  seems  quite  unaccoiuitable  was     he?      Sptlinan,    Concilia,    i.    304, 

how  these  woi'ds  sliould  have  found  their  seems  to  conjecture  he  was  "  5   Scotorum 

way   into   Doublet's  text,  unless  he  took  partibus." 

them  from   the   copy   in  the  ancient  Car-  '^  PrcEcepdim. 

tulary  of  St.   Denis,  but  even  then,  they  ^  This   form  is  singular,  but   Ofcnii  is 

are   an  unauthorised   interpolation.      No  of   fi'equent    occuiTence  in  the    charters 

Bishop  of  the  name  of  JiUtelwine,  living  and  Vita  Offa. 
at  this  period,  occurs  in  Le  Neve's  Fasti, 

VOL.  xiir.  3  D 


364  ANGLO-SAXOX   CIIAETEES   OF    EADGAR    AND   OFFA. 

cieiLsium."  lie  comes,  llo^Yever,  to  the  conclusion  lliat,  at 
the  S3'nodofCealcliyth,  held  in  785,^  Hygberht  was  nominated 
Bishop  of  Lichfield,  and  at  the  same  time  the  see  was  con- 
stitnted  an  Archbishopric  by  Offa,  to  the  prejudice  of 
Canterbury  ;  but  that  Ilvoberht  did  not  venture  to  assume 
tlie  title  of  Archbishop  (not  having-  received  his  pall  from 
Rome),  since  he  signed  the  Acts  of  the  Council  as  Bishop  of 
LiclifielJ,  and  died  the  year  after,  786,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Adulf,  who  enjoyed  the  Archiepiscopal  dignity 
until  the  year  803,  at  which  time  (at  the  Council  of  Clovesho) 
Lichfield  was  reduced  again  to  the  rank  of  a  Bishopric. 
This  statement  is  followed  by  Hardy,  in  his  recent  edition 
of  Le  Neve's  Fasfi  (vol.  i.  p.  540),  and  were  it  true,  the 
genuineness  of  Offa's  charter  might  reasonably  be  questioned. 
But  if  we  test  Wharton's  views  by  the  evidence  of  many 
Anglo-Saxon  charters,-  on  Avhicli  no  suspicion  of  forgery 
rests,  they  will  be  found  to  be  completely  erroneous.  It 
would  appear  that  llygberht  was  first  elected  Bishop  in 
779  {Cod.  Dipl.  No.  137),  and,  admitting  even  his  signature 
as  Bishop  at  the  Council  of  Ccalchyth,  in  7SS-J)  (the  real 
date  of  the  second  session  of  this  Council),  yet  we  find 
him  signing  as  Archhishop  in  the  same  years,  imme- 
diately after  Jamberht,  Arclil)isliop  of  Canterbury  {Coil.  Dipl. 
Nos.  152,  155,  15  7)  ;  and  in  another  charter,  dated  789, 
the  thirty-first  year  of  Offa's  reign,  it  is  distinctly  stated 
with  reference  to  this  Council,  '•  duobus  a)'chicpisco/)i.'i, 
Jamberhto  scilicet  et  Hijfjcbcrhto,  presidentibus,"  [Cod.  Dipl. 
No.  15G).  Subsequent  to  this  date  we  again  find  him 
signing  as  Archbishop,  and  even  taking  precedence  (»f 
yEtheliieard,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  (successor  of  Jam- 
berht), in  the  years  7.0:2,  7f)3   (but  these  are  dcubtful).  7J»  I, 


'  Thi«  i«  tlie  ilatc  given   by   llio   Saxon  (.1/N.   tWr,   Till.    li.    IV.);   an.l    bo  also 

Chronicle  [in   tho    copy   'I'll).  \\.  IV.  it   is  Flori-ncL- of  \V(»rci-st»T. 

Tllfj]     and    l''lor«'nee    of  WorccHter,    Imt  -'   Wharton    puts  tlicHO  aside,  with    tiio 

Spi'Inian    (with    llovcilcn)    aawii^nH    it    to  remark--''  vernni  iiiipmlentiuni    nuinach. 

7'i7,  aii'l   ownM  he  wonid  even  prefer  7'11I.  nriini  conuiienla  parnni  inoruMiiu'  ;"  hnt 

I.apperiherg  however  ]ioinlH   out   that    the  tliiH  is  not   tJK!   Iani.'iia\'e    of  an    in)|iartial 

.Syno'l    [tln!   Hecoml  BeHxion]    was   hei<l  in  inijnirer.      Tiifanthnrily  of  eonli  in|iorary 

7H'J,  (C'/'Z.    Dipt.  No.    I'l'i),  hnt    fails   into  charters,  if  ^ennine,  nni.'^t   he   snpei-ior  to 

thc>  error,  that  .\lilnlf  waM  then  nominated  that  cif  historians  writing  somo  centurica 

the  firHt  Ari-hljihliop   of  Lichliidd,  (v(d.  i.  afierwards.    It  nuist  he  admitted,  however, 

pp.    'Ill — 2;5I).     'I'lui     Saxon  (.'hr(jniol(»  that  Wharton  had  not  the  hody  of  evidence 

cXpreHnly   iitat4!)<,   that    nt    this    Synoil    of  \vo  now  possesH  hy  the  piililieation    of  tho 

CVftlchyth,  "  .liimhryht  areeMHCop    foriiet  valnalile  ('mli.v  /Hjiloiudlicng  ^livi  S<t.ri))iici 

nutnnediel    hiii    liiscnpiloini'M,    ami     frani  hy  Mr.  Kenihle. 
UfTaii  cyuingu    lli/ijcbrjlu  wius  k"'"''"  ' 


ANGLO-SAXON   CHARTERS   OF   EADGAR   AND   OFFA.  3G;j 

twice  between  791  and  79G,  798,  and  799  {Cod.  Dlpl 
Nos.  162,  164,  166,  167,  175,  1020).  It  will  be  seen  that 
these  dates  corroborate  the  signature  to  OfFa's  charter  in 
790,  and  if  their  united  evidence,  or  even  j^art  of  it,  be 
admitted,  it  is  certain  that  Hygberht  could  not  have  died 
in  786,  nor  could  Aldulf  have  then  succeeded  him.'  Again, 
in  respect  to  Unuuona,  Bishop  of  Leicester,  we  find  it  stated 
in  the  Fasti  (edit.  Hard}'-,  vol.  ii.  p.  4),  that  he  succeeded 
Eadberht  in  796,  and  died  in  835,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  Wcerenberht.  These  dates  cannot  be  reconciled  with  his 
signing  as  Bishop  in  790,  and  we  must  again  recur  to  the 
charters,  which  prove  their  great  inaccuracy.  Alread}^,  in 
788  and  789,  we  find  Bishop  Unuuona  signing  at  the  Council 
of  Cealchyth,  and  often  subsequently,  togethei*  with  Hygberht, 
as  late  as  the  vear  799.*  His  successor,  Wa3renberht,  first 
occurs  at  the  Council  of  Clovesho,  in  803,  and  continued  to 
sign  till  the  year  814,^  when  we  lose  sight  of  him.  It  is 
evident,  therefore,  that  William  of  Malmesbury  is  in  error, 
when  he  names  Wasrenberht  as  one  of  the  bishops  who  were 
proposed  to  be  subject  to  Aldulf,  the  new  Archbishop  of 
Lichfield,  in  the  time  of  Pope  Adrian  (who  died  in  795),  and 
of  Offa  (who  died  in  796)  ;  and  we  may  hence  reasonably 
infer,  that  he  errs  also  in  regard  to  Aldulf.  The  author  of 
the  Vita  Offce  commits  still  greater  blunders,  for  he  not  only 
copies  the  above  account  of  Malmesbur}^  but  adds  to  it,  that, 
at  the  very  time  {ipso  tempore)  Aldulf  obtained  the  pall  from 
Pope  Adrian,  Wserenberht,  the  Bishop  of  Leicester,  died, 
and  Unuuona,  "  ^r^z^  cancellarius  et  consiliarius  familiaris- 
siiuus,"  was  substituted   in   his  place   (thus   reversing   the 

3  The  acts  of  the  Council  of  Verulam  of    Aldulf    by     Malmesbury,   Be    Oestis 

(Spelman,  i.    309)   in   793,  I'est  on  very  Rerjum,  vol.   i.  p.  119  (ed.  Hardy),  and  by 

dubious  authority,  but  if   admitted,  the  the  author  of  the  Vita  Offa,  are  filled  with 

name  of  Ilavibtrt,  Archbishop  of   Lich-  so  many  errors,  that  it  is  impossible  to 

field,  must  be  an  error  for  Ilyjebert.    A  rely  on  them  ;  and  IlTjrjlerht  is  ignored  by 

charter  a'so  in  the   (7ocZ.  Z)/^>/.,  No.  163,  both!     The  first  ce/'toni  mention  of  Aldulf 

dated  79.5,  in  which  ^  Wit// signs  as  Bishop  in  the  charters  seems  to  be  in  the  year 

of  Lichfield,  is  not  genuine.     There  is  a  803. 

later  charter,  dated  801,  the  filth  year  of  *  See  Cod.  Dlpl.  Nos.  116,   153,  155— 

Coenwulf,  in   which    nwjlert  appears  as  157,159,175,1020.     The  charters  dated 

signing  himself  iJii/to^)  (evidently  an  error  in    806   and   810,    (Nos.    192,  1026),   in 

of  the  transcriber  for  Archbuhop)  hehve  which  Unuuona's  name  appears,  are  not 

yEthelwald,  Archbishop    of    Canterbury.  genuine. 

This  charter  is  not  marked  as  doubtful,  *  Ihid.   Nos.   183,  186,   190,  203,206, 

but  I  think  it  is  likely  to  be  so.     {Cod.  1024.     The  charter,  No.   1018,  dated  in 

DipL,  No.  1023).     1  am  not  ignorant  of  798,  iu  which  he  appears,  is  doubtful,  and 

the  assertions  relative  to  the  consecration  the    Acts   of   the   pretended   Comicil   of 

of  Aldulf  in    786,   but  I   do  not  believe  Bacanceld,  in  798,  (Spelman,  Concilia,  i. 

them  to  rest  on    sufficient    proof,   when  317),  are,  by  the  editor's  own  admission, 

critically  examined.    The  ace  Juut3  given  the  acts  of  the  Clovesho  Council,  in  S03. 


366  ANGLO-SAXON    ClIAUTEKS    OF    EADGAR    A-ND    OFFA. 

actual  order  of  succession)  ;  ami  furtliei-.  that  soon  after 
(r//o  post),  the  Archbishop  AhUilf  hiiii.M'll"  having  died, 
Ilumbert,  called  also  Bertun,  ^vas  appointed  his  successor  !  !  ^ 
The  real  order  of  succession  to  both  sees  is  proved  unques- 
tionably bvthe  fOiifri/iporaiyYists  given  in  MS.  Cott.  ]\'spasi(ni, 
B.  VI.,"ful.  im.  in  wliich  ^ve  have,  (1)  Eadbcrht,  (2)  UnuKona, 
and  (:->)  L'KaTOihirldM^  Bishops  of  Leicester;  m\(\{\)]icrthu)i, 
(2)  If^/ijlirrltf,  and  (3)  Ahlunlf,  as  (Arch)bishops  of  Lichfield. 
The  successors  in  each  series  are  added  by  a  later  hand. 
On  the  whole,  therefore,  I  think  \ve  may  confidently  conclude 
that  the  signatures  of  the  two  prelates  attached  to  the 
charter  of  Offa,  do  not  at  all  affect  the  genuineness  of  the 
document. 

The  charter  of  Eadgar  is  also  written  on  a  long  piece  of 
parchment,  measuring  24-^  inches  by  8J  inches,  and  is  folded 
lengthways  into  ten  folds.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  Frankish 
form  of  writing  the  king's  name,  A'Ahjardus^  and  lor  the 
constant  use  of  the  vowel  u  for  o.  The  Anglo-Saxon  letters 
K,  p,  and  I'  (not  j)  are  used  in  it,  and  there  is  a  peculiarity 
in  S  for  d  at  the  end  of  some  proper  names. 


CUAllTER  OF  EADUAK,  a.u.  1»G0. 
\Arcldvcs  lU  France,  K.  17.] 

yKi)(. AUDI'S  jiLT  (ti  gratiain  rex  Anjjluniiii,  pra'sciililxis  ct  I'uturis. 
Qiiiii  nos  :i(l  a'tcnia  gaudia  l)onurri  ()[)(Maim  cxihitio  sine  chibio 
])er(lucet,  dignum  est  ut  duin  adluie  (iuaiKlo(| ;  morituri  iiiiiim', 
undc  do  plaeere  valcam  instant  opcremur.'  IJndc  ego  rex  di  dis- 
piMisatioiie,  sed  iiieo  peceator  opere,  euin  esseiii  llorens  in  ])alatio 
\M'A),  et  i^luriosus  in  re^iin,  ct  dc  Imiiis  muiuli  ii\:\  (piia  eilo 
cuaiiescit  sepe  nieefi  susjjii'aiido  eoj^itarcin,  auiio  si'ciuido  rcj^iii 
iiiei,  indictiime  iii.  septiiiio  Ivl  Jail,  ueiiit  ad  nos  in  I'Jjuraea  eiiiitatc 
uir  strcnuus  litahs  iioininc,  ct  pr(  po'^if  us  munasterii  preeiusorimi 
inartiriuii  Diunisii,  Jtustici,  cL  J'Jciitheiii,  (luorfi  saeni  corpora 
limiorifiee  locata  Nunt  in  Fraiicia,  in  ;eecta  Da^nherti  ref,'is,  citra 
Pariviii  nrheni,  uhi  et  ipse;  rex  nlim  sepidlns  est,  et  lament ahiUter 
in  e(>nsp(;etn  nVo,  nroViini"  prineipnni,  coiKpieshis  esl  sujxr  doin 
nostre  j)pnsito  Toured,  qiiod  in  iiilla  coiiini  Hi(h'ercl(hi,  eee.  ones, 
ct  I,,  buiies,  et  de  saliiiis  ciirnm  c.  incnsnras  sat,  ct  ah  auM'ieul  (pii 
Kunt  in    Jlastengas  et    I'ciiciii^el,  c.  i-.  soHdiis   dcni"  t|ii;isi  c\  pre- 

•  MS.  Cott.  Nero  I).  I.  r.  ]H,  writti-ii  in  '  ojtrrnnii.i,  I),  nii'l  I'. 

Ilio    iiut'i'iriiph    (if    Malllnw    I'min.        In  "  Oii>;lit  to  lie  inorHiiif/nr. 

r«Tility,   Al'hiif  ili.l  not   «lic  till  iifd-r  811,  ''  (hnuriHiitin  D.  (ind  F. 
nn  I  Ills  ■urrcHHiii-  wan  llacu  inc. 


Seal  of  Offa,  A.D.  790. 


Beal  of  Eadgar,  A.D.  960. 


^'         s 


^^v. 


ANGLO-SAXOX    CHARTERS    OF    EADGAR    AND    OFFA.  307 

cepto  nro  abstulerit.  Quam  iniustitiam  ego  ipse  perhurrescens,  ad 
integrum  eis  cuncta  restituere  feci,  et  hoc  ex  priesentiura  nforum 
principura  consensu  constitui,  ut  nullus  eis  nlterius  in  regno  nostro 
aliquid  auferat,  sed  collata  sibi  omia  ea  securitate  et  libtate 
deteneant,  regant  atq  ;  dispunant,  qua  tenuisse  conprobantur  illi 
qui  eis  contulerunt.  Qui  auteni  contra  hoc  nustru  precept u 
fecerit,  et  eis  ahquid  p  putestate  abstulerit,  capitali  sententia 
puniatur,  et  iUius  uniuirsa  pussessio  regio  tesauro  addatur.  Huic 
aut  nro  ppusito  Togred,  quia  seruus  di  munachus  pro  eo  depcatur, 
in  hoe  parcim^,  ut  al)hita  cuncta  prius  iuxta  nram  pceptiune  scis  di 
restituat,  et  has  nri  prcccpti  litteras  ad  Gallias  secum  ferat,  et  super 
scorum  sepolcra  martyrum  pro  emendatiune  ponat.  Ipsa  autem 
sea  congregatio  uirorum  qui  ibi  die  noctuque  incessanter  excobant, 
pro  nobis  deprecentur,  ut  a  nobis  faraem,  pestem,  et  gladium  ihc 
xpe  dns  auertat,  et  potenti  dextera  sua  nos  defendat. 

yEdiluinus  regiie  domus  cartigrapbus,  iubente  domino  meo  rege 
yEdgard  -  scripsi,  et  in  audita  psentiii  legi  et  subscribsi. 

Et  ego  Togred,  ex  impio  doraini  raei  regis  yEdgard,  ad  sepulcra 
scorum  mr  ^  Diuuisii,  Rustici,  et  Eleutherii,  hoc  pceptu  conseruandu 
detuh. 


Oil  the  dors  is  inscribed  in  large  letters,  in  a  conteniporary 
hand, 

PR*    DE    ULTRA   MARE. 

PR^  tEdgard  regis. 

The  seals  on  the  charters  of  Offa  and  Eadgar  (as  repre- 
sented in  the  annexed  engravings  '')  are  attached  e)i  placard, 
but  not  exactly  according  to  the  mode  practised  under  tlio 
Carlovingian  race  in  France  ;  for  instead  of  the  wax  beintr 
laid  on  both  ahove  and  beneath  the  parchment,  in  both  the 
instances  before  us  another  small  piece  of  parchment  has 
been  stitched  on  to  the  charter,  on  the  spot  where  the  seal 
was  intended  to  be  impressed,  namely,  at  the  right  hand 
corner  of  the  lowest  fold  of  the  document  ;  and  the  wax 
having  then  been  affixed,  the  impression  of  the  seal  was 
made,  after  which,  the  ends  of  the  smaller  piece  of  parch- 
ment were  folded  over  it,  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  chemise,  or 

-  domno  Edfjardo  D.,  domino  JEdgardo  he  transposed  the  names  of  the  monarchs 

F..  leaving  out  the  words  meo  rege.  to  whom  they  belonged  ;  and  this  error  is 

3  martyrum,  D.  and  F.  repeated  in  the  series  of  casts  of  the  seals 

^  Praceptum.  of    English    sovereigns  exhibited    in   the 

•''  Casts  of  these  seals  were  taken  by  the  Crystal  Palace  at  Sydenham, 
late  Mr.  John  Doubleday,  but,  by  accident, 


3GS    AXGLO -SAXON  CHARTERS  OF  EADGAR  ANO  OFI-A. 

covering.  This  unusual  mode  of  attacliing-  the  seals  seems  to 
have  been  adopted  for  the  express  purpose  of  protecting  them 
from  injury  during  their  transit  from  England  to  the  monastery 
of  St.  Denis.  The  seal  of  Ofta  is  of  brownish  wax,  of  nearly 
circular  form,  measuring  1  [  inch  in  height  by  1^  inch  in 
width,  and  I'L'presents  a  bust  in  {jrutile,  turned  to  the  right, 
and  wearing  a  crown  or  circlet,  on  which  a  floreated  orna- 
ment is  visible.  The  king  is  represented  without  a  bear^l, 
but  with  long  hair,  lianging  down  by  the  side  of  the  face, 
and  gathered  up  behind.  The  expression  of  the  features 
indicate  thought  and  care,  but  might  fairly  bear  out  the 
description  of  Offii's  anonymous  biographer,  "  elegans  cor- 
pore,  ekxpiens  scrmone,  acie  fcrspica.v  ocKlnrum!'^  The 
legend  round  the  head  appears  to  have  originally  been  off  A 
1{EX  (as  is  generally  seen  on  his  coins),  but  at  present  there 
are  but  faint  traces  of  the  name,  and  only  the  letters  rex 
are  tolerably  distinct.^  There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the 
impression  was  made  from  the  king's  signet  ring,  as  is 
asserted  in  the  words  of  the  attesting  clause,  "  manu  propria 
subter  firmavimus,  atque  nostri  ininidi  'unprcasionc  sigjKiri 
fecimus  ;  "  a  form  which  was  borrowed  from  the  Franks,  as 
is  .shown  in  the  di])lunias  of  Pepin  and  Cliarlemagne.^  It 
is  evident  also,  that  this  bust  is  really  a  portrait  of  the 
Mercian  monarch,  and  not  an  antique  gem,  as  is  so 
fre({uently  the  case  in  the  seals  of  the  Prankish  sovereigns. 
The  execution  is  superior  to  what  we  fnul  on  the  coins 
(jf  Olfa,  althougli  it  has  bmi  truly  remarked  of  them, 
that  they  arc  of  better  taste  and  workmanship  than  any  of 
the  preceding  or  later  Anglo-Saxon  piiuces.  Ruding  con- 
jectures that  this  marked  improvement  was  due  to  the  skill 
<jf  Italian  arlist.s,  whom  011a  might  have  brought  from 
Itome,''  and  if  so,  the  execution  of  the  seal  may  also  be 
ascribed  to  the  same  inlluence.  it  is  certain  that  the  heads 
on  the  coins  of  his  j»r(jdecessurs,  and  also  of  his  iinnieiliale 
successors,  are  e.\<'culed  in  (he  most  barbarous  style 
imaginable. 

'•    Vila  Offic  Sccumll,  ii|).    WiiU,  j).  Ul,  '  A  minis  of  l/ir  C'llna;/!-,  vol.  i.  p.  11*5. 

fd.  Ifill.  C(i.  llilH.      UiiiliiiKH|"-.'il>H«'iitliusiii.stii'iilh, 

7  Tliu  M-al  wan  in  juHt  tlio  Hnnic  Htatc  ut.  iiml  Hixyn,  "  'I'Iii-hk  cuiiiH  linvt-  tlir  Ih'ikI  <iI' 

tilt!  lM;;;iniiiiit(  i<f  l'"-'    .WIllli   ci-iiliiry,  iin  OfPii  in  ft  hI)1c  of  ilniwiii;;  wliicii  i.s  willioiit 

Wi!  Ictirii  from  Sir  Itolji-rt  (-'ottoii'n  nolo  in  puiulli-l  in  tlir  nwiiiy  of  tliiH  iHlaml,  from 

M.S.,  ilnrt.  fili,  f.  !il.  ihr   lime  r.f   Cmiolxlin     to   llu<   ni^jn   of 

*  .S'o  l-'ililiicn,  |i(irticiilarly  till- clmrtcrH  lirnry    VII."     On     llio    coinH    liiw    liiiul 

(latcJ  77i,  7l!'j,  an<l  7.'*".  upin-iirH  often    witlmnt  iwiy  ni'ii.-iiiH'iit,  Imt 


ANGLO-SAXON    CHARTERS   OP    EADGAR    AND    OFFA.  309 

The  seal  of  Eadgar  is  also  of  brown  wax,  measuring 
nearly  Ij}  inch  in  height  by  ItV  inch  in  width,  but  is  some- 
what injured  at  the  edge.  The  centre  is  evidently  an  im- 
pression from  an  antique  oval  Roman  gem,  representing  a 
bust  in  profile,  turned  to  the  right,  very  similar  to  those 
used  by  Louis  le  Debonaire  and  Charles  le  Simple.  This 
gem  was,  no  doubt,  set  within  a  metal  rim  (as  w^as  also 
usual  in  France),  on  which  was  inscribed  a  legend  ;  but  the 
impression  is  unfortunately  not  well  enough  preserved  to 
show  more  at  present  than  indistinct  traces  of  letters.^ 

Before  I  conclude  these  remarks,  it  may  not  be  irrelevant 
to  sum  up  the  amount  of  our  present  information  as  to  the 
use  of  seals  among  the  Anglo-Saxons  previous  to  the  reign 
of  Edward  the  Confessor.  The  instances  known  are  these  : — 

1.  The  seal  of  Berhtwald,  Duke  of  the  South  Saxons, 
A.D.  788,  671  placard. 

2.  The  seal  of  Offa,  King  of  Mercia,  a.d,  790,  en  placard. 

3.  The  original  leaden  bulla  of  Coenwulf,  King  of 
Mercia,  circa  a.d.  800 — 810.  This  interesting  relic,  the 
authenticity  of  which  I  do  not  doubt,  was  purchased  for  the 
British  Museum  in  1847,  at  the  sale  of  Walter  Wilson,  Lot 
445.  It  is  said  to  have  been  brought  from  Italy,  and  it  is 
possible  that  Coenwulf  may  have  caused  it  to  be  suspended 
to  some  grant  made  to  a  foreign  religious  house.  On  the 
obverse  is  the  legend  ^  rOENYVLFI  RELIS,  and  on  the 
reverse,  ^  MEREIORVM.  In  the  centre  is  a  small  cross 
moline,  joined  at  the  ends,  as  appears  also  on  his  coins.  This 
bulla  was  engraved  in  the  Arclia)ologia,  vol.  xxxii.  p.  44.9, 
but  in  the  enoravino-  the  holes  are  not  shown  through  which 
the  cords  passed  to  attach  it  to  the  charter,  and  the  centre 
ornament  is  falsely  represented  as  a  quatrcfoil. 

4.  The  seal  of  iEthelwulf,  King  of  Wessex,  a.d.  837, 
en  placard. 

5.  The  original  brass  matrix  of  the  seal  of  iEthilwald, 

also  with  a  diadem  or   double    fillet    of  fcut    di'siw."     Nouv.    Tr.    torn.    iv.    p. 

pearls,  and  pendants  behind.     In  a  few  201.     A  recent  authority,  M.  Natalia  de 

instances  he  is  represented  with  his  hair  Wailly,  in  the  Elements  de  PaUographie, 

arranged  in  bands,  in  a  fanciful  manner.  183!!,  torn.  ii.  p.  109,  speaks  of  the  seal  iu 

'  In  175!),  the  Benedictines    tlms    de-  the  following  terms, — "Le  sceau  d'Edgar 

scribed  it, — "11    est    en  placard,  et  non  est  en  partie  mutilo,  et  ne  laisse  voir  que 

suspendu.     \\    reproseute    un    buste    de  des  traces  fort  confuses  de    la    h'gende; 

profil.     Ayant  ete  replie,  il  a  marque  sa  cependant  on   distingue   le    mot  Rex,  en 

forme   sur  le  parchemin.     La  charte  an  avant  de   la    partie    infericure  du  buste. 

has  de  laqucUc  il  est  aplique,  porte  tons  les  iMais  la  base  des  lettres  s'appuie,  contre 

caracth-es  de  verity  et  d'autkenticUe  qu'on  I'ordiuairc,  sur  Ic  circumference." 

VOL.   XIII.  3  E 


370  ANGLO-SAXON    CHARTERS    OF    EADGAR    AND    OFFA. 

Bishop  of  Dunwicli,  circa  a.d.  850,  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum.  It  bears  the  inscription  ^  SIT  EOILVV.ELDI  EPI, 
and  was  engraved  in  the  Archa3ologia,  voh  xx.  p.  479, 
but  is  there  said  to  be  ornamented  with  wolves:'  instead  of 
bidh'  heads,  tlie  horns  of  which  are  distinctly  visible. 

6.  The  seal  of  Eadgar,  sole  monarch,  a.d.  960,  en  placard. 

7.  The  original  matrix  of  the  seal  of  the  Monastery  of 
Durham,  preserved  in  the  Chapter  library,  probably  as  early 
as  A.D.  970,  bearing  a  cross  in  the  centre,  with  the  legend 
around,  ►!.  SlIrlLLVM  EYDBERHTI  PR^SVLIS  SEI. 
Engraved  in  ^^niith's  edition  of  Bede,  1722,  App.  p.  721. 
See  also  Raine's  History  of  North  Durham,  p.  53. 

8.  The  seal  of  Wilton  Abbe}',  used  in  the  time  of  Eadgar, 
probably  circa  974  ;  an  imj)ression  of  which  is  appended  to 
the  Ilarleian  Charter  45  A.  3CI,  (written  tonp.  Edw.  III.). 
It  represents  the  figure  of  a  female  in  a  monastic  dress,  with 
the  legend,  ^  SlIrlLL  EADtYDE  REIjAL  ADELPHE. 

9.  The  original  brass  matrix  of  the  seal  of  Leofric,  Earl 
of  ^[ercia,  circa  A.D.  985,  in  the  British  Museum  ;  bearing 
his  effigy,  and  the  inscription,  ^  SIIrlLLYM  .ELFRILI  AV., 
with  an  arabesque  ornament  on  the  back.  Engraved  in  the 
Art-lia'ologia.  vol.  xxiv.  p.  359. 

AVitli  this  accumulated  evidence  before  us,  we  may  be 
well  justified  in  concluding  that  the  Anglo-Saxon  monarchs 
and  nobles  were  well  acc[uainted  with  the  use  of  seals  from 
the  middle  (at  least)  of  the  Vlllth  century  ;  and  although 
they  appear  to  have  considered  it  unneccssaiy  to  authen- 
ticate or  issue  ordinary  instruments  "  under  seal,"  yet  that 
on  particular  occasions  tliey  conformed  to  the  usage  practised 
on  the  Continent.  Ilickes,  in  commenting  on  the  well- 
known  passage  of  lugulph,  argues  chicdy  against  the  use  of 
prndant  seals  before  the  time  of  Julward  the  Confessor,  and 
in  this  respect  (exceptiiig  the  bnlUi-)  lie  is  no  doubt  right  ; 
but  at  tiie  same  time  he  seems  to  admit  that  the  Anglo- 
Sa.x'ons  occasionally  employed  seals  for  documents  of  a  less 
formal  character,  such  as  letters  missive.  His  words  are — 
"  (iuiuinimo  sigilloruni  cujusvis  generis  {('a  placard  and 
pendant)  KAKioii  erat  rsi's  apud  Anglo-fSaxones.  Quorum 
(pndi-m  Jlnjrs  ijU(Uidu(inc  Iccfnnus  its  lit  eras  anas  nmnicisse. 
Sic  in  superioribu.s  ostendi  yEtlielredum  Uegcm  per  iElvcrum 
Abbatcni  sifjillum  suum,  Saxonico  his  insff/l,  hoc  est,  litcras 
suas  quiui  Brcvia  vos  vocatis,  sigUlo  vcl  si<jno  .sua  signatas, 


ANGLO-SAXON    CHARTEES   OF    EADGAR    AND    OFFA.  371 

ad  sapientes  curiie  comitatus  misisse." " — Dissert.  Epist. 
p.  71.  The  passage  in  the  document  referred  to,  reads  as 
follows  : — "  )7a  sonde  se  cyning  be  iElvere  abbiide  his  inscgd 
to  ]>am  gemote  at  Cwicelmes-hlaepe,"  and  Ilickes  endea- 
vours to  show  that  by  insegel  we  must  understand,  not  a 
seal,  but  a  monogram,  which,  he  thinks,  w^as  usually  stamped 
in  ink  (but  sometimes  written)  on  the  instrument ;  and  in 
support  of  this  interpretation  he  refers  to  a  charter  of 
William  I.,  printed  in  the  Gramm.  Anglo-Saa?on.,  p.  137,  in 
which  a  cross  is  made  below  the  writing,  with  some  letters 
on  each  side,  thus  :  -^p^.  It  is  really  mortifying  to  find 
so  learned  a  man  as  Hickes  indulging  in  such  unfounded 
and  idle  conjectures.  There  is  not  a  shadow  of  evidence  that 
the  Anglo-Saxons  ever  made  use  of  Monograms,  nor  does  a 
single  instance  exist  among  the  numerous  charters  that  have 
been  preserved,  of  such  a  practice.  As  to  the  charter  of 
William,  if  it  were  even  genuine,  it  proves  nothing,  but  the 
charter  itself  is  in  the  Cottonian  collection,  Cart.  VIIL 
15,  and  on  examination  it  turns  out  to  be  a  forgery! 
It  is  worthy  notice,  that  in  the  Life  of  Cnut,  by 
Snorro,  the  historian  speaks  of  the  king's  seal  being  lost, 
and  uses  the  same  word,  incigli,  as  is  quoted  above  in 
Anglo-Saxon.  Hickes  of  course  rejects  this  testimony,  but 
without  any  reasonable  ground.  The  discoveries  of  late 
years  have  done  much  to  throw  light  on  the  habits  and 
customs  of  our  ancestors  before  the  Korman  invasion,  and 
it  is  not  improbable  that  some  fortunate  accident  may  yet 
bring  to  light  the  seal-rings  of  some  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
monarchs,  and  thus  give  us  undeniable  testimony  on  a  sub- 
ject which  has  so  long  been  a  qucestio  ved'ata. 

F.  MADDEN. 

-  This  document  is  printed  by  Hickes,       99i-6.      The    origbal    is   in  MS.  Cott. 
ibid.  p.  4,   and   in   the    Cod.  Dipl.,  No.       Aug.  II.  15. 
693,  where  it  is   assigned   to   the   years 


(H^ngmal  Botununts. 

DIVINATION  IN  THE  FIFTKENTH  CENTURY  BY  AID  OF  A  MAGICAL 

CRYSTAL. 

COMMUNICATED  BY  THE  REV.  JAMES  fiAINE,  Jun. 

Tin:  curious  document  which  is  now  for  the  first  time  printed,  occurred 
to  me  in  the  course  of  a  long  and  laborious  search  into  the  registers  of  the 
Archbishops  of  Y'ork.  It  presents  an  interesting  picture  of  the  life  of  a 
magician. 

As  much  has  been  written  about  the  use  of  the  magic  crystal,  from  that 
consulted  by  Paracelsus  to  the  recent  practices  of  similar  divination  in  our 
own  time,  I  shall  content  myself  with  making  a  few  observations  upon  the 
document  before  me. ' 

The  culprit,  one  William  Byg  alias  Lech,  came  to  Wombwell  in  the 
southern  part  of  Yorkshire,  about  the  year  14G5.  For  the  next  two  or 
three  years  he  earned  a  livelihood  by  recovering  stolen  property  through 
the  aid  of  a  crystal.  Ilis  fame  for  good  and  evil  began  to  spread  abroad, 
and  he  soon  found  himself  in  the  hands  of  tlie  vicar-general  of  the  Arch- 
bishop of  York,  upon  a  charge  of  heresy,  Tlie  fear  of  the  heavy  pains  and 
penalties  which  could  be  inflicted  for  so  serious  an  offence  drew  a  full  con- 
fes-ion  from  the  culprit.  In  it  he  gives  us  an  account  of  the  manner  in 
which  he  practised  his  art,  of  Ins  experiments  and  their  success. 

In  the  course  of  his  examination  Dyg  mentions  one  circumstance  of 
interest.  lie  says  that  he  left  his  books,  probaldy  of  magic,  in  his  chamber 
at  Greenwich,  soon  after  the  death  of  the  late  Duke  of  Gloucester  (144G). 
This  is  the  celebrated  Duke  Iluniplircy.  Wlietlier  Byg  had  anything  to 
do  with  Master  Dolingbroke  or  Dame  Margery  .Tordaine,  who  are  said^to  have 
flattered  the  vanity  and  hastened  the  end  of  that  popular  though  ill-fated 
nobleman,  wc  cannot  now  tell.  At  all  events,  it  is  probable  that  tlie  perse- 
cution, which  at  that  time  arose  against  the  professors  of  that  art,  in  which 
YjVfr  was  then  a  student,  obliged  him  to  leave  the  vicinity  of  London  and 
retire  to  a  secluded  village  in  Yorkshire. 

The  following  punisliment  was  inflicted  upon  the  culjtrit.  He  was 
ordered  to  walk  at  the  head  of  a  procession  in  the  Cathedral  Church  of 
York,  holdiii"-  a  lighted  torch  in  -his  right  hand,  and  a  rod  with  his  books 
hanging  to  it,  by  a  string,  in  his  left.  A  pa])er  inscribed  with  the  words — 
J'Jcce  sortilet/us — was  to  be  afli.ved  to  his  head.  On  his  breast  and  back 
two  other  hhects  of  paper  were  to  be  jdaccd,  each  Itcaring  the  words — 
Invocator  Sj>irituum, — whilst  his  shoulders  were  to  be  decorated  with 
ftimilar  ornanientB,  charged  with  the  appalling  title  of  sortilfjus.  Thus 
attireil,  he  was  ordered  to  make  a  full  recantation  of  his  misdemeanors,  and 
to  Hcal  it  by  connnitting  his  books  to  tiie  flames.      A  similar  repudiation  of 

'  Si-c  f»  nolic' "on  (VyHtnlH  of  AiiKiirv,"  liiiii,  uk  lir  adiriin  il,  liy  mi  nii;;(l,  into  lie 

liy  Mr.  II.  Sy<r   Cimiinj;,  .lunniiil   of  tin!  m  iii    in    tin-  llrilihli  IOjoim   at   the  liritiBli 

Arclift<olo;;ic'al  AKMociaticiU,  vol.  v.,  p.  .M .  MuHciini.     It   lia<l  hccn    incmiviil  in  tho 

A  i»l«n«!  imitpoHJMl  to  Ix!  Dr.  I)<c"h  "  hJiow-  iniiitTnlogicul  collection. 
Blonc,"  A  ball  of  Muukjr  tjunrt/.,  given  to 


ORIGINAL   DOCUMENTS.  373 

his  errors  was  to  be  made  in  the  parish  churches  of  Pontefract,  Barnsley, 
Doncastcr  and  Rotherliam. 

It  will  be  observed  that  B^'g's  confession  before  the  Commissary  Poteman 
was  made  on  the  22nd  of  August,  14G7.  He  did  not,  however,  make  his 
full  submission  before  the  23rd  of  March  in  the  following  year,  when  he  was 
released  from  the  pains  of  excommunication  and  received  his  sentence. 
The  punishment,  for  such  an  offender,  was  but  slight.  This  apparent 
lenity  may  perhaps  be  accounted  for.  It  is  very  probable  that  some  persons 
of  consequence  had  required  Byg's  assistance,  and  thus  the  deceiver  was 
rescued  by  the  dupe.  With  great  adroitness  he  implicates  with  himself 
several  persons  of  rank  and  consideration.  By  doing  so  he  probably  saved 
himself.  The  Wombwells  were  even  then  rising  into  importance,  and  the 
Archbishop  of  York,  with  the  princely  blood  of  Neville  flowing  in  his  veins, 
would  be  loth  to  lay  his  hands  upon  a  Fitzwilliam. 

I  may,  perhaps,  be  permitted  to  state  here,  that  for  the  last  three  years 
I  have  been  preparing  for  the  press  a  biographical  account  of  the  various 
dignitaries  of  the  church  of  York.  This  Avork,  which  I  propose  to  call  the 
"  Fasti  Eboracenses,"  was  commenced  by  the  late  Rev.  W.  11.  Dixon,  M.A., 
Canon  Residentiary  of  York.  In  it,  it  is  my  intention  not  to  content  myself 
with  a  bare  list  of  names,  but  to  collect  the  preferments  and  services  of 
each  ecclesiastic  at  York  and  elsewhere  from  every  available  source,  and  to 
arrange  them  after  the  fashion  of  the  Athense  Oxonienses.  If  an}'  member 
of  the  Institute  will  kindly  furnish  me  with  any  information  which  he  may 
possess,  he  will  confer  a  great  favour  upon  me,  and  take  away  from  the  imper- 
fections of  a  very  difficult  and  laborious  work.  James  Raine,  Ju.n. 

In  quadam  causa  hereticas  pravitatis  et  sortilegii. 

Willelmus  Byg  alias  Lech,  de  Wombwell  Ebor.  dioceseos,  de  heretica 
pravitate  suspectus,  juratus  ad  sancta  Dei  Evangelia  per  ipsum  corporaliter 
tacta,  coram  vencrabili  viro  magistro  Willelmo  Poteman  legum  doctore, 
in  Christo  patris  et  domini,  domini  Gcorgii  permissione  Divina  Ebor. 
Archiepiscopi,  &c.,  vicario  in  spiritualibus  generali,  xxij.  diemensis  Aup^usti, 
Anno  Domini  Millesimo  cccc"'°  Jx^ij.  de  fideliter  respondendo  requirendis  ah 
codem.  Interogatus  et  examinatus  dicit,  quod  circiter  duos  vel  tres  annos 
ultimo  elapses  venit  iste  juratus  ad  villam  de  Wombewell,  causa  moram 
trahendi  in  eadem,  et  ibidem  usque  modicum  ante  festum  natalis  Domini 
ultimi  preteriti  moram  traxit.  Et  dicit  interogatus  quod  ccncies,  a  tempore 
quo  ipse  prime  pervenit  ad  villam  de  Wombewcll,  ad  rcduccndum  bona  furtive 
subtracta,  artem  qua)  sequitur  oceupavit,  viz.,  prime  juvcnem  quemdam 
annorum  etatis  citra  xij  usitavit  statuere  super  scabellum  coram  ipso 
Willelmo,  et  in  manu  pueri  sive  juvcnis  hujusmodi  posuit,  ut  dicit,  unum 
lapidem  cristallum,  ipsum  cogendo  diccre  Pater  Noster,  Ave  ct  Credo, 
secundum  informationem  istius  jurati,  ct  tunc  verba  proferre  subsequencia; 
Bomine  Jhesu  Cliriste,  mitte  nobis  tres  angelos  ex  parte  dcxtera  qui  dicant 
aut  demonstrcnt  nobis  verltatem  de  onmibus  hits  de  quibtts  nos  interogabimus. 
Et  tunc,  ut  dicit,  fecit  juvenem  hujusmodi  prospicere  in  lapidem,  ct  petiit  ab 
CO  quid  viderit,  et  si  aliquid  vidcrit,  juvenis  retulit  ipsi  jurato,  ct  quandoquc 
ut  dicit,  juvenis  hujusmodi  vidit  in  lapide  praidicto  bona  subtracta  ct 
quandoquc  subtractores  bonorum  in  codem  lapide,  ct  quandoquc  unum 
angelum,  ct  quandoquc  duos  angelos,  ct  nun(|uam  ultra.  Et  si  prime  vidcrit 
angclosapparcntcs,  tuncverbis  scqucntibus  usus  est  ipse juratuscisdem  diccre; 
Domini  Angeli,  ego  lyrccipio  vobis  per  Dominum  ct  omnia  sua  nomina 
sancta,  et  per  virginitatem,  gratuite  dicatis  7iobis   veritatcm   ct   nidlam 


874  OEIGIXAL    DOCUMENTS. 

fahitatcm  de  omnibus  Jiiis  dc  qidhus  nos  intcrogahimus,  ct  apertc  sine 
dampno  mco  ct  omnium  j)resencium.  Et  tunc,  ut  (licit,  fecit  liujus- 
inodi  juvencm  ipsos  angelos  sive  angcluin  interogare,  sub  hiis  verbis  ; 
Say  me  treire,  chrilde,  what  man,  vhat  woman,  or  what  childc  hasc 
stolnc  y"  thunrj,  and  sheicc  me  thimj  in  hisharid;  ct  tunc  usus  est  specificare 
eubtracta.  Et  tunc,  ut  dicit,  juvenis  ipse  clare  prospiciebat  in  lapide  bujus- 
niodi  cristallino  subtractores  bonorum  ac  ipsa  bona  subtracta.  Et  si  juvenis 
luijusmodi  prius  noverit  personas  hujusniodi  subtralicntes,  voluerit  speci- 
ficare nomina  corundem,  sin  autem  voluit  per  manuni  suam  dcsignare  in 
qua  patria  et  qua  parte  ejusdem  subtractores  hujusmodi  morara  trabebant. 
Sed  pro  majori  parte,  ut  dicit,  ipsi  qui  aliqua  bona  habuerunt  subtracta 
juvencm  sccum  adduxerunt  qui  noverit  partes  suspectas  in  liac  parte.  Et 
ultcrius  dicit  quod  (si)  juvenis  luijusmodi  post  ])rimam  conjuracionem  uichil  in 
lapide  prospex(er)it,  iteravit  ipse,  (viz.  ipse  juratus)  ipsam  conjuracionem, 
dicentes  ;  Domine  Jhcsu  Christe  mittc  nobis  trcs  angelos,  etc.  Et  dicit,  quod 
habuit  ipse  juratus  firmam  fideni  de  sciendo  de  hujusmodi  bonis  subtractis, 
si  angclus  vel  angeli  apparucrit  vel  apparuerint  ct  juvenis  luijusmodi 
loqueretur.  Et  dicit,  quod  vigesies  juvenes  hujusmodi  nuilam  apparcnciam 
in  lapide  viderunt,  ncc  ipse  juratus  aliquo  tempore.  Et  dicit,  iutcrogatus, 
quod  primo  post  advcntum  suum  usque  Wombewell  ipse  juratus  per  artem 
suam  recupcravit  et  reduxit,  ad  instanciam  Johannis  Wombewell,  uuuni 
flanimcolum  ejusdem  Johannis  furtive  perfiliam  suam  propriam  subtractam. 
Et  dicit,  quod  alio  tempore  citra  idem  Willelmus  xvij  vol  xix  nobilia  in  auro 
et  argento  .lohannis  Steven,  moram  trahentis  in  quadam  villa  propc  ct  juxta 
villam  dc  WumbcwcU  situata,  ad  majus  per  tria  milliaria  ncgligcntcr  per 
ipsum  perdita  et  omissa,  ac  per  quandam  ancillam  ejusdem  .Tobannis  invcnta, 
ac  per  ipsam  ab  eo  detcnta  et  concelata,  per  artem  predictam  eidcm  fecit 
restitui  et  per  eandem  deliberari,  et  habuit  et  recepit  ipse  juratus  a  dicto 
Johamie  Stevens  pro  labure  suo  vj^  viij''.  Et  dicit,  quod  circiter  festum 
Sancti  Andre;e  ultimo pretcritum  venerunt  ad  istumjuratum  usque  Wombe- 
well quidam  Bisshop  et  Pagett  dc  Derthington,  ct  alii  viri  quorum  nomina 
ignorat  ipse  juratus  dc  presenti,  et  nunciavcrunt  eidem  jurato  qualiter  duo 
caliccs  ab  ccclcsia  de  Derthington  subtractai  fuerunt,  desidcrantes  cum, 
quateims  vellet,  eis  suum  auxilium  in  hac  parte  pro  rccuperacioneeorumdem 
cxhibere.  (Quorum  votis  apjilaudit  ipse  jm-atus,  ut  dicit,  ct  tunc  habuerunt, 
ut  dicit,  ipsum  juratum  ad  (|uemlibct  honestum  virum  nomine  Fitzwilliani 
armigcrum,  et  ab  inde  usque  iJartbington  cariarunt,  et  in  prcsencia  ejusdem 
Fitzwilliam,  nccnon  cnjusdam  Scurdvill  et  aliorum  quampluriuni,  produxe- 
ruiit  jircdicti  Uisshop  et  Pagett  duos  pucros,  et  cos  scdere  feccrunt  super 
ij  herpicas,  ct  artem  suam  predictam  in  eis  cxercuit  prcdiclus  juratus,  ut 
(licit,  et  alter  ipsorum  puerorum,  ut  dicit,  vidit  in  lajtide  predicto  quemdam 
virum,  Bcd  quern  neHcit,ut  dicit  habentem  calicem  argenteum  in  manibus  suis, 
et  aliter,  ut  dicit,  dilfamavit  iiunquam  ipse  juratus  vicarium  dc  Darthyng- 
ton  Bcu  Hlir[ueiu  alium  Hui)cr  premissis.  l']t  dicit  quod  ij)se  juratus  recepit 
u  Kcniore  Pagett  xiiij'',  et  u  juniore  Pagett  xx''  pro  labore  suo  in  prcmissia. 
Et  alia  quam  pluria  bona  diver.sorum  hominum  hubtracta  arte  sua  predicta 
nd  eoruni  propriclarios  reduxit  infra  tcmpus  sic  pr.i.'diclum.  I'jt  dicit  quod 
premi«Hani  artem  didicit  a  rpiodam  Artluuo  iMitton  a  licycistro,  circiter  annos 
troH  ultra  ehipaos,  Hcd  habuit  libros  suos  apud  (ire^nwiclie  cito  posst  mortem 
ducin  rjuondam  (jIouccHtrc  in  camera  ejusdem  apud  (Ircynwich,  et  dicit 
qii'id  cn-dii  firmiter  angelos  predictos  cii-ins  a|ipanii!*He  pi^r  Iccturam  suam 
super  libroa  predictos.     Et  dicit  sc  credere  modit  ijisos  fuissc  malos  angelos. 

I  Keg.  Neville,  fol.  G'J.J 


^rottetjfngs  at  tfie  iWeetings  of  t^e  ^rcl^neologfcal  Institute. 

ANNUAL  MEETING,  185G,  HELD  AT  EDINBURGH, 

UNDER  THE  PATBONAOE  OF 

HIS  ROYAL  HIGHNESS,  PRINCE  ALBERT,  K.G, 

The  Inaugural  Meeting  took  place  on  the  afternoon  of  Tuesday, 
July  23,  in  the  Queen-street  Hall.  Lord  Talbot,  on  taking  the  chair, 
thus  addressed  his  distinguished  audience. — It  affords  me  very  great 
pleasure  to  be  able  to  attend  this  meeting  of  the  Archaeological  Institute. 
It  is  the  first  opportunity  we  have  had  of  extending  the  range  of  our 
operations  beyond  the  confines  of  England  ;  I  trust  it  will  not  be  the  last. 
We  could  not  have  selected  a  more  appropriate  locality,  unequalled  in  the 
varied  interest  of  its  historical  associations,  than  by  visiting  the  ancient 
capital  of  Scotland,  It  is  most  gratifying  to  find  that  the  objects  in  which 
we  take  special  interest  are  liberally  responded  to  by  this  country,  and 
particularly  by  this  city — the  Chief  Magistrate  of  which  will  now  address 
to  us  his  hearty  welcome. 

The  Loud  Provost  then  said — I  am  requested  by  the  Corporation,  and 
I  take  leave  also  in  name  of  the  inhabitants  of  Edinburgh,  to  offer  to  your 
Lordship  and  the  members  of  the  Archaeological  Institute,  the  expression 
of  a  cordial  welcome  on  your  arrival  in  this  city.  I  am  glad  to  assure  you 
that  there  are  amongst  us,  gentlemen  who  will  readily  aid  you  in  the 
interesting  pursuits  to  which  the  members  of  the  Institute  devote  them- 
selves. We  indulge  the  hope  that,  in  this,  the  capital  of  our  ancient 
kingdom,  there  may  be  found  objects  of  interest  which  may  profitably 
engage  your  attention  during  the  time  you  remain  amongst  us.  There  are 
here  many  striking  memorials  of  our  history,  so  closely  interwoven  with  that 
of  your  own  country.  Some  of  them  relate  to  events  which  we  can  contem- 
plate with  feelings  differing  widely  from  those  which  animated  the  actors. 
The  memorials  of  many  a  well-fought  struggle  attest  the  prowess  of  both 
nations  ;  they  attest,  too,  our  successful  efforts  to  secure  our  independence, 
which  you  are  too  generous  not  to  admit  we  should  be  unwilling  to  forget. 
The  vast  advantages,  then  unforeseen,  which  have  accrued  to  both  countries 
from  their  being  united  under  one  Government,  might  well  have  prompted 
the  desire,  although  they  did  not  justify  the  means,  by  which  in  earlier 
times  it  was  sought  to  bo  accomplished.  In  prosecuting  your  inquiries, 
you  view  those  subjects  to  which  your  attention  is  called,  divested  of  that 
passion  which,  in  some  measure,  is  the  invariable  accompaniment  in  scenes 
where  we  are  tlie  individual  agents.  We  all  now  readily  acknowledge  the 
advantages  derived  from  that  union  of  the  two  countries,  which,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  last  century,  was  mourned  over  by  many  true  patriots  as 
the  most  dire  calamity  that  could  bcful  their  country.  Our  literature  is 
entwined  with  yours  :  we  arc  united  by  ties  which  every  one  would  lament 
to  think  could,  by  any  contingency,  be  dissolved.  I  observe  that,  amongst 
other  subjects,  you  are  to  direct  attention  to  our  architecture.     In  some  of 


376  PROCEEDINGS   AT   MEETINGS   OF 

our  structures  you  will  fiiul  ev'ulonce  that  our  architects  vied  with  those  of 
their  own  age.  Of  tliese,  Melrose  is  a  striking  example  ;  and  an  interesting 
specimen  till  recently  existed  in  this  city.  We  are  unfortunately  unable  to 
show  Trinity  College  Church,  but  the  materials  of  which  it  was  composed 
still  remain,  and  we  possess  the  means  for  its  restoration.  The  effort  for 
that  purpose  will,  I  feel  assured,  receive  the  countenance  of  the  members  of 
the  Institute.  I  leave  such  details  to  the  members  of  our  Society  of  Scottish 
Antiquaries,  whose  pursuits  are  akin  to  those  which  engage  your  attention. 
I  cannot  advert  without  sincere  regret  to  the  absence  of  one  personally 
known  to  some,  and  by  reputation,  to  all  of  you.  I  refer  to  Dr.  Daniel 
Wilson,  author  of  "  Memorials  of  Edinburgh  in  the  Olden  Time,"  and  of 
the  "  Prehistoric  Annals  of  Scotland."  Ills  presence,  on  an  occasion  like 
tlie  present,  would  have  been  invaluable.  We  must  all  deplore  the 
expatriation  of  one,  whose  unwearied  energy  and  intelligence  might  have 
aroused,  at  such  a  meeting,  a  widely  extended  interest  in  our  Scottish 
Antiquities.  There  are  other  members  of  the  Society  who  will  readily 
assist  your  inquiries  and  discussions.  Amongst  those  who  are  to  give 
active  aid  I  observe  the  name  of  Mr.  Robert  Chambers,  who  has  devoted  a 
large  portion  of  his  valuable  time  to  antiquarian  research,  and  who  is 
equally  known  in  the  literary  world  in  Englaiul  as  in  his  native  country. 
We  shall  all,  however,  accompany  you  cordially  in  a  pursuit  which,  I  may 
say,  is  universally  acknowledged  as  the  handmaid  of  history,  and  now  takes 
its  legitimate  place  as  a  science.  It  seems  to  me  to  partake  also  of  the 
nature  of  a  pious  duty  to  the  memory  of  our  ancestors.  Some  of  those 
memorials  to  which  you  direct  our  attention  were  formed  by  them  for  the 
express  purpose  of  handing  a  record  of  their  deeds  down  to  posterity.  It  is 
surely  a  duty  incumbent  on  us  to  read  the  lessons  which  many  of  these  were 
intended,  and  all  of  them  are  fitted,  to  teach.  And  now  let  me  again  assure 
you  of  a  hearty  welcome,  and  of  our  earnest  desire  that  no  eftbrt  may  be 
wanting  on  our  part  to  make  your  visit  at  once  agreeable  to  you,  and  as 
I  trust  and  believe  it  will  be,  instructive  to  us. 

Lord  Talhot  then  said — It  is  my  duty,  in  behalf  of  the  Archaeological 
Institute,  to  return  their  best  thanks  to  the  Lord  Provost  for  the  very  kind 
expressions  which  he  has  used,  and  the  cordial  welcome  which  he  has 
oH'cred  us  on  the  part  of  the  Corporation  and  the  citizens  of  Edinburgh. 
Associated  for  the  purposes  we  have  in  view,  it  is  always  particularly 
gratifying  to  meet  with  co-operation,  but  particularly  from  those  institutions 
which  were  founded  centuries  ago,  and  which  ought  to  be  our  great  bulwarks 
for  the  protection  of  ancient  monuments — I  mean  the  Corporations.  It  is 
truly  gratifying  to  find  that  at  last  we  have  a  corporation  of  Edinburgh 
that  really  and  sincerely  feels  it  their  duty  to  preserve  the  memorials  of 
the  ancient  greatness  of  this  country,  and  that  it  is  quite  consistent  with  ail 
the  advances  of  modern  science  and  progress  not  to  destroy  venerable  and 
bf::iutiful  monuments  becauHC  they  luippen  to  be  ancient.  It  is  truly 
gratifying  to  lind  that  we  have  in  JOdinburgh  a  corporation  that  will  not, 
we  conridcntly  hope,  sanction  the  destruction  of  such  a  Htructurt,"  as  Trinity 
Church,  that  will  not  sanction  the  destruction  of  a  West  l'>ow,  and  other 
plaeeH  of  old  and  venerable  associations  exposed  to  the  destructive  course 
of  tnodcrn  events.  It  is  truly  gratifying  to  find  that  public  (q)inion  antl  the 
opinion  of  thi»  great  city  has  set  itself  right  in  these  respects.  There  do 
nri«c  in  the  course  of  the  revolutions  to  wliicli  this  world  is  subject,  certain 
Hfiturnalia  in  which  luuch  is  destroyed,  which  afterwards  the  very  destroyers 


THE   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE.  377 

would  wish  to  have  restored.  But  tlicre  comes  a  day  of  repentauce,  and  it 
is  gratifying  to  find  that  throughout  the  length  and  hreadth  of  this  great 
country  such  a  feeling  is  increasingly  prevalent.  One  of  the  great  objects  of 
our  society  is  to  infuse  throughout  all  classes,  high  and  low,  a  respect  for 
ancient  monuments.  Hitherto,  the  wanton  destruction  of  such  memorials 
has  not  been  confined  to  one  class  ;  the  highly-educated  classes  in  many 
instances  have  been  as  guilty  as  the  lowest  and  most  ignorant.  We  trust 
that  in  future  this  cannot  be  the  case,  and  not  only  that  there  will  be  an 
universal  feeling  for  the  preservation  of  these  monuments,  but  that  it  may 
be  accompanied  by  a  disposition  to  make  available  for  scientific  inquiry  all 
that  information  which  is  so  essential  when  any  vestiges  are  discovered.  We 
live  in  an  age  when  no  pursuit  partaking  of  a  literary  or  scientific  character 
can  be  looked  upon  as  purely  a  matter  of  curiosity  or  of  caprice.  We  live 
in  an  age  when  Archaeology,  which  used  to  be  the  scoff  of  some  years  ago, 
is  elevated  to  the  rank  of  a  Science,  and  takes  its  place  as  the  handmaid  of 
History,  and  when  it  is  found  to  supply  many  of  those  deficiencies  which  we 
regret  in  history,  and  to  explain  many  of  those  diflScultics  which  the  imper- 
fections or  the  contradictions  of  the  Chronicles  of  the  day  continually  present 
to  the  Ilistorian.  I  may  remark  that,  in  these  days  of  encroachments  and 
annexations,  there  are  one  or  two  annexations  which  we  are  fairly  entitled 
to  make.  We  cultivate  the  most  friendly  feeling  towards  kindred  societies, 
particularly  the  British  Association,  whose  objects  are  to  advance  the 
interests  of  Science  ;  still  we  cannot  but  feel  that  they  occupy  some  ground 
which  does  not  in  strict  propriety  belong  to  them.  I  cannot  but  think  that 
their  sections  of  Philology  and  Ethnography  ought  to  belong  to  us,  and 
I  think  we  ought  to  make  an  eff^ort  in  order  to  obtain  that  concession. 
With  respect  to  Edinburgh,  it  is  most  gratifying  to  hold  our  first  foreign 
meeting,  so  to  speak,  in  this  city.  It  certainly  would  have  been  delightful 
to  have  held  it  some  years  back,  and  to  have  had  associated  with  us  some 
of  the  earliest  and  most  enthusiastic  friends  of  Archaeology.  It  would 
have  been  delightful  to  have  seen  among  us  Charles  Sharpe  and  Patrick  Chal- 
mers, but  above  all,  to  have  had  among  us  that  noble  writer  who  has  done 
so  much  to  promote  a  respect  and  veneration  for  things  ancient,  and  who 
surrounded  them  with  the  wizard  charm  of  his  genius  and  imagination. 
We  have  also,  as  the  Lord  Provost  mentioned,  to  regret  the  absence  of 
Dr.  Daniel  Wilson.  I  hoped  we  should  have  had  him  here  on  this  occasion. 
It  is  truly  lamentable  to  think  that  a  scholar  of  his  high  capacity  and 
attainments  should  be  thrown  away  where  he  is,  banished  to  the  wilds  of 
Canada,  and  I  cannot  forbear  to  express  the  earnest  hope  that  before  Ion"- 
he  may  be  recalled  in  triumph  to  his  native  land.  If  we  have  to  reoret 
the  absence  of  many  votaries  of  our  science,  we  have,  however,  creat 
reason  to  be  proud  of  tliosc  who  arc  present.  We  have  reason  to  be  proud 
of  Mr.  Cosmo  Innes,  who  has  done  more  to  extend  the  knowledo-e  uf 
ancient  monastic  history  and  family  evidences  than  any  antiquary  in  our 
country.  We  have  reason  also  to  be  proud  of  the  researches  of  Mr.  David 
Laing,  of  the  exertions  which  Mr.  John  Stuart  has  so  successfully  made  to 
give  a  fresh  impulse  to  the  Society  of  Scottish  Antiquaries,  and  not  least,  of 
Ills  important  work  on  the  early  "  Sculptured  Stones  of  Scotland,"  the 
result  of  many  years  of  indefatigable  and  intelligent  research.  One  of  the 
chief  attractions  of  the  Meetings  of  the  Institute  is  the  Museum.  I  am 
assured  that,  on  the  present  occasion,  owing  to  the  liberality  of  private 
individuals  and  public  bodies  in  contributing  their  treasures  for  exhibition, 

VOL.     XIII.  3    If 


378  PKOCEEDINGS   AT   MKETIKGS   OF 

wc  have  iievcr  had  a  more  varied  and  interesting  collection  since  the 
Institute  was  formed.  I  regret  that  an  extensive  series  of  historical 
portraits  has  not  been  included  in  these  remarkable  illustrations  of  Scottish 
history  and  antiquities,  as  I  believe  there  is  no  country  which  has  greater 
treasures  of  that  kind  than  Scotland.  Lord  Talbot  proceeded  to  state 
that  the  Society  anticipated  the  honour  of  a  visit  at  this  meeting  from  the 
l)uke  of  Northumberland,  who  had  in  the  most  liberal  manner  permitted  the 
Institute  to  place  amongst  the  treasures  in  the  temporary  museum  many 
interesting  relique?.  preserved  in  his  museum  at  Alnwick  Castle.  That 
noble  patron  of  their  exertions  had  on  many  occasions  given  his  valued 
encouragement  to  this  Society,  and  engaged  in  various  important  enterprises 
to  promote  the  study  of  Archaeology,  particularly  in  causing  a  Survey  to  be 
made  of  the  Roman  Wall  and  ancient  vestiges  north  of  the  Tyne.  This 
important  contribution  to  Archaeological  literature  would  shortly  be  pro- 
duced, through  his  Grace's  liberality,  and  the  original  Survey  of  the  ^\'all 
of  Severiis,  recently  completed  by  Mr.  M'Lauchlan,  would  by  his  Grace's 
kind  permission  be  exhibited  in  the  Museum.  It  was  gratifying  to  notice, 
as  they  had  often  to  complain  of  the  apparent  supineness  of  the  Govern- 
ment wherever  science,  antiquities  and  literature  were  concerned,  the 
course  adopted  by  Lord  Panmure  with  reference  to  the  Ordnance  Survey 
of  Scotland.  Ilis  Lordship  had,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, conveyed  through  their  president,  the  Marquis  of  Iireadalbano, 
given  directions  to  the  engineers  employed  in  the  work  to  note  down,  in 
the  course  of  their  investigations,  everything  relating  to  antiquities,  and 
to  mark  correctly  all  ancient  sites  connected  with  the  different  roads,  ancient 
works  or  encampments  to  be  metwith  throughout  the  country;  those  would  be 
a  most  important  record  and  guide  for  future  anti(juaries.  Being  intimately 
connected  with  Ireland,  Lord  Talbot  avcU  knew  the  benefit  derived  from 
the  Survey  there,  where  the  greatest  attention  had  been  paid  to  everything 
relating  to  antiquities  ;  and  some  of  the  details  of  tliat  Survey  had  been 
published,  containing  the  most  curious  and  authentic  records  of  matters 
connected  with  lucal  vestiges.  After  some  remarks  relating  to  Irish 
antiquities.  Lord  Talbot  concluded  by  returning  the  thanks  of  the  Institute 
to  the  Lord  Provost  and  the  city  for  the  kind  welcome  they  had  received. 

The  Rev.  Du.  Collixgwood  Bruce  then  delivered  a  discourse  On  the 
jtractical  Advantages  accruing  from  Archaeological  inquiries.  (This  inter- 
esting address  will  be  given  in  full  in  the  ensuing  volume  of  this  Journal). 

Mr.  James  Yates  moved  a  vote  of  thaidvs  to  the  learned  historian  of  the 
"  Roman  Wall,"  which  was  carried  by  acclamation. 

Mr.  Cosmo  Innes,  after  begging  in  name  of  the  Senatus  of  the  University, 
the  j-'aculty  of  Advocates,  and  other  learned  bodies  of  J'ldinburgli,  of  which 
he  was  a  member,  to  give  tiie  Institute  a  hearty  welcome  to  that  city,  as 
liad  been  done  by  the  Lord  Provost  on  behalf  of  tlie  Municipality,  pro- 
ceeded to  offer  a  few  remarks  on  the  present  state  of  archaeological  study 
in  Scotland.  lie  said — If  we  look  back  at  the  study  of  antiquities — even 
as  njany  of  us  can  remember  it,  thirty  years  ago — even  as  pursued  by  the 
most  intelligent  antiquaries — wc  shall  lind  no  reasou  to  be  asliained  of  its 
progress.  Wo  cannot  Ijut  remember  how  glibly  wc  then  spoke  of  Rtmian 
ijfonzc  tripods  and  R(jman  camp  kettles.  I'] very  brass  sword  or  axe  was 
Roman  !  JCvcry  grave  that  contained  an  urn  or  marks  of  lire  was  confi- 
dently ascribed  to  the  Romans  !  Dealing  ho  freely  with  tin;  Romans,  it  is 
no  wonder  that  wc  took  equal  liberties  with  our  own  iieople.     Our  antiquaries 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  379 

.111(1  so-called  historians — despising  records,  and  not  yet  acquainted  with 
the  distinctions  which  limit  the  periods  of  each  style  of  middle-age 
architecture  —  spoke  loosely  of  churches  and  castles  huilt  hefore  Malcolm 
Canmore — of  surnames  older  than  the  Conquest — of  historical  facts  that 
rested  on  the  authority  of  Boece  and  his  Veremund,  or  the  later  fables  of 
Abercromby's  "  Martini  Achievements  !  "  Those  were  the  days  for 
disputes  and  confident  assertions  about  Cuhlces,  by  men  who  did  not  seek 
for  their  records,  and  Druids  of  whom  wc  have  no  records  ;  while  to  the 
skirmishing  inroads  of  Danes  was  attributed  every  monument  that  bespoke 
peculiarly  times  of  peace  and  leisure  for  its  manufacture.  The  delusion 
iiad  not  yet  quite  passed  away  which  blinded  the  critics  of  the  last  century 
to  the  inconsistencies  of  what  were  published  as  "  The  Poems  of  Ossian," 
and  prevented  their  winnowing  the  corn  from  the  chaff  of  M'Pherson.  If 
those  patriotic  hallucinations  are  not  gone  quite,  they  are  disappearing. 
And,  not  content  with  abolishing  what  ought  to  be  obsolete,  we  have  made 
some  progress  towards  a  rational  and  solid  system  of  national  antiquities — 
apart  alike  from  the  credulity  of  an  infant  science,  and  the  foolish  denial  of 
everything  which  we  in  our  ignorance  pronounce  to  be  improbable.  Much 
of  that  progress  in  systematising  has  been  embodied  in  our  friend  Dr. 
Wilson's  ''  Preldstoric  Annals."  But  no  one  would  acknowledge  more 
readily  than  Dr.  Wilson  himself,  first,  that  in  that  work,  system  has  been 
somewhat  too  much  aimed  at  ;  and,  secondly,  that,  however  attractive  and 
useful,  it  deals  with  but  a  small  and  surbordinate  section  of  the  antiquities 
of  Scotland.  Its  period  is  professedly  pre-historic,  and  we  must  not 
impute  to  it  as  blame  that  it  omits  from  the  national  antiquities  heraldry — 
charters — records — architecture — all  that  concerns  written  history,  litera- 
ture, and  the  fine  arts.  These  great  fields  have  not,  however,  meanwhile 
lain  uncultivated,  as  we  trust  to  show,  and  it  is  as  regards  them  chiefly  that 
wc  rejoice  to  have  an  opportunity  like  the  present  to  compare  our  specula- 
tions with  the  more  matured  and  defined  archaeological  science  of  our 
neighbours  of  England.  It  is  not  the  least  proof  of  our  advancement  that 
such  a  body  as  the  Archaeological  Institute  find  us  worthy  of  a  visit,  and 
regard  us  as  capable  of  appreciating  it.  We  cannot  forget  that  that  body 
numbers  among  its  members  men  distinguished  in  all  branches  of  science 
and  literature,  and  who  have  joined  to  the  highest  reach  of  philosophy  a 
genial  love  of  Archaeological  inquiry.  I  must  not  do  more  than  allude  to 
such  men,  some  of  whom  are  among  us,  and  some  are  soon  to  be.  You 
know  there  are  among  them  the  great  philosopher  who,  expatiating  among 
the  wonders  of  physical  science,  or  the  deeper  mysteries  of  the  human 
mind,  thinks  it  no  unworthy  relaxation  from  severer  studies  to  investigate 
the  architecture  and  characteristics  of  our  ancient  cathedral  churches. 
There  are  in  their  ranks  men  who  have  placed  English  history  on  its  true 
basis,  by  collecting  its  materials  from  the  charters  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
age,  and  have  shown  us  a  record,  not  of  battles  and  genealogies,  but  of  the 
real  inner  life  of  our  Saxon  forefathers.  There  are  not  wanting  philo- 
logists to  trace  our  vernacular  tongue  to  its  Germanic  fountain,  to  fix  its 
dialects  to  each  province,  and  to  give  precision  to  the  artificial,  and  to  some 
of  us,  mysterious,  system  of  old  English  rhythms.  But  while  these  men 
arc  conspicuous  in  the  more  abstruse  parts  of  our  common  study,  we  see  in 
the  lists  of  the  Institute  names  well  known  and  dear  to  the  lover  of  ancient 
and  medifcval  art,  the  numismatist,  the  ccclesiologist,  the  herald,  the 
collector  of  seals,  to  all  who  have  studied  antiquities  in  any  of  its  hundred 


380  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

branches.  And  let  us  nut  fear  that  such  guests  will  not  find  fitting  welcome 
from  men  worthy  of  them  here.  They  will  find  among  us,  I  think,  a  well- 
trained  band  of  zealous  antiijuaries — men  who  have  the  true  feeling  for  old 
learning,  old  art,  old  manners,  everything  old  but  old  error.  They  will 
find  men  licre  already  known  to  the  world,  and  whom  I  need  not  point  to — 
writers  who  have  illustrated  their  country's  history,  or  gathered  with  filial 
care  the  scattered  fragments  of  her  early  poetry  and  song.  Others  there 
are,  less  known  beyond  our  own  territory,  not  less  instrumental  in  aiding 
the  onward  progress  of  Archaeology.  Wo  have  a  few  scholars  deeply 
engaged  in  investigating  genuine  Roman  antiquities,  a  few  zealous 
numismatists,  one  or  two  heralds,  one  or  two — alas  !  but  one  or  two — 
philologists,  little  inclined  to  benefit  the  world  by  their  lucubrations  on  the 
interesting  mixture  of  tongues  among  us.  We  will  make  you  acquainted, 
too,  with  some  scholars  who,  conscious  though  they  be  of  powers  that  could 
command  popularity  and  might  aspire  to  fame,  yet  devote  their  time  to  the 
study  of  records,  statistics,  and  charter  learning  ;  some  of  them  only  at 
rare  intervals  delighting  the  public  with  an  occasional  essay  on  early  Scotch 
architecture,  others  giving  the  leisure  of  many  years  to  the  patient  investi- 
gation of  a  mysterious  class  of  primaeval  monuments,  the  result  of  which 
is  shown  in  a  work  like  that  recent  noble  production  of  the  Spalding  Club.' 
These  are  the  pursuits  of  cultivated  intellect.  But  you  are  not  to  believe 
that,  where  these  are  followed,  the  subordinate  assistants — the  handmaids 
of  history  and  antiijuarian  science — are  neglected.  Let  the  herald,  or  the 
lover  of  ancient  seals,  of  antique  gems,  pay  a  visit  to  the  workshop  of  our 
friend  Henry  Laing,  and  he  will  find  himself  in  the  presence  of  no  common 
workman,  no  illiterate  collector.  But  we  have  among  us  to-day  other 
archaeologists  besides  our  friends  of  the  Institute,  and  our  brethren  of  the 
-Socictas  Antiquarioruin  i>cotia'.  During  those  times  when  silver  Tweed 
divided  hostile  kingdoms,  and  we  on  this  side  the  Border  spoke  of  our  axild 
enemies  of  JCiyjIand,  a  common  enmity  to  England  united  Scotland  with 
France,  We  borrowed  much  from  her — manners,  language,  arts,  we 
certainly  imitated  her  architecture  ;  we  are  said  to  have  copied  her 
cookery.  We  gave  in  return  that  which  we  could — at  all  times  the  staple 
of  our  country ;  we  sent  bands  of  hardy,  adventurous  Scots — young 
Quentin  JJurwards,  if  not  Crichtons — to  make  their  way,  to  push  their 
fortune  with  the  sword  or  with  the  pen.  The  French  armies  overflowed 
with  them.  The  French  universities  were  half  Scotch,  rolitical  circum- 
stances still  bound  us  closely  to  France  when  our  James  V.  married  succes- 
sively two  French  Princesses,  and  his  daughter  Mary  became  for  a  short 
space  (^ueen  of  France  as  well  as  of  her  old  narrow  kingdom.  We  arc 
not,  then,  to  be  astonished  thut  our  history  has  attracted  the  sympathy  of 
Frenclinien.  While  .Mignet  has  given  us  perhaps  the  first  honest  narrative 
of  Mary's  life,  a  countryman  of  his  has  ])ublished  the  most  extensive  and 
valuable  collection  of  State  papers  concerning  the  intercourse  of  Scotland 
with  France,  that  has  ever  been  brought  together  for  laying  the  foundations 
or  illustrating  our  history.  Another  scholar  of  France,  who  has  already 
done  much  for  jdiilology  and  early  literature,  has  employed  his  leisure  in 
tracing  tluj  hi.-tory  and  adventures  of  some  of  those  Scotch  knight-errants 
who  hpent  their  lives  in  his  country.  1  hav(!  heard  that  he  finds  the 
territory  of  Aul>igny,  near    Orleans — the   Lordship  with  which  our  Stuart, 

•  Sculptured  SlonpH  df  Si-Diliiml.     Itv  Jolni  Siufirt,  .Sec,  Soc.  Aiil,  Scot,,  AlK-nlccii  : 
print'vl  for  Ihc  .Si»la(Jing  Club,  4 to. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  881 

the  High  Constable  of  France,  was  rewarded  for  his  gallantry  at  Bauge — 
still  tenanted  by  numerous  Stuarts,  preserving  the  name  of  their  heroic 
Lord  throuo-h  four  centuries.  He  will  tell  us  that  he  has  discovered  an 
idiom,  formerly  well  known  in  France,  as  the  "  Patois  Ecossais."  He  can 
even  produce  specimens  of  verse  printed  in  that  mongrel  dialect. 

But  now,  as  to  the  purpose — the  permanent  benefit  to  he  derived  from 
a  gathering  like  the  present.  Shall  we  do  for  our  modest  pursuit — a 
pursuit  that  has  always  attracted  scholars  and  gentle  natures — what  a 
greater  Association  has  done  for  higher  science  ?  I  think  we  cannot  fail. 
Let  us  become  acquainted  with  those  pressing  forward  in  the  same  career  ; 
let  us  measure  our  achievements,  our  deficiencies,  our  powers,  with  theirs  ; 
let  us  learn  to  take  pleasure  in  cordial  co-operation  or  in  generous  rivalry. 
There  is  a  freemasonry  in  our  subject.  All  countries  contribute  to  illustrate 
it ;  all  other  studies  bear  upon  it.  Every  scholar  is  an  antiquary  ;  all  good 
antiquaries  are  friends  and  brothers. 

Mr.  CoLQunoux,  of  Killermont,  proposed  a  cordial  vote  of  thanks  to 
Professor  Innes,  and  to  the  learned  institutions  of  Edinburgh,  whose  kind 
feeling  towards  the  Listitute  he  had  expressed  in  so  gratifying  a  manner. 
Mr.  Colquhoun  adverted  to  the  important  lessons  and  elevating  impulse  to 
which  the  study  of  the  past,  pursued  in  its  legitimate  bearing,  should  ever 
tend.  The  acknowledgment  was  seconded  by  Mr  Joseph  Hunter,  V.P. 
Soc.  Ant.,  and  passed  unanimously. 

A  communication  was  received  from  His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Xortiiumber- 
LAND,  expressing  his  intention  to  be  present  during  some  part  of  the 
proceedings  of  the  meeting,  accompanied  by  the  Signer  Canina,  President 
of  the  Museums  of  the  Capitol  of  Rome,  and  his  Grace  proposed  that 
distinguished  antiquary  as  an  Honorary  Foreign  Member  of  the  Listitute, 
Signer  Canina  was  forthwith  elected  by  acclamation. - 

The  meeting  then  adjourned.  The  Temporary  Museum  of  the  Listitute 
was  arranged  in  the  newly  completed  buildings  of  the  National  Gallery,  by 
the  sanction  of  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  her  Majesty's  Treasury,  and 
with  the  approval  of  the  Hon.  the  Board  of  Manufactures.  Various  objects 
of  historical  or  antiquarian  interest  were  also  liberally  made  accessible  to 
the  Institute,  more  especially  the  Museum  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Scotland,  and  the  collections  formed  by  the  principal  public  institutions. 
Permission  to  view  the  Regalia,  preserved  at  the  Castle,  was  granted  by  the 
Lord  Provost  and  the  authorities  ;  access  to  Holyrood  Palace  was  conceded 
by  the  Chief  Commissioner  of  her  Majesty's  Public  Works  ;  and  by 
sanction  of  the  Deputy  Clerk  Register  of  Scotland,  an  important  chrono- 
logical series  of  Scottish  Charters  from  the  earliest  period,  and  a  selection 
of  interesting  Historical  Documents,  were  submitted  to  inspection  in  her 
Majesty's  General  Register  House.  The  visitors  of  that  invaluable  depo- 
sitory were  received  with  the  most  obliging  attention  by  Mr.  Joseph 
Robertson  and  other  gentlemen  connected  with  the  establishment. 

At  the  evening  meeting  in  Queen  Street  Hall, — 

Mr.  Robert  Chamhers  read  a  memoir  on  "  The  Ancient  Buildings  of 
Edinburgh  and  the  Historical  Associations  connected  with  them."  Mr. 
Chambers  said  Edinburgh  was   not  a  town  of  much  consequence  till   the 

-  Whilst  this  report  was  iu  the  press,  expression  of  deep  regret  at  the  untimely 

the  sad   intelligence  of  the  sudden  death  loss  of  one  whose  refined  taste  and  attain- 

of    this     accomplished      antiquary     has  mcnta   were  scarcely  e(iiialled   by  any  of 

reached  us.     We  cannot  refrain  from  the  his  coutemporai-ies. 


3S2  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

latter  part  of  the  XlVtli  century.  Froissart  speaks  of  it  in  13S5  as  tlie 
Paris  of  Scotlaml.  He  savs  it  tlid  not  contain  so  many  as  4000  houses, 
meaning,  beyonil  a  doubt,  400,  for  it  then  consisted  of  but  a  single  street. 
No  houses  of  that  era  survive  to  prove  how  small,  rude,  and  frail  tliey  were  ; 
wood  continued  to  be  a  large  material  in  the  domestic  architecture  of  our 
city  throughout  the  XVlli  century,  during  which  Edinburgh  was  gradually 
becoming  a  town  of  importance,  a  frequent  scat  of  Parliament,  and  the 
residence  of  the  monarch.  A  house  had  an  inner  stone  fabric,  but  there 
was  always  a  wooden  front  six  or  seven  feet  in  advance,  formed  by  project- 
ing beams.  We  do  not  probably  possess  in  Edinburgh  any  houses  of  older 
date  than  the  close  of  the  XVth  century.  About  that  time  the  Cowgate 
was  building  (a  name  which  appears  to  be  a  corruption  of  "  Sou'gate,"  i.e., 
Southgate)  as  a  new  town  or  suburb  for  the  accommodation  of  the  higher 
class  of  people.  A  few  of  the  jtrimitive  houses  of  the  Cowgate,  built  about 
1490  or  1500,  still  exist,  and  are  interesting  as  the  conteniporaries  of  many 
castles,  the  ruins  of  which  are  now  scattered  over  the  country.  They  con- 
sist of  a  ground  floor,  for  shops,  a  galleried  floor  above,  and  a  scries  of 
attics.  The  style  of  door  seen  in  all  these  early  wooden  houses  is  remark- 
ably elegant.  The  next  stage  of  house-building  gives  us  the  same  form, 
with  merely  a  little  more  elevation  and  the  addition  of  some  ornamental 
work.  About  1540,  houses  were  three  and  four  storeys  high.  The  gallery 
in  front  of  the  first  floor  was  usually  open.  There  the  family  could  pro- 
menade and  enjoy  the  open  air  in  privacy  and  comparative  safety.  Of  the 
wooden-fronted  houses  of  about  1540  we  have  still  several  interesting  speci- 
mens, serving  to  recal  to  us  Mary's  reign.  There  is  a  fine  example  at  the 
head  of  the  West  Bow.  The  covered  space  in  front  of  the  booths  is  still 
open,  and  used  for  the  exhibition  of  merchandise,  though  of  a  humble  kind. 
In  this  respect,  the  house  forms  a  last  surviving  rcliquc  of  what  the  High 
.Street  was  in  mercantile  respects  in  the  XVIth  century.  Three  or  four 
specimens  of  this  form  of  house  are  still  to  be  seen  along  the  north  side  of 
the  High  Street.  The  characteristic  features  of  all  are  alike — the  strong 
skeleton-work  of  stone,  with  the  wooden  front  six  or  seven  feet  in  advance, 
the  outside  stone  stair  projecting  into  the  street,  and  the  handsome  moulded 
doorway.  One  good  sjieciinen  opposite  the  head  of  Niddry  Street  is  worthy 
of  special  notice,  on  account  of  its  double  form.  In  1572,  when  the  castle 
and  the  city  were  in  jtosscssion  of  the  (>ueen's  ]>arty  and  beleaguered  by 
the  troops  of  the  Regent,  the  exigencies  of  the  people  for  fuel  led  to  the 
deni()lili(jn  of  many  of  the  timber  buildings.  The  latest  example  of  houses 
with  wooden  fronts  is  in  the  Nelherbow,  dated  IGOO.  The  mediiuval  custom 
of  putting  inscriptions  on  houses  was  displayed  largely  in  ]''dinl)urgli,  but 
not  Bo  much  before  the  Reformation  as  after.  Having  given  nnuiy  in- 
teresting .specimens  of  tlicsc  quaint  inscriptions,  Mr.  Chambers  proceeded  to 
htatc  tliut  iiouses  wholly  composed  of  stone,  which  before  the  reign  of  Mary 
hud  been  rare  exceptions,  began  after  that  ])eriod  to  become  common.  The 
earlicht  exumples  were  built  by  wealthy  citizens.  The  stone  niansions  of  the 
latter  part  of  the  XV lib  century  were  constructed  in  a  very  .substantial 
manner.  From  the  reign  of  (Jbarles  1.  there  was  a  continual  progress 
towards  plainer  forms,  Huring  the  first  half  of  tin;  XVI 1 1th  century  tho 
growing  prosperity  of  Scotland  expressed  itself  in  i'ldinlmrgli  in  a  wish  for 
more  liberal  and  airy  accommodations.  As  an  example  of  the  taste  of  that 
period,  wu  may  take  James's  Court,  built  about  17-8.  Conveniences  lor 
cIcanlincBU,  supply  of  water,  and  lighting  were,  however,  almost  unknown. 


THE    AltClIAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  383 

No  house  in  Edinburgli  built  at  that  period  was  without  a  small  closet  off 
tlio  diuing-rooiu  for  private  devotional  exercise.  The  latter  half  of  the 
XVllIth  century  saw  the  Old  Town  thrown  into  the  shade  by  the  elegant 
streets  of  the  New. 

The  memoir  was  illustrated  by  numerous  drawings,  chiefly  prepared,  with 
much  artistic  skill,  by  Mr,  W.  F.  Watson. 

On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Joseph  Robkhtsox,  a  vote  of  thanks  was  given  to 
Mr.  Chambers,  and  the  proceedings  closed. 


Wednesday,  July  24. 

A  meeting  of  tlio  Section  of  History  took  place,  by  the  kind  permission 
of  the  Royal  Society,  in  their  rooms  at  the  Royal  Institution,  Cosmo  Ln'xes, 
Esq.  (President  of  the  Section),  in  the  Chair. — The  following  Memoirs 
were  read  : — 

"  Contract  betwixt  the  Town  Council  of  Edinbnrgh  and  William  Aytounc, 
for  completing  the  building  of  lleriot's  Hospital,  Dec.  1G31,  and  Feb.  1G32; 
with  a  brief  notice  of  the  foundation  of  the  Uospital."  By  David  LainGj 
F.S.A.Scot. 

"  The  Ossianlc  Controversy."     By  the  Hon.  Lord  Neaves. 

"  On  the  Condition  of  Lothian  previous  to  its  Annexation  to  Scotland." 
By  J.  HoDGSox  HiNDE,  V.  P.  Soc.  Ant.  Newcastle. 

"  Notice  of  a  Document  relating  to  the  Knights  Templars  in  Scotland,  in 
1298."     By  Joseph  Robertson,  F.S.  A.  Scot. 

The  Section  of  Antiquities  assembled  in  the  Queen  Street  Hall,  Edwin 
Guest,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  Master  of  Caius  College,  Cambridge  (President  of  the 
Section),  in  the  Chair. 

A  memoir  was  communicated  by  Edward  Charlton,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Secre- 
tary of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Newcastle,  "  On  a  Runic  Liscription 
discovered  during  the  recent  works  of  restoration  at  Carlisle."  A  paper  on 
the  same  subject  was  also  contributed  by  the  Rev.  John  Maugiian,  Rector 
of  Bewcastle,  Cumberland. 

A  memoir  was  read,  "  On  the  Barrier  of  Antoninus  Pius,  extending  from 
the  shores  of  the  Forth  to  the  Clyde."  By  John  Buchanan,  Esq., 
of  Glasgow. 

James  Smith,  Esq  ,  of  Jordan  Hill,  communicated  a  notice  of  the 
Discovery  of  the  City  of  Lasea,  in  Crete. 

John  Stuart,  Esq.,  Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland, 
then  read  a  valuable  dissertation  "  On  the  Early  Sculptured  Monuments  of 
Scotland."  Ho  observed  that  they  might  be  considered  the  earliest  exist- 
ing expressions  of  the  ideas,  and  the  most  genuine  records  of  the  skill,  of 
the  early  inhabitants  of  the  country.  He  referred  to  the  general  use  of 
pillars  as  memorials  of  events  from  the  earliest  period,  and  to  the  occur- 
rence of  such  pillars  in  Scotland,  both  singly  and  in  circular  groups,  as 
sepulchral  memorials.  The  earliest  notices  furnished  to  us  by  our  national 
historians  serve  only  to  show  that  the  purpose  and  meaning  of  the  sculptured 
pillars- had  been  forgotten  before  the  time  when  these  notices  were  written. 
According  to  Boece,  the  hieroglyphic  figures  on  them  were  borrowed  from 
the  Egyptians,  and  were  used  by  the  natives  in  place  of  letters  ;  and  both 
lie  and  subsequent  historians  have  assigned  a  Danish  origin  to  many  of 
them — an  idea  which  is  quite  repudiated   by  the  2)rescnt  race  of  Danish 


3^1  rUOCEEDINGS   AT   MEETINGS   OF 

antiquaries,  ^fr.  Stuart  stated  tliat  the  class  of  stones  to  whicli  lie  desired 
tu  call  attention  comprised  about  IGO  specimens.  These  consisted  eitiier  of 
rude  unhewn  pillars,  on  which  were  sculptured  various  s}-mbolic  figures  ; 
of  oblong  dressed  slab*,  having  crosses  and  other  figures  cut  on  their  sur- 
face ;  and  in  a  few  cases  of  cruciform  pilars  with  sculpture.  The  symbols 
tjf  most  frequent  occurrence  wore  stated  to  be — 1st,  two  circles  coiniccted 
by  cross  lines  (familiarly  termed  the  spectacle  ornament),  which  was  some- 
times traversed  by  a  figure  resembling  the  letter  Z  ;  2nd,  serpents,  some- 
times alone,  and  at  other  times  pierced  by  a  figure  the  same  as  that  last 
mentioned  ;  3rd,  a  crescent  ;  4th,  an  animal  resembling  an  elephant  ; 
jth,  a  mirror  and  comb  ;  Gth,  a  fish.^  Besides  these  figures  the  stones  pre- 
sented instances  of  priests  in  their  robes  with  books,  men  shooting  with  the 
bow  and  arrow,  bird-headed  human  figures,  processions  of  religious,  centaurs, 
monkeys,  lions,  leupards,  deer,  and  beasts  of  the  chase,  besides  many 
others.  It  appeared  that  while  the  same  symbols  perpetually  occurred  on 
ditferent  stones,  yet  on  no  two  stones  was  the  arrangement  the  same,  which 
seemed  to  imply  a  meaning  and  intention  in  the  arrangement  of  them. 
Their  geographical  distribution  was  then  adverted  to,  and  it  appeared  that 
of  those  stones  between  the  Dee  and  the  Spey  by  far  the  larger  number 
were  rude  pillars,  having  incised  symbols  without  crosses  ;  while  in  the 
country  on  cither  side,  the  stones  combined  elaborate  crosses  with  the 
symbols  as  well  as  with  scenes  of  various  kinds,  exhibiting  in  many  cases 
miimte  pictures  of  dress,  armour,  hunting,  and  other  subjects.  The  symbols, 
except  in  two  cases,  were  not  fuund  in  the  country  south  of  the  Forth,  ami 
were  thus  confined  to  the  ancient  country  of  the  Picts.  There  was  one 
stone  having  an  inscription,  in  letters  hitherto  undeciphcrcd,  but  which  to 
the  learned  eyes  of  the  late  I'r.  Mill,  of  Cambridge,  presented  the  appear- 
ance of  the  IMuenician  character  ;  four  of  the  stones  had  inscriptions  in 
the  ancient  Ogham  character,  and  one  presented  an  inscription  in  letters 
not  unlike  those  of  the  old  Irish  character.  Mr.  Stuart  then  pointed  out 
various  points  of  analogy  and  difference  between  the  Scotch  crosses  and 
those  in  Ireland,  Wales,  and  the  Isle  of  Aim.  lie  adverted  to  the 
striking  similarity  of  the  style  of  ornament  on  the  Scotch  crosses 
to  that  in  the  ancient  Irish  and  Saxon  manuscripts,  nnd  drew  the 
conclusion  that  while  there  were  many  points  common  to  the  crosses 
of  all  the  countries  referred  to,  yet  those  in  Scotlund  borj  most 
strongly  the  impress  of  Irish  art,  as  exhibited  on  remains  of  various  sorts, 
ranging  in  point  of  date  from  the  Vllth  to  the  Xlth  century.  Nor  was 
this  diti'crcnl  from  what  might  have  been  exj)ected,  for  wlTdo  the  gonial 
inlluenccs  of  Ciiristianity  were  imparted  to  difi'erent  districts  of  Scotland 
through  other  and  earlier  missions,  yet  to  that  of  St.  (Jolumba  and  his 
followers  must  be  attributed  the  widest  rango  and  the  most  abiding 
imprcHHion.  In  Ireland  it  was  customary  for  St.  Patrick  to  consecrate 
the  pillar  htoncs  of  the  heathen  to  Christian  uses,  and  tlio  erection  of 
croHHOH  BceniH  to  inive  followed  ;  while  several  instances  existed  to  show 
the  erection  of  crosscH  at  lona  in  tlu;  time  of  St.  Columba  to  mark  events 
of  various  sorts  ;  and  it  might  bo  supposi-d  that  crosses  were  erected  in 
Scotland  by  the  early  missionaries,  in  place  of  the  older  stones  of  tlie 
native  itdiabitunts,  with  the  view  of  altering  and  .sanctifying  the  principles, 
whatever  they  were,  which  led  them  to  set  up  their  rmli"  |tillars.  Of  tho 
Hcotch  stones  referred  to,   above  wixty   have   been  found  in  some  degree  of 

'  Tlio  principal  s^-niboU  licrc  cnunicnit<  il,  me  n<)tici<l,  \n\\.  .J  uni.  vol.  vi.  \>.  Il.'». 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  385 

connection  witli  ancient  ecclesiastical  sites,  and  most  of  tliosc  which  have 
been  ilug  about  have  shown  traces  of  hiunan  sepulture.  It  ai)pcared  also 
that  diggings  had  been  made  in  several  stone  circles  called  "Druidical,' 
and  tliat  there  also  sepulchral  deposits  of  various  sorts  had  been  discovered. 
It  was  stated  that  the  sculptured  stones  occurred  in  groups  in  various  parts 
of  the  country,  as  well  as  the  unsculptured  pillars  which  were  so  often 
found  in  the  shape  of  circles.  The  recent  discovery  of  a  sarcophagus  at 
Govan  had  enabled  us  to  trace  the  ornaments  and  figures  of  men  and 
animals  so  common  on  the  crosses  to  a  use  undoubtedly  sepulchral  ;  and 
the  fact  that  some  of  the  symbols  had  been  found  on  silver  ornaments  dug 
from  the  sepulchral  Miound  at  Norries  Law,  led  to  the  same  result.^  With 
regard  to  tlie  sculptured  stones,  Mr.  Stuart  was  inclined  to  hold  them  as 
sepulchral  monuments,  and  that  the  circles  were  also  intended  to  serve  for 
this  end,  and  probably  others  not  known  to  us.  As  to  the  ornamentation 
on  the  crosses  and  on  other  mcdiajval  remains,  Mr.  Stuart  supposed  that  it 
might  have  descended  from  the  central  reservoir  of  Roman  civilisation  ; 
but  if  the  symbols  could  also  bo  derived  from  this  source,  we  should 
naturally  expect  to  find  them  in  other  countries  open  to  the  same  influence. 
Hitherto,  however,  no  instance  of  the  symbols  had  been  found  in  other 
countries,  and  the  only  inference  which  remained  was,  that  most  of  them 
were  peculiar  to  a  people  on  the  north-east  coast  of  Scotland,  who  used 
them,  at  least  partly,  on  sepulchral  monuments  ;  that  the  early  missionaries 
fuund  them  in  use  on  their  arrival,  and  adopted  them  for  a  time,  in  a  more 
elaborate  shape,  on  their  Christian  monuments,  as  is  seen  on  those  stones 
where  the  cross  and  other  Christian  symbols  occur  along  with  the  figures 
on  the  ruder  pillars.  Mr.  Stuart's  observations  were  illustrated  by  draw- 
ings of  the  different  symbols  referred  to  in  the  paper,  in  their  simple  form 
as  they  occurred  ou  the  rude  pillars,  and  also  in  their  elaborate  shape  on 
the  sculptured  crosses;  and  the  volume  of  representations  of  the  Sculptured 
Stones,  newly  completed  for  the  Spalding  Club,  was  submitted  to  the 
meeting. 

Lord  Talbot  de  Malaiiide,  in  proposing  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Stuart, 
referred  to  the  great  value  of  his  uiemoir,  and  of  the  indefatigable  research 
with  which  he  had  pursued  the  investigation  of  a  subject  of  great  interest. 
Archaeologists  were  deeply  indebted  to  Mr.  Stuart  for  the  admirable  work 
recently  produced  by  him  under  the  auspices  of  the  Spalding  Club,  by 
which  a  fresh  light  had  been  thrown  on  an  important  class  of  ancient 
remains  hitherto  scarcely  known  to  the  antiquary,  except  through  the 
illustrations  of  the  monuments  of  a  limited  district,  produced  by  the  late 
]\lr.  Patrick  Chalmers. 

By  the  kind  invitation  of  the  Lord  Provost  and  the  Governors  of  Ileriot's 
Hospital,  the  members  of  the  Institute  were  received  at  that  Institution, 
and  inspected  the  architectural  features  of  the  structure,  as  also  various 
ancient  reliques  there  preserved.  At  two  o'clock  they  partook  of  a 
collation  in  the  hall,  and  subsequently  proceeded  under  the  guidance  of 
iMr.  Robert  Chambers  to  visit  the  more  remarkable  ancient  buildings  and 
sites  of  historical  interest  in  the  Old  Town,  the  Canongate,  »kc.  terminating 
with  the  Castle. 

An  evening  meeting  took  place  in  tlic  Queen  Street  Hall.     A  discourse 

••  These  oni.imciits  :u'o  iiu'unil  in  thin       Museum  of  the  Institute  at  the  Edinburgh 
Journal,    vol.  vi.,  p.  -Jl!',  :uul  tUcy  wore       Meelini,'. 
exhibited  by  Mrs.  Dundas  Durham  in  tlio 

VOL.    XIII.  3  (} 


3SG  PKOCEEDINGS   AT    iIEETl^'GS    OF 

was  (lellvercil  by  the  Rev.  J.  Coi.lin'gwood  Buucn,  LL.D.,  on  the 
Sculptures  of  Trajan's  Column,  and  the  illustrations  which  they  suj)ply  in 
regard  to  the  Military  Transactions  of  the  Kunians  in  Britain.  A  com- 
jdt'tc  series  of  representations  of  the  Sculptures  on  a  large  scale  was 
displayed,  prepared  under  Dr.  Brace's  direction. 

A  notice  was  also  connnunicated  of  the  Diplomatic  Correspondence 
refjarding  Public  Affairs  in  Scotland  and  England  at  the  latter  part  of  the 
XVIth  century,  comprised  in  the  official  reports  or  liclazioni  made  by  the 
envoys  of  the  Republic  of  Venice  to  the  Doge  and  Senate  ;  with  a 
transcript  and  translation  of  one  of  the  most  interesting  portions  of  the 
Collection,  concerning  the  succession  to  the  throne, .and  the  position  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  These  valuable  historical  materials  were  brought 
before  the  Institute  by  the  Rev.  JoiiM  Dayman,  Rector  of  Skelton, 
Cumberland,  by  the  kind  permission  of  Henry  Howard,  Esq.,  of  Grey- 
stoke  Castle,  in  whose  posseasion  the  Diplomatic  collections  are  preserved. 

Thursday,  Jul^  25. 

An  excursion  was  made  by  special  train  to  Abhotsford,  and  the 
Twcedside  Abbeys, — Melrose,  Dryburgh,  and  Kelso.  In  the  evening  the 
members  were  received  by  the  Hon.  Lord  Neaves  and  Mrs.  Ncaves,  at  a 
Conversazione,  and  a  very  numerous  party  enjoyed  their  kind  hospitalities 
on  this  occasion. 

Friday,  July  2G. 

The  Historical  Section  assembled  at  the  apartments  of  the  Royal  Society, 
Cosmo   I.snks,  Esq.,  presiding,  and  the  following  Memoir.^  were  read  : — 

On  the  Progress  and  Prospects  of  Science  in  Scotland  at  the  close  of 
the  si.vtcenth  and  commencement  of  the  seventeenth  century,  as  compared 
with  the  same  at  Cambridge  a  century  later  ;  with  illustrations  of  several 
remarkable  coincidences  between  the  Genius,  the  Studies,  and  the 
Discoveries,  of  Napier  of  Merchistoun,  and  Sir  Isaac  Newton.  Uy 
Mark  Nai'Ieu,  Esr|.,  Advocate. 

The  Four  Roman  Ways. — By  I'^DWis  Guest,  Es(i.,  KL.D.,  ^Master  of 
(Jaius  College,  Canibridge. 

On  the  Connection  of  Scotlaiul  with  the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace. — By 
W.  Hvi.TO.N  D.  LoNfj.sTAi'iE,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

In  the  nu^eting  of  the  Section  of  Areliitcctui-c.  the  chair  was  taken  by 
the  Rev.  W.  WiiKWEi.L,  D.D.  (President  t.f  the  Section).  The  following 
Memoirs  were  received. 

Sketch  of  the  Hi-story  of  Architecture  in  Scotland,  Ecclesiastical  and 
Secular,  previous  to  the  union  with  England  in  1707. — Bv.losin'il  Roiii-UT- 
HON,  J"]sq.,  F.S.A.  Scotland.      (Printed  In  this  volume,  p.  228.) 

Noticcrt  of  the  various  styles  of  (Jlass  Painting,  chietly  as  accessory  to  the 
Decorations  of  Ecclesiastical  Structures  ;  illustrated  hy  ])arallcl  examples 
of  dohign  in  MSS.,  Scidptiires  and  Fresco  decorations  in  tlic  Middle  Ages. 
—  By  (ji;()itf;i;  S(;iiAiir,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

On  i)nnl>larH;  Cathedral,  and  the  Corresjiondence  between  its  Arcliitcc- 
ttiral  history  anri  that  of  the  Cathedral  of  Mandaff.-  Hy  EnwAifU  Fiii:i;man, 
Kwi..  M.A. 

<'n    the    Remains    of   Swccthonrl     Ahhrv    (,//./.</•/'    <li'l,-!^;    cordis)    in 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  387 

Galloway,  afterwards  called  New  Abbcv,  and  their  arcliitectiiral  ncculiarities. 
—By  the  Rev.  J.  L.  Petit,  F.S.A. 

In  the  afternoon  an  excursion  was  made,  through  the  hospitable  invitation 
of  the  llight  Hon.  R.  C.  Nisbct  Hamilton,  M.P.,  to  Dirleton  Castle,  where 
luncheon  Avas  kindly  provided  for  the  numerous  visitors,  and  the  remarkable 
remains  of  that  fine  example  of  the  Edwardian  fortress  were  examined 
under  the  obliging  guidance  of  Mr.  Joseph  Robertson. 

At  the  evening  meeting  in  the  Queen-stret  Hall,  Professor  Simpson 
delivered  a  discourse  on  the  Vestiges  of  Roman  Surgery  and  Medicine  in 
Scotland  and  England.  He  observed  that  there  were  in  Britain,  during  its 
occupation  by  the  Romans,  two  classes  of  physicians — those  engaged  in  the 
public  service,  and  private  practitioners.  There  was  no  doubt  that  the 
Roman  army  was  accompanied  by  a  medical  stafi';  there  Avere  incidental 
references  to  them  in  ancient  authors,  and  monumental  tablets  to  Roman 
army  physicians  had  been  discovered  in  this  country.  The  existence  of 
private  ])ractitioners  appeared  by  the  fact  that  a  considerable  number  of 
medicine-stamps  had  been  discovered,  bearing  the  name  of  the  physician,  of 
a  disease,  and  of  the  medicine  used  for  its  cure.'  Ho  alluded  also  to  surgical 
instruments,  which  had  been  found  in  this  country,  especially  the  remark- 
able collection  in  the  possession  of  the  Hon.  Sir  George  Clerk,  Bart.,  at 
Pennycuick  House  near  Edinburgh.  Some  of  them  are  similar  to  those 
discovered  in  the  ruins  of  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii.  The  learned  Professor 
remarked  that  some  of  the  noted  inventions,  usually  regarded  as  of  the 
most  recent  times,  had  been  forestalled  centuries  ago.  Reference  was  made 
to  relics  of  Roman  pharmacy,  and  some  medicine  bottles  of  various  forms 
were  shown  ;  the  so-called  lachrymatories  found  in  graves,  he  suo-o-csted, 
might  be  medicine  bottles  buried  with  articles  of  food  and  dress,  which 
were  believed  to  be  necessary  for  the  departed  in  another  world.  The 
Professor  also  exhibited  a  nursing-bottle,  discovered  at  York  with  Roman 
remains  ;  these  objects  are  occasionally  found  in  the  graves  of  children. 
A  reference  to  dietetic  vestiges  and  relics  was  followed  by  some  remarks 
on  the  medicinal  herbs  introduced  into  this  country  by  the  Romans — a 
subject  regarding  which  very  little  is  yet  known.  The  amount  of  informa- 
tion possessed  by  Roman  physicians,  as  to  all  diseases.  Dr.  Simpson 
observed,    was  very  remarkable.     They  were  defective  in   anatomy   and 

physiology — the  dissection  of  the  human  subject  was  not  then  practised 

init  all  diseases  which  were  matter  of  direct  observation  were  well  described, 
and  Galen  noticed  120  diseases  of  the  eye,  as  many  perhaps  as  are  known 
at  the  present  day.  They  were  acquainted  with  all  the  mysteries  of  dental 
surgery,  and  false  teeth  were  very  common  among  Roman  ladies  and 
gentlemen,  if  we  may  believe  Martial.  All  the  principal  surgical  operations 
now  known  were  described  by  Roman  authors,  and  they  were  acquainted 
with  the  use  of  anaesthetic  agents  for  producing  sleep  in  operations  which 
were  attended  with  pain,  mandragora  being  used  for  that  purpose. 
Professor  Simpson  alluded  to  some  other  matters  in  Avhich  the  Romans 
were  farther  advanced  than  modern  nations  in  times  of  boasted  civilisation, 
such  as  cities  fully  drained,  extramural  cemeteries,  and  baths  in  a  state  of 
great  perfection.  Professor  Simpson  has  subsequently  published  an  inter- 
esting memoir/'  to  which  we  may  refer  those  of  our  readers   who  desire 

*  Sco    rrofcpsor     Simpson's    valuable  '■  PuMislicd  by  SutherlanJ  and  Knox, 

memoirs  on  nictlicine  stamps  of  the  Roman       Eilinburglij  ovo.,*  1  \i56. 
I'd-ioJ,  in  tlie  Monthly  Medical  Journal. 


358  TKOCEEDlNCiS    AT    iMKKTLXOS    OF 

fiirtlicr  information  on  subjects  connected  with  the  knowledge  of  medicine 
in  lioman  times.  It  is  eniitled — "  Was  the  Roman  Army  provided  with 
^Medical  Officers  ?  "  It  is  accompanied  by  a  representation  of  tlie  inscrip- 
tion to  the  memory  of  Anicius,  found  at  llousesteads  on  the  Ixoman  Wall. 
At  the  close  of  the  meeting  the  members  of  the  Institute  proceeded  to  the 
residence  of  the  Lord  Provost  and  Mrs.  Melville,  by  whose  kindness  a  very 
a"Teeablc  Conversazione  terminated  the  varied  occupations  of  this  day. 


Saturday,  ,U'ly  26. 

At  ten  o'clock  a  meeting  was  held  at  the  Queen  Street  Hall;  Lord  Talbot 
DE  Malaiiide  presiding.  Mr.  J.  M.  Kemble  delivered  a  discourse  on  the 
antiquities  of  the  Heathen  period,  with  more  especial  reference  to  the  illustra- 
tions of  their  types  and  peculiar  character  presented  by  examples  and  drawings, 
exhibited  in  the  Temporary  Museum.  He  referred  first  to  the  specimens  of 
ancient  urns  which  had  been  discovered  in  recent  times,  drawing  particular 
attention  to  those  fouiid  in  Germany,  Great  Britain,  and  Lxdand.  Some 
are  exceedingly  elegant  in  design,  and  display  much  taste  and  skill  in 
the  execution  of  their  ornament.  In  others,  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period, 
this  beauty  of  shape  and  decoration  is  not  found.  From  these  circum- 
stances, he  was  led  to  draw  a  distinction  between  the  periods  to  which  they 
belonged.  It  appeared  to  him,  when  he  looked  at  tlic  elegant  form  and 
beautiful  ornamentation  of  some  of  these  urns,  that  it  was  inconsistent  to 
suppose  that  so  much  taste  for  design  existed  contemporaneously  with  the 
productions  of  the  inferior  specimens,  lie  then  proceeded  to  make  some 
observations  on  the  weapons  of  warfare  employed  by  the  ancients,  and 
referred  at  length  to  the  implements  of  stone  ;  there  was  no  reason, 
as  Mr.  Komble  observed,  to  suppose  that  these  did  not  exist  in  many 
cases  contemporaneously  with,  as  well  as  previously  to,  the  weapons  and 
implements  of  metal,  inasmuch  as,  long  after  the  discovery  of  metals,  men 
would  continue  to  use  the  ancient  form  of  imi)lements.  This  would  more 
particularly  be  the  case  in  reference  to  matters  connected  with  religion. 
In  reference  to  implements  of  stone,  nothing  was  more  remarkable  than 
the  bimilarity  of  their  forms  all  over  the  world.  This  was,  no  doubt,  owing 
to  the  nature  of  the  material  of  which  they  were  made.  Arrow-heads 
were  amongst  the  objects  which,  it  jnight  readily  be  supposed,  had  been 
made  of  stone,  long  after  metals  had  been  used  fur  purposes  both  cf  war 
and  peace.  The  arrow  was  a  thing  to  be  thrown  awa}-,  and  therefore 
would  be  made  of  the  less  valuable  material.  The  same  might  be  said  of 
hpcar-heads  and  other  missiles  intended  to  be  thrown  at  the  enemy.  IIo 
then  proceeded  to  remark  that  nothing  was  more  common  than  to  assert 
that  bronze  wcapon.s  were  of  Celtic  origin.  But  this  was  nnrpicstionably 
crrohcou.s.  Bronze,  it  was  hIiowii,  was  among  the  ancients  the  heroic 
metal,  and  was,  doubtless,  spoken  of  by  Homer  poetically,  in  allusion  to 
the  arms  of  liis  herocK,  wlien  the  metal  in  (juestion  was  not  literally 
referred  to.  Bronze  had  been  employed  long  prior  to  the  use  of  iron,  ami 
no  douljt  was  capable  of  nnniing  a  wrapon  that  would  readily  take  a  .sharp 
edge, 

Mr.  l»AVin  Laim;,  ]''.S.A.  Scot.,  then  icad  a  (•oiiiiiiniiicalinii  on  the 
l*orlrnit.s  of  Lady  .Jniie  Grey. 

Mr.    A.    11.    KiiiNii,    I'".S..\.,     icail    a    .Mnii'Mi-   oi:     ihc    Hi, lory   of  tlic 


THE    AUCIIAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  b89 

Systematic  Classification  of  Primeval  Relics.  (Printed  in  this  volume, 
p.  20!).) 

The  meeting  then  adjourned  to  the  Museum,  where  Mr.  Kemblo 
resumed  the  subject  of  his  discourse,  and  f^ave  some  highly  instructive 
observations  on  the  vestiges  of  the  Earlier  Periods,  as  illustrated  bv  the 
extensive  series  of  antiquities  of  stone  and  bronze,  from  all  parts  of  Great 
liritain,  and  Ireland,  tlicre  brought  together,  as  also  by  the  extensive 
display  of  drawings  representing  reliques  of  the  same  classes,  preserved  in 
the  museums  at  Dublin,  at  Hanover,  and  other  collections  in  Germany. 
This  remarkable  assemblage  of  drawings  was  contributed  to  the  Museum 
of  the  Institute  by  the  Council  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  and  by 
Mr.  Kemblo. 

Mr.  Gf.okge  Sciiarf,  Jun.,  F.S.A.,  also  gave  an  interesting  discourse 
in  the  ^hiseuin,  in  explanation  of  the  extensive  series  of  drawings  of 
examples  of  mediaival  art,  and  of  the  use  of  mosaic  decorations  as  accessory 
to  arcliitccture,  prepared  by  his  skilful  pencil  and  displayed  in  the  Museum. 
Mr.  Scharf  subsequently  gave,  in  the  Museum,  a  detailed  and  artistic 
notice  of  the  extensive  series  of  sculptured  ivories,  contributed  by  Mr. 
.loseph  Mayer,  F.S.A.,  Mr.  Webb,  and  other  collectors,  whose  kindness 
had  enriched  the  display  there  presented,  accompanied  also  by  a  large 
assemblage  of  casts  from  sculptures  in  ivory  sent  for  exhibition  by  tlic 
Arundel  Society. 

A  numerous  party  accompanied  Mr.  Robert  Chambers  at  a  later  hour, 
and  imder  his  kind  direction  visited  St.  Giles'  Church,  llolyrood  Palace, 
and  the  Maison  Lieu,  the  Magdalene  Chapel,  Cowgate,  with  its  windows  of 
stained  glass,  stated  to  be  the  only  remains  of  their  kind,  of  earlier  date 
than  the  Reformation,  now  existing  in  Edinburgh.  Mr.  J.  U.  Parker 
offered  some  remarks  on  the  architectural  peculiarities  of  these  and  other 
buildings  to  which  the  attention  of  the  party  was  addressed,  and  the 
examination  terminated  with  a  visit  to  St.  Anthony's  Chapel  and  Hermitage, 
and  the  elegant  little  vaulted  structure  known  as  St.  Marf^^ret's  Well, 
now  entombed  in  the  sub-structure  of  a  Railway  station. 

In  the  evening  the  members  of  the  Institute  assembled,  by  the  kind 
invitation  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  Chambers,  and  found  a  very  hearty 
welcome  at  their  residence  in  Dounc  Terrace.  A  selection  of  Scottish 
songs  and  ancient  melodies,  chiefly  of  the  XYIth  and  XVIIth  centuries, 
formed  a  very  pleasant  and  appropriate  feature  of  this  gratifying  soiree. 

Mo-NDAY,  July  28. 

A  meeting  was  held,  at  ton  o'clock,  in  the  rooms  of  the  Royal  Society, 
Cosmo  Innes,  Esq.,  presiding  ;  and  the  following  Memoirs  were  read  :— 

Notice  of  an  unpublished  letter  from  James  Y.,  king  of  Scots,  addressed 
to  Henry  VIII..  in  lo2G.  By  JosErii  Burtt,  Esq.,  Chapter  House, 
Westminster.      (Printed  in  this  volume,  p.  270.) 

On  King  Edward's  spoliations  in  Scotland,  in  1296  :  and  impublishcd 
evidence  relating  to  the  Coronation  Stone.  By  Joseph  Hunter,  Esq.,  A'. P. 
Soc.  Ant.     (Printed  in  this  volume,  ]>.  245.) 

Sir  Henry  Dryden,  Bart.,  made  a  communication  regarding  the 
antiquities  of  Orkney  and  Shetland,  and  described  various  interesting- 
remains  of  a  very  ancient  date.     He  in  particular  referred  to  the  cathedral 


390  I'lIOCEl-DlNGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

of  St.  Magnus,  Kirkwall."  He  described  the  state  of  decay  into  whieli  it 
liad  fallen  previous  to  Government  spending  about  3000?.  upon  it  in 
1846.  lie  then  spoke  of  certain  ditiercnees  which  had  arisen  between 
Government  and  the  Burgh  Council — the  latter  having  now  taken  the 
matter  into  their  hands,  and  committed,  as  the  Institute  must  consider, 
some  barbarous  outrages.  They  had  entirely  screened  oft"  the  choir  from 
the  nave,  in  order  to  use  the  former  as  a  parish  church,  the  screens  closing 
up  the  spaces  between  three  of  the  finest  arches.  They  had  raised  the 
tloor  four  feet,  thus  hiding  all  the  bases  of  the  pillars,  and  had  put  in  a 
gallery  that  hid  the  capitals,  and  the  erection  of  which  had  knocked  oti" 
considerable  portions  of  the  foliage.  In  fact,  they  had  just  dealt  with 
these  ornaments  as  a  man  had  done  some  years  ago,  who,  on  being  told  to 
clean  the  cobwebs  and  dust  from  these  beautiful  carvings,  thought  lie  had 
made  a  great  discovery  when  he  hit  upon  the  plan  of  knocking  them  oft' 
altogether.  They  had  dug  up  the  remains  of  Bishops  and  Earls  without 
any  care  for  tlie  preservation  of  their  tombs.  They  had  built  a  chimney 
going  up  from  the  transept,  and  had  knocked  groat  holes  under  the 
windows  of  the  aisles  to  admit  ventilating  pipes,  lie  hoped  his  Scotch 
friends  would  keep  a  sharp  eye  on  these  doings,  and  not  allow  these 
venerable  buildings  to  be  thus  sacrilegiously  dealt  with. 

Lord  Neaves  remarked  that  he  was  formerly  Sheritt"  of  Orkney,  and  he 
was  glad  to  say  lie  had  no  concern  whatever  in  this  sacrilege,  nor,  as  he 
believed,  had  his  successor  in  that  oHlce.  He  could  speak  with  the  highest 
commendation  of  the  constant  zeal  and  enthusiasm  with  which  Sir  Henry 
Drydeii  had  devoted  himself  to  the  investigation  of  the  antiquities  of  Orkney 
and  Shetland.  He  regretted  exceedingly  the  disgraceful  condition  to 
which,  as  Sir  Henry  had  stated,  the  venerable  cathedral  of  St.  Magnus 
had  been  brought  throufrh  the  recklessness  of  the  local  authorities. 

Mr.  IloiiEKT  CiiA.MnERs  read  a  paper  on  Edinburgh  Castle  as  it  existed 
before  the  siege  of  1573.  He  said  that  in  the  present  Edinburgh  Castle, 
under  the  mask  of  a  modern  military  station  and  barrack,  were  the  bmken 
and  degraded  remains  of  a  national  fortress  and  royal  residence  of  the  old 
days  of  Scottish  independence.  He  proposed  to  attempt  to  trace  the 
history  of  tiie  principal  old  buildings,  and  to  show  as  far  as  possible  what 
the  Castle  was  before  the  great  alterations  which  it  sustained  in  con- 
scfjuence  of  the  memorable  siege  of  1573.  Trevious  to  that  time  the 
buildings  of  the  Castle  were  less  numerous,  as  it  showed  scarcely  any  beyond 
the  limits  of  the  upper  ])latform  of  rock  or  citadel,  towards  the  east.  On 
the  lower  ami  wiilcr  jtlatf(jrm,  towards  the  north  and  west,  there  was  little 
besides  a  wall  of  defence  running  along  the  summit  of  the  cliff,  with 
turrets  at  intervals,  and  having  in  it  a  postern  whence  it  was  jiossible  to 
dcHccnd  the  face  of  the  rock.  Notwithstanding  its  limited  accommodation, 
liowcver,  it  appeared  to  have  been  ]»roposed  in  1.5U.'i  to  liave  a  garrison  of 
400  soldiers  within  the  Castle.  On  the  upper  platform  were  various 
buildings,  some  of  which  still  cxisteil,  while  others  have  been  demolished 
in  the  siege  referred  to,  or  had  given  way  to  more  common-place  structures. 
At  the  north-east  angle  was  u  palacf?  which  had  been  uatnl  by  successive 
{Hcotlish   Sovereigns    before    ilolyrood    existed.     Wo    have    no    means    of 

^  Thin  hi^lily   iiiUTCHtin^;  falnic,  com-  I>cl<Hinhtict\1     Aiitic|iiiticH    of    Scoll.tml, 

nii'iircit,  n>t  It  in  bi-lievi(i,  \<y  liurl  KuiiiiM,  vol.  ii.,  ]ilii(<'H  ^'2  tn  17,  wliicli  nmy  ciiitljlu 

in    ll.'lil,   fi)niiM   tlio   hiiljjcci   of    htvcral  tlic   ic:nlcr   to    ii|i|ir<ii.ao    tho    injuries 

plates    ill    .Mr.    IJillingV     U.-iroiiinl    iiii'l  iiolicfil  l>y  Sir  II    jiiv.i.n 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  391 

tracing  this  palace  to  a  very  early  date.  The  saintly  Quecu  Margaret,  con- 
sort of  Malcolm  Canmore,  lived  in  Edinburgh  Castle  at  the  end  of  the 
Xlth  century,  but  none  of  the  existing  buildings  could  be  identified  as  of 
her  time,  with  the  exception  of  the  small  chapel  standing  detached  on  the 
loftiest  pinnacle  of  the  rock,  which,  after  a  long  period  of  neglect,  had  been 
repaired  a  few  years  ago.  The  massive  series  of  buildings  wliich  rose  from 
the  rock  at  tiie  south-east  angle  of  the  upper  quadrangle  or  parade-square 
constituted  strictly  what  remained  of  the  palace  as  existing  previous  to 
1573.  It  was  evident  that  in  this  angle  we  had  the  structures  of  a  series 
of  ages.  In  a  central  situation,  and  now  constituting  the  officers'  barracks, 
was  an  ancient  building,  still  exhibiting  the  characteristics  of  the  tall  square 
towers  of  which  so  many  examples  survived  in  Scotland,  which  had 
evidently  been  built  isolatcdly  ;  this  might  probably  have  been  the  palace 
of  David  I.,  and  was  at  all  events,  apart  from  the  chapel,  the  oldest 
structure  in  the  Castle.  On  the  south  side  were  the  traces  of  an  ancient  hall, 
originally  a  noble  apartment  80  feet  long  by  33  broad,  and  27  feet  in 
height,  lighted  by  tall  muUioned  windows  from  the  south,  and  having  a 
ceiling  of  fine  timber  arch-work  in  the  style  of  the  Parliament  House,  but 
now,  with  inter-floors  and  partitions,  constituting  the  garrison  hospital. 
This  hall  was  comiected  with  numerous  historical  associations.  Adjoining 
to  the  east  side  of  the  primitive  tower,  and  constituting  the  south-east  nook 
of  the  quadrangle,  was  a  portion  of  the  palace,  either  built  or  refitted  for 
Queen  Mary,  including  the  small  bed-room  in  which  she  gave  birth  to 
James  VI.  This  building  originally  extended  further  to  the  north  than 
it  now  appeared  to  do,  but  the  northern  part  having  become  ruinous,  a  new 
building  was  engrafted  upon  it  in  1615,  with  a  goodly  front  towards  the 
square,  and  many  handsomely  ornamented  windows  and  a  battlemented  top. 
In  this  modern  part  of  the  building  was  the  fire-proof  room,  in  which  the 
Scottish  regalia  were  kept.  It  had  evidently  been  prepared  for  this  purpose 
at  the  re-edification  of  the  building  in  1G15,  as  it  rested  on  a  strou"-  vaulted 
chamber,  now  forming  part  of  the  garrison  tavern.  During  many  ages 
the  Castle  was  occasionally  used  as  a  state  prison,  and  for  some  time  in 
the  reign  of  James  VI.,  it  was  used  as  a  prison  for  debtors.  In  15-11-2  a 
Register-house  was  built  in  the  Castle,  but  its  situation  was  not  now 
known.  The  eastern  front  of  the  Castle  towards  the  city  presented  a  con- 
siderably ditferent  appearance  from  what  it  now  did,  and  its  former  aspect, 
Mr.  Chambers  observed,  must  have  been  more  striking  and  picturesque. 
The  central  object  was  a  donjon  or  keep,  rising  sixty  feet  above  the  summit 
of  the  rock,  and  known  by  the  name  of  David's  Tower,  a  fabric  believed  to 
have  been  erected  by  David  II.  From  this  tower  a  curtain  wall  extended 
along  the  front  of  the  rock  to  a  comparatively  small  or  slender  tower, 
which  still  existed  at  the  north  end  of  the  Ilalf-moon  battery,  but  almost 
merged  in  the  later  buildings.  The  curtain  wall  then  extended  northwards 
till  it  joined  another  tower  of  greater  importance,  which,  as  nearly  as  could 
be  traced,  rose  from  the  rocky  platform  exactly  over  the  site  of  the 
present  portcullis  gate  of  the  Castle.  This  was  the  Constable's  Tower, 
being  the  residence  of  that  officer.  It  was  fifty  feet  high,  and  was  ac- 
cessible by  a  stair  which  ascended  the  face  of  the  rock,  in  the  style  of 
that  seen  under  the  castle  of  the  well-known  armorial  bearings  of  Edin- 
burgh. Indeed,  there  could  be  little  doubt  that  this  heraldic  castle  and 
its  stair — though  such  objects  were  always  more  or  less  conventional — 
was  mainly  a  representation    of    the    Constable's  Tower.     By  this  stair, 


392  PROCEEDINGS    AT    .MEETINGS    OF 

and  througli  the  tower,  was,  if  lie  jiulgcd  rightly,  the  solo  access  to  the 
upper  platform  or  citadel.  On  the  curtain  wall,  thus  divided  into  three 
parts,  a  range  of  cannon  was  disposed,  hut  the  wall  heing  low,  a  second  or 
smaller  range  of  cannon  was  placed  on  the  summit  of  the  rock  within. 
At  what  time  any  exterior  defences  were  added  did  not  appear,  hut  they 
found  that,  when  Kirkaldy  of  Grange  held  the  Castle  for  Queen  Mary, 
against  her  son's  Government,  from  1570  to  1573,  there  was  a  triangular 
court  in  front  helow  the  rock,  bounded  by  a  wall  twenty  feet  high, 
and  denominated  the  Spur.  This  was  ultimately  found  to  be  a  disad- 
vantageous arrangement,  owing  to  the  number  of  men  required  for  de- 
fending it,  and  in  1G49  it  was  demolished  by  order  of  the  Scottish  Estates. 
Mr.  Chambers  then  proceeded  to  describe  the  siege  of  the  Castle  by  the 
Ilegent  Morton,  with  an  auxiliary  force  sent  by  Queen  Elizabeth  under  Sir 
William  Drury,  with  a  train  of  artillery.  Five  batteries  were  opened 
against  it,  and  in  nine  days  David's  Tower  and  the  Constable's  had  been 
wholly  beaten  down,  and  the  besiegers  eflected  a  lodgment  in  the  Spur, 
i'erishing  for  want  of  water,  for  the  well  had  been  choked  up  by  the  fall  of 
David's  Tower,  Kirkaldy  capitulated.  Of  the  whole  eastern  front,  from 
the  royal  lodging  to  the  southern  extremity,  it  did  not  appear  that  any  part 
survived,  except  the  small  intermediate  tower,  now  embedded,  as  it  were,  in 
the  Ilalf-Mooii  Battery.  The  present  eastern  front  was  n:ainly  as  it  was 
I'ashioned  by  the  Ilegent  Morton  after  the  siege.  The  Ilalf-Moon  Dattery 
was  the  principal  feature  in  the  renovations,  and  a  considerable  work  it 
was  for  the  time,  and  furnished  one  of  Morton's  motives,  said  several 
historians,  to  debase  the  mitional  coin.  Underneath  the  site  of  the  former 
Constable's  Tower,  and  designed  as  a  substitute  for  it,  in  the  modern 
economy  of  the  fortress,  was  a  strong,  square  building  containing  an  arched 
passage,  which  had  one  tin)e  a  portcullis  and  three  hinged  gates,  and 
which  formerly  had  a  battlemented  top,  instead  of  a  mean,  slated  roof 
as  at  present.  On  this  the  author  of  the  paper  had  detected  certain  cog- 
nizances of  the  Ilegent,  which  he  believed  to  be  those  alluded  to  in  a 
contemporary  history  as  indicating  his  ambitious  character.  The  memoir 
concluded  with  some  remarks  as  to  the  origin  of  the  name  of  "  Castrum 
puellarum,"  or  Maiden  Castle,  given  by  early  writers  to  Edinburgh  Castle, 
a  name  common  to  many  ancient  sites,  both  in  Scotland  and  J'lngland.  It 
had  been  suggested  by  the  late  Mr.  Chalmers,  of  Auldbar,  that  the  deriva- 
tion was  from  Mai-diin,  a  fort  commanding  a  wide  plain  or  district. 

Lord  Taijiot  conveyed  the  thanks  of  the  meeting  to  Mr.  Chambers,  not 
only  for  this  memoir,  but  for  the  kind  services  he  had  so  courteously  rendered 
throughout  the  meeting  of  the  Institute. 

The  following  memoirs  were  also  read  :  — 

"  On  tiie  Analogy  of  Scottish  and   French   Daronial  Architecture."      I'y 

J.   H.    IJUKTO.V,  Es(|. 

*'  On  the  Genealogy  and  Succession  of  the  St.  Clairs  of  Koslyn."    Wy 

Al.y.XMiUV.li  SlSCLAlU,   K.S(|. 

"On  the  Houses  of  Eilz-Alun  and  Stuart  ;  their  Origin  and  early  His- 
tory."      I5y    the   Ilev.    K.    W.    MvruN,  M.A.       (I'lintcii   in   this    Volume, 

p.  :m.) 

At  the  close  of  tho  mc.-eting,  a  nnnierouH  party  proceeiled  dii  an  excursion 
to  Iioilliwick  Castle,  Uawthoriiden,  and  Ko.^ilin  Clnipel, 

In  thf!  evening,  a  Conversazione  took  place  in  the  Museum  of  the  Insti- 
lule,  and   the  entire   Huite  of  the  galleries  was  brilliantly  illuminated    for 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  393 

the  occasion.     The  attendance  was  very  numerous,  each   person  holding  a 
ticket  for  the  meeting  being  [lennitted  to  introduce  a  friend. 

Amongst  the  distinguished  visitors  by  whose  presence  the  Institute  was 
lionoured  on  this  evening,  were — their  Graces  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of 
Northumberland,  tlie  Earl  of  Southesk,  the  Earl  of  Kintore,  the  Earl  of 
Airlie,  the  Hon.  Lady  Ruthven,  the  Lord  Provost  and  Mrs.  Melville,  Lord 
Neaves,  Lord  Ilandyside,  Lord  C'urrieliill,  the  Commendatore  Canina,  Dr. 
Waagen,  Sir  Gardner  Wilkinson,  Sir  Robert  and  Lady  Arbuthnot. 

Tuesday,  July  26. 

The  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Members  was  held  in  the  rooms  of  the 
Royal  Society,  at  nine  o'clock.     Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide  presiding. 

The  Report  of  the  Auditors  for  the  previous  year  (printed  page  191, 
ante)  was  read,  as  also  the  following  Annual  Report  of  the  Central  Com- 
mittee, and  both  were  unanimously  adopted. 

In  submitting  to  the  Society  the  annual  review  of  the  progress  of  the 
Institute,  as  also  of  the  results  of  investigations  and  efforts  for  the  extension 
of  archaeological  knowledge,  the  Central  Committee  viewed  with  renewed 
pleasure  the  retrospect  of  the  past  year.  The  influence  of  the  Institute  in 
promoting  a  taste  for  the  study  of  archaeology,  and  the  higher  appreciation 
"fall  vestiges  of  antiquity  and  art,  has  been  increasingly  evinced. 

The  friendly  correspondence  with  antiquaries  in  all  parts  of  the  country, 
and  with  many  provincial  archaeological  societies,  has  constantly  brought 
before  the  meetings  of  the  Institute  an  ample  provision  of  remarkable  facts, 
and  ensured  speedy  intelligence  of  the  discoveries  which  have  occurred. 
Whilst,  moreover,  many  new  members  have  joined  the  ranks  of  the  Society, 
such  communications  have  often  been  received  from  persons  not  enrolled  on 
its  lists.  The  continued  demand  for  the  publications  of  tlie  Institute,  and 
especially  for  the  Journal,  claimed  notice,  as  evincing  that  their  varied  and 
instructive  character  had  proved  acceptable  to  tlie  public  at  large. 

Not  only,  however,  had  the  last  year  been  niarked  by  friendly  co-opera- 
tion on  the  part  of  numerous  archaeologists  and  archaeological  societies  in 
our  own  country.  The  ])roceedings  of  the  Institute  had  e.xcited  consider- 
able interest  on  the  Continent  ;  an  exchange  of  publications  had  gradually 
been  established  between  various  foreign  societies  and  our  own.  Early  in 
the  past  year  a  most  gratifying  communication  was  addressed  by  the 
Minister  of  Public  Instruction  in  France,  signifying  the  desire  to  establish 
friendly  relations  with  the  Institute,  to  maintain  with  our  society  the  mutual 
communication  of  all  such  facts  and  observations  as  might  tend  to  throw- 
light  on  the  earlier  history  of  France  and  England.  M.  Fortoul  proposed 
at  the  same  time  to  present  to  our  library  the  various  works  produced  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  and  he  requested  that  the 
Journals  of  the  Institute  should  henceforth  be  sent  to  him,  in  order  that  our 
future  researches  might  be  duly  noticed  in  the  Bulletins  published  in  France 
under  his  direction.  The  increasing  publicity  thus  given  to  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Institute  cannot  fail  to  produce  a  very  advantageous  extension 
of  our  relations  with  foreign  lands,  and  the  communication  with  which  we 
have  thus  been  honoured  by  the  French  minister,  has  doubtless  tended  to 
invite  attention  to  the  proceedings  of  our  meeting  in  North  Britain,  which 
has  been  attended  by  some  French  savans,  whose  names  have  long  been 
associated  with  the  progress  of  archaeological  science  and  of  art. 

VOL.  XIII.  3    H 


394  PROCEEDINGS   AT    MEETINGS  OF 

Amongst  recent  archaeological  investigations  of  special  interest,  the 
Committee  regarded  with  renewed  gratification  the  important  nndertaking 
achieved  by  direction  of  his  Grace  tlie  Duke  of  Nortluiniberland,  in  the 
detailed  survey  of  tiie  Roman  Wall.  The  admirable  ichnography  executed  by 
ilr.  Maclauchlan,  who  had  carefully  delineated  the  features  of  that  remark- 
able barrier,  tlie  camjis,  earthworks,  and  military  positions,  had  been  pro- 
duced bv  his  Grace's  kind  permission  at  the  Shrewsbury  meeting.  On  the 
present  occasion  the  Society  had  enjoyed  the  satisfaction  of  inspecting  the 
first  portions  of  the  survey,  reproduced  by  the  aid  of  lithograjdiy  from  the 
orio-inal  drawings  :  and  they  had  thus  received  an  earnest  of  the  continued 
liberality  of  the  Duke,  in  the  furtherance  of  archaeological  science,  and  the 
assurance  that  at  no  distant  time  this  valuable  survey,  by  which  so  much 
litTht  must  be  thrown  on  the  earlier  history  of  the  north  of  England,  will 
he  accessible  to  the  numerous  students  of  the  vestiges  of  Roman  occupation. 
The  Duke  had,  with  his  accustomed  gracious  liberality,  permitted  selection 
to  be  made  amidst  the  treasures  in  his  museum  at  Alnwick  Castle,  to 
aufrnient  the  interest  and  instructive  character  of  the  Museum  of  the  Insti- 
tute formed  during  the  present  meeting. 

The  Committee  had  viewed  also  with  satisfaction  the  liberality  and  good 
taste  shown  by  the  Earl  Bathurst,  to  which  allusion  had  been  made  in  their 
Report  of  the  previous  year.  The  building  erected  by  that  nobleman  at 
Cirencester  to  form  a  suitable  depository  for  the  relicpics  of  Roman  times, 
the  mosaic  pavements  and  other  objects  discovered  on  tho  site  of 
Corinititn,  had  been  completed,  and  the  removal  of  the  tesselated  floors 
successfully  achieved  under  the  direction  of  Professor  Buckman,  who  had 
communicated,  at  one  of  the  London  meetings  of  the  Institute,  a  full 
report  of  that  difficult  operatiun.      (Printed  in  this  Volume,  p.  215.) 

It  had  fre<juently  been  a  cause  of  complaint,  that  no  public  commission 
for  the  conservation  of  national  monuments  should  have  been  constituted  in 
tliis  country,  as  in  France,  and  that  no  control  should  be  available  to  avert 
the  injuries  too  frequently  caused  by  caprice  or  neglect  ;  as  also,  in  suitable 
occasions,  to  supply  the  requisite  funds  for  the  preservation  of  those  struc- 
tures or  remains  of  national  interest,  for  which  tho  protection  of  the  state 
might  justly  be  claimed.  The  Committee  had  received,  with  the  highest 
satisfaction,  the  report  of  Mr.  Salvin  in  I'cgard  to  the  works  of  restoration 
at  Holy  Island,  carried  out  under  his  direction  by  authority  of  llcr  Majesty's 
Commissioners  of  Public  Works.  During  the  previous  year  the  attention 
of  the  Institute  had  been  called  to  the  neglected  state  of  the  Abbey 
Church  of  Lindisfarne,  and  the  imminent  jeopardy  in  which  those  interest- 
ing remains,  situate<l  on  crown  lands,  actually  were.  The  matter  having 
been  subsequently  brought  under  tiie  consideration  of  tlie  Govrrnment,  a 
liberal  grant  was  forthwith  made  for  the  recpiisite  repairs,  and  the  work  had 
been  entrusted  to  the  skiifid  hands  of  Mr.  Salvin.  Those  members  of  tho 
Institute  who  might  be  disposed  to  combine  a  i)ilgrimage  to  Holy  Island 
with  their  visit  to  Iildinburgh,  on  the  present  occasion,  would  view  with 
gratification  the  conservative  precautions  which  iiad  been  adopted,  and  wit- 
ncHH  the  K^'O'l  results  of  such  well-timed  liberality  on  tlie  part  of  the  Govern- 
ment. The  Committee  could  not  refrain,  also,  from  tin-  expression  of  their 
gratification,  in  stating  the  course  pursued  in  regard  to  tlie  ancient  Pharos 
and  Church  within  the  walls  of  Dovor  Castle.  Complaint  having  been 
made  at  tho  njcetiiigof  the  Society  in  November  last,  that  those  interesting 
romainn  had  been  disgracefully  desecrated,  a  memorial  had  been  addressed 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  395 

to  Lord  Fanniure  ou  the  part  of  the  Institute,  requesting  his  consideration 
of"  the  evil.  That  appeal  had  been  most  courteously  received,  and  Lord 
I'anmure  in  reply  had  given  the  fullest  assurance  that  those  venerable 
structures  should  henceforth  be  preserved  with  suitable  care. 

The  Committee  have  referred,  in  their  Reports  of  previous  years,  to  the 
lively  interest  and  satisfaction  with  which  they  viewed  tlie  growth  of  a 
series  of  luitional  antiquities  in  the  rooms  recently  appropriated  to  that  pur- 
pose in  the  British  Museum.  On  former  occasions  they  have  been  called 
upon  with  regret  to  complain  of  the  remissness  of  the  Trustees  on  this  im- 
portant point.  But  they  would  now,  with  gratification,  advert  to  the 
purchase  of  the  instructive  Museum  of  Antiquities  collected  in  the  City  of 
London  by  Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith,  which  has  been  ultimately  deposited  in 
the  National  Collection.  A  more  vigilant  care  and  cordial  recognition 
of  the  value  of  such  collections,  as  materials  tending  to  illustrate  the 
History,  the  Arts  and  Manners  of  our  own  country,  seem  to  have  marked 
the  proceedings  of  the  Trustees.  Frequent  acquisitions  for  the  collection  in 
the  British  Room  have  been  made,  and  there  is  reason  to  hope  that  our 
National  Antiquities  will  soon  occupy  the  position  which  they  claim  so 
justly  in  the  great  national  depository.  In  making  mention,  however,  of 
the  name  of  Mr.  Roach  Smith,  in  connection  with  recent  proceedings  at  the 
British  Museum,  the  Committee,  whilst  deeply  regretting  the  loss  of  the 
•'  Faussett  Collections,"  of  which  English  antiquaries  had  so  earnestly  de- 
sired the  acquisition  for  the  national  depository,  could  not  omit  to  recog- 
nise the  important  service  rendered  to  English  archaeologists  in  the 
publication  of  the  "  Inventorium  Sepulchrale,"  the  original  record  of  the 
investigations  so  successfully  pursued  by  the  Rev.  Bryan  Faussett,  in 
forming  those  collections.  That  volume,  edited  with  great  care  and  ability 
by  Mr.  Roach  Smith,  from  the  MS.  in  possession  of  Mr.  Joseph  Mayer, 
might  indeed  be  regarded  as  a  leading  feature  in  the  progress  of  archaeo- 
logical science  during  the  past  year. 

The  losses  Avhich  the  Institute  has  sustained  by  the  deaths  of  members 

arc  less  numerous  than  in  some  former  years.     There  are,  however,  some 

of  our  earlier  and  valued  friends,  now  no  more,  whose  names  must  on  this 

occasion  be  remembered  with   sincere  regret.     At  the   last  visit  of  the 

Institute  to  the  northern  parts  of  the  realm,  the  Society  received  valuable 

assistance  and  co-operation  from  one  whose  persevering  devotion  to  the 

cause  of  historical  and  antiquarian  investigation,  for  many  years,  fostered 

the  growth  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Newcastle,  an  institution  which 

now  pursues  its    course   of    intelligent    and   energetic    operation    in   the 

Northern  Marches,  under  the  encouragement  of  its  noble  patron,  the  Duke 

of  Northumberland.    The  name  of  John  Adamson,  so  many  years  Secretary 

of  that  Society,  will  always  be  associated  with  the  pleasing  recollections  of 

the  welcome  which  the  Institute  found,  in  18o2,  on  the  banks  of  the  Tyne. 

Nor  can   we  recall,  with  less  deep  regret,  that  accomplished  and  zealous 

fellow-labourer  in  another   locality,   the    Rev,    AVilliam    II.    Massie,     of 

Chester,  who  gave  the  impulse   to  the  formation  of  an  institution  in  that 

city,  for  purposes  kindred   to  our    own,   and  which    attained,    under    his 

auspices,  a  position  of  influential  activity  in  a  county  so  rich  in  historical 

recollections,  and    where    the  encouragement   of   intelligent   regard   for 

national  antiquities  is  so  much  to  be  desired.     The  friendly  interest  with 

which  Mr.  Massie  promoted  the  success  of  our  proceedings  at  the  last  annual 

meeting  in  Shrewsbury,  will  be  gratefully  remembered  by  all  who  had  occa- 


896  PEOCEEDINGS   AT    MEETINGS    OF 

slon  to  appreciate  his  amiable  character  and  attainments.  Of  another 
member,  vho,  for  many  years,  has  constantly  aided  our  investigations,  by 
his  vigilant  observation  of  archaeological  discoveries,  always  imparted  to  us 
with  friendly  readiness,  special  mention  must  be  made — the  late  Mr.  Allies, 
formerly  resident  at  Worcester,  and  an  indefatigable  collector  of  all  that 
might  illustrate  the  earlier  antiquities  of  his  native  county.  In  1840  Mr.  Allies 
produced  a  work,  the  principal  object  of  which  was  to  throw  light  upon 
the  vestiges  of  Roman  occupation  in  Worcestershire,  regarded  by  Nash  and 
other  writers  as  not  established  to  any  extent.  The  results  of  this  inquiry 
were  subsequently  e.vtendcd,  in  a  second  edition,  in  1852,  comprising  "  The 
Ancient  British,  Roman,  and  Saxon  Antiquities  and  Folk-lore "  of  that 
county, — a  mass  of  curious  materials  thus  rescued  from  oblivion.  Amongst 
other  members  of  influential  position,  or  by  whose  co-operation  at  our 
annual  meetings  encouragement  has  been  given  to  the  i)roceedings  of  the 
Socictv,  we  must  name  with  regret  the  late  Lord  Biohup  of  Carlisle  ;  the 
Rev.  William  Walker,  Rector  of  Slingsby,  by  whom  the  proceedings  of  our 
meeting  at  York  were  aided  ;  the  Rev.  G.  J.  Cubitt,  of  Winchester  ;  and 
Mr.  Vernon  Uttcrson,  so  long  known  through  his  extensive  acquaintance 
with  our  early  literature  and  poetry  ;  wc  would  also  make  honourable 
mention  of  the  late  Mr.  Godfrey  Meynell,  of  Derbyshire  ;  of  Sir  B.  F. 
Outram  ;  Mr.  Joseph  Neeld,  M.P.  ;  Mr.  Orlando  Mayor  ;  Mr.  Alartin, 
librarian  to  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Bedford  at  Woburn  ;  Mr.  Lardner,  of  the 
British  Museum  ;  and  of  Dr.  Nelson  Clark,  whose  friendly  assistance  at 
the  O.\ford  meeting  claims  cordial  acknowledgment. 

It  would  be  unfitting  to  close  this  report  witiiout  adverting  to  the  auspicious 
(•ircumstances  wliich  have  marked  the  present  meeting.  The  Institute  will 
take  leave  of  this  ancient  and  beautiful  capital  of  Scotland  with  a  grateful 
sense  of  the  encouragement  received  from  the  Lord  Provost  and  nmnicipal 
authorities,  with  many  other  of  the  most  distinguished  of  its  citizens,  as 
also  from  the  learned  societies  and  institutions  of  Edinburgh,  especially 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  and  their  noble  President,  the 
Marquis  of  Breadalbane,  the  Honourable  Board  of  Manufactures,  the 
President  and  Council  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy,  the  Royal  Society, 
the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  and  from  many  persons  of  note  and  influence, 
whose  names  arc  honourably  associated  with  the  encouragement  of  science 
and  art. 

The  following  lists  of  members  of  the  Central  Cummittcc  retiring  in 
annual  course,  and  of  members  of  the  Society  nominated  to  iill  the  vacancies, 
were  then  proposed  to  the  meeting  and  adopted. 

Memberrf  retiring  from  the  Conunittec  : — The  Ihin.  ^V.  Fox  Strangways, 
Vice- Prisidcnt  ;  R.  R.  Caton,  Esq.;  the  Rev.  .1.  I!.  Dcane  ;  11.  Porteous 
OakcB,  Esq.,  ALP.;  Frederic  Ouvry,  Esq.;  Edward  Sniirke,  Escp;  T.  II. 
Wyatt,  Esq.  The  following  gentlemen  being  elected  to  fill  the  vacancies: — 
The  Viscount  llohncsdale,  Vicc-l'rexidciil;  Willianj  Burges,  I'lstp;  Augustus 
W.  Franks,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  British  Museum  ;  .lolm  Mitehell  Kcmble, 
EHq  ,  M.A.;  George  Nicholson,  I'lsq.;  Sir  S.  M.  I'lto,  iiait.,  M.P.; 
Sir  Cliarh.'H    Price,   J'art. 

Lord  Tai.Hot  then  invited  tlir  uitt  iilion  (;f  the  incnilicrs  to  tlic  choice  of 
the  place  of  nx-eting  for  the  ensuing  year.  Several  invitations  had  been 
rceeivc'd  or  cordially  ninewi-d,  evincing  the  friendly  interest  with  which  the 
ntintiat  proceedings  of  the  Institute  were  generally  regarded.  Amongst  tho 
rcfiuiBilions  addrcuacd  to  the  Society  on   the  prcbcnt  occa.-jiun,  the  repealed 


THE    AKCIIAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  397 

assurances  of  welcome  received  from  tlic  city  of  Chester,  as  also  from  tlic 
institutions  kindred  to  their  own,  established  there  and  at  Liverpool,  had 
encouraged,  as  Lord  Talbot  believed,  a  very  general  wish  that  the  meeting 
in  1857  should  take  place  at  Chester.  An  unusual  attraction  to  that  locality 
would  moreover  be  presented  in  the  ensuing  year  by  the  exhibition  of  Art- 
treasures  of  the  United  Kingdom,  announced  to  take  place  at  ^lanchester 
during  the  summer  of  next  year.  One  important  feature  of  that  remarkable 
project  was  the  illustration  of  the  progress  of  ancient  and  medieval  arts  and 
art-manufactures,  on  a  scale  of  classification  never  hitherto  contemplated  in 
any  country. 

The  following  invitation  from  the  city  of  Chester,  to  which  the  common- 
seal  was  appended,  was  then  submitted  to  the  meeting. 

"At  a  monthly  meeting  of  the  Council  of  the  City  and  Borough  of  Chester, 
duly  convened  and  holden  at  the  Exchange  in  the  said  City  and  Borough 
on  Friday,  the  11th  day  of  July,  1856. 

"Resolved — That  the  Archaeological  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
be  requested  to  hold  their  Annual  Congress  for  1857  at  Chester." 

A  very  cordial  renewal  of  their  former  invitation,  presented  at  the 
Shrewsbury  meeting,  was  likewise  received  from  the  Council  of  the  Historic 
Society  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire.  The  proposition  was  unanimously 
adopted,  tiiat  the  meeting  for  the  ensuing  year  should  be  held  at  Chester. 

The  proceedings  of  the  meeting  of  members  having  thus  been  brought  to 
a  close,  the  following  memoirs  were  read. 

On  the  Round  Towers  of  Abernethy  and  Brechin. — By  T.  A.  Wyse, 
Esq.,  M.D. 

Notices  of  the  Family  of  the  Murrays,  of  Perdew,  in  Fifeshlre,  and  of 
two  of  their  sepulchral  memorials,  in  Dunfermline  Abbey. —  By  W.  Downing 
Bruce,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Account  of  Excavations  made  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  city  of  Pante- 
capaeum,  in  the  Crimea,  and  of  the  tombs  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Kertch. — 
By  Duncan  M'Pheuson,  M.D.,  late  Inspector  of  Hospitals,  Turkish  Contin- 
gent. A  detailed  narrative  of  these  researches,  with  numerous  illustrations 
representing  the  antiquities  now  deposited  in  the  British  iluseum,  will 
shortly  be  published. 

Mr.  A.  Henky  RiiiND,  F.S.A.,  read  a  memoir  on  Megalithic  Remains  in 
Malta.  Referring  to  plans,  drawings,  sections,  and  some  relics  recovered  from 
the  ruins,  Mr.  Rhind  described  the  more  prominent  features  of  the  remains 
at  Hagar  Kim  and  Mnaidra  in  Malta,  and  in  connection  with  tliein  inci- 
dentally adverted  to  the  "  Giant's  Tower  "  in  the  neighbouring  island  of 
Gozzo.  For  further  details  he  indicated  the  various  existing  sources  of 
information,'  and  then  proceeded  to  examine  the  opinion  invariably  urf-ed, 
that  these  monuments  were  Phtonician  temples.  Conceiving  that  the 
question  of  their  origin  was  of  very  material  importance,  from  the  obvious 
influence  which  its  decision  must  exert  on  various  channels  of  research,  he 
would  venture  to  in([uire  whether  in  reality  it  had  been  accurately  deter- 
mined. In  the  first  place,  it  would  be  well  to  observe  in  what  sense  the 
name  "Phoenician   temple "  was   used,   for  it    might   be   applied   in  two 

^  Uo\xc\,Vot/aije  Pittorcs(juc,iv.     Delia  AbhamUungen     do-     K6nigUchcii    Al-ad. 

Marmora  in  Annalcs  Nouvelles  dc  I'Ins-  der   Wiascii.  zu   Berlin,   for    1846.      The 

titution  Archacolof/iqiw.     Admiral  Smyth  Malta  Magazine  ior  IMO.     Dr.  Vassallo, 

and  Mr.  Vance  in  the  Arehaolvgia,  vols.  iVoiiumcnti  Antichi  iicl  Onqipo  di  Malta', 

xxii.    and     xxix.   '     Gerhanlt,     in      the  >.^c-. 


398  HIOCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS   OF 

differeut  sicriifications.  According  to  one  way  a  given  structure  of  unknown 
orio-in  bcin"-  selected,  it  might  be  simply  asserted  that  Phoenicians  I'eared  it 
at  a  period  antedating  their  recorded  works,  or  according  to  a  fashion  not 
traceable  in  any  extant  allusions  to  their  practice  ;  and  a  statement  of  this 
kind  would  amount  only  to  a  convenient  mystification  similar  to  that  so 
stubborniv  bound  up  in  the  common  epithet  Druidical.  The  other  method 
was  to  examine  the  structure  with  reference  to  the  various  attainable 
sources  of  information  relating  to  the  people  in  question,  after  historic  data 
first  reveal  them  to  us,  to  pronounce  accordingly,  and  so  to  make  use  uf 
their  name  in  the  only  manner  which  would  attach  to  it  a  real  meaning. 
There  was  also  the  medium  course  of  finding  by  the  latter  means  germs  of 
identity,  or  indications  of  similarity  sufficiently  marked  to  refer  the 
structure  back  to  a  time  when  recorded  forms  were  not  so  fully  developed 
as  they  subsequently  became.  With  regard  to  the  Maltese  ruins  the 
legitimate  system,  at  all  events,  liad  been  followed  ;  and  as  it  had  been  the 
habit  to  search  for  specific  evidence  to  ascribe  them  to  the  Phoenicians,  he 
])roposed  to  direct  attention  to  the  nature  of  the  arguments  which  had  been 
thus  adduced  by  the  various  authors  already  named,  and  by  others  whose 
works  were  also  quoted. 

It  had  been  pointed  out  that  the  same  species  of  ornament,  small  circular 
indentations  which  cover  some  of  the  megaliths  in  these  buildings,  was 
found  on  vases  with  Phoenician  inscriptions  ;  but  as  a  precisely  similar 
decoration  was  common  on  Mexican  pottery,  was  present  on  a  perforated 
button  stone  from  a  so-called  "  Pict's  House  "  in  Caithness,  produced  to 
the  mectinf — in  short,  was  to  be  met  with  everywhere,  from  the  Cyclopean 
Gateway  at  Messena  to  the  paddles  of  the  Sandwich  Islander,  no  weight 
could  be  allowed  to  the  analogy,  as  this  and  other  simple  decorative  designs 
likewise  adverted  to,  were  too  universal  to  prove  aifinity.  There  was, 
however,  at  lla'o-tr  Kim,  another  specimen  of  ornamentation,  sufficiently 
l)eculiar  to  be  fairly  viewed  as  characteristic,  namely,  a  plant  or  tree  sculp- 
tured on  the  sides  of  a  very  remarkable  rectangular  pedestal.  This  figure  Mr. 
Vance  averred  to  be  a  palm,  stating  that  the  discovery  of  the  fact  first  led 
liim  to  look  to  the  Phoenicians  as  the  designers  ;  for  that  tree  was  emble- 
matical on  the  coins  of  Tyre  and  Sidon.-  But  Mr.  Ivhind  expressed  his 
inability,  after  some  experience  in  the  region  of  the  palm,  to  recognise  in 
this  sculpture  an  approximation  to  the  outline  of  that  tree  ;  neither  did  it 
seem  to  him  conceivable  that  any  one  should  have  planted  it  in  a  species  of 
flower-pot,  as  it  there  aj)[teared,  and  have  delineated  it  in  a  nuinner  entirely 
at  variance  with  its  real  form.  Moreover,  what  was  (piite  as  much  to  the 
purpose,  the  I'hoenicians  did  not  represent  it  in  any  such  conventional  and 
inaccurate  style,  fur  on  their  coins  '  it  t-tands  out  in  its  natural  and  munis- 
takcablu  contour. 

Again,  it  had  been  asserted  that  certain  rude  statuettes  discovered  in 
Hagur  Kim,  being  seven  in  number,  were  effigies  of  the  Cabiri  ;  and 
accordingly  the  ruin  was  declared  to  have  been  a  tiinpk-  to  that  i)rotherhood, 
(•rected  by  the  J'ho.-nicians  who  worshipped  them.  It  is  well  known  that 
tlierc  ih  nothing  in  ancient  mythology  more  uncertain  than  any  definition 
rcHpecting  the  Cabiri.  Even  in  Slrabo's  time  the  whole  (piestion  was 
involved  in  hucli  confusion   tiiat  he  devotes  a  lung  disfiuisiiidii   to  show  that 

'  Eckhcl     I)  ictniirv     .Niiniiiioriiiii,    iii.,  •■"  Gcsfnii  Momiin'Mta  l'li<iiiiciii.     Tali. 

385.  ;iU. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  399 

not  only  their  names  but  tlieir  number  was  very  doubtful.  Granting, 
however,  as  tlie  desired  basis,  Sanconiatho's  statement,  tliat,  cxcludinjij 
Esculapius,  they  were  seven,  the  ingenious  speculation  in  question,  which  is 
advanced  by  Dr.  Vassallo,  •would  still  fall  to  the  ground  ;  for  although  he 
seemed  to  have  perceived  feminine  characteristics  in  only  two  of  the 
figures,  Mr,  Yance  had  previously  described  them  all  as  female,  a  decision 
in  which  the  author's  examination  of  them  in  the  Public  Library  at  Valletta, 
•where  they  are  preserved,  led  him  to  coincide,  and  which  will  not  harmonise 
with  any  account  of  the  sex  of  the  majority  of  the  Cabiri.  Moreover,  Dr. 
Vassallo  appeared  to  have  overlooked  the  actual  number  of  statues  brought 
to  light,  as  a  contemporaneous  record,  the  "Malta  Magazine"  for  1840, 
gives  it  as  eight,  and  Mr.  Vance,  who,  as  having  been  the  finder,  must  be 
held  as  the  correct  authority,  distinctly  specifies  7iine. 

Another  argument  had  likewise  been  brought  forward,  to  the  effect  that 
these  ruins  in  Malta  and  Gozzo  present  in  their  arrangement  a  resemblance 
to  the  Paphian  temple  of  Venus.  But  let  any  one  examine  the  plan  of  the 
latter  and  of  one  of  the  former,  as  given  by  Gerhardt  himself  who  makes 
the  allegation,  and  it  would  be  seen  that  the  coincidences  are  slight  and 
inconclusive,  while  the  discrepancies  are  so  many  and  so  marked,  that 
the  result  is  about  as  satisfactory  as  would  be  a  comparison  between  the 
Egyptian  Temple  of  Dendera  and  the  Mosque  of  Omar. 

After  discussing  several  others  of  the  more  tangible  reasons  adduced  for 
terming  those  monuments  Phoenician  temples,  Mr.  Ehind  concluded  by 
pointing  out  that  it  was  well  to  remember  there  was  a  more  comprehensive 
method  of  viewing  the  question.  Even  had  the  alleged  resemblances  been 
made  out,  individual,  much  more  if  supposititious,  points  of  contact  in 
cases  of  this  kind  were  far  from  conclusive.  In  short,  the  reasonable  system 
of  criticism  had  not  been  followed,  of  taking  into  account  all,  and  not  fra"'- 
ments  of,  the  existing  data  which  could  help  us  to  decide  what  Phcenician 
edifices  really  were  or  were  not.  If,  then,  we  set  about  the  inquiry  in  this 
manner,  and  examine  the  few  available  sources  of  information  regardino" 
this  extraordinary  people  from  the  earliest  dawn  of  history  until  their  glory 
had  departed — if,  among  other  facts  of  an  indirect  nature,  we  remember  the 
species  of  skill  which  distinguished  them  as  the  artificers  of  Solomon's 
temple,  and  the  peculiar  development  thereby  evinced — if  we  recognise  any 
force  in  the  corroborative  testimony  that  Menander  and  Dius,  ancient 
writers  cited  by  Josephus,^  mention  the  temples  to  Hercules  and  Astarte 
built  by  Hiram  with  a  roofing  of  cedar,  as  towering  above  what  are  termed 
the  spacious  arul  magniticent  buildings  of  Tyre — if  we  give  any  weight  to 
the  narrative  of  a  native  of  Spain,  Silius  Italicus,''  descriptive  of  the 
brilliant  decorations  admired  by  Hannibal  in  the  shrine  at  Cadiz,  said  to 
have  been  the  original  structure  raised  by  the  Phoenicians  on  the  first 
establishment  of  their  colony,  at  least  1100  years  B.C. — if,  above  all,  we 
note  the  architectural  subjects  on  Phcenician  coins  regarded  as  representa- 
tions of  sacred  fanes,  we  shall  unquestionably  find  that  any  idea  we  can  on 
these  and  other  grounds  form  of  Phcenician  temples,  will  in  no  sort  or 
degree  be  realised  by  the  Maltese  megalithic  remains. 

It  was,  as  before  implied,  entirely  another  question  whether  in  times  so 
remote  as  to  be  unrevealcd  to  us,  the  Phcenicians  might  not,  in  keeping 

•*  Antiq.  viii.  2,  ami  apml  euiiJ.   Cont.   Apion,  lib,  ii.,  cited  in  Ancient  Univenal 
/list,  ii.  5.  *  Lib.  iii. 


lOU  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

with  their  then  mode  of  architecture,  have  reared  the  fabrics  iu  question. 
Neither  did  it  bear  upon  tlie  discussion  that  the  erection  of  luegaUths  was 
at  one  period  undoubtedly  practised  in  the  East,  and  that  even  in  or  near 
the  territory  once  possessed  by  that  race,  a  circle  of  rude  stones  still  stands. 
For,  granting  that  Phoinicians  in  primordial  ages,  when  unknown  to  us  by 
that  or  any  other  name,  followed  very  ditiorcnt  forms  in  the  structure  of 
their  temples  from  those  which  they  employed  in  historical  times,  it  would 
not  be  the  wav  to  throw  light  upon  the  subject,  to  attempt  an  identification 
by  misapplving  to  the  old  order  of  things,  which  must  be  at  best  only  an 
ethnographical  speculation,  evidence  relating  to  the  new  which  has  the 
more  definite  basis  of  recorded  facts.  Indeed,  such  an  anomalous  method 
would  produce  a  degree  of  confusion  hardly  less  complete  than  if,  some 
hundreds  of  years  hence,  supposing  the  architectural  results  of  modern 
civilisation,  and  the  vestiges  of  semi-barbaric  antiquity  to  be  then  alike  in 
ruins,  an  inquirer  of  the  period  possessing  only  a  few  scattered  allusions  to 
Gothic  edifices,  were  to  apply  odds  and  ends  of  these  to  the  monoliths  on 
Salisbury  Plain,  and  decide  that  Stonehonge  was  the  remnant  of  an 
English  Catliedral. 

The  autiior  hoped  on  another  occasion  to  review  the  analogies  or  discre- 
pancies which,  as  compared  with  ancient  relics  elsewhere,  the  Maltese 
remains  exhibit,  and  so  to  deduce  from  them  at  least  something  of  archaeo- 
logical significance  ;  but  he  expected  to  be  better  able  to  enter  into  this 
general  discussion  after  a  contemplated  examination  of  certain  monuments 
iu  other  islands  of  the  Mediterranean. 

A  memoir  was  also  read,  communicated  by  Mr.  Bak.naiu)  Davis,  F.S.A. 
On  some  of  the  Bearings  of  Ethnology  upon  Archaeological  Science. 
(Printed  in  this  volume,  p.  'M5.) 

The  following  communications  were  likewise  received  :  — 

Notes  on  Masons'  Marks,  preserved  among  the  operative  masons  of 
Scotland.  By  Andukw  Keuh,  Esq.,  of  II. M.  Board  of  Works  :  with 
notices  of  similar  marks  occurring  at  IIol\ruod  Chapel,  conuuunicatcd  by 
David  Laiso,  Esq. 

Observations  on  ancient  Tenure  Horns.  By  Westo.N'  S.  ^VALKul!0, 
Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Notice  of  a  scul|)tured  monument  inscribed  with  Runes,  recently  found 
built  into  the  church  tower  at  Kirk  Braddan,  in  tlie  isle  of  Man.  By  the 
Rev.  J.  G.  CuMMl.sG,  M.A.,  F.G.S.,  (»f  Jjidificld.  A  cast  from  this  curious 
fragment  was  sent  for  exhibition  in  the  Museum  of  the  Institute.  A 
detailed  work  on  tlie  Runic  and  other  monumental  remains  in  the  Isle  of 
•Man,  has  been  annoimced  for  publication  by  Mr.  Cumming." 

Tiie  Romun  inscriptions  existing  on  the  rocks  at  Coomc  Crags,  Cum- 
berland.     By  the  Rev.  .laUN  Maluiian. 

The  noble  president  then  announced  that  the  proceedings  of  tlie  meeting 
being  concluded,  the  agreeable  duty  devolved  upon  him  to  express  the 
hearty  thanks  of  the  Society  to  the  numerous  friends  and  public  bodies  by 
whom  lli<;y  had  been  so  graciously  received.  Jiord  Talbot  adverti-d  especially 
to  the  kind  facilities  ulforded  to  the  institute  by  tlie  Royal  Society,  in  wlioso 
rooms  iliey  were  then  aHsemblcd  ;  by  the  lion,  the  Roard  of  Miinnfacturcs, 
aluo,  through  whose  approval,  with  the  siuiclion  of  llie  Iior<1.4  ( 'ominisHioners 

•  Till*  viiluiiie  will  compriHf  illuHtralfd  .Sul»H<TilMTM'  imiiKH  nro  reiTivcd  liy  Mr. 
rioticcn  of  iliirly-Hix  Hciilplurcd  croH-dH  ;  Lkimux,  Liclifii-lil.  'I'lic  price  will  bo 
lorn'.'  of  wliicli  uru  fl.'iborul'ly  Hciiiiiluruil.        I'-V.  '»'/. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  401 

of  ITcr  Majesty's  Treasury,  every  facility  had  been  granted  at  the  National 
Gallery  for  the  purposes  of  the  temporary  museum.     Their  cordial  thanks 
were  justly  claimed  by  those  who  had  so  liberally  sent  the  valuable  objects 
or  antiquities  in  their  possession,  to  enhance  the  instructive  character  and 
historical  interest  of  that  attractive  collection  ;  and  amongst  those  who  had 
conferred  such  favour  on  the  Institute,  their  grateful  acknowledgment    was 
especially  due  to  Her  Most  Gracious  Majesty  the   Queen,  to  the   Duke  of 
Northumberland,  the  ^L^,rquis  of  Breadalbane,  the  Duke  of  Hamilton,  the 
Duke  of  Sutherland,  the  Earl  Morton,  with  numerous  contributors  to  the 
Museum,  who  had  freely  confided  the  treasures  in  their  possession ;  whilst  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries   of  Scotland,  and  various  provincial  institutions,  at 
Aberdeen,  St.  Andrews,  Cupar,  Peterhead,  Inverness,  Kelso,  and  Montrose, 
had  with  most  friendly  consideration  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Institute 
the  antiquities  preserved  in  their  respective  museums.     On  no  former  occa- 
sion had  so  extensive  and  remarkable  a  combination  been  presented  to  the 
archaeologist,  of  the  vestiges  of  the  ancient  races  by  which  North  Britain 
had   been  peopled.     To  the  President  and   Council  of  the  Royal  Scottish 
Academy,  Lord  Talbot  desired   also  to  express  the  Avarm  thanks  of  the 
Institute,    regretting   that  the  project  at  one  period  entertained  by  the 
Academy,  in  regard  to  the  formation  of  an  exhibition  of  Scottish  Historical 
Portraits,  had  not  been  realised.     He   hoped  that  so  interesting  an  object 
might  be  successfully  achieved  on  some  future  occasion.     To  those  who  had 
taken  part  in    the    proceedings    of  the   Sections,   their   thanks  would   be 
unanimously  rendered,  and  not  only  to  old  and  tried  friends  of  the  Society, 
—  Dr.  Whcwell,  Dr.  Guest,  Mr.  Kenible,  and  many  whom  he  had  here  met 
with   gratification,  but  to  tliose  who  had  now  first  joined  their  ranks — to 
Lord  Neaves,  Professor  Innes,  Mr.  Robert   Chambers,  Professor  Simpson, 
Mr.  Napier,  Mr.  Burton,  and  more   especially  to  Mr.  Rhind,  who  had  so 
indefatigably  exerted  his  influence  to  arouse,  in  favour  of  the  Institute,  the 
sympathies  of  antiquaries  and  of  scientific  institutions  throughout  Scotland. 
To  none,  however,  were  they  more  indebted  for  that  ample  measure  of 
kindred  interest  and  hearty  co-operation  in  their  cause,  by  which  the  grati- 
fication and  success  of  the  previous  week  had  been  insured,  than  to  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland — to  Mr.  John  Stuart,  their  secretary  : 
to  their  treasurer,  Mr.  Johnston,  to  Mr.  Robertson,  Mr.  David  Laing,  ^Ir. 
Boyle,  and  other  influential  supporters  of  that  Institution.     No  small  part 
of  the  friendly  consideration  with  which  the   Institute  had  been  welcomed, 
had   arisen  from   the  fact  that  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  had  won,    in 
Edinburgh,  more  than   merely  local  renown,  through  the  attainments  of 
such  men   as  Daniel   Wilson  and  Patrick   Chalmers — of  those,  likewise, 
who  now  so  honourably  promoted  the  cause  of  historical  and  archaeological 
research.     Lord  Talbot  concluded  by  presenting  to   the   Museum  of  that 
Society  an  extensive  series  of  models,  exemplifying  all  the  rare  or  peculiar 
types  of  the  earlier  antiquities  of  Ireland,  as  a  small  mark  of  his  obligation 
for  the  zeal  and  goodwill  which  the  Antiquaries  of  Scotland  had  evinced  in 
giving  their  valuable  assistance  towards  the  extension  of  the  archaeological 
series  in  the  Dublin  exhibition  in  1852. 

ilr.  Stuakt,  on  behalf  of  the  Society,  returned  their  thanks  for  such  a 
valuable  acquisition  ;  and  after  a  very  gratifying  expression  from  Lord 
II.VNDYSIDE,  of  the  satisfaction  with  which  the  visit  of  Lord  TALnOT  and  the 
members  of  the  Institute  to  Edinburgh  would  be  long  remembered,  the 
meeting  concluded. 

VOL.  XIII.  .3   I 


40:2  rKOCEEDIXGS   AT   MEETINGS   OF 

The  Central  Committee  ilesire  to  acknowledge  the  following  donations  in 
aid  of  the  expenses  of  the  meeting,  and  the  general  purposes  of  the 
Institute.  The  Town  Council  of  Eilinhurgh,  50/.  ;  the  Royal  Academy, 
uOl.  ;  tlie  Lord  Provost,  51.  ;  the  Marquis  of  Breadalhane,  20/.  ;  tlie  Duke 
of  Buccleugli,  51.  ;  the  Duke  of  Roxburghe,  51.  ;  Lord  Murray,  51.  ;  Lord 
Handysido,  5/. ;  Lord  Ncaves,  3/.;  the  Right  Rev.  Bisliop  Terrot,  2/.; 
Hon.  B.  F.  Primrose,  1/.  I.-'.  ;  Sir  .Tames  Ramsay,  Bart.,  51.  ;  Sir  John 
.Maxwell,  Bart.,  10/.  lOs.  ;  Sir  J.  P.  Boileau,  Bart.,  51.;  Sir  R.  K. 
Arhuthnot,  Bart.,  2/.  25.  ;  tlic  Solicitor  General,  51.  ;  Sir  W.  Johnston, 
2/.  2s.  ;  Sir  John  Watson  Gordon,  21.  2s.;  the  Dean  of  Faculty,  3/.  os.  ; 
F.  Abbot,  Esq.,  1/.  Is  ;  Dr.  W.  Adam,  1/.  Is.  ;  the  Rev.  \V.  Alexander, 
D.D.,  1/.  Is.  ;  J.  n.  Burton,  Esq.,  21.  2s.;  Adam  Black,  Esq.,  M.P.,  1/. 
\s.  ;  Dr.  John  Brown,  1/.  Is.  ;  A.  T.  Boyle,  Esq.,  3/.  3s.  ;  David  Bryce. 
Esq.,  2/.  2s.  ;  J.  G.  Burt,  Esq.,  1/.  Is.  ;  Robert  Cox,  Esq.,  1/.  Is.  ; 
Sir  W.  Gibson  Craig,  Bart.,  51.  ;  J.  T.  Gibson  Craig,  Esq.,  31.  3s.  ; 
Robert  Chambers,  Esq.,  21.  2s.  ;  Alex.  Christie,  Esq.,  1/.  Is.  ;  John 
Clarke,  Esq.,  1/.  Is.  ;  David  Cousin,  Esq.,  1/.  Is.  ;  Charles  Cowan,  Esq., 
.\1.1'.,  5/.  ;  Sir  IL  Dryden,  Bart.,  1/.  Is.  ;  John  Dund.is,  Esq., 
2/.  2s.  ;  Bailie  Brown  Douglas,  31.  ;  Barron  Graham,  Esq.,  3/.  ;  E.  S. 
(jordon,  Esq.,  2/.  2s.;  W.  Fraser,  Esq.,  21.  2s.;  Edwin  Guest,  Esq.. 
LL.D.,  Master  of  Caius  College,  51.  ;  G.  Uarvev,  Esq.,  R.S.A.,  1/. 
Is.  ;  R.  Ilorne,  Esq.,  51.  ;  Bailie  Hill,  1/.  Is.  ;  D.  0.  Hill,  Esq.,  R.S.A., 
1/.  Is.  ;  Cosmo  Lines,  Esq.,  3/.  3s.  ;  T.  15.  Jehnston,  Esq.,  21.  2s.  ; 
David  Laing,  Esq.,  II.  Is.;  Joseph  Mayer,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  21.  2s.; 
W.  Miller,  Esq.,  1/.  Is.;  Professor  More,  11.  Is.;  A.  K.  Mackenzie, 
Esq.,  1/.  Is.  ;  D.  Maclagan.  Esq.  M.D.,  1/.  Is.  ;  D.  McLaren,  Esq., 
1/.  l.x.  :  David  Muir,  Esq.,  21.  2s.  ;  W.  U.  Hay  Newton,  Esq  ,  2/.  2s.  ; 
Mark  Napier,  Esq.,  2/.  2s.  ;  George  Patton,  Esq.,  21.  2s.  ;  J.  Noel  Paton, 
Esq.,  R.S.A.,  1/.  1*.  ;  A.  II.  Rhind,  Esq.,  2/.  2s.  ;  G.  B.  Robertson,  Esq., 
1/.  Is.  ;  Joseph  Robertson,  Esq.,  1/.  Is.  ;  George  Scton,  Esq.,  1/.  Is.  ; 
R.  AL  Smith,  Esq.,  1/.  Is.  ;  Rev.  Dr.  Stevenson,  3/.  ;  John  Stuart,  Esq., 
21.  2s.  ;  Professor  Swinton,  21.  ;  John  Thomson,  Esq.,  1/.  Is.  ;  Professor 
Simpson,  3/.  3s.  ;  lUv.  .1.  M.  Trahcrnc,  21.  ;  George  Traill,  E.s(i.,  M.P., 
51.  ;  Major-Gencrul  Vulc,  21. 


ittonlljln  ilont)on  iHcflincj. 

November  7th,  185G. 
Jijirs  MiTCunu.  Kkmhle,  I'^sq.,  M.A.,  in  (ho  Chair. 
A  Communication  from  the  First  Commissioner  of  Her  Majesty's 
Works  and  Public  Buildings  was  read,  accompanying  the  j)roscnt  of  a 
copy  fof  the  "  Architectural  Antiquities  of  the  (Collegiate  Chapel  of 
St.  Stephen,  Westmin.ster,  the  late  House  of  Commons,  drawn  from 
actual  Kurvoy  and  adineasureiiionts,  made  by  direction  of  the  Commis- 
fioiiers  of  Her  Majesty's  Woods  and  Works,  accompanied  by  observations 
oM  the  original  and  perfect  state  of  the  Building."  The  oflicial  letter  stated 
that  "  the  drawing.s,  com|)ri'iing  the  jilans,  elevations,  and  sections,  with 
their  various  uichilectural  detail.^,  were  executed  by  direction  of  theOovern- 
incnt,  after  the  fire  of  the  Hou.ses  of  Parliament,  for  the  purpose  either  of 
rchtorolion,  or  for  the  preservation  of  a  memorial  of  (hat  interesting  build- 
ing.     Ah  the    First  Comujissioner  considers   this  work   to   be  of  a  nature 


THE    AKCIIAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  4')3 

wliich  cannot  fail  to  atFord  interest  to  the  antiquarian,  the  architect,  and  tlie 
pubHc  at  hirge,  he  has  much  pleasure  in  placing  it  at  your  disposal, 
with  a  view  to  it  being  deposited  in  the  library  of  the  Archaeological 
Institute." 

A.  special  vote  of  thanks  was  directed  to  be  recorded  for  this  valuable 
present.^ 

Mr.  Kemble  gave  some  account  of  excavations  at  Mercworth  Castle,  in 
Kent,  the  seat  of  Viscount  Fahnoutli.  Tliis  noble  mansion  was  erected  in 
the  first  half  of  the  XVIIIth  century  by  John  Earl  of  Westmorland,  from 
the  plans  of  an  Italian  artist,  upon  the  site  of  an  earlier  structure.  In  tlie 
course  of  la-st  year,  during  some  alterations  of  the  park,  a  few  hundred 
yards  from  the  house,  the  labourers  discovered  several  pieces  of  ancient 
pottery,  flanged  tile,  and  much  oxydated  iron.  As  this  pottery,  upon 
examination,  appeared  to  be  Roman,  a  further  investigation  was  made  in 
the  month  of  October  in  this  year.  The  examination  of  the  ground  in  tlic 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  spot  where  the  sherds  had  been  discovered,  made 
it  probable  that  it  was  the  site  of  an  ancient  barrow,  which  had  probably 
been|  levellcil  during  Lord  Westmorland's  works,  partly  by  cutting  down 
the  barrow  itself,  partly  by  raising  the  adjacent  ground,  the  house  it.sel[' 
having  been  surrounded  by  a  moat.  A  trench  was  therefore  driven  in  the 
usual  direction,  and  the  workmen  almost  immediately  came  upon  a  stone 
structure,  similar  in  every  respect  to  those  which  we  find  in  the  circum- 
ference of  the  Saxon  barrows  in  Germany,  viz.,  a  low  wall  of  loose  stones, 
about  three  feet  thick,  and  two  or  three  courses  high.  Proceeding  towards 
what  was  presumed  to  have  been  the  centre,  they  found  considerable 
quantities  of  a  black  substance,  which  might  be  charcoal  or  lignite,  the 
result  of  decomposed  wood,  and  several  large  iron  nails  of  a  kind  well 
known  to  archaeologists.  Together  with  these  were  an  iron  pin  about  four 
inches  long,  and  several  sherds,  of  which  hereafter.  The  earth  at  this 
point  was  much  mixed  and  darkened,  and  it  was  easy  to  follow  the  different 
strata.  As  the  trench,  which  was  about  four  feet  deep,  advanced,  a  heap 
or  cairn  of  small  stones  was  found,  in  and  about  which  were  numerous  2)leces 
of  charcoal — not  lignite, — and  which,  on  being  removed,  disclosed  a  great 
number  of  fragments  of  pottery  of  very  various  kinds.  The  inclement 
weather  prevented  his  continuing  the  excavations  at  that  time,  but  a  few 
days  later,  Lord  Falmouth  having  again  set  his  labourers  at  work  upon  a 
part  of  tlie  ground  still  closer  to  the  site  of  the  first  discovery,  exhumed 
several  flat  tiles,  which  appear  to  be  Ixoman,  some  fragments  of  pottery  of 
a  very  curious  description,  and  one  large  brass  of  one  of  the  Antonines, 
probably  M.  Aurelius,  in  an  extremely  worn  condition,  indeed,  almost  unre- 
cognisable. This  lay  between  two  of  the  tiles,  and  near  it  was  a  fragment 
of  Samian  ware,  with  the  escallop  pattern,  also  very  much  worn  at  the 
edges.  Unburnt  bones  of  some  animal,  perhaps  swine,  were  also  remarked. 
Some  of  the  fragments  of  pottery  were  exhibited  by  Mr.  Kemblo.  A  por- 
tion of  them  were  unmistakeably  Roman,  comprising  portions  of  very  fine 
Samian  ware  ;  but  there  were  several  large  fragments  which  the  student 
recognises  at  once  as  Saxon  ;  and  among  the  portions  of  iron  discovered, 
was  a  small  socketed  bill-hook,  which  has  every  characteristic  of  Saxon 
manufacture.     It  is  obvious  that  a  very  interesting  interment  has  here  been 

'"  Tlilssunijituous  volume,  in  Atlas  folio,      toratioii  of  this  highly  intci'csting  struc- 
coniiirises    jihites,  from    carurul  drawings       ture. 
by  Mackcnzio,  one  of  which  gives  a  res- 


-104'  rPtOCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS   OF 

(liscovercil,  wliicli  will  probably  throw  a  gooJ  deal  of  liobt  upon  some  dis- 
puted points  with  regard  to  the  Roman  occupation  of  West  Kent,  and  the 
localities  of  some  of  their  stations.  Mr.  Kemble  reserved,  however,  all 
further  observations  upon  these  points  till  the  excavation,  whicli  it  is  Lord 
Falmouth's  intention  to  renew  at  a  more  favourable  season,  shall  have  been 
carried  to  a  greater  extent. 

Mr.  Kemble  also  gave  some  details  of  an  excavation  made  by  the  Rev. 
L.  1>.  Larkinf'  and  himself  on  the  site  of  the  cromlech  or  stone  kist  called 
"  The  Adscombe  "  or  "  Coldrum  "  Stones  in  Kent,  with  the  adjoining  mag- 
nificent stone  circle,  and  exhibited  specimens  of  the  pottery  exhumed  by 
them,  some  of  which  was  undoubtedly  of  Saxon  manufacture,  lie  pointed 
out  the  sif-nificancc  of  the  name.derivcd  from  Anglo-Sax. — :k\,a  funeral  pile, 
and  the  coincidence  between  Surrey  and  Kent,  in  both  of  which  counties,  side 
by  side,  are  found  Ades  cumb  and  Adinga  tiin.  We  do  not  give  any  further 
details,  however,  at  present,  as  the  excavations  will  be  resumed  next  year, 
and  Mr.  Kemble  will  then  enter  into  a  close  examination  of  the  results 
obtained,  and  the  important  archaeological  and  ethnographical  conclusions  to 
which  they  have  led. 

The  ReV.  Juiix  Mauohax,  Rector  of  Bewcastle,  Cumberland,  communi- 
cated the  following  observations  on  Roman  Inscriptions  on  Coomc  (or 
Combe)  Crags,  Cumberland  :  — 

"  The  romantic  rocks,  called  Coome  Crags,  are  situated  on  the  margin 
of  the  river  Irthing,  about  two  miles  west  from  the  station  called  Ambo- 
glanna  (now  Birdoswald),  on  the  Roman  Wall,  and  about  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  on  the  south  siile  of  North  Wall  and  Vallum.  They  arc  chicHy  re- 
markable for  a  Roman  inscription,  which,  as  I  venture  to  read  it,  nuvy 
perhaps  be  allowed  to  have  some  importance  in  the  controversy  respecting 
the  autliorshi]>  of  the  Great  Barrier. 

"  The  Lysons,  in  their  '  History  of  Cumberland,'  direct  attention  to  this 
inscription,  of  which  they  otl'cr  the  following  reading  :  — 

s  K  v  E  11  V  s 
AI 

V 

"  They  say — '  the  name  Severus  may  have  been  intended  for  that  of  the 
Emperor  Septimius  Severus,  the  builder  of  the  Roman  Wall,  or  of 
Alexander  Severus,  in  whose  reign  considerable  buildings  and  repairs 
appear  to  have  been  carried  on  at  the  northern  stations.'  Other  anti- 
quaries have  visited  these  Crags,  and  appear  generally  to  have  partially 
adopted  the  reading  of  the  Lysons — namely,  Severus  Alexaiuler."* 

"  Having  had  ()pj)ortunilies  of  inspecting  this  inqxirtant  inscriptinn,  and 
correcting  my  views  of  it  by  careful  rnbltings,  1  venture  ttt  lay  before  the 
InBtitulo  a  reading  totally  at  variance  with  that  given  by  the  liysons 
and  other  antiquaries.  1  also  send  for  examination  fidl-sized  tracings 
(from  the  rubbings)  of  the  letters  of  this,  and  of  Bomo  other  inscrip- 
tionH  wliich  I  have  discovered  on  the  face  of  these  Crags.  The  double 
lines  hIiow  where  the  letters  are  still  distinct  and  \W\U\c  ;  the  double- 
dotted  lincB  where  the  letters,  or  parts  of  letters,  an«  imt  so  plain, 
but  where  truces  nuvy  still  bo  seen  and  felt  by  riiKiiii  cxamimv- 
lion  ;  the  sitigle-dotted  lines  represent  those  imrts  where  there  aro 
liu  decided  traces  or  vestiges  now  renmining.      The  letters  a]>pear  to  have 

"  Mention  in  nindr  of  tlicHO  cragH  \>y  Ho  hurkchUj  Hk;  na.liiit,'  of  lliu  cliicf  in- 
Dr.   Hru<<.,  U.,muii   Wall,   i>i).   fi:i,   '2.W.      Hcription— hevehus  allxamucii  aiuustus. 


THE    AllCHAEOLOGICAL    I^'STITUTE.  405 

been  cut  very  deep  at  first,  and  pitted  witli  the  point  of  the  i)iclc,  and 
thus  some  parts  of  tlie  letters  would  probably  be  shallower  than  the  others. 
These  shallower  parts  have  probably  been  obliterated  by  the  corroding 
effects  of  time  and  the  weather — the  deeper-cut  parts  only  being  left.  In 
consequence  of  the  uneven  face  of  the  Crags  the  rains  may  have  taken  into 
those  letters  which  are  now  remaining,  as  channels,  and  may  thus  have 
had  the  etl'ect  of  wearing  and  keeping  them  deeper. 

"  The  chief  inscription  consists  of  three  lines,  and  I  venture  to  suggest 
that  it  may  be  read  thus  (see  wood-  ^         ^ — ^."^  /i^— .      n   ^ 

cut) — L.    SEP.   SEVEiivs    (for   Lucius  Uv^  J^JPrS'^/^v^   !S) 

Septiraius    Severus)    imperator   at-  o       a  a  ©dX^/^  =^ 

GVSTVS.  \     /V^UMirO/l 

"  The  lower  part  of  the  letter  L,  ^  ^ 
for  Lucius,  is  traceable,  but  the  AX^^ 
upper  part  is  gone.  The  second 
letter  is  very  evidently  an  S.  The  third  letter  has  no  marks  on  tlie  right 
side  of  the  upright  stroke  so  as  to  make  the  letter  E,  as  supposed  by  the 
Lysons,  while  the  lower  part  of  the  loop  of  the  letter  P  is  distinct  and 
pointing  upwards,  the  top  of  the  loop  being  quite  gone — the  lowest 
side-mark  on  the  left  side  is  also  distinct  (but  probably  only  a  very  small  part 
of  it  is  now  left),  and  there  is  also  a  trace  of  the  middle  side-mark,  so  as  to 
make  the  tied  letters  ef  ;  and  thus  we  have  the  letters  sep  for  septimius. 

"  There  appears  to  be  room  between  my  third  and  fifth  letters  for  the 
letter  S  only,  of  the  beginning  and  end  of  which  we  find  traces.  The 
letter  V  is  as  evident  as  any  letter  on  the  rock,  although  the  Lysons  do  not 
copy  it  correctly:  and  there  are  good  traces  of  the  side-marks  so  as  to  make 
the  tied-letters  EV.  The  same  may  be  observed  of  the  next  letter,  which 
may  be  read  ER.  The  letters  V  and  S  cannot  be  mistaken,  Thus  we 
obtain  the  word  skveul'S.  The  Lysons  read  the  first  line  as  severus 
only,  either  overlooking  the  V,  or  misplacing  the  letters  Y  and  E.  Now 
the  letter  V  in  the  word  Severus  is  one  of  the  most  distinct  letters  in  the 
whole  word — in  fact,  one  of  the  first  to  catch  the  eye  on  tlie  discovery  of 
the  inscription,  and  it  is  almost  impossible  to  imagine  how  any  mistake 
could  have  occurred  respecting  this  letter.  It  is  also  quite  evident  from 
the  tracing  of  the  letters  that  the  doubtful  space  between  ni}'  letters  P  and 
V  is  not  sufficient  to  contain  the  two  separate  letters  V  and  E.  The  only 
letter  which  is  not  fully  traceable  is  the  first  S  in  my  word  '  Severus,' 
and  that  one  letter  is  sufficient  to  fill  up  the  entire  space.  "With  the 
exception  of  some  slight  abrasions  the  other  letters  are  all  sufliciently 
manifest.  If  we  suppose  tliis  line  to  have  contained  the  word  '  Severus  ' 
only,  then  it  must  have  been  spelt  '  Seevrus '  instead  of  '  Severus ' — 
a  blimder  to  which  it  is  difficult  to  reconcile  our  notions  of  Roman 
inscriptions. 

"  In  the  second  line  the  letter  I  is  traceable,  and  has  a  pick-hole  near  the 
top  deeper  than  the  other  part  of  it.  In  the  second  letter  M  the  first  stroke 
is  traceable,  while  the  last  two  strokes  are  very  distinct,  although  supposed 
by  the  Lysons  to  be  the  letter  A.  The  third  letter  is  evidently  the  letter  P, 
having  the  upright  stroke  perfect,  and  also  the  lower  part  of  the  loop,  with 
a  good  trace  of  the  remainder.  There  is  no  trace  whatever  of  any  mark 
on  the  right  side  of  the  upright  stroke  of  this  letter,  either  diverging  at 
right  angles  from  the  bottom,  or  pointing  downwards  from  any  puint 
higher  up,  so  as  to  form  the  letter  L  in  Alexander.     The  stem  of  the  T, 


406  procei-:di:;gs  at  meetings  of 

and  tlie  left  side  of  the  0,  are  distinct  enough,  and  so  is  the  terminating 
side  of  the  R.  .The  remaining  marks  and  traces  of  this  line  are  sutficient 
to  indicate  the  word  '  Inipcrator,'  The  face  of  the  rock  shows  that  there 
could  not  he  space  enough  for  the  word  *  Alexander.' 

*'  In  the  tliird  line  we  find  only  slight  and  partial  traces  of  the  tied-lettcrs 
A  and  V.  The  principal  part  of  the  second  letter  is  clear,  and  was  not  nn 
unusual  form  of  the  letter  G,  hut  reversed.  The  remaining  letters  arc 
good.  The  letters  in  this  line  arc  much  smaller  than  in  the  two  preceding- 
lines.     The  word  is  undouhtedly  '  augl'STL'S.' 

"  Having  thus  attempted  to  show  that  the  chief  inscription  ought  to  he 
read  'Lucius  Seplimius  Scvcrus  Imperator  Augustus,'  and  not  '  Severus 
Alexander  Augustus  ; '  I  shall  now  proceed  to  notice  the  other  inscriptions 
on  these  crafts.  I  helieve  I  am  correct  in  stating  that  no  explanation  has 
heen  hitherto  offered  of  these  inscriptions,  and  that  some  of  them  have  not 
been  previou.=-lv  discovered. 

*'  About  fifteen  inches  above  the  '  Severus  '  inscription  are  the  traces  of 

some     letters,     some   ])erfect    and 

^/!^^\^   ^       'TffLIlP^  •  A  /*''■-  /ii"^  some  not  visible,    which   I  venture 

^\i^       I  ITb  jN'-''''^''    ^''  O  to  read  as  the   word  matiikkianus. 

(See  woodcut.) 

"  My  reason  for  reading  these  letters  as  Matherianus  is  simply  this  : 
About  four  yards  on  the  south  side  of  the  '  Severus  *  inscription,  on  the 
same  face  of  the  rock,  and  almost  close  to  the  ground,  I  found  the  same 
word  in  clear  and  perfect  letters.  (See  woodcut.)  This  word  is  very 
.satisfactory,  and  admits  of  no  doubt,  the 

only  imperfect  part  being  the  side  loops     ^  ^  IS^YUiM^  bj\/^ 
of  the   tied-letters  E    and   K,   of  which    ^rV^/^^  11  |j1al\^lM^  V  ^ 
however  there  are  traces.      It  is  pro- 
bably as  perfect  as  any  Roman  inscription  now  in   existence.     The   face 
of  the  crag  slopes  inwards,  and  rather  projects  above  it,  and  to  this   cause 
we    arc    probably    indebted    for    its    excellent   preservation.      The    name 
*  Materianus  '    occurs    in    '  Spartian's    Life    of    Severus,'    in    the    list   of 
persons  put  to  death  by  the  Emperor,  soon  after  his  accession,  and  hence 
we  may  infer  that  such  a  name  was  in  use  among  the  Romans  at  that  time. 

"About  five  yards  on  the  north  side  of  the  'Severus'  inscri|)tion  are 
the  letteis  iJlO  very  well  defined,  and  about  two  feet  below  these  letters  we 
find  nearly  the  whole  of  the  word  AutiL'STi's,  some   j»arts  of  the   letters 

being    about    half   an     inch    in    depth. 

/\  /  1  \/  CT\/    C?  '^^"'"*'  "  vard  on   the  north  side  of  the 
/VV     J    V^^U    ^     ^   word     'Augustus'      are     marks     and 

traces  of  letters,  whith  appear  to  be 
ccnturial,  and  which,  I  think,  may  not  improperly  he  read  as  follows — 
C.I.AE(;.vi.(j.  or  <-i;.Mi;ui(j  ucuio.m.s  .skxt.k  cKNTnilo,  i.  c,  the  centurion  of 
the  Sixth  Legion.  The  centurial  mark  0,  reversed,  both  precedes  and 
followji  the  name  of  the  liCgion.  The  reversion  of  the  letter  C  is  noticed 
by   lleincsius,  pp.  y.'),  72!^.      Instances  are   also  /i   a  r^ 

given  in  Camden,  and  elHewherc.  On  this  ro(di  Sf  j\J\\[}\/I!}) 
we  have  al.so  examples  of  the  reversion  of  the  ^  //-^Vl  /  /^ 
Icltor  G. 

"  On  a  part  of  the  rock,  a  linle  distance  above  this  ccntuiial  line,  wo  may 
prrcoivc  traces  of  letterH,  which  however  may  be  pronounced  to  be  now 
iUcgiblc. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE. 


407 


"  Tliesc  inscriptions  (thus  read),  ■when  vicweJ  in  connection  with  an 
inscription,  found  at  tlic  distance  of  only  a  few  miles,  in  an  ancient  quarry 
on  ILaltwhistle  Fell,"  in  tlie  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Wall,  where  the  Sixth 
Legion  was  also  recorded,  raise  a  probability  that  this  part  of  the  Wall  was 
built  by  the  Sixth  Legion  :  and  these  inscriptions,  when  viewed  in  con- 
nection with  the  inscription  on  the  Gelt  Rocks,'  where  reference  is  also 
made  to  the  time  of  Scverus,  raise  another,  and  apparently  a  very  strong 
probability,  that  the  Wall  was  built  by  Sevcrus.  I  would  observe,  however, 
that  whether  these  crags  were  actually  used  in  building  the  Roman  Wall, 
or  in  repairing  it,  or  for  some  other  purpose,  must  be  now  merely  a  matter 
of  opinion." 

Air.  James  Caiirutiieus,  of  Belfast,  sent  tlie  following  notice  of  a  sup- 
posed discovery  of  Roman  Remains  in   Ireland.     The  rare  occurrence  of 
any  reliquos  of  that  age  in  Ireland,  gives  an  additional  interest  to  any  dis- 
covery which  may  appear  to  present 
such  vestiges,  whilst  at  the  same  time 
it    renders  the  careful    investigation 
of  their  claim  to  be  regarded  as  of 
Roman  date  the  more  indispensable. 

"  About  five  years  ago,  a  man 
who  lives  in  the  townland  of  Loughey, 
near  Donaghadee,  county  of  Down, 
Ireland,  when  moulding  potatoes  in 
liis  field,  being  obliged  to  remove 
some  of  the  subsoil,  observed  a 
quantity  of  black  earth  in  a  hole 
about  two  feet  deep,  which,  on  exa- 
mination, was  found  to  contain  a 
large  number  of  heads  of  various 
sizes,  several  armilla;,  many  articles  y 
of  bronze,  a  brass  coin,  and  the  bowl 
of  a  very  small  spoon. 

"  A  few  months  ago,  the  following 
portion  of  this  discovery  came  into 
my  possession  : —  a  pair  of  bronze 
tweezers,  a  bronze  fibula  (similar  to  q 
one  in  Plate  XLL,  Vol.  I.  of  C.  R.  " 
Smith's  '  Collectanea  Antiqua'),  two 
bronze  finger  rings,  one  spiral  and  the 
other  plain  ;  a  little  bar  of  bronze, 
about  the  thickness  of  a  straw,  an 
inch  and  a-half  long,  having  a  small 
knob  at  each  end  :  it  is  quite  perfect, 
and  has  not  the  appearance  of  being 
a  portion  of  any  other  article  —  I 
cannot  imafi^inc  what  its  use  could  have 
been  ;  the  bowl  of  a  very  small  spoon,  apparently  made  of  base  metal,  and 
very  much  decomposed  ;  one  hundred  and  fifty-two  glass  beads,  blue,  green, 
purple,  yellow,  semi-transparent  white,  displaying  beautifully-executed 
spiral  ornaments  in  yellow  enamel,  and  a  small  one  in   amber  :  one  of  the 

9  Brace's  Roman  Wall,  p.   63.      Tliis  '  [bkl.,  p.  C4. 

inscription  has  been  wantonly  destroyed. 


Beads  of  gLiss  and  amber,  with  reliqucs 
of  bronze,  found  in  Co.  Down. 

Scalr,  oiiplinlf. 


408  PKOCEEDIXO.^   AT   .^lEETINGS   OP 

purple  beatls  is  ornamented  with  three  small  yellow  knobs,  placeil  at  right 
ano^les  ;  two  arpiilla;,  one  niaile  of  purple  glass,  wliich,  from  its  appearance, 
evidently  had  been  east  in  a  mould,  the  other  is  of  Kimmcridge  shale  ;  they 
are  of  a  small  size,  being  only  two  inches  and  threc-tjuarters  each  in 
diameter. 

"Mr.  C.  K.  Smith,  in  his  '  Collectanea  Anti<ina,'  Vol.  III.,  page  35, 
gives  a  valuable  and  interesting  account  of  the  manufacture  of  shale 
bracelets  and  beads,  in  the  following"  words  : — '  The  bracelets  and  beads, 
formed  of  the  so-called  Kimmoridge  coal,  arc  particularly  interesting,  as 
specimens  of  a  native  manufacture,  which  has  only  been  discovered,  or 
rather  understood,  of  late  years.  Circular  pieces  of  bituminous  shale, 
found  almost  or  quite  exclusively  in  the  bays  of  Kimmeridge  and  Worth- 
barrow,  in  Dorsetshire,  and  commonly  called  '  Kimmeridge  coal  money,' 
have  been  long  known  and  collected,  but  their  origin  for  some  time  remained 
unsuspected.  Mr.  W.  A.  Miles  attributed  them  to  the  Phcenicians,  who, 
he  imaf^Mued,  'made  and  used  them  as  representatives  of  coin,  and  for 
some  mvstical  use  in  sacrificial  or  sepulchral  rites.'  The  late  Mr.  J. 
Sydenham  was  happier  in  his  explanation,  and  proved  not  only  that  there 
was  nothing  mvstical  about  them,  but  that  they  were  the  rejected  portions 
of  pieces  of  shale,  which  had  been  turned  in  the  lathe  by  the  Romans,  Avho 
occupied  the  district,  for  making  bracelets.  In  a  paper  read  at  the 
meetinf  of  the  British  Archaeological  Association,  at  Canterbury, 
Mr.  Sydenham  entered  at  length  into  the  subject,  and  set  the  question 
at  rest.  Of  the  waste  pieces  thrown  out  of  the  lathe  as  the  refuse  nuclei 
of  rings,  large  quantities  are  found  beneath  the  pastures  of  the  Purbeck 
district.  There  is  an  extensive  bed  of  the  material  on  that  part  of  the 
Dorsetshire  coast,  and  it  appears  to  extend  a  considerable  distance,  and  a 
vein  of  it  was  pointed  out  to  me  by  Mr.  C.  Hall,  on  his  land  at  Ansty. 
Tlie  Kimmcridge  shale  seems  to  have  been  extensively  worked  by  the 
Romans,  and  manufactured,  not  only  for  personal  urnaments,  but  also  for 
various  other  jjurposes.  Professor  Uenslow  discovered  an  urn  formed 
of  it,  and  Mr.  C.  Hall  possesses  a  leg  of  a  stool,  carved  in  the  same 
material.' 

"  Having  visited  the  finder  a  few  days  ago,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
all  the  information  possible  regarding  the  discovery,  I  learned  that  the 
grave  contained,  in  addition  t(j  what  came  into  my  possession,  a  bronze 
needle,  about  four  inches  long  ;  a  number  of  large  amber  beads,  which  were 
carried  away  by  the  neiL'hliours,  who  had  assembled  on  hearing  of  the  dis- 
covery; several  glass  and  shale  arnilets,  which  were  brokcMi  while  removing 
the  earth  from  the  grave. 

''  I  was  anxious  to  ascertain  if  tlicrc  hiul  boon  a  coin  wiili  tlio  remains,  as 
I  expected  a  Roman  one.  I  asked  the  indirect  ([uestioii,  '  Did  you  observe  a 
coin  like  a  half-penny?'  The  man  replied,  •  No,  but  that  he  found  one  a 
little  larger  than  a  farthing,  but  much  thicker,  and  so  yellow  that  he 
thought  it  gold  ;  but,  on  Bending  it  to  he  examined  by  a  chemist  in  New- 
lownards,  it  was  pronounced  brass.'  I  iiave  no  doubt  it  was  second  brass 
of  ih(;  n[»pcr  Roman  empire.  The  di.scovery  of  this  coin  in  the  grave  seems 
to  prove  that  the  interment  was  Roman.  1  made  in(|uiry  if  there  had  been 
cither  glass  or  pottery,  such  as  a  Ineliryniatory  or  urn,  foiind  with  (lie  remains, 
lull  none  had  been  discovered. 

"  It  iH  a  dinicult  matter  to  assign  a  cause  for  a  Roman  inlerment  in  Ire- 
land, a«  that  people  never  had  a  settlement  here.      It  is  not  improbable  that 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE.  409 

the  deceased  had  been  voyaging  past  the  county  Down,  and  had  either  died 
unexpectedly  on  board,  or  in  a  fit  of  sickness,  after  having  boon  removed  on 
shore.  In  the  hatter  case,  the  locality  where  the  grave  was  discovered, 
from  its  sheltered  situation,  would  have  been  most  suitable  for  an 
invalid." 

By  the  kindness  of  the  Council  of  the  Kilkenny  Archaeological  Society, 
we  are  enabled  to  place  before  our  readers  the  accompanying  represen- 
tation of  some  of  these  reliques,  from  a  drawing  by  Miss  Carruthcrs. 
It  will  be  observed  that  apparently  nothing  distinctive  of  Roman  cha- 
lacter  is  found  in  these  curious  objects,  which  seem  rather  to  be  cognate 
with  ornaments  such  as  connnonly  occur  in  this  country  with  remains  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  age. 

The  Hon.  Richard  C.  Neville,  V.P.,  described  the  results  of  his  recent 
explorations  at  Chesterford,  in  a  field  between  the  wall  of  the  station  and 
the  river  Cam,  where  he  had  been  led  to  suppose  that  an  ancient  cemetery 
had  existed.  Some  interments  had  been  brouoht  to  lio;ht  ;  in  one  instance  a 
coin  of  Constantino  was  found  close  to  the  skull,  possibly  deposited  as  a 
Naulum  for  the  transit  of  the  Styx.  Two  days  previously  to  the  meeting, 
a  small  low  wall  was  found,  alongside  of  which  lay  the  remains  of  five 
infants ;  no  other  traces  of  buildings  being  noticed  near  the  spot.  Mr. 
Neville  had  found  low  walls  apparently  of  similar  character,  with  cinerary 
urns  deposited  adjacent  to  them,  at  Linton  and  Icklinghara,  and  he  desired 
to  invite  attention  to  the  occurrence  of  such  constructions  of  masonry  in 
cemeteries  of  the  Roman  period,  with  the  kind  promise  that  at  the  next 
meeting  he  would  give  a  more  detailed  account  of  his  late  excavations 
at  Icianum. 

The  Rev.  J.  II.  Harwood  Hill,  Rector  of  Cranoe,  Leicestershire,  sent 
an  account  of  the  discovery  of  Roman  i-eliques  in  the  parish  of  Hallaton, 
in  that  county,  upon  the  property  of  N.  Simkin,  Esq.  The  deposit, 
supposed  to  have  been  of  a  sepulchral  character,  was  found  in  draining  and 
ploughing  up  a  piece  of  green  sward,  which  had  been  previously  under  the 
plough  ;  the  remains  were  found  at  the  depth  of  about  two  feet  in 
cutting  the  drain,  and  were  unfortunately  much  broken  in  taking  them  out, 
and  still  more  through  the  ignorance  of  the  labourers,  by  whom  the  vases 
were  broken  in  pieces  in  search  of  money.  Mr.  Ilill  sent  sketches  of  the 
various  objects  discovered,  comprising  a  skillet  or  trulla  of  bronze,  the 
handle  perforated  with  a  trefoil  for  suspension,  in  this  vessel  were  found 
bones,  with  some  kind  of  unguent  ;  fragments  of  bronze  vessels,  in  very 
mutilated  condition,  one  of  them  being  the  upper  portion  of  a  prcvfcriculum 
or  jug,  of  fine  workmanship,  with  a  band  of  foliated  ornaments  round  the 
neck  ;  a  portion  of  a  bronze  ladle,  as  supposed,  in  very  imperfect  state  ; 
a  handle  of  a  vessel,  with  the  figure  of  a  youth  dancing,  and  the  straight, 
reeded,  handle  of  a  patera,  of  the  same  metal,  terminating  in  a  ram's 
head.  Of  glass,  there  were  found  the  handle  and  the  long  neck  of  a  bottle 
of  deep  violet-coloured  glass,  similar  probably  to  that  found  in  one  of  the 
Bartlow  tiimuli,  (Archa3ologia,  vol.  xxv.pl.  ii.  fig.  i.)  -  four  small  ungucntaria, 
of  the  kind  usually  designated  as  lachrymatories,  and  of  light  green 
colour,  and  a  ribbed  dish  of  the  same  colour,  broken  into  many  fragments. 
Of  fictile  ware,  there  were  several  portions  of  "  Samian,"  comprising, 
when  put  together,  a  dish  and  two  small  cups  of  the  ordinary  forms,  such  as 

-  Compare  also  the  glass  vessel   found  at  Litlington,  Archaologia,  vol.  xxvi.  pi. 
xlv.  fig.  V. 

VOL.  XIII.  3  K 


410  rilOCEEDINGS   AT   MEETINGS   OF 

were  found  in  the  Bartlow  tumuli  and  elsewhere.^  In  their  general 
character,  indeed,  these  various  reliques,  the  mutilated  remains  of  vessels 
of  "-reat  beauty,  closely  resemble  the  objects  discovered  in  those  Roman 
tombs,  as  also  at  Shefford,  Bedfordshire,  and  at  Topesfield,  Essex."*  It  is 
remarkable  that  in  all  these  deposits  the  bronze  handle  of  the  2->atera 
occurred  terminating  in  the  head  of  an  animal,  being  in  the  discovery  last 
mentioned,  that  of  a  lion  ;  at  Bartlow  the  perfect  vessel  was  found,  with 
the  ram's  head  and  reeded  handle,  similar  to  the  fragment  described  by  Mr. 
Hill.  Of  the  bronze  skillet,  the  only  vessel  in  the  deposit  at  llallaton, 
which  was  preserved  entire,  examples  have  frequently  occurred.  Two, 
found  in  Arnagill,  Yorkshire,  have  been  figured  in  this  Journal,  vol.  vi. 
p.  47.  Koferences  to  other  examples  may  he  found  in  the  Museum  Catalogue, 
Transactions  of  the  Institute  at  the  York  Electing,  p.  10.  The  site  of  the 
discovery  described  by  Mr.  Hill  is  a  commanding  position  on  the  flanji  of  a 
steep  ascent  facing  the  south,  where  two  ancient  roads  seem  to  have 
intersected  one  another.  The  space  occupied  by  the  remains  was  about  5  ft. 
by  2  ft.  6  in. ;  there  was  no  indication  of  a  barrow,  but  the  deposit  had 
evidently  been  placed  in  a  cist  of  wood,  and  was  probably  sepulchral.  Before 
the  enclosure  of  llallaton  parish,  an  ancient  road,  the  remains  of  which 
are  clearly  seen,  passed  close  to  the  spot ;  it  was  the  nearest  way  from 
Medbourne,  a  Roman  station  on  the  Via  Devana,  to  Burrow  Hill,  on  which 
arc  vestiges  of  an  extensive  encampment.  There  are  also  traces  of  en- 
trenchments on  all  the  highest  hills  between  those  places  ;  a  few  hundred 
yards  from  the  spot  where  the  reliques  were  found  there  is  an  encampment, 
on  a  hill  called  Ram's  Head,  where  a  few  years  since  other  antiquities  were 
brought  to  light,  in  forming  plantations  on  Lord  Berners'  property  in  the 
parish  of  Keythorpe.  Mr.  Hill  sent  also  sketches  of  three  sculptured 
cofHn-slabs  found  a  few  months  j)reviously  at  llallaton,  in  the  churchyard. 

Mr.  .fcsEPll  Faiule.ss,  of  Hexham,  communicated  the  following  note  of 
an  ancient  interment  found  near  that  town.  About  the  close  of  August,  in 
the  present  year,  in  a  deep  cutting  through  dry  gravel  for  the  works  of  the 
Border  Counties  Railway,  a  little  north  of  the  confluence  of  the  Tync,  the 
workmen  came  upon  a  stone  cist,  containing  a  male  human  skeleton,  the 
lower  extremities  doubled  up,  with  an  urn  of  common  type,  measuring 
about  5  inches  in  height,  and  faintly  scored  with  a  lozcngy  pattern  ;  it 
contained  some  carbonised  mould  or  ashes.  The  grave  was  formed  of  flat 
Htonoa  placed  edgeways  at  the  sides,  top  and  bottom,  and  covered  by  a 
largo  slab,  about  5  ft.  in  length,  and  8  inches  thick.  The  internal 
dimensions  of  the  cist  were,  length,  42  in.  ;  breadth,  21  in.  ;  depth,  18 
in.  A  small  cup  or  patera  was  found  near  it,  similar  in  form  to  those 
discovered  at  Ilarpenden,  Herts,  in  1844,  as  described  in  this  Journal, 
vol.  ii.  p.  254.  The  doubling  up  of  the  body,  its  position  north  and 
south,  the  inclination  to  the  right  siile,  and  the  arms  crossed  over  the 
breast,  with  the  presence  also  of  a  snuill  urn  containing  ashes,  indicating 
poHHibly  partial  cremation,  are  features  of  interest  in  regard  to  the 
period  of  this  interment. 

The  Rev.  Edward  TiioM.nrE  sent  a  notice  of  an  extensive  discovery 
of  Hopulciiriil  urns,  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  ]ieriod,  in  liincolnshire.  They 
appear  to  be  of  the  same  age  and  fashion  as    the    urns    (lisintencd    by 

*  Similar  pii|ih  of  Snininn  occiimil  in  '  Uraylt'y'H    (Irapliic    liluKtrntor,    pp. 

the  (l<-p»mit  nt  'I'opoHfifltJ,  Ehhux,  Arcliao-       .ill,  ;J7II.     Arclia-uiogin,  vol,  xiv.  p.  21. 
login,  vol.  xiv.  pi.  v. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE.  411 

Mr.  Neville  at  Little  Wilbraham,  ami  other  examples  from  Anglo-Saxon 
graves. 

"  A  few  months  ago,  in  the  process  of  working  a  sand-pit  in  the 
parish  of  South  Willingham,  Lincolnshire,  the  labourers  suddenly  brought 
to  view  a  number  of  cinerary  earthen  vases.  Some  of  these  were  broken, 
but  I  have  the  pleasure  of  forwarding  for  your  inspection  correct  drawings 
of  three  of  them,  two  of  yellow,  and  one  of  dark-grey  clay.  They  arc  now 
in  the  possession  of  G.  F.  Hencagc,  Esq.,  of  llainton  Hall,  the  owner  of 
the  sand-pit.  An  old  Roman  road  from  Caistor  to  Horncastle  passes  through 
South  Willingham  parish  about  half  a  mile  from  the  spot  where  the  urns 
were  found,  but  it  has  evidently  no  connexion  with  them." 

The  Rev.  James  Raise,  jun.,  sent  a  notice  of  the  use  of  a  magical 
crystal,  for  the  purpose  of  recovering  stolen  goods,  in  the  XVth  century. 
(Printed  in  this  volume,  p.  372.) 

Mr.  Salvin  reported  that  the  works  of  restoration  at  Holy  Island  having 
been  successfully  carried  out,  through  the  grant  liberally  devoted  to  the 
purpose  by  the  Government,  as  stated  by  him  at  a  previous  meeting  (see 
p.  283  ante),  it  had  been  found  requisite  to  form  a  protecting  fence  around 
the  ruins.  A  further  sum  having  been  appropriated  to  the  purpose,  ILM. 
Commissioners  of  Public  Works  sanctioned  the  construction  of  a  sunk  fence 
on  the  north  and  east  sides  of  the  church  ;  in  making  this,  a  leaden  plate 
had  been  found  outside,  near  the  east  end,  recording  the  removal  of  the 
remains  of  three  of  the  monks,  in  1215,  "  ah  orto  monacorum."  Two 
stone  coffins  were  found  at  no  great  distance.  Mr.  Salviu  produced  a 
ground-plan  of  the  ruins,  with  sections  and  elevations  of  the  buildings  in 
their  present  state,  showing  the  portions  lately  restored  under  his  directions. 

Mr.  George  Ghazebuook  communicated  a  proposition  for  the  renewal  of 
Heraldic  Visitations  through  the  medium  of  the  Assessed  Tax  Papers  ; 
proposing  that  they  should  be  accompanied,  for  one  year,  by  a  separate 
leaf  with  suitable  heading,  and  that  each  householder,  entitled  to  arms,  be 
requested  to  insert  a  description  or  sketch  of  his  armorial  bearings,  with 
any  particulars  regarding  his  descent,  or  the  origin  of  his  family.  These 
returns  to  be  collected,  and  systematically  arranged. 

^nttciuitic^  attlr  WHorfe^  0(  ^rt  (£yi)vbitc\S. 

The  Rev.  Greville  J.  Chester  presented  two  arrow-heads  of  flint,  as 
specimens  of  the  manufacture  of  imitative  reliques  of  that  description 
practised  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Whitby.  He  observed — "  I  should  like 
it  to  be  generally  known  that  they  can  be  purchased  at  Whitby  near  the 
church,  and  that  most  of  them  are  made  by  a  man  who  resides,  or  used 
to  reside,  at  Fylingdales,  close  to  Robin  Hood's  Bay.  Many  of  these 
shameful  forgeries  have  a  dust}'  or  earthy  appearance  well  calculated  to 
deceive  the  unwary.  This,  as  I  understood,  is  caused  by  their  being  boiled 
in  mud,  and  then  dried,  when  the  mud  adheres  to  all  the  inequalities  of  the 
surface.  These  flint  forgeries  have  been  made  in  very  large  quantities. 
Amongst  others,  I  was  oflcred  a  flint  fish-hook.  Those  1  send  were  given 
to  me.  I  have  now  little  doubt  but  that  the  flint  weapons  I  sent  last  year 
for  exhibition  are  spurious."  (See  p.  85,  ante.)  It  will  be  remembered  that 
the  Institute  had  received  a  similar  caution  from  Lord  Londesborough  in 
regard  to  the  Yorkshire  fabrications  (p.  105,  ante). 

By  Mr.  Hexry  J.  Ade.\ne. — A  bronze  lituiis,  as  supposed,  or  augur's  staft', 


412  PltOCEEDIXGS   AT   MEETINGS   OF 

lately  obtained  at  Rome.  The  lltuus  is  frequently  represented  on  ancient 
works  of  art,  but  it  is  remarkable  that  no  original  example  has  hitherto,  it 
is  believed,  been  found.  Possibly  the  material  employed  was  perishable. 
Cicero  describes  it  as  "  infloxum  hacillum,"  and  Livy  as  '^  hacidum 
aduncum."  The  object  exhibited  may  have  been  formed  of  ancient  frag- 
ments of  bronze,  destined  for  certain  purposes  unconnected  with  the  purpose 
they  now  suijgcst  ;  it  seems  desirable  to  call  attention  to  the  subject  in 
order  to  invite  inquiry  as  to  the  existence  of  any  remains  of  the  Udtus  in 
continental  collections,  or  any  precise  indication  regarding  the  material 
customarily  used. 

By  Mr.  G.  11.  Waudl.xw  R.\msay. — Two  bronze  socketed  celts  in  remark- 
ably fine  preservation.  They  were  found  on  his  property  at  Tillycoultry,  a 
village  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Ochil  hills,  about  ten  miles  from  Stirling. 
They  lay  at  about  the  depth  of  ten  feet,  one  of  them  embedded  in  moss, 
but  in  a  sandy  soil  ;  the  other,  a  specimen  with  very  highly-polished 
patina,  in  a  bed  of  green  sand,  which  possibly  had  been  the  cause  of  its 
j)erfect  condition.  It  is  of  a  type  usually  occurring  in  the  southern  parts 
of  England,  at  Kingston,  in  the  bed  of  the  Thames,  kc.  The  sides  arc 
ornamented  with  raised  lines,  and  circles,  in  similar  manner  as  the  celt 
figured  in  this  Journal,  vol.  iv.,  p.  328,  fig.  8,  but  in  different  arrange- 
ment. Comj)are  another  socketed  celt,  with  more  simple  ornamentation,  of 
the  same  kind,  figured  in  Wilson's  Prehistoric  Annals,  p.  257. 

By  Mr.  G.  P.  Minty,  of  Petersfield. — A  bow  formed  of  the  horn  of  an 
animal,  well  polished.  It  resembles  in  form  the  ancient  Grecian  bows,  having 
a  double  curvature,  probably  caused  by  their  being  constructed  of  two 
curved  horns  united  together  at  the  handle,  like  tlie  bow  of  the  Lycian 
Pandarus,  described  by  Homer.'  It  was  stated  to  have  been  found  in  the 
Cambridgeshire  fens,  between  Waterbcach  and  Ely,  some  years  since,  when 
it  came  into  Mr.  Minty 's  possession  through  his  relative.  Professor  Miller, 
of  Cambridge.  Its  length,  when  complete,  was  -12.1  inches  ;  it  was  formed 
of  a  single  horn,  and  one  end,  being  the  part  where  the  horn  had  joined  the 
skull,  has  been  broken  off.''  On  Trajan's  column  the  Dacians  and  Surma- 
tians  are  represented  using  bows  of  the  same  form,  as  are  also  German 
warriors  on  the  Antoninc  column.  On  Roman  sculptures  in  England  it 
occurs  on  an  altar  found  at  Corbridge  (llorsley.  No.  cv.);  Rob  ofKisingham 
appears  to  have  held  a  bow  of  the  same  fashion,  and  it  ap])cars  on  a 
Hculpture  formerly  at  Ilousesteads  (Bruce,  Roman  Wall,  pi.  xiii.).  It  has  been 
suggested,  considering  the  great  durability  of  horn,  that  there  is  no  impro- 
bability in  the  supposition  that  this  buw  may  have  been  brought  to  Britain 
by  some  soldier  in  the  service  of  Rome,  and  lost  in  the  fens,  in  which  so 
many  Roman  reliques  arc  found.  Air.  Kenibic  rennuked  that  the  "  liorii- 
boga,"  or  bow  of  liorn,  is  mentioned  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  poem  of  lieowulf 
and  other  writings  of  that  period. 

Mr.  Ml.NTV  produced  also  a  largo  ovoidal  itebble  of  great  weight,  sup- 
posed to  be  of  chert  (?j,  found  about  .'5  feet  deep  on  the  side  of  a  tumulus 
lately  in  part  destroyed  on  Pcteisfield  Heath.  There  wero  several  other 
tumuli,  recently  removed,   but  Jiolhing  had  been    discovered    with  the  cx- 

*  U<|ir<H<nUitionH  of  tlu;  (jrcciiiti  liow,  '■  .Sto   tlio    iilislrncl    of    im     iiitcrcHlinf^ 

of  lli<!   (loiihli-  curvffl  form,  niuy  Id-  mcch  nirmoir,  liy   Dr.    HiiiMt,  mi  the   .Scylliiiiii 

ill    llo|M  'm  CoHttiiiii'   of    tlio    Aiiciinlw,  pi.  UnwH    iiihI    IIowh   of  tlit)   Aiici<:iitH,   ooiu- 

*?2,    I'Jt,    l.''..*»,   l.'if),    1  nj.      Com|iiuo  ulao  |iiirf(l  with  tlium-  <if  India.     rroccedingH 

llio  l'5r«liinii,  |.l.  1.1.  .Soc.  Ant.  Scot.  vol.  i.  \>.  'S.i7. 


THE   ARCHAEOLOaiCAL   INSTITUTE.  413 

coption  of  this  stone,  which  attracted  attention,  as  no  pebbles  of  the  same 
kind  occur  in  tlic  neighbourliood  ;  it  was  supposed,  from  its  regular  form 
and  wcU-polishcd  surface,  to  be  artificial,  and  the  finder  had  demanded  a 
large  price  for  it.''  It  measures  Sh  inches  by  51,  and  is  evidently  a  natural 
water-worn  pebble,  wliich  may  have  been  deposited  in  the  tumulus,  through 
some  superstitious  notion,  or  as  an  object  of  rarity.  Mr.  Kemble  observed 
that  in  Teutonic  tombs  stones  occur  deposited,  doubtless  from  some  sup- 
posed virtue  or  superstition  ;  the  totites,  or  eagle  stone,  and  echini,  often 
occur  in  tombs  in  Germany,  and  in  the  Hanover  Museum  there  are  two 
egg-shaped  objects  from  the  Luneburg  tumuli,  formed  apparently  of  Carrara 
marble,  lie  had  never,  however,  met  with  a  stone  of  such  large  size  in  any 
ancient  grave.  Such  a  stone  might  have  served,  he  remarked,  in  the 
process  of  "  puddling,"  in  mining.  Mr.  Minty,  in  regard  to  this  observa- 
tion, stated  that  iron  mines  had  been  worked  in  the  locality  where  the 
stone  was  found,  and  it  was  supposed  that  they  were  known  in  Roman 
times. 

By  Mr.  Albeht  Way. — A  representation  of  a  bronze  spear  of  remarkably 
elegant  form  and  large  dimensions,  exhibited  in  the  Museum  formed  during 
the  recent  meeting  at  Edinburgh.  It  was  dug  up  on  the  hill  of  llosele,  in 
the  parish  of  Dutfus,  Morayshire,  and  is  now  preserved  in  the  Museum 
at  Elgin.     This  fine  weapon  measures  lOJ  inches  in  length. 


By  the  Hon.  Richaud  C.  Xeville. — A  small  bronze  boat-shaped  spoon, 
with  a  loop  at  one  end  for  suspension  :  its  length  is  2  k  inches.  It  was 
found  with  Roman  remains  at  Chesterford. — Two  iron  spears,  probably 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon  age,  found  with  three  others  in  railway  operations  at 
Finchinbrook,  near  Bishop's  Stortford  :  one  measures  about  IG  inches  in 
length  including  the  socket,  which  is  open  on  one  side  for  greater  facility 
in  fitting  the  shaft,  and  has  an  iron  rivet  near  the  lower  end.  Mr.  Kemble 
remarked  that  this  open  socket  appears  to  be  exclusively  Saxon  :  spears 
of  that  construction  have  been  found  in  Cambridgshire,  Wilts,  and 
Gloucestershire,  with  remains  of  that  period. — The  other  spear  is  of  very 
large  dimensions,  the  socket  lost  :  this  weapon  Mr.  Kemble  thought  might 
be  Roman;  it  is  of  very  uncommon  type. 

By  the  Rev.  Richard  Gordon'. — Drawing  of  a  bronze  finger-ring  to 
which  a  key  is  attached,  so  as  to  lie  flat  on  the  finger.  It  was  found  at 
Scarborough,  and  presented  lately  to  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  at  Oxford. 
A  similar  key-ring  is  in  Mr.  Neville's  collection. 

By  Mr,  Thomas  Hughes. — A  diminutive  gold  ring  found  at  Chester,  set 
with  a  sapphire  ;  inscribed  around  the  hoop,  ►!<  dmoaiervaoiclansiepam  : 
the  signification  of  these  letters  remains  unexplained.    Date,  XlVth  century. 

By  Mr.  Hewitt. — Sketch  of  a  cross-slab  found  at  Darley-le-Dale,  Derby- 
shire, in  18.55.  The  cross  is  placed  on  a  grice  of  two  steps,  beneath  which 
is  a  rudely-designed  animal,  bearing  some  resemblance  to  a  horse.     This, 

''  Such  water-worn   pebbles  occur,   as       Budleigh    Salterton,   and   on    the    Chesil 
Mr.  Tucker  stated,  on  Northam  Burrows,       Bank  uear  Weymouth. 
near  Bideford  ;    also    in    abunl.ince    at 


414  rnocEEDixGs  at  meetings  op 

with  four  crescents,  or  liorse-slioc  sliapcil  ornaments,  introduced  in  the 
angles  formed  by  tlie  sliaft  and  the  liorizontal  limbs  of  the  cross,  bad  led 
to  the  supposition  that  the  slab  had  commemorated  a  smith  or  farrier.  It 
is  of  diminutive  size,  measuring  only  32  inches  in  length,  and  is  now  fixed 
in  the  porch.  By  comparison  with  other  cross-slabs,  for  example  at  Ilan- 
bury,  Staffordshire,  and  at  Bredon,  Worcestershire  (Cutt's  "  Sepulchral 
Slabs,"  plate  6,  59,  <kc.),  it  seems  more  probable  that  the  horse-shoe 
symbols  arc  merely  part  of  the  conventional  treatment  of  the  varied  forms 
of  the  decorated  cross  introduced  on  grave  slabs.  Another  slab,  noticed  at 
Darley  by  Mr.  Hewitt,  has  a  cross,  sword,  horn,  and  kite-shield. 

By  Mr.  Le  Keux. — A  collection  of  sketches  chiefly  by  Dceble,  executed 
about  181G,  and  representing  architectural  subjects  in  Kent  and  Dorset. 
Amongst  them  are  very  interesting  views  of  the  Pharos  and  ancient  church 
at  Dover  Castle,  lleculver  church,  St.  Martin's,  Canterbury,  »kc. 

By  George  Gary,  Esq.,  of  Tor  Abbey,  through  the  Rev.  Dr.  Oliver. 
— Several  deeds,  preserved  amongst  the  muniments  of  the  Gary  family,  at 
Tor  Abbey,  Devonshire. 

1.  Date,  circa  1190. — Grant  by  Radulf  de  Buvile  (^sic)  to  Radulf  de 
Ilauton  in  frank  marriage  with  Joan  his  daughter,  of  the  services  of  divers 
lands  late  in  the  respective  tenures  of  Richard  Rutfus,  Randulf  de  Trewint, 
Robert  Ilalhedey,  Robert  de  Trewint,  Stephen  de  Trewint,  Roger  Warin, 
Robert  Ruffus,  Galfrid  "  de  molendino,"  Alfred  "  de  molendino," 
"  Magister  "  John  de  Wichcl  and  William  de  Polglas,  in  his  manor  of 
Trcdawel,  and  his  mill  of  Tredawel,  with  the  whole  suit  (cum  tota  sequela) 
of  his  whole  manor  of  Tredawel,  as  well  of  freemen  as  of  rustics  (rusticorum); 
to  hold  of  him  (Radulf  de  Buvile)  and  his  heirs,  to  the  said  liadulf  de 
Ilauton  and  his  heirs  of  the  said  Joan  begotten,  for  ever;  and  also  a 
reasonable  allowance  out  of  his  wood  of  Tredawel  for  the  repair  of  the 
mill.  Warranty  of  the  premises  to  the  said  Radulf  de  Ilauton  and  his 
heirs  of  the  said  Joan  begotten,  in  free  socage,  rendering  therefor  yearly 
a  pair  of  white  gloves  at  Easter  for  all  kinds  of  services.  "  Testibus, 
flomino  Rcginaldo  de  Botriaus,  Rogero  de  Trelost,  Henrico  do  Alnet', 
Guidone  de  Nouant,  Reginahlo  do  Nimeth,  Ricardo  de  Tregrilla,  Nicholas 
do  Ferrs,  Willehno  Wisa,  Willclmo  Walens  cum  multis  aliis." 

Seal,  of  green  wax,  pointed  oval  ;  the  device  a  fleurdclys  ;  legend — »^ 
s'ltAVDVLKi  UE  REVIL.  Tliis  scal  claims  notice  as  an  example  of  the  use  of 
the  pointed-oval  form  by  a  person  not  an  ecclesiastic.  The  ancient  Cornish 
family  of  Beville,  said  to  have  come  over  with  the  Conqueror,  had  their 
chief  residence,  as  Lysons  states,  at  Gwarnike,  near  Truro.  The  manor  of 
Trcdawel  is  in  the  parish  of  Alternon,  about  eight  miles  west  of  Laun- 
ccston  ;  Trewint  is  a  village  in  the  same  jtari.sh. 

2.  Undated,  probably  about  1220.  Grant  by  Kichard  do  Greynvillc, 
Hon  and  heir  of  Richard  do  (ircynvillc,  to  Alexander  Ivufus,  of  a 
messuage  in  the  town  of  liiflcfordo  that  Kohcrt  do  Gardino  held, 
which  was  his  (the  grantor's)  escheat,  [Kxchrctla)  and  also  six  acres 
of  land.  ••  Testibus,  Domino  Waltero  filio  Willclnii,  Gregorio  do 
Greynvillc,  Rogero  do  l-'ontcnay,  NVillcluio  le  Turnour,  .lohaiine  Tyrel, 
Kogero  do  Gileacote,  Willclmo  Russel,  Alcxaiidro  de  Collecttle,  et  aliis." 
Seal  lost. 

3.  Date,  circa  12o0. — (irnnt  by  Gilbert  I'ondi  to  John,  his  uncle, 
rector  of  the  church  "do  Valle  Wintonc;  "  (Alwington,  Devon)  of  (he 
land  of  Ilnbcde.Hlmm  which  ho  had  of  his  said  unol(>.  "  Tt'stibim, 
Gilbcrlo  Allutario  Aldrenianiio  <le  Valle  Wi?it()ii,  Kdiniindo  Alhitario  \\  inton, 


THE   AIICHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  415 

Nig^cllo  Kcckcballivo  dc  Soca  Wintofi,  Roberto  Ic  bal',  Petro  nobis  clcrico 
do  Valle,  Willolmo  plumbario  do  valle,  et  multis  aliis." 

Seal  of  dark  green  wax,  of  escutcbeon  form  ;  device,  a  lion  rampant 
turned  sinister,  possibly  not  heraldic  ;  legend — s'  :  gill'uerti  : 

Endorsed  in  a  later  hand — "  Abotisham." 

4.  Date  circa  1250. — Grant  by  Juliana  dc  Gylcscote  to  John  dc 
Raleghe  "JiUoC^.)  meo  "*  of  certain  burgages  in  the  town  of  Bydifordc, 
and  a  certain  "  pratum  forinsecum."  "  Testibus,  Thonia  de  Greynvile, 
Ricardo  Suellard,  Waltero  Ganet,  Johanne  Asketa,  Gervasio  GifTard, 
Waltei'O  Sypman,  Stephano  Ic  Duimc  tunc  preposito  villa,  et  aliis." 

Seal  of  green  wax,  of  pointed-oval  form  ;  device,  a  rudely-designed 
flower;    legend — ►j<  s'  ivliaxe  :  d'  gilesc'. 

5.  Date  1275. — Agreement  and  Bond  respecting  a  rent  of  nlnetecn- 
pence  sterling,  out  of  the  tenement  "  de  la  Olleheghes,"  which  had  been 
released  by  Hugh  de  Churletone  to  Hugh  de  Curtenay.  "  lliis  testibus, 
Dominis  Johanne  de  Hydonc,  Wydone  de  Nouaunt,  et  Henrico  de  Raleghe, 
militibus,  Aluredo  de  Porta,  Johanne  de  valle  torta,  Henrico  de  Somertone, 
Henrico  de  la  Wyllcyerd,  Petro  Pudding,  Johanne  Cacepol,  Ricardo  dc 
Crokeheye.'' — "  Datum  apud  Whymple  die  mercurii  proxima  ante  Cathe- 
dram  sancti  Petri,  anno  domini,  M.cc.  Ixxv."     Seal  lost. 

6.  30  Edw.  III.  (1356.) — Agreement  for  a  gift  in  frank  marriage,  on 
the  marriage  of  John  Kary  with  Margaret,  daughter  of  Robei't  de  Holewey; 
dated  at  Wynkaleghe  on  Saturday  after  the  Assumption  of  our  Lady, 
30  Edw.  III.  Whereby  the  said  Robert  covenanted  to  give  with  the  said 
Margaret  the  reversion  of  all  his  lands  and  tenements  in  Holeweye, 
together  with  the  reversion  of  all  rents  and  services  which  he  had  in  the 
parish  of  Northlyw,  and  the  reversion  of  all  the  lands,  rents,  and  services, 
in  the  parish  of  Beuworthi,''  to  hold  the  said  reversions,  after  the  deaths  of 
Dame  Margaret  de  Kelly  and  Robert  de  Holeweye,  to  the  said  John  and 
Margaret  in  frank  marriage  ;  and  the  reversion  of  all  the  lands,  rents, 
and  services,  in  a  certain  place  called  Lutteford,  in  the  parish  of 
Northliwy  (?), '  after  the  death  of  the  said  Robert  and  Joan  his  wife  ;  and 
the  reversion  of  all  other  lands  and  tenements,  rents  and  services,  in  the 
parish  of  Mortone  "  suscUt,"  after  the  death  of  the  said  Robert.  And  the 
said  John  de  Kar}'  was  to  enfeof  the  said  Margaret  of  all  the  lands,  rents, 
and  services,  in  Uppckary,  to  hold  to  her  and  the  heirs  of  the  body  of  the 
said  John  and  her  ;  and  to  grant  a  rent-charge  of  101.  a-year  on  the  lands 
and  tenements  in  Uppckary,  in  whose  hands  {mcynt,  probably  for  mcyns) 
soever  they  might  come,  or  by  statute  merchant  or  by  any  other  security, 
according  to  the  ordinance  and  election  of  good  counsel  (the  legal  adviser) 
of  the  said  Robert.  Neither  the  said  John  and  Margaret,  nor  their  heirs, 
were  to  implead  Emma,  the  daughter  of  the  said  Robert  and  sister  of  the 
said  Margaret,  of  the  lands,  rents,  and  services,  and  reversions,  nor  of  any 
parcel  (of  them)  in  Aysbury,  Binslond',  Bouwode,  {erasure),  so  that  the 
said  Emma  and  her  heirs  might  not  hold  them  as  her  purparty,-  and  in 
allowance  of  ^  all  the  lands,  rents,  services  and  reversions  which  the  said 

*  Parchment  injured  where //('o  occurs.  '  This  word  is  obscurely  written  over 

5  Bcaworthy,  Devon,  near  Launceston.       an  erasure. 
Northlew  is  a  parisli  near  Oakhampton,  -'  Namely,  as  her  share  (of  her  father's 

Devon.  estates). 

•*  In  compensation  for. 


416  PROCEEDINGS   AT   MEETINGS   OF 

Margaret,  tlaughter  of  the  said  Robert/  in  llolewey,  Northlyw,  Fenne, 
and  Morton,  as  was  more  fully  above  written.  For  the  observance  and 
performance  of  all  the  aforesaid  covenants  on  both  sides,  the  said  Robert 
and  John  were  assured  by  their  faith'  the  day  and  year  above  mentioned, 
in  the  presence  of  Thomas  de  AtJetone,  Adam  de  Mileforde,  Laurence  de 
Iloiiwille,  William  Oliver,  Robert  de  Kary,  and  the  aforesaid  Robert  and 
John  were  agreed  that  these  covenants  should  be  fully  performed,  in  the 
feast  of  Saint  Michael  the  year  aforesaid. 

Seal,  of  dingy-white  wax  ;  an  escutcheon  within  a  cusped  panel :  the 
bearing  appears  to  be, — on  a  bend  three  roses,  (the  arms  of  Gary  of 
Cockington,  according  to  Pole).  A  rose  is  introduced  on  each  side  of  tlie 
escutcheon.     Legend —  i^  sigil'  ioraxnis  d'  cary. 

By  Mr.  W.  BuiiGEs. — Two  sculptures  in  bone,  XIV.  cent.,  portions  of 
bhrine  work,  or  of  the  decorations  of  a  casket. 

By  >[r.  Westwood. — Casts  from  sculptures  in  ivory  in  the  collections  at 
the  Louvre  and  the  Lnpcrial  Library  at  Paris,  one  of  them  being  a  repre- 
sentation of  Our  Lord,  with  a  cruciform  ornament  bcliind  the  head  (not  a 
7i'nnhus),  Greek  art,  Xlllth  cent.  ;  also,  the  Raising  of  the  Widow's  Son, 
an  example  of  Xth  cent.,  from  the  !^L'lskell  Collection,  now  in  the  British 
Museum. 

By  Mr.  Falkker,  of  Deddington. — A  representation  of  a  mural  painting 
recently  discovered  in  Horley  church,  near  Banbury,  Oxfordshire,  on  the 
wall  of  the  north  aisle,  opposite  the  south  door.  The  church  is  of  the 
Perpendicular  style  of  architecture.  The  painting  represents  St. 
Christopher,  bearing  the  infant  Jesus  ;  his  staff  breaks  in  twain,  and  on  a 
scroll  from  his  mouth  may  be  decyphcrod  the  words,  in  black  letter — 
''What  art  thou  that  art  so  he.  .  .  bar  I  never  so  bevy  a  thyngc." 
The  Saviour  makes  reply, — "  Yep  (?)  I  be  hev}'  no  wundcr  nys,  for  1  am 
the  kynge  of  blys."     Beneath  appears  a  man  fishing,  and  fish  in  the  river. 

By  Mr.  W.  J.  Bernhahi)  S-MITh. — A  poniard  with  a  brass  crescent- 
shaped  termination  to  the  hilt ;  the  blade  flat  on  one  side,  and  grooved  on 
the  other.  Found  at  Gloucester,  in  forming  a  drain.  Date,  about  the  time 
of  Henry  VJ. 

By  Mr.  J.  M.  Kemble. — A  sketch  of  an  engraved  tablet  of  slate, 
(measuring  17  inches  in  height,  by  8,\)  in  Ightham  church,  Kent,  placed 
in  the  recess  behind  the  bust  of  Dorothy,  relict  of  Sir  William  Selby,  on  the 
mural  monument  to  her  memory.  She  died  in  1G41.  It  hud  been  asserted 
that  Lady  Sulby  "  was  traditionally  rejiorted  to  have  written  the  letter 
which  proved  the  cause  of  discovering  the  Gunpowder  Plot."  (Notes  and 
(Queries,  2nd  series,  vol.  ii.  p.  248,  where  the  e|)itaph  is  given.  See  also 
pp.  314,  415.)  This  conjecture  had  doul)tless  been  suggested  by  an 
c'xprcHHion  in  the  epitaph — "  whoso  arte  disclosed  that  plot  '  taken  in 
connection  with  the  subjects  represented  on  the  tablet.  On  one  side  aj)pcars 
the  papal  conclave,  the  devil  is  seated  amongst  the  persons  at  the  council 
table,  and  (iuy  Faux  receives  his  commission.  On  tho  other  side  Guy  is 
hfton  ajiproaching  the  I'urliamcnt  House,  in  the  vaults  of  which  ap|)ear 
faggots  cov(!ring  the  barrels  of  gunpowder.  The  lower  part  of  the  tablet 
JH  occupied  by  a  reprcKent.itioii  of  the  sea  agitated  by  a  tempest,  sportive 
fifth,  and  hijipH   wruckcil,  doubtless  the  destruction  of  tin;  Arnuida  ;   along 

*  Tlicrc  in  |irobnl>ly  Hotno  oiniwiuii  here  '  ll.il  j'liiljjfj  tlicir  f.iilli. 

to  tiio  effect  of—"  w-julJ  linvf." 


THE   AllCHAEOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE. 


417 


tlic  top  of  the  slate  is  inscribed — "  Trinuni  Biitannicfc  bis  ultori  in 
mcnioiiam  chassis  invincibilis,  sulivcrsa),  submersa;  ;  proditionis  nefandtc, 
dctcctai,  disjectie  ;  "  and  other  inscri])tions  appear  in  various  parts  express- 
ing zealous  protestant  feeling,  of  which  several  similar  memorials  exist. 
Of  one  of  these,  ''  in  a)ternam  pa])istaruni  infamiam,"  an  engraved  plate  at 
the  residence  of  Sir  Chetham  lilallett,  at  Shopton  Mallett,  Somerset,  closely 
resembling  the  tablet  at  Ightham,  a  rubbing  was  exhibited  in  the  Museum 
of  the  Institute  at  tlio  Bristol  Meeting.  (Museum  Catalogue,  Bristol 
Volume,  p.  Ixxxiv.)  There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  supposed  allusion 
to  Lady  Selby,  as  having  written  the  letter  to  Lord  Monteagle,  is  wholly 
unfounded.  It  is  said  that  some  of  her  needlework  was  suspended  behind 
the  monument,  and  this  very  possibly  may  have  been  the  production  of  the 
lady's  "arte,"  displaying  some  subjects  of  the  popish  machinations,  similar 
to  that  above  described. 

By   Mr.  11.   11.   Catox. — Sketches  of  a   sun-dial    of    remarkable    con- 
struction,  existing   on   the    terrace  in   the   gardens  of    Park    Ilall,  near 


Sundial  ou  the  Garden  Terrace,  at  Tark  Ilall,  near  Oswestry 


Oswestry,  where  the  members  of  the  Institute  were  welcomed  with  such 
friendly  hospitality  during  the  meeting  at  Shrewsbury  in  ISaa.  At  the 
period  when  this  dial  was  erected  that  eminent  mansion  was  the  residence 
of  a  family  named  Ap  llowcl,  or  rowcll,  a  junior  branch  of  the  royal 
VOL.  xm.  3  L 


4 IS  PKOCEEDIXGS    AT    .^1EET1^•GS    OF 

lino  of  Powis  ;  and  in  tlieir  possession  it  remained  from  about  1538  to 
the  death  of  Thomas  Powell,  High  Sheriff  of  Shropshire  in  1717.  His 
line  terminatod  in  an  heiress  who  sold  the  estate  to  Sir  Francis  Charlton, 
Bart.,  and  by  his  marriage  with  his  heiress  it  became  the  properly  of  the 
present  possessor,  Richard  H.  Kiiichant,  Esq.,  (uriginally  written  Quinchant) 
whose  family  lied  to  England  at  the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 
There  arc  several  dials  at  Park  Hall,  one  of  them  dated  1552,  but  none 
of  such  curious  character  or  in  such  perfect  condition  as  that  here  repre- 
sented.    On  the  back  of  the  dial  is  the  following  inscription  :  — 

PR.ETERIT    .ETAS    NEC    llEMORANTE 
LAPSA   KECEDV.NT    S^CVLA    CVKSV. 
VT    FVGIT    iETAS    VTQVE    CITATVS 
TVIIBISIS    IXSTAU    VOLVITUR    ANXVS, 
SIC    QVOQ'    KOSTRA  PR.EC1PITAKTER 
VITA    RECEDIT    OCYOR    VNDIS. 

On  one  side,  shown  in  the  woodcut,  is  inscribed — TKMrvs  omnivm  i'ai;en.s, 
on  the  other — tempvs  edax  rerym.  There  has  evidently  been  an  inscrip- 
tion on  the  square  panel  in  front  of  the  dial,  now  wholly  defaced  and 
illegible.  There  are  not  less  than  seven  dials  combined  on  this  curious 
example.  It  measures  about  4  feet  in  height,  exclusive  of  the  two  footing 
courses  (about  1  foot  in  height)  of  which  the  upper  bears  the  date  1578. 
There  appear  to  exist  several  dials  in  Shrophire  of  about  the  same  period, 
and  of  singular  and  elaborate  forms.  One  of  these,  at  JIadeley  Court,  has 
been  noticed  in  this  Journal,  vol.  xi.  p.  413. 

By  Mr.  T.  Bla.siiill. — A  drawing  of  a  slab  carved  with  a  cross,  of  very 
rich  design,  found  at  Mansell  Gamage,  Herefordshire,  in  digging  for  the 
foundation  for  a  new  buttress.  (See  woodcut.)  It  lay  about  three  feet 
deep,  covering  a  leaden  coffin,  and  is  now  affixed  to  the  north  wall  of  tho 
chancel.      Date,  about  1280. 

By  Mr.  CHAKLE.S  Tucker. — Impressions  from  the  common  seal  of  tho 
city  of  Exeter,  the  seal  of  the  Mayor,  and  the  seal  for  Statutes  ^lerchant. 
The  first  is  of  circular  form,  and  appears  to  be  a  reproduction  of  a  seal  iif 
more  ancient  date.  It  represents  two  lofty  round  towers  connected  by  an 
embattled  wall,  and  between  them  appears  u  building  of  two  iloors, 
possibly  intended  to  represent  the  (iuildliall.  Above  is  introduced  a  sun, 
a  crescent,  and  a  disk  between  them,  which  may  typify  tho  earth  ;  and  at 
tho  side  of  each  tower  there  is  a  key,  the  symbol  doubtless  of  the  patron 
.saint,  St.  Peter,  and  in  the  exergue  arc  two  wyvcrns.  *  sKiiM.VM  : 
•  iviTATi.s  :  EXONiE  : — The  Mayor's  seal  is  of  oval  form,  and  bears  a  demi- 
iigurc  of  St.  Peter,  within  tabernacle-work,  of  which  the  lower  ])art  repre- 
BcntH  two  towcns  and  an  embattled  wall,  with  an  open  gateway  in  the 
middle.  The  apostlo  is  poiutrayed  with  a  lofty  rct/niun  on  his  head, 
liaving  a  single  crown,  in  his  right  hand  he  bears  tin;  symbol 
of  a  church,  in  his  left  a  cross-stall",  in  the  field,  on  the  dexter  side, 
ajjpearH  a  sword,  on  tho  sinister  side,  two  keys  erect,  and  in  the  exergue  u 
leopard's  face  crowned.  *  s' maiohatv.s  :  civitatih  :  exonie.  The  privilege 
of  fUjctitig  a  mayor  was  granted  to  Exeter  by  King  .lohn's  charter,  about 
1200. — The  seal  for  statutcH  Merchant  is  circular,  and  (M.-^plays  the  head  of 
Edward  II.  with  a  lion  pasHant  in  front  of  the  bust.  On  either  side  of 
the  licad  is  introduced  a  castle,  doubtlcsH  in  allusion  to  his  mother,  Eleanor 
«»f  Castillo,  us  found  al.-io  on  the  great  heal  of  the  .'.aine  king.      'J'he  in.'jcrip- 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE. 


419 


r-_-!J 


-epulchral  Slab  found  at  iuansoU  Gamage  Church,  Herefordshire. 
From  n  drawing  by  Mr.  Tliomas  Blashill,  of  Strntford. 


•1:20  PROCEEDIXOS    AT    MEETINGS   OF    THE    INSTTTTTK. 

tion  is  as  follows — *  s'edw'  rkg'  axgl'  ad  recogn'  PEniTOii'  Arvn  kxoniam. 
Seals    of    this    kiiul     originated    uiulci*    the    statute    of    Acton    Burncl, 
11   Edward  I.,  which   introduced   such   recognisances.     By  that   Act  the 
obligation  made  on  the   acknowledgment  of  the  debt  was  required  to  be 
sealed  with   the    debtor's  seal  and  the  king's  seal.     It  is  not  clear  that 
Exeter  had  a  seal  under  it.     The  only  cities  or  towns  mentioned  in  it  arc 
London,  York,  and  Bristol  ;  and  at  the  foot   Lincoln,  Winton,  and  Salop 
are  also  stated  to  have  had  similar  statutes.    The  13th  Edward  I.reenactcd 
and  amended  that  Act,  and  ro([uired  tlie  obligation  to  be   sealed  with  the 
debtor's   seal,   and   also  the   king's  seal  provided  for  the  purpose,  which 
should  be  of  two  pieces,  and  the   greater    should  remain  in  the  custody  of 
the  Mayor  or  Chief  Warden,  and  the  less  with  the  clerk  whose  duty  it  was 
to  write  out  the  obligation.     Of  this  statute  there  exists  no  original  roll: 
it  is  printed  from  a  copy  at  the  Tower,  that  does  not  show  what  cities  or 
towns   besides  London  had   seals  under  it.     But  on  it  is  the  following, 
"  Consimile  statutum  de  vcrbo  ad  verbum  habent  Major  et  cives  Exonio," 
and   immediately  follows  a  memorandum  stating  that  a  copy  under  the 
king's  seal  had  been  transmitted  to  Lostwithiel  (at  that  time  a  place  of 
considerable  importance  as  the  sole  mart  for  tin),  and  which  memorandum 
is  dated  in  Septeml)cr,  5  Edward  II.      It  is  doubtful  when  the  Tower  copy 
was  made.      In  5  Edward  II.  that  unfortunate  king  was  controlled  by  his 
barons,  and  obliged   to  concede  certain  ordinances  limiting  his  power  and 
correcting  some  practices  of  mal-adniinistration.     They  were  forty-one  in 
number,  and  are  given  at  length  in  tlie  Rolls  of  Parliament,  vol.  i.,  p.  281, 
ct  seqrj.     The  thirty-third,  wliicli  relates  to   this  subject,  shows  that  the 
Act  of  13   Edward  1.  had  been  abused,  and  ordained  that  the  Statute  of 
Merchants,  made  n.t  Acton  Burnel,  should  thenceforth   hold  only  between 
merchants,  and  that   the  recognisances  should  be  made  and  witnessed  by 
four  •'  prodes  liorames  ct  loiaux  conuz,"  and  that  only  merchants'  burgages 
and  their  chattels  movalde  sliould  be  taken  under  it.    Moreover,  it  ordained 
that  the  king's  seals,  which  are  assigned  for  witnessing  such  recognisances, 
be  delivered  "as  jjIus  riches  et   plus  sages  des  villes   souzdites,    a  cclo 
garde  e.-^leuz   par  les  communautes  do  mcismes  Ics  villes."     The  towns 
mentioned   arc   Ncwcastle-on-Tyne,   York,    Nottingham,    Exeter,    Bristol. 
Sonthainpton,    Lincoln,    Northampton,    London,    Cantcrijury,    Salop,    and 
Norwich.     Tliis  seems  to  contemplate  seals  being  sent  to  all  these  cities 
and  towns,  though   some  of  them  had  certainly  seals  before  ;  yet  possibly 
Exeter  may  not  liave  had  n  seal  till  then,  and  the  entry  on  the  Tower  Iloll 
may  liave   been   made  at  tiiis  time.     Several  of  these  seals   have   been 
engraved,  e.g.,  Bristol,  Archaeologia,  vol.  xxi.,p.  8G ;  Norwich,  Blomeficld, 
vol.  iii.  Svo  edit.  ;  and   Winchester,   Miliier,  vol.  i.  p.  371,  some  observa- 
tions on  which  hist  by  Mr.  J.  (J.  Nichol.s  may  be  seen  in  the   Winchester 
volume  of  tlic  Institute,  p.  10!).      Many  of  the  matrices  exist  ;   those  which 
we  have  seen  arc  of  silver. 

By  .Mr.  W.  II.  IJiiACKsToNE. — Impressions  from  a  small  brass  seal  of 
the  XlV'tli  cent,,  of  the  class  tcrmeil  "  love-seals."  The  device  being  two 
headh  in  profile,  male  and  female,  respectant,  the  stem  of  a  tree  Ix-tweeii 
them,  •u;  .sv  Hi:t,  I)A.Movii  i,el.  Tho  matrix  appears  to  have  been  gilt  ;  it 
wns  found  nt  JJridgwater. 

By  Mr.  JloiiEiiT  FiTcii.  —  Impression  from  a  gold  signet  ring  found  at 
riilliam,  Norfolk,  and  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr,  C.  Cooper  of  Norwich, 
Tlio  (lcvic(!  appears  to  be  the  ganil»  of  a  bird  ami  a  cijck's  (?)  head  erased, 
with  the  motto  nu  to  luotJc.      Weight,    1 1    dwts. 


^Nfoticcs  of  ^vcfincologftnl  ^Publications. 

CRANIA  BRITANNICA.  Delineations  and  Descriptions  of  the  Skulls  of  the 
Early  Inhabitants  of  the  British  Islands  ;  together  with  Notices  of  their  other 
Kcmains.  By  Joseph  Barnard  Davis,  M.ll.C.S.  Engl.,  F.S.A.,  &c.,  and 
John  Thurnaji,  M.D.,  F.S.A., &c.     London,  IS JG.     Imperial  4 to. 

Convinced  that  the  passion  for  antiquarian  pursuits  so  remarkably 
manifested  since  the  commencement  of  the  present  century,  is  truly  one  of 
the  developments  of  that  earnest  and  deeply  rooted  fcclinc^  of  sympathy 
with  the  hopes  and  aspirations  of  humanity,  which  pervades  the  writings  of 
the  most  oi'iginal  thinkers,  and  flows  from  the  pens  of  the  greatest  poets 
of  the  age,  we  can  give  no  credit  to  the  assertion  of  a  late  captious  writer 
on  metaphysics,  that  "  Enthusiasts  alone  essay  their  ineptitude  in  loading 
glass-cases  with  whatever  most  completely  unites  the  qualities  of  rarity  and 
worthlessness."  '  On  the  contrary,  we  believe  that  it  is  by  careful  and 
reflective  study  of  the  remains  of  past  ages  alone,  that  the  ps3'chologist 
can  form  any  correct  idea  of  the  varying  phases  into  which  the  ever  active 
inner  life  of  the  soul  has  drawn  itself  forth,  or  which  it  has  assumed  under 
the  ethnic  systems  of  antiquity.  National  faith,  civilisation,  and  ideality — 
individual  character,  feeling  and  taste,  are  not  more  clearly  communicated 
to  us  by  perusing  the  immortal  writers  of  antiquity,  than  by  studying  the 
equally  venerable  relics  that  have  been  preserved  to  our  days  under  cover 
of  the  sheltering  earth, — nay,  in  some  instances,  the  latter  supply  the 
whole  fund  of  information  we  possess  respecting  their  times.  Nor  is  know- 
ledge thus  obtained  so  imperfect  as  might  reasonably  be  supposed  from  the 
paucity  of  materials  from  which  it  is  deduced  ;  for  the  emotional  character 
so  obvious  in  nearly  every  relic  that  has  come  down  to  us,  addresses  us 
almost  with  the  distinctness  of  vocal  sound.  By  these  we  learn  that  the 
intuitive  conviction  of  a  happy  futurity  beyond  the  grave  animated  the  heart 
of  the  painted  Briton,  centuries  before  the  Roman  legions,  impelled  by 
craving  lust  of  power,  reduced  his  existence  to  a  state  of  slavery — more  than 
that,  we  become  acquainted  with  his  simple  conception  of  its  joys.  By  the 
store  of  valued  trinkets  deposited  with  the  corpse  of  wife  or  daughter,  wo 
not  only  arrive  at  certain  conclusions  regarding  domestic  economy,  but  are 
convinced  that  the  ties  of  nature  were  then  as  strong,  and  the  affections  as 
tender,  as  at  present.  In  later  times  we  may  trace  the  same  element  of 
earnestness  struggling  for  sympathy,  throughout  the  whole  range  of  art — 
from  its  infancy  — through  the  conventionality  of  the  middle  ages,  till  it 
attained  remarkable  brilliancy  at  the  beginning  of  the  XVIth  centurj'  ; 
and  notwithstanding  all  the  sordid  objections  that  utilitarianism  can 
advance,  and  the  destruction  that  iconoclastic  zeal  has  been  able  to  effect, 
we  rejoice  to  find  that  the  simplest  monuments  of  antiquity  are  now  meeting 
with  the  respect  that  their  importance  demands,  and  thoir  silent  appeal  to 
the  better  feelings  of  our  nature  claims  from  every  thoughtful  mind. 

1  Naturnl  History  cf  Entluis'asm,  p.  G. 


\i-2  NOTICES   OP    AKCIIAEOLOGICAL   PUBLICATIONS. 

It  must,  however,  be  grantoJ,  tliat  tlie  study  of  our  national  antiquities 
was,  ])rcvious  to  the  close  of  the  last  century,  pursued  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  atlbrd  some  ground  for  the  want  of  respect  with  which  it  was  treated. 
Its  coiinectiou  with  ethnology  and  psychology  was  but  imperfectly  seen  ; 
and  enquiries  were  carried  on  witliout  much  regard  to  inductive  reasoning. 
Indeed,  it  was  only  by  tlio  discriminating  labours  of  Douglas,  that  this 
branch  of  archaeology  began  to  assume  in  its  details  and  conclusions,  an 
exactitude  and  coherence  never  arrived  at  before.  Since  the  publication 
of  the  "  Nenia  Britannica  "  by  that  author,  the  world  has  been  supplied 
with  a  succession  of  archaeological  works,  based  upon  his  investigations, 
whereby  an  invaluable  collection  of  notices  descriptive  of  the  discovery  of 
every  variety  of  utensil,  weapon,  and  ornament,  in  the  graves  of  the 
primeval  inhabitants  of  the  land,  has  been  accumulated  to  await  the  period 
when  some  master  spirit  shall  embody  the  whole  into  a  coherent  system. 
Yet,  strange  to  say,  little  or  no  notice  has  been  hitherto  taken  of  the  most 
important  of  all  vestiges — the  human  skeleton,  or  of  that  most  expressive 
work  of  Creative  Power,  the  human  skull.  This  apathy  may  be  attributed 
to  unconsciousness  of  the  value  of  these  perishable  remains,  as  it  is  only 
within  the  last  few  years  that  ethnology  has  exhibited  to  the  archaeologist 
a  more  rapidly  widening  field  wherein  to  extend  his  enquiries,  than  has 
heretofore  been  allowed  him  ;  indeed,  we  believe  that  its  important  influence 
upon  anticpiarian  research  is  even  still  imperfectly  appreciated.  That  it 
is  yet  destined  to  unravel  many  obscurities,  and  to  remodel  some  generally 
received  opinions  concerning  the  primeval  population  of  our  island,  as  well 
as  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  there  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt.  It  is, 
therefore,  witii  the  most  unfeigned  satisfaction  that  we  receive  the  lirst 
instalment  of  a  publication  expressly  calculated  to  till  up  the  void  of  which 
wo  have  already  made  mention,  and  which  opportunely  appearing  in  the 
infancy  of  anti(iuarian  ethnology,  is  itself  mature.  It  is  not  saying  too 
niueh  to  affirm  tliat  this  work,  the  joint  product  of  the  assiduous  researches 
of  Mr.  Barnard  Davis  and  Dr.  Thurnam,  carried  on  for  several  years,  will 
become  the  text-book  of  the  science  of  which  it  treats,  and  that  it  will 
henceforth  be  indispensable  to  every  student  of  British  anti([uities.  A  just 
idea  of  its  im])ortance  cannot  possibly  be  conveyed  without  copious  extracts, 
but  the  following  summary  of  the  leading  points  of  the  introductory  chapters 
will  indicate  that  subjects  of  no  ordinary  interest  are  brought  under  review. 
The  first  section  opens  with  a  raj)idly  sketched  retrospect  of  the  deductions 
of  Blumenbach,  and  the  chief  of  the  suIj3C(iuent  writers  upon  comj)arativc 
cranioHCOpy,  followed  by  some  judicious  remarks  upon  the  much  contested 
hubjcct  of  amalgamation  of  races,  typical  form  of  skull,  and  the  subordinate 
variations  which  it  ])rcsents  in  individuals  of  the  same  race  and  country. 
Tlie  folb^wiiig  observations  on  the  latter  subject  arc  esjiecially  worthy  of 
consideration,  as  meeting  an  objection  very  freipiently  urged  in  opposition 
to  conclusions  deduced  from  the  cranial  peculiarities  of  any  given  race, 
Huch  being  r<![>resented  as  promiscuously  occurring  in  all. 

"That  the  forms  (of  tlie  cranium)  are  pernument,  and  not  transmutiibli^ 
in  the  tlid'erent  races,  may  be  Cbteomcd  as  a  ])oslulato.  The  peculiarilicH 
impresHud  upon  the  tru(5  Negro  head  in  the  days  of  ancient  J'-gypt  <»r 
ancient  i'ltruria,  am  still  inherently  attached  to  il.  So  of  other  races,  as 
far  ftH  they  liavo  been  examined  with  precision  by  the  aid  of  suflicicnt 
tnatcriaJH.  This  fundamental  axiom  may  ho  regarded  as  a  fixed  star, 
whereby  to  direct  our  steps  in  the  present  inquiry  ;   almost   the   solo  light 


NOTICES   OF   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   TUBLICATIONS.  423 

shining  with  steadfastness.  It  shouhJ,  however,  be  premised  that  not 
every  skull  presents  the  primitive  ethnic  peculiarities  :  they  are  rather  to 
be  deduced  from  an  examination  of  many.  The  most  cursory  observation 
is  sufficient  to  perceive  a  considerable  variety  of  form  of  head  in  the  same 
nation,  tribe,  or  even  family.  A  more  careful  investigation  will  develop 
the  limits  of  this  variety,  and  enable  us  to  determine  the  central  point 
round  which  variation  revolves.  We  ought  therefore  to  be  prepared  to 
lind  diversities  of  form  in  any  one  given  people,  however  ancient.  This  is 
in  accordance  withAvhat  we  observe  in  all  the  other  departments  of  nature." 
(Page  3  ) 

The  writer  then  proceeds  to  caution  the  student  against  too  hasty  gene- 
ralisation from  these  premises,  and  points  out  the  fallacy  of  results  obtained 
from  the   skulls  of  females  and  young  persons,  which  seldom  possess  the 
gentilitial  character  in  a  high  degree.     The  question  of  amalgamation  of 
races  is  next   treated   in   a   dispassionate    and    luminous  manner,   many 
examples  in  different  parts  of  the  globe  being  enumerated,  which  have  a 
direct  bearing  upon  this  intricate  enquiry.     At  page  17  are  some  clearly 
expressed  instructions  for  ascertaining  the  measurement  of  skulls  in  various 
directions,  and   for  gauging  their  internal  capacity  according  to  the  most 
approved  system.     The  chapter  is  concluded  with  a  glance  at  the  national 
interest   attached  to  the  subject.   Chapter  11.  contains  a  resume  of  all  that 
has  hitherto  been  written  by  pi'evious  observers,  respecting  the  physical 
conformation  of  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Britain,  and  the  continental 
nations,  from  M'hich  it  is  assumed  that  these  islands  received  their  popula- 
tion, commencing  with  the  well-known  description  of  Cresar,  and  continued 
to  the  latest  observations  of  the  northern   ethnologists.     One  of  the  most 
curious  discoveries  that  has  yet  been  made  in  connection  with  this  subject 
is  recorded  in  this  division,  namely,  the  prevalence  of  an  elongated  form  of 
cranium  in   skeletons  found  in  the  megalithic   structures,  commonly  dis- 
tinguished by  the  name  of  "  Chambered  Barrows."     Whatever  significance 
this  fact  may  have  in  reference  to   the  theory  of  a  pre-Ccltic  population 
having  occupied  this  country,  it  is  remarkable  that  the  same  peculiarity  has 
been  observed  in  Northern  Europe.     The  skull  from  Uley,  in  Gloucester- 
shire, engraved   in  the  present   decade   of  the  "  Crania  Britannica,"  is  an 
example  of  this  lengthened  type  of  head.'-     The  colour  of  the  hair  and  eyes, 
and  the  prevailing  contour  of  the  face,  next  engage  the  author's  attention  ; 
every  authority,  ancient  and  modern,  having  been  examined  in  order  to 
afford  some  intelligence  upon    these  particulars.       The   next  chapter   is 
headed  "  Anatomical  Explanations,"  a  title  which  sufficiently  expresses  its 
scope  ;  it  is,  however,  so  pleasantly  and  lucidly  written  as  to  conve}'  to  the 
reader,  within  the  compass  of  a  few  pages,  an  amount  of  necessary  informa- 
tion  which  must  otherwise  have  been  sought  with  much  labour  in  pro- 
fessional works.     The  last  section  that  we  shall   now  notice  is  devoted  to 
the  consideration  of  the  singular  custom  of  artificially  distorting  the  skull 
by  compression,  which  has  prevailed  among  ancient  as  well  as  modern  nations. 
The  facts  here  stated   arc  perhaps  of  a  more  remarkable  character  than 
in    any   other  part  of  the    book,  and  the  most  interesting  examples   of 
abnormal  form  are  illustrated  with   engravings  upon  wood.     Although  it 
appears  to  be  clearly  estabhshed,  that  artificial  compression  of  the  skull  was 

-  See  a  memoir  on  the  remarkable  chambered  tumulus  at  Ulcy,  given   in  this 
Joui'iiai,  vol.  xi.,  p.  315. 


-i2-i  NOTICES   OF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL   PUBLICATIOKS. 

prnctisod  in  the  south-cast  of  Europe  at  a  remote  period,  ami  tliat  it  docs 
even  yet  exist  in  some  parts  of  France,  we  tliiiik  sufliciont  cvidonoc  of  the 
existence  of  the  custom  in  Britain  has  not  yet  been  adduced  ;  most  of  the 
anomalies  apparent  in  the  heads  discovered  in  this  country,  havinir 
been  obviously  caused  by  posthumous  conditions,  numerous  examples  of 
which  we  have  seen. 

It  only  remains  to  bo  said,  that  this  first  decade  is  sumptuously  printed 
upon  imi)erial  quarto  paper,  to  afford  space  for  full-size  representations  of 
the  skull.  It  contains  ten  lithographic  plates  of  heads — Celtic,  Roman, 
and  Saxon,  drawn  upon  the  stones  from  the  originals  themselves,  without 
the  intervention  of  any  copy,  by  ilr.  Ford,  who  is  eminent  among  the 
anatomical  artists  in  lithography.  Two  large  plates,  and  numerous  well 
executed  wood  engravings  of  accessories,  illustrate  the  letter-press  descrip- 
tions which  accompany  the  skulls,  serving  to  record  the  circumstances  of 
their  discovery,  and  point  out  the  characteristics  of  each  specimen.  The 
beauty  and  fidelity  of  the  engravings  are  beyond  all  praise.  In  conclusion, 
wo  cordially  recommend  the  "  Crania  Britannica  "  to  every  lover  of  his 
countrv's  antiquities,  as  a  work  of  national  iin[)ortance. 

THOMAS  BATEMAN. 


^u!jatoIoa(cnI  Inldliaciuc. 

It  is  proposed  to  combine  with  the  great  Exhibition  of  AuT  TnEASruE.s 
to  be  opened  in  Manchester  in  May  next,  an  extensive  Series  of  Antiijuities, 
from  the  earliest  periods,  witli  the  object  of  illustrating,  in  as  instructive  a 
form  as  possible,  the  Manners  and  Arts  of  bygone  times.  The  progressive 
dcveloiiment  of  manufactures,  from  the  rudest  Celtic  period,  througli  the 
exquisite  productions  of  the  various  Arts  of  the  Middle  Ages,  will  be 
displayed  to  an  extent,  which  must  render  these  collections  highly  interesting 
to  the  Archaeologist,  and  of  great  practical  advantage  to  the  manufacturer. 
Mr.  J.  M.  Kcmble,  it  is  understood,  has  been  requested  to  undertake  the 
arrangement  of  the  Celtic  and  Anglo-Saxon  department,  with  which  he  is 
(50  eminently  conversant.  The  Society  of  Antiipiaries  of  London,  with 
Bcveral  kindred  institutions,  have  cordially  pledged  their  co-operation,  and 
tendered  the  loan  of  antiquities  from  their  museums.  Colonel  Meyrick,  of 
Goodrich  Court,  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  Lord  Hastings,  Sir  A.  Kothschild, 
Mr.  Beresford  Hope,  Mr.  Stirling,  M.P.,  Mr.  Wylie,  Itev.  Walter  Sneyd, 
Mr.  Joseph  Mayer,  Mr.  Hailstone,  and  other  owners  of  valuable  private  col- 
lections, have  placed  them  at  the  disposal  of  the  Executive  Committee.  All 
antiquaries  must  cordially  sympathise  in  such  an  undertaking,  and  those  who 
may  possess  choice  antifpiities  available  for  the  occasion,  should  forthwith  com- 
municato  with  J.  B.  Waring,  I'^scj  ,  Supcriiitendent  of  the  Archaeological 
Collection,  or  (Jeorgo  Scharf,  Es(|.,  jun.,  10(1,  Mosley-istreet,  Manchester. 

Mil.  .1.  W.  I'ArwoKTii  is  about  to  publi.'-h  his  long  desired  "  Ordinary," 
comprising  about  .00,000  coats,  ancient  and  modern.  It  is  the  converse 
of  Burke's  '*  Armoury,"  and  enables  the  inquirer  readily  to  ascertain 
the  family  to  wjiom  any  given  coat  belongs.  A  simple  and  very  inge- 
nious plan  will  b(!  found  to  ])rc8cnt  perfect  facility  of  reference  by  means 
of  the  alphaljctical  arrangement  of  tho  arms.  The  work  is  quite  ready 
for  prcHH.  A  peculiar  and  convenient  mode  of  publication  is  proposed,  in 
parts ;  the  issiH;  will  commence  ns  soon  as  snilicient  sub.'icribcrs  are  obtained. 
His  nddrcBS  is,  14  a,  Great  Marlborough  Street. 


/ 


INDEX. 


Adeaxe,  Mr., bronze  ZiVit«« exhibited  by,  41 1. 

Akerniaii,  Mr.,  e.xcavations  at  Caerweiit 
umler  his  direction,  91. 

Amber,  cup  of,  fourjd  in  a  tumulu.s  at  Hove, 
184  ;  bead  of,  found  in  Ireland,  407. 

Amphoiie,  stani|)ed  handles  of,  found  in 
Calynnios,  "21. 

Angi.eska  :  —  bronze  palstave  found  at 
Rlios-y-Gad,  85  ;  gold  ornaments  found 
at  Gaerwein,  29.5. 

Anglo-Saxo.n  Antiquities  : — iron  axes  ex- 
hibited by  Mr.  Brackstone,  87; 
broodies,  tweczt-rs,  &c.,  found  at  Fair- 
ford,  87  ;  gold  ring  ornamented  with 
niello,  ib.  ;  iron  boss  of  a  sliieid,  from 
Fairford,  96  ;  iron  arrow-heads,  found 
in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  181  ;  ciiarters  to 
Hyde  Abbey,  ib.  ;  iron  sword  with  hilt 
enriched  with  gold,  found  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  188  ;  architectural  vestiges  at 
Worth  church,  198  ;  beads  found  in 
Norfolk,  296;  seals  of  Offa  and  Eadgar, 
355  ;  remains  of  pottery,  &c.,  found  at 
Mereworth,  403  ;  urns  found  in  Lin- 
colnshire, 410  ;  iron  spears  found  at 
Finchinbrook,  Herts,  4 1 3. 

Animals,  remains  of,  accompanying  ancient 
internienis,  1  00. 

Antefix,  Roman,  found  near  Monmouth, 
188  ;  found  at  Caerleon,  Chester  and 
York,  ib. 

Anvils,  Roman, found  at  Great  Chesterford,  3. 

Archer,  mounted,  112. 

ARcniTKCTURE  : — remains  of  ancient  Greek 
structures  in  Calymnos,  25,  28  ;  pho- 
tographs of  ])ortion3  of  the  palace  of 
the  Dukes  of  Burgundy,  at  Brussels, 
182  ;  vestiges  of  Anglo-Saxon  date, 
at  Worth  in  Sussex,  197  ;  Histo- 
rical Sketch  of,  in  Scotland,  288  ; 
sketches  of  buildings  in  Somerset, 
exhibited  by  Hon.  W.  Fox  Strangways, 
280  ;  sketches  by  Deeble,  of  buildings 
in  Kent,  &c.,  exhibited,  414. 
VOL.    XIII. 


Armlets,  of  bone,  found  at  Lincoln,  85,  8fi; 
of  glass  and  Kimmeridge  coal,  found  iu 
Ireland,  408. 

Arms  and  Armour  : — sword  liandle  found 
in  Calymnos,  25  ;  contracts  for  the 
supply  of  General  Fairfax's  forces,  94  ; 
Treatise  on,  by  Mr.  Hewitt,  noticed, 
107  ;  brigandine  cap,  found  at  Da- 
vington,  185;  Anglo-Saxon  sword 
found  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  188  ;  cetra, 
or  buckler  of  bronze,  found  in  Ireland, 
187.     See  Spear,  Sword,  &c. 

Arrow-heads,  bronze,  found  in  Calym- 
nos, 20,  27  ;  flint,  from  Yorkshire,  of 
doubtful  character,  85,  104,  411  ;  iron, 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Brack>tone,  87  ; 
Anglo-Saxon,  foimd  iu  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  181. 

Auditors,  their  Report,  190,393. 

Austen,  Rev.  J.  H.,  excavations  by,  in  the 
Isleof  Purbeck,  94  ;  his  notice  of  mural 
paintings  in  Windjorne    Minster,  103. 

Axe,  Roman,  found  at  Great  Chesterford, 
3  ;  iron,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Brackstone, 
87. 


B. 


Banbury,  iron  weapons  found  near,  87. 

Banks,  Rev.  S.,  bi'onze  ornament  e.xhibited 
by,  180. 

Baptist,  St.  John,  seal  with  device  of  his 
head  in  a  charger,  74. 

Barrows,  sepulchral,  Scandinavian  usages 
regarding,  93,  100  ;  in  the  Isle  of  Pur- 
beck, 94  ;  on  Charlton  Downs,  Wilts, 
96  ;  at  Hove,  Brighton,  183  ;  supposed 
site  of  one  near  Mereworth  castle,  403  ; 
on  Petersfield  Heath,  412. 

Baths,  Roman,  discovered  at  Caerwent,  91  ; 
at  Colerne,  Wilts,  330. 

Beadt",  Roman,  found  at  Lincoln,  85  ;  ex- 
hibited by  Rev.  W.  Sneyd,  289  ;  of 
glass  and  rock-crystal,  found  at  North- 
wold,  Norfolk,  296  ;  of  glass,  amber, 
&c.,  found  in  Ireland,  407. 
3    M 


426 


i>;dex. 


Beauvais,  ancient  mitre  at,  94,  139. 

Bedfonl,  Mr.  C.  D.,  exhibits  a  gold  ring 
found  at  Wapping,  9!)  ;  the  Tutbury 
horn,  174. 

Bedfordshire: — seal  found  at  Great  Bar-  1 
ford,  cao. 

Beldam,  .Mr.,  his  notice  of  remains  of  a  pier 
at  Dovor,  101  ;  exliibits  antique 
bronzes,  Ut3  ;  customei's'  seals  for 
Lincoln  and  CHrmarthf-n,  190. 

BfU-foimdeis  establi-hed  at  Gloucester,  73. 

Berkiianijistead,  palimpsest  sepulchral  brass 
at.  1«1. 

Berkshire  : — gold  ring  found  at  Lamborne, 
105  ;  painted  glass  in  Moreton  ciiurch, 
275. 

Berlin,  casts  of  ivoi*y  sculptures  at,  exhi- 
bited, 97,  105. 

Blashill,  .Mr,  exliibits  a  sketch  of  a  sepul- 
chral slab  at  Mansell  Gamage,  418. 

Blencowe,  Mr.,  cominnnicates  notices  of  the 
Rooper  family,  '293. 

Bloxiim,  .Mr.,  exhibits  a  bronze  helmet 
found  ill  tlie  'I'ii^ris,  "273. 

Boase,  Mr.  J.,  seal  f^uiidnear  Penzance,  in 
his  po-^session,  297. 

Bockett,  Miss,  exhibits  a  medal  of  tiie 
Elector  of  Saxony,  290. 

Bone,  Roman  reliijues  formed  of,  (51  ;  arm- 
lets of,  fouml  at  I/ncoln,  85  ;  discs  of, 
found  at  Cirencester,  188  ;  sculptures 
in.  4  It;. 

Bow  of  horn  found  in  Cambridgeshire, 
412. 

Brackstone,  Mr.,  exbiliits  iron  axes,  arrow- 
heads, and  spear,  87  ;  beads  found  in 
Norfolk,  298;  seal  found  at  Bridg- 
water, 420. 

Brank,  inem"ir  on  the,  25f)  ;  in  possession 
of  Mr.  Carriiigton,  257  ;  in  Scotland, 
264  ;  in  tiie  A^iimolean  Museum, 265; 
in  SUiffoidshire,  2(;6. 

Bbassils,  Sej)uichial  : — at  Verden  and 
JJiimswick,  82  ;  jialimpsest  at  Berk- 
hampstead,  181  ;  at  I'pminster,  105, 
181  ;  of  Sir  John  (Miraid,  at  Mowers 
Gifford,  189  ;  of  Jclni  Wybarn,  at 
Tieeliurst,  192  ;  at  St.  Ives,  Cornwall, 
297, 

Brr'cbin,  cha[)t<'r  seal  of,  204. 

Ilrixt  >l,  iliM'uini-iits  relating  to  fairs  at,  285. 

Hriiisli  MuHcuin.     .S<c  MuHenm. 

Brolic,  Sir  A,  do  Cajiel,  prtHciils  documents 
regarding  Rm-kinghiim  l-'oresf,  !I7. 

Bronze,  Aiitiipiities  of:-  Greek  arrow- 
liendH,  20,  27;  pidstave  fniiiid  in  Aiigle- 
iwn,  85  ;  ilngger  found  in  a  barrr)w  at 
I  love,  184  ;  crira,  or  buckler,  187  ; 
KwonU,  Mcnbbnril,  \c.,  fumiil  in  .Si-ot- 
laiid,  20.'i  ;  Gn-i-k  helmet  fiuind  in  the 
'I'iKriM,  '273  ;  dagger  found  in  a  li;irro\v 
l»t  Ti-d(liin»t()ti,  'M)'t  ;  Koiimii  veHselH 
found  at  (,'ranoe,  40!»  ;  celtM  friimd  in 
Seoiland,  412  ;  upear  found  in  Moray- 
iihir<^,  41.1  ;  Ronmii  lilHu»,  4  11. 


Bruce,  Rev.  Dr.,  gold  ornaments  found  in 
Anglesea,  in  his  possession,  295. 

Buckler,  bronze,  found  in  Ireland,  187. 

Brooch,  Roman,  found  at  Great  Chester- 
ford,  86,  173,188;  enaniellel,  found 
near  Amiens,  ISO  ;  in  Tliro:;nu)rton 
street,  London,  274,  288  ;  of  bronze 
tinned,  found  on  the  Wiltshire  Downs, 
96  ;  Saxon,  fciuiul  at  Kairl'ord,  87  ;  peii- 
annubir,  found  in  Ireland,  UiU. 

BuCKiNciiAMSHiUK  ; — Seal  of  the  Prioress 
of  Ivinglio,  290. 

Bucknian,  Professor,  exhibits  Roman  ob- 
jects of  bone,  &c.,  found  at  Cirencester, 
81  ;  Saxon  brooches,  tweezers,  &c., 
from  Paiiford,  IVl  ;  Konian  stilvard, 
178  ;  discs  of  bone,  glass,  and  terra 
cotta,  188  ;  his  memoir  on  the  removal 
of  tesselated  floors,  183;  notices  of 
Roman  and  other  remains  at  Lidney, 
281  ;  direeis  the  arraiinement  of  the 
Museum  at  Cirencester,  394. 

Burges,  Mr.  W  ,  his  account  of  a  mitre  at 
BcMUvais,  94,  139  ;  exhibits  ancient 
Italian  paintings,  181  ;  silver  betrothal 
ring,  297  ;  carvings  in  bone,  416. 

Burtt,  Mr.  J.,  communicates  a  letter  of 
James  V.  of  Scotland,  270  ;  documents 
relating  to  fairs  at  Bi'istol,  285. 


Caerlf.on,  Roman  antefix  found  at,  188. 
Caerwent,  excavations  of  Roman  baths,  &c., 

at,  91. 
Calpe  Carteia,  aiicient  glass  fouml  at,  99. 
CalymiioH,  discoveries  at,   by  Mr.  Newton, 

14  ;  inscriptions,  iScc.  found  at,  29. 
Cambridgk  :— artistic     notes      on    painted 

glass  in  King's  Collej;e  Chapel,  by  Mr. 

Siharf,  44  ;    seals    attached    to   doru- 

ments  in  the  College  treasuries,  75,  91  ; 

.seal  of  jet,  in  the  Fitzwilliam  Museum, 

280. 
CAMniunciicsmuK  : — coin    found    near    (he 

Fleam    dyke,   87  ;    model    of  Sawston 

Hall  e.\liibite<l,  !)8  ;   Roman   interment 

discovered   at    Meldreth.   291  ;  bow   of 

horn  found  near  Fly,  412. 
Cards,   |ilaying,  with  scientific  subjects,  8.9. 
Carmarilieii,    seal    of    llinry,     Prim  c     of 

Wales,    for    the   Innlship"  of,  189;  cus- 

trmiers'  .seal  lor,  1 IMI. 
Carriiigton,    Mr.    !•'.,  his     memoir    on     the 

br/iiik.  256. 
Carnithers,  Mr.,    his  account  of  snpjiosed 

Roman  reliipies  in  Ireland,  407. 
Carlhew,    .Mr.,  exliibits    silver    oriiamenis 

found  at  Nortliwold,2.'»(;. 
Cnrv  family,  documents  in  their  possession, 

"  414. 
(JasketH,   of  wood,    \r.,    exliibited     by     Mr. 

l-'arivr,    .''7  ;    of  ivory    in    the   Douco 

MuHcuin,  (joodricli  Court,  134. 


INDEX. 


427 


Caton,  Mr.,  his  notices  of  a  sun-dial  at  Park 
Hall,  417  ;  of  a  brass  key  found  near 
Wat's  Dyke,  ih. 

Celts,  bronzf,  foumi  in  Scotland,  exhibited 
by  Mr.  Wardlaw  Ramsay,  412. 

Chessmen,  of  ivi  ry,  at  Berlin,  97  ;  of  jet 
found  at  Warrington,  180. 

CiiESHiKE  :— branks  at  Macclesfield  and 
Chester,  'lii'S  ;  the  Institute  invited  to 
meet  at  Chester,  3!) 7. 

Cluster,  Rev.  G.  J.,  his  n(jtices  of  ancient 
uins  found  near  Scarborough,  85  ;  of 
a  discovery  of  silver  pennies  at  York, 
283  ;  of  fictitious  arrow-heads,  &c.,  of 
Hint,  circulated  in  Yorkshire,  85,  411. 

Chesterf  .rd.  Great,  nicnioir  on  a  discovery 
of  Rcnjan  iron  remains  there,  by  Hon. 
R.  C.  Neville,  1  ;  bronze  brooch,  urns, 
coins,  (Sec,  found  there,  86,  172,  188  ; 
Roman  cemetery  there,  171. 

Cirencester,  Roman  reliques  of  bone,  glass, 
&C.,  found  at,  81,  188;  removal  of  the 
tesselated  floors  found  there  achieved 
by  Professor  Buckmau,  215. 

Cist  of  lead,  wiih  Roman  remains,  found 
at  Meldieth,  291. 

Classification  of  jjriniieval  relics,  memoir 
on  the  history  i.f,  210. 

Claytiin,  Mr.  W.,  coninmnicates  a  docu- 
ment bearing  the  st-al  of  W.  de  Ys- 
pauia,  ()2  ;  notice  of  the  site  of  the 
'IVmplars'  church  at  DuV'  r,  85. 

Clocks, exhibi ted liy  Mr. OciaviusM-rgan, 98. 

Coins,  Briti?h  i.r  Gaulish,  fund  near 
the  Fleam  Dyke,  87  ;  of  gold  f .und 
in  Surrey,  304  ;  of  llliberis  illustrat- 
ing the  use  of  tlie  round  buckler,  187; 
Roman,  found  at  Great  Clie.-t=rford, 
13,  172  ;  at  Prinsted,  Sussex,  yC  ; 
neiir   Reigate,     27()  ;     at    Northwi.ld, 

296  ;  at  Colenie,  328,  331  ;  Saxon 
peimits  found  at  York,  87  ;  id" 
Alfred,  f  .und  in  L"ndon,  287  ;  gold 
Coin  of  Edward  111.  found  on  tlie 
Chesil   Bank,  90. 

C<deriie,  Roman  villa  found  at,  328. 
Collar,  or  n<-ck-)ing,  of   bronze    found    at 

Piersebridge,  9t). 
Comb,  ivory,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Tite,  290. 
Cornwall: — sepulchral   brass  at   St.  Ives, 

297  ;  seal  found  near  Penzance,  297  ; 
proposed  publication  on  ancient  monu- 
ments of,  by  .Mr.  Blight,  314. 

Coronation  stone,  documents  and  evidence 
relating  to,  245  ;  expenses  of  painting 
the  coronation  chair,  252. 

Coventry,  tapestries  there  described,  177. 

Coulter,  Roman,  found  at  Great  Chester- 
ford,  G. 

Cranoe,  Leicestershire,  Roman  i-eliques 
found  near,  409. 

Crimea,  reliques  from  the  campaign  there, 
exliiliited  by  the  Kev.  J.  lloiikins.n, 
98  ;  discoveries  by  Dr.  Mc  Plicrson,  at 
Kertch,  314. 


Cromlech,  called  Coldrum  Stones,  Kent,  ex- 
cavations at,  404. 

Cross,  sepulchral  slab  carved  with,  at 
Darley  le  Dale,  413  ;  at  Mansell  Ga- 
mage,  418. 

Crystal,  spoon  and  fork,  in  pos.se'^sion  of 
Hon.  R.  C.  Neville,  86  ;  bead  of,  found 
at  Northwold,  296  ;  divination  by,  373. 

Cucking-stool,  latest  instances  of  its  use, 
256. 

CoMBERLAND  : — Roman  inscriptions  at 
Coome  Crags,  403. 

Gumming,  Rev.  J.  G.,  casts  from  reliques 
of  stone  found  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  pre- 
sented by,  104. 

Cunobeline,  sujiposed  coin  of,  found  near  the 
Fleam  Dyke,  87. 


D. 


Davi.ngton  Priory,  Kent,  brigaadine  head- 
piece found  at,  185. 

Davis,  Jlr.  J.  B.,  his  memoir  on  the  bear- 
ings of  Ethnology  on  Archaeological 
St;ience,  315  ;  notice  of  his  "Crania 
Britannica,"  415. 

De.nbighshjre  : — wooden  f  nt  at  Pen- 
gweni,  291. 

Denham,  Mr.  .M.  .\.,his  notices  of  a  bronze 
neck- ring  found  at  Piersehridge,  96  ; 
of  Roman  remains  f  auul  there,  101. 

Derbyshire  : — sepulchral  slab  at  Darley  le 
Dale,  413 

Devonshire  : — bronzp  palstave  found  there, 
85  ;  accounts  of  the  churchwardens  of 
Woodbury,  97;  documents  in  pos- 
session of  the  Cary  family,  at  Tor 
Abbey,  414;  municipal  seals  of  Exeter, 
418. 

Dials,  portable,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Morgan, 
280  ;  by  Mr.  Tite,  290  ;  inscribed  suu- 
di.l  at  Park  Hall,  Sab  p,  417. 

Die,  Roman,  found  in  liertfurdshire,  287. 

Docu.ME.MS,  UiiiGi.NAL  : — in  possession  of 
Mr.  Lowndes,  63  ;  relating  to  the  first 
Russian  embassy  t  >  England,  77  ;  re- 
gulations for  the  Office  of  Arms,  t. 
lien.  VllI,  164;  charters  to  Hyde 
Abbey,  181  ;  publication  at  Paul's 
Cross  on  occasion  ot  a  (icstilence,  1  86  ; 
relating  to  divination  by  a  crystal,  37.i; 
relating  to  Devon  and  D  .rset,  at  Tor 
Abbey,  414. 

Dodd,  .\Ir., exhibits  a  Subsidy  Book  for  Wilt- 
shire, 88;  miniature  portraits  of  Milton 
and  Cromwell,  189. 

DoRSEisiiiui;:— hall-noble  of  Edward  III., 
found  on  th'-  Chesil  Bank,  90;  mur.il 
paintings  at  Wimborne,  103  ;  publica- 
tion at  Paul's  Cro>s  on  occasi  w  of  a 
pestilence,  lound  at  Sherborne,  186; 
documents  relating  to,  exhibited  by  the 
Hon.  W.  F.  Strangways,  276 ;  liag- 
ment  of  the  effigy  of  Clement,  Abbot  of 


428 


INDEX. 


Sherborne,  288  ;  seal  of  tlic  Prioress 

of  Ivingho,  found  at  Worth  Matravers, 

290. 
Dovor,  appeal  to  the  War  Department  in 

behalf  of  the  Pharos,  84  ;  reply  from 

Lord  Panniure,    I»8  ;     remains    of    a 

wooden  pier  found  at,  101. 
Durer,  traces  of  his  designs  in  the  painted 

glass,  King's  College,  Cambridge,  .5ft. 
Duuham:  — bronze  neck-ring  foundatPierse- 

brid;;e,  fl(i  ;   Roman  interments,   &c., 

found  there,  101. 


Eapgar,  his  charter  to  St.  Denis,  and  his 
seal,  3.55. 

Ediubuigli,  inventory  of  valuables  in  the 
Castle,  1-296,  247  ;  bnink  founl  at,  268  ; 
report  'f  the  meeting  ot  the  Instiiule 
there,  375;  discourse  on  ihe  ancient 
buildings  there,  by  Mr.  K.  Cliamliers, 
381  ; on  Edinbnr:;h  Castle,piior  to  1573, 
by  the  same,  3!*0. 

Edward  1.,  his  i-pMliations  in  Scotland,  245. 

tftigy,  8e|iulcliriil,  at  llaweley,  ,0.\lordhliire, 
111;  of  Clement,  Abbot  of  Sherburne, 
288.     S.-e  Brasses. 

Egypt  and  Nubia,  memoir  on  the  condition 
of  nncieiit  n-mains  thrre,  154. 

EUufonibe,  U«-v.  11.  I.,  cxhibitK  the  accounts 
of  ilie  ciiurcliwardens  of  W  oodbury, 
97. 

EUted,  Mr.,  iiis  notice  of  remains  of  a 
wooden  pier  at  DoViT,  101. 

E.NAMKL,  Art  of  : — enamel  distingui-hed 
fr.ni  ni>  llo,  87;  on  a  gold  <.niament 
found  at  Miitlask,  Norfi.lk,  88  ;  ena- 
melled candlesticks,  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Farrer,  97;  clui^onii/!,  mi  orphreys  of 
vestments  at  Palermo,  144  ;  enamelled 
broocii,  late  Rouiaii,  exhibited  by  Uev. 
W.  Sneyd,  180  ;  enamelled  s^and,  and 
a  badt'e  with  the  arms  (<f  Toulouse, 
287  ;  badge  with  the  arms  of  De  Lara, 
289  ;  enamclleil  ornament,  in  posse.s- 
hinn  of   the  .\lr.  ('.  Ui)a<-h  .Sniitli,  ib. 

Era-nuiH,  his  vii-ii  to  Wnlsin^liam,  120. 

EiMKX  : — Roman  anti(|uitieH  found  by  lion. 
R.  Neville  at  (jreat  Clicsterford,  1,  86, 
171,  188,  409;  notices  of  the  De 
Yspania  fanuly,  62  ;  silver  (ireek  seal 
found  at  Miildnn,  !I8  ;  Hcpuhhral 
l»ra«j»eH  at  UpniinsfT,  lO.'i.llll  ;  sepul- 
chral braHM  of  .^ir  John  (Jillard,  189. 

Etlinology,  memoir  on  its  bearings  on 
Artrhneoliigii-al  science,  315. 

Kw'-r,  braMs,  73,  7  1. 

Kylon,  Itev.  It.  \S'.,  meinoirM  by,  on  llaugh- 
niond  Alibi-y,  145  ;  on  the  origin  and 
early  hi-tory  of  the  J-'ii/.itlanM  and 
Sfnurtj*  333. 

I  I,    municipal    senU  of,   and    Keid    for 

-tktuu-a  Merehnnl,  418. 


Fabrications  of  antiquities.     See  Flint. 

Fairfax,  Sir  T.,  contracts  for  his  forces,  94. 

Fairford,  Gloucestershire,  Saxon  reliques 
found  there,  exhibited  by  Professor 
Uuckman,  !!7;  iron  buss  of  a  shield,  96; 
jiainted  glass  and  ai-chitectural  deco- 
rations in  the  church,  274. 

Fairless,  Mr.,  his  notice  of  a  tomb  found 
near  Hexham,  410. 

Falkner,  Mr.,  his  notice  of  a  mural  painting 
at  Horley,  Oxon,  416. 

Farrer,  Mr.,  exiiibits  a  sculpture  in  ivory, 
97;  reUipiary  with  the  jaw  of  St.  Mark, 
nujitial  casket,  ice,  ib. 

Fibula.     See  Brooch. 

Finchinbiook,  Herts,  iron  spears  found 
there,  4  1 3. 

Fitch,  Mr.,  notice  of  a  gold  ornament  found 
at  .\latlask,  in  liis  collection,  88  ;  ex- 
hibits a  seal  found  at  llap|>iisbur;,'li,  90; 
a  gold  signet  ring  lound  at  I'ulham, 
420. 

Fitzalan  family,  memoir  on  their  origin,  by 
Rev.  R.  W.  Eyton,  333. 

Fleam  Dyke,  Cambridgeshire,  coin  of  Cuno- 
beliho  found  there.  h7. 

Flint,  arrow-heads  of,  found  in  Yorkshire, 
85  ;  lae.ee-iu'ad,  speeimiMi  exhibited 
by  Lord  Lonilesborough,l(l4  ;  faliricated 
reliipies  of,  noticed  by  Rev.  G.  J. 
Ciiester,  S5,  411. 

Font,  r)f  wood,  at  Pengwern,  Denbighshire, 
291. 

Fork,  of  crystal,  exhibited  by  Hun.  11.  C. 
Neville,  86. 

Fortoul,  M.,  Minister  of  Public  Instruction 
in  1' ranee,  letters  from,  99. 

Franck  : — enamelled  brooch  found  near 
Amiens,  180;  Anglo-Saxon  charters  to 
St.  Denis  noticed,  355. 

Franks,  Mr.  A.  \V.,  liis  remarks  on  Eihel- 
wulf 's  ring  ami  on  early  enamels,  87; 
exhiliits  a  seulpinre  in  ivory  belonging 
to  the  Dean  of  l.landafi',  88;  seal  with 
the  device  of  the  Ttinplalion,  183; 
en.'inielleii  four-looted  stand,  pilgrim's 
sigUH,  iiv.,  287  ;  his  notice  of  au 
oculist's  stamp  found  at  Lidney,  282. 

Fylingilales,  VorkMhire,  sepuhdiral  urn 
found  there,  95. 


G. 


Gii'1'Ann,  Sill  .John,  He|inlehnil  brass  of,  at 
ItowerH  Gifl'ord,  189. 

Glass,  (ireek,  found  in  excavationn  at 
('iilytniioH,  18;  Unman,  found  at  Great 
('lieslerloid,  lisHix,  1  ;  iil  'rai'lessuH, 
99;  at  MeldiHb,  CandiridgcHliire,  291; 
at  llalliilon,  iieieesti-rhliire,  409. 
—     ancient  beiols  of,  found  ut   J^incoln, 


INDEX. 


429 


n5;  in  Rev.  W.  Sneyd's  collection,  289; 
at  Northwold,  Norfolk,  2!)G;  in  Ireland, 
407. 

Glass,  painted,  in  King's  College  Chapel, 
Cainbridf^e,  artistic  notes  on,  44;  arms 
of  the  last  ]*rior  of  Walsinghuin,  127; 
appeal  for  preservation  of  a  window  at 
ftloreton,  Berks,  27.^. 

Glouckstkusii IRK  :  —  bell -foundei'S  esta- 
blished at  Gloucester,  73  ;  Roman 
remains  found  at  Cix'eni'estcr,  81  ; 
Saxon  l>rooches,  &c.,  found  at  Fairford, 
IS7,  96 ;  bronze  stilyard,  found  at  Water- 
moor,  178;  memoir  on  tlie  removal  of 
tcsselated  floors  at  Cirencester,  21.5; 
antiquities  found  near  Lidney,  281 ; 
oculist's  stamp  found  at  Lidney,  282; 
poniard  found  at  Gloucester,  41(i. 

Godwin,  Mr.,  bis  memoir  on  the  discovery 
of  a  Roman  villa  at  Colerne,  328. 

Gold,  ornaments  ol,  found  at  Calynmos,  16, 
35,  37;  found  in  Anf;lesea  and  in 
Ireland,  295 ;  attached  to  the  hilt  of 
an  An^lo-Saxon  sword,  188. 

Goodrich  Court,  casts  from  ivory  sculptures 
there,  exhibited,  96  ;  memoir  on  a 
casket  there,  bearing  the  royal  arms, 
134. 

Gordon,  Rev.  R..  exhibits  sjuirs  found  near 
Oxford,  179;  his  notice  of  a  bronze 
key-ring  in  the  Ahlimoleau  Museum, 
413. 

Grazeltrook,  Mr.,  Ins  proposal  for  a  Visita- 
tion of  aims,  411. 

Greaves,  Mr.,  exhibits  the  horn  of  the 
Honor  of  Tutbury,  174. 

Greek  antiquities,  found  in  Calymnos,  14; 
bronze  helmet  found  in  the  Tigris  273. 

Guildford,  brass  figure  found  near  the  Castle, 
exhibited,  89. 

Gunner,  Rev.  W.  H.,  his  notices  of  the 
libi'ary  of  Winchester  College,  176; 
exbiliits  Anglo-Saxon  chariers  to  Hyde 
Abbey,  181. 


H. 


Hammers,  Roman,  found  at  Great  Chester- 
ford,  6. 

Harston,  Rev.  E.,  communicates  a  docu- 
ment found  at  Slierboriie,  18.)  ;  his 
notices  of  the  efligy  of  Abbot  Clement 
found  there,  283. 

Haughniond  Abbey,  Salop,  memoir  on  its 
origin  and  founders,  \4r>. 

Hawkins,  Jlr.,  his  notices  of  the  mint  at 
Shrewsbury,  38. 

Henderson,  Mr.,  exhibits  a  privy  seal  set 
with  an  iniaglio,  189. 

HiiRALDUY  : — arms  of  Walsingham  Priory, 
127;  Royal  arms  on  a  ca^ket  at  Good- 
rich Court,  134  ;  arms  attached  to  the 
Tutbury  Horn,  175;  proposed  puldica- 
tion  of  an  Ordinary  of  Arms,  by  Mr. 
Papworth,  424. 


Heralds,  proposed  regulations  for  the  Office 

of  Arms.  t.  Hen.  VIII.,  164. 
Heri".foiu}.siiiiik: — sepulchral  slab  found  at 

Man.sell  Gamage,  418. 
Hertfoudshirk: —  i)alimpsest     sepulchral 

brass  at  llcrkiiam|)stead,  181;  Roman 

die  of   bone  found    at    Ashwell,   287; 

Anglo-Saxon  spears  found  at  Fiuchin- 

brook,  4 1 3. 
Hewitt,  Mr.,  exhibits  Anglo-Saxon  arrow- 

head.s,  181;  Anglo-Saxon  sword  found 

in   the  Isle  of  Wight,    188  ;  sketch  of 

a  sepulchral  slab   at  Darley  le   Dale, 

413. 
Ilexliam,  interment  and  urn  found  at.  410. 
Hill,    Rev.    J.     II.,  his  notices  <'f  Roman 

reliques  found  at  Hallaton,  Leicester- 
shire, 409;  of  sepulchral    slabs  there, 

410. 
Holy  Island,  restorations  there,  under  Mr. 

Salvin's  direction,  283;  inscribed  plate 

found  there,  411. 
Hone,  of   stone,    found  in  a   barrow    near 

Brighton,  181. 
Hopkinson,  Rev,  Francis,  exhibits  reliques 

from     tlie     Crinii-an     campaign,    98  ; 

French  seal  with  a  figure  ot  St.  Denis, 

189. 
Horley,  Oxfordshire,  mural  painting  of  St. 

Chrisioplu-r  there,  416. 
Horn  of  the  Houjr  of  Tutbury,  exhibited, 

174. 
Horncastle,  urn  found  near,  86. 
Horse,    tooth  of,   used    as   an   amulet,  27; 

remains  of,  found  with    Scandinavian 

interments,  93,    100;    in  graves,   near 

the    R(jnian   station    at    Piersebridge, 

Durham,  101. 
Hove,  Sussex,  barrow  and  reliques  found 

there,  183. 
Hugh'  s,  Mr.  T.,  exhibits  a  gold  ring  found 

at  Chester,  413. 
Hugo,    Rev.    T.,    exhibits    pilgrim's    signs, 

105;  bronze   figure   of    Hiicules,  188; 

fragments  of  painted  glassfrom  Clerkeu- 

wtll,  189. 
Hunter,  Mr.,  bis  memoir  on  the  spoliations 

of  Edward   I.  in  Scotland,  and  on  the 

coronation  stone,  245. 


Igiitham,  Kent,  monument  of  Lady  Selby 

there,  4 1 6. 
Impey,  Mr.  W.,  his  notices  of  Roman  and 

other  reli(|ues  found  in  London,  274. 
Infants,    intennents    of,    found    at    Great 

Cbestt-rford.  172. 
Inscriptions,  Greek,  found  by  Mr.  Newton, 

at  Calunnos,  29;  mediiBval,  remarkable 

example  on  the  etbgy  of  Abbot  Clement, 

at  Shtrborne,  283. 
Irish  Antiqi'itiks: — bronze /a/x  exhibited 

by    Lord    Londcsborough,    1 04 ;    c:ists 


4oO 


INDEX. 


from  antiquities  in  the  Museum  of  the 
H.  I.  Academy,  exliiL)ite<i,  17^;  ln'onze 
buckler  exhibited  by  Lord  Loiides- 
borou;;h,  187;  peiiainuilar  brooch, 
IbS;  bronze  spear  in  Mr.  Brackstone's 
collectiou,  '296;  bronze  reliniies  tound 
at  Ferney,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Shirley, 
29t>  ;  Trans-'ictioiis  of  the  Kilkenny 
Archaeological  Society  UDticed,  305; 
Ogham  in>eriptioiis,  310;  supposed 
Roman  reliijues  in  Mr.  Carruthers's  ! 
Museum,  407. 

Iron,  remarkable  deposit  of  Roman  imple- 
ments, found  at  Great  Cliesterford,  1, 
13;  Anglo-Saxon  arrow-heads,  and 
Weapons  of,  noticed,  Ifil,  \iiii,  413. 

Ivory,  sculptures  in: — crosier  at  Newcastle 
noticfd,  !J.5;  casts  from  examples  at 
Goodrich  I'ourt  exbii)ited,i*() ;  at  Berlin, 
&c.,  97,  103;  tablet  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Farrer,  97;  example  exhibited  by  Rev. 
W.  Sneyd,  180;  casts  from  examples 
at  Pai-is,  416. 


Jacobs,  Mr.  B.,  exhibits  a  silver  ring,  90. 
James    v.,   kin^   of   Scots,    letter   Inmi,    to 

Henry  VI II.,  271. 
Jar,  inti-rment  in  a,  "JO. 
Jct,clle^slnl,•M  iif,  louiid  at  Warrington,  180; 

b<-al  of,  in    the    Fitzwilliam    Museum, 

Cainbri.lg.-,  •_>80. 
Johnson,    Mr.,    his    notices    of    sepulchral 

bra.s-ses  at  Upminster,  Essex,  lO.i,  181, 

182. 
Jones,  Rev.  Hugh,  D.D.,  exhibits  a  bronze 

palbtave,  found  in  Angleseu,  8.5. 


K. 


Kcmble,  Mr.,  his  memoir  on  Imrial  and 
cremation,  l!l;  on  the  mortuary  cus- 
toms of  the  .ScaU'liiiavinns,  9_',  lOO,  181, 
291  ;  on  liouse-uriiH,  27.i;  Ins  notices  of 
excavat'ons  at  Mcrewoi'tli,  K'nil,  'lO.'); 
at  Coldnnn,  4  04  ;  <>l  the  monununt  of 
Lad^  Selby,  at  Igiitham,  410°. 

Kfc.>T;  —  brigandme  cup  found  at 
Davinglon  I'liory,  Ul.'j  ;  enamelled 
bad)^u,  ill  the  iU-v.  W.  Siieyd'8  col- 
1«.  tioii,  289;  excavatioiiHat  .\li-reworih, 
403;  at  tin-  ('nunlccli,  calli'd  Coldiiini 
SloiK.'H,  404 ;  notice  of  the  inoimnient 
of  Litily  .Silby,  at  l^htliam,  4  I  <>'. 

Kerli-li,  re(M-iil  iliRCoverieM  there,  by  Dr. 
M.  i'iierHon,  314,  397. 

King,  .Mr.  II.  W.,exliibitH  iheHcul  of  Henry, 
Tr'Heu  ol  WiileH,  tor  ('armai'ih<-ii,  189; 
riibbini;  ol  the  Heptilcliral  bnuis  of  Hir 
Jol.ii  (;ifr..i'.|,  lA. 

Kiiig'n  College,  C.i\u\Uv\i\nf,  artiHlie  iioteu  on 
Iikiiilcd  gbittH  III  the  (Jliapel  of,  44. 


Kymer,  Miss,  exhibits  drawings  of  painted 
glass,  &c.,  at  Fairford,  27o. 


L. 


Lamps,  found  in  tombs  at  Calymnos,  "23,37; 
liatene  of  graniie,&c.,  to  serve  as  lamps, 
touml  in  the  Isle  of  Man  and  Scotland, 
104,  202. 

LANCAsniiiK  : — chessmen  of  jet,  found  at 
Warrington,  180. 

Le  Keux,  .Mr.,  his  notices  of  seals  of  the 
Percy  family,  84 ;  exhibits  drawings  of 
ancifiit  buildings  in  Kent,  &.C.,  414. 

Lee  Warner,  Kev.  J.,  bis  memoir  on  Wal- 
sini^iiHin  Priory,  11."). 

Lichtield,  brank  preserved  at,  266. 

Lidney,  Gloucestershire,  ancient  vestiges 
there, described  by  Professor  Buckman, 
2b  1  ;  Roman  oculist's  stamp  found 
there,  282. 

Lincolnshire: — armlets,  beads,  &c.,  found 
at  Lincoln,  8.5;  sepulchral  urn,  at  Horn- 
castle,  86;  silver  ring,  near  Thornton 
College,  90;  exaniides  of  Itoman  glass, 
at  Lincoln,  100;  pieiced  cpiarry  of  lead, 
at  Haverh.lme  I'riory,  10.5;  Roman 
l)otiery  of  peculiar  manulacture,  at 
Lincoln,  173;  cubtomers'  seal  lor  Lin- 
coln, 190;  brank  preserved  at  l)od- 
dm,;ton  Park,  26.5;  intennt'iits  in  liair- 
clolh  garment-*,  at  LiiK-oln  C'atlu'dral, 
284;  Anglo  Saxon  urns  loundat  South 
Wilbnghaui,  411. 

Lindisbirne,  restorations  at  the  Abbey 
Cliurcn,  283,  394;  inscribed  plate  of 
load  found  there,  41  1. 

Lilun.i,  iii  bronze,  exhiiiited,  411. 

Lock.s,  Roman,  lound  at  Great  Cluslerford, 
7,  9;  fragment  of,  fouml  in  Wilt.s,  96. 

Londoboripugli,  Lord,  exhibits  an  Irish 
bronze  _/(//.(•,  104;  a  thiu  l..nce-head, 
from  Yoikbhiie,  ilj.;  portion  of  a  wur- 
sadille,  of  cliased  sue!,  181;  bronzo 
buckler,  found  in  Ireland,  178;  silver 
mathein:itieal  instruoii  nis,  189. 

London,  Aniii|niii"S  lound  in:  —  rebipiesdis- 
cov.  re.l  in  Miming  Lane,  274;  fielilo 
mil,  in  Fleet  Street,  276;  proof  piece 
ot  a  penny  of  Alfred,  in  St.  Paul's 
Cliunliyar.l,  287  ;  bronze  Roman 
brooch,  AlC,  in  Tlirogniortoii  .Street, 
288;  enamelled  ornament,  in  possession 
of  .Mr.  Roa.-h  Sinilh.  2ii!i. 

Lowndes,  Mr.  .Man,  ilocmnent  relating  to 
the  Do  Yspania  lainily,  in  bis  pos- 
Heshion,  (i2. 

Ludlow,  eiigmo  of  torture  in  the  .MuHeuiii 
there,  269. 

M. 

MaI)I»i:n,  Sin  F.,hiH  iiK'moir  on  charlc  rs  and 
Houla  ut  Ulla  and  Eadgar,  365. 


INDEX. 


431 


Malta,  account  of  Megalithie  remains  tliere, 
by  Mr.  Illiind,  397. 

Man,  Islo  of: — antiquities  of  stone  found 
there,  104;  ])rop(>sed  publications  re- 
lating to,  by  Rev.  J.  G.  Ciimniing,  .''14. 

Manchester,  notice  of  the  exhibition  of  art- 
treasures  at,  424. 

Manning',  Kev.  C".  R.,  his  notice  of  a  seal 
foiiii-1  at  A.shwicken,  ioO. 

Mansell  Gainagc,  Ilerclordshire,  sepulchral 
slab  there,  418. 

Mark,  St.,  reliquary  enclosing  a  relique  of, 
exhibited,  97. 

Master,  Rev.  G.,  exhibits  ])laying  cards 
bearing  scitntitic  devices,  1)9. 

Maughan,  Rev.  J.,  his  notices  of  Roman 
inscriptions  in  Cumberland,  4  04. 

Medal,  ot  Sir  Giles  Strangways,  l>y  Holier, 
l)i-2;  of  John,  Elector  of  Saxony,  290. 

Meetings  of  the  Institute,  monthly,  81,  171, 
273,  403;  annual,  in  London,  190;  in 
Edinburgh,  375. 

Meldreth,  Cambridgeshire,  Roman  inter- 
ment found  there,  291. 

Mcreworth  Castle  Kent,  notice  of  excava- 
tions there,  by  Mr.  Kemble,  403. 

Millstones,  vestiges  of  their  manufacture  in 
Gloucester-hire,  281. 

Mint  at  Shrewsbury,  notices  of,  by  Mr. 
Hawkins,  38. 

Minty,  Mr.,  exhibits  a  liow  of  horn,  412; 
j)ebble  found  in  a  barrow  on  Peters- 
field  Heath,  412. 

Mitre,  preserved  at  Beauvais,  described  by 
Mr.  Buries,  94,  189. 

Monmouthshiuk: — account  of  excavations 
at  CHorwcnt,  91  ;  Homan  antefi.x  found 
near  Monmouth,  188. 

Moreton,  Berks,  appeal  for  preservation  of 
painted  glass  there,  27.5. 

Morgan,  Mr.  0.,  his  account  of  Roman 
baths,  &c.,  discovered  at  Caerwent,  91 ; 
exhibits  ancient  clocks,  97;  model  of 
Sawston  Hall,  Cambridgeshire,  98  ; 
portable  dial  and  pedometer,  280; 
papal  ring,  290;  silver  porringer,  297 ; 
Gothic  reliquary,  297;  ecclesiastical 
and  other  rings,  297. 

Mosaic  floors,  memoir  on  their  removal,  by 
Professor  Buckman,  215. 

Museum,  British,  Notices  of  Antiquities 
thkrk: — gold  ring  found  near  Peter- 
borough, 87;  ivory  sculpture  presented 
by  the  Dean  of  Llandaff,  88;  antique 
glass,  10(1;  matrices  of  customers' seals, 
190;  Roman  enamel,  pilgrims'  signs, 
&c.,  in  Mr.  Roach  Smith's  collections, 
287;  recent  acquisitions  noticed,  395. 


N. 


Nelsox,  Rev.  G.,  e.xtubits  a  perfume  bottle, 

and  a  gold  inscribed  ring,  105. 
Nesbitt,  Mr.    A.,    his  notice  of  sepulchral 


brasses  at  Verdcn  and  Brunswick,  82; 
exhibits  casts  from  ivory  sculjitures  at 
Goodrich  Court  and  in  foreign  col- 
lections, 96,  97  ;  pcnannnlar  Irish 
broach  and  bi-coniute  pin,  188. 

Neville,  Hon.  R.  C,  his  memoir  on  a  dis- 
covery of  Roman  implements  of  iron, 
at  Great  Clusierford,  1  ;  exhibits  a 
bronze  fihula  found  there,  8G  ;  crystal 
fork  and  .spoon,  tb.  ;  British  coin 
found  near  the  Fleam  Dyke,  87  ;  gold 
and  silver  rings,  90  ;  Greek  or  Ru.sso- 
Greek  seal  found  in  Essex,  98  ;  liis 
notices  of  a  Roman  cemetery  excavated 
at  Great  Cliesterford,  171,  409  ;  of  a 
Roman  interment  at  Meldretli,  Cam- 
bridgeshire, 291  ;  exhibits  a  Roman 
die  of  bone,  found  in  Herts,  287  ; 
gold  ring,  with  a  rebus,  297  ;  bronze 
spoon  found  at  Cliesterford,  413  ;  iron 
spears  found  at  Fiiichinbrook,  413. 

Newton,  Mr.  C.  his  memoir  on  excava- 
tions at  Calymiios,  13. 

Niello,  examples  of,  on  a  gold  ring  found 
near  Peterborough,  87  ;  on  Eihelwulf's 
ring,  in  the  British  Museum,  87  ;  on 
an  Anglo-Saxon  sword  found  in  the 
Isle  of  Wi-ht,  188. 

Norfolk  :— gold  reliquary  found  at  Mat- 
lask,  noticed,  88  ;  seal  found  at  Happis- 
burgli,  90  ;  memoir  on  VValsingham 
Priory  by  Rev.  J.  Lee  Warner,  115; 
seal  set  with  an  intaglio,  found  at 
Ashwicken,  280  ;  beads  found  at 
Northwold,  296  ;  silver  fragments, 
ornament  set  with  a  Roman  family 
coin,  &c. ,  found  at  Northwold,  296 ;  gold 
.signet  ring,  found  at  Pulham,  420. 

Northamftonshire  : — gold  ring  found  in 
river  Nene,  87  ;  documents  relating  to 
Rockirgham  Forest,  presented,  97. 

Northumberland,  the  Duke  of,  Heraldic 
MS.  in  his  library  at  Syon  House,  164  ; 
Survey  of  the  Roman  Wall,  by  his 
direction,  394. 

Northumiserland  :— restorations  at  the 
Abbey  Church,  Lindisfarne,  283,  394  ; 
inscribed  leaden  plate  found  there,  411. 

Nubia  and  Egypt,  memoir  on  the  condition 
of  their  monuments,  154. 


Offa,  his  charter  to  St.  Denis,  and  his  seal, 
355. 

Oliver,  Rev.  Dr.,  communicates  documents 
preserved  by  the  Cary  family,  4  1 4. 

Onslow,  Hon.  Col.,  brass  figure  in  his 
possession,  found  at  Guildford,  89. 

Ordinary  of  Arms,  ])roposed  for  publica- 
tion by  Mr.  Papworth,  4  20. 

Oxfordshire  : — sepulchral  efligy  at  Hase- 
ley,  111;  spurs  found  near  Oxfonl, 
exhibited  by    Rev.   R.    Gordon,   179; 


43Z 


INDEX. 


mural  painting  of  Sl  Cliristophci',  at 
Horley,  416. 


Padlocks,  Roman,  found  at  great  Chester- 
for.l,  7. 

Paintin;:,  Mural,  at  Wimhorne  Minster, 
104  ;  of  St.  Cliristi)i>lier,  at  Hurley, 
Oxfiirdshire,  4l(j  ;  executed  by  Master 
Wiilter,  to  decorate  the  coronatiou 
cliair,  252. 

Palstave,  found  in  Devonsiiii-e,  85  ;  found 
in  Anul'-soa,  ib. 

Paninure,  Lord,  his  communication  regard- 
ini;  the  Pharos  at  Dovor,  98  ;  his 
instructions  for  the  record  of  ancient 
remains  throui,'h  the  Ordnance  Survey 
in  Scotland,  378. 

Papworth,  Mr.,  his  proposed  publication  of 
an  Ordinary  of  Arms,  4'J4. 

Peterborough,  j^oid  ring  enriched  with 
niello  foun<l  near,  87. 

Petersfield  Heath,  remarkHble  pebble  found 
in  a  burrow  there,  4  1  "2. 

Piereeliridge,  Durham,  bronze  neck-ring 
found  tliere,  96  ;  Romau  interments, 
&c.,  101. 

Pilgrims'  signs,  found  in  the  Thames,  105  ; 
distributed  at  Walsinghani,  Canter- 
bury, &c.,  132  ;  found  at  Cirt-ncester, 
\'Xi  ;  lound  in  France,  exhibited  by 
Rev.  \V.  Sneyd,  180  ;  Canterbury 
bells,  ampulUe,  &c.,  in  Mr.  Roach 
Smith's  collection,  '288. 

Pits  filled  with  rubbish,  fouud  near  Roman 
sL'itioiis,  1. 

Pollard,  .Mr.  J.,  his  account  of  interments 
in  hair-cloth  at  Lincoln,  284. 

Pottery,  Greek,  found  at  Calyinnos,  20.  2.'{  ; 
sepulchral  urn  fouiiil  m;;ir Scaiburough, 
8.5  ;  at  Ilorncnstle,  8G  ;  at  Fylin^dales, 
Yorkshire,  95  ;  va.se  of  peculiar 
Roman  ware,  at  Lincoln,  17.')  ;  8e|)nl- 
ehral  house  urns,  di scribed  by  Mr. 
Kemble,  273  ;  mediiuval  vessid  found 
in  Fleet  .Street,  27l»  ;  .Saniian,  found  at 
(Jrcat  Cliesterford,  8(!,  172  ;  money- 
pot  of  green  glazed  ware,  found  in 
Duimti  r  Court,  London,  288  ;  speci- 
mens of  Koinan  llpchurch  ware,  29fj  ; 
wine  bottles  of  wliitt'cnaiiK'lli'd  pottery, 
2!'7  ;  fragments  rif  various  periods 
found  in  excavaiioim  at  .Merewortli, 
K<!nt,  103  ;  Anglo  .Saxon  urns  found 
in  Liiic(>ln>>hirc,  4  lO. 

Powder  I'lot,  alhioion  to,  on  an  engraved 
tablet  nt  Ightham,  Kent,  416. 

Primtvval  Anlii|uiticH,  nxnioir  on  their 
rlntuiitication,  209. 

PriuMiiil,  SiiHNex,  Roman  family  coin  found 
ihcri!,  96. 

Pu»L!c*TioJ«»,  AnciiAKOLnKicAi.,  noticed  : — 
T\pe«  and    Hgurcn   of  thu    Ilible,   by 


Louisa  Twining,  106  ;  Ancient  Armour 
and  weapons,  by  Jolin  Hewitt,  107  ; 
Roman  London,  announced  for  pulili- 
cation  by  Mr.  C,  Roach  Smith,  114; 
Sussex  Arducological  Collections,  vol. 
viii.  l!l2;  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of 
Aiiti(piaries  of  Scotland,  vol.  i.,  199; 
Reliipies  of  the  Celtic,  Romano- 
British  aiul  Anglo-Saxon  periods, 
announced  for  publication  by  Mr. 
Akennan,  207  ;  Manual  for  the 
Genealogist  and  Topographer,  &.C.,  by 
Mr.  R.  Sims,  207  ;  Transactions  of  the 
Essex  Archaeological  Society,  208  ; 
Iiiventorium  Sepulchrale,  edited  by 
Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith,  298  ;  Trans- 
actions of  the  Surrey  Archaecdogical 
Society,  303  ;  Transactions  of  the 
Kilkenny  Archaeological  Society,  303  ; 
announcement  of  Horai  Ferales,  by 
Mr.  Kemble,  314  ;  of  Antiquities  dis- 
coveivd  at  Kertch,  by  Dr.  Al'l'lierson, 
ib.  ;  of  works  on  the  Isle  of  Man  and 
its  Runic  monuments,  by  Rev.  J.  G. 
Cuiiiiiiiiii:,  i/>.  ;  of  Ancient  Cro.sses,  i^c. 
in  Cornwall,  by  Mr.  Blight,  ih.\  of 
Examples  of  architecture,  \c.  in  Daly, 
by  .Mr.  Goldie,  ib.  ;  Crania  Britannica, 
by  J.  Barnard  Davis  and  Dr.  Thurnam, 
421. 
Purbeek,  Isle  of,  remarkable  interment 
di.scovered  by  Rev.  J.  Austen,  .')  I  ; 
seal  of  the  Prioress  of  Ivingho,  found 
there,  290. 


Q. 


QcARRY,  of  lead,  pierced   for   ventilation, 
found  in  Lincolnsiiire,  105. 


R. 


Rai.ne,  Rev.  J,,  jun  ,  communicates  a  docu- 
ment regarding  divination  by  a  crystal, 
373. 

Randal,  Mr.,  ]>resents  a  cast  from  nn 
inscribed  stone,  found  at  Shrewsbury, 
296. 

Rapiers,  exhibited  \i\  Mr.  Hernliard  Smith, 
280. 

Ready,  Mr.,  exhibits  seals  obtained  at 
Cambridge  and  at  Winchester,  91  ; 
seal  of  Rielianl  Fil/.alan,  i')arl  of 
Anindej,  1112. 

Relitpiary,  containing  tin*  jaw  of  ."^t.  .Murk, 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Farrer,  97  ;  (.•xliii)ited 
by  Mr.  MoJ-gan,  297. 

Rhiinl,  Mr.  A.  IL,  his  nnnioir  on  the  condi- 
tion of  monuments  in  Fgy|il  and  Nubia, 
1  .">  I  ;  on  the  history  of  iIh-  syHtematic 
(•lassilir.'ition  of  priin.'cval  relics,  209  ; 
on  niegalithic  remains  in  Malta,  3.97. 

Richard  L,  obourvationH  on  liis  great  scids, 
111. 


INDEX. 


433 


Ring,  of  lead,  found  at  Stratton,  Glouccs- 
tcrsliire,  87  ;  of  gold,  found  ia  the 
river  None,  ih.  ;  of  Alhstan,  in  the 
British  Museum,  (58  ;  of  gold  with 
device  of  a  pelican,  and  one  of  silver, 
both  in  Mr.  Neville's  collection,  00  ;  of 
silver,  found  near  Tlioi-nton  College, 
Lincolnshire,  ib.  ;  of  gold,  found  in 
^\'apping,  !»!! ;  of  gold,  inscribed  with 
a  posy,  found  at  Lamborne,  Berks, 
105  ;  called  St.  Martin's  Kings,  1!J6  ; 
of  gold,  found  on  the  Banstead  Downs, 
ib.  ;  Papal,  in  Mr.  Morgan's  collection, 
*2;)0  ;  silver  betrothal  ring,  exhibited 
by  Mr.  Burges,  297  ;  of  gold,  engraved 
with  a  rebus,  in  Mr.  Neville's  collec- 
tion, ib.  ;  ecclesiastical,  exhibited  by 
Mr.  Morgan,  ib.  ;  Roman  key-ring 
found  near  Scarborough,  413  ;  of  gold, 
inscribed,  found  at  Chester,  413. 
Robertson,  Mr.  J.,  communicates  docu- 
ments regarding  the  first  Russian 
embassy  to  England,  77;  his  Sketch  of 
the  history  of  Architecture  in  Scotland, 
2-28. 
Rogers,  Mr.  J.,  his  notice  of  a  sepulchral 

brass  at  St.  Ives,  25)7. 
Rooper    family,  letter    relating    to    their 

history,  294. 
Roman  Antiquities  : — deposit  of  iron  im- 
plements, &c.,  fouml  at  Great  Chester- 
ford,   by  Mr.  Neville,    1  ;    reliques  of 
bone,  &c.,   found   at   Cirencestei",   81, 
188  ;    fibula,    pottery,    &c.,   at    Great 
Chesterford,    80,    413  ;  mosaic   floors, 
baths,  &c.,  excavated  atCaerweut,  91  ; 
bronze   neck-ring,   intei-ments,  <5>:c.,  at 
Piersebridgc,  Durham,  96,  101  ;  glass 
of   remarkable  fabrication,    found    at 
Tartossus,  99  ;  cemetei-y  excavated  by 
Mr.  Neville,  at  Great  Chesterford,  171, 
409  ;  pottery  of  peculiar  kinds,  found 
at  Lincoln,  173,    174;  bronze  stilyard, 
foimd  at  Watermoor,  Gloucestershire, 
178;    spurs    from    various    localities, 
179  ;  antefix  found   near   Monmouth, 
188  ;  antiquities    found    in    Scotland, 
203  ;  tesselated  floors,  their  construc- 
tion  and  removal,  &c.,  by  I'rofessor 
Buckman,     210  ;     reliques    found    in 
London,  274  ;  at  Lidney,    Gloucester- 
shire, 281  ;  oculist's  stamp    found  at 
Lidney,     282  ;    villa    discovei-ed     at 
Colerue,  Wilts,  328  ;  vestiges  of  Roman 
medicine  and  sui'gery,  noticed  by  Pro- 
fessor Simpson,    387  ;  inscriptions  on 
Coome  Crags,  Cumberland,  404  ;  sup- 
posed reliques  of  Roman  date  in  Ire- 
land,   in    Mr.  Carruthcrs'    collection, 
407  ;  reliques    of    bronze,    glass,    &c. 
found  at  Hallaton,  Leicestershire,  409  ; 
bronze  ?i7M!(5  exhibited  by  Mr.  Adeane, 
411. 
Russia,  embassy  to  England   from,   in  the 
reign  of  Mary,  77. 
TOL.  XIII. 


Salvin,    Mr.,   i-estorations    of  Lindisfarne 
Abbey  church,  under   his  directions, 
283,  394,411. 
Samian  ware,  found  at  Great  Chesterford, 
8C,  1 72  ;  in    London,  274  ;   at  Mere- 
worth,  Kent,  403. 
Scarborough,   uj-ns  and  flint  arrow-heads, 
found      in    its     neighbourhood,     85  ; 
Roman  bronze  ring  found  there,  413. 
Scharf,  Mr.  G.,  his  artistic  notes  on  painted 
glass  at  King's  College,  Cambridge,  44  ; 
his    observations      on     the    Coventry 
tapestry,    177  ;  exhibits    drawings    of 
painted  glass  at  Fairford,  274. 
Scold's  bridle,  or  brank,  memoir  on  its  use, 

and  existing  examples  noticed,  250. 
Scotland  :  —  documents  regarding  the 
Russian  embassy  wrecked  on  the 
Scottish  coasts,  77  ;  proposed  exhibi- 
tion of  Scottish  portraits,  171,  401  ; 
antiquities  of  stone,  bronze,  &c. 
noticed,  201,  203  ;  sculptured  slabs 
and  crosses,  204,  383  ;  capitular  seal 
of  Brechin,  205  ;  sketch  of  the  history 
of  architecture  in  Scotland,  by  Mr. 
J.  Robertson,  228  ;  spoliations  of 
Edward  I.,  and  documents  relating  to 
the  coronation  stone,  245  ;  bronze 
celts  exhibited  by  Mr.  Wardlaw 
Ramsay,  412  ;  bronze  spear  found  in 
Morayshire,  413. 
Sculptures,     Greek,    found   in    Calymnos, 

27,  29. 
Scythes,  Roman,  found  at  Great  Chester- 
ford, 10. 
Seals,  Medi-eval, examples  of,  02;  seal  of 
William  do  Yspania,  ib.  ;  of  scyphate 
form,  64;  of  William  de  Vipont,  65  ; 
of  ]\Iargaret  de  Uvedale,  70;  of  Sandro 
de  Gloucester,  72;  seals  with  device  of 
the  head  of  St.  John  Baptist,  74; 
seals  of  the  Percy  family,  84 ;  of  Adam 
de  Stoddone,  found  in  Dorset,  90 ;  with 
device  of  a  lion,  found  in  Norfolk,  j'6.  ; 
of  the  vicars  choral.  Wells,  ib.  ;  of 
Ilumplirey,  Duke  of  Gloucester,  91 ;  of 
Richard  11.  as  Prince  of  Chester,  ib.  ; 
of  Isabella  de  Fortibus,  «^.;  Greek  or 
Russo-Greek  sral,  found  in  Essex,  98; 
great  seal  of  William  the  Conqueror, 
lOii;  of  Richard  I.,  110  ;  seals  of  Wal- 
singham  Priory,  126;  of  Richard  Fitz- 
alan.  Earl  of  Arundel,  182;  of  Thomas 
Gyttard,  183;  seal  with  device  of  the 
Temptation,  ib. ;  Italian  matrix,  exhi- 
bited by  Rev.  W.  Sneyd,  ib.;  privy 
seal  set  with  an  antique  gem,  exhibited 
by  Mr.  Henderson,  189;  with  repre- 
sentation of  St.  Denis,  exhibited  by 
Rev.  F.  Ilopkinson,  ib. ;  seal  of  Henry, 
Prince  of  Wales,  for  Carmarthen, 26'. ; 
customers'  seals  for  Lincoln  and  Car- 
3  N 


43-i 


INDEX. 


marthen,  lf)0;  customers'  seals  in  the 
15ritisli  .Sluscuni,  ib.;  seal  of  the  abl)ot 
of    RubertsbriJgc,    Sussex,    l;)4  ;     of 
Robertsbridge  Abbey,   U');   of  llalph 
lie   Issoilun,  Earl  of  Eu,  1!I4;  of  Sir 
William  de  Hoo,  190';  of  the  chapter  of 
Brechin,    '205;    with    Hebrew    legend, 
found  near  Edinburgh,  ib.  ;  other  e.\- 
anipltrs  with    Hebrew    legends,  ?i. ;    of 
JIargai'et,    tjueen    of    Scots,    '271;    of 
Philip  de  Colunibariis,  277;  of  ^\'illianl, 
son  of  Robert  de   Canneswclle,  ib. ;  of 
John   Sonynghulle,  '278;  of  Drogo  de 
\\'arcies,  ib.  ;  of  the  mayoralty  of  the 
staple  at  Westminster,  /6. ;  of  Sir  Ivo 
Fitz-Wareyn,  279;  of  Robert  do  Sam- 
bourne,  ib.;  of  Sir  John  de  Meryct,  ib.; 
of  John  de   Cliidioke,  2f!0  ;  privy-seal 
witli  an  antique  gem,  found  at   Asli- 
wicken,    Norfolk,   ib.  ;    of  Henry   de 
Shoi-nne,  found   in  Bedfordshire,  ib. ; 
of   jet,  in   the    Fitzwilliam    Museum, 
Cambridge,   ib.;    of    Ivingho    Priory, 
Bucks,   -2.00;  of  Fulbert   Rooper,  2!)5; 
of  Sir  Robert  do  Furneaux,  i6.;  of  the 
fraternity   of    the  Concei)tion,   Paris, 
297;    of    John    Thyngliul,    found    at 
Youghal,    ;51.'5;    of   Otla  and    Eadgar, 
attacheil  to  charters  to  St.  Denis,  355; 
of   Radulf  de    Buvile,  414;  of  Gilbert 
Bondi,  415  ;  of  John  de  Cary,  41G  ;  of 
tliL'city  and  mayoralty  of  Exeter,  4 Hi; 
for  Statutes  Merchant,  at  Exeter,  ii.; 
notice  of  the  king's  seals  for  Statutes 
Merchant,    420  ;    love-seal    found    at 
Britlgwater,  ib.;  signet  ring  found  at 
Puliiam,  Norfolk,  ib. 
Self-immolation,  in  ancient  mortuary  usages, 

184. 
Ski'Ulchral  Antiquities: — Roman  inter- 
ments found  in  Essex,  1  ;  Greek,  in 
Calynmos,  1.'5;  tomb  of  clay  sliajicd 
like  a  shoe,  17;  terra  cotta  bas-relief, 
found  in  'a  Greek  tomb,  19;  .singular 
interment  in  a  large  jar, 20;  discourses 
by  Mr.  Komlile  on  the  mortuary  cus- 
toms of  Scamlinavi.a,  92,  100,  l!;l,2,'M; 
interments  found  at  Piersebridge,  Diir- 
liani,  101;   Roman   cemetery  at   Great 


Shackles,  Roman,  found  at  Great  Chester- 
ford,  9. 
Shcai's,  Roman,  10. 

Sherborne,  Dorset,  singular  document  found 
there,   relating   to  a    pestilence,    IJiti  ; 
efhgy  of  Abbot  Clement  there,  28(1. 
Shirley,  Mr.,  exhibits  bronze   pail-handles 

found  in  co.  Monaghan,  29(j. 
Shi'ewsbury,  notices  of  the  tnint  there,  by 
Mr.  Hawkins,  3!i ;  inscribed  stone  dis- 
covei'ed   there,  bearing   the   name   of 
Alice  Lestrange,  296. 
SiiuopsiiiRE  : — memoir    by    Rev.    R.  W. 
Eyton,  on  the  origin  and  founders  of 
Haughmond  Abbey,  145  ;  notice  of  a 
sun-dial  at  Park  Hall,  by  Mr.  Caton, 
417;  brass  key  found  neai'  Wat's  Dyke, 
exhibited,  ib. 
Sicily,  notice  of  reliques   of  the  Norman 

kings,  preserved  at  Palermo,  143. 
Silk,  notices  of  oriental  tissues  of,  142. 
Smith,  Mr.  W.  J.    Bcrnhard,  exhibits  an 
iron  boss  of  a  shield  from  Fairford,  9(); 
Roman  antefix  found  near  Monmouth, 
11!!!;  his  nf)tice  of  an  engine  of  torture 
in  the   Ludlow  Museum,  2(j9;  exhibits 
rapiers    of    various    periods,    2fJ0;    a 
Roman  urn   of  Upchurch    ware,  290"; 
poniard  found  at  Gloucester,  41G. 
Smith,  Mr.  C.  Roach,    notices  of  the  "  In- 
ventorium  Sepulchrale,"  edited  by  him, 
114,  .■i95;  enamelled  object  in  his  pos- 
session exhibited,  2!1.'(;  pilgrims'  signs, 
proof  piece  of  a  coin  of  All'red,  and 
other    antiquities     in    his    collection, 
287. 
Sucyd,  Rev.  Walter,  exhibits  an  enamelled 
brooch,  sculpture  in  ivory,  and  a  pil- 
grim's  sign,    DiO;    Italian   seal,    1113; 
enamelled  badge,  with  the  arms  of  Do 
Lara,  beads,   <.Vc.,  2ii9;  a    ciq)    of  rhi- 
noceros'  horn,   2.97  ;  knife   and  fork, 
silver  mounted,  ib. 
SoMEusKTsiiiui::— seal  of  the  vicars  choi*al  at 
Wells,  9(t;  seal  of  Adam  de  Stoddone, 
ib.;  documents  relating  to  the  county, 
communicateil  by   the   Hon.  W.   Fox 
.'^trangways,  279;  seal  found  at  Bridg- 
water, 4 '20. 


(.'lieHterford,  171;  interments  of  InlantH    S])ear,  Roman,  foinid  at  Great  Chesterford, 


in  K(jman  times,  172;  barrow  eontJiin- 
ing  an  umber  cup,  &c.,  excavated  near 
Hiighton,  1  !J3  ;  ob.servations  by  Mr. 
Kcinblo  on  Kepulehral  urns  in  form  of 
a  tent  or  house,  273;  interments  in 
liair-cloth  at  Lincoln  Cathedral,  2114  ; 
Roman  iMtennent  at  Meldntli,  291  ; 
•■<  pulchral  ciht,  urn,  <S:c.,  found  near 
Hexham,  410. 
£e|nilc;lirn!  brasHCH,  nt  Vcrden  and  Hiuiih- 
wick,  1)2;  at  Upminsler,  Kk.mx,  lO.";  ; 
paliinpKcHt,    192;    nt    Ikrkhampstcad, 


12;  Anglo-Saxon,  with  transverse  b.ir, 
lilt,  l(i9;  of  bronze  fomid  in  Ireltinil, 
29G;  of  jrim  found  at  Finchini)rool;, 
413;  of  bnjiize  founil  in  Morayshire, 
ib. 

Spurs,  Roman  an<l  Mediteval,  found  near 
Oxford,  exhibited  by  the  Rev.  R. 
Gordon,  1  79. 

STAi'FoiinsniKi:: — horn  of  the  Honor  of 
Tutimry  exhibited,  174  ;  branks,  at 
Lichfield   and    Il.iinsiall  Ridw.-ire,  2C(;, 


2(i7. 
nil;  of  Joiin   Wyirnrn,  nt    'I'icehurst^ '  Stilyanl,  Roman,  of  l.ion/.e,  found  at  Watcr- 
SiiMiivx,    ]U'2  ;    nt   St.    IvcH,   Cornwall,'  moor,  GloncesteiHliire,  1711. 

Sto.m;,A.nti4i:itiIuS()I':-  patemfotind  iiitlic 


297. 


INDEX. 


435 


Islo  of  Man  and  in  Scotlaml,  104,  202; 
hone  found  in  a  barrow  near  I'vighton, 
184;  mould  for  celts  (l),  and  other  ob- 
jects, found  in  Scotland,  201 ;  arrow- 
heads, iScc,  of  flint  obtained  in  York- 
shire, of  doubtful  authenticity,  85,  104, 
411;  large  ovoidal  pebble,  found  in  a 
barrow  on  Petersficld  Heath,  4\',i. 

Strangways,  Hon.  W.  Fox.,  exhibits  the 
seal  of  Adam  de  Stoddone,  90;  gold 
coin  of  Edward  111.,  ilj.;  photographs 
of  the  palace  of  the  dukes  of  Burgundy 
at  Brussels,  182;  medal  of  Sir  Giles 
Strang  ways,  ib.  ;  documents  relating 
to  Dorset  and  Somerset,  27G;  archi- 
tectural sketches  in  Somerset,  280  ; 
transcript  of  the  homage  of  John 
Balliol,  289  ;  German  architectural 
examples,  290. 

Stuart  and  Fitzalan  families,  memoir  by 
Rev.  11.  W.  Eyton,  on  their  origin  and 
history,  333. 

Stucco,  remains  of,  in  a  Roman  villa  in 
Wilts,  323 . 

Surrey: — brass  figure  found  near  Guildford 
Castle,  89;  Roman  family  coin  found  at 
Red  Hill,  276;  gold  signet  ring  found 
on  Banstead  Downs,  290;  notice  of  the 
Transactions  of  the  Surrey  Archaeolo- 
gical Society,  303;  of  gold  coins  dis- 
covered at  Farley  Heath,  &c.,  304;  of 
a  barrow  excavated  at  Toddiugton, 
305. 

Sussex: — Roman  family  coin  found  atPrin- 
sted,  96;  barrow  containing  an  amber 
cup,  &c.,  at  Hove,  near  Brighton,  183; 
notice  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Sussex 
Archaeological  Society,  192;  sepulchral 
brass  of  John  Wybarn,  at  Ticehurst, 
192;  rush  candlestick,  193;  Roberts- 
bridge  Abbey,  and  conventual  seals, 
194  ;  supposed  vestiges  of  Saxon 
architecture  at  the  church  of  Worth, 
197. 

Swan-marks,  roll  of,  exhibited,  90. 

Sword,  Anglo-Saxon,  found  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  188;  basket  hilted,  exhibited  by 
^Ir.  Braekstoue,  29G. 


T. 


Talbot,  de  Malaiiide,  the  Lord,  exhibits 
casts  of  Irish  antiquities,  178  ;  his 
address  at  the  Edinburgh  meeting,  375. 

Tapestry  at  Coventry,  notices  of,  by  ^Ir.  G. 
Scharf,  177. 

Taylor,  Mr.  Weld,  his  notice  of  mural 
paintings  at  Winiborne  Minster,  103. 

Tesselated  pavements,  memoir  on  their 
removal,  by  Professor  Buckman,  215; 
materials  used  in  their  construction, 
218;  suggestions  by  Mr.  Digl)y  Wyatt  in 
regard  to  iheir  removal,  22G  ;  floors 
discovered  at  Colei-ne,  Wilts,  328, 
331. 


Tigris,  the  river,  bronze  helmet  found  in  its 

bed,  273. 
Tiles,  a  grave   lined  with   them  found  in 

Calymnos,  18. 

Tissues,  mediieval,  notices  of,  142,  205. 

Tite,  Mr.,  exhibits  MS.  service  books,  290; 
portable  dials  and  a  sculptured  ivory 
comb,  ib. 

Tools,  of  iron,  Roman,  discovered  by  Mr. 
Neville,  at  Great  Chesterford,  2,  10. 

Trollope,  Mr.  A.,  his  notices  of  bronze 
armlets,  &.C.,  found  at  Lincoln,  85;  of 
an  urn  found  at  Fylingdales,  95  ;  of 
Roman  pottery  of  peculiar  ware,  a 
remarkable  potters'  mark,  «kc.,  at 
Lincoln,  173. 

Trollope,  Rev.  E.,  his  notices  of  antique 
glass  found  at  Carteia,  99 ;  of  a  pierced 
quarry  of  lead  found  in  Lincolnshire, 
105;  of  Anglo-Saxon  ui'us  found  in 
Lincolnshire,  410. 

Tucker,  Mr.  C,  exhibits  impressions  from 
the  municipal  seals  of  Exeter,  418 

Tutbury,  horn  of  the  Honor  of,  e.xliibited, 
174. 


U. 


Upmixster,  Essex,  sepulchral  brasses  there, 

105,  181. 
Urns,  sepulchral,  found  near  Scarborough, 

85  ;  Horucastle,  8G  ;  Fylingdales,  95. 

See  Pottery. 


Verdex,  sepulchral  brass  there,  82. 
Vestments,  remains  of  ancient,  142. 
Vipont,  notices  of    the  family,  and  of  the 

seal  of  William  de  Vipont,  65. 
Vitreous  pastes,  set  in  Greek  ornaments  of 

gold,  17.     See  Beads. 


W. 


Wales:  — seal  of  Henry,  Prince  of  Wales, 

for  the  lordship  of  Carmarthen,  189  ; 

customers'  seal  for  Carmarthen,  1 90  ; 

notice    by  Mr.    Wynne  of    a  wooden 

font  found  in  Merionethshire,  292. 
Walford,  Mr.  W.  S.,  his  memoir  on  a  casket 

at  Goodrich  Court,  1  34. 
Walsingham   Priory,   Norfolk,  memoir  by 

Rev.  J.  Lee  Warner,   115;  conventual 

seals,  126. 
Waring,  Mr.,  exhibits  drawings  of  painted 

glass  in  Italy,  181. 
Warren,  Mr.,  exhibits  a  bronze  jxalstave, 

found  in  Devon,  85. 
Warrington,  chess-men  of  jet  found  there, 

180. 
Warwickshire: — notice  by  Mr.  Scharf  of 

the  Coventry  tapestry,  177. 
Way,    Mr.   A.,   exhibits   part  of  a  roll   of 


•JG 


I>'DEX. 


swan-marks,  i)0;  a  Roman  family  coin 
found  at  Priustcd,  'JC,  ;  impression 
from  the  seal  of  Thomas  (iyffard,  \H'A; 
his  notes  on  the  use  of  the  bi-ank,  CO'li; 
exhibits  a  Roman  family  coin,  found  at 
Red  Hill,  276  ;  sketches  of  gold  orna- 
ments found  at  Anglesea,  295;  sack- 
bottle  of  white  enamelled  ware,  297; 
notice  of  a  bronze  spear  found  in 
Morayshire,  41^. 

Webb,  Mr.  G.  13.,  exhibits  a  brass  figure 
found  at  Guildford,  !J9. 

\\ell.«,  seal  of  the  vicars  choral,  90. 

W'estwood,  Mr.,  exhibits  casts  from  chess- 
men and  sculptured  ivories  at  Berlin, 
in  the  Louvre,  &.C.,  97,105,  416;  fictile 
vessel  found  in  Fleet  Street,  276. 

White,  Mr.,  exhibits  ancient  altar  paintings 
on  panel,  181. 

Wi^ht,  Iblo  of,  Anglo-Saxon  arrow-heads, 
sword,  &c.,  found  iu  barrows  there, 
Itil,  188. 

Willement,  Mr.,  exhibits  a  brigandine  cap, 
found  at  Davington  Priory,  Kent,  185. 

Willson,  Mr.,  exhibits  an  ivory  object  used 
in  games  of  chance,  1 82. 

Wilton,  Rev.  E.,  exhibits  Roman  fibulre, 
&c.,  found  iu  Wilts,  96 ;  rubbing  from 
a  sepulchral  br.issat  Upminster,  Essex, 
10.");  iron  knife  found  in  Wilts,  18;(. 

WiLTSiiinii:— Subsidy  Book  for,  exhibited, 
88;  fibula;  of  tinned  bronze  found  on 
Charlton  Downs,  26;  seal  of  Thomas 
Gyffard,  18.'};  iron  kuifc  iu    Rev.    E. 


Wilton's  possession,  189;  Roman  villa 
at  Colerne,  328. 

Wimborne  minster,  mural  paintings  there, 
lO.S. 

Winchester  College,  notice  of  the  ancient 
library  there,  176. 

Winston,  Mr.  C,  his  appeal  for  the  pre- 
servation of  painted  glass  at  Moretou, 
Berks,  275. 

Worcester,  engine  of  torture  in  the  Guild 
Hall  at,  262. 

Worth,  Sussex,  supposed  vestiges  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  architecture  there,  197. 

Wyatt,  Mr.  Uigby,  his  suggestions  regard- 
ing removal  of  mosaic  floors,  226. 

Wynne,  Mr.  W.  W.,  his  notice  of  a  wooden 
font  found  in  A\'alcs,  291. 


Y. 


Yates,  Mr.  J.,  exliibits  a  carved  box  of 
with  sacred  emblems,  297. 

Yorkshire: — urns  found  near  Scarborough, 
85;  arrow-heads  and  weapons  of  Hint, 
of  doubtful  authenticity,  85,  104,  411; 
urn  found  at  I'ylingdales,  !)5;  tcsse- 
latud  iiavenients  reniovi'd  to  the  York 
Museum,  227;  silver  pennies  found  at 
York,  28;{;  document  regarding  divina- 
tion by  a  crystal,  practised  at  Won»b- 
wcll,  373;  proi)o»ed  Fusd  of  the  see  of 
York,  by  the  Rev.  James  Raine,  Jun., 
373. 


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