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THK 


9lrcl[)aeological   S^ournaL 

PUBLISHED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OV 

THE   CENTEAL    COMMITTEE 

OF 

Ef^t  archaeological  Enstttute  of  ©teat  13titain  antj  IrelantJ, 

FOR  THE  ENCOURAGEMENT  AND  PROSECUTION  OF 

EESEAECHES  INTO  THE  ARTS  AND  MONUMENTS 

OF 

EJe  (lEHarlu  anti  fHititile  Sges. 

VOLUME  XIX. 


LONDON: 

PUBLISHED  AT  THE  OFFICE  OF  THE  INSTITUTE,  26,    SUFFOLK 
STREET,  PALL  MALL  EAST. 

(distributed    GRATUITOUSLY   TO    SUBSCRIBING    MEMBERS.) 
TO  BE  OBTAINED  THROUGH  ALL  BOOKSELLERS. 

MDCCCLXII. 


The  Ckxtkal  Committee  of  the  AncnAKoLooicAL  Ikstitute  desire  that  it  should 
be  distinctly  understood  that  they  ai'e  not  responsible  for  any  statements  or  opinions 
expressed  in  the  Archaeological  Journal,  the  authors  of  the  several  memoirs  and 
communications  being  alone  answerable  for  the  same. 


i  ^     \:r.zi<w 


CONTENTS. 


Notice  of  a  Remarkable  Monumental   Effigy  in  the  Public  Library  at  Zurich. 

From  Facts  and  Drawings  communicated  by  Dr.  Ferdinand  Keller,  Hon. 

F.S.A.,  Hon.  Foreign  Correspondent  Arch.  Inst  ......         1 

Notices  of  Collections  of  Glyptic  Art  exhibited  by  the  Arch?oological  Institute, 

June,  1S61   (The  Arundel  Collection).      By  the  Rev.  C.W.King,  M.A. 

(Continued  from  Vol.  XYIU.,  V- ^^--^ 9,^9 

On  a  Diminutive  EfBgy  of  a  Bishop  at  Abbey  Dore,  Herefordshire.  By  W.  S. 
Walford,  F.S.A.  The  accompanying  illustration  engraved  from  a  draw- 
ing by  Mr.  Blore  has  been  kindly  presented  by  him  to  the  Institute  .         .       24 

The  History  and  Charters  of  Ingulfus  considered.     By  Henry  Thomas  Riley, 

M.A.,  Cambridge .         .         .     32,  114 

Traces  of  History  and  Ethnology  in  the  Local  Names  of  Gloucestershire.     By 

the  Rev.  John  Earle,  M.A.     {Continued  front  FoZ.  XVIII.,  p.  353.)   .        .       50 

Notice  of  some  Examples  of  Buff  Armour  and  of  Defences  formed  with  Scales 

of  Leather  or  of  Plate.     By  John  Hewitt. 93 

On  the  Effigies  and  Monumental  Remains  in  Peterborough  Cathedral.     By 

Matthew  Holbeche  Bloxam 134 

Noticed  of  a  Jeweled  Ornament  pi-esented  to  Queen  Elizabeth  by  Matthew 

Parker,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.     By  Albert  Way,  M.  A.,  F.S.A.  .     146 

On  the  English  Conquest  of  the  Severn  Valley.  By  Edwin  Guest,  LL.D., 
Master  of  Gonvil  and  Caius  College.  Accompanied  by  a  Map  kindly  pre- 
sented by  the  author   193 


i*'  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Ai-chaeological  Notea  made  diuiug  a  Tour  iu  Western  Germany  auJ  France. 

By  J.  O.  Westwood,  M.A.,  F.L.S.  {Continued  f rum  Vol.  XVllI.,  p.  225.;  21<> 
The  Cathedral,  Diocese,  and  Monasteries  of  Worcester  in  the  Eighth  Ceutuiy. 

By  the  Kev.  William  SrcBBS,  M.A 236 

Notice   of  a    Die   for  striking   Helvetian   or   Gaulish   Gold    Coins;  found  at 

Aveuches  in  Sivitzerlaud.     By  Dr.  Ferdinand  Kellek,  Hon.  Corr.  Arch. 

I"st 253 

The   Royal   Councils   of  Worcester.       I'.y  the  Rev.   Chaiu.i:s  Heniit  Hauts- 

uou.sE,  M..\ 303 

Contributions    towards     the   History   of     Mediaeval  Weapons    and     Military 

Appliances  in  Europe.     By  John  Hewitt 3H 

On   Niello:    a   Discourse  delivered   at  the  Special   Exhibition   of   Works   ui 

Niello  and  Enamel,  June,  1SC2.     By  Edmuxd  Wateuton,   K.M.,  K.  Cli., 

F.SA 303 

Notes  on  the  Manufacture  of  Forceluiu  at  Chelsea.     By  Augustus  W.  Franks, 

M.A.,  Dir.  S.A 340 


Original  Documents:  — 

Extracts  from  the  Pipe  Roll  of  the  Exchequer,  27  Edw.  111.  relating  to 
the  early  uso  of  Guns  and  Gunpowder  iu  the  Euglisli  Army.  By 
Joseph  Burtt,  Assistant  Keeper  of  the  Public  Records   ...       08 

The  Armour  and  Arms  belonging  to  Henry  Euwet,  Archbishop  of  York, 
deceased  iu  l'i23;  from  the  Hull  of  his  Executors'  Accounts.  By 
Albert  Wav,  M.A.,  F.S.A 151) 

On  the  'i'reatise  entitled  "Modus  teuendi  Parliameulum,'  witii  especial 
Reference  to  the  iiniquo  Fnuth  Version  belonging  to  the  Earl  of 
Winchelsea.     By  Tuu.mas  1Jliki8  Haiujv,  Diputy    Knicr  uf  the 

Public  Records 2.'jy 

Notices  of  u  Register  of  the  Act'*  of  Juim  de  Itutlierwyki',  Abbot  of 
Clicrtsey  iu  the  Reigns  of  Edwaid  II.  and  Eilward  ill.,  in  pus.session 

of  the  Lord  Clikkoud  350 

i'rorei'Uiigs  at  Mci-tings  of  the  Arcliicological  Institute: — December,  18G1,  to 

July,  18C2,  iuclujiivo Tli,  ltJ7,  275,  357 


CONTENTS.  y 

PAOH 

Annual  London  Meeting  and  Abstract  of  Accounts  audited  May  3,  1862  .         .     189 
Annual  Meeting  at  Worcester      ..........     370 

N0TICE.S  OF  Arch.i:ological  Publications:  — 

Isca  Silurum,  an  Illustrated  Catalogue  of  the  Museum  at  Caerleon.     By 

John  Edward  Lee,  F.S.A 302 

archieological  intelligence 191,  402 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGE 

Sepulchral  EflBgy  at  Zurich,  as  supposed,  of  Waliher  von  Altenklingen     To  fuce  2 

Details  of  Anaour,  from  the  same.     (Two  woodcuts.)                                 ...  5 

Dagger,  from  ditto        .......                                    .         .  tJ 

Achievement  of  the  Von  Klingen  Family         ........  7 

Diminutive  Effigy  of  a  Bishop  at  Ahbey  Dore.     From  a  drawing  by  Mr.  Blorp, 

by  whom  this  illustration  is  kindly  presented       ...          To  face  24 

Bronze  Helmet  found  in  the  Tigris       .........  77 

Incised  Marking  on  one  of  the  Stones  at  Stonehenge        .                                    .     .  7S 

Ditto         ditto 79 

Bronze  Weight  obtained  at  Croyland.      This  woodcut  is  presented  by  Deriuh 

Botfield,  Esq.,  SI.P 82 

Stone    Hammer-head  found  near  Corwen,  Merionethshire.     Tiiis  illustration  is 

contributed  by  the  Rev.  C.  L.  Barnwell     .......  03 

Vambrace  of  buff  Leather 93 

Buff  leather  Gauntlet,  nnd  Glove  of  Scale  work.     (Two  woodcut-*.)                        .  IH 

niuBtrations  of  Scale  Arniour.     (Two  woodcuts.) 95 

Penny-plate  Armour     .....                  ......  9'j 

Brigandiue  Ann  ur.     (Two  woodoi.t=.)    .         .         .         .         .                  .         .     .  97 

Ditto     .                                                             98 

Jeweled  OniuiniiL  j  n.-Luid  II.  ij.liu  Elizabeth  by  Mattlicw  Parker.      (Three 

woodcuts.)        ..........         To  face  liG 

Diagram,  showing  form  of  inscribed  Parchment  with  ditto  .151 

Jeweled  Ornament  or  Amulet  at  Zurich          .         .         .                                    .     .  I.')7 

Plan  and  Sections  of  a  Shaft,  auppo.'^ed  to  be  Koman,  at  Lincoln.     (Three  wood- 
cuts.)          ...........     To  face  171 

Jeweled  Ring  found  in  London .172 

Ovoid  Urn  found  in  Devon .177 

Diminutive  Urn  found  in  Sussex 185 

Pendent  Ornamont  of  Vitrified  Paste  found  ii^BuHJiox    .  .180 

Map  illuh'TAtive  of  the  English  Conquest  of  the  Severn  Valley.    ricHoniod  moat 
kindly  by  Dr.  Quotit,  the  author  of  the  Memoir  which  it  accompanies 

To  faco  1 98   ^ 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS.  vii 

I'AQB 

Part  of  an  Ivory  Tablet  in  the  Public  Library  at  Frankfort         ....  229 

Sculptured  Ivory,  Darm.stadt  Museum 234 

Die  for  striking  Gaulish  Gold  Coins.     (Three  woodcuts.) 255 

Enameled  Fibular  found  at  Lincoln.     (Three  woodcuts.) 278 

Roman  Enameled  Ornaments  found  in  England.     (Seven  woodcuts.)      To  face  279  - 

Enameled  Fibula  found  in  Gloucestershire.     (Two  woodcuts.)                      .         .  279 

Irish  Enameled  Ornament      ...........  280 

Enameled  Shrine  found  in  Cheshire           ......         To  face  282  ^ 

Enameled  Ornament  with  Coats  of  Arm^.     (Two  woodcuts.)      .         .         .         .  2b7 

Enameled  Candlestick,  of  English  work To  face  291  / 

Figure  of  a  Soldier  with  the  "  Goedeudag."     ........  314 

Sabre  with  Finger-guard  in  the  Armory  at  Woolwich                                  To  face  318. 

Sabre  in  an  Engraving  on  the  Suit  of  Henry  VIII.  Tower  Armory.             .         .  321 

Inscription  on  a  Ring  from  Sardinia        ...,....,  325 

Goldsmith's  Work  enriched  with  Niello.     (Six  woodcuts.)      .         .         To  face  326  v^ 
Super-altar,  enriched  with  Niello,  in  possession  of  the  Very  Rev.  Canon  Rock. 
(Two  _woodcuts.)     For   these   and  another  illustration  here  given  the 

Institute  is  indebted  to  the  kindnsss  of  Mr.  Parker   ,         .         .To  face  330  '^ 

Gold  Ring  enriched  with  Niello 332 

Ditto         ditto 3-36 

Irish  Ornament  enriched  with  Niello.     This  illustration  is  kindly  contributed 

by  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  through  Mr.  E.  Clibbron.  ....  339 

Chelsea  Cream-jug.    (Bandinel  Collection.)    Contributed  by  Mr.  Murray         .     .  344 

Peculiar  Mark  of  the  Chelsea  Manufacture ibid. 

Weapons  of  Bronze  and  Iron  found  at  Ditton,  Sun-ey.      (Three  woodcuts.) 

To  face  364^ 

Urn  found  at  March,  Isle  of  Ely ihid. 


ADDTTIOX.S  .\.\n   CORRFXTIONS. 


Page  8.  The  example  of  an  escutcheon  affixed  to  the  camail,  as  representetl  on  a 
tnonuinental  effipy  in  this  country,  occurs  on  one  of  the  sepulchral  figures  in  Ashborne 
Church,  Derhvhhire.  This  sculpture  is  said  to  portray  Edmund  Cockaine,  temp. 
Henry  IV.  It  is  figured  in  the  Journal  of  the  Brit.  Archajol.  Association,  vol.  vii. 
p.  375.  We  are  indebted  to  ^Ir.  Blore  for  the  information  that  another  illustration  of 
the  fashion  of  attaching  such  an  escutcheon  to  the  camail  is  to  be  seen  in  the  church  of 
Penmen  in  Anglesea. 

Page  24.  In  the  memoir  on  a  diminutive  effigy  of  a  bishop  at  Alihey  Dore,  we  neg- 
lected to  express  acknowledgment  of  the  renewed  mark  of  Mr.  Blore's  kind  and  lil>eral 
encouragement  of  this  Journal.  The  woodcnt,  prepared  from  Mr.  Blore's  drawing 
executed  on  the  spot,  has  been  presented  by  him  to  the  Institute. 

Page  79,  line  2,  after  "January,"  add  "3rd." 

Page  79.  See  in  Gent.  Mag.,  Jan.  1797,  p.  75,  a  detailed  account  of  the  fall  of  one  of 
the  trilithons  at  Stonehenge,  to  which  allusion  is  here  made.  It  was  that  most  westerly 
in  the  group,  and  for  some  time  previously  the  uprights  had  taken  an  oblique  inclination  : 
the  fall  occurred  on  Jan.  3,  in  the  year  above  mentioned,  and  was  supposed  to  have  been 
caused  by  a  rapid  thaw  .succeeding  an  unusually  severe  frost. 

Page  90.  The  interesting  memoir  by  Capt.  Windus,  F.S.A.,  here  briefly  mentioned, 
has  been  published  subsequently  in  the  Journal  of  the  United  Service  Institution  :  an 
abstract  of  the  curious  particulars  narrated  may  also  be  found  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  Second  Series,  vol.  i.  p.  347. 

Page  1 82.     The  interesting  Roman  relics  found  in  Leicestershire,  as  here  related,  have 
subsequently  been  descril>ed  by  Mr.  Thompson  and  figured  in  the  Tran.sactions  of  th 
Lcice.stt.-r.sh ire  Architectural  and  Archfcologiail  Society,  vol.  i.  part  i.  p.  74. 

Page  282.  In  the  account  of  an  enameled  .shrine  in  possession  of  Sir  Philip  de  l^falpas 
Grey  Kgerton,  for  "Toddcnshaw  II.-ill,"  read  "  Iddenshaw."  It  wa.s  found  in  draining  a 
pit  which  had  become  filled  with  water.     It  is  figured  in  Bouti'll's  ^Manu;U  of  Archaeology. 


-q 


^ 


J2 


Choir  (a)     .     .  c.  1200 

B.  Traiiflcpt     .  c.  12'J0 

N.Transoptnnii  ) 

Cbaptcrllousoc.  12-10) 

Nnvo  .     .  c.  1250     I 

West  Front     .  o.  1275 

lAtly  Chiipcl  (u)  c.  1300  ) 
rroabyUry  (o)  c.  laasf 


Kig.  I.   lilaturlcal  riuu  of  Mubflold  Cutlicdrul. 


f 


Ef}e  ^rcfjaeoloQical  Sournal. 


MARCH,  1862. 


KOTICE  OF  A  PtEMArtKABLE  MONUMENTAL  EFFIGY  PllESERVED 
IN  THE  PUBLIC  LIBllAIiY  AT  ZURICH. 

From  facts  communicated  br  Dr.  FERDINAND  KELLER, 

President  of  the  Society  of  Autiquarieis  of  Zurich.  Hou,  K.S.A.,  Hou.  Foreigfn  Correspoudont 

of  the  Archaeological  lustitute. 

Amongst  many  noble  families  whose  names  occur  in  the 
chronicles  of  the  middle  ages  in  Thm*govia,  now  the 
Cantons  of  Thiirgau  and  Zurich,  one  of  the  most"  ancient 
and  remarkable  is  that  of  the  Barons  von  Klingen.^  At  as 
early  a  period  as  the  tenth  century  we  find  St.  Wiborada, 
who  dwelt  many  years,  as  it  is  stated,  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  St.  Gall,  as  an  anchorite  or  reckise  {incliisa),  and 
who  finally  perished  by  the  sword  of  the  Hungarian  invader 
in  May,  a.  d.  925  :  she  appears  to  have  borne  the  patro- 
nymic of  Klingen.  The  family  became  numerous  and  of 
considerable  note  in  the  thirteenth  centur^^.  and  was  divided 
into  several  branches  ;  they  enjoyed  rich  possessions  situ- 
ated between  Constance  and  the  Black  Forest  in  Aargovia, 
and  in  the  plain  of  Baar  in  Swabia,  being  connected 
by  marriage  and  friendship  with  the  most  powerful  of 
their  neighbours.  In  the  year  1200  Henry  von  Klingen 
was  elected  abbot  of  the  great  monastery  of  St.  Gall,  to 
which  history  records  that  he  was  a  benefactor ;  he  was  a 
faithful  and  valiant  partizan  of  Philip  of  Swabia,  in  his  con- 
test with  Otlio  of  Brunswick  for  the  crowns  of  Germany  and 
Italy. 

•  See  in  regard  to  this  family  Mone'a  and  the  Regesta  of  the  Archives  of  the 
Journal,  vol.  i.  p.  455;  vol.  ii.  p.  214;  Swiss  Confederation,  vol.  ii.  Convents  of 
Wackernagel,  Waltber  dc  Klingen,  1S45  ;       Thurgovia. 

VOL.  XIX.  B 


2  ^'OTICE    OF    A    MONU^IENTAL   EFFIGY    AT    ZUKICII. 

A  generation  later,  to  the  two  ancient  residences  {Iler- 
rensitze),  where  the  f^imily  von  KHngcn  was  seated,  namely, 
Altcnkliugen,  between  Constance  and  Wyl,  a  small  town  in 
the  Canton  of  St.  Gall,  and  the  castle  of  Hohenklingen, 
near  Stein,  situated  on  the  Rhine  at  the  extremity  of  the 
Lake  of  Constance,  a  third  dwelling-place  was  added.  Herr 
Ulrich  von  Klingen  founded,  in  the  year  1240,  the  castle 
and  town  of  Klingnau  on  the  Aar,  having  obtained  the  site 
by  exchange  Avith  the  convent  of  St.  Blaise  for  other  lands. 
Ulrich  died  about  1251,  leaving  by  his  wife  Ita  three  sons, 
Ulrich,  Walther,  and  Ulrich-Walther.  The  three  brothers 
united,  ^larch  1,  1254,  in  gi-anting  a  large  extent  of  land  to 
the  convent  of  nuns  of  the  Cistercian  order  at  Fcldbach, 
near  Steckborn.  The  elder  son,  Walther  von  Klingen,  is 
well  known  in  history  as  the  troubadour  {M'uincsdmicr),  the 
poet  friend  of  liodolph  of  Ilapsbourg,  lie  died  in  the  year 
1285.  In  1273  he  had  founded  at  Basle  the  convent  of 
nims  called  Klingenthal. 

In  bringing  under  the  notice  of  English  antiquaries  the 
remarkable  sepulchral  portraiture  of  a  knightly  personage 
of  this  noble  house,  these  liistorical  details  may,  I  hope, 
not  prove  unacceptable.  There  may  doubtless  be  Ibund 
members  of  the  Archaeological  Institute  amongst  numerous 
visitors  of  the  picturesque  sites  in  the  Swiss  Cantons, — the 
convents  and  castles  fraught  Avith  stirring  memories  of 
bygone  times  and  deeds  of  valor,  whose  attention  may  be 
arrested  in  their  summer  tours  by  the  vestiges  and  historical 
traditions  associated  with  one  of  the  most  powerful  ancient 
families  in  Thurgovia. 

The  efligy — of  which  a  faithful  representation,  engraved 
from  a  drawing  by  llerr  Grafter,  Avhose  pencil  has  for 
several  years  been  cngageil  in  the  service  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  of  Ziu'ich,  accompanies  this  notice — formerly 
existed  in  the  conventual  church  of  Fcldbach.  As  an  cx- 
am})lc  f>f  monumental  sculpture,  and  as  a  vciy^  curious  illus- 
tration of  militai-y  costume,  dilVciing  in  many  respects  from 
the  customary  cpiipmcnt  of  the  warlike  baron  in  j^ngland, 
France,  or  Italy,  in  the  fotutegnth  century,  this  curious 
figure  will  not  prove  unwclcoine,  it  is  hoped,  to  the  readers 
of  the  Archa.'()lo<rical  Joiuiial,  amon<rst  whom  nuist,  doubt- 
less,  be  found  some  who  take  interest  in  details  of  arms  and 
armour,  and  recognise  the  value  of  careful  comj)arison    of 


Sepulchral  Effigy,  as  supposed,  of  Walther  von  Alteaklinj^en,   date  about  a.d.  1400. 
Ill  tho  Wasscrkircbc,  now  the  rublic  Library  at  Ziiricli. 


NOTICE    OF    A   MONUMENTAL    EFFIGY    AT   ZURICH.  3 

media3val  costume  in  various  countries  of  Euroi^e,   as  an 
auxiliary  in  the  investigation  of  Art. 

The  Cistercian  convent  of  Feldbach  appears  in  some 
manner  to  have  been  under  the  patronage  of  the  family  von 
Klingen.  In  the  year  12.52  the  nuns  of  Constance,  desig- 
nated "de  Ponte,"  removed  to  that  place,  ^Yhere  they  had 
purchased  the  estate  of  a  certain  knight,  Cuno  von  Feldbach, 
vassal  of  the  lords  von  Klingen,  with  whose  sanction  also 
they  there  established  themselves.  Thus  arose  the  con- 
ventual house  which  thenceforward  appears  to  have  enjoyed 
the  favor  of  the  family.  The  site  is  an  agreeable  one  on 
the  left  shore  of  the  lake  of  Constance,  or  rather  the 
Unterscc,  as  the  lower  part  of  the  lake  is  termed,  on  a 
promontory  covered  with  vineyards  and  cultivation  ;  the 
convent  stood  close  to  the  shore,  at  a  short  distance  from 
the  small  town  of  Steckborn.  During  the  lleformation  the 
nuns  quitted  the  convent,  but  they  resumed  possession  after 
the  unfortunate  issue  of  the  battle  of  Cappel,  in  1.53 J,  and 
remained  in  undisturbed  enjoyment  until  the  year  1848, 
when  their  possessions  were  sequestrated,  and  the  convent 
was  suppressed.  The  buildings  subsequently  became  ^^rivate 
property,  and  the  society  of  antiquaries  of  Zurich,  in  1857, 
solicited  the  authorities  of  Thurgovia  to  permit  the  removal 
to  Zurich  of  the  sepulchral  memorial  which  is  the  subject  of 
the  present  memoir,  in  order  to  ensure  the  preservation  of  so 
remarkable  a  sculpture.  It  may  now  be  seen,  placed  in  an 
erect  position,  near  the  entrance  door  on  the  ground  floor 
of  the  building  appropriated  to  the  Public  Library  of  the  city 
of  Zurich. 

As  no  inscription  accompanies  this  efSgy,  some  difficulty 
occurs  in  identifying  the  personage  commemorated.  The 
tradition  Avhicli  formerly  assigned  the  tomb  to  Cuno  von 
Feldbach,  who  lived  in  the  thirteenth  century,  is  obviousl}'- 
erroneous,  since  the  arms  upon  the  shield  at  the  left  side  of 
the  figure  are,  as  hereafter  shown,  those  of  Klingen.  The 
costume,  moreover,  would  indicate  the  fourteenth  century  as 
the  date  of  the  memorial  ;  it  may  pourtray  Walther  von 
Altenklingen,  whose  name  occurs  on  July  20,  1391,  in  the 
history  of  the  convent  of  Feldbach,  in  connexion  with  certain 
payments  to  be  made  by  him  to  the  nuns.  The  conventual 
church  consisted  of  three  aisles  of  nearly  equal  width,  the  cen- 
tral aisle  having  a  polygonal  prolongation  eastward,  in  which 


4  NOTICE    OF    A    r.EMARKABLE    MONUMENTAL    EFFIGY 

the  higli  altar  M-as  placed ;  the  tomb  Avas  formed  in  the  wall 
which  separated  the  chuir  from  the  south  aisle,  namely,  on 
the  left  iiaiid  in  approaching  the  altar  placed  at  the  eastern 
extremity  of  the  aisle.  It  is  possible  that  the  deceased,  in 
selecting  this  as  the  place  of  his  sepulture,  may  have  founded 
a  chantry,  or  bequeathed  some  endowment  for  services  for 
the  repose  of  his  soul. 

We  will  now,  however,  proceed  to  examine  the  peculiari- 
ties of  military  costume  by  which  this  effigy,  the  dimensions 
of  which  are  rather  more  than  life-size,  is  characterised. 
It  is  sculptured,  somcAvhat  rudely,  in  a  coarse-grained  sand- 
stone ;  the  knightly  figure  measures  in  height,  the  lofty- 
peaked  helm  included,  nearly  eight  feet.  The  })roportions  of 
the  figure  arc  im})erfectly  preserved,  the  neck  and  shoulders 
especially  being  exaggerated  in  size,  whilst  the  lower 
extremities  are  disproportionately  small,  as  if  the  sculptor, 
having  first  elaborated  the  upper  portion,  had  found  the 
block  of  stone  insufficient  in  dimensions  to  complete  his 
work  on  the  same  scale.  The  gauntletcd  hands  more  par- 
ticularly are  of  unnatural  size,  whilst  the  feet,  with  long- 
])eaked  toes  d  poula'nics,  are  proportionabl}-  diminutive. 
The  figure  presents,  however,  with  sufliciont  accuracy, 
several  curious  features  of  costume,  which  form  its  chief 
interest  to  the  antiquary'.  The  head  is  protected  by  a 
large,  lofty-peaked,  visored  bacinet,  with  a  camail  ;  in  order 
to  show  the  features,  however,  the  sculptor  has  ingeniously 
had  recourse  to  the  expedient  of  representing  the  visor  as 
removed  from  the  bacinet,  and  placed  at  the  right  side  of 
the  pillow,  now  in  great  part  cut  away,  on  which  the  head 
of  tlie  effigy  rests.  The  form  of  this  curious  visor  will  be 
better  understood  by  the  annexed  rei)resentation,  as  it  is 
seen  in  profile,  with  another,  as  viewed  from  above  ;  in 
these  tlie  ocff/arinm  or  aperture  for  sight,  the  head  of  the 
wearer  being  lowered  so  as  to  bring  his  adversary  into  view, 
and  also  the  low  of  small  apertures,  or  breathing-holes, 
l>elow  the  j)rojecting  face-guard,  arc  distinctly  shown.  On 
the  sides  of  the  bacinet  itself  may  be  ])erceived  the  hinge 
and  .staple  by  wliich  the  vi.sor  was  attached  to  it,  and  easily 
renjovc'l  i)y  withdrawing  a  conne<'ting  pin  on  each  side, 
wiicii  occasion  irquircd.  At  tlir  lower  extremity  of  the 
vi.sor  may  bo  noticeil  a  sjiiall  knoli,  which  at  lirst  sight 
migiit  ajtpear  to  be  merely  an  ornauicnt ;   it  wa.s  doubtless 


PRESERVED    IN    THE    PUBLIC   LIBRARY    AT    ZURICH.  5 

intended,  however,  for  the  purpose  of  fastening  down  the 
visor,  by  means  of  a  httle  loop  or  ring  attached  to  the 
camail  on  the  throat  ;    bj  this  contrivance  the  visor,  which 


Visor.    Effigy  at  Zuricli. 


View  Iroui  above. 


Profile  view. 


would  otherwise  have  swung  to  and  fro  in  the  heat  of 
action,  would  be  firmly  retained  in  place.^  The  camail  is  of 
padded  or  gamboised  w^ork,  but  it  is  possible  that  chain-mail 
may  have  been  enclosed  within  the  gamhouerie,  and  a 
vandyked  margin  of  mail  is  seen  appended  to  it.  On  the 
bi'east  is  attached  a  small  armorial  escutcheon — a  token  by 
which,  when  the  visor  was  lowered,  the  knight  might  be 
recognised.  Examples  of  heraldic  cognizances  thus  worn 
are  not  wantino-  •  in  the  ordonnanccs  for  the  Order  of  the 
Star,  instituted  by  John,  King  of  France,  in  1351,  the 
knights  are  directed  to  wear  B.fermail  or  brooch  ornamented 
with  a  star,  "  et  en  I'armeure  pour  guerre  ils  porteront  le  dit 
fremail  en  Icur  camail,  ou  en  leur  cote  a  armer,  ou  la  oil  il 
leur  plaira,  apparemment."^ 


•  Compare  other  forms  of  the  visor,  iu 
the  curious  repiesentation.s  of  German 
effigies  iu  Hefner's  Trachteu.  Occa- 
sionallj'  a  lappet  of  mail,  furuislied  with  a 
plate  for  the  uose,  was  attached  to  the 
camail  at  the  chin,  and  when  turned  up 
it  was  fixed  by  a  staple  and  piu  upon  the 
brow  of  the  bacinet.  Sec  the  figure  of 
Gunther  of  Schwarzburg,  1349,  Hefner, 
second  division,  pi,  27.  See  also  pi.  49,  ib. 


and  other  examples  of  the  visor.  A  veiy 
fine  original  bacinet  with  its  visor  of  the 
most  perfect  and  elaborate  kiud  is  figured 
ibid.  pi.  50.  Mr.  Hewitt's  observations 
on  the  visorcd  bacinet  with  a  camail 
give  much  information  on  the  subject. 
Armour  and  Weapons,  vol.  ii.  p.  207. 

^  Ilecueil  des  Ordonuauces,  t.  ii.,  cited 
by  Mr.  Hewitt,  Armour  and  Weapons, 
&c.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  211. 


-6  NOTICE   OF   A   REMARKABLE   MONUMENTAL   EFFIGY 

In  the  curious  eflSgy  before  us  the  body-armour  is  a 
gainboised  garment,  paiUled  hke  the  camail  in  broad  longi- 
tudinal ribs  ;  the  sleeves  are  uide  and  buttoned  at  the 
wrists  ;  this  gamboison  was  probably  buttoned  from  the  neck 
downwards,  but  the  buttons  are  shown  only  in  the  skirt  ;  the 
upper  part,  however,  which  is  covered  by  a  i^lohnlcW  jj/astron 
or  breast  of  plate,  may  possibly  have  been  laced.  In  this 
]>late  may  be  noticed  an  oblong  aperture  on  the  right  breast 
(nearly  five  inches  in  length),  in  Avhich  there  appears  in  the 
original  sculpture  to  be  a  lance-rest,  attached  by  a  hinge, 
anil  shown  as  closed  or  turned  back.  Around  the  hips  is  a 
ciiK/ulam  ^vith  massive  quatrefuiled  6»-naments,  and  a  large 
buckle  on  the  left  side  ;  the  long  pendant  extremity  of  this 
girdle  is  doubled  back  in  a  loop,  hanging  on  the  left  thigh. 
In  front  is  appended  a  dagger,  in  a  very  inconvenient  posi- 
tion. There  are  some  indications  of  a  small  knife  having 
been  shown  as  inserted  in  the  sheath,  besides  the  dagger  ; 
this  part  of  the  sculpture  has  sullered  some  injury  ;  in  a 
drawing  of  the  figure  made  about  sixty  years  since,  the  form 
of  the  dagger  is  thus  shown.    (See  woodcut.)     The  vandyked 

margin  of  a  skirt  of  chain-mail 
is    seen    below    the    gamboised 


garment.  The  legs  are  pro- 
tected by  cuissarts,  genouillcres, 
and  jambeaux  of  })latc,  the  straps  and  buckles,  rivets  and 
other  details,  being  indicated  with  a  degree  of  minuteness 
which  leads  us  to  conclude  that  the  sculj)tor  Avorked 
from  an  actual  suit  of  armour.  The  coverings  4)f  the  feet, 
with  toes  a  la  poulahie  of  extravagant  length,  may  have 
been  of  leather  ;  the  sculpture  here  a])pearing  to  represent 
some  material  not  of  a  rigid  nature,  like  plate  or  cuirbouilli. 
The  fashion  of  the  spurs  cannot  now  he  ascertained  ;  they 
were  probably  roweled.  These  and  other  minute  details 
now  lost  may  have  been  indicated  by  color  or  gihling  :  it 
is  probable  that  the  efligy  was  painted,  according  to  the 
fasiiion  of  the  period  ;  at  the  j)resent  time  a  small  portion 
only  of  red  color  may  be  discerned  in  the  ril)S  of  the  gam- 
boised skirt,  near  the  buckle  on  []\r  left  hip.  Under  the 
feet  of  the  iiginx"  are  two  dogs  crouching. 

The  gauntlets,  it  will  be  observed,  are  of  massive  pro- 
portion.s,  wide  at  the  wrists,  and  libhcd  on  (he  backs  of  the 
liand.s.     To  each  is  attached  a  loop,  probably  of  leather,  by 


PRESERVED    IN    THE    PUBLIC    LIBRARY    AT    ZURICH. 


which  they  might  be  suspended  when  not  in  use ;  occasion- 
ally the  gauntlets  were  carried  hanging  on  the  cross-guard 
of  the  sword,  or  on  the  dagger.  On  the  tomb  of  Albrecht  von 
Hohenlohe,  who  died  in  1319,  figured  by  Hefner,  Div.  ii.  pi. 
87,  the  gauntlets  laid  at  the  side  of  the  figure  are  furnished 
with  such  loops.  See  Hefner,  Costume  du  ]Moyen  Age,  div.  ii. 
pi.  165  and  180.  The  knight's  right  hand  rests  upon  his 
sword,  detached  from  his  side :  this  weapon  is  of  large  dimen- 
sions, as  usual  at  the  period  in  Germany  and  other  European 
countries,  and  the  long  handle  might  almost  permit  of  its 
being  wielded  with  both  hands.  In  front,  as  if  placed  over 
the  sword,  appears  the  heaulme,  with  its  crest,  mantling, 
and  lambrequins.  The  crest  is  the  upper  part  of  a  lion 
crowned,  executed  with  spirit,  and  the  sculptor  has  repre- 
sented the  fierce  creature  as  firmly  resting  its  paws  against 
the  right  cuissart  of  the  knight.  It  has  moreover  a  curious 
heraldic  appendage,  a  sort  of  embattled  fan,  semy  of 
billets,  taken  from  the  coat-armour  of  the  knight.  The 
projections,  however,  giving  this  embattled  appearance,  were 
doubtless,  as  will  be  seen  hereafter,  peacocks'  feathers 
represented  thereon  in  color.  This  striking  appendage  of 
the  crest  does  not  appear  to  have  been  used  commonly  in 
England  or  in  France,  as  in  Germany  and  some  other 
countries.  The  heaulme,  it  may  be  noticed,  which  was  worn 
on  certain  occasions  over  the  bacinet,  the  visor  of  the  latter 
having  been  withdrawn,  has  an  ocularium  ;  the  lower  part, 
which  covered  the  chin  and  throat,  was  apparently  move- 
able, and  affixed  by  hinges  or  staples  ; 
the  back-straps  are  shown,  by  which, 
wdien  closed,  this  portion  was  kept 
securely  in  place. 

In  the  left  hand  the  knight  holds 
his  shield  by  the  guige,  the  strap  occa- 
sionally jDassed  over  the  neck.  On  the 
shield  are  boldly  carved  the  bearings 
of  the  family  von  Klingen.  In  the 
curious  emblazoned  Roll  of  Arms  pre- 
served in  the  Public  Library  at  Zurich, 
and  published  in  fac-simile  by  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  that  city  in 
1860,  the  arms  of  "  Clingen "  occur 
(see  taf.  vi.  no.   138).     They  are  sable 


VOL.  XIX. 


S  NOTICE    OF    A    MONUMENTAL    EFFIGY   AT    ZURICH. 

billety  or  a  lion  argent  crowned  or ;  crest  on  a  helm, 
a  denii-lion  argent  crowned  or,  with  a  fan  or  wing- 
shaped  appendage  at  the  back  of  the  head  and  neck, 
sable  billety  or,  and  fringed  with  peacocks'  feathers.  The 
remarkable  record  of  the  heraldic  bearings  of  the  principal 
dynastic  and  noble  families  of  Enrope,  by  aid  of  which  the 
coat  of  the  von  Klingen  family'  has  tlms  been  satisfactorily 
ascertained,  is  a  roll  of  the  earlier  part  of  the  fourteenth 
century.  It  contiins  not  less  than  559  coats  of  arms,  with 
28  banners,  and  may  be  cited  as  one  of  the  most  important 
heraldic  authorities  in  existence.  A  portion  (72  coats)  was 
published  in  1853,  in  the  Transactions  {Mitt/teilnnr/en)  of 
the  Antiquaries  of  Zurich,  vol.  vi.,  accompanied  by  a 
memoir  from  the  pen  of  the  learned  Dr.  Friedrich  v.  Wyss. 

Sl'rrLEMENTARY    NOTE. 

The  curious  example  of  costume,  which,  through  the  kindness  of  our 
learned  and  valued  correspondent,  Dr.  Keller,  we  have  been  enabled  to 
bring  under  the  notice  of  our  readers,  presents  certain  features  of  interest 
in  monumental  sculpture,  to  which  attention  has  been  invited  in  the  fore- 
going observations.  Of  these  peculiarities,  one,  which  may  claim  a  short 
additional  notice,  is  the  armorial  escutcheon  occurring  upon  the  breast  of 
the  effigy.  Wc  are  assured  by  a  friend,  who  has  devoted  much  attention 
to  such  details,  that  an  example  of  such  heraldic  cognizance  affixed  to  the 
camail  occurs  on  an  effigy  in  our  own  country  ;  we  regret  that  after  many 
inquiries  we  are  unable  to  point  out  where  it  is  to  be  found.  In  the  Nether- 
lands the  effigy  of  Sir  Jacob  Breidels,  who  died  1'395,  formerly  in  the 
church  of  St.  Walburge  at  Bruges,  may  be  cited  as  showing  the  escutcheon 
worn  upon  the  camail  (Dc  Vigne,  Vadc  Mecum,  vol.  ii.,  pi.  GG)  ;  also  the 
contemporary  figure  of  Frans  von  Ilalen,  lord  of  Lillo,  at  Malines  [ihld. 
pi.  48),  in  which  the  peculiarity  occurs,  that  the  escutcheon  affixed  to  the 
camail  is  charged,  not  with  his  personal  bearing,  but  with  the  arms  of  tho 
lordship  of  Lillo.  A  good  illustration  of  an  escutcheon  worn  on  the  breast,  but 
not  accompanying  military  equipment,  occurs  on  the  robed  effigy  of  Diether, 
count  of  Katzenelnbogen,  K515,  now  at  Wiesbaden.  (Hefner,  div.  ii  ,  ])1. 
1 18).  In  one  instance  may  be  noticed  two  escutcheons  attached  to  the  camail 
(Hefner,  ih.,  ]>!.  DO).  The  escutcheon  worn  as  an  appendage  to  the  ci)i(/u- 
han  may  be  seen  in  De  ^'igne'H  Vade  Mecum,  vol.  ii.,  pi.  71  ;  also  a  like 
ornament  on  the  cap,  from  the  Wei.-s  Kunig,  ili.,  pi.  SG.  Numerous  illus- 
trations might  be  cited  of  its  use  as  the  insignia  of  the  herald  or  pursuivant. 

Mr.  Andcrdon  has  kindly  brought  under  our  notice  a  renuirkablo 
cpculcbcon  of  copper  gilded  and  admirably  enameled,  dis|ilaying  the  hear- 
ing of  the  Guelphic  Confederation  of  Florence,  or  an  eagle  (/«.  seizing  in 
ilH  cluw.s  ft  dragon  vert,  over  the  head  oC  tho  eagle  a  lleur-de-lys  of  tho 
Hccoiid.  'I'hiH  object,  a  work  of  the  fourteenth  century,  had  doubtless  been 
intended  to  be  worn  upon  the  drcsa  or  armour,  and  it  is  prcci.''cly  suited  to 
bo  UMcd  nil  n  cognizanre  upon  tho  cninail,  in  like  manner  as  een  on  the 
rcuiarkablc  cfligy  at  Zurich,  communicated  by  Dr.   Keller. 


NOTICES  OF  COLLECTIONS  OF  GLYPTIC  ART  EXHIBITED  BY  THE 
AllCHAEOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE  IN  JUNE,  1861. 

BY  THE  REV.  CHARLES  W.  KING,  M.A.,  Senior  Fellow  of  Triu.  Coll.,  Cambridge. 
{Continued  from  Arch.  Journ.  vol.  xviii.  p.  324.) 


THE    AEUNDEL    COLLECTION. 

I  AM  compelled  here  to  describe  the  most  note-worthy 
gems  according  to  the  order  in  wliich  they  stand  at  present 
in  the  cases,  without  reference  (for  the  most  part)  to  the 
numbering  of  the  Catalogue,  which  has  been  entirely  super- 
seded durino*  some  later  re-arrano;ement.  The  orjoinal 
classification  appears  to  have  been  made  according  to  the 
subjects,  commencing  with  the  Egyptian. 

Case  I. — [Containinrf  seventeen  rings  in  each  roic). 

\st  Roio. — Gorgon's  Head,  a  Roman  cameo  in  flat  relief,  the  face  in  pure 
white,  the  hair  and  attributes  transparent :   a  singular  work  in  this  style. 

Bust  of  Venus,  recognised  by  the  cestus  falling  across  her  breast,  and 
her  locks  partly  twisted  about  her  head,  partly  flowing  down  her  neck  ;  an 
intaglio  worked  out  with  the  diamond-point  in  a  peculiar  style  (later 
Greek  ?),  of  which  I  have  not  observed  another  instance,  on  a  large  jacinth 
i  inch  high. 

A  splendid  intaglio  in  the  perfect  Greek  style,  Ilermei?  walking  as  he 
tunes  his  lyre,  on  a  most  beautiful  sard,  but  unmercifully  repolished,  even 
to  the  eftacing  of  the  drapery,  which  at  first  sight  gives  a  suspicious  look 
to  the  surface  of  the  gem.  But  upon  examination  the  work  of  the  intaglio 
e.xhibits  every  mark  of  the  finest  antique  hand.  Of  this  there  is  a  modern 
copy  on  amethyst  in  the  same  collection. 

Diana,  a  head  with  Egyptian  profile,  in  shallow  intaglio,  on  a  large, 
brown  sard.  A  remarkable  work,  exceeded  in  point  of  antiquity  by  few 
amongst  our  gems. 

Most  graceful,  and  in  the  rarely  found  early  style,  is  the  cameo  of  the 
seated  Cupid  playing  the  lyre,  in  opaque  white  upon  black. 

2nd  Roic. — A  seated  Achilles  contemplating  a  helmet  held  up  in  his 
right  hand.  A  charming  old  Greek  intaglio,  within  a  border,  on  a  bright 
yellow  sard. 

Apollo  Agyieus  standing  and  holding  forth  an  arrow  with  his  right  (in 
sign  of  amity),  in  his  left  hand  a  strung  bow.  llis  hair  is  bound  by  a  fillet. 
A  finely  finished  work  in  the  old  Greek  style,  and  interesting  as  much  for 
its  remote  antiquity,  as  for  its  perfect  execution. 

The  Infant  Bacchus  riding  upon  a  panther  which  seems  to  exult  under 
its  divine  burden.  Greek  cameo  of  first-rate  execution,  the  relief  in 
opaque  Avhite  upon  black.  None  of  the  camei  in  this  case  exceed  the 
size  of  ring-stones,  as  which  they  are  all  set.  The  extreme  rarity  of  camei 
of  such  small  dimensions  (more  especially  those  anterior  to  the  Imperial 


10  NOTICES    OF    COLLECTIONS   OF    GLYFTIC    ART. 

epoch)  1ms  been  alreach'  remarked.     Certain  it  is  that  in  recently  formed 
collections  no  other  class  of  gems  is  so  uncommon. 

A  Greek  group,  somewhat  more  recent  in  manner,  hut  perhaps 
Buperior  in  point  of  art  to  the  "  Priam  before  Achilles,"  deserii)od 
above  (Bcsborough  Coll.  IGO).  The  subject  is  Chiron  instructing  the  young 
Achilles  on  the  lyre  ;  the  Centaur  reclines,  his  pupil  stands  before  him,  a 
Cupid  behind  stands  in  a  listening  attitude.  A  dcoply-cut  intaglio,  grandly 
treated,  and  displaying  much  of  the  maimer  of  Phidias  ;  one  of  the  choicest 
gems  of  the  whole  cabinet.     The  sard  also  magnificent  in  colour. 

3rd  liorc. — This  well-known  "  Semiramis  "  is  a  ridiculous  misnomer, 
being  most  unmistakably  a  bust  of  Clio  holding  the  historic  papyrus-roll  : 
a  large  and  noble  Greek  intaglio  in  shallow  cutting  upon  sard.  The  treat- 
ment of  the  hair,  upon  which  the  exclusive  use  of  the  diamond  is  plainly 
discernible,  and  the  entire  mcchanique  of  the  work  is  identical  with  that  of 
a  head  of  ^Melpomene,  known  to  me,  indicating  the  same  engraver  for  botli. 

Priestess  hastening  onwards,  holding  aloft  the  ci.<ta  mystica,  a  flambeau 
in  the  field,  in  allusion  to  the  Dioiiysiac  nocturnal  rites,  is  a  spirited  design 
upon  a  good  guarnaccino. 

This  subject,  described  as  "  Antiloehns  announcing  the  deatli  of  Patroclus 
to  Achilles,"  appears  rather,  from  the  unconcerned  attitude  of  the  persons, 
to  represent  two  warriors  in  amicable  conversation,  one  leaning  on  his 
spear,  the  other  seated — more  probably  Pylades  and  Orestes.  A  fine 
lioman  intaijlio,  the  figures  very  well  designed.     Sard. 

Cameo  in  a  fine  early  style  ;  two  Fauns  attempting  to  raise  up  the 
drunken  Silenus,  in  white  on  black  ;   the  head  of  Silcnus  destroyed. 

The  famous  Hercules  Bibax,  by  '*  AAMLON,"  '  of  bold  drawing 
and  squat,  massy  limbs,  wielding  a  club,  or  rather  rough-hewn  tree-trunk, 
of  most  exaggerated  proportions.  A  work  equal  to  its  reputation  ;  on  a 
dull  sard,  somewhat  en  cahochon.  This  intaglio  differs  mucli  in  manner 
from  the  numerous  copies,  even  from  those  apparently  of  Roman  date. 

This  so-called  "  Sappho"  is  merely  a  portrait  of  some  lady  in  the  IGth 
century,  as  the  hair-dress  and  the  plaited  under-tunic  plainly  demonstrate. 
It  is  cut  in  high  relief  upon  a  ruby-coloured  sard,  presenting  naturally  a 
curious  white  patch,  which  has  been  taken  advantage  of  for  the  face,  or  else 
this  ])art  has  been  artificially  blanched  to  produce  the  strong  contrast. 

Ath  Ron;. — Sol  standing,  a  full  Icngtli  figure  ;  a  fine  Roman  intaqlio 
upon  a  brilliant  Venus  hair  stone,  a  crystal  full  of  long  filaments  of 
titaiiiutn.  - 

Apollo  walking  ami  tuning  his  lyre,  originally  an  admirable  Greek  work 
in  very  shallow  intcujlio,  but  rcpolishcd  to  its  ruin.  The  sard  of  tbo 
finest  quality,  to  exliibit  wliich  was  the  evident  motive  of  this  suicidi.l 
procoilure. 

A  Nymph,  running  and  blowing  the  double  flute,  a  hound  by  her  side  ; 

'  TliU  name,  being  cut  in  sucli  lingo  Alike  ilivino,  and  wonderful  each  one  : 

anrl  obtniHive  lettering,  Dr.  Hrunn  tiikoH  lu  ciicli  embodied  Sol's  bright  rays  ap- 
away   from   the  ru'tist   to   wiioni    it    has  pear, 

been   ho  long  fixHJgiied,  to  restore   it  to  Hanged    in    straight    lines    like    his    far 
the  owner  of  the  siguet,  and  with  justice.  streaming  hair  : 

'  Kxactly  anBwcring  to  the  dcBcription  Diflercnt  their  hues  ;  one  like  the  crystal 
In  Orpheiifl  :—  bright ; 

"Two  geniH,   they   teach,  are  Bacred  to  The  other  verges  on  the  chrysolite. 

tho  iuii,  But  for  the  rays,  u  chrysolite  it  wore." 


AnUNDEL    COLLLCTION.  11 

chiefly  remarkable  for  the  stone  itself,  a  spinel  or  else  an  ainiandine  of 
uncouunon  brilliancy. 

Cameo  of  the  highest  merit  :  an  Amazon  raising  her  companion, 
wounded  and  fallen  from  her  horse,  which  stands  by  as  if  sympathising  ;  a 
group  of  miraculous  perfection.  The  helmet  of  the  first  figure  is  made 
out  in  a  transparent  sard,  the  bodies  in  the  purest  white  relieved  upon 
black. 

Amulet  against  the  colic,  as  prescribed  by  Alexander  of  Tralles,  a  red 
jasper  engraved  witli  TTcrculcs  strangling  the  lion  :  on  the  reverse  7^  and 
the  legend  eWBAPPABPYAPYHGG.  K    >| 

Bacchic  scene,  where  Hercules,  reclined  on  a  spread  pard-skin,  blows  the 
flute,  to  the  sound  of  which  dances  a  thyrsus-bearing  Cupid  ;  a  seated  nymph 
behind  beats  time  with  her  hands.  A  deeply-cut  Greek  intaglio  of  vast 
spirit,  within  a  granulated  border.  A  singular  exception  to  the  shallow  sink- 
ing of  intaglio  work  universally  obtaining  in  this  style.  A  most  important 
piece,  and  in  my  estimation  the  chief  intaglio  of  the  collection,  thou"-h 
only  the  larger  portion  of  a  gem  of  unusual  extent,  apparently  somewhat 
more  than  the  half  of  the  original,  but  fortunately  preserving  the  more 
important  portions  of  the  design. 

A  half-figure  of  the  youthful  Bacchus  reclining  with  his  arm  around  the 
neck  of  Ariadne,  both  seen  in  front  face  ;  a  Cupid's  head  appears  below,  as 
if  supporting  the  god.  A  work  beyond  all  praise  for  its  vigour  of  outline, 
as  well  as  for  the  softness  of  moulding  in  the  bodies,  the  expression  of  which 
in  this  piece  I  have  rarely  seen  equalled.  The  intaglio  is  sunk  to  an 
unusual  depth.  In  the  field  is  the  name  YAAOY,  a  genuine  antique 
artist's  signature  in  minute  carelessly  cut  letters.  Doubtless  a  work  of  the 
best  times  of  the  empire,  and  on  a  most  beautiful  sard.^ 

Mercury  standing,  a  front  figure  ;  upon  an  altar  at  his  side  is  a  crab — 
Cancer,  the  Sign,  Mercury  in  Cancer  being  a  most  fortunate  horoscope. 
Roman  on  fine  ruby  sard. 

Early  Greek  intaglio  of  unusual  size  for  this  class  of  signet  stones  : 
Bacchus  seated,  and  holding  forth  his  cantharus  ;  at  his  knee  appears  a 
fiont  face  of  the  pard  ;  inclosed  within  a  guilloche  border.  An  admirable 
and  rare  example  of  the  archaic  style.      Sard  partially  blanched  by  fire. 

The  "  Priapus  Etruscus"  is  rather  a  drunken  Silenus,  the  thyrsus  over 
his  shoulder,  balancing  himself  as  best  he  may,  and  pulling  up  his  robe  in 
a  very  natural  but  somewhat  rarely  represented  attitude.  Minute  old 
Greek  work  within  a  border,  on  a  small  tri-coloured  agate.  This  holds  a 
high  place  amongst  the  best  geu)s  of  the  collection. 

A  most  perfect  composition,  and  of  the  highest  finish  ;  the  subject,  a 
fallen  archer  extracting  the  arrow  from  his  side  (Paris  shot  by  Philoctetes  ?), 
a  warrior  armed  with  spear  and  sword  appears  hastening  to  his  defence. 
The  intaglio  of  slight  depth  on  a  clear  prase. 

Hercules  wrestling  with  Antajus,  cut  on  a  wonderfully  fine  lapis  lazuli ; 
but  the  engraving  itself  of  ordinary  Roman  work.  Wortliy  of  special  notice 
is  the  elegant  ring  which  bears  i\xo  Jleur-de-hjs  enameled  in  white  on  the 
inside.  The  arabesques  in  black,  of  entwined  vine  branches  (in  the  same 
style  as  the  jewel  of  Clement  VII.),  which  cover  the  whole  ring,  would 


3  This  gem  is  not  known  to  Dr.  Erunn,       Tiiton  (not  in  the  collection), 
who  quotes  instead  of  it  a  Nym^jh  and 


12  NOTICES    OF    COLLECTIONS    OF    GLYrTlC    ATJT. 

lead  mo  to  nttributo  this  oriiauient  to  some  one  of  tlic  Valois  kings  as  the 
original  pussessor. 

Faun's  head  in  profile,  a  bunch  of  ivy  leaves  behind  the  ear,  a  most 
vigorous  work  ;  the  face  full  of  a  bold,  rude  vitality  ;  executed  in  the 
graudest  Greek  manner,  and  apparently  of  Alexander's  age.  Upon  a  dark 
auiethvst.  This  is  the  best  of  the  numerous  repetitions  of  the  same  idea 
in  this  collection,  or,  indeed,  of  any  others  within  my  knowledge. 

A  singular  design  :  Theseus  resting  on  his  club  contemplates  the  slain 
Minotaur,  who  is  seen  half  failing  through  an  arch  of  the  labyrinth.  A 
modern  work  of  very  considerable  merit  ;  a  copy  of  the  gem  signed  Phile- 
mon, in  the  Vienna  Collection. 

ijth  lioic. — A  beautifully  finished  head  of  the  young  Aureliu?,  as  Mercury  ; 
the  stone,  a  curiously  mottled  sard. 

Mercury  leaning  against  a  column,  holds  his  caduceus  downwards  ;  in 
the  field  is  the  Sign  Scorpio.^  Extraordinary  fine  work,  on  a  brilliant  sard. 
Another  astrological  device  of  unusual  merit. 

A  small  cameo,  most  minutely  finished  (but  probably  modern),  gives 
a  sacrifice  to  the  Ik-arded  Bacchus,  a  terminal  figure.  In  this  group  of 
four  Cupids,  one  holds  the  goat,  another  crowns  the  goblet  jilaced  on  the 
ground,  a  third  beats  the  timbrel,  and  the  fourth  sings.  The  prettiest 
amongst  these  minute  works. 

Cupid  riding  on  a  pard-marine  ;  the  god  is  most  graceful  in  pose,  and 
equally  so  the  fantastic  composition  of  the  monster  he  bestrides.  The 
sardonyx,  of  five  layers,  has  been  most  skilfully  employed  in  this  cameo,  tiie 
ditferent  tints  coming  in  with  wonderful  apprujiriateness  for  the  flesh  of  the 
Cupid,  the  spotted  hide  and  fishy  termination  of  the  sea  monster. 

The  best  indujfio  in  sapphire  that  1  have  ever  met  with,  and  of  the  purest 
Greek  style  :  a  Medusa's  head,  in  front  face,  the  treatment  of  the  features 
and  the  curling  snaky  tresses  spirited  to  a  degree,  and  every  part  most  highly 
finished.  The  engraving,  if  on  the  conunonest  stone,  would  have  attracted 
attention  by  its  artistic  excellence  ;  but  this,  coupled  with  the  extreme 
rarity  of  the  material  on  which  it  appears,  renders  it  one  of  the  most  pre- 
cious intagli  in  existence.  This  sapphire  is  of  a  fine  sky-blue  shade,  and 
set  in  one  of  those  enameled  Cinque  Cento  rings  before  alluded  to,  the  sign 
of  Venus  $  is  repeated  twice  under  the  head.  The  usual  arabesques  ia 
black,  twining  vine  foliage,  cover  the  shank. 

A  small  Canopus,  delicately  worked:  v/ith  the  owner's  name,  <I)|  Al  H  HOY. 
A  brown  and  white  onyx,  en  cahothun,  much  rejiolished. 

A  most  perfect  antique  cameo,  admiiable  in  design,  cxqui.'-itc  in  finish, 
a  bearded  Greek  warrior  in  a  luga.  Victory  holding  the  reins,  another 
Victory,  but  wingless  (symbolising  her  pernumenee),  crowns  him.  The 
Catalogue  absurdly  calls  this  (though  so  much  too  pure  in  style  for  the  age) 
"  The  Triumph  of  Antoninus  I'ius.""  The  figures  are  in  flat  relief  in  white 
upon  the  richest  sard.  The  name  AAIHOZ  is  cut  in  intaglio  letters  in 
the  exergue,  but  yet  to  all  a|q)earance  is  antique  tli(jugh  later. 

Ilk  Jloir. — Hust  of  I'allas,  very  minute  work,  in  the  scratchy  style  of 
L.  SSiricH,  the  probable  author,  upon  yellow  sard,  let  into  a  moulded  frame 

*  The  )ioro«copo  of  one  (IcHtiniid  to  bo  and    jiniines  tlio   nnlii|uo  beauty   of  tho 

|inn<Uoiuc,  fuud  uf  droHM,  and  libunil,  Hiiyt)  work,  but  iiiniiitiiiiiH  tlio  legend  to  bo  a 

Kiriiiicu*.  nioikrn  addition,  in  wliich  lio  is  ibtubt- 

••  IJolttr  known  an  llio  "  Triutnph  of  a  Icmh  piirtly  riK'l't;  tbo  k-ltiTM  buinj^  iiicinod 

lUrbarittu  King."     Evuu  Kiihlcr  aduiitH  aro  "  duinuing  eviduuco"  in  thouibclvoH. 


ARUNDEL   COLLECTION.  13 

of  white  onyx,  a  customary  addition  of  his,  intended  to  augment  the  curi- 
osity of  the  materiah 

Four  Cupids,  one  with  a  lyre,  another  with  Pan's  pipes,  the  third  with  a 
large  conch-shell,  the  fourth  clapping  his  hands  ;  arranged  around  the 
convex  face  of  a  cameo,  in  white  on  a  grey  ground  :  a  singular  and 
antique  work. 

Sol  standing  ;  on  the  reverse  C€M€C€IAAM.  The  only  instance 
I  have  met  with  of  this  epithet  applied  to  the  Roman  deity,  in  contra- 
distinction to  his  Alexandrian  equivalent,  Chnuphis,  or  Abraxas.  Yellow 
jasper,  late  Roman, 

Bacchus,  seen  in  front,  leaTiing  upon  his  thyrsus  and  holding  out  the 
cantharus  ;  fine  work  on  blue  beryl,  or  pale  sapphire. 

Silenus  stooping  regards  intently  the  earth,  on  which  a  young  faun, 
hearing  a  thyrsus,  is  pouring  out  a  libation  from  a  pitcher  ;  a  matchless 
example  of  old  Greek  work,  enclosed  in  a  border,  the  stone  a  dark  red  sard, 
black  on  the  surface. 

Female  face  of  great  beauty,  wearing  a  helmet  composed  of  two  most 
spirited  Silenus  masks.  The  finest  of  such  caprices  that  has  ever  come  under 
my  notice.     Sard,  large  and  of  extraordinary  lustre,  like  a  carbuncle. 

Nemesis  (wrongly  called  Psvchc),  in  the  archaic  manner,  with  the  curious 
inscription  TO  AU) PON    NYNCHN.      Sard  slightly  burnt. 

Sth  Row. — Cameo,  a  fragment  of  a  large  group,  Silenus,  three-quarters 
of  his  figure  preserved,  is  pushed  along  by  a  Faun  :  both  figures  full  of 
spirit.  A  Greek  work  in  very  flat  relief,  in  opaque  white  on  rich  sard- 
colour  ;  the  surface  much  worn. 

A  Seated  Faun  meditating,  a  double  flute  by  his  side,  inscribed  in  Roman 
letters  with  the  owner's  name,  NICOlNAC  "Kicomachus."  From  a  good 
Roman  work,  but  a  modern  paste.  (There  is  another  paste  from  the  same 
mold  also  in  dark  blue  glass  in  Case  VII.  I  cannot  ascertain  where  the 
original  now  exists.'' 

Serapis  enthroned  between  Isis  and  Pallas  ;  the  group  in  the  centre  of 
the  Zodiac,  which  is  supported  by  Atlas.  Curious  late  Roman  or  Renais- 
sance.     Calccdony. 

9<A  Row. — Head  of  Libera  (Ariadne),  ivy-crowned  ;  a  noble  Greek  work, 
deeply  cut  on  sard.  A  work  of  uncommon  merit,  perhaps  the  fiist  in  the 
class  of  female  heads. 

Apollo  MusagGtes,  an  excellent  early  Greek  work  in  shallow  intaglio  ; 
but  much  damaged  by  the  repolishing.      Sard. 

Nymph  in  flowing  robes,  advancing  with  rapid  steps  (Spring),  in  front  is 
a  smaller  female  figure  ;  behind,  appears  a  tree  in  full  leaf,  evidently  intro- 
duced as  an  explanatory  symbol.  The  picture  of  Lucretius,  "  It  ver  et 
Venus,"  seems  illustrated  by  this  gem,  which  is  most  graceful,  especially 
in  the  treatment  of  the  drapery.      Sard. 

Pan  seated  on  a  rock  contemplating  a  comic  mask  ;  a  perfect  Greek  work. 
Wonderfully  well  drawn  are  the  head  and  the  mask,  and  most  skilful  the 
treatment  of  the  half-human  divinity's  shaggy  goat's  legs.  Deep  cut  on 
brownish  sard. 

A  Kneeling  Warrior,  the  cognizance  of  his  buckler  is  a  Gorgon's  head  ; 

*  There  is  good  reason  to  suspect  tbafc  parent  (an  origin  assigned  by  Kijhler  to 
this  proceeded  direct  frotii  tbe  fabrique  many  of  bis  signed  gems)  and  is  the 
of  Baron   Stoscb,  without  any  autiiiuo     .  actual  one  quoted  by  Clarac. 


U  NOTICES   OF    COLLECTIONS    OF    GLYPTIC    ART. 

probably  the  woundoil  Achilles.     Arcliaie  work,  very  still",  but  in  singiilaily 
deep  intapJio.      Sard. 

Bust  of  AbunJantia,  intaglio   on  magnet,  unusually  good  work  for  this 
material,  and  in  the  style  of  the  Early  Empire. 


Case  I!. 

\st  Jioir. — Melpomene  holding  out  a  mask,  in  the  field  a  falchion,  which 
attributes  have  absurdly  induced  the  catalogue-maker  to  explain  it  as  Queen 
Tomyris  contemplating  the  head  of  Cyrus.      Plasma. 

Homer,  a  head  in  a  grand  Greek  style,  especially  to  be  praised  in  the 
beard  and  hair.      The  earliest  portrait  of  the  poet  I  have  seen.     Sard. 

Mask,  a  full  face  of  the  Beanied  Bacchus,  most  benignant  in  expression, 
with  ivv-berries  in  the  hair,  the  board  sj)read  out  like  a  fan  :  fine  Greek 
in  the  early  style.      Tlie  head  so  treated  as  to  fill  a  circular  sard. 

Hannibal  (called,  most  erroneously,  *' Pyrrhus  "),  a  helmetod  head  in 
three-quarter  face,  deeply  cut  in  a  grand  nuinncr,  apjiarently  Sicilian  work 
of  his  own  age,  on  a  beautiful  sard. 

Augustus,  a  profile  head,  a  most  spirited  portrait  of  him,  perhaps  the  best 
of  all  in  the  collection.      Ruby  sard. 

A  large  oblong  sard  (1^  X  g  inch),  engraved  with  Alexander  and 
Bucephalus  ;  the  hero,  a  nude  helmeted  figure,  of  excellent  design  and 
beautiful  finish,  standing  by  the  side  of  the  horse,  which,  however,  is  very 
incorrect  in  drawing.      Worked  in  shallow  intaglio.      Later  Greek. 

M.  Agrippa,  an  excellent,  deeply-cut,  contemporary  portrait.    Yellow  sard. 

Majcenas,  a  deeply-cut,  vigorous  portrait,  agreeing  exactly  with  that  b> 
Solon  ;  a  gem  of  .singular  interest  for  suljoct  and  style.  Splendid  rub^ 
sard,  somewhat  broken. 

I'lato,  a  magnificent  Greek  head,  the  cuuntcrjiart  of  the  one  facing 
Socrates  on  the  liesborough  almandine.      Brown  sard. 

Horse  of  spirited  design  ;  on  the  off-side  stands  a  youth  (the  groom). 
Archaic  Greek  ;  a  very  shallow  intaglio  within  a  border,  on  a  ruby  sard  tra- 
versed across  its  width  by  an  exact  heraldic  chevron  in  opaipio  white.  An 
unique  variety  of  the  stone,  and  doubtless  highly  ap[»reciated  therefore  in 
antiipiity.^ 

2n<l  Ilow. — Two  Infants  rolling  along  the  ground,  by  means  of  strings 
two  large  balls  or  disks  {ruzzuoli,  the  modern  Italian  toy  ?).  Pretlj 
Roman  style  and  unitpic  subject.      Nicolo. 

Throe  masks  of  various  characters,  or  else  heads  of  Hercules,  Apollo 
and  Bacchus,  arranged  side  by  side,  a  j>cJum  beneath.  Splendid  sard 
Perlia[>9  symbolising  the  tragic,  comic,  ami  satyric  drama,  it  may  havi 
been  the  signet  of  an   actor  distinguished  in  all  three.      Fine  Roman. 

Hunter,  with  game  slung  on  a  stick  over  his  shoulder,  hares  behind, 
coekti  and  other  birds  before  (Winter?),  as  in  the  type  of  "  t^uattuor  Tem- 
pora  "  on  eoinri.      Neiil  Uoinan  work,  di'cply  cut  on  nicolo. 

7  Such  a  confijfuration  of  tlio  layorH  ill  cquoKtiinn  ;  in  my  nwii  colloctii.n  is  li 
a  winl  hcernn  l'>  liavo  been  re(,'iirilt'<l  hy  SagittiiiiiiH,  in  <ho  suiuc  curly  utyK-,  on  a 
tlio    Cirvcks   (m    bearing    upon    niutturd        Hiuiiiur  ninteriiil. 


ARUNDEL    COLLECTION.  15 

This  "  Pompey  "  seems  rather  the  head  of  his  younger  sou,  but  is  evi- 
deutly  a  work  of  his  times,  somewhat  rude,  but  bold  and  full  of  character. 
Sard. 

Rcgulus,  a  helmeted  head  in  three-quarter  face,  inscribed  M.  RE.  ATI., 
seems  a  Renaissance  work,  and  from  the  same  hand  as  the  "  Marias,"  a 
profile  head,  with  the  legend  COS.  VII.,  both  in  a  scratchy  style  on  sard.* 

A  Discobolus,  au  elongated  Roman  figure,  set  in  a  seal  elaborately  ena- 
melcd  in  blue  in  the  Rococo  style,  with  fleur-de-lys  on  the  sides  ;  a  relic  of 
some  Bourbon  prince. 

3rd  Jtoic. — Girl's  head,  her  hair  dressed  in  the  fashion  of  Faustina 
Mater,  facing  a  boy's  (infant),  with  long  flowing  locks  ;  perhaps  Lucilla 
and  Annius  Verus.     Prettily  cut  on  red  jasper. 

Galba,  calcedony  in  one  of  the  massy  enameled  rings  of  Cinque  Cento 
design  before  noticed.     A  good  likeness,  and  very  rare. 

Henri  IV.,  well  executed  in  flat  relief  on  sapphire  ;  a  contemporary 
bust. 

"  The  dying  Epaminondas,  supported  by  two  warriors  "  (as  the  Catalogue 
hath  it),  is  certainly  not  that  historical  scene,  but  with  better  reason  may 
be  regarded  as  the  busts  of  the  Tliree  Iloratii.  They  are  given  in  full  face 
and  three  quarter  lengths,  in  deeply-sunk  and  careful  Roman  work.  On 
the  shield  of  the  ])rincipal  figure  is  the  device,  a  gryphon  devouring  a 
stag.  The  manner  of  this  intaglio  resembles  that  of  the  Eneas  and  Anchises 
in  this  Collection.      Sard.* 

Two  busts,  conjugated,  certainly  an  imperial  pair  of  the  lower  Empire, 
on  a  small  yellow  sard,  seem  intended  for  Ma.ximin  and  Paulina,  but  have 
little  individuality  to  guide  us  to  a  precise  identification.  Interesting  for 
the  setting,  a  mediajval  ring  of  a  quaint  but  elegant  form. 

4:th  Row.  A  most  rare  and  interesting  intaglio  :  two  busts  facing  each 
other;  the  female  one  unmistakeably  that  of  Anuia  Faustina  ;  the  male, 
bloated  and  beardless,  probably  Elagabalus,  though  (it  must  be  confessed) 
somewhat  too  elderly  in  aspect.  These  heads  are  marked  by  wonderful 
individuality,  and  are  very  carefully  executed  in  somewhat  shallow  intaglio 
on  a  large  brownish  sard,  nearly  square.  So  singular  is  the  merit  of  this 
work,  if  we  take  into  account  the  lateness  of  its  date,  that  it  may  be  justly 
supposed  an  express  commission  given  to  the  best  engraver  then  surviving, 
on  the  occasion  of  the  marriage,  and  designed  to  be  worn  by  the  emperor 
himself. 

Fine  bust,  intaglio  in  amethyst,  called  Crispina,  but  in  an  earlier  style, 
and  moreover  a  prettier  profile,  than  owned  by  the  harsh  features  of  that 
empress. 

Augustus  or  Caligula,  fine  work  in  beryl  or  pale  sapphire  :  set  in  a 
massy  mediaeval  ring  with  an  extremely  bossy  head, 

Hadrian,  a  fine  head  in  garnet. 

A  curious  antique  cameo,  a  seated  poodle,''  preserving  to  us  the  rare 
breed  of  the  Roman  lap-dog. 

3  These  are   apparently   due   to    the  ^  In  the  Impronte  Gemmarie  is  a  cast 

taste  stimulated  by  F.  Ursinus,  late  in  from  an  antique  paste  of  this  identical 

the  Cinque  Couto,  of  collecting  "Virorutn  subject,  but  the  fio;are3  full  length,  there 

lUnstriuiii  Imagines  ;"   a  large  supply  of  numbered  amongst  the  Roman  historical, 

such    in    gems    being   manufactured    to  perhaps  the  famed  Triplet,  the  Horatii. 
supply  the   demand    of    the    uncritical  '"  The  Cania  Meliteusis. 

learned  of  the  age. 

YOL.    XII.  D 


10  NOTICES    OF    COLLECTIONS    OF    GLYPTIC    ART. 

5th  Bow.  A  most  singular  intaglio,  the  "  Ilead  of  a  LoMibanl  king." 
repre^entcil  in  full  face  and  wearing  a  crown,  ornamenteil  apparently  with 
three  fleur-de-lys  :  deeply  cut  in  a  fine  spinel-ruby  nearly  square,  |^  inch 
hii^h.  This  head  is  without  character,  very  gothic  in  design,  and  strongly 
resembling  tlie  usual  conventional  portraits  of  WiUiani  the  Conqueror.  It 
possibly  may  be  what  it  is  described,  and  the  work  of  some  Byzantine 
engraver.  Set  in  a  massy  gold  ring,  ribbed  and  engraved  witli  flowers  in 
the  taste  that  prevailed  after  the  middle  of  the  loth  century,  or  the  latest 
niedij\}val  period.  Around  the  bizzel  is  the  motto  (reversed),  tfl  *  il  ♦  JlfSt. 
The  valuable  setting  makes  it  questional)le  in  my  mind  whether  the 
intagho  itself  be  not  of  the  same  date,  one  of  earliest  essays  of  the  Quattio- 
Cento  in  the  art,' and  the  likeness  of  some  French  prince  (Charles  VIII.  ?) 
The  fleur-de-lys  ornamenting  the  crown  n)ark  a  medi;eval  origin,  for  the 
Gothic  and  Loml)ard  kings  of  Italy  retained  the  plain  circlet,  imitated  from 
the  late  Roman  diadem."  This  ruby,  therefore,  presents  a  most  dithcult 
problem  in  the  history  of  gem-engraving. 

Socrates,  a  matchless  liead  in  the  finest  Roman  style  :  by  far  the  best 
of  this  philosopher's  portraits  that  1  have  met  with.  A  broad,  somewhat 
shallow  intaglio.      Black  jasper. 

Bull  butting,  a  sard  of  Roman  date,  of  merely  fair  execution,  but  mounted 
in  a  massy  ring  of  most  elegant  design,  the  shank  formed  out  of  two  vine- 
stems  tied  together,  in  the  taste  of  the  last  century'. 

Proserpine,  a  head  distinguished  by  the  wheat-ears  over  the  brow ;  a 
pretty  sard.  This  is  set  the  same  style  of  ring,  enameled  with  black 
arabesques,  as  the  many  others  already  noted  :  but  this  is  distinguished  by 
the  letters'*  D.  I.  H- S.  under  the  setting  of  the  stone.  These  initials 
may  supply  a  clue  to  discover  the  original  collection  whence  came  this  set 
of  rings  which,  though  much  varied  in  shape,  yet  have  all  the  same  general 
form  and  character,  ami  clearly  were  all  made  by  the  same  jeweler. 

G</i  Jlmr.  Two  horses,  one  drinking  from  a  troui;h  ;  worked  out  in 
precisely  the  same  style  and  material  as  the  grouj)  by  Alpheus  above 
described  :   and  equally  to  be  signaled  out  fur  its  rare  perfection. 

Claudius,  a  head  in  flat  relief,  a  wonderful  gem,  and  far  distinguished 
bv  its  spirit  above  the  general  mediocrity  of  these  small  imperial  portrait- 
camei :    in  a  massy  enanuded  ring  as  before. 

An  aged  emperor  standing  between  two  females,  to  the  right  a  trophy,  to 
tlie  left  a  youth  sacrificing  upon  an  altar  ;  a  truly  ancient  cameo  of  minutn 
work  in  white  upon  black,  the  onyx  only  3  inch  wide.  Tliis  also  is  mounted 
in  the  UBual  stvle  of  massy  enanieli'(l  ring. 

"  Gcrn  en^^raving  Ih  Hiipposfd  to  liavo  cultivated  el«cwlicre  for  flomo  time  pr«- 

l)eon    revived    in    Itily  by    tlie    fugitive  vionxlj- ;  in  fact  Vasni-i  Hpeiikw  of  the  first 

Orcftk  nrtiMtM  from  Coiinljiiiliiioplo,  .iftcr  Ht<'pn  towardH  iinproveiiu'ut,   kik-1i  as  ap- 

itH  fall  ill  1-153,  but  nothing  in  known  to  )>ciii'iiig  in  tliu   tinics  of  Martin   V.  nnd 

cxift  litlier  in    cameo   or    intaglio    tliat  I'unl  II.  (HIT  and   ll(jl),  and  hence,  it 

can    with    certainty    be    referred    to   nn  niay  l>e  infnrn'<l,  at  /tamr. 
enrlior  date  than  the  da3'H  of  Loren/.o  <li  '   Our  S.ixon   kint^H,  however  (Kdgar), 

M«dici,  and  thoHe  oxcliioively  oainei.   Oio.  ai)])car  with  thJH  i>roci(>o  crown,  for  which 

Helle    ('arniolo    in    the  oariieHt  recorded  the/ miiMt  have  had  a  continental  prece- 

Itnliati   Kisui   Kiiymvrr,    hut  Vuxari  men-  dent. 

tiorm    that    ho    learned    the    art     from  "  Tho  flacred    monogram  leads  mo  to 

"  ma*it''r»(  of  (liffi-renl  countrieM,"    Hiim-  mixpoct  that  tho  I'roKorpino  of  tho  gem 

inon«-d  to  Floronco  hy  lioren/oand  I'iero  had    heon   iiiterpri'lod   aa  a  Madonna  by 

(lei   .Medici.      Hence  it   mmit   liavo   been  the  piety  of  tho  owner. 


ARUNDEL    COLLECTION.  17 

7th  Row.  The  lower  half  of  a  female  bust,  known  as  the  "  Julia  Titi," 
but  more  probably  that  of  a  Ptolemaic  queen,  to  judge  from  the  full  chin 
anil  form  of  the  neck,  with  a  long  necklace'^  falling  over  the  throat. 
The  fragment  is  in  a  very  grand  manner,  and  certainly  not  Roman,  above  all 

not  that  of  Domitian's  age.  In  the  field  is  the  signatm-e  ehoIEi" 
in  minute  letters,  cut  in  with  bold,  careless,  strokes,  and,  beyond  all 
suspicion,  genuine.  The  stone,  either  a  jacinth  extremely  deep  in  tint,  or 
an  uncommonly  rich  brown  sard,'  somewhat  convex,  was,  before  the 
fracture,  1  ^  incii  in  height,  an  oval  ;  the  missing  portion  has  been  restored 
in  gold  after  the  portraits  of  the  Julia,  to  whom  it  is  now  assigned,  in 
defiance  of  the  earlier  style  of  the  work,  and  it  is  difficult  to  imagine  upon 
what  grounds. - 

Head,  with  curly  locks,  a  barbarous  piece  of  work,  perhaps  early  in  the 
Revival,  and  the  portrait  of  the  wearer.  It  is,  however,  on  the  finest 
sardonyx  of  blue  and  brown  layers,  and  set  in  a  more  than  commonly 
massive  ring  of  the  often-mentioned  pattern,  a  circumstance  that  supports 
the  suspicion  of  its  being  a  contemporary  work. 

Sth  Itoio.  Caius  Cffisar  (Augusti  nepos),  a  life-like  head  in  very  flat  relief 
upon  a  ruby-sard;  the  fiiiest  cameo  in  this  set  of  small  portraits,  and  more 
smgular  from  the  material  chosen. 

Charles  V.  (the  Emperor),  a  carefully  worked  cameo,  displaying  much 
taste  and  skill. 


Case  III. — {Of  Camei  exclusively). 

279.  Commodus  ("  Aelius  "),  a  good  but  stiff  bust  in  flat  relief,  enclosed 
in  a  rim  reserved  in  the  upper  stratum  of  a  superb  sardonyx  of  black, 
bluish  white,  and  brown,  2\  inches  high.  On  the  reverse  the  figure  of  lao- 
Abraxas  most  rudely  worked  out  in  shallow  intaglio,  in  order  to  convert  the 
stone  into  an  amulet  at  a  much  later  period.      Aiound  runs  in  large  letters, 

APAOY  .  TENNAI  .  OAEMENI  .  BACIAICKIOC. 

280.  A  magnificent  gem  :  Antonia,  a  head  laureated,  executed  in  flat 
relief  and  a  broad  style,  but  perfectly  finished,  and  to  be  reckoned  amongst 
the  best  imperial  portraits.  The  flesh  in  opaque  white,  the  ground  a  rich 
brown,  in  which  last  colour  too  the  wreath  is  rendered.     The  stone  1^  inch 

2.bl.  Ariadne,  a  bust,  a  splendid  modern  work,  in  Marchant's  style  ;  the 
flesh  given  in  white,  the  garland  of  vine  leaves  around  the  head,  and  the 
ground  in  lake  colour  :   the  onyx  itself  furnishing  this  remarkable  contrast. 

282.  Ceres  seated  holding  a  large  cornucopia,  Triptolemus  (or  I3onu3 
Eventus),  standing  before  her,  proffers  to  her  a  bunch  of  wheat-ears,  and 
leans  upon  his  two-pronged  mattock  (bidens'^).  In  the  midst  is  a  column 
supporting  an  urn.      Livia  and    Germanicus   being  frequently  represented 

^  A  single  row  of  large    pearls,    auJ  censures  upon  the    work,   which   apply 

diflering  much  from  that  worn  by  the  indeed  to  the  restored  portion,  but  cer- 

Julia  of  Evodus.  taiuly  not  to  the  antique,  than  which  we 

'  The  species  has  greatly  puzzled  all  have    scarcely    anything    iu   a   grander 

dcscribers,  some  calling  it  an  amethyst,  manner. 

Bome  a  hyacinth.  ^  Or  "  rutnim,"  a  symbol,  says  Festus, 

-  Dr.  Bruuu,  having  had  merely  the  that  marked  the  figure  of  Bonus  Eventus. 
cast  to  go  by,  bestows  very  undeserved 


18  yOTICES   OF   COLLECTIONS   OF   GLYPTIC   ART. 

under  these  characters,  it  is  possible  that  tliis  cameo  (in  the  style  of  their 
times)  may,  from  the  introduction  of  the  sepulchral  monument,  contain  by  an 
elegant  tiattery  an  allusion  to  the  deification  of  the  latter  lamented  prince. 
Tiie  figures  are  in  mezzo  relievo,  white  ou  a  brown  ground  and  of  very 
good  work  :  the  stone  1 1  inch  high. 

253.  Livia,  her  bust  as  Ceres,  veiled  and  in  front  face  ;  a  bold  design 
in  very  high  relief  ;  opaque  white  upon  a  sard  field,  15  inch  high. 

254.  Bust  with  long  flowing  hair  crowned  with  bay,  called  an  Agrippina 
Mater,  but  seems  rather  an  Apollo.  The  execution  is  of  the  highest  beauty  ; 
the  stone  fine,  composed  of  white,  and  a  dark  sard,  in  which  latter  is  given 
the  robe  and  tlie  garland  :  but  the  relief  appears  to  have  been  entirely  re- 
touched upon  an  antique  original,  of  which  traces  may  here  and  there  bo 
Btill  detected. 

288.  This  may  be  pronounced  without  hesitation  the  finest  cameo  of  the 
entire  collection,  and  perhaps  the  finest  in  existence.  The  subject,  a  Victory 
in  a  biga,  executed  in  the  highest  relief :  the  goddess  and  the  near  horse 
being  nearly  in  full  relief,  the  oft'  horse  in  half.  Incomparable  is  the  spirit 
of  these  horses,  one  of  which  actually  appears  bounding  forth  from  the  field 
of  the  gem.  The  boldness  of  the  drawing,  coupled  with  the  minute  execu- 
tion of  the  details  especially  remarkable  in  the  heads  of  Victory  and  of  her 
fiteeds,  in  the  manes,  and  the  folds  of  the  drapery,  are  beyond  all  praise. 
The  steeds  appear  to  fly  along  ;  the  near  one  rearing  up,  turns  his  head 
to  the  spectator,  which  has,  owing  to  its  excessive  projection,  been  destroyed, 
an  irreparable  loss  in  such  a  masterpiece  of  Greek  art.  Singularly  enough 
an  irrefragable  proof  of  the  genuine  antiquity  of  the  work  (did  its  true 
Greek  spirit  require  any  correlative  testimony)  is  to  be  found  in  the  bronze 
stud  introduced  to  represent  the  nave  of  the  wheel.  This,  though  unques- 
tionably the  first  cameo  for  beauty,  is  far  from  being  such  in  dimeui^ions, 
•which  measure  but  li  x  1^^  inch.  The  relief  in  opaque  wiiite  upon  a  yellow 
eard  ground.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  camei  anterior  to  the  Augustan 
nf'e,  like  this,  apjtear  invariably  to  have  been  executed  in  stones  of  but  two 
layers  (the  onyx  of  Tlicophrastus). 

201.  This  "  Livia,"  or  rather  a  portrait  of  some  lady  of  the  sixteenth 
century  as  a  Venus,  of  small  size,  is  only  reniarkaldc  for  the  frame,  made 
out  of  a  thick  garland  of  innumerable  flowers,  tulip?*,  roses,  <kc.,  bound  up 
into  a  massy  wreath  and  enameled  in  the  natural  colours.  This  chef 
d'dsHvrc  of  the  art  is  perfectly  executed  in  s|iiti.'  of  almost  insui>erablc 
diliiculties  presented  by  the  nature  of  the  operatiijn. 

29-1.  This  "  Poppoia,"  or  rather  Cores  crowned  with  jioppies  and  veiled, 
is  a  magnificent  work  in  the  highcot  relief,  and  in  a  manner  far  beyond 
that  of  the  Ncronian  age.  The  hair  is  rendered  in  an  opaque  brown  layer  ; 
the  flesh  in  pearly  white  :  evidently  of  the  Greek  school,  and  apparently 
Sicilian. 

'2'J.'>.  \n  incomparable  examjile  of  the  best  Roman  jieriod.  a  head  of 
Augustus,  radiated  ;  the  likeness  taiien  at  the  close  of  his  life,  and  ox(>- 
ruted,  as  the  crown  shows,  after  his  deification.  This  may  be  judged  the 
first  amongst  the  numerous  heads  of  this  emperor.  In  low  reliif,  opa(|ue 
white  upon  rich  brown  sard  on  an  oval  stone  2/,  inches  high.  Mounted  in 
n  narrow  frame  of  the  niost  elaborate  Cin(|iie  Cento  chisehng,  enriched  with 
i-nnmel  of  highly  finished  work,  but  (diielly  thrown  away  upon  lhi>  back  of 
the  hetting,  where  it  most  ingeniously  represents  a  chain  with  dill'erent 
colored  liuks. 


ARUNDEL    COLLECTION.  19 

297.  A  wonderful  ffcm,  the  profile  head  of  Ma3cenas,  in  half-relief  in 
brownish  white  upon  black.  The  expression  of  the  features,  most  life-like 
and  of  the  finest  antique  work.  Tiie  mounting,  a  richly  chiseled  frame  in 
a  pure  Renaissance  style,  set  with  table  rubies,  bears  in  itself  testimony  to 
tlie  genuine  antiquity  of  the  stone,  for  its  style  is  totally  dissimilar  to  that 
of  the  Cinque  Cento  camei  :  though  that  of  the  imitators  of  the  antique  in 
tlie  last  century  approaches  closely  to  it.  This  is  certainly  the  most 
valuable  cameo-portrait  that  any  cabinet  can  boast  of,  for  the  drawing  agrees 
exactly  with  that  of  the  famous  intaglio  by  Solon,  and  probably  this  also  is 
one  of  his  works. 

301.  Bust  of  Claudius  as  Jove,  oak-crowned,  with  sDgis  coverino-  the 
shoulders  ;  worked  out  in  a  flat  lifeless  manner  showing  a  great  fallinrr  off 
from  that  of  the  Augustan  school.  A  noble  sardonyx,  2^  inches  high,  of 
two  shades  of  brown  and  pearly  white.  In  each  of  the  first  are  given  the 
wreath  and  the  ground,  the  bust  itself  in  the  latter.  The  very  elaborate 
Renaissance  frame  has  a  back  of  open  work  enameled,  in  which  the  design 
appears  to  be  a  Jieur-de-lys  within  a  spreading  M.  (the  Florentine  gi<jlio, 
and  initial  of  the  Medici  ?). 

302.  This  "  Lombard  King,"  a  small,  rude  cameo  of  the  Lower  Empire, 
more  probably  gives  us  the  bust  of  some  petty  Syrian  or  Armenian  ])rince 
of  those  times  (Vabalathus  ?).  He  has  curly  hair,  a  radiated  crown  and 
ear-rings  :  the  design  utterly  barbarous  and  in  very  flat  relief.  The  stone, 
however,  is  unique  in  quality,  exhibiting  layers  of  black,  flesh  colour,  brown 
and  transparent. 

303.  Galba,  the  head  only  (fragment  of  a  large  cameo),  done  with  un- 
usual spirit  in  white  upon  brown  :  for  execution  as  well  as  rarity  of  subject, 
a  priceless  gem.  It  far  excels  any  of  the  portraits,  numerous  as  they  are, 
of  his  two  predecessors. 

306.  A  master-piece  of  Cinque  Cento  work,  Horatius  Codes  defendin"- 
the  bridge  against  Porscnna  ;  Mars  hovering  above  him  in  the  sky,  with 
numerous  figures,  assailants,  Romans  breaking  down  the  arch,  the  river- 
god  Tiber.  Of  microscopic  accuracy,  all  within  an  oval  of  one  inch  wide. 
This  piece  rivals  in  exact  drawing  and  surpasses  in  complexity,  the  "  Sacri- 
fice to  Bacchus  "  above  described,  in  the  same  miniature  style  (Besborou<'h 
Coll.  196). 

307.  Elagabalus,  a  young  head,  rudely  cut,  but  an  unmistakeable  like- 
ness, on  a  small  calcedony  of  two  shades  of  blue. 

309.  A  Council  of  the  Gods  met  upon  Mount  Olympus,  remarkable  for 
the  complexity  of  the  grouping  (so  rare  in  antique  compositions),  as  well  as 
the  excellence  of  the  work.  Jove  reclining  on  his  eagle  converses  with 
Neptune  seated  upon  a  rock,  Diana  standing  behind  lifts  iier  bow.  In  the 
centre  stands  Apollo  striking  the  lyre.  At  his  right  another  group,  Venus 
standing  with  Cupid  at  her  knee,  holds  sweet  converse  with  the  seated  Mars, 
whilst  Mercury  in  the  back-ground  looks  on,  thus  forming  a  balance  to  the 
group  of  Jove,  Neptune  and  Diana  on  the  other  side.  The  fi"-ures  in 
white  on  a  black  ground  :   a  small  stone. 

311.  Antonia  the  Elder  ;  another  master-piece  of  the  Augustan  afje,  in 
■which  both  work  and  material  claim  equal  admiration.  The  face,  full  of 
expression,  is  rendered  in  the  bluish-white,  the  hair  looped  up  on  the  neck 
(as  in  lier  medals)  in  a  rich  dark  brown,  the  ground  black.  The  relief  of 
the  whole  has  been  kept  somewhat  flat  to  take  advantage  of  the  appropriate 
colour  of  the  strata.     This  perfect  sardonyx,  1|  inch  high,  is  mounted  in  a 


20 


NOTICES    OF    COLLECTIONS    OF    GLYPTIC    APvT. 


Renaissance  locket,  euauiclcil  ia  black  with  elegant  arabesques  in  a  inannor 
wurtliv  of  the  gem. 

313.  Another  superb  saiilonyx,  2  inches  in  diameter  (and  of  the  same 
quality  as  311).  bears  the  head  of  a  deitied  aged  princess  of  the  Lower 
Empire,  but  with  more  than  usual  absurdity  desigiuUed  a  "  Livia  "  in  the 
Catalogue.  The  head  is  veiled,  and  she  holds  a  sceptre,  the  profile  mean, 
nose  and  long  upper  lip  (Julia  Mcesa  ?)  all  worked  out  in  the  flattest  relief 
within  a  reserved  rim  of  the  upper  stratum. 

31  J.  Most  unaccountably  styled  "  Dionysius,"  is  a  head  of  Ariadne  ivy- 
crowned,  but  the  indiviiluulity  of  the  features  bespeaks  the  personification 
of  some  Grecian  queen  under  this  disguise.  This  head  is  very  carefully 
treated  in  a  somewliat  archaic  maimer,  particularly  observable  in  the  vast 
circular  convulutioiis  of  the  hair,  whilst  the  relief  is  extremely  flat.  Tiie 
lieud  is  inclosed  within  a  rim  reserved  in  the  san)e  pale  yellow  layer  as  the 
wreath,  the  flesh  is  white  upon  a  yellow  ground.  It  deserves  a  careful  study 
on  account  of  its  numerous  peculiarities;  one  of  whieh.  the  enclosing  rim,  wo 
could  not  expect  to  And  in  a  wurk  so  early  in  its  manner.  The  whole 
surface  seems  to  have  been  slightly  and  carefully  repolished,  but  without 
impairing  the  original  relief. 

31G.  Another  bust  of  Claudius,  oak-crowned,  but  done  in  a  still  more 
spiritless  manner  than  301  ;  on  an  oval  sardonyx  2  inches  high.  Here 
the  head  has  been  left  in  a  transparent  patch  passing  through  the  two 
brown  strata  which  furnish  the  wreath  and  the  ground. 

317.  This  magnificent  bust  of  Pallas,  in  high  relief  of  the  deepest  brown 
upon  white,  is  betrayed  by  its  treatment,  especially  in  the  grotesipio 
character  of  the  helmet,  to  be  a  choice  jtroduction  of  the  best  times  of  the 
li'vival. 

But  tliere  is  in  Case  VI.  a  work  that  before  all  others  arrests  the 
passing  glance,  both  from  its  enormous  magnitude  and  the  beauty  of  the 
material  employed,  the  grand  cameo  known  as  the  "busts  of  Didius  Julianua 
and  Manlia  Scantilla,"  one  of  the  most  important  monuments  extant  of 
Ifoman  glyi>tic  art.  The  attribution  to  the  names  engraved  upon  the 
mounting  Is  evidently  wrong  ;  the  male  head  is  quite  youthful,  with  but  a 
nascent  beard,  certainly  not  that  of  the  ambitious  sexagenarian  Didius,  who 
appears  on  his  medals  with  a  beard  ample  and  philosophic,  but  rather  that 
of  Commodus  at  the  commencement  of  his  reign,  the  features  bearing  a 
btrong  resemblance  also  to  his  father's,  when  yet  only  Ciesar.  The  lady 
Bcems  to  be  the  Eujpress  Crispina.  in  the  character  of  Juno,  as  her  husband 
bimilarlv  is  figured  as  Jove.*  The  two  busts  are  legardant,  sculptured  in 
u  bold 'manner,  with  little  attempt  at  linish,  yet  highly  etlective.  Tiie 
hurface  of  the  relief  is  kept  quite  flat,  because  the  strata  are  so.  Tiio 
artist     has     most     skilfully     availed     him.-,elf     of      their    rich    colors     to 


*  It  iH  fur  from  certain  what  deities 
are  intcudoJ  iu  tlioHO  perMouitlcntioiia. 
iliH  lieiul  in  encircled  by  the  ouk  wreiitli 
of  tlio  lJo<l<iHfiin  Jove,  Ijiit  ho  iiIho  Iiiim 
tlie  horn  of  Ainiiion  Hj>nu(^in>,'  from  the 
tetuph'H  :  whilHt  the  en)|iruMi'H  wreath  in 
formed  of  the  wmie  oak  leiif  intermixed 
with  wheat-earn,  poppy  litU'ln,  and  a 
found  fiuit,  altributeH  of  I'ldhm  and 
CVro«.  Are  iUvy  mippoMcd  to  combine 
rmpoclivuly  the  cLuruclvru  of  two  buuu- 


ficent,  civirming  divinitios  in  one  person  ; 
or  (bjuH  the  horn  ullu<le  to  Iho  character 
of  HuccliUH  lui  another  form  of  the  huh- 
god  ?  Uacchus,  (^'ylielo,  Libera,  and  Cored 
aro  the  characters  u-iiially  aHHiinied  in 
thoHO  iftonumenlH  by  imperial  perhon- 
ugeH.  In  my  own  ColU'Ction  iH  an  adnd- 
rablc  head  of  ConiuioibiM  wearing  tJio 
layH  of  rh(ubuM,  the  niodiiiM  of  .Sonipitj, 
and  tiie  horn  of  Anuauu. 


ARUNDEL    COLLECTION.  21 

give  effect  to  tlie  design.  Tlie  female  bust  is  superior  to  tlie  other 
both  in  drawing  and  execution,  but  both  are  equal  to  tlie  best  of  the 
caniei  posterior  to  the  Augustan  age  in  these  respects.  But  the  artistic 
value  of  this  work,  great  though  it  be,  is  insignificant  compared  with  that 
of  the  substance  on  which  it  is  sculptured,  a  sardonyx  of  the  finest  quality, 
an  oi)long  somewhat  curved  above  the  heads,  and  of  the  extraordinary 
dimensions  of  eight  inclies  wide  by  six  in  height  ;  thus  in  point  of  size  it 
ranks  next  to  the  "  Gemma  Augustea  "  at  Vienna,  and  hence  in  this  respect 
is  the  fourth  of  any  in  Europe  ;  moreover,  in  beauty  of  strata  it  surpasses 
that  famous  cameo  ■'  (of  only  two  strata).  Amongst  the  shades  is  a  purple 
which  I  have  never  before  observed  in  a  sardimyx.  The  slab  has  been 
broken  across  its  depth,  but  carefully  restored  so  as  to  comnlete  the  tegis 
and  bust  of"  the  emperor.  Whence  obtained  for  this  Collection,  or  by 
Avhom,  there  is  no  record  preserved  in  the  Catalogue,  it  seems  to  have  passed 
from  the  Fontesian  into  Lord  Arundel's  hands. 

339.  The  most  charming  composition  ever  embodied  upon  the  onyx  is  the 
well-known  "  Marriage  of  Cupid  and  Psyche."  It  is  indeed  superior  to  its 
reputation,  such  inimitable  grace  is  there  in  the  design,  such  softness  in 
the  treatment  of  the  rounded  infantine  limbs  of  the  little  deities,  led  in 
bonds  by  Hymen  and  his  attendant  genii,  Anteros  and  the  other  who  places  on 
their  heads  the  vannus  mystica.  The  perfect  accuracy  of  the  finish  observ- 
able in  every  part,  and  the  unimpaired  polish  of  the  field,  inspires  at  first 
that  creature  of  suspicions,  the  gem  amateur,  with  some  uneasy  feelings  as  to 
the  antiquity  of  the  work,  augmented  by  that  evident  forgery,  so  conspi- 
cuously thrust  before  the  eye,  TPY<I>(jON  EflOIEI,  the  letters  cut  in 
iutaglio,  in  itself  a  conclusive  proof  of  being  suppositious.  But  our  con- 
tidence  returns  on  contemplating  the  truly  anticpie  character  of  the  whole, 
the  softness  of  the  modeling  in  the  figures,  and  the  dead  opacity  of  the 
cacholong  forming  the  relief.  No  artist  of  the  Renaissance  could  have 
conceived  such  a  group,  or  treated  it  in  that  style.'^  The  imitators  of  the 
antique  in  the  last  century  could  have  come  nearer  to  these  points,  but 
fortunately  the  ascertained  history  of  the  stone  (traceable  much  further 
back)  entirely  excludes  such  a  theory  as  to  its  origin.  It  was  first  pub- 
lished, says  t)r.  Brunn,  by  Pirro  Ligorio,  i.  e.  early  in  the  Cinque  Cento.  Dr. 
Brunn,  after  highly  lauding  the  beauty  of  the  composition,  points  out  sundry 
anachronisms  in  it,  such  as  the  figures  moving  in  two  parallel  lines,  the  veil 
over  the  faces  of  the  pair,  the  bond  tying  them  together,  the  dove  clasped  to 
the  bosom,  the  absence  of  the  indispensable  symbol  from  the  vannus,  and  he 
attributes  the  design  to  Ratfaelle,  or  some  one  of  his  school.  The  objection 
raised  against  its  antiquity  on  the  score  of  the  story  of  Cupid  and  Psyche  has, 
when  louked  into,  no  weight  whatever  ;  it  certaiidy  was  a  fatal  one  when  this 
cameo  was  regarded  as  the  actual  work  of  Tryphon,  the  contemporary  of  the 

*  Yet    Rudolph    IL    purchased    that  The  country  of  these  '•  Duces  Sann"- 

for   12,000  ducats   (6000/.),  more   on  ac-  sii"  \»  a  pritblem  to  nie.  but  the  "  Fon- 

couut  of  its  mineralogical  than  artistic  tesian "   cabinet  8uggest.s    "  Fuentes"   as 

value.  the  name  of  the  amateur,  who    has  thu^ 

^  It  is  framed  in  a  massy  border  and  recorded  the  acqui.-itiou  of  this  crownint:- 

back  of  silver  gilt,  the  hitter  occupied  by  piece  to   his  aspirations  ;  pro'nably  some 

this  inscription  in  large  raised  letters,  Spanish   or   NeapolitJin   grandee   of  two 

"  lugens  anaglypliicum  opus  olim  San-  'centuries  back,  to  juiige  from  the  orna- 

nesiorum  Ducum  nunc  vero  pretio  acqui-  mentation  of  the  frame, 

situm  in  Fontesianocimelioasservatum."  '  The  mechanical  part   of  the    work 


22  NOTICES    OF    COLLECTIONS    OF    GLYPTIC    ART. 

Ptolemies,  but  falls  entirely  to  the  ground  if  we  assume  it  to  be  the  proiluc- 
tion  of  the  luxurious  age  of  art,  that  of  llaJrian,**  when  every  branch  of  the 
art  of  eugraviiig  flourished  in  its  acme,  as  far  as  Rome  was  concerned,  and 
the  fable  here  depicted  was  the  most  popular  in  llie  spiritualising  mythology 
of  the  times.  Apuleius,  in  his  charming  story,  did  no  more  than  put  togctlior 
and  embellish  allegories  long  before  existing;''  we  see  a  proof  of  this  in  the 
fresco  at  Pompeii,  where  Cupids  and  Psyches  are  engaged  in  weaving 
garlands.  The  same  age  produced  the  innumerable  intagli  where  Cupid 
and  his  bride  figured  in  every  variety  of  group,  embodying  the  ideas  of 
separation,  torture,  penance,  reunion,  beatification,  all  alluding  to  the  same 
constant  allegory,  The  relief  is  in  opaque  white  (like  the  head  of 
Maecenas,  297),  upon  a  ground  of  the  richest  brown  sard,  which  probably, 
after  the  never  sufficiently  to  be  reprobated  practice  of  the  last  century, 
has  been  repolished.  This  small  cameo  is  mounted  in  a  very  broad  Rococo 
frame  of  open  work,  set  with  several  large  table  garnets,  which  by  their 
obtrusive  lustre  greatly  mar  the  efi'oct  of  the  relief. 

The  famous  and  gonuine  work  of  Aulus  (of  whose  signature  here  no  sus- 
picions can  arise,  so  unmistakeable  is  the  antiquity  of  the  lettering)  gives 
us  a  Cupid  most  admirably  depicted  in  his  eti'orts  to  sustain  in  an  upright 
position  a  huge  cornucopia,  much  taller  tiian  himself,  planted  upon  tlio 
earth.  An  unique  idea.  Intaglio  in  a  crystal  of  some  magnitude,  and  of  a 
pale  yellow  colour. 

The  Mercury  of  Dioscorides  is  also  authentic  in  the  same  degree.  It  is  a 
gem  of  which  the  history  can  be  traced  back  to  an  unusual  distance,  being 
first  made  known  by  Moiitjosieu,  in  1589.  in  his  "  Gallus  Roma)  Ilospes," 
and  then  belonging  to  Fulvius  Ursinus.  It  afterwards  came  into  the  hands 
of  Siosch,  who  sold  it  to  Lord  Ilolderness,  the  father-in-law  of  the  Duke  of 
Leeds,  who,  as  a  note  in  the  MS.  Catalogue  tells  us,  bequeathed  it  to  the 
present  cabinet,  in  itself  a  truly  ducal  legacy,  for  in  the  last  century  its 
value  may  have  been  estimated  at  £1000.  F.  Ursinus  is  known  to  have 
paid  1 00  zecchins  for  the  Diana  of  Apollonius,  and  Lauthier  200  for  the  signet 
of  Michael  Angelo  ;  larger  sums  than  this,  taking  into  account  the  value 
of  money  in  their  respective  centuries.  Mercury  here  appears  as  a  traveller 
standing  with  the  chlamys  hanging  down  over  his  aru),  the  figure  in  front 
face  ;  the  actual  execution  very  peculiar,  especially  in  the  drapery,  which 
is  entirely  scratched  in  with  the  diamond.  An  intaglio  worthy  of  its 
re{)Utution,  but  which  has  suffered  from  the  improving  liand  of  some 
"thrice-double  ass"  (only  Shakspere  can  supply  an  ejiithet  of  sufficient 
force  for  such  absurdity),  who  to  display  the  beauty  df  the  sard  has  re- 
polished  the  surface  nearly  to  the  obliteration  of  the  signature,  cut  in 
fiomewhat  large,  slight,  characters.  This  suicidal  proceeding  has  however 
supplied  a  convincing  proof  of  the  antiquity  of  the  inscription,  showing  that 

diffepH  altogothor  from  the  overpolishcd  a  ciist  iu  tlio  Iniprouto  Geminarie,  taken 

bowy  relief  of  tlie    lionaiHsaiice  urtiBts  ;  fnnn  a  liir^o  iiitii^ho  iu  tlio  most  jierfoct 

ill  the  curling  tertiiiiiiitiuiiti  uf  tlio  wingx  Greek  .stylo,  iiiid  long   anterior  tt>   any- 

luoru  uHpociully  ia  tlio  true  autiquo  tuucli  tiling    Koiiiiiii   in   tliu  (ilyiitie  art,  wlioro 

COU8|jicUMUii.  iVycl^e,   au    UHUally    depietud,    is    tteated 

*  lluiaku  ridiuuleH  tlio  idea  of  AddaeuH  luider  a  true  with  tlin  litllo  Cupid  sleep- 
being  the  contemporary  of  King  I'oleiiio,  ing  on  her  lap.  The  early  date  of  thJH 
and  even  mIh  him  down  among  the  gem  is  evident  ;  bexiduit  the  woudcirul 
Jlyutntino  epigraiiiinatutUi.  purity  of  tho  outliiioH,   it  i»  Hurronnded 

*  Thii  ia,  placed  beyond  all  doubt  by  by  a  neatly  cxocu'.ud  Etruacau  border. 


AKUNDEL    COLLECTION.  •  23 

it  still  existed  there  after  tlie  original  surface  had  been  destroyed  by  time 
and  rouoh  usage.  Had  it  been  a  forger}'  it  would  have  been  placed  upon 
the  newly  polished  surface  to  enhance  its  value. 

The  youthful  head  of  some  Greek  prince,  a  cameo  in  flat  relief,  and  a 
pure  elegant  style,  is  highly  interesting  both  as  an  example  of  a  very  early 
cameo,  and  still  more  so  for  its  material,  a  fine  blue  turquois,  which  displays 
every  mark  of  antiipiity,  and  is  much  corroded  on  the  reverse.  Perhaps 
the  first  authentic  instance  that  has  come  under  my  notice  of  ancient  work 
in  the  true  turquois  "  de  la  Vielle  Roche." 

A  singular  relic  of  Greco-Egyptian  art,  an  Intaglio  in  execution  only 
second  to  the  Ptolemy  of  the  Hertz  Collection,  wiiich  however  it  far  surpasses 
ill  historical  interest,  and  multiplicity  of  details,  is  the  profile  portrait 
of  Cleopatra,  with  the  head  attire,  the  skin  and  feathers  of  the  Sacred 
Vulture,  and  other  ornaments  of  an  ancient  Egyptian  queen,  the  profile 
exactly  agreeing  with  that  upon  her  coins,  being  of  an  exaggerated  Jewish 
type.  Though  Egyptian  pure  and  unmixed,  of  the  ancient  monumental 
character  in  its  design,  yet  the  Greek  hand  shows  itself  in  the  vigour  and 
precision  with  which  it  is  sunk  into  the  stone,  an  opaque  sap-green 
jasper,'  a  rare  variety  on  which  I  have  oidy  met  with  one  other  engraving, 
and  that  the  head  of  a  Cyrenaic  king,  crowned  with  usual  Chinese-looking 
hat'-  (in  the  Bale  Collection).  On  the  reverse  of  the  stone  is  the  bust  of  a 
female  deity  full-faced,  her  hair  in  two  huge  folds  over  the  shoulders,  within 
a  shrine,  perhaps  the  hieratic  representation  of  her  patroness  and  proto- 
type Isis,  a  stroke  of  flattery  couched  in  tliis  juxtaposition,  sunk  to  a  still 
greater  depth  in  the  jasper.  A  work  unique  of  its  kind,  and  figured  in 
Plate  I.  of  Tassie's  Catalogue. 

But  amongst  the  modern  gems  in  the  whole  series,  nothing  can  be  com- 
pared to  the  Head  of  Ganymede  (with  the  eagle  in  front),  by  Burch,  than 
which  ancient  or  modern  times  have  produced  nothing  finer,  perhaps 
nothing  equal  in  beauty  or  in  execution.  The  sardonyx  in  which  this 
intaglio  is  engraved  is,  for  vividness  of  colour,  and  clearness  of  strata,  as 
much  a  miracle  of  nature  as  the  work  that  ennobles  it  is  of  art.  It 
must  have  been  an  antique  stone  from  which  the  engraving  has  been 
eS'aced  to  make  way  for  the  present. 

The  Rape  of  the  Palladium,  the  celebrated  work  of  Felix,  upon  a  thin 
piece  of  sard  (dark  coloured),  is  a  most  singular  gem.  Diomede,  with 
one  foot  raised  upon  the  plinth,  contemplates  the  Palladium  elevated  on 
a  column.  On  the  latter  is  the  inscription,  <t>HAIE  CflOICI  •  in  the 
field  above  KAAFIOYRNIOY  C60YHP0Y,  the  owner's  name. 
The  intaglio  is  in  very  shallow  cutting,  but  of  most  careful  execution. 
Dr.  Brunn  is  probably  correct  in  terming  this  a  copy  by  Sirletti;  lie  points 
out  that  in  the  original  the  entire  legend  is  in  the  exergue. 

'  Only  found  in  India  noiv,  and  pro-  in  the  "  Silphium  Merchants,"  upon  the 

bably  iu  her  times  also  imported  from  famous  vase  from  Vulci  (Welcker's  Alte 

that  country.  Deukmaler). 

-  Which  Arcesilaus  is  fisrured  wearing 


( To  he  continued.) 


VOL.    XIX. 


UX  A  DIMI^■UTIVE  EFFIGY  OF  A  BISHOP  AT  ABBEY  DORE, 
HEREFORDSHIRE. 

Ox  the  -western  bank  of  the  Dore,  Herefordshire,  about 
three  miles  from  its  confluence  with  the  Monow,  a  few  miles 
above  Monmouth,  stands  the  church  of  Abbey  Dore.     The 
abbey,  which  was  of  the  Cistercian  order,  was  founded  in  the 
twelfth  century  by  Ivobert  Ewyas,  who  derived  his  surname 
from  the  adjoining  parish  or  lordship  so  called,  where  he  had 
a  castle,  of  which  no   other  traces  than  some  mounds  now 
remain.     The  church  was  a  spacious  Early  English  building, 
and  several  distinguished  people  of  the  neighbourhood  were 
buried  there.     It  has  long  ago  lost  its  nave,  and  now  the 
transepts  and   chancel  form  the  parish  church  of  Dore   or 
Abbey  Dore.  A  brief  notice  of  it  was  published  in  1727,  in  a 
small  quarto,  intitled  "  A  View  of  the  ancient  and  present 
state    of  the    Churches   of  Door,  Home-Lacy,  and  Hemp- 
sted,  ...  by  Matthew  Gibson,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Door."     The 
other    monastic    buildings    have    all    disappeared.       In    a 
recess     in    the    north    wall    of   the    north    aisle    of    the 
chancel    of   this    church  lies   a   small   effigy   of   a    bishop, 
in   stone,   15^  inches  long,  by  9f  inches  at   the  head,  and 
9:5:  inches  at   the  feet,  as  the  slab  slightly  tapers.      It  is 
evidently  out  of  its  proper  place,   the   recess  being  lai-gc 
enough  for  an  cfhgy  of  the  ordinary  size.     Of  this   cfligy  a 
woodcut  is  given   from  a  drawing  by  the  faithful  pencil  of 
^Ir.  lilore.     Some  years  ago  the  late  Dean  of  Hereford,  Dr. 
]\Ierewether,   presented  a  cast  of  it  to  the   Institute.     Tlie 
figure  is  very  much  defaced.     It  appears,  however,  to   have 
rej)resented  a  bisiioj)  in  eucliaristic  vestments  with  his  mitre 
on    his  head  ;  his  crosier  lay   on    his   left    side,   ap})arently 
under  the  arm  and  over  the  shouldi'i-.     The  hands  arc  gone, 
and   it   is   not   clear    what   was    their  position.      They  may 
have    held    a  heart  ;    ami  most  probably    there    \vas  some 
animal  at  the  feet.     An  inscription  on  the  uj)per   surface   of 
the   slab,   at    the   sides    of  the    cHigy,    is    defective.      The 


Diminutive  oliJgy  oi  a  Bishop  at  Abbey  Dore,  Herefordshire. 


^• 


mSy' 


ON  A  DIMINUTIVE  EFFIGY  AT  ABBEY  DORE,  HEKEFORDSIIIllE.  25 

author  of  the  work  above  mentioned,  after  quoting  from 
Lcland's  Itinerary  ^  that  John  Bruton,  Knight,  and  his  wife, 
father  to  John  Bruton,  Bishop  of  Hereford,  were  buried  at 
Dore,  adds  "  and  that  the  heart  of  this  John  Bruton,  or  Breton, 
or  Briton,  tlie  famous  Enghsh  lawyer,  was  buried  here,  I 
conjecture  from  a  httle  hewn  stone  a  foot  long  and  nine 
inches  broad,  with  the  defaced  figure  of  a  bishop  in  his  robes  ; 
and  only  this  inscription  remaining  legible  upon  it,  viz.  : — 

rONTIFICIS   COR 

XPISTE    lOHANNIS."  ^ 

These  words,  in  what  are  called  Lombnrdic  characters, 
still  remain  entire,  except  that  the  R  in  cor  has  beea  broken 
off,  and  also  the  s  and  part  of  the  latter  i  of  loiiis,  the  con- 
tracted form  of  the  last  word.  Before  pontificis  may  also 
be  read,  the  letters  da,  as  if  they  were  the  last  syllable  of  the 
preceding  word.  The  portions  of  the  inscription  quoted  by 
Gibson  might  be  the  terminations  of  two  hexameters  ;  but 
the  space  on  the  slab  shows  there  could  never  have  been 
more  than  one  hexameter.  Though  the  stone  may  have  been 
shortened  a  trifle  at  the  feet,  there  is  no  reason  to  think  there 
were  ever  any  words  at  the  head  or  feet  of  the  effigy.  The 
word  XPISTE  makes  it  evident  that  the  line  was  a  prayer  or 
invocation,  and  could  hardly  have  been,  as  Gibson  and  others 
have  supposed,  a  record  of  the  interment  of  the  bishop's 
heart.  Some  years  ago,  after  I  had  seen  the  cast,  I  suggested 
that  the  missing  words  were  probably  Munda,  and  Breton 
in  some  one  of  its  various  spellings  ;  which  words  would 
exactly  fill  the  respective  spaces,  and  make  the  entire  line 
read  as  follows  : — 

Munda  Pontificis  cor  Breton,  Christe,  Johannis. 

After  a  careful  re-examination  of  the  cast  I  am  a  little  doubt- 
ful as  to  Breton.  The  space  that  word  is  supposed  to  have 
occupied  would  admit  six  full-sized  letters  of  the  kind  used  in 
the  inscription  ;  and  about  the  middle  of  this  space  are  faint 
traces  of  parts  of  two,  probably  the  third  and  fourth  letters, 
which  are  only  visible  in  a  very  favorable  light.  Of  these 
the  former  may  have  been  an  e,  and  the  latter  ma}''  have 
been  a  t,  though  it  has  also  some  resemblance  to  the  upper 
part  of  a  Lombardic  u  or  c.  The  name  Breton  was  accus- 
tomed to  be  spelt  in  so  many  different  ways  that  it  is  not 

'  Vol.  viii.  fo.  84  b.  -  Pp.  22,  23. 


•2G  OX    A   DIMINUTIVE    EFFIGY    OF    A    BISHOP 

easy  to  conjecture  wliicli  of  tlicm  may  liave  been  there  used. 
Assuming,  as  I  think  avc  safely  may,  that  the  missing  word 
was  a  surname,  it  is  remarkable  that  the  intornicnt  indicated 
by  this  inscription  is  not  in  any  ^Yay  noticed  by  Lehnid. 
The  ^Yord,  liowever,  may  have  been  Breton,  but  illegible  in 
his  day  ;  in  which  case  it  is  most  likely  he  would  have 
passed  over  an  inscription  commemorative  of  an  unknown 
bishop.  The  names  of  John  Breton's  father  and  his  wife 
Leland  probably  learned  from  some  inscription  that  was 
then  existing  in  Dore  church  ;  for  man}-  of  his  notices  of 
interments  read  as  if  they  were  taken  from  monuments. 

A  prayer  on  a  sepulchral  monument,  to  the  effect  of  the 
line  when  completed  as  I  have  suggested,  was  not  unknown 
in  medieval  usage,  though  such  language  seems  more  appro- 
priate for  the  living  than  the  dead.  On  a  brass  representing 
a  monk,  in  St.  Alban's  Abbey  Church,  a  list  issues  from  the 
mouth,  upon  which  are  the  words  Cor  mundam  crca  in  me 
Deus. 

Though  the  inscription  does  not  record  an  interment  of  a 
heart,  it  is  not  improbable  that  the  stone  ma}'  have  covered 
the  heart  of  a  bishop  of  Hereford,  and  that  he  may  have' 
been  John  Breton,  who  died  in  1275.  The  size  of  the  stone 
makes  it  hardly  credible  that  it  was  ever  designed  to  bo 
placed  over  an  entire  body."  Even  the  supposition  of  a  boy- 
bishop  would  not  account  for  so  small  an  efligy^  as  this.  It 
is  more  likely  to  have  covered  a  small  portion  only  of  a 
body  ;  and  though  the  bowels  w^ere  sometimes  buried  sepa- 
rately, this  more  frequently  fell  to  the  lot  of  hearts.  In  the 
neighbourhood  of  Abbey  L)orc  heart  interments  should  seem 
not  to  have  been  rare  about  the  period  to  which  this  effigy 
may  be  referred.  i\rargaret,  widow  of  Walter  de  Clifford, 
by  a  deed  dated  in  12(ju,  directed  her  heart  to  be  buried  in 
the  priory  church  of  Aconbury.^  Her  husband's  family 
liad  been  benefactoi's  to  that  ])riory  and  also  to  Abbey  Dore. 
A  very  remarkable  instance  of  such  an  intci-mont  was  lately 
discovered  in  the  church  of  ]*iWyas  Harold,  an  adjoining 
parish  to  Dore  ;  wliere  there  is  an  clligy  of  a  lady,  nearly 
life  size,  liolding  between  the  hands,  which  rest  on  the 
breast,    such    a   vessel    as   might  "be  supposed  to   contain 


'•  The  «ul.joct   of  Dlinimitivo    KfTi^'ios       ji.  231. 
yuM  uoticcd  in  vol.  iii,  of  Uiijt  Juunml,  ^  Mou.  Aug.  vi.  i>.  lliu. 


AT  ABBEY  DORE,  HEREFORDSHIRE.  27 

a  heart.     Its  date  appears  to  be  about  1300  or  a  little  later. 
On  opening  this  tomb  in  October,   1861,  in  the  presence  of 
the  vicar,  tlie  Rev.   W.   C.  Fowle,  and  others,  there  was 
found,  under  the  hands  ond  only  a  few  inches  below  the 
effigy,  a  flat  stone  covered  by  an  intervening  flat  stone  of 
larger  size,  on  which  lay  some  rubble  and  then  the  effigy  ; 
and  in  the  lower  of  these  two  stones  was  a  hemisi)licrical 
cavity,  about  5  inches  in  diameter,  in  which  were  fragments 
of  a  metal  vessel,  that   seemed  to  have  been  lined  with  a 
woven  fabric  and  probably  had  contained  a  heart.     Imme- 
diately over  this  cavity,  on  the  under  side  of  the  stone  that 
covered  it,  was  painted  in  white  the  form  of  a  vessel  suitable 
for  inclosing  a  heart,  and  such  as  might  have  been,  and  pro- 
bably was,  deposited  in  the  cavity."*  No  trace  was  discovered 
of  the  body  :  that  most  likely  was  interred  elsewhere.     It  is 
not  known  who  the  lady  was,  but  there  is  some  reason  to 
suppose  she  was    Clarice,  the  elder  daughter  of  John    de 
Tregoz,  who  held  by  barony  the  castle  at  Ewyas  Harold, 
and  (lied  about  1300.     81ie  died  a  short  time  before  or  after 
him,  having  married  Roger  de  la  Warr,  by  whom  she  left  a 
son,  who  became  one  of  her  father's  co-heirs,  her  sister  Sibyl, 
wife  of  William  de  Grandison,  having  been  the  other.^     This 
Sibyl  and  her  husband  were,  according  to  Leland,^  buried 
at  Abbey  Dore  ;    but  the  place  of  Clarice's  interment  is,  I 
believe,  unknown.     The  l3e  la  Warr  family  was  of  Sussex 
and  Gloucestershire.     The  son  of  Clarice,  John  de  la  Warr, 
succeeded  his  grandfather  at  Ewyas  Harold,  and  it  would 
have  been  in  accordance  with  the  usage  of  the  age,   if  her 
heart  were  there  buried  and  he  erected  that  monument  to 
her  memory.     At  Abergavenny,  only  a  few  miles  distant,  is 
an  effigy  of  a  lady  holding  a  heart  between  her  hands.     It 
may  be  referred  to  the  time  of  Edward  I.     Who  this  lady 
was  is  not  quite  clear,  but,  judging  by  a  shield  of  arms  (3  fleurs 
de  lis)  represented  as  lying  on  the  body,  she  was  either  by 
birth,  or  by  marriage  a  Cantilupe,   and  not  improbably  Eva, 
one  of  the  co-heiresses  of  Braose,  that  married  William  de 
Cantilupe,  who  became  in  her  right  Lord  of  Abergavenny. 
There  are   two  effigies  of  John  Breton's  immediate  prede- 
cessor, Peter  be  Aigueblanche  (or   Aiguebelle),  who  died 

■•  I  am  indebted  for  this  information       lislied  by  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
to  the  Rev.  W.  C.  Fowle.     A   particular  ^  See  Dugd.  Bar.  i.  p.  616,  ii.  p.  15. 

account  of  the  discovery  will   be  pub-  ^  Itinerary,  viii.  fo.  84  b. 


2S  ON    A    DIMINUTIVE    EFFIGY    OF    A    BISHOP 

bisliop  of  Hereford  in  12GS  ;  one  at  Hereford,  the  other  in  a 
Collegiate  church  founded  by  him  at  Aiguebelle,  in  Savoy, 
uherc  he  ^vas  born  ;  tliese  are  both  of  life  size.  In  Godwin' 
it  is  stated,  on  the  authority  of  the  inscription  upon  the  latter 
monument,  that  his  heart  Avas  buried  there  ;  Avhich  seemed 
not  improbable,  as  he  died  in  England.  But  tlie  late  Mr. 
Kerrich  published  in  the  Archa3ologia^  a  description  of  that 
efhgy,  and  also  a  copy  of  the  inscription,  which,  so  far  from 
showing  that  the  bishop's  heart  was  buried  there,  commences 
thus  : — ''  Hie  jacet  venerabilis  Pater  Dominus  Petrus  Here- 
fordcnsis  quondam  Episcopus,  Fundator,  Structor,  et  Dotator 
hujus  Ecclesiic,"  &c.,  as  if  his  body  was  interred  beneath  the 
clHgy.  If  this  monument,  which  is  of  bronze  and  was  cast 
Ijy  Henry  of  Cologne  (de  Colonia),  were  prepared  in  the 
bishop's  lifetime  with  the  intention  of  his  body  being  taken 
to  Aiguebelle,  the  inscription  was  completed  after  his  death ; 
for  the  day  of  his  decease  is  stated.  Though  the  small 
elHgy  which  covered  a  heart  sometimes  holds  a  heart  in  the 
hands,  as  at  Cuberley,  Gloucestershire,  the  absence  of  such 
an  indication  of  the  design  of  the  monument  is  not  conclu- 
sive that  a  heart  was  not  deposited  under  a  diminutive 
effigy. 

It  the  small  effigy  at  Abbey  Dore  commemorated  any 
Bishop  of  Ilereforil,  it  was  most  likely  John  lireton  ;  for  he 
was  the  only  John  that  died  bishop  of  that  see  till  the  death 
of  John  Trillcck  in  1300  ;  to  whose  memory  thei-e  remains  a 
fine  brass  in  the  Cathedral.  We  have  seen  that,  according 
to  Leland,  who  probably  obtained  his  information  from  some 
monument  in  the  church,  John  Bi-eton's  fathei",  if  not  his 
iiiotlier  also,  was  buried  at  Abbey  Doi'e.  This  might  account 
I'll-  lii.s  heart  having  been  deposited  there,  though  his  body 
was  buried  in  his  cathedral.  Of  his  family  very  little  is 
known.  He  is  generally  l)elievcd  to  have  been  a  judge  of  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  before  he  was  a  bishop.  According 
to  ]\rr.  Foss,  he  was  the  son  of  AVilHani  le  Breton  or  Ihito,  a 
justice  in  eyre  ;  '■'  but  the  reconl  he  (piotes  as  his  authoi'ity 
for  this  does  not  state,  or  give  us  any  suHicicnt  rc-ison  to 
i)(.'lieve,  that  the  .lohn  l)rel(»n  there  mentione<l  was  either  a 
judge  or  a  l^isliop.      The  name  ui"  iireton  was  not  uncommon 


7  De  TrtcHulibuH,  UiclinnlHOo'ii  cdilion,  "  Vol.  xviii.  p.  189. 

p.  480.  "  FoHH,  Ju.lgoM  ii.  p.  2r,<X 


AT    ABBEY   DORE,    IIEREFORDSIIIRE.  29 

in  the  tliirtccntli  century,  and  there  were  at  tliat  time 
several  with  the  christian  name  of  John.  One  of  this  name 
was  sheriff  of  Herefordshire,  and  also  custos  of  the  manor  of 
Abergavenny  and  the  three  castles,'  meaning  doubtless  White 
Castle,  Sccnfreth, and  Grosmont.  He  appears  to  have  witnessed 
a  grant  to  Abbey  Dore  by  Roger  de  Clifford  who  died  in  48 
Henry  HI.  (12G4).^  Lcland  assumes  this  to  have  been  the 
bishop  ;  but  he  is  more  likely  to  have  been  the  father.  The 
bishop  does  not  appear  to  have  been  a  judge  before  1266  ; 
and  until  he  was  appointed  to  the  see  of  Hereford,  which 
was  in  December,  126 8,  he  was  not  of  any  importance  in 
the  county.  There  was  a  John  le  Breton  who,  in  August, 
1268  (52  Henry  III.),  was  associated  with  several  bishops 
and  barons  as  envoys  of  the  king  to  treat  of  a  peace  between 
him  and  Llewell}^  Prince  of  Wales."*  This  may  have  been 
the  John  Breton  in  question  while  he  was  one  of  the  judges. 
Whether  the  bishop  was  the  author  of  the  well-known  law 
treatise  that  goes  by  the  name  of  "  Britton,"  has  been  much 
discussed,  but  by  no  means  satisfactoril}^  settled.  That  he 
was  a  common  lawyer  and  one  of  the  judges,  has  been 
more  readily  admitted  ;  and  it  seems  highly  probable,  since 
John  Breton,  the  judge,  disappears  from  the  records  when 
the  bishop  of  that  name  was  consecrated.  That  the  bishop 
M^as  the  author  of  the  treatise,  is  stated  in  Flares  Historia- 
rinn,  under  the  year  1275,  the  writer  of  which  was  most 
likely  living  in  1307,  when  that  chronicle  terminates.  This 
statement  was  generally  credited  till  Selden"*  called  it  in 
question.  His  objection  is  that  two  statutes  are  quoted  in 
the  work,  which  were  not  passed  till  after  the  su2)posed 
author's  death.  The  statutes  are  the  6th  Edw.  I.,  and  the 
13th  Edw.  I.  In  order  to  give  validity  to  this  objection  we 
must  assume  that  the}'^  were  referred  to  in  the  MS.  as  he  left 
it :  whereas  I  believe  we  have  no  copy  of  the  work  earlier 
than  the  fourteenth  century.  It  is  not  improbable  that  some 
additions  were  made  to  the  original  after  his  decease,  and 
that  it  is  only  with  those  additions  any  copies  have  come 
down  to  us.  The  treatise  commences  with  the  style  of 
King  Edward,  like  a  charter  or  letters  patent,  and  runs  in 
the  name  of  the  king  throughout ;  and  Prisot,  a  judge  under 

'  Leland's  Itin.  viii.  fo.  87  h.  ^  Rymer,  i.  p.  477. 

*  Mod.  Ang.  v.  p.  505;  Dugd.   Bar.  i.  *  Notes  to  Hengham ;  Ad  Flctam  dis- 

pp.  33G,  337.  sertatio,  c.  2. 

VOL.  SIX.  1? 


80  ox    A    DIMINUTIVE    EFFIGY    OF    A    BISHOP 

Heniy  VI.,  speaks  of  a  book  that  was  written  by  the  order 
of  Edward  I.  (most  probably  this  treatise),  and  publislied  in 
the  fifth  year  of  his  reign  ;  ^  which  ^Yas  two  years  after  Jolin 
Breton's  death.  In  tlie  sixth  and  thirteenth  3'ears  of  that 
king  some  very  important  statutes  were  enacted,  and  it  is 
not  unreasonable  to  suppose  that  in  the  subsequent  copies  of 
the  treatise  reference  was  made  to  these  amendments  of  the 
lavf.  Sclden^  adduces  a  record  in  51  Henry  III.,  to  show 
that  John  Breton  was  then  one  of  the  judges.  Doubtless 
he  was;  but  this  was  in  1267,  more  than  twelve  months 
before  the  bishop  was  appointed  to  his  see.  Mr.  Foss '  has 
noticed  this  (piestioii  of  authorship  in  his  memoir  of  tho 
judge,  and  has  adopted  the  objection  of  Seldcn,  and  also 
an  opinion  which  is  mentioned  by  him  and  by  lleeve,'^ 
that  the  treatise  is  little  more  than  an  abridgment  of 
Bracton  (another  law  treatise  of  the  thirteenth  century), 
with  the  addition  of  the  subsequent  alterations  of  the  law  ; 
the  probability  of  which  Mr.  Foss  says  "  acquires  greater 
weight  when  it  is  remembered  that  Bracton's  name  was 
sometimes  written  Britton  or  Ih'cttoii.''  The  lc<2;al  reader  will 
remember  that  Henry  Bracton  and  John  Bi'cton  were  contem- 
poraries. That  these  surnames  should  have  been  occasionally 
confounded  is  not  sur})rising  ;  since,  though  the  similarity  in 
sound  is  not  great,  by  misreading,  as  so  frequently  liap})ens, 
t  for  c  or  c  for  /,  Bracton  becomes  Bratton,  or  Bretton 
becomes  Brecton.  But  it  appears  strange  that  any  one  at 
all  conversant  with  the  contents  of  the  two  books  should  have 
taken  Britton  for  an  abridgment  of  Bracton's  worlc.  l'\)r 
though,  as  both  are  general  treatises  on  the  laws  of  Knghmd, 
they  (jf  necessity  have  much  in  conniion.  they  diller  not  only 
ill  language,  one  being  in  Latin  and  the  other  in  l^'rencli, 
Init  also  materially  in  tlieir  arrangement  and  in  the  mode  of 
treating  the  subject.  No  mere  abridgment  of  Bracton  would 
be  like  Britton  ;  for,  besides  the  diversities  just  mentioned, 
Biracton  is  not  written  in  the  king's  name,  but  like  works  of 
llic  kind  in  general,  without  any  roval  sanction  ap]»earing. 

It  is  (|uite  consistent  with  wliat  we  know  dl'  iho  life  (»f 
Jcjhn  Breton  the  bishoj),  that  the  work  in  (picstioii  may  have 
been  written   by  him  at  the  request  or  by   the  order  of  the 

\  ...II  l;.i..k,  ;;..  H.n.  vi.  fo.  42.  "  NotcH  to  Hcnuliiun  ;  IJccvc'd  Histuiy 

"  NoUjd  to  ll.rii^'hmu.  of  Kugliili  Law,  ii.,  p.  'Jf<0. 

'   Vol.  ji,  jj.  200. 


AT    ABBEY    DORE,    IIEKEFORDSTIIRR.  31 

kino;  after  lils  retirement  to  his  sec  of  Hereford.  Tliouo-li 
that  was  remote  from  the  court,  he  was  most  h'kelj  occa- 
sionally in  attendance  on  the  king,  especially  as  he  appears 
to  have  held  the  office  of  Keeper  of  tlie  Wardrobe  ;  which 
fact  Lcland  mentions^  w^ien  speaking  of  his  interment,  as  if 
that  office  had  been  held  by  him  while  bishop,  if  not  at  his 
death. 

It  may  be  well  to  add,  that  there  w^as  another  bishop 
named  John,  whose  parents  were  buried  at  Abbey  Dore,  viz., 
John  de  Grandison,  Bishop  of  Exeter  from  1327  to  1369,  who 
w^is  the  son  of  the  above-mentioned  William  de  Grandison  and 
Sibyl  de  Tregoz  ;  but,  besides  that  his  will  ^  gives  no  reason 
to  suppose  his  body  or  any  portion  of  it  was  there  interred,  the 
space  in  the  inscription,  which  I  suggest  w^as  occupied  by  the 
word  Breton,  would  not  admit  the  word  Grandison  ;  and  its 
shorter  form,  Granson,  w^ould  not  accord  with  the  existing 
remains  of  letters ;  to  say  nothing  of  the  probable  date  of  the 

effigy.'' 

W.  S.  WALFORD. 

9  Itinerary,  viii.  fo.  86  b.  words  descriptive  of  it  were  published  iu 

'  Printed    in    Appendix    to    Oliver's  the  Journal   of  the  Brit.  Arch.   Associa- 

Lives  of  the  Bishops  of  Exeter,  p.  444.  tion,  vol  ii.  p.  361. 
-  A  woodcut  of  this  effigy,  and  a  few 


THE  HISTORY  A^Sl)  CHARTERS  OF  IXGULFUS  CONSIDERED.* 

By  henry  THOMAS  RILEV,  M.A.,  CambridjiO. 
rART    I. 

It  is  a  singular  coincidence,  that  the  tloul»t  and  mystery 
■which  liavc  prevailed  fur  the  last  one  hundred  and  seventy 
years  in  reference  to  the  origin  of  the  Historij  and  Cliai'ters 
of  Ingulfus,  have  been  added  to,  in  no  small  degree,  by  the 
misfortunes  Avhich,  in  the  last  two  centuries,  have  befallen 
such  few  early  manuscripts  of  the  work  as  have  been  known 
to  exist. 

The  ]\ranuscripts  of  the  Ilidorij  of  Ingulfus,  which  we  fmd 
mentioned  by  previous  writers,  are  five  in  number  : — 

I.  The  so-called  "  Autograph"  of  Abbot  Ingulfus,  men- 
tioned by  Selden  in  his  Notes  to  Eadmcr  (U)23)  as  then 
existing  at  Croyland  (or  Crowland),  in  Lincolnshire.  He 
Lad  endeavoured,  he  tells  us,  to  gain  a  sight  of  it,  but  iu 
vain.  Sir  Henry  Spelman,  more  fortunate  in  this  respect, 
did  obtain  permission  to  consult  the  "Autograph";  and 
from  it  he  has  extracted  five  Chapters  of  the  Laws  of 
"William  tlie  Conqueror,  inserted  in  Vol.  I.,  p.  G23,  of  his 
Co)icilia  (1G30J.  This  manuscript  he  speaks  of  as  being 
"  very  ancient,"  and  preserved  by  the  churchwardens,  under 
three  keys,  in  the  church  there.  It  seems  to  have  disap- 
peared about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  all 
traces  of  it  arc  lost. 

II.  A  ^lanuscript  from  which  Selden  extracted  the  coj>y 
of  the  Laws  of  the  Concjueroi',  given  in  his  Notes  to /iV/^/;y/r;-; 
and  which  he  speaks  of  as  then  (a.  J).  1G23)  being  appa- 
rently two  centuries  old.  It  is  identical  ])r(ibably  with  the 
manuscii])t  mentioned  l^y  Camden,  in  the  Dedicatory  ]<i])istle 
to  his  re])rint  of  Asser  (1003),  as  containing  the  whole  work 

'  Cotntnuiiicatcd  to  tlie  IFiHtorical  Sec-  0|)iiiioii«,  liowover,  there  st.itnl  am  to  tlio 

tlon   nt  tlio  mentiiig  of  the  IiiHtituto   in  |io8««il>ilily  of  Honut  portioimof  the  lliMtoiy 

rct^frboroDgh,  July,  IHCl.     The  iircMciit  of   In^^'iiIfiiH    hi-iiiK'   Kt'ii"''i«,    mo.     <>'•    » 

I'niMT  in  foiiii<li«l,  to  Homo  oxtnit,  on   un  chiNcr  oxiiuiinulioii,  ny  longer  conaklcrcd 

nrtirlo  hy  tho   Muniu  hiiml  in    tho  (Jnitl,-  ttuahlo. 
fitun'i  Mii'jazinr.   for  Ajiril,    lb57.       Th» 


THE    HISTORY    AND    CHARTERS   OF    INGULFUS   CONSIDERED.  33 

of  Iiigulfus  and  the  Continuation  of  Peter  of  Blois  ;  and  is 
generally  supposed  to  have  been  the  Cottonian  Manuscript 
of  Ingulfus,  which  was  totally  destroyed  in  the  fire  of  1731. 

III.  A  Manuscript  formerly  belonging  to  >Sir  John  Mars- 
ham  ;  and  from  which  Fulman  j^rinted  his  edition  of  the 
History  of  Ingulfus,  in  Vol.  I.  of  the  Rerum  Am/licarum 
Scriptores  Vetcres,  Oxford,  1684.  In  a  Letter  of  Bishop 
Gibson,  preserved  in  the  Ballard  Collection  in  the  Bodleian, 
it  is  asserted  that  this  manuscript  had  been  borrowed  from 
Sir  John  Marsham  by  Obadiah  Walker,  the  Roman  Catholic 
Master  of  University  College,  Oxford,  and  never  returned. 
Be  this  as  it  may,  it  is  now  neither  in  the  Library 
of  University  College  nor  in  the  hands  of  the  represen- 
tatives of  Sir  J.  Marsham  ;  and  ■what  has  become  of  it 
seems  to  be  unknown.  It  could  not  have  been  identical 
with  the  so-called  "Autograph  ;"  as  there  are  no  less  than 
thirty-four  variations  between  its  text  and  that  of  the 
Autograph,  in  the  five  short  Chapters  of  the  Laws  of  the 
Conqueror  which  Spehnan  has  given  in  the  Concilia. 

IV.  The  Manuscript  from  which  Sir  Henry  Savile  printed 
the  First  Edition  of  the  History  of  Ingulfus,  in  his  Scriptores 
post  Bedam  (1596).  No  information  is  given  by  Savile  in 
reference  to  this  manuscript,  and  what  has  become  of  it  is 
unknown.  It  was  imperfect  however,  breaking  off  immedi- 
ately before  the  Laws  of  the  Conqueror,  and  omitting  the 
latter  portion  of  the  History. 

V.  The  Arundel  Manuscript,  No.  178,  in  the  British 
Museum ;  wa-itten  in  a  hand  of  the  latter  part  of  the  six- 
teenth century.  It  breaks  oft"  at  the  same  point  as  the 
manuscript  used  by  Sir  Henry  Savile,  but  differs  considerably 
from  his  text  in  the  spelling  of  the  proper  names. 

This  last — which,  as  an  authority,  is  of  course  worthless — 
is  the  only  manuscript  of  the  History  of  Ingulfus  now  known 
to  exist. 

For  several  a^es  the  f>:cnuineness  of  tlie  Charters  contained 
in  the  History  of  Ingulfus  seems  to  have  been  unsuspected; 
and  from  the  Second  Continuation  (also  printed  in  Fulman's 
volume)  we  learn  that  on  one  occasion  they  were  received 
as  evidences  of  title, — a  fact  which,  under  the  peculiar  circum- 
stances of  the  case,  ^vill  be  not  undeserving  of  our  future  con- 
sideration. In  Cough's  Second  Apjicndix  to  his  History  of 
Croyland  we  find  a  short  account  of  the  place,  intituled 


r>-l  THE    HISTORY    AXD    CHARTERS    OF    IXGULFUS    CONSIDERED. 

"  Croj//(inirs  Chronicle,  collected  and  compiled  by  Sir  John 
Harrington,  Knight,  a  learned  law^-er  and  antiquary,  Steward 
of  Croyland,  and  nephew  to  the  Reverend  Father  PhiHp 
Everard,  Abbot  there  in  the  time  of  Iving  Henry  VH.  and 
King  Henry  VKI."  This  writer  makes  free  use  ^f  the 
Charters  as  found  in  Ingulfs  Ilistorij,  and,  though  in  all 
probability  he  may  have  seen  some  at  least  of  the  so-called 
originals,  seems  to  have  entertained  as  little  doubt  as  to  their 
genuineness  as  liis  predecessors,  both  lawyers  and  laymen, 
had  during  the  preceding  centur}--  and  a  half.  Dr.  Caius,  in 
liis  learned  work  upon  IVte  AntiquHii  of  tlie  Univcrsitij  of 
Camhridgc  (lo(J8),  is  the  first  probably  who  has  quoted 
Ingulfs  History  as  an  authority  ;  \Yhich  he  does  unsuspect- 
ingly, and  without  reserve. 

For  many  years  after  the  opinions  of  the  learned  upon 
these  Charters  had  been  more  strongly  challenged  by  the 
publication  of  the  Histori/  of  Ingulfus,  there  seems  to  have 
been  no  expression  of  a  suspicion  that  either  the  work  itself, 
or  the  so-called  Charters  inserted  in  it,  were  not,  what  they 
respectively  rei^rcscnted  themselves  to  be,  memorials  of 
Auiilo-Saxon  and  Aufrlo-Norman  times.  Sir  Henry  Savilc 
and  Fulman,  the  editors,  do  not  appear  to  have  entertained 
any  doubts  on  the  subject;  and  these  Charters,  as  well  as  the 
Ingulfan  version  of  the  Lairs  of  William  the  Conqueror,  arc 
unliesitatingly  quoted  as  genuine  by  Sir  Henry  Spelman  iu 
his  Concilia,  and  by  Sir  William  Dugdale  in  the  Monasticon. 
Archbisliop  Nicolson  suggests  no  doubts  in  his  British 
Historical  Lihrary,  and  Selden  and  Stillingileet  rely  upon 
the  authority  of  the  work  with  confidence.  At  the  close 
even  of  the  last  century,  Gough,  the  anticpiary,  though  aware 
of  the  doubts  that  were  then  entertained  as  to  the  Charters, 
does  not  ap})ear  to  have  shared  in  them,  and,  in  the  Second 
Appendix  to  his  Historj/  of  Croijlaiid,  inserts  them  all  as 
genuine  documents  ;  thougii,  somcwliat  singularl}',  and.  as 
tli()UL:;h  doubting  his  own  jiidgnient,  whihj  he  \q»holds  the 
gonuiiieiiess  o\  Ingulfs  Jli.storj/,  he  is  ready  to  admit  that 
Ingulf  himself  may  have  been  sufliciently  unscrupulous  to  bo 
capable  of  forging  the  Chartei's  ; — "  ibr  Ingulf,"  he  says, 
"  does  not  hesitate  to  tell  us  what  artifice  he  used  in  the 
return  of  (lie  j)roperty  (jf  his  house  to  the  surveyors  of 
l)niins<Jni/, —  and  Ingulf  probably,  like  many  others  of  his 
rank,  produced  forgcij  ch.-irters  (o  support  his  claims.  ' 


THE    HISTORY   AND    CHARTEllS   OF    INGULFUS    CONSIDERED.    35 

Among  tliG  first,  if  indeed  not  tlie  very  first,  to  express  a 
doubt  on  tlic  genuineness  of  these  documents,  "was  the  in- 
defatigable Henry  Wharton.  In  his  Latin  History  of  the 
Bisho])S  and  Deans  of  London  and  Si.  Asaph  (London, 
1G95),  he  speaks  of  the  Charters  of  Ethelbakl  (a.d.  71  G), 
Wichtlaf  (a.d.  833),  Bertulph  (a.d.  851),  and  Beorred  (a.d. 
8G8),  as  almost  satisfactorily  proved  to  be  fictitious,  by  cer- 
tain anachronisms  \Yhich  his  research  had  detected  in  the 
respective  attestations  thereof.  He  finds,  for  example,  that 
the  Charter  of  Ethelbakl  is  attested  by  Wynfrid  and  Aldwin, 
Bishops  of  ]\Iercia  and  Lichfield  ;  that  of  Wichtlaf  by  Godwin, 
Bishop  of  Rochester  ;  that  of  Bertulph  by  the  same  Godwin; 
and  that  of  Beorred  by  Alcwin,  Bishop  of  Winchester,  at 
times  when  none  of  those  prelates  ^Yere  filling  the  sees  respec- 
tively assigned  to  them. 

From  Humphrey  Wanle3%  the  antiquary,  we  learn  that 
doubts  were  extensively  entertained  in  his  time — the  earlier 
part  of  the  eighteenth  centur}^ — as  to  the  genuinene^  of 
these  documents.  Among  the  Harleian  ]\ISS.  there  is  a 
letter  written  b}^  him  to  Lord  Oxford,  in  which  he  says — 
"  As  to  Ingulfus,  I  humbly  beg  leave  to  observe  that  some 
leai-ned  men  do  not  think  the  History  bearing  his  name,  or 
at  least  a  great  part  of  it,  to  be  his  ;  and  many  Charters 
cited  in  that  book  are  vehemently  suspected  to  be  spurious. 
One  I  can  particularly  mention,  the  Foundation  Charter  of 
Cro^dand  Abbey  ;  which  was,  or  seems  to  have  been,  taken 
fi'om  one  in  being,  and  not  much  older,  if  any  at  all,  than 
Henr}'^  the  Second's  time/' 

The  so-called  original,  it  ma}^  be  hei-e  remarked,  of  this 
alleged  Foundation  Charter  was,  according  to  Dean  Hickes, 
in  1 70.5,  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  Thomas  Guidot,  a  ph^^sician 
at  Bath  ;  and  would  a])pear  to  have  been  the  same  document 
tliat  is  mentioned  by  Gough  (Preface,  p.  viii.),  as  being  in 
1734  the  propert}^  of  llobert  Hunter,  Esq.,  lord  of  the  manor 
of  Croyland  ;  in  which  year  it  was  exhibited  before  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries.  It  seems  not  improbable,  how- 
ever, that  there  was  at  least  one  duplicate  of  this  Charter; 
which,  we  arc  told,  was  kept  in  a  box  at  Croyland  during 
the  seventeenth  century,   but  was  afterwards ""-  lost.     The 


"  It  f<eems   quite  possible,  Lowcver,  that  these  two  documeuts  may  have  been 
identical. 


30  THE    HISTORY    AND    CHARTERS    OF    IXGULFUS    CONSIDERED. 

spurious  character  of  this  document,  formerly  known  to  the 
learned  as  the  *'  Golden  Charter,"  Avill  be  the  sul)ject  of 
further  notice. 

In  the  passage  above  quoted,  it  is  not  improbable  that 
"Wanley  alludes  to  the  opinions  strongly  entertained  on  this 
subject  by  his  friend,  the  learned  llickes.  In  the  First 
Volume  of  that  writer's  Thesaurus  Lhujuarum  Septentriona- 
Hum,  he  has  devoted  a  considerable  i)ortion  of  the  PreHicc 
and  of  his  Disscrtatio  Eplstolaris  to  the  proof,  that  these 
Charters  bear  strong  internal  evidence  of  an  oi-igin  posterior 
to  the  times  of  our  Saxon  kings.  In  p.  G2  of  the  latter 
treatise,  he  points  out  the  use  in  Ethelbald's  Charter,  a.d.  716 
(pp.  '1 — 4  of  Fulman's  Edition)  of  the  word  leuca,  "a  league" 
(or  rather,  measure  of  1.500  paces),  it  having  in  reality  been 
introduced,  some  centuries  later,  by  the  Normans.  He  also 
instances  such  suspicious  words  as  chirographo  patenti,  "  chi- 
rograph patent;"  seivera,  "drain;"  seisonis,  "seasons;" 
and* /ihras  legalis  inonetce,  "pounds  of  lawful  money  ;"  ex- 
pressions betraying  most  undoubtedly  a  Korman,  or  Gallic, 
origin.  He  further  remarks  upon  the  mention  of  the  Bene- 
dictines as  Nigri  Monachi,  "  Black  ]\Ionks,"  a  name  by  which 
it  is  generally  supposed  they  were  not  then  known,  in  this 
country  at  least  ;  and  in  support  of  his  position  refers  to  the 
enactments  of  the  Synod  of  Cloveshoe,  a.d.  743,  some  time 
after  the  reign  of  Ethelbald,  in  reference  to  the  monastic 
dress.  In  the  same  work,  he  has  given  a  facsimile  of  a  por- 
tion of  the  Golden  Charter  of  EthelbaM,  and  has  called 
attention  to  the  lateness  of  the  character  in  which  it  is 
written,  and  the  fantastic  shapes  and  elaborate  gilding  of  the 
crosses,  the  latter  in  especial  not  being  in  accordance  with  the 
Saxon  usage.  To  his  list  of  objections,  we  may  parentheti- 
cally remark,  llickes  might  have  added  the  emi)loyment  of 
the  phrase  srpara/is  piscaria,  "  several  fishery,"  a  purely  legal 
term  bebjnging  to  a  date  some  centuries  later  than  the  reign 
of  Ethelbald.  The  fanciful  and  varying  subscriptions,  too,  of 
the  attesting  witnesses  to  tliis  cliarter  arc  such  as  are  never 
found  in  charters  of  so  earl}-'  a  date,  but  only  in  documents 
of  the  early  part  of  the  tenth  century  and  upwards.  The 
fiame  renKuk  will  alsoa})j)ly  to  the  attestations  ol"  the  Charters 
attributed  to  OfTa,  A.D.  703  (p.  (1),  ;nid  ((»  Keiuilf,  King 
of  .Mercia,  a.d.  SOfl  (pp.  G,  7)  ;  which  latter  is  also  bleiiiished 
with  such  anachronisms  as  passat/iuni,  "  pas.sago,"  or  "  escu- 


THE    HISTORY   AND    CHARTERS   OF    INGULFUS   CONSIDERED.   37 

age,"  a  feudal  term ;  and  miles  mcus,  "  my  kniglit,"  also  an 
expression  of  feudal  times. 

Though  not  remarked  by  Hickes,  the  Charter  of  Wichtlaf, 
King  of  Mercia,  a.d.  833  (pp.  8 — 11),  bears  equal  marks  of 
spuriousness.  Like  that  of  Kenulph,  it  makes  mention  of 
Langtoft,  Aswyktoft,  Badby,  Holbecke,  and  Pyncebek,  many 
years  before  the  terminations  "  toft,"  "  by,"  and  "  beck,"  had 
been  introduced  by  Danish  settlers  into  that  part  of  England, 
(unless  indeed  we  are  ready  to  give  our  assent  to  the  unsup- 
ported assertion  of  Gaimar,  the  Trouvere,  that  the  Danes  were 
established  and  ruling  in  this  country  in  tiie  reign  immediately 
succeeding  King  Arthur's  day).  The  words,  too,  ballivus,  "a 
baihff,"  and  advocatio,  "an  advowson,"  found  in  this  Charter, 
are  anachronisms  ;  and  while  the  mention  in  it  of  Jews  in 
England,  dealing  in  money,  at  so  early  a  date,  is  exceedingly 
suspicious,  the  varying  subscriptions  of  the  attesting  witnesses 
would  alone  suffice  to  condemn  it.  Earl  Algar's  Charter  too, 
A.D.  810  (p.  95),  is  proved  by  the  attestations  to  be  fictitious. 

In  his  Preface  to  the  Thesaurus,  Hickes  expresses  himself 
as  fully  assured  that  the  Charter  of  Bertulph,  a.d.  851  (pp. 
12 — 15),  is  equall}''  spurious  with  that  of  Ethelbald.  He 
objects  to  the  mention  in  it  of  "  knights,"  at  a  time  when 
knighthood  did  not  exist  here  ;  al  feudi,  "  fees  "  or  "  feuds," 
long  before  the  feudal  system  was  introduced  ;  and  to  the 
use  of  such  words  as  quarentena,  a  lineal  measure,  a 
term  of  purely  Norman  origin  ;  and  feria,  as  meaning  a 
da}'^  of  the  week,  a  sense  in  which,  in  the  Saxon  Charters, 
it  is  but  very  rarely  to  be  found.  By  the  extravagance, 
too,  of  its  varying  attestations,  this  Charter  is  additionally 
condemned. 

The  Charter  of  Beorred  (or  Burghred),  King  of  Mercia, 
A.D.  868  (pp.  18 — 20),  is  equall}"  proved  to  be  fictitious  ;  as 
well  by  the  attestations  as  by  the  anachronisms  involved  in 
the  mention  of  miles  mens,  "my  knight";  manerium,  "a 
manor,"  a  term  first  introduced  with  the  feudal  S3'stem  ;  feo- 
dum, "a  feud"  or  "  fee,"  and  advocatio,  "  an  advowson."  Of 
the  spurious  character  of  that  of  Edred  (pp.  32 — 36)  we 
may,  with  Hickes,  feel  equally  assured.  He  calls  attention 
to  the  mention  in  it  of  grant  of  "  waif  and  stray,"  a  purely 
Norman  right  ;  maneria,  "  manors  "  ;  secta  in  sc/u/ris,  "  suit 
of  court  of  shires,"  a  right  claimed  under  the  feudal  system  ; 
advocatio  ecclesice,   "advowson  of  a  church";    affidare  suos 

VOL.    XIX.  G 


3S  THE   HISTORY   AND   CHARTERS   OF    IXGULFUS   CONSIDERED. 

7iativos,  "to  claim  on  oath  one's  natives,"  or  "serfs,"  an  ex- 
pression connected  with  feudal  usa<i;es  ;  and  cafal/is,  "  with 
tlieir  chattels,"  a  term  introduced  by  the  Normans. 

Tlie  fictitious  character  of  Edgar's  Charter  (pp.  42 — 44) 
is  equally  apparent.  Ilickes  has  noticed  such  expressions  as 
com nt ((nam  p(ist((ra',  '"  common  of  pasture,"  and  tcncntcs  suos, 
"  their  tenants  ;  "  to  which,  "  waif  and  stray/'  and  separalis 
piscaria,  "  several  piscai-y,'  may  be  added.  The  mention, 
too,  of  the  "  Triangular  Bridge,"  at  Croyland,  in  the  Charters 
ofEdred  and  Edgar,  documents  professing  to  belong  to  the 
tenth  century,  is  at  least  suspicious  ;  as,  at  the  earliest,  it 
•was  a  century  later  before  the  pointed  arch  was  introduced 
into  England  ;  and  the  triangular  bridge  as  it  now  stands, 
with  its  arches  of  that  form,  is  not  of  earlier  construction  than 
the  thirteenth  century.  It  is  just  possible,  however,  that  a 
bridge  of  somewhat  similar  conformation,  as  to  triangularity, 
may  have  preceded  it.  In  these  two  Charters,  also,  it  deserves 
remark  that  Edred  and  Edgar  are  styled  "kings,"  not  "of  the 
whole  of  Britain,"  as  in  genuine  charters  of  those  sovereigns, 
but  "of  Great  Britain";  many  centuries  before  that  title 
was  heard  of 

Tiie  Ecclesiastical  Censure  (p.  44),  professing  to  have 
been  composed  by  Archbishops  ])uiistan  and  Oskctul,  a.d. 
966,  to  ensure  the  future  possession  of  the  lands  and  ])ropcrty 
of  the  Abbey  of  Croyland,  is  condemned  as  fictitious  by  the 
mention  in  it  of  "  archdeacons  "  and  "  archidiaconal  rights," 
110  years  before  their  introduction  into  this  country  by 
Archbishop  Lanfranc. 

Cnut's  short  Charter  of  Confirmation  (p.  58)  is  equally 
fictitious.  The  word  rrsfaxrator,  "a  restorer "  is  in  reality 
not  to  be  found  in  use,  until  probably  some  centuries  later  ; 
and  goes  far  toward  proving  that  this  Charter,  as  well  as 
that  of  Edward  the  Confessor  (p.  64),  is  a  forgery. 

In  the  Charter  of  Thorold,  a.d.  1051  (pp.  86,  87),  Hickes 
remarks  upon  several  words  C)f  Norman  origin  which  had  led 
liim  to  consider  it  e(jually  fictitious  with  the  others  ;  and  ho 
decidedly  objects  to  a  gift  by  a  Saxon  olllci.ii.  in  Saxon  times, 
i)i  lihcram  (deomosiputm,  "'\\\  fraiikalmoigiic,"  a  term  intro- 
duced by  the  Normans.  The  common  people,  too,  at  tliis 
date,  had  no  double  names,  such  being  a  usage  of  Norman 
introductioji  ;  and  w(!  mtist  regard  Thontld's  dependants, 
"  (juntcr    Liniet,"    "  Outy    Clrimkelson,"   "  Turstan    Dubbe/ 


THE    HISTORY    AND    CHARTERS    OF    INGULFUS   CONSIDERED.  89 

''  Gouse  Gamelson,"  and  "  ]3esi  Tuk,"  as  tlie  creatures  of  an 
iiiventiv^c  imagination,  and  no  more. 

The  deeds  alleged  to  have  been  executed  by  Abbot  Ingulf 
to  Oger  the  Priest,  Simon  of  Baston,  William  the  Miller,  and 
others  (pp.  101 — 103),  are  equally  spurious  ;  witness  the 
expressions  manerium,  "  a  manor  ;  "  infeudo  and  in  feudum, 
"in  fee  ; "  hcBredihm  et  assignatis,  "to  his  heirs  and  assigns;" 
and  scivera,  "  a  drain,"  all  belonging  to  a  later  date. 

From  the  Charters  we  now  turn  to  the  History  of  Ingulfus 
itself,  which  Ilickes,  and  several  other  writers  who  have  con- 
demned the  Charters,  have  been  by  no  means  equally  ready 
to  condemn  as  having  no  pretensions  to  be  considered 
genuine.  We  will  deal  first  with  the  internal  evidences  which 
it  seems  to  afford  of  its  spuriousness. 

The  contents  of  p.  16  are  founded  solely  upon  the  peculiar 
language  of  the  ridiculous  subscriptions  by  the  attesting 
witnesses  to  Bertulph's  Charter  ;  and  if  those  subscriptions 
fall  to  the  ground  as  forgeries,  which  they  assuredly  must, 
this  attempted  explanation  of  them  must  of  necessity  fall  to 
the  ground  as  well. 

We  shall  have  occasion  to  shew  in  the  sequel  that  this 
History  is  based,  in  all  probability,  upon  certain  passages  in 
the  Fourth  Book  of  the  Ecclesiastical  History  of  Ordericus 
Vitalis,  who  paid  a  visit  to  Croyland  in  the  early  part  of  the 
twelfth  century.  Vitalis  mentions  Kenulf,  the  first  Abbot, 
and  then  is  silent  as  to  any  intervening  Abbots  to  the  time  of 
Turketul,  a  distance  of  about  two  hundred  and  thirty  ^^ears. 
To  fill  up  this  hiatus,  four  Abbots  are  named  by  the  comjDilers 
of  the  History,  three  of  whose  names  are  introduced  into 
the  fictitious  Charters  as  well ;  and  to  the  rule  of  these  first 
five  Abbots  (Kenulf  included)  a  period  is  allotted  of  no  less 
than  two  hundred  and  thirty-two  3^ears.  The  rule  of  the 
next  nine  Abbots,  on  the  other  hand,  who  are  all  mentioned 
by  Ordericus  Vitalis,  occupies  but  one  hundred  and  sixty- 
one  years,  a  comparatively  rational  space  of  time.  Of  the 
first  five  Abbots,  the  names  of  Theodore  and  Godric  are  pro- 
bably borrowed  from  the  Chronicle  of  John  of  Peterborough, 
compiled  in  the  fourteenth  century. 

The  story  of  the  Sempects,  or  five  senior  monks,  d^-ing  in 
the  time  of  King  Edgar  at  the  respective  ages  of  1G8,  142, 
115,  and  (probably)  120  years,  is  evidently  an  account  of  a 
coincidence  too  marvellous  not  to  be  fabulous.     Vitalis  says 


40    THE    HISTORY    AND    CHARTERS    OF    INGULFUS    CONSIDERED. 

that  the  Abbey  was  laid  waste  by  Iiigiiar.  Gutliruiu,  an  J  otlier 
Danish  chiefs,  and  that  its  possessions  fell  into  the  hands  of 
laymen  ;  implying  also  that  it  remained  in  this  state  of  ruin 
and  desolation  mitil  tlie  days  of  King  Edred,  a  period  of 
nearly  eighty  years.  These  live  venerable  personages  there- 
fore, there  can  be  little  doubt,  are  an  invention  of  the  com- 
pilers for  the  purpose  of  tiding  over  the  dark  }>eriod  between 
the  ruin  of  tlie  Abbey  by  the  Danes  and  the  election  of 
Abbot  Turketul,  a.d.  1)48  ;  <a  period  as  to  which,  we 
may  conclude  from  the  narrative  of  .Vitalis,  there  were  no 
historical  abbe}'  memorials  in  existence.  To  meet  this  well- 
known  difficulty,  as  well  as  the  obvious  circumstance  that  no 
other  memorials  were  likely  to  exist,  relative  to  the  Abbe}', 
between  the  time  of  its  foundation  by  Ethelbald,  a.d.  71b*, 
and  its  destruction  by  the  Danes,  A.D.  870,  the  writers  have 
created  these  long-lived  Sempects  with  the  express  object  ot 
j)lacing  upon  them  (pp.  48,  50,  and  D)7),  the  responsibility 
of  the  narrative  from  the  time  of  the  lirst  foundation,  until 
the  desolation  of  the  Abbey  by  the  Danes,  as  is  stated  in  one 
place  (p.  107)  ;  or  until  the  fourteenth  year  of  King  Edgar, 
as  they  say,  somewhat  seriously  contradicting  themselves,  in 
another  (p.  48). 

The  Abbey  of  Croyland  is  represented  (p.  130)  as  having 
had  the  name  Curteys,  "  courteous,"  given  to  it  by  reason  of 
the  courtesy  shown  by  its  inmates  to  Turketul  in  the  days  of 
l\ing  Edred.  From  other  sources,  ^\e  know  that  at  a  later 
period  this  monastery  really  had — in  consequence,  probably, 
of  its  great  wealth  and  its  unbounded  hospitality — the  com- 
jilimcntary  epithet  of  '•  Courteous  Croyland"  bestowed  upon 
it  :  but  we  leave  it  to  the  inventors  of  tiiis  clumsy  explanation 
to  shew  why  it  should  have  received  a  purely  l"'rench  njtpcl- 
lation  in  j)urely  JSaxon  times. 

Turketul,  tlic  King's  Chancellor,  is  represented  (p.  'M'))  as 
being  the  agent  through  whose  advice  seven  Dishoj)rics  were 
conferred  on  one  day  ;  whereas,  in  reality,  the  ^synod  at 
wliich  these  prelacies  were  conferred  Avas  held  a.d.  D05,  two 
years  bef(M"e  the  date  at  which,  according  to  Tiigulfs  own 
narrative  (p.  5:2),  Turketul  was  boiji.  Dynewulf  too,  who  is 
represented  as  the  ]iishop  of  A\in<  hester  at  wliosc  death 
I'urketid  refuse']  tlie  see  (p.  3(j),  in  reahty  died  when  Tur- 
ketul was  three  years  of  age.  Again,  Frithestan,  who  is 
styled    (p.    :3G)    Turketul's    fo.ster-brother    (rol/actancua),   is 


THE    HISTORY    AND    CHARTERS    OF    INGULFLTS   CONSIDERED.   41 

immediately  after  made  to  succeed  to  the  sec  of  Winchester 
at  a  period  which  was  two  years  before  the  alleged  date  of 
Turketul's  birth  ;  though  in  reality  he  succeeded  a.d.  910, 
three  years  after  the  year  in  which  Turketul  is  here 
represented  to  have  been  born. 

Otho  I.,  Emperor  of  Germany,  married  Eadgyth,  Athel- 
stau's  sister,  a.d.  924  ;  so  that  this  marriage  could  not,  as 
represented  in  the  History  (p.  37),  have  been  consequent 
upon  the  fame  gained  by  Athelstan  at  the  battle  of  Brunen- 
burgh,  A.D.  937  ;  nor  could  the^  Emperor  Henry  I.,  as  there 
represented,  have  sent  an  embassy  to  Athelstan  after  that 
battle,  seeing  that  he  died  the  year  before.  The  statement 
also  (pp.  29,  37)  that  Constantino,  King  of  Scotland,  was 
slain  in  the  battle  of  Brunenburgh,  is  erroneous  ;  it  being  his 
son  who  lost  his  life  there,  Constantino  himself  embracing  a 
monastic  life  seven  years  later. 

Again,  Hugh,'*  "  King  of  the  Franks,"  is  named  (pp.  3S 
and  51)  as  existing  a.d.  937.  There  was  no  such  personage 
then  in  existence.  Hugh  Capet  was  not  crowned  until  a.d. 
987  ;  and  the  compilers  may  possibly  have  been  led  into 
the  error  by  mistaking  the  numerals  of  the  one  date  for  the 
other. 

The  alleged  exaction  of  2000  marks  by  Kino;  Swevn, 
within  three  months,  from  the  Monastery  of  Croyland  (p.  bQ) 
is  undoubtedly  a  fable.  The  amount  itself  is  beyond  all 
belief,  as  on  the  same  occasion  a  sum  of  no  more  than 
48,000  pounds  was  exacted  from  the  whole  of  England, 
The  story  is  founded,  there  seems  reason  for  supposing,  upon 
the  account  given  by  Florence  of  Worcester  of  the  martyrdom 
of  Archbishop  Elphege,  by  the  Danes,  upon  his  refusal  to  pay 
an  exorbitant  sum  by  way  of  ransom. 

In  page  57  we  read  of  a  demise  of  the  manor  of  Baddeby, 
A.D.  1013  (a  period,  be  it  I'emarked,  when  manors  did  not 
exist  in  England),  for  a  term  of  100  years,  at  a  j'earl}'  rent 
of  one  peppercorn  ;    the  fact  being,  that  a  demise  for  a  term 

3  [The  Histoiy  styles  him  "  Emperor  but  he  does  not  commit  the  additional 

of    Germany  "    and    "  Emperor    of  the  error  into  which  the  HUtory  has  fallen, 

Romans,"    the    latter   being   a   title    to  of    saying    that    King   Hugh    sent    for 

wliich  in  reality  he  had  no  claim.     Wil-  Athelstan's  sister  (Eadhild)  for  the  pur- 

liam   of  Malmesbury   (Hist.  ^126)  calls  pose  of  giving  her  in  marriage  to  his  son ; 

him  "  Emperor  of  Germany."]  wliereas.  in  realitj%  Hui^h  "  Duiie  of  tiie 

*  [William  of  Malmesburj-,  it  has  been  Franks,"  married  her  himself,  and  that, 

remarked,  since  the  above  was  written,  eleven  years  before  the  battle  of  Bruueu- 

makes  the  same  mistake  (Hist.   §   135);  burgh  was  fought.] 


42  THE    IIl.^TORY   AXD   CIIARTEKS   OF   INGULFUS   CONSIDERED. 

of  3'ears  was  unknown  in  England  before  tlie  Conquest, 
and  a  reservation  of  a  peppercorn  rent  a  thing  equally 
mdiearJ  of.  Another  singular  circumstance,  too,  is  the  asser- 
tion (p.  57)  that  through  the  agency  of  Earl  Leofric,  the 
manor  of  Baddeby  had  come  into  the  hands  of  the  Abbey  of 
Evesham,  "  and  is  still  retained  b}--  it,  thouijh  the  term  has 
eu'pired  " ;  the  fact  being,  that  the  Ili.stonj  pm-ports  to  have 
been  written  a.d.  1091,  2,  or  3  ;  and  that  Abbot  Ingulf  died 
AD.  1109,  four  years  before  a.d.  1113,  the  end  of  the  term 
of  100  years.  On  the  other  hand  again,  in  page  85  we  find 
it  stated  that  there  are  still  twentij  years  of  the  lease  to  run, 
and  an  attempt  is  made  to  explain  why  the  manor  is  described 
in  Domesday  as  still  being  in  the  actual  possession  of  the 
iiuinks  of  Croyland.  In  the  so-called  First  Continuation  of 
Ingulfs  Histori/,  attributed  to  Peter  of  Blois,  we  find  an 
account  of  the  unsuccessful  attempts  made  by  Abbot  Geoffrey, 
Ingulfs  successor,  to  recover  the  manor  of  Baddeby  shortly 
after  the  expiration  of  the  100  years.  The  purpose  may 
perhaps  be  divined  for  which  these  clums}'-  forgeries  about 
this  locality  were  fabricated,  but  the  real  facts  of  the  case 
will  probably  remain  for  ever  unknown. 

The  account  of  Abbot  Turketul  (attributed  to  Abbot 
Egelric  the  Younger  in  page  107,  but  apparently  to  the 
Sempects  in  page  48)  bears  abundant  marks  of  a  ftmciful 
and  spurious  origin.  It  is  founded,  there  can  be  little  doubt, 
on  the  conqmratively  meagre  narrative  of  Vitalis,  who  men- 
tions Turketul  as  merely  a  clerk,  and  of  the  royal  race.  In 
the  present  narrative,  however,  he  is  expanded  into  King 
Edi-ecl's  Chancellor  ;  an  officer  who,  as  the  late  Sir  Francis 
Palgrave  lias  remarked  (vol.  xxxiv.,  of  the  Quarterly  Review^, 
''  if  lie  did  exist  amon<r  the  other  officers  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
Court,  was  nothing  more  than  a  notary  or  scribe,  entirely 
destitute  of  the  liigh  authority  which  Ingulf  bestows  upon 
liim."  With  the  same  writer,  we  must  of  necessity  agree  in 
rejecting  the  puei-ile  account  (p.  37)  of  Tuiketurs  prowess 
at  the  Battle  of  JlniiirnlMiiL;]!.  A  story,  whicli  relates  how 
that  he  penetratt'cl  the  lioslilc  ranks,  struck  d(jwn  the  enemy 
rigiit  and  left,  and,  aniiil  torrents  of  blood,  reached  the  king 
of  the  Scots;  and  ih(  n  innnediately  stultifies  itself  by  telling 
us,  that  in  aftei'-liincs,  when  ho  had  nssumed  the  monastic 
gail),  lie  "  esteemed  hiniscif  haj)py  and  loi'tunate  in  thai  he 
h.id    never  sl.iin    a   m.m,    nor    even    wounded    one,"    surely 


THE   HISTORY   AND    CHARTERS   OF    INGULF  US    CONSIDERED.    4 -'5 

cannot  have  been  penned  by  a  person  wlio  really  knew  an}'- 
tliing  about  Turketul,  and  is  evidently  deserving  of  no  serious 
attention  from  any  one  in  possession  of  his  senses.  The 
whole  story  of  the  birth,  education,  promotion,  fortunes,  and 
deeds  of  Abbot  Ingulf,  tliei-e  can  be  little  doubt,  with  the 
exception  of  the  slight  foundation  afforded  by  the  pages  of 
Vitalis,  is  as  unsubstantial  and  fictitious  as  the  narrative  in 
reference  to  Turketul.  "  The  passage  respecting  the  educa- 
tion of  Ingulfus  (at  Oxford),"  remarks  »Sir  F.  Palgrave,  "  long 
since  roused  the  suspicion  of  Gibbon,  and  it  still  remains  to 
be  proved  that  Aristotle  formed  part  of  the  course  of  educa- 
tion at  the  University  of  Oxford  at  a  time  when  his  works 
were  studied  in  no  part  of  Christendom."  It  seems  not 
improbable  that  this  story  of  Ingulfs  education  at  Oxford 
owes  its  existence  to  the  fact,  of  the  History  having  been 
compiled  at  a  period  when  the  scholastic  dispute  began  to 
run  high  in  reference  to  the  comparative  antiquity  of  the 
Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge. 

In  narrating  the  ])articulars  of  his  journey  to  the  East, 
Ingulf  tells  us  that  he  first  visited  the  court  of  Alexius, 
Emperor  of  Constantinople,  and  immediately  afterwai'ds 
was  welcomed  by  Sophi'onius,  the  Patriarch  of  Jerusalem 
(p.  74).  These  assertions  are  quite  irreconcileable  ;  for 
Sophronius  died  a.d.  1059,  and  the  first  Emperor  named 
"Alexius"  did  not  ascend  the  throne  until  a.d.  1081. 

Radulph,  or  llalph.  Earl  of  Hereford,  was  the  son  of  Goda, 
sister  of  Edward  the  Confessor  ;  whereas  the  compilers  of 
the  present  narrative  (p.  ^1)  represent  him  as  being  her 
husband,  a  mistake  which  a  contemjoorary  certainl}''  would 
not  have  made. 

The  stories  told  (pp.  70,  98)  as  to  the  Saxon  mode  of 
signing  charters  with  golden  crosses,  and  decorating  them 
with  paintings  of  a  splendid  and  costly  description,  is  utterly 
inifounded  ;  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  that,  in  the  real 
ignorance  of  the  forgers  as  to  the  Saxon  usage,  the}'  were 
penned  with  the  view  of  supporting  the  Croyland  Charters 
when  the  so-called  originals  should  come  to  be  proflfered  in 
court.  The  remarks  of  Sir  F.  Palgrave  on  this  subject  are 
much  to  the  purpose  :  "  It  is  familiarly  known,"  he  says, 
"  that  the  Anglo-Saxons  confirmed  their  deeds  by  subscribing 
the  sign  of  the  Cross,  and  that  the  Charters  themselves  are 
fairly,  but  plainly,  engrossed  on  parchment.     But  instead  of 


4i    THE    HISTORY    AND    CIIAKTEKS   OF    IXGULFUS   CONSIDERED. 

iniitatino;  tliese  unostentatious  instruments,  the  elaborate 
forgers  often  endeavoured  to  obtain  respect  for  their  fabrica- 
tions by  investing  them  with  as  much  splendour  as  possible ; 
and  those  grand  crosses  of  vermilion  and  azure  which 
dazzled  the  eyes  and  deceived  the  judgment  of  the  Court 
when  produced  before  a  bench  of  simple  and  unsuspecting 
lawyers,  now  reveal  the  secret  fraud  to  the  lynx-eyed  anti- 
quar3\  The  Charter  of  Ethelbald,  called  the  '  Golden 
Charter'  bears  the  impress  of  falsity." 

Vitalis  tells  us  that  Abbot  Ingulf  ruled  the  monaster}'- 
twenty-four  years,  and  that  his  successor  GeoftVcy  was 
appointed  a.d.  1109;  thus  making  the  year  of  Ingulfs 
nomination  to  l)e  a.d.  10S5.  In  the  present  narrative,  on 
the  other  hand,  Ingulf  makes  himself  to  have  been  appointed 
Abbot  immediately  on  the  deposition  of  Abbot  Wulketul ; 
an  event  which  took  place  a.d.  1075  (pp.  73,  79,  94),  ten 
years  in  fact  before  the  date  given  by  \"italis.  The  earlier 
date,  however,  is  assigned  to  Ingulfs  nomination  in  the 
Peterborough  Chronicle,  already  mentioned.  A  very  sus- 
picious fact,  too,  is  the  assertion  that,  on  his  deposition  in 
107 J,  Abbot  Wulketul  was  placed  in  the  custody  (p.  73)  of 
Thurstan,  the  Norman  "Al)bot  of  Glastonbury;"  while  in 
rcalitv,  as  we  learn  from  "William  of.AIalmesbury's  A?ifi(/f(ilics 
of  Glastonburi/,  Thurstan  (or  Turstin)  did  not  receive  that 
appointment  until  a.d.  1081. 

The  alleged  sitting  (p.  77)  of  the  "King's  Justiciars"  at 
Stamford  a.d.  1075,  for  the  trial  of  causes,  is  an  anachronism. 
Such  a  thing  was  unheard  of  until  about  a  century  later,  at 
the  earliest. 

The  a.ssertion  is  risked  (pp.  79,  80)  that  King  Alfred  had 
compiled  a  roll,  very  similar  to  Dn^nrsdny,  the  whole  country 
being  marked  out  in  it  by  counties,  hundreds,  and  tithiiigs. 
In  reference  to  this  passage  Sir  Henry  MHis  has  remarked 
((irnrrdl  Jiifrod.  to  Dontrsdaj/,  vol.  i.  j).  1,  cd.  1833),  that 
the  formation  of  such  a  survey  in  the  time  of  Alfred  may 
be  more  than  doubted,  as  we  have  not  a  solitary  authority 
for  its  existence  ;  and  the  most  diligent  investigation  has  not 
been  able  to  discover,  among  the  records  either  of  Saxon  or 
of  later  times,  the  slightest  indication  that  such  a  survey 
was  cvc^r  known.  The  separation  into  counties  is  also  known 
to  have  taken  place  hjng  befoi-e  the  days  of  Alfri'd.  Had 
tlic  writer  too  of  Ingulfs    llistorij  really   been   a  Norman 


THE    HISTORY   AND   CHARTERS   OP    IXGULFUS   CONSIDERED.   45 

monk,  he  woul  J  never  have  fallen  into  the  error  of  asserting 
(p.  82)  that  the  French  leuca  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest 
was  equal  to  two  English  miles  ;  the  fact  being  that  it  only 
contained  twelve  furlongs,  or  one  English  mile  and  a  half 

As  to  the  assertion  risked  also  (p.  83}  that  "Philip"  was 
a  very  common  name  in  France  in  the  eleventh  century,  Du 
Cange  has  remarked  {Glossarij,  s.  v.  Philippi)  that,  so  far 
from  such  being  the  case,  the  name  is  scarcely  ever  to  be 
found  before  the  time  of  Henry  I.  of  France,  who  was 
contemporary  with  Ingulf 

Mention  is  again  made  (p.  95)  of  the  "  King's  Justices  in 
the  County,"  meaning,  to  all  appearance,  sitting  in  Eyre ; 
and  this  al)out  a  century,  as  already  noticed,  before  the 
sittings  in  Eyre  were  instituted. 

In  p.  104  we  find  the  double  names,  "  Harald  Gower" 
and  "Holler  Quater,"  represented  as  belonging  to  dependents 
of  the  convent ;  at  a  period,  in  fact,  when  as  yet  double 
names  were  not  given  to  persons  of  that  class. 

The  vicarius,  or  "  vicar,"  of  Wedlongburc,  is  mentioned  a.d. 
1091  (p.  105)  ;  whereas,  in  reality,  vicars  of  churches  were 
unknown  here  until  about  a  century  after  that  date. 

Another  and  most  convincing  proof  of  the  spurious 
character  of  this  History,  is  afforded  through  the  agency  of 
the  copy  of  the  Laws  of  William  the  Conqueror  which  it 
professes  to  give.  Selden,  in  his  Notes  to  Eadmer  (published 
A.D.  1623),  has  printed  a  transcript  of  these  Laws  from  a 
manuscript  of  Ingulfus,  which  appeared  to  him  at  that  date 
to  be  about  two  centuries  old,  and  which,  not  improbably, 
was  identical  with  the  Cottonian  copy,  now  lost ;  while,  at 
the  same  time,  he  informs  us  that  he  had  attempted,  but  in 
vain,  to  get  a  sight  of  the  (so-called)  "Autograph"  of  Ingulfus. 
Another  copy  of  these  Laws,  also  in  French,  is  printed  by 
Fulman,  in  his  edition  (pp.  88 — 91),  from  Sir  John 
Marsham's  manuscript  of  Ingulfus,  which  seems  to  have  been 
neither  the  Cottonian  MS.  nor  the  Autograph.  Sir  Henry 
Spelman,  in  his  Concilia  (published  a.d.  1639),  remarks 
(vol.  i.  p.  623)  upon  the  comparative  incorrectness  of 
Selden's  version,  and,  after  informing  us  that  he  himself 
had  gained  access  to  the  original  {archeti/pum),  then  pre- 
served, "under  three  keys,"  in  the  church  at  Croyland, 
gives  five  Chapters  of  these  Laws,  most  carefully  transcribed 
by  himself  from  the  original,  by  way  of  specimen.     Now,  of 

VOL.    XIX.  H 


40   THE    HISTORY    AND    CHARTERS    OF    INGULFUS    CONSIDERED. 

course,  if  this  manuscript  had  really  been  of  Abbot  Ingulfs 
time,  and  penned  in  1091,  2,  or  3,  the  laws  Avould  have 
been  found  to  be  Avritten  in  the  Korman  language  of  that 
period.  So  far,  however,  from  this  being  the  fact,  on  ex- 
amination of  this  specimen,  and  minute  comparison  of  it 
with  the  text  of  the  Ilolkham  ]\Ianuscript,  of  about  the 
thirteenth  century,  from  which  ]\[r.  Thoi-p  has  printed  these 
Laws  in  pp.  201 — 210  of  his  Ancient  Laws  and  Institutes  of 
Enfihnid.wQ  find  that  the  French  of  the  so-called  '-Autograph," 
satisfactory  though  it  may  have  been  to  Sir  Henry  Spelman, 
is  greatly  more  corrupt  and  more  unlike  pure  Norman  than 
that  of  the  manuscript  of  the  thirteenth  centuiy.  In  proof 
of  this,  on  close  inspection — the  results  of  which  arc  given 
in  detail  in  the  note  '"  annexed — we  find  no  less  than  four- 

^  sont  (arc)  Autogr. — sunt,  Ilolkliani.  sont,  is  PicarJ  ami  Burguiuliaii  ; 
sunt,  is  pure  Norman. 

graiintat  (granted)  Autogr. — grantad,  Ilolkliam.  grauntat,  is  a  Picard 
and  Burgundian  furni  ;  grantad,  Norman. 

conquest  {con(\\\QS,\.)  Autogr. — cunqucst,  Ilolkliam.  conquest,  is  Picard  and 
Burgundian  ;  eunqucst,  Norman. 

le  reis  (the  king)  Autogr. — U  rcis,  Ilolkham.  le,  is  late  Picard  ;  It,  is 
Norman. 

son  (his,  lirxcc,)  Autogr. — sxm,  Ilolkham.  son,  is  Picard  and  Burgundian  ; 
sun,  Norman. 

C05m  (kinsman)  Autogr. — c?<5m,  Ilolkham.  co.'^iH,  is  Picard  and  Burgun- 
dian ;  cusin,  Norman. 

savcir  (to  know)  Autogr. — saver,  Ilolkham.  saveir,  is  a  form  that  helongs 
to  the  mi.xed  dialects  ;  saver,  is  pure  Norman.     (But  see  hdow.) 

saint  (holv)  Autogr. — seinte,  Ilolkham.  saint,  is  a  Picard  and  Burgun- 
dian form  ;   sc'inte,  Norman. 

yglise  (church,  five  times)  Autogr. — igJlsc,  Ilolkham.  yglise,  is  a  late 
form,   Anglo-Norman,  and  perhaps  Picard  ;   iglise,  is  the  early  form. 

for/ait  (offence)  Autogr. — forfeit,  Ilolkham.  forfait,  is  a  Picard  and 
Burgundian  form  ;  forfeit,  Norman. 

se  (if)  Autogr. — si,  llttlkham.  se,  is  a  late  gonoral  form,  after  the  begin- 
ning of  the  thirteenth  century  ;  si,  is  the  early  general  form. 

religion  (religion)  Autogr. — rcligiun,  llnlkliam.  religion,  is  Picard  and 
Burgundian  ;  rcligiun,  Norman. 

enfraint  (hreak.s)  Autogr. — cnfreint,  Ilolkham.  cnfraint,  i.s  a  Picard  and 
Burgundian  forni  ;  cnfreint,  Norman. 

per  (hy)  Autogr. — par,  Ilolkham.  per,  is  the  Burgundian  furm  ;  par,  is 
Norniun  and  Picard. 

home  (man,  three  times)  Autogr. —  hume,  llnlUiam.  Iimne,  in  a  form  of 
the  nii.\ed  dialects  ;   hume,  is  early  Niinnan. 

escondire  (to  exculpate,  twice)  Autogr.  —  escun<lirr,  IIolKli.im.  csenndire, 
\n  Picard  and  Burgundian  ;  e^eunilire,  the  Norman  form. 

tavoir  {io  knowj  Autogr. —  sareir,  Ilolkham.  sarrir,  helongs  to  the  mi-\ed 
dialects  ;  savoir,  to  P»urgundy  ami  the  south  of  Picardy. 


THE    HISTORY    AND    CHARTERS   OF    INGULFUS   CONSIDERED.    47 

mid-tliii'fcy  instances  in  wliicli,  in  lieu  of  pure  Norman,  late 
Ano-lo-Norinan  forms  of  words  are  to  be  found  in  tliis  small 
but  valuable  sample  of  the  asserted  Autograph  ;  convincingly 
proving  that,  instead  of  having  been  penned  in  the  days  of 
William  Kufus,  it  had  been  written  by  careless  and  ignorant 
scribes,  whose  only  acquaintance  with  the  French  language 
was  in  the  corrupt  form  which  it  had  assumed  in  this 
country,  in  the  fourteenth  and  early  part  of  the  fifteenth 
centuries,  as  a  mixture  of  the  Picard,  Norman,  Burgundian, 
and  Walloon  dialects,  and  who,  in  transcribing  from  an  earlier 
copy  of  these  Laws,  had  inadvertently  given  their  transcript  a 
tinge  of  their  own  period.  The  Laws  of  the  Conqueror,  we 
may  therefore  conclude,  though  even  there  incorrectly 
transcribed  to  some  extent,  are  to  be  read  in  a  state  much 
more  closely  approaching  their  original  purity,  in  the 
Ilolkham  M8.,  of  a  date  two  centuries  posterior  to  the  daj^s 
of  the  Conqueror,  than  they  would  have  been  m  the  so-called 
"  Autograph  "  of  his  contemporary,  Abbot  Ligulf,  had  it  for- 
tunately survived  to  our  times. 

Another  somewhat  suspicious  circumstance  which  remains 
to  be  noticed,  with  reference  alike  to  the  Charters  and  the 
Hidory  of  Ligulfus,  is  the  fact  that  the  names  of  all  localities 
around,  or  in  any  way  connected  with,  Croyland,  are  there 
to  be  found  spelt,  in  the  eighth,  ninth,  tenth,  and  eleventh 
centuries,  almost  exactly  the  same  as,  from  pp.  502 — 512  of 
the  Second  Continuation,  w^e  know  they  were  at  the  beginning 
of  the  fifteenth  centur}"- :  a  lapse  of  700  years  seems  to  have 
made  the  very  smallest  diiference  in  this  respect. 

forfaiture    (penalty)    Autogr. — forfeiture,    Holkliam.       forfaiture,    is    a 
Picard  and  Burgundian  form  ;  forfeiture,  Norman. 

lui  ("  the,"  sing,  nom.)  Autogr. —  li,  llolkliain.     lui,  is  probably  a  Walloon 
form  ;   li,  is  Norman,  Picard,  and  Burgundian. 

le  ("  the,"   sing,  nom.)  Autog. —  li,  Holkham.     le,  is  Picard  ;   li,  Picard, 
Burgundian,  or  Norman. 

haron  (baron)  Autogr. — harun,  Ilolkham.     baron,  is  a  form  of  the  mixed 
dialects  ;   harun,  is  Norman. 

doner  (to  give)  Autogr. — duner,  Ilolkham.     doner,  is   Picard  and  Bur- 
gundian ;  duner,  Norman. 

demaine   (demesne)   Autogr. — demeine,  Holkham.     dcmaine,  is  a  Picard 
and  Burgundian  form  ;  demeine,  Norman. 
Three    other    instances    are    omitted.       On    the  other  hand,    there  are 

but  six  instances  in  the  so-called   "  Autograph,"   in  which  forms  are  found 

that   have  the  appearance  of  being  purer  Norman  than  the  corresponding 

words  in  the  Ilolkham   Manuscript.      Into  the  question  of  the  genuineness 

of  these  "  Laws  of  the  Conqueror  "  we  do  not  profess  to  enter. 


4S   THE    III5T0KY    A^'D    CHAKTER3    OF    INGULFUS   CONSIDEKED. 

We  propose  to  conclude  this  branch  of  our  enquiry  by 
subjecting-  the  llidonj  of  InguH'us  to  the  same  test  to  \vhich 
the  Charters  have  been  ah-eady  subjected  :  the  detection  of 
errors  and  anachronisms  in  the  use  of  words  and  expressions, 
im]»hed  to  liave  been  used  at  a  time  wlien  in  reahty  they 
^-ere  unknown.  The  hst.  however,  might  probably  be  very 
considerabh'  extended. 

Vadiivi,  "waste;"  cataJIa,  "chattels;"  latomus,  "a  mason;" 
and  argenti  trecentas  libras,  "three  hundred  pounds  of 
silver"  (p.  4),  are  expressions  that  were  never  used,  as 
asserted,  by  a  poet  of  the  eighth  century,  we  may  safely 
say.  Loqiiutorium,  "a  parlour"  of  a  convent  (p.  23),  is  a 
susjticious  term  in  an  account  of  the  ravages  of  the  Danes, 
puri)urting  to  have  been  penned  in  the  tenth  century. 
Pinqitusima  'prcubcnda,  "  a  very  fat  prebend  "  (p.  30),  is  an 
ex|iression  savouring  of  a  much  later  age  than  that  of  the 
Sempects  or  the  Younger  Egelric,  who  are  represented  as 
livin":  in  the  tenth  century.  Theoricum  vo'bum,"'  the  word 
of  God,"  is  a  phiase  probably  not  to  be  found  before  the 
time  of  John  of  Genoa,  whose  Glossary  was  written  in  the 
thirteenth  century,  liickcs  has  remarked  that  the  Ordi- 
nances of  Abbot  Tuiketul  are  di-awn  up  too  much  in 
accordance  with  Norman  notions  to  be  genuine;  and  instances 
such  words  as  rjarcio,  "  servant,"  pitantiarius,  "  pittancer," 
and  froccus,  "  frock,"  Avhich  are  there  to  be  found,  as  being 
of  purely  Gallic  origin.  Arjni(jcr,  *'  an  cs(piire  "  (p.  40),  is 
another  word  too,  not  very  likely  to  be  met  with  in  a  code 
of  regulations  made  by  a  Saxon  Abbot  in  the  tenth  century. 
Indrittura,  "indented  list,"  a  word  employed  (p.  .01)  in  the 
account  of  the  disposition  of  his  property  by  Abbot  Turketul, 
is  in  reality  not  to  be  found  in  use  until  the  icign  of  King 
John  or  Henry  111. 

Caviare,  "to  carry"  (p.  .02),  and  brf/c/fiaw,  "a  brewery" 
(p.  .03),  are  words  which,  there  can  be  little  doubt,  belong  to 
a  period  some  two  centuries  later  than  the  time  of  Ingulf; 
a  remark  which  also  ajtplies  to  the  use  of  sccfa,  as  meaning 
"a  suit  of  clothes,"  in  |).  .04.  J\/i/es,  "a  knight,"  and 
manrriuiu,  "a  manor"  (p.  G3),  are  ecpially  out  of  ]>lace  ; 
and  the  employnicnt  of  the  word  jiislifidrliis^  "a  justiciar" 
(p.  ^3),  is  a  signal  anachi-onism — once  or  twice  repealed  in 
tlio  work^ — that  woid  being  nowhere  else  to  be  foimd  until 
about  the  middle  ol'  the  eleventh  century.     "  Jashlia"  is 


THE    HISTORY    AND    CHARTERS   OF    INGULFUS   CONSIDERED.  -19 

the  term  universally  employed  to  signify  a  "justice,"  or 
"judge,"  by  writers  contemporary  Avitli  William  the  Con- 
queror. Panis  secundarius,  "second  bread"  (p.  GQ),  is  an 
expression  of  later  date  than  the  days  of  the  Conqueror  by 
probably  two  or  three  centuries  ;  and  we  certainly  cannot 
but  be  taken  by  surprise  at  the  mention  (p.  68)  of  corhim 
cnctum,  "boiled  leather,"  or  cuir  houilli,  being  used  for 
defensive  armour  by  the  troops  of  Earl  Harold,  in  the  days 
of  Edward  the  Confessor  1 

In  p.  78  we  meet  with  the  legal  word  separalis,  "  several," 
or  "  separate,"  which,  although  introduced  also  into  the 
fictitious  Charters  of  Edred  and  Edgar,  is  not  to  be  met 
with  probably  before  the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century ; 
and  the  expression  in  the  following  page,  ejus  venerabilem 
personam,  "  his  venerable  person,"  has  the  appearance  of 
belonging  to  a  still  more  recent  date.  Portiforium,  "a 
breviary  "  (p.  79),  is  a  word  not  to  be  found  elsewhere  till 
the  close  of  the  thirteenth  century  ;  copia,  "  a  copy  "  (p.  92), 
"was  not  so  early  in  use  probably  by  two  centuries  ;  and 
ijuindena,  "a  quinzaine,"  or  "fortnight"  (p.  95),  is  probably 
nowhere  else  to  be  found  until  near  a  century  and  a  half 
after  IngulPs  day. 

Concjiiassare,  "to  crush"  (p.  97),  is  a  word  first  found  in 
use  probably  some  two  centuries  later ;  so  too  is  the  form 
corrodiarius,  "a  corodier,"  or  "pensioner"  (pp.  97,  98)  ; 
while  the  word  carcosiiim,  "  a  carcase,"  it  is  presumed,  is  not 
to  be  met  with  elsewhere  before  the  thirteenth  century. 
Nativiis,  as  meaning  "a  serf"  or  "bondman"  (p.  101), 
belongs  probabl}^  to  the  thirteenth  century  ;  and  campanile, 
"a  belfry,"  is  not  a  word  of  Ingulfs  age.  Scrjantia,  "a 
serjeanty"  (pp.  103,  104),  and  publicum  parliamentum,  "a 
public  parliament"  or  "sitting"  (pp.  103,  131),  are  ex- 
pressions not  to  be  found  elsewhere  until  nearly  one  hundred 
years  later ;  Avhile  such  appellations  as  scrvicns  cissor  and 
serviens  5z</or,  "  serjeant-tailor  "  and  "serjeant-shoemaker  " 
(p.  103),  belong  to  the  fourteenth  or  fifteenth  century. 
The  phrase  too,  i7i  tahulis,  "in  boards"  (p.  104),  as  applied 
to  the  sides  of  a  book,  hardl}^  seems  to  belong  to  the  da3's  ot 
William  the  Conqueror  or  his  son.  Seicera,  "  a  drain,"  in 
the  closing  page  (107),  is  undoubtedly  a  word  unknown  till 
a  century  or  more  after  that  date. 

{To  be  continued.) 


TRACES  OF  HISTORr  AXD  ETTIXOLOGY  IX  THE  LOCAL  NAMES 
OF  GLOUCESTERSHIRE— (Cw«;(/(«t'J).i 

By  the  rev.  JOHX  EARLE.  M.A., 
Late  Professor  of  Anglo-Saxon  in  the  University  of  Oxford. 

In  the  early  part  of  tlic  Saxon  period,  previous  to  the 
com})relieiisive  dominion  of  Wessex,  the  poHtical  relations  of 
this  district  appear  very  precarious,  and  subject  to  the 
vicissitudes  incidental  to  border-lands. 

If  the  valley  of  the  Severn  was  overrun  by  Wessex  in  the 
sixth  century,  it  was  not  a  permanent  conquest,  for  in  the 
course  of  the  ensuing-  century  this  district  fell  under  the 
growing  power  of  Mercia.  From  the  latter  end  of  the 
seventh  century  we  begin  to  have  some  details  of  Ilwiccia, 
as  the  bid  of  the  Severn  was  then  called  ;  and  it  constantly 
appears  as  subordinate  to  Mercia.  It  had  a  king  of  its  own, 
but  he  is  spoken  of  as  a  dependent  king,  under  aEthelred  of 
Mercia.  "  Ilwicciorum  subregulus  Oslierus,  vir  multuni 
laudabilis,  Hwicciam,  cui  dignitate  prcesidebat  regia,  &c." 
(Fl(jrence  Chron.,  Appendix,  v.  Hwiccia.) 

IlwicciA  was  one  of  the  five  jyarochice,  or  dioceses,  into 
which  Mercia  was  divided  in  the  time  of  Archbishop  Theo- 
dore, A.D,  680.  Tlie  see  of  this  diocese  was  fixed  at  Wor- 
cester, as  the  ancient  capital  of  Ilwiccia  and  ]\ragesitania,  the 
one  in  the  lower,  and  the  other  in  the  upper  Severn-biet. 
Thus  we  get  a  rough  definition  of  ancient  Ilwiccia  ;  viz.,  the 
southern  iialf  of  the  old  diocese  of  Worcester.  Tiiis  will 
correspond  to  a  large  extent  with  the  ])resent  county  of 
Gloucestershire.  A  i)assago  in  Florence,  nnuo  871^  describes 
Cii'encester  as  being  situate  "  in  mciidiana  parte  Wic- 
cioruni." 

Certainly  Ilwiccia  fornie<l  jiaii  of  the  (huninions  of  the 
Jlercinn  Knig  Ofla. — the  "  rex  lurniidolosus  011a  "^wlio  lilLs 

'  Of   UiiN   Memoir,   communicntcd  nt       porlion  lion  bcnii  givcu    in   tliiii  Juurn.il, 
Uio  AiiniiJtl  MueliiiK  of  the  Inittituto  iit       vol.  xviii.  p.  'ii'l. 
UluucoiUir,   July,    liiOO,    tho   iircceding 


LOCAL    NAMES    IN    GLOUCESTERSHIRE.  51 

the  view  nearly  tliroiighoiit  the  second  lialf  of  the  eiglith  cen- 
tury. In  liis  time  there  is  no  question  who  sways  Hwiccia  ; 
the  debateable  land  is  transferred  to  the  other  bank  of  the 
Severn.  It  is  the  country  between  the  Severn  and  the  Wye 
which  is  now  in  a  state  of  agitation,  and  we  can  hardly  doubt 
that  under  Ofta  it  was  finally  annexed  to  the  English  territory. 
This  land  bears  manifest  traces  of  having  been  settled  by  the 
English  in  early  times,  and  the  reign  of  Offa  will  agree  well 
with  all  the  data.  The  Welsh  chronicles,  somewhat  indis- 
tinctly, represent  a  conquest  by  Offa,  secured  by  his  Dyke,  but 
afterwards  partially  lost  again  ;  the  Welsh  having  desti'oyed 
his  first  Dyke,  and  having  compelled  him  to  be  satisfied  with 
a  less  ambitious  boundary  line."^  The  Gloucestershire 
portion  of  Offa's  Dyke  has  been  studiously  investigated  by 
Dr.  Ormerod,  of  Sedbury  Park,  and  the  results  are  printed 
in  his  "  Strigulensia,"  pp.  50 — .59. 

Florence  notices  the  succession  of  Hwiccian  bishops  with 
a  marked  regularity.  He  was  a  monk  of  Worcester,  and  had 
the  catalogue  at  hand. 

Hwiccia  is  a  name  to  rouse  curiosit}^  what  its  origin  may 
have  been.  Rudder  associates  it  with  another  problematical 
word,  viz.,  "  wich."  He  supposes  that  Hwiccia  was  so  called 
from  the  "  many  brin}^  Avells,  which  the  ancient  English  in 
their  language  called  'wiches,'  whence  with  Httle  trouble 
they  made  salt." 

Another  query  which  might  interest  us  about  this  name, 
is  whether,  being  itself  extinct,  it  has  left  any  derivatives 
behind  it  1  The  names  of  districts  are  apt  to  reproduce 
themselves  in  two  opposite  directions.  The  first  and  most 
obvious  is,  at  the  capital  city.  The  chief  towns  of  France 
offer  a  familiar  illustration  of  this  propagation  of  the  name  of 
an  ancient  tribe  or  district.  Thus  the  ancient  nation  of  the 
Treviri  is  still  represented  in  the  name  of  Treves ;  that  of 
Bitiiriges  in  Bourfies  ;  of  the  Rcdoncs  in  Rennes  ;  and  that 
of  the  Parisii  in  Paris.  This  has  not  been  so  much  the  case 
in  our  island.  Here  the  district  name  has  reproduced  itself 
more  generall}"  on  the  confines.  For  instance,  on  the  western 
boundary  line  of  Gloucestershire,  which  is  also  the  line 
of  division  between  England  and  Wales,  we  have  the  names 
of  England  and  Wales  reproduced  adjcctively  in  "  English 

2  Ai'chaeologia  Cambrensis  for  1856,  p.  152. 


b-2  LOCAL    NAMES    IX    GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 

Bicknoi"  niul  "  AVelsli  Bickiior."  It  m'ouUI  not  be  unpre- 
cedented if  the  names  of  England  and  Wales  were  to  pass 
into  oblivion,  Avliilo  "■  English  Bicknor "  and  "  AVelsli  Bick- 
nor " — one  or  both — retained  their  position  on  the  map. 
The  antiquarian  of  the  remote  future,  retracing  the  limits  of 
England  and  Wales,  would  hail  \vith  a  cry  of  joy  these 
village  names,  \Nhich  would  be  to  him  as  a  beacon. 
Similarly,  I  venture  to  greet  the  name  of  Wychwood,  as 
a  relic  of  ancient  Hwiccia.  "  Wychwood  Forest"  is  in 
Oxfordshii-e,  but  it  extends  within  a  short  distance  of  the 
borders  of  Gloucestershire,  occupying  the  watershed  between 
Severn  and  Thames,  the  presumed  verge  of  Hwiccia  ;  and 
in  a  document  bearing  the  date  of  Christmas-day,  a. d.  841, 
it  is  spelt  "  Ilwiccewudu."^  All  this  points  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  in  this  name  we  have  a  memorial  of  the  ancient 
lluiccas.  The  fair  which  is,  or  was,  annuall}'  held  in  Wych- 
wood Forest,  may  contain  a  tradition  of  the  time  when 
stranger-nations  met  there,  as  on  a  neutral  territory,  to 
exchange  their  respective  commodities.  Further  noi'tli, 
near  the  confines  of  three  counties, — Gloucestershire,  Ox- 
fordshire, Warwickshire, — we  have  another  possible  offset  of 
Hwiccia,  in  the  name  Whichford. 

One  thing  is  plain.  It  was  in  the  times  when  "  Hwiccia" 
was  a  living  designation  that  the  bulk  of  the  Gloucester- 
shire  names  were  formed,  and  this  must  be  my  excuse  for 
dwelling  so  long  upon  it.  This  name  retained  its  activity 
down  to  the  ninth  century,  and  there  arc  few  names  on 
the  map  of  Gloucestershire  which  had  nut  come  into 
existence  by  that  date. 

The  usual  Saxon  names  occur  in  this  county,  but  the  (ons 
are  vastly  in  the  majority.  Wicks  and  icortlis  are  compara- 
tively numerous,  but  the  tons  are  to  either  of  these  as  ten  to 
one.  This  throws  Gloucestershire  into  the  same  category 
with  the  country  west  of  the  Barrett,  especially  Devonshire, 
and  indicates  (probably)  that  there  was  an  active  influx  of 
West  Saxon  settlers  in  the  ninth  century. 

That  remarkalili'  line  t'T  kings  which  hcgiiis  with  the  acces- 
sion of  Ecgbei-Jit,  in  the  y.iv  8<)U,  was  ancinicil  with  its 
natural  consequence,  that  the  jiopulatinn  <il'  Wcsscx  over- 
llowed  its  ancient  Ixjundarics,  an<l  swarnnd   foith    in   search 

3  Kciulilc,  Cod.  Dij.!.  No.  217. 


LOCAL   NAMES    IN    GLOUCESTERSHIKE.  53 

of  new  settlements.  The  AValas  had  to  retire  be3'ond  the 
Taniar,  or  be  content  to  have  the  Saxon  for  a  neiglibour  and 
a  lord.  The  same  causes  may  have  led  to  an  infusion  of 
fresh  Saxon  blood  into  the  Anglian  (or  mostly  Anglian) 
Hwiccia.  The  prevalence  of  a  i  Wessex  strain  of  names, 
interspersed  with  occasional  peculiarities  of  the  Anglian, 
invites  this  supposition.  But  I  dare  not  advance  the  pre- 
tension of  being  able  to  distinguish  Anglian  names  from 
Saxon,  with  a  certainty  strong  enough  to  sustain  the  weight 
of  an  historical  deduction.  It  is  not  only  on  observation  of 
the  names  that  I  rest  the  opinion  of  such  an  influx  from 
Wessex.  The  records  contain,  not  indeed  an  explicit  state- 
ment to  this  effect,  but  a  very  stimulating  suggestion  of  its 
probability.  The  3^ear  800  is  marked  by  the  event  which 
after-times  recognized  as  highly  important,  the  accession  of 
Ecoberht.  But  before  time  had  unfolded  all  that  was  in- 
volved  in  that  event,  the  year  and  the  day  of  Ecgberht's 
accession  received  its  lustre  from  a  propitious  incident  which 
happened  on  the  border.  On  that  very  day  the  Hwiccian 
commandant  made  a  foray  over  the  border,  i.e.,  over  the 
Thames,  into  AViltshire.  The  commandant  of  Wiltshire 
promptly  met  the  invader  ;  the  parties  engaged,  both  leaders 
fell,  but  the  prowess  of  the  men  of  Wiltshire  secured  victory 
for  Wessex.  Can  we  suppose — does  history  allow  us  any 
opening  to  imagine,  even  if  we  were  so  inclined — that  the 
warlike  Ecgberht  let  this  insult  pass  without  further  notice. 
If  such  had  been  the  case,  I  believe  it  wouhl  never  have 
figured  in  the  Annals  at  all.  Our  annals  at  that  early  date 
are  very  meagre,  but  perhaps  they  contain  more  than  has 
yet  been  extracted.  They  are  contemporary  in  one  sense, 
and  3^et  not  in  the  rigid  sense  of  having  been  penned  journal- 
wise,  year  by  year.  The  selection  of  recorded  events  is  not 
so  arbitrary  or  accidental  as  it  seems.  In  short,  I  believe 
that  this  raid  of  Ecgberht's  accession  day  was  well  remem- 
bered, and,  before  that  generation  passed  away,  securely 
scored  in  the  annal,  just  because  it  was  fruitful  in  conse- 
quences, and  because  it  was  well  revenged.  Add  to  this  the 
consideration,  that  either  by  fear  or  favour,  Hwiccia  must 
have  been  pacified  towards  Wessex  before  Ecgberht  set  out 
on  his  Northumbrian  expedition,  and  I  think  we  have 
data  enough  to  warrant  the  acceptance  of  the  probable 
inference,  that  by  Ecgberht,  Hwiccia  was  thrown  open  to 

VOL.  XIX.  1 


54  LOCAL   NAMES   IN    GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 

emigrants  and  adventurers  from  the  swarming  bccdiive  of 
Wessex. 

If  the  above  reasoning  has  smoothed  the  way  for  a  Saxon 
immigration  into  Hwiccia  in  the  ninth  century,  we  have  an 
explanation  of  the  preponderance  of  fn?is  and  the  large  pro- 
portion of  hamptonn,  and  generally,  of  the  Sawon  complexion 
of  the  naming  of  Gloucestershire.     But  here  I  imagine  an 
objection  occurring  to  the  reader.     If  we  accept  the  con- 
struction which  Dr.  Guest  has  put  on  certain  notices  of  the 
sixth  century,  this   brings  the   Saxon  triumphantly  up  the 
Severn,  and  would  seem   to  offer  a  deeper  ground  for  any 
Saxonisms  observal)le  in  the  nomenclature  of  Gloucestershire. 
But  to  this  there  is  a  double  answer.     First,  from  histor3^ 
It  has  been  shown  above  that  if  Ilwiccia  was  conquered  by 
"Wessex   arms   in    the  sixth  century,  it    did   not   continue 
permanently  subject  to  the  throne  of  Wessex.     We  have 
glanced  at  two  hundred  years  of  Mercian, — i.e.,  Anglian, — 
dominion   over  Ilwiccia.     Even  if  the  Wessex  success  was 
ever  consolidated  as  a  conquest,  which  has  not  been  made 
to  appear,  and  if  there  was  a  Saxon    colony  or   colonies 
settled  in  the  district  (which  is  still  less  likely),  they  must 
have  been  soon  absorbed  in  the  Anglian  population  ;   and, 
isolated  from  Wessex,  they  must  have  lost  all  their  distinctive 
Saxon  character.      This  is  the   first  answer  to  the  supposed 
objection,  taken  from  a  view  of  the  histor3\     The  second 
answer  arises  from  the  philological  view.     We  find  tangible 
marks  of  Anglian  dialect  in  such  a  name,  for  instance,  as 
"  Yate,"  which  I  interpret  as  the  Anglian  form  of  the  Saxon 
"  Gate."     But  on  this  point  of  the  Anglian  complexion  of 
ancient    Gloucestershire,    we  may  gather  evidence  from  a 
term  which  has  been  noticed  as  a  curiosity  in  ])omesday, 
and  which  is  found   (with  one  single  exception)   only  in  the 
Severn  district.'     This  is  the  /{(tdclteinstrcs,  sumelinics  called 
JifKhitfuis.     They  are  mentioned  three  times  in  Gloucester- 
sliiro,    viz.,    at  Jjcrchelai,   Teodechesberie,    Derheste  ;  three 
times  in  Ilerefordsliire,  twice  in  Worcestershire,  and  through 
all  the  other  counties  only  once,  viz.,  at  Gosei  (Jierks).    They 
arc  understood  to  have  ])een  froemon  wlio  ])err(jrmcd  certain 
miht.'iiT  S(.'rvices  on    horschack.      'i'lic  Kad-man,  so  clumsily 
jduralilierl  into  li.'ul-mans,  is  simply  a  "  liding-man."    A}»pa- 

*  Sir  II.  EUiB,  "  lotroduotioD  to  DomcBlay,"  vol.  i.,  \k  ~i1. 


LOCAL    NAMES    IN    GLOUCESTERSHIRE.  55 

rentlj  they  were  needed  as  a  kind  of  mounted  constabulary 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Welsh  border. 

But  the  strange  word  Rad-c/ienifitres  demands  a  little 
attention.  This  is  one  of  the  cases  in  which  the  Xornian 
education  of  the  surveyors  is  of  use  to  us.  As  they  were 
unacquainted  with  the  literary  forms  of  the  Saxon  hmguage, 
we  get  from  their  hand,  not  a  conventional,  but  a  iohonetic 
spelHng.  This  chenistres  is  just  wdiat  would  have  been  sj)clt 
by  the  Saxon  who  could  write — cnihtas,  and  corresponds 
etymologically  to  our  knights,  or  the  German  kiiechte;  mean- 
ing, at  the  time  we  speak  of,  simply  sermng-men,  and  hardly 
so  much  as  soldiers.  Now  there  is  a  great  difference  between 
the  word  chenistres  and  the  word  cnihtas,  and  it  is  a 
difference  wdiich  is  capable  of  specification  under  three 
heads.  First,  there  is  the  "  che-"  instead  of  the  "  c-,"  i.e., 
k-sound  ;  secondly,  there  is  the  sibilant  "  s  "  in  place  of  the 
dry  guttural  "h;"  and,  thirdly,  there  is  the  insertion  of  an 
"  r  "  in  the  syllable  wdiich  is  formative  of  the  plural.  The 
two  latter  were  probabl}'^  features  of  the  Anglian  dialect,  as 
well  as  the  Y  for  G  which  has  been  noticed  above.  We 
may  bracket  the  two  cases  together  by  a  comparison  with  a 
German  patois.  In  some  parts  of  Germany  the  peasants, 
instead  of  Guten  Morgcn — wo  gehen  sie  hin  ?  say,  Yuten 
Moryen — wo  yehen  sie  hin  ?  and,  at  the  same  time,  instead 
of  welcher  they  say  ivelsher.  Very  like  this  are  the 
peculiarities  which  w^e  here  attribute  to  the  Anglian.  Nearly 
a  century  later  we  have  an  opportunity  of  comparing  how 
they  spelt  this  C7iiht  at  Winchester.  In  the  Liher  Winton, 
of  which  the  date  is  1148,  we  find  at  fol.  531  b,  the  following 
entry :  "  Et  ibi  de  justa  {-near)  fuit  Chenictehalla,  ubi 
chenictes  potabant  Gildam  suam,  et  cam  libere  tenebant  de 
rege  Edwardo."  And  again  at  533  a.,  "  Chenictes  tenebant 
la  chenictahalla  libere  de  Rege  Edwardo."  Here,  in  the 
centre  of  Saxondom,  though  we  find  the  CH-,  yet  there  is 
no  S  in  the  middle,  nor  any  R  in  the  termination.  This  R 
must  be  Anglian.  We  are  famihar  with  one  instance  in 
which  the  letter  R  enters  into  the  formation  of  a  plural, 
in  tlic  case  of,  singular,  child ;  plural,  children.  But  in  the 
Danish  language  this  is  the  letter  (as  S  with  us)  which  is 
formative  of  the  plural.  In  Danish,  "  king  "  is  ko7ig,  and 
"  kings "  is  kojigcr.  The  Anglian  was  a  nearer  neighbour 
to  the  Scandinavian  languages  (in  the   original  continental 


56  LOCAL   NAMES   IX   GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 

settlements),  and  it  appears  to  have  been  permanently 
atiected  by  tliem. 

A  few  other  peculiar  forms  which  are  found  in  this  county 
I  venture  to  attribute  to  Anglicism,  There  are  three 
parishes  of  the  name  of  Sodbury,  a  simple  name,  meaning 
"  South  burv,"  and  yet  not  occurrinii;  an v where  else.  There 
are  in  various  parts  of  England  names  in  which  the  word 
"South"  appears  in  the  form  of  vSud — c.fj.,  Sudborne,  Sudbury 
(Suffolk),  Suilborough  (Xorthants),  Sudbrook  (Line),  Sud- 
bury (Derby)  ;  but  these  are  confined  to  the  Anglian  or 
Danish  parts,  and  I  find  none  in  Saxondom  Proper,  Glou- 
cestershire adds  to  the  list  Sudeley-Manor,  near  AVinchcombc, 
It  is  well  known  that  the  Anglians  ditiered  markedly  from 
the  Saxon  by  using  D  for  D,  and  vice  versa. 

Coaley  (near  Dursley)  is  a  singular  name,  apparently  an 
Anglicism  for  the  famihar  Saxon  "  Cowley." 

The  Anglians  appear  to  have  shared  with  the  Danes  a 
tendency  to  ignore  the  initial  W  in  such  words  as  "  wool," 
"  ^Yolf,"  "  wood,"  "  week,"  &c.  Accordingly  I  would  explain 
the  sino-ular  name  of  "  Olveston"  as  beino-  "  wolf-stone,"  like 
'•  "Woltstein  "  in  Bavai'ia,  Probably  the  name  "  Owlpen  " 
belongs  to  the  same  set.  I  do  not  find  any  name  elsewhere 
that  begins  with  "  Owl," — but  in  the  Anglo-Danish  districts 
there  are  three  places  of  the  name  of  Oulton.  I  suppose 
the  first  syllables  in  these  two  cases  to  have  one  origin, 
namely,  the  Anglian  form  of  the  word  which  wc  call  irool, 
but  which  tliey  sounded  without  tlie  W, 

13ut  distinctions  between  Anglian  and  Saxon  are  rather 
too  minute  and  uncertain  for  us  to  build  much  ujion  them. 
I  will  merely  notice  one  or  two  more  forms  which  belong  to 
this  period,  ami  llini  jiass  on  tn  (he  Danes.  A  fniin  which 
licars  a  local  stainj)  is  l(ulr  or  lode.  Wa  find  St.  .Mary  Lode, 
Abload,  JOvenlode,  Fi-amilode,  Cricklade,  Lechlade. 

This  word  lode  or  lade  (A.S.  (jilad),  signifies  the  passage 
or  course  of  a  journey  ])y  land  or  by  sea,  but  in  these  names 
it  is  eniploye<l  Ibr  a  passage  or  Ici'iy  across  a  river.  lA'chlado 
is  the  pjts.sagc  over  tlie  Thames  at  the  mouth  ol"  the  liver 
Leacli.  Cricklade  is  the  passage  ^^vcr  the  Thames  at  the 
Hj)oL  known  either  by  a  remarkable  stone  (ernnj),  or,  what 
i.s  more  pnjbable,  by  its  jiaved  or  slnnv  character;  so  that 
tliis  word  is  eipiivalent  to  Stamford,  both  lueaning  "stony- 
ford."      This   name  Cricklaile   lias   figured    both    in   political 


LOCAL   NAMES    IN    GLOUCESTERSHIRE.  57 

and  in  literary  history.  It  held  a  prominent  position  in 
Saxon  times,  as  one  of  the  chief  gates  of  connection  between 
Wessex  and  Mercia.  In  the  Chronicles,  anno  905,  it  is 
distinctly  so  recognised.  The  Danish  army  ravaged  Mercia 
till  they  came  to  Cricklade  (oS  hie  comon  to  Creccagelade), 
whence  they  crossed  into  Wessex.  Reversely,  in  1016, 
Cnut  crossed  over  the  Thames  into  Mercia  at  Cricklade 
(ofer  Temese  into  M^^rcan  a3t  CraBcilade).  We  perceive 
that  the  lapse  of  years  between  905  and  1016  had  told  upon 
the  form  of  Creccagelad,  and  reduced  it  to  a  convenient 
shape  for  the  etymological  experiments  that  were  to  be 
practised  upon  it.  Brompton,  towards  the  close  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  writes  thus :  "  Secundum  quosdam 
fuerunt  duo  studia  in  Anglia,  unum  de  Latino,  et  aliud  de 
Grajco,  quorum  unum  Grteci  posnerunt  apud  Greglade,  quie 
modo  dicitur  Kirkelade,  et  ibidem  linguam  Grrecam  pro 
tempore  docuerunt,  &c."  Lechlade  was  the  other  school, 
which  was  devoted  to  Latin  studies.  It  should  be  observed 
that  Brompton  lived  in  Yorkshire,  and  may  be  excused  for 
misrepresenting  the  name,  as  he  does,  by  spelling  it  Greglade, 
unless  he  did  it  to  enhance  the  plausibility  of  his  etymon. 
Whether  it  was  ever  called  Kirkelade  or  not,  there  is  no 
inherent  improbability  in  it,  as  we  find  it  written  "  Crike- 
lade  "  and  "  Criklade,"  and  a  slight  metathesis  would  have 
transformed  it  into  Kirkelade.  But  Gibson  (A.D.  1692) 
cannot  tolerate  such  ignorance  on  the  part  of  Brompton. — 
"  Yerum  commentum  istud  merito  tribuunt  alii  eorum  im- 
peritite,  utpote  qui  ne  linguam  quidem  vernaculam  suam  in- 
tellexerint."  And  having  thus  spoken,  the  indignant  scholar 
proceeds  to  clear  it  up  for  present  and  future  generations. 
"  Crecca  enim  Saxoniceest  amnis,  torreus  in  major  em  Jluvi  urn 
labens,  et  ladian,  purgare,  exonerare ;  undo  non  dubium  est 
quin  vocabulum  profluxit  ;  cum  eo  loci  in  fluvium  Tamcsin 
sese  aquse  exonerant."  The  Abbot  of  Jervaux  Abbey  is 
avenged. 

The  name  of  "  Yate "  has  been  noticed  above.  It  is  a 
dialectic  form  of  "  gate,"  and  this  place  is  written  as  "Giete  " 
in  Domesday.  There  seems  to  be  some  local  partiality  for 
names  in  -gate.  Two  of  the  Hundreds  are  called  Rapsgate 
and  Kiftsoate.  The  old  meaning;  of  this  word  was  not  as 
now,  an  opening  to  pass  through,  or  the  moveable  barrier 
which  closes  such  opening,  but  a  road,  way,  or  means  ol going. 


58  LOCAL    NAMES    IN    GLOUCESTEKSIIinE. 

for  it  springs  from  the  verb  to  go.  Aiul  this  may,  pcrliaps, 
have  been  the  sense  of  the  word  in  the  street-names  in 
Gloucester — Northgate,  Soutligate,  Eastgate,  Westgate. 

Descending  in  historical  order,  we  next  come  to  the  Danes. 
It  will  have  been  seen  above  that  I  have  attributed  to  Anglian 
idiom  several  forms  which  might  have  been  pressed  into  this 
part.  But  it  does  not  appear  to  me  that  history  favours  the 
idea  of  colonies  of  Danes  settling  in  Gloucestershire.  If, 
however,  this  difficulty  could  be  removed,  it  would  not  be 
impossible  to  collect  a  respectable  little  list  of  names  in  con- 
nection with  them.  Besides  much  of  what  has  been  called 
Anglian,  others  might  be  found  of  a  Danish  complexion,  one 
or  two  ending  in  -trap  or  -f/trop,  as  Addlestrop,  Southrop,  but 
es{)ecially  the  former.  For  this  modiliod  form  of  the  more 
usual  "  -thorpe,"  (German,  "  Dorf,")  approaches  closely  to 
the  form  "-trup"  with  which  the  map  of  Denmark  is  thickly 
stuilded.  And  it  is  by  no  means  impossible  that  a  few 
Danish  hamlets  may  have  been  formed  in  Gloucestershire, 
but  these  few  scattered  data  do  not  warrant  us  in  concluding 
so,  unless  we  are  sure  that  the  i)resencc  of  the  Anglian 
element  is  insufficient  to  account  for  them.  It  has  been 
shown  that  "  Dean  "  Forest  is  not  to  be  associated  with  the 
Danes.  There  is,  however,  another  name  in  the  county 
which  seems  to  challenge  such  an  association,  and  that  is 
the  name  "  Daneway,"  near  Stroud.  This  name  obtains 
increased  inn)ortance  from  the  fact  that  the  Danes  diil  on 
one  recc/i'ded  occasion  ascend  the  Thames,  and  from  the 
Upper  Thames  cross  over  into  the  Severn.  In  such  a 
transit,  Daneway,  near  Stroud,  might  seem  to  fall  in 
very  well  with  the  line  required.  And  if,  as  is  likely,  the 
])anes  effected  this  movement  not  once  only,  but  had  esta- 
blished a  track  between  the  Thames  and  Severn,  to  comj)letc 
the  comnumication  between  the  two  great  estuaries  which 
tln'V  haunted,  such  a  relic  as  the  name  of  Daneway  might 
well  survive  upon  that  track.  Yet,  with  all  this  amount  of 
probability,  I  am  notsanguinc  that  the  n;i me  has  so  historical 
an  origin.  1  can  only  judge  of  the  ground  hy  the  Ordnance 
.Maj),  but  that  seems  to  countenance  the  humbler  inter- 
j)retation  of  "low  or  hollow  way."  Moreover,  it  may  he 
doubted  whether  the  pirates  would  choose  so  northerly  ji 
course.  There  is  another  (|U<'sti<jn  of  topography,  wliich,  il" 
it  could  be  determined,  wouI-1  help  in  this  iiKjuii-y.     At  the 


LOCAL    NAMES    IN    GLOUCESTERSHIRE.  59 

time  of  the  transit  referred  to,  viz.,  A.D.  894,  the  Danes  are 
followed  to  Buttington,  on  the  Severn,  and  are  there  be- 
sieged by  the  Saxons.  Now  there  are  two  Buttingtons  on 
the  Severn,  one  in  Gloucestershire,  the  other  in  Montgomery- 
shire. Tlie  latter  has  generally  been  identified  with  the 
events  of  894,  chiefly  because  the  text  states  that  on 
arriving  at  the  Severn  the  Danes  went  up  the  Severn  to 
Buttington.  Now,  although  this  w^ould  seem  to  apply  more 
readily  to  the  Buttington  in  Montgomeryshire,  yet  it  is  not 
impossible  that  the  course  of  the  Danes  from  the  Thames 
might  have  taken  so  southward  a  bearing  as  to  bring  them  to 
the  Severn  below  Buttington  near  Chepstow.  Dr.  Ormerod, 
who  lives  in  that  neighbourhood,  is  strongly  in  favour  of 
this  view.  Much  may  be  said  on  either  side  ;  but  if  the 
laurels  of  Buttino-ton  be  o-iven  to  Gloucestershire,  it  makes  an 
ai'gument  against  the  connection  of  Daneway  with  the 
Danes. 

We  must  now^  pass  on  to  the  Domesday  Survey.  From  the 
list  of  Gloucestershire  names  which  that  record  exhibits,  we 
see  how  early  the  spots  of  human  habitation  were  fixed 
upon,  and  how  completely  their  j)resent  names  belong  to  a 
by-gone  era  of  our  language. 

The  following  lists  are  arranged  according  to  the  Hundreds 
as  they  were  in  1066.  In  the  present  day  there  are  28 
Hundreds,  but  in  1066  there  appears  to  have  been  42. 

I  am  indebted  for  many  of  the  identifications  to  my  friend 
and  colleague  the  Rev.  Athelstan  Corbet,  whose  keen  and 
acute  research  I  have  much  pleasure  in  acknowdedging. 


DOMESDAY 

BACHESTANES     Hd 

Acton  e     • 
Torteword   . 

.  Iron  Acton 
.     .  Toriworth 

Wichen     . 
Cirvelde 

.  ?  Wichioar 
.     .  Charjicld 

BEGEBERIE     H^ 

Aldesorde 

• 

BERCIIELAI 

lid      (Berkeley 

Hd) 

Hilla 

Alniintune  . 
Hinctune 
Canuna 
Gosintuno 
Dersilege     . 
Couelege  . 

.  Hill 
.     .  Elmirtyton 

.  Uinton  Home 

.  Cam 

.  Oossington  Hall 
.     .  Durslcy 

.  Coalcij 

Euuolege 

Nimdesfelle 

Vutune 

Siniondoshale  . 

Cliingescote 

Beurestane 

Osleuuorde  . 

.     .  Uley 

.  Nimpsfield 
.     .  Mootton-uncler-EJge 

.  Si/mond's  Hall 

.  Kingscote 

.  Beverstone 
.     ,  Ozlewoi-th 

CO 

Almondesberie 

Huiefelle 

AVestoue 

EMbertou 

Cr^'iiiule 

Krlingfham 

Ebceleuuorde 


LOCAL   NAMES   IX 

.  Almoudihury 

.  Horn-Id 
.     .  Kiii'i'i   Wci'on 

.  EU.trtnn 

.  t'riiinhall 

.  Avhnykam 
.     .  AihUwoiih 


GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 

Crombal  .         .        .  CromltaU 

Heslinbrugo 

Claviihangare  . 

Hirslege 

Neuetou  . 

Nesso 


Sharp  Ness  Point 


BERNTONE     Ih^ 


Bernintone  . 

Svintoue 

, 

, 

Wen  lie 

, 

AcLelie     . 

. 

. 

Sti-atoue 

•     • 

BERNINTREV     II^i 

Hvoaberie 

.  Wfgthnnj 

Bristo-.v 

.  Bristol 

Henberie 

.      .  U'lihuiy 

Austreliue 

.    A  KSt 

Redeuiiiche 

.  Il'duick 

Coutoue 

.  Compton 

Stoche 

.     .  Stok-c  Oifford 

Icetuao     . 

.  Stone 

Gieto 

.  Yate 

BISELEGE 

II'l        (BiSLEY 

11^') 

Bislege 

.     .  Bisky 

^^odiete 

\Vest(jue  . 

Tedoham  . 

TroLaiQ 

.     .  Tlirovgliam  or  Drujj'-  Saplctorne   . 

.  Salperlon 

ham 

Wiche      . 

.  Paiiiswich 

Grenhamstede 

. 

Egeaworde   . 

.     .  Edywortk 

Wiuestaue 

.  Winston 

Froweccstre 
Staiihus    . 
St.iiilege 
Fran  tone 
Slautuue 


BLACELAVVES  H^ 


Froresier 
Standish 
Slanliy,  Kiw/i 
Prainpton 


Fridorne 
AVideceBtre 
Witonhert 
Alcriutoue 


Frctheitu  Said 

Wooilchetitcr 

Whcuthurst 


BLITESLAV     II'i     (Blidesloe  II^) 


Avre 

Nest 
Puutuoe 


Dimoch 
Lf.'deno     . 
Noeiit 
'J'fbriMton 
Hviitekd 
Tetiiiton  . 


I'critune 

Purton 

Nass 

Liudenee . 

Lydncy 

LOTELAV 

11 

'l       (BuTLOE 

II'I) 

Jfimock 

Trttiuton 

Tit  lint  on 

Jiirrr  Ltddon 

Clicni'peli'i 

h'cmplt-y 

A'lwnil 

Hmauni-lial  . 

Tdiliirl  on 

CniHowcl  . 

Jlanthy 

Brviiniebergo 
Kvdcfoid  . 

IhooinxbeiTOia 
Jiud/ord 

IX!CCC'    . 

HtninwiKillo 
Cnlbcilcgo   . 
T<'riuent'»iio 
Cvhtvno 
Turglicdooo 


BRADKl-HCiE     11''     CR«'\'"-J;v  II-') 


North  Leach 

Slowill 

CuhhcrUy 

Compton 
Turkdcan 


Haiit 

'J'vrclii-duno 
S.'il|iroti(n<!    . 
AVihfMluno 
HaMi'dcno 
Tcucoido . 


Tiirkdi-an 

Slll/ll  ilnit 

\\  uikIdh 
H  addon 


LOCAL    NAMES    IN    GLOUCESTEESHIRE. 


61 


BRISTOLDESBERG     lid      (Brightwell's  Barrow  Hd) 


Fareforde     . 

Lecce  . 

.  East  Leach,  Martin 

Cvlae 

.  Coin,  St.  Akhom's 

Leccladc  . 

.  Leachlade 

Lecce 

.  East  Leach,  Twvill 

Chenemeresforde 

.  Kcmpford 

Hetrope 

.  Ilalherop 

Etherope . 

.  Ilethrope 

CEOLFLEDE     Hd 

Heniborge 

Chiesnecote 

Edclmiiitone 

Pebeworde  . 

Lower  Pebworth 

Hidicote   . 

.  Hilcote 

Merestoue 

.  Long  Marston 

Merestone    . 

Marston  Sicca 

Qveniutoue  . 

Lower  Quinton 

Mvceltvde 

Mickleton 

Westone  . 

Weston- on-Avon 

Estune 

Wilcote 

Willicote 

Pebewordo 

Pebworth 

Westone  . 

Wenitone     . 

Nortone 

Norton  Hause 

Cloptvne  . 

Bichemerse 

Dorsintvne  .        .     . 

Dorsington 

Langeberge . 


CHEFTESIHAT     lid      (Kiftsgate  Hd) 
Mene 


Svindone 

Presteberie 

Wicelcube 


CILTENIIAM     Hd     (Cheltenham  Hd) 


.  Swindon 
.  Prestbury 
.  Winchcomb 


Lechantone 
Lechametone 


Leckhampton 


CIRECESTRE     Hd 


Cirecestre    . 

.  Cirencester 

Chenemertone 

.  Kimmerton 

Hvnlafeed 

"Wenecote 

Teodekchesberie  . 

.  Tewkesbury 

Aldiitoue     . 

.  Aldei-ton 

Sudwicha 

Tvninge   . 

Trotintune  . 

,  Tredington 

Stoches 

Fiteutone 

.  Fiddiiiglon 

Dvustesborne  . 

Dtmstborne  A  bbot 

Pamintonie  . 

.  Pemington 

Renneberie  . 

.  Rinbury 

Natone 

.  Norton 

Nortcote  . 

Waltone 

Walton 

Prestetvne 

Preston 

Estone 

Aston 

Duntesborne     . 

Duntsborne  Rouse 

Stanwege 

Stanway 

Tornentone 

Tatintone 

Toddington 

Svditone  . 

Sydington  St.  Peti 

Limentone  . 

Torentvne    . 

Waseborne 

Washbom 

Acbelie     . 

JEionQ 

Tvrsherie     .         .     . 

Stanlege    . 

Stanley  Pontlarge 

Benwedene  .         .     . 

Fortemeltone 

Svdintone 

Sydington  St.  Mai 

Senendoue 

Tautesborne 

Clifort          .         .     . 

Prestitvne    .         .     . 

Essetone  . 

Baadintone 

DERHEST     lid 

(Deerhdrst  lid) 

Derheste  . 

Deerhurst 

Almundestan 

Elmstone 

Herdeuuic    .         .     . 

Jlardwick 

Telinge     . 

Bortone    . 

Wiefeld         .         .     . 

Wightfield 

Teodeham    .        .    . 

Tateham  . 

Sudtuue    . 

Botingtone  .         .     . 

Boddington 

VOL.   XIX. 

K 

62 


LOCAL    NAMES    IN    GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 


Giuingtono  . 

H.-isfelde  . 

Leiuiuiugtove 

Hoohiuton 

Starueutoa  . 

Colue 

Caldecot 


Haresriild 


Starerton 
Coin  St.  Dennis 
Calcotti 


Contone    . 

Prceston 

Welleford 

Olsoudoue    . 

Lalege 

Valton 

Canebei-toQ 


Pirston-on-Sto  ur 
Wd/ord 


DVDESTAX     II'i     (Dddstone  and  King's  Bakton  IF) 


Herscfel    . 
Athelai 

Hersecome  . 
Brostorp  . 
Hechaiiestcde 
Vdecestre 
BertTue    . 


/fares  ndd 
J  I  at  her  ley 
Smdhurst 
Harscomb 
Brockrupp 

Woodchester 


Bcrneuude  . 
Tutielege 
Mereuuent  . 
Beiewrde  . 
Vletone 
Connicote 
Brocowardinge 
Bovvrue    . 


Brocworlh 


Wadvne 


DVNESTANE     11^ 

Vtone  . 


EDREDESTANE  m 


Meresfelde 

Marshfield 

Sopeberio 

Bertone        .         .     . 

Dodiutouo    .         .     . 

Doddington 

Bristov     . 

Bris'ol 

TormeutouG 

Manegodesfelle     .     . 

MaiKjotsfidd 

GERSDON     II<i 

Omenel     . 

Esbroc 

Oinenie 

Ampney  Crncis 

Cernei 

Haiitone  . 

Ouicnie 

Down  Ampney 

Omenio 

A  mpney  St.  Peter 

Omenio     . 

Ainpncy  Knowl 

DiifcUe    . 

Drijidd 

Estbroc 

Harchille 

JJanihill 

Omeiiie     . 

A  mpney  Riding 

Onieiiie     . 

A  mpney  St.  Mary 

Weuric 

Ccruei 

South  Ctrney 

GRETESTANES  IP 


Tveninpe 

Fieoliutvne 

Aldritoiio 

Niwertono 

KtantoDO 

Cerlotone 

DuubcDtODO 


Tirininr/ 

A  Idcrton 
Nnunlon 
Stanton 

Charlton  Abbots 
iJiitnbUton 


Litontone 

Hvilo    . 

Woniieton 

\Vicvoue 

Litutvuo  . 

EhIviio 

I'otealepo 


Ifayles 
Wormington 
Child's  Wiclham. 


Pottlip 


GRIMBOLDESTOWKS     11''     (Guomiuld's  Ash  Il'ij 


Itoxowcllo 
Hnvochenborio 
Kftpeburio 
Dirham    . 
H<«vcdono    . 
Dodmcrtoao 


Boxwtll 

lluwkfsbury 

Sodbury 

Ilyrhavi 

//orton 

Didmarton 


Aldoborio 

Mndtnintvno 

AclictoDO 

Allelic 

IlildoHlui 


.  Oldhunj-on-lhe  //ill 
,  Badminton 


LOCAL   NAMES   IN   GLOUCESTEESHIEE. 


63 


HOLEFORDES     H* 


SnawesiIIe    . 
Kawelle    . 
Fernecote     . 
Getinge    . 
Catesiat 

.     .  Snowshill 
.  Rowell 

.  Vpp.  Guiting 
.     .  CasUelt 

Getinge     . 
Halliuge 
Getiuge     . 
Piguocsine    . 

.  Lower  Guiting 
.     .  Hawling 

LANGEBRIGE     II-i 

Lessedrne 

• 

Morcote   . 

' 

LANGELEI     H<i 

(Langley  and  Swineshead  H'') 

Alwestan 
Tvruberie 
Herdicote     , 
Alvestoue 

.     .  Alveston 
.  Tliornbury 

.     .  Erthcolt 
.  Olveston 

Liteltone 
Itochemptoue  . 
Frautoue 

.  Littleton 
.  Rockhampton 
.    .  Fruinpton  Cotterell 

LANGENEI    H^ 

Tochintune  . 

LANGETREV    II^    (Loxgtree 

m) 

Aveninge 

Vdecestre    . 
Hautoue  . 
Horselei 
Redmertone 
Lesseberge  . 
Sciptone  . 
Scireuold 

.  Avening 
.     .  Woodchester 

.     .  Horseley 

.  Rodmarton 
.     .  Lasboro 

Westone  . 
Teteberie 
Vptone     . 
Cvlcortorne  . 
Hasedene 
Ceriutone 
Scipetone     . 

.  Weston  Birt 

.     .  Tttbury 

.  Upton  Grove 
.     .  Ctdkerton 

.  Cherington 
.     .  Shipton  Moyne 

LEDENEI     Hd 

Alvredestone 
Wigheiete 

•    • 

Ledenei 
Hiwoldestone   . 

Lega    . 


LETBERGE     m 

Stoche . 


Didintone 
Wapelie 


PVLCRECERCE     TL^     (Pucklechurch  H'') 

.  Siston 


.  Doddington 
.     .  Wapley 


Escetone 
Sistone 


Cedeorde 

Cernei 

Cvlesborne 

Aicote 

Begeberie 

Kvlege 

Tantesborne 

Coberleie 

Briuiesfelde 

Aldeberie 


RESPIGET    11^    (Rapsgate  W^) 

Chedworth  Bavdintone 

Cernei 

Colesboume  Rindecome 

Side 

Uautesborne 
Pun  telle    . 
Cbilecot 

Cowley  Cbitiford 

Bniiipsfield  Hege    . 

Dautesborue     . 


North  Cerney 

Rendcorab 

Slide 

L>untslomc  Abbots 


Duntubome  Route 


64 


LOCAL    NAMES    IN    GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 


SALEMANESBERIE 

n-l       (SLACGniER    II'l) 

Sclostre        .         .     . 

Slaui/hter 

Ailewrde  . 

"Westbcrie 

!  Westcote 

Iccurabe       .         .     . 

Icomb 

Chistone       .         .     . 

Risedvne  . 

Jiisiivjton  Wick 

Noent 

Naunton 

Icvbe 

Icumbe 

Chingestune         .     . 

Siiu:ton 

Svelle  . 

Lower  Swell 

Otmtone  . 

Oddington 

Hisendoue 

Gr.  Riisiuglon 

Condicote     . 

Conduotf 

Risendvne    . 

Little  Riiington 

Scirebvrne 

Shtrbornt 

Niwetone . 

Bladinton     .         .     . 

BUddington 

Elewrdo 

Malgeresberie  . 

Mangersbury 

Hviford    . 

Tedestrop    . 

A  ddlestrop 

Iccombo 

Bortvne    . 

Boiirton 

Aiforde    • 

Ay  ford 

Bradewelle  .         .     . 

Broadwdl 

Leclietone    . 

Svelle       . 

Upper  Swell 

Niwetone 

Callicote       . 

S  VI  Nil  EVE     II-i 

(Laxgley  and  Swinesiiead  II'') 

Bctone 

Estoch 

^^'apelei    . 

.  Wapletj 

Hanvn 

■Wiotrebome 

Winterborne 

Sudlege  ''^ 

Aldelmde 

Todiutvn  . 

Hambroc 

Betone 

TE 

DBOLDESTAN 

II'l       (TiBALDSTONE    II) 

Becceford     . 

.  Beckford 

Sapletonc 

Estone 

AslUon-under-HUl 

Godriutou    . 

Clivo    . 

Stoclies     . 

. 

Surham    . 

Uiuctvue 

.  UnUon-on-the-G 

TEDENIIAM  •  Il^i 


Tedenham    .         .     .  Tidctiham 


TOLANGEBRIGES     U" 

Hamme    . 

Prestetvne 

TVIFERDE     IIJ 

Modiete 
Oldckveetou 

.  Alvei'ston,    Olventon 
or  Alvealon 

Tidcham 

.  Tiddenham 

WACRESCVMBH     II^ 

Scipetone     • 
Hnj;epine  . 
Widiiidvue  . 
Jiagentpcno 

•    • 

Wititviio 
Scipctvnc 
Sciptvuo 

WESTBERIES 

Jl''       (WlOSTULllY 

II") 

Ilnmniu    . 
Mortoiio 
11. -po 
Ht.ivrio 

NoVDullQIll 

.     .  Morton  Vidancc 
.  Loiigfiojie 

.  Newnluiin, 

IJicanofro     . 
l)(n<) 
Itvi.l.-V'o 
Uodtlo      . 

.  Milchd  Dean 
.  Itnlln, 

.  Huddle 

BocbeUmdo  . 

WIDHLES     11'' 

LOCAL   NAMES   IN   GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 


65 


WITELAI     nd 

Condicote     . 

.     .  Condicut 

Stoch   . 

.     .  Stole 

Contone   . 

.  Compton  Abdale 

Hedecote 

,     , 

HUcote 

Fuscote 

Capeden 

.  Campden 

Colesburne 

Langeberge  . 

. 

Longborough 

Willecote 

Wenecote 

Dodesuuelle 

,  Dowdswell 

Bristeatvne  . 

Peclesurde   . 

Chevringavrde 

Natcgrave 

.  Notgrove 

Chesnecote 

Estone . 

.     .  Aston  Subedge 

Cheisecote   . 

SvvcUe      . 

.  Sivcll 

Svineberie 

Willersei 

.     .  Wilier sey 

Beceshore     . 

Westvne  . 

.  Weston  Subedge 

Cheisnecot   . 

• 

WITESTAN 

II'i    (Whitston 

H'l) 

Stanedis   . 

Mortvne  . 

Hersefeld     . 

.    . 

LaDgenei 

. 

The  comparison  of  tlie  ancient  with  the  modern  forms 
suggests  lines  of  reflection  which  space  forbids  us  to  follow 
out  at  present.  I  shall  close  this  paper  with  a  few  special 
remarks  on  particular  names. 

Marsh  FIELD. — The  line  between  Gloucestershire  and 
Somersetshire  is  a  very  ancient  line  of  demarcation,  or  rather, 
perhaps,  an  open  neutral  border  land.  The  name  of  "  Marsh- 
field  "  seems  to  be  due  to  this  circumstance.  It  has  nothino; 
to  do  with  Marsh,  palus,  but  rather  with  March,  in  the  sense 
of  border  land,  quasi  Marchfield.  So,  at  Moreton-in-the- 
Marsh,  there  is  no  marsh,  but  the  confines  of  the  counties  of 
Oxfordshire,  Worcestershire,  and  Gloucestershire.  The  word 
"March"  was  an  adjectival  formation  from  the  old  tech- 
nical "  mere,"  a  boundary  ;  and  this  is  a  word  which  is  found 
as  a  local  name  on  borders  of  counties,  as  "  Mere,"  on  the  south 
verge  of  Somersetshire,  and  also  on  the  south  verge  of 
Cheshire. 

Omexie  is  a  form  found  in  Domesday,  but  it  no  longer 
exists  in  this  form  as  a  local  name.  The  name  of  the 
place  has  been  modified  to  Ampney,  but  the  earlier  form 
had  been  adopted  as  a  family  name,  and  is  preserved  in 
comparative  purity  in  the  form  of  Ommanney.  And  here 
we  have  a  curious  example  of  the  way  in  which  local 
names  travel  and  reproduce  themselves  on  other  parts  of 
tlie  globe.  From  being  a  family  name,  the  form  Om- 
manney has  passed  into  a  second  stage  of  local  existence 
in  the  name  of  Cape  Ommanney  in  Russian  America,  at 
the  entrance  to  Chatham  Sound. 


66  LOCAL    NAMES    IX    GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 

Standish  {Sf(Vi/ii(s  D.)  is  an  exceptional  name,  ^Yhicll  lias 
been  made  classical  by  Longfellow.  In  the  last  century  it  was 
used  as  a  common  noun,  in  the  signification  of  ink-stand. 

Gloucestershire  is  rich  in  names  which  invite  special 
attention.  Besides  the  ordinary  classifiable  names  in  -bury, 
-ton,  -worth,  -wick,  &c.,  tliere  are  a  number  of  anoma- 
lous forms  which  defy  classification,  unless  anomaly  con- 
stitutes  a    irround    for    classification.       Such    arc    the    fol- 

O 

lowing  : — 

EAST  GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 

Coates.  Miserdiue.  Stanley  Poutlarge.     Guiting  Power. 

Hailes.  Roel.  Swell.  We>tou  Birt. 

Himpnett.  Saul.  Syde.  Wiudrosli. 

Haitpuiy.  Slaughter.  Temple  Guiting 

Uigiiuam.  Staudisb.  and 

WEST  GLOUCESTERSniRE. 

Awre.  Cam.  Dymock.  Aust. 

In  this  class  of  names  lies  the  greatest  amount  of  etymo- 
lo"ical  difficultv  which  the  philoloi>;cr  has  to  contend  with, 
in  treating  the  local  names  of  a  district.  Classification  is  a 
main  step  towards  elucidation,  and  words  that  cannot  be 
classified  can  seldom  be  ex])lained.  But  this  fact  docs  not 
render  them  philologically  useless.  They  exhibit  the  ex- 
tremest  form  of  local  alteration  or  modification,  and  in  this 
way  they  help  to  suggest  what  has  been  the  nature  of  the 
local  modifying  influence.  In  these  more  obstinate  cases,  no 
less  than  in  those  which  are  easy  of  solution,  the  change  has 
taken  ])lace  according  to  certain  definite  laws.  If  we  cannot 
trace  the  pedigree  of  those  forms  in  a  manner  consistent  with 
liistory  and  science,  we  had  better  abandon  the  attempt. 
Philological  speculation  is  no  longer  a  province  of  the  imagi- 
nation. The  steed  of  the  ])hilologer  is  no  longer  a  winged 
Pegasus,  l)Ut  a  ])lodding  roadster.  His  journc}'^  is  now  so 
rciiular  and  monotonous  that  it  is  a  relief  if  a  bird  fly  across 
his  path.  With  a  fascinated  eye  he  follows  the  capricious 
movements  of  the  happy  creature,  and  reverts  in  thought 
to  his  own  buoyant  youth,  when  his  neck  had  not  felt  the 
yoke,  and  his  movements  were  not  confined  to  a  thoroughfiire. 

It  is  not  often  that  a  genial  thougiit  crosses  the  dusty 
j».'itli  of  tlie  ])hilologer.  Yet  it  docs  sometimes  liaj)pi'ri 
that  those  who  are  tracing  the  action  of  law,  meet  with 
objecta  stimulating  to  the  fancy.     >Such  an  object  i   find  in 


LOCAL   NAMES   IN   GLOUCESTERSHIRE.  G7 

iliQ  nn.me  0^  La7i(//iopc.  I  have  not  seen  the  ground,  but, 
to  judge  by  the  name,  it  should  be  a  long,  crane-like, 
expectant  neck  of  a  promontor}^,  running  off  high  ground, 
and  gradually  losing  itself  in  the  plain. ^  Such  an  idea 
was  anciently  conveyed  in  the  word  hope,  which  has  since 
been  promoted  to  represent  the  most  consolatory  of  our 
mental  emotions.  Its  physical  sense  is  now  dead,  and  is 
preserved  only  in  local  names. 

^  In  the  discussion  which  followed,   Mr.    Lee   Warner  confirmed,  from 
his  late  inspection,  this  presumed  conformation  of  Langhope. 


©rifjinal  Documents, 

EXTRACTS  FROM  THE  PIPE  ROLL  OF  THE  EXCHEQUER,  27  EDW. 
in.  (a.d.  1353),  RELATING  TO  THE  EARLY  USE  OF  GUNS  AND 
GUNPOWDER  IN  THE  ENGLISH  AIUIY. 

By  JOSEPH  BURTT, 
One  of  the  Assistant  Keepers  of  the  Public  Records. 

In  a  memoir  communicated  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1848,  and 
entitled  "  Proofs  of  the  early  use  of  Gunpowder  in  England"  (Archaiologia, 
vol.  xx.xii.,  p.  379),  the  late  Mr.  Hunter  showed  conclusively,  from  some 
records  in  .i  department  of  the  Exchequer,  not  only  that  persons  called 
gunners  {gimnarii),  and  engines  of  war  called  guns,  Averc  certainly  used  in 
the  campaign  of  Cressy,  but  also  that  gunpowder  was  supplied  for  them. 
At  the  present  day  it  seems  a  work  of  supererogation  to  attempt  to  prove 
that  gunpowder  was  used  for  the  propulsion  of  heavy  substances,  in  the 
place  of  tliose  machines  of  various  degrees  of  strength  that  were  worked  by 
torsion  and  the  lever.  But  it  was  not  so  in  the  fourteenth  century.  There 
were  then  many  circumstances  which  rendered  the  use  of  gunpowder,  as  it 
has  been  since  applied,  almost  impossible  ;  and  it  was  not  for  a  consider- 
able period  of  time  that  it  was  considered  superior  to  other  means  of 
destruction,  even  in  sieges. 

The  most  probable  etymology  of  the  word  gun  seems  to  be  from 
manr/ona,  and  may  in  early  writings  have  referred  to  engines  for  casting 
stones  by  means  of  slings  and  weights.  So  also  the  word  cannon,  derived 
from  canna,  may  have  first  designated  the  tube  by  which  the  Greek  fire 
was  directed.  What  were  called  cannon  by  the  French  were  called 
"  gonncs  "  by  the  English. 

In  the  memoir  by  Mr.  Hunter  to  which  I  have  referred  it  was  shown 
that  a  supply  of  saltpetre  and  quick  sulphur  {.sitljjhur  vivimi)  was  inchulod 
among  tlic  munitions  of. war  furnished  to  the  army  of  Edward  111.,  in 
134G,  when  he  commenced  the  cam])aign  in  France,  terminated  by  the 
captine  of  Calais,  and  in  which  the  great  battle  of  Cressy  was  fought. 

No  evidence  has  ever  been  adduced  of  the  use  of  guns  in  English  warfare 
before  tlie  expedition  of  131G,  although  there  are  several  notices  of  their 
earlier  use  on  the  Continent.  The  documents  which  furnished  Mr.  Hunter 
with  his  materials  describe  the  circumstances  relating  to  the  articles  sup- 
plic<l  with  great  j)articularity,  and  they  certainly  do  not  sliow  beyond 
dis-jtute  that  the  powder  then  furnished  was  an  explosive  powder.  Salt- 
jiclre  and  hulphur  alone  are  mentioned,  with  the  exception  of  one  entry  of 
"  jntlvis  pro  ingciiiis."  This,  however,  is  not  said  to  have  been  for  the 
guns,  and  iw  HCj)arated  from  the  entries  relating  to  the  ingredients  which  I 
have  named.  It  need  ecnrcely  be  snid  that  witbout  rhnrcdal,  saltpetre  and 
buljihur  would  jiot  make  gunpowder,  us  we  now  undeistand  it  ;  that  is,  aa 


ORIGINAL  DOCUMENTS.  69 

explosive  compound  powerful  cnouj^h  to  propel  heavy  substances.  The 
objection  that  it  was  a  weapon  wliicli  could  be  used  alike  by  the  vreak  and 
the  strong,  and  therefore  opposed  to  the  true  spirit  of  chivalry,  had  been 
urged  against  the  cross-bow,  and  was  soon  to  be  urged  with  still  greater 
force  against  guns. 

The  difficulty  of  ascertaining  with  precision  the  period  of  the  introduction 
of  engines  from  which  missiles  were  propelled  by  means  of  gunpowder 
arises  chiefly  from  the  circumstance  that  the  term  gun  was  doubtless  used 
to  designate  some  kind  of  warlike  engine,  long  before  the  use  of  gun- 
powder. Mr.  Douce,  in  a  curious  note  on  Kyng  Alisaunder,  line  3268, 
where,  as  he  observes,  the  earliest  mention  occurs  of  "gonnes,"  remarks 
that  it  must  not  be  concluded  that  they  were  used  with  gunpowder  ;  they 
may  originally  have  been  engines  of  the  catapult  kind.  See  Weber,  Metr. 
Rom.  notes  in  vol.  iii.,  p.  306.  The  same  observation  applies  to  the 
passage,  where  we  read  that  King  Aragus,  besieged  in  his  castle, — 

"  Ordeyned  hym  ful  well 

Witli  gonnes,  and  grete  stones  rounds 
Were  turowen  downe  to  the  grounde." 

Syr  Tryamoure,  v.  955. 

In  the  "Avowynge  of  Kyng  Arther  "  a  "  gunne  "  is  mentioned,  the  effect  of 
which  is  compared  to  lightning  ;  but  still  it  may  be  questioned  whetlier 
the  term  implies  a  projectile  impelled  by  any  explosive  compound,  or  merely 
filled  therewith  ; — 

"  there  came  fliand  a  gunne, 

And  lemet  as  the  leuyn." — Ed.  by  Mr.  Robson,  st  65. 

It  may  be  conjectured  that  the  missile  here  intended  was  a  tube  filled  with 
some  of  the  marvellous  compounds  known  as  Greek  fire,  wild-fire,  or  fcii. 
volant.  The  nature  and  composition  of  these  appliances  of  ancient  war- 
fare, regarded  with  such  dire  apprehension,  may  be  found  detailed  in  the 
treatise  Dii  Feu  Gregeois,  by  MM.  Reinaud  and  Fave,  and  the  essay  on  the 
same  subject  by  M.  Lalanne.  The  most  complete  dissertation,  however,  on 
the  invention  and  prototypes  of  gunpowder  and  of  artillery  is  to  be  found 
in  the  remarkable  work  by  H.  M.  the  Emperor  of  the  French,  entitled 
Etudes  sur  le  passe  et  Vavenir  de  V Artillerie. 

Before  we  dismiss  the  curious  subject  of  investigation  to  which  we  have 
thus  briefly  adverted,  we  may  invite  attention  to  the  curious  evidence  sup- 
plied by  an  English  author,  whose  writings  are  contemporary,  or  nearly  so, 
with  the  subjoined  documents.  John  Arderne,  a  skilful  surgeon  in  the 
time  of  Edward  III.,  gives  us,  in  his  Practica,  various  directions  for  com- 
pounding *'■  fev:es  Grrgois,"  and  "  fewe  volant,"  the  latter  being  a  sort  of 
oleaginous  mixture  with  which  a  pipe  being  filled,  and  ignited  by  a  match, 
would  fly  in  any  direction.  A  marginal  representation  of  such  a  missile  is 
given.  In  the  following  passage  he  describes  another  kind  of  ''/ewe 
volant,^'  being  in  fact  gunpowder,  and  apparently  intended  to  be  used  as  in 
our  own  times.  His  recipe  is  as  follows  : — "  Pernez  j.  lib.  de  soufre  vif, 
de  charbones  de  saux  {?'.  weloghe)  ij.  lib.,  de  salpetrc  vj.  lib.  Si  les  fetez 
bien  et  sotelment  moudre  sur  un  piere  de  marbre,  puis  bultez  le  poudre 
parmy  un  sotille  coverchief.     Cest  poudre  vault  a  gottcre  pelotes  de  fer,  ou 

vol,.   XIX.  L 


70  ORIGINAL   DOCUMENTS. 

de  ploni,  ou  darcvnp,  ove  uu  Instrument  qe  leni  appclle  gonne."  See 
Sloane  MSS.  335.' 795.' 

It  may  be  questioned  to  what  extent,  and  until  how  late  a  period,  even 
subsequently  to  the  invention  of  gunpowder,  any  of  tlie  compounds  desig- 
nated Greek  fire,  or  wild-fire,  were  used  in  European  warfare.  Certain  it 
is  that  as  late  as  the  siege  of  Breteuil,  ten  years  after  the  battle  of  Cressy, 
the  besieged,  as  we  learn  from  Froissart,  were  provided  with  "  canons 
jctant  Jeu,''  and  it  is  said  "  Le  feu,  qui  ctoit  grcgois,  se  prit  au  toit  de  ce 
beffroy." 

To  return  to  the  campaign  of  Cressy.  In  the  previously  published  docu- 
ments there  is  nothing  to  show  the  provision  of  any  peculiar  kind  of  missile 
in  connection  with  the  guns, — another  doubtful  circumstance  as  to  the  ex- 
plosive character  of  the  powder  supplied. 

The  documents  which  have  been  already  noticed  in  the  Archa^ologia 
(vol.  xxxii.  p.  380 — 3S7)  could,  however,  have  been  but  a  small  portion  of 
the  vouchers  relating  to  the  great  war  which  were  furnished  to  the  Ex- 
chequer. They  are  full  of  minute  particulars,  but  do  not  extend  over  the 
■whole  period.  Wliile  engaged  upon  another  object  of  inquiry  I  have  very 
recently  met  with  entries  which  seem  to  furnish  a  complete  but  condensed 
account  of  the  supplies  for  the  campaign  of  13-iG.  This  compotus  does  not 
Beem  to  have  been  rendered  till  eight  years  afterwards,  a  circumstance 
which  may  account  for  its  having  hitherto  escaped  notice.  It  is  entered 
upon  that  valuable  and  complete  series  of  rolls  which  are  the  earliest  of  any 
known  class  of  public  documents,  the  Pipe  Rolls  of  the  Exchequer;  and  it 
recites  that  by  virtue  of  a  writ  under  the  Great  Seal  directed  to  the  barons 
of  the  Exchequer,  28  Jan.  anno  rcgni  27  (a.  d.  1353),  Robert  de  Milden- 
liale,  keeper  of  the  king's  wardrobe,  had  furnished  his  account  of  all  his 
receipts  and  expenses  between  the  17th  Oct.  anno  regni  18  (a.  d.  1344)  and 
29  Sept.  anno  regni  25  (a.d.  1351).  It  gives  the  summary  of  the  documents 
first  noticed  by  Mr.  Hunter,  and  of  others  relating  to  similar  supj)lies  of 
Btores  for  the  king's  war  in  France,  the  originals  of  which  do  not  now 
exist.  In  these  entries  I  think  that  we  obtain  two  very  important  connect- 
ing links  in  the  chain  of  evideiicc,  which  appears  to  have  been  all  but 
complete.  We  meet  with  entries  for  the  rej)air  and  supply  of  arms  and 
munitions  of  various  kinds,  "  Gunnis  cum  sdgiltis  et  pcUolis  "  included, 
barrels  for  packing  them  ;  in  another  place,  "  Gnnnis  cum  pclutis  et 
pnhere  jiro  cisdcm  gunnis  ;"  also  "  x.  gunnis  cum  telnr'^  (ra""^  \y\l]\ 
tillers  or  handles)  ;  rj.  pecie  plunihi,  v.  harelli  pulveris,  et  c.  viagn  pelot' 
jyhnnhi  pro  cisdein  gunnis." 

It  may  be  noticed  also  that  of  the  ton  guns  two  were  large, — "  undc  ij. 
gross',"  and  after  the  entry  of  the  saltpetre  and  sulphur  occurs  "  <•<  alio 
pulrere  pro  dirtis  gunnis,"  which  may  have  been  the  complete  compound, 
puch  as  would  now  be  termed  gunpowder,  or  ]nilveriscd  charcoal,  possibly, 
for  niixing  with  the  other  materials. 

These  entrif's  aftpcar  most  conclusive  that  the  powder  used  must  liavo 
been  explosive,  and  that  shot  or  pellets  were  discharged  by  it.  In  another 
entry  of  the  Btores  supplied  arc  ".rl.  qnnrtcr  carbon" — 10  quarters  of 
charcoal,  llic  other  ingredient  required  to  complete  the  manufacture  of  tho 
jiowder  proper.      Tliis,  however,  appears  t(i  have  been  |>roviii((l  for  the  smiths. 

'  .Sec  Mr.  All>ort  Wnj'n  nntcH,  in  th"       p.  •Jl'^,  mid  on  "  \Vvylii<»  fyyr,     S^,aitH$, 
rroinploriuiii   rurvulonin,  on    the  word       iy»ii.<  I'e/asi/iu  vcl  Greciu,"  p.  627. 
"  Guutie,     Pciruria,  inan;j',nalc,    'junna," 


ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS.  71 

I  would  also,  in  conclusion,  call  attention  to  the  word  "  telar\"  wliich 
repeatedly  occurs  in  the  following  accounts,  in  connection  hoth  with  cross- 
bows and  with  guns.  This  soniewliat  obscure  teini  has  been  noticed  in  a 
former  volume  of  this  Journal,  iu  the  Accounts  of  the  Constables  of  Dover 
Castle,  t.  Edw.  III.,  in  which  are  found,  amongst  armour  and  arms,  "  xxiv. 
arc  de  corn  saunz  toilers  ;"  in  another  account,  "  xxiv.  arcus  pro  balistis  sine 
tellur."  Arch.  Journ.  vol.  xi.,  p.  385.  In  connection  with  the  guns,  as 
we  find  the  term  in  the  following  document,  this  word  probably  signifies 
stocks  of  wood  to  which  they  were  doubtless  attached,  from  a  very  early 
period  of  their  use,  for  convenience  in  handling  them  ;  hence,  possibly,  we 
find  such  appliances  of  war  designated  by  Monstrelet  and  by  other  ancient 
writers  bastons  a  pouldre,  or  a  feu. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  following  documents  will  be  found  an  extract  re- 
lating to  very  ditferent  matters,  whicli,  however,  I  have  thouglit  of  sufficient 
interest  to  be  placed  before  our  readers.  Under  the  head  of  the  Ornaments 
of  the  King's  Cliapel,  amongst  vestments,  <fcc  ,  we  here  find  mention  of  a 
number  of  books  of  diverse  romances,  delivered  by  the  keeper  of  tlie  ward- 
robe, by  order  of  the  king,  to  John  de  Padbm-y,  to  be  distributed  in  the 
manner  directed  by  the  king  himself.  It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  the 
subjects  of  these  books  of  romance  are  not  stated.  There  is  also  mention 
of  xxvj.  quaterni  of  various  writings,  and  of  four  bags  containing  rolls  and 
memoranda  of  accounts,  remaining  with  certain  books  of  romance  in  the 
custody  of  the  keeper  of  the  wardrobe. 

It  sliould  be  observed  that  tlie  following  extracts  comprise  only  a  small 
portion  of  the  entry  upon  the  Roll. 


Among  the  Records  in  the  custody  of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  deposited 
iu  the  Public  Record  OflSce,  to  wit,  Pipe  Roll,  indorsed — "  Mag.  Rot.  27 
Edw.  III.,"  it  is  thus  contained  :  — 

Compotus  Roberti  de  Mildenhale  custodis  garderobe  Regis  infra  Turrim 
London'  dereceptis,  misis  et  expensis'  en)pcion'  et  liberat'  divorsarum  rerum 

per  ipsuni  in  officio  suo  ejusdem  garderobe  factis  per  breve  Regis 

et  per  aliud  breve  Regis  de  predicto  [magno]  sigillo  directum  Thesaurario 
et  Baronibus  hujus  scaccarii,  datum  xxviij.  die  Januarii  anno  xxvij'"°,  per 
quod  Rex  mandavit  eisdem  Thesaurario  et  Baronibus  quod  cum  eodeni 
Roberto,  tarn  de  omnibus  pecuniarum  summis  per  ipsum  ad  receptam 
scaccarii  predicti  et  alibi  a  predicto  decimo  septimo  die  Octobris,  anno 
xviijo,  usque  xxix™°  diem  Septembris,  anno  xxv'°,  de  prestito  receptis,  quam 
de  empcione  arcuuni,  sagittarum,  cordarum  pro  arcubus,  et  omnium  aliorum 
Dccessariorum  per  ipsum  ad  opus  Regis  provisorum,  et  liberacione 
eorundem,  necnon  de  armatiuis  et  omnibus  aliis  rebus  Regis  que  in  cus- 
toJia  ejusdem  Roberti  iu  Turri  predicta  medio  tempore  extitcrunt,  una 
cum  aliis  custubus  et  expensis  super  custodiam  prcmi.^sorum  omnium  per 
ipsum  factis,  computarent,  et  super  compotum  suum  predictum  debitas 
allocaciones,  juxta  vim  et  eflcctum  mandatorum  Kegis,  tam  sub  private 
et  secreto  sigiU'  Kegis  quam  sub  sigillo  de  Griffon' '  ei  directorum,  fieri 
facereut. 

*  We  are  not  aware  that  any  impres-  Rymer's  Fcedera,  vol.  ii.  p.  1076,  edit, 
sion  of  tlie  seal  of  tho  griffiu,  used  by  Caley,  a  document  is  given  from  Close 
Edward   III.,   has   been   described.      In       Roll  13  Edw.  IIL  133D — •' de  litteris  sub 


ORIGIXAL    DOCUMENTS. 


Expense. 

Et  ill  ij.  inciulibiis,  ij.  paribus  Ruffocalium,  viij.  niartclHs  grossis  et 
minutis,  ij.  bicorn',  j.  gryiiston  cum  le  wynche,  ij.  touyrnes,-  mm.  libris  ferri, 
sx.  garbis  asseris,  et  xl.  quartcriis  carbonum  pro  officio  et  operacionibua 
fabrurum,  xl.  lignis  vocatis  cost'  pro  balistis  iiule  faeieiidis.  xl.  lignis  pro 
telar'-'  balistaruin.  xij.  libris  nervorum,  xx.  libris  visci,  xx.  libria  grossi  fili, 
xl.  paribus  stirop'  et  clav'  pro  balistis  prcilictis,  1.  nockes  pro  telar',  xij. 
paribus  banioruin,  firmaculorum,  et  anulorum  pro  baudric',  exx.  clavis  vocatis 
somernailes  pro  telar',  iiij.  libris  vernisli,  j.  corio  equino,  c.  coniubus  pro 
dictis  balistis,  iiij'"'  libris  cere  et  cod','  c.  boces  pro  telar',  iij.  peciis  balon', 
ij.  pateliis  eueis  pro  visco  calefaciendo,  1.  skynons,  dc.  parvis  clavis  et 
takett',  vj.  paribus  passuum  de  coruu  cervorum  pro  telar',  ij  pellibus 
vocatis  hundefliisskymies,  ere  pro  braeles  telar',  pergameno  pro  balistis.  et 
ij.  cibtis  pro  officio  et  opere  balistariorum  einptis  per  dictum  tempus  luijus 
computus, — XX.  li.  XV.  s.  iiij.  d.,  per  breve  Regis  de  sigillo  Griffon'  datum 
X"  die  Junii,  auno  xix",  per  quod  Ilex  mandavit  eidcm  custodi  quod  de  illis 
XX.  11.  xiiij.  s.  per  ipsum  dc  Waltcro  de  Wotewangc  receptis  instrumenta 
pro  fabris  et  balistariis  pro  passagio  Regis  ordinata  emi,  et  eadem  instru- 
menta pro  fabris  Jobanni  Lygbtfot,  et  pro  balistariis  magistro  Roberto 
Lalblast'  et  Siinoni  Vernyngliowe,  per  indenturam  liberarc  facerct.  De 
qiiibus   instrumentis  ct  rebus  prescriptis  respondet   infra,   sieut  coiitinetur 

ibidem Et  in    dcfectubus  arcuum,    balistarum,    sagittarum,    et 

((uarell'  reparandis  et  emendandis  per  diver.sas  vices,  una  cum  cera,  vcriiish, 
copo,  coriuibus,  nockes,  liundfi.ssliskynnes,  liainis,  cordis,  carbonibus,  alls 
aucarum,  et  aliis  diversis  rebus  pro  rcparacione  jircdicta,  uecnon  barcllis 
]iro  armaturis  fraiaudis,  clavis  ferri,  oleo,  furfure,  coreo,  diversis  ctdoribus 
pro  reparacione  et  cmendacione  divcrsorum  armorum,  baudric',  firmaculis 


eecreto  sigillo  Regi^^,  vocato  Griffoun, 
factis,  a<l  sc-accariuni  allociindis,"  wliereby 
the  king  directa  tlie  treasurer  and  barons 
of  the  Exchequer  to  recognise  "litL-rasj 
de  secreto  sigillo  no.stro  vocato  Griffoun," 
as  of  force  and  effect  in  regard  to  dcli- 
vericB  or  payments  made  in  virtue  thereof 
by  Btcwardn,  receivers,  or  bailiils,  &c.,  of 
nianorn,  land.s,  and  tenement*,  "ad  ca- 
iijunini  nostrum  reHervatonini."  Tho 
like  will  bo  fovuid  repeated  in  11341,  ihid. 
p.  1152.  We  hope  to  give  on  hoiho  futuro 
occasion  a  full  notice  of  the  variuuH  [irivy 
Deals  and  xccnta  used  by  Edward  III. 

'^  Probably  tcwel  irons,  or  tewel»,  tho 
tfchnical  name  for  a  Biiiall  iron  tiiijo  at 
tho  Ijack  of  a  forge,  tiirowgh  which  tho 
wind  from  tho  bcUowB  i«  conveyed  to  tho 
lire. 

'  Tho  telar  ,  OH  iiax  been  ob»ierved  jiro- 
viounly,  wcr«  piobably  htockn  for  crons- 
bowH  or  guiiH  ;  tim  term  occurs  also  in 
onolh'.T  part  of  this  acc<nuit  in  connec- 
tion with  till!  hitter;  hero  we  tin<l  uails, 
Monieniail»,  bucet,  l/raeleii,  with  variouH 
otiier  ihingM  reiiuired  for  tlio  (dor',  ihu 
UKCN  of  which  wo  aro  unable  to  explain. 
TL«  uuckH  to  rucoivo  tho  curdu  of  tho 


crossbow  when  in  a  state  of  tension  are 
likewine  described  as  appertaining  to  the 
telar' ;  the  baudric'  were  probably  some 
portions  of  the  apparatus  for  bending  the 
bow,  which  was  done  by  aid  of  a  stirrup- 
shaped  iron  attached  to  the  end  of  the 
stock,  as  shown  in  Skidton's  Illustrations 
of  the  Goodrich  Court  Armoury,  pi.  xciv. 
The  haini,  iiooks,  here  mentioned  with 
other  articles,  were  foi-  drawing  tho  cord, 
as  shown  in  the  apparatus  there  figured. 
"Tiller"  i)roperly  Kignilied  tho  stock,  but 
Bonietimes  tho  entire  crossbow.  Naros 
gives  "  Tiller,  a  steel  bow  or  crossbow." 
Tho  long  handle  of  a  ruilder,  which  ln-ara 
a  certain  analogy  of  form,  is  likewise 
called  a  tiller,  and  in  Sullolk,  according 
to  .Moor's  Glossary,  the  liandle  of  a  farm 
shovel,  iVc,  is  so  termed. 

*  Code  is  exi)lained  in  tho  I'ronijito- 
rinm  I'arvulorum  to  bo  coblei'is  wax. 
''  ('ojlo,  sowti:rs  wex  ;  Corrsiua."  It  may 
have  been  used  for  waxing  tho  bow- 
strings. In  a  receipt  foragooii  "entreol," 
or  plaster  for  wotinds,  in  Sloano  MS.  lOO, 
f.  17,  "  Spayniffch  code"  occurs  with 
rusiu,  grease,  and  other  substancea. 


ORIGINAL   DOCUMENTS.  73 

ferr'  pro  eisdem,  meremio  pro  telar'  balistarum,  bordis  pro  coffris  faciendis 
aJ  arcus,  et  doleis  ad  balistas,  sagittas,  cordas,  et  arniatnras  imponendas  et 
trussandas  ad  traducendura  versus  parte(s)  Franoie  pro  guerra  Regis,  simul 
cum  stipendiis  diversorum  operariorum  premissa  reparaiicium,  ac  eoiam 
batellagio,  cariagio,  et  portagio  rerum  earundein  per  diversas  vices  et 
diversa  tempora,  infra  predietum  tenipus  luijus  compotua, — xxxiij.  li.  xiij. 
s.  X.  d.,  per  predietum  breve  Regis  annotatum  supra  in  titulo  bujus 
compotus,  et  per  aliud  breve  Regis  de  prcdicto  sigillo  Griffon'  datum  primo 
die  Februarii,  anno  xix",  per  quod  Rex  niandavit  eidem  custodi  quod 
omnes  arcus,  sagittas,  balistas,  baudic'  (sic)  quarell',  baucepes,  arniaturas, 
gunnis  cum  sagittis  et  pellotis,  reparare,  et  eoffras  (et)  dolia  pro  eis  imponendis 
et  trussandis  providere   et  emere,   et  ea   in  manibus  pro  passagio  Regis 

eskippare  faceret,  sicut  continetur  ibidem Et  in  centum  niinutis 

ingeniis  vocatis  , Ribald',^  pro  passagio  Regis  versus  Normanniam  et  alias 
partes  transmarinas,  faciendis,  bordis  et  alio  meremio,  rotis,  axibus, 
cluvis,  lanceis'  ferr'  ascerat',  cordis  et  aliis  minutis  necessariis  pro 
eisdem  eniptis,  una  cum  cariagio  dictarum  bordarum,  rotarnm,  et  aliarum 
rerum  premissarum  de  diversis  locis  ubi  empta  fuerunt  et  provisa  usque 
prcdictam  Turrim  Regis,  ac  eciam  stipendiis  carpentariurum  iiigenia 
ilia  faciencium,  per  diversas  vices  dicto  anno  xix^. — cxviij.  li.  ix.  s.  iij.  d.  ob., 
per  breve  Regis  de  predicto  sigillo  datum  primo  die  Octobris  dicto  anno 
xix°.,  per  quod  Rex  mandavit  eidem  custodi  quod  centum  Ribald'pro  gtierra 
Regi(s)  fieri  faceret,  sicut  continetur  ibidem.  De  quibus  Ribald'respondet 
infra.  Et  in  defectiibus  xxxij.  pavillonum  Regis  majorum  et  minoruni 
reparandis  et  eraendaiidis,  pannis  de  Worstcde  et  Card'  de  Lumbardia,  filo 
diversi  coloris,  corda  grossa  et  minuta,  coreis  bovinis  taniiatis,  meremio  pro 
post'et  caviir,''  pannis  cilioiiiis,  et  saccis,  ollis,  et  clavis  ferri,  et  aliis  minutis 
necessariis  pro  reparacione  et  emendacione  dictortim  pavillonum  emptis,  et 
in  eisdem  reparacione  et  emendacione  expensis,  pretcr  card',  linum,  telani, 
filum  et  cordam  recepta  de  Jobanne  Coke,  uiide  respondet  infra,  una  cum 
vadiis  et  stipendiis  quorundam  pavillonarioium  et  aliorum  operariorum  circa 
reparacionem  et  eniendacionem  piedictas  existencium,  necnon  cariagio 
eorum  pavillonum  de  predicta  Tuni  Regis  London,  usque  ad  pratum  extra 
Bermoundesey  ad  erigendum  et  siccandum,  et  de  pratis  illis  usque  predictam 
Turrim,  et  aliis  minutis  expensis  circa  premissa  factis  per  diversas  vices  et 
tempora  diversa  predicto  anno  xx™"., — x.\j.  li.  ij.  s.  ij.  d.,  per  breve  Regis  de 
sigillo  predicto  datum  iiij.  die  Marcii  eodem  anno,  per  quod  Rex  mandavit 
eidem  custodi  quod  onines  pavillones,  arcus,  sagittas,  balistas,  baudiic', 
bausepes,''  armaturas,  gunnis  [sic)  cum  pelotis  et  pulvere  pro  eisdem  gunnis, 
et  omnes  alias  res  Regis  garderobam  suam  tangentes,  tam  in  custodia  ejusdem 
custodis  quam  in  custodia  Tbome  de  Roldcston  clerici  Regis  exi.stentes, 
pro  passagio  ipsius  Regis  ordinatas,  reparari  et  emendari,  et  pavillones, 
arcus,   sagittas,  armaturas,   et    alias  res    prcmissas  eskippari  et    prefato 

'  Ribaiuiequin,  in  Latin  Rihaudequimis  engines  were  worked. 

(Ducange),  an  engine  of  war,  being  a  little  "  Cavil/a,  or  cavi/e,  a  peg  or  f>in  either 

platform  souietinies  on  wLeels  carrying  of  wood  or  of  iron, according  to  Ducauge, 

a  powerful  bow  which  tiirew  javelins  five  in  v.  ;  in  French  cluvUk. 

or  six   feet  in   length  with  great  force.  '  Ilaussepkd  f   probably    the   pied    de 

See  Koquefort's  Glossary,  and   Felix  De  chevre,  or  lever  for  bending  the  crossbow. 

Vigne'sVade  Mccumdu  Peintre,  vol.  ii.pl.  See   Skelton's  Illustrations  of  the  Good- 

A.  p.  41 .   The  name  has  been  derived  from  rich  Court  Armoury,  jl.  xciv.     The  word 

the  Eibauds,  the  soldiery  by  whom  these  occur.s  before,  written  haucepcs. 


74  ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS. 

Thome  pro  predlcfo  passagio  Regis  liherare  facoret,  et  per  quod  breve  Rex 
vult  ([uoil  de  vadii?,  luisis,  et  expeiisis  aliis  circa  pronii^sa  per  i[>^iun 
custodem  faotis,  idem  custos  debitam  babeat  alKtcacionem,  i^icut  cominetur 

ibidem Et   in  niagno  ingenio  in   predicta  Turri    disjuiigendo   et 

eodem  simul  cum  aliis  ij.  iiiu;eniis  ibidem  tractando  us(|ue  le  AVater<jate  ad 
jij.  shout' '"^  ibidem  provis'  pro  iiigeuiis  illis  ducoiidis  ad  naves  Regis  in  la 
Pole  et  apud  Grenewyeh,  pro  eisdem  et  aliis  rebus  infrasciiptis  ducendia 
u?c|ue  Caltis  ad  Regem  provisas,  et  eciam  pnitagio  x.  gunn'  cum  lelar*.  ix. 
cotiVarum  cum  armaturis,  vj.  jieciarum  plumbi,  v.  barellorum  jmlveris,  et  c. 
niagnorum  pelot'  plumbi  pro  eisdem  gunn'  usque  diet'  shout',  iiij.  bord'  pro 
j.  cotiV  ad  cavillas  prediclorum  ingeniorum  imponendas  inde  facienda, 
clavis  ferri  pro  eodem,  et  ij.  cabul'  pro  dictis  ingeniis  emjttis,  una  cum 
conduccione  predict'  iij.  shout',  et  vadiis  et  stipendiis  caipoiitarioruin  et 
portitorum  diversorum  circa  premissa  laborancium,  per  diversas  vices — 
Aiiij.  li.  iiij.  s.  xj.  d.,  per  breve  Regis  de  privato  sigillo  datum  primo  die 
Septembris  predicto  anno  xi°.  per  quod  Rex  mandavit  eidem  custodi  quod 
onmia  ingcnia  et  gunn'  cum  eorum  apparatu  in  Turri  Regis  predicta.  et 
alia  diversa,  scilicet  mereniium,  bord'  de  Estriche,  clavos,  cabul',  pcllcs 
equinos  et  bovinos,  pellot',  bareilus,  et  salpetre,  et  pulver',  et  oinnimodas 
res  alias  ad  ingenia  et  gunn'  illis  (sic)  spectantes  eskippari  et  ij.  cabul'  nav' 
pro  navi  Regis  vocato  la  Rodecog',  et  dolia  et  cotiVas  pro  arcubus,  sagiltia 
et  cordis  trussandis  emi,  necnon  omnes  arcus  et  cordas  sagitt'  in  custodia 
jpsius  custodis  existentes  trussatos  similiter  eskipjtari,  et  ea  omnia  Waltero 
de  Westone  et  Thome  de  Copham  clericis  Regis  adducenda  ad  Regem 
apud  Calesiam  liberari  faceret,  sicut  continctur  ibidem. 

OllNAMENTA    CAPELLE    ReCIS. 

Idem  eomputat   liberatos    Jolianni    de    Padbury   x.   libros    de 

divertis  romanc'  ad  faciendam  inde  voluntatem  Regis,  et  modo  quo  Rex 
jpsuni  assignavit  per  breve  Regis  de  sigillo  Gritl'on'  datum  xv"  die  Sep- 
tembiis,  anno  xix°,  per  quod  Rex  mandavit  eidoni  custodi  quod  ipse  x. 
libros  diversarum  romanc'  prefato  Johanni  ad  faciendum  inde  voluntatem 
ipsius  Regis,  modo  quo  ij)se  Rex  eundem  Johannem  assignavit  ;  et  Johanni 
de  Lovedale  duos  libros  romanc",  Thome  de  Colleye  j.  librum  romanc',  do 
dono  Regis,  liberare  faceret,  sicut  continetur  ibidem  ;  et  Johanni  de  Lovedalo 
duos  libros  de  romanc',  et  Thome  de  Colleye  j.  librum  de  romanc',  de  dono 
Jiegis,  per  idem  breve  Regis,  sicut  continetur  ibidem.  Et  remanent  iij. 
euperpellicia,  v.  libri  de  romanc',  xxvj.  quaterni  de  diversis  scriptis,  et 
iiij.  bag'  cum  rotulis  et  memorandis  de  diversis  coniputibus 

Ingenia  et  Ln-stiiumenta  FAnuoitrM  et  nAi.isTAUiouuM. 

Idrin  reddit  compi'tuiu  de  ij.  ingeniis  cum  apparatu,  x.  guiinis  cum  telar' 

"  A   Klioute,  a  boat,  Sc/myt  in  FlcmiHh  for  tlio  liiro  of  a  boat — ''  mm  navicula 

aii'i  I)utcli,  iH  II  term  not  uncommonly  vocatii  hhouto."     So  uIho  wo  find  in  I'lirl. 

ui«-<l  by  oUl  writer/i,  and  in  oonio  of  the  ]{i>lln,  vol.  iv.  |>.  34r),  in  the  yonr  1'129, 

feu  di«trietH  :  a   flat-bottoniod  boat  iiHod  niciition   of  "  nii'ielianiHliKe  carried    on 

in   diick-i-h'iotnif?  in  htill  called  a  Hbout.  tlio.Sovciii    aw  far  a«    Salop  in    trowcH, 

In  the  coiiijiotiu  of  Williuiii  do  K.  llu.scy,  buti-H.  <oIi1«-h,  uikI  nlmti-H."     'i'lio  navy  in 

CU-rk  of    tiio   Ifojid    WoikH,    '2   Kdw.    1.  wliich   Hiiliard   1.  i-onvcyed  Imh  army  to 

anionxit    miftcclliineoiiH    recurdH    of    Iho  l'nlt;Htine    in   dt-Hcribcd  iw    onuistiii^    of 

Qunim'it  Homendininixr,  art!  I'uymt'ntH  for  '•  co^^ch  and  (hunioundtM,  many  galeyo, 

connlructinx  thcr  wooden  In  id^;e  at  Went-  bcrm-H.  KchoiitoM,  tiayncn  felo,"     lUoLard 

uiiutttcr,  aueuginwto  drive  pilvH,  Sic,  uud  Coor  do  Liuu,  v.  47i)£. 


ORIGINAL   DOCUMENTS.  75 

unde  ij.  gross',  v.  parvis  barellis  cum  salpetre,  sulpliure  vivo  ot  alio  pulvere 
pro  dictis  gunnis,  Ixxiij.  pellot'  pliuiibi  grossis,  xxxj.  parvis  pellot',  vj.  peciis 
plumlji,  ij,  incudibus,  viij.  martellis,  vj.  paribus  tenellarum,  x.  garbis 
asceris,  dc.  libris  ferri  Ispann',  ij.  paribus  euffocaliuni,  ij.  bicorn',  et  ij. 
tou3'rnes,  simul  receptis  de  prodicto  Thoraa  de  Hattefeld  in  garderoba 
predicta  per  divcrsas    vices    infra    dictum    tempus  liujus  compotus,    sicut 

continetur  in  dicto  rotulo  de  particulis Et  missis  Regi   usque 

Calesiam,  inter  alias  armaturas  et  res  Regis  ibidem  missas  per  Clcmentem 
Atte  Merke  valettuni  camere  sue,  ij.  ingeniis  cum  apparatu,  x.  gunnu  {sic) 
cum  telar',  quorum  ij.  gross',  v.  parvis  barellis  cui-.i  salpetre  et  sulpliure 
vivo,  Ixxiij.  peilot'plunibi  grossis,  xxxj.  parvis  pellot',  et  vj.  peciis  plunibi 
pro  gunnis  predictis,  per  duo  brevia  Regis,  quorum  j.  datum  primo  die 
Septembris,  et  aliud  secundo  die  Septembris,  anno  xx°,  allocatis  supra  in 
particula  liberacionum  armaturarum  et  indentura  predicti  dementis  alloc' 
ibidem  de  receptis,  sicut  continetur  ibidem.  De  quibus  idem  Clemens  debet 
respondere,  et  respondet  infra.     Et  eq.^ 

8  In  printing  the  foregoing  document  tion  elsewhere  in  the  record,  as  in  the 

the  coutractious  have  been  extended,  ex-  expression  "  iij.  shout,"  with  a  hne  over 

cept  iu  numerous  cases  where  some  doubt  the  t,  we  conclude  that  "gunnis  "  is  the 

occurred  as  to  the  correct  reading.     We  plural  of  the   English   word  gun.      Mr. 

may  remark  in  particular,  as  regards  the  Hunter,  in   a   document   of    the    same 

word    "gunnis,"    that   it    is    invariably  period,  given  iu   the  Arehseologia,    vol. 

written  thus,  or    "gunn,"   with  a  hori-  xxxii.,  p.  38G,  has  printed,  " — xxix.  gunn' 

zontal  line  over  the  last  letter;  with  one  ferr', — iij.  gunner'    ferr',  j.   gunner'    de 

exception  only  "gunnu,"  with  a  line  over  laton." 
the  u.    As  we  find  this  mode  of  contrac- 


|)rorrrtiintj5  at  fHfctintjs  of  tijc  ^rrljarolocjtcal  Institute, 

December  G,  18G1. 
OcTAVlCS  MoRGAX,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

At  tlio  commonccmont  of  the  proceedings  of  another  session  Afr.  Morgan 
offoreil  some  remarks  on  tlie  encouraging  ]irogress  of  the  Institute  during 
the  3'ear,  alluding  especially  to  the  gratiKcatiou  which  had  been  ati'ordcd  by 
occasional  exhibitions  of  works  of  ancient  art  at  the  meetings  in  the  previous 
season  in  London,  and  to  the  agreeable  meeting  held  at  reterborough. 
For  the  ensuing  year  a  great  display  of  mediicval  art  had  been  ])roposed  at 
the  South  Kensington  Museum,  on  occasion  of  the  International  Exhibition. 
The  Central  Committee  of  the  Institute  contemplated  the  formation,  of  one 
Bpecial  exhibition  only  in  the  coming  year,  to  be  arranged  for  the  monthly 
meeting  of  the  Society  in  June  ;  the  subjects  selected  being  Enamel  and 
Kiello,  with  the  view  of  presenting  a  more  complete  illustration,  than  here- 
tofore attempted,  of  the  history  and  progress  of  those  remarkable  Decora- 
tive Arts,  in  all  countries,  and  especially  in  England,  from  the  earliest 
periods.  Mr.  Morgan  alluded  to  the  cheering  prospects  of  the  Annual 
^Meeting,  which  had  been  fixed  for  the  ensuing  year  at  Worcester,  where 
the  Institute  had  found  very  cordial  encouragement  ;  a  very  pleasant  and 
instructive  gathering  would  doubtless  take  jdace  in  a  locality  so  full  of 
interesting  objects. 

A  copy  of  the  recent  publication  by  Mr.  Ilayley  Mason,  of  Chichester, 
was  brought  before  the  meeting,  consisting  of  the  Architectural  History  of 
Chichester  Cathedral,  by  Professor  Willis,  accompanied  by  an  essay  on  the 
recent  fall  of  the  sjiire  ;  also  memoirs,  on  Boxgrove  Priory,  by  the  Rev. 
J.  L.  Petit,  and  on  Shoreham  Church,  by  Edmund  Shurj)e,  Esq.,  read  at 
the  Meeting  of  the  Institute  at  Chichester  in  ISo3. 

^fr.  M.  IIuLiiKf'iiK  Bi.o.VAM  conmiunicated  an  account  of  a  Greek  helmet, 
found  in  the  Kiver  Tigris,  and  which  he  kindly  sent  for  examination. 
This  valuable  object  had  been  exhibited  at  a  j)revious  meeting,  in  April, 
18.00,  as  noticed  in  this  Journal,  vol.  xiii.  p.  273.  We  are  indebted  to 
Mr.  Bhjxam's  kindness  for  the  folhjwing  ])arlieular8  relating  to  this  very 
interesting  discovery,  as  detailed  by  him  at  a  Meeting  of  the  Northampton 
Architectural  Society,  in  October,  185G.  In  June,  1 8.54,  Mr.  Hiehard 
liunner  Oakeley,  of  Oswaldkirk  Hall,  Yorkshire,  by  whom  the  helmet  was 
prcBcntcd  to  Mr.  Dloxam,  being  on  a  tour  in  the  East,  visited  Trcbizond, 
and  proceeded  to  Diabekcr  on  the  Tigris,  Here  he  obtained  a  laft,  the 
UHual  mode  of  transit  down  the  river,  to  convey  him  to  Mosid  ;  on  arriving 
below  the  town  of  Til,  the  j)oint  where  the  river  Sert,  the  ancient  Ceiitritos, 
joiiiH  lh(3  'I'igris,  the  raft  was  drifting  near  the  shore  into  shallow  water, 
wlicn  one  of  tlu;  men  pushed  his  boat-hook  into  the  stream  to  thrust  the 
raft  olf  from  thu  shore,  and  on  lifting  it  out  of  the  water  the  brunzu  helmet 


THE   ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  77 

was  hronglit  up  by  tlic  hook.  Mr.  Oakley  purcViased  it  for  a  few  piastres, 
about  a  shilling  sterling.  The  spot  where  it  was  found  is  one  of  in- 
terest, it  n»ay  be  remeiubered,  in  connexion  with  the  history  of  the  Ten 
Thousand  Greeks,  who,  after  tlie  defeat  and  death  of  Cyrus  the  Younger  at 
Cunaxa,  b.c,  401,  refusing  to  enter  the  service  of  Artaxerxes  his  successor, 
commenced  the  memorable  retreat  recorded  by  Xenophon.  After  several 
conflicts  with  the  tribes  bordering  on  the  Tigris,  they  arriv.ed  at  last  at  the 
Centrites,  one  of  its  principal  tributaries,  a  stream  200  ft.  in  breadth,  and 
here  found  a  large  force  drawn  up  on  the  opposite  shore  to  oppose  their 
j)assage.  Guides,  however,  and  a  ford  were  found;  the  enemy  were  thrown 
off  their  guard  by  a  manoeuvre,  and  the  Greeks  succeeded  in  crossing  the 
river  with  small  loss,  at  a  spot,  as  it  is  supposed,  about  two  miles  distant 
from  its  junction  with  the  Tigris,  where  the  town  of  Til  is  situated,  and 
where  the  remarkable  helmet  now  in  Mr.  Bloxam's  possession  was  recovered 
from  the  bed  of  the  river  by  the  singular  chance  above  stated.  Thence  the 
Ten  Thousand  continued  their  retreat  by  Trebizond  and  the  Southern  shore 
of  the  Euxine. 

Tiic  helmet,  although,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  accompanying  woodcut, 
diffeiing  materially  in  form  from  the  Greek  type  occurring  in  sculpture,  or  on 
antique  vases  and  coins,  «fcc.,  and  also  from  numerous  existing  specimens,  is 
neither  an  Assyrian  nor  a  Persian  head-piece,  and   may  be  regarded  as  one 


of  t1ie  brazen  casques  mentioned  by  Xenophon  in  his  account  of  the  accou- 
trements  of  the  Greek  stipendiaries  in  the  army  of  Cyrus.  The  bronze 
helmets  with  which  we  are  most  familiar  are  cither  skull  caps,  or  of  the 
usual  nasal  type.  An  example,  bearing  considerable  similarity  to  this 
lielmet  occurs  on  a  scarce  coin  of  one  of  the  Greco-Bactrian  monarchs, 
Eucratides  II.,  who  succeeded  B.C.  140.  ^Yhiist,  from  the  circumstances 
above  stated,  there  appear  strong  grounds  for  the  supposition  that  the 
lielmet  here  represented  had  been  lost  in  the  retreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand, 
it  must  be  admitted  that  possibly  it  may  have  belonged  to  one  of  the  soldiers 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  who,  about  330  B.C.,  traversed  the  countries 
bordering  on  the  Euphrates  and  the  Tigris,  and  comprised  in  his  conquest 
the  kingdom  of  Bactria.  In  either  case  it  must  be  regarded  as  a  relic  of 
remarkable  interest. 

The  following  notice  of  an  incised  marking  or  symbol  recently  observed 
on  one  of  the  stones  of  Stouehenge,  was  then  communicated  by  Dr.  Geouge 

VOL.    XIX.  M 


7S  rROCEEDIXGS  AT  ^^lEETTNGS  OF 

R,  Tate,M.P.  "Roval  Artillery.—"  On  February  IGtli  ISGl,  I  visltcil  Stone- 
benL,'e,  one  of  my  prineipal  olijects  being  to  seareh  for  inseri[»ti()ns  or 
sculpturing  on  the  stones  of  wliioli  that  monument  is  formeil.  1  had 
repeatedly  examined  the  very  singular  incised  markings  on   the  rocks  at 


e 


riout'in  Linn,  GUI  Bewick,  and  Dodilington  ifoors  in  Northumberland,  and 
I  had  been  informed  that  some  incised  syml)ol  or  concentric  circles  of  a 
similar  character  liad  been  found  on  Long  Meg  in  Cumberland.'  1  there- 
fore hoped  to  discover  some  sculpturing  of  a  like  kind  at  Stonehcngo. 
After  Ion"-  examination,  both  of  the  standing  and  the  fallen  stones,  I  was 
delighted  to  catch  a  glimpse  of  some  symbol  or  character  on  the  under 
surface  of  the  fallen  impost  of  one  of  the  great  triliths  of  the  inner  circle. 
One  of  the  stones  of  this  trilith  is  still  standing,  but  the  other  and  the 
impost  fell  about  one  hundred  years  ago.  The  inscription  is  on  the  under 
Bur.'"ace  of  the  in)j)Ost,  and  occupies  a  ])osition  midway  between  the  mortices. 
It  is  about  9  in.  in  length,  and  is  incised,  but,  being  encrusted  with  lichens, 
and  weather-worn,  it  must  be  viewed  in  a  jiarticular  light  to  trace  its  form, 
•which,  however,  under  favorable  circumstances,  is  distinct  enough  to  an 
eye  accustomed  to  read  water-worn  sculpturings.  Its  form  is  here  shown 
(see  woodcut).  About  3  in.  from  it  is  a  hollow  ^  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
similar  to  those  which  are  seen  associated  with  the  remarkable  markings  on 
rocks  in  Northumberland. '-' 

I  believe  this  incised  cliaracter  to  be  arcliaic,  probably  coeval  with  tlio 
erection  of  tlie  Htom-henge  circle  ;  it  has  the  same  weather-worn  appearance 
ns  the  Northumberland  sculpturings,  which  doubtless  were  the  work  of 
ancient  British  people.  15eyond  generally  expressing  an  opinion  as  to  tho 
nntiijuity  of  the  curious  mark  or  synilxil  now  iirst  noticed  at  Stonehengc, 
1  do  not  attempt  to  hpecnlato  on  its  origin  or  meaning." 

On  comparing  the  sketches,  for  which  we  arc  indebted  to  Dr.  Tate's 
kindncsfl,   with   the   groundplan    and   views   of   Stonehengo    given    by    Sir 

'  It  U  roprcMcntofl  amon^^t  tho  illuH-  "  Sonio  of  thoHo  have  boon  figiu-ed  in 

trmtioiiH  of  Sir  (JanlncT  WilkinHoii's  mo-  Sir    (iunliior    WilkinHoii'M    Memoir,     ut 

iDoir  on   I'ritiHli    roinikiriH,  Journal   lirit.  Bujtra,  plato  10. 
Arcb.  Amoc.  1»GU,  p.  11». 


THE    AllCIIAEOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE. 


79 


Richard  Colt  Iloare  in  his  Ancient  Wilts,  vol.  i.,  pp.  14.5,  153,  it  appears 
that  the  impost  in  question  is  not  that  of  the  trilitlion  which  fell  on  January, 
1797,  a  catastrophe  of  which  an  account,  accompanied  hy  two  views,  was 
communicated  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  hy  Mr.  Maton,  and  published 
in  the  Archscologia,  vol.  xiii.,  p.  103.  That  trilitlKjn  is  marked  E.  in  the 
plan  given  hy  Sir  R.  C.  Iloare,  from  a  careful  survey  taken  in  1810.  Its 
impost  (E.  3),  now  lies  near  the  verge  of  the  outer  circle,  on  the  N.  W.  side 
of  the  group.  The  impost  to  which  Dr.  Tate's  curious  communication 
relates,  appears  to  be  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  circle,  being  that  marked 
D  3,  in  the  ground  plan,  and  it  lies  across  the  so-called  altar  stone,  de- 
scribed in  Ancient  Wilts,  id  supra,  p.  149.  The  precise  period  when  this 
trilitlion  fell  does  not  seem  to  have  been  recorded  ;  it  was  prostrate  at  the 
time  when  Stukelcy's  views  were  taken  in  1722.  Attention  having  been 
excited  by  Dr.  Tate's  discovery,  the  impost  bearing  the  incised  marking 
was  subsequently  examined  by  an  Archajologist  resident  in  Wiltshire,  Dr. 
Thurnam,  of  whose  skill  and  accuracy  in  the  investigation  of  ancient 
remains  we  have  had  frequent  experience ;  the  interest  of  the  subject 
renders  it  desirable  to  place  his  independent  testimony  before  our  readers. 
— "  The  markings  (Dr.  Thurnam   states)  are  comparatively  sharply  cut. 


Incised  mark,  Stonehcnge. — Scale,  one-fourth  oiigmal  length. 


but,  though  now  covered  with  lichens  and  time-stains,  may  I  believe  have 
been  made  in  modern  times  since  the  fall  of  the  stone  about  1620.  I  was 
curious  to  ascertain  whether  there  are  any  similar  markings  in  a  corre- 
sponding position  on  the  under  surface  of  the  impost  of  the  adjoining  trilith, 
which  fell  in  1797,  but  there  is  nothing  of  the  kind.  The  markings  do  not 
exactly  correspond  with  Dr.  Tate's  drawing;  that  which  I  send  is  I  believe 
accurate,  (See  woodcut).  The  Roman  V  is  very  distinct,  and  the  L  only 
slightly  less  so.  I  should  suppose  the  whole  to  have  been  the  work  of  some 
casual  visitor  to  the  spot,  possibly  soon  after  the  fall  of  the  stone  ;  by 
whatever  hand  the  markings  were  made,  considerable  time  must  have  been 
spent  in  the  operation.  They  are  very  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  stone 
and  mid-way  between  the  two  mortices."  Having  thus  given  the  various 
readings  of  these  remarkable  characters  or  symbols,  the  question  must  be 
left  to  further  investigation  ;  it  is  scarcely  needful  to  point  out  how  strong 


80  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

an  argument  in  favor  of  the  more  remote  nntiquity  of  the  markings 
may,  as  we  appreheml,  be  drawn  not  less  from  their  having  become  so 
thickly  cncrusteil  with  hchen  as  to  have  escaped  the  notice  of  many 
keen  observers,  but  also  from  the  improbability  that  characters  could 
have  been  thus  carefully  incised  on  so  bard  a  material  by  any  *'  casual 
visitor." 

The  following  report  of  the  progress  of  the  excavations  at  Urioconiuni 
was  received  from  Henry  Johnson,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Secretary  of  the  E.xcava- 
tions  Committee  at  Shrewsbury,  accompanied  by  a  ])hotograph  of  an 
inscribed  monument  recently  brought  to  light.—-"  About  tlie  middle  of 
September  last  wo  began  to  dig  in  the  cemetery  just  outside  the  city  walls 
on  the  East,  and  adjacent  to  the  Watling  Street.  Very  shortly  a  massive 
inscribed  stone  was  found,  on  the  upper  part  of  which  were  remains  of  a 
sculptured  figure,  to  wbich  it  had  apparently  served  as  a  base,  but  the  feet 
only  of  the  figure  remain.  The  inscription  has  not  hitherto  been  satisfac- 
torily deciphered."  AVe  have  trenched  all  over  the  field  called  the  cemetery, 
or  at  least  that  part,  in  which,  being  near  the  Watling  Street,  it  was  thought 
that  probably,  some  remains  might  be  brought  to  light,  and  nunierous 
cinerary  urns  of  various  sizes  and  forms  have  been  found,  some  of  theiu 
quite  entire.  The  largest,  unfortunately  broken,  had  measured  about  24 
inches  in  diameter.  Some  of  the  urns  are  of  the  usual  fashion  of  sepul- 
chral oihe  fovnid  in  England,  and  these  generally  contain  burnt  human 
bones,  but  by  no  means  the  whole  of  the  skeleton.  There  are  also  vases 
with  a  neck,  or  earthen  bottles.  With  the  fragments  of  bone  we  have  found 
several  small  flask -shaped  phials  of  green  glass,  of  the  kind  usually  called 
lachrymatories,  but  probably  used  to  contain  perfume  or  unguent,  and,  in 
the  sand  with  which  they  are  mostly  filled,  I  have  noticed  occasionally  some 
admixture  of  carbonaceous  matter,  which  may  be  the  result  of  the  action  of 
file  upon  some  resinous  or  oleaginous  substance  which  they  originally  con- 
tained. Some  have  evidently  been  exposed  to  such  a  degree  of  heat  that 
the  glass  has  been  softened  or  partially  fused.  The  fragments  of  two  glass 
bowls,  objects  of  much  greater  rarity,  liave  also  been  disinterred.  Two 
small  fictile  lamps  have  been  found,  one  of  them  marked  with  the  pottcr'.s 
name  modes,  on  the  underside.  Both  the  lamps  and  glass  bottles  have  been 
found  either  within  the  urns  or  very  near  them.  In  one  or  two  places  wc 
liave  noticed  a  stratum  of  charcoal,  possibly  the  site  of  the  funereal  fire.  No 
hones  of  animals  have  occurred,  as  so  commonly  found  in  the  previous 
diggings,  and  no  human  or  other  bones  luiburnt.  Some  rude  foundations 
were  uncovered  in  one  part  of  the  field,  possibly  remains  of  a  tomb  ;  a 
modern  land-drain  had  been  carried  through  them,  and  no  signs  of  interment 
a|»[iearfd.  Two  coins  only  have  been  met  with  in  the  cemclery;  one  of  them 
1  believe  has  been  identified  as  a  coin  of  C'ommodus.  The  examination  (d' 
the  cemetery  having  been  cumpleted  the  workmen  were  employed  on  garden 
ground  at  Norton,  on  the  North  bitle  of  the  city,  possibly  part  of  the  ancient 
nrrrojiolis  of  Urioconiuni  ;  at  a  depth  of  three  fei't  in  clay  a  large  cinerary 
urn  wns  found,  broken  in  jiieces  ;  it  had  been  placed  on  two  tiles  cemented 
t(»g«;ther,  with  a  second  brass  coin  of  Trnjiwi  ind)edded  in  the  cement.  The 
d«;poHit  was  Burruunded  by  traces  of  cremation.  Wo  now  propose  to  com- 
mence operations  on  the  other  side  (the  North)  of  the    Watling  Street.      I 

'  It    hoN     b«'cii    fij^urftcl,    with    otiior    K<«nuin  rolicH  lately    fnuid    nl    Wroxotor, 
Qcnt  Mng.  Ai.iil,  18ti2,  \>.  401. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  81 

liavc  very  lately  recovered  a  bronze  statuette  of  Mercury  formerly  found  at 
Wroxeter,  and  purchased  for  linlf-a-crown  by  a  young  man,  assistant  to  a 
chemist  at  Slircwsbury.  He  bad  emigrated  to  Africa,  and  the  Ivoman  lar 
was,  as  I  feared,  for  ever  lost  to  our  country;  but  within  the  last  few  days  he 
returned,  and  has  given  it  to  the  Museum,  where  1  hope  soon  to  see  another 
like  relic,  a  statuette  of  Diana,  now  in  the  possession  of  a  farmer  near 
Wroxeter.  The  right  leg  of  the  goddess  has  unfortunately  been  broken 
off.^  Antique  sculptures  and  images,  it  is  believed,  were  frequently  muti- 
lated through  a  certain  superstitious  notion,  to  destroy  their  supposed 
physical  or  magical  power," 

Mr.  Hillary  Davies,  who  had  kindly  presented  to  the  Institute  a 
copy  of  his  accurate  Survey  of  the  previous  excavations  at  Wroxeter,  now 
sent  a  detailed  plan  of  the  Roman  cemetery,  with  indications  of  the  spots 
■whore  the  relics  noticed  by  Dr.  Johnson  had  occurred.  A  special  vote  of 
thanks  was  passed  to  Mr.  Davies,  for  this  interesting  memorial  of  the  late 
investigations.  It  is  hoped  that  the  friendly  contributions  of  those  wiio  give 
attention  to  Roman  remains  in  this  country  will  speedily  enable  the  Com- 
mittee at  Siirewsbury  to  extend  their  field  of  operation. 

A  memoir  by  Mr.  George  Petrie,  of  Kirkwall,  Corresponding  Member 
of  the  Institute,  was  read,  describing  the  recent  excavation  of  the  tumulus 
in  Orkney,  known  as  Maes-IIow.  (Published  in  this  Journal,  vol.  xviii., 
p.  353.)  Lord  Talbot  de  MALAniDE,who  came  to  the  meeting,  on  arriving 
from  Ireland,  shortly  after  the  proceedings  had  commenced,  called  attention 
to  the  remarkable  analogy  which  appears  between  that  curious  chambered 
tumulus  and  certain  ancient  remains  of  the  same  class  in  the  sister 
kingdom,  especially  New  Grange.  He  pointed  out  that  the  singularly 
contracted  dimensions  of  the  entrance  passage  precluded  tlie  possibility 
that  such  structures  could  have  served,  as  had  been  conjectured,  as 
habitations. 

Mr.  Hewitt  gave  a  notice  of  a  gauntlet  of  buff  leather  lately  added  to 
the  Tower  Collection,  and  also  of  some  rare  kinds  of  armour  formed  of 
scales  and  small  round  plates. 

Mr.  Robert  Fitch  communicated  a  short  account  of  a  beautiful  mural 
painting  lately  brought  to  light  at  the  west  end  of  the  north  aisle  in  St. 
Gregory's  Church,  Norwicli.  He  exhibited  an  admirable  drawing  of  this 
curious  relic  of  art,  executed  with  great  care  by  Mr.  Winter,  of  Norwich. 
The  costume  and  armour,  and  details  of  architecture,  are  very  curious  ;  the 
date  of  the  painting  may  be  assigned  to  about  1450.  Mr.  Fitch's  descrip- 
tion was  as  follows  : — "  During  the  progress  of  the  restoration  of  St. 
Gregory's  Church,  Norwich,  in  July  last,  the  workmen  discovered  a  remark- 
ably fine  mural  painting,  representing  St.  George  and  the  Dragon  ;  the 
portions  which  time  and  the  original  obliterator  have  left,  are  as  fresh  in 
color  and  as  distinct  as  if  they  had  been  executed  only  a  few  years  since. 
The  figures  of  the  horse  and  St.  George,  who  was  tutelar  saint  of  the  city, 
are  as  large  as  life,  and  not  only  is  the  combat  represented,  but  evidently 
the  story  attendant  on  the  encounter  has  been  figured  in  the  back  ground. 
The  dragon  is  on  the  ground,  a  portion  of  the  spear  appears  within  its  open 
jaws,  but  the  weapon  seems  to  have  been  broken,  for  between  the  hind 
legs  of  the  horse  and  the  tail  of  the  dragon  is  seen  the  broken  spear,  lead- 
ing to  the  conclusion  that  St.  George  had  failed  in  overcoming  the  monster 

3  This  statuette  is  figured,  Gent.  Mng.  April,  1SG2,  p.  401. 


82 


PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 


with  his  lance  ;  tliis  view  is  borne  out  by  the  circumstance  that  tlic  champion 
is  represented  as  haviii*^  drawn  his  sword,  and  he  is  preparing  to  deal  a 
heavy  blow  with  it.  The  ornamentation  is  profuse,  the  rod  cross  of  St. 
George  glows  on  the  breast  of  the  saint,  and  a  series  of  small  shields  with 
the  same  device  are  apparent.  The  Libyan  Princess  Cleodolinda  kneels 
on  a  ruck  to  the  right  holding  a  lamb  by  a  ribbon.  In  a  cavern  under- 
neath her  are  seen  the  progeny  of  tiie  scaly  monster,  issuing  forth  as  if 
eagerly  looking  for  its  return  with  the  expected  prey.  At  the  top  of  the 
picture  appear  the  King  and  (Jueen  of  Selene,  her  jtarents,  as  if  looking 
out  from  a  tower  within  the  city.  The  upper  part  0/  the  picture  is  more 
perfect  than  the  lower.  The  battlements  and  roofs  of  the  houses  witiiiu 
the  walls  have  lost  little  of  their  early  colouring.      Beneath  the  painting  is 

part  of  an  inscription, — Pray  for  the  soul  of which  may  have  recorded 

the  death  of  the  donor,  but  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  name  is  now  irre- 
coverably lost  ;  a  member  probably  of  the  far-famed  St. "George's  Company, 
and  one  who  regarded  the  saint  with  the  highest  veneration.  I  had  for- 
gotten to  mention  that  the  painting  was  discovered  on  the  removal  of  the 
organ,  which  occupied  the  west  end  of  the  north  aisle,  for  the  purpose  of 
cleaning  the  walls.  I  may  add  that  it  is  not  a  fresco  but  an  oil  painting. 
The  extreme  height  is  17  ft.  and  the  width  9  ft.  9i  in.  This  rcnuirkablo 
e.\am[ile  of  ancient  art  will  be  ])rescrvcd,  but  I  regret  to  state  that  the 
])ari.-«h  autliorities  have  thought  tit  to  oil  and  "restore"  it  by  repainting 
some  portions." 

gntt'quitir^  anil  iUnrli^  of  'Srt  evljtliitflr. 

By  Col.  Lefuoy,  II. A.,  through  Mr.  Hewitt. — A  singular  little  relic  of 

bronze,  stated  to  have  been  found  in  railway 
excavations  between  Basingstoke  and  And- 
over.  It  appears  to  represent  a  htbntm,  such 
as  were  used  by  the  ancients  in  their  baths. 
It  is  a  diminutive,  shallow,  circular  basin, 
about  2i  in.  in  diameter,  with  a  low  seat  all 
iiiiind  within,  upon  which  are  seated  snu\ll 
ii^urcs,  about  I]  in.  in  heiglit,  apparently 
representing  naked  boys,  or  bathers  dis- 
porting themselves  in  the  water.  In  the 
centre  of  the  basin  is  a  small  circular  i)ode8- 
tal  upon  whicli  some  object  has  been  allixed, 
probably  a  statuette,  the  jet  of  a  fountain 
throwing  water  into  the  labruin,  or  the  like. 
This  curious  object  is  supposed  to  bo  of  tho 
Konian  jieriod. 

By  Bkui.mi  BoTriiM.i),  b'sq.,  M.P. — A 
bronze  weight  obtained  in  July  last  at  Croy- 
land,  on  occasion  of  the  vi>it  of  the  Institute 
to  that  phico  during  the  annual  meeting  at 
Peterborough.  It  wa.s  stiiteil  to  have  been 
I  "  liiund  in  or  in  ar  the  site  <if  the  monastery. 

W'e  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Bollield's  kindness 

\     for   tlio   accompanying   woodcuts.       it   will 

be  Hccn  that  U  is  in  form  of  an  cHeutcluion, 

Hr<rtiw)  woIkIiI  found  at  Croyluii.i.       charged  with  tho  arms  of  England,  possibly 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  S3 

denoting  that  it  was  a  standard  weight,  or  at  least  adjusted  hy  tlie 
pondus  Regis.  It  weighs  4  oz.,  or  a  quarter  of  a  pound ;  the  date  may 
be  as  early  as  the  fourteenth  century.  A  bronze  weight  of  similar  form, 
and  of  later  date,  has  been  figured  in  this  Journal,  vol.  xvii.,  p.  165,  with 
notices  of  other  examples,  in  which,  however,  the  perforation,  intended 
probably  for  facility  of  conveyance  or  of  suspension,  is  towards  the 
lower  extremity  of  the  shield.  A  leaden  heater-shaped  weight  with 
the  royal  arms  is  in  the  museum  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries; 
around  the  edge  is  the  Angelic  Salutation — Ave  Maria.  It  was  found 
with  another  like  weight  in  Wharfedale,  Yorkshire,  as  stated  in  the 
Catalogue  of  the  Society's  Collection,  p.  24. 

By  Mr.  W.  .1.  Beunhaud  Smith. — Three  powdcr-flaslvs  or  touch-hoxos, 
date  the  sixteenth  century,  one  of  them  of  steel,  with  engraved  ornaments, 
German  work  ;  another  of  wood  inlaid  with  ivory,  representing  a  stag-hunt  ; 
the  third  of  wood,  inlaid  with  bone,  &c.,  and  brass  studs  arranged  in 
concentric  and  interlacing  circles  ;  the  mounting  of  steel.  The  various 
fasliions  of  objects  of  this  class  are  well  shown  in  Skclton's  Illustrations 
of  the  Goodrich  Court  Armoury,  vol.  ii.  plates  123 — I2G. 

By  Mr.  Octavius  Morgan,  M.P. — A  Chinese  personal  seal,  of  agate, 
engraved  with  an  inscription  in  the  ancient  characters  which  occur  on 
Chinese  seals  of  metal,  crystal,  wood,  he,  and  also  on  the  small  seals  of 
white  porcelain  found  frequently  in  Ireland,  to  which  the  specimen  exhibited 
is  somewhat  similar  in  fashion. 

By  Miss  Ffauington. — A  collection  of  ancient  documents,  seals,  and 
family  memorials  ;  also  several  specimens  of  embroidery,  a  portion  of  the 
orfray  of  a  vestment,  displaying  figures  of  saints;  date  sixteenth  century; 
and  a  curious  representation  of  Floi-a,  surrounded  by  animals,  flowers,  &c., 
worked  in  gold  and  silver. 

By  Dr.  Keller,  President  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Zurich. — A 
photograph  of  a  singular  object  in  the  museum  of  the  Society,  being  a 
hollow  dodecahedron  of  hronze,  with  a  ball  attached  to  each  of  the  angles. 
Each  of  the  pentagonal  sides  is  piei'ced  with  a  circular  opening,  and  no  two 
of  these  perforations  are  of  equal  diameter.  A  similar  relic,  found  near  St. 
Peter's  Church,  Carmarthen,  is  in  the  Museum  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries.     See  Catalogue,  p.  2i,  where  other  examples  are  noticed. 

By  Mr.  Daniel  Gurney,  F.S.A. — Two  interesting  portraits,  date  sixteenth 
century,  one  of  them  supposed  to  represent  Prince  Arthur,  elder  brother  of 
Henry  YIII.  It  may  be,  however,  an  early  portrait  of  that  sovereign, 
being  apparently  that  of  a  person  in  more  advanced  years  than  Prince 
Arthur,  who  died  in  1502,  aged  only  sixteen.  This  portrait  is  on  panel, 
representing  a  young  man  in  the  prime  of  life,  three  quarters  to  the  right ; 
■without  beard  or  moustaches  ;  the  hair  short;  a  flat  bonnet  with  the  brim 
turned  up  and  fastened  with  an  enseigne  or  medallion  over  the  right  brow. 
He  wears  a  furred  crimson  gown,  a  rich  pendant  jewel,  collar  of  pearls  and 
gems,  and  holds  in  his  right  hand  a  red  and  Avhite  rose.  This  curious 
])ainting  bears  much  resemblance  to  that  at  Windsor,  formerly  in  possession 
of  Charles  I.,  and  considered  by  Mr.  Scharf  to  portray  Prince  Arthur. 
The  second  portrait  is  inscribed  Ilenricus  Domimis  Darnley,  Hex  Scotorion, 
1562  ;  it  is  a  painting  of  his  time,  on  panel,  presenting  features  of  stroiK*- 
similarity  to  the  supposed  portraits  of  the  Consort  of  Mary  Stuart.  In  his 
left  hand  he  holds  an  hour-'glass,  inscribed,  Cogita  muri — Anno  1562. 
The  hair,  beard  and  moustaches,  are  light  brown ;   the  general  aspect  is 


84  PROCEEDINGS   AT    MEETINGS   OF 

tliat  of  a  yo'.inj^  man  of  twonty-five  to  thirty.  It  may  be  remeinl>eroil  tliat 
t«o  vears  siibseqiieiitly  to  the  date  oocuiiing  on  tliis  portrait.  Sir  James 
Melville,  in  iiis  aocoiint  of  his  memorable  interview  wiih  Elizabetli,  de- 
Beribes  Darnlev,  whose  age  at  that  time  (in  li)(>4)  was  only  eighteen,  as 
"liker  ft  woman  than  a  man,  for  he  was  lovely,  beardless,  and  lady-faced." 
The  inscription  giving  Darnley's  name  is  probably  a  recent  addition,  and 
Melville's  account  seems  to  prove  that  the  painting  cannot  be  received  as  a 
portrait  of  that  prince. 

Jannary  10,  1SG2. 
William  Titk,   Esq.,  M.P.,  F.S.A.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

PuEViocsLY  to  commencing  the  ordinary  proceedings  of  the  meeting  Mr. 
Tite  observed,  that  since  they  had  last  assembled  togetlier  an  event  luxd 
taken  place  which  had  tilled  all  hearts  with  the  deepest  sorrow.  In  the 
absence  of  their  President,  Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide,  the  painful  duty  had 
devolved  upon  him  (.Mr.  Tite)  to  express,  on  this  their  first  meeting  of  the 
new  year,  the  sense  of  deep  regret  with  which  the  Institute,  in  common 
with  all  classes  of  Her  Majesty's  loyal  subjects,  must  regard  the  lamentable 
bereavement  which  she  had  recently  sustained  in  the  untimely  decease  of 
the  Prince  Consort.  Every  member  of  the  Society,  Mr.  Tito  felt  assured, 
would  share  in  heartfelt  sorrow  at  such  a  national  calamity  ;  all  must 
deplore  the  loss  of  the  enlightened  and  beneficent  Patron  who  had  for  somo 
years  graciously  favored  the  Society  with  his  encouragement,  and  by  his 
personal  participation  in  their  proceedings.  The  Prince  had  with  most 
kind  condescension  repeatedly  e-xertcd  his  influence  in  obtaining  the  gracious 
permission  of  the  Queen,  by  which  objects  of  very  choice  and  j)reciou3 
character,  preserved  in  the  royal  collections,  had  been  entrusted  to  the 
Soeiitv,  to  which  he  had  so  generously  extended  his  jjatronage.  Mr.  Tite 
could  not  refrain  from  bearing  his  heartfelt  tribute,  not  only  to  the  conde- 
scension of  the  Prince  on  many  occasions,  but  to  his  high  attainments,  and 
to  the  constant  devotion  of  his  time  and  thoughts  to  the  j)romotion  of 
the  Arts,  and  of  all  the  iiiterests  (tf  National  advancement  or  cultivation. 
The  loss  of  so  beneficent  and  accomplished  a  Patron  must  be  a  cause  of 
sailness  and  most  heartfelt  condolence,  not  only  to  all  members  of  the  In- 
stitute, but  to  all  who  had  experienced  with  them  that  kindly  encourage- 
nicnt  with  which  the  lamented  Prince  had  constantly  fostered  every  effort 
afts<jeiated  with  the  progress  of  Xatitmal  refinement  and  intelligence,  lie 
(Mr.  Tite)  would  venture  to  express  the  hope,  that  their  gracious  Queen, 
in  this  her  great  trial  and  extremity  of  sorrow,  might  find  in  the  deep 
Bvm|)athv  of  her  loyal  subjects  some  slight  balm  of  consolation. 

The  following  address  of  loyal  condolence  was  then  riiul,  which  had  been 
hiid  before  Her  Majestv  by  the  President,  on  behalf  of  the  Institute,  as  an 
hundjle  expreaflion  of  deep  sorrow  and  sympathy  in  so  great  a  calan»ity  :  — 

The  Humble  Address  of  the  Members  of  the  .\rchaeological  Institute 
of  Great  Pritain  and  Ireland  : — 

May  it  please  your  Majesty, 

We  bog  leave  to  approach  your  prcBoncc  In  order  to  express  our  sorrow 
for  the  hud  bereavement  which  your  Majesty  has  sustained  in  the  death  of 
your  Uoyal  (/'(jiisort.  In  common  with  all  your  subjects,  we  feel  the  iilow 
which  huH  fallen  un  a  family  -the  chief  ornament  and  |iride  of  our  (Mtuntry. 

A»  one  of  the  many  Societies  in    tin;  land,  wliuse  ol ji  els  are  the  investi- 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  85 

gation  of  its  National  Monuments,  and  the  promotion  of  the  Fine  Arts,  we 
lament  the  loss  of  one  who  spent  his  life  and  used  his  exalted  position  not 
only  in  tiie  advancement  of  all  the  Arts  of  Peace,  and  in  the  foundation  of 
one  of  the  most  dislini,ruished  Schools  of  Art,  but  in  the  improvement  of 
the  condition  of  the  pour  and  the  afflicted,  and  in  the  solution  of  the  great 
social  problems  of  the  day. 

And  we  also  ask  leave  to  express  to  your  Majesty  our  more  particular 
sorrow  at  the  loss  of  our  kind  Patron,  who  honored  our  meetings  with  his 
presence;  who  aided  us  with  his  enliglitened  counsel;  and  who  obtained  for 
us  your  Majesty's  permission  on  several  occasions  to  exliibit  choice  speci- 
mens of  Art  in  the  possession  of  the  Crown. 

Words  cannot  express  what  we  feel  on  this  occasion.  May  God,  in  His 
niorcy,  vouchsafe  to  your  Majesty  the  necessary  strength  to  bear  up  under 
tliis  your  heavy  affliction,  and  preserve  you  for  many  years  to  your  affection- 
ate people. 

lu  the  name  of  the  Archaeological  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
(Signed)  Talbot  de  Malahide. 

Mr.  George  Petrie,  of  Kirkwall,  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Insti- 
tute, communicated  an  account,  with  illustrative  drawings,  of  the  I'emains 
of  a  circular  church  at  Orphir  in  Orkney  (printed  in  this  Journal,  vol.  xviii. 
p.  227.)  This,  as  it  is  believed,  is  the  only  example  in  North  Britain  of  a 
tvpe  which  occurs  not  unfrequently  in  some  parts  of  Northern  Europe.  Mr. 
Tite  observed  that  he  had  recently  visited  one  of  the  most  interesting  spe- 
cimens of  this  class  of  churches  existing  in  England,  the  Round  Church  at 
Northampton,  which  had  suffered  much  from  neglect  and  decay;  it  was 
proposed  to  connect  its  restoration,  now  entrusted  to  Mr.  Gilbert  Scott, 
with  the  purpose  of  a  memorial  to  the  late  Marquis  of  Northampton,  for- 
merly President  of  the  Institute,  whose  kind  and  generous  encouragement 
was  doubtless  gratefully  remembered  by  many  present. 

A  memoir  was  then  read,  addressed  by  one  of  the  foreign  Honorary 
Corresponding  Members  of  the  Institute,  the  Count  Constantine  Tysz- 
kiewicz,  a  distinguished  arch  geologist,  brother  of  the  President  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  at  Wilna.  His  communication  was  illustrated  by 
numerous  careful  ground  plans  and  representations  of  entrenclied  works, 
hill-fortresses,  and  other  remains  of  early  antiquity  in  Lithuania,  presenting 
apparently  features  of  analogy  with  vestiges  of  a  like  description  in  Great 
Britain.  In  common  with  other  parts  of  Northern  Europe,  he  observed, 
Lithuania  presents  none  of  those  traces  of  Roman  occupation  which  occur 
in  other  localities.  The  country  had  been  traversed  by  the  various  nations 
who  had  migrated  from  Asia,  probably,  to  the  Southward  and  Westward 
regions  of  Europe.  The  traces  are  chiefly  tumuli  and  entrenchments. 
The  Count  proposed  to  divide  these  renuiins  into  four  classes; — forts  con- 
structed at  the  meeting  of  streams,  or  on  the  banks  of  rivers; — entrenched 
places  of  worship,  usually  on  the  summits  of  isolated  hills;  on  these  sites 
are  frequently  noticed  small  cavities  full  of  aslies  with  traces  of  cremation, 
indicating,  as  it  is  supposed,  places  of  sacrifice; — the  third  class  consisting 
of  large  enclosed  spaces,  designed,  as  believed,  for  holding  councils  or  for 
the  administration  of  justice; — and,  lastly,  the  numerous  tumuli,  called  in 
Polish  kurliany.  Tliese  last  the  Count  ])roposed  to  distinguish  by  the  uses 
for  which  they  appear  to  have  been  raised.  Some  seem  to  have  been  posts 
of  observation  raised  around  camps;  others  may  have  marked  the  lines  of 

VOL.  XIX.  N 


Sn  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

migration  of  ancient  races;  others,  again,  are  sepulchral,  containing  objects 
of  stone,  bronze,  anil  iron,  similar,  for  the  most  part,  to  those  of  the  same 
period  found  in  England  and  in  Europe  generally.  Ornaments  of  female 
attire  have  been  found  also  in  abundance,  such  as  objects  of  glass  and  stone, 
and.  near  the  coast,  ornan)ents  made  of  amber. 

Mr.  E.  Li.OYD  delivered  an  elaborate  disijuisition  on  the  landing  of  Julius 
Caisar  in  Britain.  His  views  do  nut  concur  with  those  of  the  Astronomer 
Roval,  or  of  Mr.  Lewin.  Mr,  Lloyd  stated  that,  availing  himself  of  faci- 
lities of  observation  during  a  prolonged  residence  at  Kamsgate,  he  had 
devoted  much  time  to  exploring  the  localities  in  question,  lie  had  arrived 
at  the  conclusion  that  Caisar  had  set  forth  on  his  iirst  voyage  to  Britain 
from  Wissant;  he  liad  landed  in  Candum,  a.  name  which  Mr.  Lloyd  main- 
tained belonged  to  that  jiortion  of  Kent  now  called  the  Isle  of  Thanet; 
it  might  have  extended  to  Dover  and  Canterbury,  but  there  appears  to  bo 
no  ground  for  tlie  sujiposition  that  it  applied  to  the  district  as  far  to  the 
westward  as  Komney  Marsh,  or  to  the  coast  west  of  Dover,  where,  accord- 
ing to  some  authorities,  Ciesar's  landing  had  taken  ])lace.  Mr.  Lloyd,  from 
careful  examination  of  the  coast,  was  inclined  to  bflieve  that  ShonKlon,  be- 
liind  Deal,  may  have  been  the  spot  where  Ciesar  landed;  and  he  stated  some 
conjecturts  on  the  state  of  the  tide  at  the  time  of  his  arrival,  in  confirmation 
of  that  opinion.  He  moreover  alluded  to  the  discovery  of  certain  flat- 
bottomed  boats  of  great  antiquity  at  a  spot  where,  as  he  thought  possible, 
Ciesar's  fleet  may  have  been  drawn  np  on  the  shore  for  security.  Referring 
to  the  fact  that,  at  that  period,  Eutupife  was  an  island,  he  called  attention 
to  the  great  changes  which  had  taken  place  on  the  coast,  and  especially  to 
that  which  had  left  dry  the  estuary  by  which  the  Isle  of  Thanet  had  been 
formerly  divided  from  the  mainland.  These  changes  Mr.  Lloyd  is  disposed 
to  attribute  to  the  gradual  deepening  of  the  channel  in  the  straits  of 
Dover. 

Mr.  Wn.Li.\M  Cl.wtox  communicated  a  photograph  of  the  base  or 
ground-work  of  a  very  curious  relic  of  Roman  occupation  at  Dover,  accom- 
panied by  some  notices  of  the  discovery,  during  the  last  summer,  of  these 
remains,  supposed  to  mark  the  sight  of  a  pharos  ui)on  the  Western  Heights, 
and  formerly  known  as  the  Bredenstone.  It  is  believed  that  the  earliest 
mention  of  this  vestige  of  some  Ilunuin  structure  in  that  position  occurs  in 
Lambarde's  rerambulation  of  Kent,  published  in  1.5'JG,  wiiero  it  is  stated, 
p.  158, — "  there  standeth  yet  uppon  the  high  clilfe  betweene  the  towne  and 
the  peere  (as  it  were)  not  farre  from  that  which  was  the  house  of  the 
Templars,  soujc  remaine  of  a  tower,  now  called  Bredenstone."  This 
portion  of  ancient  masonry,  and  also  the  ruins  of  the  circular  cliurch  of 
the  Templars,  doubtless  tlie  scene  of  the  memorable  interview  between 
King  John  and  the  legate  from  the  Holy  See,  are  repre.sented,  it  has 
been  HU|q)()sed,  in  the  curious  view  of  Dover,  as  it  ap)ieared  in  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII.,  preserved  amongst  the  Colt.  MSS.  in  the  British  Museum, 
and  of  which  a  reduced  copy  was  published  a  few  years  ago  at  Dover. 
The  Bredenstone  was  doubtless  the  object  mentioned  by  Montfaucon, 
Antiqu.  Expl.  Supp.  torn.  iv.  p.  137,  as  a  "grand  nionceau  do  nnxzures 
de  pii-rrcH  et  do  chaux,  (pi'on  voit  aupres  d(7  Douvre,  quo  les  gens  du  pays 
ivppellunt  lu  guutte  du  Diable,"  regarded,  it  is  observed,  by  some  persons 
ait  the  remains  of  a  Roman  pharos,  but  distinct  from  the  welLknown 
pharoH-towur  at  the  Castle,  of  which  Montfaucon  (//;((/.  p.  fj\)  gives  a  good 
rcprcMcntation  from  a  drawing  sent  to  him  in  I  71' I    by   the   Archbishop  of 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  87 

Canterbury  (Wake).  In  tlie  History  of  Dover  Castle  by  Darell,  chaplain 
to  Queen  bllizabetli,  and  publislied  in  178G,  the  Biedonstone  or  "  the  Devil's 
Drop,"  called  by  him  "  Ara  Co^saris,"  is  given  as  a  vignette  headpiece. 
At  that  time  it  seems  to  have  been  a  shapeless  mass  of  masonry,  about 
ten  feet  in  height.  It  may  be  supposed  that  the  popular  name  originated 
in  a  notion,  of  which  many  other  instances  occur,  that  the  huge  mass  had 
been  dropped  on  the  heights  by  supernatural  agency  ;  but  the  word  was 
inadvertently  rendered  by  the  learned  French  antiquary,  above  cited,  as  if 
it  had  signified  a  liquid  drop — "  goutte  du  Diable."  In  1693,  Lord 
Sydney,  on  his  appointment  as  Lord  Warden,  summoned  the  Grand  Court 
of  Shepway  to  meet  upon  "  Braidenstone  Hill,"  where  he  had  been  told 
that  three  of  his  predecessors  were  sworn  into  office.  The  Historian  of 
Kent,  Hasted,  mentions  Bredenstone  Hill  on  the  S.W.  side  of  Dover, 
opposite  to  the  Castle,  and  that  there  the  ancient  court  of  Shepway  "  is 
now  kept,"  and  the  Lords  Warden  sworn  in.  Again,  he  observes  that  the 
hill  on  the  S.W.  of  the  town,  called  Bredenstone  Hill,  on  which  the  ruin 
of  the  ancient  Roman  pharos  remained,  is  within  the  lordship  of  Bredon, 
in  the  liberty  of  Dover,  and  that  it  once  belonged  to  the  Commander}'  of 
Swynfield,  <tc.  The  site  of  the  Templars'  church  mentioned  by  Leland 
and  other  writers,  and  already  noticed  as  situated  on  the  same  Heights,  was 
brought  to  light  by  the  sap[)ers  in  1806  ;  it  was  cleared  from  debris  and 
again  exposed  to  view  in  1854  by  Col.  Fitzherbert  Grant.  In  the  course 
of  the  works  at  the  period  first  named,  when  the  Heights  were  strongly 
fortified,  the  Bredenstone  had  been  buried  under  an  accumulation  of  chalk 
and  soil  thrown  out  of  a  trench  then  cut  near  the  spot,  but,  in  digging 
foundations  for  barracks  last  summer  the  platform,  described  as  hexagonal, 
on  which  the  structure  had  been  erected  was  laid  open,  and  the  Koman 
character  of  the  masonry  distinctly  recognised.  The  remains  were  about 
20  feet  in  length,  as  shown  in  the  photograph  sent  by  Mr.  Clayton  ;  they 
consisted  of  ordinary  Roman  walling,  with  a  few  plain  tiles,  and  presented 
the  appearance  of  a  rough  nniss  of  conglomerate.  A  cavity  full  of 
charred  wood  and  ashes  was  noticed,  supposed  to  be  a  vestige  of  the 
original  purpose  for  which  the  erection  had  been  designed,  as  a  pharos  on 
the  Western  side  of  the  harbour  of  the  ancient  Duhris.  The  remains 
were  forthwith  in  part  removed,  and  a  portion  has  been  so  preserved  in  the 
construction  of  the  barrack-wall  that  it  remains  visible,  projecting  a  few 
inches  from  the  face  of  tiie  wall,  and  marking  the  site  where  an  object  of 
so  much  interest  to  the  Cinque  Ports  stood.  A  detailed  description  of  the 
masonry,  and  of  the  circumstances  of  its  discovery,  is  given  by  Mr. 
Knocker,  Town  Clerk  of  Dover,  <fc;c.,  in  his  •'  Account  of  the  Grand  Court 
of  Shepway,  holden  on  the  Bredenstone  Hill,  for  the  Installation  of  the 
Viscount  Falmerston  as  Warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  <tc.,  August  2d:, 
1861."  In  that  interesting  volume  a  conjectural  representation  of  Duhris 
with  its  two  multangular  light-towers  is  given,  and  also  a  copy  of  the  view 
of  Darell's  "  Ara  Ccesaris,"  as  it  appeared  Avheu  his  History  was 
published,  towards  the  close  of  the  last  century. 

Mr.  JuSEi'ii  BuRTT  presented  to  the  Institute  the  Catalogue  of  their 
Library,  prepared  by  him  in  accordance  with  a  plan  approved  by  the 
Central  Committee.  The  inconvenience  arising  from  the  want  of  a  syste- 
matic Catalogue  had  long,  Mr.  Burtt  observed,  been  a  cause  of  complaint  ; 
the  library,  although  deficient  in  general  works  of  reference,  contained 
a  rare  and  valuable  series  of  transactions  of  Archaeological  and  Historical 


SS  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

Societies,  especially  on  the  Continent  ;  for  this  the  Iiistitntc  liad  been 
chiftlv  indebted  to  the  exertions  of  their  lamented  friend  Mr.  Keinble. 
It  also  included  numerous  monographs  and  memoirs,  topograpliical  and 
nnti([uarian,  of  comparatively  rare  occurrence.  He  (.\lr.  IJurtt)  had 
pleasure  in  now  ottering  to  the  Society  the  result  of  his  endeavors  to 
contribute  to  their  satisfaction,  and  to  enhance  the  utility  of  the  Library. 

A  special  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Burtt  for  so  valuable  a  service,  at  no 
slight  sacrifice  of  time,  was  very  cordially  carried.  Mr.  Tite  alluded  to 
the  circumstance  that  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  were  likewise  on  the  point 
of  issuing  a  List  of  their  Library.  Of  that  extensive  collection  of  books, 
liowcvcr,  a  Catalogue,  although  incomplete,  was  previously  in  the  hands  of 
the  Fellows  ;  Mr.  Burtt  had  with  great  kindness  undertaken  the  task  of 
supplying,  for  the  first  time,  a  deficiency  long  felt  by  the  members  of  the 
Institute. 

'HntiqutttrS  autr  iHLIoiItii  dC  ?at  evbibitrtf. 

By  Miss  FFARRiXGToy. — A  celt  or  axe-head  of  cherty  flint,  streaked 
with  brown,  found  in  1859  in  a  field  near  lloniton,  Devon.  It  is  a  good 
example  of  an  ordinary  type,  with  a  cutting  edge  at  one  extremity  onl}'. 

By  Air.  Fncn. — Two  bronze  torque  rings,  found  during  the  previous 
month  in  a  chalk  pit  near  Norwich.  They  are  encrusted  with  bright 
green  patina,  and  measure,  in  diameter,  about  1}  inch.  The  extremities 
are  disunited,  so  that  the  rings  might  be  termed  penannular,  but  the  ends 
may  have  been  originally  soldered  together.  These  relics  are  supposed  to 
be  of  Anglo-Saxon  date  ;  a  specimen  precisely  similar  in  fashion  and  size 
was  found  bv  Mr.  Wylie  at  the  Anglo-Saxon  cemetery  investigated  by  him 
in  Gloucestershire  ;  it  is  figured,  Fairford  Graves,  pi.  IX.  At  tlie  spot 
where  the  rings  sent  by  Mr.  Fitch  were  found,  a  leaden  coffin  was  brought 
to  light  on  Dec.  2,  ult.,  it  had  been  enclosed  in  a  coffin  of  v,-ood,  and 
contained  portions  of  a  human  skeleton.  This  interment  lay  at  a  depth  of 
about  4  ft.  in  a  bank  of  sand  and  brick  clay,  adjoining  the  chalk  pits  at 
Stone  Hills  ;  the  locality  was  formerly  known  as  Ileigham  Heath.  The 
coffin,  which  has  been  considered  Roman,  is  without  ornament,  of  simple 
construction,  formed  of  a  sheet  of  lead  cut  to  the  desired  shape  and  then 
doubled  over  at  the  ends  and  sides,  the  cover  being  also  formed  in  like 
manner  ;  no  solder  apparently  had  been  used.  The  dimensions  are,  length 
50  in.,  width,  at  the  liead  14  in.,  at  the  feet  l."»  in.,  dipth  10  "in.  Ivenuiins 
of  mortar-like  cement  were  noticed  near  the  coiliu.  A  full  accoimt  of  the 
discovery  will  be  given  in  the  rublications  of  the  Norfolk  Archjoological 
Society. 

By  Sh.  Weiih. — A  remarkable  ivory  casket,  sculptured  with  mythologi- 
cal subjects,  foliage,  and  ornamentation  of  early  classical  character.  On 
the  lid  is  a  singular  representation  of  Europa  ;  a  group  of  Cretans  in  very 
spirited  action  appear  to  im[)edo  her  landing  on  their  shores,  by  throwing 
BtoncB.  At  one  end  of  the  cotfcr  i.i  sculplined  young  Bacchus  in  a  car 
drawn  by  leopards,  at  the  other  a  num  mounted  on  a  triton  ;  there  are  also 
curious  liacchanalian  subjects,  centaurs,  a  jigure  playing  on  a  lyre,  «te. 
Tbi-*  line  example  was  recently  obtained  fmni  the  Treasury  of  the  Cathedral 
of  Veroli  in  the  I'ontifical  States.  Dimensions,  15Jj  in.  by  (\[  in.  ;  height 
4i  in. 

By  Mr.  R.  M.  Mll.I.s. — A  diminutive  ivory  devotional  folding  tablet, 
Btatcd  to  have  been  found,  in  ISUL',  in  a  Icailcn  eotlin  at  Chichester  Culhc- 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGIC-AL    INSTITUTE.  89 

ilral.  It  came  to  the  present  possessor  from  Mr.  F.  Danioll,  of  Knowle 
House,  Devon.  The  dimensions  of  each  leaf  of  tiiis  little  tablet  are  about 
1-|  in.  in  each  direction  ;  upon  one  leaf  is  a  sculptured  fii;ure  of  the  B.  V. 
Mary  with  the  infant  Saviour,  standiiif^  between  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul  ; 
on  the  other  appear  St.  John  the  J[3aj)tist,  St.  James  the  Less,  and 
St.  Catharine.  The  figures  are  placed  under  crockcted  canopies.  Date, 
early  tifteentli  century. 

By  Mr.  W.  J.  Bkknhaud  Smith. — A  conical  helmet  of  Oriental  charac- 
ter, with  a  sliding  nasal-bar  ;  at  the  side  of  the  face,  on  the  left  side,  is  a 
small  tube,  which  may  have  been  intended  to  receive  a  plume.  The  lofty 
conical  peak  terminates  in  a  small  knob.  This  curious  head-piece  is  from 
the  Arsenal  at  Constantinople,  and  is  stamped  with  the  curious  Cufic  mark 
or  n)onogram  occurring  on  various  objects  thence  obtained. — Also  a  pair  of 
shoes  covered  with  chain-mail,  from  the  same  Arsenal  ;  the  soles  are  of 
leather,  with  short  brass  peaks  at  the  toes. — Two  portions  of  russet- 
armour  engraved  with  foliage,  trophies,  <kc.,  and  partly  gilded  ;  probably 
of  Spanish  work,  sixteenth  century.  ^One  of  them  appears  to  be  the  back 
of  a  war-saddle. 

By  the  llev.  C.  Y.  Cuawi.ey. — A  drawing  of  the  sumptuous  golden 
chalice  and  salver,  at  Matson  Church,  Gloucestershire  ;  the  former 
measures,  in  height,  9  in.,  the  salver,  used  as  a  paten,  9  in.  in  diameter. 
On  a  scroll  around  the  base  of  the  chalice  is  the  following  inscription, — 
"  Taken  out  of  a  church  at  the  Havana  by  the  Earl  of  Albemarle,  and 
given  to  George  Augustus  Selwyn,  Esquire,  by  whom  it  was  given  to  the 
chuich  of  Matson."  George,  third  Earl  of  Albemarle,  aide-de-camp  to  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland  at  Fontenoy,  was  commander-in-chief  at  the  reduction 
of  the  Havana  in  1762. 

By  Mr.  W.  Parker  IIamond. — A  French  jeton  found  at  Croydon  ;  on 
one  side  is  Henry  IV.  on  horseback,  on  the  other  the  arms  of  France  and 
Navarre.  The  counters  struck  at  Nuremberg  by  Hans  Krauwinckel  and 
Wolfgang  Laufer,  for  use  in  France,  are  numerous,  and  some  of  the  types 
have  an  historical  interest.  E.xamples,  of  the  time  of  Henry  IV.,  are  '^iveu 
by  Suelling,  J.  de  Fontenay,  and  other  writers  on  jetong. 

February  7,  1862. 

Professor  Donaldson  in  the  Chair. 

A  very  interesting  account  was  given  by  Professor  Westwood  of  his 
visit  to  Treves  during  the  previous  summer,  with  notices  of  objects  in  the 
museum  and  library  at  that  place,  especially  a  very  remaikablc  sculpture  in 
ivory  representing,  as  supposed,  St.  Helena,  to  whom  the  foundatibn  of  the 
cathedral  is  attriliuted,  and  who  is  represented  receiving  a  solemn  proces- 
sion, on  the  airival  probably  of  some  holy  relics  at  Treves.  It  will  he  oivou 
with  the  continuation  of  Professor  Westwood's  Architulooical  Notes  on 
the  Continent,  of  which  the  first  portion  has  already  appeared  in  this  ' 
Journal. 

Mr.  Franks  observed  that  the  highly  valuiible  example  of  sculpture  in 
ivory,  to  which  Professor  Westwood  had  called  attention,  may  probably  be 
assigned  to  the  time  of  Charlemagne. 

Captain  Windus,  of  the  Indian  Navy,  read  a  memoir  on  a  carrack  or 
war-galley,  fitted  out  by  the  Knights  of  St.  John,  as  related  by  Bosio,  the 
historian  of  the  Order,  and  remarkable  not  less  on  account  of  its  great  size 


00  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

and  cqui{tmcnt,  than  ns  liaving  been  sheatlieil  with  loail  for  defence  atjainst 
artillery.      The  vessel  was  built  at  Nice,  in  1530,  and  formed  part  of  the 
great   squadron    dispatched   by    the  Emperor  Charles  V.   in    153.")  against 
Tunis,  to  aid  the  dethroned  Muley  Hassan  against  Barbarossa.     The  fleet 
consisted  of  about  500  vessels,  chit-fly  Genoese,  under  the  command  of  the 
celebrated  Andrea  Doria.     The  carrack,  named  the    Sa/tta  Anna,  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  conflict,  and  in    a  few  days  Tunis   was  captured. 
The  huge  ship  was   the   wonder  of  the  age  ;  she  had  six  decks,  with  eou- 
leuvrines  and  numerous  heavy  artillery  ;   the  crew  consisted  of  30()  men  ; 
she  had  a  spacious  chapel,  hall  of  reception,  and  an  armoury  for  ccjuipping 
500  men  ;  on  the  poop  were  planted  trees  ;   it  is  recorded  that  she  was  pro- 
vided with  ovens  and  a  baker,  who  supplied  fresh  bread  daily  in  abuiulauce. 
But   the  singular  feature  of   her   construction    was   the  leaden  shealliiiig, 
attached   with   brass   bolts,  a  precaution  to  which  Bosio  attributes  perfect 
security  against  shot,  so  that  although  often  engaged  she  had  never  been 
pierced  below  the  bulwarks.      Captain  Windus,  having  pointed   out  various 
points  of  advancement  in  technical. skill  shown  in  the  construction  of  this 
remarkable  carrack,  observed  how  remarkable  is  the  fact,  that  whilst  the 
merits  of  plated  ships  and  invulnerable  rams  are  so  keenly  canvassed  in 
this  and  other  countries,  and  the  question  of  iron  verms  wood  is  the  grand 
topic  of  interest  in  connexion  with  naval  warfare,   a  vessel  of  huge  dimen- 
sions should  have  existed  more  than  three  centuries  ago,  not  only  provided 
with    appliances  usually  regarded   as    inventions  of  much  later  times,  but 
have  been  actually  in  advance  of  modern  ingenuity,  in  being  secured  against 
cannon-shot  by  a  metal  sheathing,  as  etiectual  |)rubably  against  the  projec- 
tiles of  the  period  as  it  is  believed  that    "  La  Cloire,"   or  the    "  Warrior  " 
mav  prove  against  more  powerful  artillery.      The  use  of  brass  bolts,  Captain 
AViiidus  rcnnirked,  shows  a  singular  advance  in  technical  details.      When 
metal   sheathing   was   introduced   in  this   country  2j0  years  later,   it  was 
atliied  by  iron  bolls,  and  the  advantage  of  using  copper  fastenings  was  only 
reco"iiiscd  at  a  com[»aratively  recent  time.      The  *'  Santa  Anna  "  probably 
resembled   the  celebrated   "  llenri  GrAce  de  Dieu,"  of  1000   tons,   built  at 
Erith,  periiaps  on  an   Italian   model,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VUl.     There 
exists,  however,  it  is  believed,  in  the  Refectory  of  the  palace  of  the  Order 
of  St.  John  at  lunne  a  painting  of  the  carrack,  which  may  supply  a  precise 
notion  of  its  curious  details  and  proportions.      Cai)tain  Windus  concluded  hy 
observing  that   to   the  Knights  of  St.  John   the  merit  must   ho   given  of 
liaving    constructed    the     first    metal-plated    vessel   of    war   upon    record.* 
Captain   Windus  alluded  to  some  experiments  which  he  had  recently  made 
in  regard  to  the  value  of  lead  as  a  protection  again->t  ritle-shot  ;  the  results 
have  bhown,  however,  that  it  is  of  no  avail  against  modern  artillery. 

Air.  W.  Bi'liuKS  then  read  a  notice  of  the  interesting  HC|iulchral 
memorial  and  efhgy  of  the  Bailly  of  Amerigo,  of  Narbonne,  which  he  had 
latelv  noticed  in  the  cloister  of  Sta.  Maiia  dell'  Aniionziata  at  Florence. 
'I  his  warlike  personage  is  portrayed  on  horseback  ;  he  fell  at  the  fight  of 
Campalilino  in  108'J  ;  Dante  was  engaged  on  that  occasion.  .Mr.  Burges 
Iia>i  promised  a  full  account  aiid  accuuitc  re|>rcsentations  of  tiiis 
very  curious  example   of  military  costume.     The  efligy  is  figured    in   Mr. 

*  Mr.  Wntflflon  lion  BubHcquently  in-  nt  llie  I'alnzzo  di  Midtii  at  Romn  ;  and 
formed  tin  tliat  th'To  Ih  n  niodel  of  tliu  nini)  n  |)nintin)<  in  tliu  Mouse  uf  tlio  I'riory 
Stnta  Anna,  aa  tiu  bcdiovcM,  in  a  gallery       on  tlio  Avutitiiio. 


THE   ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  91 

Hewitt's  Manual  of  Arms  and  Armour  in  Europe,  vol.  i.  p.  2ii,  from 
a  drawing  by  the  late  Mr.  Kerricli. 

Mr.  R.  G.  P.  MiNTY,  of  Petersficld,  called  the  attention  of  the  Institute 
to  the  neglected  condition  of  two  tombs  of  the  Caryll  family  at  llarting 
Cliurch,  Sussex,  formerly  .in  a  monumental  chapel  adjacent  to  the  south 
side  of  the  chancel.  The  church  bad  undergone  restoration  in  1853,  under 
the  care  of  Mr.  Gilbert  Scott,  and  at  tlie  expense  of  Lady  Fetherston  ; 
in  1854  the  restoration  of  the  cliancel  was  entrusted  by  the  Vicar  to  Mr. 
Ferrey  ;  a  new  east  window  was  given  by  Lady  Fetherston  in  1858;  and, 
in  18G0,  the  chapel  which  had  contained  the  monuments  in  question,  being 
somewbat  out  of  repair,  was  removed,  so  as  to  open  to  view  a  window  oa 
the  south  side  of  the  chancel.  Mr.  Minty  exhibited  photographs  of  the 
church  before  and  after  the  demolition  of  the  Caryll  Cbapel,  and  also  of  the 
monuments  and  effigies,  apparently  well  sculptured  ;  they  are  now  exposed 
to  the  weather  and  mischievous  injuries.  These  tombs  commemorated  Sir 
Edward  Caryll,  of  Ilarting,  who  died  1609,  and  Sir  Richard  Caryll,  his 
third  son,  who  died  1616.  Mr.  Minty  stated  that  one  of  the  monuments 
is  of  stone,  the  other  of  marble  ;  the  canopies  had  been  destroyed,  and 
the  figures  arc  now  in  damaged  condition.  The  Caryll  family,  resi<lent 
formerly  at  West  Grinstead,  and  at  Ladyliolt  Park,  Sussex,  now  the  pro- 
perty of  Lady  Fetherston,  were  of  note  in  the  county,  and  allied  with 
some  of  the  chief  families.  They  were  loyal  adherents  to  Charles  L,  and 
suffered  in  the  Revolution.  Dallaway  in  his  Ili.story  of  Sussex  gives  their 
pedigree,  and  the  inscriptions  on  the  tombs.  Mr.  Minty  expressed  reoret 
that  these  memorials  should  not  be  suitably  protected  from  further  deca\'. 
He  exhibited  also  drawings  of  mural  paintings  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
formerly  to  be  seen  in  Harting  Church,  but  now  concealed.  They  repre- 
sented apparently  St.  Helena,  St.  Anne,  and  St.  Lawrence. 

Mr.  E.  W.  GoDWix  communicated  a  short  notice  of  the  tower  of  St. 
Philip's  Church,  Bristol,  which  presents  some  interesting  architectural 
features  ;  date  thirteenth  century.  It  is  now  in  very  neglected  and 
damaged  condition.  Drawings  of  the  lower  portion  of  tlie  structure  were 
sent  for  examination.  Some  interest  had  been  excited  about  seven  years 
ago,  and  contributions  collected  for  its  conservation,  but  nothing  had  been 
effected.     It  now  serves  as  a  place  of  deposit  for  lumber. 

^ntiquittciS  niilr  SjISorii^  a(  Qrt  ey\)ihittts. 

By  Mr.  Franks. — A  fine  bronze  sword,  length  27i  inches,  presenting 
this  unusual  peculiarity,  that  beyond  the  end  of  the  hilt  there  projects  a 
flat  tang,  about  1  inch  in  length,  and  |  inch  in  breadth,  possibly  pro- 
duced by  the  neck  or  orifice  of  the  mould,  and  not  cut  off  after  the 
casting  was  made.  This  weapon  was  found  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
river  Lea,  in  Herts. — Also  a  small  bronze  swan  found  in  the  Thames  ; 
it  had  probably  been  an  accompaniment  of  a  statuette  of  Leda. — A  flat 
circular /6h?«,  originally  enameled,  and  ornamented  with  concentric  circles 
at  intervals. 

By  Mr.  W.  J.  Berxiiard  Smith. —  A  bronze  blade  of  comparatively 
uncommon  type,  found  in  Lincolnshire  ;  length  161  inches.  The  hilt  was 
of  more  simple  adjustment  than  is  usual  in  bronze  swords,  and  formed  with 
four  rivets  only. — Three  Oriental  weapons,  a  fine  sword  with  hilt  and  scab- 
bard-mounts   of   solid  silver,  chased  and  engraved  with  entwined  serpents  ; 


9; 


PllOCEEDIXGS    AT    MEETINGS. 


anil  two  daggers  of  tlie  form  called  Jtimhca — one  of  tlieni  lias  the  silver 
mounts  of  its  sheatli  of  delicately  pierced  work,  representing  flowers. 

By  the  Rev.  G.  B.  MELLort,  through  Dr.  Kendrick  of  Warrington. — 
Three  stone  celts  of  unusual  fashion  lately  found  in  the  North  of  Ireland. 
They  are  rudely  wrought,  without  regularity  of  form,  and  very  obtusely 
rounded  at  their  extremities.  One  of  them,  9  inches  in  length,  lay  about 
3  feet  deep  in  a  bog  ;  there  are  numerous  cairns  and  ancient  vestiges  in 
the  locality,  and  querns,  wooden  *'  mothers, "  iron  weapons,  «kc.,  occur  there, 
indicating  extensive  occupation  of  the  spot  in  ancient  times. 

l?y  the  Rev.  C.  L.  Baunwell. — An  uniciue  stone  hammer  or  maul-head, 
found  at  Maesmore  near  Corwen,  Merionethshire,  about  1840,  in  grubbing 
up  a  wood.  This  remarkable  object  was  made  known  through  the  advan- 
tageous influence  of  local  Arcluuological  meetings,  having  come  into  the 
possession  of  Mr.  Barnwell  not  Imig  previously  to  the  Cambrian  Congress 
at  Bangor,  where  it  was  shown  by  liim  in  ISGO."^  The  mateiial  has  been 
described  as  dusky  white  chalcedony,  so  hard  that  a  steel  point  jtroduces 
no  elfect  on  the  surface.  The  weight  is  lOr'i  nz.  The  accompanying 
woodcut  is  of  the  same  size  as  the  original.  The  reticulated  ornamentation 
is  worked  with  great  precision,  and  must  have  cost  great  labor  ;  the  per- 
foration for  the  haft  is  formed  with  singular  symmetry  and  perfection  ;  the 
lozengy  grooved  decoration  covering  the  entire  surface  is  remarkably  sym- 


Mntricaj  and  hkilfullv  (inishrd.  It  is  diliicull  to  comprchond  by  what  means 
thereKultH  ho  admirably  produced  upon  Hurh  a  hard  material  could  liave  lircn 
effecied.  We  are  much  indc-bleil  to  Mr.  Barnwell  for  the  use  of  tbe  wo<mI- 
cnl,  which  uccuraldy  represenls  this  very  curious  ol)jecl  of  which  he  ii 
now  the  puKHCHHor. 


*  Journal  Cmi;l>.  Arcii.  Ahh  .c.  tliird  Bcricb,  vol.  vi.  pp.  807,  ^70. 


STfje  ^rcfjaeoloQical  SournaL 


JUNE,  1862. 


NOTICE  OF  SOME  EXAMPLES  OF  BUFF  ARMOUR  AND  OF 
DEFENCES  FORMED  WITH  SCALES  OF  LEATHER  OR  OF 
PLATE. 

By  J.  HEWITT. 

I  HAVE  great  pleasure  in  bringing  under  the  notice  of 
those  archaeologists  \vho  take  interest  in  warhke  defences 
and  costume  a  very  rare  example  of  horseman's  armour  of  the 
time  of  Charles  I.,  a  vambrace  of  buff-leather  used  as  a 
defence  for  the  bridle-arm.  I  recently  noticed  this  interest- 
ing relic  in  the  Rotunda  at  Woolwich,  and  it  has  now  been 
deposited  in  the  Tower  Armory.  Beneath  the  outer 
covering   of  scales   is   a  padding,  formed  of  six   sheets  of 


r 


r 


Vambrace  of  bufif  leather,  t.  Charles  I.     Tower  Armory. 

soft  paper  overlying  each  other,  not  pasted  together  so  as 
to  form  a  hard  substance,  but  lying  loosely,  so  as  to  deaden 

VOL.  XIX.  o 


9i 


NOTICES   OF    ARMOUR    FORMED  WITH  SCALES 


the  blow  of  an  adversary's  weapon.     The  whole  has  a  lining 
of  soft  leather. 

A  soniewliat  similar  example  is  figured  by  Grose  in  Plate 
39  of  his  *•  Ancient  Armour."  In  that,  the  defence  of  scale- 
work  is  continued  over  the  back  of  the  hand,  and  a  buff 
glove  is  attached  to  it.  In  the  example  before  us  there  is 
some  appearance  of  a  similar  hand-defence  having  once 
existed.  The  gauntlet  in  Grose  (here  figured)  is  described 
as  ''a  buff  covering  for  the  left  arm,  contrived  to  answer  the 
purpose  of  a  shield,  being  composed  of  three  skins  of  leather, 


Buff-lcathcr  gauutlet,  from  B.ilborough  Hall,  Derbyehiro.    Length  25  iuches. 

with  one  of  cartoon  or  paste-board."  He  further  tells  us 
that  it  was  part  of  a  defence  "worn  in  the  time  of  Charles  I. 
by  Sir  Francis  Rhodes,  Bart.,  of  Balborouuh  Hall,  Derbyshire." 
It  is  now  in  the  collection  at  Goodrich  Court'   (See  Skelton's 


e. 


UuflTgluvu  ofMcalu-work,  (cjrdiurly  in  llic  Hryii  y  pVH  cullcotioli.     Tower  AniiMiy. 

Illustrations,  vol.  ii,  j)l.  7D).  In  the 'Tower  there  is  a  buff 
gauntlet  of  .scale-work  (here  figin-ed)  ;  this,  however,  is  for  the 
ri/j/if  liaiiij.     i  jtuiclia,sc(l  it  from  tlie  collection  at  13ryn-y-pys 

'  Sue  Mcyrick'n  C'lit.  Eii'jn.  vol.  iii.  p.  87,  iioto. 


OP   LEATHER    OR    OF    PLATE. 


95 


in  North  "Wales,  but  have  since  transferred  it  to  the  Tower. 
It  has  been  described  in  the  eighth  volume  of  this  Journal, 
p.  301. 

Armour  of  scale-work  made  of  steel  was  also  used  at  this 
time.  The  suit  in  the  Tower,  called  the  armour  of  Count 
Hector  Oddi,  of  Padua,  has  a  culet  of  this  fashion  ;  a  portion 
of  til  is  rich  suit,  of  which  the  scales  are  decorated  with 
the    double-headed  eagle  crowned,  is  here   figured.     Each 


Portion  of  scale-armour,  from  the  suit  of  Count  Oddi,  Tower  Armory.    (Original  size.) 

scale  is  fastened  by  two  rivets  to  a  foundation  of  canvas  and 
leather,  the  canvas  next  the  metal.  The  woodcut  annexed 
gives  a  view  of  the  reverse  of  one  of  the  scales,  showing  the 


rivets  passing  through   the   lining.     The  scales,  it  will  be 
observed,  overlap  from  below,  so  that  the  pointed  weapon  of 


96  NOTICES   OF    ARMOUR    FORMED    WITH    SCALES 

an  enemy  might  glance  off,  instead  of  finding  its  way  between 
the  interstices  ot"  the  metal.  Ivecently  I  was  fortunate 
enough  to  procure  for  the  Tower  collection  another  example 
of  a  culct  of  steel  scale-M'ork.  In  both  specimens,  each  scale 
is  engraved  \Yitli  an  heraldic  device. 

In  lieu  of  scales,  discs  of  metal  were  sometimes  employed 
for  defensive  equipment  at  this  period.  A  portion  of  such 
a  fabric,  called   "  penny-plate  armour,"  is  here  represented. 


In  the  Tower  is  a  culet  of  this  description,  formerly  shown 
as  "  part  of  a  horse  armour."  The  plates  are  about  the  size 
of  a  penny-piece  (old  coinage),  and  are  fixed  upon  leather. 

There  is  a  specimen  of  similar  armour  at  AVarwick  Castle, 
in  better  preservation.  The  term,  by  which  defences  of  this 
description  are  designated,  occurs  in  an  inventory  of  the 
effects  of  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury  at  Grafton,  "Worcestershire, 
in  1570,  12  Eliz.,  including,  "  corselettes,  alnion  ryvettes 
&c.,  one  old  peny  platt  cotte."  Likewise,  in  an  inventory  of 
the  armour,  &c.  of  Edward  Littleton,  of  Longford,  Salop, 
1.0.01,  34  Eliz.  (orig.  roll.  Library  of  Soc.  of  Anticpi.), 
".My  armorie,  blacke  armor  of  proufe ;  item  ij.  pcnye 
platt  coates,  and  ij.  privy e  coates  ;  item  iiij.  jackes,  and  ij, 
privie  coates  to  weare  under  armorc  ;  item,  a  sieve  layilo 
with  male  and  a  jiayrc  of  hose  layde  witli  male."  Pos- 
sibly, as  it  has  been  conjocLurcd,  the  "  pyne  doublet"  or 
"secret,"  of  which  we  read  in  tin-  narrative  of  Gowrie's  con- 
spiracy, was  identical  with  ihc  "peny  ])latt  cotte."  (See 
Jamieson's  Dictionary,  under  Tyne  doublet.) 

^riic  Ijiidle-arm  defence  was  also,  at  a  sojuowhat  later 
\>(:v\ui\  in  the  seventeenth  century,  formed  of"  contiimous 
plate.  Many  specimens  of  tin;  so-called  "'  long  armed  gaunt- 
lets" are  to  be  found  in  the  Tower.  The  poition  beyond 
the  wrists  was  made  of  scales,  and  a   bull'  glove   was  fixed 


OF    LEATHER   OR    OF    PLATE. 


97 


under  the  finger-strips  of  steel.  Grose  has  engraved  one  of 
these  vambraces  in  his  2Gth  Plate,  but  has  inadvertently 
shown  it  as  a  defence  for  the  rujJit  liand. 

An  analogous  armour  is  that  figured  by  Grose  in  his  35tli 
plate,  also  of  the  Stuart  period,  and  described  by  him  as  "  a 
covering  for  the  left  arm,  curiously  stuff"ed  and  quilted, 
intended  to  answer  the  use  of  a  shield.  It  is  covered  with  a 
cinnamon-coloured  silk."  And,  in  the  suit  of  John  Sobieski, 
King  of  Poland,  engraved  by  lieibisch,  from  the  Dresden 
Collection,  we  have  the  same  form  of  vambrace  for  both 
arms,  the  material  being  steel  plate.  Other  portions  of 
Sobieski's  armour  are  formed  of  steel  scale-work  ;  and  in 
this  case,  as  in  those  already  noticed,  every  scale  is  engraved 
with  an  emblem.     The  emblem  here  is  a  golden  cross. 

The  various  kinds  of  flexible  armour,  formed  with  plates  or 
scale  of  metal,  are  well  deserving  of  attention ;  their  dis- 
tinctive character  does  not  appear  to  have  been  accurately 
defined.  In  the  richest  kind  of  brigandine  the  plates  were 
nailed  together,  the  gilt  nail-heads  appearing  on  the  external 
surface  of  a  velvet  covering,  by  which  the  overlapping  scales 
were  concealed.  A  fine  example  is  preserved  in  the  museum 
of  the  Duke  of  Darmstadt  (Hefner,  Trachten,  div.  ii,,  pi.  62  ; 
Armour  and  Arms  in  Europe,  p.  551  ;  see  also  Grose,  ph  30; 
and  Skelton's  Illust.  Goodrich  Court  Armory,  pi.  16). 


An  interesting  portion  of  scale-armour  of  this  description 
is  here  figured  (orig.  size).  The  overlapping  plates  of  iron 
are  riveted  on  two  thicknesses  of  canvas.     Date  sixteenth 


9S 


NOTICES    OF    ARMOUR    FORMED    WITH    SCALES. 


o 


cent.  In  another  variety  of  brigandine,  the  plates  were  stitched 
or  quilted  into  the  garment,  the  plates  being  perforated;  and 
the  small  cords  used  in  the  operation  are  seen  in  straight 
and  diagonal  lines  knotted  at  their  intersections  on  the  out- 

___^        side.       One   of  the    i3erforated   iron 

plates,  as  thick  as  a  sixpence,  for 
lining  the  foot-soldier's  biigandinc, 
date  sixteenth  century,  is  here  re- 
presented (original  size).  These 
plates  are  slightly  convex.  A  very 
curious  brigandine  head-piece,  found 
at  Davington  Priory,  Kent,  has  been 

_         figured  in   a  former  volume  of  this 

Journal  (vol.  xiv.,  p.  345).  An  ex- 
ample of  the  brigandine  jacket  is  in  the  Goodrich  Court 
Armory  (Skelton,  pi.  xxxiv.)  ;  another,  in  very  perfect 
preservation,  is  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  W.  B.  Johnstone, 
Treasurer  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy.  In  scale-armour 
pi'oper,  the  laminated  plates  appear  upon  the  surface,  as  shown 
in  the  reniaikablc  suit  from  Padua,  2)reviously  noticed. 


Note. — Wc  may  take  this  occasion  to  point  out  that  defences  designated 
Jazcrant  were  doubtless  of  mail,  and  notof  scalos;  from  Ital.  Ghiazerino,  as 
Meyrick  says,  from  "  its  resemblance  to  a  clinker-built  boat."  Crit.  Enqu. 
Glossary,  in  v.  Skelton's  lllustr.  pi.  16.  The  evidence  of  the  Romances, 
InvcMitories,  «tc.,  appears  conclusive.  We  read  of  "auborc  jascrant,  qui  ot 
lemaillc  bhinche  et  sierre  et  tirant." — Rom.  d'Ali.xandre.  Amongst  mailed 
defences  in  the  armour  of  Louis  X.  in  131G,  occur  "  un  pans  ct  uns  bras  do 
jazcran  d'acier: — colcrctcs  Fizaines  i]c  jazcran  d'acicr : — une  couverturo  do 
jazeran  dc  for."  Ducange  v.  ArmaHna.  The  liurse-armour  [coiivcrturc) 
must  at  least  have  been  of  mail  ;  wc  never  see  it  formed  of  scales.  We  read 
in  Cuvelicr,  "  chascun  ot  cheval  couvcrt  i^Q  jazcrant."  Nicot  (Thresor  do 
la  langue  Franc.)  explains  "  Jascran — une  sorte  d'habillement  de  guerre 
fait  dc  grosses  et  larges  mailles  de  fer  lasct'es  ct  joinctes  cstroitement  de 
conche  ensemble: — on  pent  jugcr  que  le  Jascran  soil  le  mesnic  habillcnicnt 
de  guerre  qu'on  nomme  ii  present  Jaques  dc  Maille  ;  "  adding  that  a  chain 
of  gold  or  ftilvcr,  "qui  est  de  grosses  mailles,"  is  likewise  called  Jazcran. 
Sec  Roquefort  in  v.  So  also  in  Spanish,  Jaccrina  signifies  mail.  The 
French  anti<|uario8  use  the  term  as  designating  mail,  not  scalc-arniour. 
See  Catal.  Mus.  dc  I'Artill.  Paris,  p.  35. 


NOTICES  OF  COLLECTIONS  OF  GLYPTIC  ART  EXHIBITED  BY  THE 
ARCHAEOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE  IN  JUNE,  18G1. 

BY  THE  REV.  CHARLES  W.  KING,  M.;!.,  Senior  FeUow  of  Trin.  CoU.,  Cambridge. 


THE  ARUNDEL  COLLECTION  {continued  from  i>.  2?j). 
Case  IV. — (Of  Camei  exclusively). 

320.  Bust  of  an  Ecclesiastic,  the  head  tonsured  ;  a  life-like  portrait  in 
the  best  manner  of  the  Cinque  Cento  (greatly  in  J.  da  Trezzo's  style). 
The  relief  somewhat  flat,  in  white  upon  light  brown.  Can  this  be  the 
famous  Ippolito  dei  Medici? 

322.  An  admirable  Bacchic  scene,  perhaps  the  finest  example  which  the 
Cinque  Cento,  in  this,  its  favourite  department,  ever  produced.  A  group 
of  three  figures  ;  the  centre  a  nymph  reclining  on  a  panther's  skin, 
another,  seated  motioidess,  holds  a  tambourine  ;  a  faun  bends  forward, 
supported  on  his  crook,  as  if  conversing  with  her,  thus  balancing  the  com- 
position on  the  opposite  side  ;  on  the  ground  lie  scattered  various  drinking 
vessels.  The  grouping  is  that  of  a  ])erfect  picture  ;  the  drawing  of  the 
bodies  and  rounded  softness  of  the  limbs  have  rarely  been  equalled.  The 
relief  somewhat  flat,  in  a  beautiful  material  of  porcelain  white  upon  sard, 
a  reserved  rim  inclosing  the  whole. 

325.  Julia  Titi,  neatly  finished  flat  work,  in  brown  on  white  ;  an  early 
Cinque  Cento  copy.  The  work  done  with  the  diamond  point,  and  witliiii  a  rim, 
a  finish  usually  marking  the  first  productions  of  the  Florentine  school. 

326.  Head  of  Bacchus,  a  grand  antique,  most  efi'ective  in  its  bold, 
slightly  finished  treatment.  High  relief  on  an  exquisite  sardonyx,  giving 
the  ivy  wreath  in  dark  brown,  the  flesh  in  bluish-white,  the  ground 
sard,  of  the  same  quality  as  the  Antonia  (311),  showing  a  large  perfora- 
tion through  the  axis,  Pliny's  criterion  of  the  true  Indian  stone. 

330.  The  escape  of  -£neas  from  Diomede,  a  cameo  copy  of  the  intaglio 
(Besborough,  149),  same  size  as  the  original,  signed  YAPOY:  the  sole 
cameo  of  Natter's  that  I  have  seen,  the  work  bossy,  exactly  that  of  the 
middle  Cinque  Cento.  Clever  use  has  been  made  of  the  strongly  con- 
trasting shades  of  the  sardonyx,  to  give  a  picture-like  coloring  to  the 
actors  and  the  accessories,  in  red,  white,  and  black. 

332.  Another  of  the  miniature  battle  scenes,  in  which  the  Cinque  Cento 
engravers  delighted  to  exhibit  their  microscopic  skill,  done  with  much 
spirit  but  less  delicacy  than  some  in  the  same  line  noticed  above.  Probably 
the  Battle  of  Pharsalia,  as  one  of  the  banners  bears  "  S.P.  Q.R.,"  the  other 
an  elephant,  the  cognizance  of  Julius  Cajsar,  and  the  rebus  (in  Punic) 
of  his  name,  and  therefore  the  most  frequent  device  upon  his  denarii. 

333.  Fragments  of  a  Bacchic  scene,  a  finished  antique  work,  whereof  a 
Faun  only  is  left  assisting  to  carry  the  reclined  and  drunken  Silonus, whilst 
a  Maned,  seen  in  front,  stands  clashing  the  cymbals,  and  quite  absorbed  in 
their  melody.  The  drawing  excellent,  and  the  finish  of  every  part  to  match, 
especially  as  regards  the  expression  shewn  on  the  visage  of  the  drunken 
old  demigod,  and  the  rapt  attitude  of  the  motionless  Bacchante.      This 


100  NOTICES    OF    COLLECTIOXS    OF    GLYFTIC    ART. 

piece,  fractured  in  every  direction,  must  have  belonged  to  one  of  large 
extent,  probably  a  panel  of  a  cista  mvstica  in  gold.  As  in  all  these  early 
works  the  relief  is  quite  flat,  and  in  very  opaque  white  on  sard  ground. 

335.  Bust  of  a  veiled  negress,  admirably  finished  in  the  early  Cinque  Cento 
manner,  entirely  diamond-point  work,  within  a  rim,  on  a  dark  brown  layer 
of  a  large  onyx.  I  have  noticed  before  the  connexion  of  the  sable  beauty 
with  the  Medici  family  that  brought  these  negress'  heads  into  vogue. 

336.  Veiled  female  bust  (Cleopatra),  perhaps  a  Ceres,  in  almost  full 
relief,  in  amethyst.  A  noble  work,  grand  in  its  treatment,  and  to  be 
placed  first  amongst  similar  relics  here  ;  in  fact  I  have  never  met  with  a 
statuette  bust  in  this  material  or  manner,  that  can  be  compared  to  this  in 
its  grandiose  treatment,  which  seems  far  beyond  the  Roman,  even  of  the 
Augustan  school  ;  but  greatly  mutilated,  the  nose  struck  otf,  and  the 
check  splintered.  So  peculiar  is  the  polish,  where  unimpaired,  that  the 
entire  piece  feels  as  if  cast  in  purple  glass,  not  cut  out  of  a  hard  stone. 

337.  Julia  Domna,  a  noble  work  in  flat  relief,  in  white  upon  a  dappled 
sard  ground,  an  oval  onyx,  3i  inches  high.  A  most  important  cameo  this, 
buing  beyond  all  suspicion  contemporary  with  that  empress,  and  though 
worked  out  with  great  care  in  a  laborious  manner,  stitf  and  almost  mediaival 
in  the  outline.      Few  imperial  portraits  surpass  this  in  dimensions. 

341.  Caligula,  in  flat  relief  in  white  upon  sard,  done  in  the  same 
stitf,  lifeless  manner  as  those  of  Claudius  already  noticed.  A  very  im- 
portant gem  for  the  size  of  the  onyx,  an  oval,  3  inches  high, 

342.  Fragment,  a  small  relic  remaining  from  the  centre  of  a  large  and 
perfect  Augustan  historic  monument.  It  preserves  no  more  than  a  portion 
of  a  quadriga,  whence  hangs  a  trophy  of  the  huge,  oblong  shields,  peculiar 
to  the  Germans.^  A  trumpeter  precedes  the  car  ;  on  the  ground  is  seated 
a  weeping  female  tearing  her  hair  (Germauia  personified).  The  attributes, 
as  well  as  the  excellent  style  of  the  relief  (which  is  quite  flat),  almost 
prove  that  this  piece  commemorated,  when  entire,  the  famous  triumph 
of  Drusus  the  Elder  (9  B.C.)  over  the  Germans,  after  having  sulijugated  that 
region  up  to  the  Elbe,  whence  the  surname  of  his  son,  whoso  victories 
are  similarly  immortalised  in  the  Paris  cameo. 

34.5.  Ilarpocrates  seated,  holding  a  cornucopia.  A  charming  antique 
work  in  the  highest  relief,  the  altitude  full  of  infantine  gracefulness,  tho 
roundness  of  the  body  and  limbs  fully  equal  the  best  ivory  carvings  in  tho 
same  style  by  Fiammingo.  The  softness  of  tiie  treatment  emulates  tho 
finest  modelling  in  white  wax,  which  this  upper  stratum  of  tho  nmterial 
grcatlv  resendjlcfl  in  surface.  Set  in  an  enamel  stud  of  early  pattern,  a 
testimony  in  itself  to  the  genuineness  of  the  relief,  the  stylo  of  which  is 
besides  too  free  for  that  of  the  Renaissance  ;  and  if  not  antique,  could  only 
liave  been  produced  by  the  school  of  Fielder. 

347.  SilenuH,  a  full-faced  mask,  ivy-crownod,  a  most  vigorous  example  ; 
perhaps  superior  to  any  of  the  same  subject  in  the  collection,  in  semi-relief 
and  intu'ilio  combined,  but  on  a  vile  material — brown  flint,  which  1  have 
never  seen  employed  for  ancient  work  but  in  this  instance. 

3.Ti.  .Iiipitt-'r  Anxur,  or  a  full  length  figiyo  of  the  heardless  Jove,  as  ho 
iitaiid.4  with  his  Jcgis  wrapped  round  his  loins,  resting  on  his  sceptre  ;  tho 
eagle  at   his  feet :    worked   out  very  low,  in  consequence  of  the  extreme 

*  A  liitc  Uoiflan  inlnglioof  D>y  own  reprcRcntB  a  woiimlod  CJcrnian  cavalier  thuB 
c^uipi'C'J. 


ARUNDEL   COLLECTION.  101 

tenuity  of  the  strata  furnished  by  this  sardonyx,  and  within  a  rim,  in  a 
beautiful  sardonyx  of  brown,  bluish-white,  and  black,  2  inches  high.  A 
nianiiificent  early  imperial  monument,  careful  in  details/ 

353.  Magnificent  bust,  in  nearly  full  relief  (not  Cleopatra,  but  a  Juno), 
in  the  purest  calcedony,  of  considerable  dimensions  ;  a  modern  perform- 
ance of  unusual  merit.  A  singularity  is  the  decoration  of  the  diadem  with 
real  pearls  let  into  the  stone. 

354.  A  fine  imperial  bust,  with  a;gis  on  the  breast — perhaps  Trajan, 
but  not  very  like  his  usual  portraits  ;  the  Gorgoneion  on  the  cuirass  proves 
decidedly  (according  to  the  usual  rule  of  acceptation)  that  this  represents 
an  imperial  personage,  otherwise  I  should  have  taken  it  for  a  portrait  of 
some  contemporary  general  ;  in  light  brown,  and  flat  relief. 

355.  Said  to  be  a  replica  of  the  famous  Phocion  of  Alessandro  II  Greco, 
signed  Pyrgoteles,  now  in  the  Florence  Cabinet,  pronounced  by  M.  Angelo 
to  be  the  ne  plus  ultra  of  the  art,  and  certainly  a  wonderful  performance 
from  the  life  and  energy  that  fill  its  strongly  marked  features.  Why 
termed  Phocion,  is  a  question  beyond  my  powers.  Any  antique  bust  of 
that  Athenian  worthy  that  could  have  come  under  Cesatis's  eyes,  must 
have  been  bearded  after  the  universal  fashion  of  his  day  ;  this,  on  the 
contrary,  is  closely  shaven,  and  has  all  the  appearance  of  the  likeness 
of  a  living  person.  This  is  done  in  a  peculiar  flat  manner,  in  a  light 
brown  opaque  layer  on  a  transparent  base.  The  setting  demands  par- 
ticular notice  as  a  masterpiece  of  Italian  goldsmiths'  work  ;  a  kind  of 
open  garland  of  considerable  width  surmounted  by  a  vase  of  flowers  ia 
enamel  ;  other  flowers,  amongst  which  a  daisy,^  at  the  bottom,  is  con- 
spicuous, are  placed  at  intervals  upon  the  frame. 

357.  Bust,  the  head  laureated,  seen  in  front  face  ;  not  Nerva,  but 
certainly  a  Julius  Cajsar.  A  magnificent  but  probably  a  Renaissance 
piece,  in  nearly  full  relief,  entirely  in  rich  golden  sard,  somewhat  hol- 
lowed out  behind  the  relief  to  give  lustre  to  the  stone.  As  far  as  the 
execution  is  concerned,  this  noble  little  sculpture  might  well  belong  to 
the  times  of  Augustus,  only  the  surface  does  not  exhibit  the  necessary 
impression  of  so  many  centuries  upon  its  polish, 

358.  Perseus  leaning  against  a  column,  regards  the  reflection  of  the 
Gorgon's  head,  held  aloft  in  bis  right,  in  a  steel  buckler  lying  at  his  feet. 
Apparently  a  production  of  the  age  of  Lorenzo  dei  Medici,  being  executed 
(mechanically)  quite  as  the  antique  examples,  and  kept  flat  within  a 
reserved  rim  ;  a  beautiful  sardonyx.  The  subject  in  itself  directs  us 
towards  the  true  date  of  the  work,  somewhat  rare  in  antique  examples, 
but  an  especial  favorite  with  the  artists  of  the  Revival  in  every  branch. 


Case  V. — {Larger  Intagli  and  Camei  set  as  Medallions,  <fcc.) 

360.  An  entire  ring  with  polygonal  shank,   cut  out  of  one  huge  pale 
sapphire,  and  lined  with  a  massive  flat  hoop  of  gold,   enameled   on  the 


*  This  nearly  agrees  with  the  famous  conspicuously  would  warrant  a  conjee- 
Orleans  intaglio  signed  Nisus,  which  re-  tare  that  this  medallion  was  destined  to 
presents  the  young  Augustus  under  the  be  a  present  to  Marguerite  de  Valoia, 
figure  of  the  juvenile  divinity.  that  flower  being  her  rebus. 

*  If  really  a  daisy,  its  introduction  so 

VOL.  XIX.  r 


102  NOTICES    OF    COLLECTIONS    OF    GLYrTIC   AET. 

edge.  An  extraonlinary  example  of  labour  in  so  hard  a  substance,  and 
in  the  opinion  of  an  eminent  mineralogist,  such  as  could  only  have  been 
done  in  India.  On  the  signet  part,  a  modern  Italian  hand  has  cut  wiih 
much  elegance  a  head  of  Faustina  the  Elder.  There  can  be  little  doubt 
that  the  original  device,  a  Persian  legend,  has  been  ground  out  to  make  way 
for  this  intaglio,  a  fraudulent  substitution  intended  to  convert  the  wholo 
into  an  unique  relic  of  antiquity  ;  a  trick  of  which  other  examples,  iu  the 
common  oriental  calcedony  rings,  have  occurred  to  me. 

361.  Large  intaglio  on  sard,  1;V  inch  long.  Very  deeply  cut  and  pro- 
bably Roman,  though  somewhat  late,  as  the  entire  work  lacks  finish,  though 
vigorously  sketched  out.  A  faun  seated  before  a  Priapus — llerme  is  pour- 
ing wine  into  a  scyphus  out  of  a  wine  skin,  a  panther's  head  and  skin  spread 
out  on  the  ground  form  his  couch.  Opposite  to  him  stands  a  vast  crater  on 
the  other  side  of  the  Priapus,  as  a  balance  to  his  figure  in  the  group.  The 
stone,  of  fine  qualitv,  is  obscured  by  the  backing  ;  being  mounted  in  a  box- 
Betting  most  delicately  enan)elod  with  tulips,  having  two  flat  loops  attached 
through  which  a  band  jiassing  connected  it  with  several  others  in  this  col- 
lection 80  as  to  form  a  bracelet,  which  shall  be  noticed  as  they  occur. 

36-i.  Lion  passant,  a  grand  antique  cameo,  in  dark  tawny  upon  white, 
■with  the  surfiice  so  treated  as  to  give  the  effect  of  the  hairy  skin.  The 
finest  miimal  amongst  all  the  camei  iu  the  collection.  Set  in  exactly  the 
same  style  as  3G2,  the  two  forming  a  pair  of  most  massy  jewels:  fastenings 
for  a  sword  belt  ? 

3GG.  Philip  IL  ;  his  bust  in  half  relief  upon  a  large  yellow  crystal  of 
remarkable  purity  and  lustre,  a  perfectly  finished  ami  most  life-like  portrait 
of  the  monarch  in  early  manhood  ;  a  chef  d'oeiivre  amongst  the  Cincpie  Cento 
portrait  camei,  and  worthy  of  the  fame  of  his  own  engraver,  J.  da  Trezzo. 
Tiie  youthful  appearance  may  perhaps  induce  those  better  acquainted 
with  historical  portraits  than  myself,  to  assign  the  likeness  with  more  pro- 
bability to  his  son  Don  Carlos,  who  also  was  a  jiatrun  of  this  engraver. 

3G8.  Julius  Ciesar,  a  large,  coarse  Cinque  Cento  intaglio,  displaving  the 
usual  exaggeration  of  the  period  in  the  rendering  of  the  harsh  features 
of  the  Dictator,  utterly  differing  from  the  noble  treatment  of  the  same  head 
in  3.'37,  which,  though  perhaps  not  antique,  has  all  the  spirit  of  some 
antique  original.'' 

3G9.  Another  of  the  subjects  in  which  the  painful  industry  of  the  Renais- 
sance Italians  revelled,  the  "Triumph  of  Bacchus,"  riding  victoriously 
in  a  car  drawn  by  oxen,  a  composition  of  30  figures,  besides  various 
Dionysiac  animals  and  attributes  most  artistically  grouped,  upon  a  snuiU 
oval  shell. 

371.  The  Madonna  of  the  Assumption,  surroundeil  by  cherubs,  in  the 
bossy  manner  of  the  midille  of  the  sixteentii  century.  Tiie  frame  alone 
deserves  notice,  the  setting  of  the  cameo  being  encircled  by  two  bare  branches 
on  which  are  stuck  vine  Icuves  at  close  intervals,  probal)Iy  the  armorial  cog- 
nizance of  the  wearer.  The  ornamentation  is  certaitdy  not  mere  fancy- 
work,  from  the  very  conspicuous  way  in  which  it  is  employed.  The  wholo 
in  fine  gold,  designed  for  a  pendant  mcdalliort. 

372.  The  celebrated  "  Pliryno,"  a  lightly  draped  female  figure,  a  three- 
quarter  length  intuglio  of  slight  dej)th,  on  a  magnificent  dark  brown   sard, 

*  It  i«  a  curiouM  fiict  that  antique  (.'orn  ran-,  .i  ntraiiKo  C'iiitifi«t  with  tlio  fro- 
jiortraiu  of  tbo  Dictator  uro  oxlrcmuly        qucuiy  of  tUouo  of  liLa  succoHbor. 


ARUNDEL    COLLECTION.  103 

shaded  in  waves,  21  inches  high.  The  face  full  of  individuality,  and  having 
strongly  marked,  by  no  means  regular,  features,  is  indubitably  a  portrait  of 
some  lady  in  the  age  of  Hadrian,  the  grand  epoch  of  Roman  art.  The 
spear  placed  so  conspicuously  in  front,  added  to  the  somewhat  Amazonian 
character  of  the  outline,  both  of  profile  and  bust,  proves  that  she  here 
figures  as  a  Venus  Victrix,  the  spear  being  the  distinctive  attribute  of  the 
goddess  under  that  title.  Had  this  been  remarked  in  the  last  century,  then 
coupled  with  Dio's  record  as  to  Ciesar's  taking  such  a  figure  of  his  ances- 
tral goddess  for  his  own  signet,  this  gem  would  surely  have  been  celebrated 
as  the  identical  seal  of  the  Dictator.  It  is  an  inexplicable  enigma  to  me 
for  what  reason  the  name  of  "  Phr^'ne  "  should  have  been  given  to  this  por- 
trait. If  an  attribution  might  be  ventured,  Marcia  suggests  herself  with 
infinitely  greater  plausibility  ;  Spartian  recording  that  her  portrait  (e» 
amazone)  was  the  favourite  seal  of  her  lover  Commodus,  and  his  age  was  still 
capable  of  executing  such  a  gem.  There  is  wonderful  freedom  in  the 
treatment  of  the  short  unkempt  locks  of  this  masculine  head,  and  of  the 
lucidity  manifesting  the  thin  texture  of  the  light  robe,  partly  veiling  her 
bust.  The  surface  has  been  repolished,  but  without  damage  to  the  work, 
though  at  first  sight  giving  to  the  whole  a  somewhat  susj)iciously  recent 
appearance  ;  but  the  antiquity  of  the  intaglio  will  bear  the  closest  scrutiny. 

373.  A  noble  and  large  antique  cameo,  the  head  of  an  Empress,  having 
the  abundant  hair  arranged  in  the  fashion  prevailing  about  the  beginning  of 
the  third  century,  certainly  not  a  "Livia,"  but  perhaps  Mamma^a  or  Soemias, 
though  unfortunately  the  artist  has  infused  but  little  character  into  the  pro- 
file whereby  to  identify  it.  His  chief  care  has  been  given  to  the  rendering 
naturally  the  massy  folds  of  the  flowing  locks  (in  which  he  has  been  most 
successful)  in  the  upper  layer  of  the  onyx,  a  perfect  jet,  opaque  and  lus- 
trous, as  is  ajgo  the  ground  of  the  stone. 

374.  Intaglio  in  the  grandest  Sicilian  style,  in  a  sard  of  unusual  dimen- 
sions for  that  early  date  ;  the  bust  of  a  Bacchante  with  head,  ivy  crowned, 
displaying  in  every  part  a  singular  union  of  boldness  of  design  with  the  most 
careful  finish.  Mounted  in  a  manner  worthy  of  the  gem  in  the  enameled 
backing  above  described,  but  with  the  addition  of  a  border  set  with  nume- 
rous perfect  turquois,  de  la  vielle  roche,  which  mark  this  gem  as  selected, 
with  justice,  to  form  the  centre  of  the  entire  suite  when  arranged  for 
wearing. 

375.  A  most  singular  specimen  of  the  inscription  cameo  (the  keepsake) 
of  the  fourth  century.  A  hand,  with  long  atteimated  fingers  in  the  true 
Byzantine  style,  pinches  an  ear,  the  seat  of  memory,  as  the  ancients  held, 
*'  Cynthius  aurem  vellit,  et  admonuit."  Over  this,  in  a  curve,  hangs  an 
inexplicable  symbol,  somewhat  like  a  double  thong,  tied  at  intervals  into 
four  knots  (nodus  amicitiaj  ?)  "  lacs  d'amour  ;''  perhaps,  indeed,  the  first 
and  simple  form  of  the  true  love's  knot,  for  the  thong  is  evidently  double. 
Or  can  it  be  the  "  Herculeus  nodus,"  symbol  of  safe  custody.  Around  runs 
the  fixed  formula  that  always  accompanies  this  primitive  "  Forget-me-not," 
in  large  letters,  very  neatlv  cut,  MNHMON€Y€  MOV  THC 
KAAHC  H'YXHC  EYTYXI  CU)<t>PONI—'«  Remember  me,  your 
pretty  life  ^  (darling)  ;  prosperity  to  you  Soplironius  !  "  all  kept  down  very- 
flat  in  the  greenish  layer  of  an  onyx  H  inch  high. 

7  ypvxn,  common  term  of  endearment,  "  Zwtj  koj  ^vxVt"  ''  modo  sub  lodice  relictis." 
— Juv. 


104  NOTICES   OF   COLLECTIONS   OP   GLYPTIC   ART. 

37G.  A  noble  Greek  Intaglio  of  the  af::e  of  Alexander,  in  a  pure  and 
graml  stvle,  pale  sard,  1  V  inch  liigh.  The  head,  not  "  Pallas,"  but  of  a 
youthful  liero,  perhaps  Mars,  eovered  by  an  Attic  helm  of  the  simplest 
form.  Its  unusual  dimensions  render  an  intaglio  of  this  early  class  an 
almost  unique  raiity.  The  setting  appears  antique,  though  much  more 
recent  than  the  stone  ;  the  intaglio  being  held  in  a  simple  collet,  clipped 
round  bv  a  corded  edge,  formed  by  twisting  a  thin  wire  round  another  of 
considerable  substance,  and  so  soldered  on  to  the  border.  It  has  a  ring  for 
suspension.  Its  rudeness  proves  it  a  bit  of  jewelry  of  the  Lower  Empire, 
and  designed  for  an  amulet:  perhaps  the  head  then  passed  for  Alexanders, 
a  charm  at  that  period  in  the  highe:?t  repute. 

37S.  A  square,  green  jasper  amulet,  presenting  a  singular  union  of  the 
Mithraic  and  Abraxas  worship,  the  sole  instance  of  such  a  combination  tliat 
has  ever  fallen  in  my  way.  The  obverse  shows  Mithras  slaughtering  the 
bull,  surrounded  by  variuus  sacred  animals  :  the  reverse  has  the  well-known 
fio-ure  of  the  serpent-legged  Abraxas.  This  intaglio  is  infinitely  superior 
to  the  generality  of  these  talismans,  and  is  certainly  of  the  time  of  Basilides 
(reign  of  Hadrian)  when  the  lao  religion  began  to  invade  the  territories  of 
the  before  universal  Mithraic  worship. 

380.  Helmed  head  of  Alexander,  a  bold  but  rude  cameo  of  late  Roman 
•work,  perhaps  of  the  times  of  his  admirer,  Alexander  Severus,  who  is  said, 
bv  Trebellius  Pollio,  to  have  greatly  multiplied  portraits  of  his  namesake. 
This  sardonyx,  of  large  extent  and  circular,  is  remarkable  for  its  beauty; 
the  helmet  being  in  fine  brown,  tlie  flesh  porcelain  while,  the  ground  dark 
sard.  A  modern  hand  has  enriclieii  the  helmet  with  a  most  enigmatical 
composition,  where  a  youth  in  a  car  drawn  by  gryphons,  seizes  by  the  hair 
and  is  about  to  decapitate  an  aged  bearded  figure  (Ap<»llo  combating  tho 
Giants?).  The  execution  of  this  embellishment,  s])irited  '\m  design  and 
delicately  worked  out,  singularly  contrasts  with  the  bold  rudeness  of  the 
original  relief,  proving  it  to  be  an  addition  of  the  Revival,  to  which  some 
clever  hand  was  tempted  by  the  beautiful  material. 

381.  A  Cupid's  head  in  full  relief  in  the  most  lustrous  calcedony 
imaginable,  a  charming  work  of  some  Cinque  Cento  master,  in  imitation  of 
the  ruder  antique  heads  similar  (so  frequent  under  the  Lower  Empire  as 
])halerac-ornament3  or  buttons).  It,  however,  is  not  improbable  tliat  tliis 
head,  originally  presenting  such  a  design,  though  in  the  accustomed  barba- 
rous style,  has  been  carefully  retouched  and  corrected  by  some  skillul 
Italian  attracted  by  the  unusual  lustre  of  the  girasol,  for  the  orii^inal  per- 
foration traversing  its  substance  is  still  appannt.  15y  the  addition  of  n 
pair  of  folded  wings  in  gold,  and  an  elegant  open-work  border,  tliis  baa 
been  fashioned  into  the  most  tasteful  |>«ndant,  converted  into  a  cherub's 
head,  that  ever  adorned  the  neck  of  a  Medicean  princess. 

382.  A  singular  conversion  of  u  huge  cats-eye,  1  I  inch  high,  into  a 
lion's  head  in  full  relief,  of  magnificent  work.  Tho  play  of  colours  impart  to 
this  gritn  mask  a  vivid  appearance  of  life  and  fury,  rendering  it,  doublhss, 
n  most  successful  achievement  in  the  age,  tho  Cinque  Cento,  tliat  produced 
it,  whoHo  taste,  ever  tinctured  by  tlie  love  of  the  grotesque,  deligbti d  in  tho 
rarcMl  monstrohilieH. 

383.  Supposed   to  be   the    likeness  of    Alalliea    Talliot,**   wife   of   Lord 

•  IlTotMiinc'l  frmn  IIm  rciintnlilnnru  to  HCftiiH  iniu'li  in  tho  stylo  i>f  CliarluH  the 
a  I'Orlrait   of    that    ludy  ;    tlio   coutuuiu        l''iral'it  rcigii. 


ARUNDEL    COLLECTION.  105 

Arundel.  Her  bust,  in  high  relief,  much  undercut,  and  well  done,  especially 
as  to  the  hair  and  the  drapery,  both  rendered  in  different  shades  of  lake. 
The  costume  seems  half  a  century  earlier,  however,  than  the  times  of 
Charles  II.,  so  the  Lord  Arundel,  her  husband,  could  not  have  been  the 
collector  of  this  cabinet  ;  probably  the  medallion  came  to  hitn  as  an  heir- 
loom. This  onyx  is  rich  in  colours;  besides  the  lakes,  it  affords  a  white  for 
the  flesh,  and  for  the  ground  an  opaque  black.  In  the  setting  are  placed, 
equidistantly,  ten  clasped  hands  (called  by  the  Italians, /e<:^/),  cut  in  relief 
upon  garnet,  showing  that  this  medallion  was  designed  for  a  betrothal  pre- 
sent, to  hang  from  the  neck  chain  of  the  accepted  suitor.  On  the  back  is 
enameled  in  azure  the  tressure  of  the  family  of  Maltravers. 

384.  A  nude  male  figure  of  Herculean  proportions,  advancing  with  one 
arm  extended,  the  other  raised  to  his  head  ;  called  "  an  Athlete  moving  to 
the  attack,"  and  no  better  explanation  than  this  unsatisfactory  one  occurs 
to  me.  This  intaglio,  an  excellent  Greek  work,  has  been  nearly  polished 
out,  in  the  giving  a  new  surface  to  the  sardonyx,  and  which  shows  two 
strata  of  extraordinary  beauty  ;  the  top  a  bright  sard,  the  lower  a  true 
girasol  calcedony.  Set  iu  tulip-enameled  back  as  part  of  the  bracelet 
above  mentioned. 

386.  A  Cinque  Cento  reproduction  of  that  horoscope,  so  often  repeated 
even  in  ancient  times.  It  certainly  represents  a  nativity  of  the  highest 
destiny,  perhaps  that  of  Rome  ;  for  cities,  like  men,  had  their  proper 
nativities.  Tliat  of  Rome  had  been  cast  by  Tarrutius,  Varro's  friend.  The 
original  of  this  is  jirobably  the  one  described  by  Raspe  as  in  the  Paris 
Cabinet.  A(lmiral)ly  cut  on  a  large,  circular  sard  are  figures  of  Jove 
between  Mars  and  Mercury,  the  former  enthroned  upon  an  arch  under  which 
Neptune  appears  half  rising  from  his  waves.  The  circle  of  the  zodiac  forms 
a  frame  to  the  whole.  The  setting,  a  splendid  piece  of  Florentine  chasing, 
is  enriched  with  large  table  diamonds  and  spinels.  On  the  backing  is 
enameled  in  azure  a  pelican,  the  cognizance  of  the  original  owner. 

387.  A  most  interesting  work  of  some  artist  patronised  at  the  Yalois 
court.  Obverse,  a  bust  of  Diana  of  Poitiers  in  cameo,  scraped  out  in  flat 
relief  in  the  antique  manner.  She  appears  in  the  elaborate  costume  of  the 
age,  but  a  quiver  upon  her  shoulder  sufficiently  indicates  the  person 
intended.  The  reverse  gives  an  intaglio  of  Venus  and  Cupid  ;  a  pretty 
group,  the  cutting  finished  off  with  the  excess  of  polish  that  marks  the 
intagli  of  this  school.  Stone,  a  sard  of  two  shades,  the  more  opaque  of 
whicli  furnishes  a  stratum  of  sufficient  density  to  make  the  cameo  cut  in  it 
contrast  as  required  with  the  transparent  ground. 

388.  A  lovely  Greek  group  of  three  Cupids  disporting  with  a  dolphin 
bestridden  by  the  centre  figure.  In  white,  somewhat  raised,  upon  black. 
Their  perfectly  rounded  limbs  and  infantine  grace  strongly  remind  one  of 
the  style  of  "  Tryphon."  But  the  value  of  the  antique  gem  is  altogether 
eclipsed  by  the  unique  magnificence  of  its  broad  border,  perhaps  the  most 
beautiful,  certainly  the  most  elaborate,  performance  of  the  kind  ever  pro- 
duced in  the  Florentine  atelier.  Of  considerable  relative  width  and  com- 
posed of  intricate  festoons  in  bold  carved  work,  it  encloses  spirited  figurines 
almost  microscopic,  of  Cupids  mounted  on  sea-horses,  all  exquisitely 
enameled,  and  struggling  upwards  to  the  top  of  the  frame,  where  Neptune 
and  Amphitrite  sit  enthroned  beneath  the  suspending  loop.  At  intervals 
are  set  square  table  rubies  in  elevated  collets. 

397.  Antique  cameo,  unique  iu  subject :  an  elephant,  represented  with 


lOG  NOTICES   OF   COLLECTIONS  OF   GLYPTIC   ART. 

much  viijour,  presses  down  with  one  knee  and  gores  with  his  tusks  a 
monstrous  fish,  much  resenibhng  a  shark,  upon  which  he  stands.  Does 
this  depict  the  mortal  combat  between  the  elephant  and  the  giant-eels 
of  the  Indian  rivers,  described  by  the  veracious  Ctesias  ? — or  with  the 
dratifon  ?  — the  result  of  which,  says  Pliny,  is  dragon's  blood,  the  drug. 
There  is  oreat  truth  both  in  the  figure  and  action  of  the  beast,  Avhich  is 
cut  in  yellowifeh-white  upon  a  transparent  ground.  This  cameo  perhaps 
formed  a  part  of  a  Bacchic  series;  the  elephant  figures  conspicuously  in 
the  Indian  triumphs  of  Bacchus. 

389.  Intaglio  ;  for  merit  as  well  as  dimensions  the  first  in  this  collection, 
if  not  in  any,  certainly  surpassing  any  head  that  I  have  met  with  elsewhere. 
The  bust  of  Antinous,  as  Achilles,  the  personification  indicated  by  the 
spear  across  his  shuulJer,  sunk  deeply  in  the  stone  with  indescribable 
vi'Tour,  yet  finished  with  miraculous  softness.  The  portion  of  the  legend 
ANTI  remains  ;  for  the  gem,  a  dark  sard,  has  been  fractured  in  every 
direction,  yet  is  still  two  inches  wide.  Fortunately  the  important  portions 
of  the  design  have  escaped  all  damage. 

392.  A  glorious  antique  cameo,  of  the  best  times  :  the  bust  of  a 
Bacchante,  in  high  relief,  on  a  perfect  sardonyx,  much  resembling  in  treatment 
that  noticed  above.  But  here  the  shades  of  the  gem  being  yet  brighter 
and  more  contrasted  have  permitted  a  most  effective  employment  of  the 
colours,  the  ivy  leaves  of  the  garland  being  in  black,  the  ficsh  in  porcelain 
white,  and  the  ground  of  the  deepest  sard. 

393.  A  magnificent  Greek  intaglio  on  a  sard,  Ih  inches  high. 
The  subject,  worked  out  in  the  shallow  manner  peculiar  to  the  best 
period  of  Greek  engraving,  is  of  doubtful  interpretation.  A  female 
is  seated  on  a  rack,  by  the  side  of  a  stream,  in  converse  with  a  youth 
who  stands  before  her  with  a  slight  drapery  over  one  shoulder,  and 
lioldinf  a  pedum  ;  the  sole  accessary  to  the  scene  that  can  atl'ord  any  clue 
to  its  sif'nificance.'^  From  this  pastoral  emblem  we  may  venture  to  dis- 
cover here  a  scene  in  the  loves  of  the  most  famous  shepherd  of  Greek 
fable,  Paris  and  the  nyuipli  (Enone,  the  status  of  the  latter  indicated  by 
the  rocks  and  fount, 

"  Pafasis  (Enone  Phrygiis  celeberrima  sylvis.  " 
39G.  Large  intaqlio  on  sard:  a  full-faced  mask  bald-headed  and  with 
huge  streaming  beard,  with  an  exaggerated  expression  of  grotesque  fury 
in  every  feature  ;  a  cord  fastening  some  bunches  of  ivy  leaves  cro.sses  the 
forehead.  The  face  at  first  suggests  the  favourite  t^ilenus,  though  the 
violence  of  the  gesture,  coupled  with  the  absence  of  one  eye,  proves  that 
we  liavc  here  a  genuine  likeness  of  the  "pastor  Cyclop.^,"  such  as  Horace 
used  to  see  him  dancing  upon  the  stage,  ami  whicli  his  ill-favoured 
travelling  companion,  Mes-sius  Cicirrus,  was  (pialifiod  by  nature  to  \w\: 
Bonate  without  aid  of  a  mask.  The  brutal  vigour  and  life  embodied  in 
this  intofjlio  is  absolutely  miraculous. 

398.  A  cavalier  charging  at  full  speed  ;  a  glorious  large  intafjUo  of  the 
best  period,  and  interesting  from  the  exact  details  it  affords  of  the  managc- 

•  The  ciitiilogiic  flcrigiiatcH  tlic  ropy  of  iiti<lo,  tlioii^h  llowiiij,'  dnqxTy  forms  hor 

thU  by  Niiltcr  an  "  Siij-i'lio  ami   I'liaon,"  hint  ;   S:i|ii.lio,  on  the  (•<  iilnuy,  in  iilwiiys 

hut    iiolliiiig    iiiiirkH    tlio    jKictcHH,    ami  d<iiicl<il   in  iinciont  nioiiiimoiitH   in    tho 

riiaoii    y,a»    c<-itainly    anytliing    but   a  full  rol)»'H  of  a  Miihc,  ami  nover  without 

hht-ijlitrd.       Tlio   fcuialc    tiguro  hero  ia  Ler  Lesbian  iyro. 


ARUNDEL   COLLECTION.  107 

ment  of  the  lance  and  round  buckler.  On  a  circular  brown  and  white 
onjx.      Surface,  as  usual,  repolislied. 

399,  An  unique  Asiatic-Greek  intaglio  in  a  very  bold  style,  on  a  large 
yellow  crystal.  Venus  winged,  and  androgynous  (probably  the  deity  ao 
represented  at  Amathus  under  the  masculine  appellation  of  Aphroditus), 
stands  in  the  centre,  on  one  side  flanked  by  Vulcan,  a  smaller  figure,  at  his 
anvil,  on  the  other  by  Cupid.  The  work  deep  cut,  vigorous,  but  without 
any  finish. 

401.  A  splendid  and  large  pyrope,  on  which  an  Italian  artist  of  the 
same  period  has  skilfully  depicted  the  modern  embodiment  of  tlie  oriental 
idea,  the  Mithraic  Combat  of  the  Two  Principles,  representing  in  the  most 
spirited  manner  "  JMichaelem  in  virtute  conterentem  Zabulum." 

403.  Vulcan's  forge,  with  numerous  figures,  in  the  usual  exaggerated 
Italian  manner.  Tbe  last  of  the  set  mounted  in  tulip-enamel.  Intaglio  on  a 
fine  sard.  I  suspect  that  the  date  of  this  intaglio  exactly  coincides  with 
that  of  the  setting.  The  enameling  of  various  flowers,  but  principally 
tulips,  is  very  peculiar,  and  the  petals  are  penciled  with  uncommon  delicacy. 
The  style  appears  to  me  (though  quite  ignorant  of  the  history  of  this  art) 
as  being  later  than  the  16th  century. 


Case  VI. — [Containing  small  gems,  with  the  grand  cameo  of  Didius 
Julianus  and  Manlia  Scantilla  placed  in  the  centre.) 

2.  Aged  Mask,  and  boar's  head  conjoined,  and  facing  opposite  ways, 
inscribed  ©IE,  perhaps  intended  for  the  Greek  numerals  9, 10,  5  :  a  legend 
as  enigmatical  as  the  device  itself.     Red  jasper. 

8.  A  good  late  Egyptian  representation  of  Horus,  seated  upon  the 
lotus  in  the  sacred  boat  of  the  Nile,  adored  by  Anubis.  Boldly  cut  in  red 
jasper. 

9.  Cameo,  legend  in  two  lines  €YTVXI-BEPONIKH,  interesting 
from  the  spelling  of  the  name,  thus  Latinised  into  Veronica. 

10.  A  large  rude  sard  intaglio  in  the  exaggerated  manner  of  the  Renais- 
sance, a  nymph  performing  her  devotions  upon  the  symbol  of  the  horti- 
cultural god  of  fecundity,  whilst  a  Satyr  accompanies  the  ceremony  upon 
his  pipes. 

11.  A  subject  of  most  difficult  explanation.  A  man  seated  on  a  throne, 
half  draped,  holds,  slanting  downwards  from  his  mouth  a  slender  rod, 
somewhat  wavy  (like  a  vine-shoot),  and  terminating  in  small  knobs  at  each 
end.  Had  this  wand  been  curved,  the  figure  would  pass  well  for  an  augur 
taking  the  auspices  ;  but  the  actual  form  leaves  the  true  significance 
dubious.     Boldly  cut  in  an  early  Roman  manner  upon  dark  sard. 

12.  Spirited  heads  of  a  goat,  horse,  and  boar  conjoined  ;  perhaps  the 
united  attributes  of  Bacchus,  Neptune,  aud  Hercules.     Sard. 

13.  Leda  and  the  Swan  ;  an  exquisite  intaglio,  but  treated  with  all 
the  luxuriance  of  modern  art,  widely  difi"ering  from  the  modest  reticence 
distinguishing  all  truly  antique  representations  of  this  subject. 

2nd  Row. — 2.  A  Ram  ;  the  intaglio  iuternally  burnt,  to  represent  the 
fleece.     A  singular  example  of  such  treatment  in  a  genuine  antique  stone. 

4.  A  microscopic  picture,  intaglio,  on  yellow  sard.  A  warrior  and 
female  joining  hands  in  a  landscape  :  in  the  exergue  L.  S.  Hence  the  work 
of  Louis  Siries,  a  Frenchman  estaWished  at  Florence  about  1740,  and 


108  NOTICES    OF    COLLECTIONS   OF    GLYFTIC   AKT. 

praised  wltliout  reason  by  Marlettc  for  his  predilection  for  similar  difficiJes 
niu/ie,  "  liis  endeavours  to  achieve  the  impossible  in  his  art,"  which  have 
no  merit  whatever,  tlie  design  being  necessarily  a  mere  series  of  rongh 
scratches.  The  small  circular  sard  is  let  into  a  frame  of  neatly  moulded 
•white  agate,  like  the  minute  Pallas  head  noted  above,  probably  due  to 
the  same  hand.  I  have  met  with  another  cxaniple  of  a  minute  ])oitrait 
thus  encirck-d.  It  would  seem  that  such  a  border  is  a  necessary  adjunct 
to  all  the  performances  of  this  microscopic  artist. 

3rd  How. — 2.  Mercury  Criophorus  resting  against  a  cippus  ;  a  perfect 
figure,  though  of  extreme  minuteness,  of  the  best  Roman  age.     Sard. 

4.  A  singular  and  early  cameo,  n,  lion  pulling  down  a  bull  ;  tlie  former 
"worked  out  on  the  brown,  the  latter  in  the  porcelain  white,  of  an  Indiau 
eardunyx  perforated  through  the  axis,  and  having  a  hole  also  drilled  through 
the  tield.  The  bull  is  admirably  designed,  and  scraped  out  in  the  flattest 
relief,  atfording  a  most  instructive  illustration  of  the  antique  process. 

5.  Antinous  ;  a  noble  liead,  though  of  much  smaller  dimensions  than 
389,  executed  with  incredible  force,  and  which  would  pass  for  an  Apollo 
])ut  for  the  legend,  ANTINOOC  cut  at  the  side  in  letters  evidently  coeval 
with  the  intaglio.  On  the  reverse,  in  large  coarse  letters  of  a  later  ago, 
in  two  lines,  AAI-AIA,  "  Lsclia,"  some  female  worshipper  of  the  divine 
beauty  on  the  other  side.  The  stone  a  sard  of  unique  excellence,  carbuncle- 
coloured,  shaded  with  yellow. 

4th  Ihnr  — 2.  Young  female  bust,  surrounded  by  the  legend,  EVflOPI 
Al€l    nCOTIA,  "  Ever  prosper,  Potia  ;"  a  new  year's  gift  to  a  lady. 

o.  A  Bacchante  bending  down  before  a  Priapus  llerme  ;  a  figure  good  in 
the  drawing  and  with  much  elegance  in  the  attitude,  a  work  in  the  early 
Koinan  style  strongly  contrasting  in  its  treatment  with  the  coarse  version 
of  the  same  idea  just  noticed. 

bill  Roii\ — Youth,  nude,  bearing  a  cornucopia  and  holding  forth  an 
Ibis,  symbol  of  the  Moon,  seems  an  Egyptian  work  (perhaps  the  I>eus  Lunus  ; 
Thoth,  besides  his  character  of  Hermes,  sometimes  assumes  that  of  the 
Moon,  a  male  deity  with  the  Egyptians),  of  the  age  of  Hadrian.  Fairly  done 
in  the  heavy  manner  of  the  Alexandrian  engravers. 

2.  Hand  grasping  a  wheat-ear;  done  with  great  precision,  tlic  fingers 
long  and  attenuated.  A  rare  material,  the  finest  bloodstone,  the  Helio- 
tropium  so  potent  in  magic,  and  which  duly  prepared  conferred  the  gift  of 
invisibility. 

4.  Head  of  Proserpine  covered  by  the  mitra  ;  a  perfect  Greek  intaglio  of 
indescribable  merit  on  a  bluish  ber^l  ;  the  profile  remarkable  for  its  fine 
outline,  and  the  execution  of  the  whole  extremely  careful. 

(jth  Row. — 2.  Hippocamj)US  ;  a  glorious  intaglio  on  a  large  bervl,  ]>alo 
blue,  but  more  lustrous  than  any  sapphire,  the  Jler^llus  1  lyacinthizon  of 
the  ancients. 

.3.  Sfiirit("d  head  of  some  young  prince  of  the  Augustine  family  (pro- 
bably Maruellus).  n  nascent  beard  on  tlur  cheek.  This  head  much  resembles 
the  elegant  MarctlluH  by  Marchant,  closing  this  list.      Sard. 

llh  lion;. — 2.  The  fore-quarters  of  a  Pegasus  ;  liuving  the  wings 
rfprcHcnted  aH  curling  backwards  to  the  head  in  a  dunipy  curve,  as  in  tlio 
iN-gaBus  upon  the  nKjst  ancient  Corinthian  jncdalfi,  and  doubtless  contem- 
porary with  them.  Hence  a  gem  that  supplies  a  fixed  i)oint  for  the 
c!«-t<rmination  of  the  period  exhibiting  this  styli'  in  its  intagli.  A  singular 
and  archaic  Greek  intaglio  .ilightly  sunk.     Jacinth. 


ARUNDEL   COLLECTION.  109 

4.  A  romarkable  cameo  of  the  very  earliest  period,  a  liead  of  Diana, 
recof;iiisa])le  by  tlic  knotted  curls  on  the  top  of  head  (the  KpwfivXos),  the  liair 
in  black,  face  in  opaque  white.  The  relief  kept  quite  Hat,  and  as  much  as 
possible  in  one  plane. 

8t/i  Row. — 4.  Cameo  (Italian),  representing  a  marmoset  monkey  in  the 
natural  colours  of  black,  white,  and  grey,  curiously  and  exactly  rendering 
the  colours  of  the  pet's  whiskers  and  bushy  tail. 

5.  Julia  Titi,  a  small  head  on  a  most  choice  plasma,  almost  an  emerald ; 
the  work  mediocre  and  perhaps  contemporary  with  her. 

9th  J{oio. — 2,  A  Medusa's  head  in  profile  ;  a  noble  cameo  in  the  purest 
Greek  taste,  the  relief  appearing  as  if  modeled  by  the  fingers  in  some 
plastic  substance,  so  softly  rounded  is  it,  in  the  dull  opaque  white  upon 
sard. 

4.  Head  of  a  Roman  (called  C.  Antius  Rcstio),  somewhat  advanced  In 
years;  deeply  cut  in  sard,  inscril)ed  with  the  artist's  name,  CKYAAKO,' 
but  neither  gem  nor  legend  antique  ;  perhaps  one  of  Natter's  copies.  Or 
can  the  Italian  name,  Del  Cane,  lie  hid  under  the  puppy's-skin  of  Scylax  ? 

5.  Few  portraits  in  the  collection  equal  this  in  historic  interest  or  rarity: 
a  life-like  portrait  of  M.  Antony,  cut  by  some  skilful  Greek  hand  of  his 
times,  perhaps  during  his  residence  in  Egypt.  The  intaglio  somewhat 
deep  sunk  in  a  beautiful  golden  sard  ;  evidently  the  Triumvir's  own 
signet. 

7.  A  winged  genius,  or  Death,  slumbering  on  a  spread  out  drapery  upon 
clouds  :  under  his  head  lies  a  crushed  butterfly,  or  life  extinct.  An  elegant 
Roman  intaglio  on  sapphirine. 

8.  Ulysses  in  his  usual  costume,  skull-cap  and  mantle,  seated  upon  a 
round  object  (the  bag  of /Eolus  ?),  which  having  been  njistaken  for  a  cask  by 
some  later  possessor,  he  has  cut  round  the  figure  in  later  (but  still  antique) 
letters  the  name  of  the  famed  tidt-inhabitant  AIOTHNCC,  curiously  mis- 
placing the  two  last  vowels.     Good  Roman  work  on  nicolo  :   small. 

11.  Cigala  perched  upon  the  caducous  (union  of  the  attributes  of  Apollo 
and  Hermes),  the  appropriate  signet  of  a  man  of  letters.  Extremely  neat 
work,  probably  Greek,  on  a  clear  jacinth  (or  cinnamon-stone). 

13.  Fortuna,  a  stiff  late  Roman  intaglio,  or  a  large  and  exquisite  sar- 
donyx, the  finest  specimen  of  the  stone  anywhere  to  be  seen. 

14,  A  singular  coincidence  both  in  subject,  "  Athlete  advancing,"  and 
in  material,  with  384,  the  sole  difference  being  the  lesser  size  of  this. 
The  sardonyx,  though  much  roughened  by  wear,  exhibits  the  same  fine 
quality  as  the  former. 

Lying  loose  are  two  extraordinary  treasures,  one  of  antique,  the  other 
of  Italian  art.  The  first,  the  principal  half  of  an  intaglio  on  a  brown  sard, 
2  inches  wide,  and  originally  3  high,  a  head  of  Augustus  in  profile,  a 
slightly  sunk  intaglio  in  the  purest  Greek  style,  and  admirably  finished 
in  every  detail  :  a  caducous  in  the  field  insinuates  a  flattering  comparison 
between  him  and  Hermes  the  giver  of  prosperit}'^  to  men  (epiovt  los  Kp/ijjy). 
Certain  marks  in  the  stone,  probably  natural,  suggest  at  first  sigiit  the  idea 
of  an  inscription  afterwards  erased.  This  is  noted  in  the  catalogue  as  once 
the  property  of  Winckelmann.  The  other,  a  Medusa  full  face,  a  good  Roman 
cameo,  is  honoured  with  the  most  elaborate  setting  as  a  ring  ever  designed, 


'  Quoted  as  genuine  in  all  catalogues  of  ancient  artists'  names. 
VOL.    XIX.  Q 


110  NOTICES    OF    C0LLECT10^^S    OF    GLYPTIC    ART. 

by  the  curious  ingenuity  of  the  Florentine  orcfccc,  for  Metliccan  DulvC  or 
Cariliiial.  It  is  extremely  massy,  the  sides  and  shoulders  carved  out  in 
intricate  scrolls  and  strnp-work,  from  amidst  which  glare  two  savage  masks 
upon  the  sliouldors,  and  two  lions'  heads  upon  the  sides  of  the  sotting.  These 
minute  masks  are  in  their  way  master-pieces  of  sculpture.  The  design  is 
relieved  by  touches  of  enamel. 

Case  VII. — [Of  small  gems,  and  the  addit'tons  of  (he  last  eoUector.) 

1st.  Eow.  Alexander,  a  beautiful  cameo  signed  niXAEP,  which  might 
be  taken  for  antique  ;  as  well  as  its  fine  sardonyx,  which  is  of  the  true 
ancient  quality,  and  probably  had  borne  some  ruder  antitpie  cameo  trans- 
fornied  by  Pichler  into  the  present :  by  far  the  best  of  his  camei  that  I 
have  met  with. 

2.  The  same  signature  claims  for  this  great  artist  this  Minerva  Promachos, 
an  owl  in  brown  upon  her  shield  ;  but  here  the  design  betrays  the  taste  of 
his  own  age. 

5.  A  singular  signet  if  antique.  A  medallion,  the  conjugated  heads  of 
Augustus  anil  Livia  with  the  same  incuse  on  its  reverse,  revolves  on  an  axis 
within  a  guld  bizzel,  neatly  granulated  and  moulded,  set  upon  an  iron  finger- 
ring,  the  shoulders  also  decorated  with  three-cornered  foliage  chased  in 
gold.  The  pattern  of  the  last  leads  me  to  pronounce  the  medallion  a  cast 
made  in  Renaissance  times,  and  with  its  gold  frame  superadded  to  an 
antique  ring  of  iron,  to  augment  the  colour  of  antiquity.  The  medallion 
shows  upon  the  incuse  part  that  it  was  produced  by  casting  :  the  relief  has 
been  neatly  tooled  up. 

10.  Isis  seated  on  a  throne  .'ruckling  Ilorus  (the  exact  !Madonnaand  Cliild 
of  the  Trecentisti),  a  microscopic  intaglio  of  the  second  century,  cut  on  the 
narrow  field  of  a  splendid  sardonyx,  which  is  beveled  off  nearly  to  a  point 
to  display  its  shades  of  rich  brown,  blue,  and  black.  Set  in  a  ring  of 
elcirant  pattern,  the  bizzel  surrounded  by  an  open  work  scolloped  border  :  a 
novelty  in  the  style  :   made  in  the  last  century. 

1 1.  JSilenua-mask,  full-face,  a  bold  early  cameo  of  great  merit  ;  Hat  work 
in  opaque  white. 

2nd  How.  A  Bacchante  dancing  to  the  sound  of  the  cymbals  she  clashes. 
S[>iriled  antique  on  a  fine  coloured  plasma,  rivalling  an  Oriental  emerald, 
and  repolishcd  ;   a  testimony  to  the  geniiineness  of  the  engraving. 

3.  A  full-faced  tragic  mask,  itself  well  done,  but  notahle  more  for  the 
quality  of  the  stono,  a  hemis|>hcrical  tricolourcil  agate,  the  highest  division 
whereof  is  a  true  jacinth  in  lustre.  The  mo.st  .splendid  example  of  this  stone 
extant. 

5.  Gryllus,  giving  the  outline  of  an  Ibis,  carrying  a  myrtle  branch  in  its 
beak.  This  is  a  tine  work  pr(^scnting  some  peculiarities  ;  the  usual  Silenus- 
mask  forming  the  breast  being  here  replaced  hy  a  head  of  Jove,  and  the 
fttonc  a  beryl  instead  of  the  accustomed  red  jasper.  It  seems  as  to  execution 
conhiderably  earlier  than  the  generality  of  the«j  caprices  :  perhaps  has  an 
astrological  import,  combining  as  it  does  .lupiter  and  Aries  in  one  body, 
and  exhibiting  the  symbol  of  Venus  over  all. 

7.  I'Myche,  a  lovely  hunt,  the  character  defim-d  by  the  butterfly  so  perched 
on  lior  bo.iom  that  the  wings  a|>jieiir  part  of  herself.  'I'he  careless  wkeleton 
drawing  of  the  rained  hand,  one  of  tho^e  singidar  negligences  that  mark  tho 
truo  anliquc,  and   bo  diilicult   to  account  for,  is  bullicient  testimony  of  tho 


AKUNDEL   COLLECTION.  Ill 

genuineness  of  the  intaglio  :  perhaps  the  most  truly  graceful,  and  pleasing 
of  all  the  idealised  heads  here  treasured. 

8.  Deities  of  evil  omen,  and  rarely  figured,  save  on  objects  connected 
with  the  tomb.  Pluto  seated  on  his  massy  throne  of  iron,  holding  his  ebon 
sceptre,  and  conversing  with  Proserpine  (recognised  by  the  wheat-car  in  her 
hair),  who  stands  before  him.  Bold  and  early  work,  the  technique  of 
which  exhibits  much  that  is  peculiar  (Sicilian  ?)  deeply  sunk  in  a  fine 
golden  sard. 

9.  The  "  Bellerophon  watering  Pegasus,"  quoted  by  Clarac:  falsely 
ascribed  to  Sostratus  ;  but  (as  far  as  the  legend  guides  us)  the  work  of 
some  freedman  rejoicing  in  tlie  "  comfortable  "  and  Reman  name,  Otiatus. 
Altogether  of  dubious  authenticity,  both  intaglio  and  material — perhaps 
early  Florentine,  and  copied  from  the  bas-relief  of  the  Villa  Spada. 

3rd  How. — 3.  Jupiter,  a  head,  forcible  in  expression,  cut  in  hoBmatite, 
all  repolislied  internally  as  well  as  on  both  surfaces,  if  actually  antique  ;  as 
the  work  would  indicate.  The  second  instance  in  this  collection  (and 
quite  a  surprise  to  me)  of  a  good  intaglio  upon  this  base  material,  usually 
reserved  for  the  amulets  of  the  East. 

4.  A  most  extraordinary  sard,  equal  in  richness  of  colour  to  the  pyrope, 
cut  in  relief  as  a  bald-headed  comic  mask,  of  most  irate  mien,  apt 
personification  of  some  churlish  father  of  the  New  Comedy,  the  very  stone 
looking  irascible,  the  face  slightly  turned  to  one  side.    Perfect  in  execution. 

6.  Apollo,  a  head  of  the  finest  old  Greek  work,  surpassed  by  none 
here:  havinjr  all  the  hair  fallins:  in  long  spiral  curls,  and  confined  by  a 
fillet:  dark  sard.  This  intaglio  is  deeper  cut  than  usual  in  this  style,  and 
probably  is  coeval  with  Phidias  ;  although  the  hair  retains  the  archaic 
arrangement  still  regarded  as  essential  to  the  type  of  the  deity,  the  face  is 
full  of  expression  and  truly  divine. 

7.  Still  more  remarkable  for  rarity  (and  of  equal  perfection)  is  this  most 
early  cameo,  a  head  of  Ganymede,  covered  by  the  Phrygian  bonnet; 
molded,  as  it  were,  in  the  pure  opaque  Avhite  of  an  agate-onyx.  A  work 
of  the  best  period  of  Greek  sculpture.  The  relief  kept  low  and  entirely 
in  one  plane. 

Ath  Roxo. — Mercury  standing,  holds  forth  the  Infant  Bacchus  on  his 
outstretched  hand,  in  the  other  wields  his  caduceus.  Or  the  minute  figure 
may  represent  the  disembodied  soul,  and  Hermes  here  stand  in  his  capacity 
of  Psychoporapus.  The  design  of  the  principal  figure,  in  its  slight  and 
elegant  proportions,  and  the  attitude  full  of  grace,  strikingly  resembles 
those  given  to  this  deity  in  the  acknowledged  works  of  Dioscorides:  points 
which,  on  examination,  furnish  almost  sufficient  grounds  for  assigning  to 
him  this  masterly  intaglio,  by  no  means  unworthy  of  his  reputation.  The 
stone  is  a  quite  unique  material,  lucid  and  jet  black,  either  jsflwk  quartz  or 
obsidian,  the  latter  we  know,  from  Pliny's  remark,  first  catiie  into  fashion 
at  Rome  for  ring  stones  in  the  Augustan  age.  The  sombre  colour  probably 
chosen  as  analogous  to  the  subject  (a  circumstance  in  favour  of  the  second 
interpretation  of  the  intention)  as  representing  a  deity  whose  oflace  lay  in 
the  shades. 

3.  Clasped  hands,  in  relief  upon  what  is  either  a  large  occidental 
turquois,  or  more  likely  ivory  recently  stained  to  that  colour,  as  the  osseous 
structure  is  plainly  visible.  A  note  informs  us  that  "  it  was  purchased  of 
Mr.  L'Avocal  shortly  before  his  death  very  cheap;"  doubtless,  therefore, 
for  a  genuine  piece  "  de  la  vicllc  roche;"  but  actually  of  no  value  whatever. 


112  NOTICES    OF    COLLECTIONS    OF    GLYPTIC    ART. 

whether  a  recent  or   a  fossil  fragment  of  ivory  saturated  witli  sulphate  of 
copper.     A  brilliant  is  set  iu  the  centre,  eviilently  a  betrothal  ring, 

5.  An  admirable  head  of  a  youthful  Ca;sar,  (MarccUus  ?)  a  speaking 
face,  and  in  every  part  worthy  of  the  highest  commendation.  The  ex([uisito 
delicacy  of  the  technique,  as  well  as  the  intact  polish,  prove  it  beyond  a 
doubt  due  to  one  of  the  tirst  masters  of  the  last  century,  perhaps  Pichlor, 
for  it  displays  too  much  boldness  of  treatment  to  be  given  to  2saiter.  Tiie 
material  also  greatly  enhances  its  efleet;  the  relief,  very  high,  being  iu  an 
opacjue  drab  colour,  most  suitably  backed  by  the  slate-coloured  ground. 

5th  liuw. — 2.  Hercules  restoring  Alcestis  to  her  husband,  a  large 
intaglio  on  sard,  the  most  important  of  .Marchant's  signed  works.  On  tlie 
reverse  is  cut  ^KI^X'E^S  SAXONIAE  DONI  ME.UOII,  an  inscription 
explained  by  a  note  in  the  Catalogue  that  this  intaglio  was  an  express 
commission  from  tho  Elector  of  Saxony  to  the  artist  at  Rome,  in  order  to 
be  given  to  the  Duke  iu  return  for  a  presentation-copy  of  his  "  Gems."  A 
princely  acknowledgment  of  the  gift,  considering  Marchant's  reputation 
then,  and  the  large  amount  that  was  deemed  the  equivalent  for  his  labours. 
I  have  seen  a  work  of  his  of  far  less  importance,  a  group  of  only  two 
figures,  for  which  he  was  paid   two  hundred  guineas. 

Fragment  of  a  large  cameo,  a  Medusa's  Head,  belonging  to  the  very 
earliest  times  of  Greek  anaglyphic  art.  The  profile  which,  though  wretch- 
edly mutilated,  still  retains  much  of  its  original  severe  beauty,  is  given  iu 
opaijue  white,  the  hair  in  two  shades  of  brown,  and  with  great  effect.  Au 
important  relic  of  a  very  rare  class.      Original  diameter   nearly  two  inches. 

7.  Ilebe,  a  most  graceful  figure,  inttujlio  in  jacinth  ;  "  a  co]»y  by  Mar- 
chant,  from  an  Etruscan  bas-relief  in  the  British  ^Mu-seum." 

5.  Ganymede  borne  aloft  by  the  eagle  (after  the  bronze  of  Leochares), 
signed  KOINOY,  an  excellent  inku/Uo  on  a  singular  variety  of  opaipie 
Bard,  of  fine  dark  red,  slightly  translucent.  Probably  by  Natter,  who 
often,  according  to  his  own  confession,  adopted  the  above  signature. 

7th  Itoio. — Matidia  (not  Sabina),  an  intaglio  never  surjjasscd  in  excel- 
lence, in  a  large  jacinth-like  sard.      "  Copy  by  liurch,"  from  an  aiitiijue. 

8.  Antiiious,  signed  "  Marchant  "  ;  a  copy  from  the  bas  relief  of  tho 
Villa  Albani — the  head  so  often  seen  on  Roman  shell  camei — on  a  largo 
brown  sard. 

9.  A  head  of  similar  character,  deeply  cut  in  a  ruby  sard  ;  "  copy  by 
Marchant,  from  the  Genius  of  Hadrian's  Villa." 

IJ.  Murccllus,  an  e.vciuisite  iitt<ig/iu  on  a  jacinth  of  inconiparablo  beauty. 
"  A  copy  by  Marchant,  of  the  Marcellus,"  i.e.  the  large  cameo  abovo 
noticed. 

A  wretched  modern  paste,"  from  an  etpuiUy  vile  Cinque  Cento  gem, 
representing  the  Triumph  of  an  Emperor.  In  tln>  excririK'  a  legend  of 
iiiatchleas  impudence,  ludicrous  in  its  audacity,  TPY<l>nN  EH O I  El.  The 
udmission  of  thiH  i)iece  amongst  such  treasures  is  (|uite  an  enigma. 

Jiriedy  to  record  certain  observatiitus  tliat»  have  occurred  to  nie  in  my 
pleasant  pilgrimago  through  this  Aladdin's  Garden,  whose  fruits  are 
precious  stones,  and  of  slili  higher  rarity  than  any  of  the  mere  natine'a 
IreaHurcH  that  attracted  his  admiration.  (,'ertaiu  clas-ses  of  engraved 
feloucH,  bo  abundant  in  collections   of  our  day,    have   not  in   this  a   single 

TliU  in  (]iiot«'l  by  Clunic,  ami  jir'ivoH  'J'ryplion'H  nnmo,  on  tbo  hint  eiippliod 
how  cftiljf  tlio    ludiiiu   fwrgoiii   uaurpcd       by  tLo  AulLolufy. 


ARUNDEL   COLLECTION.  113 

representative,  there  not  being  amongst  the  wliole  number  one  scarabeus  of 
either  Egyptian  or  Etruscan  origin,  nor  an  oriental  cylinder,  nor  a  Sassanian 
seal  or  ring  stone,  and  only  two  or  three  out  of  the  countless  liost  of 
Mithraic  or  Gnostic  talismans.  Beauty  alone,  either  of  the  art  or  of  the 
material,  was  the  sole  object  kept  in  view  by  the  several  contributors  to 
this  magnificent  monumeut  of  the  taste  of  the  three  last  centuries,  and 
hence  works  of  mere  erudition  do  not  encounter  us  here.  But,  fortunately, 
as  their  great  desideratum  and  historical  interest  are  so  frequently  com- 
bined in  the  same  relic,  we  meet  here  with  the  numerous  incomparable 
productions  of  the  Greeks  in  every  age  of  the  arts,  and  of  the  Romans  in 
the  best  times,  pointed  out  in  the  preceding  notices.  In  these  particular 
departments  the  Collection  stands  very  high  on  the  list  of  those  existing  in 
Europe,  as  far,  at  least,  as  my  own  knowledge  of  them  extends,  not 
excepting  those  formed  under  royal  auspices.  Thus  it  surpasses  the  Far- 
nese  of  the  Neapolitan  Bourbons,  the  Berlin,  and  that  of  the  Hague,  in 
the  importance  of  the  intagli  it  contains,  and  the  two  latter  in  the 
article  of  camei  also,  although  necessarily  falling  short  of  the  extent  and 
value  of  those  at  Vienna,  Paris,  and  Florence.  But  none  can  compare 
with  it  in  the  variety  and  rarity  of  the  specimens  of  Keuaissance  gold- 
smiths'-work,  which  form  one  of  its  most  distinguishing  features.  I 
cannot  conclude  without  expressing  my  gratitude  to  the  noble  owner 
■who,  with  the  greatest  liberality,  in  the  view  of  promoting  the  study  of 
my  favorite  art,  by  placing  at  the  command  of  all  similarly  interested, 
the  fresh,  almost  unlimited,  resources  contained  in  this  collection,  had 
made  arrangements  whereby  the  opportunity  was  afforded  to  me  of  carefully 
examining  it  under  the  most  favorable  conditions,  and  of  making  notes, 
without  any  limitation  as  to  time,  upon  the  entire  extent  of  the  collec- 
tion. To  such  opportunities  I  have  been  far  from  able  to  do  justice  ;  but 
the  above  rough  sketch  will  suffice  to  give  the  experienced  amateur  some 
notion  of  the  value  of  this  famous,  hitherto  inaccessible  treasure,  to  describe 
which  duly  would  require  volumes,  as  the  mineralogist  would  find  here  as 
wide  a  field  for  his  labours  as  the  artist  or  the  antiquary. 


THE  HISTORY  AND  CHARTERS  OF  IXGULFUS  CONSIDERED. 

By  henry  THOMAS  KILEY,  M.A.  Cambridge. 
Takt  II.' 

Enougit,  it  is  presumed,  lias  now  been  stated  to  sliew 
tliat  neither  the  Charters  nor  the  Iliston/  of  Ingulfus  have 
any  fair  pretensions  to  be  considered  what  they  profess 
to  be  ;  but  that,  on  the  contrary,  they  are  forgeries  of  a 
]>eriod  mucli  more  recent  than  the  close  of  the  eleventh 
century.  The  question  then  remains  to  be  solved,  at  what 
date  these  compilations  were  fabricated,  for  what  purpose,  and 
by  whom  1 — points  of  some  interest,  and  in  reference  to  which 
(so  far,  more  especially,  as  the  Charters  are  concerned) 
there  have  been  conflicting  opinions  among  the  learned. 

Speaking  of  the  (Jokbui  Charter  of  King  luhelbald,  to 
which  allusion  has  previously  been  made,  liickes  (p.  ^^  of 
the  Dissertatio  Episfolaris)  states  it  as  his  opinion,  that 
''  the  Convent  of  Croyland  found  it  necessary  to  forge  this 
Charter,  in  order  that  they  might  preserve  the  lands  which 
liad  been  given  to  them  without  deed,  or  of  which  the 
deeds  had  been  lost,  from  the  Normans,  who  would  hardly 
allow  the  monasteries  any  just  right  of  holding  lands,  except 
by  deed;"  and  asserts  that  he  is  "almost  compelled  either 
to  believe  that  Ingulf  was  the  forger  and  corru])ter  of  these 
Charters,  or  else  that  the  Convent  of  Croyland,  in  an 
unlearned  age,  jiahned  oil' the ///.sYor//  uj»on  the  world  under 
the  authority  of  his  name."  In  another  passage  of  the 
JJis.scrtfifio  ho  says, — "I  have  given  a  portion  of  the  Charter 
of  Kthelliald,  the  founder  of  Croyland,  which  I  have  so  often 
Jiad  occasion  to  condemn.  In  the  original  it  ajtpears  re- 
splendent witli  gold,  the  manufacture  of  some  Croylandian 
forgf-r,  ])('rhaps  Ingulf  himself.  This  Charter,  by  nutans  of 
which  that  knave  cajoK-d  iving  WilHam,  is  sulliciently  ])roved 
to  have  been  fictitious." 

>Mr.  Ilolditch,  in  his  ///^fori/  nf  Croi/ftn/d  .U>/"//,  im\A\^]\vd 

'  Cuiitiiiiiuil  from  imgo  i'J. 


THE    HISTOKY   A^^D    CHARTERS   OF    INGULFUS   CONSIDERED.    115 

in  1816,  suggests  that  after  the  fire  at  Croyland  in  1091, 
"  Ingulph  may  have  borne  the  principal  part  of  the  Charters 
sufficiently  in  mind  to  set  down  their  contents  as  we  see  : 
they  run  in  a  form  which  assists  the  memory,  and  their 
separate  particulars  are  few.  Copies  of  these  Charters  were 
made  under  the  direction  of  Ingulph,  and  replaced  in  their 
archives  :  even  these  might  be  afterwards  destroyed,  wdien 
the  Abbey  was  burnt  again,  not  quite  sixty  ^^ears  afterwards, 
and  they  might  be  reproduced  in  a  similar  manner.  Tliere 
were  violent  disputes  in  the  time  of  Ingulph,  between  him 
and  Tailbois,  a  relation  of  the  Conqueror,  who  was  lord  of 
Hoyland,  and  resident  at  Spalding  ;  and  it  was  feared  that 
the  burning  of  the  Charters  would  be  fatal  to  the  issue  of 
these  suits,  on  the  part  of  the  Croylanders.  On  this  account, 
Ingulph  made  haste  to  replace  them.  In  a  word,  the 
Charters  contain  intei'nal  evidence  of  their  modern  date,  and 
it  is  even  probable  that  some  of  them  have  been  made  in 
times  still  later." 

We  have  already  seen  that  Gougli  was  quite  willing  to 
believe  that,  if  there  w\as  forgery  in  the  case.  Ingulf  was  the 
forger.  Sir  Francis  Palgrave  again,  while  considering  the 
Charters  to  be  palpable  forgeries,  expresses  strong  doubts 
whether  the  compilation  (both  History  and  Charters)  is  of 
much  older  date  than  the  age  of  the  manuscript  said,  in  the 
early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  to  have  been  the 
Autograph  of  Ingulfus  ;  that  is  to  say,  the  end,  in  his  opinion, 
of  the  thirteenth  or  first  half  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

A  close  examination  of  the  First  and  Second  Continuations 
of  the  History  of  Croyland,  also  printed  in  Fulman's  volume, 
will  perhaps  afford  some  clue  to  a  solution  of  this  question, 
by  suggesting  for  what  purpose,  and  consequently,  at  what 
period,  it  is  probable  that  at  least  the  greater  part  of  these 
Charters  were  compiled ;  and  so  tend  to  remove  the  obloquy 
which,  from  the  time  of  Hickes,  has  been  somewhat  un- 
sparingly thrown  upon  the  name  and  memory  of  Abbot 
Ingulf 

The  fact  seems  not  to  have  attracted  the  notice  of  pre- 
vious w^ritcrs  on  this  subject,  but  it  nevertheless  is  the  fiict, 
that  neither  in  the  History  of  Croyland,  as  contained  in 
Fulman's  volume,  nor  indeed  in  any  other  account  of 
Croyland,  is  any  mention  made,  or  the  slightest  hint  given, 
of  the  then  existence  of  any  one  of  these  Mercian  and  Saxon 


116  THE   HISTORY    AXD   CHARTERS   OF   INGULFUS   CONSIDERED. 

Charters  during  the  period  between  a.d.  1093  and  a.d. 
1413,  a  space  of  320  years.  Two  of  them,  as  will  be  seen 
in  tlie  sequel,  are  mentioned  elsewhere  at  a  somewhat  earlier 
date  than  the  end  of  the  14th  century. 

In  the  Charter  granted  by  Henry  I.,  mention  certainly  is 
made  of  a  Charter  of  Edred  ;  but  only  by  way  of  reference, 
it  having  been  mentioned  in  a  previous  Charter  of  Williani 
the  Conqueror,  of  which  that  of  Henry  is  a  confirmation. 
In  1114,  admittedly  for  want  of  these  very  Charters,  we 
find  the  Convent  submitting  to  the  loss  of  the  manor  of 
r»addeby,  and,  nearly  at  the  same  time,  of  its  cell  at  Spalding. 
In  11. j3.  King  Stephen  grants  another  Charter  of  Confirma- 
tion, but  no  allusion  is  made  in  it,  or  in  that  of  Henry  II., 
to  those  of  the  ^Icrcian  or  Saxon  kings.  In  1189,  Abbot 
Kol^ert  de  Redinoes  is  engaged  in  a  suit  with  the  Prior  of 
Spalding,  and  in  a  case  drawn  up  by  him,  probably  for  legal 
purposes,  he  says  (p.  4.')3)  :  "The  Abbey  of  Croyland  is  of 
the  i)roper  alms  of  the  Kings  of  England,  having  been  granted 
by  their  especial  donation  from  the  ancient  times  of  tlic 
English,  when  it  was  so  founded  by  King  Ethelbald,  who 
gave  the  marsh  in  which  it  is  situate,  as  ice  find  in  the  'Life 
of  Saint  Gutldac'  which  was  formerly  written.''  Had  the 
(iohbm  Cliartrr  of  Ethelbald,  or  the  Charters  of  the  other 
]\Iercian  and  Sa.xon  kings,  been  then  known  to  be  in 
existence,  tliere  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  Abbot  would 
liave  been  at  least  as  likely  to  refer  to  them  in  support  of 
his  title,  as  to  the  meagre  ''Life  of  Saint  Giithlnc^'  written 
by  Felix.  The  same  Abbot,  when  before  the  King's  Justiciars, 
shews  them  the  Charter  of  King  Henry  II.,  "which  sets 
fijith  by  name  the  boundaries  of  the  marsh  ;"  but  not  a 
word  does  he  say  about  the  Saxon  Charters,  which,  if  the 
same  as  those  in  Ingulfs  History,  would  have  been  found 
to  set  tliem  fi)rtli  much  more  fully  and  distinctly  than  that 
granted  l)y  King  Henry. 

In  1191,  Abbot  Henry  de  Longchamp  produces  the 
Charter  of  Richard  I.  before  the  King's  Justiciars,  as  his 
best  evidence  of  the  limits  of  his  marshes,  b\it  no  mention  is 
made  of  the  Saxon  Charters,  and  he  is  finally  adjudgcMJ,  ou 
a  legal  f[uiijble,  to  lose  sei.sin  of  a  marsh.  Withdut  delay, 
the  Abbot  proceeds  to  wait  uj)on  King  Richard,  then  a 
prisonnr  at  Spires  in  Cermany,  lays  before  him  his  coju- 
plaints,  and  j)roduces  in  support  of  his  claim,  not  tiie  lengthy 


THE    HISTORY    AND    CHARTERS   OF    INGULF  US   CONSIDERED.    117 

and  circumstantial  grants  made  by  the  Saxon  kings,  but  the 
comparatively  concise  Charter  that  had  been  granted  by 
King  Henry,  his  father.  So  again,  in  the  Charter  of  King 
John,  granted  in  1202,  no  allu^sion  is  made  to  any  grants  of 
the  Mercian  or  Saxon  kings. 

Proceeding  with  the  narrative,  we  next  find  the  Abbot 
of  Croyland  defeated  in  his  claims  to  the  soil  of  the 
marsh  of  Aldcrland,  and  forced  to  make  such  concessions  as 
he  surely  would  never  have  been  called  upon  to  make,  if  the 
Chartei'S,  as  set  forth  in  Ingulfs  History,  had  been  among 
the  archives  of  his  house.  In  the  Charter  of  Henry  III., 
granted  in  122G,  no  mention  is  made,  and  no  hint  given,  of 
the  existence  of  Charters  dating  before  the  Conquest. 

AVe  are  now  somewhat  interruj)ted  in  our  enquiry  by  the 
mutilated  state  of  the  Second  Continuation;  but  in  1327  we 
catch  a  glimpse  of  Sir  Thomas  Wake  claiming  demesne  rights 
against  the  Convent  of  Croyland  in  the  marsh  of  Goggisland, 
or  Gowksland,  and  of  Abbot  Henry  de  Caswyk  manfully 
opposing  him  ;  but  w^e  do  not  find  the  Abbot  relying  upon 
any  alleged  Saxon  Charters  as  his  weapons  ;  though,  had 
they  been  in  existence,  he  would  most  probably,  like  his 
successors  eighty-eight  years  later,  have  availed  himself  of 
their  assistance. 

In  volumes  xliii.  and  xliv.  of  the  Cole  MSS.  in  the 
British  Museum,  there  are  to  be  found  nearly  two  hundred 
closely  written  folio  pages,  filled  with  abstracts  from  the 
Registers  of  Croyland,  of  lawsuits  carried  on  b}'  the  Convent 
(the  inmates  of  wdiicli  seem  to  have  lived  in  quite  an 
atmosphere  of  litigation),  grants  of  corodies  to  the  King's 
servants,  fines,  conveyances,  and  other  memoranda  relative 
to  the  community.  Careful  search  has  been  made  in  these 
pages,  in  the  few  extracts  of  Registers  among  the  Harlcian 
J\1'SS.,  in  the  documents  connected  with  Croyland  that  are 
printed  in  Cough's  First  and  Second  Appendix,  as  also  in 
most  of  those  referred  to  in  Tanner's  Notitia  JMonadica, 
but  not  a  syllable  is  there  to  be  found  to  lead  us  to  believe 
that  between  the  periods  above-mentioned  these  so-called 
Charters  (with  the  two  exceptions  before  alluded  to)  were 
in  existence.  In  p.  76  of  vol.  xliv.  of  the  Cole  j\lSS.  we 
find  a  plaint  made  by  Thomas  Wake,  that  Abbot  Henry  and 
three  of  his  monks  had  been  fishing  at  East  Dcpyng,  and 
that  vi  ct  arm  is  they  had  broken  down  his  dyke,  or  embank- 

VOL.  XIX.  11 


118  THE   HISTORY   AND    CHARTERS   OF    IXGULFUS   CONSIDERED. 

ment.  To  this  the  Abbot  makes  ansNver,  not  basing  his  right 
upon  anv  irrants  of  the  Mercian  and  Saxon  kinirs,  and  oflerin^c 
to  produce  liis  deeds  in  su}>port  of  that  right,  but  merely  to 
tlie  eflect  that — "  of  all  the  waters  of  the  Welland  he  and 
all  his  predecessors  have  been  seised  time  out  of  mind,  as 
also  of  free  piscary  therein,  and  that  the  place  mentioned  is 
Avithin  the  precincts  of  their  manor/'  Again,  on  another 
occasion,  in  p.  105,  we  find  the  Abbot  making  yyro/l'r^  of  the 
Charters  of  King  John,  Henry  111.,  and  Kdward  I.,  when 
those  of  the  Mercian  and  Saxon  kings,  had  they  existed, 
^Yould  certainly,  as  evidences,  have  materially  jnnmoted  the 
success  of  his  suit.  In  a  plaint  made  to  Edward  111.  (vol. 
xliv.  p.  .53),  the  monks  of  Croyland  allege  that  the  Abbey 
had  been  founded  by  King  Ethelbald  500  years  before  the 
Conquest.  This  they  would  have  hardl}-^  dared  to  assert,  if 
they  had  had  at  that  moment  among  their  archives  such  a 
deed  as  the  Foundation  Charter  given  in  Ingulfs  Ilhtury, 
shewing  that  Ethelbald  founded  the  Abbey  a.d.  71b',  exactly 
350  years  before  the  Conquest,  and  no  more.  In  fact,  it  is 
pretty  clear,  as  Cole  has  added  in  a  Note,  that  in  those  days 
they  did  not  in  reality  know  when  their  Abbey  was  founded. 

For  a  moment  "sve  must  now  step  out  of  the  History  of 
Croyland,  as  given  in  the  Second  Continuation  in  Fulman's 
volume. 

The  7th  of  July,  13.03,  is  the  earliest  date  at  which  we 
can  trace  the  existence,  in  the  hands  of  the  Convent  of 
Croyland,  of  any  of  the  Charters  contained  in  the  History 
of  Ingulfus  ;  for  at  that  date,  as  wc  learn  from  the  Patent 
Rolls  now  preserved  in  the  Public  Record  Office,  a  Charter  of 
Inspcximus  aiid  Confirmation  was  granted  by  the  unsus})ecting 
officials  of  King  Richard  II.,  reciting  the  Charters  of  Ethel- 
\)'d\i\  and  Edred  in  exactly  the  same  terms  that  are  set  forth 
in  that  History,  No  Insj)eximus  of  a  prior  sovereign  is 
tlierc  mentioned  ;  and  at  that  moment,  and  with  the 
object  of  obtaining  that  (••iiiriniia(i(-ii,  ilir.sc  (wo  Charters 
were  fabricated,  there  can  hardly  be  a  doubt.  I'or  what 
innnediate  purpose  this  step  was  tijni  taken  will  |)i()hably 
remain  for  ever  unknown  ;  as  the  fact  of  this  Inspexiinus 
being  then  granted  is  not  taken  the  slightest  notice  of  in 
tlie  Svrond  Continiidlion  ;  no  record  of  the  transaction, 
fur  obvious  reasons,  having  been  kept.  It  was  left  perhaps 
for    these  so-'-alh'd   Charters    to    bear  their  very  ])rolitable 


TnE   HISTORY   AND    CHARTERS   OF    INGULFUS    CONSIDERED.    119 

fruits  some  twenty  years  later,  and  not  before  ;  for  then 
it  is  that,  for  the  first  time,  we  hear  of  them  being  applied 
to  any  practical  use,  and  then,  not  improbably,  with  the 
exception  of  the  two  just  mentioned,  the  Charters  and  the 
History  of  Ingulfus  were  called  into  existence. 

To  return  to  the  narrative  of  the  Second  Cotitinuation. 
We  learn  that  during  the  latter  years  of  Abbot  Thomas 
Overton,  who  w^as  afflicted  w^ith  blindness,  Prior  Richard 
Upton  had  the  management  of  the  Convent.  In  1413, 
being  at  a  loss  (p.  501)  how  to  prevent  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  people  of  Spalding  and  Multon  (to  which, 
we  may  remark,  the  Croylanders  had  had  to  submit  very 
often  before),  he  determined  "to  unsheathe  against  them 
the  sword  of  ecclesiastical  censure,  which  had  been  specially 
gi'anted  by  the  most  holy  father  Dunstan,"  and  had  been 
"  laid  up  with  singular  care  among  the  treasures  of  the 
place;"  in  conformity  with  which  resolution,  "he  publicly  and 
solemnly  fulminated  sentence  of  excommunication,  at  the 
doors  of  the  church,  against  all  persons  who  should  infringe 
the  liberties  of  the  Church  of  Saint  Guthlac."  Perhaps  it  is 
not  an  unwarranted  assumption  to  believe,  that  if  the  Con- 
vent had  had  this  "  sivord "  of  Saint  Dunstan  for  so  many 
centuries  in  its  possession,  it  would  not  have  been  now 
unsheathed  for  the  first  time. 

Not  content  with  thus  brandishing  the  sword  of  excom- 
munication, and  responsible  to  no  one  but  the  bedridden 
Abbot,  Prior  Richard  seems  to  have  employed  his  energies  in 
forging  still  other  and  sharper  swords  for  the  people  of 
Multon  and  Spalding;  for  (p.  501)  "he  resorted  to  the 
temporal  arm  and  the  laws  of  the  realm,  and,  taking  with 
him  the  muniments  of  the  illustrious  Kings,  Ethelbald, 
Edred,  and  Edgar,  hastened  to  London,  to  prosecute  his 
cause  against  both  parties  ; "  this  being  the  first  time,  be  it 
remarked,  that  the  fact  of  the  existence  of  these  Charters  is 
noticed,  in  the  Annals  of  Croyland,  for  a  period  of  three 
hundred  and  twenty  years. 

From  the  Second  Continuation  of  the  History  (pp.  501, 
502),  which,  there  seems  every  reason  to  believe,  is  a  faithful 
and  trustworthy  chronicle  of  events  connected  with  the 
Abbey  of  Croyland  in  the  thirteenth,  fourteenth,  and  fif- 
teenth centuries,  we  learn  that  on  his  arrival  in  London 
Prior  Richard  was  detained  there  "nearly  two  years  before  he 


120  THE   HISTORY   AND   CHARTERS   OF   INGULFUS   CONSIDERED. 

could  hrinc]  matters  to  the  desired  conclusion,^'  or,  in  otlier 
•worils,  make  arrang-ements  for  coming  to  trial.     The  blame 
of  this  delay  is  certainly  laiil   (p.  501)   npon  the   shouKlers 
of  the   Dnke  of   Lancaster,   the    alleged   suppoi-ter  of  the 
Spalding  people,   and  the  lords  of  the  vills  of  ]\Iulton  and 
AVcston.     Unfortunately,   however,  for  the  accuracy  of  the 
story  which  Prior  Richard  seems  to  have  told  to  tiie  outer 
world  who  were  not  in  his  confidence,  there  happened  to  be  at 
that  time  no  "  Duke  of  Lancaster"  in  existence,  and  it  seems 
anything  but  improbable  tliat  these  two  years   (or  there- 
abouts)   were,  in    reality,   very    profitably    expended   npon 
completing  the  fabrication  of  the  long  list  of  C  barters  which 
were  so   essentially   to   minister   to   the   discomfiture  of  his 
anta2:onists  at  ^lulton   and  Spalding,   and  in  compiling  the 
original   manuscript  of  the  Jlistori/  of  Ingulfus,   afterwards 
known  at  Croyland  as  the  "  Autograph,"'  in  support  of  them. 
This  explanation  too  will  sufficiently  account  for  the  singularly 
large   outlay  upon   these  law   proceedings  of  no  less  a  sum 
than  "500  pounds"  (p.  513),  equal  in  value  to  many  thousands 
of  our  day  ;  for  compilers  and  scribes,  clever  enough  to  fabri- 
cate a  circumstantial  abbey  history,  and  to  concoct  a  series 
of  Charters  thickly  spread  over  350  years  or  more,  would  at 
any  time  rerpiire  to  be  handsomely  paid  for  their  labours, 
an<l  be  not  unlikely,   upon  such   an   occasion  as  this  more 
especially,  to  make  their  own  terms  in  the  way  of  remune- 
ration.     The  forgery  of  ecclesiastical  and  other   documents, 
there  .seems  rea.son  to  believe,   had,  in   the  fourteenth  and 
fifteenth  centuries,  become  an  established  trade  in  the  metro- 
j)olis  ;  and  it  was  only  a  few  years  after  this  period — namely, 
A.i).  1430 — that  the  Prior  of  Jiarnwell,  in  Cambridgeshire, 
acting  as  delegate  for  Pope  ]\lartin   the  Fifth,  through  the 
agency  of  a  skilful  notary-public  whose  name  has  come  down 
to  u.s,  admitted  as  valid   (and  with   a  guilty  knowledge,   it 
lias  been   surmised),  tlic  fbrgcil   r.ulls   of  Popes  llonorius  I. 
and  Seririus   1.,   which  rcnnain  still    insc-ribctl   on   the   Creat 
K«'gister  of  the  University  of"  Cambridge 

Upon  this  supposition,  and  knowing  what  efl'ects  a  guilty 
conscience,  the  iear  of  failure,  and  the  dread  of  detecti(»n,  are 
not  unlikclv  to  produce,  we  anr  not  surpi'iseil  to  learn  from 
tlio  Serii/id  ('i>iil'niinil'i(»i  (p.  50l),  that  '"  Prior  Itichard, 
Kffing  that  his  husiness  now  lay  at  the  mercy  of  the  cast  of 
a   die,  and  that   it   wa.s   far   from   being  likely   to    j)rospcr 


THE    HISTORY   AXD    CIIARTBCS   OF    INGULFUS   CONSIDERED.    121 

according  to  his  wishes,  but  daily  looked  worse  and  worse, 
fell  into  so  deplorable  a  state  of  ill  health,  that  the  physi- 
cians even  dcs[)aircd  of  his  recovery  ;  his  stomach,  in  its 
indignation,  refusing  to  retain  anything  that  was  offered 
to  it." 

The  most  singular  part  of  this  stor}^  however,  remains  to 
be  told.  The  Prior  would  seem  not  to  have  been  the  sole 
contriver  of  this  plan  for  defeating  the  enemy  ;  but  to  have 
had  a  partner  alike  in  his  schemes  and  in  the  disquietude 
which  they  entailed.  To  continue,  in  the  words  of  the  nar- 
rative (p.  502) — "  A  certain  Serjeant-at-law,  who  was  of 
counsel  for  the  Prior,  William  Ludyngton  by  name,  acted  as 
his  agent  in  this  business,  and  as  his  most  trusty  advocate. 
While  he  was  in  bed  one  night,  kept  awake  by  extreme 
sadness  and  disquietude,  and  revolving  many  matters  in  his 
mind,  he  found  himself  unable  to  sleep.  Suddenly,  however, 
a  gentle  slumber  seeming  to  steal  upon  him,  he  had  reposed 
for  a  short  time,  when  behold  !  a  venerable  personage,  arrayed 
in  the  garb  of  an  anchorite,  stood  near  and  uttered  words  to 
this  effect  : — '  Why,  amid  the  fluctuations  of  thy  mind,  art 
thou  in  fear  as  to  the  prosecution  of  thy  suit,  and  why  pass 
the  night  in  sleeplessness,  as  thoughts  crowd  upon  thee  from 
every  side  "?  Come  now,  rest  a  wjiile,  and  relax  thy  limbs  in 
repose  ;  for  to-morrow  morning  everything  shall  succeed  to 
thy  utmost  wish,  and  the  matters  which  have  hitherto  seemed 
to  thee  to  wear  an  adverse  aspect,  will  benignly  smile  upon 
thee  at  th}'  will  and  pleasure.'  So  sa^-ing,  the  vision  dis- 
appeared. Rising  early  in  the  morning,  and  his  mind  restored 
to  tranquillity  by  tlie  oracle  which  had  undoubtedly  been 
revealed  to  him  from  heaven  through  Saint  Guthlac,  he  at 
once  began  to  entertain  better  hopes.  Accordingly,  he  im- 
mediately hastened  to  the  Court,  and  after  holding  a  short 
conference  on  the  subject  with  those  who  were  of  counsel  for 
the  other  parties,  at  last  brought  the  whole  matter  to  this 
issue  ;  that  each  party  at  once  agreed  readily  and  willingly, 
putting  an  end  to  trouble  and  expense,  that  arbitrators  should 
be  chosen  for  coming  to  a  righteous  decision  upon  the  matter 
in  dispute.  As  for  the  Prior,  who  was  still  there,  as  already 
mentioned,  lying  on  a  bed  of  sickness,  upon  hearing  that  an 
outlet  was  about  to  be  found  to  this  most  intricate  labvrintli 
of  agonizing  toil,  and  that  such  an  expensive  source  of  litio-a- 
tion  was  about  to  be  soon  set  at  rest,  he  was  greatly  rejoiced 


1'2Z    THE    IIISTOI^Y    AND    CIIARTEKS    OP    INGULFUS   CONSIDERED. 

thereat ;  and  now,  breathing  more  freely,  returned  abundant 
thanksgiving  to  God  for  the  divine  consohition  which  had  been 
o;ranted  to  him  from  above/' 

The  sequel  is  soon  told.  This  consolatory  vision  must  have 
been  vouchsafed  bv  Saint  Gutlilac  to  Serjeant  Ludyngton, 
the  Prior's  more  than  ordinary  counsel,  in  the  first  halt"  of 
the  3'ear  1415  ;  for  in  June  of  that  year,  as  we  learn  from 
other  sources,  he  was  created  a  Justiciar  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas  ;  a  piece  of  promotion  wliich,  under  the 
peculiar  circumstances  of  the  case,  must  have  gladdened 
Prior  Richard's  heart  as  much,  or  even  more,  than  Saint 
Gutlilac's  oji|)ortune  appearance  in  the  worth}''  Serjeant's 
dream.  In  the  latter  half  of  the  same  year,  arbitrators  were 
a])puinted  in  the  suit  between  the  Abbot  of  Croyland  and 
the  people  of  ^lulton  and  Weston,  and  in  that  between  the 
Abbot  and  the  people  of  Spalding.  In  the  first  suit  two 
um})ires  were  chosen  as  well  ;  and,  strange  to  say,  one  of 
them,  no  other  than  the  self-same  judge,  William  Ludyngton, 
who  a  few  months  before  had  been  the  Prior's  agent  and 
adviser,  and  the  symj)athizing  sharer  of  his  woes.  In  the 
second  suit  again,  that  witli  tlie  Spalding  people,  but  one 
assessor,  or  umpire,  was  chosen,  a  character  in  which  we  find 
Judire  Ludvntrton  once  more  i)resentinir  himself  After  such 
clever  management  on  the  part  of  the  Convent  as  this,  there 
couhl  of  course  be  little  doubt  as  to  its  uUimate  success.  To 
the  entice  satisfaction  of  botli  umi)ires  and  arbitrators,  the 
spuriuns  Charters  of  Ethelhald  and  Edred  were  produced  in 
Court,  as  well  as  the  genuine  ones  of  the  Koinian  and  early 
Pl;intagcnet  Ivings,  and  the  Iiisj)exinuis  recently  obtained 
under  the  (xreat  Seal  of  Richard  11. 

hiiiiK'iliately  ujion  the  jtroduciion  of  this  to  them  most 
novel  and  unlooked-lor  evidence,  endorsed  too  by  the  appro- 
bation of  the  leai'iied  and  dignified  uni|)ires,  tlu^  people  of 
!Miilt(in  and  Sjialding  .'i]ijie,'ir  to  have  heen  j>;inic-stricken, 
and  not  t<^  have  had  a  w<trd  more  to  say  in  their  respective 
behalves  ;  wh(;reupon,  both  arbitratois  and  umj)ires  pro- 
nounced their  decisions  entirely  in  I'avour  (»f  the  Convent  of 
Crovland,  and  awarding  it  rights  and  j)rivik'i;'es  almost  com- 
incnsin-ato  with  the  fullest  scope  of  the  so-called  Mercian 
and  .Saxon  Cliai-ters  :  and  thus  did  (Ik;  monks  of  Croyland, 
the  fu'sL  time  apparently  Ibi'  centuries,  ^aiii  a  coniplele  legal 
victory  over  their  troublesome  neighbours  of  iMultun,  Weston, 
and  S])alding. 


THE    HISTORY    AND    CHARTERS   OF    INGULPU3   CONSIDERED.     123 

William  Ludyngton  (or  Lodington,  as  the  name  is  now 
spelt),  ^ve  may  add,  the  counsel  and  judge  who  acted  so  con- 
spicuous a  part  in  this  suspicious  transaction,  died  a.d.  1419, 
and  lies  buried  at  Gunby,  in  Lincolnshire,  where  a  brass  to 
his  memory  still  exists.  If  Lodington  in  Northamptonshire 
was  the  place  of  his  birth,  as  seems  not  improbable,  we 
may  the  more  readily  account  for  his  evident  participation  in 
the  most  secret  counsels  of  his  near  neighbours  at  Croyland, 
and  the  interest  that  he  appears  to  have  manifested  per  fas 
et  nefas  in  the  support  of  their  claims. 

Vague  and  meagre  as  w^ere  the  genuine  title-deeds  of  the 
Abbey,  and  limited  perhaps  to  the  Charters  of  the  Norman 
and  early  Plantagenet  kings,  we  can  fully  understand  why 
the  ten  or  twelve  lines  of  the  History  of  Vitalis  (B.  iv.,  c.  17), 
in  which  he  states  that  King  Ethelbald  founded  the  Abbey  of 
Croyland,  made  a  grant  to  it  of  lands,  and  conferred  upon  it 
a  Charter,  signed  by  him  in  pi-esence  of  his  bisho]3s  and  great 
men,  were  with  avidity  made  available  for  the  purposes  of 
the  Inspeximus  of  1393,  and  amplified  into  the  circumstantial 
details  of  the  Golden  Charter  ;  why  such  care  was  taken,  in 
almost  every  succeeding  fabrication  down  to  the  so-called 
Charters  of  Edred  and  Edgar,  to  make  especial  reference 
to  the  original  grant  of  Ethelbald  ;  these  last  tw'O  Charters 
being  carefully  ratified  by  name  in  equally  fictitious  Charters 
of  Cnut  and  Edw^ard  the  Confessor  ;  why  the  reader  is  so 
particularly  informed  in  the  Hhtori/  (p.  22),  that  upon  the 
destruction  of  the  Monastery  a.d.  870,  "the  Charter  of  Founda- 
tion of  King  Ethelbald,  and  the  Confirmations  thereof  by  other 
kings,"  were  saved  from  the  ravages  of  the  eneni}^  ;  wh}'^  we 
are  so  circumstantially  (p.  85)  made  acquainted  with  the  fact 
that  Abbot  Ingulf  took  with  him  to  London  the  Charters  of 
Ethelbald  and  the  other  Mercian  Kings,  as  well  as  those  of 
Edred  and  Edgar,  and  that  the  same  "  were  publicl}^  read  and 
carefully  examined  in  presence  of  the  renowned  King  William 
and  his  Council,  and  adjudged  b}^  all,  with  acclamation,  to 
be  most  worthy  of  the  royal  confirmation  ; "  why  these 
Charters  are  filled  ad  nauseam  with  fulminations  of  wrath, 
censure,  and  excommunication,  against  all  who  should  dare  to 
question  them,  or  to  subti'act  from  the  possessions,  privileges, 
or  immunities,  of  the  Abbey  of  Croyland  ;  why  the  hint  of 
Vitalis  was  ingeniously  improved  upon,  and  the  Ecclesiastical 
Censure  of  Archbishops  Dunstau  and  Osketul  was  ftibricated; 


in    THE    HISTORY    AND    CHARTERS    OF    INGULFUS    CONSIDERED. 

and  wliy,  too,  the  story  of  tlic  wicked  Asford  ^Yas  devised 
(pp.  7t),  77),  who,  as  a  judgineut  for  withhuldiiii;-  from  the 
jyionastery  the  ]\Iaiior  of  lleheston,  fell  from  his  horse,  ^Yhile 
riding  to  meet  the  King's  Justiciars  at  Stamford,  and  broke 
Lis  neck,  "  and  so  was  sent  to  hell  the  soid  of  him  ^Yho  was 
going  in  his  pride  to  oppose  the  Lord." 

Even  the  i»assage  inserted  in  the  Miston/  (p.  70),  to  the 
effect  that  the  surveyors  for  Donu'sday  "  shewed  a  kind 
and  benevolent  feeling  towards  the  Monastery,  and  did 
Hot  value  it  at  its  true  revenue,  nor  yet  at  its  exact  extent ; 
and  so,  compassionately  took  due  precautions  against  future 
royal  exactions  and  other  burdens,  and  with  the  most  atten- 
tive kindliness  made  provision  lor  its  welfare," — tliere  can  be 
little  doubt  was  fabricated  to  serve  a  purj)ose.  The  forgers 
knew  that  it  was  (|uite  within  the  limits  of  possibility  that 
their  fictitious  Charters,  with  their  outrageous  pretensions  to 
circumstantiality  as  to  the  extent  of  the  Abbey  lands,  might 
come  to  be  placed  before  a  judicial  tribunal  in  juxtaposition 
with  the  pages  of  Domesday :  and  the  present  passage,  it  is 
far  from  improbable,  was  inserted  with  the  view  of  meeting 
any  objections  to  discrepancies  that  might  possibly  arise. 

That  they  themselves  resorted  to  the  Book  of  Domesday, 
then  i)reserved  in  the  Exchecpicr,  there  can  be  no  doubt  ; 
and  hence  the  copious  extracts  in  the  lllstovij  which  Abbot 
Ingulf  is  represented  as  having  made  during  his  sojoui-n  in 
London,  on  his  visit  to  the  Court  of  William  the  Con(jueror. 
The  transcribers,  lunvever,  in  their  ignorance,  have  executed 
their  ta.sk  in  a  manner  that  Abbot  Ligulf  himself  would  never 
have  toleivited.  For  examjile,  they  were  not  awai'e  that 
*'  Elloi'  (properly  '  Lllohe ')  irn/fp"  signifies  "  the  Wapentake 
of  Elloe,"  but  have  absunlly  converted  it  into  '"  Ellowarp  " 
(j).  <S0),  as  the  name  (»f  a  place.  In  the  same  manner  too, 
tiie  WapentaUe  of  ivirketon  (Chirchetone)  is  represented  as 
*'  A irh'tona  Warp.''  Other  material  misstatements  are  made  ; 
in  addition  to  which,  tin;  Doiiti'sday  contraction  for  modo, 
"now,"  is  almost  unihjrmly  lengthened  into  m<ni<'U(\  "of 
money  "  ;  the  word  canicata,  "  carucjite,"  or  "  j)loughland,"  is 
som<,'timcs  c<)nfounde<l  with  airtn-fi,  "  plough  "  ;  and,  in  one 
instance,  "  V\"  standing  loi"  (jiiimjiif,  "  Jive,"  is  intei'preted 
as  riio,  "  but." 

^riie  f.'ibj-icators  too  oi  the  History,  finding  a  passage  in 
JJomcaday  to  the  elfect  that,  '"  from  the  time  of  King  Ethel- 


THE   HISTORY   AND    CHARTERS   OP    INGULFUS    CONSIDERED.    125 

red,  tlie  seat  of  the  abbacy  has  been  quit  and  free  of  all 
secular  services,"  have  laboured  (p.  84)  to  make  it  inciden- 
tally subservient  to  their  design,  Ethelred  the  Unready,  son 
of  Edgar,  is  no  doubt  the  sovereign  meant ;  but  they  "would 
suggest  that  it  is  just  as  probable  that  Ethelred,  King  of 
Mercia,  and  afterwards  Abbot  of  Bardeney  in  Lincolnsliire, 
is  the  personage  alluded  to ;  di'awing  attention,  at  the  same 
time,  to  the  fact  that  his  name  is  subscribed  as  an  attesting 
witness  to  Ethelbald's  Charter;  a  locality  in  which  the  Abbey 
authorities  who  had  shortly  before  obtained  the  Inspeximus 
and  Confirmation  of  Richard  IL,  themselves  had  taken  care 
to  have  it  jilaced. 

Another  suspicious  circumstance  calls  for  remark.  Vitalis 
says  that,  in  the  days  of  Abbot  Ingulf,  part  of  the  Abbey 
Church  of  Croyland,  with  the  sacristy,  books,  and  many  other 
articles,  was  suddenly  consumed  by  fire.  This  was  too 
tempting  a  statement  not  to  be  made  capital  of  by  the 
forgers  :  availing  themselves  of  it  with  skill,  they  would  be 
armed  against  every  contingency  in  reference  to  their  Saxon 
and  Mercian  Charters  in  a  court  of  law.  We  are  accordingly 
told  (p.  98)  that  the  flames  reaching  their  cartaria,  or  mu- 
niment-room, all  their  muniments,  charters,  and  privileges 
granted  by  the  Mercian  Kings,  both  great  and  small,  nearly 
400  in  number,  were  destroyed.  Then  again,  we  are  informed 
(p.  98)  that  Abbot  Ingulf  had,  some  years  before,  taken  from 
the  muniment-roora  many  Charters  written  in  Saxon  charac- 
ters ;  and  that,  having  duplicates  of  them,  and  in  some 
instances  triplicates,  he  had  put  them  in  the  hands  of  the 
pnecentor,  to  instruct  the  juniors  therefrom  in  a  knowledge 
of  the  Saxon  characters,  which  had  then  become  neglected 
and  nearly  obsolete.  These,  the  History  tells  us,  being  kept 
in  the  cloisters,  were  saved,  "  and  now  form  our  principal  and 
especial  muniments."  Again,  in  another  place  (p.  86),  Ingulf 
is  represented  as  saying  that,  in  spite  of  the  grant  by  deed  of 
the  vill  of  Spalding,  A.D.  1051,  by  Sheriff  Tliorold,  he  was 
deprived  thereof  through  the  enmity  of  Ivo  Tailbois  ;  at  the 
same  time  advising  his  successors,  when  desirous  to  regain 
the  same,  especially  to  rely  on  the  Charter  of  Thorold,  "  the 
other  Charters  being  ybr  certain  reasons  concealed,"  he  having 
learned  from  the  law^-ers  that ///fl'^  C/mr^^r  would  prove  much 
more  efficacious  for  the  assertion  of  their  rights  than  the  rest. 
At  a  later  period  again,  and  after  the  destruction  of  the 

VOL.  XIX.  s 


126    THE   HISTORY    AND   CHARTERS   OF   INQULFUS   CONSIDERED. 

Mon.osterjby  fire  in  a.d.  1091,  Abbot  Ingulf  is  made  to  say 
(p.  107),  that  though  Tailbois  imaii,inotl  that  r//^  their  Cliarters 
Avere  destroyed,  he  showed  liiai  in  Court  that  such  ^vas  not 
the  case  ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  produced  by  the  hands  of 
Brotlier  Trig,  liis  proctor,  tlie  Cliartcrs  of  Sheriff  Thorold  and 
the  Earls  Algar,  "whole  and  unburnt.  This  trial  concludeel, 
Abbot  Ingulf  further  says  (p.  107) — "I  took  our  Charters 
and  placed  them  in  such  safe  custody  that,  so  long  as  my  life 
lasts,  neither  fire  shall  consume  nor  adversary  steal  them  ; 
our  Lord  Jesus  Christ  and  our  blessed  patron,  the  most  holy 
Guthlac,  sho\Ying  themselves  propitious,  and,  as  I  firmly 
believe,  extending  their  protection  to  their  servants." 

Again,  it  "vnms  by  the  same  hands,  there  can  be  little  doubt, 
that  the  statement  was  inserted  in  the  so-called  "  Conf  in  nation 
hy  Ft'tcr  of  Blois  "  (part,  at  least,  of  which  is  certainly  quite 
as  spurious  as  the  Ilisforij  of  Ingulfus,  and  equally  founded 
on  the  narrative  of  Vitalis),  that  (p.  124)  "although  the 
original  Charters  of  the  Abbey  liad  been  burnt,  and  Abbot 
GeoRrey  (Ingulfs  successor)  urns  at  a  loss  to  Kiioic  in  what 
place  EdrciVs  Charter  of  Restoration  had  been  deposited  by  his 
predecessor.  Abbot  Ingulf,"  still  he  "proceeded  to  Evcsliam, 
and  produced  there  a  copi/  of  the  Charter  of  Restoration  (or 
Hefoundation)  of  his  Abbey  ; "  but,  for  ^Yant  of  the  oi-iginal, 
failed  in  the  object  of  his  mission. 

Though,  at  first  sight,  these  contradictions  may  seem 
puzzling,  yet,  upon  consideration,  the  reasons  for  the  insertion 
of  them  in  the  pretended  History  Avould  seem  to  be  pretty 
obvious.  It  would  of  course  occur  to  the  authorities  at 
Croyland,  that  the  people  of  Multon,  Weston,  and  Spalding, 
might  ver}'  possibly  question  the  genuineness  of  the  Chartei.s 
now  j)roil"orL'd  by  them  in  evidence,  for  the  first  time.  If 
tliey  themselves  should  be  able  to  convince  the  Court  that 
they  were  genuine,  of  course  all  would  be  well  and  good, 
and  their  junjKxse  would  be  answered.  Should,  however, 
on  the  other  hand,  ihcii'  .spuriuus  character  be  detected 
upon  a  close  scrutiny  by  the  Court,  it  would  then  be  in  their 
power  to  produce  in  their  own  excuJj)ation  Ingulfs  J/istorj/, 
penned  more  than  three  centuries  before,  to  show  that 
the  original  Charters  really  had  been  burnt,  that  contem- 
porary duplicates  hail  been  saved,  and  (hat,  if  these  were  not 
tlie  identical  copies  mcntioni  il  ly  Ingulf,  it  was  no  fiiult  of 
theirs  ;   that   they  liad   j^rollered   them  just  as  they  had  dc- 


THE    HISTORY    AND    CHARTERS    OF    INGULFUS    CONSIDERED.    127 

scended  into  their  hands  from  their  predecessors  ;  and  that,  if 
forgeries  they  really  were,  they  must  have  been  forged  by 
some  of  those  predecessors — who  alone  were  the  guilty  parties 
— for  the  purpose  of  tallying  with  the  narrative  of  the 
History. 

Again,  it  would  be  not  unlikely  that  inquiry  would  be  made, 
liow  it  was  that  these  Charters  had  never  been  proffered  in 
Court  during  the  repeated  litigations  of  the  preceding  three 
hundred  years.  The  stor}"  of  the  safe  concealment  of  them 
by  Abbot  Ingulf  was  accordingly  invented,  in  order  that  an 
excuse  might  be  afforded,  in  case  one  should  be  needed,  for 
the  sudden  and  unexpected  appearance  of  them  after  so  long 
a  lapse  of  time,  during  which  the  fact  of  their  existence  had 
been  unknown. 

In  reference  to  the  so-called  "  Charter  of  Restoration  "  of 
King  Edred,  it  deserves  remark  that  a  Charter  of  privileges 
granted  by  that  King  is  mentioned  in  the  Charter  of  William 
the  Conqueror  (p.  8G),  and  that  Charters  both  of  Edred  and 
of  William  are  referred  to  in  that  of  Henry  L,  dated  a.d. 
1114,  and  inserted  (p.  121)  in  the  so-called  Continuation  of 
Peter  of  Blois.  The  Charter  of  William — which,  as  is  usual 
"with  the  fabricated  Saxon  Charters,  forbids  "that  any  person 
under  his  rule  shall  presume  rashly  to  molest  the  monks  of 
Croyland,  lest  he  perish  by  the  sword  of  excommunication, 
and,  for  such  violation  of  ecclesiastical  rights,  suffer  the  tor- 
ments of  hell " — is  probably  as  fictitious  as  its  predecessors  ; 
but  as  that  of  Henry  I.,  which  mentions  Charters  of  Edred  and 
William,  has  apparently  some  fair  pretensions  to  be  considered 
genuine,  it  seems  not  improbable  that  Charters  of  Edred  and 
William  once  did  exist  :  and,  perhaps,  equally  within  the 
limits  of  probability,  that  a  copy  of  Edred's  Charter,  falling 
into  the  hands  of  the  compilers  of  the  History,  served  as  a 
basis  for  the  enlarged  Charter  of  Edred  as  there  set  forth. 

The  more  effectually,  to  all  appearance,  to  disarm  suspicion, 
the  compilers  have  placed  in  juxtaposition  with  the  Charters 
of  Edred  and  Edgar,  though  it  has  nothing  whatever  to  do 
with  the  context,  that  of  Edgar  to  the  Abbey  of  Medcsham- 
sted,  or  Peterborough  ;  a  document  which  we  laioio  for 
certain  to  have  been  subjected  to  the  self-same  treatment 
which  we  have  just  suggested  that  a  genuine  Charter  of 
Edred  may  possibly  have  undergone.  This  Charter,  as  it 
appears  in  Ingulfs  History,  and  in  one  of  the  Peterborough 


128    THE    HISTORY    AND    CHAKTERS    OF    IXGULFDS   CONSIDERED. 

Chronicles,  is  so  replete  Avitli  allusions  and  expressions  pecu- 
liar to  the  feudal  limes,  that  the  learned  Ilickes  {Thesaurus, 
Pref.,  p.  xxix.)  is  inclined  to  condemn  it  as  fictitious  ;  and, 
therefore, — a  thing  we  should  hardly  expect  in  his  case,  of 
all  men, — must  have  been  unaware  of  the  fact  that  the  nucleus 
of  it  is  preserved  in  the  Sitd'on  Chroiiidc  (pp.  392,  303, 
Mo)tumcnta  Histor.  Brit.)  ;  genuine,  no  doubt,  but  divested 
of  its  grandiloquent  recitals,  and  its  allusions  to  usages  of  a 
later  age.  The  mentiun  in  it  of  "  Courts  Cliristian,"  and  of 
"  parsons,"  and  the  fact  that  the  sovereign  is,  in  no  less  than 
six  instances,  made  to  speak  in  the  plui-al  number  (a  mode 
of  expression  not  to  be  found  before  the  time  of  Ivichard 
I.),  indicate  clearly  enough  that  it  has  been  tampered 
with  ;  thttugh  probably  by  other  hands  than  the  fabricators 
of  the  Charters  and  History  of  Jngulfus.  The  first  eleven 
attestations  given  in  the  llistnri/  of  Ingulfus  correspond  with 
those  in  the  Sajon  Chronicle ;  the  additional  nineteen,  to  all 
appearance,  are  spurious. 

It  now  only  remains  for  us  to  inquire,  what  are  the  sources 
from  which  such  portions  of  Ingulfs  JJisfor?/,  as  bear  any 
marks  of  borrowed  authenticity,  are  compiled  1  a  question 
which,  without  the  expenditure  of  an  amount  of  reseai-ch 
which  it  would  hardly  seem  to  deserve,  it  would  be  impos- 
sible to  answer  satisfactorily  in  eveiy  respect. 

The  basis  of  the  Histor i/  of  I)H)ulfus  througliout,  there  can 
be  little  doubt,  is  Chapter  17  of  the  Fourth  Book  of  the 
Ecclesiastical  Ilistori/  of  Ordericus  Vitalis  ;  not  a  line  hardly 
of  whoso  narrative — the  result  of  a  visit  paid  by  him  to  the 
Abbey  of  Croyhmd  early  in  the  twelfth  century — has  not  been 
carefully  made  avaihdjle  by  the  fabricators  ;  and,  in  condti- 
nation  therewith,  the  Chro)iicli'  o{  Floi-cnce  of  Worcester.  To 
these  sources  may  be  a<Mr,j.  in  all  |irobabili(y,  the  Jjife  of 
Saint  O'u/h/ar,  by  the  ^lonk  i''flix  ;  William  of  jMalmcsbuiy's 
J/i.sfort/  (if  l/ir  /\'i//(js  ;  the  Li/r  of  h't/ward  the  Conf-ssor,  by 
Ailred  of  Kievaux  ;  the  Chronicle  of  JSimeon  of  hiiiliaiii  ; 
tlitj  Ilistori/ of  the  Knijlish,  by  Henry  of  lluntin^ilon  ;  the 
Chroiiicoii  Aniiliff  of  J(jhn  nf  l'etcrborouL;h  ;  Doinesday 
Jiool,- ;  au'l,  poHsibl}',  the  Cc.sia  Ih  rnrardi.  1'lie  minute 
details  of  abbey  lile  and  desci'iptions  ol  conventual  buildings 
and  usages,  wilii  which  tin;  work  aboinnis,  ai-e  pidbably 
derived  from  the  Rules  <f  Saint  lUniedirt.  and  tli"se  olddier 
rcligicua  Orders;   while,  for  several  of  iheii-  nioie  nnci'ninion 


THE    HISTORY   AND    CHARTERS    OF    INGULFUS   CONSIDERED.    1:29 

Tvords,  the  compilers  seem  to  have  been  indebted  to  the 
Catholicon  of  John  of  Genoa,  an  important  Glossary  of  the 
latter  part  of  the  thirteenth  century. 

To  descend,  howevei",  to  somewhat  of  detail ;  so  far  as  our 
restricted  hmits,  and  a  comparatively  cursory  examination  of 
Ingulfs  narrative,  will  permit. — 

The  Prooimium  (p.  1)  is  of  course  the  composition  of  the 
compilers,  the  remainder  of  the  page  being  occupied  by  a 
summary  from  the  early  chroniclers.  The  story  of  Ethelbald 
and  JSaint  Guthlac  is  an  anipliiication  of  the  narrative  of 
Vitalis,  and  perhaps  of  the  Life  of  Saint  Guthlac,  by  Felix. 
The  poetry  in  page  4  is  evidently  of  the  average  execution 
of  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries;  the  latter  part  of  the 
page,  in  reference  to  the  derivation  of  the  name  Croyland, 
or  Crowland,  Avhicli  Hickes  {Thesaurus,  Pref.,  p.  viii.)  has 
somewhat  singularly  suggested  to  be  spurious,  being  borrowed 
almost  verbatim  from  Vitalis.  The  Charter  of  Ethelbald,  as 
already  mentioned,  was  in  all  probability  suggested  by  the 
narrative  of  Vitalis.  The  immediately  succeeding  pages, 
when  not  occupied  by  the  Charters,  are,  no  doubt,  a  compila- 
tion from  the  chronicles  ;  the  compilers  taking  good  care 
(as  indeed  is  asserted  in  page  20)  that  their  context  should 
be  able  to  receive  confirmation  therefrom.  Accordinolv,  -we 
find  the  mention  (pp.  18,  19)  of  King  Burghred  being  at 
Nottingham  in  a.d.  868  (where  he  is  represented  as  signing 
his  Charter  to  Croyland),  confirtned  by  the  Saxon  Chronicle, 
by  Simeon  of  Durham,  and  by  Florence  of  Worcester. 

The  basis  of  the  story  of  the  Danish  ravages  at  Croyland, 
A.D.  870  (pp.  20 — 24),  is  probably  to  be  found  in  the  account 
of  the  destruction  of  the  Monastery  of  Medeshamsted,  given  in 
the  Chronicle  nttributed  by  Sparke  to  Abbot  John  of  Peter- 
borough ;  considerable  additions  being  made,  the  inventions, 
in  all  probability,  of  the  compilers.  Among  these  additions  is 
the  mention  of  the  body  and  scourge  of  Saint  Guthlac  as 
being  saved  ;  also,  the  saving  of  the  gifts  of  King  Wichtlaf, 
and,  most  important  of  all,  of  the  Charters  of  ]"'thclbald  and 
the  other  Kings  ;  together  with  all  the  minute  particulars  of 
the  destruction  of  Croyland  by  the  Danes — nearly  every  word, 
in  fact,  of  page  22.  Brother  Turgar,  who,  in  Ingulfs  History, 
is  made  to  be  an  inmate  of  Cro^dand  and  a  child  ten  years 
of  age,  and  is  then  reserved  to  figure  as  one  of  the  Sempects 
and  to  die  at  the  age  of  115  years,  is  in  reality  a  monk  of 


130  THE    HISTOEY    AND    CHAETERS    OF    INGULFUS    CONSIDERED. 

Medeshamstcd,  as  shown  by  a  passage  in  the  Peterborough 
Chronicle,  which  the  Croyland  compilers  liave  thought  pro- 
per to  omit.  A  considerable  portion  of  pages  23,  24,  also 
giving  an  account  of  the  barbarities  inflicted  upon  certain  of 
the  Croyland  monks,  b}'  name,  is  equally  a  fiction,  invented 
by  the  compilers,  no  doubt,  and  interpolated  by  them  in  the 
extract  thus  borrowed  from  the  Peterborough  Chronicle. 

For  the  story  of  Saint  Cuthbert's  appearance  to  Alfred, 
tlie  compilers,  to  all  appearance,  are  indebted  to  AVilliam  of 
3Ialmesbury  ;  the  same  too  with  reference  to  the  account  of 
Alfred's  visit  to  the  Danish  camp  in  disguise  ;  which  is  toki 
by  Malmesbury  alike  of  Alfred  and  (§  131)  of  Olaf's  visit  to 
Athelstan's  tent,  in  a  minstrel's  garb. 

Turketul  is  made  to  be  a  kinsman  not  only  of  King  Edred 
(p.  30),  but  of  Osketul,  Archbishop  of  York  (p.  41)  ;  both 
in  conformity  with  the  account  of  Vitalis.  The  names  of  the 
six  manors  given  by  Turketul  to  CroyLand  are  the  same  as 
those  mentioned  by  Vitalis  :  who  also  drawls  attention  to 
Edgar's  Charter  of  Confirmation  (p.  42),  and  the  fact  of 
JJunstan  having  denounced  those  who  should  deprive  the 
Church  of  Croyland  of  its  possessions. 

Eilward,  or  Ethelward  (pp.  30,  3G),  brother  of  Edward 
the  Elder,  is  adopted  by  the  compilers  as  the  father  of 
Turketul.  lie  is  mentioned  b}"  Florence  of  Worcester,  and 
\vi)\\\  him  probably  the  name  is  borrowed  :  In's  relationship 
to  Turketul  is  a  fabrication,  no  d(tul)t.  The  account  of  the 
Battle  of  Brunford  (p.  37),  or  Brunenburgh,  from  the  striking 
resemblance  in  magniloquence  of  style,  is  aj)}»arently  an 
amplification  of  the  narrative  of  Henry  of  IIunting(hDn,  who 
equally  expatiates  upon  the  prowess  of  the  men  of  aMercia 
and  of  Wessex. 

The  great  intimacy  (p.  41)  that  existed  between  Dun- 
stan  and  TurkrLul,  is  also  menLioiicd  in  the  narrative  of 
Vitalis. 

The  u.se  of  the  out-oC-dic-w.-iy  word  "  So/i/ircf//''  (p.  •!!)), 
as  ajiplied  to  a  monk  of  the  Convent  when  past  the  iiftielh 
year  of  his  profession,  w;i.s  in  all  pi'obahility  suggested  to  the 
compilers  by  tlic  occurrrncr  of  il  in  the  Jlistort/  of  Vitalis 
(B.  viii.,  c.  11)  ;  though  in  what  sense,  it  seems  diflicult 
exactly  to  determine.  Jt  is  also  to  be  found,  under  the  form 
"  spipa'dn,"  as  aj)plied  to  a  class  of  monks,  in  the  liiih's  of 
Saint  lirnidirt ;   and  an  early  use  of  il,  though  appai-cntly  in 


THE    HISTORY    AND   CHARTERS   OF    INGULFUS    CONSIDERED.    131 

another  sense,  is  to  be  met  witli  in  the  Lausiac  History  of 
the  Eastern  Sohtaries,  bj  Palladius,  a  Christian  Bishop. 

The  succession  of  the  Elder  Egelric  (p.  52),  on  the  death 
of  Turketul,  and  his  relationship  to  the  deceased  Abbot  (pp. 
32,  51),  are  mentioned  by  Vitalis.  The  same  too  with  the 
succession  of  the  Younger  Egelric  (p.  53),  and  his  relation- 
ship (p.  40)  to  the  Elder  Egelric,  his  predecessor. 

The  story  of  the  removal  of  the  relics  of  Saint  Neot  to 
Croyland  (p.  55)  from  Elnophesbyry  (or  Eynesbur}^),  in 
Huntingdonshire,  is  also  related  by  Vitalis  ;  though  the 
compilers  have  added  the  fact,  that  the  body  had  been 
exposed  there  to  the  ravages  of  the  Danes. 

The  successions  of  Abbots  Osketul  (p.  54)  and  Godric 
(p.  b^^  are  probably  borrowed  from  Vitalis  ;  and  the  story 
of  the  atrocities  committed  by  Swejai,  father  of  Cnut  (p.  b^), 
is,  to  all  appearance,  closely  copied  from  the  narrative  of 
Florence  of  Worcester. 

The  mention  (p.  57)  of  Norman,  brother  of  Earl  Leofric, 
as  the  "greatest  of  the  satellites"  of  Duke  Edric  Streona, 
there  can  be  little  doubt  is  suggested  by  the  pages  of  Flo- 
rence, who  implies  as  much  ;  though  the  assertion  that 
Edric's  body  was  thrown  into  the  Thames  is  borrowed  from 
another  source — William  of  Maluiesbury,  or,  possibly,  Roger 
of  AVendover. 

The  story  also  (p.  57)  of  Leofric  having  replaced  his 
brother  Norman,  and  of  his  being  in  high  favour  with  Cnut, 
is  probably  borrowed  from  Florence  of  W^orcester  ;  the  men- 
tion of  him  being  inserted  merely  for  the  purpose  of  showing, 
why  the  Manor  of  Baddeby  was  not  in  the  possession  of  the 
Abbey  of  Croyland  at  the  time  of  the  compilation  of  Domes- 
day (pp.  57,  85). 

The  succession  of  Abbot  Brithmer  (p.  58)  is  apparently 
derived  fi'om  Vitalis  ;  and  in  the  next  page  the  compilers 
have  followed  the  Saxon  Chronicle,  Florence  of  Worcester, 
and  others  of  our  early  chroniclers,  in  erroneously  placing  the 
visit  of  Cnut  to  Home  in  a.d.  1031,  instead  of  1027,  as  cor- 
rectly stated  by  Wippo.  Cnut's  Letter  to  the  Prelates  and 
People  of  England  (pp.  5.9 — 61)  is  probably  copied  from  the 
pages  of  Florence. 

The  account  (p.  61)  of  Cnut's  landing  at  Sandwich,  a.d. 
1032,  on  his  return  from  Rome,  is  a  fiction  evidently  ;  and 
equally  so,  no  doubt,  is  the  story  of  Abbot  Brithmer  has- 


\Z-2   THE    IIISTOKY    AND    CHARTERS    OF    INGULFUS    CONSIDERED. 

tening  thither  to  present  liini  \vith  tlircc  palfreys.  The 
fiction  is  apparently  based  upon  the  narrative  of  the  Sdd'on 
C/iro/iicle,  ^vhich  iiNplies  that  Cnut  landed  at  Sandwich,  A.D. 
1029  ;  upon  which  occasion  he  bestowed  certain  privileges 
upon  Christ  Church  at  Canterbury. 

The  succession  of  Wulgat  (pp.  62,  013),  Abbot  of  Pegeland, 
to  the  Abbacy  of  Croyland,  on  the  death  of  Brithmer,  and 
the  story  of  his  sufferings,  ai-e  apparently  a  fanciful  amplifi- 
cation of  the  narrative  of  Vitalis. 

Tlie  mention  (p.  G4)  of  the  earthquake  in  1048  is  derived 
probably  from  tSimeon  of  Durham,  or  from  Floi'ence  of 
Worcester  ;  but  a  clerical  error  has  been  committed  in  sub- 
stituting the  ''  Calends  of  March,"  for  the  "  Calends  of  May." 

The  attesting  witnesses  to  Edward  the  Confessor's  spurious 
Charter  of  Confirmation  (p.  64)  are  Archbishops  E<lsy  and 
Alfric,  and  Earls  Godwin,  Leofric,  and  Siward.  The  whole 
of  these  five  identical  personages,  and  no  others,  are  named 
together  by  Simeon  of  Durham  and  Florence  of  Worcester, 
s.  (I.  1U43. 

The  succession  of  Wulkctul,  a  monk  of  Peterborough,  to 
the  Abbacy  of  Croyland  (p.  65),  is  i)rubably  derived  from 
Vitalis. 

The  words  (p.  GQ)  ^' per  vim  suum  Comitatum  rectipcravit,'' 
in  reference  to  Earl  Algar's  outlawry  and  return,  are  identical 
with  those  given  in  their  account  <»t"  the  same  transaction  by 
Simeon  of  ])inli,-iin  and  Florence  of  Worcester. 

The  Latin  Leonine  lines  (p.  GS),  on  the  Comet  that 
appeared  a.d.  lOGG,  are  probably  borrowed  from  Simeon  of 
Durham  or  Henry  of  Huntingdon  ;  as  they  are  not  to  be 
found  in  Floi-ence  of  Woirester.  The  account  of  the  liattlo 
of  Hastings  (p.  (j[)),  on  the  otlicr  hand,  would  seem  to  be 
abbreviated  from  Florence  of  Worcester,  or  Simeon  of  Dur- 
liam. 

The  account  of  Eail  ^\^•llllM'of's  execution  (j).  7:2),  though 
expanded,  closely  follows  th.ii  of  \'italis  ;  who  also  mentions 
liis  gift  to  the  Abbey,  here  noticed,  of  the  vill  of  I'arnack, 
in  ^('orthamptonsliirc. 

The  story  of  the  deprivation  of  Abbot  Wulkdul,  a.d.  loT^) 
(pp.  7'i,  7f>),  is  probably  borrowed  from  Vitalis  ;  who  nu'rely 
Htate.s,  however,  that  he  was  <leposed.  and  confuied  at  Clas- 
toiibury.  Tin.'  iiiiprovenient  uikiii  his  narrative,  in  reference 
to  Abbot  ThiUhtan,  has  been  alicaily  noticed. 


THE    HISTORY   AND    CHARTERS    OF    INQULFUS   CONSIDERED.    133 

The  notion  of  the  pilgrimage  of  Ingulf  to  Jerusalem 
(p.  74)  is  probabl}^  borrowed  from  the  account  of  that  of 
Theodoric,  first  Abbot  of  8aint  Evroult,  in  the  Ilhtory  of 
Vitalis  (B.  iii.,  c.  4);  the  "Bishop  of  Mayence,"  whom  In- 
gulf is  represented  as  accompanying,  representing  the 
"  Chief  Bishop  of  the  Bavarians,"  in  whose  train  Theodoric 
travelled. 

The  story  of  Ingulf  exercising  his  influence  with  King 
William  in  behalf  of  Wulketul  (pp.  78,  79),  is  probably 
amplified  from  the  account  of  Vitalis,  who  briefly  states  to 
the  same  effect.  The  narratives  vary,  however,  as  to  the 
day  of  the  month  on  which  Wulketul  died. 

,The  account  (p.  102)  of  the  translation  of  the  body  of 
Earl  Waltheof  from  the  Chapter-house  to  the  Church  of 
Croyland  is  related,  to  a  considerable  extent,  in  the  very 
words  that  are  used  by  Vitalis  in  narrating  the  same  trans- 
action. 

As  already  mentioned,  these  enquiries  might  probably  be 
considerably  extended,  with  equally  satisfactory  results,  in 
proof  that,  as  a  compilation  of  a  comparatively  late  period, 
the  History  of  Ingulfus  has  no  pretensions  to  genuineness  or 
authenticity  whatever.  Enough,  however,  has  perhaps  been, 
said  to  leave  little  room  for  doubt,  in  the  minds  even  of  the 
most  credulous,  that  such  is  the  fact. 

Had  the  object  of  this  "pious  fraud"  been  really  a  harm- 
less one,  other  in  fact  than  it  undoubtedly  was,  the  com- 
pilers might  have  deserved  some,  perhaps  considerable, 
commendation  for  the  research  and  inventiveness  displayed 
in  the  fabrication  of  their  romance,  and  for  the  skill  which, 
in  the  days  of  typography  even,  for  at  least  a  century  suc- 
ceeded in  hoodwinking  the  eyes  of  the  learned.  There  is 
too  abundant  proof,  however,  that  under  the  transparent  veil 
of  promoting  the  cause  of  religion,  their  purpose  was  selfish, 
and  their  conduct,  oppressive  and  mendacious.  Stripped  of 
its  pretensions,  their  plausible  and  by  no  means  uninteresting 
compilation  must  be  content  to  take  its  humble  place  among 
the  items  of  our  later  medieval  literatui'c,  as  nothing  more 
than  the  "  Story  of  the  Pseudo-Ingulf." 


VOL.  XIX. 


ON  THE  EFFIGIES  AND  >rONUMENTAL  REMAINS  IN 
PETERBOROUGH  CATHEDRAL.' 

Bv  JIATIUKW  HOLBECUE  BI.OXAM. 

The  ancient  conventual  clmrch  of  Pcterborougli,  now  tlic 
Cathedral,  was  never  i-cinarkable  either  for  the  number  or 
statelincss  of  the  sepulchral  monuments  it  contained. 

The  sculptured  memorials  of  this  class  now  existing  ai-e 
confined,  with  one  exception,  to  a  few  ancient  recumbent 
effigies  of  abbots,  not  one  of  which,  it  is  believed,  occupies  its 
original  position,  nor  are  there  inscriptions  to  inform  us, 
with  certainty,  of  what  particular  abbots  we  have  the  repre- 
sentations. We  are  lelt  to  appropriate  these  effigies  as  we 
best  may  ;  and  in  a  conjectural  appropriation  there  is 
doubtless  much  room  for  diversity  of  oj>inion.  It  is,  under 
these  circumstances,  that  I  would  endeavour  to  describe,  and 
to  assign,  according  to  my  own  opinion,  with  all  deference  to 
that  of  others  conversant  with  monumental  remains,  that 
series  of  ancient  sepulchral  effigies,  six  in  number,  contained 
■within  those  hallowed  walls,  which  have  been  preserved 
from  the  destruction  to  which  other  monuments  have  been 
subjected. 

Five  of  these  effigies  are  of  dark-colored  marble,  a  mate- 
rial in  which  many  early  monumental  effigies— for  instance, 
those  in  tiie  Temple  church,  London — are  sculptured,  and  in 
relief  more  or  less  bold.  The  most  ancient  of  these  I  should 
a.scribe  to  the  latter  part  of  the  twelCth  century,  the  other  four 
to  dillerent  j)eriods  in  the  thirteenth  century.  ^J'he  sixth 
effigy,  sculptured  in  chnich  or  chalk-stone,  is,  I  think  tliat  I 
shall  be  aide  to  sIkjw,  (if  ilio  eai'ly  ])ai-t  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury. J''n»in  the  material,  however,  in  which  it  is  sculj)tured, 
it  is  far  mon-  mutilated  tlian  any  of  the  earlier  effigies. 

Akhough  not  (lUe  oj"  thesf-   iiMniiinifiits   (icciipics  llieposi- 

'  f'ommiinicfitj'l  to  tlio  Soction  r.f  Autiiiuititu  ut  tho  Aimuul  Meeting  of  the 
■limttluto  at  I'utcrborough,  July,  IbGl. 


MONUMENTAL    REMAINS    IN    PETERBOROUGH    CATHEDRAL.  135 

tion  ill  which  it  was  originally  placed,  but  each  appears  to 
have  been  removed,  some,  as  we  are  told  by  Guiiton,  from 
the  Chapter-house,  one  probably  from  the  Lady  Chapol,  and 
they  are  not  arranged  in  chi'onological  order,  I  shall  com- 
mence with  that  which  I  consider  the  earliest,  and  so 
describe  them,  not  as  they  are  now  placed,  but  in  order  of 
supposed  date. 

In  the  retro-choir,  at  the  back  of  the  high  altar,  or  to 
speak  more  in  accordance  with  our  own  church  discipline, 
the  holy  table,  on  a  coffin-shaped  slab  of  dark-coh)red 
marble,  is  tlie  effigy,  in  somewhat  low  relief,  of  one  of  the 
abbots.  He  is  represented  as  bareheaded,  with  the  face  close 
shaven,  vested  in  an  alb,  (the  long  linen  garment  with  close 
sleeves,  reaching  to  the  feet),  and  chasuble.  The  chasuble 
is  ornamented  with  the  orphrey,  attached  to  it  in  front,  in 
form  resembling  tlie  archicpiscopal  pall.  Beneath  the  lower 
part  of  the  chasuble  appear  the  extremities  of  the  stole,  which 
coming  over  each  shoulder  crossed  the  breast  in  front,  and 
w\as  then  passed  under  the  girdle  of  the  alb,  over  which 
it  was  worn,  the  two  extremities  falling  perpendicularly 
downwards.  The  amice  is  represented  about  the  neck.  The 
pastoral  staff  is  placed  in  a  diagonal  position  across  the  body, 
and  is  held  in  the  right  hand,  the  crook,  which  is  simply 
curved  and  turned  outwards,  appears  on  the  right  side  of 
the  head  ;  the  ferule  of  the  staff,  on  the  left. side  of  the  left 
foot,  is  thrust  into  the  jaws  of  a  two-headed  dragon,  the 
winged  serpent  of  fabulous  tradition,  sculptured  at  the  feet  of 
the  effigy,  which,  as  it  is  also  represented  at  the  feet  of  other 
early  sepulchral  effigies  of  ecclesiastics,  seems  allusive  to  that 
verse  in  the  Psalms, — "  Thou  shalt  tread  upon  the  lion  and 
adder,  the  young  lion  and  dragon  shalt  thou  trample  under 
foot."  The  left  hand  is  represented  holding  a  book.  Over 
the  head  of  the  effigy  is  a  flat  canopy,  consisting  of  a  plain 
semicircular  trefoil,  surmounted  by  the  representation  of  a 
Norman  arcaded  building,  finished  with  a  conical  roof 
such  as  we  find  on  towers  of  the  twelfth  century,  represented 
in  illuminated  manuscripts  and  on  seals.  This,  which  I 
consider  to  be  the  most  ancient  of  the  sepulchral  effigies, 
may,  I  think,  be  attributed  either  to  Abbot  l^enedict,  who 
died  in  1193,  or  to  Abbot  Andrew,  who  died  in  1199.  As 
the  former  is  said  to  have  built  the  nave  of  the  church,  I  am 
rather   inclined  to  assiirn   this    monument  to  him.      It   is 


136  MONUMENTAL   REMAINS    IN 

enoraved  in  Gougli's  Sepulchral  ^[onumeiits,  but  lie  docs  not 
-venture  an  opinion  as  to  ^vllose  effigy  it  was  suppose*! 
to  be. 

The  second  monumental  cfligy,  taking  them  in  chronolo- 
gical order,  is  that  now  placed  second  from  the  west  end  of 
the  south  aisle  of  the  choir,  and  probably  one  of  those 
three  which  Gunton  tells  us  were  removed  from  the  chapter 
house  on  the  suppression  of  the  monastery.  Tiiis,  with  the 
coffin-shaped  slab  on  which  it  rests,  is  sculptured  out  of  one 
block  of  dark-colored  Purbcck  or  Forest  marble.  It  is  the 
effigy  of  an  abbot  in  bold  but  somewhat  low  relief;  the  head 
is  represented  as  bare,  reposing  on  a  lozenge-shaped  pillow, 
within  an  Early  English  circular  trcfoiled  arch,  springing  from 
two  lateral  shafts,  with  sculptured  foliage  on  the  cajMtals,  and 
surmounted  by  a  kind  of  architectural  design.  This  effigy 
is  somewhat  abraded  on  the  surface,  but  the  chin  of  the  face 
appears  to  have  been  covered  with  a  beard.  The  abbot  is 
represented  with  the  amice  about  his  neck,  vested  in  the  alb 
and  chasuble,  between  which  appear  the  extremities  of  the 
stole.  The  feet  do  not  rest  against  any  animal.  The  pas- 
toral staff  is  held  in  the  right  hand,  whilst  in  the  left  appears 
a  book.  This  is  evidently  a  monument  of  the  early  part  of 
the  thirteenth  century,  and,  as  the  architectural  details  agree 
with  those  of  the  west  front  of  the  Cathedral,  I  am  not 
perhaps  fai-  from  being  correct  when  I  assign  this  memorial 
to  Abbot  llobert  de  Lyndeseye,  who  is  said  to  have  erected 
the  west  front,  and  to  have  died  in  1222.  This  effigy  is 
engraved  in  Gougli's  Sepulchral  ^lonuments,  and  assigned 
to  Abbot  Martin  de  Vecti,  who  died  in  1155.  It  is  figured, 
from  a  drawing  by  Mr.  Ijlorc,  in  liritton's  Petcrborougli 
Cathedral,  ])late  xii. 

The  third  monumental  effigy  in  chronological  order  is  also 
the  third  from  the  west  end,  and  was  j)roijably  one  of  tiie 
three  said  to  liavc  been  removed  IVom  tlie  chapter-house. 
Like  tlic  two  efligies  I  liavc  described,  thi.s,  together  with  tlie 
coffin-shaped  slab  on  which  it  lies,  is  sculj)tuivd  out  of  one 
block  (jf  dar-k-colored  marble.  Tlio  abbot,  of  whom  this  is 
th<;  edigy,  is  represente<l  barcluadctl,  with  a  curled  be.-U"d 
reaching  from  c.lr  to  ear.  lie  .'ippears  vested  in  the  alb, 
with  an  oiiiMinented  parure  oi"  aitpai<'l  in  front  at  the  feet  ; 
OV(,T  the  alh  is  worn  thf;  tuiili-.  ;iiid  oNcr  that  the  ehasiibh;. 
The   j)a.^toraI    stall'  is   hea<le(l  with    a  simple   crook,   turned 


PETERBOROUGH   CATHEDRAL.  137 

inwards  towards  the  effigy,  and  is  held  in  the  right  hand.  In 
the  left  hand  appears  a  book.  The  maniple  is  suspended 
over  the  left  wrist.  The  feet  rest  against  a  dragon,  into  the 
jaws  of  which  the  ferule  of  the  pastoral  staff  is  thrust.  This 
effigy  is  in  low  relief,  but  unmutilated.  Over  the  head 
appears  a  pointed  cinquefoiled  canopy  or  arch,  springing  from 
lateral  shafts,  witli  capitals,  sculptured  with  foliage.  The 
arch  is  surmounted  by  the  representation  of  a  building.  This 
monument  appears  in  date  to  be  of  about  the  middle  of  the 
thirteentli  century,  and  I  am  inclined  to  ascribe  it  either  to 
Abbot  Walter  de  St.  Edmund,  who  died  in  124.5,  or  to  Abbot 
William  do  Hotot,  his  successor,  who  died  in  1249,  shortly 
after  he  had  resigned  the  rule  of  this  monastery,  and  was 
buried  in  this  conventual  church  before  the  altar  of  St.  Bene- 
dict. This  effigy  is  ascribed  by  Gough  to  John  of  Salisbury, 
who  died  in  1125,  but  it  is  not  of  so  early  a  date.  (Figured 
in  Britten's  Peterborough  Cathedral,  plate  xii.) 

The  fourth  effigy,  in  chronological  order,  is  that  disposed 
first  at  the  west  end  of  the  south  aisle  of  the  choir.  This, 
like  the  three  effigies  already  described,  is,  with  the  coffin- 
shaped  slab  on  which  the  effigy  appears,  sculptured  in  some- 
what bold  relief  out  of  a  block  of  black  or  dark-colored 
English  marble.  The  effigy  of  the  abbot  is  represented  with 
the  face  closely  shaven,  and  the  body  vested  in  the  alb,  the 
parure  or  apparel  of  which  in  front  at  the  feet  is  richly 
worked.  Over  the  alb  is  worn  the  tunic,  or  dalmatic,  and 
over  that  the  chasuble,  the  folds  of  the  latter  comino-  down 
to  a  point  in  front,  heater-shaped.  This  chasuble  is  richly 
ornamented  with  foliage.  On  the  right  side  is  tlie  pastoral 
staff,  the  head  or  crook  of  which  is  gone,  but  the  ferule  of 
the  staff  is  inserted  into  the  jaws  of  a  dragon,  sculptured 
beneath  the  feet  of  the  effigy.  In  the  left  hand,  somewhat 
upraised  on  the  breast,  is  a  book.  The  amice,  like  a  hood, 
partly  covers  the  head,  which  is  supported  by  the  mutilated 
figures  of  two  angels.  This  monument,  which  is  assigned  by 
Gough,  in  whose  work  it  is  engraved,  to  Abbot  Andrew, 
who  died  in  1199,  may,  I  think,  more  properly  be  ascribed 
to  Abbot  John  de  Caloto,  who  died  in  1  2G2,  and  was  buried 
in  the  south  aisle  of  the  choir  of  this  conventual  church. 

The  fifth  recumbent  effigy,  in  chronological  order,  is  the 
most  eastward  of  the  series,  lying  under  or  adjoining  to  the 
south  wall  of  the  south  aisle  of  the  choir.     Unlike  the  effigies 

O 


138  MONUMENTAL   REMAINS   IN 

already  described,  the  sepulchral  effigy  of  the  abbot  hero 
represented,  is  placed  on  a  raised  tomb  of  black  marble,  the 
north  side  of  which  has  been  divided  by  plain  cylindrical 
shafts,  with  bases  and  capitals,  into  four  compartments, 
each  containing  a  plain  quatrefuiled  circle  ;  at  the  lower  end 
is  a  single  compartment  similarly  iillcd  with  a  quatrefoilcd 
circle.  The  shape  of  the  tomb  at  the  head  is  semi-hexagonal. 
This  tomb  appears  to  have  been  removed  from  some  other 
place  and  is  not  altogether  perfect ;  the  lower  part  is  broken, 
and  one-half  of  a  quatrefoilcd  circle  is  gone.  It  is,  therefore, 
in  its  present  state  somewhat  shorter  than  it  was  originall3^ 
On  this  tomb,  sculptured  in  the  same  kind  of  marble,  lies 
the  recumbent  effigy  of  an  abbot,  the  head  apparently  that 
of  an  aged  man,  with  the  face  bcanled  from  car  to  ear,  but 
the  feet  are  gone,  probably  destroyed  with  the  lower  portion 
of  the  tomb  beneath.  The  vestments  wdiich  are  visible 
consist  of  the  alb,  over  the  skirt  of  which  appear  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  stole,  above  this  is  the  chasuble,  and  about 
the  neck  is  worn  the  amice.  The  pastoral  staff  is  gone,  but 
a  book  is  held  in  the  left  hand.  Over  the  head  is  a  canopy, 
consisting  of  a  pointed  trefoil,  enriched  above  with  Early 
English  foliage  stilHy  designed,  and  much  abraded,  perhaps 
from  violence.  This  monument  is,  I  thiidv,  of  a  later  date 
than  the  four  previously  described  ;  the  workmanship  is 
better  and  of  a  more  advanced  period  in  art.  There  is  also 
a  greater  attempt  at  freedom  in  the  arrangement  of  the 
drapery.  Gough  assigns  this  monument,  as  he  has  desciibed 
another,  to  j\fa)-tin  de  \^ecti,  who  died  in  115.3;  I  should, 
however,  consider  it  to  be  that  of  Abbot  Richard  de  London, 
who  died  in  120.5,  at  the  advanced  age  of  82  years.  This 
woultl  a(,'cord  not  only  with  the  architectural  details  of  the 
t'-iiib  and  style  of  the  sculptured  foli.age,  but  also  with  the 
lace  of  the  eiligy,  which  is  tliat  of  an  agod  man.^ 

These  efliL^ics  diiVcr  from  eai-ly  episcopal  S('i)ulcliial  cfligics 
ill  tliat  til''  I.I  tier  are  gfuei-ally  rej)resented  with  the  right 
liand  iij)iais<'d,  with  certain  of  the  fingers  extended,  in  tlic 
act  of  Ijcncdiction,   wiiich    is    not  the^  case   with   any  one  of 

'  Since  tlii«    p(»i)cr    wan   rp.id,  I    liuvc  (('Hiii  wils  nn  oblong  ]>ioco  of  Icini    four 

(Uiccrtiiiiiccl  that  tliJH  iiioniinieiit.  witliin  inciioH    l(>i)|{,    witli     tlio     wiinls    Aiiiiah 

whi'-h    iH   a   Ntoiie  oofliii  contiiinin^  the  Ai.kxand'    inHcrihed    upon     it.        Thiti 

r«Hi!iiiiH  of  iiij  ttbhut,  wiw  nniovr.l  to  itrt  iihJMit   Alexiiii'lfr    <lii-<l    in    \'1'2C.       Tho 

1>rf»«»t  podition  in  tin;  yciir  1<').''.0,  wIhmi  <lill'<Tcnco  of  dufc,  murly  novonty  yciWH, 

t  wa*   diifcovcrutl  on  tho  north  niiio  of  mIiowh  how  fur  I   wiw  wrong  in  my  uou- 

tlio    choir.      Willi    the    rcuiainH   in  tho  jccturul  ancripliuu. 


PETERBOROUGH   CATHEDRAL.  139 

these,  and  also  in  the  absence  of  the  mitre,  tlie  Avearing  of 
which  had  not  as  yet  been  granted  to  the  abbot  of  this 
monastery.  But  these  form  perhaps  tlie  most  interesting 
series  of  recumbent  effigies  of  ecclesiastics  of  aljbatical  rank 
anywhere  to  be  found  in  this  country. 

The  sixth  and  last  of  the  sepulchral  effigies  of  the  abbots 
is  that  placed  on  the  floor  of  the  south  aisle  of  the  choir, 
near  the  east  end,  but  on  the  north  side  of  the  aisle.  It  lias 
evidently  been  removed  thither  from  the  place  it  originally 
occupied,  and  was  formerly,  probably,  elevated  on  a  raised 
tomb.  It  is  much  mutilated,  far  more  so  than  the  earlier 
effigies  I  have  noticed,  from  the  matei'ial  being  of  clunch  or 
chalk  stone,  not  of  marble.  It  is  also  undoubtedly  of  a  nmch 
later  period  than  the  other  effigies.  The  abbot,  here  repre- 
sented in  a  recumbent  position,  appears  vested  in  the  alb 
with  its  apparels,  tunic,  dalmatic,  stole,  and  chasuble,  with 
the  amice  about  the  neck  ;  and  on  the  head  is  w^orn,  though 
now  much  mutilated,  the  mitre,  mitra  prdiosa.  The  head 
reposes  on  a  double  cushion  supported  by  two  angels,  which 
are  much  defaced.  There  is  no  appearance  of  any  j^astoral 
staff. 

This  effigy  is  neither  engraved  by  Gough  nor  assigned  to 
any  particular  abbot,  but  as  it  is  that  of  a  mitred  abbot, 
there  are  only  tw^o  to  wdiom  it  can  be  ascribed.  William 
Genge,  the  40th  abbot,  elected  in  139G,  is  said  by  Gunton  to 
have  been  the  fii-st  mitred  abbot  of  this  monastery.  The 
same  wTiter  states,  that  this  abbot  had  a  brass  for  his  mo- 
nument. This  disappeared  in  the  general  devastation  by  the 
parhamentary  troops  in  1643.  John  Deeping,  the  41st 
abbot,  elected  in  1408,  had  also,  as  Gunton  informs  us,  a 
brass  for  his  monument,  which  fared  as  the  former  in  1643. 
Richard  Ashton,  the  42nd  abbot,  surrendered  his  office  in 
1471.  William  Ramsey,  the  43rd  abbot,  was  elected  in 
1471,  and  having  been  abbot  for  25  ^^ears  died,  and  was 
buried  at  the  upper  end  of  the  body  of  the  church,  "  under 
(says  Gunton)  a  fair  marble  which  of  late  was  plentifully 
adorned  with  brass,  but  disrobed  thereof  with  the  rest." 

Robert  Kirton,  the  44th  abbot,  elected  in  1496,  built 
much,  says  Gunton,  especially  "that  goodly  building  at  the 
east  end  of  the  church."  "  He  also  set  up  the  gate  leading 
to  the  deanry,  which  is  yet  standing,  and  retaineth  the 
memory  of  the  builder  in  his  hieroglyphick  of  a  crosier  with 


110  MONUMENTAL   REMAINS   IN 

tlie  letter  K,  and  a  chiiirh  or  kirk  })k\ced  upon  a  tun,  Avliich 
iiuist  be  construed  with  the  aUusion  thus,  Abbot  Robert 
lurk  Tun,  and  so  Kir-ton."  Thus  far  Gunton,  and  when,  as 
that  Avritor  informs  us,  he,  Robert  Kirton,  had  been  abbot 
32  3'ears  (that  is  in  1528),  he  was  buried  in  the  Lady  Chapel 
or  Cha)>el  of  St.  !^^ary,  now  demolished,  which  he  had  con- 
tributed to  beautify.  "  His  moiuunent  was  in  the  year  1G51 
levelled  with  the  ground,  above  which  it  was  erected  some 
four  foot  and  placed  upon  an  hollow  arch,  whei-e  his  body 
lav,  and  at  the  head  thereof  was  a  fair  stone  lying  even  with 
the  pavement,  which  covered  a  pair  of  stairs  going  down  into 
the  sepulchre." 

To  Abbot  Robert  Kirton,  then,  the  last  who  died  abbot  of 
this  monastery,  1  am  inclined  to  assign  this  cflSgy,  evidently 
removed  from  a  tomb  in  some  other  part  of  the  church. 

I  must  not  omit  to  state,  however,  that  John  Chambers, 
the  45th  and  last  abbot,  elected  in  1528,  was  in  1541  nomi- 
nated and  consecrated  the  first  bishop  of  this  now  Cathedral 
church.  He  continued  bishop  about  the  space  of  15  years, 
to  the  year  1556,  and  he  had,  Gunton  tells  us,  two  monu- 
ments in  the  church,  one  "made  of  white  chalk  stone  with 
his  statue  excellently  carved  lying  on  the  top,  which  was 
demolished  in  1  (M:3."  Some  may  tliink  tliat  this  eftigy 
represented  liisliop  Chambers,  but  I  am  inclined  to  attiibute 
it  to  Abbot  Kirton.  The  style  of  workmanship  is  i-ather 
that  of  his  period  than  of  his  successor,  in  whose  time,  at  least 
during  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Sixth,  a  change  had  occurred 
in  the  episcopal  vestments,  and,  although  in  the  reign  of 
^lary  tli(.'  old  ecclesiastical  habits  had  been  reverted  to,  he 
wo\iid  ])robably  have  been  ivju'escnted,  like  Bishop  Goldwell 
at  Norwich,  in  the  coj)e  rather  than  the  chasuble.  I  also 
doubt  whether  this  bisho})  had  two  nionunienls  in  this  church, 
as  state<l  by  Gunton. 

The  only  nKHiumcnt  of  a  bishop  worthy  of  notice  appears 
to  have  been  thai  ol'  Uislmp  l)(i\c,  who  died  in  1G30,  and 
was  buried  in  tlienoilh  transcjjt.  (iunton  states  that  "over 
liis  body  was  ei'ected  a  vei'V  comely  monument  of  a  long 
<piadrangular  form,  having  foni- coiner  jiilastcrs  sup])orting  a 
fair  table  of  black  marble,  ami,  within,  llie  pourhaiture  of  the 
bisiiop  lying  in  his  ('pi,scoj)al  haliit."  That  would  consist  of 
the  rochet  with  the  chiinere  worn  over  it.  Hut  (liis  nioim- 
ijient  was,  in  the  yar  !'!  I.".,  le\eled  with  (lie  L'roun<l. 


PETERBOROUGH    CATHEDRAL.  Hi 

111  the  same  year  all  the  iiih-iid  effigies  of  brass  of  persons 
of  any  distinction,  buried  Aivithin  this  church,  including 
those  of  the  abbots  Gengc,  Deeping,  and  Ramsey,  were  torn 
a^Yay  from  the  slabs  by  the  parliamentary  troops.  Some  of 
the  sepulchral  slabs,  thus  despoiled,  may  yet  be  seen  forming 
part  of  the  pavement  in  the  vestibule  or  porch  at  the  west 
end  of  the  Cathedral.  From  the  matrices  of  these,  one  ap- 
pears to  have  borne  a  cross  fleury,  with  a  shield  on  the 
middle  of  the  stem  ;  another  bore  the  effigy  of  a  person  in  the 
habit  of  a  layman,  with  his  wife,  being  apparently  of  the 
fifteenth  century  ;  a  third  bore  the  effigy  of  a  knight  or 
esquire  clad  in  armour,  with  his  wife,  of  the  latter  part  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  and  a  fourth,  that  of  a  layman  and  his 
wife,  with  a  group  of  children  beneath  them. 

I  can  find  only  one  sculptured  monument,  worthy  of  notice, 
placed  in  the  Cathedral  since  the  devastation  committed 
in  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century.  This  is  the 
monument,  in  the  retro-choir,  of  Thomas  Deacon,  Esquire, 
some  time  sherift'  of  the  county  of  Northampton,  who  died 
in  1721,  aged  70  years.  This  consists  of  a  high  tomb 
of  white  and  variegated  marble  of  common-place  design, 
having  an  inscribed  tablet,  and  surmounted  by  a  divided 
segmental  pediment  springing  from  fluted  pilasters  of  the 
Corinthian  order.  Between  the  two  portions  of  the  pedi- 
ment is  an  escutcheon,  and  on  each  portion  is  an  urn. 
Above  the  inscribed  tablet  are  heads  of  cherubs,  issuing 
from  clouds  on  marble  representing  drapery. 

On  the  tomb  thus  described  is  the  sculptured  effigy,  in 
white  marble,  of  Thomas  Deacon.  He  is  represented  as 
reclining  on  his  left  side,  his  left  elbow  being  supported  by  a 
cushion,  and  his  left  hand  resting  on  a  skull ;  his  right  arm 
and  hand  are  stretched  out.  He  appears  habited  in  the 
costume  of  his  time  ;  on  his  head  is  a  long  flowing  wig,  a 
falling  cravat  is  tied  about  his  neck,  and  he  wears  a  single- 
breasted  coat.  A  mass  of  loose  drapery  envelopes  the  lower 
limbs  down  to  the  feet,  on  which  are  high-heeled  square-toed 
shoes.  This  effigy  is  fairly  executed  :  it  is  one  of  a  class  of 
monumental  effigies  not  uncommon  in  the  early  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  in  which  the  ordinary  costume  of  the 
day  is  adhered  to,  whilst  in  some  of  the  monumental  effigies 
then  executed  the  persons  commemorated  are  represented  in 
the  costume  of  Roman  warriors,  or  in  an  imaginary  garb. 

VOL    SIX.  u 


]42  MONUMENTAL    REMAIXS    IX 

On  this  monument  tlio  sculptor  has  recorded  his  name, — 
"  liobertus  Taylor,  civis  Londincnsis,  fecit  ct  cxculpsit." 

It  may  appear  strange  that  I  have  not  noticed  earlier  the 
ridged  and  sculptured  monument  in  the  retro-choir,  the  most 
remarkable  relic  of  ancient  sculpture,  doubtless,  now  to  be 
seen  in  reterborough  Cathedral.  It  measures  3  ft.  G  in.  in 
length,  2  ft.  4  in.  in  height,  and  12  inches  in  Avidtli;  it  is  plain 
at  both  ends,  but  tlic  sides  are  covered  with  arcades  of  six 
arches  each,  beneath  which  are  figures  sculptured  in  relief, 
twelve  in  all,  with  a  ninib  round  the  head  of  each.  Whether 
this  relic  is  sepulchral  or  otherwise  is  a  question  for  con- 
sideration. 

The  Saxon  Chronicle  states,  sii^^  a.  d.  870,  "This  year 
the  army  ''  (/.  c.  the  heathen  army  or  that  of  the  Danes)  "rode 
across  ^fercia  into  East  Anglia,  and  took  up  their  winter 
quarters  at  Thetford,  and  the  same  winter  King  Edmund 
fought  against  them,  and  the  Danes  got  the  victory  and  slew 
the  king,  and  subdued  all  the  land,  and  destro3'ed  all  the 
minsters  which  the}''  came  to.  The  names  of  their  chiefs 
who  slew  the  king  were  Hingwair  and  Ilubba.  At  that  time 
they  came  to  ]\redeshamstedc,  and  burnt  and  beat  it  down, 
slew  abbat  and  monks,  and  all  that  they  found  there.  And 
that  place  which  before  Mas  full  rich  they  reduced  to 
nothing." 

In  the  work  known  as  the  History  of  Ingulf,  said  to  have 
been  written  by  Ingulf,  abbot  of  Croyland,  who  died  a.d. 
1100,  a  longer  and  more  pai'ticular  accomit  is  given  of  tlie 
destruction  by  the  Danes  in  870  of  the  church  and  monastery 
of  ]\Iedeshamsted,  Avhen  "  the  venerable  father,  lord  Ilcdda, 
the  abbot,  as  well  as  all  his  monks,  and  the  whole  of  their 
countrymen,  were  put  to  the  sword."  The  writer  of  tin's 
work,  whoever  he  was,  then  goes  on  to  infoini  us  that 
"Godric,  abbot  of  Croyland,  which  monastery  had  also  been 
<Ievastated,  went  to  Mcdeshamsted  to  commit  to  Christian 
burial  tlio  corp.ses  of  tlie  abbot  Iledda  and  his  l)rethren, 
wliich  were  still  lying  \nd)Ui'ied,  and,  after  all  the  corpses  of 
the  monks  of  the  said  monastei'y  h:u\  with  great  labour  been 
carried  into  the  midst  of  the  cemetery  of  the  said  monastery, 
lie  bin"icd  them  there  over  against  that  which  Avas  formerly 
the  cast  front  of  the  clnu'ch,  in  one  very  lai-ge  tomb  prepared 
for  the  purpose,  on  the  festival  of  tlio  virgin  St.  Cecilia. 
Over  the   ijody  of  tlie  abbot,   ulio   lay  in    (lie   centre   of  liis 


r'ETERBOROUGlI  CATHEDRAL.  143 

sons,  Godric  placed  a  joyramidal  stone,  three  feet  in  height, 
three  in  length,  and  one  in  breadth,  having  the  images  of 
the  abbot  with  his  monks  standing  round  engraved  upon  it. 
This,  in  memory  of  the  monastery  which  had  been  destroyed, 
he  commanded  thenceforth  to  be  called  Medcshamstead,  and 
every  year,  so  long  as  he  lived,  he  paid  a  visit  to  the  place, 
and,  pitching  his  tent  over  the  stone,  he,  with  a  constant 
devotion  for  two  days,  celebrated  mass  for  the  souls  of  those 
who  were  buried  there." 

This  account  would  seem  to  be  a  decided  answer  to  any 
question  as  to  the  appropriation  of  this  ancient  scul])ture, 
but  the  authenticity  of  the  History  of  the  pseudo  Ingulf,  as 
to  its  having  been  the  work  of  Abbot  Ingulf,  or  indeed  of 
his  period,  that  is  of  the  latter  part  of  the  eleventh  and  early 
part  of  the  twelfth  century,  has  been  much  questioned.  No 
early  MS.  of  this  history  is  known  to  exist,  and  the  not 
unreasonable  supposition  has  been  advanced,  that  it  is  a 
production  of  the  fourteenth  century,  a  work  of  fiction  rather 
than  an  history. 

On  carefully  examining  this  sculptured  stone  w^e  can 
hardly  attribute  the  date  of  its  execution  to  so  early  a  period 
as  the  History  of  the  pseudo  Ingulf  would,  if  true,  lead  us  to 
assign  to  it.  ]\Iy  own  opinion  is  that  it  is  at  least  two 
centuries  later  than  the  time,  a.d.  870,  at  which  the  abbot 
and  monks  are  said  to  have  been  massacred.  For  I  think 
that  the  sculpture  and  details  are  of  a  far  more  advanced 
period,  not  executed  hastily,  but  with  care,  and  that  the 
ligures  on  the  sides  do  not  represent  monks,  but  Our  Lord 
and  eleven  of  the  Apostles.  The  sculptured  work  rather 
ao-rees  with  that  on  the  curious  Norman  monument  in 
Wirksworth  church,  Derbyshire,  and  that  at  Conisborough 
church,  Yorkshire,  figured  in  this  Journal,  vol.  I.,  p.  354, 
than  with  the  ruder  Saxon  monuments  at  Dcwsbury,  York- 
shire (with  which  this  has  been  compared)  ;  Ileysham  in 
Lancashire,  and  Hexham  in  Northumberland ;  or  with  a 
monument  discovered  in  the  foundations  of  the  old  church 
of  St.  Alkmund  at  Derby,  when  it  was  demolished  prepa- 
ratory to  the  erection  of  a  new  church. 

I  may  observe  that  in  the  spandrels  formed  by  the  arches 
of  the  arcades  on  the  sides  of  this  ancient  sculpture  is  a 
double  foliation  issuing  from  a  stem.  We  hardly  look  for 
this  carefully  worked  detail  in  Anglo-Saxon  sculpture.     The 


144  MONUMENTAL   REMAINS   IN 

ridge  or  roof  is  divided  on  each  side  into  fonr  compartments 
containing  interlaced  knot-work  much  abraded  on  the  sur- 
face, as  it"  from  exposure  to  the  weather.  There  is  a  \Yood- 
cut  of  this  monument  in  Britten's  Picturesque  Antiquities  of 
the  Enghsli  Cities,  p.  22.  See  also  Carter's  Ancient  Sculp- 
ture and  Painting,  second  edit,  pi.  xliv,,  p.  108. 

Dismissing  then  the  account  of  the  pseudo  Ingulf,  to  what 
period  may  we  assign  this  work,  and  to  what  purpose  was 
it  appi'opriated  ?  With  deference  to  the  opinion  of  others,  I 
am  inclined  to  assign  the  date  of  this  interesting  sculpture  to 
the  close  of  the  eleventh  or  to  the  early  part  of  the  twelfth 
century,  and  I  would  moreover  suggest  that  it  was  not  what  we 
generally  understand  to  be  a  mere  sepulchral  memorial,  but 
that  it  Mas,  or  formed  part  of,  some  ancient  Norman  shrine. 
Now  Gunton  tells  us  that  in  the  time  of  Elsinus,  the  tenth 
abbot,  who  died  a.d.  1055,  having  been  elected  fifty  years 
before,  the  bodies  of  St.  Kyneburga  and  St.  Kyneswitha 
were  translated  from  the  church  of  Castre,  and  the  body 
of  St.  Tibba  from  Rihale,  to  Peterborough.  The  pseudo 
Ingulf  speaks  of  them  indeed  as  being  there,  and  trampled 
under  foot  in  the  devastation  committed  by  the  ])anes, 
A.D.  870. 

The  abbot  Elsinus  is  said  also  to  have  eni-iched  this 
monastery  with  a  large  number  of  relics,  of  which  Gunton 
gives  us  the  enumeration.  (Hist,  of  Peterb.  p.  13).  Over 
some  or  all  of  these  it  is  not  improbable  that  this  sculptured 
rnomnncnt  may  have  been  placed. 

1  would  not  be  too  positive  on  the  matter  ;  the  antiquity 
and  original  destination  of  this  stone  may  be  leit  to  iurther 
investigation.  I  shouM,  however,  mention  that  at  Elettou 
church,  about  a  mile  fioni  I'eterborough,  inserted  in  tho 
wall  of  the  Norman  chancel,  are  two  sculi)tured  bas-reliefs 
of  single  figures  with  nind»s  round  the  licads,  and  somo 
interlaced  knot-work  wiih  ollior  sculpturtNl  details,  precisely 
.similar  to,  and  executed  I  ha\c  no  doubt  by  the  s:inie 
haml  as,  tiiis  sculptured  rchc  al  reterborouLih. 

Thus  far  of  the  monuments  in  tlie  C,;ithe(hal,  whieh  contains 
wo  aichitectural  or  sculptured  sepulchral  menioiial  ol'  eillier 
of  tljo  two  (Queens,  Catherine  of  Aragoii,  and  Mary  Stuai't, 
(^ueen  of  Scots,  or  ol"  either  of  the  Archbislio|>s  of  ^'ork, 
KUVicus  and  Kynsius,  who  ilicil  in  I  In-  middle  of  the  eleventh 
contiirv,  and  were  buiit-d  ;U   relrrhoi-oujli. 


PETEKBOROUGII    CATIIEDKAL.  115 

In  a  niche  of  the  gateway  of  the  bishop's  palace,  south- 
west of  the  Cathedral,  is  the  statue  of  a  monk  in  the  costume 
of  the  Benedictine  order,  well  worthy  of  attention,  for  all  the 
effigies  of  the  abbots  which  I  have  noticed  above,  represent 
them  as  vested  for  the  mass,  not  in  monastic  costume.  This 
effigy,  which  was  probabl}'  intended  to  represent  the  founder 
of  the  order,  St.  Benedict,  ajopears  in  a  long  loose  garment 
with  the  caputium  or  hood  partly  drawn  over  the  head.  As 
a  specimen  of  sculpture  of  the  thirteenth  century,  it  is  treated 
with  great  simplicity  and  breadth.  It  is  noticed  in  Flax- 
man's  lectures  on  sculpture,  where  an  engraving  of  it  appears. 
A  cast  of  it  is  in  the  Crystal  Palace  at  S^'^denham  :  why  it 
should  there  bear  the  name  of  St.  Luke  I  know  not. 

It  is  remarkable  that  very  few  sepulchral  effigies  in  mo- 
nastic costume  exist  in  our  churches.  Those  few  are  mostly 
Avell  known.  They  consist  of  the  recumbent  effigy  of  a 
Benedictine  in  Hexham  church,  Northumberland ;  the  recum- 
bent effigy  of,  as  I  conceive  it  to  be,  a  monk  of  the  Cistercian 
order,  at  Orton-on-the-Hill,  Leicestershire  ;  and  the  recum- 
bent effigy  of  an  abbess  of  the  Benedictine  order,  in  Poles- 
worth  church,  Warwickshire.  The  recumbent  effigy  of  a 
knight  with  a  friar's  weed,  that  of  a  Franciscan,  the  cappa 
manicata,  girt  with  a  knotted  cord,  and  worn  over  a  hooded 
hawberk  of  mail,  may  be  seen  in  Conington  church,  Hunting- 
donshire, and  has  been  described  in  the  Archtcological  Jour- 
nal, vol.  v.,  p.  146,  where  also  mention  is  made  of  an  incised 
brass  in  Sawtry  All  Saints  church,  Huntingdonshire,  near 
Conington,  where  the  dcmi-figure  of  a  friar  is  represented  in 
the  cappa  manicata  or  sleeved  garment,  with  the  caputium 
or  hood  drawn  over  the  head,  and  holding  in  the  hands  a  whip 
wutli  knotted  cords.  In  Standish  church,  Lancashire,  is 
said  to  be  an  effigy  in  the  garb  of  a  Fi-anciscan,  of  late  date. 
These,  with  the  brass  of  an  abbess  in  Elstow  church,  Bedford- 
shire, represented  in  a  long  gown  with  wide  sleeves,  mantle, 
veil,  and  wimple  or  gorget,  and  that  of  Agnes  Jordan,  abbess 
of  Syon,  in  Denham  church,  Bucks,  are  (exclusive  of  minor 
effigies  on  the  sides  of  tombs)  all  that  I  recall  in  simple 
monastic  costume,  the  sepulchral  effigies  of  abbots  and 
priors,  of  Avhich  there  are  several,  being  sculptured  in  the 
mass  vestments. 


NOTICE  OF  A  JEWELED  ORNAMENT  PRESENTED  TO  QUEEN 
ELIZABETH  BY  MATTHEW  PAllKER,  ARCHIilSHOP  OF 
CANTERBURY. 

In  the  investigation  of  usages  and  manners  in  olden  times, 
and  of  details  of  daily  life  -wliicli,  however  apparently  trivial, 
ma}'  contribute  in  no  slight  degree  to  illustrate  the  feeling 
and  spirit  of  the  age,  our  readers  must  have  had  occasion  to 
observe  the  elaborate  variety,  the  quaint  designs,  the  curiously 
mingled  character  of  the  personal  appliances  and  decorations 
of  the  sixteenth  century.  Many  relics  of  earlier  mediaeval 
taste  have  been  preserved,  in  Avhicli  "sve  cannot  fail  to  admire 
a  very  high  degree  of  artistic  perfection, — for  example  in 
metal-work,  in  enamels,  and  in  sculptures  in  ivory  or  wood. 
Amongst  productions  of  a  later  time,  however,  in  the  Tudor 
Period,  or  the  Elizabethan,  \vhen  the  tasteful  influence  of 
the  cinque-cento  period  had  become  diffused  even  to  the 
remote  countries  of  Europe,  numerous  highly  interesting 
objects  are  to  be  found,  more  especially  interestirig  Avhen 
they  may  be  associated  with  names  of  personages  dis- 
tinguished in  the  eventful  history  of  the  times. 

JJuring  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  a  taste  for  costly  objects 
of  luxury,  personal  ornaments,  sumptuous  costume,  curious 
plate  or  jewelry,  with  numerous  other  precious  accessories 
of  daily  life,  became  raj»idly  developed.  It  continued  in  a 
remarkable  degree,  during  the  prosperity  and  the  exteiulcd 
intercourse  with  distant  lands,  which  accompanied  the  sway 
of  Ehzabeth.  Tlie  precious  oljects  of  these  periods,  whicli 
have  been  preserved  to  our  times,  are  comparatively  few, 
but  chronicles  ainl  inventories  sujiply  abundant  evidence  of 
tlieir  costly  variety,  miequaled  ])eihaps  in  any  subsequent 
reign.  The  curious  lists  of  gifts  j)resented  by  the  courtiers 
of  tiio  Maiden  (^uccn,  at  the  commencement  of  each  New 
Year,  and  also  of  the  marks  of  royal  favor  bestowed  by  her 
in  return,  may  be  cited  as  illustrating,  in  a  very  remarkable 
degree,  the  ai"ls  .ind  m.-mncis  of  llu'  .'igc. 


Jewel 


Impression. 


Trofilo. 


Jeweled  Ornament  presented  to  Queen  Elizateth  "by  IvTatthe-w  Parker, 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 


(Original  size.) 


ORNAMENT   TRESENTED    TO    QUEEN   ELIZABETH.  147 

It  is  obvious  that  we  can  rarely  expect  to  meet  with  costly 
ornaments, — objects  of  small  dimension  and  considerable 
intrinsic  value,  even  of  times  comparatively  so  recent  as  the 
sixteenth  century,  preserved  in  their  intact  originality.  The 
relic,  therefore,  which  is  the  subject  of  the  present  notice, 
must  be  regarded  with  no  slight  interest,  having  unquestion- 
ably been  in  the  possession  of  Elizabeth,  from  whose  times  it 
has  happily  been  handed  down,  apparently  without  change 
or  injur}^  This  remarkable  personal  ornament,  exemplifying 
in  a  sti'iking  degree  the  peculiar  and  quaint  sentiment  of  the 
age,  lias  been  preserved  at  Hardwicke  Court,  Gloucestershire, 
the  residence  of  T.  Lloyd  Barwick  Baker,  Esq.  It  is  not  pre- 
cisely known  at  what  period,  or  by  what  means,  it  came  into 
the  possession  of  his  family.  It  was  sent  amongst  objects  of 
value  liberally  contributed  to  the  Temporary  Museum  formed 
during  the  meeting  of  the  Institute  at  Gloucester,  in  July, 
1860,  and  it  has  been  briefly  noticed  in  the  Catalogue  of 
that  collection.^  By  the  kindness  of  Mrs.  Barwick  Baker,  I 
have  now  been  permitted  to  place  before  our  readers  the 
accompanying  representations  of  this  unique  Elizabethan 
relic. 

The  ornament  under  consideration,  specially  deserving  of 
notice  as  having  been  presented  to  the  Queen  by  Matthew 
Parker,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  is  an  oval  pendant, 
formed  of  an  intaglio  on  jasper  agate,  set  in  a  slight 
corded  rim  of  metal,  to  which  is  attached  a  loop  for  sus- 
pension, so  that  the  gem  might  conveniently  be  worn  on  the 
neck,  appended  by  a  riband  or  a  chain.  The  gem  is  convex 
on  both  sides,  as  shown  in  the  profile  view  (see  woodcuts,  of 
the  same  dimensions  as  the  original),  one  side  only  beino- 
engraved.  The  subject  is  Vulcan  seated  at  his  anvil,  and 
engaged  in  fashioning  a  helmet ;  in  the  background  is  seen 
Venus  standing  ;  in  front  of  the  goddess  is  Cupid  holding  a 
torch,  towards  which  she  extends  one  of  her  hands,  and  in 
the  other,  upraised,  she  holds  the  bow  and  quiver  which  she 
appears  to  have  taken  away  from  the  God  of  Love.  This 
intaglio  is  of  cinque-cento  work  ;  the  design  is,  however, 
possibly  taken  from  an  antique  gem.  The  subject  has  been 
frequentl}'  repeated,  with  some  slight  variations,  and  it  has 


'  Gloucester  and  Gloucestershire  An-      &c.      Gloucester,  Lea,  Westgate  Street, 
tiquities;  a  Catalogue    of  tbe  Museum,       p.  28. 

VOL.    XIX.  X 


148  ORNAMENT    TRESENTED    TO    QUEEN    ELIZABETH 

been  explained  as  representing  Venus  obtaining  from  Vulcan 
armour  for  ^Encas. 

A  remarkable  example  of  this  subject  occurs  in  tlie  Arundel 
Collection,  liberally  submitted  to  our  examination  by  the  Duke 
of  !Marlborougii  in  June,  1861.  This  is  described  by  Mr.  King, 
in  his  notices  of  the  collections  then  exhibited,  as  an  unique 
Asiatic-Greek  intaglio,  in  a  very  bold  style,  on  a  large  yellow 
crystal ;  Venus  in  this  instance  is  ^^■inged  and  androgynous, 
possibly  the  deity  so  represented  under  the  masculine  appel- 
lation of  Aphroditus.  Vulcan  appears  at  his  anvil  on  one 
side,  on  the  other  is  seen  Cupid.^ 

Mariette  has  engraved  an  intaglio  with  the  same  subject, 
on  red  jasper,  in  the  celebrated  "  Cabinet  du  Roi ; "  the 
group  in  that  instance  is  differently  treated,  Venus  is  seated, 
and  the  figure  of  Cupid  is  concealed  behind  the  anvil.^ 
Several  other  examples  might  be  cited  ;  it  was  a  favorite 
subject  amongst  the  artists  of  the  cinque-cento  and  sei-cento 
periods.  It  occurs  likewise  upon  a  Majolica  ])late  in  the 
choice  Collection  formed  by  Mr.  Henderson  ;  this  specimen 
of  Italian  pottery  bears  the  date  1538  on  the  reverse. 

I  am  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  our  accomplished  guide 
in  the  difficult  study  of  Anticpie  Gems,  Mr.  King,*  for  the 
following  observations  on  the  remarkable  example  of  art 
now  for  the  first  time  published: — "Little  can  be  ascer- 
tained as  to  the  date  and  subject  of  this  noble  intaglio. 
The  design  is  purely  in  the  taste  of  the  cinque-cento,  for  in 
the  antique  it  is  Minerva,  not  Venus,  who  assists  Vulcan 
with  her  advice  in  the  operations  of  his  forge,  a  partnership 
of  which  Stosch's  Catalogue  gives  four  exanq)les,  whilst  of 
this  group  he  has  not  one,  for  his  No.  GOT,  where  the  centre 
group  is  somewhat  similar,  except  that  here  Cuj)id  blows  the 
fire,  has  all  the  other  gods  assembled  arnuml  ;  and,  from  the 
remark  of  Winckelman  as  to  its  large  size,  it  is  probably  a 
renaissance  work,  lience  it  seems  apparent  that  there  can 
be  no  antifpie  prototype  for  the  intaglio  in   ((ucstion.      Thdi'e 

'  S«o  Mr.  King'«  Notices  of  Colloctions  iiio-.t  vulimblo  inaimnl,  \>y  wliidi  tlio  iu- 

of  Oljiilio  Art,  io  thw  voluuio,   ante,  p.  vi!Hiiniili<>n  of  (jl_v|itic  Art  Iuim  n-ofivoil  a 

107.  froHli  iiii|iiilHO.     HJH  work,  .\iiti(iiu' Oi'tiix, 

*  Marii^tto, Trnit<5  doH  PierroB  Orav«<eii,  tiitir  Origin,  Uhbh,  and  Valiio  an  Iiuit- 
iotnc- li,  ]il  21.  S<!V<Tiil  othiT  j;<!iiiH  witli  jirc-tcrM  of  Aticioiit  lliMtory  (lyondoti, 
tliiM  Mul>j<-(:t,  Viiriidinly  tri-ulrd,  iiro  do-  Murruy,  l.'^Od,  8vu.)  riiiikH  uiiiongKt  tlio 
Mc-ribed  in  ItiMpu'it  C'utulogue  of  TiuMtiuH  tnohl  irii|iortniit  uccesaiutia  to  our  urcLio- 
CMtii.  vol.  L  p.  Wi.  ologicul  lituniture. 

♦  W«  aro  iiidvbtod  to  Mr.  King  for  a 


BV    MATTHEW    PARKER,    ARCHBISHOP   OF    CANTERBURY.    149 

can  be  little  doubt  tliat  Vulcan  is  supposed  to  be  at  work  on 
the  arms  of  iEneas  (in  fact  he  has  a  helmet  upon  the  anvil), 
for  Virgil  or  Ovid  exclusively  furnished  subjects  to  those 
early  Italian  engravers,  when  not  employed  upon  Scriptural 
pieces.  It  is,  however,  difficult  to  imagine  on  what  errand 
Venus  is  despatching  Cupid  with  the  flaming  torch,  or  what 
bearing  it  is  intended  to  have  upon  the  main  design.  The 
treatment  of  the  body  of  Vulcan  reminds  me  much  of  a 
Hercules  of  the  same  period,  and  of  some  of  the  signed 
works  of  Giovanni  del  Castel  Bolognese.  The  great  masters 
of  this  period,  the  first  half  of  the  sixteenth  century,  gene- 
rally signed,  or  at  least  put  their  initials  upon  their  more 
important  Avorks,  and  it  would  be  an  unw^arranted  assump- 
tion to  assign  this  gem  to  that  skilful  artist  merely  on  the 
evidence  of  the  style,  which  doubtless  was  to  a  great  extent 
common  to  all  the  good  intagli  of  that  epoch," 

The  opinion  of  so  distinguished  an  authority  in  questions 
of  gl3'ptic  art  is  decisive  as  regards  the  period  to  which  the 
intaglio  preserved  at  Hardwicke  Court  should  be  assigned, 
and  the  school  of  art  in  which  it  was  produced  ;  I  may, 
however,  add  that  my  friend  Mr.  Rhodes,  the  tasteful  pos- 
sessor of  the  Praun  Collection,'^  concurs  with  Mr,  King,  and 
observes  that  the  subject  may  be  Venus  restraining  Cupid 
from  carrying  out  some  mischievous  project,  laying  her  hand 
upon  him  and  depriving  him  of  his  arms,  wdiilst  Vulcan  is 
busily  engaged  in  his  vocation.  It  is  possibly  taken  (as 
suggested  by  Mr.  Rhodes)  from  Lucian's  Di;ilogue  between 
Venus  and  Diana,  Avhere  Venus  tells  Diana  that  more  than 
once  she  had  threatened  to  break  Cupid's  bow,  and  to 
chasten  him  for  his  tricks. 

I  will  now,  however,  proceed  to  notice  the  very  curious 
accessories  by  which  the  gift  of  the  Primate  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth is  accompanied.  It  has  been  preserved  in  a  beautiful 
ivory  box,  supposed  to  be  of  English  workmanship,  and 
doubtless  the  original  receptacle  in  which  this  singular  token 
of  the  Archbishop's  homage  was  oflered  to  his  sovei'cign. 
Upon  the  hd  of  this  box,  an  exquisite  masterpiece  of  skill  in 
turning,  is  an  expanded  rose,  the  delicate  deeply-cut  petals  of 


*  See  a  short  notice  of  the  Praun,  or  informs  me  that  he  possessed  a  cameo 

Merteus-Schaaf  haiisun  Collection,  in  this  the  subject  of  which  was  nearly  the  same 

Journal,  vol.  xviii.  p.  302,  and  also  ia  Mr.  as  that  of  Mr.  Barwick  Baker's  gem,  but 

King's  Antique  Goms,  p.  liii.    Mr.  Rhodes  that  he  does  not  know  any  rej^lica  of  it. 


150 


ORNAMENT    PRESENTED    TO    gUEEN    ELIZABETH 


Trhicli,  closely  resembling  the  natural  forms,  are  produced 
by  the  lathe  alone.  On  the  bottom  of  the  box  is  wrought 
another  rose  in  much  less  prominent  relief;  the  box  itself 
being  admirably  fashioned  by  the  lathe  so  as  to  represent 
open  basket-work,  finished  with  most  perfect  precision.  It 
measures,  externally,  about  2  inches  in  diameter.  Within, 
accompanying  the  jicndant  ornament,  there  is  a  piece  of  fine 
parchment,  consisting  of  nine  circles,  a  small  portion  of  the 
parchment  being  left  between  the  circles,  so  that  the  whole 
may  be  folded  up,  fitting  exactly  into  the  box.  Upon  these 
circles,  the  arrangement  of  which  is  shown  by  the  annexed 
diairram  on  a  reduced  scale,  the  diameter  of  each  circle  in 
the  original  being  about  if  in.,  are  inscriptions  explanatory 
of  the  virtues  of  the  gift,  wliicli  was  manifestly  regarded  as 


cnduoil  wiiji  certain  taH.snianic  or  ])liylacU'ii('  itropciMics  ; 
a  miniature  figure  of  St.  George  within  a  garter  is  painted 
on    tin,'  central    circle,    .'iml,    on    tliat    iuiin('(h'a((ly    licncath. 


BY  MATTHEW  PARKER,  ARCHBISHOP  OF  CANTERBURY.  15 1 

is  seen  pourtrayed  an  exquisite  little  miniature  of  the  Queen 
in  profile  to  the  left. 

The  insci'iptions  are  admirable  specimens  of  calligrnphy, 
the  writing  being  moreover  curiously  varied  in  the  different 
circles.  The  arrangement  is  as  follows.  Upon  the  three 
upper  circles  (Nos.  1,  2,  3,  in  the  diagram)  are  these  words, 
Flinuis — De  Acathe — Dioscorides,  respectively.  In  these 
circles  is  written  a  curious  account  of  the  stone  called  acathe, 
the  localities  wdience  it  is  derived,  and  the  propei'ties 
ascribed  to  it  by  Pliny,  Isidore,  and  Dioscorides.  This 
account,  which  is  in  French,  as  follows,  commences  imme- 
diately under  the  heading  Plinius,  in  circle  No.  1. 

Acathe  est  une  rierre  noire,  qui  a  en  soy  blanches  veines.  Et  est 
appelle  Acatlie  pource  quelle  fut  primier  trouuee  en  vne  riuiere  de  Ceeile 
qui  est  nommee  Acathe,  si  conime  (lit  Isidore.  Mais  on  la  trouue  niainte- 
nant  en  plusieurs  autres  Regions  si  comme  est  lisle  de  Crete  ou  on  le3 
trouue  ct  ont  couleur  de  fer.  Et  en  Inde  ou  elles  ont  plusieurs  cou-  (here 
the  writing  is  carried  on  to  circle  No.  2)  leurs,  et  si  ont  goutes  rouges 
parmy  ainsi  coninie  de  sang.  Le  primiere  de  ces  pierres  vault  aux  en- 
chaunteurs  qui  usent  de  niauuaise  art  car  per  {sic)  ceste  pierre  ils  csnieuuent 
les  tempestcs  et  arrestent  les  riuieres,  si  comme  dit  Dioscorides,  et  si 
vault  a  entendre  les  choses  que  on  voit  en  songes.  Les  Acathes  (here 
carried  on  to  circle  No.  3)  de  Crete  valent  a  escheuer  les  peryles  et  font  la 
personne  qui  la  porte  agreable,  et  plaisante,  et  bien  parlante,  et  si  lui 
donne  force,  ct  celles  qui  sont  trouuees  en  Inde  comfortent  a  la  veue,  et 
ostentla  soif  et  valent  centre  le  venin,  et  quand  on  la  met  au  feu  elle  donne 
moult  bonne  odeur,  si  comme  dit  Dioscorides. 

Many  of  the  magical  and  medicinal  virtues  attributed  to 
the  agate  in  ancient  times,  as  here  detailed,  are  to  be  found 
in  Pliny's  Natural  History,  from  which  they  have  been 
copied  by  old  writers.^  In  circles  Nos.  4,  6,  7,  and  9,  we 
find  the  following  inscriptions,  partly  citations,  somewhat 
modified,  of  Pliny's  own  words  : 

(Circle  No.  4.)  Achates  giittis  aurcis  sapphiri  modo  distincta  quails 
copiossissima  in  Creta  sacra  appellatur.  Putant  earn  contra  araneoruui  et 
Scorpionimi  ictus  prodesse.     Spectasse  etiam  prodest  oculis,  sitiinque  sedat. 

(Circle  No.  6.)  Maximum  in  rebus  liumanis  inter  gcmmas  protiuin  liabet 
Adamas,  et  eidem  inter  genimas  primum  locum  authoritatis  altril)uit  Plinius. 
Martialis  post  Adamantcm  ponit  Achate m,  sub  specie  albi  coluris,  et  hoc 
quia  licet  sit  lapis  niger  niaxime  tamen  quidam  probaut  si  haboat  viueani 
perspicuitatem.^ 

^  Pliny,  Nat.  Hist.  lib.   xxxvii.  c.  10;       sape  relating  to  Acbate;?,  s.  2. 
Dr.  Holland's  Translation,  vol.  ii.  p.  623.  "  Compare  Pliny,  ibid,  c.  i,  Holland's 

See  also  Marbodei  de  gemmis,  in  tlie  pas-       Translation,  p.  609. 


152  ORNAMENT    PRESENTED    TO    QUEEN    ELIZABETH 

(Circle  No.  7.)  TiiAHiTrii  Achates  a  groca  voce  (t\of  ./.  ciira  aninii, 
aceibitas,  sidlicitiulo,  qiUHl  sollicitmlo  (teste  Servio)  semper  reguiu  sit 
comes.      Fuit  etiani  pnipiium  nomen  tiilelis  comitis  ^Euea?.'* 

(Ciiele  No.  9.)  Iiisignem  Acliatem  Pyrrus  Kpirotaruin  Rex  qui  versus 
Romaiios  bellum  gessit  liabuisse  traciitur,  in  qua  nouom  musa)  et  Apollo 
ciilianiin  teiiens  spectaltatur,  noii  arte  setl  nature  solertia,  ita  discurreutibiis 
luaculis  ut  musis  quuque  singulis  sua  rcdilerentur  insignia.'^ 

I  now  proceed  to  tlio  most  interesting  features  of  this 
curious  relic,  namely  the  illuminated  miniature  portrait  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,  introduced  in  the  lower  circle,  No.  8,  and 
the  figure  of  St.  George,  in  the  central  circle.  No.  5,  accom- 
panied by  an  inscription  showing  that  the  precious  gift  had 
been  presented  to  that  Queen  by  the  Primate,  Matthew 
Pai-ker.  The  portrait,  a  diminutive  oval  medallion  painted 
in  blue  (jvhaille,  represents  Elizabeth,  a}))»arcntly  in  early 
life,  seen  in  profile  to  the  left  ;  around  this  miniature  are 
the  following  inscriptions,  in  three  concentric  circles,  com- 
mencing  at    the    tup    of   the    circle, h  Avdiens   satiens 

SAPIENTIOU    ERIT    ET     INTELLIGENS    GVBERXACVLA    POSSIDEBIT.^ 
+  11  EI     Mini     QVOD     TANTO     VIHTVS     PERFVSA      DECOHE, — after 

"which  is  drawn  a  dexter  hand,  the  forefinger  pointing  to  the 
following  word,  commencing  the  third  and  interior  circle  of 
this    inscription, hNuN    hahet    iiic    stabiles   inviolata 

DIES. 

On  the  central  circle  (No.  .j)  there  is  a  delicate  limning, 
St.  George,  colored  in  (jrhaillc  on  a  blight  blue  ground, 
within  tlie  garter  inscribed  with  the  usual  motto.  Around 
the  margin  of  the  circle  is  the  following  distich, — 

-I-Regni  UX05  Ei>izai5i:tiia  gerit   o^I.vttilevs  aciiaten 

CANTVAR.    El    DUNAT    FIDVS    DVM    VI VET    ACHATES. 

which  may  be  thus  rendei-ctl, — l^liz.'d)cth  boars  the  cares  of 
the  state  :  Matthew  (Archl)isliop)  ol"  Ganterbm-y,  her  i'aitlil'ul 
Achates  so  long  as  life  may  cnduri.',  presents  to  her  this 
agate.  The  (piaint  play  on  the  words  A<-//ti/r.s\  the  precious 
stone,  and  Achates,  the  name  of  the  laiihliil  follower  of 
JEudiH,  is  sufiiciently  obvious.  No  one,  1  apprehend,  can 
question  the  probaliilit}'  of  the  conclusion  that  the  beautifid 


"  Tlio  oliHcrvatioii   of  Sorviim,  vKii.  I.  Greek,  iw  (<iveii  above. 

▼  .  17h,  .'}!*!,  r<luit;H,  not  to  tbu  MlonccMllcd  "  I'liiiy,  ut  tiiimi,  c.  i.   Ilollaml,  p.  COL 

Acl)alvH,   )>ut   to   tlio   iiiiriio  of  tlio  com-  '   Provurbn,  cb.  i.  v.  0, 
pAuiou   of  yKiii.-nfi,   no    ciillud    from    tbo 


BY  MATTHEW  PARKER,  ARCHBISHOP  OF  CANTERBURY.  153 

pendant  ornament  or  talisman,  accompanied  by  the  exquisite 
relic  of  calligraphy  explanatory  of  the  virtues  of  the  gift,  and 
recording  the  homage  of  the  giver,  was  presented  to  the 
Virgin  Queen  by  the  learned  prelate  on  one  of  the  frequent 
occasions  when  he  was  honored  with  a  royal  visitation. 

I  regret  that  hitherto  I  have  been  unable  to  ascertain  at 
■what  special  season  the  agate  now  preserved  at  Hardwicke 
Court,  without  any  tradition  of  its  previous  history,  may 
have  been  received  by  Elizabeth.  Several  lists  have  been 
found  of  the  costly  New  Year's  gifts  of  the  courtiers,  and 
of  the  valuable  presents  received  from  the  Queen  by  them  in 
return.  One  of  these  curious  rolls  was  in  Astle's  possession, 
and  may  now  exist  with  the  Stowe  M.SS.  in  Lord  Ashburn- 
ham's  library  ;  another  was  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Herrick,  of 
Beaumanor,  Leicestershire  ;  a  third  is  amongst  the  Sloane 
MSS.  From  these  records  ample  extracts  have  been  given  in 
Nichols'  Progresses  of  EHzabcth,  but  I  have  failed  to  find  the 
gift  of  this  agate  intaglio  by  Matthew  Parker.  His  presents 
on  occasion  of  the  New  Year  were  frequently  in  money.  In 
the  fourth  year  of  her  reign,  he  offered  a  red  silk  purse  con- 
taining, in  "  dimy  soveraigns,"  40/.  ;  the  Archbishop  of  York 
giving  on  the  same  occasion  specie  to  the  amount  of  30/.  ; 
each  of  the  bishops  20/.  or  10/.,  &c.  The  primate  received  in 
return  a  covered  cup,  gilt,  weighing  40  oz.  There  were, 
however,  many  occasions  on  which,  according  to  the  custom 
of  the  period,  such  a  gift  as  that  under  consideration  may 
have  been  offered.  In  March,  1573,  for  instance,  Elizabeth 
honored  the  Piimate  with  a  visit  at  Lambeth,  during  tw^o 
days,  and  in  September  of  the  same  year  she  conferred  upon 
her  "  fidus  Achates  "  the  somewhat  onerous  distinction  of  a 
visit  at  Canterbury.  Sir  Henry  Ellis  has  printed,  in  his 
valuable  collection  of  Original  Letters  illustrative  of  Eno-- 
lish  History,  the  Archbishop's  letter  to  Bui-ghley,  written 
in  August  of  that  3'ear,  in  anxious  anticipation  of  the 
royal  favor.^  The  thought  had  struck  the  good  primate 
that  he  might  make  the  Queen's  visit  subservient  to  the 
promotion  of  the  Protestant  religion.  In  a  contemporary 
narrative,  given  in  some  copies  of  the  Latin  hfe  of  M. 
Parker,  the  following  description  is  found  of  his  sumptuous 
gift  to  the  Queen  at  the  banquet  given  on  the  occasion. — ■ 

-  Ellis'  Grig.  Letters,  Fir.-t  Sorie--,  vol.  ii.  p.  2o7. 


loi  CKXAMENT    PKESENTED    TO    QL'EEX    ELIZABETH 

"  Atqiie,  pra3ter  lioc  mngnificiim  ac  siimptuosuin  convivium, 
arcliicj)isc()pus  insignia  qua^dam  dona  lu'gina)  dcdit,  ea]s;iiium 
videlicet,  ex  auro  affabre  factum  ;  in  ejus  coopertorio  achates 
gemma,  divum  Georgium  draconcm  tnicidantcm,  cum  Gallicis 
versibus  in  Regis  insigniis  consuetis,  continens,  intexitur  ;  in 
orl)e  autem  sive  concavio  cjusdem  alter  achates  includebatur, 
in  quo  vera  llegina?  imago  in  albo  achate  incisa  fuit,  in 
coopertorii  autem  summo  aurea  navicula  adaniantem  ob- 
longum  tenuit."^  However  inappropi-iatc  ^vc  may  now  con- 
sider the  intaglio  of  Venus  and  Vulcan,  as  a  token  of  the 
homage  of  a  grave  and  pious  prelate  to  his  sovereign,  it 
must  be  remembered  that  at  that  period  objects  of  such 
dcj^cription  had  recently,  through  the  introduction  of  the  arts 
from  Italy  and  France,  and  the  taste  for  the  elaborate  pro- 
ductions of  antique  or  renaissance  M'orkmanship,  become 
highly  esteemed  and  eagerly  sought  after.  We  find  many 
such  precious  objects  amongst  royal  gifts  at  this  period.  In 
1576,  Lady  Burghley  presented  to  Elizabeth  "a  juell  of 
golde,  being  an  agathe  of  Neptune  "  set  with  lubys,  dia- 
monds, and  pearls.  Mrs.  Blanche  Parry  offered  "  a  juell 
being  a  cristall  in  gold,  \\\t\\  twoe  storyes  appcering  on  bothe 
sides,"  namely,  as  we  may  suppose,  two  subjects,  being  his- 
torical or  allegorical  devices,  h\  1578,  Sir  Henry  Sydney, 
lord-Deputy  of  Ireland,  presented  a  fair  jewel  of  gold,  with 
Diana,  fully  garnished  with  diamonds,  rubys,  and  pearls. 
About  the  same  time,  in  Christmas  week,  some  of  the 
courtiers,  disguised  as  maskers,  gave  to  the  Queen  "  a  flower 
of  golde  gainished  with  sparcks  of  diamonds,  rubyes,  and 
ophales,  with  an  agathe  of  her  Majestis  phisnamy  and  a 
pcilc  pendante,  with  devices  painted  in  it."  It  is  remark- 
able tiiat  we  so  frequently  iind  the  Queen's  own  portrait 
selected  as  an  offering  acceptable  to  lur  ;  in  this  last  in- 
stance we  might  almost  conjecture  that  amongst  the  dis- 
guised Cliristmas  maskers  nii^lit  have  been  the  bold  as])irant 
for  royal  favor,  the  l*l;ni  of  Leicester  ;  and  (hat  the  costly 
jeweled  flower  was  eiiiiclied  with  that  inestimable  "  phis- 
namy "  of  the  (^ueen,  tin;  cameo-jiortrait  attributed  to  Col- 
dore,  which,  hv  tin;  kindness  (»f  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  the 


*   Kicliolh'  I'rogri-Hdt'n  i)f  F,li/,iil)oUi,  vol.  willi  jjoMo  witli  a  cover  liiiviii^;  in  tli(>  top 

i.  p. 'i.'iO.     Ill   tliii    IJHt  of   k>"h  rcufivi-il  a  ({iilliu.iii  t!:(i  lai'ldlc  lli'M-iM)f  iH  It  l(i/.iiti^rc(l 

during  I'rogn.'MH  tirno  in  that  year  wn  find  (li.iiiion(l(!.     Cioveii    liy  tli'  Arclibiblioi)  of 

•— "  IUjDI,    one  Rault  of   ng'tli   garniHlicd  Ciiiiutcrbvric.  xi  i>v..  >jiia." 


BY   MATTHEW    PARKER,    ARCHBISHOP    OF    CANTERBURY.     155 

members  of  the  Institute  had  the  gratification  of  inspecting 
at  the  exliibition  of  Glyptic  Art  in  June,  1861.  The  "devices 
painted  in  it,"  according  to  the  description  above  cited,  may 
have  included  the  concealed  portrait  of  the  Earl  by  Ililliard, 
still  to  be  seen  in  that  remarkable  ornament  of  the  diadem, 
part  of  the  celebrated  Granville  parnrc. 

It  was  not  oidy  to  win  or  to  retain  the  smiles  of  the 
capricious  Elizabeth,  at  the  New  Year  or  on  other  seasonable 
occasions,  that  such  presents  were  offered  by  her  courtiers 
at  the  shrine  of  royal  favor.  In  a  letter,  singularly  charac- 
teristic of  the  manners  of  the  period,  John  Harrington,  father 
of  the  celebrated  Sir  John  Harrington,  writing  confidentially 
of  a  certain  suit  then  pending  for  the  recovery  of  an  estate, 
says,  "  I  will  venture  to  give  her  Majesty  five  hundred 
pounds  in  money,  and  some  pretty  Jewell  or  garment  as  you 
shall  advyse,  onlie  praying  her  Majestic  to  further  my 
suite  with  some  of  her  lernede  Counsel."  And  he  pro- 
ceeds to  observe,  "  This  some  hold  as  a  dangerous  ad- 
venture, but  five  and  twcntie  manors  do  well  warrant  my 
trying  it."  ^ 

Allusion  has  been  made  to  the  medicinal  or  phylacteric 
virtues  attributed  to  the  agate,  and  also  to  other  precious 
stones,  and  the  belief  in  such  efficacy  was  still  rife  in  the 
sixteenth  century.  Stow  relates  that  on  an  occasion  when 
Elizabeth  went  to  hear  a  sermon  at  Paul's  Cross,  she  received 
a  present  of  a  "  crapon  or  toadstone ''  set  in  gold.  This  Avas 
a  jewel  held,  according  to  popular  credence,  to  which  Sliaks- 
peare  has  made  allusion,  as  of  singular  virtue  ;  we  are  in- 
formed that  some  toads  that  breed  in  Italy  and  about  Naples 
have  in  their  heads  a  stone  called  a  crapo,  formerly  "  much 
worn,  and  used  in  ringes,  as  the  forewarning  against  venime."^ 
In  a  remai'kable  portrait  of  Queen  Elizabeth  formerly  in  the 
late  Lord  Northwick's  collection,  and  exhibited  by  the  kind- 
ness of  ]\rr.  Graves  in  the  Temporary  Museum  foi-med  in 
18G1,  during  the  meeting  of  the  Institute  at  Peterborough, 
the  Queen  appears  wearing  a  plain  translucent  oval  gem,  in 
form  and  dimensions  precisely  similar  to  that  given  to  lier 
by  Matthew  Parker,  and  suspended  by  a  small  black  riband 
round  her  neck.     The  setting  is  perfectly  plain  ;  there  is  no 


*  Progresses  of  Elizab.  vol.  ii.  p.  261.         also  Douce's  Illustrations  of  Shakspeare, 
'"  Bartholomaeus  de  propr.  rerum  ;  see       As  You  Like  it,  act  ii.  sc.  i. 

VOL.  XIX.  Y 


156  or.NAMEKT   TKESEKTED   TO   QUEEN   ELIZABETH 

appearance  of  intaglio  work  npon  the  stone,  ^vllicll  very 
})robably,  its  simple  character  being  nuieli  at  variance  Avith 
the  splendor  of  her  costume,  was  an  object  worn  rather  as 
an  amulet  supposed  to  possess  certain  physical  virtues,  than 
merely  as  an  ornament. 

In  concluding  these  notices  of  the  interesting  relic  of  the 
Elizabethan  age  kindly  entrusted  to  us  by  Mrs.  Barwick 
Baker,  it  may  be  observed,  that  although,  from  the  great 
convexity  of  the  surface  on  which  the  intaglio  occurs,  it  is 
improbable  that  this  gem  was  actually  intended  to  be  used 
for  sealing,  it  may  perhaps  be  properly  classed  with  certain 
personal  seals,  of  which  numerous  examples  have  fallen 
under  our  observation.  Tlie  sphragistic  relics  in  question, 
used  in  ancient  times  in  this  country  as  secretn  or  privy 
seals,  consist  of  antique  or  later  intagli,  mounted  in 
media)val  settings  invariably  formed,  as  in  the  case  of 
^latthew  Parker's  gift  to  Elizabeth,  with  a  loop  for  suspen- 
sion, so  that  they  might  conveniently  be  worn  about  the 
person.  The  settings  are  of  silver,  with  the  exception  of 
one  fine  specimen  found  in  Ireland,  which  is  of  gold  ;  they 
bear  some  motto  or  inscription,  for  the  most  part  allusive  to 
their  being  intended  to  serve  as  privy  seals.  {Several  sccreta 
of  this  description  have  been  noticed  in  this  Journal,^  and 
impi-essions  of  a  large  series  of  examples  have  been  figured 
by  iMr.  Uoach  Smith  m  his  Collectanea  Antiqua.'  It  is  well 
known  that  in  mediaeval  times  various  })hysical  or  phylac- 
teric  propei'ties  were  ascribed  to  ancient  gems  ;  a  code  or 
inventory  of  such  qualities,  as  indicated  by  the  various  sub- 
jects engraved  upon  them,  has  been  given  by  ^Ir.  Tiiomas 
Wright  in  the  Archieologia,  from  a  MS.  in  the  Ihitish 
^luscum.^  It  is  probable  that  antique  gems  mounted  in 
inscribed  rims  or  setting.'^  of  metal  as  above  described,  with 
loops  for  suspension,  may  oi-iginally  have  been  thus  adapted 


*  Sec  Uio  dcHCriiition  of  Bovcral  sjieci-  Frederick  Mucltlon  in  Uiiri  Juiiinal,  vol. 

tnoi:R.  Arch.  Jonrn.  vol.  iii.  p.  7*5.  xi.    ji.    20(3,      Cluirlinmgno   occiihiDimily 

''  Vol.  iv.   p.    C'l ;    Jourii.    J»rit.   Arcli.  umcmI  na  a  Bi:iil  a  gfin  cngmvod  wilii  tlio 

Aw!    vol.  iii.   p.   330,  kc.     It  in  Hcarcoly  luml   of  Jiii>iter  Sinipis,   ami    lVi>iii    lo 

iiucdful   to    ri'iniiid    tliono    rcjuliTM    wlio  liri-f  "h  Hcal  oxliihitH  tlio  Imliaii   Huoi'liiiH. 

take  iiitcrtht  in  KphraKiHtic  art  tliut  the  An   inijirehhion  of  tlio  Hcal  of  CliarlcH  lo 

pr«tolypfH  of  tlio  peculiar  privy  hcuIm  in  Grow,   a. I).    ><8l,   xIicwh  tlio  in<lint  of  a 

(|U«nlion   inny  poxHJlily  he  KOUKlit  in  tlio  littlu   ring  nt  llio  upper  niai(;in   for  nua- 

>««U  of  tho  Carlovin^ian  and    early  ini-  ]ienKi<>n ;    tliiu  cxaniplu  iu  not  cnricLod 

periiil    aerioii,    diHplii)in^  anticpiu    lienda  witli  a  ){i'tn. 
nnd  other  md-j'-ct",  aa  dcKcribcd   l>y  Sir  "  Archojologia,  vol.  .xxx.  p.  119. 


BY  MATTHEW  PARKER,  ARCHBISHOP  OF  CANTERBURY.  157 

SO  as  to  be  -worn  as  amulets.  Subsequently  the  intaglio  tlius 
habitually  used  as  a  personal  ornament  may  have  been  con- 
veniently employed  as  a  secretum  or  counterseal.  Amongst 
early  examples  of  gems  thus  used  in  this  country  may  be  men- 
tioned one  found  on  the  obverse  of  impressions  of  the  great 
seal  of  King  John  ;  it  is  a  small  antique  head  with  the  legend 
+  SECRETVM  lOHANNis.^  An  earlier  and  remarkable  illustra- 
tion of  the  use  of  the  looped  secretum  is  supplied  in  Mr. 
Laing's  valuable  Catalogue  of  Scottish  Seals.  This  is  the 
earliest  seal  of  the  Stuart  family,  namely,  that  of  Walter 
Fitzalan,  appended  to  one  of  the  Melrose  charters  dated 
1170.  The  counterseal  is  an  antique,  a  warrior  leaning 
against  a  column,  his  horse  prancing  at  his  side.^ 

I  have  received  from  our  friendly  correspondent  at 
Zurich,  Dr.  Ferdinand  Keller,  the  President  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries  in  that  city,  a  curious  illustration  of  the 
class  of  objects  under  consideration.  It  is  here  figured  from 
a  drawing  (of  the  same  dimensions  as  the  original)  executed 
by  Herr  Gra3ter,  to  whose  skilful  pencil  we  have  repeat- 
edly been  indebted.  It  will  be  seen  that  this  little  object, 
which  bears  much  general  resemblance  in  form  to  the 
secreta  so  frequently  occurring  in  this  country,  is  adapted  to 


^•IBARefolJl'Hb 

be  worn  as  a  personal  ornament  or  amulet,  but,  from  its  ex- 
tremely convex  form,  almost  conical,  it  could  scarcely  serve  as 
a  seal.  It  is  set  -with  a  small  green-colored  gem,  engraved 
probably  with  a  lion,  now  indistinct.     On  the  silver  setting 

9  Figured  in  Sandford's  Geneal.  Hist.  Lain?.  18;"0,  p.  126,  plate  iii.     A  Supple- 

p.  55.     A  very   curious  example   of  the  merit  to  this  interesting  volume  is  ready 

use  of  antique  intagli  on  seals  is  given  in  for  the  press,  when  sufScient  encourage- 

the  notes  on  Upton  de  Stud.  Mil.  p.  68,  meiit  may  have  been  obtained  by  Messrs. 

being  the  seal  of  Stephen  Fitzhanion,  on  Edmonston,   Edinburgh,  by  whom  sub- 

which  three  small  gems  are  introduced.  scribers'  names  are  received. 

'  Catal.   of  Scottish  Seals,  by  Houry 


158  ORNAMENT    PRESENTED    TO    QUEEN    ELIZABETH. 

is  an  inscription,  ■which  it  will  be  observed  is  to  be  read 
from  the  outside ;  this  I  presume  was  intended  for  Ira 
re(jia,  etc.,  being  the  ])urport  of  part  of  the  twelfth  verse  of 
Proverbs,  c.  xix.,  thus  rendered  in  the  Vulgate — "Sicut 
fremitus  leonis  ita  et  regis  ira.'  The  legend  may  i^robably 
have  been  taken  from  an  earlier  version. 

It  may  be  observed,  in  connexion  with  this  singular  httle  or- 
nament, that  the  symbol  of  a  lion  appears  to  have  been  in  much 
repute  in  mediaeval  times ;  some  mysterious  significance  orphy- 
hicteric  virtue,  probably  as  a  zodiacal  sign,  was  ascribed  to  it 
whetlier  used  as  a  personal  ornament,  or  as  the  device  of  a  seal. 
In  the  curious  "Livre  Tccliel  dcs  philosophes  et  des  Indois, 
dit  estre  des  enfans  d'Israel,"'  from  which  we  learn  the  reputed 
virtues  and  properties  of  precious  stones,  it  is  said — "  en  quel- 
(|ue  maniere  de  pierre  que  tu  trouveras  cntaille  a  1  ymaige  du 
mouton,  ou  du  Ij/on,  ou  du  sagittaire,  cllcs  sont  consacrces  du 
signe  du  ciel.  Elles  sont  tres  vertueuses,  car  elles  rendent 
I'omme  amyable  et  graciculx  a  tons  ;  elles  rcsistent  aux  fievres 
cothidianes,  quartaines,  et  autres  de  froide  nature.  Elles  gue- 
rissent  les  ydropiques  ct  les  palatiques,  et  aguisent  I'engin, 
et  rendent  beau  pai'lcr,  et  font  estre  scur  en  tous  lieux,  et 
acroist  honneur  a  celluy  qui  la  porte,  espccialement  ryniagc 
du  li/on."'^  The  mystic  notions  relating  to  this  animal  may 
be  seen  in  "Le  Bestiaire  Divin,"  edited  by  M.  IIipj)eau  in  the 
Memoirs  of  the  Anticpiaries  of  Normandy.  An  intaglio  of  a 
hon  with  liis  paw  on  a  bull's  head  occurs  on  <a  looped  seal 
foimd  at  Luddesdown,  Kent  ;  the  silver  setting  is  thus  in- 
scribed— SV.M  Li:o  QOVIS  EG  NON  NISI  VERA  VEU. 

Some  mysterious  import  doubtless  is  also  concealed  under 
tlie  strange  device  fre(jucntly  found  on  small  ])ersi)nal  seals 
of  the  fourteenth  century,  a  lion  couching  under  a  tree,  with 
the  legend — wake  me  no  man.  Occasionally  we  find  this 
a.ssociated  with  a  symbol  of  the  Precursor,  the  ellicacy  of 
whose  intercession  was  most  highly  esteemed  against  epilepsy 
and  (filler  disorders.  The  head  of  St.  John  the  Baptist  in  a 
cliarger,  a  very  favoi-ite  device,  and  doubtless  jtliilacteric, 
occurs  accompanied  by  that  of  the  sleeping  li(^n  which  1  have 
dcHcriljed.  According  to  me<iia'val  lia(hliniis  ihe  king  of  the 
forests  when  asieej)  n(;ver  closed  his  eyes  ;  as  stated  in  the 
Bestiaire — "quant  il  dort,  li  oil  li  veille." 

Ai.iu:i(T  Way. 

'  I^  I>npiiIairo  on  Finiicnin,  par  Momiiro        liiiicy,  livrn  dcH  L«>geiideH,  cited    by  Mr. 
Jehan  •!«   Mamlovillo  ;    800   L't   Uemx  d«»       T.  Wright ,  Archroologia,  vol.  xxx.  i>.  45  1. 


©ricjiual  Documents. 

THE  ARMOUR  AND  ARMS  BELOXGIXG  TO  HENRY  BOWET, 
ARCHBISHOP  OF  YORK,  DECEASED  IN  1423,  FROM  THE  ROLL 
OF  HIS  EXECUTORS'  ACCOUNTS. 

The  voluminous  Roll  of  Accounts  of  the  executors  of  Henry  Bowet, 
Archbishop  of  York  in  tlie  reigns  of  Henry  IV.  and  Henry  V.,  comprises  a 
minute  Inventory  of  the  valuable  effects  in  every  department  of  his  establish- 
ment, and  shows,  in  a  most  striking  manner,  the  princely  state  with  which 
all  the  appointments  of  his  household  were  ordered.  This  enumeration  of 
costly  possessions  of  every  description  presents  a  singular  contrast  to  the 
liumility  which  marks  the  expressions  of  his  will,  made  two  years  previously 
to  his  decease,  with  the  directions  that  his  funeral  should  be  performed  with 
the  least  possible  pomp,  consistent  with  decency.'  The  whole  of  this  re- 
markable Computus,  measuring  many  yards  in  length,  and  preserved  at 
York  in  the  Registry  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter,  well  deserves  to  be  printed. 
It  is  replete  with  illustrations  of  manners  and  customs,  of  language  and 
local  dialect  ;  the  curious  picture  of  domestic  magnificence  which  it  presents 
is  fully  in  accordance  with  the  stately  order  for  the  "  Service  to  the  Baron- 
bishop  within  the  close  of  Yorke,"  preserved  by  Hearne.- 

Much  interesting  information  regarding  sacred  usages  might  be  gained 
from  the  long  description  of  precious  objects,  under  the  head  Capella.  An 
item  occurring  in  this  section  deserves  mention.  The  executors  accounted 
"  pro  pare  de  spectakeles  de  argento,  et  deaurat',"  valued  at  twenty 
shillings.  I  am  not  aware  that  any  earlier  occurrence  of  the  term  has  been 
noticed.  Ducange  cites  various  passages  in  ancient  writers  under  the  word 
BeriUus, — conspiciliwn,  in  French,  beside,  in  which,  however,  it  may  be 
doubtful  whether  the  optical  appliances  now  designated  spectacles  were  in- 
tended, or  rather  some  object  used  in  divination  and  mysterious  arts.  In 
the  first  Latin-English  dictionary, — the  Ortus  Vocahuloriim,  we  find  the 
word — "  BcriUus,  speculum  presbyteriorum."  Herman  says,  in  his  curious 
VuJgaria,  1519,  "  They  that  be  hooke-noscd  have  this  advantage,  that 
theyr  spectacles  {conspiciUa)  shall  not  lightly  fal  fro  them."  William  Bee, 
clerk  and  brother  of  the  priory  of  Mountgrace  in  Cleveland,  bequeathed  in 
1551  to  the  Prior  of  that  house  "  two  pare  of  Spektacles  of  syluer." — 
Wills  and  Inventories,  Surtees  Soc.  Publ.,  part  i.,  p.  136. 

The  most  curious  portion,  however,  of  the  document,  perhaps,  is  the  in- 
ventory of  the  archiepiscopal  Armory,  occurring  under  the  head  Garderoha. 
Such  detailed  descriptions  are  of  rare  occurrence. 

It  need  not  be  regarded  as  surprising  that  such  an  assemblage  of  muni- 

1  It  is  dated  Sept.  9,   1421,  and  was      Surtees  Society,  Testam.  Ebor.  i.  399. 
proved  Oct.  2(3,  1423.     Piiuted  by   tlie  -  Lelaud's  Coll.  Append,  vol.  vi.  p.  7. 


100  ORIGIXAL   DOCUMENTS. 

tions  of  war  should  have  hccn  fouml  in  tlio  palace  of  the  deecapcil  prolate. 
It  may  be  supposeil,  iiuloeil,  that  many,  if  not  the  whole  of  tlie  objects  here 
enumerated,  and  described  as  inultuni  dthilcs,  may  liave  been  banded  down 
from  the  times  of  his  predecessors  in  the  sec,  since  they  appear  to  be  of 
tlie  fashions  of  a  period  considerably  prior  to  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.,  when 
Henry  Bowet  was  translated,  in  October,  1407,  from  the  see  of  Bath  and 
Wells  to  that  of  York. 

The  terms  relating  to  armour  and  arms  enumerated  in  the  following  ex- 
tract present  points  of  interest  to  those  who  investigate  the  details  of 
military  costume  ;  and  a  few  explanatory  notes  ma}'  not  be  unacceptable. 
The  first  object  in  the  list,  a  "jake  detience,"  was  a  military  garment,  as 
we  are  informed  by  Mr.  Hewitt  in  his  useful  Manual  of  Ancient  Armour  and 
Weapons  in  Europe  (vol.  i.,  p.  liU),  of  four  kinds  ;  viz.,  it  was  a  quilted 
coat,  or  it  was  pourpointed  of  leather  and  canvas  in  many  fohls,  or  it  was 
formed  of  mail,  or  of  small  plates  like  brigandine  armour.  In  the  document 
before  us  it  appears  to  have  been  of  red  camlet,  and  provided  with  three 
gilt  straps,  by  which  doubtless  it  was  fastened  at  the  back  or  side.  I  have 
collected  numerous  particulars  in  a  note  on  the  word — "  jakke  of  defence" 
(jak  of  fence,  in  one  MS.),  in  the  Promptorium  Parvulorum,  p.  256,  from 
which  the  nature  of  this  garment  may  be  understood.  Occasionally  it  had 
a  more  costly  covering  ;  in  1391,  Margery,  widow  of  Sir  William  de  Alde- 
burgh,  bequeaths  to  her  son  "  unum  jak  defciicionis  opertum  nigro  velveto." 
— Testam.  Ebor.  vol.  i.  p.  150. 

The  articles  next  enuinerated  consist  of  various  defences  of  mail  ;  amongst 
these  may  particularly  be  noticed  "  qwysschewes,"  namely  c//isscs,  armour 
for  the  thighs  ;  also  a  "pauncc,"  with  other  objects  described  as  "  de 
mavle  rotundo,"  of  round  mail.  This  appears  to  designate  a  distinct  pecu- 
liarity in  the  form  of  the  rings  of  which  such  defences  were  composed  ;  the 
rings  may  have  been  occcasionally  of  elliptical  or  other  form.  In  the 
Inventory  of  the  Armour  of  Louis  X.,  King  of  France,  in  131G,  we  find — 
'•  uns  pans  et  uns  bras  de  roondes  mailles  de  haute  cloiieure  :  Item  uns 
pans  et  uns  bras  d'acier  plus  fons  do  mailles  rondos  de  haute  cloiieure  :  — 
Item  une  couverture  de  mailles  rondes  demy  cloees  :  Item  une  tcstiere  do 
haute  cloiieure  de  maille  roiule." — See  Ducange  Gloss,  r.  Armatura.  At 
an  earlier  period  the  legs  and  thighs  had  been  protected  wholly  by  chatisscs 
of  interlaced  mail,  but,  after  the  use  of  jacked  leather  or  iron  plate  for  the 
defence  of  the  knees  ami  shins,  chaussoiis  or  cinssots  of  mail  were  still 
retained  for  the  thighs,  which  were  occasionally  encased  in  cuir  bouilli  or  in 
metal  plate.  We  find  in  the  document  under  consideration  a  pair  of 
**  nnyHschewcs  do  plate,  de  antiipia  fotiiui  ;  "  and,  amongst  the  armour  of 
Kog(,T  Mortimer,  in  I.'{31,  occur  three  pair  **  de  quisseu.x  de  qnir  boile." 
Kal.  of  the  Exch.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  105.  These  articles  were  sometimes  of  gam- 
boised  work  ;  the  list  of  armour  of  Louis  X.,  before  cited,  includes  **  un 
cuinniaux  ganiboisez."  Of  this  nature,  probably,  were  the  defences  often 
ficen  in  nepulcbrnl  brasses  of  the  fourteenth  century,  representing  the 
armour  of  the  thighs  as  powdered  with  quatcefoils  or  small  bezanty  orna- 
ments. 

We  find  mention  of  a  small  "  jDiunce,'    '  described  as   in  feeble  condition 

*  Mr.  Mnwitt  mi^^'K'^Hf''  tl"kt  tbo  "iiaun-       nrmotir  thoy  wore,  tlio  paunco  or  panznr. 
rcnam,"    in  tlio  Iloll  of  tlio  Army  iM-foio       Auc.  Armour,  ii.  VJiJ. 
(JftlaU  In  1340,  w«t<)  ho  rmtiH'd   from  tlio 


ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS.  101 

and  valued  only  at  20(1.  ;  it  was  formed  like  the  hauljcrk,  aventaille,  and 
other  armour  liere  enumerated,  of  round  mail.  Tlie  paunee  Avas  doubtless  a 
defence  for  the  abdomen  ;  called  panzicra  b}'  the  Italians,  Panzer  bv  the 
(iermans  ; — tlie  armour  for  the  panda,  in  French,  panse,  the  paunch. — 
See  Ducange  v.  Pancerea,  Panseria,  Panzeria,  &,c.  It  was  either  of  mail 
or  of  plate.  In  a  French  and  Latin  vocabulary  with  English  glosses, 
Harl.  MS.  229,  f.  151,  occur — "  Peitryne,  a  brestplate.  Pesse  de  mael, 
a  paunee."  So  also  in  the  Inventory  of  armour  of  Sir  Simon  Burley, 
beheaded  1388  (MS.  in  possession  of  Sir  Thomas  Pliillipps,  at  Middle  Hill) 
occur — "j.  pancher  de  mayl  covere  de  drap  noir  :  j.  doublet  blanc  stuffe 
de  un  herbregone."  Edward  Duke  of  York,  grandson  of  Edward  III.,  be- 
queaths his  "  petite  cote  de  maille  ;  le  piece  de  ])late  que  Mons'  seignour  le 
l^ince  ma  donna  apelle  brest-plate  ;  le  pance  qe  fuist  a  mon  seignour  mon 
piere,  qe  Dieu  assoill."  ISichols'  Royal  Wills,  p.  221.  This  piece  of  armour, 
wlien  formed  of  polisiied  steel,  was  probably  the  "  paunee  de  alwite  "  (white 
or  bright  ^)  mentioned  amongst  the  "  armature  de  optimo  "  belonging  to  Wil- 
liam Bowes,  a  merchant  of  York,  1439. — Coll.  Top.,  vol.  ii.,p.  150.  In  a 
curious  alliterative  Poem,  for  which  we  are  indebted  to  the  editorial  care  of 
Sir  Frederick  Madden,  Syr  Gawayn,  written  about  the  time  of  Richard  II., 
the  following  description  occurs  of  the  knight  equipping  himself  for  the 
fight,— 

"Fyrst  he  clad  liym  in  his  clothez  the-colde  for  to  were, 
And  sytlien  his  other  harnays  that  holdely  watz  keped, 
Bothe  hi.s  pauiice  and  his  platez  piked  ful  clene, 
The  ryuges  rokked  of  the  roust  of  his  riche  bruuy." — v.  2015. 

Amongst  the  armour  in  the  roll  of  Archbishop  Bowet's  effects  we  find 
three  ventayles,  or  aventaillcs,  which  in  this  instance  were  of  round  mail  ; 
they  are  described  as  pro  gaU\  possibly,  as  has  been  suggested,  implying 
pro  galea,  or  galeis,  for  the  helm.  I  am  not  aware  that  evidence  has  pre- 
viously been  found  of  the  use  of  mail  for  any  of  these  appendages  serving 
for  the  protection  of  the  face.  A  "  bordoure"  jagiied  with  latten,  or 
brass,  may  have  been  a  variety  of  the  camail,  or  of  the  collar  called  at  a 
later  period  a  standard  of  mail,  the  margin  of  which  was  frequently  van- 
dyked  with  a  fringe  of  rings  of  yellow  metal,  forming  an  ornamental 
contrast  to  the  steel.  A  specimen  thus  decorated,  found  in  London,  is 
figured  by  Mr.  Roach  Smith  in  the  Catalogue  of  his  Collection  of  Anti(jui- 
ties  now  in  the  British  iluseum  ;  see  p.  150.  The  term  "  bordour"  occurs, 
Romance  of  Golagros  and  Gawane,  v.  938,  977. 

The  item  which  follows  relates  to  a  pair  of  "  schynbaldes,  alias  vam- 
plattes,  pro  tebiis  virorum,"  namely,  defences  for  the  legs,  below  the  knee, 
greaves  or  "jambeux,"  possibly  as  designated  by  Chaucer  ;  some,  how- 
ever, have  made  a  distinction  between  greaves  covering  the  front  of  the 
leg  (thence,  it  may  be  supposed,  here  called  vamplates),  and  defences  of  the 
whole  leg,  properly  called  "  peires  de  jambers."  In  the  Indenture  relating 
to  stores  in  Dover  Castle,  35  Edw.  III.,  13GI,  we  find,  with  body-armour 
of  mail  and  plate,  gauntlets,  «tc.,  "  j.  brustplate  pour  justes,  deux  atant- 
platcs,"  <tc. — Arch.  Journ.,  vol.  xi.,  p.  384.  "  Schynbalde  "  is  a  term  of 
rare  occurrence,  which  I  have  found  only  in  the  Awntyrs  of  Arthure,  xxxi., 
5,  where  it  is  written  "  scliynbawdes,"  printed  by  Pinkerton  "  schynban- 
dcs  ;  "  and  also  in   the  alliterative  Morte  Arthur,  where  the  effects  of  a 

''  So  iu  the  Tourney  Book  of  Rene  d'Anjou, — '"  haruoys  blanc." 


162  ORIGINAL   DOCUMENTS. 

wound  are  described,  by  which  the  blood,  running  down  on  tlie  knight's 
shank,  "  schewcd  one  his  scliwnhawde  tliat  was  schire  burneste.'' — See 
Sir  F.  Madden's  Glossary,  Syr  Gawayn,  in  v. 

We  may  next  notice  a  " pectorah',  alias  brestplate,  in  ij.  partibus,  cum 
ij.  wynglies,"  with  buckles  and  pendants,  and  "  barres"  of  silver  gilt,  namely 
the  transverse  metal  ornaments  of  a  strap  or  belt,  sometimes  richly  chased, 
and  through  which  the  tongue  of  the  buckle  usually  passed.  We  are 
scarcely  justified  in  the  conjecture  that  the  "  wynghes"  may  have  been  of 
the  nature  of  tho>e  singular  appendages  designated  ailettes,  attached  by 
laces  to  the  shoulders,  a  fashion  of  a  much  earlier  period,  introduced 
towards  the  close  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and  much  in  vogue  during  the 
reign  of  Edward  III.*  It  may,  however,  deserve  notice,  if  the  possibility 
that  ailettes  are  intended  can  be  admitted,  that  the  armour  described  in 
the  curious  Inventory  before  us  is,  for  the  most  part,  such  as  had  been  in 
use  long  before  the  date  of  the  document  (a.d.  1421).  The  pair  of  plates, 
of  which  mention  is  made  by  Chaucer,  had  come  into  use  about  1350  ;  the 
term  continued  long  in  use  to  designate  body-armour  composed  of  two 
portions,  breast  and  back  ;  and,  although  the  defence  described  in  the 
inventory  may  seem  limited  to  the  former,  yet  the  expression  '*  in  ij. 
partibus  "  suggests  the  probability  that  it  was  a  pair  of  plates  in  the 
usual  sense  of  the  term/'  The  wings  nu\y  have  been  ornamental  roundels 
or  epaulettes,  which  succeeded  the  ailettes  and  occur  in  a  great  variety  of 
forms  during  the  latter  part  of  the  fourteenth  century.  The  item  following 
gives  us  the  rest  of  the  defences  for  the  arm,  namely,  the  vambraces,  for 
the  fore-arm,  and  the  rerebraces,  extending  from  the  elbow  to  the 
shoulder. 

The  palet  is  comparatively  of  rare  occurrence  in  lists  of  the  numerous 
defences  for  the  head  used  during  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries. 
I  have  cited,  in  my  luAcs  in  the  Promptorium  Parvulurum,  p.  378,  the 
principal  instances  of  the  use  of  this  term  by  mediaeval  writers,  and  iu 
inventories,  (tc.  In  that  curious  Dictionary  it  occurs  thus: — "Palet, 
armowre  for  the  heed  ;  PeUiris,  Galcrus."  It  was  properly  a  head-piece 
of  leather  or  cuir-bouilli,  and  thence  its  name  was  doubtless  derived  ;  — 
"galea  ex  coreo  ot  pelle,"  as  pcUiris  is  explained  iti  the  Catholieon.  The 
term,  however,  was  occasionally  extended  to  analogous  defences  formed  of 
metal.^  In  the  present  instance  we  find  the  palet  described  as  "  closs' 
cum  j.  umberelle,"  and  a  good  bordure  of  nuiil.  The  latter  has  been 
already  noticed  ;  from  the  term  close  (claiiso),  it  may  be  supposed  that 
this  headpitee  was  so  formed  as  to  protrct  the  face,  whilst  it  was  provided 
with  an  "  umljerellf,"  which  may  have  been  a  projecting  brim,  such  as  is 
Keen  in  one  of  the  figures  on  the  brass  of  Sir  John  de  Hastings  at  Elsing, 
Norfolk,  1347."'  In  the  Dover  Inventory  in  13(11,  however,  Archieol. 
.lournal,  vol.  xi.  p.  381,  bacinets  occurred  "  ove  ninhrcs,"  probably  visors. 
In  the  Prom[)t()riuni  Parvuhtrum,  p.  375,  we  find — "  Owmbrer  of  bacenet  ; 
L'lnbraculum  ;"    and,     iu     Palsgrave's    "  Kclaircis.sement    de    la    Languo 


*  Sco  Mr.  Hcwitt'M  d<taile(l  noticoH  of  brcaHt  witli  the  addition   of  a  placcato 
ailvtU'H,    Armour    and    WenpouH  iu  Kii-  uvorl^iiig  it. 

rope,  vol.  i.  p.  '2«5;  vol.  ii.  p.  175.     Tlio  •     ?  ibid.  vol.  ii.  222. 

laUwt  oxniiiplcH  occur  about  I3!i0.  "  Cotiiiuij'H   .Sop.    HraftHCH,  vol.  i.  pi.  i. 

*  Iliid.   vol.    ii.  p.  IIU.     The  pectoral  Soo  notieoH  of   tiio    wi<h -riininod  licad- 
ID  two  I'ArtH  may  doubtloim  havu  been  a  picco,  IIuwitl'H  Armour,  v<^l.  ii.  p.  213. 


ORIGINAL   DOCUMENTS.  1G3 

Frangoysc,"  1530,  "  Unibrell  of  an  liccd  pecc,  vmcre.''  I  have  tlioiight 
the  term,  comparatively  of  rare  occurrence,  deserving  of  notice,  cspeciallj 
as  it  is  not  clear  in  what  respect  the  umber  and  uinberelle  differed  from  the 
visor.  In  the  relation  given  by  Stowe  of  the  combat  before  Henry  VI.,  in 
1442,  between  John  de  Astley  and  a  knight  of  Aragon,  it  is  eaid  that  the 
latter  struck  his  adversary  on  his  bacinet,  "  brast  up  his  urabar  three 
times,"  and  would  fain  have  smitten  him  in  the  face  with  his  dagger.  In 
the  narrative  of  this  affair  in  Stowe's  Survey  of  London  this  word  is 
printed  erroneously  "uniber." 

A  pair  of  gauntlets  is  described  in  the  next  item,  of  ancient  fashion,  and 
•with  brass  knuckles  {condoUs  de  latone).  Examples  are  not  wanting  of 
representations  of  gauntlets  thus  ornamented  in  monumental  portraitures, 
such  as  the  effigy  of  John  de  Montacute  in  Salisbury  Cathedral  ;  he  died 
in  1388.^  In  a  Computus  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  Dauphin,  in  1333,  a 
payment  occurs  for  "  guautis  lattunatis;" — for  a  pair  '*  de  caligis  de 
latono,"  «kc.  These  may,  however,  have  been  gauntlets  wholly  of  brass, 
such  as  those  still  suspended  over  the  tomb  of  the  Black  Prince  in  Canter- 
bury Cathedral. 

In  the  Inventory  of  munitions  at  Dover  Castle,  in  1344,  we  noticed 
formerly  the  item — "j.  barelle  pro  armaturis  rollandis"  (Arch.  Journ.  vol. 
xi.  pp.  382,  386),  and  pointed  out  some  other  evidences  of  the  practice  of 
cleaning  mail-armour  by  rolling  it  in  a  barrel,  probably  with  sand.  Here 
we  find  20  d.  "  pro  j.  barelle  cum  suis  pertinentiis  ad  purgandas  loricas  et 
alia  arma  de  mayle."  In  the  passage  from  Syr  Gawayn  above  cited  the 
hauberk  is  said  to  have  been  cleaned  of  rust  by  being  "  rokked."  Frois- 
sart,  in  1372,  describes  the  soldiers  hastening  to  furbish  their  armour,  "  a 
rouler  leurs  cottes  de  fer,"  So  a^ain  we  find,  amongst  efi'eets  at  Win- 
Chester  College  after  the  death  of  Warden  Thurnberne,  4  Hen.  V., 
*'j.  barelle  pro  loricis  purgandis."  In  the  Howard  Household  Book  a 
payment  of  9d.  is  found,  in  1467,  "  to  an  Armerer  at  Pawles  Cheyne  for 
an  barneys  barelle."  (Domestic  Expen.  in  Eng.  p.  416.)  A  notice  of  such  a 
process  occurs  as  late  as  1603,  in  the  Inventory  of  the  Armory  at  Hen- 
grave — "  Item,  one  barrel  to  make  clean  the  shirt  of  maile  and  gorgetts," 
a  single  shirt  of  mail  being  found  there,  and  22  gorgets.  The  leathern 
sacks  mentioned  in  the  roll  of  Ministers'  Accounts,  23  and  24  Edw.  I. 
(Duchy  of  Lane),  were  possibly  for  a  like  purpose.  The  entry  is  as 
follows — "in  XX.  s.  xj.  d.  in  duobus  saccis  de  coreo  pro  armatura  Comitis." 
Mr.  Burtt,  in  his  interesting  notices  of  the  first  use  of  guns  and  gun- 
powder in  the  English  army,  during  the  campaign  of  Edward  III.  in  which 
the  memorable  battle  of  Cressy  was  fought,  a.d.  1346,  has  lately  brought 
before  us  certain  entries  relating  to  the  stocks  for  guns  at  that  early 
period  ; — the  telar  or  tiller,  to  which  the  tube  termed  a  "gonue"  was 
affixed.  (See  pp.  71,  72,  note,  ante.)  Amongst  the  warlike  munitions 
in  the  Gardcroha  of  Archbishop  Bowet  we  here  find,  with  old  lances  and 
battle-axes,  two  "stokgunnes  de  ferro,''  much  decayed,  valued  at  135.  4t7. 
These  may  have  been  some  of  the  earliest  hand-guns  known  in  the  northern 
counties. 

It  is  remarkable  that  in  the  curious  list  of  ancient  warlike  appliances  to 
which  I  have  been  desirous  to  invite  attention,  as  a  sample  of  the  evi- 
dences of  this  description  preserved  in  the  Treasury    at    York,   we   find 

»  Stothard'd  Mouumcutal  EfiBgics. 
VOL.  XIX.  Z 


161  ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS. 

cliiefly  objects  of  a  much  earlier  period  tlian  the  date  of  the  document,  and 
described  also  as  vcteres,  viaxii/ic,  or  inuUum  dchilcs,  or  de  antiqua  forma. 
They  iuclude  items  which  those  who  are  versed  in  military  costume  might 
be  disposed  to  ascribe  to  times  a  century  previous  to  the  decease  of  the 
Archbishop,  and  to  be  regarded  possibly  as  the  ancient  munitions  of  the 
stately  archiopiscopal  palace  at  Cawood  Castle,  of  that  at  15i>hu]tthorpe,  or 
of  the  maguiticeut  residence  formerly  existing  in  the  Cathedral  Close  at 
York. 

Archbishop  Bowet  died  at  Cawood,  Oct.  20,  1423  ;  his  will,  dated 
Sept.  9,  1421,  and  proved  Oct.  26,  1423,  has  been  published  for  the 
Surtees  Society  in  the  Testamenta  Eboraccnsia,  Part  I.,  p.  398,  under 
the  editorial  care  of  the  late  liev.  James  Kaine.  The  executors,  consti- 
tuted by  his  will,  were  Henry  Bowet,  Archdeacon  of  Richmond,  Thomas 
Wvot,  sitccciitor  of  the  church  of  York,  Henry  Soulhy  and  Robert  Pen- 
reth,  domiccUi,  probably  domestic  attendants  in  the  household  of  the 
deceased  prelate.'  The  Archbishop's  Register  is  preserved  at  Yurk  ;  his 
tomb,  with  its  lofty,  graceful  canopy,  may  be  seen  in  the  Minster  near 
the  cast  end  ;  this  remarkable  example  of  its  period  has  been  figured  in 
Britton's  History  of  the  Cathedral,  PI.  xxvi.  Our  readers  need  not 
be  reminded  of  the  valuable  services  rendered  by  my  lamented  friend,  the 
historian  of  Durham,  to  the  cause  of  archa3ology  and  topography  in  the 
North  ;  the  completion  of  purposes  long  cherished  by  him  has  fallen 
into  the  bands  of  a  son  worthy  to  succeed  such  a  father.  Mr.  Raine,  now 
resident  at  York,  and  by  whom  the  Fabric  Rolls  of  tho  Minster  have 
recently  been  edited  for  the  Surtees  Society,  has  in  preparation  detailed 
memoirs  of  the  prelates  and  dignitaries  of  that  see,  from  tlic  rich  store  of 
evidence  there  preserved  in  the  Treasury.  In  his  forthcoming  work  I 
liope  that  the  valuable  illustrations  of  ancient  manners  to  be  derived  from 
documents  of  the  class  to  which  it  has  been  my  object,  in  the  following 
short  extract,  to  invite  attention,  will  be  brought  as  they  deserve  under 
the  notice  of  those  who  study  our  national  history  and  antiquities. 

ALBEIIT  WAY. 


Extract  from  the  Computus  Roll  of  the  Executors  op  Henry  Bowet, 
AuciLBisiioi'  01"  York,  deceased  Oct.  20,  1423. 

Garderoda. 

Respondent  cxccutores — de  xx.  s.  receptis  pro  j.  jakc  deffence  do 
chamlet  rubco,  cum  iij.  Icgulis  dcauratis.  Et  de  iij.  s.  iiij.  d.  receptis  pro 
uno  pare  de  qwysschewea  de  maylo  rotund'  jtro  dcfencione  cruruni.  Et  de 
iij.  H.  iiij.  d.  reccjjtis  jiro  una  lorica  debili  do  mayle  rotund'.  Et  de 
vj.  8.  viij.  d.  receptis  pro  una  lorica  vetero  de  mayle  rotund*.  Et  de  .xx.  d. 
receptiB  pro  uno  parvo  pauncc,  maximc  debili,  do  maylo  rotunil.'  Et  do 
XX.  d.  pro  uno  parvo  vcntaylo  vetere  de  mayle  rotund'.  Et  de  ij.  d. 
recc-ptis  pro  uno  vcntaylo  vetero  pro  gall'  do  mayle  rotund'.  Et  do  vj.  d. 
receptis  pro  uno  vcntaylo  vetere  et  valdo  dwliuli  (sic)  pro  gall'  do  mavio 
roliUMl.'  I'll  de  vj.  d.  receptis  pro  altcre  vcnta^le  vetere  et  niultum  doliili 
pro  gall'  de  nui)le  rottnid'.  Et  de  vj.  d.  n'ci'|»tis  pro  uno  bordoure  do  nniylo 
rotund'  j'lggyde  cum  latone  pro  gall'.  J'^t  de  ij.  h.  receptis  pro  uno  pare 
do  hcliyubaldutt  al'  vauipluttes,  pro  tcbiis  (sic)  virorum.     Et  de  iij.  b.  iiij.  d. 

'  Soo  DucuDgc,  in  v. 


ORIGINAL   DOCUMENTS.  105 

receptis  pro  imo  pare  de  qwysschewcs  de  plate,  de  antlqua  forma.  Et  de 
xvj.  s.  receptis  pro  uno  pectorali  alias  brestplate  in  ij.  partilms,  cum  ij. 
wynghcs,  cum  iij.  bokeles,  ct  quinque  pendandes  cum  x.  barres  do  argeuto  et 
deaurat'.  Et  de  iij.  s.  iiij.  d.  receptis  pro  uno  pare  de  vambrace  et  rerebrace, 
in  quatuor  peciis.  Et  de  xiij,  s.  iiij.  d.  receptis  pro  uno  palet  closs'  cum  j. 
umberelle,  cum  j.  bono  bordoure  do  mayle.  Et  de  ij.  s.  receptis  pro  uno  pare 
cirotbecarum  cum  condolis  de  latone,  de  antiqua  forma.  Et  de  Ixxiiij.  8. 
receptis  pro  omnibus  aliis  armis  existentibus  in  garderoba,  simul  sic  appre- 
ciatis.  Et  de  xx.  d.  receptis  pro  j.  barelle  cum  suis  pertinentiis,  ad  pur- 
gandas  loricas  et  alia  arma  de  mayle.  Et  de  xx.  d.  receptis  pro  una  cista 
vetere  in  qua  ponuntur  omnia  arma  predicta  custodiendum.  Et  de  x.  s. 
receptis  pro  viij.  lanciis  veteribus,  cum  sex  capitibus  de  antiqua  forma,  et 
ij.   scbaftet'-  pro  baner'  et  pcnsil.'  Et  de  xiij.  s,   iiij.  d.   receptis  pro 

ij.  stokgunnes  de  ferro  multum  debilibus.  Et  de  ij.  s.  iiij.  d.  receptis  pro 
quatuor  batelle  axe  multum  debilibus. 

^  The  contraction  should  probably  be  bad  heads  of  the  old  fashion,  it  appears 

read  schaftetes,  or  schaftetis.    A  question  probable    that    the    term    iu    question 

might  occur  whether  this  word  signifies  describes    the   heads  of  the   remaiuing 

Bhafts,    or   shaft-heads   with    some    cou-  pair. 

trivance  for  the  attachment  of  the  banner  •*  This  word  is  somewhat  indistinct  in 

and  pcnoncel.    As,  however,  of  the  eight  the  MS.  Roll, 
lances  enumerated  six  appear   to  have 


^jJrocfctiiucjS  at  fHrrtings  of  t!)f  ^^Irdjacolocjical  Institutf. 

March  7,  18G2. 
OcTAVirs  McncAK,  Esq.,  M,P.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

In  opening  the  proceedings  Mr.  MouoAX  observed,  that  since  their  last 
niontlily  meeting  a  valuable  addition  had  been  made  to  Archajological 
literature,  which  the  members  of  the  Institute  could  not  fail  to  regard  with 
special  satisfaction  as  the  production  of  one  who  for  many  years  had  taken 
so  active  and  friendly  a  part  in  their  proceedings.  lie  alluded  to  the 
important  work  by  Mr.  C'lu^rlcs  Newton,  on  the  Antiquities  of  llalicar- 
nassus  and  the  Tomb  of  Mausolus,  just  published.  Their  noble  rresident, 
Lord  Talbot,  had  kindly  united  with  a  few  members  of  the  Institute,  who 
were  desirous  to  contribute  a  copy  of  Mr.  Newton's  pid)lication  to  the 
library  of  the  Society.  Mr.  Morgan  wished,  on  their  behalf,  to  present 
this  interesting  record  of  the  researches  and  excavations  carried  out  by 
Mr.  Newton,  whose  efficient  co-operation  as  their  Honorary  Secretary  in 
former  years  had  materially  aided  the  establishment  of  the  Institute.  lie 
recalled  also  with  gratification  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Newton,  who  shortly 
after  his  return  hud  taken  the  earliest  occasion  to  bring  before  the  Society 
the  results  of  his  discoveries,  and  had  delivered  at  their  Meeting  at 
Carlisle  two  discourses  of  great  interest.'  Mr.  Morgan  invited  attention 
also  to  a  cast,  now  exhibited,  of  the  bust  of  a  statue  of  Ceres,  a  produc- 
tion of  a  very  high  class  of  ancient  Art,  brought  to  light  by  Mr.  Newton 
on  the  site  of  the  Temenos,  or  temple  of  that  goddess  at  ('nidus. 

Professor  Do.n'aldsoN;  having  olfered  some  rennuks  on  the  value  of  the 
services  rendered  to  archajology  by  their  talented  friend  Mr.  Newton,  now 
liolding  a  distinguished  position  in  the  Department  of  Anticpiities  at  the 
British  Museum,  proposed  thanks  to  Lord  Talbot  and  the  members  of  the 
Institute,  by  whom  the  library  had  been  enriched  with  so  desirable  an 
accession  to  the  literature  of  ancient  Art. 

Dr.  Macoowa.s,  who  has  resided  many  years  in  China,  and,  through  his 
intimate  knowledge  of  the  language  and  usages  of  that  country,  has 
enjoyed  unusuiil  advantages  in  exploring  localities  almost  inaccessihlo  to 
Kuropeans,  then  gave  an  account  of  an  ancient  inscribed  slab  of  basalt  at 
Si-gan-Kou,  the  capital  of  the  Province  Chen-Si,  described  as  commemo- 
rating Yu,  called  Tu-Yu,  or  the  (ireat,  the  founder  of  one  of  the  early 
dynasties  in  Chiiui,  about  n.c.  2200.  The  Chinese,  Dr.  Macgowau 
obHorvcd,  arc  remarkably  partial  to  antitpiarian  researches,  and  delight  to 
collect  relics  of  olden  times  ;  many  learned  scholars  amongst  them  devote 
hpcciul  attention  to  archa;oI(jgy,  and  voluminous  treatises  exist  on  ancient 

'  Sco  Arch.  Juuni.  vol.  xvi.  JH'.  L'7*',  libO. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  167 

vases  of  bronze,  on  porcelain,  early  inscriptions,  (kc.  lie  exhibited  a  fac- 
simile, or  rubbing,  of  the  slab  supposed  to  record  the  great  deeds  of  Yu, 
and  now  for  the  first  time  brought  to  Europe.  A  copy  or  drawing  of  the 
inscription  by  some  native  artist  had  been  obtained  in  France,  and  it  was 
published  in  Paris  in  1802,  by  a  German  Orientalist,  Joseph  Ilager,  with 
an  interpretation.-  Considerable  doubt  had,  however,  been  entertained  in 
regard  to  the  authenticity  or  antiquity  of  the  memorial  ;  the  slab  in 
question  being  in  fact  an  ancient  copy  of  the  original  inscription,  believed 
to  have  been  engraved  on  certain  rocks  in  a  remote  district  of  China,  and 
accidentally  brought  to  light  by  a  land-slip,  which  exposed  the  inscribed 
surface.  The  copy,  of  which  a  fac-simile  was  shown,  is  in  archaic  cha- 
racters, now  quite  obsolete  ;  an  interpretation  or  interlinear  gloss  in  the 
ordinary  letters  had  long  since  been  inscribed  by  some  Chinese  scholar, 
with  a  statement  of  the  circumstances  which  caused  the  discovery.  The 
interpretation,  first  published  by  the  learned  Jesuit,  Pere  Amiot,  sets  forth 
that  Yu  had  attained  to  great  renown  by  his  skill  as  an  engineer,  having 
been  commissioned  by  the  Emperor  to  check  the  devastation  caused  by  a 
deluge,  which  during  nine  years  covered  the  face  of  the  country.  Yu 
devised  means  to  remedy  the  evil,  of  which  this  ancient  record  describes 
the  ravages,  his  arduous  exertions,  and  the  success  of  his  skilful  manage- 
ment. He  ultimately  was  elevated  to  the  imperial  sway,  which  continued 
in  his  family  for  439  years.  Dr.  Macgowan  had  been  the  first  to  ascertain 
the  existence  of  his  tomb,  which  is  in  the  custody  of  his  descendants  of  the 
hundred  and  eighty-third  generation,  by  whom  annual  offerings  are  made 
to  his  memory  in  their  ancestral  temple.  The  family  had  been  recognised 
by  all  successive  dynasties  as  deriving  their  origin  from  Ta-Yu,  but  the 
preservation  of  his  sepulchre  was  not  hitherto  known.  The  great  antiquity 
attributed  by  the  Chinese  to  the  inscription  exhibited  on  this  occasion  may 
doubtless  be  questioned  ;  it  bears  much  analogy  to  the  account  of  Yu 
given  in  the  Collections  of  Confucius  ;  it  is  only  a  copy,  although  made  at 
a  remote  period,  of  the  writing  on  the  rock  at  Heug-Chan,  one  of  the 
mountains  on  which  the  emperors  offered  annual  sacrifices  to  the  Supreme 
Being,  to  which  no  European,  it  is  believed,  has  had  access.  It  has,  how- 
ever, always  been  recognised  by  Chinese  scholars  as  an  historical  monument 
of  important  character,  amongst  the  numerous  inscriptions  of  great  antiquity 
preserved  in  the  country.  Of  these,  one,  comparatively  well  known  to 
European  antiquaries,  is  the  remarkable  memorial  of  the  mission  of  the 
Nestorian  Christians  in  China  in  the  seventh  century.  Dr.  Macgowan 
remarked  that  he  had  been  desirous  to  avail  himself  of  the  opportunity  to 
invite  the  attention  of  English  archa;ologists  to  the  interest  of  ancient 
monuments  and  vestiges  in  China,  heretofore  unapproachable,  but  which 
recent  events  had  rendered  comparatively  easy  of  access,  and  he  expressed 
very  kindly  his  readiness  to  render,  on  his  return  to  the  East,  any  assistance 
to  those  who  might  desire  to  prosecute  inquiries  regarding  the  arts  and 
manners,  and  the  History  of  that  remarkable  country. 

An  account  of  the  recent  discoveries  on  the  site  of  Chertsey  Abbey  was 
then  read  by  Mr.  M.  Shcrlock.     He  described  the  successive  excavations 


2  Monument  de  Yu  ou  la  plus  ancienne  Hager  had  found  the  inscription   in   a 

Inscription  de  la  Chine;  Ruivie do  trcnte-  work   printed  in  Japan,   and  also  in  a 

deux  formes  d'aucienscaractereschinois;  MS.  in  the  Pore   Amiot's  collections  in 

par  Joseph  Hager.      Paris,  an.  x.  folio.  the  Imperial  Librai-y. 


168  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

by  which  the  plan  of  the  conventual  church,  with  the  chapter-house,  and  the 
chapel  of  the  infirmary  had  been  traced.  The  first  rescarclios  were  made 
in  1855  ;  a  notice  of  these  was  communicated  to  the  Institute  by  Mr. 
Westwood.  See  Arch.  Journ.,  vol.  xii.,  pp.  96,  199.  A  detailed  notice 
of  the  discoveries  of  curious  interments  also,  the  remains  of  beautiful  deco- 
rative pavements,  <te.,  was  given  by  Mr.  Pocock  and  Mr.  Shurlock,  at  the 
meeting  of  the  Surrey  Archaeological  Society  at  Chertsey,  in  April,  1855. 
It  is  i>riiited  with  groundplans  and  other  illustrations  in  the  Surrey  Archaeo- 
logical Collections,  published  by  the  Society,  vol.  i.  pp.  107,  121.  The 
floor  tiles,  which  display  singular  beauty  of  design,  have  been  skilfully 
reproduced  in  colors  by  Mr.  Henry  Shaw,  F.S.A.,  in  his  Specimens  of  Tile 
Pavements  drawn  from  existing  authorities.  Increasing  interest  having 
been  aroused  in  the  exploration  of  the  remains,  the  site  was  purchased  by 
Mr.  T.  Bartrop,  lion.  Sec  at  Chertsey  of  the  Surrey  Society,  and  extensive 
excavations  were  carried  out  under  direction  of  Mr.  S.  Angell,  an  architect 
resident  within  the  ancient  precincts  of  the  monastery.  The  aid  of  the 
Surrey  Society  was  readily  given,  and  also  that  of  the  authorities  of  the 
South  Ken.-ington  Museum,  whore  great  part  of  the  beautiful  pavement 
tiles,  exhibited  through  their  kindness  on  the  present  occasion,  have  been 
deposited.  The  requisite  funds  were  supplied  by  various  persons  interested 
in  the  undertaking,  and  especially  by  Mr.  Henderson,  whose  family 
formerly  possessed  the  estate,  and  also  by  a  contribution  from  the  Society 
of  Anticjuarios,  On  October  5,  nJt.,  a  gathering  of  the  Surrey  archajologists 
and  their  friends  took  ])lace  at  Chertsey,  to  inspect  the  discoveries  now 
described  by  Mr.  Shurlock.  He  exhibited  a  large  ground-plan  of  the 
church,  from  careful  measurements  by  Mr.  Angell,  and  a  series  of  interest- 
ing drawings  executed  by  that  gentleman  and  by  Mr.  R.  Druce,  illustrative 
of  the  architectural  fragments,  richly  sculptured  capitals  of  Purbcck  marble, 
the  curious  interments,  also  miscellaneous  relics,  painted  glass,  considered 
by  Mr.  Winston  to  be  of  t.  Edward  I.,  and  a  metal  chalice  and  paten  found 
in  a  stone  coffin  containing  the  body,  as  supposed,  of  one  of  the  abbots  ; 
they  were  deposited  near  the  left  shoulder.  Amongst  the  tiles  he  pointed 
out  numerous  small  examples,  each  bearing  a  letter,  and  intended  to  form 
inscriptions  in  the  pavement  ;  also  some  very  sjiiritcd  rei)resentations  of 
ttio  signs  of  the  zodiac,  the  occupations  of  the  seasons,  with  subjects  also 
of  Romance,  in  which  the  name  of  Tristram  repeatedly  occurs  ;  numerous 
details  arc  to  be  noticed  on  these  tiles,  which  sujtply  artistic  illustrations  of 
armour  and  costume  in  the  twelfth  century.  A  cordial  expression  of  thanks 
having  been  offered  to  Mr.  Shurlock  and  Mr.  Angell  by  Mr.  Morgan,  they 
courteously  invited  the  members  of  the  Institute  to  visit  the  excavations, 
with  the  kind  promise  to  take  the  part  of  ciceroni  on  any  future  occasion.' 

Dr.  Ehnk.st  Wilkins,  P.G.S.,  of  Newport,  Isle  of  ^\'ight,  coinnuniicatcd 
home  notes  on  Roman  remains  lately  found  near  that  town.  In  the  forma- 
tion of  the  railway  a  cutting  was  re<|uirud  through  an  elevated  piece  of 
meadow  land,  on  tlio  north  of  Newport,  towards  the  Honey  Hill  toUgate  ; 
it  is  the  highest  ground  in  that  direction,  aiul  forms  a  eonsiderablo  hill 
above  the  level  of  the  Medina,  by  which  it  is  partly  surrounded.  The  first 
di'icovery   took  place    in    excavating   on    its   southern   slope,   three  or  four 

'  Mr.  A  11(^011  liafl  rocotill}'  puMiHhod  tlio  filihoy  church.  It.  wan  rend  jit  n 
nn  inl<jroiitiiiK  iiu-iiioir  on  tlio  Isxcava-  mnetinn  "t  (.hurtHoy.  .lumiary  lHt!2,  and 
i'loan,  ttcconij'aiiifjd    by  n  ground   j.laii  of       priiitud  thiro  by  K.  Liiikiii.     8vo. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  169 

Roman  urns  of  coarse  browiiisli-rcd  ware  being  disinterred  ;  they  were 
unfortunately  destroyed  before  Dr.  Wilkins  received  information  of  the 
discovery,  but  he  was  assured  that  they  were  entire  when  found  ;  he  was 
unable  to  ascertain  that  they  contained  any  burned  bones.  As  the  cutting 
advanced  northward  a  series  of  lines  of  deposits  of  Roman  pottery  was  dis- 
closed, which  appeared  to  indicate  a  succession  of  trenches  in  which  the 
remains  had  been  deposited.  There  were  five  of  these  trenches,  at  intervals 
of  from  twelve  to  sixteen  paces,  in  which  the  ware  occurred  in  greatest 
abundance,  whilst  between  these  principal  trenches  others  intervened  con- 
taining pottery  in  much  smaller  quantities,  and  occasionally  their  course 
was  indicated  only  by  black  wood-ashes.  These  trenches  were  in  the 
direction  from  E.  to  W.  and  were  cut  through  obliquely  by  the  railway  ; 
the  examination  of  their  contents  extended  only  to  the  width  of  the  cutting, 
or  about  nine  yards.  The  pottery  consisted  chiefly  of  sepulchral  urns  and 
amphorae  ;  the  former  were  a  dark  colored  ware,  almost  black,  and  were 
deposited  at  intervals  in  the  trenches.  They  contained  burned  human 
bones,  with  wood-ashes  in  abundance,  both  amongst  the  bones  and  sur- 
rounding the  deposits.  Some  of  these  urns  resembled  those  first  discovered, 
but  for  the  most  part  they  were  of  a  thinner  ware.  In  one  instance  the  clay 
on  which  the  urn  lay  was  burnt  harder  even  than  brick,  and  Dr.  Wilkins  sup- 
posed that  the  vase  was  baked  on  the  spot,  the  ashes  still  remaining  with  it. 
Wood-ashes  abounded  throughout  the  excavation.  Not  a  single  perfect  urn 
■was  obtained.  The  fragments  of  amphorce  were  in  remarkable  abundance. 
These  were  of  the  usual  form,  of  coarse  ware,  with  two  handles,  and  termi- 
nating at  bottom  in  a  point  ;  they  had  been  capable  of  holding  about  9 
gallons,  and  measured  about  38  inches  in  height,  diameter  at  the  widest 
part  30  inches,  diameter  of  the  neck,  5i  inches  ;  greatest  thickness  at  the 
sides  1  inch.  These  amphorae  appeared  to  have  been  of  two  kinds  of 
ware,  dingy  cream-colored,  and  pale  red,  the  latter  being  the  most  abun- 
dant. In  form  these  amphora;  resemble  those  found  at  Chesterford,  figured 
Arch.  Journ.,  vol.  xvii,,  p.  126,  but  tlie  apex  at  the  bottom  is  much  more 
pointed.  The  collection  of  pottery  found  in  the  excavations,  and  presented 
by  Dr.  Wilkins  to  the  Newport  Museum,  includes  not  less  than  sixteen  of 
the  pointed  terminations  of  such  amphor£e,  also  necks  and  handles  in 
abundance.  Of  urns  there  may  have  been  twenty  or  upwards  ;  also  some 
fragments  of  Samian,  and  of  paterae  of  black  ware.  Dr.  Wilkins  observed 
that  the  bones  and  teeth  of  the  horse,  ox,  hog,  kc,  were  met  with  ;  many 
of  the  metacarpal  bones  of  the  ox,  anciently  used  as  skates  ;  also  portions 
of  a  bridle-bit  and  of  a  horse-shoe,  and  oyster  shells  in  large  quantities.  In 
regard  to  vestiges  of  Roman  occupation  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  of  which  his 
notice  afl'ords  fresh  evidence.  Dr.  Wilkins  observed  that  further  investiga- 
tions made  by  Mr.  W.  Stratton  at  Newbarn,  Calhourn,  mentioned  in  Dr.  Wil- 
kins's  Topography  and  Antiquities  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  p.  59,  have  proved 
that  the  site  was  once  occupied  by  Roman  buildings. 

Mr.  Artiicr  Tuollope  sent  a  short  account  of  a  singtdar  shaft  at  Lin- 
coln, supposed  to  be  of  Roman  construction.  An  extensive  tract  of  land  at 
the  upper  part  of  the  city  has  been  undermined  in  excavations  for  obtaininor 
stone,  either,  as  some  suppose,  during  the  period  of  the  Roman  colony  at 
Lindum,  or  possibly  in  mediajval  times.  The  galleries  here  run  in  various 
directions,  as  it  is  believed,  for  many  miles,  but  the  passages  have  been 
mostly  choked  up  by  the  fall  of  stones  and  by  debris.  Persons,  however,  had 
assured  Mr.  Trollope  that  formerly  they  had  penetrated  into  these  galleries 


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THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  171 

to  a  loiif?  distance,  aiul  that  although  usually  of  narrow  dimensions  they 
occasionally  open  into  chambers  or  spacious  caverns.  He  had  recently 
explored  a  shaft  which  had  been  found  in  the  garden  of  Mr.  Dudding's 
house,  now  occupied  L}'  J.  W.  Danhy,  Esq.,  on  tiie  north  side  of  East  Gate, 
and  adjoining  Mr.  Trollope's  residence.  This  shaft  is  four-sided,  regularly 
steened  or  lined  with  ashlar  ;  at  the  bottom  there  are  arches  on  three  of 
the  sides  ;  on  the  fourth,  the  arch  having  been  broken  down,  the  superin- 
cumbent wall  is  supported  by  a  large  lintel-stone.  The  shaft,  which 
measures  3  feet  1  inch  by  3  feet  9  inches,  appears  to  lead  down  to  the 
natural  rock,  as  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  the  bottom  of  the  pit  being  now 
filled  up  with  mould  ;  the  depth,  from  the  springing  of  the  larger  arches 
shown  in  the  annexed  section,  to  the  surface  of  the  garden  above,  is  14  feet 
6  inches.  Mr.  Trollope  supposes  it  to  have  been  an  approach  to  subterra- 
nean quarries  ;  this,  however,  can  only  be  proved  by  clearing  the  pit  and 
passage  leading  from  it  apparently  on  the  east  side  only.  On  the  other  three 
sides  the  masonry  is  perfect,  but  neither  of  the  arches  seems  to  have  opened 
into  any  passage  or  gallery  beyond,  the  natural  stone-marl,  apparently  un- 
disturbed, forming  the  back  of  each  of  these  three  arched  recesses.  The 
intention  of  this  singular  shaft  and  of  the  cavity,  which  at  first  view  sug- 
gested the  notion  that  it  might  have  been  a  sepulchral  columharhini,  must 
be  left  for  further  investigation.  The  general  character  of  the  masonry  is 
considered  to  be  Roman.  In  the  numerous  shafts  (not  steened)  formerly 
examined  by  Mr.  Trollope  in  the  high  ground  on  the  north-east  side  of 
Lincoln,  Roman  pottery  and  relics  of  every  description  were  found  in 
abundance.  In  the  accompanying  diagrams  the  plan  of  the  shaft  is  given 
at  the  springing  of  the  large  arches,  showing  the  soffits  of  the  arch-stones. 
The  sections  show  the  masonry  cf  the  shaft,  the  upper  portion  of  which 
passes  through  made  earth,  or  the  surface  mould  ;  the  lower  and  arched 
part  appears  to  be  formed  in  the  natural  stone-marl  which  overlies  the 
rock. 


Antiquities  aiiir  22JorSS  al  ^rt  eyIyiUttiS. 

By  Professor  Donaldson. — Two  sepulchral  urns  from  the  catacombs 
lately  brought  to  light  in  forming  a  railway  near  Alexandria  ;  also  a  diagram 
and  plan  of  the  chambers  and  columbaria,  received  with  the  urns  from  Mr. 
n.  T.  Rouse,  the  engineer  by  whom  the  works  are  directed.  One  of  the 
urns  is  a  hiidria,  height  19  inches,  of  black  ware  with  ornaments  painted 
in  white  and  partly  modeled  in  relief  ;  the  other  is  of  pale  red  ware,  13 
inches  in  height,  this  urn  is  still  closed  with  cement,  and  the  incinerated 
contents  have  not  been  disturbed. 

By  Mr.  S.  P.  Freeman. — Three  gold  medallions  with  Bacchanalian 
subjects,  personal  ornaments  obtained  near  Athens.  They  are  formed  of 
thin  plates,  hammered  up  and  finished  with  the  tool  ;  on  the  reverse  are 
loops  probably  for  attachment  to  the  dress.  On  one  is  represented  a  female, 
dancing  and  playing  on  the  double  pipe  ;  her  floating  drapery  is  designed 
with  much  spirit  and  grace  ;  before  her  is  a  canistnim,  from  which  issues  a 
serpent.  On  the  second  appears  Pan,  or  a  faun,  leaping  in  Bacchanalian 
frenzy,  and  vigorously  blowing  into  the  syriux ;  below  is  seen  a,  pedum. 
The  third  medallion  represents  young  Bacchus  standing  on  one  foot,  and 
raising  aloft  a   serpent  in   his   right   hand,  a  panther  leaping  up   at  his 

vol.    XIX.  A    A 


172  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

siJe.  These  chasings,  apparently  of  h\te  Greek  worlinianship,  accoitrmc!,- 
to  the  opinion  of  the  skilful  artist,  Signor  Castellani,  are  of  beautiful 
design,  in  low  relief,  and  hiijlily  finished.      Diameter  2f  inches. 

!>)■  Mr.  William  Tite,  },l.V.,  F.S.A. — A  suuiU  bronze  box  in  form  of 
the  head  of  a  faun,  bald,  with  a  small  beard  and  moustaches  ;  there  are 
Eeveral  warty  excrescences  on  the  forehead  and  cheeks,  and  the  entire 
eurface  is  much  patinated.  The  under  side  presents  an  oblong  opening, 
closed  by  a  sliding  lid.  This  little  Roman  relic  is  of  sj)irited  design  :  it 
was  found  in  excavations  in  the  City  of  London.  Dimensions,  about  17,  inch 
by  \h  inch.  An  object  of  the  like  fashion,  but  representing  a  feniale  head, 
is  preserved  in  the  British  Museum. — Four  finger-rings  of  gold,  likewise 
found  in  the  City  ;  two  of  them  are  Roman,  of  these  one  is  set  with  an 
oval  intaglio  on  nicolo,  a  f/ryJlus  or  monster,  the  head  and  upper  part  of 
the  figure  human  with  a  lyre  in  the  hands  ;  the  body  is  formed  of  a  ram's 
head,  and  has  a  tail  like  that  of  an  ostrich,  the  legs  being  also  those  of  a  bird. 
This  is  a  very  small  ring,  the  hoop  eight-sided,  including  the  facet.  The 
second  ring,  considered  to  be  of  Roman  work,  is  formed  with  nine  little  bosses 
set  with  uncut  gems,  emeralds,  garnets,  and  a  sap- 
phire ;  one  only,  supposed  to  be  a  blue  spinel,  is  cut 
in  pyramidal  fashion. — The  other  two  are  rings  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  one  of  them  is  a  lady's  ring 
with  this  posy  inscribed  within  the  hoop, — Let  reason 
rule  affection  ; — the  other  is  a  mourning  ring,  inscribed 
within, — la  ■inemorii  cf  A.  II.  obijt  7  Sep.  64. 

By  T.  .J.  RoBAKTES,  Esq.,  M.P.,  through  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Edmund 
Head,  Bart. — A  singular,  rudely  fashioned  image,  sujjposed  to  be  of  tin, 
but  ajiparently  of  some  white  mixed-metal  ;  it  was  found,  about  1850,  on 
Bodwcn  Moor,  in  the  parish  of  Lanlivery,  Cornwall  ;  it  lay  7  or  8  feet 
below  the  surface,  near  one  of  the  ancient  sites  of  metallurgical  operations, 
known  in  that  county  as  "  Jews'  Houses,"  the  provincial  name  for  a  ]»lacc 
where  tin  was  anciently  cleaned.  This  extraordinary  object  measures  about 
6  inches  in  height  ;  it  a|ipears  to  represent,  very  rudely,  a  regal  figure 
seated  on  a  throne  ;  on  the  head  are  projections  like  horns,  which  seem  to 
represent  a  crown,  one  of  these  is  broken  oil",  and  the  design  is  so  imjier- 
fectly  detailed  that  the  object  is  not  less  enigmatical  whether  we  seek  to 
fix  its  date  or  its  intention.  Upon  the  breast  are  impressed,  or  cut,  three 
lleljrew  letters  arranged  in  a  triangle — Nun,  llcsh,  and  Shin  ;  upon  the 
left  side  of  tlie  figure  is  an  incised  mark  of  like  description,  but  not  to  bo 
identified  a«  a  letter,  and  upon  tlie  right  side  is  the  ilebrew  Mem.  This 
grotesque  figure  seems  to  be  seated  in  a  high-backed  elbow  chair,  the  hands 
resting  upon  the  knees.  The  workniansliip  is  extremely  rude,  yet  imt 
archaic  ;  tlie  characters  have  been  exainineil  with  critical  care  by  n  learned 
Hebraist,  Mr.  Zedner,  but  we  hope;  for  some  more  conclusive  sugneslion  than 
has  been  hitherto  oU'ered,  through  the  Congress  for  the  investigation  of 
Cornish  anli<juilies  to  bu  held  at  Truro,  when  doublh'ss  this  extranrdiiiary 
relic  will  1)0  Hubmitted  to  the  learned  vi.Mtors.  It  has  been  conjecture<l 
that  it  may  havo  been  a  figure  cast  for  some  ma;;ical  pnr|>osc,  in  connect  ion 
wiih  the  niyMtcM-ioiiH  necromantic  practices  of  llio  i\lidille  Ages,  in  which 
HeliraiHuiH  wero  always  mixed  up  in  no  ulight  degree. 

By  .Mr.  S.  W'y.UA'ir,  through  .Mr.  VV.  S.  Vaux.  -A  Saxon  situld  of  wood 
hooptul  with  bronze;,  found  near  Louth  in  Lincolnshir(^  Numerinis  examples 
of  tlieso  curioui  Saxon  vessels  are  figured  in  the   late   Lord  I'.r.iybrooke's 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE.  173 

work  on  Saxon  Obsequies,  and  good  specimens  maybe  seen  in  the  illustrations 
of  a  memoir  by  liim  in  tliis  Journal,  vol.  xi.,  p.  9G. 

By  Mr.  W.  Bdiigks. — An  iron  spear-liead  fuund  in  tlie  river  Lea,  at 
Bow  Bridge,  Essex,  probably  Saxon  ;  also  several  niediajval  weapons, 
daggers,  knives,  spurs,  <kc.,  found  in  tlie  Thames,  near  Westminster 
Bridge,  in  forming  tlic  foundations  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament. 

By  Mr.  W.  J.  Berxiiaud  Smith. — A  singular  steel  mask  or  visor,  sup- 
posed to  be  Spanish,  date  sixteenth  century. — A  powder-measure,  of  russet 
steel  inlaid  with  foliated  ornaments  in  silver.  It  was  purchased  at  Jaffa, 
but  is  possibly  of  Italian  workmanship. — Two  spanners  for  turning  the 
wheel-lock  ;  one  of  them  combined  with  a  powder-measure,  date  sixteenth 
century. — A  plug  bayonet,  the  haft  of  liorn,  with  a  bone  knop  and  brass 
mounting.  See  examples  of  the  siceyne's  feder  and  bayonet,  Skelton's 
Illustr.  of  tlie  Goodrich  Court  Armory,  pi.  cxv. 

By  Mr.  Edml'XD  Waterto.v,  F.S.A. — A  lock  for  a  coffer,  probably  of 
Nuremberg  work,  most  intiicate  in  construction  and  skilfully  executed, 
with  its  beautiful  steel  key. — An  ancient  dagger,  and  a  pistol  barrel,  found 
in  the  lake  at  Walton  Hall,  Yorkshire. 

By  Mr.  Henry  C.  Boiix. — An  oval  silver  medallion  of  !Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  in  low  relief,  three-quarters  to  the  left ;  repousse  work  finished  with 
the  graver.  Around  the  margin  of  the  oval,  measuring,  in  its  largest 
diameter,  ten  inches,  is  twined  a  wreath  of  laurel  with  thistles  at  the 
bottom.  There  is  also  the  inscription  maria  queen  of  scots.  1580.  It 
is  a  work,  probably,  of  the  last  century  ;  the  type  of  portraiture  bears 
resemblance  to  that  of  the  painting  formerly  at  St.  James'  Palace,  London, 
and  engraved  by  Vertue  in  1735,  representing  the  Queen  of  Scots  in 
1580,  Sit.  38.  It  is  also  very  similar,  in  details  of  costume  and  general 
character,  to  the  portrait  now  at  Hampton  Court  Palace  (No.  667),  bearing 
the  same  date,  a  type  frequently  reproduced,  and  which  appears  to 
have  been  much  in  favor  with  those  who  sought  for  portraitures  of  the 
ill-fated  queen.  This  possibly  supplied  the  authority  from  which  the 
Bodleian  portrait,  as  it  appeared  previously  to  the  removal  of  the  work  by 
the  second  hand,  may  have  been  taken,  with  certain  modifications. 

Impression  of  Seals. — By  Mr.  J.  H,  Mathews. — Seal  of  Thomas, 
Bishop  of  Man,  possibly  Thomas  Burton,  who  died  March,  1457-8.  He 
was  succeeded  by  Thomas,  Abbot  of  Vale  Royal,  Cheshire,  who  died  1480. 
Le  Neve's  Fasti,  ed.  Hardy,  vol.  iii., p.  326.  It  is  of  pointed-oval  form,  measur- 
ing 2|  in.  by  If.  Under  a  canopy  of  tabernacle  work  appears  a  figure  of  a 
bishop  in  pontificals,  with  a  crosier  in  his  left  hand,  the  right  upraised  in 
benediction.  There  is  no  nimbus;  the  figure  may,  however,  be  intended  as  a 
representation  of  St.  Germanus,  ordained  Bishop  of  Man  by  St.  Patiick, 
and  honored  as  the  apostle  of  the  island.  In  a  small  panel  beneath  is  a 
demi-figure  of  a  bishop,  his  hands  joined  as  if  in  prayer,  a  crosier  under 
his  left  arm.  Legend — ^  \  tl)omc :  titi :  gracia  I  rpisicopi  I  manncniSig. — 
Seal  of  the  Abbey  of  Louth  Park,  Lincolnshire,  of  circular  form,  diameter 
nearly  1|  in.  Under  a  trefoiled  canopy  is  seen  a  figure  of  the  B.  V.  Mary, 
with  the  infant  Saviour  in  her  arms;  flowers  are  introduced  in  the  back- 
ground, and  leafy  stems  at  the  sides  of  the  central  subject.  Legend, — 
S'  COMMVNE  .  ABB'  IS  .  ET  .  CONVENTVS.  SC'E  .  MARIE  .  DE 
PARCO  .  LVDE  .  Date  xiv.  cent.  It  is  figured  in  Carlisle's  Grammar 
Schools,  vol.  i.,  p,  835,  but  it  is  not  stated  where  the  matrix  was  preserved. 
Another  seal,  that  of  the  Abbot  of  Louth  Park,  is  appended  toHarl.  Charter, 


17-i  PROCEEDINGS   AT   MEETINGS   OF 

44,  n.  49. — Seal  of  Sir  William  Eure,  of  circular  form,  tliara.  1^  in.  It 
liears  an  esciUelieoii, — quarterly  on  a  bend  three  escallops.  Legend, — 
*  ^igillfi  •  Itlill'mt.  tlruic  *  mtUliS.  The  work  is  unusually  well  cut  and 
in  very  perfect  preservatiun.  This  was  probably  the  seal  of  Sir  William 
Eure,  who  married  Maude,  d.  of  ilenry  Lord  Fitzhugh;  his  sou  Sir  Kalph 
Eure  fell  at  Towton,  1  Edw.  IV. 

By  Mr.  U.  T.  PiUTcniiTT,  F.S.A. — A  panel  of  Germ.in  painted  glass, 
from  the  Cernal  collection  ;  in  the  centre  are  two  escutcheons, — or  a  double- 
headed  eagle  sa.  and  arf/.  a  cross  sa.  with  a  chief  ^h.  The  dexter  sujtpurtcr 
is  a  bishop  wiih  a  crosier,  and  vested  in  a  cope  ;  a  covered  cup  in  his  left 
liand  ;  sinister  supporter,  a  secular  figure  in  a  furred  gown,  holding  a  sword 
in  one  liand,  in  the  other  a  palm  branch  ;  both  supporters  have  nimbs.  In 
the  surrounding  bordure  are  introduced  curious  rei)resentations  of  marks- 
men shootinfr  with  matchlock-guns,  attendants  twisting  the  match,  clennini; 
the  barrels,  kc,  with  the  date  152G. — A  six-sided  plate  of  iron,  of  great 
strength,  ornamented  with  the  royal  arms  of  Portugal,  ensigned  with  a 
crown.  These  are  chased  upon  the  centre  of  the  plate,  which  is  somewhat 
concave  in  fcirm,  pierced  with  two  perforations  for  bolts,  by  which  it  may 
have  been  affixed  to  a  war-saddle. — A  fine  specimen  of  Gernuin  ironwork, 
a  lock  of  complicated  construction,  with  its  key. — A  steel  key,  of  French 
workmanship,  disj)laying  the  monograms  of  Ilenry  II.  king  of  France,  with 
the  date  1547. — The  mount  of  an  auhitoii'tcrc,  of  steel  exqui.sitely  chased 
in  relief  in  the  style  of  the  period  of  Cellini ;  on  medallions  introduced  at 
intervals  ajipear  ^linerva,  Mars,  «tc.,  with  other  mythological  subjects. — 
Two  rapiers  with  elaborately  pierced  and  chased  cup-guards  ;  on  the  blf.de 

of  one  of  them  is  inscribed,  on   each    side ^-s  •  a  •  ii  •  a  •  Q  •  v  •  M  •  +,  ou 

the  blade  of  the  other 1-  clemkxs  •  iioiiN  •  -|-  •  me  •  fecit    solingom.  4-. 

Also  two  Spanish  left-handed  stilettos,  with  broad  recurved  guard-plates 
and  very  long  cross-guards.  The  guard  does  not  cover  the  hilt,  as  in  the 
specimen  of  later  date  at  Goodrich  Court,  Skelton,  pi.  cxiii.,  fig.  17.  but 
curves  in  the  other  direction,  over  the  blade.  On  one  of  these  guards  is 
chased  in  high  relief  a  double-headed  eagle  displayed  and  ensigned  with 
a  crown,  on  its  breast  is  a  lozenge-shaped  compartmont  charged  with  the 
cross  of  St.  James. — Four  specimens  of  the  j)lug-bayonet ;  viz.,  one  with  the 
blade  serrated  on  one  side,  the  cross-guard  inlaid  with  gold  ;  another, 
brass-hiltod,  the  blade  inscribed, — God  save  King  William  and  C^hioiii 
Mary  ;  the  third,  hafted  with  horn,  is  elaborately  ornamented,  the  blade 
j)ierccd  ;  amongst  various  moiu)grams  and  inscriptions  upon  it  is  seen  the 
mune  of  I'hilip  V.  King  of  Spain,  with  the  date  1706;  also  the  sacred 
monograms  iiis,  and  a  dial  or  clock-face,  with  an  arrow  pointing  to  tho 
xii.  ;  the  fourth  is  even  more  richly  decorated,  the  handle  is  of  ivory  j>f(^u<? 
with  silver,  the  crosn-gnard  of  brass,  terminating  in  little  statuettes. 

J{y  the  Rev.  J.  Fli,i,i:u  Kisski.i.,  F.S.  A.—  "  Arnobii  Afri  Commentarii 
in  I'halmoH,  per  Erasujuni  Koterod.  proditi.  Argent,  jed.  do.  Knoblouchii, 
J. 022."  'i'llis  cojiy  itt  in  the  contemporary  stamped  binding,  upon  oak 
iiourds,  di.Hplaying  on  one  side  the  arm.s  of  Ilenry  VIII.,  France  and 
Knglund  (|uarterly  with  the  tlragon  and  grc'yhound  as  supporters  ;  above 
are  CHCutcheons  charged  with  St.  (Jeorge's  (!rohs,  and  the  arms  of  the  City 
of  London  ;  on  the  other  side  i.s  a  Tudor  rose  with  flcrolls — Jhc  rosa,  «ke., 
BH  jJcHciibed  in  this  J(jurnal,  vol.  xviii.,  p.  287.  Tho  binder's  or  artist's 
mark  Ih  introducctl  below,  with  the  initials — I— N. 

i'jf  Sir  liOlfEiiifK   Ml'HCIU.'io.n. — Three  German   miners'  a.\es,   probably 


THE   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE.  175 

used  on  occasions  of  parade,  or  as  the  insignia  of  guilds,  in  the  seventeenth 
century.  The  specimens  exhibited  were  from  the  Museum  of  Economic 
Geology  ;  two  similar  axes  are  to  be  seen  in  the  Tower  Armory,  and  several 
others  exist  in  private  collections.  The  liead  is  in  all  these  examples  of 
peculiar  form  ;  the  handle  is  composed  mostly  of  pieces  of  hone,  elaborately 
engraved,  the  subjects  being  partly  of  a  religious  character,  such  as  the 
crucifixion,  saints,  «kc.,  and  partly  representations  of  mining  operations, 
very  curious  in  detail  ;  also  the  arms  of  the  Elector  of  Saxony,  two  sworda 
in  saltire,  impaling  those  of  Hungary  (?)  barry  of  nine.  Amongst  the 
quaint  devices  on  these  axes  occur  the  dates  1684,  1G86,  and  1725,  re- 
spectively. The  miners  appear  in  curious  garments  with  wide  skirts  of 
leather  (?)  ;  some  holding  axes  similar  to  those  exhibited,  others  hold  lamps, 
a  forked  divining  rod,  «tc.  Axes  of  the  like  form  appear  in  the  sculptures 
of  the  so-called  miners'  pulpit  in  Freiberg  cathedral,  as  represented  by  Hefner 
(Costumes  du  Moyen  Age,  11.  Div.  pi.  57)  ;  the  date  of  the  sculptures  is 
1546.  Hefner  observes  that  the  axe  there  seen  is  one  of  parade  still  in  use. 
Through  Mr,  Bernhard  Smith's  exertions  six  examples,  which  had  been  ex- 
ported to  New  York  and  sent  back  to  London,  have  been  obtained  for  the 
Museum  of  Economic  Geology  ;  three  others  have  also  been  added  to  that  col- 
lection, ranging  in  date  from  1679  to  1749.  It  is  stated  that  they  are  used 
in  Germany,  especially  at  Freiberg  in  Saxony  ;  such  an  axe  is  termed  Steiger- 
hacke, — the  Master-miner's  hatchet.  We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Trenham 
Eeeks  for  bringing  these  curious  objects  under  our  notice;  he  has  also 
mentioned  the  following  circumstance,  stated  by  a  friend  who  had  occasion 
to  visit  Dresden  on  a  metallurgical  exploration.  The  British  Minister  ex- 
pressed his  surprise  at  seeing  the  King  conversing  on  some  state  occasion  with 
a  personage  in  black  and  silver  uniform  hearing  such  a  hatchet.  He 
conjectured  that  he  might  he  the  Chief  Executioner,  but  found  out  that 
he  was  a  distinguished  official,  the  Oberberg  Hauptman,  or  Chief  of  the 
Miners. 

By  Mr.  W.  J.  Berxhard  Smith. — Another  like  miner's  axe  ;  the  haft 
is  engraved  with  curious  representations  of  metallurgical  operations,  and 
bears  the  date  1749. 

April  4,  1862. 
OcTATlcs  Morgan,   Esq.,  M.P.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

Mr.  Morgan  commenced  the  proceedings  by  inviting  attention  to  the 
Architectural  History  of  Chichester  Cathedral,  by  Professor  Willis,  com- 
bined with  memoirs  by  the  Rev.  J.  L.  Petit  and  Mr.  Sharpe,  on  Boxgrove 
Priory  Church,  Shoreham  Church,  with  other  architectural  examples  in 
Sussex.  A  copy  of  the  long  expected  volume  announced  for  [jublication  at 
Chichester  by  Mr.  Hayley  Mason,  and  comprising  the  principal  architec- 
tural memoirs  read  at  the  meeting  of  the  Institute  at  Chichester  in  1853, 
was  now  presented  to  their  library.  Professor  Willis  had  added  to  his 
discourse  on  the  Cathedral  a  report  replete  with  curious  details,  relating  to 
the  recent  destruction  of  the  spire,  and  the  beautiful  volume  now  at  length 
delivered  to  the  subscribers  would  prove,  Mr.  Morgan  observed,  highly 
acceptable  to  the  student  of  mediaeval  architecture. 

Mr.  Edml'nd  Waterton,  F.S.A.,  then  read  a  short  dissertation  on  the 
art  of  Niello,  with  the  intention  of  calling  attention  to  its  general  features 


176  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

and  the  most  remarkable  existing  examples,  prelimiiiarv  to  tlic  cxliibition 
announced  by  the  Institute  for  the  June  meeting. 

Mr.  JuSEni  BuKTT  read  a  notice  of  the  early  use  of  guns  and  gunpowder. 
Printed  in  this  volume,  p.  G8,  ayite. 

Sir  Fkedkuic  Maddex,  K.H.,  gave  a  discourse  of  unusual  interest  on 
a  charter,  formerly  supposed  to  be  one  of  those  niven  to  the  Monks  of  West- 
minster by  Edward  the  Confessor,  and  to  which  is  appended  a  genuine 
impression  of  the  seal  of  that  king,  in  a  bag  of  rich  silken  tissue.  This 
document,  which  had  been  found  by  Dugdale  in  the  Ilatton  Library,  now  at 
Eastwell  Park,  Kent,  was  printed  in  the  Monasticon  in  IG40,  it  had  never 
subsequently  been  submitted  to  critical  examination.  It  was  exliibited  on 
the  present  occasion  by  the  kindness  of  the  Earl  of  Winchilsea.  Sir  Frederic 
Btated  that  its  authenticity  bad  long  since  been  questioned  ;  it  is  well  known 
that  nunierous  spurious  charters  exist  amongst  monastic  evidences,  some  of 
them  fabricated  at  a  very  early  period,  and  jirobably  in  many  cases  pro- 
duced by  the  monks  to  supply  the  place  of  lost  documents,  or  to  assert  in 
more  ample  terms  the  inmuinities  and  privileges  which  the  monasteries 
actually  enjoyed.  Those  who  are  familiar  wiih  Mr.  Kemble's  Codex  Di- 
]>lonu\ticus  are  well  aware  of  the  existence  of  spurious  Saxon  documents, 
amongst  those  relating  to  reterborough,  Worcester,  Croyland,  ttc,  but 
the  monks  of  Westminster  appear  to  have  been  singularl}'  addicted  to  the 
fabrication  of  such  insti-uments,  and,  besides  that  entrusted  for  exhibition  by 
the  liberality  of  the  Earl  of  \\  incbilsca,  there  exist  several  in  the  treasury  at 
\Vestminster,  which  are  undoubtedly  ancient  forgeries.  Sir  Frederic  indeed 
considered  that  of  monastic  charters  prior  to  the  reign  of  Henry  I.  few,  if 
any,  are  wholly  free  from  suspicion.  He  entered  into  a  critical  investiga- 
tion of  that  now  exhibited,  pointing  out  tlic  simple  character  and  pecu- 
liarities of  expression  in  grants  by  the  Saxon  princes,  and  explaining  the 
points  of  internal  evidence  by  wliich  the  spurious  nature  of  the  charter 
under  consideration  seems  proved  beyond  question.  It  was  jtrobably  exe- 
cuteil  not  long  after  the  Conquest,  in  order  to  secure  certain  immunities 
and  privileges,  especially  in  regard  to  coronations,  and  to  the  right  of 
fianctuary,  which  appears  to  rest  solely  on  the  iictitious  authority  of  these 
spurious  charters.  It  is  very  remarkable  that  the  seal  which  is  attached 
by  silken  cords,  a  mode  of  sealing  unusual  in  the  earlier'times,  when  seals 
were  appended  by  parchment  labels,'  is  undoubtedly  genuine,  and  the  im- 
pression was  ma(le  at  the  time  when  the  charter  was  written ;  from  circum- 
Blances  which  Sir  Frederic  pointed  out,  it  could  not  have  been  an  impression 
transferred  from  some  other  document  executed  in  the  lifetime  of  the 
Confessor.  This  curious  fact  suggests  tliat  the  matrix  of  the  seal  had 
remained  in  possession  of  the  monks,  and  another  spmious  grant  which  Sir 
Freilerie  had  been  jtermitted  to  examine  amongst  the  Westminster  muni- 
mentH  lias  likewise  a  genuine  hi  al.  It  is  dated  on  the  same  day  as  that  in 
the  Ilatton  collection,  and  both  appear  to  be  the  work  of  the  same  scribe. 

Mr.  U(Jiir,UT  Fkuoi'son  gave  an  account  of  the  discovery,  during  tho 
previous   week,   of  a  fragment  of  lionuui   sculpture  at   Carlisle.     It  was 


'  Tlio  P.pnofliclincH,  in   tlie  Trnite  do  known  to  tliom.     Tlio  carlifBt  oxmnple 

Dipl.,  ii|><-iik    of  tho  iicc  of  tlio  hilk    Iik-ch  of  n  hciiI  ho  uttaclx'd  wliicli   lind    fiilifn 

ID  apptMidin^  hcuIh,  lui  (-iirly  iih  tlio  tiiiicn  under     Sir    Krcderic'H     olihorvatiuu,    ia 

of  the  C«iiife«iior  ;  hut  it  iiiiiHt  ho  i.hHorvod  timt  of  Iltnry  I.  in  tho  your  1 101», 
that  tbono  K|iiiriouM  chiirtcrH  only  wero 


THE   ARCHAEOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE. 


177 


disinterred  in  a  stratum  of  black  mould,  about  300  yards  from  the  town, 
in  tlie  level  pasture  through  which  the  river  Caldew  takes  its  course.  It 
consists  of  the  upper  portion  of  a  male  figure,  the  head  broken  off  at  the 
neck,  which  is  apparently  encircled  by  a  torque  or  a  rope,  to  which  a 
crescent-shaped  ornament  is  appended.  The  left  shoulder  and  hand  remain, 
the  latter  grasping  a  stafl^,  and  in  the  right  hand  appears  part  of  the  handle, 
possibly,  of  a  sword  or  dagger  terminating  in  a  bird's  head.  In  front  of 
the  body  is  an  object  which  recalls  the  little  basket-like  receptacle  occa- 
sionally seen  in  Itoman  monumental  sculpture.  The  drapery  is  rudely 
represented  in  narrow  parallel  folds  ;  the  figure,  about  two- thirds  of  life 
size,  is  in  low  flat  relief ;  the  back  of  the  fragment  is  smooth  with  an  iroa 
cramp,  by  which  it  had  been  aftixed  to  a  wall  or  other  flat  surface.  Mr. 
Franks  observed  that  this  relic  seems  to  be  portion  of  a  sepulchral  monument, 
possil)ly  that  of  a  soldier  of  one  of  the  auxiliary  cohorts  quartered  per 
lineam  valll.  A  large  urn  containing  ashes,  and  also  a  bronze  ring  of 
common  form  lay  near  this  relic,  which  is  coarsely  sculptured,  and  its 
present  fractured  state  seems  to  be  owing  to  reckless  violence,  rather  than 
decay  of  time. 

Mr.  LlvocK  communicated  a  memoir  on  ancient  horticulture,  and  the 
decorations  of  gardens,  illustrated  by  a  very  curious  piece  of  French 
tapestry  which  he  exhibited,  representing  the  history  of  Perseus  and 
Andromeda,  date  about  15G0  ;  the  costumes,  details  of  domestic  archi- 
tecture, gardens  with  berceaux  and  topiary  work,  »kc.,  were  most  picturesque 
and  accurately  detailed. 


^ntiquiticii  mti  'max^i  of  ITrt  ey^ifittclf. 

By  Mr.  Charles  Tucker,  F.S.A. — A  drawing  of  an  ovoid  vase,  said  to 
have  been  found  near  Crediton,  Devon, 
where  numerous  Roman  remains  have 
been  brought  to  light.  It  is  of  coarse 
gritty  ware  of  dingy  white  color,  and 
measures  nearly  14  inches  in  height, 
the  circumference  of  the  largest  part 
being  28 i  inches  ;  the  diameter  of  the 
mouth,  3  inches.  This  vessel  was 
formerly  in  the  possession  of  the  Rev. 
Sanmel  Rowe,  Vicar  of  Crediton, 
author  of  the  "  Perambulation  of  the 
Ancient  Forest  of  Dartmoor,"  and 
well-known  by  his  investigations  of 
antiquities  in  the  West  of  England. 
It  came  from  him  to  Mr.  Ilolden,  of 
Exeter,  b}-  whom  it  was  given  to  Mr. 
Tucker.  An  ovoid  vessel  of  similar 
description,  found  at  Lincoln,  is  now 
in  the  Duke  of  Nortluunberland's 
Museum  at  Alnwick  Castle.  It  had 
been  ascribed  to  the  Roman  period 

whilst  in  the  collection  of  its  previous  i 1 _:_ 

possessor,    Mr.    E.   J.   Willson,     the  6    Inchts. 

antiquary  of  Lindum.     Another   like   vase,   described   by  the  Comte    de 


178  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

Cavlns  as  of  Iioman   oriiijin,  is   preserved  in  the  ^luseuin  of  Antiquities  at 
tlie  Imperial  Library  in  Paris. 

By  Mr.  W.  W.  E.  Wynne,  M.P. — A  devotional  folding  tablet,  seulptnred 
in  ivory  ;  on  one  leaf  is  the  crucifixion,  on  the  other  the  coronation  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  Mary.  It  is  probably  of  English  art,  fourteenth  century, 
and  is  believed  to  have  belonged  to  Vale  Crucis  Abbey.  It  was  in  the 
possession  of  the  late  Mr.  Vanghan  of  RhCig,  Merionethshire,  by  whom  it 
was  given  to  Mr.  Wynne. 

By  Professor  Westmacott,  R.A. — Two  cases  containing  a  selection  of 
Papal  medals.  We  are  indebted  to  his  kindness  for  the  following  descrip- 
tion of  these  valuable  examples  of  art.  "  The  specimens  exhibited  were 
chosen  rather  as  illustrations  of  medallic  art,  of  different  periods,  than  for 
their  historical  interest,  thoujfh  some  of  them  deserve  attention  on  grounds  dis- 
tinct  from  their  artistic  merits.  Of  this  class  one  large  medallion,  about  3  in. 
in  diameter,  of  Pope  Paul  II.  (14G4)  presiding  over  a  Council  or  Consistory, 
with  the  inscription  .SACKL'.\i.  rfULiccM.  ArosTOLici'M.  consistouil'.m.  pacll'S. 
VENETLS  r.  p.  II.,  is  both  curious  and  rare.  The  reverse  has  a  represen- 
tation of  the  last  judgment.  It  is  the  work  of  T.  Bartolomeo.  A  smaller 
bronze  medal  gives  a  characteristic  portrait  of  this  pontiff 

The  medals  were  not  arranged  in  order  of  date.  Tlic  earliest  in  the 
series  is  one  of  Eugenius  IV.  (1431),  before  wL/u  period  there  are  no 
authentic  medallic  portraits  of  the  Popes.  It  is  even  thouglit  that  this 
commencement  can  only  safely  be  dated  from  the  time  of  Paul  II.,  and  that 
those  of  pontiffs  prior  to  that  date  have  been  added  at  a  later  time  by  their 
successors.  This  of  Engenius  IV.  may,  therefore,  be  open  to  doubt.  The 
reverse  of  one  of  liis  medals  bears  the  curious  inscription  qi'km.  creant. 
ADOUANT.  Among  the  earlier  examples  to  be  noticed  is  one  of  Si.xtus  IV., 
in  tiara  and  pluvial.  The  date  of  this  pontitf  was  from  1171  to  1-181,  and 
the  great  medallist  of  the  time  was  a  certain  Pollajuolo.  The  reverse  of  this 
medal  shows  a  finely  designed  female  figure,  and  its  execution  is  attributed 
to  this  celebrated  artist.  A  very  fine  reverse  was  shown  of  a  medal  of 
Innocent  VIII.  (1484),  exhibiting  three  female  figures  draped,  with  the 
inscription  justicia.  pax.  copia.  The  style  of  this  work  is  very  grand,  and 
the  workmanship  worthy  the  liigh  reputation  of  Pollajuolo,  who  is  said  to 
liavc  executed  it.  This  medal  evidently  was  held  in  much  esteem  at  the 
time,  and  when  the  tomb  of  Innocent  was  opened,  for  its  removal  to  anotlier 
site  in  lOOG,  a  medal  precisely  similar  to  this  was  found  in  it.  A  medal  of 
Alexander  W.  (Borgia)  140li,  claims  notice  for  the  large  and  bold  character 
of  its  execution.  It  is  in  bronze,  and  bears  the  inscription  ji'.st.  pacisq. 
CVLTOK.  :  a  title  not  very  consistent  with  the  well-known  expression  of  tlio 
Boujans  *  that  the  lOmperors  taught  tyranny,  but  the  liorgias  ])ractised  it.' 
The  two  next  meilals  deserving  of  partiiidar  notice  are  of  Julius  II.  (l/)03). 
The  reverses  only  of  these  were  shown.  One  of  them  is  a  rennukably 
Btriking  com[iosition,  representing  St.  Paul  struck  from  his  horse,  with  other 
figures,  and  bearing  the  in8crij)tion  contra  .  STlMUl.r.\i  .  NE  .  calcituas. 
It  is  dfsigiK'd  in  the  true  sjiirit  of  Greek  sculptiire,  and  is  attributed  to  the 
celebrated  iiaifaelle  d'Urbino.  The  execution  of  the  medal  was  carried  out 
by  CarndosHo,  an  eminent  artist  and  a  fellow-workman  of  B.  Ci-llini.  Tho 
oiImt  reverse  shows  a  female  figure  with  a  cornucopia,  and  is  inscribed 
AN.NONA.  prni.lCA.  Three  medals  of  Leo.  X.  [Medici]  loi."<,  are  next  to  bo 
noticed.  Two  of  thene  exhibit  very  high  art  (pialitics.  One  has  a  victor 
in  II  chariot  drawn  by  fi)ur   ^jiitilcd  horses  ;   a  gcninn,  or  Vict"iy,  bearing  a 


THE   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE.  179 

crown,  floats  in  the  upper  part  of  the  composition,  and  below  are  small  pieces 
of  armour,  &c.  This  beautiful  work  closely  resembles  the  well-known 
silver  Sicilian  medallions  so  highly  esteemed  by  collectors  of  ancient  coins. 
It  is  said  to  be  the  work  of  Valorio  Valentino,  and  is  a  fine  example 
of  the  art  of  the  time.  The  second  medal  referred  to,  said  to  have  been 
executed  by  the  same  artist,  represents  three  female  figures,  slightly 
draped,  with  the  motto  fiat.  pax.  in.  viutute.  tva.  The  design  of  this 
medal  was  furnished  by  Giulio  Romano.  A  fine  and  rare  silver  medal, 
with  twisted  rim,  of  Clement  VII.  (Medici),  in  excellent  preservation,  and 
exhibiting  a  characteristic  head  of  that  Pope,  deserves  notice.  Another 
of  the  same  with  the  reverse  representing  Moses  striking  the  rock,  with  the 
motto  UT.  BIBAT.  POPULVs.  shows  a  full  composition  well  treated.  It  is 
a  work  of  the  celebrated  Benvenuto  Cellini.  Two  fine  medals,  one  gilt,  the 
other  in  bronze,  are  to  be  noticed  of  Paul  III.  (Farnese)  1534,  The  first, 
exhibiting  a  portrait  of  the  pontiff,  is  rather  scarce  ;  the  specimen  is  in 
excellent  preservation.  Under  the  title  paulus  hi.  pon't.  max.  a.  xii.,  is 
the  name  of  the  medallist  AAESANAP02  •  EnoiEl  •  in  small  letters.  This 
refers  to  Alessandro  Cesati,  called  il  Greco.  A  smaller  bronze  medal  is 
believed  by  some  to  be  by  B.  Cellini,  but  it  is  probably  a  work  of  il  Greco. 
It  represents  a  youth,  naked,  carrying  a  water-pot,  with  a  motto  *EPNH  • 
ZHN02  •  EYPAINEI.  It  is  an  exquisite  example  of  art.  The  legend  is,  no 
doubt,  a  pun  upon  the  name  of  this  Pope,  who  was  of  the  house  of  Farnese  ; 
<^(pvTi  Zrjvos  would  read  Fernesinos,  easily  rendered  Farnesinus.  A  large 
medal  of  Paul  IV.,  bareheaded,  and  in  the  pluvial,  and  two  of  Gregory  XIII. : 
one,  small,  gilt,  another,  of  large  size,  in  bronze,  deserve  notice.  The 
latter  has  round  the  portrait  colleg.  soc.  jesu.  omnium,  natioxum.  gratia. 
FUNDATO.  DE.  KELiG.  ET.  LIT.  OPT.  MER.  This  medal  has  also  a  fine  reverse. 
Another  of  this  Pontiff  has  on  the  reverse  the  remarkable  legend  ugoko- 
TORUM.  STRAGES,  in  commemoration  of  the  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew. 
A  medal,  gilt,  of  Sixtus  V.  (1585),  deserves  attention  for  its  character  as 
a  portrait  and  its  execution  as  a  work  of  art.  Those  of  Paul  V.,  Alexander 
VII.,  Innocent  XL,  and  Alexander  VIII.,  are  also  well  worthy  of  notice, 
for  the  expression  and  individuality  of  the  portraits,  and,  generally,  for 
the  style  of  execution.  It  is  to  be  regreted  that  only  one  side  of  the 
medals  could  be  shown,  as  in  many  instances  both  the  obverses  and 
reverses  have  equal  claim  to  admiration.  The  two  reverses  shown  of 
those  of  Alexander  VII.  and  VIII.,  one  representing  the  monumental  tomb 
of  the  Pope,  and  the  other  a  bird's-eye  view  of  the  Piazza  of  St.  Peter's, 
with  FUNDAMENTA.  EJUS.  IX.  MONTiBUS.  SACRis.,  exhibit  great  merit,  of  its 
kind,  in  the  medallic  treatment  of  architectural  subjects.  It  is  curious  that 
in  the  latter  design  is  shown  a  block  of  building  between  the  extremities  of 
the  two  colonnades,  as  if  the  original  design  had  contemplated  that  addition. 
One  large  bronze  medal  of  Innocent  XI.  may  be  noticed  especially.  It 
contains  four  heads  on  the  obverse  ;  namely,  ixxocext  xi.  leop.  i.  imp. 
JO.  III.  rex.  po.  m.a.  jus.  ve.  dux.  The  relief  of  the  first  head  is  very  bold, 
the  others  recede  till  that  of  the  Doge  is  in  quite  low  relief.  This  curious 
medal  commemorates  the  treaty  entered  into  by  the  four  potentates  after 
raising  the  siege  of  Vienna  in  1683.  Five  remarkably  fine  medals,  two  very 
large,  silver  and  gilt,  and  three  smaller  in  silver,  of  Innocent  XII.,  deserve 
especial  attention  for  the  bold  and  grand  character  of  treatment  exhibited  in 
them.  One  of  these  medals  is  attributed  to  Beatrice  Ilamerami,  of  a  German 
family  celebrated  for  their  talent  in  this  branch  of  art.     A  large  gilt  medal 

VOL.    XIX.  B    B 


ISO  rKOCEEDIXGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

of  BcneJict  XIII.  (172-i)  is  a  good  example  of  tlie  skill  of  the  portrait 
lucilaliists  of  the  time.  The  reverse  of  this  medal  is  a  spirited  composition, 
finely  executed,  of  St.  Luke  paintini]^.  Two  of  Clement  XII.,  large,  iu 
bronze,  one  showing  the  head  of  the  Pope  crowned  with  the  tiara,  the  other, 
a  reverse,  with  the  section  of  a  chnpel,  inscribed  sacello.  in.  lateuanen. 
«kc.  with  date,  are  good  examples  of  medallic  art  towards  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  An  expressive  portrait  of  Benedict  XIV.,  gilt,  and 
another  iu  silver,  showing  the  reverse,  a  female  figure  well  designed,  with 
the  motto  vectigaliuvs.  hemissis.,  of  the  same  poutitf  merit  remark. 
Some  valuable  examples,  both  iu  portraits  and  reverses,  of  the  pontificate 
of  Clement  XIII.,  exhibit  the  satisfactory  condition  of  the  art  from  17G1) 
to  1774.  A  large  and  fine  medal  of  its  kind,  of  Gregory  XVI.,  is  inte- 
resting from  its  exhibiting  on  its  reverse,  iu  a  view  of  Kipa  Grande  in 
Kome,  a  steamboat  with  other  craft.  The  first  appearance  of  such  an 
invention  on  a  Papal  medal  is  worthy  of  notice.  Several  of  the  following 
medals  were  exhibited  chiefly  to  show  the  condition  of  art  during  the  last 
fifty  years,  rather  than  from  any  particular  merit  or  interest  in  their 
designs.  Two  of  Pius  VII.,  with  the  head  of  that  pontift',  and  a  reverse 
with  the  Colosseum,  have,  however,  considerable  merit.  The  portraits  of  the 
later  Popes  are  not  of  remarkable  excellence.  Two  or  three  only  were  shown 
as  specimens.  The  designs  on  the  reverses  of  medals  of  Pius  VI.,  Pius  VII. 
Leo  XII.,  Gregory  XVI.  and  Pius  IX.  are  not  without  interest,  and  some 
of  them  exhibit  considerable  artistical  power  iu  their  respective  authors. 

A  third  frame  contained  medals  in  gold  and  silver  of  St.  Luke's 
Academy  in  Kome,  and  of  the  Academy  of  the  Grand  Duke  in  Florence  ; 
also  a  fine  reverse  of  the  celebrated  Torso  of  the  Belvedere,  a  silver 
medal  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  London." 

By  Mr.  Edmund  WArr-UTON,  F.S.A. — An  iron  prick  spur. — A  fine  gold 
ring  set  with  a  pointed  ruby,  and  inscribed, — lEXVS.  avtem.  transiens. 
r£U.  MEDIVM  ILLOUL'.M. — between  the  words  are  cinqfuils ;  date,  late  xiv. 
cent. — An  enameled  cross  of  Maltese  work,  and  a  gold  ring,  device,  on  a 
shield  couchc,  with  helm  and  crest,  two  bars  in  chief  three  roundels  and  a 
label;  legend — pueam  d' A.noAitT  ;  or  imicamd' a.uoaut.  (?)  The  rii  may 
indicate  a  name  or  title. — The  steel  guard  of  a  sword,  of  the  time  of 
Elizabeth,  wrouglit  as  if  formed  of  cord. 

By  Mr.  Hewitt. — A  lease  of  land  at  Brading,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  to 
John  Grime,  dated  10  April,  11  James  I.,  1G13,  witli  the  oflicial  seal  of 
the  Captain  of  the  Lshiiul  appended.  Tliis  recently  noticed  seal,  of  which 
no  other  imjiression  has  been  found,  is  of  circular  f.irm,  the  devise  being 
the  bust  of  a  queen  issuing  from  a  rose.  Legend,  (last  word  eilaced) — 
sKJIM,v.\i.  oriicii.  INSVLAE.  (vKCTls  ?)  Tlie  document,  now  in  the  hands 
of  Mr.  George  llillier,  author  of  the  Ilistory  of  the  Isle  of  Wight  in  courao 
of  publication,  declares  that  "  the  kinge  to  one  part  of  the  said  indenturca 
has  caused  tlie  seal  of  the  office  of  iho  saido  Isle  to  be  afrixed."  It  is  thus 
indorsed, — *'Tlii.s  was  the  awntient  scale  of  y  Island,  by  and  wliith  which 
all  leases  were  sealed  by  the  commander."  The  lease  is  signed  by  Henry 
J'!arl  of  Southampton. 

By  Mr.  \V.  J.  r.KiiNM.MM)  Smith.  —  A  Si)anisli  rapii-r  of  uuii-ual  length 
ami  weight,  with  a  barrcil  hilt  ornamented  with  j)erforate(l  .shell-guards. 
iJiito  lato  xvi,  cent. — A  long  rapier  with  a  guard  formed  in  imil,,lion  of 
twisted  cord,  in  lilu;  fa.Hliion  as  that  above  noticed  e.\hihil«Ml  by  .Mr.  Wuter- 
ton.     Sco  al.io  Skelton,  Gooilrich  Court  Armory,  pi.  l(Ji{,  lig.  l.'i. 


THE   ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  181 

By  ^Ir.  A.  W.  Franks,  Dir.S.A — A  portion  of  a  bamboo  walking-stafT, 
or  possibly  the  handle  of  a  fan  or  some  like  object,  very  curiously  engraved 
with  subjects  of  Scripture  history,  the  Prodigal  Son,  <fcc.,  in  medallions. 
At  the  top  is  a  heart-shaped  compartment  enclosing  a  male  and  a  female 
bust,  with  the  date  1612.     At  the  bottom  appear  Adam  and  Eve,  with  the 

inscription — Omnes  dexendimiir  (sic). — I)o7i  Petrns  me  fecit  in 

eclario  hieronimi ;  also  the  motto — Nohilitas  sine  virtute  cilescit. 

By  Mr.  W.  Figge,  through  Mr.  Blaauw. — A  delicately  finished  oval 
miniature  drawn  with  a  plummet  on  vellum,  signed — /.  (or  T.)  Forster  delin. 
It  has  been  supposed  to  be  a  portrait  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  ;  it  re- 
presents a  gentleman  in  full-bottomed  wig,  and  long  falling  band.  It  was 
formerly  in  possession  of  ihe  Paine  family,  of  Ringmere,  Sussex,  and  had 
belonged,  as  stated,  to  Sir  Henry  Guillim,  of  Staplefield  Common,  whose 
daughter  married  one  of  the  Paines.  Some  miniatures  in  like  style  by 
the  same  artist  have  been  contributed  to  the  Loan  Exhibition  recently  formed 
at  South  Kensington,  Catal.,  Nos.  2122,  2558.  No  artist  of  the  name  is 
mentioned  by  Walpole,  Pilkington,  or  Bryan.  Mr.  Dallaway,  Introd.  to 
Walpole's  Arts  in  England,  vol.  v.  p.  v.,  gives  Ingham  Foster  amongst  the 
collectors  of  engraved  British  Portraits. 

By  the  Rev.  James  Beck. — Two  ancient  Iron  rushlight-holders,  used  in 
Sussex  for  suspending  rushes  dipped  in  tallow,  a  rural  substitute  fur  candles, 
retained  until  comparatively  recent  times  in  that  county.  A  specimen  of 
such  appliances  is  figured,  Arch.  Journal,  vol  xiii.  p.  193. 

By  the  Rev.  Gregory  Rhodes. — A  silver  watch,  the  movement  of  which 
has  a  regulating-spring,  and  is  believed  to  have  been  made  under  the  di- 
rection of  Dr.  Ilooke,  the  celebrated  mathematician,  to  whom  the  invention 
of  the  pendulum  spring  is  attributed.  The  first  idea  originated  in  1G58, 
but  in  IGGO  the  invention  was  improved,  and  towards  the  latter  part  of  the 
Eeventcenth  century  it  was  skilfully  carried  out  by  Thomas  Tompion  under 
Dr.  Hooke's  superintendence.  The  watch  exhibited  has  been  preserved  with 
the  family  tradition  that  it  was  presented  by  Charles  II.  to  Capt.  Nicholas 
Tatterscll,  through  whose  loyalty  the  king  was  conveyed  to  France  after 
the  defeat  at  Worcester  in  l65l.  He  was  rewarded  with  a  pension  con- 
tinued for  three  generations  ;  a  slab  in  the  old  churchyard  at  Brighton 
records  his  death  in  1674.  Mr.  Morgan,  who,  in  his  Observations  on 
Watchmaking,  Archasologia,  vol.  xxxiii.  p.  93,  describes  Dr.  Ilooke's 
improvements,  is  of  opinion  that  this  watch  was  made  not  earlier  than 
1675,  but  probably  towards  the  close  of  the  century. 

Matrices  of  seals. — By  Mr.  Edmund  Waterton,  F.S.A. — ^Litrix  of  the 
seal  of  Thomas  de  Rokeby  ;  of  silver  ;  circular,  diam.  1  inch  ;  device  an 
escutcheon  of  the  arms  of  Rokeby,  a  chevron  between  three  rooks  ;  legend 
(in  black  letter) — Sigillum  :  Thome  :  de  Rokeby.  This  may  have  been  the 
seal  of  Sir  Thomas  de  Rokebj',  of  Rokeby  and  Mortham,  Yorkshire,  t. 
Edw.  111. ;   he  was  distinguished  at  the  battle  of  Neville's  Cross,  in  1346. 

The  seal  of  Simon  Covellt ;  circular,  diam.  l-j^in.,  device  an  escutcheon 
couchc,  charged  with  3  crescents  and  a  mullet  in  nombril  point,  and 
ensigned  with  a  helm  ;  crest  a  crescent  ;  legend  on  a  scroll  (in  black  letter) 
S  :  Simonis  Covellt.  The  design  appears  to  be  Flemish,  of  the  later  part 
of  the  fifteenth  centurv. 


1S2  PHOCEEDI^'CS   AT   MEETINGS   OF 

May  2,  1882. 
Xoiil  Talbot  de  Malaiiide,  F.S.A.,  Pres'ulent,  iu  tlic  Chair. 

Lonl  Talbot  expressed  regret  tliat  his  engagements  in  Ireland  had  for 
some  time  prevented  his  taking  part  in  the  meetings  of  the  Institute  ;  ho 
had  noticed  with  gratitication  tlie  interest  of  the  communications  received, 
and  the  constant  Hberality  witli  whicli  vahiablo  ohjccts  of  antiquity  and 
historical  value  were  entrusted  for  exhibition.  On  the  present  occasion  it 
was  with  high  satisfaction  that  he  was  enabled  to  announce  the  concession 
of  facilities  of  access,  so  long  desired,  to  the  depositories  of  ancient  wills. 
A  memorial  having  been  addressed  to  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  Ilcr 
Majesty's  Treasury,  signed  by  the  Earl  Stanhope,  President  of  the  Society 
of  Anti(iuarics.  and  by  influential  members  of  that  body,  and  also  of  the 
Institute,  their  Lordships  had  recently  intimated  that  they  had  approved  of 
a  proposal  submitted  to  them  by  the  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Probate  to  carry 
out  arrangements  for  the  inspection  of  ancient  wills  in  the  registry  at 
Doctors'  Commons,  under  proper  restriction  and  for  literary  purposes  oidy. 
Lord  Talbot  desired  also  to  invite  attention  to  the  kind  liberality  of  the 
I'larl  of  Winchilsea,  and  to  propose  a  vote  of  special  acknowledgment  to 
the  noble  possessor  of  the  Ilatton  collections.  At  the  previous  meeting 
Lord  Winchilsea  had  entrusted  for  examination  a  remarkable  document 
preserved  at  Eastwell  Park,  and  from  the  same  rich  depository  of  historical 
and  archaeological  evidence  he  had  now  brought  for  the  gratification  of  the 
Institute  the  valuable  collection  of  drawings  of  effigies,  painted  glass,  and 
examples  of  monumental  art,  in  cathedral  and  other  churches,  which  had 
been  formed  by  Sir  W.  Dugdale  for  Lord  Ilatton,  about  1G40  ;  also  two 
sumptuous  volumes,  one  of  them  comprising  transcripts  of  charters,  the 
other  relating  to  the  ancient  ceremonials  of  chivalry.  With  these,  more- 
over. Lord  \\'inchilsea  had  most  kindly  submitted  to  their  examination  a 
roll  of  the  early  jiart  of  the  fifteenth  century,  which  Lord  Talbot  regarded 
with  umisual  interest,  being  a  Norman-French  version  of  the  ^fodns  tenendi 
I'arliamcntum,  of  which  no  other  copy  is  known  to  exist.  Tiie  formula, 
long  in  use  in  England,  as  shown  in  Mr.  Duft'us  Hardy's  valuable  disserta- 
ti(jn,  was  transmitted  to  the  sister  kingdom  for  the  regulation  of  the  two 
Houses,  and  the  roll  now  exhibited  may  have  been  the  identical  document 
used  in  the  Lish  Parliament.  A  curious  petition  is  found  endorsed  upon  it, 
nddresHod  by  Kichard,  Archbishop  of  Cashel,  to  Thomas  of  Lancaster,  son 
of  Henry  IV.,  and  Lieutenant  of  Ireland  early  in  the  fiftecntli  century,  the 
jicriod  to  which  this  uniipie  document  may  be  assigiird. 

Mr.  C.  Si-ui'XOKL  GiucAVKs,  (^.C,  ollered  some  remarks  on  the  iniport- 
nnce  of  facilities  fcjr  consulting  ancient  wills,  and  the  advantages  whii  li 
would  thence  accrue  to  the  historical  student  and  the  arclueologist.  Ho 
hopfd  that  the  promised  jirivilcge  n)ight  be  extended  in  a  large  and  liberal 
ineaHure,  and  proposed  n  vote,  which  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Octavius  Morgan, 
iNLP.,  recognising  tlu;  great  value  of  the  concession  which  had  now  been 
uMuounced  by  liord  Tali»ot. 

'Ihc  Key.  J,  IL  Hill,  Kector  of  Cranoe,  Leiceslerf-hire,  then  gave  a 
►horl  account  of  the  recent  discovery  of  Koman  relics  near  that  place,  on 
the  line  of  Koman  road,  which  enters  the  county  near  Mcdbourn,  where  a 
liomnti  pavement  and  other  vestigeH  exist,  and  crosses  the  l'"<iss  at  Leicester. 
The  depo«it  lay  Udl  far  from   Lunl  r.erner'u  residence,  Kc^  llidipi'  Hull,  and 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  183 

about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  tlic  spot  wlicre  the  Saxon  remains,  des- 
cribed Arch.  Journ.,  vol.  xviii.  p.  7G,  were  found  in  May,  1860.  Some 
workmen  engaged  in  draining  struck  upon  a  bronze  skillet  or  trulla,  the 
handle  of  which  was  pierced  with  a  trefoil  ;  witli  this  were  diainterred  some 
finely  patinated  fragments  of  a  bronze  prefcrlculiim,  namely,  the  trefoil- 
eliapcd  mouth  and  the  liandlc,  the  latter  ornamented  with  a  figure  of  a 
dancing  genius,  of  spirited  design  ;  also  the  straight  spout  of  a  bronze 
patera,  terminating  in  the  head  of  a  ram  (compare  those  found  in  one  of 
the  Bartlow  Hills,  Archreologia,  vol.  xxv.  pi.  II,  fig.  11  ;  vol.  xxvi.pl.  33). 
The  spot  where  the  discovery  occurred  is  at  the  bottom  of  a  hill  known  as 
"Ram's  Head,"  and  the  object  last  noticed,  Mr.  Hill  observed,  had  been 
regarded  by  the  finders  with  particular  curiosity,  from  a  supposed  associa- 
tion with  the  familiar  name  of  the  locality.  The  coincidence,  he  remarked, 
although  accidental,  is  certaitdy  singular.  With  the  bronze  relics  above 
noticed  were  fragments  of  a  glass  dish,  ribbed  and  formed  in  a  mould  ;  the 
upper  portion  of  a  long-necked  bottle  of  rich  deep  blue  colored  glass,  with 
one  handle  ;  when  perfect  this  remarkable  specimen  of  antique  glass  had 
measured  about  1:^  inches  in  height  (compare  one  found  in  the  Ustrimim  at 
Litlington,  Archajologia,  vol.  xxvi.  pi.  45,  fig.  7)  ;  also  four  glass  ungucn- 
taria,  resembling  those  found  with  the  remarkable  interment  in  the  Bartlow 
Hills.  These  relics,  unfortunately  in  very  fragmentary  condition,  had  been 
deposited  with  a  Roman  interment,  probably  in  a  wooden  chest,  portions  of 
decayed  oak  having  been  noticed.  They  lay  at  a  depth  of  about  30  inches. 
The  general  features  of  the  interesting  discovery  described  by  Mr.  Hill 
correspond  closely  with  those  of  like  sepulchral  deposits  of  the  Roman 
period  in  other  localities,  such  as  the  tomb  at  Shefford,  Bedfordshire,  the 
curious  contents  of  which  are  figured  in  the  Publications  of  the  Cambridge 
Antiquarian  Society  (4to  series),  with  a  descriptive  notice  by  Sir  Henry 
Dryden,  Bart.  In  that  deposit  a  ribbed  dish  or  saucer  of  glass,  a  bronze 
vessel  in  perfect  state,  with  a  spout  terminating  in  a  ram's  head,  a  bronze 
prefericuhim  with  trefoil-shaped  mouth,  and  the  handle  ornamented  with  a 
female  figure  of  fine  design,  also  vases  of  blue  glass,  and  a  bronze  skillet 
were  disinterred.  Mr.  Hill  stated  that  some  curious  remains  had  lately 
been  brought  to  light  at  St.  Martin's,  Leicester,  of  which  he  promised  to 
give  a  notice  on  a  future  occasion. 

Mr.  George  Tate,  F.G.S.,  of  Alnwick,  communicated  an  account  of  the 
examination  of  ancient  remains  in  Northumberland,  in  the  valley  of  the 
Breamish,  especially  the  site  of  an  old  town  near  Linhope,  known  as 
Greaves  Ash,  which  Mr.  Tate  considers  to  be  a  vestige  of  the  "  Celtic  " 
or  ancient  British  race  in  Northumberland  prior  to  the  Roman  invasion. 
The  excavations,  of  which  he  described  the  results,  illustrated  by  a  ground- 
plan  from  a  survey  by  Mr.  "Wightman,  of  Wooler,  and  diagrams,  wei'e  carried 
out  during  the  summer  of  18G1,  preliminary  to  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the 
Berwickshire  Naturalists'  Club,  through  the  liberal  assistance  and  encou- 
ragement of  the  Duke  of  Northumberland,  ever  foremost  in  promoting 
researches  through  Avhich  the  history  and  antiquities  of  the  county  may  be 
elucidated.  The  work  was  ])laced  under  the  superintendence  of  the  veteran 
explorer,  Mr.  W.  Coulson,  of  Corbridge,  to  whose  intelligent  and  zealous 
direction  the  extensive  excavations  made  by  his  Grace's  orders  at  JJre- 
vicniuin  in  Redesdale,  in  1852,  had  been  confided.  Greaves  Ash  is  an 
elevated  platform  on  the  southern  slope  of  Greenshaw  Hill,  far  up  in  the 
Cheviot  range  ;  the  old  town,   with  the  adjoining  detached  strongholds, 


1st  ^ROCEEDI^'GS   AT   MEETINGS   OF 

occupy  an  area  of  about  20  acres  ;  the  ruins  consist  cliicfly  of  sites  of 
circular  dwellings,  surrounded  by  walls  or  ramparts,  the  whole  formed  of 
dry  masonry,  the  materials  employed  being  blocks  of  the  porphyry  of  the 
district,  with  some  water-worn  stuncs  obtained  from  the  Breaniish  or  other 
streams.  The  outer  ramjiart  of  the  principal  work,  or  town,  measures 
10  to  12  feet  in  width,  the  inner  one  from  5  to  7  feet.  In  some  places  the 
excavation  exposed  three  or  four  courses  of  rude  masonry.  The  area 
appears  to  have  been  occupied  by  circular  huts  and  a  few  larger  enclosures. 
The  foundations  of  eiirhtecn  huts  are  visible,  the  diameter  being  from  11  to 
27  feet  ;  each  has  a  regular  entrance,  generally  towards  the  east  or  south- 
east. The  fire-place  appeared  to  have  been  in  the  centre.  The  liut-circles 
liaving  been  cleared,  the  floors  appeared  to  have  been  neatly  flagged  with 
slabs  of  porphyry  ;  some  portions  of  pottery  were  noticed,  also  part  of  an 
arndet  of  glass.  Some  curious  observations  on  constructive  peculiarities 
were  the  result  of  these  explorations  ;  the  investigation  extended  to  the 
adjacent  forts  or  dwellings,  connected  with  the  principal  cluster  of  hut- 
circles  by  an  ancient  way.  A  detailed  account  of  this  remarkable  site, 
and  also  of  camp  and  hut-circles  on  the  neighbouring  heights  along  the 
course  of  the  river  Breaini^h,  is  given  by  Mr.  Tate  in  the  Transactions  of 
the  Berwickshire  Natuialists'  Club,  vol.  iv.  p.  293.  The  relics  discovered 
supply  no  conclusive  evidence  in  regard  to  the  period  when  those  dwellings 
were  occupied  ;  besides  the  fragment  of  an  arndet  already  mentioned,  re- 
sembling certain  ornaments  which  have  occurred  in  Scotland  and  elsewhere, 
they  comprise  some  rudely-shaped  objects  of  flint,  a  material  not  found  in 
Northumberland,  also  hand-mills  formed  of  syenite  and  sandstone,  and 
broken  pottery  presenting  no  distinctive  features.  In  the  fortress  known 
as  Brough-law  camp,  an  iron  blade  was  found,  resembling  the  knifo 
usually  accompanying  interments  of  the  Saxon  period.  Mr.  Tate  cited  the 
principal  examples  of  similar  hut-circles  and  vestiges  of  ancient  towns  in 
Cornwall,  Somerset,  Scotland,  and  other  localities  ;  he  oll'ered  some  curious 
suggestions  in  reference  to  the  period  and  the  iiriinitivc  race,  ignorant 
apparently  of  the  use  of  metals,  to  which  ho  is  of  o]tinion  that  these 
remarkable  remains  may  be  assigned.  The  further  and  careful  explora- 
tion of  similar  works  in  the  Northern  Marclics,  where,  from  the  nature  of 
the  country  and  their  inaccessible  position,  such  vestiges  are  found  compa- 
ratively well  preserved,  may,  it  is  hoped,  throw  light  on  tlic  obscure 
ethnological  questions  connected  with  these  very  interesting  prehistoric 
remains. 

Mr.  Li,i;wKi,i,VN  Jkwitt,  F.S.A.,  of  Derby,  then  read  a  notice  of  speci- 
mens of  mediieval  vessels,  and  of  jjottery-works  lately  found  between  Derby 
ami  Duflicld,  on  the  estates  of  Lord  Scarsdale,  by  whom  Mr.  Jcwitt's 
attention  had  been  called  to  the  discovery.  Of  two  mounds,  apparently 
the  sites  of  ancient  works,  (jnly  one  had  bei'H  examined  :  Mr.  .lewitt  hoped 
to  bring  the  subject  more  fully  before  the  Society  hereafter.  He  exhibited 
drawings  of  the  curious  vessels,  some  of  which  are  ornamented  with  horse- 
hIiocb  in  relief,  and  also  with  ring-brooches  or  fcnnaih,  devices  as  ho 
believed  of  the  Ferrers  family,  who  from  the  Concpiest  possessed  the  lands 
where  this  discovery  occurred.  He  lias  published  subsc(|ucntly  a  memoir 
with  rejircficntations  of  the  vases  described,  in  his  interesting  periodical 
chiefly  relating  to  Derbyshire  archa.'ology,  entitled  the  Heli<|uary  ;  see 
vol.  ii.  p.  210.  The  vcshcIh,  Mr.  Jewitt  remarked,  are  sucli  as  were 
cracked  in  the  kiln,  or  had  f.illen  out  of  Khnpe  ;  they  arc  partially  glazed; 


THE   ARCHAEOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE. 


185 


the  ornaments  were  forniod  in  "slip,"  and  affixed  to  tlic  surface  after  the 
vessel  was  fashioned  on  the  lathe.  lie  considered  their  date  to  be  about  tlie 
time  of  Henry  III.  He  promised  a  furtlier  communication  on  the  subject  of 
lictile  manufactures  in  Derbyshire  ;  a  variety  of  other  early  specimens  liad 
been  found  at  Tickenall,  on  the  site,  as  he  believed,  of  anotlier  ancient 
manufacture  of  pottery,  and  Mr.  Jewitt  anticipated  that  he  should  be  en- 
abled to  show  a  continuous  series  of  the  products  of  local  industry  of  this 
class  from  the  Norman  period  to  tlie  time  of  the  porcelain  manufacture  at 
Derby,  towards  the  close  of  the  last  century,  on  the  cessation  of  the  works 
at  Chelsea. 

Mr.  MoRGAX,  in  expressing  the  thanks  of  the  meeting  for  this  curious 
communication,  adverted  to  the  interest  with  wliich,  having  long  devoted 
attention  to  the  fictile  arts  in  this  country,  he  had  welcomed  the  valuable 
Memoirs  lately  given  by  Mr.  Jewitt  in  the  Art  Journal.  The  history  of 
j)ottery  and  porcelain  had  been  until  recent  times  a  sealed  book  ;  Mr. 
Morgan  rejoiced  to  perceive  that  so  active  and  intelligent  a  fellow-labourer 
in  this  special  subject  of  research  had  been  enabled  to  afford  that  accurate 
and  detailed  information,  which  would  be  found  in  tlie  Monographs  by  Mr. 
Jewitt,  to  which  he  was  desirous  to  invite  attention. 

^ntiqxiititS  mits  miar'ixi  of  ^rt  evl)tl)ttcir. 

By  Mr.  Albert  Wat. — Drawings  of  two  remarkable  relics  found  some 
years  since  in  Sussex,  on  the  South  Downs,  probably  accompanying  an 
interment,  but  the  circumstances  relating  to  the  discovery  have  not  been 
recorded.  It  took  place  on  Clayton  Hill,  about  seven  miles  north  of 
Drighton.  One  of  these  objects  is  the  diminutive  specimen  of  ancient 
pottery  here  figured  on  a  reduced  scale.  The  original,  preserved  in  the 
collection  of  Mrs.  Weeks,  Hurst  Pierpoint,  measured  21  in.  in  height,  3j  in. 
in  diameter.  It  is  of  the  curious  class  of  urns  designated  by  the  late  Sir 
R.  Colt  Iloare  "thuribles,"  the  second  division  of  Celtic  pottery  in  the 
arrangement  proposed   by  the    late  Mr.   Bateman.      See  his  Ten  Years' 


Diininutivo  perforated  Um  found  on  Cliytoii  Hill,  Susses.      Diam.  of  ori;-.  3;  in. 

Diggings,  p.  282,  and  the  notice  of  tliat  work  in  this  Journal,  vol.  xviii. 
p.  414,  where  several  examples  are  enumerated.  The  lower  part  of  this 
specimen  is  formed  with  diagonal  slits  ;  the  upper  part  and  inner  mar<'in 


186 


TROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 


of  the  rim  being  ruilely  ornamented  with  imprcsseil  cortlod  lines,  forming  a 
trelliseil  pattern.  The  intention  of  these  small  perforated  vessels  is  a 
question  well  deserving  attention  in  the  very  limited  series  of  relics  of  their 
period.  Occasionally  they  have  two  small  perforations  at  the  side,  as  if 
for  suspension.  They  mostly  occur  enclosed  within  larger  urns,  and  in 
interments  apparently  not  of  the  earliest  class.  Some  examples  seem 
fashioned  after  a  basket-work  type  ;  sec  a  curious  little  urn  formed  with 
open  work,  found  on  Stanton  Moor,  DL'ibyshire,  Archoiologia,  vol.viii.pl.  1. 


(T^ 


The  second  object  (see  woodcut,  orig.  size),  is  a  little  pendant  ornament 
of  lifht  blue  vitrified  paste.  It  was  found  within  the  little  vessel  above 
figured.  Tlie  material  appears  almost  identical  with  that  of  which  certain 
Eoyptian  relics  are  formed.  Two  similar  objects  have  been  found  with 
early  interments  in  Sussex,  on  the  downs  near  Brighton  ;  one  of  these  is 
ti'^ured  in  Ilorsfield's  History  of  Lewes,  p.  44,  pi.  3,  and  is  now  amongst 
the  late  Dr.  Mantell's  collections  in  the  British  Museum.  These  curious 
relics  may  have  been  imported  with  the  glass  beads  which  occur  with  early 
British  reujains. 

By  Mr.  FiiKDKRiCK  Potts,  of  Chester. — Photographs  of  Roman  inscrip- 
tions recently  found  in  that  city  ;  tlicy  have  been  described  and  accurately 
fif'ured  in  Mr.  Roach  Smith's  Collectanea  Antiqua,  vol.  vi.  p.  20.  Also 
the  folbjwing  relics  found  at  Chester. — Portion  of  a  statuette  of  Venus,  in 
tine  white  clay,  formed  in  two  moulds,  and  the  moieties  united  together  and 
]. laced  on  u  pedestal.  See  sjiccimens  in  Mr.  Roach  Smith's  Roman  Lon- 
don, p.  100,  and  similar  types  found  near  Moulins,  figured  in  his  Col- 
lectanea, vol.  vi.  p.  52.  It  was  found  on  St.  Mary's  Hill,  Cliestcr. — 
Portion  of  a  tile  bearing  the  impression  of  the  solo  of  a  calitja  thickly  set 
with  nail-heads,  and  also  the  stamp  of  the  twentieth  legion,  styled  Valeria 
and  VicU-ix, —  LKo.  X.\  v. — A  rude  leaden  stamp  with  letters  in  relief,  in  tv/o 
lines,  the  letters  inverted,  so  as  to  give  an  impress  in  their  right  direction. 
Mr.  Potts  proposes  the  reading  cl  avo.  vie,  ])rcccded  by  the  centurial  sign. 
— An  iron  spear-head,  ornamented  with  gilding,  found  in  ISGl. — Mediieval 
ornaments,  car-rings,  <kc.,  ono  of  them  set  with  an  emerald. 

i'y  the  Eaul  ok  Winciiilska. — Three  largo  volumes,  from  the  Ilatton 
Library,  now  preserved  at  Eastwcll  Park,  Kent.  —  1.  A  collection  of  colored 
drawings  of  nionuMieiitH,  painted  glass,  inscriptions,  heraldic  achievements, 
«tc.,  exihting  in  eatbedral  and  other  cliurebes,  about  IGIO.  Sir  t'liristopber, 
afterwards  Lord  Ilatton,  appreliending,  as  it  liils  been  st.nted,  the  dreadful 
devahtiilion  tlireati;iied  by  the  civil  war,  despatched  Dugdale,  at  that  time 
Jilaneh-lioi)  pursuivant,  and  who  liad  heen  re<'oii]mended  to  him  by  Spelinan, 
to  take,  with  tli<?  aHHi«tance  of  William  Sedgewiek,  I)wg(bile'n  .servant,  a  skilful 
annn  painter,  ilrawings  of  such  memorials  as  they  jntlged  most  worthy  of 
allt-nliou.      The»c,   corcfully  tricked  by  Sedgewiek,  were  deposited   in  the 


THE   ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  187 

library  formed  at  Kirby  in  Northamptonsbire  by  their  tasteful  and  judicious 
employer.  Amongst  the  curious  contents  of  this  sumptuous  volume  may  be 
cited  drawings  of  heraldry,  monuments,  etc.,  in  the  cathedral  churches  of  St. 
Paul's,  London,  Lichfield,  Ely,  Lincoln,  and  Peterborough,  of  the  pall  and 
heraldic  achievements  which  were  placed  on  the  tomb  of  Katharine  of 
Aragon,  in  the  latter,  and  of  the  funereal  achievement  marking  the  spot 
•where  the  remains  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots  had  there  first  been  deposited. 
Also  of  monuments  and  painted  glass,  at  Selby,  Hull,  Fotheringhay, 
Newark,  Southwell,  Bottesford,  Sandon,  Tamworth,  (fee,  and  the  very  curious 
painted  glass  in  St.  George's  church,  Stamford,  representing  Edward  IIL 
and  twenty-four  knights  kneeling  in  their  armorial  surcoats.  Also  curious 
subjects  from  the  legend  of  St.  George,  and  the  portraitures  of  Sir  William 
Bnigges,  Garter,  with  his  wife  and  daughters  :  this  remarkable  painted 
glass  was  placed  there  by  him  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VL  Of  numerous 
drawings  of  sepulchral  memorials  now  destroyed  may  be  cited  that  of  a 
brass  of  a  knight  in  the  cross-legged  attitude,  in  St.  Mary's  church, 
Chester.  The  costume  presented  the  rare  feature  of  ailettes,  charged  with 
a  plain  cross  ;  the  bearing  on  the  shield  being  billety  with  a  label. — 2.  An 
extensive  collection  of  copies  of  ancient  documents  in  possession  of  Henry 
St.  George,  Garter  t.  Charles  L,  John  Philipot,  Somerset  Herald  in  the 
same  reign,  and  others.  Numerous  carefully  colored  drawings  are  given 
of  the  seals  appended. — 3.  An  elaborately  illuminated  copy  of  the  ceremonies 
used  in  creating  knights  of  the  Bath.  These  curious  subjects  are  engraved 
in  the  Notes  on  Upton  de  Stud,  Mil.  p.  20,  from  a  MS.  in  Will.  Le  Neve's 
library  ;  also  in  Dugdale's  Warw.  p.  531,  orig.  edit. — 4.  The  roll  before 
mentioned,  entitled  "  La  manere  de  tenire  parlement," — 5.  A  facsimile  of  the 
grant  by  Edward  the  Confessor  to  Westminster,  exhibited  by  Lord  Winchilsea 
at  the  previous  meeting  (see  p.  176,  ante).  This  exact  copy  may  have  been 
made  by  the  same  hand  and  at  the  same  time  as  the  transcripts  of  documents 
comprised  in  the  folio  volume  above  mentioned.  Sir  Christopher  Ilatton, 
a  descendant  of  the  Lord  Chancellor,  t.  Eliz.,  w^as  a  zealous  royalist,  and 
was  created  Baron  Ilatton,  of  Kirby,  by  Charles  I.  in  16-43,  His  grand- 
daughter espoused  the  sixth  Earl  of  Winchilsea,  and  the  bulk  of  the  Ilatton 
estates  eventually  devolved  upon  their  son. 

By  Mr.  Joiix  Caur,  of  Skipton. — Two  original  portraits,  of  which  one 
represents  Jane  Seymour,  painted,  probably,  before  her  marriage  in  1536. 
]n  general  character  and  costume  it  bears  much  resemblance  to  the  portrait 
of  that  queen  in  possession  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford.  In  both  paintings 
necklaces  and  jewelry  appear  in  rich  variety  ;  in  that  at  Woburn  there  is 
a  pendant  ornament  with  pearls,  which  seems  to  be  the  sacred  monogram 
of  Our  Lord's  name  ;  in  this  instance  a  like  pendant  is  seen,  formed  of  the 
letters  ab,  conjoined,  and  with  pearls  appended.  It  has  been  suggested 
that  this  may  have  been  a  token  of  affection  given  to  Jane  Seymour  by 
Anne  Boleyn.  Thoy  had  been  together  at  the  French  court  in  1514  as 
maids  of  honor  to  Mary,  daughter  of  Henry  VIL,  and  consort  of  Louis  XII., 
and  their  full  length  portraits,  it  is  stated,  are  to  be  seen  in  the  gallery  of 
portraits  at  Versailles.  It  may  have  been  partly  due  to  early  friendship  at 
that  period  that  Anne  Boleyn,  on  becoming  queen  in  1532,  made  choice  of 
Jane  Seymour  as  one  of  lier  own  ladies  of  honor,  a  distinction  attended 
with  such  fatal  consequences.  This  portrait  is  on  panel  ;  probably  much 
retouched.  Pendant  ornaments  composed  of  letters  were  much  in  vogue  at 
the  period.     A  beautiful  example — ii.  e — from  a  drawing  by  Holbein,  is 

VOL.    XIX.  c    c 


18S  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

given  by  Mr.  Sliaw  in  his  Handbook  of  Alphabets  and  Devices,  and  it  may 
be  seen  in  this  Journal,  vol.  x.  p.  SO. — The  second  paintinfj  sent  by  Mr. 
Carr  represented  the  eminent  reformer  Hans  Znini;lius,  of  Ziirich,  probably 
one  of  the  numerous  copies  of  the  portrait  by  Hans  Asper,  a  painter  of 
considerable  merit  in  tliat  city.  He  was  a  contemporary  and  imitator  of 
Holbein,  and  died  in  1571.  His  orininal  portraits  of  Zuinglius  and  his 
wife  are  preserved  in  the  library  of  the  city  at  Ziirich.  That  exhibited 
is  on  a  somewhat  reduced  scale,  on  panel,  profile  to  the  left,  and  probably 
of  the  period. 

By  Sir  Thomas  Rokewope  Gage,  Bart.,  through  the  Very  Rev.  Canon 
Rock. — A  fine  pectoral  cross  of  solid  gold,  with  the  figure  of  our  Lord 
enameled,  and  bearing  over  the  head  a  very  peculiar  nimbus  showing  the 
points  of  the  cross  darting  out  beyond  the  circle  of  the  nimbus  itself. 
From  the  shape  of  the  letters  l.  N.  u.  l.  on  the  titii/us,  and  other  indications, 
it  would  seem  that  this  cross  was  wrought  about  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  very  probably  by  an  English  hand.  Dr.  Rock  conjectures  that  it 
may  have  been  given  by  Queen  Mary,  or  some  other  wealihy  friend,  to  the 
Lady  Abbess  of  Syon  Monastery,  Isleworth,  on  the  restoration  of  that 
house  at  the  beginning  of  Clary's  reign.  This  cross  was  ])rcscntcd  to  Sir 
Thomas  Gage's  uncle,  that  able  antiquary,  the  late  John  Gage  Rokewodc, 
Esq.,  by  the  nuns  of  Syon,  as  a  token  of  acknowledgment  of  benefits  received 
through  his  exertions  when  thoy  took  refuge  in  England  from  Lisbon,  after 
the  seizure  of  Portugal  by  the  French.  The  cross  had  formed  a  portion  of  the 
curious  relics  of  their  English  home,  borne  about  with  them  by  the  Syon  nuns 
during  their  various  changes  of  residence  ;  and  the  Superioress,  from  whom 
Mr.  Gage  Rokcwode  received  this  mark  of  their  gratitude,  assured  him  that 
it  had  belonged  to  the  sisterhood  before  they  were  compelled  a  second  time 
to  leave  Syon,  under  Elizabeth,  and  quitted  England.  Within  the  last  few 
months  they  have  again  come  back  to  this  country,  and  are  now  settled  at 
their  new  Syon  house,  Speti^bury,  Dorsctiihire,  never  having  been  broken 
up  entirely  as  a  religious  body,  since  their  establi.-hment  by  Henry  V.  Sir 
Thomas  Gage  exhibited  also  a  precious  little  book  bound  in  green  velvet, 
worked  on  both  sides  with  the  I'rinco  of  Wales's  plume  in  silver,  amidst 
diapering  of  Bced-pearls  wrought  after  a  very  artistic  maimer.  Tlie  hook 
itself  is  a  sort  of  small  jieerage,  with  the  shields  and  crests  of  sixty-four 
members  of  the  House  of  Lords,  nicely  tricked  in  their  proper  colors  and 
metals,  by  the  skilful  hand  of  Esther  Inglis,  who  ollered  this  ex(|ui8ite 
little  work  as  a  new  year's  gift  to  Henry,  Prince  of  Wales,  eldest  son  of 
James  L  On  the  first  leaf,  within  a  fieur-dc-lys,  powdered  with  little  gilt  dots, 
is  this  iiiscri])tion, — "A  Book  of  the  Armes  of  England  doone  by  me  Esther 
Inglis,  Januar  the  first,  IGO'J."  Within  n  heart  formed  by  a  wreath  of 
green  leaves  and  red  and  gold  flowers,  surmounted  by  a  hand  lioiding  a 
golihm  pen,  is  written  the  dedication  ; — "  To  Tin;  .must  E.\c'i;m,i;nt  I'iilnck 

Hknkv,  I'kinck  ok  Wales.      Sm as  your  llignes  sees  heir  the  figure  of 

a  hi;art  and  liand,euen  so  the  liiiely  heart  and  hand  of  hir  who  formed  it,  bo 
King  as  1  hreatii,  ar  vowed  to  your  most  Excellent  llighnes  seruice.  lleceauo 
the  t^ir  in  good  pairt  this  litle  myttc  doone  b/ your  most  humble  seruand 
Khiku  I.soi.lM."  After  thirt  folioWH  the  skill iiily  limned  portraiture  of  Ivsiher 
Iiiglin  drcitscd  in  black,  with  the  wide-spreailing  rnlfof  the  time  rouml  her 
neek,  niid  a  jaunty  little  high-peaked  hat  overtopping  her  yellow  hair.  On 
a  fly  leaf,  nl  the  beginning  of  this  little  volume  is  llie  following  inscription  ; — 
•' Tliiu  book   belonged  to    tin;    Frinces   of  Ingland,    Louisa  Stiuirt.    Given 


THE    AKCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  189 

by  my  uncle  EJmund  Stils  to  Mama  and  by  her  to  me  Lncy  Kniglit;  "  and, 
on  a  fly  leaf  at  the  end  is  written: — "Lucy  Knii^ht  to  whom  tiiis  book 
beloni^ed,  was  daughter  and  heiress  of  Wm.  Knight,  of  Kingerby  in  Lin- 
colnshire, Esquire,  and  married  in  174G,  Sir  Tliomas  Kookwood  Gage,  V"" 
Bart,  of  Ilengrave  iu  Sutiblk.  Lucy  Lady  Gage  died  Sept^  3"*  17bl,  and 
is  interred  in  Hengrave  Church.  Her  mother  was  Miss  Jennings,  1"'  the 
wife  of  Col.  Styles  attached  to  the  court  at  St.  Germain,  and  afterwards 
married  Wm.  Knight,  Esqr.,  of  Kingerby." 

By  His  Eminence  Cardinal  Wiseman. — Two  remarkable  rings  ;  one  of 
them  of  silver,  date  xv.  cent.,  set  with  a  "  crapon,"  or  toadstone,  formerly 
much  esteemed  as  an  amulet  against  poison,  as  noticed  in  this  volume,  p. 
lo5,  where  mention  is  made  of  one  presented  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  The 
other,  date  xvi.  cent,  is  set  with  an  intaglio,  a  head  of  our  Lord,  on  blood- 
stone. 

By  Mr.  J.  H.  Le  Kecx. — A  dish  of  Wedgwood's  ware,  with  white  me- 
dallions on  a  light  blue  ground;  it  is  a  choice  example,  and  of  interest  as 
having  been  in  use  at  Longwood,  during  the  time  of  the  captivity  of  the 
Emperor  Napoleon  I.  in  St.  Helena, 

By  Mr.  R.  G.  P.  Minty. — A  silver  ring  found  in  the  sand  at  Tenby,  Pem- 
brokeshire. The  hoop  wreathed,  its  shoulders  formed  like  heads  of  lions  at 
the  sides  of  the  besel,  which  is  engraved  with  a  crowned  L     Date  xv.  cent. 

By  Mr.  Edmund  Waterton,  F.S.A. — A  leaden  object  or  perforated 
weight  (?)  marked  with  pellets  and  radiating  lines,  a  specimen  of  the 
curious  class  of  objects  noticed  Arch.  Journ.,  vol.  xvii.  pp.  164,  2G7.  It 
was  found  early  in  the  present  year  in  the  garden  of  the  College  of  Mount 
St.  Mary's,  Derbyshire. — Portrait,  probably  of  the  Old  Chevalier,  worked 
in  tent-stitch,  a  bust  in  armour,  surrounded  by  a  garland,  with  crowns  and 
thistles  at  the  corners.  Behind  the  bust  is  seen  Britannia  ;  above  is  an 
angel  holding  a  crown  ;  and  around  is  inscribed  1  Sam,  xvi.  62 — "  Arise, 
anoint  him  for  this  is  he." — "  Touch  not  mine  anointed."  This  relic  of 
loyal  attachment  to  the  Stuart  family  has  been  preserved  at  Walton  Ilall. 

By  the  Rev.  Walter  Sneyd. — A  pair  of  gloves  of  fine  white  leather, 
sewn  with  gold  thread ;  the  gauntlet  cufts  embroidered  with  flowers,  the  pink, 
columbine,  fritillary,  (fee.  Date,  about  1580. — An  Oriental  nautilus-shell 
mounted  iu  silver,  and  curiously  engraved,  ornamented  also  with  Diello. 
Date  about  1600. — Some  interesting  embroideries  of  the  sixteenth  ceutury. 

ANNUAL  LONDON  MEETING. 

May  3,  1862. 

The  customary  Annual  Meeting  to  receive  the  report  of  the  Auditors  of 
the  previous  year,  with  the  statement  of  Receipts  and  Expenditure  during 
that  period,  took  place  at  the  Rooms  of  the  Institute  on  Saturday,  May  3. 
In  the  absence  of  the  President  the  chair  was  taken  by  Charles  Sprengel 
Greaves,  Esq.,  Q.C. 

The  Balance-sheet,  duly  signed  by  the  Auditors  for  the  year  1861,  was 
submitted  and  approved. 

Frederic  Ouvry,  Esq.,  Treasurer  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  Robert 
Taylor  Pritchett,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  were  didy  proposed  and  elected  Auditors 
for  the  current  year. 

The  following  abstract  of  Cash  Accounts  was  ordered  to  be  printed  iu 
the  Jourrial. 


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^rdjacolocjtcal  IntcUi^ntce, 

A  quarterly  puLlication  has  been  announced  which  will  doubtless  bo 
welconjcd  by  many  of  our  readers,  to  be  entitled  the  Hekald  and  Genealo- 
gist, and  devoted  to  the  antiquities  of  Heraldry,  and  to  those  branches  of 
local  and  family  history  to  which  heraldry  lends  material  aid.  It  has  been 
truly  observed,  in  the  announcement  of  this  new  serial  miscellany,  that 
notwithstanding  the  frequent  appearance  of  valuable  works  on  family 
history,  genealogy,  and  heraldry,  as  now  understood,  the  archa5olo<vy  of 
the  heraldic  art  is  much  in  arrear  of  tlie  advance  of  antiquarian  science. 
That  comparative  analysis  and  chronological  arrangement,  which  have 
recently  brought  our  notions  in  regard  to  architecture  in  this  country  from 
confusion  into  system  and  order,  may,  it  is  hoped,  be  apj)lied  to  heraldry 
with  similar  success.  Communications  should  be  addressed  to  Mr.  John 
Gough  Nichols,  F.S.A.,  25,  Parliament  Street.  The  first  number  (price 
two  shillings  and  sixpence)  is  in  the  press.  This  and  ensuing  numbers  will 
contain  enquiries  concerning  the  earliest  writers  on  armory  ; — a  list  of 
Heralds'  Visitations  of  counties  ; — notices  of  royal  mottoes  ; — of  Gerard 
Lcgh's  accedens  of  Armory,  with  his  portrait  as  Panther  Herald  ; — and 
some  notice  of  the  rolls,  pedigrees,  and  heraldic  MSS,  collected  for 
exhibition  by  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  May,  18G2,  with  other  co"-nate 
matter  acceptable  to  all  who  take  interest  in  such  researches. 

Mr.  Papworth  has  just  issued  Part  IX.  of  his  Dictionary  of  Arms 
belonging  to  families  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  We  are  glad  to  see 
this  truly  important  work  steadily  proceeding  without  any  diminution  of 
the  care  which  has  distinguished  the  earlier  Parts  ;  though  we  can  but 
regret  that  the  public  encouragement  has  not  been  such  as  to  accelerate  its 
issue.  A  work  of  this  kind  stands  alone,  and  must  long  be  without  a  rival. 
It  will,  when  complete,  be  indispensable  to  every  library  which  makes  any 
pretence  to  furnish  heraldic,  genealogical,  or  archaeological  information. 
For  such  a  volume  we  ought  to  be  al)le  to  wait  patiently  awhile,  that  it  may 
be  well  done  throughout  ;  though  the  portion  already  issued  is  so  extremely 
useful  as  to  make  us  wish  for  the  remainder.  We  may  remind  those  of 
our  readers  who  are  not  yet  subscribers,  that  it  ditl'ers  materially  from  all 
other  dictionaries  and  ordinaries  of  arms  in  its  arrangemerit:  while  others 
enable  us  to  find  what  arms  certain  persons  have  borne,  this  is  adapted  to 
supply  the  great  desideratum  and  enable  us  to  find  what  persons  have 
borne  certain  arms,  in  short,  to  answer  the  frequently  recurring  question 
"  Whose  arms  arc  these  ?  "  It  is  remarkable  that  four-fifths  of  the 
heraldic  charges,  taken  alphabetically,  fall  under  the  first  six  letters,  A  to  F 
inclusive.  We  are  well  pleased  therefore  to  see  that  Part  IX.  brini>-s  us 
far  into  "  Chevron."     All  the  coats  having  beasts  or  birds  for  the  first  charge 


192  ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INTELLIGENCE. 

are  already  publishcil.  As  tlie  work  is  printed  for  subscribers,  and  will  not 
be  for  sale  to  the  public  for  some  years  after  its  completiou  at  less  than 
double  the  subse:i|itio:i  price,  archajulogical  and  literary  societies,  and. 
the  possessors  of  valuable  libraries,  as  well  as  those  persons  who  take  a 
peculiar  interest  in  the  subject  of  the  publication,  will  do  well  to  become 
subscribers.  The  terms  may  be  learned  on  application  to  Mr.  J.  W.  Pap- 
worth,  1-iA,  Great  Marlborough  Street,  W. 

Wc  have  pleasure  iu  inviting  attention  to  the  recent  publication  of  a 
beautiful  volume, — Isca  iSiluritiii,  an  Illustrated  Catalogue  of  the  Museum 
of  Antiquities  at  Caerleon  ;  by  John  E.  Lee,  F.S.A.,  lion.  Sec.  of  the 
Monmouthshire  and  Caerleon  Antiiiuarian  Association.  We  hope  on  an 
early  occasion  to  bring  before  our  readers  the  series  of  works  produced 
under  the  auspices  of  that  Society,  and  especially  to  advert  more  fully  to 
this  valuable  Catalogue  by  Mr.  Lee,  whose  former  works  on  Roman 
vestiges  in  the  same  locality  have  been  noticed  in  this  Joiniial,  vol.  ii.  p. 
417  ;  vol.  vii.  p.  97.  His  account  of  inscri|>tions  and  relics  found  at 
Caerleon,  will  also  be  found,  ibiiJ.,  vol.  viii.  p.  157.  The  Museum  there 
formed,  chicHy  tlirough  his  exertions  and  intelligence,  comprises  an  assem- 
blage of  inscribed  lioman  memorials,  unequaled  in  interest  by  any  in  the 
Bouthern  parts  of  the  kingdom.  The  advantages  which  acL-rue  from  local 
museums,  such  as  those  at  York,  Shrewsbury,  Bath,  Colchester,  <kc.,  are 
comparatively  slight,  unless  aided  by  the  indispensable  accompaniment  of  a 
good  Catalogue.  The  utility  of  the  desirable  volume  before  us  is  enhanced 
by  copious  illustrations,  consisting  of  fifty-two  plates  e.xccutod  by  the  author. 
It  nuiy  be  obtained  from  Messrs.  Longman. 

An  e.xtemled  edition  of  the  Parochial  Antiquities  of  Devonshire,  by  the 
late  Iiev.  Dr.  Oliver,  author  of  the  Lives  of  the  Bishops  of  Exeter,  and  of 
the  Ili.->tory  of  that  city,  recently  puiilishcd,  has  been  announced  by  Mr. 
Pollard,  Exeter  (by  subscription.  One  Guinea).  It  will  form  a  desirable 
supplement  t(j  the  author's  valuable  works  relating  to  the  Ecclesiastical 
and  Monastic  Antii[uiiies  of  the  Western  Counties. 

The  learned  editor  of  the  Ancient  Laws  and  Institutes  of  England,  the 
raost  valuable  publication  perhaps  of  the  late  liecord  Commission,  and 
to  whom  we  have  recently  been  indebted  for  a  carefully  revised  te.xt  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle,  published  in  the  series,  under  direction  of  the 
Master  of  the  Rolls,  has  intimated  the  intention  of  publishing  (by  subscrip- 
tion, in  one  vol.  8vo,)  an  important  collection  of  documents  from  the  reign 
of  .lEthelbert  of  Kent,  A.n.  GO.'},  to  the  Jsorman  Con(|ucst.  It  will  com- 
prise every  charter  connected  with  our  j)re-Nornuin  history  to  be  found  in 
the  late  Mr.  Kemltle's  Cudex  Diploniaticus,  together  with  many  not  con- 
tained in  that  collection.  All  those  in  Anglo-Saxon  will  be  accompanied 
by  a  translation.  The.se  ancient  historical  monuments  will  be  classed 
under  mi.Hcellaneous  charters,  not  simple  grants  of  land  ;  wills,  almost 
exclusively  in  Saxon  ;  articles  of  constitution  of  .Anglo-Saxon  guilds  ;  and 
ccrtiKcatcs  of  manumission  of  Herfs.  Mr.  Thorpe  pro[)o,sca  to  send  this 
volume  to  press  an  soon  an  a  HutKcicnt  number  of  Hubseribers  shall  have 
been  obtained  to  defray  the  cost  of  printing.  A  'Jjlossary,  local  index,  and 
Homo  fac-HimilcH  will  be  given.  Sub.'^cribers'  names  are  received  by  Messrs. 
Tnvlor,  Red  Lion  Court,  E.C. 


THE     CONQUEST  OF    THE     SEVERN    VALLEY. 


E^t  ^vrfjacolosical  Journal. 


SEPTEMBER,  1862. 


ON  THE  ENGLISH  CONQUEST  OF  THE  SEVERN  VALLEY. 

By  EDWIN  GUEST,  LL.D.,  Master  of  Gonvil  and  Cuius  College. 

Pkeviously  to  the  battle  of  Deorham,  the  whole  basin 
of  the  Severn  and  a  large  portion  of  the  Cotswokl,  that  is 
of  the  high  upland  drained  by  the  Thames,  were  in  the 
possession  of  the  Welshmen.  Their  great  fortress  to  the 
eastward  was  Cirencester,  and  some  of  the  later  battles 
between  them  and  their  English  neighbours  had  been  fought 
on  the  line  of  country  which  lies  between  that  town  and 
Winchester.  The  marches  separating  the  two  races  in  this 
part  of  Britain,  though  they  had  been  subjected  to  several 
changes,  still  remained  on  the  whole  much  as  they  had  been 
settled  half  a  century  before.  But  there  is  reason  to  believe 
that  about  the  year  571  the  kings  of  Wessex  received  an 
accession  of  strength,  that  enabled  them  to  carry  the  war 
into  the  very  heart  of  the  Welsh  territory.  I  do  not  stop 
to  inquire  whence  came  this  increase  of  strength,  but 
thereby  they  were  enabled  in  the  year  last-mentioned  to 
push  their  inroads  as  far  north  as  Bedford,  and  six  years 
afterwards  to  lead  an  army  into  the  rich  and  beautiful  valley, 
the  conquest  of  which  forms  the  subject  of  the  present 
paper. 

The  nature  of  the  country  and  the  circumstances  of 
the  times  enable  us  to  point  out  with  much  probability 
the  direction  which  the  expeditionary  force  must  have 
taken.  It  must  have  advanced  along  the  Roman  Road 
leading  from  Winchester  to  Cirencester,  and  then  skirtino- 
the  borders  of  Braden  forest  have  reached  the  Fosse. 
Down  this  great  highway  they  passed,  ravaging  or  in  the 

VOL.    XIX.  D   D 


104       THE   ENGLISH   CONQUEST   OF   THE   SEVERN   VALLEY. 

language  of  the  times,  liamjimj  the  country  right  and  left, 
"West  of  the  Fosse,  and  on  a  chain  of  hills  which  commands 
magnificent  views  of  the  Severu-vallcy,  lies  the  village  of 
Deorham.  Near  it  is  an  ancient  earthwork,  where  as  we 
may  conjecture  the  men  of  the  neighbourhood  had  retreated 
with  their  cattle  and  other  valual»lcs,  and  where  our  ances- 
tors were  preparing  to  attack  them,  when  the  AYelshmeii 
came  to  the  rescue,  and  the  battle  of  Deorham  was  the 
result.     It  is  thus  commemorated  in  the  Chronicle. 

A.  571.  Now  Cuthwine  and  Ceawlin  fouoht  with  the 
Brits,  an<l  three  kings  they  slew,  Comraagil  and  Condidan 
and  Farinmagil  in  the  place  that  is  called  Deorham,  and 
they  took  three  cities,  Gleawan  coaster  and  Ciren  coaster  and 
Bathan  coaster. 

Various  conjectures  have  been  hazarded  with  respect  to 
the  three  kings,  whose  deaths  are  here  recorded.  Sharon 
Turner  and  Villemarquo  consider  Condidan  to  be  the 
same  person  as  the  Kyndylan  whose  death  is  bewailed 
in  an  old  "Welsh  manvnad,  or  elegy,  which  we  shall  shortly 
have  occasion  to  notice  more  particularly.  But  it  appears 
clearly  enough  from  the  elegy  that  Kyndylan  was  slain 
near  Shrewsbury,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly  be 
the  Condidan  who  according  to  the  Chronicle  was  slain  at 
Deorham  in  Gloucestershire.  Equally  unsatisfactory  arc 
the  attempts  which  have  been  made  to  identify  the  other 
two  princes  Commagil  and  Farinmagil.  But  there  is  one 
conjecture  with  respect  to  these  princes  which  seems  to 
merit  attention,  though  I  do  not  remember  to  have  seen  it 
noticed  elsewhere.  When  we  read  that  three  kings  were 
slain  at  Deorham,  ami  that  the  three  cities  of  Gloucester, 
Cirencester  and  Ijath  snneiiilcrcd,  it  is  a  natural  inference, 
that  the  three  Welsh  j»rinces  were  lords  of  the  three  cities, 
an<l  that  it  was  toirether  with  the  men  of  these  cities  and  of 
the  dependent  districts  tluy  ioiiglit  and  lost  the  battle  of 
Deorham.  It  is  matter  of  some  liitle  interest  to  know,  that 
in  all  likelihood  the  last  Wel.^lnnan  who  bore  rule  in 
Gloucester  was  named  Connnairil.  or — to  lh'vo  (ho  name 
its  latnnsed  form,  which  may  have  been  to  lilni  the  inost 
familiar — Cunoniagulus. 

The  conquest  of  Gloucester,  Cirencester,  and  Hath  must 
have  made  the  w]ioIe  valley  of  the  Severn,  east  of  lli(>  river 
and  .'jouth  of  Anlen,  I'^nglish  ground.     It  is  clear  fioni  exist- 


THE    ENGLISH    CONQUEST    OF    THE    SEVERN    YALLEr.       105 

ing  remains  tliat  during  the  lioman  period  Bath  ^vas  a 
Avealt]!}'  and  flourishing  town  ;  Gloucester,  as  ue  know  botli 
from  Ilavennas  and  from  an  inscription  found  at  Bath,  was  a 
Roman  colony  ;  and  with  respect  to  Cirencester,  there  was 
j^robably  no  town  at  that  time  in  Britain — York,  London,  and 
Colchester  excepted — which  in  importance  cither  civil  or 
military  could  rank  before  it.  These  towns  must  have 
represented  the  district.  With  tlie  exception  of  some  insig- 
nificant road-side  stations  between  Bath  and  the  Severn- 
feny,  there  is  hardly  another  place  in  this  part  of  Britain, 
Avhose  Roman  name  has  come  down  to  us.  It  is  just  possi- 
ble that  one  of  the  Alamuc  and  one  of  the  Salina)  mentioned 
hj  Ravennas  may  have  been  intended  for  our  modern 
Alchester  and  Droitwich,  but  they  must  have  been  places  of 
little  note,  and  c[uite  unequal  to  stem  the  flood  of  invasion 
that  had  set  in  upon  them.  There  was  no  spot  M'here  the 
poor  Welshman  could  find  a  shelter  till  he  reached  the  great 
forest-district  \\'hich  spread  over  the  modern  counties  of 
Warwick  and  Worcester. 

The  southern  limits  of  the  new  conquests  may,  I  think,  be 
defined  with  much  2:)recision,^  but  in  the  north  the  limits  can 
only  be  determined,  and  that  vaguely,  by  a  consideration  of 
the  topography  and  physical  conditions  of  the  country. 
Where  there  are  so  many  elements  of  uncertainty  it  would 
be  idle  to  discuss  the  reasons  Avhich  led  me  to  laj^  down  the 
boundaries  as  they  appear  in  the  map.  But  I  am  well 
acquainted  with  the  district,  and  reasons  more  or  less  satis- 
factory can  be  given  for  all  the  apparently  strange  wander- 
ings of  the  pencil.  They  were  not  the  result  of  mere  acci- 
dent or  caprice. 

The  possession  of  Gloucester  would  naturally  tempt  our 
ancestors  to  cross  the  river.  If  we  may  trust  Welsh  legend, 
they  carried  their  inroads,  even  at  the  early  period  of  which 
we  are  treating,  as  far  westward  as  the  Wye.  But  the  his- 
tory of  the  English  conquests  west  of  the  Severn  involves 
questions  of  great  difficulty,  and  cannot  be  discussed  inci- 
dentally. To  avoid  premature  discussion  I  have  in  the  map 
marked  all  the  country  west  of  the  river  as  Welsh  territory. 

Seven  years  after  their  first  settlement  in  the  Severn- 
valley  our  ancestors  made  another  inroad  upon  the  Wel.-sh- 

'  Vid.  Jour,  of  Aicb.  last.,  vol.  svi.  p.  lOJ. 


lOG       THE   ENGLISH   CONQUEST   OF   THE   SEVEEX    VALLEY. 

men.     Tliis  inroad  aiiJ  tlic  battle  it  led  to  forms  the  subject 
of  the  following  entry. 

A.  .jS-A.  Kow  Ceawlin  and  Ciitha  fought  with  the  Brits 
in  the  place  that  is  called  FdJuui  Icag,  and  there  Cutha  was 
slain,  and  Ceawlin  took  many  towns  and  countless  booty, 
and  angry  he  turned  him  thence  to  his  own  country  {to  his 
ugcniuu). 

In  their  accounts  of  this  battle  Ethelwcrd,  Florence,  and 
^lalmsbury  merely  copy  the  Chronicle.  Huntingdon  tells  us 
that  Cuthwine  (the  Cutha  of  the  Chronicle)  fell  overpowered 
with  numbers,  and  that  the  English  were  defeated  and  took 
to  flight  ;  but  that  Ceawlin  again  brought  the  army  into 
order,  and  inspiring  them  with  a  stern  determination,  at 
length  came  off  the  conqucror.- 

I  know  not  whence  Huntingdon  obtained  his  knowledge  of 
these  particulars,  but  there  is  so  much  that  is  probable  in 
liis  story,  that  I  would  willingly  receive  it  as  true.  Fordun 
labours  hard  to  mix  up  Aidan  King  of  Scots  in  all  the 
leading  events  of  this  period.  He  makes  him  the  ally  of 
IMaclgwn  King  of  Gwynneth  at  the  battle  of  Fethan  leag,^ 
and  the  ally  of  Cadwallon  at  the  battle  of  AVodensburgh,'* 
when  Ceawlin  was  defeated.  Unfortunately  for  the  zealous 
♦Scotchman,  Maelgwn  died '''  nearly  forty  years  before  the 
battle  of  Fethan  leag,  and  Cadwallon  flourished  in  the 
seventh  instead  of  the  sixth  century.  According  to  Fordim*'* 
tlic  battle  of  Fethan  leag  was  fought  at  Stanemore  in  West- 
moreland. The  motive  which  led  liim  to  fix  on  this  locality 
is  an  obvious  one.  On  Stanemore  is  "  the  Rie  Cross,"  which 
certain  Scotch  writers  maintain  to  be  the  ancient  and  proper 
limes'^  between  Scotland  and  England.  It  was  accordingly 
.selected  as  a  suitable  place  for  a  meeting  between  a  Scottish 


—  nirfiUH  roparato  cxercitu  cum  fu-  more.      Aiit.   c.   14.      Clialinore,   wlio.oo 

j^am  8ui  abjura«Hent,  tamlem  prtclio  vie-  ^reat  o1>jcct  \a  to  bring  his  Scotchmen  aa 

torcjj  vi'.it.     IliHt.  Ang.  2.  far  fioiith  as  jiOBsiblo,  tell.s  us  tliat  "  com- 

'  .Scoticlirou.  iii.  2."*.  ing  to  tlio  ui'i  of  the  C'timbri.in  HritonB, 

*  lb.  iii.  2'i.  Aidan  ilcfeuted  tlio  Saxons  at  IVtlianlcn, 

*  A-D.  517.     Ann.  Cambrirc.  at  Stancmoro  in  .^.'^1,  "  ami   lie  givoR  an 

*  .Scotichron.  iii.  28.  liis  authority,  not  iiis  countryman   For- 
"  lliihcr,    wlifiHO  great  demerit  w  the  dun,  but  'Saxon  Chron.  p.  22,   Ufther'a 

deference  be  occoHionally  HhowH  to  our  I'rinr.,  pp.  STO,  11)7,  which   (piotcB  the 

hiiitorical  romancom,  after  dewcribinR  the  l'.nf?liHli  Ohnmich^M."      Vid.  Caledonia,  i. 

incident*  of  the  batll<!  of  Fothnn  leag  a^  2.S2.     Krauds  of  tho  flamo  kind  may  bo 

hn  found   them    in    tlio   Chronido    and  fouml   in  every   thinl  or  fourth  piigo  of 

HuotingdoD,  quotcH  Fordun  an  bin  an-  Chalmers'  History. 
thority  for  fixing  tho  locolity  at  Stane- 


THE    ENGLISH    CONQUEST    OF    THE    SEVERN    VALLEY.  107 

king  and  the  invading  Southron.  But  it  wouM  be  waste  of 
time  to  dwell  longer  on  these  fobles. 

Henry  and  Hume  represent  Somerset  and  Devon  as  the 
scene  of  Ceawlin's  conquests,  and  therefore  I  presume  "would 
locate  Fethan  leag  in  one  or  other  of  these  counties ;  while 
our  later  historians,^  almost  to  a  man,  identify  Fethan  leag 
with  Fretherne  near  Gloucester.  I  know  of  no  reason  for 
fixing  on  this  locality,  except  the  resemblance  supposed  to 
exist  between  the  words  Fretherne  and  Fethan.  But  who  can 
point  out  any  known  process  of  corruption  by  which  Fethan 
could  be  transformed  into  Fretherne  ?  .Moreover,  if  we  sup- 
pose Fretherne  to  be  the  place  of  the  battle,  where  can  we  find 
room  for  the  "  man}^  towns  and  countless  booty  "  that  were 
taken  after  the  victory  ?  W'^hat  significance  can  we  give  to 
the  statement  that  "  after  the  battle  Ceawlin  turned  him 
thence  to  his  own  country  V  Frithern  was  situated  in  the 
very  heart  of  the  district  conquered  by  the  English  seven 
years  previously.  It  lay  in  the  midst  of  the  triangle  domi- 
nated by  the  three  great  fortresses  of  Gloucester,  Bath, 
and  Cirencester,  and  when  they  fell  must  necessarily  have 
fallen  with  them. 

Where  then  must  we  look  for  the  place  which  has  given 
rise  to  so  much  conflicting  statement '?  Before  we  answer 
the  question,  it  will  be  necessary  to  notice  a  law,  which 
23revails  very  widel}'  in  English  topograpli}^  and  to  which  I 
have  already  on  more  than  one  occasion  called  tlie  attention 
of  the  reader.  Anglo-Saxon  names  of  places  are,  almost 
universally,  feminine  nouns  ending  in  e  and  forming 
the  genitive  case  in  an.  AMien  connected  with  other  words, 
they  generally  appear  as  genitives,  but  sometimes  combine 
with  these  words  and  form  simple  compounds.  Thus  the 
Welsh  Glou^  which  in  Roman  geography  takes  the  form  of 
Glev-um,  was  converted  by  our  ancestors,  according  to  the 
genius  of  their  language  into  Glew-e,  and  they  called  the 
town  sometimes  Glewan  ceastcr,  that  is,  the  Chester  or  city 
of  Glew-e,  and  sometimes  Glewe-ceaster,  of  which  Gloucester  is 


s  Sh.  Turner,  H.  of  Anglo-Saxons,  1,  3,  Thorpe,  who  hesitates  about  "  Deorham 

5;  Lin  gar  d,  H.  of  A.   Saxons,  12;  Lap-  in   Gloucestershire?"   has   no   difficulty 

penburg,  Anglo-Saxon  Kings ;  B.  Thorpe,  about  Fretherne  ;  ''the  place  of  the  battle 

Flor.  Vigoru.  8,  n  ;  Mou.  Hist.  Brit.  Sax.  was  Fretherne  in  Gloucestershire." 
Chron.,  p.  304,  &c.     I    should  mention  ^  Kair.  Glou.,  id  est,  Gloueceastria.  H. 

that  the  editors  of  the  last  mentioned  Hunt.  lib.  i. 
work  append  a  query — '"  Fritherue  V  Mr. 


19S        THE    ENGLISH    CON'QUEST    OF    THE    SEA'ERX    VALLEV. 

tliC  corruption.  Xuw,  in  Anglo-Saxon  topograph}',  the  ge- 
nitival  form  ^vas  used  in  the  great  majority  of  instances,  but 
in  modern  usage  the  simple  compound  })revails  almost  to  its 
entire  exclusion.  There  are  indeed  a  few  names  of  places 
"\vliich  still  retain  the  genitive.  Thus  Cheltenham  is  cei-tainly 
a  corruption  of  Celtan  hmn,  the  hamlet  of  the  Celt-e — Celt-c 
bein>'-  no  doubt  the  Anglo-Saxon  name  for  the  Chelt,  the 
river,  or  rather  brook,  Avhich  flows  through  Cheltenham. 
Instances,  however,  of  these  genitival  forms  are  now  ex- 
tremely rare.  They  have  in  almost  all  cases  given  way  to 
the  simple  compounds. 

The  reader  will  now  have  little  hesitation  in  recognising 
a  genitive  case  in  the  hrst  element  of  the  name  Fethan  Icag, 
and,  in  considering  such  name  as  equivalent  to  The  lea  of 
Fetli-e.  If  we  suppose  the  place  still  to  retain  its  ancient 
appellation,  the  name  would  according  to  analogy  take  the 
form  of  a  simple  compound,  Fethe-ley.  In  certain  of  our 
dialects  th  in  the  middle  of  a  word  is  often  represented  by 
d ;  thus,  in  the  North  of  England,  for  ya^^'.'r,  mother,  another, 
kc,  they  very  commonly  s^y  fader,  madder,  anudder,  &c.  If 
the  place  we  are  in  search  of  were  situated  in  one  of  these  dis- 
tricts, we  might  expect  to  find  its  name  modified  accordingly. 

Now,  just  within  the  borders  of  Cheshire,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Vale  Royal,  and  some  three  miles  west  of  Namptwich, 
is  a  village  called  Faddiley.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  this 
village  I  believe  the  battle  of  Fethan  leag  was  fought. 

Of  course  identity  of  name  does  not  necessarily  prove 
identity  of  place.  Let  us,  then,  inquire  how  far  the  selection 
of  Faddiley,  as  the  place  of  this  ])attle  will  meet  the  re- 
<juircments  of  the  story,  as  they  may  be  gathered  from  the 
Chronicle. 

If  the  Imttlc  were  fuught  at  I'addik'V,  Ceawlin  nnist  liavo 
advanced  up  the  Severn  valley,  and  entered  Shropshire 
somewhere  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Areley  Magna.  Thence 
he  nmst  have  marched  to  the  Tern,  and  up  the  valley  of 
that  river  to  the  borders  of  Cheshire  ;  and  crossing  the  line 
of  watershed,  he  would,  a  few  miles  lurther  on,  find  himself 
at  Faddiley.  Such  was  the  most  direct  route  to  Faddiley 
from  the  Vale  of  Gloucester,  and  such  I  believe  to  have  been 
the  only  practicable  route  at  the  time  in  (piestion.  Now 
the  valley  of  the  Tern  is  the  very  lieart  of  Shi-oj)shire,  a 
di.stri'jt    lull    of  licli    pastures    and    i^eopled    village's,    and 


THE   ENGLISH    CONQUEST   OF   THE    SEVERN    VALLEY.       190 

abouuding  in  ancient  remains,  both  Roman  and  British, 
which  show  tliat  its  advantages  were  as  highly  appreciated 
in  the  sixth  as  tlicy  are  in  the  nineteenth  century.  Here, 
then,  we  have  a  country,  wliicli  might  readily  furnish  the 
"many  towns  and  countless  booty"  mentioned  in  the 
Chronicle  ;  and  as  Faddiley  is  some  ninety  miles  distant 
from  Gloucester,  the  statement  that  after  the  battle  Ceawlin 
"  turned  him  thence  to  his  own  country,"  has  an  appropriate 
meaning.  Even  the  strange  statement  that  he  returned  in 
anger,  seems  to  admit  of  explanation,  on  the  hypothesis  that 
has  been  started.  If  we  suppose  that  in  the  ardour  of 
success  some  of  his  officers  pushed  on  unbidden  into  the 
Vale  E,oyal,  and  so  exposed  themselves  to  an  attack  from 
Chester,  we  can  understand  the  anger  which  Ceawlin  must 
liave  felt  at  an  act  of  imprudence,  that  led  to  the  loss  of  a 
brother,  and  might,  but  for  the  energy  with  which  he 
hurried  to  the  rescue,  have  led  to  the  destruction  of  an 
army. 

Let  us  now  see  how  far  the  conclusions  we  have  arrived 
at  agree  with  the  revelations  which  are  furnished  us  by  the 
light  of  Welsh  tradition.  Unsubstantial  forms  they  are,  but 
they  may  nevertheless  be  the  shadows  of  real  and  sub- 
stantial history. 

There  is  extant  an  old  Welsh  onarwnad,  or  elegy,  which 
bewails  the  death  of  a  certain  Welsh  prince  named  Kyn- 
dylan.  The  poem  is  generally  ascribed  to  Llywarch  Hen, 
who  is  said  to  have  lived  in  the  sixth  centur}-.  It  was 
edited  by  Owen  Pugh,  chiefly  it  would  seem  from  the  Ked 
Book  of  Herghest,  a  J\IS.  of  the  fourteenth  century,  now  the 
property  of  Jesus  College,^  Oxford  ;  and  was  published  by 
him,  first,  in  the  j\Iyvyrian  Archaeology,  and  secondly,  with 
a  translation  in  a  separate  volume,  which  contains  a  col- 
lection of  Llywarch  Hen's  poems.  It  was  afterwards  edited 
likewise  with  a  translation  by  Villemarque,  in  his  "Bardes 
Bretons,"  professedly  -  from  the  Black  Book  of  Carmarthen, 

'  The  courtesy  with  which  this  society  of  the  Hengwrt  MSS.     This  celebrated 

have  at  all  times  made  it  available  for  collection,  which  formerly  belonged  to 

the  purposes  of  literature,  is   too   well  the  Vaughau  family,  is  now  the  property 

known,  to  need  any  eulogy  from  me.  of  Mr.  Wynne  of  Peuiarth,  M.P.  for  Me- 

-  Comme  les  autres  pieces  dc  Liwarc'h  rionethshire.     It  is  matter  of  public  in- 

celle-ci  est  tiree  du  Livre  noir  de  Hen-  tcrest  to  know  that  these  precious  relics 

gurt,  confronto   avec  le  Livre  rouge  de  are  now  in  the  possession  of  a  gentleman, 

Herghest.     Bardcs  Bretons,  p.  124.    The  who  most  thoroughly  appreciates  their 

Black  Book,  generally  known  as  the  Black  value. 
Book  of  Carmarthen,  is  the  most  valuable 


200       THE   ENGLISH   CONQUEST   OF   THE   SEVERN   VALLEY. 

a  MS.  of  the  twelftli  century.  The  first  editor  modernised 
tlie  orthography,  and  frequently  akercd  the  ^vording  of  his 
MS. ;  and  as  one-third  of  his  translation  is  open  to  question, 
these  are  liberties  "which  a  critical  reader  will  bo  slow  to 
pardon.  But  if  the  reader  be  dissatisfied  with  Owen  Pugh's 
edition,  the  edition  of  Yilleniarque  is  little  likely  to  secure 
his  confidence.  The  pectiliarities  of  the  language  jnust^  I 
sliould  think,  arrest  the  attention  of  every  one  that  has 
studied  the  comparative  grammar  of  the  Celtic  dialects  ; 
and  the  perplexities  the}"  occasioned  me  were  so  great,  that 
I  was  at  last  driven  to  take  a  journey  into  ^Merionethshire, 
with  the  view  of  comparing  the  printed  text  with  its  sup- 
posed original.  I  Avent  over  the  Black  Book,  page  by  page, 
but  could  find  in  it  no  trace  ichatcvcr  of  the  Elegy  on  Kyn- 
d3'lan.  There  were  three  poems  in  the  ]\IS.  with  which  the 
name  of  Llywarch  Hen  was  connected,  but  only  in  occa- 
sional stanzas  did  they  exhibit  any  correspondence  with 
the  poems  that  appear  in  Villemarque's  volume.  I  mention 
the  fact,  but  offer  no  explanation  of  it.  When  I  add,  that 
Owen  Pugh  in  his  edition  of  the  ^larwnad  frequently  gives 
us  various  readings,  taken  professedly  from  the  Black  Book 
(Llyfyr  du),  the  reader  will  probably  agree  with  me  in 
thinking,  that  any  attempt  to  unravel  these  difficulties  had 
better  be  postponed  to  a  more  fitting  opportunity. 

As  the  copy  of  the  poem  in  the  Red  Book  is  the  oldest 
I  am  acquainted  with,  I  have  taken  it  for  my  text ;  and  in 
so  doing,  have  been  anxious  to  give  a  transcript  of  the  MS., 
which  shall  be  correct,  not  merely  to  the  letter,  but  also 
as  regards  the  junction  of  words,  and  the  punctuation, 
blundered  though  it  may  be.  The  only  liberty  I  have  taken 
has  been  in  ranging  the  lines  rhythmically,  whereas  the  MS. 
lias  the  lines  in  each  triplet  written  continuou.sly. 

^ly  translation  is  intended  to  be  literal.  In  the  versions 
of  Owen  Pugh  and  Villemarque  we  frequently  have  the 
second  person  instead  of  the  third,  verbs  inserted  ad  libitum, 
and  the  rendering  in  very  many  cases  so  loose,  that  it  is 
impo.ssible  to  say  what  construction  they  have  put  upon  the 
original.  We  arc  sometimes  at  a  loss  to  know  what  is  tlio 
meaning  tlir-y  wi.sh  to  convey  Ity  their  translation,  and  even 
when  tiio  meaning  of  a  triidet  taken  by  itself  is  tolerably 
clear,  it  is  often  difiicult  to  <liscover  its  relevancy,  or  its 
connection  Nsith  the  triph  t  preceding  or  succeeding.     Somo 


TUB    ENGLISH    CONQUEST    OP    THE    SEVERN    VALLEY.       201 

of  these  difficulties  may  be  inherent  in  the  poem  itself,  as  it 
has  come  down  to  us.  We  know  from  Gyraldus  Cambrensis, 
and  it  might  be  easily  shown  from  existing  MSS.,  that  many 
of  these  old  Welsh  poems  were  subjected  to  great  altera- 
tions at  the  hands  of  successive  transcribers.  Triplets  were 
transposed  and  interpolated,  and  it  is  quite  possible  that 
Ll^'warch  Hen  would  only  occasionally  recognise  his  own 
handywork  in  the  poem  before  us.  Still,  however,  the 
transcriber  of  the  fourteenth  century  must  have  seen  a 
certain  coherency  between  the  several  portions  of  the  poem 
he  was  copying ;  and  one  part  of  the  duty  of  a  translator 
will  be  to  point  out  such  coherency  as  far  as  he  is  able.  I 
trust  that  the  present  translation,  literal  though  it  be,  will 
present  to  the  reader  a  more  intelligible  and  connected 
story  than  can  be  gathered  from  the  preceding  ones. 

The  poem  is  written  in  what  is  termed  the  triUui  milwr, 
or  soldier's  triplet,  that  is,  in  the  oldest  know^n  form  of 
Welsh  versification.  Its  style  is  essentially  lyrical.  One  of 
its  peculiarities  distinguishes  all  the  poems  of  Llywarch  Hen, 
or  rather  I  w^ould  say  distinguishes  that  school  of  poetry  of 
which  Llywarch  Hen  was  the  type — I  mean  the  custom  of 
beginning  several  consecutive  stanzas  or  triplets,  sometimes 
to  the  number  of  ten  or  more,  wdth  the  same  ejaculatory 
phrase,  which  forms  as  it  were  the  key-note  of  the  stanza. 
The  same  images  often  recur,  and  the  same  thought  is  often 
presented  in  slightly  varying  forms  in  these  consecutive 
triplets,  and  owing  to  such  parallelism,  we  may  not  un- 
frequently  discover  the  meaning  of  a  line,  which  might 
otherwise  occasion  us  much  difficulty.  Sometimes  the 
sentence  proceeds  in  the  second  person,  "  Kyndylan,  thou 
w^ert,  &c. ; "  but  more  frequently  in  the  third,  "  Kyndylan,  he 
was,  &c."  In  many  cases  no  verb  wdiatever  can  be  dis- 
covered, and  the  triplet  is  made  up  of  mere  ejaculations. 

I  have  appended  to  my  translation  copious  notes  explaining 
the  grounds  on  which  it  rests,  and  affording  the  i^eader  the 
means  of  correcting  it  Avhen  erroneous.  A  translation  of 
one  of  these  old  poems  without  such  accompaniment  has 
always  seemed  to  me  to  be  little  better  than  a  fraud  upon 
the  reader. 

In  the  opening  stanzas  the  aged  poet  imagines  himself 
escaping  with  the  females  of  his  family  from  the  scene  of 
carnage.     He  has  reached  some  eminence,  and  rests  awhile 

VOL,    XIX.  E    E 


202       THE   ENGLISH   CONQUEST   OF   THE   SEVERN   A' ALLEY. 


to  contemplate  the  ruin  of  his  country.  The  mangled  body 
of  his  slaughtered  chieftain  first  rises  to  his  view  ;  but  he 
shrinks  from  the  image  he  has  conjured  up,  and  chooses 
rather  to  picture  him  at  the  head  of  his  Welshmen  watching 
the  invaders  from  the  mountain's  slope,  it  may  be  from  the 
sides  of  the  "Wrekin,  till  goaded  by  the  cries  and  taunts  of 
his  injured  countrymen,  the  fiery  chief  rushes  down  upon 
our  ancestors,  and  meets  his  death  at  their  hands  upon  the 
plain. 


Sffvcb  allanvorynaiou-'  asyllvch  wcrydrc 

gyndylau  : 
Uys  benn  gvern  neut  tande  : 
gvae  ieueinc  '*  aeidua  brotre. 

Vnprenn  agouit  *  arnav 

odieinc"  ys  odit : 

ac  auynno'*  duv  dcrffit. 

Kynndylau  callon  iaen  gaeaf : 
awant  tvrch  trvy  y  bciin  : 
tu  '"  arodeist  yr  cvrrvf  trcun. 


Kynndylan  callon  godeitb  wauuwyii. 
ogyflo  "  yn  amgyuyeitb.'' 
yn  amwyu  treu  tref  diffeitb. 


Kyndylan  befyrbost  kywlat. 
kadvynavc  '*  kit  '^  dymiyavc  cat. 
aiuucsei  '■*  treii  tref  y  dat. 


1  St;\nd  forth,  maiden?,  and  survey  the  land 

of  Kyndylan, 
Pengweru's  palace,  is  it  not  in  flames  ? 
Woe  to  the  youth  that   longs  for  good 

fellowship  ! 

2  One  tree '  with  the  tendril  on  it 
Is  escaping  it  may  be — 

But  what  God  shall  have  willed,  let  it 
come ! 

3  Kyndylan,   with  heart  like   the   ice   of 

Winter 
With  thrust  of  wild  boai'^  through  his 

head — 
Thou  "  hast  disponscd  the  ale  of  Tren  ! 

•1  Kyndylan,  with  heart  like  the  fire '-  of 

Spring, 
By  the  common  oatli,  in  the  midst  of  tlie 

common  speech,'^ 
Defending  Treu  that  wasted  town  ! 

5  Kyndylan,  bright  pillar  of  his  country. 
Chain-bearer,  obstinate  in  fight, 
Protected  Tren  his  father's  town  ! 


'  Afonci/n,  \V.  ion  pi.  The  frequent  ab- 
sorption of  the  w  is  a  markeil  feature  in 
the  language  of  this  poem.  Vid.  a>uua>i.i, 
8t.  5,  iv,  Bt.  !.''>,  &c. 

■•  Botii  0.  Pugh  and  Villcmarqu<5  make 
thiB  a  plural  noun.  But  tlie  plural  form 
seems  occasionally  to  have  been  used 
with  a  singular  meaning.  Vid.  Yoiionc, 
Norriti'  Corn.  Voc.  The  verb  is  certainly 
singular. 

'  That  is,  himself  and  family.  As 
Sbroiishiro  was  an  ayyocd,  or  woodland, 
these  Hiriiiles  arc  cliaractcristic  and  ap- 
[iropriate,     Vid.  ht.  10,  45. 

''  O.  Pugh,  without  auliiority,  sub.sti- 
tuted  for  tliis  word  tjuyddvid  tlic  wood 
bine,  and  in  bo  doing  is  followed  by  Vil- 
iemarqud.  I  take  the  la.st  ayllablo  of  i?o- 
hU  to  bo  the  same  os  the  last  nyilnblu  of 
f/wyldvtd,  and  '/o  to  bo  the  iliuiinutivu 
prefix  wi:  find  in  'jo-liant,  'jijvrun,  !ci\ 

^  ilnnic,  W.  The  Breton  o  jircfixcd  to 
iDfitiiiivcH  givi-H  tliotu  a  participial  mean- 
inK  liko  the  Welsh  ;/ii. 

•  myn-K,  W.,  2ud  future,  3rd  pcm.  sing. 


'  That  is  the  English  enemy.  0.  Pugh 
makes  Tvrch  a  proper  name  I 

"'  This  word  is  not  clearly  written  in 
the  MS.  0.  Pugh  reads  (I,  but  without 
authority.  Vid.  jicithuac,  st.  28. 

Rhodd-i,  W. 

"  The  change  from  the  third  to  the 
second  person  is  remarkable.  It  seems  to 
intiuiatc  a  sudden  change  of  feeling  on  the 
part  of  the  poet. 

'•'  The  ijoddailh,  or  fire  kindled  in 
spring  to  consume  the  dried  gorse,  was 
subjected  to  many  rcgxilntions  by  tho 
Welsh  laws.  "  ajllw,  W. 

"  That  Ih,  in  tliomidstofliia Welshmen. 

'^  f/uthfith,  W.  1  liavo  endeavoured  to 
give  tlio  force  of  the  prefix  uin. 

''"'  cadtci/nuu;/,  W. 

'^  The  prefix  cyd  ;  in  modern  Welsh 
the  Compound  wouMtakc  the  form  of  c.i/n- 
(li/ncHir;/.  'J'liis  form  actually  occurs  in 
the  next  stanza. 

'"  amwiff/-(ni<,  W.,  to  wrap  round,  to 
shroud.  The  «•  i^  abnorbod,  vid.  st.  1. 
note  *•,  and  the  letters  fj  arc  transposed. 


THE   ENGLISH   CONQUEST    OF    THE   SEVEEN    VALLEY.       20:3 


Kyndylan  beuyibvyll  '  ovri." 
kadvynavc  kynndyunyavc  llu  : 
amucsei  treu  hyt  truvu. 

Kyndylan  callon  milgi 

pan  disgynnei  ^  ygkymelri  *  cat : 

calaned  ^  aladei.* 

Kyndylan  callon  hebavc. 
buteir'  enuwir  gynndeiryavc* 
kcneu  kyndrvyu  kyndynyavc. 

Kyndylan  callon  gvythhwch 
pan  disgynnei  ympriffvch*  cat. 
kalaned  yndeudrvch. 

Kyndylan  gulhvcli  "  gynnificat  llcv. 

blei  dilin  '-  disgynniat : 

nyt  atuer  '^  tvrch  tref  y  '*  dat. 

Kyndylan  hyt  tra  attat  yd  adei. 
y  gallon  moi-  wylat  t"* 
gantav  '^  mal  y  gvrvf '^  y  cat. 

Kyndylan  powis  borffor  wych  yt : 
kell  esbyt  bywyt  ior  :" 
keneu  kyndrvyu  kvyuitor. 


Kyndylan  wynn  uab  kyndrvyn  : 
ny  mat-"  wise  baraf  am  y  drvyn  ; 
gvr  ny  bo  gvell  no  m  orwyn. 


6  Kyndylan,  bright  intelligence  departed, 
Chain-bearer,  obstinate  in  the  Lost, 
Protected  Tren  as  long  as  be  waa  living. 

7  Kyndylan  'vvith  heart  of  greyhound, 
When  he  descended  to  the  turmoil  of 

battle, 
A  carnage  ho  cai-ved  out. 

8  Kyndylan  with  heart  of  hawk, 
Waa  the  true  enraged 

Cub  of  Kyndruyn,  the  stubboni  one. 

0  Kyndylan  with  heart  of  wild-boar, 
"When    he    descended    to   the    onset    of 

battle, 
There  was  carnage  in  two  heaps.'^ 

10  Kyndylan,  hungry  boar,  ravager,  lion, 
"Wolf  fast-holding  of  descent — 

The  wild  boar  will    not  give  back    liia 
father's  town  !  '^ 

11  Kyndylan  !  while  towards  thee  fled 
His  heart,  'twas  a  great  festival 
With  him,  like  the  press  of  the  battle  ! 

12  Kyndylan  of  the  Powis  purple  gallar.t 

is  he  ! 
The  strangers'  refuge,  their  life's  anchor. 
Son    of    Kyndruyn,   the    much    to    bo 

lamented  ! 

13  Kyndylan,  fair  son  of  Kyndruyn,-' 

Ko  fitting   garb  is  the  beard  about  the 

nose — 
Will  a  man  be  no  better  than  a  maid  ? 


^  P^fyi',  W.    pwyll,  W. 

-  ohry,  W, 

'  discyn-u,  W. 

■•  cymheln,  "W.  The  g  "  eclipses  "  the 
k  in  gkymdri,  as  it  does  the  c  in  Qcallon, 
st.  17.  In  like  manner  we  have  the  t 
ecUpsed  by  ii  in  ntauavt,  st.  46.  This 
orthographical  expedient,  though  now 
confined  to  the  Irish,  was  at  one  time 
very  generally  used  in  other  languages. 
Vid.  the  author's  paper  on  Orthogr.  Ex- 
pedients, Phil.  Trans,  vol.  iii.  p.  1.  Be- 
fore a  guttural,  yn  appears  to  lose  its  final 

'2 ;  y-'j^yj^^ciri,  st.  7,  y-yoet,  st.  35,  &c. 

Before  a  labial,  7jn  becomes  ym ;  vid. 
ympriffvch,  st.  9,  ymhed,  st,  22,  ymhronn, 
St.  52,  &c. 

*  celanedd,  W. 

«  ladd,  W. 

'  byddtti  'r,  W. 

**  cynddtinau-g,  W. 

'■>  priffvch,  the  first  push,  the  onset ; 
hwcli,  W,,  a  push. 

'"  That  is,  I  suppose,  right  and  left. 
trwch,  W.,  means  a  cut,  a  thickness,  a 
depth.  Perhaps  a  better  rendering  would 
be,  in  two  sualhcs. 

"  goulo,  Bret,  empty;  gul  may  be  a 
cvaneetea  w-ni. 

'-  I  consider  this  word  to  be  the  root 


of  dylyn-u,  to  cleave  to,  just  as  glyn,  ad- 
herent, is  the  root  of  glyn-u. 

'3  advtr-u,  W. 

"  One  difficulty  in  translating  the 
poems  in  the  Red  Book  arises  from  the 
different  words  represented  by  this  letter. 
Hei'e  it  evidently  represents  the  Welsh 
ei. 

'5  Stanzas  7,  8,  9  describe,  it  would 
seem,  Kyndylan's  rush  down  the  moun- 
tain. From  St.  10  wo  learn  the  result  : 
the  wild-boar,  i.e.  the  English  enemy,  will 
not  give  back,  &c. 

16  fjwylad,  W. 

17  gant,  Bret. 
IS  gicryf,  W. 

"  eor,  Bret,     heor,  W, 

-"  mad,  Bret. 

-'  In  stanzas  11,  12,  the  poet  describes 
the  large  heart  and  noble  sympathies  of 
his  chieftain.  The  two  following  stanzas, 
according  to  my  rendering,  contain  the 
taunts  which  Lly  warch  addressed  to  Kyn- 
dylan, in  order  to  induce  him  to  rush 
down  to  his  rescue.  In  stanzas  15,  16, 
Llyw;irch's  better  nature  gets  the  upper 
hand,  and  he  bids  his  chief  watch  for 
the  general  welfare,  and  leave  him  to  Lis 
fate.  Throughout  the  poem  Lly  warch  re- 
presents himself  as  the  cause  of  his  chief- 


204       THE    ENGLISH    CONQUEST    OF    THE    SEVERN    VALLEY. 

Kyndylan  kymvyat '  vyt :  1 4   Kyudylau  I  a  cause  of  grief  thou  art — 

ar  mcithyd-  ua  bydy  Ivyt  :■>  Set  forward  will  not  be  the  array, 

amdrebv'U  ■•  tvU  *  dv  ysgvyt.  Around  the  pressure  of  the  covert  of  thy 

shield  ! 

Kynddylan  kaedi  yriv.  15  Ivyudylan,  keep  thou  the  slope, 

yuydav  *  lloegyrwys  hediw  :  Till  the  Loegyrwys  come  to-day, — 

amgelcd  am  vu  uydiv.'  Anxiety  on  account  of  one  is  not  fitting. 

Kyndylan  kaedi  ynenn.  lo  Kyndylan,  keep  thou  the  top -'' 

ynydav  lloci:yr\\  ys  drvy  dren  :  Till  the  Loegyrwys  come  through  Tren — 

ny  elwir  coet  o  vn  prenu.  Tis  not  called  a  wood  for  one  tree  ! 

Can  vy  gcallon  •  i  •  mor  dru.^  1 7  My  heart  has  great  misery 

kyssylltu  ystyllot '"  du  :  In  joining  together  the  black  boards — 

gvynn  gnavt  kindylan  kyngi-au  "  canllu.        Fair  is  the  flesh  of  Kyndylan,  the  common 

grief  of  a  hundred  hosts  ! 

Peiigwern,  as  is  \vcll  known,  Avas  tlic  old  AVclsh  name  for 
Shrewsbury,  and  accordingly  at  >Slirewsbury  wo  must  fix  the 
Lh/s  Fengiccni.  The  attempt  to  identify  tlie  town  of  Tren 
will  raise  questions  more  difficult  to  answer,  and  which  had 
better  be  deferred  till  we  come  to  consider  what  is  meant 
by  "  the  White  Town,"'  of  which  we  shall  find  mention  made 
further  on  in  the  poem.  Llocfiyr  is  the  "Welsh  name  for 
England,  and  that  Lloc()i/r-u'i/s  meant  the  men  of  England, 
or  in  otlier  words  our  own  ancestors,  seems  clear  enough, 
though  even  on  this  point  Owen  Pugh  has  contrived  to  raise 
a  difficulty.  In  his  dictionary  he  tells  us  '•  the  English  or 
the  inhabitants  of  modern  Llocgyr  are  always  called  Saeson 
and  never  Lloegyrwys  after  the  name  of  the  country."  It 
would  be  easy  to  disprove  this  assertion  from  other  poems 
which  Owen  Pugh  has  edited  ;  but  in  truth  there  arc  always 
abundant  means  at  hand  of  settiuij;  Owen  Pugh  at  issue  with 
himself  In  the  preface  to  his  edition  of  this  very  poem, 
he  describes  the  Lloegyrwys  as  "  probably  Saxons  and  Roman 
IJritons  united  ; "  and  Villemarque,  following  Ins  lead,  calls 
them  '•  Ics  forces  combin(^es  des  Saxons  et  des  Logriens." 
Neither  of  these  writers  advances  a  single  argument  to  show 


tain'H  death.     Vid.  et.  40,  57,  Ac.     The  '  VninUl  W. 

OHHociation  which    conncctH    tlio   .stanzas  '  Irojjui/ll,  W. 

13,  14,  witli  the  two  preceding  ones   is  '  tudl,  W. 

not  very  easily  traced.     'J  he  mention  of  "  </««',   W.        3rd    pers.   sing.    fut.   of 

Kyndylfin'n  genero.iity   Hccnis    to    havo  daw-ed.      The    BubHt.    nggr.      lloefiyruys 

rcuiiuded  the  pott  of  tlio  circuinfltanccii  HcoinH  hero  to  bo  put  iu  agreement  witli 

under  wliich  ho  Ia<tt  claimed  that  piince'rt  a  verb  Bingtilar.     Vid.  j).    '210,  n.  '", 

aid  ;  and  tb*'  ]ia«t  comeH  before  him  with  "  yniw,  W.     Vid.  p.  204,  n.  •'' 

all  the  vividiicHH  of  j)reHcnt  reality.  "•    That   is,    keep   your   jioHt     on    the 

'  n/mhxri/atl,  W.  mountain  till  tlio  incniy  attacks  you. 

-  J   have  (onhtrupil  nr  mrithyd  an  if  it  '^  tlioii</,  lirct. 

wore  a  dcriv.itivo  of  ar/ac//i.     Thih  latter  '"<••(/.•//,  \V. 

word  in  coDipouudcd  of  ar  and  maeth.  "  f/racn,  \S . 


THE   ENGLISH    CONQUEST    OF  THE    SEVERN    A- ALLEY.        205 

there  really  was  any  such  combination  of  forces,  and  I  can 
see  no  good  reason  why  the  Llocgyrwys  who  invaded  Shrop- 
shire, might  not  have  been  as  free  from  AVelsh  admixture,  as 
their  ancestors  who  landed  ninety  years  before  in  South- 
ampton water. 

The  triplets  which  follow  those  we  have  quoted  furnish  us 
with  the  sequel  of  the  tragedy.  They  bring  successively 
before  us  the  ruined  hall,  the  eagles  sailing  over  the  field  of 
battle,  the  rescue  of  the  body,  and  the  secret  burial. 


8tauoll  gyndylan  ystyvvyll  heuo 

hcb  dan  heb  wely  : 

wylaf  •  wers,-  tawaf  wedy. 

Stauell  gyndylan  ystywyll  beno. 

heb  dan  heb  gannwyll : 

uamyn  duv  pvy  ■*  am  dyry  ^  pvyll. 

Stauell  gyndylan  ystywyll  bono, 
beb  dan  heb  oleuat :® 
elit "  amdav  amdanat. 

Stauell  gj-ndylun  ystywyll  y  ncnn. 
gvedy  gven  gy weitbyd  :  ^ 
gvae  nywna  '■'  da  aedyuyd.'" 

Stauell  gyndylan  neut  athwy t  "  hebwed, 

mae  imbed  '-'  dy  yscvyt : 

hyt  tra  uu  '^  ny  bu  doll  '^glvyt.'^ 


Stauell  gyndylan  ys  dygaryat"'  beno. 

gwedy  yr  neb  pieuat  '^ 

'^  a  augheu"  byrr  ymgat.-'^ 

Stauell  gyndylan  nyt  esmvyth  bono. 

arben  carrec  hytwyth  : 

heb  uer.  heb  niuer  heb  amvyth.-- 


18  Kyndylan'a  Hall  is  dark  to-night, 
Without  fire,  without  bed  ! 

I'll  weep   awhile,  afterwards  I  shall  be 
silent. 

19  Kyndylan's  Hall  is  dark  to-night, 
Without  fire,  without  candle  ! 

God  except,*who  will  give  me  patience  ! 

20  Kyndylan's  Hall  is  dark  to  night, 
Without  fire,  without  light — • 

Let  there  come  spreading  silence  around 
thee! 

21  Kj'ndylan's  Hall  !  dark  is  its  roof 
After  the  fair  assemblage  ! 

Alas,  it  makes  not  well  its  end  ! 

22  Kyndylan'a  Hall,  art  thou  not  bereft  of 

seemliness  ? 
In  the  grave  is  thy  shield  ! 
As  long  as  he  was  living,  there  was  no 

break  in  the  shingle. 

23  Kyndylan's  Hall  is  forlorn  to  night, 
Since  there  has  been  no  one  owning  it— 
ah  !  death  will  not  leave  me  long  ! 

24  Kyndylan's  Hall  is  not  pleasant  to-night, 
On  the  top  of  Carrec  Hytwyth-' — 
Without  Lord,  without  company,  without 

feast  ! 


*  gicyl-aw,  W. 
-  gictrs,  W. 

3  taw,  W.  tav.  Bret.,  silence.  The 
rerh  seems  to  be  now  obsolete  in  both 
languages. 

■•  pwn,  W. 

*  di/ro-i,  W. 

•"'  ffoleuad,  W. 

''  el-u,  W. ;  imp.  mooj. 

"  q/wcil/ii/dd,  W. 

^  gxcn-a,  W. 
J"  d>ifc(h,  W. 
"  d(h-u,   \\. 

'-  imbed.     Vid.  p.  204,  n.  ■*. 
'^  This  must  be  read  r«.  or  in  Welsh 
orthograpliy,  fu.     Generally  the    I's    in 


this  MS.,  are  to  be  pronounced  as  u'i, 
and  the  ti's  as  vs. 

1*  taid,   ^^'. 

15  clawd,  \V. 

">  digariaJ,  W. 

'"  jnau,  W, 

i""  I  cannot  well  make  this  word  out. 
Villemarque  quotes  the  Ecd  Book  as 
reading  v:i.  The  word  may  possibly  be 
yivi. 

"  anion.  Bret.  -"  ymgad-u,  W. 

-'  This  .seems  to  have  been  the  old 
Welsh  name  of  the  Castle-Hill  at  Shrews- 
bury. 

"  ammwyth,  \V. 


206       THE    ENGLISH    CONQUEST    OF    THE    SEVERN    VALLEY. 


Stauell  gyndylau  ystywyll  heno. 
heb  duu  Leb  gerdcu  : ' 
dygystud  -  deurud  ^  dagreu. 

Stauell  g}-ndylan  ystywyll  heno. 

*  heb  deulu. 

hedyl  men  yt  gyunu.^ 

Stauell  gyndylan  atugvau''  y  gvelvt 

heb  doet '  heb  dau  : 

luarv  vygly v.^  buv  '■'  muhunan.'^ 

tjtauell  gyudylan  ys  peithuac  "  Leao. 
g:^•edy  ketwyr '-  uodavc  :  '^ 
cluau  kyndylau  kacavc. 

Stauell  gyndylan  ys  oergrei  '^  heno. 

gvedy  y  parch  ambuci  :'* 

heb  wyr  Leb  wi-.iged  '''  ao  catwei. 

Stauell  gyndylan  ys  ai-af  heno. 

gvedy  colli  y  hinaf : 

y  mavr  drugauc  duv  pawnaf.''' 

Stauell  gyndylan  ystywyll  y  nenn. 
gvedy  dyua  oloegyrwys  : 
kyndylan  ac  eluau  powys. 

Stauell  gyndylan  ystywyll  heno. 
oblaat  kyndrwyu : 
kynon  agviavn  agvyn. 

Stauell  gyndylan  amcrwan,"  pobawr 
.,'vedy  mavr  ynigynyrdau."* 
aweleia  av  dy  beutan. 

iirjT  cli  ban  ylef-- 

llewsoei-^  gvyr  Uynn  : 

creu  Gallon  kyndylan  wynn. 


2j  Kyudylan's  Hall  is  gloomy  to-night 
Without  fire,  without  songs — 
Tears  are  the  ti"ouble  of  my  cheeks  ! 

26  Kyndylaii's  Hall  is  gloomy  to-night 
■•  witliout  family — 

'17  Kyudylau's  Hall  pierces  me  to  see  it, 

Without  roof,  without  tire 

Dead  is  my  chief,  myself  alive  ! 

2S  Kyndylan's  Hall  lies  waste  to-night, 
After  warrior's  contented — 
Elvan,  Kyndylan,  Kaeauc ! 

29  Kyndylan's  Hall  is  piercing  cold  to-night, 
After  the  liouor  that  befell  me — 
Without  the  men,  without  the  women  it 

Blieltered  ! 

30  Kyndylan's  Hall  is  still  to-night. 
After  the  losing  of  its  Elder — 

The  great '"  God  !  what  shall  I  do  .' 

31  Kindylau's  Hall !  gloomy  is  its  roof, 
Since  the  destruction  by  the  LoegjTwys 
Of  Kyndylan  and  Elvan  of  Powis. 

32  Kyndylan's  Hall  is  gloomy  to-night 
Oi^accouut  of  the  children  of  Kyndruy  u — 
Kynon,  and  Gwiaun  and  Gwyn. 

33  Kyndylan's  Hall  pierces  mc  every  hour — 
After  the  great  gathering  din  at  the  fire 
Which  I  saw  at  thy "-'  fire-hearth  ! 

34  Eli'fl  eagle,  loud  his  cry, 

He  has  swallowed  fresh  drink, 
Heart-blood  of  Kyndylan  fair  ! 


>  cerdd,  W.     PI.  ccrddl.     Vid.  n.  ". 
-  dygystiidd,  W, 
'  deurudd,  W. 

*  Some  words  have  been  evidently 
omitted  in  the  MS. 

'  I  cannot  con-strue  this  line. 
'  tjwan-u,  W. 

7  toad,  W. 

8  glyw,  W. 

9  bijw,  W. 

"  myhunan,   W. 

"  peilhiawf/,  W.  u  Bccms  occa.sion- 
ally  to  take  the  place  of  one  of  the 
narrow  vowels,  i,  y,  &c.  Vid  midiunan, 
Ht.  27  ;  tu  for  ti,  st.  3 ;  ryverin  for  tt 
fjwerin,  Bt.  51,  &c. 

'•  cadwr,  W.     ccdtcyr,  pi, 

'i  hoddaw'j.  W. 

'•  ocrgrai,  W. 

'^  6uai,  W.  The  pluporfocb  tenso 
KeoniK  to  haro  boon  uMod  occaHionally 
witli  tho  HOQHC  of  the  perfect.  Vid.  llcwaici, 
Ht.  34. 

'*  jwraiy,  W.       tjicitiyrdil,  pi. 


*"  Owen  Pugh  reads  drugaraug,  but  I 
do  not  know  on  wliat  authority;  and 
Villemarqui',  following  him,  has  tntgarol: 
Tliese  words  of  course  represent  tho 
Welsh,  (rugaraicg,  merciful.  I  cannot 
construe  drugauc. 

'^  gv;na,  W. 

'^  ei'wan-u,  W. 

•"  0.  Pugh  translates  this  word  l>y  "re- 
echoing clamour,"  Villoniaripie  by  "tu- 
multe."  /^ynr  means  a  din;  ami  supposing 
this  woid  comiiouiuh'd  with  cy  tho  d 
Would  bi!  changed  to  v,  and  wo  might 
account  iov  the  two  middle  syllables  of 
y>'tgy^'y>'d(tn :  the  prefix  yin  would  further 
give  ufl  ymgynyi;  a  surrounding  din. 
Tiio  lant  sylhiblo  is  I  supposo  tho  Welsh 
tun.  If  HO  it  should  lie  written  ns  a 
distinct  word. 

•'  Tho  change  of  person  <locs  not  ad- 
mit of  an  oany  oxplanati.ju. 

»-'  llrf,  W. 

^  lliii'u,  W.  ;  pill pcrfi<'t.  "i  sing.  Vid. 
luci,  Ht.  2'J. 


THE  ENGLISH  CONQUEST  OP  THE  SEVERN  VALLEY.   207 


Eryr  eli  gorelwi '  lieno 

y  2  gvaet  gvyr  gvynu  novi  :^ 

ef  ygoet  ■•  trviu  hoot  ymi. 

Eryr  cli  aglywaf*  heno. 
creulyt  yv  nys  beidyaf.' 
ef  ygoet  tvrvm  ^  lioct  arnaf. 

Eryr  cli  gorthrymet '"  hcno. 
dyflVyut  meissir  niygedavc : 
dir  brochuael  liir  rigodet.'-* 

Eryr  eli  cclieidv  '^  myr. 
nythreid  '''  pypcavt  "*  ynobyr. 
gelvit  "*  gvellt  "  owaet  gwyr. 


Eryr  eli  goryiiKla  coot. 

kyuore  kinyaua  :-*• 

ae  llavch-'  llvydit-  ydraba.-^ 

Eryr  penngvern  penngarn  llvyt. 
aruchel  yatles."' 
cidic  anigic. 

Eryr  penngvern  penngarn  llvrt. 

aruchel  y  euan."" 

eidic  amgic  -"  kyndylan. 

Eryr  pengvern  pengarn  llvyt. 
aruchel  y  adaf  -'* 
eidic  amgic  agaraf. 

Eryr  pengvern  pell  galwavt  -^  bono. 

arwaetgvyr  gvylat :  ^ 

ry  gelwir  trenn  tref  difavt.*' 


35  Eli's  eagle  screams  aloud  to-night, 

In  the  blood  of  fair  men  he  wallows  ! 
lie  is   in  the  wool'* — a  heavy'  grief  to 
me  ! 

36  Eli's  eagle  I  hear  to-night- 
Bloody  is  he— I  defy  not '' — 

He  is  in  the  wood,  a  heavy  grief  to  me  ! 

37  Eli's  eagle  let  him  afflict  to-night 
Meissir's  "  vale  illustrious — 
Brochmael's '-  land  .'—long  let  him  affront 

it! 

S3  Eli'a  eagle  keeps  the  seas ; 

He  will  not  course  the  fish  in  the  river's 

mouth  '7 — 
Let  him  call — let  him  look  out  for  the 
blood  of  men  ! 

39  Eli's  eagle  traverses  the  wood 
At  dawn  to  feast 

His  greed — may  his  boldness  prosper  it! 

40  Pengwern's  eagle  with    the    grey  horn* 

beak, 
Very  loud  his  echoing  voice 
Eager  for  the  flesh,  &c.'-'' 

n  Pengwern's  eagle  with  the  grey  horn-beak, 
Very  loud  his  call  of  defiance 
Eager  for  Kyndylau's  flesh  ! 

42  Pengwern's  eagle  with  the  grey  horn-beak, 
Very  loud  his  clamour. 
Eager  for  the  flesh  of  him  I  love  ! 

io  Pengwern's  eagle  !  from  afar  is  his  call  to 
night — 
For  the  blood  of  men  is  his  look  out — 
Truly  -will  Tren   be  called  the  ruined 
town  ! 


'  goralw,  \\'.     3  sing,  old  form. 

•  Vid.  yijhijmdri,  st.  7. 

•*  nojl-aw ;   3  sing,  old  form. 

^  Vid.  yghjmelri,  st.  7. 

■'•  i.e.  in  his  coffin. 

•"'  clyiu-ed,  W. 

7  heiddiaw,  "\V. 

^  This  and  the  12  following  triplets 
contain,  as  I  construe  them,  a  mere  out- 
pouring of  despair.  In  his  prostration, 
the  poet  bids  welcome  to  the  evils  that 
are  overwhelming  him. 

'  I  take  this  to  be  the  same  word  as 
trvni  in  st.  35,  though  with  a  different 
orthography. 

^'^  gorthrijm-ii,  W. ;  imp.  m.  3  sing. 

"  Meissir,  as  we  gather  from  the  latter 
part  of  the  poem,  was  Kyndylau's  sister. 

'-  This  must  be  the  celebrated  Broch- 
mael  Ysgythrawg,  King  of  Powis. 

'•'  rhigoddi,  \y.;    imp.  m,  3  sing. 

^  cadiu,  \\. 

'■'  trcidiaw,  W. 

""•  pysgod,  W. 


'*  The  meaning  seems  to  be,  usually  he 
keeps  the  seas,  now  he  does  not  chase 
the  fish,  but  looks  out  for  the  blood  of 
men. 

'^  galw,  W. 

'^  gyliaw,  AV. 

-"  ciniava,  W. 

->  Uawg,  AV. 

-'-  llwyddraw,  W. 

=•*  trdha,  W. 

-^  adlais,  W. 

-^  Some  words  are  here  evidently 
omitted  in  the  M.S. 

-^  I  have  construed  this  word  as  if  it 
were  a  derivative  of  Ihew.  O.  Pugh,  in 
his  edition  spells  it  ieuan.  There  is  an 
adjective  ieuin,  clamox'ous. 

'■^  cig,  W. 

-"•  aedd,  AV.,  a  din;  adaf  mtij  he  a  de- 
rivative. 

-■'  A  derivative  o{  galw. 

•*'  A  derivative  oigwel-cd. 

^'  difoed,  W. 


208        .THE    ENGLISH    CONQUEST    OF    THE   SEVERN    VALLEY. 


Evyr  penngvem  pell  gelwit  heno. 

arwaet  gvyr  gvelit : 

rj  gfhvir  treuu  tref  lethrit.' 


Eglvysseu  bassa  yorffvvvys  -  beuo. 
ydiweild  ^  ymgynnvys.'' 
cledyr  -■  kat  callou  arijoetwis. 


Eglvysseu  bassa  ynt  faeth  heuo. 
vyntauavt "  ae  gvuaeth :  " 
i'ud  ynt  vy  rwy  vy  hiraeth. 

Eglvysseu  bassa  ynt  yng  heno. 

yetiued  kyndrvyii : 

tir  mablau  kyudylan  wynn. 

Eglvysseu  bassa  ynt  tirion  heuo. 
ygvuaeth  eu  meillyou  :  '" 
lud  ynt  vy.  rvy  vyngcallon  " 

Eglvysseu  bassa  colUisaut  cu  brcint.'- 
L^vedy  y  dyua  o  locgyrwys  : 
kyndylau  ac  eluan  powys. 

Eglvysseu  bassa  ynt  diua  heuo. 
ychfctwyr  '^  uy  phaia.'^ 
gvyr  awyr  ami  yiua. 


Eglvisseu  bas.sa  ynt  baruar '■'  heuo. 

iiininneu  wyf  dyar: 

iiid  ynt  vy  rvy  vyggalar.''" 

Y  dref  weuu  ymbronn  y  coet. 
ysef  y V  yhefras  '"  eiryoot : 

ar  wyneb  y  gvcllt  y  gvaet. 

Y  dref  wen  ynythymyr  '-' 
y  hefraa  yglas  vyuyr : '-' 

y  gwaet  adan  dract  y  gvyr. 


41  Pengwern's  eagle!  from  afar  let  him  call 
to  night — 
For  the  blood  of  men  let  him  look  out — 
Truly  will  Trcn  be  called  the  town  of 
tlamo  I 

•15  Bassa's  Churches  !  there  rests  to  night — 
There  ends — there  shrinks  within  him- 
self, 
lie,   that   was   the   Shelter   iu   battle — 
Heart  of  the  men  of  Argoet ! '' 

40  Bassa's  churches  are  euriched  to-night — 
My  tongue  hath  done  it ! 
Ruddy  '•'  are  thoy,  overflowing  my  grief  ! 

4  7  Bassa's  churches  are  close  neighbouring 
to-night 
To  the  heir  of  Kyndruyu — 
Grave-yard  of  Kyndylau  fair  ! 

4S  Biissa's  churches  are  lovely  to-night — 
Their  clover  hath  ma'le  them  so — 
lluddy  are  they,  overllowing  my  heart  ! 

49  Bassa's  churches  have  lost  their  privilege 
Since  the  destruction  by  tlie  Loegyrwys 
Of  Kyudylan  and  Elvan  of  Powys. 

50  Bassa' .s  churches  are  to  make  an  end  to 

night— 
The  warriors  are  not  to  continue — 
He  knows  who  knoweth  all  things,  aud  I 

here  know. 

51  Bassa's  churches  arc  still  to-night — 
And  I  am  to  cry! 

'lhc>f  ""'  are  not — overflowing  is  my  lament. 

52  The  White  Town  in  the  bosom  of  the 

wood  ! 
There  has  ever  been  of  its  lustyhood, 
On  the  surface  of  the  grass,  the  blood  ! 

53  The  White  Town  iu  the  country-side  ! 
Its  lustyhood — its  grey  thoiightfuln  ess — '" 
The  blood  under  the  feet  of  its  warriors  ! 


'    lUtfni,f,   W. 

*  yorffuwi/s,  \V. 
^  diwcdd-u,  W. 

*  ymgynmnisan;  W. 
'•'  cltdwr,  \V. 

''  The  Welsh  seem  to  have  given  to 
Shropshire  the  name  uf  Argoed,  or 
Woodland. 

?  tafaw'l,  W.  Tlio  t  ia  hero  eclipsed 
by  tlic  »i, 

*  ywn,  W.  ;  firct. 

'  Tliat  in,  willi  blood, 
'o  mcllion,  W.jBubst.  aggr.    Vid.  hI.  15, 
lorgyr-iciji. 
''  Here  ;i</  ocliiiHon  the  cof  callou. 
>»  braint,  \W. 

"  eadicr.   W.  :    rrdwtjv,   y], 
'*  para,  \'.  . 


"  paruar,  W. 

"•  That  is,  the  warriors  mentioned  in 
the  preceding  stanza. 

'?  ffalar,  W. 

'*•  cinui,  W.,  nieans  plump :  and  in  hiu 
Dictionary  0.  Pugh  makes  tlio  word  a 
HubRtantivo  on  tlie  autiiority  of  the  pas- 
sago  in  the  text.  Ho  there  dcfinoH  it 
tlio  "plunipncHH  of  youth."  Villemarque 
reads  i/nTuf,  but  I  believe  without  any 
authority. 

'•'  lytiiliitr,  W.,  properly  means  one's 
native  di«trict. 

*"  Tluit  i»,  its  groylieaded  seniors.  O. 
Pugh  construes  "  its  blue  somh  of  con- 
tciuplaliun;"  and  HupposcB  that  the  bards 
nru  meant  1 


THE    ENGLISH    CONQUEST    OF    THE    SEVERN    VALLEY.       209 


Y  drcf  wcii  ynj'clj^ffvynt 

llbawen  yvydeir  '  vrth  gyvanrud  -kat : 
vgverin  '  neurderyut. 

Y  dref  weun  rvng  trenn  athrodwyd. 
Oed  gnodach  ysgwyt  tonn  : 
yndyuot  o  gat  nogyt  ych  yechwyd. 


Y  dref  wenn  rvng  trenn  athraual. 

Oed  giiodacb  y  gauet :  ^ 

Ar  wyneb  gvcUt  uoc  eredic  brynar/ 


Gvynn  yvyt "  freuer  mor  y v  dihciut.'* 

beno 
gvedy  colli  keuueint  :•' 
oauffavt '"  vyntauavt  "  yt  lesseint. 


51  Tbo  Wbite  Town  in  tbe  valley  ! 

Joyful  its  troop  with  tbe  common  spoil 

of  battle — 
Its  people  are  tbcy  not  gone? 

5'>  Tbe   Wbitc   Town    between   Tren    and 
Trodwyd ! 
More  common  was  tbe  broken  shield 
Coming  from   battle,   than  the  evening 
ox.  ■» 

'iG  The   White    Town    between   Tren    and 

Traval ! 
More  common  was  the  blood 
On  the  surface  of  tlie  grass,  than^the 

ploughed  fallow  ! 

57  Alas  !  Freur  !  how  sad  is  it,  to-night 
After  the  loss  of  kindred  ! 
By  the  mishap  of  my  tongue  were  they 
slain  !  &c. 


Freur,  as  ^Ye  learn  from  the  latter  part  of  the  poem,  was 
KjMidylan's  sister.  I  do  not,  however,  intend  to  trace  out 
the  various  members  of  this  chieftain's  family  ;  nor  shall  I 
speculate  as  to  the  rank  or  power  they  possessed  among  their 
countrymen.  All  that  we  can  know  on  these  matters  must 
be  gathered  from  the  poem  ;  and,  as  we  have  no  means  of 
comparison,  we  have  no  sure  ground  whereon  to  base  any 
critical  inference.  Such  inquiries  moreover  would  throw  but 
little  light  on  the  subject  immediately  before  us.  Indeed 
the  latter  part  of  the  poem  contains  so  little  that  is  of  histo- 
rical interest,  that  it  would  hardly  repa}^  us  for  the  time  and 
trouble  which  must  be  spent  in  unravelling  its  difficulties. 
I  shall  not  therefore  proceed  further  with  my  translation. 

Bassa's  Churches  were  no  doubt  a  group  of  small  churches, 
such  as  we  find  at  Glendalough  and  other  places  in  Ireland. 
The  hallowed  spot  where  the  last  Welsh  Lord  of  Pengwern 
received  a  hurried  and  a  blood-stained  burial,  may  probably 
be  recognised  in  Baschurch,  a  small  town  or,  rather,  village 
]yiiig  some  seven  miles  north  of  Shrewsbury.  Names  of 
places  on  the  Welsh  border  appear  to  be  in  many  cases  little 
more  than  loose  translations  of  the  Welsh  names  that  pre- 


'  byddaii;  W. 

-  anrJtaclh,  W.,  spoil ;  cyfanrhaeth, 
common  or  public  spoil.  0.  Pugh  and 
Villemarqu(5  give  us  cyvamug,  but  I  do 
not  know  on  what  authority. 

■*  V  seems  to  be  the  same  word  as  is 
generally  found  spelled  y  in  the  MS. 

*  That  is,  returning  from  pasture. 

*  This  is  evidently  the  same  word  as 

VOL.  SIX. 


is  elsewhere  spelt  gwaet  or  Qvaet. 

"  braenar,  AV. 

^  (jicyn  ei  fyd  is  still  used  as  an  adver- 
bial expression  in  Welsh. 

**  dihawnt,  W. 

'  cyfnai,  W. ;  c'/fneiaint,  pi. 

'«  anffawd,  W. 

'^  iafaud,    W. ;    the  t   is   eclipsed   by 
the  n. 

F   F 


210       THE    ENGLISH    CONQUEST    OF    THE    SEVERN    VALLEY. 

ceded  tliciii,  and  IJaschurcli  renders  ^Yitll  sufficient  precision 
tlie  Welsh  phrase  Eghvysau  Bassa. 

It  may  help  us  to  fix  the  locality  of  the  '"  "White  Town,"  if 
ue  first  ascertain  -svliat  meaning  was  generally  given  to  the 
]ihrase  in  the  early  times  of  Avhich  avc  are  noNV  treating, 
AVhithorn  in  Galloway,  Avhere  St.  Ninia  the  Welsh  apostle  of 
the  Southern  Picts  fixed  his  episcopal  seat  in  the  fourth 
century,  was  by  our  Saxon  ancestors  termed  hwit  cern  or 
White  Cell.  Bede  tells  us  that  the  place  was  commonly 
called  "  Ad  candidani  casam,"  because  Ninia  had  there 
"  built  a  church  of  stone  after  a  fashion  new  to  the  Britons." 
— Hist.  Ecc,  c.  iv.  From  this  passage  it  seems  probable  that 
the  church  was  called  Candida  casa  as  early  as  the  fourth 
century,  when  Ninia  built  it  ;  and  it  is  clear  it  was  so  called 
when  13edc  wrote,  that  is,  a  little  more  than  a  century  after 
Ceawlin's  inroad.  We  may  infer  that  in  the  sixth  and  seventh 
centuries  the  term  white  was  applied  to  buildings  of  hewn 
stone,  in  contradistinction  to  houses  built  of  timber  or  mere 
dry  walling.  Now  Shropshire  w\as  an  Argoed,^  or  woodland, 
and  the  vast  number  of  wooden  houses  still  to  be  seen  in  its 
towns  and  villages  shows  the  kind  of  material  which  must 
always  have  been  the  most  available  for  constructive  pur- 
poses. Its  ancient  towns  were  no  doubt  mainly  built  of 
timber.  There  is  but  one  place  in  the  district  which  we 
know,  or  with  any  show  of  pi-obability  can  suppose,  to  have 
been  built  after  the  Koman  fashion  ;  and  I  believe  Uriconium 
to  be  the  "  White  Town,"  whence  issued  the  bands  of  war- 
riors whose  prowess  is  dwelt  upon  with  such  mingled  pride 
and  sadness  by  the  poet. 

That  an  ancient  highway — cither  a  paved  road  or  a  drift- 
way— ran  alongside  the  Severn  and  entered  AVorcestershire, 
somewhere  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Areley  !Magna,  is  almost 
certain  :  and  equally  so  is  it,  that  such  highway  crossed  the 
Tern  and  passed  through  Uriconium.  Through  the  same  town 
ran  the  Watling  Street.  A  traveller  therefore  from  Pengwern, 
or  from  the  upper  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Tern,  would  pass 
that  river  immediately  ])efore  reaching  Uriconium  ;  and  when 
he  reached  the  town  might,  as  his  occasions  led  him,  either  pro- 
ceed furtlicr  south,  or  pass  eastward  along  the  Watling  Street. 
It  was  probal)ly  with  reference  to  the  two  routes  thus  oj^eii 

'  Vid.  ft.  ^s. 


THE    ENGLISH    CONQUEST    OF    THE    SEVERN    VALLEY.       211 

to  the  traveller  that  the  poet  uses  tlie  i-)hrases,  "  The  White 
Town  between  Trcii  and  Trodwyd,"  ''The  White  Town  between 
Tren  and  Traval."  Traval  and  Trodwyd  may  have  been  noted 
places  on  the  other  side  of  Uriconium,  on  the  line  of  these 
two  higlnvays — Trodwyd  ^  being  probably  some  forest-defile. 
That  the  poet  considered  Tren  to  be  the  name  of  a  river  as 
■well  as  of  a  town  aj^pears  from  a  trij^-let  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  poem,  which  speaks  of  the  confluence  of  the  Tren  and  the 
Tridonwy,  that  is,  as  I  take  it,  of  the  Tern  and  the  Roden. 

If  the  ri\'er  Tren  was  our  modern  Tern,  we  must  look  for 
the  town  of  Tren  somewhere  in  the  neighbourhood  of  this 
river.  In  the  topography  of  every  country,  towns  and 
villages  readily  take  the  name  of  the  stream  that  flows  past 
them  ;  and  the  reader  will  easily  call  to  mind  some  brook 
that  gives  its  name  to  more  than  one  village  on  its  banks — 
epithets  such  as  great,  little,  wet,  dry,  &c.,  being  used  for  dis- 
tinction's sake.  On  this  very  river  we  have  a  village  called 
Tern  ;  but  it  certainly  has  no  pretensions  to  represent  the 
town  of  Tren  we  are  now  in  search  of.  It  is  clear  that 
Kyndylan  of  Shrewsbury  must  have  been  lord  of  the  whole 
surrounding  country.  His  usual  place  of  abode  may  have 
been  on  Carrec  Hytwyth,  but  the  great  town,  "  his  fathers' 
town,"  which  figures  so  largely  in  the  poem  under  the  name 
of  "Jren,  must  have  been  the  capital  of  his  district.  There 
was  .but  one  place  which  in  Roman  times  had  any  pretensions 
to  be  so  considered,  and  I  believe  that  Tren  and  the  "  White 
Town  "  alike  represent  the  Roman  Uriconium. 

It  may  be  asked,  if  Tren  and  Uriconium  be  the  same 
l)lace,  how  can  we  account  for  the  difference  of  name  ?  The 
objection  is  a  very  reasonable  one,  and  requires  on  our  part 
a  ver}^  careful  answer. 

Most  of  our  Roman  towns  have  in  their  neighbourhood 
earthworks,  supposed  to  be  the  remains  of  the  more  ancient 
British  towns  which  they  supplanted ;  Colchester  has  the 
earthworks  at  Lexden,  Dorchester,  the  Maiden  Camp, 
Chichester  the  Brill,  and  so  forth.  We  are  generally  told 
that  these  Roman  towns  grew  out  of  the  camps  which  were 
constructed  during  the  siege  of  the  neighbouring  stronghold. 
I  believe  this  to  be  a  mistake.  Temporary  camps  may  some- 


Ovoydd,    ^W-)>  trees;  trawd  (W.),  a  journey,  a  passage;     hence  it  would  seem 
Trodwydd,  the  wooded  pass. 


212       THE   ENGLISH    CONQUEST   OF   THE   SEVERN   VALLEY. 

times  be  traced  near  these  strongholds,  and  that  they  ^Yere 
constructed  by  the  besiegers  is  ver}^  probable.  But  such 
camps  ditVcr  both  in  their  character  and  in  the  circumstances 
of  their  position  from  the  towns,  ^vllOse  origin  ^Ye  arc  now 
investigating.  Tlie  latter  are  mostly  situated  in  the  valley 
near  the  river,  and  often  two  or  three  miles  from  the  scarped 
heights,  M-hich  generally  represent  the  British  fortress  ;  Avhile 
the  temporary  camps,  at  least  such  as  have  fallen  under  my 
notice,  lie  only  just  beyond  flight-shot  from  the  fortress,  and 
were  evidently  constructed  more  for  the  annoyance  of  the 
besieged,  than  with  any  view  to  the  convenience  of  the 
besiegers.  The  towns  ^Yere  prol)ably  erected  as  the  different 
provinces,  one  after  another,  bent  the  neck  to  the  yoke,  and 
consented  to  receive  the  "  pnTsidia  castellaque,"  ^  ^Yhicll  the 
Proprjutor  for  the  time  being  might  think  necessary  to  secure 
their  obedience. 

For  one  of  these  garrison-towns  Uriconium  seems  to  haAc 
been  originally  intended  ;  though  it  was  probably  inha- 
bited in  the  sixth  century  by  a  .population  consisting  for  the 
most  part  of  Romanised  Britons.  It  lay  about  a  third  of  a 
mile  from  the  Tern,  near  its  junction  with  the  Severn,  and 
about  three  miles  from  the  Wrekin,  on  or  near  to  which  we 
have  reason  to  believe  was  a  native  town,  the  old  British 
capital  of  the  district.  This  native  town  there  can  be  iittle 
doubt  continued  to  exist  beside  the  lloman  town,  till  the 
inroad  of  Ceawlin  involved  both  in  one  common  ruin. 

We  must  not  suppose  that  the  British  earthworks  or 
"  camps,"  as  they  are  sometimes  called,  necessarily  included 
within  their  circuit  the  whole  of  a  British  settlement.  There 
arc  instances  in  which  only  scanty  traces  of  habitation  are 
found  within  the  ramparts,  while  outside  of  them  extend 
lines  of  hut-circles  for  a  mile  or  more — showing  clearly  that 
the  fortiess  was  only  used  when  the  presence  of  an  enemy 
made  it  necessary.  Th(>  remains  of  an  earthwork  may  still 
be  traced  on  the  A\'i(kin,  ;iiid  ilicy  reju-esent  no  doubt  the 
f/??ile  ivrecon  or  stronghold  of  the  Wrekin  of  which  mention 
is  made  in  the  latter  part  of  the  ])oem.  Jt  is  i»rol)able,  how- 
ever, that  the  greater  jiart  of  the  British  town  lay  at  the 
foot  of  the  hill  to  the  westward,  and  that  tlie  space  between 
it  and  (he  Koman  town  on  the  banks  of  the  Tern  was  more 

'  Tuc.  AkiIc.  20. 


THE    ENGLISH    CONQUEST    OF    THE    SEVERN    VALLEY.       21o 

•or  less  thickly  covered  with  buildings,  cemeteiics,  tileries, 
&c.,  such  as  we  find  traces  of  near  other  lloman  stations, 
Caister  for  example.  The  Avhole  of  this  space,  the  Roman 
town  included,  seems  to  have  taken  the  name  of  the  British 
town,  and  to  have  been  called  Uriconium.  But  no  doubt  the 
people  of  the  neighbourhood  made  nicer  distinctions.  As  the 
Londoner  distinguishes  between  London  and  Westminster,  so 
would  they  distinguish  between  the  di?ile  ivrecon  and  the 
Koman  town,  to  which  they  seem  to  have  given  the  name  of 
the  river  beside  which  it  stood.  In  the  Lritish  town  was  no 
doubt  much  of  the  old  British  rudeness,  and  much  of  Italian 
refinement  in  its  lloman  neighbour.  The  relations  between 
the  two  may  have  been  very  similar  to  those  that  exist 
between  the  "  Irish  town"  and  the  "  English  town"  in  some 
of  our  Irisli  cities. 

A  like  case  of  confusion  between  the  general  and  the 
special  name  occurs  in  the  Itinerar}'.  The  5th  iter,  which 
]:)roceeds  northwards  from  London,  gives  the  distance  between 
CcTsaromagus  and  Colonia  as  twenty-four  miles  ;  the  9th 
iter,  which  proceeds  to  London  southwards,  and  according  to 
our  ablest  antiquaries  traverses  the  same  ground  as  the  5th 
iter,  gives  us  the  distance  from  Camulodunum  to  Canonium 
as  eight  miles,  and  from  Canonium  to  C?esaromagus  as  twelve 
' — in  all  twenty  miles.  That  Colchester  represents  the  Colonia 
of  the  5th  iter  seems  to  be  generally  admitted  ;  and  that  it 
represents  the  Camulodunum  of  Tacitus  and  of  the  9th  iter 
is  maintained  by  writers  of  so  much  weight  and  by  argu- 
ments so  convincing,  as  to  leave  little  room  for  doubt  upon  the 
subject.  To  account  for  the  discrepancy  of  name  we  must  sup- 
pose, that  the  lloman  town  was  specially  called  Colonia  * — 
ilie  Colony — because  it  was  the  first  and  the  most  important 
colony  founded  by  the  llomans  in  the  island  ;  and  that  the 
entire  settlement  took  the  name  of  Camulodunum  from  the 
British  town  at  Lexden,  to  ^Yhich  it  owed  its  origin.  Some 
t)f  the  difficulties  connected  with  this  iter  remain  to  be 
explained,  but  the  principal  ones,  and  among  them  we  must 
rank  the  difference  in  the  distances,  may  be  accounted  for  on 
this  hypothesis. 

^  If  we   might  suppose   that   Colouia  of  Uricouium.     But  on  this  suppositiou, 

took  its  uame  from  the  river  on  which  it  I  should  expect,  from  analogy,  that  the 

stood  (the  Colne),  the  case  of  Caraulo-  town    would    be   called    Colonium,     or 

dunum  would  be  exactly  parallel  to  that  Colinium. 


i211       THE    ENGLISH    CONQUEST    OF    THE    SEVERN    VALLEY. 

"Pengweni's  engle'"  must  have  been  a  denizen  of  tlie 
^yoo^.ls,  wliicli,  \\c  may  reasonably  suppose,  at  one  time 
covered  the  banks  of  the  Severn  near  h^hrewsbury.  But  the 
harbourage  of  "  Eh's  eagle "  is  not  so  readily  discovered. 
Villemarqu^  goes  in  search  of  it  as  far  as  Ireland,  but  we  may, 
I  think,  seek  for  it  nearer  home  Avith  better  hopes  of  success. 
Bede  tells  us,  that  Alcluyth,  the  old  name  for  Dunbarton, 
meant  the  rock  of  the  Clyde.  Hist.  Ecc.  xii.  ;  Helvellen, 
there  is  little  doubt,  meant  the  yellow  mountain,  as  Ivhiw- 
velen,  that  name  so  common  in  Welsh  topography,  meant  the 
yellow  slope — the  diflerent  localities  deriving  their  respective 
names  from  the  yellow  bloom  of  the  gorze  that  covered  them. 
It  would  seem  then  that  A I  or  JIcI  wan  used  in  ancient 
British  topography  to  denote  a  rocky  height.  Now,  some 
twelve  miles  uj)  the  valley  of  the  Tern  there  is  a  high  and 
very  remarkable  ridge  of  rocks  called  Ilawkstone.  It  runs 
towards  the  river,  but  dies  away  at  Hodnet,  shortly  before 
reaching  it.  If  this  ridge -were  called^  the  IJ el  or  El,  the 
.strong  British  fortress  in  front  of  ,it  Avhich  goes  by  the  name 
of  Bury  Walls,  might  very  well,  according  to  analogy,^  take 
the  name  of  Elig,  and  as  the  final  fj  is  dropt  in  Welsh  almost 
as  freely  as  in  English,  wc  at  once  get  the  name  of  Eli.  Here 
then  we  have  two  British  strongholds,  one  in  the  valley  of  the 
Severn  at  Pengwern,  some  five  miles  from  Uriconium,  the 
other  twelve  miles  distant  up  the  valley  of  the  Tern  ;  and  the 
picture  of  the  two  eagles  each  sailing  down  his  valley  to  the 
battle-field  seems  to  me  to  be  no  less  true  to  nature,  than  it 
is  striking  as  a  piece  of  poetry. 

In  triplet  37  Kyndylan's  country  is  styled  tlie  land  of 
Brochmael.  I  think  we  may  conclude  that  at  the  time 
when   the  events  took  place  which   the  poem  refers  to,  a 


*  Tliero  is  some  slight  evidcuco  that  niorry   town— Welsh    scholara    nro    not 

fluch  was  actually   tho   case.      Near   to  agreed    as    to   tlio   ctyinoloj^^y — but   the 

Jloduct  is  a  )iUlo  called  Holshaw.     We  itDportant  jioint  ia  that  tlio  town  is  often 

may  Buiiui.fc  liiat  of  acvcral  bliawa  in  tho  called   Antwiilhi;/,    witliout  tho  Bubstan- 

neighbourhoo'l  tiie  one  which  aiiiiroaclicd  tifo,     Piiil.  'I'raiiH.  i.   No.  C.     Avariciun 

nearest  to  HawkNloiio  took  from    it   its  (IJoingcs)  lay  on  the  river   Avar-a,  and 

uamo,  and  was  called  tiio  Hel-shaw.  Autriciun  (ChartreK)  on  tho  river  wliich 

"  Elig  would  really  bo   an   adjective,  wan  called  Autura.     Walekeiiaer,  i.  39D. 

and  wouhl  higuify  belongiuf,'  to  tho  K(.  Tho   eonnection    between    llio  nanioH  of 

IJul   adjifttivcM   of  thii    cIhm!)    arc    con-  tho  towns  and  tho  names  of  (ho  rivora  ih 

'  ■'  "           '     '    th    in    Woihh    and    in  obviouH,  and  is  noticed  by  Wulckenner, 

.  mtivcM  denoliu;^    place.  tiiouf;h   he  does  not  attcmjjt  to  cxjilain 

)  i                       -.-lii  Shrowsbury  is  calli-d  il.M  nature. 
Tref   Amuyt/ii'j,    tho    moat«a,    or    tho 


THE    ENGLISH    CONQUEST    OF    THE    SEVEKN    "VALLEY.        215 

prince  named  Broclimael  held  the  suzcreinty  in  that  part 
of  Britain.  There  is  reason  to  suppose  that  he  Avas  the 
same  person  as  the  prince  of  that  name  who,  according 
to  Bede,  was  present  at  the  Battle  of  Chester.^  This 
celebrated  battle  was  fought,  according  to  the  Saxon  Chro- 
nicle, in  607,  but  according  both  to  the  Annales  Cambria) 
and  to  Tighernac,  in  613,  which  is  probabl}-  the  true  date. 
If  we  follow  this  calculation,  thirty-six  years  must  have  elapsed 
between  the  date  of  Ceawlin's  inroad  and  Ethelfrith's  advance 
upon  Chester ;  and,  though  this  interval  might  well  be  com- 
prised within  the  reign  of  one  prince,  yet  it  is  long  enough 
to  make  some  explanation  desirable.  The  circumstances  of 
the  case  readily  furnish  it.  The  Annales  Cambria)  inform 
us  that  Selim,  son  of  Cynan,  fell  in  tlie  battle  of  Chester. 
Now  Cynan  is  always  represented  as  the  son  of  Brochmael, 
and  accordingly  it  would  appear  that  the  grandson  of 
Brochmael  was  engaged  in  the  battle.  It  is  clear,  therefore, 
that  the  Welsh  kino-  must  at  that  time  have  been  a  man  in 
advanced  life,  a  circumstance  which  explains  the  fact  men- 
tioned by  Bede,  that  he  took  his  station  with  the  monks  of 
Bangor,  who  had  come  to  pray  for  the  success  of  their 
countrymen.  Brochmael,  therefore,  may  very  well  have 
been  King  of  Powis  when  Ceawlin  attacked  Uriconium  ;  and 
it  was  probably  under  the  leadership  of  this  Welsh  king  that 
the  Britons  succeeded  in  arresting  the  further  progress  of 
the  invaders  at  the  battle  of  Faddiley. 

I  trust  I  have  now  advanced  arguments  sufficient  to  con- 
vince the  critical  reader  that  it  was  CeawHn,  King  of  Wessex, 
who  destroyed  Uriconium.  He  appears  to  have  wasted  the 
Avliole  valley  of  the  Tern,  and  perhaps  we  may  say  the  whole 
of  the  district  to  which  we  now  give  the  name  of  Shropshire. 
But  the  Britons  were  still  powerful  enough  to  prevent  his 
penetrating  either  into  the  valley  of  the  Weaver,  or  into  that 
of  the  Dee.  For  thirty-five  years  after  Ceawlin's  inroad,  the 
King  of  Powis  kept  his  hold  of  Chester,  till  in  the  year  613 
he  suffered  at  the  hands  of  Ethelfrith  the  terrible  defeat 
which  Bede  has  commemorated.  From  that  date  the 
marches  between  North  Wales  and  England  have  remained, 
with  occasional  variations,  much  as  we  find  them  at  the 
present  day. 

7  Hist.  Eccl.  2. 


i21ti       THE    ENGLISH    CONQUEST    OF    THE    SEVEKN    VALLEY. 

Here  it  was  my  iiitentioii  to  have  brought  this  paper  to  a 
close.  But  it  has  been  suggested  to  me  that  I  ought  not  to 
pass  over  Avitliout  remark  certain  specuhitions  ^Yhich  have 
lately  obtained  a  good  deal  of  public  notice,  and  ^Yhich,  it 
must  be  confessed,  are  altogether  at  variance  Avith  the  con- 
clusions Avhich  I  have  been  endeavouring  to  establish  in 
the  present  essay.  These  speculations  were  first  brought 
forward  by  Mv.  Thomas  Wright,  in  a  paper  which  appeared 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  Historic  Society  of  Lancashire 
and  Cheshire  (vol.  viii.  p.  141),  and  have  since  been  main- 
tained in  other  papers  published  in  the  Archa}ologia 
Cambrensis.  His  views  have  already  met  with  formidable 
opponents  in  3Ir.  Basil  Jones  and  others,  and  therefore  my 
present  notice  of  them  may  be  the  shorter. 

According  to  Mr.  AVright,  '•  the  popular  story  that  the 
people  who  resisted  the  Saxons  was  the  ancient  Celtic 
population  of  the  island,  is  a  mere  fiction."  The  scanty 
remains  of  that  population  were  the  serfs  who  cultivated  the 
land.  The  "  Britons "'  who  resisted  our  ancestors  were  "  a 
mixture  of  races  foi'eign  to  the  island,  and  lived  congregated 
in  towns."  After  the  open  country  was  overrun  by  the 
invaders,  the  towns  lying  in  that  part  of  Britain  which  is  now 
called  England,  for  the  most  part  yielded  '•  on  composition,'' 
and  still  exist  as  English  towns  or  cities.  But  in  the  west 
of  Britain  it  was  otherwise.  "  The  strong  town  of  Deva  or 
Chester  held  its  ground  on  the  north,  and  Glevnm  or  Glou- 
cester survived,  and  a  Roman  town  on  the  site  of  Worcester 
may  also  have  been  preserved,  but  the  line  of  strong  towns 
between  Gloucester  and  Chester — Ariconium,  ^Magna,  Bravi- 
nium,  Uriconium,  &c.,"  w^itli  the  other  Roman  towns  in  Wales, 
were  "  utterly  destroyed."  Who  then  were  the  people  who 
wrought  all  this  fearful  luin  in  ilio  West  of  Britain  i 

Mr.  Wright,  in  answer  U)  tliis  ([uestion,  tells  us,  that 
Armorica  ''was  never  completely  Rojnanised."  Its  Celtic 
population,  holding  "  fiercely  to  their  own  nationality,  were 
accustomed  to  navigation  and  piracy," — were  indeed  "no less 
piratical  than  the  Saxons  themselves."  At  the  beginning  of 
the  fiftli  century  they  "  resumed  their  ancient  barbarism," 
and  "  wore  the  heart  and  nerve  of  that  formidable  l)agau(leric 
which  thi-eatencd  the  safety  of  the  Roman  govenuncnt  in 
Gaul."  When  yl^^tius  to  a  certain  extent  re-asserted  Roman 
doniinion   in    Ai-moricn,   they   flcfl   ])eforc  him,  ninl    inv.-nlol 


THE    E>'GLISH    CONQUEST    OF    THE    SEVERN    VALEEV.        217 

the  western  coasts  of  liritain.  It  was  "a  fiercer  invasion 
and  conquest  of  tlie  countr}^  and  much  more  destructive 
than  the  invasion  of  the  Angles,  Jutes,  and  Saxons  in  the 
other  parts  of  the  island."  The  new  barbarians  exterminated 
the  Romanised  inhabitants  of  the  land,  destroyed  Uriconium, 
&c,,  and  settling  down  in  the  desert  they  had  made,  became 
the  ancestors  of  the  modern  Welsh — the  old  story,  that  the 
Britons  fled  to  the  continent  and  gave  name  to  Brittany, 
being  of  course  a  fiction. 

No  authorities  are  quoted  in  support  of  these  statements. 
They  are  only  assertions  and  inferences,  and  may  be  treated 
accordingly.  As  far  then  as  our  knowledge  goes,  the  people 
of  Armorica  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  brnjauderie — if  by 
this  Mr.  Wright  means  the  insurrection  of  the  hagaadcB  or 
peasants,  of  which  Aurelius  Victor  and  Eutro|)ius  make 
mention  ;  and  just  as  little  had  they  to  do  Avitli  piracy. 
They  exhibited  a  spirit  of  turbulence  in  their  relations  with 
the  Roman  government ;  but  their  country  was  intersected  in 
all  directions  with  Roman  roads,  and,  as  we  have  every  reason 
to  believe,  was  as  thoroughly  Romanised  as  the  average  of 
the  Gallic  provinces  ^ — certainly  as  much  so  as  the  western 
parts  of  Britain.  As  to  the  alleged  disappearance  of  the 
Celtic  element  from  among  the  British  population,  I  will 
only  remark,  that  every  Briton  who  is  mentioned  either  by 
Bede  or  by  the  writers  in  the  Chronicle,  as  an  opponent  of  our 
ancestors,  bears  a  name  of  Celtic  origin;  and  though  some  of 
them  may  have  been  of  Roman  descent,  yet  it  is  clear  from 
the  signiticancy  of  certain  of  the  names,  that  the  nationality 
with  which  they  identified  themselves  was  Celtic  both  in 
origin  and  in  feelino;.  Of  the  circumstances  under  which 
the  British  towns  came  into  possession  of  our  ancestors  we 
know  but  little.  That  little,  however,  directly  contradicts 
Mr.  Wright's  statements.  We  know  that  they  wasted 
many  of  these  towns — Pevensey,  Silchestcr,  Verulam,  Cam- 
bridge, Chester,^  &c. — and  good  reasons  may  be  given  for 
the  belief  that  even  London  itself  for  awhile  lay  desolate  and 
uninhabited.     The  towns  in  the  west  of  Britain  which  bore 


'  By  this  phrase  I  mean  the  provinces  before  distinguished  by  their  adoption  of 

inhabited  by  the  people,  to  whom  Cajsar  l^oman  mauneis  and  customs, 

more  especially  gives  tiie  name  of  Gulli.  »  According  to   Mr.   Wri;'.ht,    Chester 

The  inhabitants  of  Aquitaine,  and  of  the  was  one  of  the  British  towns  that  were 

valley    of  the    Rhone,    had   been    long  "  preserved." 

VciL.Xl.K.  G    G 


21 S       THE    ENGLISH    COXQUEST    OF    THE    SEVERN    VALLEY. 

the  first  brunt  of  licatlien  fierceness,  Tvere  for  the  most  part 
sacked  and  burnt  ;  those  Avliidi  lav  more  to  the  westward 
and  wlneli  our  ancestors  reached  at  a  later  period— 
:Mandunum,  Venta,  8e,o-ontiuni,  c«tc.— lono-  continued  to  be 
peopled  cities.  According  to  Mr.  Wright  these  last-mentioned 
towns  should  have  been  the  first  destroyed. 

I  hope  that  enough  has  now  been  advanced  on  this  subject 
to  shew,  that  Mr.  Wright's  settlement  of  its  difficulties  has 
made  a  re-opening  of  the  question  neither  superfluous  nor 
uncalled  for. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  NOTES  MADE  DURING  A  TOUR  IX  WESTERN 
GERMANY  AND  FRANCE.! 

By  J.  0.  WESTWOOD,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  &c. 

Cologne  possesses  numerous  pre-gotliic  objects  of  interest 
to  the  antiquary,  \Yhicli  would  amply  repay  him,  even  if  the 
attractions  of  its  wonderful  cathedral  did  not  add  their  claims 
to  his  attention.     The  famous  shrine  of  the  three  kino-s  is 

o 

perhaps  the  grandest  of  a  class  of  monuments  of  the 
twelfth  century,  upon  which  all  the  art  of  the  period  was 
lavished,  and  for  the  decoration  of  which  antique  gems  and 
cameos  were  introduced,  which  merit  more  careful  exami- 
nation than  has  been  bestowed  upon  them.  On  the  Cologne 
reliquary  I  noticed  a  cameo  of  early  date  and  considerable 
size,  with  the  head  of  Christ ;  it  is  fixed  near  the  right  hand 
corner  of  the  end  of  the  shrine  towards  the  choir  {i.  e.  the 
west  end).  Two  others,  Leda,  and  Cupid  and  Psyche,  are 
of  smaller  size,  but  appear  deserving  of  examination. 

Two  of  the  figures  at  the  east  end  of  the  shrine  represent 
St.  Gereon  and  St.  Maurice,  the  patron  saints  of  Cologne, 
in  mail-armour,  close  over  the  head,  and  reaching  to  the 
feet  ;  they  bear  kite-shaped  shields.  The  lower  row  of  the 
figures  is  apparently  less  ancient  than  the  rest  of  the  shrine. 

In  the  treasury  of  the  cathedral  are  preserved  many 
beautiful  objects  of  the  Gothic  period,  of  wliich  I  omit 
the  description.  A  Limoges  enameled  archiepiscopal  cross 
of  the  twelfth  or  thirteenth  century,  and  a  staff  for  the 
leader  of  the  choir,  merit  especial  attention  :  the  latter  is 
ornamented,  near  the  top,  with  a  small  globe  of  crystal ;  from 
this  rise  three  divergent  branches,  surmounted  by  a  flat  cross- 
bar, above  which  is  placed  a  group  of  small  statues  repre- 
senting the  Virgin  and  Child,  "with  the  three  kings,  the  first 
of  whom  kneels  before  the  Saviour,  the  other  two  stand 
behind.  Here  are  also  preserved  a  series  of  ten  elaborate 
carvings  in  ivory,  but  of  a  comparatively  modern  (renais- 
sance) date.     There  are  two  MSS.  preserved  in  the  sacristy 

!  Continueil  from  vol.  xviii.  p.  '225. 


2K)  AnCIIAEOLOGICAL    NOTES    IX    WESTERN    GERMAN V. 

bound  in  embossed  gilt  covers,  also  of  the  renaissance 
period. 

I  was  much  struck  with  the  inscription — Quod  non  vides, 
firniat  fides — over  the  altar  of  the  Ursuline  church  to  the 
north  of  the  cathedral. 

St.  Cunibert's  church,  the  ancient  cathedral  of  Cologne, 
situated  to  the  north  of  the  cathedral,  on  the  bank  of  the 
Rhine,  has  recently  been  carefully  restored  and  decorated  in 
polychrome  with  great  elfect.  The  semicircular  apse  has  been 
painted  in  imitation  of  tapestry,  with  a  grand  figure  of  the 
Saviour  in  the  upper  part.  The  stained  glass  in  tliis  church 
is  considered  to  be  the  oldest  in  this  part  of  Germany. 

The  church  of  St.  Maria  in  Capitolio  merits  a  careful 
examination  on  account  of  its  many  architectural  peculiari- 
ties. The  crypt  under  the  east  end  of  the  church  may 
possibl}''  be  a  portion  of  the  church  erected  in  the  eighth 
century  by  Queen  Plectrudis,  wife  of  Pepin  of  Herstal,  but 
the  upper  part  dates  from  about  a.d.  1000.  The  roof  of  the 
crypt  has  been  decorated  with,  paintings,  amongst  which  I 
noticed  the  Baptism  of  the  Savioui",  the  Annunciation,  and  the 
]3urial  of  the  Virgin,  all  treated  in  the  formal  Byzantine  style, 
which  was  so  long  prevalent  in  the  east.  A  figure  of  Plectrutlis, 
a  sculpture  in  high  relief,  probably  of  the  eleventh  centur}^ 
is  built  into  the  outside  of  the  wall  of  the  apse  of  the  church, 
at  a  considerable  heiglit  from  the  ground  ;  it  is  larger  than 
life,  the  head  small,  with  the  wimple  drawn  close  over  it, 
surrounded  by  an  ornamental  nimbus  like  a  cockle  shell ; 
the  right  hand  open  and  raised  in  front  of  the  breast,  and  the 
left  Jiand  holding  a  scroll  inscriljcd  in  Roman  capitals — 
DOMINI:  DiLEXi  DECORE.M  DOMVS  TVE. — Arouud  tho  figure, 
which  is  placed  in  a  rather  deeply  sunk  oblong  area,  is  a 
}»lain  raised  border  inscribed  above  the  head  of  the  figure — 
s.  ri.ECTUVDis  REGIXA — wliicli  is  again  sun-ounded  by  a 
foliated  border  similar  to  that  which  is  commonly  observed 
Kuri'oimding  eai'ly  (German  sculptured  ivories.'^  The  entrance 
to  this  curious  church  is  at  tho  norlh-cast  angle  of  the  nave, 
at  the  extremity  ol' an  eh-vatcd  cloister,  and  through  a  largo 
oaken  door  ol"  tii(!  early  part  of  the  twcllth  ccntui-y,  elal)0- 
rately  carved  with  scenes  of  the  liile  of  Christ;  these 
8cul]>tures    arc    of    great    interest    as    conip.-iicd    wilJi    tho 

'  Figured  byH..iM(K>r<5o,Doiikiii.  t.  8,aiul  Otte.Hiin.Ui.  ■!.  Kirclil.  KuiiHt.  Arcii.  p.  184. 


COLOGNE — CHURCHES.  2  2 1 

representations  of  the  same  subjects  upon  tlie  bronze  doors 
at  Hildeslieira,  Gnesen,  &c.  Each  wing  of  the  door  is  di- 
vided into  three  large  transverse,  and  ten  small  square  com- 
partments, separated  from  each  other  by  raised  interlaced 
riband  patterns  of  a  very  Anglo-Saxon  character.  In  the  six 
large  compartments  the  following  subjects  are  figured  : — 
1,  the  Salutation  and  the  Annunciation ; — 2,  the  Angel 
appearing  to  Joseph  and  the  Fhglit  into  Egypt  ; — 3,  the 
Pi'esentation  of  Christ  in  the  Temple  and  the  Baptism  of 
Christ ;  the  Saviour  is  here  represented  standing  on  a  dra- 
gon— not  in  water,  as  usual  ;  the  Holy  Dove  rests  upon  his 
head  ;  the  Baptist  marks  his  forehead,  whilst  an  Angel  on 
the  other  side  holds  his  clothing  ; — 4,  the  Entry  into  Jeru- 
salem, with  Zaccheus  in  the  Tree  ; — 5,  the  Last  Supper  ;  only 
nine  of  the  Apostles  are  here  present  ; — 6,  the  Descent  of 
the  Holy  Ghost  ;  no  dove  is  here  represented,  only  tongues 
of  fire  rest  on  the  heads  of  the  twelve  Apostles  ;  the  Blessed 
Virgin  stands  on  a  stool  in  the  midst  of  them.  In  the  scene 
of  the  Agony  in  the  garden  of  Gethscmane /owr  apostles 
are  asleep.  In  the  scene  of  the  Crucifixion,  the  Saviour  is 
draped  round  the  loins,  the  head  destitute  of  nimbus, 
the  feet  apart  ;  only  Longinus  and  the  sponge-bearer 
appear  at  the  sides  of  the  cross.  In  the  visit  of  the  Holy 
Women  to  the  Tomb  of  Christ  which  is  represented  like  a 
temple  with  a  flattened  cupola,  only  tico  Marys  are  figured  ; 
one  of  them  holds  a  censer  like  a  huge  lanthorn.  The  two 
soldiers  occupy  the  upper  angles  of  the  compartment  above 
the  I'oof  of  the  tomb.  The  lower  compartment  is  divided 
into  four  portions,  and  contains  figures  of  various  saints.  An 
excellent  representation  of  the  door  is  given  by  Wcerth.^ 

In  a  chapel,  which  in  a  most  unusual  manner  occupies  the 
west  end  of  the  church,  are  preserved  twelve  early  coSin-lids 
of  stone  much  defaced  ;  some  of  them  are  marked  with 
crosses,  others  with  chalices,  and  on  one  are  figured  two 
pastoral  staves.  The  shrine  of  Plectrudis  is  here  placed 
opposite  to  the  recumbent  efiigy  of  an  abbess,  but  both  are 
comparatively  of  a  late  date. 

Around  the  church  are  the  remains  apparently  of  large 
conventual  buildings,  and  a  gateway  on  the  south  side  is 
inscribed — Lichof. 

3  Kunst-denltmaler  dcs  Chrlstlichen  Mittelalters  iu  deu  Rhoiulanden. 


2^.2  ARCHAEOLOGICAL    XOTES    IN    WESTERN    GERMANY. 

St.  Ursula's  cliiircli,  with  its  strange  assemblage  of  skulls 
and  bones,  the  reputed  relics  of  the  11,000  virgins,  may  claim 
to  be  mentioned,  several  interesting  objects  of  ancient  art  being 
preserved  in  the  sacristy.  One  of  these  is  an  ivory  cofler  of 
the  fourteenth  or  fifteenth  century,  ^vitli  love-scenes  of  the 
kind  common  on  mirror  cases,  caskets,  &c.  Tliis  coffer  is 
nsed  as  the  receptacle  of  the  foot  of  St.  Ursula  ;  the  remain- 
der of  her  bones  repose  in  a  coffin  behind  the  high  altar.  A 
tall  vase  of  Egyptian  alabaster  is  also  preserved  here,  reputed 
as  one  of  the  vessels  ^Yhich  held  the  water  turned  into  wine 
at  the  marriage  feast  of  Cana.  Of  such  vessels  there  are 
several  preserved  in  various  churches  in  Germany  and  France; 
and  some  interesting  notices  on  the  subject  will  be  found  in 
recent  volumes  of  Didron's  Annales  Archeologiqucs.  A 
curious  series  of  figures  of  the  Apostles,  painted  on  slate  in 
the  early  part  of  the  thirteenth  century,  also  merit  attention 
at  the  church  of  St.  Ursula. 

The  Romanesque  churches  of  the  Apostles  and  St.  Gereon 
are  amongst  the  most  interesting  erections  of  that  peculiar 
style  to  be  found  in  Western  Europe.  Both  are  well  illus- 
trated in  Hope's  Essay  on  Architecture.  In  the  sacristy  of 
the  former  church  is  preserved  a  huge  and  curious  drawing 
on  canvas  of  the  twelfth  or  thirteenth  century,  containing 
full-length  figures  of  saints,  rudely  drawn  and  much  di.s- 
colured.  The  western  entrance  and  the  crypt  of  St.  Gereon's 
church  present  many  objects  of  interest.  The  columns  of 
the  western  doorway  into  the  church  rest  upon  crouching 
lions,  and  over  the  great  door  is  a  very  early  wall  painting 
of  the  Saviour.  Let  into  the  walls  of  this  enclosed  western 
court  are  i)reserved  a  number  of  early  Uoman  Christian  in- 
scriljcd  tombstones,  which  mci'it  careful  e.xamination,  being 
very  similar  to  tho.se  of  the  catacombs  of  liome.  I  had 
only  time  to  make  fac-similes  of  a  few  of  these.  One,  uj)on  a 
slab  measuring  10"  in.  by  H  in.,  i-eads  thus, — 

]II(;  .I.\(  r.T    VVVAl    NO.MEN 

E  vaij:.\tiniano  liui 
YixiT  anno  hi   i:t  ME 

8KS    KT  ••  1)1  i;s    .\VI    KT 
I    alius    CVM    I'ACIi 
KKCESSIT 

In  the  mid«l]e  of  this  slab  is  an  inci.sed  circle,  witliin  which 
in  tiic  labaritiii,  having  the  cross  bar  horizontal,  and  wiUi  the 


COLOGNE  —  CHURCHES.  223 

letters  alfha  and  omccja  at  its  side.  Anotlier  slab,  about  a 
foot  square,  is  also  incised  with  a  circle,  within  whicli  is  the 
monogram — XPI  forming  the  labariim,  and  with  the  letters 
M  and  N  at  tlie  sides  ;  on  each  side  of  the  circle  a  rudelj 
drawn  bird  is  slightly  incised,  above  which  is  insciibed, — 

CRISTE 
TV    AM  A 

ANNVS    X. 

In  both  inscriptions  the  letters  are  debased  Eoman  capitals, 
slightly  rustic  in  shape,  the  A  having  the  cross  bar  angulated, 
the  M  with  the  tw^o  outer  strokes  slanting,  the  l  tall,  and 
•with  the  bottom  stroke  extending  obliquely  below  the  line, 
the  E  with  the  cross  bars  short  and  of  equal  length.  Within 
the  noble  round  body  of  the  church  are  a  number  of  large 
rude  stone  coffins,  of  a  very  early  fashion,  placed  along  the 
wall,  raised  from  the  ground  on  short  pillars.  On  one  of 
these  is  inscribed — b.  br  .  mar  .  v.  corpora  recondvntyr 
Hic.  The  chancel  is  raised  very  considerably,  there  are  not 
fewer  than  32  steps  from  the  body  of  the  church,  with  three 
altars  gradually  rising  in  height ;  beneath  the  chancel  is  the 
large  crypt,  which  is  well  lighted ;  in  two  side  chapels  of  the 
crypt  are  remains  of  tesselated  pavements  with  altar  tombs, 
one  with  the  cross  raised  saddle-like.  The  pavement  is  much 
broken  and  displaced,  but  we  read — domvm  dayid,  and  parts 
of  other  words  ;  portions  of  figures  were  also  to  be  seen,  one 
being  the  head  of  a  king,  with  part  of  a  sceptre  in  the  left 
hand ;  also  the  crossed  legs  of  a  knight  seated,  clad  in 
armour ;  a  large  right  hand  holding  a  globe,  &c.  Imbedded 
into  the  wall  on  the  north  side  is  a  very  early  inscription, — 

PRINCEPS   MAYRORVM 
GREGORIVS    ALT    APOLOR 
SCAN DENS    AD    MORTEM 
DAT    SE    C    SVA  ....  MORtIi 

At  the  west  end  of  the  cr3^pt  is  an  opening  approached  by 
a  descent  of  three  or  four  steps,  inclosing  a  very  large  plain 
oblong  stone  coffin,  said  to  be  that  of  St.  GereoiL  "We  have 
therefore  in  this  church  probably  some  relics  of  the  Roman 
colony,  from  which  the  name  of  the  city  is  derived.  The 
beautiful  Baptistery,  on  the  south  side  of  the  church,  with  its 
great  marble  font,  has  been  recently  renovated  and  decorated 
in  polychrome. 


22-i  ARCHAEOLOGICAL    >:OTES    IX    WESTEKN    GEKMAXY. 

The  Cliurcli  of  the  Doniinioans,  in  ^vllich  tlie  remains  of 
Albeitus  3Iagniis,  the  alchemist,  and  Piovincial  of  the 
Dominicans  in  Germany,  were  interred,  has  been  destroyed. 
He  died  at  Cologne  in  1280.  His  chasuble  is  now  ]")reserved 
in  a  glass  case  in  one  of  the  side  cha])els  of  the  Church  of 
St.  Andreas,  in  ^Yhich  is  also  to  be  noticed  a  curious  arcade 
over  the  inner  ^Yestern  entrance  to  the  church. 

The  museum  of  Cologne,  especially  since  its  removal  to 
a  new  building,  merits  careful  investigation,  containing, 
besides  the  collection  of  early  paintings  of  the  Cologne 
schools,  a  valuable  series  of  objects  ranging  from  the  times  of 
Roman  occupation.  It  is  under  the  charge  of  !M.  Ramboux, 
by  whom  the  extremely  interesting  collection  of  drawings 
at  Dusseldorf,  representing  the  master-pieces  of  Italian  Art 
from  the  earliest  periods,  was  executed.  This  museum  has 
increased  in  interest,  and  comprises  Roman  remains,  early 
Christian  inscriptions,  enamels,  reliquaries,  carved  ivories, 
illuminations  from  MSS.,  coins,  &c.  One  of  the  small 
tombstones  bears  the  simple  word  tax  ;  another  has  +  k'l 
IVXLS  OB. — inscribed  in  a  cross.  The  two  leaves  of  an 
interesting  ivory  diptych  have  the  four  evangelistic  s^^mbols 
finely  carved,  two  on  each  leaf,  with  ornamental  circles, 
in  a  very  unusual  manner.  Another  interesting  ivory 
represents  the  Saviour  seated,  his  feet  resting  on  the  earth, 
his  hands  extended  over  the  heads  of  St.  Victor  and 
another  saint,  each  of  whom  holds  a  palm  branch  ;  above 
are  two  angels,  and  below  are  eighteen  heads,  forming  two 
rows,  nine  in  each. 

On  the  ivory  verso  of  a  book-cover  Christ  is  represented, 
young  and  beardless,  seated,  wiili  ilio  twelve  Apostles  at  the 
bottom  and  sides,  those  at  the  sides  being  seated  one  above 
another  in  tlie  liyzantine  fashion.  Anothei'  book-cover  is  orna- 
mented with  a  large  gilt  figure  of  Christ,  with  a  border  formed 
of  ten  enamels.  A  MS.  of  the  Gospel  also  claims  notice  ; 
it  is  illuminated  in  the  style  of  the  jieriod  of  tlie  Kmperor 
Henry  II.,  the  title  being  written  in  gold  letters  on  a  painted 
(n(»t  stained)  pur})le  ground. 

Tliere  are  two  very  interesting  ivory  combs  here,  one 
large  and  ornanjente<l  nmiIi  foliated  design,  with  only  one 
row  of  teeth,  the  handh.'  wide  and  deeply  notched  ;  the  othei" 
contains  a  representation  of  the  Crncifixion,  in  the  style  of 
the    Frankish   illuminations  of  the  ninth   or  tenth   centni'v. 


COLOGNE    MUSEUMS.  225 

Another  large  piece  i*epresents  the  tliree  Mar3's  at  the 
sepulchre,  and  the  Crucifixion.  The  Birth  of  Christ,  within  a 
■walled  city,  is  represented  on  another  ivory,  which,  with  that 
last  mentioned,  is  evidently  by  the  artist  who  carved  the 
remarkably  fine  sculpture  of  the  Ascension  in  Mr,  J.  Gough 
Nichols'  collection,  as  well  as  two  large  ivories  in  Mr.  Webb's 
collection.  Two  curious  ivory  boxes  are  also  here,  one  with 
two  oxen  harrowing  ;  the  other  with  birds,  fruit,  and  leaves. 
Some  reliquaries  of  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries  de- 
serve attention,  as  well  as  a  small  and  very  beautiful  enameled 
cup.  There  are  also  two  sets  of  drawings,  apparently  executed 
for  enamel  workers,  and  copies  of  the  curious  fresco-paintings 
at  Brauwilder. 

In  the  small  architectural  museum  recently  established 
on  the  south  side  of  the  cathedral,  are  several  interesting 
ecclesiastical  objects,  including  a  copy  of  the  Gospels,  of  the 
eleventh  century,  from  the  church  of  St.  Maria,  Lyskirchen, 
the  front  of  the  cover  bearing  a  curious  contemporary  ivory 
carving  of  the  Crucifixion,  of  excellent  workmanship  and  very 
deep  relief ;  as  usual,  the  figure  of  Christ  is  of  enlarged  size, 
naked,  except  a  cloth  tied  round  the  waist.  At  the  foot  of 
the  cross  is  a  winged  dragon  with  a  long  tail ;  at  the  sides 
of  the  cross  appear  Longinus  and  his  companion,  figures  of 
small  size  ;  and  adjoining  them  stand  the  Blessed  Virgin  and 
St.  John.  A  female  figure  on  each  side  supports  one  of  the 
arms  of  the  cross,  above  which  are  circles  containing  Sol  and 
Lima,  personified  as  w^eeping  ;  the  evangelistic  symbols 
occupy  the  four  corners  of  the  piece,  which  is  enclosed  within 
a  foliated  border.  The  style  of  the  work  resembles  that  of 
Mr.  J.  Gouoli  Nichols'  tablet  above  mentioned,  the  folds  of 
the  drapery  not  being  deeply  incised,  but  marked  with  rows 
of  punctures.  There  appears,  indeed,  to  have  been  an 
extensive  manufactory  of  carved  ivories  of  this  bold  class, 
judging  from  the  collections  at  Darmstadt,  Cologne,  Berlin, 
and  other  places. 

Another  ivory  represents  the  ]\Iarys  at  the  Sepulchre  ;  the 
soldiers  are  seen  standing  at  the  sides  of  a  rounded  building, 
and  rest  on  their  spears.  I  remarked  also  a  small  sculpture 
of  the  Crucifixion  of  rather  curious  design,  similar  to  one  in 
the  MaskcU  collection  now  in  the  British  Museum.  Also 
casts  of  two  of  the  round  ivory  pyxes  for  holding  the  con- 
secrated wafers,  of  which  several  examples  occur  in  the 

VOL.    XIX.  H    H 


226         ARCHAEOLOGICAL    NOTES    IN    WESTERN    GERMANY. 

lUiiiie  district,  as  at  Xaiiteu  and  Wiesbaden,  both  ^Yitll  Pagan 
and  Christian  subjects. 

The  Puppcn  Theatre,  in  which  dolls  pei-fonn  the  characters 
in  droll  farces,  as  in  Italy,  the  dialogue  being  spoken  by 
persons  beliiml  the  scenes  in  the  patois  of  the  country,  may 
also  be  archicologically  noticeable,  as  occurring  nowhere  else 
in  Gernianv,  and  beiuir  doubtless  a  relic  of  the  scenic  diver- 
tisements  of  the  middle  ages. 

The  llonian  occupation  of  the  finest  part  of  the  Rhino 
country  is  testilied  by  the  museums  established  not  only 
at  Cologne,  but  also  at  Bonn,  Anderuach,  Neuwied,  Wies- 
baden, and  Mayence.  At  Reinagcn  a  curious  carved  gate- 
way, leading  to  the  Pfarrhof  clo.se  to  the  church,  on  which 
are  sculptured  the  signs  of  the  zodiac,  executed  probably  at 
the  end  of  the  eleventh  century,  and  some  remarkable  sculp- 
tures on  the  south  and  west  sides  of  the  great  church  at 
Andernach,  merit  examination.  At  Mayence  the  cathedral, 
a  structure  commenced  in  the  tenth  and  finished  in  the 
eleventh  century,  possesses  many  objects  of  interest.  Here, 
as  at  Worms,  Spire,  and  Treves,  are  two  choirs,  one  at  the 
east  and  one  at  the  west  end  of  the  church  ;  the  latter  has 
recently  undergone  careful  restoration,  and  it  has  been  elabo- 
rately painted  and  gilt.  The  interior  of  the  church,  and  also 
the  cloisters  on  its  south  side,  are  rich  in  monuments  of  early 
ecclesiastics,  and  perhaps  nowhere  else  is  heraldry  more  ex- 
tensively introduced  upon  these  memorials  than  in  this 
cathedral.  The  plain  monument  and  inscription  to  the 
memory  of  P'astrada,  third  wife  of  Charlemagne,  (a.d.  793,) 
is  to  bo  noticed,  as  well  as  the  large  but  plain  brass  font, 
executed  in  1328,  in  the  eastern  lady  chapel.  The  north 
doors  of  the  cathedral  are  of  brass,  and  bear  the  inscription — 

»J<  WILLIGISVS  AHCIIIEPs  EX   iMETALLI  SPECIE    VALVAS  EFFECERAT 

I'lilMUS. — Two  large  lions'  heads  in  high  relief  support  the 
knockers  of  the  doors,  which  bear  an  in.scri])tion  by  JJishop 
Adclbert  I.  (a.d.  1135)  :  it  records  an  edict  conferring 
important  privileges  on  the  city. 

ill  tiie  sacristy  are  preserved  two  ancient  clialicos,  probably 
of  the  tenth  century  ;  one,  tho  gift  of  Archbishop  Willigis, 
is  a  curious  example  of  Hyzantino  art. 

TIk.'  .Museum  is  extremely  rich  botii  in  Koni.in  I'cinain.s 
found  in  the  n(.'ighbourhoo(i,  and  also  in  r.-igan-Cermanic 
relics  obtained   (Vom  graves.      This  part  of  tiie  museum,  by 


MAYENCE — FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MATNE.  227 

the  care  of  Herr  LindenscliiniJt,  lias  attained  a  national  im- 
portance ;  the  great  mediaival  museum  of  Germany  being  at 
Kuremberg.  Here  are,  however,  two  or  three  very  interest- 
ing carved  media3val  ivories,  one  of  great  age,  displaying 
scenes  of  hunting  upon  a  curious  semicircular  frame,  and 
another  with  a  representation  of  St.  George.  I  observed 
also  a  cast  of  a  curious  circular  pyx,  now  in  the  Wiesbaden 
Museum,  and  a  large  piece  for  the  game  of  draughts,  with 
warriors  deeply  carved.  The  extremely  valuable  series  of 
fac-similes  of  pagan  relics,  such  as  fibula3,  &c.,  executed  b}- 
Lindenschmidt,  and  colored  in  strict  imitation  of  the  originals, 
deserves  the  highest  praise.  It  is  much  to  be  wished  that  a 
series  of  them  should  be  obtained  for  our  national  museum. 

The  library  at  Mayence,  as  may  easily  be  conceived,  is 
very  rich  in  early  printed  books,  but  there  are  no  illuminated 
MSS.  of  the  least  importance. 

The  public  library  and  museum  of  Frankfort-on-the-Maine 
is  not  rich  in  mediieval  antiquities.  It  can,  however,  boast 
of  one  of  the  most  remarkable  early  carved  ivories  in 
existence.  It  is  4  ^-  in.  wdde,  and  about  a  foot  high,  and  con- 
tains a  representation  of  a  priest,  with  ten  attendants 
officiating  at  mass  ;  this  fine  example  is  affixed  to  the  cover 
of  a  tall  folio  Lectionarium  of  the  thirteenth  century.  The 
sculptured  ivory  itself  is  evidently  several  centuries  earlier,  and 
is  assigned  by  the  late  M.  Passavant  (Keeper  of  the  Library) 
to  the  ninth  century.*  In  the  centre  is  the  officiating  priest, 
a  figure  of  large  size,  represented  full  face,  as  on  the  consular 
diptychs,  and  standing  in  front  of  an  altar  covered  with  an 
ornamental  cloth  ;  his  hands  are  raised,  and  all  the  fingers 
stretched  out  in  the  act  of  benediction.  On  the  altar  is 
placed,  on  each  side,  an  ornamented  candlestick.  In  the 
centre  is  a  chalice  with  two  handles,  at  the  side  of  which  is 
a  plate  with  three  consecrated  wafers  of  very  pecuhar  form, 
being  flattened  rings,  or  annular  discs,  produced  into  an 
angle  on  the  side  nearest  the  priest.  A  closed  book  lies  on 
the  gospel  side  of  the  altar,  whilst  on  the  epistle  side  is  an 
open  volume,  thus  inscribed  in  two  columns — 

^  TE    IGl  SUPPLICES 

t(ur)  CLEME  TE    ROG 

NTISSIM  AMUS    ET 

E    PATER  PETIMDS 

*  See  Passavant's  Memoir  iu  the  Archiv.  f.  Fraukfort  Gcschichte,  T.  part  i.  185S. 


2SS         ARCHAEOLOGICAL   NOTES    IN    WESTERN    GERilANY. 

PER    IHM  UT    ACCE 

XPM    FI  PTA    ABE 

LIUM    TU  AS   ET    BE 

Uil   DM  KEDICAS 

NOSTRUM  REC    DONA 

being  the  commencement  of  tlie  canon  of  the  mass,  written 
in  letters  qnite  in  the  An<i;lo-Saxon  (or  Irish)  uncial  character. 
This  inscri])tion  is  so  minute  as  to  require  a  strong  magnifying 
glass  to  decipher  it.  Passavant  has  given  it  correctly,  but 
he  misreads  the  letter  B  in  the  sixth  and  seventh  lines 
of  the  second  column  for  r,  making  the  words  apcas  for 
ahcas  or  habeas,  and  pcnedicas  for  bencdicas.  The  cover  of  the 
altar  is  delicately  ornamented  with  foliated  rosettes  in  small 
square  compartments,  over  the  upper  part  of  whicii  is  placed  a 
fine  lace  cover.  Immediately  behind  the  priest  are  ranged  five 
acolytes,  seen  in  full  face,  each  with  a  small  book  in  his  hand  ; 
the}'  have  no  stoles,  and  each  of  the  borders  of  their  hanging 
sleeves  is  ornamented  with  three  small  crosses.  Below,  with 
their  faces  towards  the  altar,  and  consequently  with  their 
backs  to  the  spectator,  stand  five  priests,  in  chasubles  of 
the  ancient  fi^rm,  singing.  Above  the  acolytes  is  seen  the 
upper  part  of  a  depressed  semicircular  dome,  resting  on 
four  Corinthian  columns  and  capitals,  which  I  presume  is 
intended  for  the  baldaquin,  and  at  the  top  on  the  angles  are 
two  full-length  winged  angels  (spectators  of  the  ceremony) 
with  hands  outstretched. 

Another  Lectionarium  of  the  thirteenth  century  has  also 
ivories  on  the  covers  ;  that  on  the  front  is  an  early  work  of 
great  merit,  containing  two  full  length  figures  standing,  one 
on  each  side  of  a  tree  ;  these  figures  are  executed  with  very 
great  spirit,  and  altliouL^h  destitute  of  nimbs,  I  think  that 
they  are  probably  intended  to  represent  the  ^^aviour  and  St. 
John  the  Baptist.  The  former  stands  in  a  dignified  attitude, 
M'ith  the  right  h.-ind  raised,  bnt  not  in  the  act  of  benediction, 
and  the  left  holdin;--  a  I'oll  ;  whilst  the  fi«rure  to  the  U'ft, 
holding  a  rod  with  a  scioll  in  one  hand,  points  with  his  right 
to  the  feet,  or  probably  sandals,  of  the  other,  possibly  in 
allusion  to  his  unworthiniiss  to  unloose  the  latchets  of  the 
Saviour's  siioes.  The  attitude  of  this  figure  is  very  spirited. 
'I'Im!  whole  is  Hin-roundrd  by  .-i  fnli.itrd  i)order,  antl  (he  date 
cannot  be  latei-  than  the  LcnLh  or  eleventh  centui-y.    Around 


MEDLEVAL  SCULnURES  IN  IVORY, 


-# 


Part  of  an  Ivory  Tablet  on  the  Cover  oi  a  MS,  in  the  Public  Liibrary, 
Frankfort  on  the  Maine. 


(Date,  about  the  ninth  century.) 


230         ARCHAEOLOGICAL    NOTES    IN    WESTERN    GERMANY. 

the  border  are  arranged  nine  small  scenes  of  the  Nativit}', 
verv  coarsely  executed.  On  the  reverse  of  the  cover  is  a 
earvinii-  of  the  Saviour  enthroned,  with  symbols  of  the  four 
Evangelists,  of  ordinary  style  and  -workmanship. 

In  the  interior  of  iSt.  Leonard's  church  are  two  beauti- 
fully ornamented  round  arches  ;  one  of  these,  on  the  north 
side,  is  inscribed  engi:i,bi:i;tus  f.  and  contains  Avithiu  the 
tympanum  a  figure  of  Our  Lord  seated,  in  the  middle,  with 
St.  John  anJ  the  Virgin  ]\rary,  and  two  saints,  at  the  sides. 
These  arches  are  not  later  than  the  twelfth  century,  and  they 
merit  careful  examination. 

I  may  add  that  it  happened  to  be  the  great  periodical 
fair  of  Frankfort  duiing  the  time  of  our  visit,  and  as  it  lasts 
for  three  weeks,  and  is  attended  from  all  parts  of  Germany, 
the  archaeologist  may  find  in  such  an  assembly  much  to 
interest  him,  in  the  peculiar  dresses  of  various  districts,  and 
in  objects  brought  from  the  more  remote  parts  of  the 
countr}',  where  foreign  fashions  have  not  yet  superseded  the 
national  manners  and  costume. 

The  library  and  museum  at  Darmstadt  contain  many 
very  important  objects  of  Art  of  the  earlier  middle  ages. 
The  ;M.S.  Ko.  1048  is  a  fine  copy  of  the  Gospels,  which  has 
been  ascribed  to  the  ninth  centuiy.  I  prefer,  however,  to 
place  it  at  the  beginning  of  the  eleventh,  considering  it 
rather  to  have  been  executed  in  the  school  of  St.  LTdalrich. 
It  contains  four  miniatures  of  the  Evangelists,  in  the  style  of 
the  gospels  of  Charles  the  Raid's  time,  such  as  the  Golden 
Gospels  in  the  liritish  JMuseum,  llarlcian  ]\IS.,  No.  2788, 
but  the  artist  appears  rather  to  have  taken  these  as  his 
models.  Each  of  the  Evangelists  is  accompanied  by  a  page 
containing  verses  allusive  to  the  tenor  or  contents  of  his 
gospel ;  these  I  have  nowhere  else  met  with.  There  is  also 
a  miniature  of  the  Saviour,  seated,  young  and  beardless,  ^vith 
very  long  Ihjwing  hair  reaching  tu  the  breast,  the  light  hand 
elevated  in  the  act  of  benediction  in  the  Greek  maimer,  and  the 
left  hand  holding  an  open  book.  The  throne  has  two  cushions, 
with  curtains  hanging  at  the  back,  looped  up  on  each  side. 
This  fi<nire  is  entii'cly  surroiuidcfl  by  a  broad  ciicnlar  frame, 
the  ground  of  which  is  tesselatcd.  Hefner  has  given  a  copy 
of  this  figun;  in  his  Trachten  Ihich,  divis.  I.,  ])1.  'M,  page  4 J), 
but  i^y  strange  misapprehension  or  oversight  has  considered 
it   as    representing    an    ciiipross,    and   he    has    instituted    a 


DARMSTADT    LIBRARY.  231 

comparison  between  the  costume  and  that  of  a  female  in 
a  contemporary  manuscript  at  Heidelberg.  There  is  also 
an  interesting  miniature  of  a  deacon  offering  a  book  to 
St.  Peter,  who  appears  seated  on  a  throne  (tlie  former 
copied  by  Hefner,  plate  32);  and  a  seventh  miniature  of 
a  monk  offering  a  book  to  a  bishop.  From  the  verses 
attached  to  the  miniature  of  St.  Peter  it  appears  that  the 
scribe's  name  was  Gerhoo  :  I  have  not  been  able  to  learn 
that  anything  is  known  respecting  him.  The  verses  illus- 
tratino*  these  different  miniatures  are  as  follow  : — 

O 

ST.    MATTHEW. 

Mattlieus  ex  patribus  sumeiis  exordia  primus 
Scripserat  llebraico  Christi  '  miracula  verbo. 
Prinio  puerperium,  Tria  m}stica  dona  magorum, 
Qualiter  infantes  oceidere  jussit  Ilerodes, 
Ut  Doniinus  buniilis  venit  ad  baptisma  Jobannis, 
Phuiina  virtutum  niemorat  niiranda  suaruni  ; 
Post  ba3c  sponte  sua  passus  liidibria  niulta, 
Affixusque  cruei  moriens  subvenerat  orbi. 
Inter  tbeologos  genealogiis  iste  quaternos 
In  bominis  facie  siguatur  voceproplicta). 

ST.    MARK. 

Filius  almifiei  Marcus  baptismate  Petri 

Edidit  eloqiiio  Domini  magnalia  greco, 

Voce  pro[)hetali  faciens  primordia  libri, 

Narrat  per  plebem  celebrare  lavacra  Johannera. 

Daamonis  et  fraudes  Ibesum  devincere  scribens, 

Pluribus  et  siguis  divino  jure  patratis, 

Ut  crucis  in  Gabalo  delevit  crimina  mundo, 

Quern  fera  mors  sepclit,  vivum  bunc  Uix  tcrtia  reddit, 

Et  sedet  a  dextris  Deus  et  bomo  cuncti  parentis. 

Formam  frendentis  tenet  iste  sopbista  Leouis. 

ST.    LUKR. 

Lucas  Sjriacus,  Greco  sermone  peritus, 
Discipulus  Pauli,  scripsit  pra;conia  Cbristi. 
Qne  de  Zacbaria  fecit  coepisse  propbeta 
Commemorat,  vero  venit  ut  paranjmpbus  ab  alto 
Eulogium  ictse  de  patre  fereudo  Maria;. 
Ut  plus  omnigenis  salvator  consulit  egris, 
Verbis  et  factis  dilatans  signa  salutis. 
Postremo  passum  narrat,  triduoque  sepultum, 
Discipulis  visum,  cccli  super  ardua  vcctum. 
Hie  Evangelii  scriptor  nitet  ore  juveuci. 

'  In  orig.  written  xpi.     A  few  other  words  written  with  contractions  are  printed 
here  in  extemo. 


232  ARCHAEOLOGICAL   NOTES    IX    WESTERN    GERMANY. 

ST.    JOHX. 

Ctelitu?  iiu-i|)ioiis  Bortem  .symniista  Jolmniies, 
rrincipio  verbuin  fiiiii  patre  fuisi>e  coatMjumn 
Asscrit,  et  imiiulum  factuin  docet  esse  per  ipsuin  ; 
Noininat  ct  hoiniiiem  missum  veuisse  Johanuein, 
Eloiriiiin  luoi  verbo  perhibere  fideli, 
Qui  t'uit  ante  aevumtcstatur  tempore  natiim. 
Gratis  et  liiiiie  ipsiiin  eriuiainiiia  oorpore  passiini, 
Ac  cruce  suspensuin,  fossuiu  latus,  atque  sepultuin, 
Siir^euteiuque  suis  dare  maxima  gaiulia  earis. 
Ilif  u([uilam  verbo  designat  iu  alta  volando. 

JESUS  cnRiST. 

Pro  siimma  meriti  thronus  est  nccclesia  Cliristi, 
Qua  residens  totum  placidus  regit  undique  niunduin. 
Quattuor  hacc  sulium  quaj  slant  aiiimalia  eircum 
Constat  niysterium  totidom  signare  virorum, 
Quos  evangelicos  certum  est  conscribore   libros. 
Ex  aquiltc  celebrem  signo  eognosee  Joliannem  ; 
Per  vituli  formam  debes  ugnoseere  Lucam  ; 
Marcum  si  quaoris  monstratur  in  ore  leonis  ; 
Per  iiominis  vuitum  signanter  haboto  Mattbeuni. 
Ex  horuui  scriptis  aniniatur  quisque  tidelis. 

ST.    I'ETDR. 

Janitor,  0  cell  decus,  ct  lux  aurea  mundi, 
Princtqis  aecclesia)  Petrus  de  nomine  petra"*, 
Croditur  tcrrigenas  cui  solvere  summa  potcstas 
Yilia  quioso  tui  mumiseula  suscipo  servi. 
Nam  furo  ([uoil  putero,  iion  quantum  debitor  exto 
ilunc  ad  servitium  sanxi  tiln  ferre  lil)cllum. 
Hie  in  lionore  tuo  maneat  (pio  tenq)ore  cuncto. 
lluie  ilium  si  quis  temerarius  anlerat  liostis, 
Criminis  ob  eulpam  domini  euncurrat  in  iram. 
Janua  I'etre  tuo  i-iuli  sit  aperla  Gerlioo. 

Tlicrc  is  also  in  tlic  D.-ii-nistadt  Library  anotlicr  ]\rS. 
copy  of  the  Gospels,  of  the  cml  of  the  eleventh  or  early  part 
of  the  twelfth  century,  Avitli  many  miniatiu'cs  of  inferior 
execution,  hut  very  valuahlo  iur  the  history  of  the  art,  and 
ill  whirl)  iho  «-ol(»rs  arc  nnidi  mixed  with  strong  body-white. 
The  cover,  however,  of  this  vohum'  is  of  hi<;her  importance, 
as  it  contains  one  leaf  of  a  consular  diptych  supposed  hy 
I'ulszky  to  he  lost.  This  is  the  reverse  of  the  diptych  of 
J'Mavius  Asturius  (a.d.  4  11)).  The  consul  is  seated  on  a 
chair  of  state,  holding  a  scej)tro  and  a  scroll,  in  front  of  a 
toniplo  supported  by  four  Corinthian  eoluuuis  and  capitals. 
At  each  side  of  the   principal   figm'e   is  an   attendant.      The 


DARMSTADT    MUSEU.Nf.  2'6'i 

inscription  across  the  upper  part  of  the  ivory  is  as  follows, — 

MAG.    VTRIVSQ.    MIL.    CONS.    OED.    [for    ORD.]        Tllis    portioil    of 

the  diptych  is  engraved  by  Gorius  ;  the  other  moiety  is  now 
in  the  church  of  St,  Jacques  at  Liege. 

This  ivory  is  let  into  the  centre  of  the  metal  cover  of  the 
MS.,  which  is  ornamented  with  four  large  precious  stones, 
and  with  the  figures  of  four  saints  and  bishops  (thirteenth 
century),  slightly  incised  on  the  plain  sides  of  the  metal 
covers,  the  upper  and  lower  portion  with  foliage  similarly 
represented.  At  the  angles  are  four  quatre-foiled  medaUions, 
cast  in  metal,  with  figures  of  dragons  rudely  executed. 

The  Museum  at  Darmstadt  is  rich  in  mediaeval  objects  ; 
amongst  these  is  a  curious  assemblage  of  early  musical 
instruments  and  enamels.  In  the  collection  of  ivories  is  a 
large  casket,  on  which  appear  scenes  of  the  life  of  Adam, 
with  Greek  inscriptions,  similar  to  a  piece  in  Douce  Collec- 
tion, figured  by  Gorius  and  d'Agincourt ;  there  is  a  figure 
of  Pluto  at  one  end ;  Adam  is  seen  working  at  a  forge,  and 
Eve  blosvs  the  fire  with  singular  cylindrical  bellows.  Here 
are  also  very  fine  figures  of  the  evangelistic  symbols,  each 
with  four  wings,  several  smaller  sets  of  the  evangelists,  &c. 
I  may  particularly  notice  a  circular  reliquary  in  the  form 
of  a  temple  with  a  cupola,  and  with  statuettes  of  saints 
along  the  sides,  in  the  style  of  those  surrounding  the  large 
casket  in  the  Meyrick  collection.  Of  this  class  similar 
examples  occur  elsewhere.  There  is  also  a  smaller  circular 
box  of  the  same  character,  and  a  set  of  oblong  pieces,  evi- 
dently portions  of  a  casket ;  the  work  is  deeply  undercut, 
and  with  pierced  overhanging  cupolas,  with  classical  scenes, 
of  rich  Byzantine  work.  One  represents  St.  George,  another 
the  triumph  of  Alexander.  I  noticed  also  several  other 
boxes,  with  small  figures  of  saints  in  very  high  relief,  in 
the  style  of  a  curious  sculpture  in  the  collection  of  the  Rev. 
Walter  Sneyd.  There  are  several  pieces  containing  repre- 
sentations of  Christ  seated,  surrounded  by  the  evangelistic 
symbols ;  one  is  in  form  of  a  small  temple.  There  is  also 
a  small  piece  containing  an  interesting  representation  of 
the  baptism  of  our  Lord.  Of  many  of  these  no  casts  have 
until  now  been  made,  but  there  are  a  number  of  other 
equally  interesting  subjects  of  which  casts  were  taken 
by  M.  Barrot,  and  these  may  be  obtained  from  Ilerr  Keller, 
the  well-known  bookseller  of  the  Zeil,  in  Frankfort.     The 

VOL.    XIX.  II 


234 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL    NOTES    IN    WESTERN    GERMANY. 


chief  of  these  facsimiles,  so  vahiable  to  the  student  of  ancient 
art,  are  as  follows. — The  two  leaves  of  a  long  narrow  diptych 
sculptured  with  full-length  figures  of  Our  Lord  and  St.  Peter, 
standing  under  round  arches  surmounted  by  tabernacle  work, 
with  birds  and  foliage,  and  an  eleo-ant  foliated  border.  The 
Christ  is  young  and  beardless,  in  the  act  of  blessing  in  the 
Byzantine  manner.  Date,  probably  eleventh  century. — A 
somewhat  similar  diptych,  one  leaf  with  Christ  seated  hold- 
ing a  book  inscribed — data  est  mihi  omis  totestas  in  celo 
ET  IN  TKA — and  the  evangelistic  symbols  at  top  and  bottom  ; 
the  other  leaf  with  St.  Stephen,  (which  has  been  mistaken 
for  Job,)  holding  a  scroll  inscribed — aspiciens  a  longe  ecce 
VIDEO  d'i  potenx'Iam  (Acts,  vii.  55). — Two  angels  above  sup- 
jiort  a  wreath,  within  which  appears  the  divine  liand.    Below 


h 


O 


^ 


o 


o 


Hoiilpturvd  Ivon,'  ii>  the  Miinciiiii  iit  Diu-iimtiult. 


is  a  female  suckling  an  iiilaiit.  -A  small  s<juare  ivory,  deeply 
cut  (date  tenth  century),  witii  the  miracle  of  the  euro  of 
a  man  pos.sessed  with  an  evil  spirit,  represented  in  the  form 


DARMSTADT    MUSEUM.  235 

of  an  angel  (the  head  unfortunately  broken  off')  escaping 
out  of  the  mouth  of  the  maniac,  who  is  held  back  from  the 
Saviour  by  an  attendant.  The  herd  of  swine  is  seen  at  the 
bottom  of  this  curious  sculpture,  which  may  be  attributed  to 
the  artist  by  whom  the  Fejervary  ivory  representing  the 
woman  taken  in  adultery,  and  that  in  the  ]\Iaskell  collection, 
— the  restoration  of  the  widow's  son  to  life  by  the  Saviour, 
now  in  the  British  Museum — were  doubtless  executed.  For 
comparison  with  the  treatment  of  the  same  subject  in  the 
nearly  contemporary  gospels  of  Archbishop  Egbert  at  Treves,^ 
which  will  be  described  in  the  subsequent  part  of  these  notes, 
an  engraving  is  given  of  this  ivory, — A  curious  piece  repre- 
senting the  Saviour  seated,  within  a  double  vesica  piscis ; 
the  evangelists  being  introduced  in  the  corners,  and  their 
four  symbols  in  the  middle  at  the  sides.  The  four  cross-bars 
dividing  the  composition  are  inscribed — lvx — hex — pax — 
LEX. — A  sculpture  of  excellent  execution  (eleventh  century), 
representing  the  Crucifixion,  of  early  character,  with  the 
Virgin  and  St.  John  at  the  sides,  and  the  evangelistic  sym- 
bols in  the  angles.  At  the  foot  of  the  cross  is  represented 
the  grave  of  Adam,  traditionally  supposed  to  have  been  at 
the  spot  where  the  cross  was  planted  ; '  here  are  also  seen 
a  dragon  and  a  cup. — Another  sculpture  of  the  Crucifixion  ; 
the  liand  of  God  is  seen  over  the  upper  part  of  the  Cross, 
a  large  dragon  at  its  foot  ;  the  sun  and  moon  are  per- 
sonified as  Phoebus  and  Diana,  very  deeply  cut,  and  not 
represented  weeping,  as  usual. — A  group  of  the  Virgin  and 
Apostles  looking  upward,  evidently  part  of  the  scene  of  the 
Ascension,  a  very  spirited  work.^ 

{Tube  continued.) 

*  The  Darmstadt  ivory  has  been    as-  logical  Notes  made  in  Prussia  (Journal 

cribed  to   the   year  1500,  and  described  Arch.  Inst.  vol.  xvi.  p.  240),  merit  careful 

as   Armeno-Greek    work.      The   date   of  engraving. 

this  very  peculiar  artist  is  satisfactorily  ^  See    Dr.    Piper's   curious   article    on 

proved  by  a  piece  from  his  hand  figured  this  subject  in   his  Christian  Almanack 

V)y   Qorius    (vol.    iii.),    representing  the  for  1861,  where  this  ivory  is  engraved. 

crowning  of  the  Emperor  Otho  and  his  **  There  are  about  tweuty  other  pieces 

Consort  by  the  Saviour.    Tlie  four  pieces  of  which    casts   may  be    obtained   from 

by  the  same  hand  in   the  Royal   Library  Herr   Keller,    but    they    are    chiefly    of 

of  Berlin,  described  in  my  former  Archreo-  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  century  work. 


THE  CATHEDRAL,  DIOCESE.  AND  MONASTERIES  OF  WORCESTER 
IN  THE  EIGHTH  CENTURY.' 

Bv  THE  REV.  WILLIAM  STUBBS,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Navestock.  and  Libnuian  to  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

In  offering  the  folloT\'ing  remarks  on  the  early  history  of 
tlie  Cathedral  and  Diocese  of  Worcester,  I  must  premise  that 
I  do  it  "with  much  difhdence,  and  under  correction.  The  case 
of  Worcester  differs  largely  from  that  of  Peterborough  :  in 
the  latter  all  the  materials  for  liistory,  which  are  known  to 
exist,  are  few  in  number  and  need  only  a  little  criticism  to 
make  them  still  fewer.  The  materials  for  Worcester  history, 
not  onl}'  arc  abundant,  but  have  from  the  earliest  times 
received  a  scholarlike  and  critical  treatment.  In  the  first 
place  Anglo-Saxon  Worcester  can  boast  a  series  of  illustrious 
and  holy  bishops  whose  biographies  contain  much  that  throws 
incidental  light  on  the  subject  I  have  proposed  to  m3'self : 
sucli  arc  S.  Egwin,  Dunstan,  Oswald,  and  Wulfstan.  Again, 
b}'  tiic  fact  that  the  see  of  AYorccster  was  frequently  held  in 
conjunction  with  York,  it  gains  illustration  from  the  York 
biographies,  especially  in  the  lives  of  Aldulf,  Wulfstan  the 
llo])robate,  and  P^lfric. 

In  the  second  place,  Worcester  was  a  school  of  English 
liistory,  strongly  characterised  by  sound  English  feeling.  To 
this  we  owe  probably  one  existing  co|)y  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
chronicle,^  and  certainly  the  invahial)le  Chronicon  ex  Cliro- 
nicis  of  Florence.  In  the  tliird  ])lace,  the  charters  of 
Worcester  arc  exceeding])-  lull,  ai"e  very  httl(>  impaired  ])y 
forgeries,  and  were  cotHlied  soon  after  the  Compiest  by 
Hemming.  In  ihr  last  place,  (lie  history  of  Worcester  has 
bef'H  handled  by  ThcMiias  and  Creen  in  a  sound  critical  way. 

'^I'he  kingdom  of  tho  Ilwiccas  at  the  time  of  its  conversion 
coii(;iiiic(l  Worcestershire  ;iiid  Gloucestcrsliiir  witli  (ho  coriior 


'  Cotnmiinicat<^(l  to  tlio  IliHtoricnl  Sec-  tniiiH  many  Morciiui   notices  of   tho   8tli 

lion  (it  till)  Annual  Mt-otirif^  of  lliu  InHti-  century,    and    in   in    one   liand   down   t'l 

Into  in  WorccMtor,  July,  lHti2.  lOUi :  jKiHHilily  it  owchIIm origin  to  Uiitliop 

'  Tim  MS.  Ti»>oriu(»  H.  iv.  w  called  by  Wtrcfcrtli. 
Jomwlin,  (Jluonicou   Wig'Tnim: — it  con 


MONASTERIES  OF  AVORCESTER  IN  THE  EIGHTH  CENTURY.       237 

of  Somersetshire  that  is  north  of  tlie  Avon.  Worcester 
called  itself  metropolis.^  A  great  part  of  this  territory  had 
been  conquered  from  the  Britons  by  the  West  Saxon  Ceawlin, 
and  formed  a  portion  of  Wessex  from  577  till  the  date  of  the 
extension  of  Mercia  under  Penda."^  The  battle  of  a.d.  G45, 
which  drove  Ccnwcalh  into  exile,  probably  fixed  the  position 
of  this  district  in  Mercia. 

The  origin  of  the  family  which  governed  it  as  tributary  to 
the  king  of  Mercia  is  nnknoAvn  to  us.  Judging,  however, 
from  the  recorded  names,  we  feel  inclined  to  connect  it  with 
the  roj^al  houses  of  Northumbria.  The  names  of  Eanfrith, 
Eabba,  Oswald,  Osric,  Oslaf,  Osred,  are  common  to  both.^ 
Eaba,  the  wife  of  Ethelwealh  of  Sussex,  had  been  baptised  in 
the  court  of  her  brothers  Eanferth  and  Eanhere  of  the 
Hwiccas  :  ® —  Eaba,  the  Abbess  of  Coldingham,  uterine  sister 
of  Oswald  of  Northumbria,  had  a  brother  Eanferth,  who  as 
son  of  Ethelfrith  and  Acha  belongs  to  the  pedigrees  of  both 
Bernicia  and  Deira.  Without  contending  that  the  persons 
designated  by  these  names  are  identical,  the  juxtaposition 
of  them,  in  connexion  with  what  I  am  going  to  say,  points 
to  a  family  relation  at  least.  This  is  however  all  "that  we 
know  of  Eanfrith  and  Eanhere,  that  they  were  Christians 
before  the  year  661,  in  which  Ethelwealh  of  Sussex  was 
baptised. 

The  next  king  of  the  Hwiccas  was  Osric.  He  is  men- 
tioned by  Bede  as  king  in  690,  and  the  earliest  mention  of 
him  in  a  charter  is  in  676.  It  may  be  worth  while  to  devote 
a  few  moments  to  a  consideration  of  where  he  came  from. 
Ever^'^one  who  has  read  the  life  of  S.  Wilfrid  of  Hipon  must 
have  been  puzzled  by  the  way  in  wdiich  his  devoted  friend 
Alchfrith,  the  son  of  Oswiu,  and  sharer  with  his  father  of  the 
Northumbrian  throne,  disappears  from  history.  We  know 
that  he  at  least  was  closel}^  connected  with  Mercia  :  Kyne- 
burh,  the  daughter  of  Penda,  was  his  wife  :  Peada,  the  first 
Christian  king  of  the  Middle  Angles,  and  sen  of  Penda,  the 
brother  of  his  wife,  the  husband  of  his  sister,  was  brought  to 
Christianity  chiefly,  as  Bede  tells  us,  by  Alchfrith's  persuasion. 


3  Metropolis,  CD.  91.  °  Eanfrith,  Bede,  iv.    13,   and  iii.   1; 

Bath  remained  a  part  of  Mercia  until  Eabba,  Bede,  iv.  13;  Oswald,  Mon.  Anel. 

it  was  granted  by  William  lliifus  to  John  i.  541 ;  Osric,  Bede,  iv.  23  ;  Oslaf,  CD. 

of  Tours,  Bishop  of  Wells,  who  removed  34  ;  Oered,  CD.  90  ;  Cbr.  S.  ad  617. 

his  See  to  Bath  in  1088  or  1089.  *  Bede,  iv.  13. 


238  THE    CATHEDRAL,    DIOCESE,    AND    MONASTERIES 

Ethelred,  another  son  of  Penda,  also  brother-in-law  of  Alch- 
frith,  and  the  most  faithful  protector  of  Wilfrid,  \ras  king  of 
^[ercia  from  t)75  to  7u4.  It  is  unnecessary  for  me  to  enter 
here  into  the  minutiai  of  the  politics  of  Korthumbria,  but  it 
seems  pretty  plain  that  the  family  of  Oswiu  was  a  very 
divided  one,  and  that  one  part  of  it  Avas  closely  allied 
with  ^lercia.  From  Bcde  we  learn  incidentally,  that  Alch- 
frith  rebelled  against  his  father^  :  there  is  no  mention  of  his 
death  :  but  on  the  death  of  Oswiu.  his  son  Ecgfrith  suc- 
ceeded him,  nor  does  the  name  of  Alchfi-ith  aj^pear  again  in 
Bede.  Osric,  however,  who  succeeded  to  the  Northumbrian 
throne  in  718,  as  the  last  of  the  house  of  Oswiu,  if  we  may 
believe  Simeon  of  Dui-ham,  was  the  son  of  Alchfrith. 
According  to  the  recorded  tradition  of  the  Abbey  of  Glou- 
cester,^ the  king  of  Korthumbria,  who  died  in  729,  M'as 
identical  with  the  king  of  the  llwiccas  who  founded  Glou- 
cester and  Bath.  The  Gloucester  register  adds  that  he  had 
a  brother  Oswald,  the  founder  of  Pershore,^  who  governed 
Worcestershire,  and  a  sister  C^-neburh,  who  was  the  first 
Abbess  of  Gloucester  ;  and  that  the  brothers  were  put  in 
authority  by  king  Ethelred.' 

Putting  all  these  together,  I  conclude  that  Alchfrith  having 
forfeited  his  share  in  Oswiu's  kingdom  by  rebellion,  had  fled 
or  sent  his  childi'cn  to  the  protection  of  his  brother-in-law 
Ethelred,  one  of  whose  first  acts  must  have  been  the  elevation 
of  Osric.  I  have  dwelt  thus  on  the  probable  origin  of  Osric, 
not  only  because  he  was  the  founder  of  the  8ec  of  Worcester, 
but  because  his  Northumbrian  parentage,  if  it  is  a  fact,  throws 
some  light  on  the  history  of  the  Church  in  this  kingdom. 

He  was  not,  however,  the  converter  of  Ilwiccia  ;  tho 
country  had  been  Christianised  as  early  as  GGi  under  E;in- 
frith  and  Eanhere  :  the  people  probably  contained  a  fair 
sprinkling  of  native  Jiritish  Ciiristians  ;  AVorcester  itself  has 
been  claimed  as  one  of  the  seven  suiVragan  sees  of  Caerleon, 

?  P.c<le,  H.  K.  iii.  H.  Abbot. 

"  Mom.  Aii(,'1.  i.  6-J2.     Onric  tliod  7  Id.  '  Kyneburh  liius  ft  grant    ot    Bradley 

Mftii,  72'J,  buried  tit  Oloucester  before  tlio  from  Htlmlbald,  ubout  7-3,  CD.  71) :  lior 

iiltiir  of  S.  I'otroiiilla.  Chron.  Oloucoater,  biicccmhoi-h  iil  (Jloncestor  were,  iiccording 

iJoiiiitiiin  A.  8.  to  tlio  AnniilHof  Wiiicholcoiub  an<l  Olou- 

•  OnwfiM,    founder    of  PerBlioro,    for  coster  in  the  Cotton  MSS.  (Mou.  Angl.  i. 

Mciilar  clorkM,   Loluiid,  Coll.  i.  2H.'«.  v.  i. ;  r.41) : 

rcfouiidoil  by  iliioniotli,  tcin.  CVnulf ;  <lo-  Kiidbiirli,  wife  of  Wulfiicro,  king  of 

•troyed  by  Adf  bore  cir.  1>70  ;  n-foundod  Mi-n-iii     hucc.  71li. 

by  Kthelwiird  W.ida  aixl  by  Oddo  in  983,  Kafa,  for  ^3  yearn— mucc.  735-768. 

under    Onwald,    Ab|i.,    and    Folcbriglit, 


OF    WORCESTER    IX    THE    EIGHTH    CENTURY.  239 

and  as  a  Roman  city  may  have  had  a  bishop  as  early  as 
Gloucester,  which  is  mentioned  by  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  as 
an  episcopal  cit3\  J\Iore  certain  it  is  that  Augustine  passed 
through  the  Hwiccas  on  his  way  to  the  meeting  with  the 
British  Bishops  on  the  boundary  of  Wessex,  Hwiccia,  and 
Wales  ;  we  may  if  we  please  apply  the  story  of  his  curse  on 
the  men  of  Stroud  for  tying  a  fish's  tail  to  the  back  of  one 
of  his  retinue,  to  the  Gloucestershire  town  of  that  name  ;  for 
although  it  is  more  commonly  given  to  Strood  in  Kent, 
Gocelin  puts  it  in  Dorsetshire.  Gloucestershire  might  be  taken 
as  a  mean,  and  probably  the  story  is  as  true  of  the  one  as  of 
the  other. 

The  foundation  charter  of  Bath,  in  676,  shows  us  Osric 
as  a  missionary  king  and  founder.'^  As  soon,  he  says,  as  the 
evangelic  and  apostolic  dogmas  had  been  communicated  to 
him  after  his  baptism,  he  had  made  it  his  first  resolution  to 
erect  an  episcopal  see  and  to  found  monasteries  of  men  and 
women  according  to  the  decree  of  the  synod.  Here  we  have 
the  germ  of  the  See  of  Worcester.  The  synod  of  Hertford, 
in  673,  had  by  its  ninth  resolution  declared  the  necessity  of 
an  enlarged  episcopate.  At  the  moment  the  movement  was 
suspended,  owing,  as  it  is  supposed,  to  the  opposition  of 
Winfrith,  Bishop  of  Lichfield.  Three  years  had  now  elapsed 
and  Winfrith,  in  675,  had  been  deposed.  Osric  and  Ethelred 
were  determined  to  have  a  bishop  at  Worcester,  and  Tatfrith, 
a  monk  of  Whitby  and  pupil  of  S.  Hilda,  was  chosen  for  the 
ofiice.  Herefordshire  had  just  provided  itself  with  a  bishop 
in  the  person  of  Putta,  late  of  Rochester  :  but  the  See  of 
Lichfield  was  not  yet  divided,  and  until  that  was  done 
Tatfrith  could  not  be  consecrated.  The  division  was  com- 
pleted in  the  council  of  Hatfield  in  680,  but  by  this  time 
Tatfrith  was  dead.  Bosel  was  appointed  in  his  place  :  he 
was  consecrated  to  be  the  first  Bishop  of  Worcester  in  680, 
by  Theodore  of  Canterbury,  and  retained  his  See  until  691, 
when  he  resigned  from  infirmity.  His  pontificate  coincides 
with  the  remaining  years  of  Osric,  whose  last  act  seems  to 
have  been  a  sliare  in  the  appointment  of  Oftfor,  the  second 
bishop.  Osric  disappears  from  Hwiccia  in  the  same  myste- 
rious way  in  which  he  appeared  there. 

2  C.  D.  12,  d.  Nov.  6,  676,  HiU  Bathu.       bureaaro  mentioned  in  a  Mercian  Charter 
BerhtanaisAbbess,and  itia  a  Hto»n.s7fr/«m       of  681,  C.  D.  21. 
sanclarinn  virginiun,    Bemguidi  and  Folc- 


2i0 


THE    CATHEDRAL,    DIOCESE,    AND    MONASTERIES 


*«» 


111  the  year  602,  ^Ye  find  Etlielrcd^  granting  lands  without 
mention  of  a  viceroy,  but  the  next  year  Oshere  appears  as 
king.  The  charters  in  \vhich  Oshere's  name  occurs,  prior  to 
this  date,  are  looked  on  as  spurious ;  if  however  they  repre- 
sent, as  is  possible,  real  grants,  we  may  suppose  that  Oshere 
may  have  been  a  son  of  Oswald,  the  brother  of  Osric,  and 
have  succeeded  to  the  government  of  Worcestershire  as  early 
as  680.  He  also  was  a  munificent  founder  ;  he  granted 
land  at  Penitanham  "*  to  Earl  Cuthberht  for  a  monastery  for 
Abbess  Cuthswitha  ;  ^  at  Kii)ple  for  a  monastery  for  Abbot 
Frithowald,  and  at  AVithingtoQ  for  Abbess  Dimna,  of  whom 
I  shall  have  to  speak  again. 

Oshere  was  succeeded  by  his  sons  jEtlielric,^Ethellieard,  and 
jEthelweard,  about  704  ;  but  these  are  no  longer  kings,  only 
comites,  subrcguli,  and  duces  ;  the  inheritance  of  .^Ethclheard 
seems  to  have  fallen  to  Alhferth,  who  may  probably  have 
succeeded  to  the  viceroyalty  ;  Alhfcrth's  daughter,  Abbess 
Ethelburga,^  is  spoken  of  by  Aldred  who  w\is  viceroy  in  777 
in  a  way  that  leads  me  to  believe  her  to  have  been  his 
sister.  If  she  was,  then  Eanberht,  Uhtred,  and  Aldred^  were 
sons  of  Alhferth,  and  held  the  government  conjointl}",  and  as 
survivors,  until  781^,  or  later.*^  About  this  time  we  read  of 
Wigferth  duke  of  the  Ilwiccas,  who  with  his  wife  was  buried 
under  a  cross  in  the  Cathedral  cemeter3^  In  SOO  ^Etliel- 
mund  appears  as  Ealdoi'man  ;  ^Ethelric,  his  son,  does  not  seem 
to  have  succeeded  him,  but  to  have  gone  on  pilgrimage  and 
left  his  estate  to  the  church.  From  the  contests  about  his 
inheritance   which  followed,  I  conclude  that  the  family  was 


'  C.  D.  32,  iEthelred  grants  Heanburg 
to  Oftfor  :  for  S.  Petcr'a  at  Worcester. 

*  O.Hhere,  Uipi>lo,  C. D.  17;  Peuituubaua, 
C.  1).  :j«. 

*  Cuthswitha :  grant  at  Iii^iit  from  tho 
VJccroyH  in  704— 7oy,  C.  I).  53. 

'  Ktinlburga,  daugiitt-r  of  Allifortli, 
C.  I).  124  k  HO;  to  bo  di.stiuKuiHlit'.l 
froiii  Etiiuibiirga,  <laug)iter  of  OU'a,  C  D. 
1.01,  und  Alciiiu.  Kp.  [>'J,  Ed.  Migua:  both 
wore  AbbeHHufa. 

^  Aldred  loft  h\n  iiiln-ritanco  to  Oloii- 
coitcr  :  an  did  Ktheliuund  curtain  liindH, 
M..n.  Aug),  i.  511. 

"  An  attempt  at  a  list  of  the  Vicoroyu 
of  llwicciu : 

Eanbcri) and  Knnfrilli,  c.  (JO  1 .  Ilodo  iv.  1 3. 

Onric,  075,  O'JU. 

Onwiild,  (J81. 


Oshere,  692. 

yEtlieiheard,  704,  718,  73C,  and 

^Ctliebcrht,  C.  1).  r,r,,  &.c. 
ylOtholric,  7o4,  718,  730'. 
.'Etludwciird,  70l,  71(5. 

SouH  of  OHhore.  C.  D.  83. 
Kiinbi-rlit.  7.07,  751»,  757,  C.  D.  102 
Al.Uv.l,  777.  789. 
Uhtred,  7(i7,  770. 
Alhfi-rtli,  781,  798. 
Wiferth,  781,  798. 
/litheluiiuid,    d.    800 — Hon    of   Inguld, 

C.    1).    117,  a  comeu  of    Uhtred   iu 

7(i7. 

Ingcld  had  been  coiihh  to  ICtlioI- 

bald.      Lapp.  i.  2.')1.      IJcurahcard  JH 

cuiiii'H  in  C.I).  I2.'i. 
.Kihuiric,  U.  804. 


OF    WORCESTER    IN    THE    EIGHTH    CENTURY.  241 

now  extinct  and  as  I  find  no  more  vicero3^s  mentioned,  it  is 
probable  that  the  administration  of  Hwiccia  was  now  mero-ed 
in  that  of  the  sub-kingdom,  and  at  the  end  of  the  century  in 
the  ealdormanship  of  Mercia. 

And  I  may  as  well  dismiss  in  this  place  the  subject  of  the 
chronology  of  the  bishops.  I  see  no  reason  to  depart  from 
Florence's  computation  except  in  the  trifling  matter  which  I 
liave  noted  in  m}'-  book  on  the  General  Chronology  of  En^dish 
Bishoj^s.^  I  will  now  return  to  the  history  of  the  foundation 
of  the  See  and  Cathedral  church.  The  Worcester  annalist 
who  edited  the  copy  of  Marianus  Scotus,  said  to  be  preserved 
in  the  Library  of  C.  C.  C.  Oxford,^  has  added  to  the  account 
given  by  Florence  of  the  origin  of  the  See,  that  Oshere,  at 
the  foundation  of  the  Cathedral  bestowed  lands  upon  it  which 
were  apportioned  partly  to  the  bishop,  partly  to  the  canons 
by  an  act  of  Archbishop  Theodore.  This  is  of  course  the 
misrepresentation  of  a  later  age  :  the  order  of  canons  eo 
nomine  did  not  exist  until  many  years  after  this  date  ;  it 
may  however  be  worth  while  to  inquire  what  sort  of  a  society 
it  was  which  constituted  the  germ  of  the  present  chapter. 
The  question  may  seem  a  trifling  one,  more  especially  as  the 
grounds  on  which  we  are  to  seek  an  answer  to  it  are 
extremely  scanty ;  as,  however,  it  serves  to  bring  out  some 
few  points  of  interest,  the  discussion  of  it  may  be  taken 
here. 

All  that  we  know  of  the  original  occupants  of  the  Cathe- 
dral Monastery  may  be  comprised  in  the  two  facts  that  their 
house  is  called  a  "  monasterium,"  the  Monastery  of  S.  Peter,^ 
and  that  they  were  by  and  by  opposed  to  a  society  of  monks 
called  the  Monastery  of  S.  Mary,  wdiich  emerges  to  light  a 
very  few  3'ears  after  our  first  hearing  of  the  Monastery  of 
S.  Peter,  and  to  whose  occupants  the  canons  of  S.  Peter's 
were  obhged,  under  Oswald,  to  give  up  their  property  and 
ca])itular  character. 

We  learn  from  Bede  that  the  original  "  families"  of  the 
English  bishops  were  mixed  companies  of  clerks  and  monks. 

'  Mon.  Angl.  i.  607.  sulatum  susccpit."    F.  Wig.  717. 

^  I  may  however  notice  that  it  was  a  Wilt'erth:  sigua  with  Milred.     CD.  95. 

practice  of  the  early  Worcester  Bishops  ^  ^\\  ^ijg  pi-incipal  mouasteries  iu  the 

to  retire  from  the  administration  of  the  diocese  were  dedicated  to   S.    Peter  :^ 

See  before  their  death,  cj.  :  Bath,  C.  D.  193  ;  Gloucester,  Mon.  An") 

Bosel,  F.  Wig.  691.  i.  541 ;  Bredon,  C.  D.  138. 

Egwin  :  "illo  superstite,  Wilfridus  prac- 

VOL.  XIX.  K    K 


242  THE    CATHEDRAL,    DIOCESE,    AND    MONASTERIES 

Augustine,  the  Prior  of  S.  Andrew's  at  Kome,  and  first 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  a  monk,  and  agreeably  to 
the  first  answer  of  S.  Gregory  to  his  questions,  hvcd 
monastically  with  his  clergy,  having  all  things  in  common. 

The  Irish  clergy,  to  whose  agency  the  north  and  middle 
of  England  were  indebted  for  conversion,  were  most  certainly 
monks  also  ;  and  the  bishops  probably  shared,  in  some  mea- 
sure, the  characteristics  of  the  bishops  at  home,  the  principal 
of  which  was  the  subordination  of  the  episcopal  to  the 
monastic  jurisdiction  in  all  matters  not  touching  purely 
spiritual  functions.  Not  that  such  a  system  ever  existed  in 
England  as  it  is  agreed  to  have  done  in  Ireland  ;  but  that 
as.  ])cde  informs  us,  was  the  use  at  Lindisfarne,  the  bishop 
and  his  clerks,  the  abbot  and  his  monks  lived  together  in  the 
same  monaster}^  and  by  the  necessary  consequence  of  the 
inconvenience  of  such  a  divided  power,  the  bishop  in  some 
churches  was  not  only  the  head  of  the  clerks  but  abbot  of 
the  monks  at  the  same  time.  Whether  or  not  we  accept  the 
account  of  the  origin  of  Osric  and  his  family,  we  know  from 
other  sources  that  the  Christianity  of  ]\Iercia  and  Hwiccia, 
as  included  in  it,  was  derived  from  Northumbria  ;  but  it 
must  be  remembered  that  it  was  not  until  aflor  the  consoli- 
dation of  the  two  branches  of  the  Church  by  Theodore  that 
the  Cathedral  was  founded  ;  whilst,  therefore,  (i  priori,  we 
are  inclined  to  believe  that  there  was  a  monastery  at  Worcester 
to  begin  with,  in  which  Bosel  and  his  clerks  would  be  planted, 
we  nnist  not  forget  to  look  at  Canterbury,  from  which 
Theodore  would  pi'obably  take  his  model  for  the  new  cathe- 
drals. What  did  ho  find  there'?  Was  the  double  system 
devised  by  Augustine  pursued  by  his  successors,  or  were  the 
monks  relegated  to  S.  Augustine's  i^lonastery  and  the 
seculars  left  at  Christ  Church  'i  There  is  a  bull  of  Pope 
Ponifacc  of  the  year  (jl5,  which,  if  it  really  describes  a 
system  that  continues  seventy  years  latei-,  pi'oves  that  it  was 
80 :  and  such  a  conclusion  agrees  with  the  subsequent 
tradition  of  Canterbury,  whicli  jjlaces  the  extinction  of  the 
monks  alxjut  the  yi-ar  S!];}.  The  same  also  may  be  inl'en-ed 
I'lum  the  passage  of  Jiedc  quoted  above,  whose  silence  is  a 
j)risiiniptiv(;  ai'gument  that  the  system  inlroduccd  I)y 
Augustin(j  did  coiitiniu;  in  Iiis  (iiiic.  On  thcdthcr  hand,  the 
firet  authentic  notice  t>\'  lln'  ( 'li.ijilci-  of  r;iiit(iliiiiy,  about 
813,  shows    that    they  were  not   strictly  monks.      W'c   nuist 


OF   WORCESTER    IN    THE    EIGHTH    CENTURY.  243 

add  two  further  presumptions — Hrst,  that  as  the  cliaractcr  of 
a  monk  did  not  at  this  time  at  all  involve  the  taking  of  holy 
orders,  a  monastic  house,  however  well  qualified  to  be  the 
bishop's  familia,  could  not,  as  a  monastic  house,  furnish  a 
Chapter,  which  must  consist  of  pi'icsts  :  secondly,  that  as  no 
rule  for  priests  living  in  community  yet  existed,  any  such 
community  would  be  popularly  described  as  a  monastery. 
From  the  first  we  understand  that  all  the  bishop's  advisers 
might  be  both  priests  and  monks  ;  and  from  the  second,  that 
the  term  "  monastery"  does  not  exclude  the  occupancy  by 
secular  priests,  even  without  a  monk  among  them.^ 

Without  attempting  arbitrarily  to  decide,  we  may,  I  think, 
feel  pretty  sure  that  the  Cathedral  Society,  though  it  may 
not  have  consisted  entirely  of  monks,  must  have  contained 
considerable  monastic  elements.  Tatfrith,  the  first  person 
elected  to  the  See,  was  a  monk  of  S.  Hilda  ;  Bosel,  tlie 
second,  is  said  to  have  been  the  same  ;  Oftfor,  the  third, 
certainly  was ;  S.  Egwin,  though  with  no  leaven  of  Scot- 
ticism, was  a  monk  also,  probably  a  regular  Benedictine. 

It  is,  however,  begging  the  question  to  say  that  the  monks 
were  Benedictines.  It  is  questioned  whether  Augustine  and 
his  party  were  so,  and  it  is  certain  that  if  they  were  so,  they 
only  introduced  the  rule  of  Benedict  in  that  lax  and  degene- 
rate form  in  which  they  had  received  it  at  home.  Into  the 
north  of  England  an  attempt  to  introduce  Bcnedictinism  was 
made  by  Wilfrid,  but  Benedict  Biscop  really  brought  it  from 
Lerins,  and  that  too  late  to  introduce  it  in  all  its  strictness 
into  any  existing  English  foundation.  The  theory-  of  the 
true  Benedictines  was  as  irreconcileable  with  an  Episcopal 
monastery  as  the  necessity  of  a  secular  Chapter  was  with 
monastic  vows.  Cassian  particularises  bishops  and  w^omen 
as  two  of  the  great  risks  for  monks  to  avoid,  and  the  strict- 
ness of  monastic  life  would  be  diametrically  opposed  to  the 
true  mission  work  of  the  ministry.  But  the  exigencies  of  the 
conversion  of  Eno-land  brought  the  two  together.  Wilfrid, 
a  thorough  Benedictine,  was  also  a  bishop,  and  presided  over 
several  monasteries  at  once.  So  did  Egwinc  at  Worcester 
and  Evesham  ;  S.  Aldlielm  at  Sherborn,  J\Ialmsbury,  and 
Bradford.     It  was,  in  fact,  the  custom  of  the  land,  and  was 

'  In  610,  Boniface  IV.  in  a  coiincil  at       of  priest.     Hussej's  note  on  Bede,  H.  E. 
Rome  coudemued  those  who  pretended       ii.  4,  11. 
that  monks  could  not  discharge  the  office 


21J:  THE    CATHEDRAL,    DIOCESE,    AND   MONASTERIES 

carried  by  Anglo-Saxon  missionaries  into  Germany,  the  only 
other  country  in  \Yhich  monastic  cathedrals  are  known  to 
have  existed. 

Very  early,  however,  the  opposition  between  episcopal 
rights  and  monastic  claims  resulted  in  the  foundation  of 
another  monastery.  As  at  Canterbury,  S.  Augustine's  rose 
without  the  walls  to  rival  Christ  Church  within,  as  the  rival 
minsters  stood  side  by  side  at  Winchester,  as  in  later  times 
Westminster  was  to  S.  Paul's,  S.  Ouen  at  Rouen  to  the 
Cathedral,  S.  ^Martin's  at  Tours  to  S.  Gatian's — so  at  Wor- 
cester, the  Monastery  of  S.  Mary  was  founded  in  close 
proximity  to  the  Cathedral."'  It  is  curious  that  our  first  notice 
of  S.  Clary's  occurs  shortly  after  the  Council  of  Clovesh  o 
in  747,  in  which  the  rule  of  S.  Benedict  was  implicitly  en 
forced  on  all  })ropcr  monasteries.  At  the  same  time  Chrode- 
gang  instituted  the  order  of  Canons,  into  which  the  Chapter 
of  Worcester,  without  following  the  minutia?  of  his  rule, 
shortly  threw  tlicmselves.  I  think  it,  then,  extremely  pro- 
bable that  up  to  this  date,  74 7,. the  double  system  had  con- 
tinued, and  that  from  a  separation,  ensuing  from  the  acts  of 
the  council,  between  the  bishop's  clerks  and  the  monks,  the 
origin  of  the  monastic  house  was  derived  :  in  fine,  that  about 
747  the  compound  society  resolved  itself  into  the  Secular 
College  of  S.  Peter  and  the  ]\ronastic  Society  of  S.  Mary. 
They  were  close  together  under  the  eye  of  the  bishop,  but 
so  far  as  I  can  see  they  are  kept  carefully  distinct  from  about 
77u  to  OG'l,  when  S.  jMary's  swallowed  up  S.  Peter's,  or  as 
W.  !>ralMisbury  more  poetically  expresses  it,  the  claviger 
j)aradisi  was  forced  to  give  way  to  the  janitrix  coeli. 

It  appears  from  a  synoihd  document  of  S.  Wulstan,  tliat  the 
Cathedral  was,  from  time  immemorial,  the})arish  church  of  the 
city  of  Worcester,  the  churches  of  S.  Helen  and  S.  Alban  being 
vicarages  or  chapels  of  ease  under  it.  Tliis  fact,  however,  is 
not  at  variance  with  what  1  have  said.  Worcester  stands  in 
that  class  of  cathedrals  which  wo-c  loiindcd  from  the  be- 
ginning in  large  cities;  it  is,  like  C;interbiiry  itself",  an  instance 
of  a  successful  missionary  establishment  attaining  its  due 
development.  It  was  not  in  this  case  as  among  tlie  churches 
founded  by  the  Irish,  a  bishop  setting  out  with  a  staff  of 
monks  already  complete,  and  fixing  his  residence  in  a  j)lace 

*  Ciui.  '2i,  v.  .ViiljilloM,  Acta  SS.  i.  xxxiii. 


OF    WORCESTEll    IN    THE    EIGHTH    CENTURY.  245 

adapted  as  much  for  retreat  as  for  pastoral  care.  Kor  yet, 
as  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  Latter  sees,  llamsburj,  for  in- 
stance, a  bishop  set  down  without  a  cathedral  body  at  all.^ 
It  was  not  a  case  like  the  foundations  of  Henry  I.  and 
Henry  VIII.,  determined  only  by  the  fact  that  in  such  and 
such  an  abbey  there  were  revenues  enough  to  support  a 
bishop  :  here  was  a  church,  the  parish  church  of  the  city,  the 
city  the  metropolis  of  the  kingdom  ;  to  such  a  churcli  a 
bishop  was  the  necessary  complement,  the  clergy  of  the  parish 
became  the  Chapter  of  the  Cathedral. 

Whether  or  not  at  this  early  period  the  monks  and  clerks 
used  the  same  church,  it  would  appear  almost  certain  that  a 
new  church  of  S.  Mary  was  built  before  770.  Possil^ly  one 
building  served  the  two  bodies,  the  clerks  using  the  clioir  and 
the  monks  the  nave  ;  and  this  seems  almost  probable  from  the 
fact  that  the  Viceroys  Aldred,  Ulitred,  and  Eanberlit,  in  one 
charter  state  that  their  parents  were  buried  in  the  church- 
yard of  S.Mary's,  and  in  another  in  that  of  S.  Peter's."  Both 
charters  however  bear  marks  of  interpolation  ;  S.  Peter's 
churchyard  was  the  burial  place  of  the  Hwiccian  dukes.  To 
suppose  that  the  two  churches  stood  side  by  side,  so  that  the 
cemetery  belonged  to  both,  is  perhaps  most  reasonable.'  The 
distinction  between  the  two  remains  to  the  time  of  Oswald. 
The  bishopstool  belongs  to  S.  Peter's,  the  monks  served 
God  in  S.  Mary's :  under  Oswald  the  bishopstool,  though 
dedicated  to  S.  Peter,  is  placed  in  the  monastery  of  S. 
Mary  ;  and  yet  the  church  of  S.  Peter  continued  to  the 
Conquest,  for  it  was  repaired  in  S.  Wulstan's  time  with  the 
stone  belonging  to  the  tomb  and  burial- cross  of  Wigferth, 
Duke  of  the  Hwiccas. 

I  have  dwelt  at  this  Icno-th  on  the  monastic  elements  and 
monastic  origin  of  the  cathedral,  because  it  serves  to  illus- 
trate much  of  the  history  of  the  other  monastic  establish- 
ments in  the  diocese.  In  their  history  as  it  remains,  written 
for  us  in  the  authentic  Acts  of  the  Worcester  Chartulary,  we 
have  exemplifications  of  almost  every  stage  of  the  early 
monastic  history  of  England.  The  missionar}^  stage  may  be 
looked   on   as   exemi)lified  in   the   Cathedral   Minster.     Of 

*  Malmesb.  G.  P.  iii.  terio   beatissinii  Apostolorum  Principis, 

*  C.  D.  102,  S.   Peter'?,  spurious;  C.       ecclesiam    eauctae    Dei    genetricis  fecit, 
D.  128,  S.  Mary's,  spurious.  quam    consecravit    arcliiepiscopus   Mel- 

7  Bede,  H.  E.  ii.  7,  says  of  King  Ead-       litus." 
bald  of  Kent  —  "  Denique  et  in  moniis- 


21G  THE    CATHEDRAL,    DIOCESE,    AND    MONASTERIES 

this  cnougli  has  been  said.  All  the  earliest  monasteries 
were  mission  stations.  When,  about  the  beginning  of  the 
eightli  century,  the  niissionar}'  field  began  to  narro^Y,  and 
the  missionary  spirit  to  subside  or  to  seek  a  new  field  in  Ger- 
many, a  stage  supervened  which  is  marked  by  two  decidedly 
opposite  phases.  The  devotional  spirit  which  had  found 
work  in  missions  now  took  refuge  in  an  anchoretic  asceticism. 
8uch  is  the  origin  of  Crowland,  compared  with  Peterborough ; 
such,  if  we  ma}^  believe  the  authenticity  of  the  Evesham 
charters,  was  Evesham  compared  with  Worcester  :  such  was 
beyond  all  doubt  the  monastery  of  S.  ]\rary  compared  with 
the  cathedral  of  S.  Peter.  These  monasteries  or  rather  the 
best  of  them  followed  the  example  of  S.  Augustine's  at  Canter- 
bury, and  the  Benedictine  rule  as  amplified  by  Cassiodorus  : 
they  were  not  only  places  of  devotion  and  penitentiaries,^  but 
schools  of  learning.  I  think  that  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
this  characteristic  was  owing  to  Benedictinism — though  it 
may  not  have  been  peculiar  to  it.  Certainly  both  St.  Augus- 
tine's, the  school  of  the  south,  and  Jarrow  and  Wearmouth, 
the  liome  of  Bede,  the  school  of  the  north,  were  Benedictine 
by  this  time.  What  they  were  in  these  parts  of  Eni;land, 
JJredun  probably  was  in  Ihviccia  :  and  I  shall  adduce  JJrcdun 
jis  a  pattern  instance  of  this  particular  development. 

Jh-cdon  was  founded  by  Eanult"  of  ]\rcrcia,  the  cousin  of 
Ethclbald  the  king,  in  the  year  710'.  The  year  is  fixed  by  the 
fact  that  it  was  done  by  the  permission  of  Ethelbald  who  began 
to  reign  in  that  year  and  by  the  advice  of  Egwine  who  died 
the  following  year.  It  was  a  seminary  of  useful  learning 
and  produced  an  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  Tatwin,  witliin 
seventeen  years  of  its  foundation.  It  was  dedicated  to  S. 
Peter,  as  was  also  the  monastery  of  Bredon  in  Gyrvia  which 
has  been  confounded  with  it.  Ofla,  who  was  the  grandson 
of  the  founder,  was  its  great  benefactor  ;  lie  gave  it  lands  at 
Evenlode  (to  revert  to  it  on  the  death  of  Itidda,  his  wife 
Ihicga,  and  their  daughter  lleaburge),  at  Warsctfeld," 
Ceflune  and  Wi'eddcnhale,  at  Te<ldington,  Codswcll,  near  tho 
Mons  Ilwiccioruni,  Washburn  and  Is'orthtun.  It  was  still 
in  being  in  848  when  Bfiorlitwnll',  at  the  request  of  Ilum- 


*  I'otiitiiuti.irif'M.  SciiTlifod.prii'H"  I'iMii-  WcK'TimcoHtcr,"  C.  D.  34. 

totiUal  "   yiirmii  :    r  ij.   OHlaf,   a  'I'hiiiio  of  ''  OiuiiIm  to   ISroilmi.      I''voi)lo(lo,  C.  D. 

King  Klhulr<'<l,  "iimio  iiiiiiiut  ill  \h'\  Hor-  120;   WuiMidfcld,   &c.,   l.'JS;   Tottington, 

viliu   iu  civiUUs  4Uiu    uoNtratiiu   dioilur  kc,  C.  D.  11 0. 


OF    WORCESTER    IN    THE    EIGHTH    CENTURV.  217 

berht,  prince  of  the  Tonscts,  freed  it  from  imposts,  and  at  this 
time  it  is  said  to  have  been  held  by  400  monks.  Eanmund 
is  mentioned  as  being  then  abbot.  Tliis  is  the  last  we  hear 
of  it ;  it  was  probably  soon  after  absorbed  into  the  bishoj)- 
stool,  to  which  it  had  long  belonged  as  a  villa  episcopal  is 
at  the  time  of  the  Conquest.^  Eanulf  also  founded  a  monastic 
house  at  Westbury.  Of  Evesham  I  shall  say  nothing — it 
would  of  course  require  quite  separate  treatment,  and  so 
httle  is  authentically  known  of  its  early  history,  that  it 
would  hardly  deserve  more  than  a  casual  mention. 

The  other  development  of  monasticism  or  rather  pseudo- 
monasticism  is  that  described  by  Bcde  in  the  letter  to 
Archbishop  Ecgberht.  Laymen,  unexercised  in  the  use  of 
monastic  life,  unendowed  with  the  love  of  it,  give  money  to 
the  kings  and  buy  for  themselves,  under  the  2">retence  of 
building  monasteries,  territories  in  which  they  may  indulge 
their  own  licence  :  they  get  these  grants  attested  and  con- 
firmed by  bishops,  abbots,  and  temporal  dignities  :  and  there 
they  assemble  a  number  of  people,  not  monks,  but  persons 
expelled  from  other  monasteries,  their  own  satellites,  their 
wives  and  children.  Without  going  so  far  as  to  say  which 
of  the  Worcestershire  monasteries  exactly  represents  Bede's 
description,  we  shall  see  that,  in  a  large  number,  the  provi- 
sion for  the  family  of  the  founder  was  a  more  leading  object 
than  any  devout  purpose.  I  will  adduce,  in  illustration  of 
this,  the  monasteries  of  Fladbury,  Sture  in  Usmere,  that  of 
Abbot  Headda,  and  Withington. 

1.  Fladbury  was  one  of  the  earliest  foundations  :  it  was 
given  to  Oftfor  by  Ethelred,  about  691 :  ^ — Egwine  exchanged 
it  with  iEthelheard  the  viceroy  for  Stratford,  and  from 
jEthelheard  it  descended  by  inheritance  to  Alfred,  and 
Aldred.^  Aldred  a'ave  it  to  his  kinswoman  Abbess  Ethel- 
burga  as  a  provision,  with  reversion  to  the  cathedral :  on 
her  death  it  fell  in  and  was  confirmed  to  the  bishopstool  by 
Kcnulf,  in  a  charter  without  date."* 

2.  Sture  in  Usmere,^  supposed  to  be   Kidderminster,  was 


1  Possibly  I  am  mistaken  iti  clistin-  succession  of  OfFa,  the  grandson  of  Eanulf, 

.giii.-ihiug  Uredou  from  other  monasteriea  to  the  crown  of  Mercia. 
of  the  ago  by  the  iutcutioii  of  the  fomulor;  •  C.  D.  33. 

it  may  have  owed  its  protection  and  ag-  ^  C.  D.  14G. 

grandisement  to  the  fact  that- it  became  '  C.  D.  215. 

a  monastery  of  royal  fouudatiou  by  the  *  Sture,  C.  D.  SO. 


'2iS  THE    CATHEDRAL,    DIOCESE,    AND    MONASTERIES 

founded  in  73 G  by  Cyncberlit  :  he  made  his  son  Ceolferth, 
Abbot,  who  left  it  with  the  rest  of  his  estates  to  the  See.*^ 

3.  In  759,  Eanberht,  Uhtred,  and  Akh-ed,"  gave  an  estate 
at  Onnanford  to  Abbot  Headda.  lie,  in  the  time  of  his  kins- 
man, Bishop  Ileathored,  left  this  and  the  rest  of  his  property 
to  AVorccster,  under  condition,  "  quod  mei  liaDredes,  in  mea 
geuealogia,  in  ecclesiastico  gradu  de  viriU  sexu  percipiant, 
quamdiu  in  mea  prosapia  tani  sapiens  et  prassciens  inveniri 
potest  qui  rite  et  monastice  ecclesiasticam  normam  regere 
queat,  et  nunquam  potestati  laicorum  subdetur."  This  con- 
dition with  all  its  limitations  is  very  ditlerent  in  spirit  from 
the  charge  of  Benedict  Biscop.^  It  were  better  that  the 
whole  monastery  should  return  to  an  everlasting  wilder- 
ness than  that  his  brother  should  be  made  Abbot  tliere. 
Beware  of  choosing  an  abbot  from  regard  to  his  family 
only. 

4.  Withington.^ — This  was  given  by  King  Oshere  to  her 
Abbess  Dunna  and  her  daughter  Bucga,  to  build  a  monastery 
on.  Dunna  at  her  death  left  it  to  her  granddaughter  Ilrot- 
wari,  a  minor.  Her  mother  Bucga,  although  disqualified  by 
matrimony,  took  possession  of  the  monastery  as  abbess,  and 
when  llrotwari  was  old  enough  to  take  it,  declined  to  sur- 
render ;  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  the  synod  of 
the  church  were  appealed  to,  Bucga  was  compelled  to 
surrender,  and  the  reversion  of  the  monastery  on  the  death 
of  llrotwari  was  secured  to  Worcester.  It  fell  in  during  the 
pontificate  of  bishop  Milred,  who  gave  it  for  life  to  Abbess 
Etlielburga. 

The  frequent  mention  of  Abbesses  in  these  records  leads 
me  to  speak  of  this  curious  transgression  of  the  Benedictine 
rule.  For  these  monasteries  were  not  all  nunneries,  and  seem 
to  liave  been  given  to  abbots  or  abbesses  as  suited  family 
ari-angemcnt.  I  have  already  mentioned  Cassian's  rule'  that 
tlie  monks  should  j)articularly  avoid  bishojjs  and  women. 
JiuLli  customs,  that  of  cathedral  monks  and  that  of  monas- 
teries governed  by  women,  are  clearly  dcducii^le  from  Irish 
precedent.  Xot  to  sjiend  time  upon  it — the  1^'rcnch  monas- 
teries i)\'  the  iul«!  of  Columbanus,  and  tho  English  school  of 
Hilda,  IVuiii  which  so  many  bishops  ])ro('ceded,  are  instances 

'•  C.  D.  127.  '  WitliiiiKton,  C.  D.  82.  124. 

1  Ho:i.i<lii,  C.  I).  \()r>.  109.  *  CuBBittu,  V.  GicBolor  ii.  VJ. 

■  Ucdo,  Vitw  Abbut.  c.  V. 


OF    WORCESTER    IN   THE    EIGHTH    CEXTURY.  249 

in  point.  Theodore  in  his  "  Penitential "  has  a  provision  to  the 
effect  that  it  is  wrong-  for  women  to  have  monasteries  of 
men  and  for  men  to  have  monasteries  of  women,  but  since 
he  found  the  custom  existing  in  tlie  country  he  would  not 
abrogate  it.  The  great  prevalence  of  such  houses  in  England 
is  a  proof  of  the  extent  to  which  the  whole  church  was 
leavened  with  Scottish  discipline.  This  Ethelburga,  the 
daughter  of  Alfred,  has  been  supposed  to  be  the  foundress 
of  S.  Mary's  Abbey,  but  this  is  without  authority ;  she  cer- 
tainly had  monasteries  at  Fladbury  and  Withington.^  These 
family  monasteries  were  not  intended  to  be  permanent :  they 
were  founded  plainly  for  the  cheap  support  of  a  member  of 
the  connexion,  and  the  reversion  of  them  to  the  Mother 
Church  in  many  cases  is  provided  for  :  possibly  it  was  a  con- 
dition on  which  their  immunities  were  purchased  from  the 
pious  princes,  a  cheap  way  of  making  the  best  of  both  worlds. 
All  these  monasteries,  however,  whether  founded  in  dev^o- 
tion  or  in  worldly  policy,  had  their  relation  to  the  bishopstool. 
Exempt  monasteries,  in  the  later  sense  of  the  term,  were  not 
yet  introduced  into  England  :  at  least  there  is  no  authority 
for  any  thing  like  an  exemj)t  jurisdiction  :  the  earliest 
grant  of  exemption  is  to  Chertsey  about  a.d.  680,  and 
next  comes  the  one  of  Woking,  which  I  brought  before  the 
Institute  last  year  ;^  these  only  concern  the  internal  and 
secular  concerns  of  the  house,  the  spiritual  supervision  still 
belongs  to  the  bishop.  The  bishop  is  still  the  representative 
and  head  of  the  whole  church  in  the  diocese,  has  certain 
rights  even  in  the  property*  of  the  monasteries,  and  a  rever- 
sion of  the  property  of  the  extinct  is  in  some  cases  secured 
to  the  See  by  deed,  in  many  others  apparently  by  lapse. 
In  the  latter  part  of  the  century  the  reversions  of  the 
houses  that  had  been  founded  for  two  or  three  Uves  began 
to  fall  in,  but  the  cathedral  was  not  suffered  to  enter  on 
them  without  a  struggle.  I  will  instance  two  or  three  of 
these  cases  as  illustrating  other  points  as  weU.  1.  The  great 
monastery  of  Bath  was  still  subject  to  the  bishopstool  of  the 

^  Another  Abbess  Eanburga   is  men-  ■•  e.f/.  Bishop  ^Ihun  in  849,  C.  D.  262, 

tioned  by  Offa,  C.   D.  HI ;  the  land  at  gives  to  King   Berhtwulf   lands,  which 

Homtiin    granted    to    her    must     have  had  been  given  to  IJredou  by  Offa  in  780, 

lapsed  to  Worcester  in  781.     C.  D.  143.  some   of    which   had   been    taken    from 

•■'  Arch.  Journ.  vol.  xviii.  pp.  204,  211.  Bishop  Heaberht  in  840,  C.  D.  245,  and 

The   Chertsey   privilege   has    not    been  restored.     Cf.  C.  D.  1 40,  262.     Also  Offa 

printed  :  it  occurs  in  MS.  Cotton.  Vitellius  grants  lands  to  Eanburga  on  the  sole  sub- 

A.  xiii.,  probably  interpolated.  jcction  toS.  Peter's,  Worcester,  C.  D.  141 

VOL.    XIX.  L    L 


250  THE    CATHEDRAL,    DIOCESE,    AND    MONASTERIES 

metropolis:  but  by  7S1  that  also  had  fallen  in.  Oila  laid 
claim  to  it,  but  as  ho  knew  the  tenacious  character  of  the 
Bishoji  Ileathored,  lie  thought  it  advisable  to  lay  claim  to  a 
good  deal  more  ;  he  asserted  that  Bath,  Stratford,  Kidder- 
minster, and  lands  at  Bredon,  Homtun,  and  Stour,  belonged 
to  him  as  of  the  inheritance  of  King  Ethelbald.  A  synod  was 
held  at  Brentford.^  Olfa  comj^elled  Ileathored  to  give  up  Bath 
on  condition  of  having  the  remaining  lands  confirmed  to  him : 
the  comj^romise  is  signed  by  all  the  bishops  of  England. 

2,  Another  case   is   the   inheritance  of  ufEthelric,^  son  of 
-£thelmund  the  ealdorman,  and  Ceolburga,  who  was  probably 
afterwards  Abbess  of  Berkley.     Ethelinund  seems  to  have 
founded  a  monastery  at  Deerhurst,  and  to  have  been  buried 
there  :  he  was  killed  in  800  at  the  battle  of  Kempsford.  Ethel- 
ric,  his  son,  went  on  pilgrimage  to  Home,  having  before  his 
departure  obtained  leave  of  a  witenagemot,  at  Clovesho,  to 
mortgage  his  property  to  any  one  he  pleased.    On  his  return 
he  recovered  his  lands,  and  in  a  synod  at  Acle  devised  them, 
some  to  Deerhurst,  some  to  Gloucester,  and  some  to  private 
individuals,  with  a  reversion  to  Worcester.  Among  these  was 
his  mother  Ceolburga,  to  whom  he  gives  forty-three  mancntes 
at  Westminster,  that  was  in  fact  a  monastery  at  Westbury, 
that  she  may  have  as  long  as  she  lives  a  defence  and  main- 
tenance against  the  Berclingas,  whoever  they  wci'e.  Ceolburga, 
Abbess  of  Berkley,  died  in  SOj.     Ethelric  ap})cars  to  have 
died  before  her.     In  824,  after  the  death  of  king  Cenwulf, 
the    suit    emerges.     The  monastery   of  Berkley  claimed  it 
against  Ileaberht  the  bishop.    It  seems  probable  that  Abbess 
Cyncdritha,  the  daughter  and  heiress  of  Cenwulf,  had  some 
hand  in  the  business.     She  was  an  un|)rincipled  woman,  liad 
murdered  her  own  brother,  and  had  taken  ])ossi'ssion  of  lai'go 
property   belonging  to  the  See  of    Canterbury   which  her 
father  had   confiscated.'^     I   imagine   that    slui   must    have 
succeeded  to  the  Abbacy  of  Berkley  on   the   death  of  Ceol- 
burga,  but  tliis  is  not  clear.      The  Berkley  family^  were 
obliged  to  give  up  their  claims,  and  the  bishop  proved  his 
right  by  the  oaths  uf  iifty   mass  priests  and  ten  deacons  at 


•  C.  D.  M8.  Tilliero,  AMmt  of  Borkloy,  waa  mado 

•  lull,  of  /Ktliolric,  C.  D.  186,  218.  liiHhop  of  Wonostoi-  in  777. 
'  C.  D.  t'la,  4c.  C<'<>ll)m>,'a  wim  AIiIk'hh  in  hdj. 

'     Uvrkley   U   an   illuHtration   of    tliu  Ktlulhnn.Abbutof  liurkluy,waii  Bubop 

fotnalo  AbbiMiicn.  in  015. 


OF    WORCESTER    IN    THE    EIGHTH    CENTURY.  251 

Westminster,  and  others,  a  hundred  and  eighty  altogether. 
The  monastery  of  Westminster  or  Westbury,  for  which  tliis 
contest  was  carried  on,  was  afterwards  repaired  by  Oswald, 
and  became  the  nursery  of  the  abbey  of  Ramsey. 

3.  The  Abbey  of  Winchelcomb  was  founded  by  Cenulf 
about  811,  probably  for  his  daughter  Cynedritha  :  many  years 
after  the  extinction  of  the  family  a  quarrel  arose  between 
Worcester  and  Winchelcomb  about  parts  of  the  inheritance 
of  Cenulf^  Cj'nedritha  and  Ealfleda  her  successor  had  made 
grants  which  were  falhng  in  in  897;  in  that  year  duke  ^Ethel- 
wulf  directed  that,  in  order  to  make  peace  betw^een  the  two 
monasteries,  certain  lands  specified  should  be  adjudged  to 
Worcester,  "pro  renovatione  et  reconciliatione  pacis."  This 
is  a  curious  glimpse  into  the  dark  :  we  see  the  Abbey  of 
Winchelcomb,  about  Avhich  nothing  else  is  known,  rivalling 
the  Cathedral  as  residuary  legatee  of  the  Mercian  prince.^ 

The  Cathedral  of  S.  Peter  grew  up,  heedless  that  the 
younger  sister  by  its  side  was  to  supersede  it  and  enter 
into  its  labours.  The  Abbey  of  S.  Mary,  to  which  I  have  had 
occasion  to  refer  so  often,  was  founded  as  I  have  supposed 
about  747.  In  770,  the  viceroy  Uhtred  gave  it  lands  at 
Stoke,'^  near  Salwarp :  about  the  same  time  it  came  in  for  the 
reversion  of  Osred,^  one  of  the  royal  family  of  the  Hwiccas, 
and  was  bound  thereby  to  pray  for  the  soul  of  Jilthelbald ; 
at  this  time  Uttel,  Bishop  of  Hereford  in  793,  seems  to  have 
been  Abbot.  In  777  Aldred  the  viceroy  procured  it  a  grant 
at  Secgesbearwe  *  from  Oifa ;  and  another  grant  from  the 
same  king  at  Ductune,^  bears  the  same  date.  Berhtulf  ^  in 
the  next  century  and  the  other  sub-kings  of  Mercia  follow 
as  benefactors  ;  in  899  it  appears  to  have  had  an  abbot 
Cynelm  ;  in  929  the  church  is  called  basilica,  it  was  already 
aiming  at  being  the  Cathedral  :  the  last  grant  I  find  made 
specifically  to  8.  Peter's  is  in  930  or  934.  From  that  time 
all  grants  are  made  to  the  bishopstool  without  specifying 
the  dedication  of  the  church,  and  from  964  to  S.  j\Iary. 

3  C.  D.  323.  C.  D.  15G,  183. 

•  Anothersuit  of  inheritance  called  the  -  C.  D.  118. 

inheritance  of  Hemcle  and  Duda, at  Intan-  '  C.  D.  90. 

beorp,  between    Bishop   Heathorcd  and  '  C.  D.  131. 

Wulfheard,  the  son  of  Cu.ssa,wa8  decided  in  *  C.  D.  13J,  and  there  is  another  grant 

789,  at  t'elchyth,  on  condition  of  it  revert-  marked    ppurious,  C   D.   142,   145;   the 

ing  to  Worcester  on  Wulfheiiid's  death  :  monks  are  mentioned  in  779.     C.  D.  154. 

confirmed    by     Wulfheard    himself    to  *  Beorhtwulf,  C.  D.  249. 
Bishop  Deneberht  at  Clovesho   in  803. 


252    CATHEDRAL,  DIOCESE,  AND  MONASTERIES  OF  WORCESTER. 


There  are  man}'  other  points  of  interest  which  I  slioukl 
have  been  glad  to  go  into,  but  I  have  ah'eady  exceeded  my 
hmits,  and  I  do  not  wish  to  go  be^'ond  the  eighth  century.  I 
must  however  mention,  1st,  tlie  synod  of  Clovesho  in  805  ; 
there  Bishop  Deneberht  appeared  with  six  priests  ;  Hyse- 
berht,  abbot  ;  Thingferth,  abbot ;  Pa:ga,  abbot ;  Freo'tho- 
mund,  abbot ;  Coenferth  and  Selera}d,  priests.  Thingferth 
was  Abbot  of  Evesham ;  Ilyseberht,  as  being  named,  first  was 
perhajxs  Abbot  of  8.  Mary's  ;  Freotliomund  seems  to  have 
been  tlie  Abbot  of  Westbury  in  825;  Pa^ga  I  cannot  identify. 
There  were,  however,  in  the  diocese  at  the  time  the  following 
monasteries  : ' — 

Berkley,  Blockley,  Daylesford,  Gloucester,  Cliffe,  S.  Michael, 
Fladbury,  ]:]vesham,  Deerhurst,  Ilanbury,  Bredon,  Bradley, 
Kempsey,  Pershore,  Stratford,  Kidderminster,  Bath,  Kipplc, 
Penitanham,  Twining,  Winchelcomb,  Worcester,  Westbury, 
Witliington. 

I  will  only  mention  in  conclusion  that  the  accusation 
against  Oswald  of  impoverishing  the  canons  of  AVorccster 
in  order  to  make  way  for  the  monks,  drawn  from  the  number 
of  grants  to  laymen  executed  by  him,  falls  to  the  ground 
if  we  examine  the  rules  that  he  has  laid  down  for  the 
tenure  of  the  grants  :  they  are  a  sort  of  leaseholds  with  ample 
provision  reserved  for  the  lords  and  owners. 


7  Bath,  uts.  p.  250. 

Bredon,  uts.  C.  D.  120,  138,  140, 
248,  2«1. 

Bcrkle}',  uts.  p.  251. 

Blockley,  C.  D.  278. 

Bradley,  C.  D.  70,  156,  183. 

Clifro.  S.  Michaers  Mouasterv,  C.  D. 
150,  315. 

Davle.sford  :  grant  of  six  caflfiats  by 
.^thelbald  to  Hcgia  to  build  a 
monastery,  in  71 H,  C.  D.  09,  given 
by  Ik'orlitulf  to  ^N'orcestor  iu  841, 
C.  D.  251. 

Deerhurst,  C.  D.  ISC,  218. 

KvcNham,  Gloucester. 

Haubury:  reversion  left  by  OfTii  to 
WorccKtcr,  C  D.  ItiO  ;  Hcunburg 
inoDa«tcriuui,  C.  I).  237 ;  and  C. 
1).  32. 

Fladbury ,  utfl.  p.  248. 

Kcniim.!y.  CVunulf  in  799,  C.  D.  170, 
^runtH  hmdH  to  Hiilthuii,  Abbot  of 
KtiMipHcy,  nt  Ilercfonl;  UiMli()|) 
Doni^bcilit  about  802,  ('.  1).  ISl, 
gruntn  iSenninindeHlca  to  Itiillhun 
with  ruvcritiuu  to  Worcohtur,  liul- 


thun  being  an  old  Worcester  monk  : 
and  Doneberlit  also  grants  land  at 
Hereford,  which  may  have  been 
Balthun's,  to  Eanswitha.    C.  D.182 

Kidderminster,  uts.  p.  248. 

renitanham,  uts.  p.  241.     C.  D.  36. 

Pershore  :  founded  681  ;  refounded, 
reg.  CoDuwulf.  by  Boornoth. 

Ripple,  uts.  p.  241.     C.  D.  17. 

Twining:  given  by  Duko  Alfred  to 
Worcester  in  the  time  of  Heath- 
ored  ;  hoc  C.  D.  203  ;  suirondored 
by  Worcehtor  to  LVenidf. 

Stratf'inl  :  given  to  Worcester  by 
IScrhtwulf  in  845,  C.  I).  258;  exist- 
ing still  in  872,  U.  D.  303. 

Wiiiciielcomb,  uts.  p.  252. 

W.stbury,  uts.  p.  251.     C.  D.  166. 

Withingtun,  uts.    j).  249. 

C'hcltenhiim  and  Heccanfoid,  had  be- 
longed to  Her<'f<>i-d.  'I'ho  Council 
of  Clovesho,  C.  I).  184.  derided 
tliat  the  ])rocnrutions  be  divided 
betwei'U  flio  liishops  of  Wcrccster 
and  Hereford. 


NOTICE    OF    A    DIE    FOR    STRIKING    HELVETIAN    OR    GAULISH 
GOLD  COINS;  FOUND  AT  AVENCHES,  IN  SWITZERLAND. 

From  communications  by  Dr.  FERUIXAND  KELLER,  President  of  the   Society  of  Antiquaries 
of  Zurich,  IIou.  Corr.  Member  of  the  Archaeological  Institute. 

During  the  last  summer,  an  object  of  most  curious  and 
rare  description  was  found  by  a  peasant  at  Avenches, 
anciently  the  chief  city  of  the  Helvetii,  and  situated  in  a 
part  of  the  Canton  de  Vaud  which  lies  enclosed  by  that  of 
Fribourg.  The  site  is  near  the  northern  extremity  of  the 
Lake  of  Neuchatel,  and  at  a  short  distance  from  the  Lake 
of  Morat,  memorable  in  the  eventful  struggles  for  Swiss  in- 
dependence. 

Avenches,  designated  by  Tacitus  "  Aventicum  gentis 
caput,"^  in  his  relation  of  its  surrender  to  Csecina,  during  the 
disastrous  revolutions  which  ensued  on  the  murder  of  Galba 
(a.d.  69),  is  not  mentioned  by  Csesar.  He  speaks,  however, 
of  the  Tigurini,  one  of  the  four  Jiehetic  pagi,  and  Aventicum 
originally  appears  to  have  been  their  chief  city,  Li  the  time 
of  Vespasian  it  became  a  Roman  colony.  Ammianus  i\rar- 
cellinus,  who  wrote  towards  the  later  part  of  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, mentions  "  Aventicum,  desertam  quidem  civitatem,  sed 
non  ignobilem  quondam,  ut  ccdificia  semiruta  nunc  quoque 
demonstrant."^  The  ruins  of  its  amphitheatre,  its  aqueduct, 
and  the  walls,  which  may  be  traced  for  a  circuit  of  more 
than  five  miles,  still  testify  the  ancient  importance  of  tlie  city 
in  Roman  times.  Numerous  valuable  inscriptions  have  been 
found  there  at  various  times.  They  have  been  collected  by 
the  learned  Mommsen,  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Zurich 
Antiquaries.^ 

The  remarkable  relic  recently  brought  to  hght,  to  which 
allusion  has  been  made,  was  speedily  sent  by  M.  Gaspari, 
conservator  of  the  j\ruscum  at  Avenches,  for  the  inspection 
of  his  friends  at  Zurich.     By  his  courtesy  we  are  enabled  to 

1  Taciti  Historiii,  lib.  i.,  68.  tbeilnngen    d.   Antiqu.    Gfsell.    in    Zii- 

'  Amm.  Marc.  Gest.,  lib.  .\v.,  c.  xi.  ricb ;    vol.  x.,    p.  26.  wbere   notices  of 

3  Inscriptiones   Coiifccderatiouis  Hel-  tbo   cai-ly   history  of  AveucLes  may  bo 

vet.  Lat,  ed.  Tbeod.    Moinmseu ;    Mit-  found. 


254  NOTICE  OF  A  DIE  FOR  STRIEING  GAULISH  COINS. 

call  attention  to  so  curious  a  discovery.'*  It  is  a  die  for 
striking  the  obverse  of  Gaulish  or,  more  correctly  speaking, 
Helvetian  imitations  of  the  gold  stater  of  Philip  II.,  King  of 
^Macedon.  This  die  consists  of  a  cylindrical  block  of  iron, 
measuring  about  1  o-q  in.  in  diameter,  and  |-  in.  in  thickness. 
On  one  of  its  faces  is  inserted  a  disk  of  bronze,  slightly 
elevated  above  the  iron  base  ;  diameter  about  l^,  in.  The 
surface  of  the  bronze  is  concave,  polished,  and  engraved  with 
a  head,  profile  to  the  left,  beardless,  the  hair  in  snake-like 
locks,  encircled  by  a  chai)lct  or  diadem.  (.See  woodcuts.) 
This  head,  in  slight  intaglio,  appears  to  have  been  executed 
with  a  broad-pointed  tool,  producing  strokes  of  uniform 
breadth.  On  the  surface  of  the  bronze,  although  fairly 
polished,  may  be  perceived  in  the  field,  aroiuid  the  head, 
slight  .sfrid;  indications  of  a  sci'aping  or  shaving  instrument 
employed  in  producing  the  concavity  of  the  die.  The  iron 
portion  has  been  corroded  by  rust  ;  the  bronze  insertion, 
slightly  patinated,  is  so  well  preserved,  that  it  might  now 
serve  to  produce  coins  as  distinct,  probabl3%  in  impression  as 
those  originally  struck  by  the  Helvetian  coiner.  The  bronze 
is  exceedingly  hard,  indicating  doubtless  a  comparatively 
greater  pro})ortion  of  tin  in  its  composition,  and  its  colour 
is  rather  lighter  than  that  of  ordinary  bronze.  The  thick- 
ness of  the  disk  of  bronze  cannot  be  ascertained  ;  the  cavity 
formed  in  the  block  of  iron  to  receive  it  ap2:>ears  somewhat 
irregular,  not  being  perfectly  circular,  and  the  bronze  has 
been  firmly  fixed  therein  by  hammering  around  the  edge  of 
the  disk.  (Sec  woodcuts.  The  darker  shading  of  the  sec- 
tion indicates  the  bronze  of  uncertain  thickness.)  This  mode 
of  construction  is  extremely  ingenious.  It  was  doubtless 
found  that  the  bronze,  when  not  confuuMl  by  an  iron  collar, 
■was  subject  to  expand  with  use  ;  Mhilst  its  being  dished  had 
the  cficct  of  preventing  the  ff a  as,  or  pieces  of  gold  ])repai-ed 
f(jr  minting,  irom  slipjiing  or  rolling  out  of  j)lace.  The  weight 
of  the  die  is  278  grnmmcs. 

The  occurrence  of  any  implement  for  coining,  oven  of  com- 
paratively recent  periods,  is  very  rare,  and  the  coml>ination  of 
ijronze  wiili  iiuu  js  so  singular  a  constructive  feature,  that  it 
seems  desirable  to  describe   so    cuiioiis  a    nnniisin.-itic   relic 

*  A  iiliort  notice  of  tlio  dio  hj'  Dr.  Aiip.,  l.S(5'2,  hut  not  ncronipniiiod  by  any 
^IV-*"^  ■''""  "PP*"""*-'''  '»  the  Iiidicutoiir  rcprcHontiilioti  of  the  ohjr-ct,  which  ifl 
d'Lliiitoira    ct    d'Aiitiquitdd    Suiwios   for       now  Cguroil  for  the  lirMt  time. 


Die,  formed  of  iron  and  "bronze,  for  striking  Gaulish  i^old  coins.    Found 

at  ATenches.  in  Switzerland. 

Preserved  iu  the  Museum  at  Aveuches,  Canton  de  Vaud. 
Scale— slightly  less  than  the  size  of  the  original. 


256    NOTICE  OF  A  DIE  FOR  STRIKING  HELVETIAN  OR  GAULISH 

'u-itli  minuteness  of  detail  which  may  appear  tedious  to  the 
general  reader.  No  die  of  so  remote  a  period  as  that  found 
at  Avenches  has  come  under  our  observation.^  There  can, 
it  is  bcheved,  be  no  doubt  that  the  object  under  consideration 
was  destined  for  the  reproduction  of  the  gold  coin  of  Philip 
II.,  King  of  ]\racedon,  wliich  sujiplied,  as  is  well  known,  the 
prevalent  typo  of  the  Gauli.sh  gold  coinage.  After  the  dis- 
astrous invasion  of  Macedonia  by  the  Gauls,  under  their 
chieftain  Belgius,  in  tlie  reign  of  Ptolemy  Ceraunus,  and  the 
ignominious  death  of  that  king  circa  B.C.  280,  the  conqueror 
brought  back,  it  is  believed,  large  quantities  of  the  gold 
staters  of  Ptolemy's  great  predecessor,  Phihp,  son  of  Amyn- 
tas  ;  they  speedily  passed  into  general  currency  in  Gaul,  and 
caused  the  establishment  of  various  mints,  producing  imita- 
tions, for  the  most  part  of  very  rude  and  unskilful  execu- 
tion, in  which  it  is  often  difficult  to  trace  any  tradition  of 
the  Macedonian  type, — the  head  of  Apollo,  with  the  biga  on 
the  reverse.  It  will  be  seen  by  the  woodcut  that  the  laure- 
ated  head  of  Apollo,  as  it  ap})ears  on  the  die  at  Avenches, 
although  distinct  in  all  its  details,  presents  no  trace  of  the 
ideal  expression  or  high  quality  of  Greek  art  which  charac- 
teri.sc  the  admirable  coinage  of  Philip.''  The  features  arc 
devoid  of  beauty ;  the  hair  is  arranged  with  mechanical 
symmetry,  in  the  conventional  style  occurring  in  other  types 
of  early  (Gaulish  coinage.' 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  dimensions  of  this  die  arc  un- 
usually large,  as  compared  with  Gaulish  coins  familiar  to  the 
archaeologist  in  other  countries.  This  circumstance  is  of 
interest  in  connection  with  the  early  gold  coinage  of  the 
llelvctii,  and  the  probability  suggested  by  the  discovery  of 
the  die,  that  at  their  chief  city,  Avrnticum,  the  mint  may  have 
been  established  fidiu  Axliidi  (he  currency  of  the  pagiis  was 
su})plied.     The  Helvetian  iniitatiuns  of  the  gold  Macedonian 

'"  iJr.  Killer  writcB  that  ho  liJulHought  of  the  Soc.  of  Ant.  Fob.  2,  IS.")-!,     rroc. 

in   vaiu   fur  any  notice  of  such   n   diu  Soc.  Ant.  Loud.,  vol.  iii.  p.  54. 
known  to  anticjuarioH  in  Kn^jlaud,  Franco,  "  See  numerous  coinH  (if^irod  in  Lam- 

or  elHL'whero.     Wo  aro   indebted  to  the  bort'H   ''  ICwHai  8ur  la  Nuniitsniutitino  Gaii- 

Hkilful    ntitniHiiiatiHt,    Mr.    John    I'^vanH,  loiso,"  pi.  ii.,  and  in  otlii-r  workn.      Tho 

F.S.A.,  for  tho  axHUmnce  that,   ho  far  art  nearoht   approach    to   tho    head    on    tho 

lio    Ih   aware,    no    die   of  tho    kind    han  Avoncht'H  dioappoarHto  bo  jd.  x.,  f)><.  2!*, 

Iiithorto   bi!(;u    found;    in    faot,    ancient  in    LcdoworH    AthiH,    a    typ<'.    howovcr, 

dicH  are  cxlronicly  rare.     Mr.  JCvaim  had  which  he  aHMi^'na  to  tho  country  of  tho 

neon  one  only,  a  die  for  Btrikin^  ti»o  re-  UedoncH,  in  IJrittany. 
vor-n!    of    coinH    of    Hcrenicc,   Queen    of  ^  Mr.  Evium    iH  diHpuHod  to  a^hi^ni  to 

I'loLrny  KuergetoH,  cirai  u.o.  217.    It  wart  tho  die  a  couii)aralivcly  early  date,  about 

cxLibJl<;d    by  Mr.  Boocko  at  u   meeting  D.c.  200. 


GOLD  COIXS,  FOUND  AT  AYENCIIES  IN  SWITZERLAND.       :*:)7 

stater  appear  to  have  been  of  comparatively  large  module  ; 
in  the  Museum  of  the  Antiquaries  of  Ziirich  four  gold  pieces 
are  preserved,  found  in  the  cantons  of  Lucerne,  Schaffhausen, 
and  Berne,  identical  with  the  Avenclies  die  in  their  large 
dimension,  and  in  the  type  of  the  obverse,  namel}-,  the 
laurcated  head  of  Apollo.  Gold  coins  of  similar  character 
have  been  found  also  repeatedly atBaden  [AfjiicB  Hdvetiorum), 
12  English  miles  from  Zurich;  at  Ober  Winterthur  {Vitu- 
duriim)y  and  at  several  other  places.^  Some  coins  found  in 
i\\Q  northern  parts  of  Switzerland  are  of  elcdrum. 

The  assertion  sometimes  made,  that  gold  coins  of  this  type 
were  imported  into  Helvetia,  is  obviously  erroneous  ;  no  indi- 
cation had  previously  been  noticed  of  an}"-  particular  locality 
Avliere  a  mint  may  have  existed  in  early  times.  The  suppo- 
sition is  not  improbable  that,  amongst  Gaulish  gold  coins  of 
other  types  frequently  found  in  Switzerland,  some  may  have 
been  struck  at  the  capital,  Avcnticum.  Strabo^  asserts  that 
the  country  of  the  Helvetii  was  rich  in  gold  ;  their  cupidity, 
however,  being  excited  by  witnessing  the  great  treasure  ac- 
cumulated through  pillage  by  the  Cimbri,  they  joined  in  the 
predatory  expeditions  of  the  Northmen.  Strabo  names  es- 
pecially the  Tigurini,  the  tribe  before  mentioned  as  named  by 
Ca)sar,  whose  chief  city  was  Aventicum,  as  having  taken 
part  with  the  freebooters.  Both  the  Cimbri  and  their  aux- 
iliaries w^ere  reduced  to  submission  by  the  Romans.  Gold  is 
found  in  Switzerland  in  several  localities,  and  in  beds  of 
rivers  ;  the  Aar  and  the  Emme  still  transport  portions  of  the 
precious  metal.  In  the  former  stream,  near  Brugg  (Ar- 
govia),  the  peasantry  are  accustomed  to  wash  the  sands 
when  the  rivers  have  been  swelled  by  heavy  rains,  and  heaps 
of  sand  are  deposited  along  the  banks  ;  in  these,  par- 
ticles of  gold  occur.  The  gold-seekers  formerly  used  only 
rough  boards,  but  at  the  present  time  frames  covered  with 
woollen  cloth  arc  cmplo^'-ed  ;  and  a  man  sometimes  earns  as 
much  as  five  francs  in  a  day.  The  sands  of  the  Rhine  also 
contain  gold,  and  they  are  washed  for  the  precious  particles 
beneath  Basle,  in  the  territory  of  the  Grand  Duke  of  Baden  ; 
ducats  have  there  been  coined,  with  inscriptions  stating  that 

^  A  specimen   found   in  a  sepulchral  are    uieutioneil    as    occurriu.j    ia    that 

tumulus  at  Horgen  near  Ziirich  in  1836,  locality   liy   Gessner,   Numisui.    Regutn 

is  described  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Maced.  Tiguri,  1738. 

Antiquaries  of  that  city,  vol.   iii.,  and  •'  Lib.  iv.,  c.  iii.,  s.  3,  and  lib.  vii.,  c.  ii., 

these  imitations  of  the  coins  of  Philip  e.  '2. 

VOL.  X'X.  M   U. 


25 S    ^'OTICE  OF  A  DIE  FOR  STRIKING  HELVETIAN  GOLD  COINS. 

they  are  of  lUiine  gokl.^  It  is  moreover  possible,  as  lias 
been  suggested,  that  the  reputation  of  the  goklen  ^vealth 
of  the  Helvetii,  to  which  Strabo  twice  alludes,  may  have  re- 
ceived  confirmation  by  the  fact,  of  which  evidence  has 
now  been  adduced,  that  their  coins  were  of  much  larger 
module  than  the  ordinary  gold  currency  of  other  Gaulish 
nations.  This  subject  will,  however,  soon  be  placed  more 
fulh'  under  the  consideration  of  those  who  devote  attention 
to  numismatic  researches.  A  memoir  on  the  Gaulish  coins 
found  in  Switzerland  will  shortly  be  given  by  Dr.  Meyer 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  Antiquaries  of  Zurich.  ]\Iean- 
while  it  may  not  be  altogether  a  vain  hope,  that  further 
excavations  at  Avenches  may  possibly  bring  to  light  the 
counterpart, — the  convex  moiety  of  the  Gaulish  die  now 
described,  and  upon  which  the  well-known  Macedonian 
charioteer  was  doubtless  represented. 

Since  the  foregoing  particulars  of  a  discover}'  of  unusual  interest  were 
received  from  our  obliging  and  learned  correspondent,  Dr.  Keller,  we  have 
been  favoured  by  Mr.  Birch  with  the  following  observations:  — 

Very  few  ancient  dies  are  known  ;  the  most  remarkable  are  those  in 
the  Bibliothcque  Imperiale,  at  Paris,  described  by  M.  Chabouillet  in  his 
"  Catalogue  Gi'ncral  des  Canices,"  ic.,  p.  541.  They  consist  of  two  dies 
of  denarii  of  Augustus  found  at  Nismes,  two  of  Tiberius,  two  of  Nero,  all 
of  bronze  ;  and  a  pair,  obverse  and  reverse,  of  iron,  united  by  shanks 
liinged  together,  figured  in  Akerman's  Roman  Coins,  pi.  14;  these  last 
are  of  an  Aureus  of  Constantius  I.,  for  the  Antioch  jnint.  M.  Chabouillet 
remarks  that  some  of  these  dies  may  have  been  fabricated  by  forgers  of 
monies  in  ancient  times.  The  late  Mr.  Burgon  affirmed  that  lie  had  seen 
a  conical  bronze  die  of  the  reverse  of  a  coin  of  a  Seleucid  king ;  it  is  men- 
tioned by  Mr.  Toole  in  his  article  on  Numismatics,  l-lncycl.  Brit.  Tliere 
arc  three  flat  bronze  disks  in  the  British  Museum,  apparently  blanks  for 
dies,  having  legends  only  without  any  head  or  subject;  these,  however, 
arc  of  rpiestionable  antiquity.  Coins  of  tiie  Carisia  family,  having  on  the 
obverse  a  head  with  mondta,  have  on  the  reverse  an  anvil,  hnmmer,  tongs, 
and  a  conical  object  supposed  to  be  a  die.  (Figured,  Akerman,  Jiom.  Cuius, 
vol.  i.  p.  v.)  The  cause  of  the  adoption  of  the  type  of  the  .staler  of  IMiilip  by 
the  Gauls  appears  to  be  this.  When  i'liilip  discovered  the  rich  gold  mines  ol 
Mount  I'angjuum  in  Macedonia,  he  issued  staters  in  large  quantities,  and  they 
continued  in  the  reigns  of  his  successors  to  be  the  principal  gold  currency. 
When  Brcnnus  plundered  Greece,  ii.c.  L'79,  it  is  supposed  that  he  brought 
back  a  great  treasure  of  these  coins,  and  they  became  the  gold  currency  of 
Gaul.  The  type  was  imitated  in  later  times,  and  became  so  degraded  as  to 
bo  with  didiculty  recognised.  Tliere  is  evidence  that  gold  formerly  existe<l 
ill  abuiiduiicc  in  (iaul  and  Britain,  at  a  period  when  there  were  no  mines  ol 
silver,  and  gold  Hcenis  to  have  been  tiic  most  ancient  Gaulish  currency. 

'  Gold  occur«  alno  occiwionally  at  the       whoro  Kiiuvil  nuj^'gcts  sonioliuitd  full  from 
foot  of  Mount  Cftlandn,  ojipoMito  Coin-,       the  bidca  of  that  mountftin. 


(Drigtnal  13ocumfnt0. 

ON  THE  TREATISE  ENTITLED,  "MODUS  TENENDI  PARLIAMEX- 
TUM,"  WITH  ESPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THE  UNIQUE  FRENCH 
VERSION  BELONGING  TO  THE  EARL  OF  WINCHILSEA. 

By  THOMAS  BUFFUS  HARDY,  Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Public  Records. 

The  attention  of  historical  and  legal  scholars  cannot  be 
directed  to  a  more  interesting  subject  of  inquiry  than  the 
origin  and  early  history  of  our  political  constitution.  Un- 
fortunately, however,  few  materials,  and  those  of  a  very 
meagre  character,  exist  for  its  elucidation.  The  page  in 
which  is  recorded  the  early  history  of  our  legislative  as- 
semblies is  almost  blank.  The  Rolls  of  Parliament,  com- 
mencing in  the  18th  of  Edward  I.  ;  the  Petitions  during 
the  same  reign  to  the  king  and  council  in  Parliament  ;  the 
contemporary  MS.  entitled  "  Placita  Parliamentaria,"  or 
Pleas  in  Parliament,  during  that  and  the  succeeding  reign  ; 
together  with  occasional  and  incidental  notices  on  the  Close, 
Patent,  and  other  llolls  of  the  reigns  of  Henry  III.,  Edward 
I.,  and  Edward  II.,  are  absolutely  all  the  authentic  materials 
we  possess  for  the  purpose.  These,  it  is  true,  would  be 
sufficient  did  we  desire  to  compile  only  a  parhamentary 
history  of  the  period  to  which  they  relate.  But  something 
more  than  this  is  required.  The  student  of  constitutional 
history  aims  at  carrying  his  investigations  to  an  earlier  era. 
He  aspires  to  learn  the  jurisdiction  and  constitutional  parts 
of  our  legislative  assemblies  anterior  to  the  time  when  the 
people  of  England  are  said  to  have  been  first  represented 
therein,  and  to  have  formed  an  integral  part  of  the  legisla- 
ture of  the  realm. 

When  Icfial  evidence  is  so  scanty,  and  direct  testimony 
altogether  wanting,  we  must  of  necessity  turn  our  attention 
to  other  means  of  information,  and  welcome  any  document 
that  promises  to  illustrate  the  subject  of  our  inquiry. 

It  is  for  this  reason — as  belonging  to  the  class  of  corre- 


260  ON    THE    TREATISE    ENTITLED, 

lative  or  cognate  testimony — that  the  famous  tract  "  Do 
!Moclo  tcnendi  Parliamentiim/'  regarded  by  many  eminent 
lawyers  to  be  a  precedent  of  a  ParHament  hoklen  before 
the  Conquest,  is  undoubtedly  entitled  to  our  consideration. 

A  treatise  bearing  this  title  naturally  excited  attention 
when  Englishmen  began  to  pursue,  Nvith  diligence,  researches 
concerning  the  antiquities  of  the  constitution.  That  great 
legal  luminary,  Lord  Chief  Justice  Coke,  seems  to  have 
been  the  first  to  call  public  attention  to  it.  In  the  discus- 
sion on  the  Fitz-IIerbert  case  of  privilege,  he  thus  announced 
it  from  the  chair  of  the  House  of  Commons  : — "At  first  the 
two  Houses  were  all  one  House,  and  sat  together  by  a 
ju-ecedent,  which  I  have,  of  a  Parliament  hoklen  before  the 
Conquest,  by  Edward  the  son  of  Ethelred.  For  there  were 
Parliaments  before  the  Conquest.  This  appeareth  in  a 
]>ook  which  a  grave  member  of  this  House  delivered  unto 
me,  which  is  entitled  '  Modus  tcnendi  Parliamentum.'  " 
And,  afterwards,  in  liis  Fourth  Institute  (p.  12),  -when 
treating  of  the  history  and  jurisdiction  of  the  High  Court 
of  Parliament,  he  avows  his  deliberate  opinion  that  "  the 
'  Modus '  was  rehearsed  and  declared  before  the  Conqueror 
at  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  and  by  him  approved  for 
England ;  and  accordingly  the  Conqueror,  according  to 
'  Modus,'  held  a  Parliament  for  England,  as  it  appeareth 
in  21st  l-Alward  HI.,  p.  GO.  After  King  Henry  II.  had 
conquered  Ireland,  he  fitted  and  transcribed  this  Modus 
into  Ireland  in  a  parchment  roll  for  holding  of  Parliaments 
there,  which  no  doubt  Henry  II.  did  by  advice  of  his 
Judges,  being  a  matter  of  so  great  weight,  and  legal." 

For  nearly  half  a  century  the  dictum  of  this  great 
lawyer  does  not  appear  to  have  been  questioned.  Consti- 
tutional history  had  not  been  studied.  J\ren  cared  not  to 
know  whether  the  Saxon  legislative  assembly  had  an 
established  constitution,  whether  it  had  a  j)opular  form,  or 
whether  it  had  been  (hrived  fi-om  ancient  German  Institu- 
tions. And  when  Cuke,  as  S]»eaker  of  the  House  of 
C'ummons,  with  his  head  full  of  his  newly  discovered 
"  Modus,"  announced  to  (^ueen  l^lli/abeth,  in  llie  presence 
of  licr  assembled  Peers,  that  "the  High  Court  of  Parliament 
is  the  greatest  and  most  ancient  Court  within  your  i-e;ihn  ; 
for  before  the  Conquest,  in  tin;  high  ]»!aces  of  tlic  West 
Saxons,   we   read   of   a    P;irliaiii''nt    lioldeii  ;  and,   since  the 


"MODUS   TENENDI    PARLIAMENTUM."  261 

Conquest,  tliey  liavc  been  holden  bj  all  your  noble  pro- 
genitors," he  was  full}^  credited  by  his  Royal  and  noble 
audience. 

In  the  succeeding  century,  however,  questions  touching 
the  Royal  Prerogative  had  arisen,  and  the  rights  and  anti- 
quity of  Parliament  were  frequent  topics  of  controversy. 
Selden,  Hale,  and  Prynne  entered  warmly  into  the  discus- 
sion. More  than  one  of  the  dicta  of  Coke  were  disputed, 
and  his  2:)aneg3Tic  on  the  "Modus"  was  derided.  Selden 
and  others  were  content  with  den3ang  the  antiquity  of  the 
treatise,  but  Prynne,  who  was  its  greatest  opponent,  thought 
no  expression  too  strong,  no  ridicule  too  pungent,  to  be 
employed  against  it.  Relying  on  a  text  both  corrupt  and 
interpolated,  Prynne  is  often  contradictory  and  sometimes 
extremely  feeble.  His  arguments  against  Coke  lose  much 
of  their  weight  by  reason  of  the  acrimonious  spirit  he 
exhibited  ;  but  many  of  them,  nevertheless,  are  decisive 
against  the  reputed  antiquity  of  the  "Modus."  He  has, 
however,  completely  failed  to  estabhsh  his  own  views  on 
the  subject.  The  true  age  of  the  "Modus''  was  indeed 
so  doubtful,  that  on  one  occasion  he  supposes  it  to  have 
been  compiled  between  the  27th  and  33rd  years  of  the 
reign  of  Henry  VI.,  and,  at  another  time,  thinks  it  was 
written  after  the  31st  year  of  Henry  VIII.  In  impeaching 
the  authority  of  the  treatise  as  a  true  exposition  of  the 
mode  of  holding  Parliament  in  the  time  of  the  Saxons,  he 
has  permitted  himself  to  be  betrayed  into  a  misconception 
of  its  true  character.  He  impairs  the  value  of  his  objec- 
tions to  its  authority  by  his  endeavours  to  destroy  its  authen- 
ticity, not  perceiving  that  a  production  may  be  genuine 
and  yet  utterly'  destitute  of  value  as  an  exponent  of  facts. 

The  deduction  of  Coke,  who  was  no  antiquary,  and  not 
always  a  precise  logician,  as  to  the  age  of  the  treatise,  is 
manifestly  erroneous.  The  words  of  the  proeme,  from 
which  he  appears  to  have  derived  his  opinion  of  its  antiquity, 
clearly  prove  that  it  must  have  been  written  subsequent 
to  the  Conqueror's  time,  inasmuch  as  it  professes  to  describe 
the  manner  of  holding  Parliaments  in  the  reio;n  of  William 
the  First,  "  and  also  in  those  of  his  successors."  There  is 
nothing  in  the  words  to  warrant  Coke's  unqualified  assertion 
that  he  had  found  a  precedent  of  a  Parhament  holden  before 
the  Conquest.     It  is  no  precedent  either   in   the   legal  or 


itGZ  UN    THE    TREATISE    ENTITLED, 

logical  meaning  of  the  word,  but  simply  a  narrative 
describing  how  certain  things  therein  specilied  were  done 
at  various  times  past.  A  scribe  writing  in  the  reign  of  the 
Conqueror  would  doubtless  be  able  to  tell  how  Parliaments 
were  holden  in  his  time,  or  even  liow  they  had  been  holden 
in  the  time  of  that  monarch's  predecessors  ;  but  it  would 
be  impossible  for  him  to  anticipate  events,  and  give  a  de- 
tailed account  of  the  manner  in  which  they  would  be  holden 
by  William's  successors.  The  jn-oeme  moreover  is,  in  this 
resj-»ect,  wholly  at  variance  with  tlie  body  of  the  treatise, 
thereby  showing  it  is  an  addition.  It  ])urports  to  describe 
how  the  Parliament  used  to  be  holden  before  the  Conquest, 
in  the  time  of  the  Conqueror,  and  in  that  of  his  successors  : 
the  "  Modus ''  itself — how  it  ought  to  be  holden. 

Since,  then,  the  conclusions  of  these  two  eminent  law^-ers 
as  to  the  antiquity  of  the  "  ]\rodus  "  are  plainly  untenable, 
to  what  age  are  we  to  ascribe  its  production  'i  With  data 
so  few  and  so  indefinite  as  we  possess,  it  is  of  course  impos- 
sible to  pronounce  a  decision  which  shall  be  unimpeachable  ; 
but  inference,  and  evidence  furnished  by  the  treatise  itself, 
will  enable  us  to  arrive  at  an  approximation  as  to  the  date 
of  its  composition,  sufliciently  near  as  to  satisfy  us  until 
something  more  decisive  can  be  obtained. 

We  may  be  sure  it  was  not  written  later  than  the  yeai- 
1404,  an«l  probably  not  earlier  than  tlie  year  li244. 

It  was  not  written  later  than  1404,  since  in  that  year — 
the  sixth,  namely,  of  Jving  Henry  IV. — a  version  of  it  suited 
to  Ireland  was  excm])lified  under  the  Great  Seal  of  that 
Kingdom.  Besides,  several  copies  of  the  reign  of  Richard  II. 
are  still  extant,  and  one,  at  least,  of  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
— nor  wouhl  it  be  impossible  to  trace  it  to  a  still  earlier  time. 
The  variations  in  the  arrangement  of  sections,  and  in  several 
of  the  j)hrases  emj)lo3'e<l  in  the  text  of  most  of  the  ]\rSS. 
extant,  lead,  indeed,  to  the  supposition  that  thoy  have  been 
altered  or  adapted  from  some  common  and  earlier  exemplar. 
It  was  not  written  previous  to  11^4  4,  since  the  word  *' Par- 
liamentum,'  used  in  the  treatise,  was  never  applied  to  a 
legislative  assembly  in  England  by  any  contnnporarj/  writer, 
or  can  be  found  in  record  bcfoi-c  that  year.  With  these  two 
dates  to  limit  our  search,  we  shall  be  the  better  able  to  ])ro- 
sccutc  the  im|uiry.  The  diocesan  clergy  are  described 
in    the    "Modus"    as   represented   in    Convocation   by  two 


"  MODUS   TENENDI    PARLIAMENTUil."  2G3 

Procurators  from  each  diocese.  'Now,  unless  tlie  passage 
liaving  reference  to  the  subject  lias  been  interpolated,  the 
text  wherein  it  occurs  must  have  been  written  after  the 
seventh  year  of  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  ;  because  it  was  then 
(a.d.  1279),  for  the  first  time,  the  clergy  were  so  repre- 
sented. Further,  it  must  have  been  written  before  the 
eleventh  3'ear  of  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  inasmuch  as  the 
only  grades  of  nobility  mentioned  therein  are  Earls  and 
Barons  ;  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  had  the  titles  of 
"  Duke  "  and  "  Marquis  "  been  known  to  the  author  they 
would  have  been  alluded  to  by  him.^  Lastly,  it  must  have 
been  written  before  the  year  1327,  as  appears  from  the  fact 
that  in  several  MSS.,  as  well  as  in  the  version  for  Ireland, 
the  paragraph  relating  to  the  Knights  of  the  Shire  ends  with 
these  words,  "  ultra  unam  marcam  per  diem  ;"  whilst  in 
others  there  is  this  addition,  "at  tumc  pci'  diem  octo  solidos 
videlicet,  pro  quolibet  eorum  quatuor  solidos,"  an  explana- 
tion that  could  not  have  been  made  earlier  than  the  year 
mentioned,  because  it  was  tlien  that  the  wages  of  a  Knight 
of  the  Shire  for  attending  Parliament  were  fixed  at  four 
shilhngs  per  diem. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  go  further  into  this  question.  No 
positive  proof  of  the  age  of  the  treatise  can  now  be  pro- 
duced ;  but,  from  the  facts  that  have  been  adduced,  w^e  may 
safely  assume  it  to  have  been  written  either  at  the  close  of 
the  thirteenth  or  in  the  first  quarter  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury. The  statement  it  contains  that  the  Barons  of  the 
Cinque  Ports  were  paid  ten  shillings  per  diem  for  their  at- 
tendance in  Parliament,  has  been  strongly  urged  by  Prynne 
against  its  authenticity,  on  the  ground  that  the  sum  was 
immoderate,  and  higher  even  than  the  Barons  of  London  at 
any  time  received.  But  his  objection  falls  to  the  ground — 
as  I  have  shown  in  the  Preface  to  the  "  Modus  "  published 
for  the  Government,  and  need  not  repeat  here — since  the 
Barons  of  London  in  a.d.  1296 — at  the  time  I  suppose  the 
Avork  to  have  been  compiled — received  exactly  that  sum  as 
their  Parliamentary  wages. 

Having  spoken  of  the  antiquity  of  the  treatise,  it  is  not 
necessary  to  enter  on  the  constitutional  questions  involved 
in  its  consideration,  or  to  examine  the  source  whence  it  was 

'  The  title  of  Duke  was  first  conferred  in  the  11th  of  Ed.  IIT. ;  that  of  Manpis 
iu  the  0th  of  Ricli.  II. 


264  OX  THE  TREATISE  ENTITLED, 

derived ;  for  to  discuss  these  points  fully,  and  in  a  manner 
worthy  of  their  importance,  would  far  exceed  the  space 
allotted  to  these  remarks.  It  remains,  ho^Yever,  to  say  a 
few  words  on  the  present  version.  All  MSS.  of  this  treatise 
known,  are  in  Latin,  with  the  exception  of  that  belonging  to 
the  Earl  of  Winchilsea,  and  which,  by  his  lordship's  kind 
permission,  is  here  printed.  This,  which  is  in  French,  and 
probably  unique,  is  written  on  a  parchment  roll,  in  a  hand- 
writing of  the  early  part  of  the  XV.  century.  It  throws 
no  new  light  either  on  the  history  or  the  age  of  the 
treatise.  The  text  agrees  very  closely  with  the  Latin,- 
and  was  probably  translated  into  French  for  the  benefit  of 
some  one  who  was  not  acquainted  with  the  Latin  language. 
The  Roll  is  now  preserved  at  Eastwell  Park,  Kent,  with 
luunerous  documentary  treasures,  and  with  the  collections 
formed  by  Dugdalc  for  Sir  Christopher  Hatton,  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  L,  who  took  warm  interest  in  the  preservation 
of  all  historical  evidences. 

Sir  Simonds  D'Ewes,  in  his  Preface  to  the  "Journals  of  all 
the  Parliaments  during  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,"  states  that 
he  had  some  help  from  two  transcripts,  preserved  in  the 
Tower  of  London,  of  an  old  treatise  entitled  ''  Dc  Modi/ 
tenendi  Parliament inii  i)i  jh/(/Iia  tempore  Edicardi  Jilii  Ethel- 
drediy  One  of  these  transcripts,  he  says,  was  in  French, 
the  other  beino-  in  Latin.  If  D'Ewes  be  correct  in  his  state- 
ment  that  he  saw  a  French  version  at  the  Tower,  it  is 
certain  that  it  was  not  a  Public  Record,  or  it  would  not  have 
escaped  the  keen  notice  of  the  indefatigable  Prynne,  who 
was  Keeper  of  those  Records,  and  who  had  devoted  so  much 
time  to  the  consideration  of  the  treatise.  Lambarde,  Ryley, 
and  Petyt,  each  of  whom  wrote  on  Parliamentaiy  History, 
were  also  Keepers  of  the  same  Records,  and  could  hardly 
have  failed  to  refer  to  the  treatise  had  it  been  under  their 
care.  ^loreover,  in  none  of  the  ancient  Inventories  pre- 
served in  the  Tower  (and  one  of  tlicm  is  as  early  as  the 
time  of  Richard  IT.,  and  another  as  that  of  Elizabeth)  is 
there  any  reference  to  such  a  treatise,  either  in  Latin  or 
French.  What  then  arc  we  to  conclude  ?  That  Sir  Simonds 
I/Ewcs  did  see  a  I"'rench  version  is  not  to  be  questioned.    Is 

-  The  tlinjdcrH  follow  tho  order  of  ono  iiieiit  "  nt  tlio  onil.  nml  HiibHtantiiilly 
or  two  M.S.S.  which  jilnco  the  cliajitcr  ngrco  with  the  bobt  JISS.  ut  present 
'■  Do   Icr.  (IcgrccH  <lc  h-H  recra  do  I'arle        ki.own. 


"MODUS   TENENDI    I'AliLIAMENTUM."  2^5 

it  not  more  than  probable  that  this  Frencli  version  was  the 
identical  Roll  belonging  to  the  Earl  of  Winchilsea,  and  was 
shown  to  him  as  a  great  curiosity  by  Dugdale,  when  they 
were  both  engaged  together  at  the  Tower  in  the  year  1640. 
Dugdale,  we  know,  was  then  working  under  the  patronage 
of  Sir  Christopher  Hatton  (an  ancestor  of  the  Earl  of  Win- 
chilsea) who  possessed  a  Fi-ench  version  of  the  "  ^[odus  ;  " 
at  any  rate  it  may  be  stated,  with  certainty,  that  if  it  were 
not  the  j\IS.,  now  under  consideration,  which  D'Ewes  saw 
at  the  Tower,  no  other  is  at  the  present  day  known. 

On  the  back  of  the  Roll  is  a  petition  to  Thomas  of  Lan- 
caster, the  King's  son,  Steward  of  England  and  Lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  from  Richard,  Archbishop  of  Casliel,  which  proves 
the  Roll  itself  to  have  been  written  at  least  as  early  as  be- 
tween the  years  1400  and  1412.  From  this  circumstance 
the  Roll  appears  to  have  had  some  connection  with  Ireland, 
though  it  differs  in  some  respects  from  the  copy  which  is 
said  to  have  been  transmitted  thither  in  the  time  of 
Henry  IV.,  and  exemplified  under  the  Great  Seal  of  that 
Kingdom,  in  the  sixth  year  of  the  King's  reign,  when  Sir 
John  Talbot  of  Hallamshire  was  Lord  Lieutenant.  That 
treatise,  as  exemplified,  was,  we  know,  in  Latin,  having  been 
expressly  adapted  for  Ireland  ;  this,  on  the  other  hand,  is 
in  French,  and  relates  wholly  to  England.  There  is,  how- 
ever, just  a  possibility  that  the  Roll  before  us,  which 
originally  belonged  to  Sir  Christopher  Hatton,  is  that  found 
with  Sir  Christopher  Preston  when  he  was  arrested  at  Calne, 
in  Ireland,^  and  had  been  by  some  skilful  hand  translated 
into  French  for  the  use  of  Sir  Christopher  Preston,  who,  like 
most  of  the  laity  in  his  day,  may  have  been  unacquainted 
with  Latin.  This,  however,  is  a  mere  hypothesis  ;  but  it  is 
founded  on  the  fact  that  the  phraseology  has  all  the  marks 
of  having  been  translated  from  the  Latin,  while  in  the 
Latin  text  there  is  no  expression  or  phrase  which  would 
lead  to  the  inference  that  it  had  been  translated  from  the 
French."^ 


3  See  Notes  to  the   "  Modus  Tenendi  phesy  of  St.  Hiklegar  J  concernipg  the 

Pai'liamentum,"  printed  under  direction  Order  of  Mendicants,  42  years  before  its 

of  the  Commisbioners  of  Public  Records,  commencement.    This  vision  may  be  seen 

1846,  p.  xxsiv.  in  Wolfii  Lect.  Memorab.  under  the  year 

*  On   the   back   of  the    Roll    is   also  1180.      The    Roll    measures   in   length 

written,  iu   a  diflferent  hand,   the   pro-  4  ft.  5  in.  by  Hi  in. 

VOL.    XIX.  X    X 


ICI  COMENCY  LA  MANERE  DE  TEXIRE  PARLEMENT. 

Icy  est  cscript  la  maiicre  coineut  Ic  parlemcnt  ilo  Roy  ilenylitcro  et  scz 
enfTliez  estoit  teiuiz  en  temps  lo  Roy  Edward  titz  Edildrcde  le  Roy,  quele 
niauere  estoit  lelierce  par  les  pluys  sagez  du  Roialine  devauut  William  due 
do  Normaiidie  conquerour  et  Roy  deugliterc,  mesme  le  conqiieioui-  ceo 
coniaundnnt  par  luy  prove,  et  en  soun  temps  et  auxi  en  temps  dc  scz 
ouccessours  Roys  denglitcrc  uses. 

De  somoc.ns. 
Le  sommouns  de  purlement  dolt  proccdrc  le  primero  jour  dc  parlenicnt 
par  xl.  juurs. 

Dk  Clergie. 
A  parlement  somoudre  et  venire  devout  par  rairon  de  lour  tenure  toutz 
ct  chescounz  Erelievcs(jz  Evesqz  Abbes  Prioura  et  autres  grauntcz  de 
clergie,  queux  ttignent  par  Couutee  ou  Baronie  par  reison  dc  tide  manerc 
tcnire,  et  nuUcz  viendrez  si  uon  qc  lour  presence  et  venue  par  autre  voie 
qe  par  lour  tenure  soit  requys,  sicome  sils  soient  dc  conscil  le  Roy  en  '  lour 
presence  necessarie  ou  profitable  a  parlement  soit  dit,  ct  a  cux  Ic  Roi  est 
tenuz  ministrere  lour  costagez  et  despenscz  venaunt  et  derauraunt  a  lo  par- 
lement ;  et  devaunt  tiels  meyndrez  dccliargic  estre  somoncz  a  parlement 
mes  soloit  envoier  sez  briefs  a  tiels  sagez,  priaunt  qils  voillont  cstre  a  soun 
parlement.  Item  le  Roi  soloit  envoyer  scz  somons  as  Esclievcsqs  Evesqes 
et  autres  exemptz  personez,  sicome  Abbes  Priours  Dcanez  et  aultrcs  persons 
de  seint  esglise  qount  jurisdiccions  par  tielx  mancrcs  excuipcions  et  privi- 
legez  de  parties,  quils  pur  chescun  deany  ct  crclicdeany  dcnglitore  par 
eaux  mesmes  deancs  ct  archcdcakncs  ferroient  cslicr  deux  sagez  covcnables 
procuratours  de  lour  propro  archedcakny  venire  ct  cstre  a  parlement  a  res- 
poundrc  supportcre  alowore  et  t'airc  mcsnie  ceo  qe  toutz  ct  chccunz  dcz 
personez  dcz  deanyez  et  archedeaknyez  ferroient.  sils  ct  lours  toutz  ot 
chescun  person  de  mesmes  Ics  dcanyes  ct  crchcdyaknycz  estoient  personel- 
ment,  et  qc  tieux  procuratours  vicndrount  ov  lour  garantz  ovesqcz  lez  sealx 
dc  lours  soveraigncs  dublc  cnscalez  [ensy]  qils  custumablemcnt  a  tiels  maners 
procuraties  sunt  eluz  [et]  cnvoyez,  de  quex  lettres  garentz  lune  scrra  dclivrr 
as  clcrs  dc  parlement  a  enrollcre,  ct  lautre  dcmurcra  devcrs  mesmc  procura- 
tours ;  et  ensy  de  southe  ccz  deux  maners  dc  sonimons  duit  tout  la  clergie 
cstro  somoncz  a  parlement. 

De  Lates. 
Item  sommonir  ct  venire  dcvount  et  clioscuu  Countez  r)aroun8  ct  lours 
piers,  cestassaver  ceux  <|ount  terrcs  ct  rcntz  a  value  dune  Couutee  entiere, 
ccstassaver  vint  feez  dc  cliivalicrc,  chescun  fee  accomplez  a  viut  livercz,  qc 
fount  quatro  cenlz  livers  en  tout,  ou  la  value  dun  Haronye  etiticre,  ccst- 
assavoir  trezc  feez  ct  la  teirce  partic  dun  fee  dun  chivalere,  ct  chescun  fee 
accomptez  a  vint  livers,  que  formo  en  tout  qatrc  ccntcz  marcz  ;  ct  nullcz 
racindtcz  Icyes  no  devout  cstre  sonimoncz  nc  venire  a  parlement  par  rcisoun 
do  lour  tenure,  ai  noun  que  lour  presence  par  autre  cause  soit  profitable  ou 
iiccchsaire  a  parlement,   ct  dou([C.s  dmix  doit  fait  cstro  siconic  est  dite  dcz 

*  Probably  for — on;  the  corronponding  pnK«ngc  in  tlie  Latiu  Muliu  gives  — "vel." 


"MODUS   TENENDI    PAULIAMENTUM.  267 

rneyndicz  du  clcrgie,  quex'  par  rcisouu  de  lour  tenure  ne  sount  tenu2;  do 
venire  a  parlcmcnt. 

De  Barouxs  de  Cvnk  portz. 
Item  ley  Roy  Boloit  cnvoicr  sez  briefs  a  le  gardeyne  de  lez  Cynk  portz, 
<lil  ferroit  cslier  de  chescun  porte  par  nicsmc  le  porte  deux  covenablez  et 
bagez  barouns  a  venire  a  parlement,  a  respoundre  supporter  alowere  et  faire 
inesme  ceo  qe  ferroient  lour  baronyes  [si]  touz  et  cliescune  personelment 
illocqes  estoient,  et  qc  tielx  Barouns  viendroieut  ove  lour  garantz  dez  lez 
communez  sealx  de  lour  portez  double  ensealez,  ensy  qils  soient  a  ceo 
custumablcment  esluz  attornez  et  envoiez  par  lourz  Baronyes  ;  dez  quex 
garantz  luue  serroit  livcre  as  clerc  de  le  parlement,  et  lautre  a  rcmeindre 
<levers  mesmez  le  Barouns  dez  portz,  cyauntz  counge  do  le  parlement  qant 
ils  devont  departire  ;  et  douqes  solicnt  avoir  brief  de  la  graunt  scale  direct 
a  Gardeyne  de  lez  Cynk  portz  qils  ferroit  tielx  Barouns  aver  reisonablez 
costagez  et  lour  despensez  de  communalte  de  lour  port,  de  le  primer  jour 
qils  vers  le  parlement  alerount  tanqe  le  jour  qils  a  lour  propre  rcviendrount, 
ct  qe  cxpresse  mencioun  soit  faite  en  la  dite  brief  de  la  demurge  qils  ferroient 
a  le  parlement,  et  de  lour  qils  vendroient  et  avoient  conge  a  retourner  ;  et 
jadis  soloit  estre  fait  mencioun  en  le  brief  quant  tiels  Barouns  deveroient 
prendre  de  tielx  communaltcz  par  le  jour,  cestassaver  ascunz  plus  ascuns 
nieyndre  solonc  labilite  et  lioneste  et  regarde  dez  personez  ;  et  ne  soloit 
cstre  mys  pur  deux  Barouns  par  le  jour  aultre  xx.  s.  eant  regard  a  lour 
demourge  travaillcz  et  despensez,  et  ne  soloient  tielx  despensez  estre  mys 
on  certayne  par  le  court  pur  ascunz  personez  ensy  esluz  et  envoiez  par  lez 
communalteez,  si  noun  lour  persones  estoient  honestez  et  soy  bien  eyantz 
en  le  parlement. 

De  chivalers  dez  Counteez. 
Item  le  Roy  soloit  envoier  sez  briefs  a  toutz  lez  viscountez  denglitere, 
qils  ferroient  eslicr  cliescune  de  soun  Countee  dieux  chivalers  covenablez 
honestez  et  sagez,  a  venire  a  soun  parlement,  en  mesme  la  manere  qe  dit 
est  de  Barouns  de  Cynk  portz,  et  de  lour  grauntez  en  mesme  la  manere, 
cinz  pur  lez  despencez  de  deux  chivalers  dune  Countee  ne  soloit  estre  mys 
aultre  mie  marc  le  jour, 

De  Burgets. 
En  mesme  la  manere  soloit  et  devoit  estre  envoies  as  Balllifs  ct  prodoms 
des  Burgois,  qils  de  soy  et  pur  soy  eslirent  deux  covenablez  honestez  et 
sagez  Burgeis,  a  venire  et  estre  a  parlement  le  Roy  en  mesme  la  manere 
qe  dit  est  de  citescins  ;  cins  deux  Burgeis  ne  soloient  prendre  pur  lour 
despensez  pur  un  jour  oultre  x.s.,  et  a  ascune  temps  outre  demy  marc,  et 
ceo  soloit  estre  taxce  par  le  courte  solonc  la  quantite  et  poor  de  le  Burgoiez 
ct  solonc  la  honestc  de  persones  envoiez. 

De  rRiNCiPALX  clercz  de  Parlement. 
Deux  clercz  principals  de  le  parle  {sic)  parlement  seeroit  en  le  mylieu 
dez  Justices,  qucux  enroUerount  communes  plees  bosoignez  de  parlement  ;  et 
fait  assaver  qe  mesmez  deux  clercz  ne  sount  subigeit  a  qeconqez  Justiccz, 

-  The  Bcribe  has  here  written— q'utx,  but  the  coutractiou  over  the  initial  letter 
may  be  considered  reduudaut. 


2GS  ON    THE    TREATISE    ENTITLED 

ct  nest  ascune  Justice  dcngUtcrc  en  jiarlcment,  ct  iionit  {sic)  par  soi  recorder 
en  parleiuent  [si]  noun  novelle  poiara  caux  suit  assigne  ct  done  en  parlonient 
par  le  Roy  et  lez  piers  du  parlenieut,  sicome  quant  ils  ovesqos  autres 
suiters  de  parlemcnt  sount  assignez  oier  et  examiner  et  terminer  ascunez 
peticiouns  et  querelez  en  le  parlement  monstrez.  Einz  sount  mesmez 
deux  clercz  suunz  meisuez  subigiz  al  Roy  et  soun  parlement  en  commune, 
si  noun  serroit  un  Justice  on  deux  asseignes  a  eux  examiner  et  amendre 
lour  enroliementz.  quant  lez  piers  de  parlement  sount  asseignez  oior  et 
examinerc  ascunez  peticions  especialment  par  soi ;  donqc  come  ils  serront 
dune  voillaunce  et  dune  acorde  en  lour  jugement  a  rendre  sur  tielx  peticions 
rehercerount  les  peti'-iouns  et  lez  proces  sur  eaux  eies  [et]  teudront  lour 
jugement  en  plein  parlement.  Et  mcsmes  les  rolles  soient  eu  la  trcsorie 
devaunt  le  parlement  soit  departies,  ensi  qen  cliescune  mauerc  mcsme  lez 
rollez  soient  en  !a  tresorie  devaunt  processe  de  parlement  ent,  salve  a 
mesme  lez  elercz  Ic  transcript  en  countrerollement  sils  le  voillent  avoir. 
Et  mesmez  deux  clercz,  si  noun  ils  soient  en  autrcz  officez  ovc  le  Roy  ct 
preignent  de  luy  feez  ensi  qils  [sic)  qils  purrount  ent  honestcment  vivre,  ils 
prendront  de  Roy  par  le  jour  uue  marc  pur  lour  despensez,  par  owelos 
porciouns,  si  noun  ils  soient  a  le  table  le  Roy,  ct  donqes  ils  prendront 
oultre  lour  table  forsqc  deux  marcz  par  le  jour  par  owelcz  porciouns,  par 
tout  le  parlement. 

De  ctnk  clers  de  Paule.ment, 
Le  Roy  doit  assignor  cynk  clers  sagez  pt  approvez,  dounc  le  primer  doit 
ministrer  et  server  Evesqes,  et  le  secunde  a  lez  procuratours  de  elergie,  et 
le  tierce  as  Countees  et  Barouns,  le  qart  as  cbivalcrs  de  Counteez,  le  quint 
as  citeseiiis  ct  Burgus;  et  chescun  dez  ditz  clercz,  si  noun  ils  soit  ovc  le 
Roy  [et  preigne  do  Uiy  tide  foe  ou  tielx  gagez  »[uil  purroit  honestement 
vivre,  ii  prendra  de  Roy  par  Ic  jour  deux  souldes,  si  noun  ils  soient  a  le  table 
le  Roy,  et  sils  sount  a  le  table  le  Roy  donqes  prendrount  xij.  d.  i>ar  le 
jour  ;  queux  escriverunt  Icz  dubitaciuuns  ct  responses  qucux  yferrouut  a 
Roy  et  le  parlement,  et  serrount  a  lours  conseils  en  qeijuonqo  lieu  (|ils  eux 
voudrount  avoir,  et  come  ils  nc  sount  occupiez  aide  tout '  lez  clercz  priucipalez 
a  enroUere. 

Des  cases  et  juqementz  doutouses. 
Come  brige  doutc  ou  dure  case  de  pees  ou  de  guerre  aveigne  en  le 
Rijyalme  ou  par  do  liors,  eel  cas  soit  dit  et  reliercc  en  escript  en  plein 
parlement,  et  soit  trete  et  despute  illoeqes  parentre  loz  jtiers'du  parlement, 
ft  fli  busoignii  .soit  enjoigne  par  le  Roy  ou  depar  le  Roy,  et  si  nu  R(ty  y  no 
Boit  a  chescun  degree  de  piers  ([e  cbescun  aleit  par  soi,  et  soit  eel  cas  liverc  a 
lour  clerc  en  escript,  et  en  eertayne  lieu  forrount  relicrcer  devaunt  eaux  eel 
cas,  ensi  qils  ordcignent  et  considerent  parentre  eux  en  (picle  nieillour  et  juste 
manerc  jiroccdel  rj  purruunt  v\i  ccli  cas,  si  come  par  {sic)  hi  porsoun  le  Roy  et 
lez  personez  de  lour  mcHmes  et  pur  bcz*  pcrsoncz  deux  pur  <iucllis  personez 
eux  Bount  prescntz,  voudront  devaunt  Dion  respoiidro,  et  lour  respounscz  et 
uviHcmentz  fcrrount  reportier  en  escript,  <[c  toutcz  lours  respounsez  confieilh-z 
et  aviKementz  ent  oiez  solone  le  nieillour  et  pluis  sain  conseillo  soitprocedr, 
ct  ou  notncmcnt  la  pluis  grcyndre  partie  de  parlement  bo  nccorde,  ai  come 
il  Hoit  par  discordc  parentre  le  Roy  et   lez   autres  graundees,    ou   parentre 

*  .Sc,  I'fobably  for— oiU rout.  *  <Sf,  for— Icz. 


"  MODUS    TENENDI    PARLIAMENTUM."  269 

lez  graundeez,  la  pccz  ilu  roialine  soit  enfermes  on  Ic  poplc  en  le  pais,  ensi 
quil  avys  a  Roy  et  a  souii  coiiscil  qe  soit  en  esploit,  qe  tiele  bosoigne  soit 
trctee  et  amende  par  consideracion  de  toutz  lez  piers  de  soun  roialme  ;  ove  si 
par  guerre  Ic  lloj  et  le  Koyalmc  soit  troublez,  ou  si  dure  cas  aveio^ne 
devaunt  le  Cliauncellcr  denglitere,  ou  dure  jugeraent  soit  a  rendre  dcvaunt 
Justicez,  ou  a[u]trc  cas  scmblable,  et  si  par  aventure  en  tiels  deliberaciouns 
touz  ou  nomenicnt  la  greindre  partie  acordere  ne  purrount,  donqcs  le  Couute 
Sencschalle  le  Counte  Constable  et  le  Countc  Marescball,  ou  deux  de  eux, 
vynt  et  cynk  personez  de  toutz  piers  de  Roialme,  cestassaver  deux  Evesqes 
et  treis  procuratours  pur  tout  la  clergie,  deux  Countez  et  treis  Barouns  cynk 
chivallers  dez  counteez  cink  ceteseius  et  cynk  burgeys,  qe  fount  vynt  et 
cynk,  purrount  eslicr  de  lour  mesmez  dusze  et  condiscciiJre  en  eaux,  et  ils 
dusze  vj.  [et]  condescendre  en  eux,  et  ils  sis  unqore  treys  et  condiscendre  en 
caux,  et  ils  treys  en  pluis  poy  qe  lour  mesmez  ne  purrount  condiscendre,  si 
non  par  licence  du  Roy,  et  si  le  Roy  vorroit  consentiro  ils  treis  purrount 
en  deux,  et  de  eux  deux  lune  puet  en  lautre  condiscendre,  et  ensi  au 
darreyu  estera  soun  ordenance  sur  tut  le  parlement;  ct  ensi  condiscendant 
a,  vint  et  a  cynk  personez  tanqc  a  une  soule  pcrsoun,  si  noun  le  greindre 
nombre  acordere  purroit  et  ordcigner,  a  darrain  une  soule  persone,  si  come 
il  est  dit,  pur  toutz  ordeigneroit,  quel  Evesqe''  soi  mesmez  discorder  ne  purroit; 
salve  le  Roy  et  soun  conseil  qils  ticls  ordeignementz  depuis  qils  serrout  en 
cscritz  examiner  et  amcnder  purront  [si]  faire  sclent  et  voidroient,  ensi  qe  ceo 
soit  illoeqes  adonqes  en  plein  parlement  et  ne  my  derere  le  parlement. 

De  loudre  de  la  liverakce  dez  bosoignez  de  Parlement. 
Lez  bosoignez  pur  queux  le  parlement  est  devont  estre  liverez  solonc  la 
Kalendarie  et  le  parlement,  et  solonc  lordre  de  peticiouns  liveres  et  affilez, 
nulle  regard  eaunt  a  qeconqe  persone  einz  qe  premerment  ferroit ;  en  la 
Kalendarie  del  parlement  serrout  i-emembres  toutz  bosoignez  de  le  parlement 
soulz  tiel  ordre  ;  le  primer  jour  guerre,  si  guerre  ne  soit,  et  dautrez 
bosoignez  lez  personez  le  Roy  et  Roigne  et  de  lour  enfantz  touchauntz  ;  le 
seconde  jour  communez  bosoignez  du  Royalme,  sicome  de  leis  a  establere 
cncountre  defautz  de  leis  origiuelxct  executories  dampnis  jugeraent  rendutz, 
qe  lez  sount  lez  pluis  communes  busoignes  ;  le  tierce  jour  ferrount  remem- 
brer  singulers  bosoignez,  et  ceo  solonc  lordre  des  filacez  dez  peticiouns,  si 
come  il  est  dite. 

Dez  jours  et  iioures  de  le  Parlement. 
Le  parlement  ne  doit  estre  tenuz  en  dymengez  eins  cliescune  autre 
jour,  liorspris  par  tout  voie  treis  jours,  cestassaver,  le  jour  de  toutz  seintz, 
dez  almez,  et  de  la  Nativite  de  scint  Jolian  Baptistre,  et  puet  estre  tenuz 
ct  doit  cbcscun  jour  commcncer  a  la  my  lioure  de  Pryme,  a  quel  houre  le 
Roy  est  tenuz  estre  en  parlement,  [et]  toutz  les  piers  du  Royalmo,  et 
devoient  tenire  le  parlement  en  lieu  appert  ;  en  autres  seyntz  jours  le 
parlement  doit  commencer  al  boure  de  Prime  pur  divine  service. 

De  la  manere  de  Parlement. 
En  primes  monstre  la  fourme  en  quel  manere  et  en  quel  temps  chescun 
somouns  du  parlement  doit  estre  fait,  et   qi  venire  devaunt  par  somons,  et 

*  The  correct  reading  should  probably   be — ovesqe — as  appears  by   comparisou 
•with  the  Latin  Modus;  "cum  se  ipsa  discordare  non  potest." 


27  0  ON    THE    TREATISE    ENTITLED 

<ii  noun  ;  secundarie  qi  soimt  qi  par  reijoun  de  lour  officez  venire  devaunt 
et  estrc  soimt  tcmiz  par  tout  le  parlcnient  sanz  somouu?,  douut  il  est  a 
considerer  qe  deux  principalx  clercz  de  parleinont  csluz  par  Ic  Roy  et  souii 
conseil,  et  autres  clercz  secoundaries  de  qucx  et  de  lour  officez  serra  dit  dopuis 
especialment,  et  le  principal  criour  dcngliterc  ovesqc  scz  south  eriours,  ct 
le  principal  huyssher  dengliccre,  quelx  deux  offices,  cest  adirc,  loffice  du 
oriourc  ct  huyssher,  soloient  a  uue  et  niesnie  chose  appartcnirc ;  ceux  officer;- 
sount  tenuz  estrc  en  le  parlcmcnt  le  primer  jour. 

Le  Chauncellerc  denglitcrrc  ct  Trcsorer  Chaiuberlcyns  ct  Barouns  do 
leschekerc  Justicez  et  toutz  clercz  et  chivallers  du  Roy  aui  evesqe*  les 
t^crgeauntz  de  ley  quex  sount  du  conseil  le  Roy  sount  tenuz  estrc  en  le 
parlcnient  le  secuude  jour,  si  noun  ils  eient  cxcusacioun  reisonablc,  et  sils 
no  purrount  y  estre  donqes  devount  envoyere  bonez  excusaciouns. 

La  cumessement  del  Pari-ement. 

Le  Roy  serra  en  my  lieu  de  la  grcyndrc  bank,  ct  il  est  tenuz  estre 
primernient  en  le  parlcnient  le  vj'"' jour,  et  soloient  lez  Chauncellerc  Trc- 
sorer ct  Barouns  de  loschekirc  et  Justicez  recordere  dcfautez  faitz  en  Ic 
jiarlenicnt  south  lordre  qensuit  ;  le  primer  jour  serrount  appcllez  Burgeys 
ct  Cetczeins  de  tout  Englitere,  a  qel  jour  si  lez  Burgeys  nc  veiendrount  le 
Burghe  serra  amercic  a  centz  niarcz  et  la  Cite  a  cent  livers  ;  le  secundc 
jour  serrount  appellez  lez  chivalers  dez  Countees  de  tout  Englitere,  a  quel 
jour  sils  ne  viendrount  le  Countee  dc  qoy  ils  sount  serra  amercic  a  ceutz 
iivcrcz  ;  et  le  tierce  jour  serront  appellez  les  Barouns  de  Cynk  portz,  ct 
depuis  autres  Baronez,  ct  depuis  Countees  ;  dount  si  lez  barouns  de  Cynk 
portz  nc  vyendrount  la  Barouie  de  qoi  ils  sount  serra  amercic  a  centz 
marcz,  ct  Counte  a  centz  livers,  ct  en  niesmc  la  nianerc  serra  fait  dez 
qeux  sount  jiiers  as  Countcz  ct  Barouns,  cestassavcr,  ils  qount  tcrrez  et 
routes  a  la  value  dun  Countee  ou  dune  Baronic,  si  come  il  est  avauntdit  en 
le  title  de  soniouns  ;  le  qartee  jour  serrount  appellez  lez  procuratours  de 
clergie  et  sils  [nc]  viendrount  lours  Eve-qcs  serrount  aniercics  pur  chescun 
Krchcdcakcnic  qi  fait  dcfait  a  centz  niarcz  ;  le  quint  jour  serrount  appellez 
Jjeanez  Priours  Abbez  Evcsqes,  et  sils  ne  vicndroiiut  chescun  Erchcvesqe 
serra  amercic  a  c.  li.,  chescun  Evesqe  qe  tient  unc  Barounie  entierc  a  c. 
znarcz  ;    en  mesmc  la  manere  des  Abbez  Priours  ct  aultrcz. 

Lc  primer  jour  doit  estre  fiit  proclamacioun  primermcnt  en  la  sale  ou  en 
Ic  Monstrc  ou  en  autre  lieu  apicrt  ou  le  parlcmcnt  serra  tenuz,  ct  dc  puis 
appcrtemcnt  en  laCitce  ou  la  vile,  que  toutz  ccaux  qe  pcticiouns  ct  qucrclle 
<lelivorcr  voidrount  a  le  parlcmcnt,  qils  cux  deliverount  dc  lo  j)rinier  jour  de 
parlcmcnt  tanqc  en  cynk  juurs  procheinemcnt  ensuauntz. 

De  la  riiEDiCACiorN  pel  Paiu.ement. 
TJnc  Erclicves(|e  ou  un  graunt  elcrc  sage  et  de  bole  parlance  csluz  par 
lcachevcs<ic  dc  la  provynce  en  (piele  lc  parlcmcnt  sorra  tenuz  doit  prcchier 
un  dc  lez  cynk  primers  jours  de  parlcmcnt  et  en  ])rcscnco  do  Roy,  et  ceo 
qaunt  lc  parlcmcnt  surra  pur  greindrc  parlic  nssemblez  ;  ct  on  eoun 
Bcrmoun  cnsuiant  amoigncr  a  tout  le  parlcmcnt  qila  ove  luy  Dieu  huniblc- 
mcnt  fiupplicnt  ct  luy  honurcnt  pur  lc  i)ec8  et  tranquillite  du  Roy  ct  del 
Royaliiic,  bi  come  ils  serra  ditc  pliiis  especialment  en  lc  title  suynnt  de  la 
prcdicacioun  a  lc  parlcmcnt. 

*  Sic,  probnbly  for— ovcbqo. 


"MODUS    TENENDI    PAELIAMENTUM."  272 

De  la  PROMOTEMENT  del   r.\RLEMENT. 

De  puis  la  pretiicacioun  doit  le  Chauncellere  dcnglitere  ou  le  chief  Justice 
dcnglitere,  ccstassaver  celuy  qi  tieut  plees  devaunt  le  Roy,  ou  autre 
Justice  coveiiable  honest  et  de  beal  parlaunce,  ou  clercz  par  mcsmcz  lez 
Chauncellere  et  Chief  Justice  esluz,  moustrer  lez  causez  de  parlement,  et 
primerment  en  general  et  en  especial  esteaunce,  et  en  fait  assaver  qe  toutz 
de  parlement  qeconqcs  ils  soient  quant  ils  enparlcrunt  esteicrount,  hospris 
le  Koy,  ensi  qe  toutz  de  le  parlement  purrount  oier  celuy  qi  parle;  et  sil  dife 
obscurement  ou  has  parle  il  dirra  autrefoitz  et  parlera  pluis  en  haut,  ou  un 
autre  parlera  pur  luy. 

De  la  parlaunce  du  Roy  apres  le  promotement. 
Le  Roy  apres  le  promotement  pur  le  parlement  doit  prior  clercz  et  lais 
en  nominaunt  toutz  lours  degrecz,  ccstassaver  Erchevcsqes  Evesqcs  Abbes 
Priours  Erchediakenes  procuratours  et  autres  de  clergie,  Countez  Barouns 
Chivalers  Citeseius  Bu[r]geys  et  autrez  laiez,  qils  diligentemcnt  studiousment 
et  curment  travaillerunt  atretere  et  deliverer  busoignez  de  parlement,  si 
come  ceo  pluis  principalmcnt  estre  endenderount  (sic)  et  senterount,  primer- 
ment a  la  volunte  Dieu,  et  depuis  al  a  {sic)  honour  et  profit  du  Roy  et  lour 
mesmez. 

De  labsexce  dc  Roy  de  le  Parlement. 
Le  Roy  est  tenuz  par  tout  voie  estre  personelment  en  le  parlement,  si 
noun  il  soit  detenuz  par  corporale  malease,  et  donqes  il  poet  tenire  sa 
chambre,  ensi  qil  ne  gist  par  de  hors  la  manere  ou  nomement  la  ville  ou 
parlement  est  tenuz ;  et  dounqes  doit  envoier  pur  xij.  persones  dcz  greiudres  et 
meillours  qeux  sount  somouns  (sic)  a  le  parlement,  ccstassaver  deux  Evesqes 
deux  Countez  deux  Barouns  deux  Chivalers  de  Countees  deux  Citeseins  et 
deux  Burgeis  a  voier  sa  personne  et  a  tesmoigner  soun  estate,  et  doit  ei> 
lour  presence  committre  a  lerchevesqe  de  la  lieu  le  Seneschal  et  soun  chief 
Justice  qils  ensemble  et  chescune  par  soy  coraraenserount  le  paz-lement  en 
soun  noun,  eiauntz  en  lour  commissioun  expresse  mencioun  a  ceo  de  cause 
de  labsence,  qe  chose  doit  suffir  et  moustrer  lautres  grauntz  et  noblez  de 
parlement  ovesqe  notorie  tesmoignez  de  xij.  piers;  et  la  cause  est  qar 
clamoiu*  et  murmure  soloiet  estre  en  parlement  pur  labsence  le  Roy :  car  il 
est  chose  perilous  et  damageouse  a  tout  le  communalte  de  le  parlement  et 
auxi  le  Royalme,  qaunt  le  Roy  fuist  absente  du  le  parlement,  et  ue  se  doit 
absentier,  ne  poet  si  noun  sullement  en  cace  suisditz. 

De  lieux  et  sessiouns  en  le  Parlement. 
Primerment,  si  come  il  estdite,  se[e]rra  le  Roy  en  my  lieu  de  la  greindre 
Bank,  en  sa  partic  dcxtre  seera  lerchevesqe  de  Cauntcrbirs,  et  en  sa  partie 
senestre  seera  lerchevesqe  devwik,  [sic)'  et  apres  ordcignement  Evesqes  Abbes 
Priours  tout  voie  par  tide  lyne  parentre  lez  degrez  suisditz  et  lours  lieux, 
ensi  qe  uuUe  seera  si  noun  parentre  sez  piers,  et  a  ceo  veer  est  tenuz  le 
Seneschal  dcnglitere,  si  noun  le  Roy  verroiet  un  autre  a  ceo  assignor;  et  a 
pee  dextre  du  Roy  seerunt  lez  Chauuceller  dcnglitere  et  sez  compaig- 
nouns  et  lours  clercz,  quelx  sount  de  le  parlement  ;  et  a  soun  pee  senestre 


<■  Probably  fur — devcrwik,  /.  c.  York,  the  mark  of  contraction  having  accidentally 
been  omitted. 


272  ox    THE    TREATISE    ENTITLED 

seerount  lez  Tresorcr  Chaumberlayns  ct  Barouns  Jc  lesclickcr  Justice[s]  del 
Banke  et  lour  clercz,  si  ascunz  soiei[ii]t  do  le  parlement. 

De  li:  IIcissnER  ek  le  Parlement. 
Le  priucipale  huisslier  en  parlement  cstcra  de  deins  le  graund  huys  del 
Monster  sale  eu""  aultre  lieu  eu  le  parlement  est  tenuz,  et  gardera  le  huys 
cnsi  qe  uulle  entrera  le  parlement  si  noun  celuy  qe  suyt  doit  a  parlement, 
ou  serra  appelle  pur  busoigne  quil  pursuera  en  le  parlement ;  et  il  est 
busoigne  qe  celuy  iiuissher  eit  conusauncedez  personez  qoux  entrer  devount, 
&i  que  nuUc  soit  disturbe  de  soun  entre  qi  a  le  parlement  estre  est  tenuz,  et 
L-eluy  huissher  poet  ct  doit,  si  busoigne  soit,  avoir  plusours  huisshours  de 
southc  luy. 

De  CRiom  de  Parlement. 
Le  crioure  del  parlement  esteera  par  dehors  le  buy  de  parlement,  et  lo 
l.uissber  luy  monstera  sez  clamaciouns,  et  le  Roy  soilet  envoier  sez  sergcauntz 
darmez  a  esteier  par  graunt  espace  et  par  dehors  le  buys  de  lo  parlement, 
et  a  garder  le  buys,  ensi  qc  nulle  emprossiouns  nc  noise  serrount  faitz  en- 
tour  le  buys,  par  qoux  le  parlement  purroit  estre  desturbez,  sur  peync  de 
prise  de  lour  corps  ;  ear  du  droit  le  buys  de  parlement  no  doit  estre 
close  einz  par  buissbours  et  lez  sergeantz  darmez  ct  gardcz. 

De  lez  parlauxce  qe  steierouxt  ex  Parlement. 
Toutz  lez  piers  de  le  parlement  seierotiut  et  nul  esteira  mais  quaunt  il 
p'arjlera,  et  si  il  pfarjlera,  ensi  que  chcscun  de  parlement  luy  purra  oier  ;  et 
nul  entrera  le  parlement,  si  noun  par  un  soul  buys,  et  toutz  lez  parlauntez 
esteierount  a  qeconqe  temps  qils  parlerount  ascune  chose  qe  duit  estre 
delivere  par  le  parlement,  et  la  cause  est  quils  serrount  oiez  do  lez  piers; 
car  toutz  les  piers  sount  Jugez  et  Justicez. 

Del  aide  le  Rot. 
Lo  Roy  ne  soleit  demaundere  aide  de  souu  Royalme  mais  pur  guerre 
osteaunt  ou  pur  sez  filez  a  marier,  et  donqes  devcunt  tioix  aidcz  estre 
demaundez  en  plein  parlement  et  estre  deliverez  en  escript  a  cbescun  degrc 
de  lez  piers  do  le  parlement  soi  consenterount  et  en  escript  estre  respotinez; 
et  fait  assaver  qe  a  tielx  aidez  estre  grauntez  il  busoigne  qe  toutz  piers 
de  Ic  parlement  soi  consenterount  ;  et  fait  a  entendre  qe  deux  chivalers  qo 
sount  venuz  a  le  parlement  pur  un  Cuuntc  aient  pluis  graunt  vois  en  le 
parlement,  et  en  grauntaunt  ct  countrediauiit,  que  les  pluis  grauntz  Countecs 
denglitere;  et  en  mesme  la  nianerc  lez  procmatours  de  clergic  dun  Evesqe 
aient  pluis  graunt  vois  en  le  parlement,  sils  touz  soient  accordez,  qe  levesqe, 
et  ceo  en  touz  cbosez  qolcx  a  le  parlement  devout  estre  grauntez  ou  dcniez; 
ct  ceo  appiert  car  le  Roy  puct  tenire  parlement  ovo  la  connnunalte  do  souu 
Roialme  saunz  Evesqes  (.'ountcz  et  Barouns,  si  ensi  soit  (jils  soient  pomouns 
a  le  parlen)ent,  et  si  nul  Evesqe  Counte  ou  Baroun  a  sez  somouns  viendra, 
car  jadia  neatoit  Evesqo  ne  (Jounto  nc  Baroun,  et  uiujorc  adonqes  lez  Rois 
tcnurcnt  lour  parlement  cins  en  autre  nianero  est'-*  en  counlre  ;  car  si  lez 
communaUez  de  clergic  et  laycz  estoicnt  sumouns  a  le  jiarlemcnt,  si   come 


'  8ie,  but  Imrc,  ami  in  tlio  context,  cu  '■'  .S"iV,  poRsibly  for — et. 

•bould  probably  bu  iciid— ou. 


"MODUS    TENENDI    PARLIAMENTL'M."  273 

de  droit  ils  deverount,  et  pur  ascunes  certeinz  causez  venire  iie  voiJroient, 
si  come  ils  discerent  qe  le  Roy  eaux  ne  governeroit  com  il  deveroit,  et 
assigneroient  espccialment  en  quoux  articlez  eux  ne  governeroit,  a  donqes  le 
parlement  serroit  pur  nul  ;  et  si  unqore  ensi  serroit  qe  toutz  Erclievesqes 
fivesqes  Countez  et  Barouns  et  touz  lez  piers  on  le  Roy  estoient  presentz,  et 
pur  ceo  il  est  busoigne  et  toutz  chosez  qucux  devount  estre  grauntez  faitz 
affirmez  ou  donez  par  le  parlement,  qila-  soient  graunteez  par  communalte 
de  le  parlement  quele  do  trois  degreez,  cestassaver  de  procuratours  de 
clergie  chivalers  de  Countez  et  Burgeys,  quelez  representent  tout  le  com- 
munalte denglitere,  et  ne  niye  de  lez  grandez,  car  cliescun  de  eux  est 
est  {sic)  pur  sa  propre  persoue  en  le  parlement  et  ne  mye  pur  chescun  autre. 

De    le    DEI'ARTIER    DE    LE    PaRLEMENT. 

Le  parlement  ne  doit  departire  quant  ascun  peticioun  est  pendauut  nyent 
discusse,  ou  ameyns  a  quelle  null  respounce  ne  soit  determinez  ;  et  si  le 
Roy  fait  le  contrarie  il  est  perjurs  ;  et  nuUe  soul  de  touz  lez  piers  de  le 
parlement  puet  ne  doit  departier  de  la  parlement  si  noun  il  est  conge  de 
Roy  et  de  toutz  sez  piers,  et  ceo  en  plein  parlement,  et  qe  de  tiel  conge 
soit  fait  remembrance  en  lez  rollez  de  le  parlement  ;  et  si  ascunz  dez  piers 
duraunt  le  parlement  soit  a  malease,  siqa  {sic)  la  parlement  venir  ne  purra, 
adonqes  deins  le  tierce  jour  envoiera  a  sez  executours  a  le  parlement,  a 
quel  jour  sil  ne  veindra  soient  envoies  a  luy  deux  de  sez  piers  a  veier  et 
tesmoiguer  sa  nialad  e,  et  si  ysoit  suspeccioun  soient  sez  deux  piers  jureez 
qils  ent  dient  verite  ;  et  si  compiert  qil  soi  feigne  soit  amercie  come  pur 
defaute,  et  sil  ne  soi  feigne  a  donqes  il  attornera  ascun  sufficiant  devaunt 
eux  a  estre  pur  luy  a  le  parlement  sil  veroit,  car  sain  ne  puct  estre  excuse 
si  soit  de  sayne  memorie.  A  le  departier  de  le  parlement  ensi  doit  estre 
use,  primerment  doit  estre  demaunde  et  crie  en  apert  en  le  parlement,  ou 
de  deinz  le  pallyse  de  parlement,  si  soit  ascun  qi  deliveroit  peticioun  a  le 
parlement,  a  quel  peticioun  unqore  ne  soit  fait  respounce;  et  si  nul  recrie  il 
est  a  supposere  qa  a  {sic)  chescun  est  fait  medicine,  ou  nomement  solonc  ceo 
qe  poet  estre  de  droit  est  responce,  et  adonqes  primerment,  cestassaver 
qant  nuUc  ysoit  qi  peticioun  deveroit,  cellui  temps  ne  recrie  nous  devons 
conge  a  le  parlement. 

De  lez  transcriptz  dez  Recordez  de  Parlement. 
Les  clers  de  le  parlement  ne  deverount  a  nuUi  stranscript  {sic)  ne  pro- 
cesse  einz  ceo  deliverent  a  cliescun  qi  ceo  demaunde,  et  prenderount  pur 
dys  lynez  denier,^  pur  aventurc  yserra  fait  foy  de  nounpoar,  en  quele  cas  ils 
riens  ne  prendrount  :  lez  Rollez  de  parlement  entiendrount  en  largesse 
X.  poutz  ;  et  le  parlement  serra  tenuz  en  qel  lieu  de  le  Roialme  qil  plerra 
a  Roy. 

De  lez  degreez  de  lez  piers  de  Pa(r)leme>;t. 

Le  Roi  est  chief  de  parlement  commenciounri  {sic)  -  et  fyne  de  mcsme  le 

jtarlement,  et  ensi  il  ne  ad  piere  en  soun  degre  et  de  le  Roy  soul  est  le  primer 

degre;  [le  secunde  degre]  est  de  lez  Erclievesqes  Evesqes  Abbes  et  Priours 

par  Baroun[iejs  tcnauutz;  le  tierce  degre  est  a  lez  procuratours  dc  clergie; 

'  A  word  seems   here   wanting,    pes-       impotentia,"  p.  47. 
sibly— sino«»  —  unless.      Compare    tlic  -  Possibly  fur — commeucement — corn- 

Latin  Modus, — '•  nisi  forte  facta  fide  dc       pare  the  Latin  Modus,  p.  25. 

VOL.  XIX. 


274  TREATISE    ENTITLED    "  MODUS    TEXENDI    PARLI AMENTUM. 

le  quart  tlegre  est  de  Countez  Baroiins  et  aultrez  grauntz  gentilez  tenauntz 
a  la  value  ilc  Countec  et  Baronic,  si  come  il  est  avauntdit  eu  Ic  title  dez 
laiez;  le  quint  degre  est  dc  Cliivalers  dez  Countez;  le  sisme-'  lez  dietez  cynk 
degreys  ;  aprcs  le  Roy  soit  absent  et  nyntmcynez  ils  toutz  soient  par 
resouablez  somouns  de  parlement  garniz,  nientmcynz  le  parlement  est  juggcz 
estre  playn. 


The  following  petition  is  endorsed  in  a  contemporary  hand  upon  the 
Roll  :  — 

A  TRESPUISSAUXT  SEIGNUK  TflOMAS  DE  LaKCASTRE,    FITZ   LE    ROY, 

Seneschal  de.ngliterue  et  liectenauxt  dirlande. 

Supplie  vostre  oratour,  Richar  par  la  grace  de  Dicux  Icrchevesqc  dc 
Casscllc,  qc  vous  please  de  vostre  tresgraciouse  seignurie  luy  graunter  licens 
nostre  seignur  le  Roy  pur  tretcr  et  enparlct  {sic)  ove  Irroiez  cncmycs  nostro 
seignur  le  Roy,  et  ove  lez  Engliez  rebelx  feloms'^  ouutlagez  et  autres 
nialfesours  deins  la  terre  dirlande,  et  lez  al  paes  nostre  dicte  seignur  le  Roy 
refourmer,  et  true  et  salve  condut  as  ditez  Irroiez  enemies  fclouns 
ouutlagez  et  nialfesours  manger  boier  et  autres  maneres  dez  vitaillez, 
durant  la  dicte  true  et  parlement,  doner  ;  et  qe  le  dicte  suppliant  hommez, 
si  bien  [a]  chival  come  apee,  si  bicn  Engliez  rebelx  come  Irroiez  enemiez, 
come  felouns  et  ouutlagez  kernes  larrons  et  autres  nialfesours  en  le  marchez 
dez  dietez  Counteez  en  recistantz  dez  Irroiez  enemiez  et  Engliez  rebelx 
felouns  outlagcz  et  autres  malfesours,  cs  dietez  pArties  et  sur  lez  costagez  le 
dicte  suppliaunt  et  scz  tenauntz,  demesme  purra  retcnir,  et  a  eux  manger 
boier  et  autres  vitaillez  drasez  Engliez  chivalx  armour  ceel  fere  et  toutz 
vitailez  et  merchandizis  pur  lour  gagez  et  rctenue  en  lez  ditz  niarchis 
purra  doner,  nient  ob.stantz  qe  les  ditz  enemies  ct  Englisez  rebelx  felons 
ouutlagez  et  autres  nialfesours  soient  ouutl(a)gez  en  lez  Counteez  nostre 
seignur  le  Roy  ou  en  ascuno  autres  Countees,  saunz  estre  eiipechez  de 
nostre  seignur  le  Roy  scz  heirs  et  ministrez  qccon(|es  en  temps  avenire, 
ascunz  estatutz  ou  ordinauncez  sez  (sic)  acontrarie  cut  faitz  nient  obstautz  ; 
pur  Dieu  et  en  courc  de  charitc. 

^  Some  words  arc  doubtless  here  omit-  Lieutenant  and  Council  to  grant  an  ex- 
ted.  Compare  the  Latin  Mudn.%  p.  25  :  cmption.  Mr.  Graves  tbiuks  that  the  roll 
— "  Bextiis  de  civiljus  et  burgenRibus  ;  ct  wuh  broiigbt  over  in  the  time  of  Tboiua.s 
ita  ent  I'arliamentinn  ex  8ex  gradibus."  of  Lancaiiter's  LieutoDancy  ;   ami,  wlieii 

*  Tiie  Hev.  JauiGH  Graves  has  favoured  the  petition  camo  bcfi)rt>  the  Coniuil,  it 

UB  with  the  following  observatif)iiB  :—  It  waH  tcniiiorarily  en<lorsed  upon  it,  luitil 

wa8  treasonable  by  Btatute  to  parU-y  with,  it   cotdd    be   regularly   enrolled    on   the 

to  buy  and  Hell,  or  give  aid  tu  Irinh  eiio-  Coiiiicil  Roll.     Many  micli  peliliouB  are 

riiieH  or  lOnglish  rebclri  in  Ireland.     The  found  on  the  uniijuo  Council   Roll,  \6 

diocese  of  CaMhel  being  at  that  jieriod  in-  Rich.  II. 

fehted  with  both  claHHCH,  the  ArchbJMhop  ^  >Sic  ;  there  is,  however,  a  line  through 

found  it  noceunarj'  to  petition  the  Lord  the — 1 — indicating  some  contraction. 


Proccctiirtss  at  fHcctinss  of  tfje  ^rcjacolocjical  Institute. 

June  G,  1882. 

Lord  Talbot  de  Malaiiide,  F.S.A.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  special  subjects  proposed  for  ilhistration,  in  the  series  of  occasional 
exhibitions  of  works  of  ancient  and  mediaeval  art,  were  on  the  present  occa- 
sion Enamel  and  Niello.  The  President,  in  opening  the  proceedings, 
expressed  satisfaction  that  it  had  proved  practicable,  through  the  generous 
support  and  confidence  which  the  Institute  had  invariably  experienced,  to 
bring  together  a  collection  so  valuable  and  instructive  in  its  classification 
as  that  now  submitted  to  inspection.  Lord  Talbot  viewed  such  a  result 
with  pleasure  and  surprise,  at  a  moment  when  the  display  of  mediaeval  and 
renaissance  art,  lately  opened  at  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  had  amassed 
such  a  precious  collection  of  all  that  the  realm  could  produce  most  costly 
and  recondite  in  every  department  of  mediaival  taste.  Whilst  it  was  gratify- 
ing to  experience  in  so  marked  a  manner  the  liberality  with  which  tlieir 
present  purpose  had  been  promoted,  it  must  be  beyond  measure  gratifying 
to  all  present  to  perceive,  in  the  assemblage  of  beautiful  oi)jects  now  before 
them,  the  renewed  proof  of  Her  Majesty's  gracious  consideration  in  enrich- 
ing that  scries  with  the  Lennox  Jewel,  one  of  the  most  precious  objects  in 
the  royal  collection,  both  as  regards  its  historical  and  its  artistic  value 
The  Society  would  recognise  with  deep  gratitude  the  gracious  encourage- 
ment thus  conferied  on  their  endeavors,  which  had  been  heretofore  favored 
witii  the  patronage  of  the  lamented  Prince  Consort. 

A  memoir  on  the  Art  of  Niello  was  then  read  by  Mr.  Edmdxd  Watertox, 
F.S.A.     This  valuable  monograph  will  shortly  be  published  in  this  Journal. 

A  general  essay  on  the  history  of  the  Art  of  Enamel,  chiefly  in  expla- 
nation of  the  extensive  series  exhibited,  was  then  read  by  Mr.  Albert  Way, 
who  offered  a  brief  sketch  in  continuation  of  the  observations  given  in  this 
Journal,  vol.  IL  p.  155.  In  adverting  to  the  occurrence  of  any  example 
of  true  enameling  amongst  the  nations  of  antiquity,  and  especially  the 
Egyptians,  he  read  the  following  valuable  information  received  a  few  days 
previously  from  one  who  is  profoundly  and  practically  versed  in  all  the 
interesting  (juestions  connected  with  ancient  works  in  the  precious  metals, 
Signor  Castellani : — "My  opinion  is  that  the  Greeks  and  Etruscans  did 
decidedly  enamel  gold  jewels  occasionally.  Irrefutable  specimens  of  ancient 
gold  enameled  ornaments  exist  in  the  collections  of  Europe;  for  instance, 
the  Greek  crown  in  the  Campana  collection  is  enameled.  Ear-rings,  with 
enameled  swans,  were  found  at  Vulci.  M.  B.  Rothschild,  of  Paris,  pos- 
sesses an  ear-ring  with  a  white  enameled  cock,  of  the  most  archaic  Etruscan 


•2  76  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

stvle.  I  lately  purcliftseJ  a  Greek  necklace  and  bracelet  found  at  Alexan- 
dria in  Egypt,  both  of  which  are  enriched  with  elegant  enameled  designs. 
These  beautiful  ornaments  are  in  the  Kensington  Museum.  The  prevailing 
colors  are  pale  opaque  blue  and  green,  but  I  have  seen  frequently  em- 
ployed a  rich  green  transparent  enamel.  These  enamels  arc  all  artixcd  to 
the  metal  by  heat.  M.  Labarte,  a  very  competent  judge,  said,  on  seeing 
my  necklace  at  Paris  a  few  months  ago,  that  the  question  whether  tlio 
ancients  liad  known  the  art  of  enameling  on  gold  was  henceforth  undeniably 
decided  in  the  attirmuti^'e.  I  could  mention  other  examples  of  existing 
ancient  enameled  jewels.  Generally  the  Greeks  and  Romans  appear  to 
liave  used  enamels  in  tillagree  cJt>isonnts  designs;  a  circumstance  which 
recalls  forcibly  to  my  mind  the  traditional  Chinese  and  Indian  practice  in 
the  art  of  enameling." 

In  a  rapid  sketch  of  the  transition  from  the  process  technically  termed 
chamfhtt',  or  en  taiUc  d'rpargnc,  to  which  his  fi)rmer  observations  almost 
exclusively  related,  Mr.  Way  emleavoured  to  point  out  in  the  scries  exhibited, 
the  exemplification  of  the  various  progressive  changes  which  have  been  so 
well  derined  and  fharacterised  by  Mr.  Franks,  in  his  preliminary  Treatise 
accompanying  the  Section  of  Glass  and  Enamel,  in  the  sumptuous  il  ustrated 
memorials  of  the  Manchester  Exhibition,  by  Mr.  Waring.  The  classi- 
fication of  mediaival  enamels,  which  often  present  very  slight  variations  in 
the  process  and  manipulation  employed,  has  moreover  been  greatly  elucidated 
by  the  accomplished  Conscrvatciir  of  the  Mediaeval  treasures  in  the  Louvre, 
M.  De  Laborde.  His  notices  of  the  enamels  in  the  museum  at  the  Louvre, 
and  the  accompanying  Glossary,  are  invaluable  manuals  for  the  student  of 
the  section  of  art  umler  consideration.  To  Mr.  Franks  we  are  indebted  for 
inviting  attention  to  the  characteristic  features  which  distinguish  the  earlier 
enamels  of  Tfermany,  produced  probably  near  Cologne,  from  the  works  of 
Limoges,  with  which,  until  very  lately,  they  had  been  confounded.  The 
most  striking  German  examples  in  England  are  the  so-called  crosier  of 
Kagenfroi,  bishop  of  Chartres,  now  at  Goodrich  Court,  and  the  covered 
ciborium  in  possession  of  Mr.  Bruce  of  Kennet,  figured  in  the  Catalogue  of 
the  Museum  formed  at  the  meeting  of  the  Institute  in  Edinburgh.  In  the 
thirteenth  century,  the  goldsmiths  of  Sienna  and  the  north  of  Italy  origi- 
nated the  beautiful  application  of  transparent  color  to  chased  designs  in 
low  relief,  designated  by  De  Laborde,  emaux  de  basse  taillc.  Amongst 
painted  enamels,  those  of  Venice,  of  which  a  charming  example  from  Mr. 
llohde  Hawkins'  collection  was  pointed  out,  may  take  precedence,  whilst 
a  few  rare  examples  indicate  that  the  process  was  a])plied  at  an  early 
period  in  Italy  to  works  of  higher  artistic  character  as  pictorial  composi- 
tions. It  took,  however,  its  chief  development  at  Limoges,  towards  the 
latter  years  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  it  has  been  suggested  with  nnich 
probability  that  the  remarkable  renewal  of  the  art  of  Limoges,  at  that 
time,  may  have  been  mainly  promoted  by  the  skill  with  which  glass- 
painting  was  practised  there  at  the  period.  Mr.  Franks  has  proposed  a 
convenient  distributiori  of  the  numerous  painted  enamels  of  the  School  of 
LimogcH  :  —  1.  Tho  early  style,  1475  to  1. 030;  the  use  of  small  spangles 
or  paillettes,  glazed  over  with  transparent  colors,  is  mostly  prevalent  at 
thin  period  ;  the  designs  are  usmilly  characterised  by  a  Flemish  a|)])earance, 
and  roHcmble  illuminations.  2.  Tho  fine  stylo,  l.l.'JO  to  l.'nSO,  which 
doubtlcHH  owed  its  superiority  to  tho  inllnonco  of  Italian  ort.  N'ivid 
colorx    and    pailleftrs    were    al),iniIoncd,     and    the    works    of    this     periotl 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  277 

are  mostly  painted  in  grisaille,  with  slightly  colored  tints.  The  Penicaud 
family,  Leonard  Limousin, — the  greatest  of  French  enamelers,  Pierre 
Raymond,  Pierre  and  Jean  Courtois,  and  Jean  Court  dit  Vigier,  are 
amongst  those  who  established  the  European  celebrity  of  the  School  of 
Limoges.  3.  The  minute  style,  to  about  1G30,  a  period  of  elaborate  finish 
and  glittering  effects,  produced  by  the  aid  of  foil  glazed  with  trans- 
parent hues,  as  practised  by  Susanne  Court,  the  artists  named  Limousin, 
who  may  have  been  kinsmen  of  the  great  Leonard,  and  several  others 
whose  productions  are  still  highly  valued.  4.  The  Decadence,  to  the 
close  of  tlie  manufactory  in  the  eighteenth  century.  The  well-known 
productions  of  the  Nouailhers  and  the  Laudins  rarely  rise  above  medio- 
crity, although  occasionally  even  at  this  late  period  may  be  traced  some 
pleasing  vestige  of  that  great  artistic  development,  which,  during  so  long 
a  time,  threw  lustre  on  the  town  of  Limoges.  From  the  latter  part  of  the 
seventeenth  century  commenced  the  application  of  enamel  to  gold,  for  the 
enrichment  of  various  personal  ornaments,  in  which  Toutin  gained  so 
much  celebrity.  To  these  succeeded  productions  of  much  higher  artistic 
interest,  enameled  miniatures  and  goldsmiths'  work  decorated  with  exqui- 
site taste.  With  the  exception  of  Petitot  and  Bordier,  Dinglinger,  Boit, 
and  Zincke,  our  knowledge  of  the  numerous  artists  of  this  class  is  extremely 
imperfect.  The  eager  desire  which  prevailed  throughout  Europe  early  in 
the  last  century  to  produce  porcelain,  w^hicli  might  compare  with  that  of 
China,  originated  many  ingenious  inventions  and  imitative  expedients.  To 
that  movement  probably  may  be  traced  the  frequent  applications  of  enamel 
to  metal,  producing,  by  comparatively  easy  manipulation,  objects  which  often 
successfully  imitated  the  appearance  of  porcelain.  Thus,  possibly,  grew 
up  the  extensive  manufacture  of  enameled  wares  in  Saxony,  France,  and 
other  countries;  also  that  epliemeral  branch  of  art-industry  in  England,  the 
enamels  of  Batterscaand  Liverpool.  Of  the  Battersea  work,  established  by 
Alderman  Janssen  about  1750,  the  largest  assemblage  of  specimens  hitherto 
brought  together  was  shown  on  the  present  occasion.  The  skilful  applica- 
tion of  decoration  by  transfer  from  copper-plate  engravings  is,  perhaps,  the 
most  marked  feature  of  interest  in  the  history  of  this  late  class  of  enamels. 
In  conclusion  Mr.  Way  directed  especial  attention  to  the  rich  display  of 
Chinese  enameled  vases  and  ornaments,  objects  which  not  many  years  ago 
were  of  great  rarity  in  Europe,  but,  owing  to  more  extended  relations  with 
the  East,  and  the  recent  war  in  China,  these  enamels  have  been  brought 
abundantly  to  this  country.  On  no  former  occasion,  however,  had  so  ex- 
tensive or  varied  a  collection  been  presented  to  inspection  as  in  the  present 
exhibition,  through  the  kind  liberality  of  Mr.  Henderson,  Mr.  Morgan,  Mr. 
W.  Russell,  Mr,  Addington,  and  other  collectors,  of  wliose  contributions  a 
brief  description  will  be  found  in  subsequent  pages.  The  Chinese  enamels 
frequently  bear  the  mark  of  the  period  of  their  manufacture  in  the  Ming 
dynasty,  the  earliest  being  of  the  Siouen-te  period,  1426-1435,  others  of 
theKing-tai  period,  1450;  specimens  of  considerable  perfection  and  beauty 
of  color  also  occur,  which  may  be  assigned  to  the  Kien-loung  period,  1736. 

antiquitir^  auif  eAa:0rfe)S  of  9rt  evl)tl)itclr. 

By  Her  Most  Gracious  Majesty  the  Queen. — The  Lennox  or  Darnley  jewel. 
This  exquisite  specimen  of  enameling  on  gold  is  supposed  to  have  been  made 
for  Margaret  Douglas,  Countess  of  Lennox,  in  memory  of  her  husband,  the 


278 


PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS. 


Regent  of  Scotland,  nuirclercd  in  1572.  It  has  been  minutely  described 
by  the  late  Mr.  P.  Fraser  Tytler,  iu  his  Historical  Notes  of  the  Lennox 
Jewel,  prepared  by  Iler  Majesty's  order.  A  full  account  of  the  elaborate 
details  may  also  be  found  iu  the  Catalogue  of  the  Museum  formed  at  the 
meeting  of  the  Institute  at  Edinburgh,  p.  103.  The  jewel  was  formerly 
in  Walpole's  possession,  and  it  was  purchased  for  Her  Majesty  on  the  dis- 
persion uf  the  Strawberry  Hill  collection  in  18-12. 

ARussian  Book  of  the  Gospels,  brought  from  one  of  the  churches  in 
the  Crimea  after  the  campaign  of  ISo-t-oa.  From  the  Library  of  Her  Ma- 
jesty at  Windsor  Castle.  The  biiuiing  is  decorated  with  ornaments  of 
repovssL'  metal-worlv,  and  bosses  painted  with  opaque  enamels,  interesting 
as  examples  of  late  Ru.-so-Greek  art.  The  subjects  are,  the  Ascension  of 
Our  Lord,  and  the  four  Evangelists. 

By  Mr.  Authl'u  Tholloi'E. — Two  Roman  enameled  fibula)  found  at 
Lincoln  in  February  last,  and  remarkable  as  representing  animal  forms. 
One,  found  in  the  parish  of  St.  Peter  in  Eustgate,  is  in  the  form  of  a  cock  ; 
the  feathers  have  been  elaborately  enriched  with  red  and  blue  colors  ;  no 
ornament  of  this  precise  tyjie  has  hitherto  been  noticed:  another,  found  in 
the  same  part  of  Lincoln,  is  iu  form  of  a  hare  (see  woodcuts,  orig.  size) 


Also  a  Bniali  bronze  fibula,  of  very  unusual  typo,  resembling  a  padlock; 
it  ia  here  figured.  Several  cnanielcfl  ornanienta  of  the  same  period  have 
been  f(jund  amongst  the  vestiges  of  the  ancient  Lituho/i,  and  two  fibula) 
of  great  beauty,  otic  of  which  is  now  in  tho  Duke  of  Northumlterland's 
Muheum  at  Alnwick  CaHtle,  arc  noticed,  Catal.  Mus.  Liiicuhi  Meeting  of 
the  Inst.,  ]».  G.  Seo  also  another  fine  Ppecimen,  Arch.  Journ.  vol. 
ivi.  p.  2()U. 

By  Mr.  W.  Twopkny. — A  ea.Ht  of  llic  Hartlow  Vase,  claliornlrly  painted 
in  gold  and  brilhant  colora,  jncKiitiiig  a  preei.se  fae.siiiiile  of  llmt  uiii«iuo 
ciamplo  of  Roman   cuauiclcd   woik,  which  unfortunately  peribhed   iu   tho 


Fibulu  In  form  of  the  hippocampu*,  found  at  Maltoa  and 
Kirkby  Tbore 


m^^ 


KJ 


"? 


\-' 


Kiikl>v  Thoio. 


KIrkby  Thoro. 


Fibulu  found  III  ChoHtor.     Kimnio'n  of  rod,  gr^ow, 
und  yollow  u  olor. 


Roman  Knutnalod  Omamonta.      Found  in  England. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE. 


270 


conflagration  of  Lord  ^Mayiiard's  scat,  Easton  Lodge,  Essex.  This 
precious  vase  was  of  bronze,  ornamented  with  blue,  red,  and  green 
enamels  in  scroll  patterns  and  foliage;  diam.  4^  in.  It  was  found  in  1835, 
with  a  Roman  sepulchral  deposit,  in  the  great  tumulus  at  Bartlow,  Essex, 
as  described  by  the  late  Mr.  Gage  Rokewode,  Arclu-eolocia,  vol.  xxvi., 
pp.  303,  311,  pi.  35;  it  is  figured  also  in  this  Journal,  vol.  xii.,  p.  418. 
Eight  facsimiles,  painted  by  Mr.  Herbert  Smith  with  the  greatest  accuracy, 
were  fortunately  preserved  ;  one  of  these  is  now  deposited  in  the  Museum 
at  Alnwick  Castle,  and  others  are  to  be  seen  at  Bowood,  Heno-rave  Hall 
Audlcy  End,  and  in  the  Museum  at  llartlepool. 

By  Mr.  J.  E.  Lee,  F.S.A.,  from  the  Cacrleon  Aruseum. — Ei"ht  beau- 
tiful Roman  enameled  ornaments,  mostly  found  at  Cacrleon,  Monmouth- 
shire, Isca  SUurum  ;  described  and  figured  in  Mr.  Lee's  excellent  Catalof'ue 
of  the  Museum  at  that  place,  p.  55,  plates  28,  50.  They  are  studs  and 
fibulaj  ;  and  are,  with  one  exception,  examples  of  the  process  termed  champ- 
leve,  so  extensively  practised  in  later  mediajval  times  ;  one,  diam.  nearly  2 
in.,  is  encrusted  with  a  glass  mosaic  of  extreme  delicacv,  cut  in  thin  slices 
and  compacted  together  by  partial  fusion.  It  was  found  at  Usk.  Another 
specimen  of  the  same  character  is  figured  by  Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith,  Collect. 
Ant.  vol.  iii.  pi.  35. 

By  Sir  Roderick  Murchison,  from  the  Museum  of  Practical  Geology. 
— A  curious  specimen  of  the  art  of  enameling  as  practised  amono-st  the 
Romans  ;  it  is  a  diminutive  figure  of  a  mounted  warrior,  found  in  1838  at 
Kirkby  There,  Westmoreland,  with  numerous  coins,  rangino-  from  Vespasian 
to  Alexander  Severus,  accompanied  by  fibulae,  and  various  Roman  relics. 
The  ol)ject  exhibited  was  presented  to 
the  Museum  by  Admiral  Smyth,  and 
it  is  figured  in  his  Memoir,  Archseologia, 
vol.  xxxi,,  p.  284.  Another  like  relic  of 
the  same  class,  a  little  enameled  horse,  is 
here  figured;  it  was  found  in  Glouces- 
tershire, and  is  now  in  possession  of  the 
Rev.  R.  Gordon.  The  enamels  of  the 
Roman  period  found  in  Britain  are  of 
such  rarity,  and  they  form  so  remark- 
able a  feature  of  the  early  history  of 
the  Art,  that  the  accompanying  series 
of  specimens,  formerly  given  in  various 
earlier  volumes  of  the  publications  of 
the  Institute,  cannot  fail  to  be  of  in- 
terest to  our  readers  in  illustration  of 
the    special    collection    here    described. 

/  O    1    .  J.,  \       Tt  :, ^..  .     „„l     '■  1     tl      i.  Kiuimelud  fibula,  found  ;it  Faiuswick. 

(See  woodcuts.)     It  is  very  probable  that  Oiig.  size. 

some  of  the  enameled  relics  of  this  period  were  actually  made  in  Britain. 

By  Mr.  M.  Holbeche  Bloxam. — A  small  stud  of  bronze  enameled, 
found  at  one  of  the  Stations  on  the  Roman  Wall,  near  llaltwhistle,  Nor- 
thumberland.— A  small  gold  ornament  of  conical  form,  set  with  garnets 
or  red  vitreous  paste,  resembling  the  work  of  the  Merovingian  period. 
Found  at  Wibtoft,  Leicestershire. 

By  Mr.  A.  W.  Franks,  Dir.S.A. — Nine  ornaments  of  metal,  enriched 
with  enamel,  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Rome,  and  precisely  similar 
in  character  to  those  frequently  occurring  at  Roman  sites  in  this   country 

VOL.   .\ix.  p  i- 


^^L 


280 


TROCEEDINGS   AT    MEETINGS   OF 


and  also,  but  comparatively  of  greater  rarity,  in  France  and  Goiinany.  It 
hud  even  been  asserted  by  Italian  archa?oli)gist3  that  no  antique  enamels 
have  occurred  in  Italv;  exauijiles,  liowevor,  exist  at  the  Collciiio  Romano, 
very  similar  in  workmanship  to  the  Bartlow  vase,  and  the  Kudge  cup  now 
at  Alnwick  Castle. — A  drawing  of  a  remarkable  enameled  circular  plate 
in  the  ^fuseo  profano  in  the  Vatican,  diara.  o\  in.,  displaying  a  head  of 
Neptune  surrounded  by  dolphins.  There  are  also  at  Rome  small  pastille- 
boxes,  a  triton  shaped  fibula,  kc,  precisely  resembling  objects  found  with 
Roman  remains  in  England.  The  relics  of  this  beautiful  class  of  ancient 
art  are  noticed  by  Cavlus  as  of  great  rarity;  he  has  given  a  few  specimens, 
Recueil,  t.  1,  ]>!.  124,  12o,  t.  iv.  pi.  98 ;  he  supposed  that  the  process  was 
only  employed  in  tho  colonies  of  Gaul,  in  the  latter  times  of  the  Empire. 
M.  Labarte,  in  his  "  Rechcrches  sur  la  peinture  en  email."  pp.  49,  92,  has 
noticed  specimens  found  in  the  Western  and  North- Western  parts  of 
France. — Drawing  of  a  very  remarkable  example  of  enameling  in  Roman 
times,  now  preserved  in  the  British  !Mu.seum  ;  it  is  a  two-handled  bronze 
vase  with  a  long  neck;  the  entire  surface  is  chased  to  receive  enamel, 
the  process  of  art  being  precisely  similar  to  the  mediicval  chuviplcri'.  It 
was  found  in  1S3S  at  Ambleteuse,  on  the  coast  of  Normandy,  with  a 
number  of  newly  struck  coins  of  Tacitus,  which  would  fix  its  date  as 
about  A.D.  276. 

By  Lord  Talbot  de  Malaiiide,  F.S.A. — Two  specimens  of  enameled 
work  found  in  Ireland;  one  is  the  dilated  penannular  head  of  a  small 
brooch,  the  pin  or  acus  lost  (compare  ring-brooches  in  the  Museum 
Roy.    If.    Acad.,    Wilde's    Catal.,    pp.    5G1,  ^05)  ;    the   second    is    hero 


figured,  orig.  size.  The  incrustations  iijion  this  curious  relic,  which  Is 
of  mixed  metal,  appear  to  be  in  part  of  the  nature  of  enamel,  and  partly 
fine  mosaics  of  blue  and  white  vitreous  pastes,  afiixcd  by  fusion  in  cavities 
chased  out  of  the  surface  of  the  metal.  This  kind  of  ornament  occurs 
on  ancient  Irish  works  in  metal,  clo.-ely  resembling  the  decoration  of 
certain  Roman  relics,  of  which  a  good  example  found  at  Caerleon  was 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Lee.  The  two  Iri.-sh  ornaments  here  noticed  were  found 
in  1H29,  in  the  rciuaikable  depository  at  Lagore,  co.  Meatli,  described  by 
Lord  Talljot  in  this  .Journal,  vol.  vi.  p.  lO.;.  A  remarkable  specimen  of 
early  Irish  cruunel  is  preserved  in  the  Museum  at  St.  Cohindjii's  t'ollege, 
near  Dublin;  figured  in  Mr.  Fraidis'  Treatise.  Art  J"]xample3  from  tho 
Manchester  Exhibition,  Glass  and  Enamels,  pi.  !•. 

By  the  Rev.  G.  \\.  Rkadi:. — A  snallle  bridle-bit  of  bronze,  ornamented 
with  enamel;  it  was  found  in  a  bog  at  Killeevan,  near  Anahue.co.  Mminghan; 
and  in  figured  in  the  .Journal  of  the  Kilkenny  Archieol.  Soe.,  N  S.,  vol.  I. 
ll  in  a  hpecimen  of  the  first  elas.H  of  bridle-iiits  dcHcribed  by  Mr.  Wildc, 
Catalogue  of  the  Muhoum  of  the   Royal    Iii.ih   Academy,  p.   (ICi;;,  as  "tho 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  281 

simple  riding  snaffle  or  burdoon,  witli  a  strong  mouth-piece  in  two  parts, 
having  a  well-fitted  hinge-stud  between,  and  large  chceic-rings,  which,  as  well 
as  the  extremities  of  the  bit,  are  in  many  specimens  highly  ornamented,  and 
in  some  instances  jeweled  or  enameled."  See  fig.  505.  In  the  example 
exhibited  the  cheek-rings  measure  3^  inches  diam.,  tbe  entire  bit  when 
extended  measures  nearly  12  inches  in  length;  the  rings  are  flat,  breadth 
^  in.;  the  surface  drilled  out  so  as  to  form  casements  for  the  reception  of 
enamel,  the  portions  which  remain  are  of  rich  crimson  color.  The  type 
of  ornament  on  one  of  the  rings  is  the  simple  maeander  or  embattled  fret. 
— Annular  portion  of  a  ring-brooch  of  yellow  bronze,  found  in  the  same 
locality;  the  pin  or  ants  lost;  diam.  of  the  ring  2J-  in.,  its  flat  upper  surface 
is  chased  in  triangular  compartments,  probably  to  receive  enamel,  no  trace 
of  which  is  now  to  be  found.  These  examples  of  enameling  by  the 
chani2>Ieve  Tproceas  are  valuable;  enamel  is  comparatively  of  rare  occurrence 
on  Irish  antiquities  not  of  a  sacred  or  ecclesiastical  character. 

By  the  Sussex  Arcii.eglogical  Society,  through  Mr.  Figg. — A  small 
ornament  of  bronze  enameled,  probably  the  curved  portion  of  a  buckle, 
found  near  Lewes,  and  preserved  in  the  Society's  Museum  at  the  Castle 
at  that  place.  It  is  of  champleve  work,  and  may  be  of  a  very  early 
period.  — A  portion  of  a  small  Russo-Greek  devotional  folding-table 
enameled,  found  at  South  Mailing,  near  Lewes. 

From  the  Museum  of  Practical  Geology,  by  the  kind  permission  of 
the  Director,  Sir  Roderick  Murchisox,  F.R.S. — A  gold  ring,  found  in 
Ireland,  set  with  a  small  circular  ornament  of  early  inlaid  or  cloisonne 
enamel,  the  design  bearing  some  analogy  to  that  termed  the  triquetra. 
— Small  gold  plate,  formerly  in  the  Debruge  collection,  and  stated  to  have 
been  part  of  the  Pala  cV Oro,  in  St.  Mark's,  Venice;  it  cannot  be  regarded, 
however,  as  of  the  original  decorations  executed  at  Constantinople,  and 
renewed  in  the  time  of  the  Doge  Ordelafo  Faliero,  a.d.  1105.  This 
little  plate  has  been  minutely  desciibed  by  Mr.  Franks  in  this  Journal, 
vol.  viii.  p.  63.  It  represents  St.  Paul,  as  indicated  by  his  name 
written  in  Greek  characters.  Seven  colors,  all  opaque,  are  here 
employed;  the  process  is  cloisonne,  with  the  peculiarity  that  the  portions 
intended  to  be  enameled  are  sunk,  probably  by  the  hammer,  in  the  thin 
plate  of  gold,  and  in  this  casement  the  metal  fillets  and  the  enamels 
are  placed. — A  small  high-ridged  shrine,  Limoges  work  xiii.  cent, 
a  good  example  set  with  uncut  crystals  or  imitative  gems. — Two  pryket 
candlesticks,  champleve  work,  xiii.  or  xiv.  cent.,  one  of  them  part  of  a  set 
of  seven,  in  progressive  sizes,  fitting  one  into  another.  On  the  hexagonal 
base  are  several  coats  of  arms. — A  processional  or  archbishop's  cross  of 
gilt  copper,  probably  of  Florentine  work,  xiii.  cent.;  at  each  extremity  of 
the  arms  of  the  cross  is  a  quatrefoiled  silver  plate,  originally  covered  with 
translucent  enamel  on  relief;  the  subjects  being  the  Assumption  of  the 
B.  V.  Mary,  St.  John  the  Baptist,  St.  Peter,  St.  Paul,  and  other  Saints. 
In  the  centre,  behind  the  head  of  the  crucifix,  is  an  eight-cusped  plate  of 
opaque  enamel,  champleve,  representing  tlie  Pelican  in  piety;  the  shaft 
and  arms  of  the  cross  are  ornamented  Mith  quatrefoils enclosing  grotesques, 
birds,  <fcc.,  on  a  rich  blue  ground,  the  intervening  spaces  red.  Although 
in  damaged  condition,  this  cross  is  a  very  instructive  specimen  of  Italian 
enameling  at  the  period.  Height  21  i  in.,  width  across  the  arms  9  in. 
Obtained  in  1839  at  Florence;  it  had  been  brought  from  Citta  di  Castello 
in  the  Pontifical  states. — An   interesting  devotional  folding  tablet,  painted 


•2S2  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

iu  euamel  enriched  with  paillettes;  the  figure  of  the  personage  for  whom 
it  was  niaJe  is  introduced,  and  the  arms  of  Estaiiiville,  or  a  cross  luoliue 
guhs  a  label  of  three  points  arijent. — A  snuiU  portrait  by  Leonard  Limousin, 
jiossibl}-  of  himself,  signed  L.  L.,  1559.  It  is  painted  in  grisaille  on  a 
black  groiuul,  with  tiesh  tints;  three  quarters  to  the  left,  lie  was  styled 
enamelor  to  the  king,  and  his  works  are  very  highly  esteemed. — An  oval 
enamel  painting  iu  colors,  representing  the  occupations  of  one  of  the 
seasons;  Limoges  art,  late  xvi.  cent. 

By  the  Society  of  Amiucakies  of  London. — A  chasse  or  reliquary  of 
copper  enameled  by  the  champlev&  process  ;  Limoges  work,  date  early 
xiii.  cent.  Length  8i  in.,  height  G  in.,  width  Sfj  in.  The  upper  part 
is  ridged  like  the  roof  of  a  church;  on  the  lower  part  of  the  front  is 
represented  the  martyrdom  of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury  ;  on  the  upper 
part  is  the  entombment  of  the  Saint  ;  at  each  end  is  an  Ai)OStle.  The  fiirures 
are  in  very  low  relief,  cut  o«it  of  the  metal,  the  heails  in  mgiier  relief 
and  fixed  on  separately.  Un  tne  reverse  of  one  of  the  plates  are  these  words 
rudely  engraved  A/j/xe  Ai  ^(ixinffMxico.  This  remarkable  inscription  may 
suggest  the  supposition  that  (Jreek  artists  were  engaged  in  the  production 
of  enamels  in  Western  Euroj>e  as  late  as  the  xiii.  cent.,  the  period  to 
which  this  reliquary  may  be  assigned.  The  first  word  may  be  synony- 
mous with  armaria,  a  chest  or  cotfer,  arcula  :  the  designation  of  sacrifice 
possibly  refers  to  the  martyrdom.  This  valuable  specimen  was  obtained  at 
Naples  by  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  and  presented  by  him  to  the  Society.  Catal. 
Mus.  Soc.  Ant.  p.  23.;  Catal.  Special  Exh.  S.  Kensington,  1862,  p.  74. 
Mr.  Franks  has  given  a  valuable  notice  of  such  c(^rce;  see  Proc.  Soc.  Ant., 
N.  S.  vol.  i.,  p.  150. — Small  Greek  or  Russo-Greek  devotional  folding 
tablet  of  brass  with  figures  in  low  relief  representing  Our  Lord  enthroned, 
the  B.  V.  Mary,  St.  Julin.and  other  Saints.  The  back-ground  is  encrusted 
with  blue  enamel.  This  is  probably  the  object  brought  before  the  Society 
of  Anti(|uaries  by  Dr.  11.  Kawlinson,  and  described  as  a  "portable  pocket 
altar  used   by  the  Greek  priests  in  their  travels."      Catal.  Mus.  p.  2'S. 

By  Sir  PiiiLir  uf.  Mali-a.s  Giu:y  Egeuton,  Bart. — A  small  shrine,  the 
upper  part  ridged  like  a  roof ;  on  the  front  is  represented  the  martyrdom 
ot  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury  ;  above  is  the  entombment.  The  liguresaro 
gilt,  with  heads  in  relief,  the  hackground  enameled  blue.  Limoges  work, 
xiii.  cent.  Height  4-^  in.,  length  5  in.  This  little  chdsse  was  obtained  at 
Toddenshaw  Hall,  near  Tarporley,  Cheshire;  it  had  long  served  the  purjtoso 
of  a  tea-caddy;  its  origin  is  unknown.  Several  other  examj)les  of  the  cofru 
Limoviccnsis,  or  ridged  shrine,  have  been  brought  before  the  Institute  on 
various  occasions  ;  their  fashion  and  the  genenil  style  of  their  ornamenta- 
tion is  shewn  by  the  accompunying  woodcut. — A  two-handled  cu|i,  painted 
in  colors,  a  specimen  of  the  later  enamels  of  Limoges,  and  attributed  to 
one  of  the  Laudin  family;  xvii.  cent.  In  the  centre  is  seen  St.  Bruno 
kneeling,  on  the  underside  is  a  landscape,      lleiglit  1.',  in.,  diam.  0  in. 

l'>y  Mr.  Anthony. — A  .shrine,  .similar  in  form  to  that  last  described, 
decorated  with  enamel,  and  with  knops  of  crystal  along  the  crest  of  the 
roof. — Two  oilier  cxamjdes  of  (■h(i7/ij>h't:c  enamel,  u  jiyx,  and  part  of  u 
iihrine. — A  small  vase  or  ewer  with  a  cover,  of  oriental  enameled  work. 

By  the  llev.  J.  FuLKKit  IUhsell,  F.S.A. — A  plaque  of  champlevc 
work,  a  fine  example,  date  xii.  cent.  Tiie  subject  is  tho  presentation 
in  the  Temple.  Simeon  holds  the  infant  Saviour  in  his  hands,  wliicli 
arc  covered    with    the   folds  of  his   garments  ;  Jo.seph    bears  a  basket,  in 


EXAMPLES  OF  THE  ART  OF  ENAMEL. 


Enameled  shnne,  representing  the  Martyrdom,  of  St.  Thomas  ot 
Canterbury. 

(Limoges  work,  twelfth  centui-y.) 

Found  at  Tarporley,  Cheshire,  and  now  in  possession  of  Sir  Philip  de  Malpas  Grey 
Egertou,  Bart.,  M.P. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE.  283 

which  arc  a  pair  of  turtlcduvos  or  pigeons  ;  on  the  altar  are  a  veiled  chalice, 
a  wafer  or  paten  with  a  cross  on  it,  a  pryket  candlestick,  and  a  small  cross 
standing  on  a  foot.  The  figures  are  cliased  in  very  low  relief,  the  relievo 
being  wholly  below  the  surface  of  the  placjue  ;  the  broader  outlines  are 
marked  with  lines  of  dots. 

By  Mr,  Mayer,  F.S.A. — Twenty-five  specimens  of  the  art  of  enamel, 
of  various  periods  and  schools.  Amongst  these  were  plaques  of  xii,  and  xiii. 
cent,  work,  representing  the  Crucifixion  and  other  sacred  subjects  ; 
a  shrine  or  cofra  of  the  work  of  Limoges  ;  the  upper  portion  of  a  richly 
enameled  thurible,  of  champlevc  work,  xiv.  cent.;  a  pyx  with  a  conical 
cover,  and  another  jiyx  of  unusually  large  dimensions;  several  examples 
of  the  later  artists  of  Limoges,  a  small  tazza  painted  by  Pierre  Rey- 
mond  with  the  Judgment  of  Paris,  and  signed  P.R.;  a  salt-cellar,  and 
other  enameled  works  of  curious  character.  Also  several  later  works, 
French  and  German  ;  an  enameled  gold  St.  George,  set  as  a  brooch  ;  a 
curious  oval  tobacco-box  with  a  portrait  of  Frederick  King  of  Prussia,  and 
subjects  relating  to  his  Black  Hussars,  to  one  of  whom  this  object  may  have 
belonged. 

By  Mr.  Slade,  F.S.A. — Book  cover,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  charn])- 
leve  enameled  tablet  representing  the  brazen  serpent ;  German  art,  xii.  cent. 
It  has  an  elaborate  border  of  foliage  in  silver,  with  colored  pastes  and 
gems  at  intervals,  and  six  small  enameled  panels,  four  of  them  in  cloisonne 
work,  of  same  date  as  the  central  portion  ;  the  two  others  and  the  orna- 
mental border  are  of  the  xiv.  cent.  Dimensions  6./  in.  by  8|-  in.  Fifured 
in  Art  Treasures  at  Manchester  ;  Vitreous  Art,  pi.  6. — Two  circular  plates 
finely  painted  in  grisaille  ;  Limoges  art,  xvi.  cent.;  one  represents  Paris 
and  Helen,  the  other  Tarquin. 

By  the  Rev.  C.  R.  Manning. — A  round  pyx  of  gilt  metal  with  a  conical 
cover  surmounted  by  a  cross.  It  is  ornamented  with  demi-angels  in  circular 
compartments.      Chamjilevc  work,  xiii.  cent. 

By  Mr.  M.  Holbeciie  Bloxam. — An  enameled  pyx,  similar  to  the  last 
in  fashion  and  character  of  workmanship. 

By  Mr.  Henderson,  F.S.A. — Enameled  ornament  of  foliated  open  work, 
enameled  ;  xii.  cent.;  it  may  have  been  one  of  the  ornamental  bosses 
of  a  service  book,  or  affixed  to  a  shrine  ;  the  subject  is  a  conflict  be- 
tween a  man  and  a  wyvern. — An  enameled  ornament  or  rosette  of  o-ilt 
metal  for  the  head-stall  of  a  bridle,  probably  Italian  work  xvi.  cent. 
The  enamels  are  black,  white  and  blue,  laid  on  the  metal  in  shallow 
cavities,  with  arabesques  in  the  intervals  of  the  enan)eled  portions  which 
radiate  from  the  centre  like  the  divisions  of  a  fan.     Diam.   4  in. 

By  Mr.  John  E.  W.  Rolls. — Three  tablets  of  copper,  gilt  and  enameled 
chawpleve  work,  German  art,  xii.  cent.  The  subjects  are,  Samson,  or 
possibly  Hercules,  slaying  the  lion  ;  Alexander  in  a  car  drawn  by  gryphons, 
and  a  man  mounted  on  a  dromedary.  Dimensions,  4  in.  square.  The 
two  first  are  figured  in  Art  Treasures  at  Manchester,  Vitreous  Ait,  pi.  G. 

By  Mr.  Octavil's  Morgan,  M. P., F.S.A. — A  tablet  similar  in  dimensions 
and  style  of  art  to  those  last  described  ;  the  subject  is  Samson  carrvintr 
the  gates  of  Gaza  ;  the  face  is  represented  in  gilt  metal  engraved,  the 
dress  in  very  rich  coloring.  Geruian  art,  xii.  cent. — Two  semicircular 
])laques  of  the  same  period  and  work  ;  one  of  them  represents  the  set- 
ting a  mark  of  a  Tau  on  the  foreheads  of  the  Israelites,  for  their  preser- 
vation from  the  destroying  angel  by  whom  the  Egyptians  were  smitten  ; 


2^4  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

the  sultject  on  the  other  is  tlie  raising  of  the  brazen  serpent  by  Moses. 
— Two  other  semicircular  plaques,  chai/iplcvt  enamels,  xii.  cent. ;  the 
Sacrifice  of  Isaac,  and  St.  John  tlie  Evaiiiielist. — Two  pyxes  with  conical 
covers  ;  they  are  ornanieuteJ  with  champleve  enamel;  date  xii.  and  xiii. 
cent. 

By  Mr.  TIoiLixcwoRTH  ^fAGNiAC. — Two  tablets  of  c-/(a?H;)?t'r<' enameled 
work;  the  field  gilt;  on  one  is  represented  a  man  combating  a  wyvern,  on 
the  other  the  zodiacal  sign  Sagittarius;  xii,  cent. — The  two  ends  of  a  large 
high-ridged  chasse,  the  borders  ornamented  with  small  plaques  of  cloi- 
sonne and  champleve'  cuame\',  German  work,  xii.  cent.,  obtained  at  Cologne, 
where  some  enanieled  pilasters,  originally  portions  of  this  remarkable 
phrine,  are  preserved  in  the  collection  of  M.  Essing. —  Ciborium  in  form 
of  a  dove  standing  on  a  circular  plate  ;  chain phri'  enamel,  work  of 
Limoges,  xiii.  cent.  Figured  in  Shaw's  Decorative  Arts.  See  also  Mr. 
Rubiiison's  Notice  of  the  Colworth  Collection,  p.  G. — A  little  casket 
ornamented  with  champhti'  enamel  and  repous.<e  work ;  German,  xiii, 
cent. — An  ornamented  tablet  representing  the  Crucifixion,  a  very 
crowded  subject,  with  numerous  figures  in  rich  costumes,  painted  in 
colors  mostly  opaque,  on  a  black  ground  partly  diapered  with  gold  stars  ; 
many  parts  are  worked  up  in  very  low  relief.  A  minute  description  has 
been  given  by  Mr.  Franks,  Catal.  Special  Exhib.  S.  Kens,  p.  378.  On  a 
panel  at  the  foot  of  the  cross  is  inscribed— lOANE  AMBROSIO  DE 
LANDRIANO — the  name  possibly  of  the  person  for  whom  the  enamel  was 
executed,  not  of  the  artist,  but  serving  to  indicate  the  locality  where  it  was 
jiroduced,  mimely,  a  town  midway  between  Milan  and  Pavia.  Height  14^  in. 
width  ll.[  in. — A  casket  with  battle-subjects  painted  in  grisaille,  and 
slightly  touched  with  gold;  original  mounting  of  silver-gilt  ;  length  C,  in., 
width  o\  in.,  height  Hh  in.  Date  about  15i0 — 40.  On  two  o?  the 
rnamels  are  the  initials  I.  P.,  probably  the  signature  of  .lean  Penicaud, 
junior.  Tliis  fine  specimen  was  in  the  Strawberry  Hill  Collection.  Catal. 
Colworth  Coll.  No.  84,  p.  45. — A  casket  comjio.sed  of  five  enameled  plates 
set  in  wood  ;  grisaille  on  a  dark  ground  ;  the  subjects  are  combats  with 
lions,  a  unicorn,  and  other  animals,  a  bull  baited  by  dogs,  Hercules  and 
(hn]ihale,  A:c.  These  enamels  are  finely  painted  and  are  all  niarked  with 
tbe  initials  PL  in  gold  and  crowned,  which  occur  on  works  of  certain  artists 
of  the  Penicaud  fan)ily.  Mr,  Franks  observes  that  they  may  be  attributed 
to  Jean  Penicaud,  junior.  Catal.  Special  Exh.  S.  Kens.,  p.  150.  From 
the  l{runet-l)cnon  and  Delessert  collections. — A  mazer  with  an  enameled 
roundel  set  in  tlie  boss. — A  round  plate,  representing  the  Adoration  of 
the  Magi,  j)ainted  in  colors,  with  paillctfcx. — Another  rouiul  plate,  the 
dauiditcr  of  llcrodia.s  bearing  the  head  of  tbe  Baptist  before  Herod. — Two 
plates,  attribute<l  to  Leonard  J^inuj.sin,  Our  J^ord  before  Pilate,  and  the 
Crucifixion. 

By  Mr.  Bkukrfohd  Hoit. —  Several  good  examples  of  rh(nuplrrr''  cmwuc], 
including  a  cotler,  the;  litl  flat  and  wet  with  cahochans  of  cryf  tal,  tlie  design  of 
the  enamels  rude  and  of  very  early  character  ;  two  semicircular  phupies, 
lii.  cent.;  a  crucifix  figure  ;  and  a  tripod  pryket  candlestick,  of  good 
worknmnHhip.  —  A  plate  painted  in  grisaille,  representing  I'lnrydico  ; 
Limogen  art,  xvi.  cent. — A  small  gold  crucifix,  enriched  with  traufApurent 
cnumelH  in  the  fitylo  of  the  rich  Italian  jewelry  of  the  tlinc  of  (''«'llini. 
—  A  curiouH  littlo  figure  of  I'ltlUhincUo,  set  with  pearls  iiml  enameled  ; 
(I  work  of  tbe  siinie  period  as  the  last. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  285 

By  Mr.  George  Ciiai'max. — Casket  of  copper  gilt  and  enameled;  the  top 
and  sides  decorated  with  armorial  bearings  in  fretty  arrangement;  the  arms 
being  those  of  England,  Angouleme,  Valence,  Dreux,  Duke  of  Brittany, 
Brabant,  Lacy,  and  a  coat  which  occurs  once,  azure  a  lion  rampant  ^^ttr- 
pufe,  which  may  be  an  accidental  variation  of  Brabant.  The  connexion 
between  these  coats  has  been  thus  explained. — Isabella  of  Angouleme, 
widow  of  King  John  and  mother  of  Henry  III.,  married  Hugh  Count 
de  la  Marohe,  by  whom  she  had  William  de  Valence,  Earl  of  Pembroke, 
who  died  1296,  leaving  an  only  surviving  son,  Aymer  de  Valence,  who 
died  5.  p.  1323.  Beatrice,  daughter  of  Henry  III.,  and  granddaughter  of 
Isabella  of  Angouleme,  married,  in  1290,  John  Duke  of  Brabant,  who  died 
1312  ;  and  Henry  de  Lacy,  Earl  of  Lincoln,  who  died  1312,  was  con- 
nected with  Joan  de  Monchensi,  wife  of  William  de  Valence.  It  thus  seems 
probable  that  the  casket  was  made  for  some  person  who  was  a  connecting 
link  of  all  these  families,  probably  William  de  Valence  or  his  son  Aymer. 
Its  date  may  be  referred  to  the  period  between  1290  and  1305.  Length 
7  in. ;  width  5i  in. ;  height  3|  in.  It  is  figured  in  Mr.  Shaw's  Ancient  Furni- 
ture. It  has  been  suggested  that  this  casket  may  have  been  the  work  of 
the  same  enameler,  probably  an  artist  of  Limoges,  who  made  the  tomb  of 
William  de  Valence  in  W^estminster  Abbey,  engraved  in  Stothard's  Monu- 
mental Effigies.  The  surface  of  this  altar  tomb  was  covered  with  enameled 
plates,  displaying  the  coats  of  England  and  Valence  alternately,  in  fretty 
or  lozengy  arrangement.  They  occur  also  on  small  escutcheons  on  the  sur- 
coat,  and  the  pillow  under  the  head  of  the  effigy.  It  deserves  notice,  that 
amongst  the  coats  formerly  on  the  tomb  were  those  of  Angouleme,  Dreux, 
and  Lacy,  as  shewn  by  drawings  taken  in  1610.      (Lansd.  MS.) 

By  Mr.  J.  Green  Waller. — Two  illustrations  of  the  application  of 
enamel  to  the  decoration  of  Sepulchral  Brasses,  being  plates  from  his  beauti- 
ful work  on  that  class  of  mouumental  antiquities.  The  earliest  in  date  is 
the  effigy  of  Sir  John  d'Aubernoun,  at  Stoke  Dabernon,  Surrey.  He  died 
1277.  The  enameled  shield  on  his  arm  is  a  separate  plate,  apparently  of 
copper.  It  is  believed  that  the  brass  would  not  bear  the  heat  requisite  to 
fuse  enamels  in  use  at  that  period.  The  other  example  is  the  memo- 
rial of  Sir  John  Say  (1478)  and  his  wife,  at  Broxbourn,  Herts.  The 
costume  is  enriched  with  color  (heraldically)  ;  there  is,  likewise,  an 
atchievement  of  their  arms.  Some  doubt,  however,  exists  whether  the 
colors  in  the  latter  instance  are  true  enamels;  and  Mr.  Waller  states 
that  from  early  times  hard  colored  pastes  appear  to  have  been  used,  which 
possibly  may  laave  differed  from  enamel  in  their  composition,  or  have  been 
fusible  at  a  comparatively  low  heat. 

By  Mr.  Hexry  Shaw,  F.S.A. — Drawings  of  several  choice  examples  of 
mediajval  enameled  work. — A  ciborium  of  copper  overlaid  with  gold,  in 
the  collection  of  the  Hon.  Robert  Curzon,  jun.  It  is  enriched  with 
amethysts,  and  on  the  stem  are  eight  nielli,  supposed  to  be  of  xi.  cent., 
and  eight  small  ornaments  of  glass,  in  a  style  of  art  of  which  no  other 
example  has  been  described. — Covered  cup  of  silver-gilt,  in  possession  of 
the  Corporation  of  Lynn,  commonly  designated  "King  John's  Cup."  It 
is,  however,  of  much  later  date,  and  may  be  assigned  to  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.  It  is  highly  decorated  with  translucent  enamel  on  relief.  See 
Mr.  Shaw's  Ancient  Furniture,  plate  67. —  Ciosier  of  silver,  richly  enameled, 
and  a  silver  covered  salt,  presented  to  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  about 
1517,  by  the  founder,  Thomas  Fox,  Bishop  of  Winchester.     Shaw's  Ancient 

VOL.  XIX.  ii    (I 


286  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS   OF 

Furniture,  pi.  65,  6S. — Riclily  jeweleJ  morse  or  clasp  for  a  mantle,  dis- 
playing the  imperial  eagle,  surroiimleil  by  an  enanieleil  quatrefoiled  frame. 
Supposed  to  have  been  worn  by  Charles  V. ;  date  about  1530.  From  the 
Debruge  Collection.  Shaw's  Dresses,  vol.  i.,  pi.  88. — Hour-glass,  in  a 
stand  exquisitely  enameled  and  set  with  jewels,  xvii.  cent.  From  the 
Debruge  Collection.  Shaw's  Dresses  and  Decorations,  vol.  ii.,  pi.  9-i. 
These  exquisitely  illuminated  drawings  by  Mr.  Shaw  supplied  valuable 
illustrations  of  the  application  of  enamel  to  the  elaborate  goldsmith's  work 
of  various  periods,  of  which  the  originals  were  not  attainable. 

By  Mr.  C.  WlssTOX. — Drawing  of  the  enameled  casket,  supposed  to 
have  been  made  for  Aymer  de  Valence,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Chapman  ;  see 
the  previous  page.  Also  a  drawing  of  an  enameled  chasse,  Limoges  work, 
xiii.  cent.,  formerly  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  S.  Cox. 

By  Mr.  Edward  Watekton,  F.S.A. — A  shallow  basin  of  copper,  enameled 
{chaniplen-),  with  a  small  spout  in  form  of  a  lion's  head  near  the  rim,  for 
pouring  water  over  the  hands  after  a  repast.  It  is  ornamented  with  festive 
subjects,  such  as  musicians  playing,  ladies  dancing  and  tumbling,  a  gentle- 
man hawking,  <i:e.,  and  bears  escutcheons  of  the  arms  of  Courtenay  and  of 
Lusignan.  Limoges  work,  xiii.  cent.  The  use  of  such  vessels  in  mediieval 
times  is  explained  by  De  Labordc  in  his  Glossary,  "  Notice  des  emaux, 
«kc.,  Musce  du  Louvre,  IL  partie,"  under  Bacins ;  they  were  also  called 
GetneUiones. 

By  Mr.  J.  n.  Anderdok. — An  escutcheon  of  gilt  metal,  enameled  with 
the  arms  of  the  Guelphic  confederation  of  Florence,  or  an  eagle  displayed 
gules  clutching  in  its  claws  a  dragon  vert;  over  the  head  of  the  eagle 
is  a  fleur-de-lys  ^?/?«.  The  metal  tield  is  elaborately  diapered.  Date,  xiv. 
cent.  The  face  of  this  object  is  convex,  it  appears  suited  to  have  been 
affixed  to  the  dress  or  armour,  or  it  may  have  been  a  messenger's  badge. 
An  example  of  an  escutcheon  attached  to  the  camail  has  been  figured  in 
this  volume  of  the  Journal,  p.  2  ;  otlu-r  illustrations  of  such  a  fashion  are 
mentioned,  ib.  p.  8.  To  these  may  be  added  the  ethgy  of  John  Cokaine  (1373) 
at  Ashbourne,  Derbyshire,  figured  Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Ass.  vol.  vii.  p.  375; 
and  that  of  a  knight  of  the  Tudor  family  in  Penmynydd  Church,  Anglesea. 
A  remarkable  bowl  of  gilt  copper,  obtained  at  Bologna,  ornamented  with 
rosettes,  enameled  white,  black,  and  blue.  Date  xv.  cent. — An  early 
painted  enamel,  a  pax,  on  which  are  represented  the  B.  V.  Mary  witli 
the  infant  Saviour  ;  the  black  field  was  powdered  with  gold  stars. — A 
vase  enameled  pale  blue,  with  landscapes  in  compartments,  and  gilded 
ornaments  in  relief;  possibly  of  German  work,  xvii.  cent. 

By  Mr.  Weuh. — Three  curious  specimens  of  early  champlcve  enamel, 
remarkable  for  the  skill  shown  in  the  delicately  shaded  tints  of  tho  enamel 
colors;  the  subjects  are  two  of  the  Evangelists,  and  the  Apostle  Jude  (?) 
disputing  with  the  Greeks. — Several  enameled  objects  of  sacred  use,  two 
Cihoria,  two  chalices  of  Italian  work,  both  of  which  are  ornamented  with 
translucent  cmuncis  ;  on  one  is  an  inscription  showing  that  it  belonged 
to  the  church  of  St.  Paul  on  the  banks  of  the  Arno,  at  I'isa  ;  an  enameled 
crohicr-hea*!,  and  a  little  column  of  beautiful  worknuinship,  part  of  a  shrine, 
probul)ly;  the  shaft  enriched  with  various  colors  arranged  like  scales; 
Gcrmun  work,  (?)  xiv.  cent. — A  silver  plate  painted  with  transparent 
onnmcl  on  ixdief.  The  B.  V.  Mary  with  the  infant  Siiviom-,  the  metal 
ground  difipcied  with  fiowcrs;  tli(«  enamel  in  very  rich  coloring  (1^  X  3§  in.). 

r.v  .Mr.  \V.  .1.  liKUMiAUl)  Smiih. — An  enameletl  badj^c  with  an  armorial 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE. 


287 


hearing  on  each  siJe;  one  of  these  appears  to  be  tlie  arms  of  Chastillon  sur 
Marne,  gules  two  pallets  vair  a  chief  or;  the  other  is  quarterly,  1  and  4, 
a  cross  patee  gules,  2  and  3,  an  escallop,  the  color  lost.  It  is  not  easy  to 
exphxin  the  intention  of  this  ornament,  which  is  perforated  for  attachment 


only  at  one  side,  as  shown  by  the  woodcut  (orig.  size). — A  small  Russo- 
Greek  devotional  folding  tablet  of  brass  enameled,  with  representations  of 
sacred  subjects. — Three  mouth-pieces  of  Turkish  pipes,  with  ornaments 
richly  enameled  in  bright  coloring. 

By  the  Rev.  C.  R.  Manning. — A  circular  plate  of  copper,  enameled, 
with  an  escutcheon  of  the  following  arms,  a  lion  rampant,  impaling  crusuly 
a  lion  rampant  crowned  (Brewse);  another  circular  plate  originally 
enameled,  diam.  If  in.;  a  pair  of  wings  conjoined,  possibly  for  Wingfield, 
XV.  cent.;  an  enameled  lozenge-shaped  ornament  of  copper  adjusted  so 
as  to  revolve  like  the  vane  of  a  weathercock;  on  one  side  is  a  griffin 
arg.  armed  and  winged  gu.  on  the  other  a  lion  rampant  gic.  Length 
2  in.,  breadth  of  the  lozenge  1^  in.  :  date  xv.  cent. — Also  an  enameled 
plate,  diam.  2|-  in.,  displaying  the  arms  of  James  L,  with  his  initials. 
These  circular  plates  appear  to  have  been  intended  to  ornament  dishes, 
mazers,  k.c-;  they  occur  affixed  in  the  central  bosses  of  such  mediaeval 
objects.  Several  enameled  badges  and  escutcheons  are  figured  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings Soc.  Ant.,  Dec.  1854;  Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Ass.  vol.  v.  p.  161. 

By  Sir  Thomas  Rokewode  Gage,  Bart. — A  very  remarkable  example 
of  translucent  enamel;  a  devotional  folding  tablet  of  silver,  ornamented  with 
numerous  subjects  of  sacred  character,  and  scenes  of  Our  Lord's  Passion,  in 
diminutive  compartments  both  on  the  outside  and  within.  French  art,  about 
1350-80.  Height  3  inches,  width,  the  leaves  being  opened,  5i  in.  The 
process  of  translucid  enamel  on  relief,  of  which  tliis  is  an  admirable  specimen, 
seems  to  have  originated  with  the  Italian  artists,  the  principal  work  being 
the  shrine  at  Orvicto  made  in  1338,  but  it  was  probably  practised  in  France 
and  other  parts  of  Europe  at  as  early  a  period.  The  ornaments  of  the  Bruce 
Horn,  exhibited  by  the  Marquis  of  Aylesbury  in  the  Museum  of  the  Insti- 
tute at  the  Salisbury  meeting,  are  enriched  with  translucid  enamel,  and  are 
supposed  to  have  been  executed  in  Scotland. 

By  Mr.  Octavius  Morgan,  M.P. — A  circular  silver  plate,  representing  • 
the  Crucifixion;  translucid  enamel    on  relief,    probably  Italian   work,   xiv. 
cent.       A    remarkable    example,  unfortunately    much    injured. — A    small 
plate   painted    in    colors    with  paillettes;    representing    the    Ecce    Homo, 
Limoges    work,    xvi.    cent.  —  Ebony    folding    tablet,    with    two    plaques 


2SS  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

painted  by  Jean  Laudiu,  and  bearing  his  initials. — Portrait  of  an  eccle- 
siastic (unknown)  signed  on  the  reverse — "  P.  Noualher  csniaillieur  a 
Limoge,  1685." — Purse,  enclosed  within  two  oval  plaques,  painted  probably 
by  one  of  the  latest  French  enamelers,  with  portraits  of  Queen  Anne  and 
Prince  George  of  Denmark. 

By  the  Rev.  W.  Wenxall. — An  enameled  figure  of  Our  Lord,  intended 
to  be  attached  to  a  crucifix  or  processional  cross  ;  date  xiii.  cent.  It  is  of 
very  unusual  workmanship,  being  cJunnphvc,  in  low  relief,  and  the  enameled 
colors  are  modeled  so  as  to  follow  the  contours  of  the  relievo.  From  Ushaw 
College,  Durham. 

By  the  kind  permission  of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls. — The  Books  of 
Indentvires  between  Henry  VII.  and  the  Abbot  of  Westminster  and  others, 
A.D.  1.5'J4,  for  the  performance  of  services  for  his  welfare,  and  for  his  soul 
after  his  decease.  The  chapel  at  the  East  end  of  Westminster  Abbey  was 
built  expressly  for  the  performance  of  these  services.  —  Also  the  volume 
containing  the  bonds  for  the  execution  of  the  covenants  in  the  great  Inden- 
tures. These  documents,  already  noticed  in  this  Journal,  vol.  xviii.  pp. 
1 82,  278,  present  interesting  specimens  of  enameled  decorations,  probably  of 
English  workmanship,  both  in  the  heraldic  bosses,  itc,  on  the  bindings,  and 
the  coats  of  arms  on  the  covers  of  the  silver  boxes  enclosing  the  seals  of  the 
numerous  parties  to  the  indentures.  The  enamels  are  mostly  translucent 
on  relief.  The  volumes  exhibited,  from  the  Treasury  of  the  Exchequer, 
were  the  King's  copies.  With  these,  sent  in  custody  of  two  of  the  Assistant 
Keepers  of  Records,  the  Master  of  the  Rolls  was  ])leased  to  favor  the  Insti- 
tute with  the  exhibition  of  the  following  very  ^'aluable  documents. — Two 
treaties  between  Henry  VIII.  and  Francis  I.,  concluded  at  Amiens,  August 
18,  1527  ;  one  of  them  bears  the  signature  of  Francis,  with  his  portrait  and 
coat  of  arms  on  the  first  leaf;  the  seal  is  of  gold,  admirably  chased  ;  it  has 
been  sometimes  attriluited  to  Cellini,  who,  however,  was  at  that  time  in  the 
service  of  Clement  VII.,  and,  at  the  siege  of  Rome  in  the  very  year  when 
the  treaty  was  signed,  is  supposed  to  have  fired  the  shot  by  which  the 
Constable  de  Bourbon  was  slain.  The  other  part  of  the  treaty  exhibited 
has  the  ordinary  great  seal,  and  illuminated  pages.  —  Original  bidl  of  Pope 
Clement  VII.,  March  5,  1524,  confirming  to  Henry  VIII.  the  title  of 
Defender  of  the  Faith  ;  the  golden  bulla  appended  is  in  the  finest  style  of 
cinquecento  art. — Statutes  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael,  sent  by  Francis  I. 
to  Henry  VIII.  on  his  being  made  a  Knight  of  the  Order  in  1527.  The 
initials  throughout  the  volume  are  richly  illuminated  ;  there  is  also  a  fine 
miniature  of  the  first  promulgation  of  the  Order  by  Louis  XI. 

By  Mr.  Roiide  Hawki.ns. — A  beautiful  sjiecimen  of  Venetian  enamel,  a 
])late  with  a  deep  centre  and  broad  edge  ;  the  colors  are  o])a(pie  green 
with  a  pattern  in  gold,  white  with  running  scrolls  of  gold,  and  small  orna- 
ments of  turquoi.se.  This  remarkable  object  is  in  fine  preservation  ;  the 
elaborate  gilding  fresh  and  undamaged.  Date  xvi.  cent.  It  has  been 
more  fully  described  by  Mr.  Franks,  Catal.  Special  ICxIiib.  South  Kensington, 
p.  378,  where  other  examples  are  noticed. 

By  Sir  EijMU.sd  E.  H.  Lecilmeue,  Bart. — Upper  portion  of  a  large  tazza, 
the  foot  lost;  a  Bpecimen  of  the  work  of  Pierre  Reymond  of  Limoges, 
about  1538  — 1581.  It  is  painted  in  grisaille,  with  llehh  tints,  on  a  black 
jjround ;  in  the  centre  is  n  group  of  dcilioa,  Jupiter  sending  forth  Mercury, 
Voiiun  and  Cupid,  kc.  ;  around  are  the  higns  of  the  Zodiac,  bosses  ])ainted 
with  bubls,  mule  and  female;  Juno  leprenenti'd  in  a  car  drawn  by  peacocks; 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  289 

Venus  in  her  chariot  drawn  by  cloves ;  with   other  mythological  subjects. 
Reverse  plain,  pjlazed  with  rich  brown-colored  enamel. 

By  Mr.  T.  M.  Whitehead. — A  candlestick  in  brilliant  colors,  painted 
by  Jean  Courtois  of  Limoges,  about  1550.  From  the  Fould  Collection. — 
A  plaque,  painted  in  grisaille  by  Jean  Penicaud  (the  second),  representing 
the  Last  Supper,  after  Raffaelle ;  date  about  1535.  Mounted  iu  the 
original  frame  of  gilt  metal,  with  engraved  ornaments. — Another  plaque, 
painted  in  grisaille  by  G.  Kip,  1530,  an  artist  whose  works  are  of  great 
rarity;  the  subject  is  the  Betrayal  of  Our  Lord.  See  De  Laborde,  Emaux 
du  Louvre,  p.  241,  and  Mr.  Franks'  notice  of  Kip's  works,  Catal. 
Special  Exhib.  South  Kensington,  p.  151. — Plaque  painted  in  colors 
by  Pierre  Keymond,  1540;  from  the  Soltykoff  Collection;  the  subject  is 
The  Man  of  Sorrows. — A  plaque  painted  in  colors  on  a  dark  ground  ;  the 
subject  is  the  Crucifixion.  A  very  fine  example  of  the  art  of  Limoges, 
about  1560,  not  signed. — A  small  mirror  in  a  silver  frame ;  painted  in 
brilliant  opaque  and  transparent  colors  by  Susanne  Courtois,  about  1680  ; 
the  subject  is  Meleager  and  Atalanta. 

By  Mr.  Keith  Stewart  Mackenzie. — An  enameled  tazza  and  cover, 
painted  by  one  of  the  artists  of  Limoges,  towards  the  close  of  xvi.  cent. ; 
the  subjects  are  the  labors  of  Hercules. 

By  Mr.  Addingtox.— A  tazza,  from  the  Uzielli  collection,  painted  by 
Pierre  Reymond,  in  grisaille  with  flesh  tints ;  the  subject  is  the  Sacrifice  of 
Isaac ;  on  the  foot  is  an  escutcheon,  gules  on  a  chevron  az.  between  three 
cinqfoils  org.  three  crosslets  or,  a  crescent  arg.  as  a  difference.  Date 
about  1540. — A  pair  of  hexagonal  salt-cellars,  of  highly-finished  execution, 
painted  in  grisaille  on  a  black  ground,  with  the  labors  of  Hercules  ;  in 
the  bowls  are  male  and  female  busts.  Each  of  these  choice  examples  is 
signed  P.  R. ;  they  were  painted  by  Pierre  Reymond,  probably  about 
1540.  (Soltykofl:'  Collection,  508.)— The  B.  V.  Mary  with  the  infant 
Saviour;  an  exquisite  example  of  the  painted  enamels,  enriched  with  small 
raised  disks  of  foil  ca\\ci\.  paillettes,  glazed  with  transparent  colors  ;  (Sol- 
tykoff Collection;)  attributed  to  Jean  Penicaud  the  elder. — Around  box 
finely  painted  by  Nicholas  Laudin,  signature  X.  L.  forming  a  monoo^ram. 
The  subjects  are  Actseon,  Pyramus  and  Thisbe,  tkc. — A  cup,  delicately 
enameled  ;  German  Art,  xviii.  cent.  ;  the  subjects  are  Venus  with 
Vulcan,  Action,  and  other  mythological  personages. — Cup  and  saucer, 
enameled  on  metal,  German  art,  with  scenes  in  some  maritime  city  (Bernal 
Collection). — A  pair  of  silver  candlesticks,  enameled  with  rich  turquoise- 
colored  blue  ;  from  Aston  Hall,  Warwickshire. 

By  ]\Ir.   G.    H.   Morland. — A  triptych   richly  painted  in   colors,    with 

paillettes.     In  the  centre  is  the  Crucifixion ;  the  other  subjects  being  the 

Flagellation  and  the  taking  down  from  the  Cross.     From  the  Debruge  and 

.  the  Soltykoff  Collections. — Two  leaves  of  an  enameled  triptych  of  the  same 

period  as  the  last,  the  Nativity  and  the  Presentation. 

By  Mr.  A.  W.  Franks,  Dir.S.A. — Specimens  of  enamel  of  various 
periods  and  schools  of  design;  also  a  large  series  of  drawings  and  colored 
engravings  illustrative  of  the  progress  and  peculiarities  of  the  Art. — Two 
square  trenchers,  Venetian  enamels  ;  date  xvi.  cent.  ;  they  are  painted 
blue  on  both  sides,  the  front  is  ornamented  in  gold,  with  small  touches  of 
red,  <kc.  ;  the  edges,  which  are  slightly  turned  up.  are  green  ;  on  the  back 
of  each  is  a  medallion  enclosing  a  merchant's  mark,  which  on  one  trencher  is 
accompanied  by  a  trident. — Circular  medallion,  by  Leonard  Limousin  ;  on 


200  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

one  side  is  painted  a  portrait  in  grisaille  on  a  Lhie  ground,  representing  a 
young  man  in  rich  armour  with  a  tlour-de-lys  on  the  shoulder ;  it  resembles 
the  portraits  of  the  Valois  family,  and  pourtrays  either  Henry  II.  as  dauphin, 
or  his  younger  brother  Cliarles,  Duke  of  Orleans,  who  died  1545.  At  one 
side  are  the  initials  of  the  artist  L.  L.,  and  the  date  1539.  Tho  reverse 
exhibits  a  bust  of  Francis  I.,  nearly  full  face,  in  gold  catnaicu  on  a  black 
ground.  Diam.  3^  in. — Several  plaques,  Limoges  painted  enamels,  school 
of  Leonard  Limousin,  xvi.  cent.,  with  sacred  subjects. — An  enameled  gold 
jewel,  xvi.  cent. 

By  Mr.  Dl'klaciier. — Five  plates  painted  in  grisaille,  with  flesh  tints, 
by  Leonard  Limousin,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  artists  of  Limoges  (1533 
— 1573);  lie  was  in  the  service  of  the  king.  These  choice  specimens  are 
in  tine  preservation  ;  the  subjects  are  representations  of  Saturn,  Venus, 
Mercury,  Sol,  and  Luna. — A  plate,  painted  by  Jean  Courtois  of  Limoges, 
a  skilful  artist,  supposed  to  have  been  the  same  person  as  a  glass  painter  of 
that  name,  who  worked  from  1532  to  about  15SG. — Five  jiieces  of  enameled 
work,  flowers,  birds,  kc,  German  art,  in  high  relief,  affixed  upon  wires, 
and  probably  intended  to  decorate  a  frame,  or  some  of  tho  elaborate  gold- 
smith's works  of  the  period,  about  t.  Louis  XII. — Several  examples  of 
painted  enamels  ;  a  Holy  Family,  on  gold,  French  art,  t.  Louis  XI 1.  ;  the 
Continence  of  Scipio,  French  art,  t.  Louis  XV.  ;  Venus  and  Cupid,  painted 
by  Charles  Boit,  a  Native  of  Sweden,  and  of  considerable  celebrity  in  xviii. 
cent.  ;  the  Toilet  of  Venus,  a  Swiss  enamel,  xviii.  cent.;  an  enamel  by 
Boit  of  the  same  subject,  after  the  painting  by  Luca  Giordano  at  Devon- 
shire House,  was  at  Strawberry  Hill  ;   Walpole's  Descr.,  p.  50. 

By  Mr.  C.  S.  Balk. — Two  ovul  ]ila(|ues  of  the  later  period  of  the  art  at 
Limofos;  on  one  of  them  is  painted  a  figure  on  horseback — iosai'iiat  hex 
IVDA — and  on  the  other — deks  j'allas. — A  small  enameled  pax  repre- 
senting the  Crucifixion. 

By  Mr.  Wkiiu.  —  Painted  enamels,  chiefly  of  Limoges  work,  xvi.  cent. 
The  cover  of  a  casket,  beautifully  painted  in  grisaille,  with  flesh  tints,  on  a 
black  ground,  the  subjects  being  scenes  from  the  history  of  Joseph  ;  a 
i)lanue  representing  the  B.  V.  Mary  and  our  Lord,  painted  in  colors  and 
with  paillettes  {S  '\n.  by  C§  in.);  a  fine  production  by  one  of  the  Peni- 
caud  fannly,  representing  Our  Lord  surrounded  by  the  Apostles,  each  of 
whom  is  in  a  separate  compartment,  and  holds  his  appropriate  symbol ; 
reverse  of  the  plate  without  color,  stamped  with  the  usual  monogram  P. 
and  L.  crowned  (5.^  in.  by  4  in.). — A  singidar  little  high  ridged  relicpiary, 
j>aintcd  with  figures  of  saints  in  coarse  opacpie  enamel;  within  is  inscribed 
tliis  disticli — "  Thomycn  Chousif  si  me  fey  Ian  mille  Gc.  trentc  trey." 
(Length  ?jI  in.,  breadth  2:1  >"-.  height  3  in.) 

By  Mr.  Wilson.  —  S|iecimcns  of  the  painted  enamels  of  Limoges,  xvi. 
and  xvii.  cent. —  A  Russo-Greek  folding  devotiomil  tablet  of  brass, 
partly   enameled    with    sacred   subjects;   it   is  of  unusually    largo  dimen- 

HJonB. A  plate  of  metal    painted  with  enamel  colors   in   t!ie  same  style  as 

porcelain  of  Saxon  and  otiier  German  manufactories,  tho  decorations 
being  flowers  witli  gilding;  tho  ground  brilliant  green;  also  an  rcuelle 
with  «tan<l  and  cov«'r,  likewise  of  enameled  metal,  painted  with  flowers, 
ground  f/ri'ii  hh'u  ;  tlx-se  last  are  signed  —  ('liristoflic  Jitugcr — in  gold. 
— A  largo  oval  enameled  plat(!  of  metal  (15  in.  by  13^  in.),  painted  in 
bright  colorH,  and'repreHenting  a  maiden  Hcatod  mid  playing  with  a  Inmb  ; 
near  lior  !«  n  voiilh  playing  on  a  guitar;   in  the  back  ground  a  mountainous 


EXAMPLES  OK  THE  ART  OF  ENAMEL. 


Candlestick  of  J3ras3  enameled^  formerly  in  possession  of  the  late  John 
Beever,  Esq..  supposed  to  be  oi  English  workmanship. 


Height,  10  inches  ;  the  colors  are  dark  blue,  light  green,  and  white.     Date,  xvi.  centuiy. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  29 1 

landscape,  and  a  bridi^c  with  cattle.  It  is  signed  W.  Craft.  An  artist  of 
tliat  name  cxliibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1774  and  1775.  A  delicate 
little  enamel  signed  by  him  has  been  noticed  above,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Fischer. 
He  may  have  been  a  relative  of  Thomas  Craft,  enijdoyed  as  a  painter  in  the 
porcelain  works  of  Messrs.  Crowther  and  Weatlierby,  at  Bow,  as  appears 
by  his  statement  which  accompanies  a  richly  decorated  bowl  in  tlie  British 
Museum,  painted  by  him  in  the  old  Japan  taste,  about  17G0.  Mr.  Franks 
has  published  this  curious  memorial  in  this  Journal,  vol.  viii.  p.  204. 

By  the  Rev.  Edward  Duki::. — A  pair  of  handsome  enameled  fire-dogs, 
which  have  been  preserved  at  Lake  House,  near  Amesbury.  Tiiey  are 
specimens  of  a  peculiar  coarse  kind  of  enameling,  usually  on  brass,  not  on 
copper,  by  tlic  champleve  process,  as  practised  in  England  during  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth  and  in  subsequent  times.  It  coTisisted  of  inlaying  enamels, 
fusible  probably  at  a  low  temperature,  in  the  interstices  of  a  pattern  ia 
relief.  The  enamels,  light  and  dark  blue,  black  and  white,  do  not  fill  the 
cavities  on  the  metallic  surface,  the  raised  outlines  of  metal  are  mostly  more 
elevated  than  the  enameled  surfaces,  whilst  in  the  earlier  productions  of 
the  champleve  process  the  enamels  and  the  metal  fillets  are  rubbed  down 
uniformly  to  a  smooth  face.  Several  fire-dogs  of  this  work  have  been  pre- 
served, and  on  some  of  these  are  the  royal  arms. 

By  Mr.  Albert  Way. — Colored  drawing  by  John  Carter  of  a  candle- 
stick found  at  York,  similar  in  fashion  to  those  exhibited  by  Mr.  Rogers. 
It  was  found  in  1740  in  repairing  the  Chapter  House  at  York,  and  was  in 
possession  of  Lady  Salusbury.  The  decorations  were  in  green  and  white 
enamel  ;  flowers,  birds  pecking  at  grapes,  &c.  A  beautiful  example  of 
this  class  of  enamels  was  exhibited  by  Mr.  Beever  in  the  museum  formed 
at  the  Meeting  of  the  Institute  at  Winchester  ;  height  10  inches. 
Another  was  contributed  to  the  Museum  at  the  Norwich  Meeting  by  Mr. 
John  Warner.  The  character  and  style  of  ornamentation  of  these  elegant 
works,  probably  of  English  manufacture,  is  well  shown  by  the  specimen 
here  figured.     (See  woodcut.) 

By  Mr.  J.  Joi'E  Rogers,  M.P. — A  pair  of  handsome  candlesticks,  of  the 
same  period,  and  enameled  with  blue  and  white  flowers,  grapes,  ic,  in 
the  same  peculiar  manner  as  the  objects  last  noticed.  Height  lOj  inches. 
Amongst  the  most  interesting  examples  of  this  process  are  the  so-called 
candlesticks,  formerly  in  the  Bernal  collection,  bearing  the  name  of  Sir 
Thomas  More,  and  dated  1552.  (Figured  in  Sale  Catalogue,  No.  1305.) 
These  are  of  brass,  ornamented  with  foliage  and  four-petaled  flowers,  blue 
and  white  ;  their  form  suggests  that  they  may  have  been  flower-vases, 
especially  as  a  pair  of  similar  fashion  are  seen  in  a  portr..it  of  More  at 
Hampton  Court,  each  vase  containing  a  flower. 

By  Mr.  Wilson. — A  pair  of  massive  copper  candlesticks,  of  earlier 
character  in  form  than  the  last,  but  similar  in  the  style  of  the  enameled 
work  ;  the  colors  being,  in  this  instance,  deep  red,  white,  and  black. 
Date,  possibly  before  the  middle  of  the  xvi.  cent. 

By  Sir  Rouert  Bcxton,  Bart. — A  remarkable  specimen  of  the  peculiar 
process  last  described.  It  is  a  large  shell  of  some  species  of  Stro/iibus 
from  the  Indian  Ocean,  mounted  on  a  stem  and  foot  of  metal,  gilt  and 
enameled  ;  the  designs  are  in  low  relief,  with  dark  blue,  light  blue,  black, 
and  white  coloring,  chiefly  flowers  and  scroll  patterns,  a  white,  four-petaled 
flower  being  a  conspicuous  feature.  Height  14  inches.  According  to  tra- 
dition, this  object  had  been  brought  to  Shadwell  Park  from  the  seat  of  the 

VOL.    XIX.  R    R 


292  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

Paston  family,  Oxneatl.in  Norfolk,  ami  it  hail  been  obtained  in  Italy  by  Sir 
Kobert  Paston,  wlio  collectoil  muuerous  rarities  in  liis  travels  ;  lie  enter- 
tained Charles  II.  and  his  Queen,  and  was  created  Earl  of  YarnKuuh  in 
1690.  This  tine  object,  which  is  introduced  in  a  portrait  of  the  Earl  at 
Shadwell,  is,  however,  probably  of  English  work  ;  late  xvi.  cent. 

By  the  Rev,  the  Rector  of  Stonyhl'ust  College. — A  circular  massive 
ornament  of  gold,  chased  and  richly  enameled  with  translucent  and  opaque 
colors,  in  the  style  of  the  works  of  the  Italian  orcjici  of  the  xvi.  cent.  It 
appears  to  have  been  a  pendant,  possibly  attached  to  the  girdle  ;  on  one 
side  is  St.  George,  on  the  other  are  the  emblems  of  the  Passion  ;  around  the 
edge  is  the  inscription — o  •  r.vssi  •  gkavioua  •  daiut  •  iiis  •  qvoqve  *  fixem. 
It  may  be  opened  by  removing  a  screw,  and  may  have  contained  either  a 
relic  or  a  perfumed  tablet.  This  precious  ornament,  which  measures  about 
3i  inches  in  diameter,  belonged,  according  to  tradition,  to  Sir  Thomas 
More  ;  it  was  preserved  by  his  family  with  his  silver  seals  and  other  objects, 
and  with  them  bequeatlied,  in  1773,  to  Stonyhurst  College  by  Father 
More,  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  at  Liege,  the  last  descendant  of  the  Chan- 
cellor in  the  male  line. 

Examples  of  working  in  Niello  : — By  the  Society  or  Antiquaries. 
— An  acus  or  spinula  of  mixed  metal,  partly  silvered,  one  of  those 
found  in  Ely  Cathedral  with  the  remains  of  Wolstan,  Archbishop  of 
York,  and  by  which,  it  is  believed,  the  pall  was  attached  to  his 
chasuble.  Wolstan  died  at  York  in  1023,  and  was  buried  at  Ely,  by  his 
desire.  The  tomb  having  been  opened  in  the  twelfth  century,  the  vest- 
ments in  which  the  body  had  been  deposited  were  found  in  perfect 
condition,  according  to  the  relation  in  the  Liber  EUcnsis,  which  expressly 
mentions  "  easulam  et  pallium  auratis  spinulis  affixum."  (Lib.  ii.  c.  87, 
p.  20G.)  Pulil.  of  the  Anglia  Christiana  Soc.  This  relic  was  again  brought  to 
view  when  Wolstan's  remains  were  removed  in  1771.  It  measures  5,-,y  in. 
in  length  ;  the  head  is  flat,  lozenge-shaped,  and  ornamontcd  with  interlaced 
designs,  inlaid  apparently  in  a  kind  of  niello.     Catal.  Mus.  Soc.  Ant.,  p.  21. 

By  the  Hon.  Koueut  Cukzon,  jun. — Niello  on  silver,  one  of  a  set  of  the 
labors  of  Hercules,  produced  by  Antonio  Pollaiolo,  a  celebrated  goldsmith 
and  artist  of  Florence,  I42G — 98.  It  is  mounted  in  a  beautifully  illuminated 
framework.  From  tlie  Cicognara  Collection. — Unique  impression  on  vellum, 
from  a  niello,  subject  the  B.  V.  Mary,  a  production  of  remarkable  beauty  ; 
no  other  impres.->ion  on  vellum  of  a  niello  is  known  to  exist. — Two  lockets 
or  perfume-boxes  of  .silver,  ornamented  with  niello  ;  on  the  reverse  of  each 
is  the  sacred  monogram  IIIS  ;  citn|ue-cento  work;  obtained  at  Naples.  —  A 
Circassian  priniing-lhi.sk,  from  Karadagh  ;  it  is  formcil  of  the  tip  of  the 
horn  of  some  animal  unknown,  mounted  in  silver  enriched  with  niello. 

By  the  Rev.  II.  Weli.k.hley,  D.D. — Three  circular  silver  plates,  diameter 
about  Jfi  less  than  an  inch.  They  arc  described  by  Duchesne,  Essai  sur 
Ics  Nielles,  p.  191  ;  sec  also  p.  19.  The  subjects  are  as  follows  :  —  1.  The 
B.  V.  Mary  ataniliiig,  and  extending  her  mantle  over  n  number  of  kneeling 
figures,  who,  with  one  exce[)tion,  wear  the  dress  of  penitents,  and  their 
faces  are  covered  by  cowls;  lier  arms  arc  supported  by  angels,  one  on  each 
•lido. — 2.  St.  Lawrence,  hoMing  a  book  in  his  right  hand,  in  his  left  a 
gridiron  ;  and  a  youthful  saint  in  secular  dress,  cap,  long  hair,  and  long 
uIccvch;  in  his  right  hand  a  palm,  in  his  left  a  little  box  resembling  a  cliris- 
nialory  with  three  ri'ceptaclis  for  the  holy  oils  ;  of  this  plate,  the  niello 
Laving  scaled   olf,  iinprchhions  on  papi-r  were  obtained    by  l»i-.  WCIJcNlcy  at 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  293 

i\Iilan  in  1825,  upon  which  tlie  learned  Duchesne  gives  some  interestinfj 
observations.  One  of  tlie  impressions  was  exliibited. — 3.  St.  Sebastian  and 
St.  Koch.  These  three  nielli  had  ornamented  the  stem  of  a  chalice,  upon 
which,  as  stated,  was  the  date  1437,  probably  that  of  the  establishment  of 
the  fraternity  of  penitents,  represented  as  seeking  the  protection  of  the 
Virgin.  Duchesne,  however,  inclined  to  regard  the  nielli  as  of  rather  later 
date. 

By  Mr.  Felix  Slade,  F.S.A. — An  oval  plate,  a  fine  specimen  of  niello, 
the  subject  being  the  head  of  Medusa,  surrounded  by  arms  and  armour, 
forming  a  military  trophy. — Six  imj)ressions  on  paper  from  nielli  by  Pere- 
grini  of  Cesio,  an  artist  of  distinguished  merit,  about  the  close  of  xv.  cent., 
of  whom  see  Bartsch,  and  Duchesne,  pp.  69,  322.  Signed  with  a  P  crossed 
by  an  horizontal  line. 

By  Mr.  Shirley,  M.P.,  F.S.A. — Two  circular  silver  plates,  nielli  ;  one 
of  them  presents  a  profile  head  of  Philip  II.,  King  of  Spain,  on  the  other 
is  the  portraiture  of  Henry  11.,  King  of  France.  On  the  reverses  are  coats 
of  their  arms,  respectively,  encircled  by  the  insignia  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Michael. 

By  Mr,  Edmuxd  Waterton,  F.S.A. — Plate  of  silver  ornamented  witli 
niello,  representing  two  heads  in  profile,  Pandolfo  and  Pandolfino,  Signori 
of  Rimini  in  xv.  cent. — A  silver  ring,  enriclied  with  niello,  Italian  work. — 
Silver-ring  brooches,  obtained  in  Italy,  bearing  talismanic  inscriptions  in  niello. 

By  Mr,  Colxagiii, — Three  impressions  of  nielli  on  paper. — Facsimiles 
and  copies  of  remarkable  nielli,  28  specimens  illustrative  of  the  history  of 
the  art. — Three  cases  containing  imitative  nielli,  as  supposed,  from  the 
Cicognara  Collection. 

By  Mr.  Joseph  Mayer,  F.S.A. — Pax,  ornamented  with  a  plate  in  niello 
representing  the  Nativity  ;  xv.  cent. 

By  Mr.  OcTAvius  Morgan,  M. P. — A  baldric  of  crimson  and  gold  bro- 
cade-velvet, ornamented  with  rosettes  of  goldsmiths'  work  set  with  enamel  ; 
at  one  end  is  the  buckle  of  silver  parcel-gilt,  and  enriched  with  niello  ;  it 
displays  an  heraldic  escutcheon  between  the  initials  L.  B.  ;  at  the  other  end 
is  the  pendant,  also  decorated  with  niello,  and  having  two  escutcheons  of 
engraved  silver,  with  the  bearings  of  Malatesta  of  Riniiui,  and  Ceseua. 
Italian  work,  xv.  cent. 

By  Sir  Philip  de  M.  Grey  Egertox,  Bart. — The  sword  worn  by  the 
Russian  Commandant  at  Balaclava,  surrendered  on  the  capture  of  the  fort 
to  Captain  Grey  Egerton,  The  scabbard  and  ornaments  of  the  belt  are 
enriched  with  niello,  of  the  work  of  Tula. 

Enamels  of  xvii.  and  xviii.  Centuries  ;  Miniature  Portraits,  <fec. 
— By  Mr,  Octavics  Morgan,  M,P. — A  remarkable  series  of  watches 
exemplifying  the  application  of  enamel  to  the  enrichment  of  that  class  of 
personal  ornaments.  They  were  are  as  follows: — 1,  Watch  with  case 
ornamented  with  flowers  in  opaque  and  transparent  enamels  ;  date  early 
xvii.  cent. — 2.  Enameled  watch  case,  the  work  of  Jean  Toutin,  inventor  of 
the  art  of  painting  in  opaque  enamels  in  this  style  ;  date  a.d.  1630  to 
1640  ;  subjects,  nymphs  bathing,  after  Polemberg  ;  exquisitely  finished. — - 
3.  Enameled  watch,  the  case  finely  painted  by  Henry  Toutin,  brother  of 
Jean  ;  date  1630  to  1640  ;  subject,  a  series  of  illustrations  of  the  story  of 
Tancred  and  Clorinda,  from  Orlando  Furioso. — 4. Watch  enameled  by  Henry 
Toutin,  goldsmith  and  enamelcr  at  Blois  ;  date  1630  to  1640  ;  subject 
Histoire  d' Apian. — 5.  Enameled  watch,  the  case  beautifully  ornamented  with 


294  PROCEEDINGS    AT   MEETINGS    OF 

flowers  raised  in  relief  and  enriched  with  diamonds  ;  unique  specimen, 
artist  not  known  ;  movement  by  D.  Bouquot,  who  flourished  1630  to  1G40. 
—  G.  Sn)all  watch-case  exquisitely  painted  in  brilliant  colors  ;  artist  not 
ascertained,  probably  either  Morrure  or  Vauquer  ;  date  1G30  to  1G50. 
— 7.  Enameled  watch  with  snlijects  in  illustiation  of  the  birth  and  early 
life  of  our  Saviour  ;  the  paintiuti  is  very  fine  ;  the  whole  case  is  en- 
riched with  turquoises  ;  tlie  artist  not  known  ;  date  1G30  to  1G50. — 
8  and  9.  Two  enameled  watches  ;  the  cases  exquisitely  painted  by  Jluaxtd 
le  Puisne ;  date  latter  half  of  xvii.  cent. — 10.  Enameled  watch  of  very 
fine  work  ;  I.  L.  Durant,  pinxt.  This  artist  of  the  xviii.  century  is  men- 
tioned by  Siret,  Diet,  des  Peintres. — 11.  Enameled  watch  of  beautiful 
work  ;  unknown  artist  ;  date  latter  part  of  xvii.  century  ;  the  chased  gold 
case  is  the  work  of  II.  Maiiby,  and,  together  with  the  movement,  later  than 
the  enamel. — 12  and  13.  Two  enameled  watches,  the  cases  enameled  on 
copper  ;  the  work  of  a  French  artist,  at  the  end  of  xvii.  or  beginning  of 
xviii.  century,  named  Mulsund.  — 14  and  15.  Two  watch  cases,  specimens 
of  Battersea  enamel  ;   date  about  1750. 

By  the  Eaul  Amherst. — An  enameled  watch,  xvii.  cent.  ;  on  one  side  is 
represented  the  lloly  Family,  on  the  other  S.  Catharine  ;  the  movement 
bears  the  name  Augit.<te  Bretonneau,  a  Paris. 

By  Mr.  T.  M.  Whitehead. — A  beautiful  cruciform  gold  watch  {viontre 
crat6c55c),  elaborately  enameled  in  opaque  colors;  on  the  face,  \>hich  is 
protected  by  a  crystal,  is  seen  the  Man  of  Sorrows,  with  the  emblems  of 
the  Passion;  nt  the  back,  the  Crucifixion.  German  art,  late  xvii.  cent., 
resembling  the  works  of  Dinglinger,  of  Dresden..  The  movement  bears  the 
name,  Johannes  Van  CcuJcn,  Ilaga',  and  has  the  pendulum  s[)riiig,  an  im- 
provement not  known  before  1G75. 

By  Mr.  A.  W.  Fkanks. — A  small  enameled  watch,  painted  by  lluaud 
the  younger,  signed — Jfuaud  le  Puisni'  fecit. 

By  SiK  CllAliLES  Andekso.v,  Bart. — Circular  enameled  plate,  pr(d)ahly 
for  a  watch  case;  it  bears  the  arms  of  James,  fourth  Duke  of  Lenox,  K.  G., 
Lord  Warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  Hereditary  High  Admiral  of  Scotland  ; 
be  died  1G55.  In  a  bordure  aroinid  the  atchievenient,  arc  introduced 
anchors,  in  allusion  to  Ids  ofiicc ;  painted  in  colois  on  a  white  ground, 
possibly  by  Jean  Toutin,  or  one  of  his  pupils. 

By  Mr.  W.  Kussell. — Several  snufl-boxes,  bonbonnieres,  «.te.,  choice 
Bpccimens  of  German  and  French  enameling  on  metal ;  also  a  small  oval 
box  of  yellow  metal,  decorated  with  light  blue,  black  and  white  opaque 
enamels,  iidaid  in  kIuiHow  casements.  This  peculiar  work,  possessing 
much  elegance  in  design,  has  been  considered  Italian  ;  it  is,  however,  more 
probably  Hungarian  or  Turkish.  (?) — A  pair  of  metal  vases  of  great  beaut v, 
painted  in  opaque  onamels  in  Chelsea  style;  on  each  side  is  introduced  a 
landsca|)C  with  buildings,  ttc.  They  may  be  very  choice  Chinese  copies  of 
European  porcelain  vuhch. — An  exquisitely  cnameli'd  watch,  the  movement 
by  Nicolas  Bernard,  of  Paris. 

By  Mr.  W.  H.  Bl.AALW,  F.S.A. — An  oval  gold  smiir-box,  painted  with 
ruby-coloured  enamel,  and  jeweled  borders,  in  the  style  of  the  fine  jeweled 
poreebiiu  of  Sevres  ;  on  tlio  lid  is  an  enameled  miniature  of  a  femulo 
knc'fding  before  a  figure  of  Cupid. 

By  Mr.  BoTnKl.I),  M.P.,  F.S.A. — Two  oval  gold  snufi'-hoxoa,  exquisitely 
enameled  ;  French  art  of  the  liighest  class  ;  on  the  lid  of  each  of  them  is 
a  miniature  portrait,  hitherto  not  identified. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  295 

By  Sir  Charles  Anderson,  Bart. — An  oval  gold  snuffbox,  exquisitely 
enameled;  it  was  brouolit  from  Naples,  about  1813,  by  Major  Foljamlie,  to 
wliom  it  was  presented  by  tlie  Duke  of  Itoecaromania,  lirnt  equerry  to  Murat. 
— Another  enameled  box,  of  rich  yellow  colour,  probably  painted  at  Dresden. 
— A  small  oval  enameled  medallion,  a  female  head  ;  it  was  found  behind 
the  wainscot  of  an  old  house,  of  Jacobean  character,  at  Burnley,  Yorkshire. 

By  Mr.  R.  T.  Pritchett,  F.S.A. — A  gold  pectoral  cross,  enameled  with 
emblems  of  the  Passion  ;  date  about  1520. — Chatelaine  enameled  with  tlie 
initials  of  Mary  of  Modena,  queen  of  James  II.  ;  the  field  is  semy  with 
fleurs-de-lys  azure,  possibly  taken  from  the  armorial  bearing  of  Ferrara, 
az.  3  fleurs-de-lys  or,  quartered  by  the  d'Este  family.  This  royal  relic 
appears  to  be  of  English  workmf.nship,  date  1G85 — 88. 

Enameled  miniature  portraits: — 

By  Mr.   J.    P.    Fischer A  very  interesting  collection    of   enamels. 

Portraits  of  Martha  and  Theresa  Blount,  friends  and  favorites  of  Pope  ; 
painted  by  Ziucke,  and  mounted  in  gold  and  tortoiseshell,  in  elcfant 
fashion,  in  one  case. — Four  miniatures,  by  Zincke,  of  which  two  are 
portraits  of  ladies,  two  of  gentlemen  ;  one  of  the  latter,  a  man  in  the 
prime  of  life,  has  on  the  reverse  of  the  case,  a  cypher  composed  of  the 
letters  G.  D.  R.      On  the  reverse  of  the  other  (not  mounted)  is  inscribed 

in  enamel,  partly  obliterated Loid  Viscount land. 

C.  F.  Zincke  Fecit,  1727. — Jean  Jacques  Rousseau,  in  a  white  coat  ; 
enamel  attributed  to  Nathaniel  Hone,  R.A. — A  small  oval  enamel  on  o^old, 
designed  from  the  antique,  signed  by  William  Craft,  an  artist  whose  name 
is  found  on  a  fine  enamel  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Octavius  Morgan.  See 
p.  292  supra. — Snnfl'-box,  with  portrait  of  a  lady  on  the  lid  ;  also  a  few 
other  choice  miniatures  painted  in  enamel,  two  circular  plates  for  watch- 
cases,  <fcc. — Portrait  of  Selden,  by  William  Bone,  after  a  portrait  bv  Sir.  P. 
Lely. — Henry  Bone,  R.A.,  born  Feb.  6,  1755,  by  William  Bone,  after  the 
original  by  John  Jackson,  R.A.,  London,  Aug.  1828.  — Portrait  of  George 
Stubbs,  the  painter,  by  Henry  Buue,  1810,  after  a  portrait  in  crayons  by 
Ozias  Humphry,  R.A. 

By  Mr.  John  Gough  Nichols,  F.S.A. — Enameled  miniature,  by  Zincke, 
of  Thomas  Lumley,  K.B.,  third  Earl  of  Scarborough  (1740 — 1752).  On 
the  reverse  of  the  case  is  a  cypher  composed  of  the  initials  T — S. 

By  Mrs.  John  Gough  Nichols. — Enamel  by  Zincke,  a  miniature  por- 
trait of  Anne,  Princess  Royal,  daughter  of  George  II.,  married,  in  1731, 
William  Prince  of  Orange,  elected  Stadtholder  of  the  United  Provinces, 
1747.  She  died  1759. — A  round  covered  box,  a  good  example  of  Chinese 
enameling  in  bright  opaque  colours,  the  field  light  blue  ;  it  was  formerly 
in  possession  of  Mrs.  Thrale. 

I3y  Mr.  Colnaghi. — Enameled  miniature  of  Charles,  Earl  of  Carlisle 
(1692 — 1738),  by  the  artist  who  used  the  signature  B,  0. — Miniature  of 
Charles,  Archduke  of  Austria. — Enameled  watch-case,  exhibiting  the 
portrait  of  George  II. 

By  Mr.  Shirley,  M.P.,  F.S.A. — Enameled  miniatures  by  Zincke:  the 
Hon.  George  Shirley,  son  of  Robert,  Earl  Ferrers,  by  Selina,  his  second 
wife;  born  1707,  died  1787. — The  Lady  Frances  Shirley,  sister  of  the 
Hon.  George  Shirley,  and  one  of  the  most  celebrated  beauties  of  the 
courts  of  George  I.  and  George  II.  She  was  familiarly  known  as  "Fanny 
ever  blooming  Fair,"  and  to  her  was  addressed  the  song  attributed  to  the 
Earl  of  Chesterfield,  commencing  with  those  words. 


296  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

Bv  yir.  A.  W.  FuAXKS,  Dir.S.A. — Enameled  iniiiiaturc  of  Aiioiistus  the 
Strong,  King  of  Polaiul,  painted  I))'  John  Frederick  Uinglinger,  of  Dresden, 
1713.  and  signed  wiili  his  monogram. 

Bv  Mr.  S.  Addixgtox. — Collection  of  enameled  miniatures,  arranged  in 
n  fine  antiijue  frame  of  seuljilurcd  ivory.  They  are  as  follows  : — in  the 
centre.  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  ;  on  the  back  is  written,  "  le  vrai  portrait  de 
Marie  Stuart,  de  la  collection  du  Prince  Charles  de  Lorraine,"  and  an 
impression  of  a  seal  with  the  name  thus  written,  "  Gillis  Norman  S.  de 
Oxelacre  ;"  a  portrait  of  Addison,  and  one  of  Steele,  painted  by  Zincke  ; 
Milton,  by  II.  P.  Bone,  from  a  picture  in  possession  of  Mr.  Dymoke, 
Wells,  1850  ;  Vandyck,  Spenser,  and  Dryden,  enamels  by  Bone  ;  Pope, 
painted  by  II.  P.  Bone,  in  1850,  after  a  portrait  by  Kichardson  in  pos- 
session of  Lord  Lvttclton  ;  Madame  le  Brun,  by  II.  P.  Bone,  1851,  from 
a  portrait  bv  herself  in  the  collection  of  the  late  Lord  St.  Helens;  and  the 
Duchess  of  Kent,  by  the  same,  after  a  miniature  by  II.  Collen.  1829. 

Bv  Sir  CiiAHLKS  A.NDEUSu.v,  Bart. — Miniature  of  Sir  Edmund  Anderson, 
Bart,  (created  16G0);  the  reverse  of  the  case  is  beautilully  enameled. — 
.Miniature  of  the  Rev.  George  Anderson,  son  of  Sir  William  Anderson, 
sixth  baronet. 

By  the  DrKE  of  Northumberland,  K.G. — A  full-length  miniature 
portrait  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  by  Sir  Baltazar  Gerbier,  siLjned,  and 
dated  1618.  It  is  in  a  case,  liie  back  of  which  is  richly  ornamented  with 
cloisonne  translucent  blue  enamel,  the  design  consisting  of  flowers  and 
foliage;  oval,  5-J  in.  by  3^*  in.  The  Duke  is  represented  on  a  grey 
chari'er  ;  the  sea  and  ships  appear  in  the  distance  ;  James  I.,  with  his 
courtiers,  is  seen  on  the  shore.  See  Arch.  Journ.  vol.  xiv.  p.  358. — 
Two  remarkable  large  enan)els  by  W.  Esse.x  ;  a  portrait  of  the  Duke  of 
WtHino-ton,  after  the  original  by  Lawrence,  painted  in  1843,  dimensions, 
7  in.  by  bi  in.  ;  and  The  Strawberry  Girl,  after  a  ])aiiiting  by  Sir  Joshua 
Revnoids.  in  the  collection  of  the  Marquis  of  Hertford  :  this  enamel  is 
dated  1837  ;  it  measures  7^  in.  by  9;'  in. 

By  Mr.  Charles  B.  Carkltiieks. — Seven  enameled  miniatures.  They 
portray  Ninon  de  I'Enclos  ;  a  huly,  name  unknown,  a  jdeasing  suhji-ct, 
painted  by  Nicholas  Ilono,  and  signed  with  his  monogram,  N.  II.  —  17()<>; 
Ladv  William  Young,  painted  by  Henry  Bone,  1706  ;  Benjamin  Franklin, 
a  hi<'hly  finished  miniature  by  De  Brca  ;  the  Princesse  de  Lamballe,  by 
Sarrurd  ;  Madanje  Catalani,  with  her  son  ;  and  Mrs.  Singleton  ;  the 
reverse  of  the  last  inscribed,  London,  June,  1814,  painted  by  Henry  ]?one, 
R.A.,  enamel  painter  in  ordinary  to  II.  M.;  after  the  original  by  Henry 
Singleton. 

By  Lord  Tai.hot  iji;  Malaiiihe,  F.S.A.  —  l^namdcd  miniature  of  Charh  s 
Talbot,  Duke  of  Shrewsbury,  K.G.  (1(594-  171S),  in  armour;  on  the 
reverse  is  inscribed,  Lcs/nrcs  Jluuutfec. — Miniature  in  oils  of  the  Duke 
of  Tyrconnol,  by  Petitot. — Portrait  of  Henry  Bone,  A.R.A.,  by  himself, 
signed  ami  dated  Jan.  1809,  after  a  i>icture  in  oil  by  his  son  Henry  Pierce 
J{„,i(.. — Two  small  disks  beautifully  enameled,  probably  ornaments  of  the 
highly  enrii.hod  buttons  worn  in  -xvii.  cent. 

I'v  Mr.  T.  M.  WillTKIIKAn. — Enameled  jiortrait  of  Lady  Dover,  painted 
by  lieiiry  Bone,  R.A.,  after  an  original  by  John  Jackson,  R.A. 

'  By  .Mr.  (I.  S.  Balk.  —  Portrait  (»f  Addison,  >AV.  .'52,  enameled  hy  Zincke  ; 
from  the  .'^trawbcrry  Hill  Collectiot). 

Bv  .Mr.  I»t;i(i,A<  iii:r.  —  Enameled  miniature  of  M.   de   Seignelly,  or   pos- 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  297 

sibly  of  Henri  Due  d'Engliien,  painted  by  Louis  de  Chatillon  (1G39-1734), 
a  skilful  Frencli  artist  patronised  by  Colbert.      Signature,  I).  C. 

Jiy  Mr.  Wilson. — Miniature  portraits,  painted  in  enamel.  The  Duchess 
of  Marlborough  ;  by  Zincke. — William  Cliarles,  Prince  of  Orange,  K.Gr., 
in  early  life  ;  with  the  insignia  of  the  Garter.— Portrait  of  a  child,  enameled 
by  Peat. — Luther  and  Melanchthon,  copies  of  old  portraits,  by  Bone. 

By  Mr.  IL  Cuxliffe. — Enameled  miniature  portraits  by  IL  Bone  and 
H.  P.  Bone.  They  are  as  follows  : — Mary  Queen  of  Scots ;  Sir  Antonio 
More,  from  the  original  painting  by  himself  in  the  Earl  Spencer's  Col- 
lection (Henry  Pierce  Bone,  June,  1841)  ;  Spenser,  from  an  original 
portrait  in  possession  of  the  Eail  of  Chesterfield  (II.  P.  Bone)  ;  William 
Seymour,  1st  Marquess  of  Hertford,  1G40  ;  Prince  Maurice  and  Prince 
Rupert. 

By  Mr.  J.  H.  Axrersox. — Miniature  of  the  enameler,  Nathaniel  Hone, 
by  himself  ;  representing  liim  in  fancy  costume,  a  light  olive-colored  dress, 
with  a  puce-colored  mantle,  and  a  chain  round  his  neck,  to  which  is 
appended  an  oval  miniature  which  he  holds  in  his  left  hand.  Oval,  3|  in. 
by  Sin.  Signed — Seipse  Nath.  Hone  Pinxit,  set.  31,  1749.  At  the 
opening  of  the  R.  Acad.  Exhibition,  in  1769,  Hone,  tlien  an  Academician, 
exhibited  six  paintings,  one  of  them  a  portrait  in  enamel. — John  lliissell, 
crayon  painter  to  George  III.  and  the  Prince  of  Wales,  R.A.  in  178S  ; 
painted  by  Henry  Bone,  R.A.  1791. — General  Pascal  Paoli,  painted  by 
Henry  Pierce  Bone,  Jan.  1799,  after  a  portrait  by  Sir  W.  Beechey,  R.A. 

Batteksea  and  other  late  enamels  : — 

By  the  Lord  Talbot  de  Malaiiide,  F.S.A. — A  plate  of  metal  painted 
in  enamel,  in  bright  colors,  with  small  dotted  incrustations  in  relief, 
forming  a  sort  of  diaper  ornament;  it  displays  a  portrait  of  Frederick, 
eldest  son  of  George  II.,  created  Prince  of  Wales  in  1728  ;  died  in  1751  ; 
he  wears  the  blue  riband  :  on  the  reverse  of  this  enamel,  which  is  painted 
with  much  skill  and  has  been  regarded  as  an  early  production  of  Battersea, 
is  the  triple  plume  of  feathers.  Wulpole  mentions  a  portrait  of  the  Prince 
as  one  of  the  examples  from  that  place  in  his  possession. 

By  Mr.  Octavius  Morgan,  M.P. — Oval  medallion  of  George  III.  in 
early  life  ;  Battersea  enamel. — Oblong  snuff  box  of  Battersea  enamel, 
finely  painted  with  flowers  in  Chelsea  style  on  the  lid  and  sides  ;  on  the 
bottom  is  a  representation  of  Daphne  transformed  into  a  laurel  ;  this 
last  decoration  is  a  transfer  from  copper-plate  printed  in  light  red. — Two 
decanter-labels,  Battersea  enamels,  one  for  White  Port,  the  other  for 
Juranson  ;  the  latter  being  a  transfer  from  copper-plate.  The  manufacture 
established  about  1750  (?),  at  York  House,  Battersea,  was  promoted,  if 
not  established,  by  Stephen  Theodore  Jansen,  lord  mayor  of  London, 
1755,  and  son  of  Sir  Theodore  Jansen,  who  died  about  1754.  The 
advertisement  of  the  sale  of  enameled  trinkets  produced  at  York  House,  and 
dispersed  by  auction  in  1756,  on  the  bankruptcy  of  the  younger  Jansen, 
enumerates  snuff-boxes  of  all  sizes,  portraits  of  the  royal  family,  iiistorical 
and  other  subjects,  bottle-tickets  with  chains  for  all  sorts  of  liquors,  watch- 
cases,  toothpick-cases,  coat-buttons,  <fcc.,  mostly  mounted  in  metal  double 
gilt.  Walpole,  in  a  letter  to  R.  Bentley,  1755,  presents  him  with  "a 
trifling  snuff-box  only  as  a  sample  of  the  new  manufactory  at  Battersea, 
which  is  done  with  copper-plates." — An  enameled  medal  of  Frederick, 
King  of  Prussia,  commemorative  of  the  siege  of  Breslaw,  1757  ;  supposed 
to  be  a  specimen  of  the  work  of  Battersea. — Also,  a  circular  snuff-box  of 


298  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS   OF 

Dresden  enamel,  painted  with  flowers  on  a.  rich  yellow  ground  ;  a  snuflf-box 
of  German  enamel,  in  form  of  a  liarpsichurd  ;  a  houhomiit-re,  in  form  of  a 
parrot's  head,  well  p;iintod,  probably  German,  and  a  circular  box,  painted 
with  sacred  subjects,  Dutch  art,  xvii.  cent. 

By  Mr.  A.  W.  Franks,  Dir.  S.  A. — Specimens  of  Battersea  and  Liver- 
pool enameling  and  transfer-printing. — Oval  medallions,  George  II.  printed 
in  gold  ;  Frederic  Prince  of  Wale;*,  printed  in  red;  Augusta  of  Sa.\e  Gotlia, 
wife  of  Frederic  Prince  of  Wales,  printed  in  purple  ;  George  Prince  of 
Wales,  afterwards  George  III.,  printed  in  purple;  Philip  Yorke,  first  Lord 
Ilardwicke,  Lord  Chancellor,  printed  in  red  ;  and  a  portrait,  as  supposed, 
of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  printed  in  purple. — Enameled  plaque,  very 
conve.t,  5  ir>.  by  3i  in.,  a  badge  or  decoration  used  by  the  honourabh? 
Society  of  Bucks,  signed — Sadler.  Liverpool. — Medallion  of  Frederick  tlie 
Great.  King  of  Prussia,  printed  in  black.  Signed  J.  Sadler.  Liverpool.  1756. 
—  I'ortrait  of  Josiah  Wedgwocd,  the  celebrated  manufacturer  of  fctilia  ; 
enameled  on  a  ]da([ue  of  porcelain,  and  signed  —  II.  K.  pinxt'.  March  31st, 
lSil."J. — Probably  a  copy  from  a  portrait  executed  in  the  lifetime  of  Mr. 
Wedgwood,  who  died  in  1795. 

From  the  Museum  of  Practical  Geology. — Specimens  of  Battersea 
enamel;  plates  suited  for  covers  of  toilet-boxes,  kc,  decorated  by  means  of 
transfer  printing,  over  which  in  one  instance,  a  representation  of  Danao, 
enamel  colors  are  partially  applied  ;  the  other,  the  subject  of  which  is 
unknown,  is  printed  in  purple;  it  represents  a  stately  personage  in  Oriental 
dress,  accompanied  by  a  lady,  who  is  addressed  famiHarly  by  a  mendicant, 
apj)arently  just  arrived  by  ship;  in  the  back-grownd  isa  harbour,  6hip|)ing, 
aiid  buihlings.  Dimensions  4.1  in,  by  3  [  in.  It  is  mounted  in  a  metal 
frame,  with  a  ring  at  the  ton. — Two  decanter-labels,  enamels  on  metal — 
iiKiJ  I'oRT — and — CYDER — .  The  edges  enameled  red,  the  ground  on  which 
the  black  letters  are  painted  is  white,  with  roses  in  color. 

liy  Mr.  WiLso.v. — Toilet-box,  toothpick-case,  scent-bottle,  needle-case, 
a  small  box  fitted  as  an  inkstand,  <tc.,  specimens,  as  supposed  of  the  work 
of  B.ittersea.  A  favorite  ground-color  is  pale  rose,  with  flowers,  scrolls, 
and  minute  dotted  ornaments  in  relief.  These  objects  arc  all  formed  of 
thin  metal,  painted  in  opaque  colors.' 

By  Sir  S'ubald  D.  Scott,  Bart. — An  oval  plate,  apparently  of  opaque 
vitreous  paste,  slightly  convex  ;  the  face  displays  a  singular  heraldic 
design  transferred  by  aid  of  an  impression  on  paper  from  a  copper  plate. 
Ditnensions  3^^  in.  by  nearly  3  in.  It  is  mounted  in  gilt  metal,  and  has 
a  loop  at  the  top  for  suspension  ;  the  de.-ign,  printed  in  gold,  of  which 
the  lustre  has  worn  olf,  is  an  elaborate  atchievement  ;  on  a  siiield  in  the 
centre  appears  St.  George,  transfixing  the  escut<dieon  of  France,  which 
lies  under  his  horse's  feet.  Above,  like  a  crest,  Britannia  is  seated,  sur- 
rounded by  baniKMs,  and  holding  an  olive-hranch.  Dexter  supporter,  a 
lion  ;  Kinistor,  a  dduhle-lieaded  eagle.  Motti),  on  a  riband  below, — Foil 
OUR  COU.STRY. — This  object  has  been  regarded  with  interest  as  an  example 
of  tliC  work,  aHhuppo.sed,  of  ihittcrttea,  and  also  as  a  memorial  of  some  one  of 
the  patriotic  inHtitutions  of  llie  period  ;  it  nuiy  have  been  one  of  the  honorary 
dirttinclions  given   as   jirizes  by  the  Anligallicans,  a  Society  formed  about 


'  A  ii'iiico  of  tlio  Rnttornca  jniiuufuclurc   in  given  I'y  Mr.  Sycr  Cuming,  Juurn. 
ht'it.  Arch.  Ami.,  Juno,  IUDQ. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  290 

1750  for  the  encouragement  in  this  country  of  manufactures  which  at  that 
time  were  chiefly  engrossed  hy  the  French,  and  for  otlier  patriotic  purposes. 
Medals  with  the  Society's  arms  are  stated  to  have  heen  given  to  successful 
competitors.  Lord  Carpenter  was  Grand  President,  and  his  successor, 
in  1752,  was  the  celebrated  Admiral  Vernon. 

By  ]\Ir.  R.  W.  Binns. — Six  metal  plates  enameled,  as  supposed,  at 
Battersea,  and  displaying  ornamental  designs  transferred  to  the  enameled 
surface  from  impressions  of  copper  plates. — George  II.,  profile  to  right, 
oval  ))late  printed  in  gold  ;  two  small  oval  plates  with  heads  of  ladies,  in 
the  extravagantly  high  hats  and  head-dresses  in  vogue  ahout  the  middle  of 
the  last  century  ;  two  rectangular  plates,  suited  for  the  covers  of  toilet- 
hoxes  or  the  like  ;  on  one  is  seen  Daniie,  on  the  other  Europa  mounted  on 
the  Bull ;  also  an  oval  plate  set  in  a  metal  rim,  possibly  a  badge  or  insignia 
of  honor  given  by  the  Antigallican  Society,  and  similar  to  that  above 
described. 

By  Mr,  Rohde  Hawkins. — A  specimen,  as  supposed,  of  the  Battersea 
enamels  ;  a  small  oval  patch-box  with  a  mirror  inside  the  lid  ;  it  is  painted 
with  opaque  colors,  the  ground  rich  blue. 

By  Sir  Charles  Andersox,  Bart. — Knife  and  fork,  specimens  of  a  set 
with  enameled  handles,  ornamented  with  flowers  on  a  white  ground,  and 
supposed  to  have  been  painted  at  Battersea. 

Chinese  and  Oriental  Enamels  : — 

By  Mr.  Henderson,  F.S.A. — A  superb  collection  of  vases  and  remark- 
able examples  of  the  art  of  enameling  as  anciently  practised  in  China, 
chiefly  by  the  process  of  cloisonnagc,  the  various  details  of  the  design  being 
outlined  by  small  fillets  or  bands  of  metal,  twisted  into  the  form  desired,  and 
affixed  to  the  surface  of  the  vase  or  other  object  upon  which  the  opaque 
enamels  were  then  applied  by  fusion.  The  colors  are  strikingly  varied, 
fine  turquoise  blue  is  very  prevalent,  especially  as  the  ground;  other  colors 
of  remarkable  beauty  being  combined  in  the  ornamentation,  which  consists 
chiefly  of  foliage,  flowers,  dragons,  birds,  <kc.  In  some  rare  examples 
human  figures,  landscapes,  and  scenes  of  daily  life  maybe  found.  Ihe 
most  ancient  of  these  sumptuous  objects  bear  the  date  of  the  King-Tai 
period  (a.d.  1450)  ;  on  some  objects  of  comparatively  recent  character  is 
the  dynastic  mark  of  the  Kicn-loung  period  (a.d.  1736).  The  choice 
specimens  of  ench  period  exhibited  were  almost  exclusively  obtained  at  the 
capture  of  the  Summer  Palace.  They  include  the  following ; — tripod  vase, 
on  straight  logs  ;  early  xv.  cent.,  decorated  with  black  enamel,  a  rare 
color  ;  singular  vase  of  metal,  richly  gilded,  supported  on  trunks  of 
elephants  ;  it  bears,  on  the  rim  and  inside  the  cover,  the  mark  of  the  Ming 
dynasty,  about  1450  ;  a  deep  round  vase  and  cover,  supported  on  monkeys, 
date  same  as  the  last  ;  a  vase  with  a  kylin  on  the  cover,  and  dragon- 
shaped  handles,  date  probably  1736  ;  a  flat  box  and  cover,  taken  from  a 
table  in  the  Summer  Palace,  a  specimen  of  high  class,  very  early  xv. 
cent.  ;  salver  with  the  mark  of  1450  on  a  tablet  in  the  centre  ;  a  small 
bowl  of  very  rich  coloring,  dated  1736  ;  a  tripod  vase  and  a  joss-stick 
holder,  each  of  them  bearing  the  date  1736.  The  following  specimens, 
not  less  remarkable  for  their  beauty  and  workmanship,  were  not  obtained 
from  the  Palace.  A  pair  of  very  curious  candlesticks  ;  each  is  in  form  of 
a  duck  with  expanded  wings,  and  standing  in  a  patera  on  a  tortoise,  which 
rests  upon  a  crimson  serpent. — A  bowl,  decorated  with  water-plants  and 


300  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

lilies  ;  a  very  choice  specimen,  xv.  cent. —  A  pair  of  boxes  or  cases,  of 
annular  form,  intended  to  contain,  as  supposed,  certain  rings  of  jade  used 
in  the  Temples  in  China  ;  diani.  6J  inches. — A  figure  of  a  duck,  of  very 
early  work. — Also  several  beautiful  examples  of  I'ersian  enamels,  a  pair 
of  ^ilver  plates  with  floral  decoration  in  translucent  enamel  ;  a  pair  of 
small  silver  vases  with  covers,  decorations  consisting  of  birds  and  Howers  ; 
a  seal,  the  stone  bearing  an  inscription  by  which  it  appears  to  have  been 
made  for  the  Marcjuis  de  Clairaut,  who.  as  it  is  believed,  accompanied  a 
French  embassy  to  the  East  ;  the  mounting  is  of  gold  enanuded  with  vivid 
opaque  colors. — An  enameled  gold  zarf,  or  cup-holder,  used  iil  eastern 
countries  in  serving  cort'ee  ;   probably  of  Damascus  work. 

By  Mr.  A.  BEitKSFOitD  IIoce. — Two  Cliinese  metal  vases,  of  large 
dimensions,  decorated  wiih  champleve  enamel,  in  which  a  ricli  opacjue  blue 
predominates. 

By  .Mr.  W.  Russell. — A  large  rectangular  plaque  of  cloisoymc  enamel, 
measuring  nearly  25  in.  by  17  in.,  and  reiuarkal)le  not  only  for  its  large 
dimensions,  and  the  unusual  feature  that  it  is  enameled  on  both  of  its  faces, 
but  also  as  representing  scenes  of  daily  life,  one  of  them  being  a  music- 
party.  Figures  are  very  rarely  found  on  Chinese  enamels  of  this  class. 
It  probably  was  used  as  a  screen,  mounted  in  a  frame  of  dark-colored  wood. 
The  ground  on  one  face  is  rich  smalt  colored,  on  the  other  turquoise. — Two 
enanieled  dishes  of  large  dimension  ;  a  basin,  with  beautiful  turquoise- 
colored  ground;  enameled  vase  in  form  of  the  fruit  called  a  Kngered  citron; 
a  cup  and  saucer,  white  ground,  an  example  of  a  rare  color  ;  a  long  tray  of 
singularly  rich  coloring,  with  inscriptions  in  the  Seal  character  ;  and  a 
Cliinese  tripod  bowl  of  metal,  covered  entirely  with  rich  turquoise-colored 
enamel,  without  any  ornamental  designs  upon  it. 

By  Mr.  A.  W.  FiiANKS,  Dir.  S.A. — A  small  cup,  Chinese  vluisomit' 
enamel  both  inside  and  out;  date  xv.  cent. — A  cslintlrical  vessel  enameled 
by  the  like  process,  and  bearing  the  nate  Sieuan-tih,  a.d.  1426  —  36. 

By  Mr.  IIawki.vs,  F.S.A. —  A  one-handled  Chinese  vase  or  flagon,  with 
two  cups,  enameled  with  translucent  and  opaque  colors  of  great  brilliancy, 
amongst  which  a  deep  rich  blue  predominates. 

From  the  McsEUM  OF  Practical  GEOLOiiV,  by  permission  of  Sir  Roderick 
Murchison. — An  exquisite  ornament,  from  India,  an  oriental  specimen  of 
a  process  emploved  in  Europe  in  xiv.  cent.,  designated  email  de  pJiijiw  t) 
jour  ;  works  of  this  kind  were  translucent  cloisi)7i7ic  enamels  without  a 
background,  the  colored  pastes  being  melted  in  the  compartments  of  the 
net-work  of  gold  forming  the  design. — A  bracelet  of  silver,  set  with  gems, 
and  enanieleil  with  blight  translucent  green.  I'robably  Persian  work. — 
Silver  bnjocli  enricbed  with  pale  blue  enamel  and  fillagree,  commonly 
worn  by  the  Greek  peasants  in  L^cia  ;  the  form  ami  general  design  never 
varies,  and  the  type  has  probably  been  handed  down  from  classical  times. 

liy  Mr.  OcTAVius  IMouoaN,  M.P.,  F.S.A. — A  remarkable  example  of 
Chinese  ch<implev4  enamel,  a  basin  of  metal  richly  gilt,  of  considerable 
Solidity  and  weight  ;  it  is  decorated  with  rows  of  inscriptittns  in  the  ^^cal 
churactfrr  ;  the  ground  is  enameled  with  rich  dark  ultramarine  blue, 
resembling  lapis  lazuli. — Large  circidar  dish,  Chinese  cloixonur  enamel, 
with  ail  inscripli>)n  on  the  reverse,  recording  that  it  was  a  sacrilicial  vessel 
of  the  Trhiiig  family  ;  jirobably  an  early  example  ;  it  was  jiart  of  the 
plunder  during  the  recent  campaign  in  China. — Chineso  standard-orna- 
ment, enriched  with  doisonnt   and  'hamplcvc    enamel,  in    form  of  an  arti 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  301 

choke,  pfrowing  out  of  a  vase,  and  surmounted  by  a  canopy  with  drapery  ; 
date  prohaltly  about  1730. 

By  Mr.  Rohde  Hawkins. — Three  fine  specimens  of  Chinese  cloisonne 
enamel ;  one  of  tliem  hears  the  date  of  the  dynasty,  the  period  of  its 
fabrication  ;  another  is  a  dish  of  unusually  large  dimensions,  part  of  the 
phitider  of  the  Summer  Palace. 

By  Mr.  Addincton. — Three  choice  examples  of  Chinese  c?owo«ne  enamel ; 
a  lonj^  necked  globular  bottle  with  arabesque  ornaments  in  blue  and  wliite 
enamels,  in  an  unusual  style  of  art:  a  double  gourd-shaped  bottle,  enameled 
with  flowers  on  a  yellow  ground,  the  royal  color  (Bernal  Coll.)  :  a  two- 
liandlcd  bottle,  enameled  with  flowers  :  also  a  double  gourd-shaped  bottle 
of  porcelain,  the  ground  white  and  enameled  with  dragons  and  elaborate 
ornamentation  ;   an  unique  specimen. 

By  Mr.  G.  Roots. — A  pair  of  Chinese  sceptres  of  singular  form,  with  a 
recurved  ornament  at  one  extremity;  they  are  known  by  the  name  Jo-ee ; 
and  are  of  metal  elaborately  ornaniented  with  cloisonne  enamel. 

By  Mr.  C.  S.  Bale. — An  enameled  Cliinese  metal  plate  of  remarkable 
beauty;  the  ground  brilliant  turquoise  color;  in  the  ornamentation  appear  a 
dragon,  a  bird,  <fcc.,  the  design  bearing  much  resemblance  to  that  on  a 
specimen  exhibited  liy  Mr.  Rohde  Hawkins,  hut  the  colorino-  is  richer. 

By  Mr.  W,  J.  Berxiiard  .Smith. — A  Circassian  sabre,  with  belt,  <tc., 
enriched  with  ornaments  of  silver  gilded  and  inlaid  with  work  in  niello. 

By  the  Hon.  Robkrt  Curzox,  Jun. — A  Persian  dagger  (khandjar), 
obtained  at  Erzeroum  ;  the  handle  and  sheath  are  exquisitely  ornamented 
with  translucent  enamel. — Another  fine  weapon  of  the  same  description, 
painted  in  opaque  enamel,  with  flowers  brilliantly  colored. 

By  Mr.  Rohde  Hawkins. — A  small  priming-iBask,  or  touch-box,  of  pale 
yellow  mixed  metal,  ornamented  with  peculiar  enamels  of  vividly  contrasted 
coloring  inlaid  in  cavities  on  the  surface  of  the  metal.  The  colors  are 
yellow,  red,  deep  and  light  blue,  and  green.  It  is  supposed  to  be  of 
Turkish  work.  A  flask,  similar  in  fashion  and  size,  was  exhibited  in  the 
Museum  at  the  meeting  of  the  institute  in  Oxford,  in  1850,  by  Mr.  Joseph 
Clarke  ;  it  was  stated  to  have  been  found  at  the  Reculvers,  Kent,  in 
1824.     A  third  was  in  the  possession  of  the  late  Mr.  Fonnereau. 

By  Capt.   Caffin,   R.N.,  C.B.,  Director  of  Stores,  <fcc.,  by  the  liberal 

permi.^sion  of  H.  M.  Secretary  for  War. — From   the  Tower   Armory. 

Specimens  of  Oriental  Armour  and  Arms,  illustrating  the  Arts  of  Enamel 
and  Niello.  They  consisted  of  portions  of  a  Persian  body-armour  of  the 
kind  called  "  four  mirrors,"  richly  enameled  with  arai)esque  ornaments, 
and  thus  inscribed  in  Persian  : — "  The  noble  Ghulatii  Ali  Khan,  made  bv  the 
humble  Mohamed  Ali  of  Ispahan,  in  the  month  of  Sliaban,  in  the  year  1213  " 
(Hegira).  Catalogue,  No.  506. — Dagger  from  Hyderabad  in  Scind,  the  hilt 
set  with  enierahls,  the  sheath  enameled  with  flowers  ;  purchased  from  the 
East  India  Company's  collection  in  the  Exhibition  of  1851.  Tower  Catal. 
No.  291. — Waist-dagger,  probably  Persian,  the  hilt  and  sheath  enameled 
with  flowers.  Catal.,  No.  503. — Scymetar  with  a  hilt  of  lapis  lazuli  ;  the 
scabbard  and  mountings  elaborately  wrought  in  silver  and  niello  ;  probably 
a  presentation  weapon,  and  of  Russian  work. —  Circassian  daj^o-er  of 
watered  steel,  the  hilt  of  ivoiy,  the  mountings  of  silver  enriched  with  niello. 
This  kind  of  weapon,  called  Kama,  is  from  Daghistaun.  For  the  fureg-oinrr 
particulars,  and  also  for  his  kind  mediation  in  obtaining  these  specimens  for 
exhibition,  the  Institute  is  indebted  to  the  friendly  assistance  of  Mr.  Hewitt. 


jS'otiffS  of  HrrfjafoloQiral  ^Jubllfntlons. 

ISCA  SILURUM.  OR  AN  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE  OF  THE  MUSEUM 
OF  ANTIQUITIES  AT  CAERLEoN.  By  John  Edwaud  Lee,  F.S.A..  F.Q.S., 
Hon.  Sec.  of  the  Monuioiithshiro  and  Caerleon  Antiquarian  Association. 
London  :  Longman  &  Co.,  1862.     With  fifty -two  plates. 

It  is  with  satisfaction  that  wo  apa\n  invite  attention  to  the  researches  of 
our  felIow-h\l)ourcrs  in  the  ancient  district  of  the  SiJurcs.  Nearly  twelve 
years  have  elapsed  since  wo  announced  the  permanent  estahlishnient  of  a 
suitable  Museum  at  Caerleon,  in  great  measure,  wo  helieve,  surrgested 
throutjh  the  liherality  and  good  taste  of  the  late  Sir  Ptighy  Mackworth, 
hut  achieved  mainly  through  the  zeal  and  well-directed  ellorts  of  Mr.  Lee. 
The  explorations  which  lie  lias  so  successfully  prosecuted  at  Isca  Silin-inn 
have  heen  noticed  in  previous  volumes  of  this  Journal  (sec  vol.  ii.  p.  417  ; 
vol.  vii.  p.  97  ;  vol.  viii.  p.  157)  ;  and  many  of  our  readers  are  doubtless 
familiar  with  his  account  of  Roman  Antiquities  found  at  Caerleon,  published 
in  1848.  That  work  comprised  an  illustrative  description  of  many  objects 
highly  valuable  to  the  archaiologist  ;  the  contributions  to  Koman  epigraphy 
alone  amounting  to  nearly  twenty  inedited  inscriptions.  The  volume  before  us 
is  a  remarkable  proof  how  much  may  he  etfected  in  a  few  years  by  so  vigilant 
an  explorer  as  ilr.  Lee.  Upwards  of  thirty  inscriptions  are  here  delineated, 
exclusive  of  sculptured  fragments,  uninscribed  altars,  i^'C.  The  miscellaneous 
objects  of  metal,  glass,  ivor}'.  Arc,  include  relics  of  rare  and  unusually 
curious  character,  forming  a  series  unrivalled  perhaps  by  any  provincial 
museum,  with  the  exciption  only  of  that  formed  at  York.  It  were  needless 
to  insist  upon  the  utility  of  a  carefully  comjiilcd  and  illustrated  description 
of  such  collections  ;  the  antiquary  will  thankfully  appreciate  the  good 
ficrvico  rendered  by  Mr.  Lee,  not  only  in  rescuing  all  these  dis^jccta  mrmhra 
from  dispersion,  but  in  now  rendering  them  available  to  tlie  student  of 
antiquity  in  60  agreeable  a  form,  with  accurate  representations  drawn  by 
the  author's  own  hand.  Amongst  these  may  be  noticed  examples  of 
Samian  ware  decorated  with  subjects  of  the  chase,  niylhological  ami  other 
curious  details  ;  also  other  fict'tUa  of  remarkable  character,  anfcfixa, 
several  lamps,  and  part  of  a  mould  for  their  fabrication,  an  object  of  very 
rare  occurrence.  A  valuable  catalogue  of  coins  found  at  and  near  Caerleon 
has  been  supplied  by  the  Rev.  C.  W.  King  ;  they  range  from  Claudius  to 
Aicadius,  a  pcritjd  of  nearly  fom*  centuries  of  Roman  dominion  in  Ihitain. 
Tlic  beautiful  ornaments  of  enameled  bronze  in  tlie  museum  are  known  to  many 
of  our  readers  thmiigb  Mr.  IjCc's  kindness  in  bringing  them  to  our  exhil)ition 
of  cnamelH  in  .lime  lust.  (See  p.  279,  <tntc.)  Tlie  most  remarkable  relics, 
however,  of  ancient  art  presented  in  this  interesting  volume,  arc  doubtless 
the  ivory  sculptures,  supposed  to  have  been  jiortioiis  of  a  rista  inysi'ua,  or 
sacrificial  coffer.  No  Roman  work  of  similar  character  has,  wc  believe, 
occurred  elsewhere  in  this  country.  There  are  numerous  other  rare  objects 
hrouj^lit  to  light  in  this  remote  site  of  Roman  occupation  ;  we  hope  thot 
the  publication  of  the  attrnclive  volume  thus  briefly  noticed  will  encourage 
HOMin  (»f  our  readers  to  visit  n  locality  the  archnM»logy  of  which  Mr.  Lee's 
indefatigable  exertions  have  tended  so  csBcntially  to  illustrate. 


^fje  ^rcfjacological  SournaL 


DECEMBER,  1862. 
THE  ROYAL  COUNCILS  OF  WORCESTER.' 

By  the  Rev.  CHARLES  HENRY  HARTSHORXE,  M.A. 

On"  a  previous  occasion,  when  the  Institute  met  at  Glou- 
cester, I  took  notice  of  the  custom  that  prevailed  in  the 
middle  ages,  of  the  monarchs  of  England  wearing  theii 
crowns  on  the  great  festivals  of  Christmas,  Easter,  and 
Whitsuntide.  It  may  be  necessary,  however,  to  allude  to 
it  again  ;  more  particularly  as  the  usage  began  to  decline 
after  the  first  council  that  was  held  at  Worcester.  Our  old 
liistorians  are  very  particular  in  mentioning  the  places 
where  the  king  kept  liis  festivities.  It  was  doubtlessly  at 
these  fixed  periods  that  much  of  the  public  business  of  the 
realm  was  transacted.  The  nobility  might  have  been 
summoned  to  attend  the  court  for  these  special  purposes ; 
thus  regal  hospitality  and  their  own  advice  may  have  become 
united  under  the  most  agreeable  circumstances. 

The  Saxon  chronicle  informs  us  that  at  these  particular 
times,  all  the  best  persons  in  the  land  gave  their  attendance. 
The  king  always  wore  his  crown  on  the  occasion.  The  Con- 
queror lield  his  court  at  Christmas  at  Gloucester,  at  Easter 
at  Winchester,  and  at  Whitsuntide  at  Westminster.  His 
son  carried  out  this  practice  with  great  regulaiity,  but  in 
the  next  reign,  Henry  I.  in  great  measure  laid  it  aside. 
Malmesbury  complains  that  in  the  reign  of  Stephen  these 
ceremonies  had  become  abolished,  a  fact  he  imputes  to  the 
emptiness  of  the  exchequer  and  the  distracted  state  of  the 
country.     There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  custom  had  become 

'  Communicated  to  the  Historical  Scctiou  at  the  A uuual  Meeting  of  the  Institute 
held  at  Worcester,  July,  1862, 

VOL,    XIX.  T  T 


30t  THE    KOTAL    COUNCILS    OF    WORCESTER. 

extremely  irregular.     Therefore,  when  Henry  II.  ascended 
the  throne,  the  way  was  prepared  for  its  complete  disuse. 

This  monarch  was,  however,  twice  crowned  at  Worcester, 
on  the  last  occasion  in  the  year  115S,  \vitli  his  queen,  at 
the  festival  of  Easter.  We  Tire  told  that  when  they  came 
to  the  otlertory,  they  took  oif  their  crowns,  and  placed  them 
on  the  altar,  vowing  before  God  that  they  would  henceforth 
cease  to  wear  them.'^ 

This  is  the  first  time  a  council  is  mentioned  as  being  held 
at  Worcester,  and  unfortunately  we  have  no  further  intima- 
tion afforded  as  to  what  else  took  place. 

When  Henry  III.  ascended  the  throne,  the  relations 
betwixt  England  and  AVales  were  beginning  to  grow  embar- 
rassed and  unfriendly.  During  the  two  first  years  of  the 
vounir  kini!:'s  reisin,  the  disaffected  barons  sedulously  culti- 
vated  the  friendship  of  Llewellyn.  It  is  unreasonable  to 
regard  the  Welsh  at  this  period  as  in  a  state  of  rebellion. 
They  had  a  line  of  indei)cndcnt  princes,  and  a  throne 
established  by  the  same  natural  right  as  that  of  the  Tlan- 
tagenets.  There  Avas  great  disaffection. amongst  the  English 
themselves.  The  leading  people,  therefore,  gladly  availed 
tliemselves  of  any  means  of  assistance  that  they  could 
obtain  from  those  neighbours  who  would  help  their  cause. 
The  Welsh  had  gained  strength  by  their  alliance  with 
riiilip  Augustus  of  France.  Tliey  were  supported  by  the 
barons,  who,  dissatisfied  with  those  omissions  in  Henry's 
charter  that  had  been  obtained  from  his  father,  already 
began  to  waver  in  their  allegiance  to  the  youthful  sovereign. 
The  French  king  was,  however,  expelled  from  the  country 
lie  had  invaded,  and  it  was  soon  found  that  Henry,  though  a 
minor,  had  able  counsellors  around  him  to  guard  the  interests 
of  his  crown. 

Gallo,  the  j)apal  legate,  had  already  conveyed  to  Llewellyn 
a  .sentence  of  exconimunicatiijn.  He  was  (l^'eb.  Il2,  li2ls) 
summoned  to  Worcester  t<>  peiliani  his  homage,  though, 
that  nothing  nn'ght  seem  outwardly  deficient  in  respect,  an 
honoiu'able  escort  was  ordered  to  attend  him  to  this  city. 
Tlie  Bishops  of  Hereford  and  Chester,  Walter  de  Lacy, 
Hugh    Mortimer,     John     l''ilz;ilaii,    Walter     and     Koger    de 

'  IIiiiiri'MiM    llox   Anglurum   coronatuM       noc  iiltoriud  coroniituH   ohI.     Uftdulf.  do 
mt  n|iu<l  Wigortiniii,  pont  c<'lobrutii>ui!ia       Diuutu,  p.  531.     Sub  Aiiuu  1158. 
(UvtDurum  curuiiuui   nu{>ur  ulturo  poMuit, 


THE    ROYAL    COUNCILS   OF   WORCESTER.  305 

Clifford,  with  otliers  of  tlic  noLility,  formed  part  of  the 
prince's  suite,  and  subsequently  witnessed  his  concessions. 
In  tlie  presence  of  these  magnates,  and  in  that  of  others 
equally  distinguished,  Llewellyn  swore  on  the  Gospels  to 
give  up  the  crown,  his  castles  of  Caermarthen  and  Cardigan, 
as  well  as  to  keep  them  in  repair  until  Ileniy  came  of  age. 
lie,  moreover,  gave  up  j\Iallgwyn,  the  son  of  Rh)-s  ;  Rhys, 
the  son  of  Griffith ;  Madoc,  the  son  of  Griffith  ;  and 
]\rarenduc,  the  son  of  Robert,  as  hostages  for  the  observance 
of  the  present  treaty. 

In  connection  with  tliis  transaction  of  the  second  council 
lield  at  Worcester,  it  may  be  observed  that  the  royal 
advisers  permitted  Llewellyn  to  hold  the  custody  of  those 
lands  in  North  Wales  which  formerly  belonged  to  Wenwyn- 
wyn,  Llewellyn  undertaking  to  provide  reasonable  sustenance 
for  the  heirs  of  Wenwynwyn,  and  to  assign  a  dower  to 
Margaret  his  widow. 

Owing  to  the  young  king  being  in  his  minority,  the  writs 
at  this  period  were  tested  by  William  Mareschal,  Earl  of 
Pembroke.  According  to  the  phraseology,  "  quum  sigillum 
non  habuimus  has  literas  sigillo  fidelis  nostri  comitis 
Willielmi  j\Iarescalli  fecimus  sigillari." 

It  does  not  appear  w^hether  Henry  was  present  at  the 
negotiations  just  referred  to  ;  but  it  is  certain  he  was  at 
Worcester  on  the  second  Sunday  after  Ash  Wednesday,  as 
there  is  a  w^rit  on  the  Clause  Rolls  addressed  to  the  Pre- 
positi  of  Worcester,  ordering  them  to  pay  William  St. 
Edward  and  Robert  de  Barevill  twenty -one  pounds  for  the 
expenses  occasioned  by  his  visit  when  the  council  was 
held. 

Another  writ  addressed  to  the  Barons  of  the  Exchequer 
directs  them  to  pay  Fulke  de  Breaute  twenty  pounds  for  the 
expenses  incurred  at  Worcester  in  the  middle  of  Lent. 
Thus,  the  fact  of  Henry  being  in  the  city  at  this  time  does 
not  admit  of  a  doubt.  He  was  here  again  Oct.  14,  1222, 
as  we  learn  from  writs  issued  to  the  Barons  of  the 
Exchequer,  ordering  tliein  to  pay  the  sheriff  of  the  county 
twenty  marks  for  an  outlay  made  on  his  wardrobe  when 
visiting  the  citj".  A  similar  notice  shows  that  he  was  also 
there  in  1221. 

Again,  on  April  22,  the  same  j'^ear,  a  council  was  held  at 
Worcester,  attended  by  the  papal  legate,  the  archbishops, 


30G  THE    ROYAL    COUNCILS   OF    WORCESTER.       ' 

prelates,  abbots,  the  chief  justiciary,  the  Earl  of  Pembroke, 
besides  several  earls  and  barons  of  the  realm.  In  the 
following  year  most  of  the  preceding  magnates  again  assem- 
bled here,  when  they  declared  that  no  charters  or  other 
documents  should  be  sealed  in  perpetuity  till  the  young 
king  came  of  age.  Also  in  the  fourth  year  of  the  reign 
the  state  of  public  affairs  was  considered  at  Worcester,  when 
Llewellyn,  Prince  of  Wales,  agpin  attended. 

Joanna,  the  wife  of  Prince  Llewellyn,  was,  at  a  little  later 
period,  a  visitor  to  the  young  king  at  Worcester.  She  was 
doulitlessly  urged  to  take  this  journey  under  the  hope  of 
obtaining  some  fresh  privilege  from  Henry.  Whatever  the 
result  of  her  journey  may  have  been,  it  is  certain  that  she 
did  not  incur  any  expense,  as  the  Barons  of  the  Exchequer 
were  ordered  to  pay  her  seven  pounds  seven  and  four  pence, 
being  the  cost  of  her  journey. 

We  have  mention  made  of  another  charge  that  was  to  bo 
defrayed  by  the  Barons  of  the  Exchequer.  It  is  of  so 
unusual  a  kind,  that,  although  not  strictly  relevant  to  the 
councils  of  Worcester,  it  deserves  notice,  since  it  relates  to 
the  line  monument  of  the  king's  father,  whose  interment  in 
the  cathedral  might  naturally  attract  the  affections  of  Henry 
to  the  place.  Several  ])ieces  of  silk  had  been  paid  for  and 
delivered  to  William,  Earl  of  Pembroke,  out  of  the  royal 
treasury.  The  use  to  which  they  were  applied  w\as  to 
cover,  or  rather  adorn,  the  tomb  of  King  John,  IkMuy's 
father.  They  were  delivered  to  the  Prior  of  Worcester 
for  this  purpose. 

Before  proceeding  any  farther,  it  may  be  desirable  to 
state  that  as  there  existed  a  royal  castle  at  Worcester,  it  is 
most  probable  that  the  early  councils  or  conventions  were 
held  within  its  precincts.  This  is  the  more  likely  from  the 
fact  of  these  assemblies  being  confined  to  tlie  transaction  of 
purely  secular  and  j)ublic  business.  There  are  several 
entries  on  the  Great  Uoll  of  the  Pipe,  which  speak  of  the 
rej)airs  done  to  this  building,  as  well  as  of  works  upon  the 
surrounding  j)alisades.  Jn  the  reign  of  John  there  freijiiently 
occurs  the  charge  of  tliree  shillings  Ibr  a  liuiiti  r  ralching 
wolves. 

In  the  year  ]'2'A7,  a  council  met  again  at  Worcester. 
The  oltject  of  tlie  meeting  was  similar  to  those  already 
MHiitioned.      Tlie   turbulence   of  the  Welsh  was  a  recurring 


THE    ROYAL    COUNCILS    OF    WORCESTER.  307 

cause  of  anxiety.  A  truce  had  been  agreed  upon  when  the 
king  was  at  Tewkesbury  the  preceding  year  (July  11, 1236). 
Safe  conduct  was  afforded  to  the  Prince  of  Abbcrfrau  and 
his  attendants  for  the  meeting  at  Shrewsbury  and  Wenlock, 
when  its  provisions  were  to  be  ratified.  The  king  had 
nominated  the  Bishops  of  Hereford  and  Llandaff,  with  two 
other  persons,  as  commissioners  for  South  Wales,  and  the 
same  number  for  North  Wales,  to  receive  the  mutual  act  of 
ratification  and  guarantee.  Such  was  the  general  nature  of 
the  business  the  council  had  to  settle  at  these  various  con- 
ventions. Worcester  lying  on  the  borders,  was  a  place 
naturally  suited  for  entertaining  these  questions,  though 
Gloucester  and  Shrewsbury  ^Yere  as  frequently  chosen  as 
places  convenient  for  the  discussion  of  the  Welsh  difficulties. 

In  the  3^ear  1264,  business  of  a  more  legislative  character 
than  what  had  hitherto  been  transacted,  was  brought  before 
the  notice  of  the  king's  council  at  Worcester.  In  the  forty- 
sixth  year  of  his  reign,  or  about  two  years  previously,  Henry 
issued  a  declaration  that  he  would  no  longer  adhere  to  the 
provisions  that  the  barons  had  obtained  from  him  at  Oxford. 
He  recited  the  absolution  from  their  observance  that  had 
been  granted  to  him  by  Popes  Alexander  and  Urban.  The 
king  of  France,  who  had  been  called  in  to  mediate  between 
Henry  and  his  Barons,  declared  these  provisions,  which  had 
been  a  great  advance  in  the  cause  of  popular  liberty,  to  bo 
null  and  void.  He  affirmed  that  the  king  should  have  his 
former  prerogatives  restored.  That  he  should  have  the 
power  of  nominating  his  chief  justiciary,  chancellor,  and 
high  officers  of  state  as  he  pleased,  and  that  aliens  should  be 
as  eligible  as  natives  to  fill  any  official  positions. 

This  short-sighted  and  injudicious  award  provoked  a 
contest  that  was  immediately  fatal  to  the  royal  authority, 
and  which  led  to  the  king's  defeat  and  capture  at  Lewes, 

Henry  was  at  Worcester  on  the  13th  of  December  (1264), 
being  then  the  prisoner  of  Simon  de  Montfort.  It  was  on 
this  occasion  that  he  issued  writs  of  a  most  comprehensive 
kind  to  the  various  abbots,  bishops,  and  sheriffs  throughout 
England,  as  well  as  to  the  barons  and  burgesses  of  the 
diflerent  towns,  that  they  would  assemble  on  the  Octaves 
of  St.  Hilary,  at  London,  to  deliberate  upon  the  honor  of 
the  crown  and  the  tranquillity  of  the  country. 

Here  we  may  see  distinctly  sketched  the  first  outline  of 


308  THE    POYAL    COUNCILS    OF    WORCESTER. 

those  legislative  assemblies  we  now  possess.  Though  as  the 
fortunes  of  the  king  experienced  a  favourable  change  alter 
the  battle  of  Evesham,  on  August  4,  12G5,  he  was  subse- 
quently enabled  to  reassume  arbitrary  power.  Notwith- 
standing the  postponement  of  this  important  privilege,  it 
is  abundantly  clear  from  various  inferences  deducible  from 
the  business  actually  performed  by  the  council  held  at 
AVorcester,  from  the  tenor  of  the  writs,  and  from  the  position 
of  the  people  convened,  that  the  j)rinci})le  of  summoning 
legislative  assemblies  according  to  our  present  custom  was 
liere  for  the  iirst  time  adopted.  This  appears  to  me  so  clear 
and  undeniable  that  it  is  not  a  matter  of  surprise  it  should 
have  engaged  the  observation  of  Tyrrell,  in  his  "  Bibliotheca 
Politica. "  It  has  however  eluded  the  notice  of  those  M-riters 
who  have  borrowed  so  freely  from  this  noble  constitutional 
M'ork,  without  acknowledging  their  obligations  to  it  for  other 
information,  on  which  they  mainly  founded  their  reputation. 
The  works  of  Tyrrell,  Littleton,  Carte,  and  JMadox  may 
indeed  be  too  little  read  or  consulted  ;  they  have  fallen  into 
comparative  oblivion,  but  their  honest  and  diligent  labors 
can  never  be  forgotten  whilst  industry,  independence  of 
ojtinion,  and  a  love  of  truth  are  deemed  higher  qualities  in 
an  historian,  than  the  elegance  of  style  and  artihci.al  com- 
position which  have  rendered  two  of  our  writers  so  popular 
and  attractive. 

Up  to  this  time  the  king  had  acted  by  the  advice  of  his 
own  especial  council.  But  now  temporal  and  spiritual  peers, 
as  Lords  of  l*ai-liament,  are  summoned  to  act  in  a  judicial 
rapacity.  Other  powders  are  also  called  together,  who,  as  the 
Commons  of  the  realm,  appearing  at  London  (Jamiary  20, 
I2(j5),  constituted,  under  the  king,  the  legislative  voice  of 
the  nation  at  large. 

There  can  l)c  no  doubt  that  it  was  on  this  emergency, 
when  the  Misc  of  Lewes  had  given  the  barons  the  ascendancy, 
that  they  seized  the  advantages  of  ])olitical  jiower.  Yet, 
looking  at  the  manner  tiiey  used  it,  it  (•.•iiinot  j)e  said  they 
acted  like  the  regicides  and  usui'jx'rs  of  l.ihr  times,  and 
)»r(jfane(l  tiie  .sacred  cause  of  liberty  l)y  injustifc  and  murder. 
On  the  contrary,  the  j)erson  of  the  monarch  was  resj)ected, 
and  |)ohtical  rights  were  enlarged  without  the  j)erpetration 
of  violen(X'  or  ( linic. 

It  must  i)e  admitted  tli;il.  wliilst  the   transact imis  ol"  this 


THE    KOYAL    COUNCILS    OF    WOKCESTEK.  309 

particular  period  are  amongst  the  most  obscure  of  any  in 
our  constitutional  history,  the  language  of  the  writs  by 
which  the  barons,  knights,  and  burgesses  were  summoned, 
being  uncertain,  the  character  of  the  representatives  as  well 
as  their  power  being  undefined  and  vague,  yet  the  general 
result  of  the  documents,  and  of  the  business  itself,  clearly 
indicates  a  march  in  political  civilisation.  It  arose  from  the 
disasters  and  subsequent  captivity  of  the  king.  The  light 
broke  out  for  an  instant,  as  it  were,  and  then  became  hidden 
for  nearly  half  a  century.  But  in  the  meantime  Edward 
was  consolidating  the  laws,  as  well  as  improving  the  con- 
stitutional assemblies  of  the  country.  It  was  not  until  the 
twenty-sixth  year  of  his  reign  that  Worcester  returned 
regularly  two  burgesses  to  parliament. 

There  was  another  subject  dealt  with  in  the  council  of 
12G4,  which  deserves  notice.  In  a  parliament  held  in 
London,  on  March  11th,  1265,  mention  is  made  of  certain 
articles  made  by  common  consent  of  the  king  and  magnates 
at  Worcester,  and  transmitted  under  his  seal  to  every  county 
inviolably  to  be  observed  for  ever. 

These  articles,  as  we  learn  from  a  manuscript  quoted  by 
Tyrrell,  from  Corpus  Christi  Library,  Cambridge,  were  those 
celebrated  Provisions  published  in  the  Statute  of  Marlborough 
(52  Hen.  III.).  They  have  always  been  received  as  a  portion 
of  the  law  of  the  land,  and  are  the  foundation  of  many  i^arts 
of  the  existing  law,  though  now  appearing  only  in  the  Red 
Book  of  the  Exchequer,  and  in  copies  preserved  in  the 
Cottonian  and  other  collections  of  manuscripts,  from  which 
they  have  been  printed  in  the  statutes  of  the  realm.  They 
were  ordered  at  the  time  of  their  enactment  at  AV^orcester 
to  be  published  in  the  county  courts,  hundreds,  wapentakes, 
and  courts  baron,  for  the  advantage  of  all  the  community  of 
England. 

These  ordinances  were  ratified  and  confirmed  when  the 
parliament  met  on  the  Octaves  of  St.  Hilary  in  the  year 
and  month  following  at  London. 

Prince  Edward,  who  had  been  given  up  as  a  hostage  to 
Simon  de  Montfort  after  the  battle  of  Lewes,  effected  his 
escape  in  the  month  of  May  in  the  following  3'ear.  Having 
sought  for  a  refuge  in  the  castle  of  Wigmore,  he  was  joy- 
fully received  by  Roger  de  Mortimer.  The  next  day  he 
passed  onward  to  Ludlow,  where  he  obtained  the  assistance 


:ilO        THE  ROYAL  COUNCILS  OF  WORCESTER. 

of  the  Eails  of  Clare  and  Surrey.  They  presently'  marched 
to  AVorcester,  Avhich  the  loyal  citizens  speedily  surrendered 
to  them.  Thus,  by  one  success  added  to  another,  the  royal 
forces  became  enabled  to  take  the  field  aiiainst  Simon  de 
Montfort,  on  the  4tli  of  August,  near  Evesham. 

Tlie  king,  says  Walter  Ilemingford,  ■^^•as  Avoundcd  in  the 
shoulder,  and  \vould  have  been  slain,  had  he  not  cried  out, 
'*  I  am  Henry  of  Winchester,  3'our  king  ;  kill  me  not." 
Whereupon  Adam  de  ^tontalt  rushed  forward  and  saved 
him.  The  prince,  who  was  near,  ran  to  his  assistance,  but 
could  only  beg  his  blessing,  leaving  him  to  be  protected  by 
his  knights  till  the  fight  was  over  and  the  victory  com- 
pleted. 

During  the  "whole  of  this  period,  Henry  HI.,  now  advancing 
in  age,  was  continually  at  Worcester  or  the  neighbourhood, 
Ijut  it  does  not  appear  that  he  enriched  either  the  city,  or 
the  religious  foundations  within  it,  with  any  memorial  of  his 
bounty.  The  name  of  this  monarch  is  in  vain  searched 
for  amongst  those  who  were  benefactors  to  the  Abbeys 
of  Worcester,  Evesham,  Tewkesbury,*  or  Persliore.  He 
had,  it  is  true,  granted  the  citizens  in  1261  a  charter, 
by  which  two  bailiffs,  two  aldermen,  two  chamberlains, 
and  f(jrty-eight  assistants,  should  govern  the  town,  with 
return  of  writs  and  ])Ower  to  hold  })leas.  His  name  never 
occurs  in  the  list  of  donors  to  the  religious  houses  of  those 
places  whicli  had  witnessed  the  success  of  his  arms,  or  the 
attachment  of  his  pco})le. 

He  had  the  negative  qualities  of  a  good,  rather  than  a 
great,  man.  Without  either  the  courage  or  the  genius  for 
war  that  characterised  his  illustrious  son,  he  possessed  never- 
theless some  of  the  smaller  virtues.  These  have  served  to 
shield  his  name  from  reproach.  His  ideas  of  government 
were  merciful,  but  obstructive  to  national  pi'ogress.  The 
reforms  introduced  into  the  representative  system  during 
liis  reign,  though  tliey  lasted  but  for  a  year  or  two,  and 
were  the  result  of  e.xternal  press\n-e  rather  than  the  sponta- 
neous creations  of  his  own  mind,  left  indeed  tiaces  behind 
to  which  we  are  in<lcbte<i  at  the  present  day.  If  posterity 
li.'LS  anything  to  praise  in  reviewing  liis  caiici-,  it  will  be 
found  in  the  taste  he  introduced  into  several  of  the  buildings 
erected  during  his  reign  ;  in  tlic  jiatronage  lie  licstowcij  on 
the  arts  of  8cul])ture  and    p.-iinling  ;  and  in  iIm'  ((•unli  iiancc! 


THE    ROYAL   COUNCILS   OF    WORCESTER.  311 

lie  afforded  to  the  execution  of  a  few  works  of  devotional 
magnificence. 

Time,  no  less  than,  I  fear,  exhausted  patience,  forewarns 
me  to  hasten  these  remarks  to  a  close.  Fortunately  there  is 
only  one  other  council  at  Worcester  left  for  description. 
Edward  I.  visited  "Worcester  in  various  years  of  his  rcio-n. 
He  was  here  for  three  days  in  127G  :  for  nine  in  1277  :  for 
four  in  1278  :  for  one  in  1281,  when  he  passed  three  days 
at  Kemsey,  and  eight  at  Pershore.  Again,  for  seven  da3's  in 
1282,  and  for  three  at  Hartlcbury  :  for  a  week  in  1283, 
and  for  five  days  in  1294,  when  he  went  on  to  Hartlcbury 
and  Bridgenorth,  thus  proceeding,  as  on  the  former  occa- 
sions, into  Wales.  It  was  during  his  sojourn  at  Worcester, 
during  the  month  of  November  in  the  last  year,  that  he 
held  a  council  touching  the  state  of  hl<^  affairs  in  the  prin- 
cipality. Though  at  this  time  the  Welsh  had  been  over- 
awed by  his  conquests,  and  the  country  partially  secured  by 
the  erection  of  those  noble  castles  whose  ruins  still  exist  at 
Flint,  llhuddlan,  Conw^ay,  and  Harlech,  the  people  can 
scarcely  be  said  to  have  been  subdued.  The  fortress  of 
Beaumaris  was  not  yet  built,  wdiilst  that  of  Caernarvon  was 
in  the  present  year  destroyed.  And  where  could  the  king 
more  suitably  hold  a  council  on  the  condition  of  his 
impending  war,  than  in  a  loyal  city  like  Worcester  that  lay 
upon  the  borders. 

If  we  may  judge  by  the  tenor  of  a  document  that  issued 
from  him  at  this  moment  at  Worcester,  Edward  must  have 
lost  his  usual  confidence  at  the  prospect  before  him.  He 
addressed  the  body  of  religious  men,  and  more  especially  the 
Friars  Minors,  as  the  mediators  between  God  and  men,  to 
pray  on  his  behalf  that  the  impending  troubles  might  be 
taken  away,  and  his  kingdom  delivered  from  adversity. 
With  deep  and  holy  grief  did  he  pass  by  that  noble 
monument  of  his  grandfather,  which  still  forms  the  most 
interesting  object  in  Wulstan's  pious  foundation,  and  with 
contrite  prayer  did  he  bend  before  the  high  altar,  and 
])rcsent  his  offering  of  propitiation  to  God.^  Nor,  with 
whatsoever  feelings  of  admiration  we  may  be  actuated  in 

'  We  have  not  any  details  given  us  on  de  Langeton,  Keeper  of  the  Wardrobe,  for 

the  Rolls  respcctiijg  Edward's  visit,  but  the   expenses   of  the  household,  and  for 

there  is  a  writ  on  the  Liberate  of  this  certaiu    matters  to   be   done  in  Wales. 

23rd  year,  addressed   to   the   treasurer.  Dated  at  Worcester,  25th  November, 
ordering  him  to  deliver  ]  0,000/.  to  Walter 

VOL.    XIX.  U   U 


312  THE    ROYAL    COUNCILS   OF    WORCESTER. 

beholding  the  valour  of  that  little  kingJom  over  -whom  lie 
sought  to  cast  the  fetters  of  a  conqueror,  can  we  suppose 
that  these  gifts  were  vain  oblations,  or  his  supplications 
unanswered.  Like  the  seven  id(,)latrous  nations  we  read  of 
in  Holy  Writ,  "he  put  them  out  by  little  and  little,"  till 
their  sovereignty  and  their  freedom  were  extinguished. 
The  result  of  these  long-continued  contests  was  the  union  of 
the  ancient  sovereignties  of  Dyved,  Gwynedd,  and  Powis- 
land  to  P^ngland  ;  and  in  Worcester,  in  Gloucester,  in  Bristol, 
and  in  fair  .Shrewsburv,  the  leading  councils  were  held  that 
aimed  at  the  dismemberment  of  Wales. 

Centuries  have  rolled  on  since  its  line  of  native  princes 
have  ceased.  Their  valour  and  their  misfortunes  have 
outlived  tradition.  They  are  written  in  the  truest 
pages  of  history.  Fresh  information  may  still  be  added 
to  the  mass  of  accumulated  facts,  for  although  there  are 
not  nnj  coeval  chronicles,  there  are  a  large  number  of 
records  relating  to  the  Welsh  wars,  that  will  supply 
additional  information  on  the  events  of  that  period.* 
These  will  enable  us  to  divest  trutK  from  fiction.  They 
will  liberate  us  from  the  fair}''  hands  that  ring  the  knell 
of  Welsh  valour,  and  they  will  teach  us  to  regard  their 
sweet  notes  as  merely  poetical  delusions.^  Like  the 
mountains  whom  the  bard  invokes,  wc  .shall  "  mourn  in  vain 
^lodi-ed.  the  magic  of  their  song,"  because  we  shall  iruitlessly 
search  for  any  proof  of  his  existence.  Nay,  if  in  a  real 
desire  for  "  truth  severe,"  the  question  of  the  ma.ssacre  of 
the  bards  is  considered,  it  will  be  found  to  rest  on  no  con- 
temporary foundation  wlintever.  In  fact,  inspiring  as  nuist 
ever  be  the  genius  of  jioctr}^  the  writer  of  history  should 
studiously  remain  uninfluenced  by  its  fascination.  We  may, 
liowever,  borrow  an  idea  IVoiii  the  wrll-known  ode  that 
lias  thus  been  incidentally  alhided  to  ;  and  we  may  insti- 
tute a  compai'ison  of  tlie  value  of  consulting  our  national 
records,  where  liistoric.al  facts  aic  coitain,  wiili  the  changes 
the  noble  stream  of  the  Severn  undergoes  before  it  reaches 
Worcester.     Its  waters    roll    down    from  huL2:c   IMinlimmon, 

*  Tlio   rocoiit   viilimMo    rcHoardioH   of  IIi«    lemarkH    tlirnw     inucli    (idditioiia 

the  lIoiiDiirnlila    Mr.   I'lridKuninii   on  tlio  li;^ht  on  otir  Wdhli  JJoriior  IliHtoi-y. 
IViri..     .  f  I'ppor   I'owiM,  priiitfMl  in  tlio  *  Jly  fuiiy  liiin<l'<  thrir  knell  in  lungf, 

'  '    Arcliai<olo(;icn,    hIiow      how  Ity  fornix  niiK(!<>n  tlioir  (liix*)  in  Hnn){  : 

;in<l    (inthpiitic  information  Ih  'J'lioir  Ilononr  mnjos,  a  pili^'rini  K''«yi 

to  (■"  £-i>iior'(l  rt'Lilivo  to  tliin   period.  To  LIohh  tlio  turf  tliiit  wrajiw  tlicir  cliiy. 


THE    ROYAL    COUNCILS   OF    WORCESTER.  313 

gathering  fresh  strength  from  every  spring  and  rivulet  they 

unite  with  on  their  journey,  carrying  fcrtihty  to   the  soil 

they  wash,  and  gradually  expanding  themselves  into  the 

largest  of  our   English   rivers.     Thus  we   are    taught,    by 

taking  a  survey  over  the  majestic  course  of  time,  to  collect 

those  evidences  which  constitute  truth,  out  of  the  various 

channels  through  which  it  flows.      It  is  incumbent  upon 

historical  writers  to  sift  all  those  current  statements  that 

have  been  too  readily  accepted  by  indolent  students.     The 

more  popular  they  are,  perhaps  the  more  doubtful.    Always, 

however,  drawing  the  materials  from  the  purest  and  most 

certain  sources,  the  public  records  of  the  kingdom.     And 

still,  to  pursue  the  metaphor,  if  we  ascend  the  rugged  sides 

of  this  cloud-topped  eminence,  and  drink  of  its  wells  in  their 

natural  purity,  ere  they  have  become  polluted  by  the  refuse 

of   towns  (fatal  to    health   as   falsehood  is  to  history),  the 

heart  will  feel  refreshed  and  invigorated  by  their  crystal 

sweetness.      So    also,    on    the    other    hand,    if   tediously, 

patiently,  and  dimly  striving  to    decyplier    the    fliint,    the 

incomplete,  and  nearly  illegible  archives,  where  truth  alone 

sits  sacredly  enshrined,  the  grateful  labour  will  diffuse  new 

light,  and  another  page  will  be  added  to  the  annals  of  our 

common  country. 


COMianUTIONS    towards   the    niSTORY    OF    MEDIAEVAL 
WEArO>'S  AND   MILITARY  ArPLlANCES  IN   EUROPE. 

Bv  JOHN  UBWITT. 


THE    GOEDENDAG,    A    FOOT-SOLDIERS   WEAPON    OF    THE 
THIIITEKNTII    AND    FOURTEENTH    CENTURIES. 

At  a  first  glance,  the  weapon  before  lis  would  appear  to 
belong-  to  the  Early-MiiMle-Agcs  of  the  Sandwich  Islanders, 
and  it  is  with  no  small  surprise  that,  on  further  inquiry,  wc 


find  this  primitive  f<.i-iii  (>\'  tli(>  Cliih  <o  he  Ihe  chosen  nrm  o\ 
the  ^reat  guilds  (jf  tlic  riclicsl  |)riiiccduiii  of  i^hn-ope,  in  its 
richest  period — of  l-'l.-niih'i-s  in  llic  louihculli  <-(Mi(ury.      The 


COXTEIBUTIONS   TO    THE    HISTOIIY    OF    MEDIiEYAL   WEAPOXS.    315 

figure  licre  given  is  one  of  many,  forming  an  extensive  wall- 
painting  in  an  old  chapel  at  Ghent.  The  men  are  citizens  of 
Ghent,  and  are  represented  as  marching  in  procession  at  one 
of  their  guild  festivals.  The  picture  itself  no  longer  exists, 
but  it  has  been  fully  and  carefully  reproduced  by  M.  De 
Vigne  in  his  "  Recherches  Historiques  sur  les  Costumes  des 
Gildes,  &c."  The  citizen-soldier  wears  the  "  bacinet  rond," 
so  often  mentioned  in  documents  of  the  time,  with  camail  of 
banded-mail  overlying  the  surcoat.  The  sleeve  of  the 
hauberk  is  strengthened  at  the  elbow  with  a  roundel  of 
plate,  charged  with  a  cross  :  the  arms  on  the  surcoat  are 
those  of  his  company.  The  equipment  appears  to  be  that 
of  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

But  the  weapon  carried  by  this  warrior  (borne  also  by 
many  of  his  companions)  is  the  most  curious  part  of  the 
representation  ;  and,  though  we  have  examined  many 
thousand  examples  of  weapons  of  all  ages,  pictorially  or 
otherwise  reproduced,  we  have  neyer  before  met  with  the 
singular  implement  here  figured.  M.  De  Vigne,  in  pro- 
ducing it,  claims  to  have  discovered  the  true  form  of  the 
GOEDEXDAG ;  and,  in  the  minute  description  of  that  arm 
by  Guiart,  in  the  "  Branche  des  Royaux  Lignages,"  there 
are  certainly  many  points  of  resemblance.  The  passage  to 
which  we  allude  is  that  recounting  the  conflict  between  the 
men  of  Bruges,  led  by  "Mesire  Walepaiele,"  and  the 
French. 

"  El  tens  dont  ge  conte  nouvele, 
lert  Mesire  \Valepaiele, 
Des  fiez  de  Bruges  capitainne  : 
Cil  meut  un  jour,"  &c. 

(Ad  ann.  1297  ;  Ed.  Buclion,  vol.  ii.  p.  209.) 

Reaching  the  enem}^  the  Flemings  attack  them  :  — 

"  A  granz  hastens  pesanz  ferrez, 
A  un  lone  fcr  agu  devant. 
Tie.x  bastons  qu'il  portent  en  guerre 
Out  noni  godendac  en  la  terre. 
Goden-dac,  c'est  Bon-jour  a  dire, 
Qui  eu  frangois  le  veust  descrire. 
Cil  baston  sent  lone  et  traitiz, 
Pour  ferir  a  deuz  mainz  faitiz. 
Et  quant  Ten  en  faut  au  desccndrc, 
Se  oil  qui  fiert  i  veust  entendre, 
Et  il  en  sache  bien  ouvrer, 
Tantost  puet  son  cop  rccouvrur 


31G   CONTKIBUTIOXS   TOWAKDS    THE    HISTORY   OF    MEDIJIVAL 

Et  ferir,  sans  saler  uioquaiit,' 
Du  bout  ilevaiit,  eii  estotjuant 
Son  ennenii  par  le  ventre  ; 
Et  li  fers  est  agiiz  qui  cntie 
LL-giereuicnt  ile  jilainne  assiete 
Par  touz  les  lieiu  oil  Ton  en  giete, 
S'armtures  ne  le  dctieniient. 
Cil  qui  CCS  grauz  godcnilaz  tienncnt, 
Qu'il  out  11  deux  poinz  eaipoingniez, 
Sout  un  poi  des  reus  esloingniez, 
De  bicn  fJrir  ne  sont  pas  lasclie. 
E litre  les  gens  le  roi  en  tasche 
Au  destriers  donnent  tiex  meriax 
Amunt,  parmi  les  liateriax, 
(>ue  des  pesanz  eops  qu'il  ourdissent 
En  pluseurs  liens  les  cstoiirdissent. 
Si  qu'a  poi  (ju'  ;i  terre  ne  cliieent." 

(11ml.,  vol.  ii.  p.  210.) 

Tlie  gocdenJags  of  the  Flemings  are  mentioned  in  many 
otlier  places  of  Guiart's  poem,  but  in  none  with  so  much 
detail.  Under  1304  (vol.  ii.  p.  302)  we  have  a  passage 
showing  that  the  arm  was  for  thrusting  and  striking  : — 

"  Godeudaz  Icvez,  lances  prises, 
S'assaillcnt  en  divcrses  guises  : 
Uns  cstoqucut,  autres  rabatcnt." 

At  page  31  G  \\c  find  that  the  weapon  was  a  heavy  one: — 

"  Ancnns  a  godendaz  pesanz, 
Dont  les  cops  lancent  et  desrivent, 
.Tusfju'en  nji  le  niuiit  les  poursivent. 

Sec  also  pages  240,  24G,  25G,  277,  280,  312  and  44(;, 
where,  thou<ch  the  frodendac  is  mentioned  with  honur,  no 
new  characteristic  appears. 

Before  })roceeding  further,  it  may  i>e  as  well  to  call  to 
mind  that  the  name  (A'  Ooedendag  has  been  held  to  aj)ply  to 
the  llalbard  ;  atul  I  am  nut  aware  that  any  ancient  j»a.ssagc 
lias  yet  been  loimd  in  which  the  two  words  stand  in  juxta- 
position, so  as  It)  iiidicalr  a  dinereiice  lietwecn  the  two 
weapons. 

In  the  account  of  the  battle  of  (Jourtray  in  tlu;  "(Irandcs 
(Jhroiii(jiies,"  the  goedeinlag  again  apj>cars  as  a  flemish 
arm. 

'  Quory,  "  iiiiiiKniiiut  ]" 


WEAPONS    AND    MILITARY    APPLIANCES    IN    EUKOPE.         -317 

'  "  Ceux  de  Bruges,  si  comme  Ten  dit,  estudians  et  cuidans 
mourir  pour  la  justice,  liberalite  ct  franchise  du  pays, 
portant  avec  eux  cnscment  aucunes  reliques  de  Sains,  et  a 
glaives,  a  lances,  espees  bonnes,  haclies  et  goudendars, 
serreement  et  espesseraent  ordones,  vindrcnt  au  champ  a 
pie  par  un  pou  tons.  .  .  .  Et  lors  adecertes  ceux  de  Bruges 
nulle  ame  n'espargnierent,  mais  aux  lances  agues  bien 
ancorues,  que  Ton  appelle  bouteshaches  et  godendars,  les 
chevaliers  des  chevaux  faisoient  trebuchier  ;  et  ainsi  comme 
its  cheoient,  comme  brebis  les  acraventoient  sus  la  tcrre." — 
Vol.  V.  p.  139. 

M.  Paulin  Paris  adds  a  note  to  the  word  ancorees  : — 
"  Terminees  en  forme  d'ancres,  a  peu  pros  comme  les  halle- 
bardes  ;" — which,  however,  does  not  throw  much  light  on 
the  subject.     Perhaps  the  word  was  originally  acerees. 

In  the  continuation  of  the  Chronicle  of  Nangis,  the 
similar  incident  of  the  battle  of  Courtrai  is  thus  recorded  : — 
"  Cum  lanceis  adjunctis  et  exquisiti  generis  quod  gothendar 
Yulgo  appellant." 

The  goedendag  is  not,  however,  confined  to  Flanders.  In 
an  ordinance  of  King  John  of  France  in  13.5.5,  for  the 
defence  of  the  city  of  Poitiers,  it  is  commanded  "  Que  toute 
maniere  de  gens  habitans  en  la  ville  et  suburbez  de  Poitiers 
seront  contrains  a  eulx  armer,  chacun  selon  son  estat :  c'est 
assavoir,  les  riches  et  les  puissans  de  toutes  armeures ;  les 
moiens  de  lances,  pavois  ou  godendac  et  de  cote  gambezie  ; 
et  les  menus  de  godendac  ou  d'espee,  si  et  tellement  comme 
ils  pourront." — Collect,  des  Ordonnances,  t.  iv.  p.  169. 

Ducange,  who  never  fails  to  contribute  curious  illustration 
to  every  arclueological  inquiry,  has  several  passages  from 
Letters  Remissory  of  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries, 
relating  to  the  godendac.  His  interpretation  of  the  word  is 
"  Hasta  brevior,  Flandrensibus  familiaris."  In  a  Remissory 
Letter  of  1357  we  have:  "  Quemdam  baculum  ferratum, 
(jodendart  Gallice  nuncupatum,  quem  deferebat,  sublevavit," 
&c.  Again,  in  1376  :  "En  soy  defendant,  fery  ledit  Cannaux 
d'un  godandart  ou  pique  de  Flandres  un  cop  seulement,  dont 
mort  s'ensuy,"  And  in  a  third  letter  of  1417  :  "Un  baston 
que  Ten  appelle  goudcndart,  qui  est  a  la  fa^on  d'une  pique 
de  Flandres,  combien  que  le  fer  est  un  pou  plus  longuet." 

We  thus  find  that  the  goedendag  was  a  "  grand  baston," 
— "  a  lone  fer  agu  devant " — pour  ferir  a  deux  mainz — pour 


318   CONTRIBUTIOKS   TO    THE    HISTORY    OF    ilEDLEVAL    WEAPONS. 

estoquer  ct  rabattre — pesaute — bieii  ancor^e  (?) — cxqiiisiti 
geueris — a  la  fa^oii  d'unc  pique  de  Flandies,  mais  dent  le 
fer  cstoit  iin  pou  plus  longuct."  How  far  these  characteristics 
of  the  goedt'udag,  godcndac,  godendas,  godcndaz,  gudendoc, 
godeudart,  goudendart,  gothendar,  godandar,  godaiidac, 
godaiidart,  godardus,  godendus,  godaudardus,  or  goiideiidar- 
duiu,  ai>ply  to  the  weapon  of  jAI.  Do  Vigne,  or  Avhether  they 
do  not  rather  indicate  tlie  arm  familiar  to  us  under  the  name 
of  halbard,  it  will  be  for  our  readers  to  determine.  At  all 
events,  the  weapon  is  a  very  curious  one,  and  one  of  the 
simplest  forms  of  the  "  menucs  armes "  of  tlie  middle-age 
foot-fighter. 

In  conclusion,  we  may  remark  that  the  giving  facetious 
names  to  instruments  of  warfare,  as  in  the  "  Good-den " 
before  us,  has  been  in  vogue  through  all  ages.  Thus  we 
Ijave  the  holy-water-sprinkle,  the  morning-star,  the  ()(i()nc- 
pain,  the  swine's-feather,  and  others.  Fire-arms  have  been 
comi)limcnted  with  sobriquets  taken  from  the  fair  sex,  as 
jMuns  Meg  at  Edinburgh,  and  ]\Iad  ^Margery  at  Ghent ; 
while,  even  in  our  own  day,  wc  have  listened  to  the  energetic 
voice  of  Brown  Bess. 


UNMQUE    EXAMPLE    OF    A    SAHIJE    WITH    FINOEPv-GUARD,    OF    THE 
IJEOINNING    OP    THE    SIXTEENTH    CENTURY. 

]>y  the  kindness  of  Colonel  Lcfroy,  I  am  enabled  to  place 
before  the  Archicological  Institute  a  very  curious  example 
of  a  sabre  with  finger-guard,  of  the  commencement  of  the 
.sixteenth  century.  I  observed  it  recently  in  the  collection 
at  the  Rotunda,  Woolwich,  and  learn  from  Colonel  Lefroy, 
w]»o  is  now  zealously  engaged  in  re-arranging  this  collection, 
that  tlie  weaj)on  in  (juestion  was  found  in  some  obscure 
corner,  whei-e  it  has  lain  hidden  for  years,  all  clue  to  its 
history  liaving  been  totally  l(jst.  One  good  result,  howi^-er, 
of  its  ignominious  treatment  is,  that  we  have  it  in  all  its 
rough  integrity  of  genuineness  :  it  has  not  been  "  restored.' 

Tiic  chief  characteristic  of  the  weapon  is  the  finger-guard, 
a  contrivance  not  seen  in  mediaeval  swords,  but  coming  in 
with  the  cincpie-cento  period.  Tiie  earliest  exaiiiple  i  have 
noticed  of  such  a  guard  is  the  jejtreseiitation  in  tlie   tapestry 


Sabre  with  finger-^uard,  in  the  Armory  at  the  Rotunda,  Woolwich. 
Date,  early  in  the  Sixteenth  Centtiry. 
VOL.    XIX.  XX 


CONTPJBUTIOXS    TO    THE    HISTORY    OF    MEDIAEVAL    WEAPONS.    319 

of  Charles  the  Bold  (or  of  Berne),  figured  by  M.  Jubinal. 
It  occurs  on  Plate  6  of  the  Berne  series  in  the  "  Tapisseries 
historiees."  Tlie  blade  in  that  case  is  curved,  and  notched 
at  tlie  back  of  the  point.  Another  early  authority  is  the 
"Speculum  Conversionis  Peccatorum,"  printed  at  Alost  in 
Flanders,  in  1473.  The  weapon  occurs  there  in  several 
places  :  the  fighters  who  use  it  are  on  foot,  have  full  body- 
armour,  and  carry  shields  :  the  blade  is  formed  as  in  the 
preceding  examples.  (Engraved  in  Dibdin's  "  Bibliotheca 
Spenceriana,"  vol.  iv.  p.  554.)  In  the  "Memorare  Novissima," 
printed  about  1495,  we  have,  in  the  group  of  Dives  and 
Lazarus,  a  similar  hand-guard,  but  with  a  straight,  long 
blade  attached.  (Dibdin,  Bib.  Spenc.  iv.  p.  413.)  The 
"  Tapisserie  d'Aulhac,"  also  of  the  fifteenth  century,  gives  us 
several  examples  :  in  plate  4  (Jubinal)  we  have  a  classic 
subject,  where  "  Troillus,"  whose  name  is  written  on  the 
blade,  combats  with  a  scymitar  of  this  fashion.  Others 
appear  in  Plate  5.  The  tapestry  of  this  period  in  the 
"  Presence  Chamber "  at  Hampton  Court  offers  several 
examples  of  the  finger-guard ;  in  one  case  combined  with  a 
prolonged  cross-piece.  A  scymitar  with  guard  exactly 
resembling  the  one  before  us  forms  the  principal  beaiing  of 
the  Sword  Cutlers'  Guild  of  Brussels.  It  is  floured  in  De 
Vigne's  "Recherches  sur  les  Costumes  des  Glides,"  &c., 
Plate  24  ;  and  we  venture  to  refer  this  design  to  the 
fifteenth  century,  because  the  shields-of-arms  of  the  "Corde- 
waniers "  and  the  "  Handscoemakere "  (savetiers)  in  the 
same  series  (pi.  25)  give  us  the  long-piked  shoe  and  boot 
of  that  time. 

In  the  sixteenth  century  the  fashion  of  the  finger-guard 
unattached  to  the  pommel  continued.  The  sabre  preserved 
at  Woolwich  offers  a  very  curious  example.  The  whole 
length  of  the  arm  is  4  feet,  the  blade  measures  3  ft.  3  in. 
It  might  be  used  with  two  hands  or  with  one  only.  The 
hilts  of  two-hand  swords,  it  is  true,  are  commonly  straight, 
round,  and  sloping,  but  instances  occur  in  which  the  hilt  of 
the  form  here  seen  is  used  with  both  hands,  as  in  a  subject 
from  a  fifteenth-century  volume,  the  "  Speculum  Humanje 
Salvationis,"  given  by  Dibdin  in  the  "Bibliotheca  Spen- 
ceriana,"  vol.  iv.  p.  12.  The  swordsman  there  is  an 
executioner,  and  it  has  been  suggested  that  the  weapon 
before  us  may  have  been  a  heading-sword.     But  I   think 


3:^0   CONTRIBUTIONS   TOWAKDS    THE    HISTORY    OF    MEDIJIYAI. 

not,  from  the  engraved  figures  of  saints  on  tlic  blade,  one  of 
whom  is  Saint  Barbara,  the  special  patroness  of  soldiers. 
There  is  a  peculiarity  in  the  formation  of  the  hilt.  Instead 
of  the  narrow  tang  commonly  employed,  riveting  at  the 
pommel,  a  broad  piece  of  iron  runs  to  the  end  of  the  grip, 
occupying  its  entire  breadth.  This  mode  of  balancing  the 
arm,  I  am  informed  by  a  scientific  sword-cutler,  has  been 
lately  bronght  out  by  a  London  weaponer,  as  a  new  dis- 
covery. What  eftect  our  Escalibar  would  have  at  the 
Patent  Oflice,  I  am  unable  to  say.  Touching  this  question 
of  "  balance,"  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  balance  of 
mediteval  swords  had  not  in  view  recovery  to  guard,  but 
recovery  to  strike.  •  The  guarding  was  done  by  the  body- 
armour  and  the  shieM.  A  nicely-balanced  weapon,  there- 
fore, as  we  now  understand  the  term,  was  not  needed  by 
the  mediajval  warrior.  The  sword  of  those  old  times  had 
but  two  duties  to  fulfil — to  strike  and  to  pierce.  Now  it 
has  three — to  cut,  to  thrust,  and  to  guard. 

The  place  of  manufacture  of  this  weapon  is  not  easy  to 
determine.  Among  the  ornaments  of.  the  hand-guard  are 
two  roses  :  the  bosses  on  the  grip  arc  rose-formed,  and  the 
upper  of  the  four  armourer's-marks  on  the  blade  is  also  a 
rose.  But,  curiously  enough,  the  three  punch-marks  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  blade  arc  double-headed  eagles.  It  has 
been  suggested  that  the  eagle  may  have  been  the  mark  of  a 
German  weaponer,  while  the  rose  may  have  been  added,  to 
indicate  the  realm  for  which  the  sword  was  fabricated.  I 
may  add,  though  not  insisting  on  much  weight  being 
attached  to  the  remark,  that  one  of  the  saintly  figures  on 
the  blade  is  that  of  8t.  Kathcrine  ;  and,  as  the  weaj)on  is 
of  the  time,  so  it  may  have  been  of  the  service  of  Katharine 
of  Arragon.  We  may  note  also  that  one  of  the  weajions 
of  the  Uoyal  Ouard  of  this  jieriod,  still  preserved  at  the 
Tower,  is  engraved  with  the  same  figures  as  those  adorning 
the  Woolwich  sabie  ;  namely,  Saint  Kathcrine  and  Saint 
i'aibara.  (Tower  Catalogue,  Class  7,  No.  '.V17  :  compare 
also  No.  3iil.)  All  that  wo  can  safely  ailh-m  on  this 
question  of  manufacture  is  that  the  Roses  arc  in  a  decided 
majority  over  the  K;igles. 

TIic  n)ake  of  the  handle  is  somewhat  ciiii<»us.  W(mk1  is 
laid  on  each  si<lc  of  the  l)road  iron  tang  .•iinl  iivete<l,  (he 
rivet.s  beinj'  flush   witli  (he  two  surfaces.       iicatlier  is  (hen 


WEAPONS    AND    MILITARY    APPLIANCES    IN    EUROPE.         321 

stretched  over  all,  nnd  the  rose-formed  bosses  which  we  see 
at  intervals  along  the  grip,  are  fixed  over  the  leather. 
The  object  of  these  bosses  is  to  roughen  the  grip,  so  as  to 
give  a  firmer  hold  to  the  combatant.  The  ornaments  on 
the  hand-guard  consist  of  the  engraved  roses  already 
noticed,  and  a  flowing  pattern  of  foliage.  These  have  been 
gilt. 

Illustrations  of  the  finger-guard  of  this  type  in  the  first 
half  of  the  sixteenth  century  are  found  among  the  engravings 
on  the  rich  suit  of  Henry  VIII.  in  the  Tower.  (Catalogue, 
No.  8  of  Class  2.)  In  one  subject  it  appears  in  an  exe- 
cutioner's sword ;  the  blade  short,  broad,  curved  and  notched 
at  the  point.  A  similar  w^eapon  occurs  in  the  Legend  of 
St,  Agatha,  where  it  is  carried  by  "  the  Praetor  Quintianus.'^ 
In  the  latter  example  it  is  curious  to  note  that  the  guard 
terminates  at  one  extremity  with  a  snake's  head,  as  in  the 
w^eapon  before  us. 


Sabre  in  one  ot  the  engravings  on  the  suit  of  Henry  VI IT.    Tower  Armory. 

It  is  again  found  in  the  AVorks  of  Holbein  by  De  Mechel ; 
in  the  Weiss  Kunig,  plate  176  ;  in  the  du  Sommerard 
tapestry  (Jubinal,  p.  42,  pi.  6),  with  a  long,  straight  blade  ; 
in  Hefner's  "Trachten,^'  part  3,  pi.  106,  where  it  is  carried 
by  an  unarmed  LandsknecJit ;  in  the  sword  preserved  at 
the  Heralds'  College,  said  to  be  that  of  James  IV.  of 
Scotland,  from  Flodden  Field  (figured  in  the  Archceologia, 
vol.  xxxiii.  pi.  14,  p.  340)  ;  in  the  sword  of  Francis  I.  of 
France,  engraved  by  Willemin  {Mon.  Ined.,  vol.  ii.,  pi. 
261)  ;  in  the  short  sabre  preserved  at  Ghent,  and  figured 
by  De  Vigne  {Vade  mecum  du  Peintrc,  vol.  ii.,  pi.  98)  ; 
in  an  example  on  a  carved  altar-piece  in  the  Kensington 
Museum ;  and  in  the  fencing-book  of  Camillo  AgrijDpa, 
printed  at  Rome  in  1553. 

In  the  second  half  of  the  sixteenth  century,  we  may 
refer  to  the  portrait  of  the  King  of  Navarre,  1562  (Hefner, 
part    3,    pi.    43)  ;    that   of  Queen   Elizabeth's    porter,   at 


322    CONTRIBUTIOXS   TO    TIIK    HISTORY    OF    MKDI.EVAL    WEAPONS. 

Hampton  Court,  by  Zucchero,  1 JSO  ;  the  ligures  in  Jost 
Amman's  KunstbucJdein,  cuts  18  and  175,  the  latter  an 
unarmed  horseman,  carrying  harquebus,  mace,  and  long, 
straight  sword  ;  the  engraving  of  a  City  harquebusier, 
given  b}'  Hefner,  \\.  18,  a.  d.  1598  ;  several  of  the  plates 
in  .Schrenk  von  Notsing  (see  Nos.  18,  50,  88,  119,  and 
123)  ;  some  of  those  in  the  ^ladrid  Armor}'-  (vol.  1,  pi. 
8,  and  vol.  ii.  pi.  22,  of  the  "  Armeria  Ileal " )  ;  the  curious 
MS.  in  the  British  .Aruseum.  Addit.  JMS.  18,285,  "  Helvetire 
Descriptio ;"  and  the  well-known  figures  of  Von  Gheyn, 
published  in  10"07. 

We  thus  see  that  the  finger-guard  of  this  type  was  used 
by  many  classes  of  swordsmen— by  kings,  nobles,  armed 
knights,  unarmed  soldiers,  and  by  executioners.  It  is 
carried  both  by  cavalry  and  infantry,  but  chiefly  by  the 
latter.  It  is  combined  with  the  long,  straight  sword,  the 
long  sabre,  the  short  sabre  with  plain  point,  and  the  short 
sabre  with  notched  back. 

Wo  have  only  to  add  that,  though  we  have  traced  this 
fashion  down  to  the  seventeenth  century,  it  must  not  be 
forgotten  that  guards  of  a  more  perfect  description  were 
also  in  use  from  the  first  half  of  the  sixteenth  century ;  but 
to  note  the  adoption  and  varying  fashions  of  these  would 
too  far  extend  the  limits  of  the  present  notice  of  the 
unique  weapon  preserved  in  the  collection  which  Cohniel 
Lcfroy  has  undertaken  with  such  efficient  energy  to  amjjlify 
and  re-arrange. 


ON  NIELLO. 

A  Di;'.course  delivered  on  occaBion  of  the  special  Exhibition  of  Examples  of  the  arts  of  Niello  and 
Knamel,  at  the  Meeting  of  the  Archajological  Institute,  June  6,  1802.' 

By  EDMUND  WATERTON,  K.M.,  K.Ch.,  F.S.A. 

Cicero  says  tliat,  before  we  begin  to  discourse  upon  any 
subject,  it  would  be  as  well  to  know  something  about  the 
matter  in  question.  As  it  has  fallen  to  me  to  offer  some 
observations  upon  one  of  the  subjects  selected  for  this  special 
exhibition,  it  may  be  as  well  to  commence  by  briefly  explain- 
ing in  what  consists  the  art  of  niellure. 

Niello  is  a  term  used  to  express  a  composition  of  silver, 
lead,  copper,  sulphur,  and  borax.  At  a  certain  degree  of 
heat  it  fuses,  and  when  allowed  to  cool  becomes  hard.  The 
process  by  which  tliis  composition  is  made  to  impart  the 
shadows  to  engravings  on  metal  is  called  lavoro  di  niello,  or 
niellure,  and  derives  its  name  from  the  black  color  which 
the  mixture  assumes  when  melted. 

The  Greeks  expressed  niello  by  the  term  fxeXavov."^ 

Du  Cange,  in  his  Latin  Glossar}',  gives  the  word  niellatus, 
which  he  refers  to  nigcllum.  Nicjellus  he  explains  as  "  ali- 
quant ulum  nig  er ;"  and  he  defines  nirjellum  as  "encaustum 
nigrum  vol  subnigrum,  quo  cavitas  scalpturic  repletur."  ^ 

The  French  adopted  the  word  nieller,  which  Richelet 
explains  by  "  encaustum  argento  illinire."  * 

The  application  of  this  alloy  to  engravings  on  silver  gives 
them  the  appearance  of  exquisite  pen  and  ink  drawings  on  a 
light  back-ground.  This  result  is  obtained  b}''  carefully 
washing  and  cleaning  the  niello,  until  it  is  brought  to  grains 

'  See  p.  275,  ante.  plumbo  et  argento  confectum,  quo  cavitas 

*  This  term  occurs  in  an  Epistle   of  scalpturje  repletur ;  Gloss£evete^e3,iVt3'e^ 

Nicephorus,  Patriarch  <if  Constantinople,  lum." 

to  Pope  Leo  IIL     See  Barouius,  ad  ami.  ^  Gloss,  siih  voce. 

811,  no.  58.     Du  Cange,  Gloss,  ad  script.  •*  Dr.  Rock  has  suggested  to  me,  that 

med.  et  inf.  Gincc,  says   under  the  word  niello  may  be  derived  from  the  Anglo- 

M«'\of, — ''Apud  Pictores   MfAav  dicitur  Saxon  a«6^a»,  to  melt, 
encaustum    nigrum    vel   subnigrum,    c.\ 


324  ON    NIELLO. 

like  the  finest  millet  seed,  when  it  is  spread  over  the  metal 
surface,  -which  is  then  heated  until  the  grains  are  fused.  The 
plate  is  then  taken  out  of  the  furnace,  and  when  cold  it  is 
cleaned  and  polished  ;  the  only  portion  of  the  niello  which 
is  allowed  to  remain  is  that  embedded  in  the  enirraved  desie;n, 
and  in  the  lines  hatched  to  form  the  back-ground. 

The  origin  of  this  art  is  shrouded  in  the  darkness  of 
bygone  ages  ;  it  was  practised  at  an  early  period,  and  I 
think  it  not  at  all  imjn-obable  that  niellure  may  have  owed 
its  beginning  to  inlaying,  or  tarsia  work,  in  metal.  As  there 
are  several  modes  by  which  the  process  is  effected,  it 
suflSces  here  to  say  that  this  art  consists  in  expressing  a 
design  on  one  metal  by  the  inlaying  or  incrustation  of 
another.  This  art  of  embedding  metals  one  upon  the  other 
is  doubtless  of  very  early  date.  In  the  Canticle  of  Canticles 
we  read, — "  We  will  make  thee  chains  of  gold  inlaid  with 
silver."^ 

The  Egyptians,  the  Greeks,  the  Etruscans,  and  the  Romans 
were  conversant  with  the  art  of  tarsia  work.  The  shield  of 
Achilles  described  by  Homer  was  inlaid.  Pausanias  describes 
the  sceptre  of  Jove,  the  work  of  Phidias,  who  was  a  torcutes, 
in  addition  to  being  a  painter,  a  sculptor,  and  a  brass  caster. 
(Miillcr,  81.)  Mullcr  *"  enumerates  several  existing  examples 
of  ancient  inlaid  work  ;  and,  in  the  time  of  Scverus,  articles 
of  furniture  of  silver  inlaid  with  gold  were  in  vogue. 

Put  this  process  of  iidaying  was  laborious  and  costly  ;  it 
is,  therefore,  by  no  means  unreasonable  to  suppose  that  the 
ancients  would  endeavour  to  find  out  a  less  expensive  substi- 
tute for  infarsintara  in  metal.  Enamel,  as  certain  antiquaries 
have  imagined,  was  known  to  some  of  the  nations  oi'  antiquity 
at  an  early  period,  and  if  they  could  succeed  in  discovering 
a  metallic  substance  or  alloy  n]>plicable  by  fusion,  they  would 
obtain  this  desidei'atum  ;  this  })rocess  may  liave  led  to  the 
discovery  of  niello. 

It  must,  however,  be  borne  in  mind  tliat  there  is  this 
difference  between  inlaid  anil  niello  work.  The  former  is  the 
embedding  of  one  metal  on  llic  odicr  by  pressure,  as  by  aid 
of  the  liammer  or  the  like,  into  the  cavities  pr(>jiared,  whereas 
the  alloy  for  niello  by  the  atldition  of  suljihur  becomes  a 
Kuljihuret,  and  is  applied  by  fusion  caused  by  the  action  of 
heat. 

'  Cli.  1,  V.  10.  "  Aiic.  Alt  iiikI  ilH  niiiiiiiiH,  \<.  .'iii'. 


ON    NIELLO.  825 

The  earliest  example  of  niello  with  ^vliicli  I  am  acquainted 
is  the  small  Roman  military  statue  of  bronze,  found  near 
Barking  Hall  in  Suffolk,  and  jDresented  by  Lord  Ashburn- 
liam  to  the  British  Museum.  It  is  copiously  ornamented  with 
niello  and  intarsiatura  in  silver.^ 

Proceeding  in  chronological  order,^  the  next  example  that 
presents  itself  to  notice  is  a  small  silver  ampulla  of  the  fourth 
century,  which  was  found  in  a  silver  casket  on  the  Esquiline 
at  Rome  in  1793.  Around  the  centre  appears  this  inscrip- 
tion— a  pleasing  formula  in  vogue  at  that  time — pelegiuna  . 
VTERE .  FELIX.  These  letters  are  in  niello.  There  were  also 
found,  in  the  same  casket,  some  little  silver  plaques  with 
siglce  or  monograms  in  niello.  These  have  been  read  thus  — 
PROiECTA .  TYROL  Turcius  Sccundus  and  another  of  the 
family  held  high  offices  in  Rome  in  the  fourth  centur3^^ 

To  about  this  date  I  may  assign  a  small  gold  Roman  ring 
in  my  collection,  set  with  a  sapphire  en  cahocJion  ;  the  hoop 
is  curiously  nielloed.  My  dactyliotheca  contains  likewise  two 
other  examples  of  early  niello.  One  is  a  gold  denarius  of 
Constantino  IV.,  Pogonatus — a.d.  G54-684 — mounted  as  a 
ring  on  the  hoop  of  which,  in  nielloed  lettei's,  is  the  inscription, 
+  BARINOTA.  The  other  ring  has  a  circular  bezel  with  the 
bust  of  a  female — possibly  intended  for  our  Blessed  Lady, — 
with  the  letters  m.a.  And  in  the  British  j\Iuseum  there  is 
a  Byzantine  gold  ring  from  Sardinia,  representing  on  the 
bezel  three  figures  in  niello,  and  below  them  the  letters 
-OMOX-.    Around  the  hoop  is  the  following  inscription — 


^^^erG  Beo^HAM 


The  earliest  recipe  for  niello  which  I  have  found  occurs  in 
the  MS.  treatise  by  Eraclius  the  Roman,  which  I  believe  is 
derived  from  Byzantine  sources,  and  was  composed  about  the 
eighth  century  :  it  was  transcribed  by  Le  Begue  in  the  fif- 
teenth.^ It  runs  thus, — "  When  you  wish  to  make  niello,  take 
equal  parts  of  quicksilver,  copper,  and  lead,  and  put  them  in 

'  It  is  figured  in  the  Vetusta  Mouu-  p.  12,  and  Miiller's  Ancient  Art. 
menta,    published    by    the    Society    of  '  Lib.  Job.  Le    Begue,    MS.  Bib.  du 

Antiquaries,  voL  iv.  pi.  11 — 15.  Roy,  Paris,  6741,  art.  251.     The  original 

*  Agiucourt,  Scult.  pi.  ix. ;  also  torn.  Latin  is  given  by  Mrs.  Merrifield,  Ancient 

V.  p.  321,  ed.  1828.  Practice  of  Painting,  vol.  i.  p.  242. 

'  See  Visconti's  letter  descriptive  of  it, 

VOL.  XIX.  T    Y 


326  ON    NIELLO. 

a  vessel  that  they  may  cook  together.  Then  take  of  suljihur 
the  weight  of  six  denarii  and  mix  them  ^Yith  it,  and  stir  it. 
Afterwards  withdraw  it  from  the  fire,  and  allow  it  to  become 
cold  ;  place  it  in  a  vase,  and  take  atramentuni  tempered 
with  wine,  and  draw  what  you  wish  upon  silver  with  the 
atramciitum,  and  immediately  overlaying  the  powder  of 
quicksilver,  copper,  and  lead,  and  then  melting  it,  a  beautiful 
niello  may  be  made." 

In  the  life  of  Robert  King  of  France  we  read  that  in  the 
seventh  century,  Leodebodus,  Abbot  of  St.  Aignan  at  Orleans, 
left  to  that  monastery  two  little  gilt  cups  from  ^larseilles, 
wliich  had  crosses  of  niello  in  the  centre.^  In  811,  Nice- 
phorus,  Tatriarch  of  Constantinople,  sent  to  Pope  Leo  III.  a 
pectoral  cross  of  gold,  of  which  one  side  was  set  with  an 
eml.)edtled  crystal,   and  the    other  ornamented  with  niello 

By  this  time  doubtless  the  Anglo-Saxons  had  become 
acquainted  with  the  art  of  niellure.  When  or  by  whom  it 
was  introduce*!  there  is  no  evidence,  but,  as  it  is  a  matter  of 
history  that  the  Saxon  jewelers  and  inclusm-cs  gcminnrum 
enjoyed  an  European  reputation  and  worked  in  foreign 
countries,  it  is  probable  that  this  art  was  brought  back  by 
some  of  the  Saxons  on  their  return  from  service  abroad.* 

Unfortunately,  through  the  lust  of  plunder  which  charac- 
terised the  Danes,  and  subsequently  also  the  needy  invaders 
led  by  William  the  Norman,  our  country  was  recklessly 
despoiled  of  all  objects  of  intrinsic  value,  without  any  regard 
to  their  artistic  merits  and  interest :  hence  it  is,  that  so  few 
examples  of  the  skill  of  our  Anglo-Saxon  forefathers  in  the 
precious  metals  have  been  preserved.  There  exist,  however, 
five  Saxon  nielloed  rings  of  gold  ;  a  nielloed  libula  is  also 
preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  which,  although  found  ii-i 
Tuscany,  has  the  charactei-istic  features  of  Saxon  worianan- 
shi]). 

Of  tlicse  rinns,  three  are  in  the  National  (Collection.  One, 
ruiiipj  ill   tlic   river  None,  near    Peterborough,''  has   two  cir- 


'  "  S<;iitclIaH    ii.    iiiiiioroH    MiisHilionHCH  *  In   an    al'lo  paper   road    lifforo    tlio 

«lwiiinilii«,   ciiijf!  Imhent  in  inLMiiu  cmmicch  Ai-cii<l<Mniii  of  ljonili)n  in  .July  1S(U,  Dr. 

niiilliitiui,"  I'luiMivaut,  IVintru  Oravour,  i.  Il<ick    provcil     HatiMfuctorily    tliat     tlio 

2>i'i..  cek!l)ri\t<'il  (lolclcii  Allarat  Milan  wiw  tlio 

'  narnniiiH  ad  ann.,  aud  Du  Cango  aub  wcirk  of  an  An);li>-Sax<>n  jirliiHi. 

v.  Nigolliitn.  '*  Aroli.  .lonni.,  vol.  xiii.  \k  87. 


EXAMPLES  OF  GOLDSMITHS'  WORK  ENRICHED  WITH  NIELLO. 


Fig.  1.     Gold  King  found  near  Pcterljorough.— Brit.  :Mu8. 


Fig.  2.     Gold  Ring  found  in  Lancashire. — Sloano  Coll.,  Brit.  51  us. 


Fig.  3.     Gold  Ring  bearing  the  name  of  Ethelwulf. — Brit.  JIu?. 


Fig.  i.     Gold  King,  now  in  the  Collection  of  Edmund  Watcrton,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
Found  at  Llys  faen,  Caernarvonshire. 


ON    NIELLO.  327 

cular  bezels  ornamented  with  interlaced  trianHes  and  flowino; 
curvesengraved  and  inlaid  with  niello.      (Sec  woodcut,  fig.   1.) 

The  second,  which  is  a  simple  hoop,  bears  around  the 
outside,  in  niello,  an  inscription  in  Anglo-Saxon  letters 
mixed  with  Runes,  /Etiir'ed  meg  aii  eanred  mec  aqroft  (see 
woodcut,  fig.  2)  :  i.  e.,  ^thred  owns  me,  Eanred  engraved  or 
wrought  me.  It  was  found  in  Lancashire,  and  was  first 
noticed  by  Hickes,  Thes.  t.  i.,  pracf.  p.  xiii. 

The  third  is  the  celebrated  ring  bearing  the  name  of 
Ethelwulf,  King  of  Wessex,  a.d.  836-838,  and  father  of 
Alfred  the  Great.®     (See  w^oodcut,  fig.  3.) 

I  am  the  fortunate  possessor  of  the  fourth,  which  is  a  massive 
gold  nielloed  ring  with  the  name  of  Alhstan,  who  was  liishop 
of  Sherborne  from  823  to  867.     (See  woodcut,  fig.  4.) 

It  is  not  improbable  that  the  two  rings  last  mentioned 
may  have  been  made  by  the  same  goldsmith. 

The  fifth  Saxon  nielloed  ring  was  found,  in  1754,  on 
Bramham  Moor  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire ;  and, 
after  being  exposed  for  some  time  for  sale  at  York,  and 
offered  for  its  weight  in  gold,  it  ultimately  found  its  way  to 
the  Royal  Museum  at  Copenhagen,  wdiere  it  is  preserved 
and  valued  as  it  deserves  to  be.^ 

In  addition  to  these  examples,  there  is  another  important 
piece  of  Saxon  niellure,  unfortunately  no  longer  in  our  land. 
It  is  a  shrine  of  silver  with  figures  of  several  Saxon 
kings  in  niello  around  it ;  it  contains  the  head  of  a  saint, 
according  to  tradition  that  of  St.  Oswald,  but  it  cannot  be 
the  head  of  the  sainted  Saxon  king  of  that  name,  since  that 
precious  relic  was  buried  with  the  body  of  St.  Cuthbert, 
which  still  lies  safely  concealed  and  undisturbed  at  Durham 
Cathedral.  This  valuable  shrine  is  preserved  at  Hildesheira, 
where  there  is  also  a  very  remarkable  specimen  of  early 
Byzantine  niellure,  with  Greek  inscriptions  in  niello. 

Of  Irish  niellure  there  are  several  examples.  In  the 
British  Museum  there  are  two  pastoral  staves,  ornamented 
both  with  tarsia  work  and  niello.     This  combined  use  of  the 


6  The    discovery    is    related    in    the  Drake's  Hist,  of  York,  App.  p.  cii.     It 

Archreologia,  vol.  vii.  p.  421.      See  also  was  rescued  from  the  crucible  by  Mr. 

Arch.    Journ.    vol.    ii.    p.    163;     Shaw's  T.   Qill,    of   that  city.      It    appears    in 

Dresses  and  Decorations,  and  Labarte's  Worsaao's  valuable   illustrations  of  the 

Handbook   of  the  Arts  of  the   Middle  Royal  Museum  at   Copenhagen,  Afbild- 

Ages,  p.  126.  lunger,  fig.  342. 

^  It  was  first  noticed  and  figured  in 


328  OX    NIELLO. 

two  arts  seems  to  be  an  adaptation  peculiarl}'  Celtic  ;  it 
appears  again  on  the  celebrated  Cross  of  Cong,  which  was 
made  about  the  year  1185. 

In  the  Loan  Museum  at  South  Kensington  Lord  Fitz- 
liardinge  exhibited  a  remarkable  gold  ring,  which  is  orna- 
mented with  niello  (Catalogue,  No.  7172).  It  presents  the 
same  treatment  of  animals'  heads  which  appeals  on  the  foot 
of  the  Cross  of  Cong,  and  I  think  that  this  ring  may  safely 
be  assigned  to  Irish  workmanship. 

The  Museum  of  the  lloyal  Irish  Academy,  amongst  other 
interesting  objects,  possesses  a  pendant  hook  of  bronze 
inlaid  with  silver  and  also  nielloed.^  The  scroll-work  of  the 
silver,  to  use  the  words  of  the  accomplished  author  of  the 
Catalogue,  !Mr.  Wilde,  is  of  a  peculiarly  Irish  character  ; 
the  silver  is  bordered  on  either  side  by  niello.^ 

I  have  seen  some  silver  brooches  of  early  date,  oi"na- 
mented  with  niello,  in  Scotland,  and  which  were  found  in  that 
country,  but,  from  the  repetition  of  the  same  pattern  or  de- 
sign fur  many  ages,  on  such  personal  ornaments,  it  is  dillicult 
to  assign  to  any  of  these  examples  a. precise  date.  The 
Dunvegan  cup,  belonging  to  ]\IcLeod  of  McLeod,  and  which 
bears  the  date  of  1493,  is  ornamented  Avitli  niello.^ 

lu  Germany,  however,  we  meet  with  niello  of  an  earlier 
date,  and  which  may  be  referred  to  the  tenth  century.  In 
the  treasury  of  the  church  of  the  chateau  of  Quedlinbourg, 
amongst  other  valuable  objects,  there  is  preserved  a  reli- 
quary, the  gift  of  Otho,  the  first  Emperor  of  that  name 
(I)3(j-i)73),  which  is  ornamented  with  figures  of  the  Apostles 
in  ivory,  with  some  little  works  in  enamel  and  an  antique 
cameo  head  of  Bacchus  ;  it  is  enriched  also  with  silver 
pldijncs,  on  which  are  represented  the  bust  of  Christ  and 
those  of  eighteen  saints,  in  niello.'^ 

Of  the  same  date  is  a  silver  paten  which  is  in  the  church 
of  the  cnstle  at  Hanover.  It  is  the  work  of  »St.  iirrnward. 
Bishop  of  llildesheim,  who  died  a.d.  1023.  This  niello 
represents  our  Jilessed  Lord  with  his  arms  extended,  seated 
on  a   i-ainboNV,  and  surroundeil  by  the  .symbols  of  the  four 

"  ThiH  Hpociuioii  in  figured  di  tlio  clone  roiimrkahlo   cMip   l>y  Mr.  Alexander  Ncs- 

of  tliin  iiii;(iioii'.  Itilt,   Arch.   JtMirniil,   vol.  xii.    )i.  7'.'.      It 

•  (Jnliilo^^uij    (»f  tlio    MiiHCiim  of    tlio  Ih    lij^uroil    in     Dr.   WilaouH   rrcLiMtoiic 

IU)y«l  Irifh  Acadumy,  fig.  48;i,  ji.  LTl.  AiiiiuIh,  p.  (>7't. 

'  ti«o    tliu    (loUilud     iioticu    of     thin  ^  I'luiHavaiit,  I'uiulro  Ui-avour,t.  i.  p.203. 


ox    NIELLO.  829 

Evangelists  and  of  the  four  Cardinal  Virtues.  Around  is  the 
following  inscription, — 

"  Est  corpus  in  se  panis  qui  frangitur, 

in  me  vivet  in  eteruuui  qui  bene  suniit  cum." 

And,  on  the  back,  on  a  piece  of  old  parchment,  "  Ista  pa- 
tena  (sic)  fecit  Sanctus  Bcrnwardus,"   • 

The  design  is  Byzantine,  but  M.  Passavant  sa3^s  that  the 
proportions  of  the  figures  are  good,  and  the  niello  of  fine 
execution.^  In  the  treasury  of  the  cathedral  of  Ilildesheim 
there  are  several  other  nielli,  the  work  of  St.  Bcrnward  ; 
amongst  them  may  be  mentioned  a  paten,  and  a  chalice  of 
silver  gilt.* 

Another  interesting  example  of  early  German  niello  is  in 
the  treasury  of  the  church  at  Quedlinbourg.  It  is  a  reliquary 
made  in  the  time  of  the  Abbess  Agnes  who  died  in  1 203  ; 
it  bears  in  letters  of  niello,  on  a  steel  plate,  the  following 
inscription, — tempore  agnetis  abbe  et  oderadis  p'pr  facta 

EST  HEC  CAPSA.'' 

At  Cluny  in  France,  under  St.  Odilo,  who  died  in  1048 
at  the  age  of  eighty-seven,  the  columns  of  the  sanctuary  of 
the  church  were  plated  with  silver,  and  finely  ornamented 
with  niello.^ 

We  may  now  proceed  to  some  further  practical  details 
concernino;  the  art  of  niello. 

Theophilus  the  Monk,  a  German,  who  wrote  that  valuable 
treatise  on  the  Arts,  the  "Diversarum  artium  schedula," 
about  the  year  1220,  gives  not  only  a  recipe  for  the  com- 
position of  niello  diff'ering  somewhat  from  that  of  Eraclius, 
but  also  describes  minutely  the  process  to  be  observed  in  its 
application  to  the  metal  surfaces  prepared  to  receive  it. 
Furthermore,  he  adds  that  in  his  time  Tuscany  was  cele- 
brated for  its  works  in  niello." 


'  Id.  264.  '   The  reading  of  some  MSS.  is  Huscla 

*  Id.  264.  instead  of  Tuscia,  but  the  latter  is  that 

^  Id.  264.  geucrally  received.       Theophili   Presby- 

^  Texicr,    Manuel    de  rOrfiivrerie,  p.  teri  et  Monachi  diversarum  artium  sche- 

1822.     A  ciborium  of  gilt  mctnl,  in  the  dula,  ed.  C.  de  TEscalopier,  Paris,  1843, 

collectiou  of  the   Hon.   Robert  Curzon,  prof.  p.  8,  and  note,  p.  312;    in  Mr.  Hen- 

jun.,  is  decorated  with    lozenge-shaped  drie's  edition,  accompanied  by  au  English 

plaques   of   niello   work  and   enameled  translation,  Lond.  1S47.  this  remarkable 

glass  pastes,  alternately.     It  is  of  Italian  mention  of  niellurc  as  a  Tuscan  art  occurs 

work,  thirteenth  century.     Catal.  Loan  at  prref.  p.  ,^0.     See  also  Cicogn.  Storia 

Exhibition,  No.  1020.  della  Scult.,  Prato,  1823,  t.  iii.  p.  lo8. 


330  ON    NIELLO. 

This  is  his  recipe  : — 

'•  Take  pure  silver  and  divide  it  into  two  equal  weights, 
adding  to  it  a  third  j^art  of  pure  copper.  When  you  have 
placed  these  three  quantities  into  a  cast  metal  cup,  weigh  as 
much  lead  as  half  of  the  copper  which  you  have  mixed  with. 
the  silver  weighs,  and  taking  Yellow  sulphur  break  it  Yery 
small,  and  put  the  le;kd  and  part  of  this  sulphur  upon  a  small 
copper  vessel,  and  place  the  rest  of  the  suliihur  in  another 
cast  metal  cup.  And  when  you  have  liquelied  the  silver 
with  the  copper,  stir  it  eveidy  with  charcoal,  and  instantly 
pour  into  it  the  lead  and  sulphur  fi'om  the  small  copper  cup, 
and  again  mix  it  well  together  with  the  charcoal,  and  with 
quickness  pour  it  into  the  other  molten  cup  upon  the  sulphur 
which  3'ou  had  put  into  it,  and  then  putting  down  the  small 
Yase  with  which  you  have  poured  out,  take  that  into  which 
you  have  cast  it,  and  place  it  in  the  fire  until  the  contents 
liquefy,  and  again  stirring  it  together  pour  into  the  iron 
crucible.  Before  this  cools,  beat  it  a  little  and  wai-m  it  a 
little,  and  again  beat  it  and  do  thus  until  it  is  quite  thinned. 
For  the  nature  of  it  niello  is  such  that  if  struck  while  cold  it 
is  inmiediately  broken,  and  flies  to  pieces,  nor  should  it  be 
made  so  warm  as  to  glow,  because  it  instantly  liquefies  and 
flows  into  the  ashes."     Ch.  xxviii.,  ed.  Ilendrie..  p.  237. 

Lril)artc  describes  a  nielloed  plaque  of  the  end  of  the 
twelfth  century,  which  he  considers  to  be  of  French  work. 
The  subjects  allude  to  the  sacrifice  of  Christ,  and  his  triumj)h 
over  death.  One  of  the  compartments  represents  Abel  and 
Melchisedec,  the  other  Jesus  on  the  Ciuss,  with  an  alle- 
gorical figure  of  the  Holy  Church,  which  receives  in  a  chalice 
the  blood  flowing  from  Our  Lord's  wounds.  On  the  other 
side  is  the  Synagogue,  ty])iiying  the  Mosaic  di.sj)cnsation, 
with  averted  head  and  broken  banner.  Our  Blessed  Lady 
and  St.  John  are  also  delineated.^ 

During  the  next  two  centuries  we  meet  wilh  many 
examples  of  niello.  Of  the  thirteenth,  the  most  im])ortant, 
as  well  as  the  most  interesting  specimen  of  its  kind,  is  a 
super-altar  in  the  pos.session  of  the  Vcr}'  llev.  Canon  Rock. 
Tlic  stone  of  which  this  ])recious  object  is  formed  is 
(ilfispro  orirntiib',  let  into  a  solid  jMcce  oi"  wood  encnsed  in 
silver.     On    the  upper  surface  there  is  a  border,   1 },  in.   in 

"  Sco  Lubiirtc,  llaiulljook  of  Uii'  Ailn,  p.  98. 


EXAMPLES  OE  THE  ART  OF  NIEELO. 


Supcv-altar,  of  oriental  jasper,  with  sUver-gilt  oniameuts  enriched  with  niello.— Date,  thirteenth  century. 

In  the  pos.scssion  of  the  Very  Rev.  Canon  Rock,  P.  D. 

Dimensions,  12  in.  by  7J  in.    Fonncrlj-  in  the  Treasury  of  the  Abboy  of  Avellaim. 


VOL.   XIX. 


r-^  ■ 


ON    NIELLO.  331 

width,  of  silver  gilt,  so  placed  as  to  liide  the  wooden  bed  in 
"svhich  the  marble  is  set.  This  border  is  ornamented  with 
scrolls,  some  cut  with  the  graving  tool,  others  filled  up 
with  niello.  At  the  four  corners  are  figured  the  elements, 
symbolized  by  young  maidens,  each  wearing  a  diadem.  In 
the  middle  of  the  furthermost  border  appears  a  nimbed  lamb, 
holding  the  cross  staff,  with  a  bannerol  and  two  transoms,  a 
chalice  is  on  the  ground  before  the  Agmis,  to  receive  the 
blood  which  gushes  from  its  breast.  To  the  right  is  a  nimbed 
angel  holding  a  long  sceptre  ;  on  the  left  another  nimbed 
angel,  with  the  orb  of  sovereignty  surmounted  by  a  double- 
transomed  cross.  In  the  centre  of  the  nearer  border  a  dove, 
nimbed,  stands  upon  an  altar.     (See  woodcuts).^ 

Although  niellure  was  practised  in  Germany  and  else- 
where at  this  time,  it  was  nowhere  more  commonly  employed, 
cither  with  greater  success  or  more  important  results,  than  in 
Italy.  The  German  goldsmiths,  according  to  Passavant,^  filled 
up  the  engraved  plates  with  a  sort  of  black  composition  or 
inferior  kind  of  niello,  an  example  of  which  may  be  seen  on 
a  copper  plaque  of  the  first  half  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
representing  the  Blessed  Virgin,  and  which  was  formerly 
attached  to  the  west  door  of  the  church  of  Our  Lady  at 
Halberstadt.  Another  example  occurs  on  the  votive  tablets 
of  the  Abbot  Ludwig,  in  1477,  made  by  Wolfgang,  a  skilful 
goldsmith  who  worked  at  Augsburg  :  of  these  plates  some 
impressions  were  struck  off.  But  in  the  sixteenth  century 
they  applied  themselves  again  to  niellure,  and  we  frequently 
meet  with  little  plaques  and  silver  objects  ornamented  with 
niello,  destined  for  personal  use.  Mr.  Octavius  Morgan, 
M.P.,  possesses  a  baldrick  of  crimson  and  gold  brocade  velvet, 
with  nielloed  plaques  at  the  ends  charged  with  the  armorial 
bearings  of  the  Malatesta  family,  lords  of  Rimini  and  Cesena. 
A  fine  silver  drinking  cup  with  a  cover,  of  Flemish  work, 
and  of  this  date,  is  in  the  British  Museum. 

In  France,  niello-work  was  much  practised  during  the 
thirteenth,  fourteenth,  fifteenth,  and  sixteenth  centuries. 
The  glossary  by  M.  de  Laborde  enumerates  many  examples 
of  nielloed  objects,  dating  from  1260  to  1566,  including 
book-covers,  reUquaries,  hanaps,  nefs,  clasps  of  gold,  cameos 


'  Tbi3   fine   work   is  figured  in  Cico-       CalcograSa,  &c.,  aud  in  Arch.  Jouru.,  vol. 
gnai-a,    Mem.  Sp.ttauti  alia  Storia  della      iv.,  p.  ■HI.  '  Page  2'J4. 


332  ox  XIELLO. 

set  in  nielloed  gold  mountings  ;  a  clialico  ;  several  basins  for 
washing  in,  a  cover  for  a  book  of  the  Gospels,  a  small 
pastoral  staff',  many  rings,  and  other  articles.  These  quota- 
tions show  how  general  was  the  use  of  niello  in  Trance. 

We  must  now  retrace  our  steps  to  Italy.  Here  a  succes- 
sion of  celebrated  niellists  flourished,  and,  although  many  of 
their  works  have  perislied,  not  a  few  choice  examples  of 
their  skill  have  been  preserved.  Dr.  Rock  possesses  a  silver- 
gilt  chalice,  the  work  of  Master  Bartholomew  Sir-pauli  of 
Atri,  formerly  belonging  to  the  Gaetani  family,  and  supposed 
to  have  been  one  of  the  chalices  made  for  Boniface  VIII. 
(1291 — 1303).  Around  the  stem  is  an  inscription  in  niello, 
.statino;  that  it  was  made  for  Antonius  Sabini.- 

In  the  church  of  Sta.  Maria  di  Mercato  at  San  Severino, 
there  is  a  reliquary  containing  the  hand  of  St.  Philip  the 
Apo.stle.  On  this  capsa  there  are  two  nielU  in  the  form  of  the 
Greek  cross,  and  eight  small  medallions,  whilst  on  the  base 
of  the  stand  is  the  name  "  Gcrardus  Jacobi  Cavalca  do 
Bononia  I.  cam,"  who  executed  this  work  in  1326.  And  at 
the  same  place  there  is  also  a  cross  ornamented  with  nielli 
of  the  date  1370,  the  work  of  Pietro  Vanini  of  Ascoli. 

Of  this  date  there  is  a  ring  in  my  collection 
with  the  names  catarina  v  uicola,  nielloed.'' 

In  Cremona,  niellure  was  much  practised. 
In  the  cathedral  there  is  a  cross,  the  work  of 
tlio  celebrated  Beato  Facio  of  Verona,  in  the 
year  12G2,  and  the  only  existing  specimen  of 
liis  proficiency.  Mention  is  made  of  other  niellists  at 
Cremona:  Tominaso  Fodri  in  14G5  ;  Ambrogio  Pozzi  and 
Atrostino  Sacchi  of  Milan,  in  1478  ;  Innocenzo  Ih'onzctti 
of  Cremona,  in  1479  ;  Pietro  di  Campo  in  1500  ;  and 
Geronimo  di  I'ratu  in  ir;.3().  At  Cividale,  in  1374,  Maestro 
Dondino  qu'".  Brimorio  executed,  for  the  church  i»f  St. 
Donato,  tlie  bust  of  that  Saint  oi'namented  with  nielli. 
Forzorc,  son  of  Spinello  of  Arczzo,  is  cited  as  excelling  in 
niell".      He  was  the  scholar  of  j\laestro  Ciono,  about  1330. 

In  the  inventory  of  Cliarles  V.  of  J'^rance,  a  curious  piece 
of  Italian  niello-work  is  thus  described, — "uno  nef  d'argent 
dorce  sans  couvcscle,  semec  do  ])icces  niellees,  et  do  cristaux, 
donn^e  au  Hoy  par  Ic  Pape  Gregoire  (1370 — 1378)."'' 

'  Joum.  Arcli.  lunt.,  vol.  .xvii.,  p.  l!On.  '  Arcli.  Journ.,  vol.  xvi.,  p.  11*2. 

'  L.  <\f  Labordo,  GloB«ary. 


ON   NIELLO.  333 

Brunellesclii,  the  celebrated  architect,  born  in  1377,  was 
a  goklsmith  in  early  hfe,  and  ^Yas  highly  in  repute  for  his 
works  in  niello. 

A  Mk5.  of  the  early  part  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and 
formerly  belonging  to  Cardinal  Alberti,  is  now  preserved 
in  the  Library  at  Montpelier.  It  contains  notices  upon 
the  materials  and  processes  used  in  the  arts,  and  amongst 
other  recipes  gives  one  for  niello  which  is  the  same  as,  that 
of  Eraclius  already  quoted.'' 

It  w^as  about  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century  that 
niellure  attained  its  greatest  perfection,  and  with  it  arc 
associated  the  names  of  many  illustrious  artists.  Francesco 
Francia  of  Bologna,  the  master  of  Marc  Antonio,  may  be 
mentioned  ;  also  Jacopo  Porta  of  Modena,  who  in  1486  exe- 
cuted a  Pax  for  the  cathedral  of  his  native  city;  and  Peregrine 
da  Cesena,  who  nielloed  a  beautiful  little  Pax  representing 
St.  Jerome,  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

There  are,  moreover,  the  two  sides  of  a  cover  of  the 
Gospels  which  belonged  to  Pope  Paul  IL,  and  wdiich  were 
executed  during  his  reign,  1464 — 1471.  The  designs  in 
niello  are  of  extraordinary  beauty.  One  of  them  was  in  the 
Manfrini  Collection  at  Venice  ;  the  other,  I  behove,  is  in  the 
possession  of  the  Duke  of  Hamilton. 

The  Florentine  jewelers  were  distinguished  for  proficiency 
in  niellure.  Amongst  celebrated  niellists  at  Florence  may 
be  named  Matteo  di  Giovanni  Dei,  who,  according  to  Gori, 
executed  in  1455  for  the  church  of  St.  John  a  Pax  repre- 
senting the  Crucifixion.  He  also  engraved  another  with  the 
subject  of  the  Conversion  of  St.  Paul ;  this  was  never 
finished,  and  no  niello  was  applied  to  it.  It  is  in  the 
Uffizi  at  Florence.  Still  more  distinguished  than  Matteo 
Dei,  was  Antonio  del  Pollajuolo,  who  was  a  painter  as  well 
as  a  goldsmith.  Speaking  of  him,  Cellini  says  ,  "  fu  orefice 
excellentissimo  e  cotanto  valse  nell"  arte  del  disegno,  die  non 
pure  gl'  altr'  orcfici  si  servirono  delle  sue  invenzioni,  ma 
molti  Scultori  e  Pittori  di  quel  tempi,  mediante  quelli,  se 
fecero  onore."-*^ 

Contrasted  with  our  modern  ideas,  this  is  indeed  a  curious 
passage,  for  it  shows  how,  at  that  time,  a  jeweler  could  not 


5  Heiidrie'a  Transl.  of  Thcoi)bilus,  p.  ^  Arte  dcU'  Oreficeria :  cd.  prin.  1,  b, 

39. 


;334-  ox  KIELLO. 

j»av  liis  brother  craftsman  a  greater  compliment  than  by 
adopting  his  designs  and  inventions. 

Amongst  other  works,  Pollajuolo  executed  several  Paxes, 
all  of  \Yhich,  with  one  exception,  have  ])erished.  This  is  now 
preserved  in  Florence,  and  represents  the  Taking  down  from 
tlie  Cross.  I  believe  it  is  doubtful  whether  he  executed  many 
nielli.  The  names  of  other  niellists  have  been  recorded.  Ameri- 
ghi  and  Michael  Angelo  Bandinelli,  at  Florence ;  Francesco 
Furnio,  Bartolomeo  Gesso,  and  Geminiano  Rossi,  at  Bologna ; 
Ambrogio  Froppa  of  Pavia,  Giacomo  Tagliacarnc  of  Genoa, 
Teucro  the  son  of  Antonio,  and  Giovanni  Turino  of  Sienna, 
one  of  the  pupils  of  Pollajuolo.  In  addition  to  these  maybe 
mentioned  Antonio  Danti,  Pietro  Dini,  Gavardino,  and  Leo 
Giovanni  Battista  Alberti.  These  artists  are  mentioned,  not 
in  connection  with  any  great  works  of  art,  but  as  having 
executed  objects  for  church  and  other  purposes,  and  adorned 
them  with  nielli. 

We  now  come  to  the  most  important  part  of  the  History 
of  niello — the  discovery  of  Chalcography. 

We  have  abundant  evidence  from  old  authors,  as  well  as 
from  existing  examples,  that  the  art  of  plate-engraving  was 
known  to  the  ancients,'  but  we  have  no  proof  that  they  had 
discovered  how  to  take  impressions  from  the  plates.  The 
invention  of  that  art  was  reserved  for  Italy,  and  it  seems  to 
liavc  owed  its  discovery  to  an  accident. 

At  the  head  of  all  the  artists  in  niello  must  be  placed 
Tommaso,  commonly  called  ]Maso,  di  Finiguerra.  He  was 
the  scholar  of  Masaccio,  and  an  admirable  workman  in  niello, 
in  which  his  proficiency  has  never  been  surpassed.  In  1452, 
when  only  twenty-four  years  of  age,  he  was  employed  l)y  the 
merchants  of  Florence  to  execute  for  the  Baptistery  of  St. 
John  the  celebrated  Pax  representing  the  coronation  of  the 
Blessed  \'irgin.  It  was  this  Pax  which  letl  to  the  dis- 
covery of  chcdcograj)hy. 

"  From  this  kind  of  engraving,"  says  Vasari,  "was  derived 
tiic  art  of  chalc<)grai)]iy,  l)y  means  of  which  we  now  sec  so 
many  prints  by  Italian  and  German  artists  throughout  Italy  ; 
for,  as  those  wlio  worked  in  silver,  before  they  filled  their 


'  PliDy  onumcrntofl,  as  cBpocially  ex-       rolygnotuH,  who,   ho    ndilH,    wore    nico 
"  "p:  ill  tho  nrt  of  cngmving  ou  Bilver,       inoHt  exctlk'nt  and  renowned  pniiitcr.".- 
■  Uit,    I'rodoruM,     rithodcouH,    and      1J1>.  31. 


ox    XIELLO.  o35 

engravings  with  niello,  took  impressions  of  them  with  earth, 
over  which  they  poured  liquid  sulphur,  so  the  printers  dis- 
covered the  way  of  taking  off  impressions  from  copper  plates 
with  a  press  as  we  sec  them  do  in  these  days."  ^ 

Vasari  continues — "  The  art  of  copper-plate  engraving 
derived  its  origin  from  Maso  Finiguerra,  a  Florentine  gold- 
smith, about  the  year  1460.  For  it  w^as  the  custom  of  that 
artist,  whenever  he  had  engraved  any  work  in  silver  which 
w^as  to  be  filled  with  niello,  to  take  an  impression  or  mould  of 
it  previously  with  very  fine  earth  ;  over  this  mould  he 
poured  melted  sulphur,  from  which  when  cold  the  earth  was 
removed  ;  the  sulphur  cast  then  exhibiting  an  impression 
corresponding  with  the  engraved  plate  was,  lastly,  rubbed 
with  soot  moistened  with  oil,  until  all  its  cavities  were  filled 
with  black,  when  the  wdiole  produced  an  effect  similar  to 
that  which  the  niello  afterwards  gave  to  the  engraving  on 
the  silver.  He  also  took  impressions  upon  damped  paper 
with  the  same  dark  tint,  pressing  a  round  roller,  smooth  in 
every  part,  over  the  paper,  by  which  means  his  works  became 
printed,  the  impressions  so  taken  assuming  the  appearance 
of  drawings  done  with  a  pen.'^ 

Hence  it  appears  that  the  impressions  which  Finiguerra 
was  accustomed  to  take  from  his  engraved  silver  plates  were 
of  two  kinds.  The  first  was  an  impression  on  fine  earth 
from  which  a  sulphur  cast  was  taken  ;  the  second  was  on 
paper,  from  the  plate  itself,  by  means  of  a  roller.  The  Hon, 
R.  Curzon,  jun.,  possesses  an  unique  impression  of  a  niello  on 
vellum,  an  object  of  the  greatest  rarity. 

The  practice  of  taking  sulphur  casts  from  engraved  plates 
before  filling  the  incised  lines  with  niello  was  customary  with 
those  who  exercised  the  art.     Finio-uerra  was  followed  in 

O 

his  invention  of  taking  impressions  on  paper  from  engraved 
plates  by  Baccio  Baldini ;  afterwards  the  secret  became 
known  to  ]\Iantegna  at  Rome,  and  travelled  to  Germany  and 
elsewdiere. 

It  is  gratifying  to  be  able  to  state,  that,  of  the  twenty-four 
sulphur  casts  wdiich  are  known  to  exist,  eighteen  are  in  the 
British  Museum.  Of  these,  there  is  one  which  deserves 
special  mention.     It  is  the  cast  of  the  famous  Pax  of  Maso 

^  I  have  used  Ottley'a  translation,  tion  of  the  text  of  Vasari.  See  Enquiry 
which  is  preferable  to  a  literal  transla-      into  the  origin  of  Engraving,  vol.  i.,  p.  267. 


336  ON   NIELLO. 

FiniiTiicrra,  now  at  Florence.     Dr.   AVaa<rcn  says  : — ''  It  is 

•  Ok/ 

cliiefly  indebted  for  its  celebrity  to  the  circnmstance  that 
the  Abbot  Zani,  the  finest  judge  of  Italian  engraving,  disco- 
vered in  1797  an  impression  of  it  on  paper  in  the  Koyal 
Cabinet  of  Engravings  at  Paris,  which  he  conceived  to  be 
the  same,  which,  accordino;  to  Vasari  s  account,  led  to  the 
invention  of  engraving.  Since  then,  this  impression  has  been 
considered  by  many  judges  to  be  the  first  and  oldest  of  all 
engravings."^  Doubts  exist,  however,  I  believe,  whether 
the  impression  of  Finiguerra's  Adoration  of  the  ^lagi 
was  not  earlier  than  that  of  the  Coronation  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin. 

Several  of  the  other  sulphur  impressions  in  the  British 
^luseum  are  described  by  Dr.  Waagen.  Our  National  Collec- 
tion is  also  rich  in  impressions  of  nielli  on  paper.  The  actual 
nielli  in  the  British  ]\ruseum  amount  to  ninety  ;  and  in  addi- 
tion may  be  enumerated  one  undoubtedly  spurious.  It  is 
indeed  very  useful,  for  the  sake  of  study  and  of  comparison, 
to  have  access  to  an  undoubted  forgery. 

We  have  abundant  evidence  from  existing  examples  that, 
at  this  period,  niello  was  employed  in  the  ornamentation 
of  many  articles  of  personal  use.  Knife-handles,  weapons, 
girdle-clasps,  chalices,  crosses,  brooches,  and  rings  were  often 
decorated  in  this  manner.  Several  interesting  nielli  are  jire- 
served  in  the  Museum  at  Kensinirton.  In  the  Loan  Collection 
a  very  remarkable  j)air  of  stirrups  wei'c  exhibited  by  Mv. 
Forman.  They  are  of  the  Arab  model  but  of  fine  Italian 
work,  and  profusely  ornamentc<I  with  niello  and  enamel.  A 
gold  pectoral  cross  formerly  Itolonging  to  Sir  Thomas  ^fore, 
and  now  preserved  at  Stonyhurst,  has  all  the  instruments  of 
the  passion  represented  in  niello  on  the  back. 

I  may  be   permitted  here  to  invite  at- 
tention to  several  Florentine  nielloed  i-iiigs 
in  my  own  collection.     Tliey  bear  on  the 
bezel,  the  head  of  a  female  in   profile,  with 
a  flower  under  the  nose.   Occasionall}''  such 
Hiivcr  u.i.Kni.,,.i.,.-.i  will,  rings  have  on  the  hoop   the  fr(/r  oi-    two 
■    Jiands  conjoMied. 
With  the  exception  of  two  in  the  collection  rormcd  by  ]\[r. 
Isaacs,  subsequently  the  i)r(»perty  of  tlu;  late   Lord  Loudes- 

«  Wung.ii,  i,  p.  212. 


ON   NIELLO.  337 

borougli,  and  a  moJern  forgery  in  a  public  collection,  I  know 
of  no  other  rings  of  this  class,  neither  can  I  find  mention  of 
them  by  any  author.  They  appear  to  have  been  unknown 
to  Cicognara  and  Ducliesne.  I  have  given  my  explanation 
of  their  object  and  use  in  a  previous  volume  of  this  Journal,^ 
and  the  theory  I  then  propounded  has  been  confirmed  by  an 
inscription  on  a  niello  in  the  Bibliotheque  Imperiale,  de- 
scribed in  Duchesne's  Essai  sur  les  Nielles,  No.  322. 

It  is  remarkable  that  an  art  so  much  cultivated,  and 
attended  with  such  important  results  in  the  fifteenth  centur}', 
should  have  fallen  into  disuse  in  the  early  part  of  the  six- 
teenth. It  would  appear  that,  by  the  accidental  discovery 
of  chalcograj:)hy,  Finiguerra  gave  the  death-blow  to  that  art 
in  which  he  excelled  every  other  craftsman.  In  1515 
Benvenuto  Cellini  wrote,  that,  when  he  set  himself  to  learn 
the  goldsmith's  art,  niellure  was  almost  entirely  laid  aside. 
"  Hearing  continually,"  says  he,  "  from  the  old  goldsmiths 
how  widely  diff'used  was  this  art,  and  especially  how  JMaso 
Finiguerra  excelled  in  niellure,  I  with  great  zeal  set  myself 
to  follow  the  footsteps  of  this  brave  jeweler.  I  was  not 
content  with  learning  only  how  to  engrave  the  plates,  but  I 
would  become  acquainted  also  with  the  method  of  making 
the  niello  itself."" 

He  then  gives  his  recipe  for  niello,  which  consists  of  the 
following  proportions  : — of  silver  one  ounce,  of  copper  two, 
and  of  lead  three.  I  am  not  aware  that  there  exists  any 
engraved  nielloed  plate,  the  undoubted  work  of  Cellini. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century  niello-work 
seems  to  have  fallen  into  disuse  in  Europe  except  in  Russia. 
It  is  probable,  however,  that  the  Russians  had  learnt  the  art 
from  the  Greeks,  at  an  early  period,  and  that  it  never  became 
lost.  M.  de  Laborde  mentions  that  he  saw  in  Dresden  a 
massive  gold  hofcliik,  or  drinking-cup,  with  a  Sclavonic 
inscription  in  niello.  This  cup  Avas  stated  to  have  belonged 
to  John  Basilovitch  of  Russia,  1462 — 1505.  For  some  time 
past,  as  at  the  present  day,  niello  has  been  much  used  in 
Russia  for  snuff-boxes  and  other  objects. 

In  the  early  part  of  this  century  there  were  several  collec- 
tors of  nielli,  amongst  others,  Sir  Mark  Sykes  in  England,  and 
Count  Cicognara  in  Italy.     The  latter  wrote  a  treatise  upon 

*  Arch.  Jouru.,  vo\  xvi.  p.  316.  -  Arte  dell'  Oreficeria,  11. 

VOL.  XIX.  3  A 


338  ON    XIELLO. 

the  subject,  niul  ^l.  Duchesne  has  also  contributed  a  veiy 
vahiable  work,  his  "Essai  sur  les  Kiclles,"  which  I  have  con- 
suhed  with  no  shght  advantage. 

The  demand  for  nielli  led,  as  is  usual,  to  a  supply  of  false 
work.s,  skilfully  prepared  in  Italy  for  the  unsuspicious  virtuoso. 
It  is  suspected  that  Cicognara  was  in  some  manner  concerned 
in  these  forgeries.  I  am  not  competent  to  oiler  an  opinion, 
but  I  may  observe  that  whenever  an  "  unsatisfcictory"  niello 
appears,  it  is  generally  ascribed  to  the  Cicognara  school. 
One  of  the  Cicognara  nielli  may  be  seen  in  the  British 
Museum  ;  and,  as  I  have  said  before,  it  is  of  great  advantage 
to  have  access  to  an  unquestionable  forgery.  Another, 
which  appears  to  bear  the  Cicognara  stamp,  may  also  be 
seen  in  one  of  our  public  collections. 

I  should  mention  that  Cicognara  observes^  that  by  applica- 
tion of  potash  he  succeeded  in  removing  completely  the  niello 
from  a  silver  plate,  thus  reducing  it  to  the  state  in  which  it 
had  left  the  engraver's  hands,  and  from  this  he  had  im- 
pressions struck  off.  He  then  states  that  it  is  equally  possible 
to  restore  the  niello,  and  that  with  a  httle  practice  an  artist 
would  be  capable  of  undertaking  a  work  of  the  finest  de- 
.scription  ; — ''  scnza  tenia  di  restare  in  dcfetto.""*  And  finally 
he  admits  that  he  could  show  some  examples  of  both  sorts. 

]\Iany  of  the  imitative  nielli,  I  am  informed,  were  brought 
to  Knglanil  by  a  Venetian  ;  they  were  quickly  regarded 
with  suspicion,  and  he  was  advised  to  leave  the  country  with 
his  importations.  On  his  way  back  to  Venice,  he  stojiped  in 
Paris,  whuie  it  is  understood  that  he  accommodated  an 
unwary  collector  with  nielli  to  the  amount  of  2000/.  ! 

In  1 833,  Signor  Fortunate  Pio  Castellani  aj)plied  himself 
to  nielhne,  and  executed  a  very  beautiful  Pa.x,  which  is  now 
preserved  in  his  establishment  in  Rome,  as  a  specimen  of  his 
art.  He  prepared  his  niello  after  the  recipe  of  licnvenuto 
Cellini. 

J\Ir.  Ilardni.'in.  of  llirminL^liain,  has  lately  sent  to  the  Inter- 
national Kxliiltilion  a  clialice  copiously  ornamented  with 
niello,  which  was  |)r('par(Ml  after  the  recipe  of  Thcophilus  ; 
Mr.  j'uwcll,  wln)  is  the  skilful  supci'intendent  of  ihi'  metal 
deparlmcnt  in  Mr.  llardman's  establishment,  told  me  that  it 
is   excee<lingly   dillicult   to    apply   the   niello    to    a    convex 

•  Moinorio   RpcttiiDli  ull;i    .Storiii  dolla  Calcognifia,  del  Conto  Ciooj^imm  :   Trato. 
1831,  y.  38.  *  Jl>.  p.  -10. 


ON    NIELLO. 


339 


surface.  Mr.  White,  of  Cockspur  Street,  lias  begun  to  adapt 
niello  to  the  ornamentation  of  watch-cases  ;  and  I  under- 
stand that  Mr.  Skidniore,  of  Coventry,  has  revived  niello- 
work  in  his  establishment.  But  in  none  of  the  recent 
attempts  to  revive  the  lost  art,  so  far  as  I  have  seen,  has  the 
dehcacj  and  fineness  of  ancient  Italian  nielli  been  obtained.^ 


In  addition  to  the  examples  of  ancient  goldsmiths'  work  enriched  with 
niello,  which  have  heen  noticed  in  the  foregoing  memoir,  the  following 
specimens  preserved  in  our  own  country  may  he  briefly  cited.  In  the 
British  Museum, — the  Anglo-Saxon  ornaments  discovered  some  years  since 
at  Ash,  in  Kent,  and  figured  in  Boys'  Ilist.  of  Sandwich  ;  they  were  pur- 
chased for  the  National  Collection  at  the  sale  of  antiquities  in  possession  of 
the  late  Mr.  B.  Nightingale.  Niello  occurs  also  on  the  richly  decorated 
relics  of  the  same  period  disinterred  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  described 
by  Mr.  Ilillier  in  his  History  of  the  Island.  Niello  is  to  be  seen  freely 
introduced  on  the  casing  of  the  '*  Barnan  Cualawn,"  or  Bell  of  St.  Cualawn, 
a  remarkable  relic  formerly  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Cooke,  of  Parsonstown, 
Ireland,  and  now  in  the  British  Museum.  This  curious  bell  has  been 
figured  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Kilkenny  Archseological  Society.  The 
like  enrichment  is  found,  more  sparingly,  upon  a  bell  exhibited  in  the 
Museum  formed  during  the  meeting  of  the  Institute  at  Worcester.  See  the 
Museum  Catalogue,  p.  17.  A  very  interesting  specimen  of  early  work  in 
niello  is  presented  in  the  aciis  or  spinula  of  mixed  metal,  partly  silvered, 
in  the  collection  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  one  of  those  found  in  Ely 
Cathedral  with  the  remains  of  Wolstan,  Archbishop  of  York,  and  by  which, 
it  is  believed,  the  pall  was  attached  to  his  chasuble.  Wolstan  died  at  York 
in  1023,  and  was  buried  at  Ely.  His  tomb  having  been  opened  in  the 
twelfth  century  the  vestments  in  which  the  body  had  been  deposited  were 
found  in  perfect  condition,  accoi-ding  to  the  relation  in  the  Liber  Elicnsis, 
which  expressly  mentions  the  "casulam  et  pallium  auratis  spinulis  afBxura.' 
Lib.  II.,  c.  87,  p.  206.  Publ.  of  the  Anglia  Christiana  Society.  The  relic 
measures  5-f^  in.  in  length  ;  the  flat,  lozenge-shaped  head  is  ornamented  with 
an  interlaced  design,  inlaid  with  a  kind  of  niello.  Catal.  Mus.  Soc.  Ant.,  p.  21. 
The  example  of  Irish  work  in  niello,  of  which,  by  the  kindness  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy,  a  cut  is  here  given,  has  been  described  in  a  previous  page. 

Bronze  Irish  oruaiiieut  inlaid  with  Niello.     (See  p.  328.) 


5  The  most  pcrft;ct  list  of  nielli  wliich 
lias  yet  ajipeared  is  t;iven  iu  the  '"Peiutre- 
Graveur,"  by  Dr.  J.  Passaviint,  vol.  i.  pp. 
250-350,  uud  wiiicli  has  been  of  great 


assi.stanco  to  the  writer  on  tlie  present 
occasioa ;  he  has  also  availed  himself  of 
the  works  of  Duchesne,  Ottley,  and 
Cicoguara. 


NOTES  ON  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  PORCELAIN  AT  CHELSEA. 

Bv  AUGUSTUS  W.  FRANKS,  MA,  Dm.  S.A. 

Some  antiquaries  may  perhaps  deem  the  history  of  modern 
porccLain  scarcely  ^vithin  tlic  range  of  ai"cliajok)gical  investi- 
gation. When  we  consider,  however,  how  much  this  country 
owes  to  the  industrial  arts  which  have  been  practised  here, 
ail}'  investigation  into  the  incunahnla  or  early  history  of  those 
arts  seems  not  only  proper  but  desirable,  such  subjects  some- 
times require  as  much  research  as  historical  questions  of  an 
earlier  period,  and  are  often  shrouded  rn  greater  obscurity. 

Any  inquiry  of  this  kind  is  the  more  appropriate  when 
archaeologists  have  selected  for  their  place  of  meeting  the  city 
of  AVorcester,  one  of  the  ancient  seats  of  the  Ceramic  art, 
where  it  has  shone,  and  continues  to  shine,  with  great  lustre. 

Every  country  has  been  wont  to  boast  of  having  bccMi  the 
first  to  create  or  bring  to  perfection  some  specific  industrial 
art,  and  the  writers  on  pottery  and  porcelain  have  claimed 
indirectly  foi'  England  as  early  a  fabric  of  porcelain  as  for 
any  country  in  Europe.  The  claim  of  Meissen  or  Dresden 
to  having  been  the  first  in  Europe  to  make  hard  porcelain 
(in  the  year  170D)  remains  undisturbed,  but  it  has  been 
shown  that  at  St.  Cloud,  in  France,  there  was  a  yet  earlier 
manufactory  of  soft  porcelain,  and  it  has  been  further  pre- 
sumed that  there  was  a  contemporary  manufactory  of  soft 
porcelain  in  Englan<l. 

Jioth  these  claims  sink  into  insignificance  before  the 
uiKjuostionable  priority  of  i'Morcnce,^  where  it  has  been 
n-cf.'Utly  ascertained  that  soft  porc^elain  was  made,  under  the 
Medici,  as  early  as  1.'375.    Still  it  is  desirable  to  see  on  what 

'  Uea<l   at  tlio   Worccntor  Mcotiiifi;  of  '  Sen  .Tiici|ii(>iimit  <'t  Ln  IMuut,  llintoiro 

the  Arobioulogical  Imttiluto,  July,  18C2.         di'  1 1  I'lircoiuinu,  p.  (j'^b. 


MANUFACTL'ini    OF    PORCELAIN    AT    CHELSEA.  34-1 

grounds  rested  the  claim  which  was  formerly  put  forth  on 
behalf  of  England. 

Mr.  ^larryat,  in  his  useful  history  of  Pottery  and  Porcelain, 
has  the  following  passage  :^ — 

"  Of  the  origin  of  the  porcelain  manufactory  at  Chelsea,  there  does  not 
exist  any  authentic  record,  though  some  information  as  to  its  early  date 
has  been  incidentally  gleaned.  Ur.  Martin  Lister,  an  English  physician 
and  eminent  naturalist,  who  travelled  in  France  in  169.5,  remarks  in  his 
account  of  the  '  Potterie  of  St.  Clou,'  that  the  '  gomroon  ware'  at  that  time 
made  in  England  was  very  inferior  in  quality  to  the  porcelain  of  St.  Cloud. 
He  further  observes  that  '  our  men'  (meaning  the  workmen  employed)  *  were 
better  masters  of  the  art  of  painting  than  the  Chineses,'  alluding  no  doubt 
to  the  circumstance  of  oriental  porcelain  being  painted  at  Chelsea  before 
•the  native  ware  attained  its  excellence. 

"  From  the  above  it  may  be  inferred  that  there  existed  at  Chelsea  pre- 
viously to  1G9S,  the  date  of  Lister's  account,  a  manufactory  of  porcelain 
(little  better  at  first  than  opaque  glass),  and  also  that  good  painters  were 
employed  to  embellish  oriental  porcelain,  in  consequence  of  its  quality  bein" 
very  superior  to  that  produced  at  home." 

The  passage  in  Lister's  work*  to  which  Mr.  Marryat 
alludes  is  as  follows  : — 

*•  I  saw  the  Potterie  of  St.  Clou,  with  which  I  was  marvellously  well 
pleased,  for  I  confess  I  could  not  distinguish  betwixt  the  Pots  made  there, 
and  the  finest  China  Ware  I  ever  saw.  It  will,  I  know,  be  easily  granted 
me,  that  the  Paintings  may  be  better  designed  and  finisht,  (as  indeed  it 
was)  because  our  Men  are  far  better  Masters  in  that  Art  than  tlie  Chineses  ; 
but  the  Ghxzing  came  not  in  the  least  behind  them,  not  for  whiteness  nor 
the  smoothness  of  running  without  Bubles  ;  again  the  inward  Substance 
and  Matter  of  the  Pots  was  to  me  the  very  same,  hard  and  firm  as  Marble, 
and  the  self-same  grain,  on  this  side  vitrification.  Farther,  the  Trans- 
parency of  the  Pots  the  very  same." 

Now  it  is  quite  evident  that  in  this  passage  Lister  under- 
stands by  "  our  men,"  Europeans,  as  better  skilled  in  the  art 
of  painting  (not  necessarily  painting  on  porcelain)  than  the 
Chinese,  and  it  is  rather  too  much  to  rest  on  so  slender  a 
foundation  the  existence  of  porcelain  making  in  England,  or 
even  that  Chinese  porcelain  was  decorated  in  this  country. 

Further  on  Lister  makes  the  following  observations  : — 

"  1  did  not  expect  to  have  found  it  in  this  perfection,  but  imagined  this 

^  History  of  Pottery  and  PorceLani  by  ^  A  Journey  to  Pai-is  in  the  year  1698, 

Joseph  Marryat,  2ad  Ed.  London,  1S57,  p.       bv  Dr.  Martin  Lister.  2ud  Ed.    London, 
276.  1099,  p.  138. 


34:2  MAXrFACTUrE    OF    POKCELAIX    AT    CHELSEA. 

might  have  arrived  at  the  Gomron  Ware  ;  which  is,  iiuleed,  little  else 
but  a  total  vitritication  ;  but  I  found  it  far  otherwise,  and  very  surprising, 
and  which  I  account  part  of  the  felicity  of  the  Age  to  equal,  if  uot  surpass, 
the  Chineses  in  their  finest  Art." 

It  must  be  from  this  passage  that  Mr.  Mariyat  derived  his 
statement  that  "the  'gomroon'  ware  at  that  time  7?mde  iti 
Eit()l(ind  was  very  inferior  in  quah'ty  to  the  porcelain  of  St. 
Cloud;"  every  one  must,  however,  allow  that  the  passage  will 
not  adniit  of  this  interpretation. 

While  on  the  subject  of  Gomron,  or  Gombroon,  ware,  which 
nas  been  noticed  in  the  same  work  in  another  passage  ^  as 
the  name  given  to  Chinese  porcelain  in  consequence  of  the 
East  India  Company  liaving  established  an  entrepot  at  the 
port  of  Gumbron  in  the  Persian  Gulf,  I  may  perhaps  be 
allowed  to  make  a  few  remarks.  It  is  quite  evident  from  the 
jiassage  in  Lister  that  he  considers  Chinese  porcelain  and 
Gombroon  ware  as  distinct.  lie  says  he  expected  the  St. 
Cloud  to  have  been  equal  to  Gombroon  ware,  which  he  looks 
upf>n  as  a!i  actual  vitrification,  but  he  was  much  surj)riscd  to 
find  it  equal  to  the  best  Chinese  porcelain,  which  was  only 
partial  vitrification.  Gombroon  ware  is,  as  far  as  I  know, 
mentioned  only  once  elsewhere,  viz.,  in  the  Strawberry  Hill 
Catalogue,  ^  where  Walpole  notices  "  two  basons  of  most 
ancient  Gombroon  china,  a  present  from  Lord  Vere,  out 
of  the  collection  of  Lady  Elizabeth  Germaine."  Now 
Walpole  knew  ver}-  well  what  Avas  Chinese  porcelain,  and 
there  must  liave  been  some  peculiarity  about  the  ware  in 
order  that  he  should  adopt  another  name.  ]Uit  there  was  a 
ware  made  in  Persia  itself,  of  which  8j)ecimens  are  to  be  met 
with  occasionally,  and  which  dillcrs  from  Oriental  china  in 
I)eiiig  of  inferior  porcelain  and  more  fusible.  A  specimen, 
which  1  Itelieve  to  be  of  this  ware,  was  exhibited  at  AVoirestcr 
by  Sir  Edmund  Lechmere,  liart.,  and  tin  re  were  several 
examples  in  the  Loan  Exhibition  at  South  Kensington.' 
SjK'cimens  are  f)rcservcd  in  the  collections  of  .Air.  Henderson, 
Sir  Walter  Trevelyan,  Mr.  iiuth,  aii<l  myself 

The  ware  in  f|uestion  may  Ijc  divided  into  two  varieties,  pos- 
sibly made  at  dillerent  )>]aees  ;  one  consists  ehiellv  of  bowls, 
with  a  white  granular  p;iste,  and  (»nianiente(l  w  itli  liules  or  slits 

*  ''•  ''*2.  7  Ciitnlogiio    of  llio   Loan   Collection, 

*  I.<  rd  Oifotd'H   Worka,  1708,  vol.  ii.        No.  3321—83^1. 
p.  iU. 


MANUFACTURE    OF    PORCELAIN    AT    CHELSEA.  o  1-3 

filled  in  with  glaze  ;  the  decorations  are  principally  a  few  black 
and  blue  lines  ;  the  other  variety  is  of  a  white,  very  soft,  paste 
with  ornaments  in  a  copper  metallic  lustre,  sometimes  placed 
on  ground  of  an  intense  blue. 

Having  thus  disposed  of  Gombroon  ware  and  Dr.  Lister's 
account  as  evidence  of  the  existence  of  an  English  porcelain 
manufactory  in  the  seventeenth  century,  I  may  add  that  he 
expressly  mentions^  the  manufacture  of  red  stoneware  in 
England,  probably  that  of  the  Elers. 

•'  As  for  the  Red  Ware  of  China,  that  has  been,  and  is  done,  in  England 
to  a  far  greater  perfection  than  in  China,  we  having  as  good  Materials,  viz., 
the  Soft  Haematites,  and  far  better  Artists  in  Pottery.  But  in  this  parti- 
cular we  are  beholden  to  two  Dutchmen,  Brothers,  who  wrouglit  in  Statford- 
shire  (as  I  have  been  told),  and  were  not  long  since  at  Hammersmith." 

And  yet  he  says  nothing  of  any  porcelain  having  been  made 
in  England. 

As  to  the  actual  date  of  the  manufactory  at  Chelsea,  it  is 
probable  that  it  existed  before  17-45;  about  that  time  a 
French  company  solicited  a  patent  for  establishing  a  porce- 
lain fabric  at  Vincennes,  in  which  they  are  stated  to  have 
urged  the  benefit  France  would  derive  from  counteracting 
the  reputation  of  the  German  and  English  fabrics,^  I  have, 
however,  been  unable  to  find  the  document  in  question. 
That  the  manufactory  was  in  existence  before  1752  is  shown 
by  "a  case  of  the  undertaker  of  the  Chelsea  manufac- 
ture of  porcelain,"  ^  wiicre  it  is  mentioned  that  the  Duke 
of  Orleans  (who  died  in  1752)  had  tried  the  Chelsea  paste 
in  his  kilns.  The  name  of  the  undertaker  is  not  given, 
but  we  learn  from  this  document  that  he  was  "  a  silversmith 
by  profession,  who,  from  a  casual  acquaintance  with  a  chemist 
who  had  some  knowledge  that  way,  was  tempted  to  make  a 
trial,"  but  that  at  that  time  "  the  thing  was  new."  Xow, 
from  internal  evidence,  it  is  certain  that  the  document  was 
written  after  1752,  and  probably  before  1759. 

A  direct  proof,  however,  of  the  existence  of  Chelsea  por- 
celain in  1745,  is  furnished  by  a  specimen  in  Mr.  William 
Russell's  collection  ;  it  is  a  white  cream  jug  which  has  become 
warped  in  baking,  the  design  is  composed  of  two  goats,  and 
in  front  is  a  bee  in  relief,  the  wings  of  which  are  unfortu- 

8  p.  139.  >  Lansdowne    MS.    829;    printed    iu 

'  Manyat,  2ud  Ed.  p.  277.  JIairyat's  work. 


344 


MANUFACTURE    OF    PORCELAIN    AT    CHELSEA. 


natelj  broken.  It  is,  in  fact,  one  of  tlie  Avcll-known  cream- 
jugs  which  have  been  sold  of  late  years  at  fabulous  prices  as 
Bow  Jugs,  and  of  which  a  fine  specimen  from  Dr.  Bandinel's 
collection   is  represented  in   the    accompanying  wood-cut.- 


=i^ 


ill,.  1  ('..lU-ciion.) 


Like  those  jugs  it  lias  at  the  bottom  a  ti'iangle  scratched  in 
the  clay  ;  but  below  the  triangle  it  has  this  peculiarity,  that 
before  baking  there  had  been  added  "  Chelsea,  1745." 


A 


tJ7'>^ 


iJeforc  IIk'  discovery  of  this  jug,  which  came  IVdm  Ihe 
collection  oi"  I)r.  WCHcsh-y,  and  now  belongs  to  -Mr.  William 
liussell,  the  Accountant-Cieneral  of  (he  Coni't  of  Chancery, 
1  jiad  been  led  to  exjiress  a  vei'v  decided  opinion  that  these 
jugs,  and   other   s])ecimens  of  simil;ir  china,  were   not   made 

•   Wr  nro  iiKiubted  to  llio  kindiioHH  of  .\!r.  Miirmv  for  tlio  iiho  of  tliin  cut. 


MAKUFACTUHE    OF    POIJCELAIN    AT   CHELSEA.  34-5 

at  Bow ;  not  only  from  tlici'c  being  no  evidence  of  tlie 
triangle  being  a  Bow  mark,  but  from  their  differing  com- 
pletely in  paste  and  style  of  decoration  from  the  only  well 
authenticated  specimen  of  Bow-ware,  the  bowl  in  the  British 
Museum  made  by  Thomas  Craft.^ 

As  an  additional  confirmation  that  china  of  this  kind  was 
made  at  Chelsea,  I  may  notice  that  Walpole,  in  his  Descrip- 
tion of  Strawberry  Hill,"*  speaks  of  "  two  white  salt-cellars, 
with  crawfish  in  relief,  of  Chelsea  china ;"  a  very  uncommon 
design  which  I  have  found  only  once,  viz.,  at  the  Earl  of 
Ilchester's  at  Mclbur^'-,  in  Dorsetshire,  where  are  four  such 
salt-cellars,  all  marked  with  a  triangle. 

We  may,  therefore,  characterise  the  Chelsea  of  this  early 
period  as  of  a  creamy  paste,  not  unlike  St.  Cloud  porcelain, 
with  a  satiny  texture,  very  transparent  body,  often  distorted 
in  baking,  and  frequently  left  white. 

There  is  another  class  of  Chelsea-ware  which  differs 
entirely  from  this  in  character ;  it  has  very  much  the  ap- 
pearance of  oriental  porcelain,  is  thickly  made,  but  with  well 
composed  paste,  and  often  decorated  with  oriental  patterns. 
It  is  marked  with  an  embossed  anchor  in  the  jDaste. 

Among  the  most  remarkable  specimens  of  this  variety  of 
porcelain  may  be  mentioned  a  figure  of  a  mother  suckling 
a  cliild,^  copied  from  Bernard  Palissy's  Nourrice,  and  also  a 
bust  of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  a  great  patron  of  the  ma- 
nufactory, of  which  an  example  is  in  the  Jerm^'u  Street 
Museum.^ 

Shaw,  in  his  history  of  the  Staffordshire  Potteries,"  tells 
us  that  Aaron  Simpson  and  six  other  Staffordshire  workmen 
went  in  1747  to  work  at  the  Chelsea  china  manufactory. 
That  they  soon  ascertained  that  they  were  the  principal 
workmen  on  whose  exertions  all  the  excellence  of  the  por- 
celain must  depend  ;  when  they  resolved  to  commence 
business  on  their  own  account  at  Chelsea,  and  were  in  some 
degree  successful,  but  at  length,  owing  to  disagreement 
among  tliemsclvcs,  the}'  abandoned  it,  and  returned  to  Burs- 
lem,  intending  to  commence  there  the  manufacture  of  china. 
I  merely  mention  this  to  show  the  changes  and  chances  to 

3  See  Arcli.  Joiirn.  vol.  viii.  p.  204.  ••  It  is  there  described  as  of  Plymoutli 

^  Lord  Orford's  Works,  1798,  vol.  ii.  manufacture ;  and  catalogued  under  No. 

p.  409.  Ce.  E.  13.    I  liavc  seen  several  examples 

"  One  is  in  my  own  eollection ;  another  with  tlic  raised  anchor, 

belongs  to  the  Earl  Stanhope;  a  third  to  <■  Vlmo.  Hanley,  1S29. 
Dr.  Turner. 

VOL.    XIX.  3   B 


346  ilA>UFACTUr.E    OF    rOECELAIX    AT    CHELSEA. 

which  early  manufactories  such  as  this  were  subject,  and  how 
much  diflcrence  and  sudden  alterations  of  form  and  material 
wc  may  look  for  in  a  manufactory  so  dependent  as  this  on 
the  caprices  of  the  workmen. 

Another  period  of  the  manufacture  is  characterised  by 
being  copied  in  some  degree  from  Dresden  porcelain ;  it  is 
generally  decorated  with  delicate  bunches  of  ilowers  on  a 
smooth  white  ground ;  the  glaze  is  very  vitreous,  the  anchor 
mark,  commonly  in  red,  is  neatly  painted  and  small.  The 
date  of  this  mode  of  decoration  seems  to  be  fixed  by  a  small 
smelling  bottle  in  my  collection  which  is  in  the  form  of  a 
group,  being  a  boy  seated  and  writing  a  letter,  while  a  girl 
looks  on  :  the  letter  is  inscribed,  '•  Fc :  1759,  Tins  is.'' 

There  seems  about  this  time  to  have  been  a  considerable 
number  of  such  little  bottles,  &c.,  made,  as  we  learn  from  an 
advertisement  which  appeared  in  the  Public  Advertiser  of 
December  17th,  1754,  as  well  as  in  other  papers,  and  ran 
as  follows  : — 


To  be  Sold  by  Audion  by  Mr.  FORD, 

At  his  great  Room  in  St.  James's  Hay-Maikct^  tliis  ami  the  tour 
following  Days, 

ALL  the  entire  Stock  of  CHELSEA 
PORCELAIN  TOYS,  brought  from  the  Proprietor's 
Warehoiife  in  Pall-Mall ;  confirting  of  SnufF  Boxes,  Smelling 
Bottles,  and  Trinkets  for  Watches  (mounted  in  Gold,  and  un- 
mounted) in  various  beautiful  Siuipes,  of  an  elegant  Defign,  and 
curioufly  painted  in  Enamel,  a  large  Parcel  of  Knife  Hafts,  &c. 

The  faid  Stock  may  be  view'd  till  the  Time  of  Sale,  which 
will  begin  each  Day  at  half  an  Hour  after  Eleven  o'clock. 

Note,  Moft  of  the  above  Things  are  in  Lots  fuitable  for 
Jewellers,  Golilliniths,  Toydiops,  China-Shops,  Cutlers,  and 
Workmen  in  thofe  Branches  of  Bufinel^. 

Catalogues  may  be  liad  at  Mr.  FOKD's,  at  Six  Pence  each, 
which  will  be  allowed  to  thofe  who  are  Purchafers. 


The  kind  ofC'liiiia  most  in  vogue  at  this  time  i.s  illustrated 
by  the  advertisements  i.ssued  by  various  dealers  in  such 
wares,  for  instance  some  of  those  in.serted  in  (lie  Public 
Advertiser  by  Mr.  Hughes,  Ironmonger  in  Pall  jAlall.  who,  in 
his  advertisement  of  31ay  2,  1755, 

*' bcgB  Icixvc   to   infunn    tlio   Noliilily,   (icnlrj,    nml  ollicrs   (hat   Iio  lias  iv 
greater  Clioicc  of  the  Cliclsca  roiccluiii  than   any  i)talcr   in  London,  both 


MANUFACTUHE    OF    PORCELAIN    AT    CHELSEA.  -347 

useful  and  ornamental ;  anil  as  tliey  were  bought  cheap  can  be  sold  more 
reasonable  than  tlicj  can  be  made  at  the  manufactory.  He  has  compleat 
.services  of  Plates  and  Dishes,  Tureens,  Sauce-boats,  <kc.,  which  no  one 
else  has;  several  Elegant  Epargnes  for  Dcsarts,  and  one  beautiful  one 
bought  at  the  last  sale  ;  several  Figures  and  greatest  Choice  of  Branches 
with  the  best  Flowers,  such  as  were  on  the  Chandelier  at  the  last  Sale ; 
and  upwards  of  three  thousand  of  those  Flowers  to  be  sold  by  themselves 
so  that  Ladies  or  Gentlemen  may  n^.ake  use  of  them  in  Grottos,  Branches, 
Epargnes,  Flower-pots,  &e.,  agreeable  to  their  own  taste." 

The  next  style  may  be  termed  in  the  French  taste,  and  to 
it  belong  some  of  the  finest  specimens  of  the  manufactory. 
They  are  chiefly  vases,  painted  somewhat  in  imitation  of  the 
Vincennes  and  early  Sevres  porcelain,  with  figures,  birds,  &c., 
in  panels,  and  with  rich  grounds,  either  gros-blcu,  turquoise, 
apple-green,  or  a  claret  colour,  a  tint  rarely  found  on  other 
porcelain.  Many  fine  specimens  of  this  variety  of  Chelsea  are 
preserved  in  the  collections  of  English  amateurs.  Their  date 
seems  to  be  fixed  by  a  pair  of  vases  in  the  British  Museum, 
no  less  than  20  in.  high  ;  they  have  panels  with  figures  on 
one  side  and  with  birds  on  the  other ;  the  ground  is  (jvos-hlcu, 
with  rich  and  massive  gilding.  They  were  presented  15th 
April,  1763,  and  are  thus  noticed  in  the  Donation-book  of 
the  Museum. 

"  Two  very  fine  porcelain  jars  of  the  Chelsea  manufactory, 
made  in  the  year  1762,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Sprimont: 
from  a  person  unknown,  through  Mr.  Empson.'^ 

As  this  was  the  same  date  at  which  a  still  finer  vase  of 
the  same  porcelain,  perhaps  the  centre  piece  of  the  pair  in 
the  jMuseum,  M'as  presented  to  the  Foundling  Hospital  by  Dr. 
Garnier,  the  unknown  donor  may  have  been  that  gentle- 
man. 

At  any  rate,  if  this  date  be  correct,  they  fix  1762  as  the 
period  at  which  these  large  and  imjoortant  specimens  were 
being  made. 

There  is  another  style  to  be  noticed,  consisting  of  vases, 
&c.,  which,  had  they  not  been  marked  with  an  anchor, 
w^e  should  have  been  disposed  to  class  among  the  productions 
of  the  Derby  manufactory."^  They  may  have  been  the  latest 
productions  of  Chelsea.  They  arc  characterised  by  simplicity 
and  elegance  of  forms,  with  the  frequent  occurrence  of  gold 
stripes.  Some  of  the  early  Derby  was  made  after  the  same 
models  and  in  the  same  taste. 

^  See,  for  instance,  Marryat,  Qud  EJ.  (1857);  il.  iv.,  Xo.  7. 


34S  MANUFACTURE    OF    POKCELAIX    AT    CHELSEA. 

The  close  of  the  Chelsea  porcelain  manufactory,  which  had 
shone  so  brightly  during  its  short  career,  has  been  referred 
to  about  17G5,  in  which  3'ear  Mr.  Grosle}""  visited  England  : 
he  speaks  of  the  manufactoiy  having  just  fallen;  but  at  any 
rate  its  eifects  were  not  sold  off  till  1769,  as  is  shown  by  the 
following  advertisement,  which  appeared  in  the  Gazetteer,  or 
New  Daily  Advertiser,  of  May,  17G9. 


To  be  SOLD  hy  AUCTION, 
By  Mr.  BURNSALL, 
At  his  Auflion  room  in  Charles-ftreet,  Berkelcy-lquarc,  on 
Wcdnefday  the  17th  of  May,  and  tlie  following  days,  by 
order  of  Mr.  N'lCHOLAS  SPREMOXT,  the  Proprietor  of 
the  Chelfea  Porcelain  Manufaiflory,  he  having  entirely  left  ofF 
making  the  fame, 

ALL  the  curious  and  truly  matchlefs  pieces  of 
that  valuable  manufai^tory  j  confiiting  of  beautiful  vafcs, 
antique  urns,  perfume  pots,  table  and  deflert  fervices,  tea  and 
coffee  equipages,  compatiers,  leaves.  Sec,  beautiful  candlefticks  of 
different  fliapes;  variety  of  figures,  very  large  and  curious  groups, 
particularly  two  groups  of  the  Roman  Charity,  toilet  boxes  of 
various  forms  and  fizes,  and  many  other  articles,  moft  highly 
finiOied  in  the  mazarine  blue,  crimfon,  pea-gjeen  and  gold,  finely 
painted  in  figures,  birds,  fruit,  and  flowers,  enriched  with  gold 
and  curioufly  chafed. 

To  be  viewed  on  Monday  the  15th,  and  till  the  falc. 

N.  B.  Likewife  will  be  fold  all  the  fine  models,  mills,  kilns, 
prclfes,  buildings,  and  all  other  articles  belonging  to  this  molt 
dirtinguilhed  manufactory.  For  luither  particulars  apply  to  the 
faid  Sir.  Burnfall. 


Before  concluding  these  scanty  notes,  it  may  be  well  to 
call  attention  to  a  passage  in  a  work  entitled  '^  Handmaid  to 
the  Arts,"  written,  I  believe,  by  Robert  Dossie,  which  ma}^ 
furnish  indications  useful  to  future  inquirers.  The  first 
edition  a])peared  in  1758,  in  one  volume  8vo,  and  does  not 
contain  any  mention  of  "China-ware."  In  the  second 
edition,  published  in  two  volumes,  in  17G4,  })art  iv.  vi'  vol. 
2,  is  devoted  to  the  "  nature,  composition,  glazing,  painting, 
and  gilding  of  porcelain  or  china-ware,  &c."  In  the  prcHice 
to  vol.  2  the  following  reason  is  given  for  inserting  this 
portion  :  "  In  the  fourth  part  the  nature  and  manufacture  of 
porcelain  or  china-ware  is  taught,  which  will  be  doubtless 
accf'ptable  at  this  time,  when  attemi)ts  arc  making  to 
cstabhsh  manufactories  in  our  own  country."  After  dc- 
.scribing  various  compositions  of  j)aste,  etc.,  the  following 
pasangc  occurs  (vol.  2,  j).  30 1) : — 


MANUFACTURE    OF    rOIlCELAIX    AT    CHELSEA.  349 

"  There  have  been  several  snnilar  compositions  used  for  the  imitation  of 
China-ware  in  the  works  set  on  foot  in  ditfercnt  parts  of  Europe,  and 
among  the  rest  I  have  seen  at  one  of  tliose  carried  on  near  London  eleven 
mills  at  work  grinding  pieces  of  the  Eastern  China,  in  order,  Ly  the  addition 
of  some  fluxing  or  vitreous  substance  which  might  restore  the  tenacity,  to 
work  it  over  again  in  the  place  of  new  matter.  The  ware  commonly  pro- 
duced at  this  manufactory  had  the  characters  correspondent  to  such  a 
mixture,  for  it  was  grey,  full  of  flaws  and  bubbles,  and  from  want  of  due 
tenacity  in  the  paste  wrought  in  a  very  heavy  clumsy  manner,  especially 
with  regard  to  those  parts  that  are  to  support  the  pieces  in  drying.  A 
very  opposite  kind  is  produced  in  another  manufactory  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  London,  for  it  has  great  wliiteness,  and  a  texture  that  admits  of  its 
being  modelled  or  cast  in  the  most  delicate  manner  ;  but  it  is  formed  of  a 
composition  so  vitrescent  as  to  have  almost  the  texture  of  glass,  and  conse- 
quently to  break  or  crack  if  boiling  water  be  suddenly  poured  upon  it. 
which  quality  renders  it  unfit  for  any  uses  but  the  making  ornamental 
pieces.  A  later  manufactory  at  "Worcester  has  produced,  even  at  very 
cheap  prices,  pieces  that  not  only  work  very  light,  but  which  have  great 
tenacity,  and  bear  hot  water  without  more  hazard  than  the  true  China 
ware. ' ' 

It  is  probable  that  the  -writer,  ^Yho  was,  unfortunately,  un- 
■willing  to  mention  the  manufactories  by  name,  intended  to 
speak  of  Bow  and  Chelsea.  It  is,  however,  possible  that 
there  were  more  than  two  manufactories  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  London,  as  ma}'-  be  gathered  from  a  paragraph  in  the 
London  Chronicle  of  1755,  which  is  as  follows  : — 

"  Yesterday  four  persons,  well  skilled  in  the  making  British  China,  were 
engaged  for  Scotland,  where  a  new  porcelain  manufacture  is  going  to  be 
established  in  the  manner  of  that  now  carried  on  at  Chelsea,  Stratford,  and 
Bow." 

I  feel  certain,  that  if  the  newspapers  of  the  period,  both 
local  and  metropolitan,  were  carefully  examined,  much 
curious  matter  might  be  brought  together,  which  would 
throw  light  on  many  debated  points  in  the  history  of  por- 
celain.^ In  concludino;  these  remarks,  I  will  venture  to  sua'- 
gest  the  importance  of  collecting  together  such  scattered 
notices,  which  are  far  more  useful  and  far  more  to  be  de- 
pended upon  than  the  vague  opinions  formed  by  collectors, 
resting  frequently  on  hearsay,  and  on  a  misconception  of 
the  true  bearing  of  some  fact  or  document  which  is  not 
given  in  fuU.^ 

'  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Gale,  of  Holborn,  iu  preparation  by  Mr.  Llewellyn  Jewitt, 

for  having  given  me,   some  years  since,  F.S.A.,  for  the  Art  Journal:  lie  will  no 

two  of  the  advertisements  in  question.  doubt  throw  much   light   on  a  subject 

'  An  account  of  Chelsea  porcelain  is  which  he  is  so  well  quahfied  to  handle. 


Orirjinal  Dorumfuts. 

NOTICES  OF  A  REGISTKli  OF  Tlli:  ACTS  OF  JOHX  DE  RUTnER- 
WYKE,  ABBOT  OF  CIIEKTSEY  IX  TUE  IlEIGXS  OF  EDWARD  II. 
AND    EDWARD    III. 

Ik  rossEssiox  or  the  RIGHT  HON.  LORD  CLIFFORD. 

The  recent  examination  of  the  vestiges  of  the  church  anil  conventual 
buildinga  of  Chertscy  Abbey,  one  of  the  most  ancient  ami  important  monas- 
teries in  tlie  counties  adjacent  to  Loiulon,  has  excited  no  slight  interest  in 
its  history  and  the  traces  of  its  former  greatness.  The  members  of  the 
Institute  were  indebted  not  long  since  to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Shurlock,  of 
Chertsey,  and  of  Mr.  Angell,  who  has  lately  fixed  his  abode  within  the 
conventual  precincts,  in  bringing  before  the  Society  an  interesting  narration 
of  the  results  of  excavations  earnestly  prosecuted  under  their  direction  with 
the  encouragement  and  co-operation  of  the  Surrey  Artha;ulogical  Society, 
and  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.  With  the  impression  of  the  evidence  thus 
l)rought  to  light  fresli  in  remembrance,  demonstrating,  as  it  has  done,  the 
ancient  architectural  importance  of  the  fabric,  and  the  remarkable  character 
of  its  accessory  decorations,  shown  by  tlic  shattered  relics  recently  dis- 
interred and  brought  for  our  inspection,  the  kindness  and  courtesy  of  Lord 
ClilFord  cannot  fail  to  be  the  more  cordially  appreciated,  in  entrusting  for 
examination  the  valuable  Register  of  Chertsey  in  times  of  its  greatest 
prosperity.  We  desire  also  to  acknowledge  our  obligation  to  the  friendly 
mediation  of  the  Very  Rev.  Canon  Rock, — ever  ready  to  contribute  to  our 
gratification, — through  whose  request  on  our  behalf  Lord  Clillord  has  con- 
sented to  send  the  its.,  which  has  been  preserved  in  his  library  at  Ugbrookc 
Park,  Devon.' 

The  foundation  of  the  monastery  of  Chertsey  may  perliaps  be  dated 
from  Saxon  times  ;  Frithcwnld,  suhrcgnhis  of  Surrey,  and  Erkenwald, 
afterwards  Bishop  of  Loudon,  arc  reputed  to  have  been  the  founders; 
confirmation  charters  were  granted  by  Olla  and  JUhclwulf.  After  ravages 
Ity  the  Danes  in  the  ninth  century,  JCthclwnld,  Bisliop  of  Winchester,  is 
believed  to  liave  been  the  '*  rcptinttov"  of  the  wasted  monastery.  Its 
po-BSCSsions  were  augmented  by  Edward  the  Confessor,  and  on  many  other 
occa-sions  it  enjoyed  royal  favor.  At  no  period,  however,  it  is  believed, 
was  the  prosperity  of  the  convent  more  amply  cstabli.'^hed  than  in  (he  times 
of  Abbot  .John  do  Ruthcrwyke,  during  the  reigns  of  Edwanl  II.  and 
Eilward  in.  lie  was  chosen  in  I.'IO?,  and  died  in  13 IG.  Tlic  volumo 
under  consideration  contains  a  circumstantial  record,  year  by  year,  of  tlio 

'  Thm  Uo;(iiitor  is  not  noticed  in  tho  Cartularies  compiled  by  Sir  Tlioinas 
recent  fidifion  of  Duf^dnlo'n  MoniHlicon.  I'liillippH,  Coll.  Top.  vol.  i.,  and  in  Siius' 
Maultou   in  mo'io   of  it  in  tho  List  «f       Mnniml  for  Gi'UcnlogiHts,  <\c.,  p.  16. 


ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS.  351 

greater  part  of  his  energetic  administration ;  it  justifies  the  culoo-ies 
expressed  elsewhere,  regarding  this  "  religiosisslmus  pater,  prudentissimus 
ct  utilissimus  dominus,"  of  whom  it  is  said  that  he  was  "quasi  dicti  loci 
secundus  fundator,  et  ominum  substantialium  honorum  reformator,  et 
raancriorum  substantialis  reparator."-  In  1341  Edward  III.  with  his 
court  had  visited  Chertsey  Abbey,  and  he  appears  to  have  shown  special 
favor  towards  the  abbot  and  the  religious  community.  It  will  be  no 
matter  of  surprise  that  minute  records  were  preserved  of  every  transaction 
in  the  times  of  an  abbot  who  seems  to  have  ever  been  on  the  watch  to 
promote  the  welfare  of  the  monastery.  Besides  the  MS.  in  Lord  Cliflbrd's 
possession,  another  and  somewhat  more  complete  transcript  of  the  acts  of  John 
dc  Rutherwyke  is  preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  in  Lansdownc  MS.,  No. 
435.  It  commences  from  his  election  as  abbot,  Aug.  9,  1307,  and  ends  in 
1344.  An  abstract  of  some  of  its  contents,  which  are  identical,  throughout 
the  corresponding  years,  with  those  of  the  Register  in  Lord  Clifford's 
library,  may  be  found  in  the  Monasticon,  Calcy's  edition,  vol.  i.,  p.  424, 
where  a  few  extracts  of  remarkable  miscellaneous  entries  are  also  given. 
A  curious  little  figure  of  the  abbot,  seated  and  holding  a  crosier  in  his 
right  hand,  a  book  in  his  left,  is  introduced  in  the  initial  letter  on  the 
first  page. 

Some  years  have  elapsed  since  the  MS.  before  us  was  submitted  to  the 
careful  examination  of  our  late  venerable  friend,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Oliver, 
whose  labors  have  done  so  much  to  illustrate  the  monastic  and  ecclesias- 
tical antiquities  of  the  West  of  England.  We  avail  ourselves  with  pleasure 
of  a  note  from  his  pen,  prepared  for  a  local  periodical  to  which  he  was 
frequently  a  contributor. 

"  The  folio  MS.  consists  of  153  leaves,  and  has  been  fairly  preserved. 
Owing  to  the  ignorance  of  the  binder  the  series  of  events  has  been  dis- 
united and  thrown  into  some  confusion,''  and  unfortunately  some  leaves  have 
perished.  The  principal  part  of  the  MS.  relates  to  the  acts  of  John  de 
Rutherwyk,  who  was  abbot  during  the  greater  part  of  the  reign  of  Edward 
II.,  and  certainly  for  19  years  of  the  reign  of  his  son  Edward  III.  A  few 
deeds  which  belong  to  his  predecessors,  Alanus,  "William,  and  Bartholomew, 
are  copied  into  the  MS.  One  cannot  sufficiently  admire  the  precision  and 
method  with  which  these  Chartularies  were  kept,  with  what  diligence  the 
crown  grants,  and  purchases  and  exchanges  were  registered,  and  the  yearly 
events  of  the  monastery  recorded.  The  MS.  bears  intrinsic  evidence  of 
the  zeal  and  ability  which,  distinguished  the  government  of  John  de 
Rutherwyk.  He  appears  to  have  been  unwearied  in  improving  agriculture, 
draining  marshes,  sowing  acorns,  inclosing  lands,  building  stone  bridges, 
repairing  the  farm-houses,  erecting  mills,  and  adding  to  the  Abbey 
estates." 

The  prudent  care  of  the  abbot  in  purveying  fur  a  growth  of  oak  timber 
is  not  undeserving  of  notice  ;  it  might  be  interesting  to  some  persons 
familiar  with  the   neighbourhood  of   Chertsey  to  ascertain  whether  any 


-  Leiger  Book  of  Chertsey,  in  the  ^  The  volume,  as  now  disarranged. 
Queen's  Remembrancer's  Office  in  the  commences  with  the  year  1330,  and  con- 
Exchequer;  this  valuable  record  appears  tinues  to  1342,  after  which  occur  the 
to  have  been  written  in  10  Henry  VI.  acts  of  1313  to  1329,  inclusive,  followed 
Considerable  use  has  been  made  of  this  by  those  of  1344  and  1345,  to  which  are 
record  by  Mr.  Manning,  Hist,  of  Surrey,  appended  some  documents  apparently 
vol.  iii.  p.  210.  of  a  later  time  and  in  a  different  hand. 


352  ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS. 

venerable  tree,  the  produce  of  an  acorn  set  by  Abbot  Jobn  in  tbc  fourteenth 
century,  may  still  be  found  in  one  of  tlie  sites  here  mentioned.  In  the 
Lansdowne  Kegister  it  appears  that,  in  1307,  he  planted  oaks  and  sowed 
acorns  at  Ilerdew^'che  in  Chertsey,  and  that  he  planted  a  wood  called  South 
Grove. 

Under  the  year  1331,  in  Lord  Cliflord's  Register,  the  following  entry 
occurs  (f.  2,  vo.) :  "  Eodem  anno  seminavit  glandias  [sic)  inter  Wynesrude 
et  le  Calewestoubby."  In  1339  also — "  Abbas  fecit  seminare  cum  glau- 
dibus  quandam  placeam  apud  Ilcrdcwych  vocatam  Calewstobbyrude." 

We  may  commend  to  our  friends  in  those  parts  of  Surrey,  who  take  an 
interest  in  the  growth  of  ancient  trees,  to  pursue  the  inquiry  ;  so  favor- 
able an  occasion,  possibly,  for  fixing  the  precise  age  of  some  ancient  oak 
may  rarely  have  occurred. 

The  Abbot  of  Chertsey  held  lands  by  knight-service,  and  appears  in  the 
Liber  Siijcy  as  owing  to  the  king  three  kniglits.  In  1314,  when  Edward 
II.  mustered  the  force  of  his  realm  against  tlie  Bruce  for  the  succour  of 
Stirling  castle,  and  the  English  loll  in  multitudes  at  the  bloody  fight  of 
IJannockburn,  the  Abbot  appears  to  have  rendered  his  service  by  Kaulinus 
do  Waltham,  possibly  of  Wliite  Waltham,  Berks,  where  the  monastery  of 
Chertsey  had  jiossessions  ;  Raulinus  perished  in  that  fatal  slaughter  under 
the  walls  of  Stirling,  as  recorded  in  the  following  entry,  under  7  Edw.  II. : 
— "  Eodem  anno  isdem  Abbas  fecit  servicium  guerre  in  Scocia  per  Rau- 
linum  de  AValthani,  qui  ocoubuit  apud  Stryvclyn,  cujus  animam  Deus 
absolvat  ;    amen."     (f.  51.) 

The  following  note  under  the  year  1326  may  deserve  mention  : — "  Et 
memorandum  quod  vlcesimo  none  die  Januarii  ejusdcm  anni  dominus 
Edwardus  tercius  post  conqucstum  inccpit  regnare,  quamvis  ainuis  vicesimus 
patris  ejus  in  multis  rotulis  Compotorum  coutinuatur  usque  ad  fostuni 
sancti  Michaclis  proxime  scquens."  The  deposition  of  Edward  II.  appears 
to  have  occurred  on  Jan.  2U,  and  on  Jan.  24  Edward  the  Third's  peace 
was  proclainied,  stating  that  Edward  II.  was  deposed;  Edward  III. 
received  the  Great  Seal  on  Jan.  28,  and  the  writs  to  the  sheriffs  acquaint- 
ing them  with  his  accession  were  tested  on  the  29th. 

On  f.  129,  vo.,  tlicrc  are  a  few  entries  by  a  later  and  different  hand  ; 
the  following  lias  been  noticed  by  Dr.  Oliver,  in  his  short  account  of  this 
register,  above-cited,  and  al.--o  by  a  subsequent  writer  on  the  history  of 
the  Abbey.  It  is,  however,  of  such  interest  as  a  contemporary  record 
regarding  the  fall  of  the  tower  of  the  conventual  church,  in  loTO,  that  it 
may  here  be  repeated. 

"  liuiiia  turris  nostrl  magnl  de  Certeseia. — Mcmoraiuluin,  quod  amio 
ilomini  millesimo  ccc.'""  l.x.x.""',  nonis  Julii,  viilelicet  feria  iiij.',  in  crastino 
dcposicionis  Sancti  Swithuni  Ej>iscoj)i,  immediate  post  capituhun,  dum  con- 
ventus  starct  ad  iucipiendum  parliamentuin,  media  pars  campanilis  nostri  in 
maccria  ruebat  ad  ymum  tcrre,  ad  danqmum  irrecuparabile  dicti  monas- 
terii  nostri." 

In  134.''5  William  de  Kutherwykc,  of  I"'i;ham,  granted  to  the  Abbot  and 
Convent  of  Chertsey  certain  lands  in  ligham,  at  that  lime  held  by  Avicia  do 
Kutherwykc  for  her  life.  Tiiis  transaction  is  recorded  in  tlie  I'^xchequer 
Lci^^or,  us  briefly  mentioned  in  Manning  and  Bray's  History  of  Surrey,  vol. 
iii.,  p.  215.  The  partien  in  {(ueslion  were  doubtless  related  to  the  Abbot  ; 
William  do  Kutherwykc  had  licence  f(»r  a  chapel  in  his  mansion  at  Eghain, 
12  Juno,  131(5,  as  ajqtcars  by   Bi.'jhnp   Ivlindons  Register  at  Winchester, 


ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS.  353 

ami  it  was  renewed  in  March,  1351.  These  lands  may,  it  is  supposed,  have 
been  part  of  the  Trottesworth  estate ;  there  are  a  wood  and  meadows  at  IJake- 
liam,  in  Egham  parish,  now  called  Kutherwyks.^  The  origin  of  the  family 
is  not  known;  tlicir  name  may  have  been  taken  from  Rotherwick  in  Hamp- 
shire. In  the  arrangement  successfully  negotiated  by  the  Abbot  with  his 
kinsman  (as  supposed),  on  this  occasion,  and  fully  recorded  in  the  Register 
entrusted  to  us  by  Lord  Clifford,  one  remarkable  feature  is  a  Corrody, 
granted  by  the  Abbot  and  Convent  to  the  said  William  de  Rutherwyke  and 
Alicia  his  wife,  being  a  stated  allowance  of  meat,  drink,  and  clothing,  &,c. 
to  them  or  the  longer  liver,  in  consideration  of  certain  monies  paid  to  the 
said  Abbot  and  Convent.  The  documents,  which  are  entered  in  the 
Register  (f.  13^,  et  sequ.),  under  the  year  1345,  19  Edward  III.,  are  as 
follows:  — 

1.  Conveyance  by  William  de  Ruthcrwj'ke  of  all  his  lands  and  tenements 
in  Egham  and  Thorp  to  the  Abbot  and  Convent  of  Chertsey  in  fee  simple. 
Dated  at  Egham  on  Sunday  next  after  the  feast  of  St.  Simon  and  St.  Jiide. 
(Oct.  30,  1345.) 

2.  Gift  of  all  the  goods  and  chattels  of  him  the  said  William  to  the  said 
Abbot  and  Convent.     Dated  on  the  same  day. 

3.  The  grant  of  a  Corrody.     (Given  at  length  hereafter.) 

4.  General  release  of  the  same  lands  and  tenements  by  the  said  Wil- 
liam to  the  said  Abbot  and  Convent.  Dated  at  Chertsey  on  Wednesday 
after  the  feast  of  All  Saints,  19  Edw.  III.    (Nov.  2,  1345.) 

5.  Lease  (in  French)  by  the  Abbot  and  Convent  of  the  same  lands  and 
tenements  to  the  said  William  and  Alicia,  his  wife,  for  their  joint  lives  and 
the  life  of  the  longer  liver.  Dated  in  the  chapter  at  Chertsey  on  Sunday 
next  after  the  feast  of  All  Saints,  10  Edw.  III.     (Nov.  6,  1345.) 

6.  Defeasance  (in  French)  of  a  bond  for  601.  given  by  the  Abbot  and 
Convent  to  the  said  William,  for  securing  40/.  to  the  first-born  issue  of  the 
said  William,  in  case  there  should  be  any.  Dated  at  Chertsey  on  Monday 
after  the  feast  of  St.  Simon  and  St.  Jude,  19  Edw.  III.  (Oct.  31, 
1345.) 

7.  Inquisition  ad  quod  damnum  in  order  to  obtain  a  license  from  the 
king  for  the  said  William  to  alien  the  said  lands  and  tenements  to  the  said 
Abbot  and  Convent ;  namely,  three  messuages,  120  acres  and  a  half  of 
land,  10  acres  of  meadow,  12  acres  of  pasture,  20  acres  of  wood,  12  acres 
of  heath  [hruere),  3  acres  of  alder-car  (alneti),  and  125.  5d.  of  rent,  with 
the  appurtenances,  in  Thorp  and  Egham  ;  also  one  messuage  at  "  La 
Strode  "  in  Egham,  held  by  Avicia  atte  Strode,  sister  of  the  said  William, 
for  her  life  with  reversion  to  the  said  William  in  fee.  Dated  at  Kingston 
on  Saturday  after  the  feast  of  St.  Luke,  19  Edw.  III.     (Oct.  22,  1345.) 

8.  The  King's  License.  Dated  at  Westminster  on  Oct.  24,  a.  r.  19 
(1345.) 

The  grant  of  a  Corrody  presents  so  curious  an  illustration  of  monastic 
usages,  that  it  has  appeared  of  sufficient  interest  to  be  given  at  length  ;  it  will 
he  found  appended  to  these  notices.  We  are  not  aware  that  any  document 
of  this  description  has  hitherto  been  printed,  which  sets  forth  in  such 
full  detail  the  conditions  of  such  a  transaction  ;  and  we  have  sought  in 
vain  for  any  similar  instrument  in  the  large  collection  of  charters  given  by 
Madox  in  the  Fornndare.     A  Corrody,  as  may  be  well  known  to  some  of 

'  Manning  and  Bray,  vol.  iii.  p.  255. 
vol..  XIX.  3  c 


354.  ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS. 

our  readers,  was  an  allowance  of  food  and  clothing  for  life  or  for  a  certain 
period,  from  an  aUbey  or  other  religious  house.  Corrodies  were  due  to  the 
king  from  religious  houses  of  royal  foundation,  towards  the  sustenance  of 
such  persons  as  he  was  pleased  to  bestow  them  upon  ;  of  common  right 
also,  a  Corrody  was  due  in  like  manner  to  the  founder  of  a  monastery, 
provided  that  the  foundation  were  not  in  free  alms.  Corrodies  were,  how- 
ever, granted  to  other  persons,  generally,  in  consideration  of  services  to  be 
rendered  or  of  payments  made,  as  in  the  case  before  us  ;  and  it  is  probable 
that,  although  such  sales  or  grants  of  liberationcs  were  strictly  prohibited 
by  the  Constitutions  of  the  Legate  Othoboni,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.*, 
these  transactions  were  of  connnon  occurrence.  The  Legate  sets  forth  in 
strong  terms  the  evils  occasioned  by  a  practice  which  appears  to  have 
become,  through  the  cupidity  of  the  heads  of  conventual  establishments, 
inconveniently  prevalent  in  this  country.  Dugdale  gives,  in  the  Monasticon, 
the  grant  of  a  Corrody  in  1415  by  the  Abbot  and  Convent  of  llagbmon, 
Shropshire,  to  Robert  Lee,  at  the  special  instance  of  Thomas  Earl  of 
Aruiidel,  a  descendant  of  the  founder.  In  that  instance  the  grantee 
appears  to  have  been  living  in  the  monastery,  as  one  of  the  armigeri  of 
the  abbot,  with  one  groom  or  garcio,  and  two  horses''. 

Two  other  examples  of  grants  of  the  like  nature,  which  occur  in  the 
Chartulary  of  Lewes  Priory,  Cott.  MS.  Vesp.,  F.  xv.,  have  been  cited  by 
Mr.  Blaauw  in  his  valuable  Memoir  on  the  early  History  of  that  Monastery; 
Susse.x  Arch.  Coll.  vol.  ii.,  pp.  15,  16.  ^Margaret,  widow  of  Robert  de 
Glyndele,  gave  up  her  dower  to  the  prior  about  1280  ;  the  convent  in 
return  engaged  to  give  her  foo«l  and  clothing,*  with  a  suitable  house,  for 
life,  namely,  every  day  a  loaf  of  convent  bread  and  one  " panem  ?uilitum," 
a  gallon  of  beer,  a  ferculuni  from  the  guests'  kitchen,  and  every  second 
year  a  furred  dress,  die.  In  1307,  also,  the  record  is  found  of  a  corrody 
surrendered  by  Sir  William  de  Eciiingham  on  receipt  of  £'100  from  the 
priory.  The  privileges  which  had  been  conceded  in  this  instance  were  very 
singular,  and  doubtless  proved  extremely  onerous  to  the  monks  of  St.  Pancras, 
who,  besides  allowances  of  food  and  clothing,  and  the  maintenance  of  a 
garcio  with  a  palfrey  through  the  whole  year,  were  charged  with  two  young 
hounds,  a  youth  in  the  j)rior's  kitchen  to  learn  the  business  of  cook,  <tc. , 
and,  moreover,  were  bound  to  receive  the  knight,  his  wife,  family,  and 
liorses,  four  times  every  year,  for  himself  and  his  wife  to  be  blooded,  and 
to  sojourn  three  days  at  the  ])riory  at  the  expense  of  the  monks. 

According  to  the  minutely  detailed  conditions  of  the  suiijuined  Corrody, 
tlie  Abbot  and  Convent  of  Chertsey  granted  to  William  de  Rnlherwyke 
and  Alice  his  wife  for  life,  and  to  the  longer  liver  of  them,  a  daily 
allowance  of  two  loaves  called  *' niiches," '"  two  called  *' knyghtlovcs," 
probably  of  somewhat  better  quality  and  such  as  were  providi'd  for  the 
armigeri ;  two  gallons  of  convent  ale  ;  and   two  messes  from   the  Abbot's 


'  Tit.  18,  Quod  null!  roligioHi  veuJaiit  tlmt    lio  tliiit    Imtli    "niitclios     tweiue" 

vol  aHMJ^iiiint  iiliiri  hljc-riitioucH.  lives  nioro  at  ciuhc  tlian  tho  ni^jniinl  with 

*  Mon.  Auffl.,  vol.   vi.   \t.  110,   Cnb'y'H  a  barn  full  of  f;niin.     Tyrwhilt  explains 

edit.      'J'lio    <liite   Ih  «'rroiieouhly   prinltil  tlit;  teriii  ax  Hi^niryin^' fiiiu  ^rcad.  niaiii'lii^t, 

"di'ciiMo    ijniiito  "    Hour.    V.,    but    tliat  but  it  wan  probalfly  of   coiuiuoii  ijuaiity, 

'{nod    tou  yoai"M.       In  Fi:  micfir,  jirlil  fiain,  Ltit.  vii/ui.      Jn  tlio 

1».  y!J3,  it  is  [)rintod  Proinptorium  w<«  find  "  rnyclnkyae,  pa*- 


_         I     ^        y     -    -   -■■_ *i — --J, 

Kovuruign  only  reigned    tou  yoai"M.       In        Fi\  mic/ir,  j>rlU /xiiii,  Ltit.  vii/in.      Jn  tlio 
orig.  edit.,  vol.  iii.  p.  1)33,  it  is  [>rintud 

"  ciuinto."  tilUt,"  p.  330.     Soo  tlio  nolo,  iOiU. 

'  I'Umicor,  Uoin.  of  Rose,  v.  6C85,  Bayn 


ORIGINAL    DOCUMENTS.  355 

kitchen,  citlier  flesh  or  fish,  according  to  the  day.  They  had  the  option 
of  receiving  tlic  entire  week's  allowance  at  one  time,  instead  of  from  day 
to  day.  Moreover,  to  the  said  William  at  Christmas  a  gown  of  the  suit 
or  secta  of  the  armifjeri,  with  sufficient  fur  for  a  super-tunic  and  liood, 
and  to  his  wife  at  the  same  season  a  gown  de  secta  clericorum,  with  fur 
of  "  stranlynge,"  or  squirrel,'^  for  her  super-tunic,  and  of  nienyverc  for 
her  hood  ;  also,  yearly,  two  cart-loads  of  good  hay,  and  one  weigli  (waga), 
or  about  250  lb.,  of  good  cheese  and  undecayed,  to  be  conveyed  at  the 
cost  of  the  monastery  to  the  residence  of  the  said  William  and  Alice,  at 
Rutherwyke,  distant  from  the  abbey,  as  supposed,  about  three  miles  ; 
and  further,  a  stirk  value  G.v.,  three  fat  hogs  of  the  value  of  10*.,  and 
16  lb.  of  candles  "  de  cotone,"  probably  with  cotton  wicks,  at  Martinmas, 
yearly.  The  amount  of  the  sum  paid  to  the  abbot  and  convent  by  the 
said  William  and  Alice,  in  consideration  of  these  yearly  allowances,  is  not 
stated  ;  evidently  however  this  Corrody  was  part  of  the  general  transaction 
between  Abbot  John  de  Rutherwyke  and  his  kinsman,  regarding  the  con- 
veyance of  bis  lands  and  tenements  and  the  gift  of  his  goods  and  chattels 
to  the  Abbot  and  Convent,  as  set  forth  in  the  various  documents  above  men- 
tioned, by  which  the  following  grant  of  the  Corrody  is  accompanied  in  the 
MS.  Register. 

Albert  Way. 

CORRODIUM    WiLLELMI    DE    RdTHERWYKE. 

Pateat  universis  per  presentem  indenturam  quod  nos,  Johannes  Abbas  de 
Certeseye  et  cjusdem  loci  Conventus,  unanimi  assensu  ct  voluntate  dedi- 
nius,  concessimus,  et  per  presentes  pro  nobis  et  successoribus  nostris 
confirmavimus  Willelmo  de  Rutherwyke  de  parochia  de  Egeham  in 
Comitatu  Surr'  et  Alicie  uxori  ejus  pro  toto  tempore  vite  eorumdem,  et 
eorum  alterius  diucius  viventis,  quoddam  corrodium  capiendum  de  Abbathia 
nostra  predicta,  videlicet  quolibet  die  in  septiraana  duos  panes  vocatos 
Miches,  duos  panes  vocatos  Knyghtloves,  duas  lagenas  cervisie  conventualis, 
et  duo  fercula  de  coquiua  nostri  predicti  Abbatis,  sive  carnis  sive  piscis  secun- 
dum die[s]  exigenciam,aut  quatuordecim  panes  vocatos  Miches,  quatuordecim 
panes  vocatos  Knyghtloves,  quatuordecim  lagenas  dicte  cervisie,  et  quatuor- 
decim fercula  carnis  sive  piscis,  secundum  quod  dies  expostulaverit,  dcCoquina 
predicta,  semel  in  septimanapro  septimanaintegra,  secundum  voluntatem  pre- 
dictorum  Willelmi  et  Alicie  ;  preterea  concessimus  pro  nobis  et  successo- 
ribus nostris  prefato  Willelmo  ad  totam  vitani  suam  unam  robam  de  secta 
armigeroruni  nostrorum  cum  fururis  competcntiltus  pro  supertunica  et  capucio 
percipiendam  eidem  Willelmo  quolibet  anno  ad  festum  Natalis  domini  ;  et 
unam  robam  dicte  Alicie  de  secta  Clericorum  nostrorum  cum  furura  de 
Stranlynge  pro  supertunica,  et  de  mcnyvere  pro  capucio,  videlicet,  tcrciam 
partem    unius   panni  de   colore,    percipiendam  anuuatim   eidem   Alicie  ad 

'  This  fur  is   not    mentioned   in  tlie  Btranilliiipr  was  tie  fur  of  the   squirrel 

ample   lists   in  Strutt'e   Dresses,  vol.  ii.  between  Michaelmas  and  winter.    In  the 

pp.   11,   101.     In   the   Ordinance  of  the  Ilistoria  of  Barth.  Cotton,  edited  by  Mr. 

Pelterers,  Lihcr  Custumarum  of  the  City  Luard  for  the  scries  of  Chronicles,  &c. 

of  London,  26   Edw.  I.  a  price  is  fixed  under  direction   of    the    Master   of  the 

"  pro  etranglino    et  polan,  ct  cujusUbet  Kolls,  mention  occurs  of  the  retinue  of 

alterius  nigri  opcris."     Libtr  Alliu,^.  vol.  the  Duke  of  Brabant, in  1290,  clad  "cum 

ii.  p.  94.     According  to  a  note  in  Liber  penulis  de  grisis  et  stranlingo." 
Horn,  Mr.  Riley  obseivea  in  Lis  Glo.'^sary, 


356  OKIGIXAL    DOCUMENTS. 

totam  vitam  siiam  ad  festum  Natalis  domiui  supradictum  ;  conccssinuis 
eciani  pro  nobis  et  successoribus  nostris  prefatis  NViUelmo  et  Alioie  ad 
totam  vitam  corumdem,  quolibet  anno,  diias  carectatas  botii  foni,  et  unam 
AVavam  boni  casei  et  iiicornipti,  dc  Abbathia  nostra  prediota  capieiulas  et 
cariandas  sumptilms  nostris  propriis  ad  domain  eorumdom  Willolmi  et 
Alicie  apud  raithorwvke,  ad  festum  sancti  Petri  ad  vincnla  ;  ^  et  insuper 
conccssimus  pro  nobis  et  successoribus  nostris  prefatis  Willelmo  et  Alicie 
ad  totam  vitam  eorumdem,  ct  eorum  alterius  diueius  viventis,  unum 
bovettum  precii  septcm  solidunim,  trcs  porcos  incrassatos  precii  decern 
eolidorum,  pro  larder'  ipsorum  Willelmi  et  Alicie,  simul  cum  sexdecim  libris 
candele  de  cotone,  eisdem  Willelmo  ct  Alicie  quolibet  anno  ad  festum 
pancti  Martini  in  ycme  de  Abbatbia  nostra  predicta  percipiendos  ;  Pro 
quadam  summa  pecuuie  per  prcdictos  Willelmum  et  Aliciani  nobis  pre 
nianibus  soluta,  quam  in  usum  ct  utilitatem  nostram  ac  dicte  domus  nostre 
plcnarie  ct  integre  fatenuir  fore  conversam.  Ad  quam  quidem  dicti  cor- 
rodii  et  aliorum  proficuorum  prcdictorum  prefatis  Willelmo  ct  Alicie  ad 
totam  vitam  eorumdem,  et  eorum  alterius  diueius  viventis,  solueionem  modo 
predicto  fidcliter  faciendam,  nos  prcdicti  Abbas  ct  Conventus  obligamus  nos 
et  successores  nostros,  et  domum  nostram  antodictam,  et  omnia  bona 
nostra  et  bona  dicte  domus  nostre  mobilia  et  inimobilia,  ecclesiastica  et 
niundana,  presencia  et  futura,  ubicumque  cxistencia.  In  cujus  rei  testi- 
monium liuic  parti  liujus  indenture  penes  dictos  Willelmum  et  Aliciam 
residenti  nos  prcdicti  Abbas  et  Conventus  sigillum  nostrum  commune 
apposuimus  ;'  altera  vero  pars  ejusdem  penes  nos  remanet  sigillis  eorum- 
dem Willelmi  et  Alicie  eigillata.  Datum  apiid  Certeseye  die  dominica 
])roxima  post  festum  beatorum  apostolorum  Symonis  et  Jude,  anno  rcgni 
Kegis  Edwardi  tcrcii  post  Conqucstum  decimo  nono.     (Oct.  30,  1345.) 

''  August  1.  Ready,  who  will  supply  casts  on  applica- 

'  The  conventual  seal  of  Chertsey  has  tion   at   tho  British  Museum.     Seals  of 

been  fif^ired,  Tiaus.   Surrey   Arch.  Soc,  two    of  tlie    Abbots    have    been  figured 

vol.  i. ;  Mouafit.  Angl.,  edit.  Caley,  vol.  i.  in  this  Journal,  vol.  xv.  p.  1202  ;  ami  the 

j>L  v.,  and  iu  Britton  and  Brayley's  Hi.st.  seal   of  the  Prior,  erronoously  given  oa 

Surrey,  vol.  ii.  p.  1S2.     A  more  perfect  that  of  Soutliwick  Triory,  may  be  seen 

impresaion,  however,  than  was  used  for  iu  vol.  iii.  p.  222. 
those  works,    has   been   found    by   Mr. 


^i-occctiincjs  at  iEcetintjs  of  tje  ^rcjncolocjical  Cnstitute. 

July  4,  1862. 

Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide,  F.S.A.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Rev.  H.  M.  Scarth  read  a  short  account  of  discoveries  of  Roman 
remains  at  Bath,  in  preparing  the  ground  for  an  additional  building  at  the 
Mineral  Water  Hospital.  Amongst  the  vestiges  there  brouglit  to  light 
were,  besides  the  pottery,  coins  of  the  Lower  Empire,  &c.,  commonly 
found  on  Koman  sites,  a  portion  of  plain  tesselated  pavement,  and  a 
fragment  of  an  inscri[)tion  on  white  marble,  a  material  of  very  rare  occur- 
rence amongst  Roman  lapidar}'  remains  in  this  country.  Mr.  Scarth  stated, 
however,  that  he  had  no  doubt  of  its  authenticity  ;  it  was  found  broken 
into  several  pieces  ;  the  letters,  as  shown  by  a  facsimile  rubbing  which  he 
exhibited,  are  well  cut,  and  are  as  follows  : — 

DEAE  •  S  .  .  .  . 
TI  •  CL  •  T  ... 
SOLLEX  .... 
T    .    .    .    . 

Mr.  Scarth  proposed  to  supply  after  deae  the  name  svli  or  svliminervae, 
being  that  of  a  local  goddess  to  whom  four  altars  found  at  Bath  are 
dedicated  ;  a  sepulchral  inscription  to  a  priest  of  that  deity  has  also  there 
been  found.  The  letters  in  the  second  line  he  explained  as  indicating  the 
name  of  the  person  by  whom  the  slab  was  dedicated,  possibly  Ti(BERiys) 
cl(avdivs)  with  the  initial  T  of  the  cognomen,  which  may  have  been  any 
of  the  Roman  names  beginning  with  that  letter.  In  the  third  line  Mr. 
Scarth  proposed  to  read  sollexnes,  with  reference  to  vows  performed  to 
the  goddess  and  commemorated  by  the  tablet ;  the  very  imperfect  traces 
of  letters  in  the  fourth  line,  cut  on  a  much  smaller  dimension  than  the  pre- 
ceding, scarcely  supply  ground  for  conjecture.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that 
no  other  fragments  were  found  ;  the  form  of  the  letters  and  distinctness 
of  the  cutting  indicate  an  early  period,  and  the  remarkable  fact  that  the 
material  is  marble  may  serve  to  authenticate  other  inscriptions  stated  to 
have  been  found  in  England,  and  sometimes  regarded  as  questionable 
owing  to  the  very  rare  occurrence  of  any  tablet  of  marble.  Thus,  Whit- 
aker,  the  topographer  of  Yorkshire,  describes  a  "  square  marble  urn, 
which  tradition  actually  asserts  to  have  been  found  at  Rokeby  ;  nothing, 
however,  but  the  testimony  of  eye-witnesses  can  render  this  assertion 
credible."  The  Romans,  he  observes,  neither  imported  marble  into 
Britain,   nor  worked   the  marbles   which  exist  here  ;    he    challenges  the 


358  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

antiquarv  to  show  any  evulonce  to  tlie  contrary.  "  From  whatever  eauso, 
thev  universally  neglected  these  elegant  materials  for  the  rough  and 
untractable  freestone  of  the  place  ;  it  was  reserved  for  the  monks  and 
their  lay  contemporaries  to  avail  themselves  of  these  treasures."  Ilist. 
of  Riehmondshire,  vol.  i.  p.  150.  We  have  now,  however,  as  Mr.  Scarth 
pointed  out,  an  authentic  proof  that  the  Romans  occasionally  made  use 
of  materials  of  u  less  homely  character  for  inscribed  memorials,  and  the 
interesting  discovery  at  Bath  now  communicated  may  serve  to  authenticate 
the  marble  tablet  stated  to  have  been  found  at  Uriconhtm,  and  preserved 
in  the  museum  at  Shrewsbury.  It  is  the  inscription  to  the  Manes  of 
Antonia  Gemella  by  Diadumenus,  which,  owing  to  its  being  of  marble,  has 
been  regarded  as  brought  in  modern  times  to  this  country  from  the  conti- 
nent. A  small  marble  Roman  tablet  is  moreover  preserved  at  Berkeley, 
Gloucestershire  ;  it  represents  the  sacrifice  of  a  boar  to  Ilorcules,  and,  as 
Mr.  Scarth  remarked,  the  antiipiary  might  be  disposed  to  conclude  that 
it  is  of  foreiLTU  origin,  were  it  not  that  the  discovery  of  an  inscribed  marble 
fragment  amongst  the  vestiges  of  Aquce  ^olis  has  now  indubitably  shown 
that  marble  was  used  in  this  country  in  the  time  of  Roman  occupation. 
Whether  the  material  was  imported  or  obtained  in  Britain  Mr.  Scarth 
was  not  prepared  to  determine. 

Lord  Talbot  observed  that,  so  far  as  he  was  aware,  no  white  marble  is 
to  be  obtained  in  England  ;  but  there  exists,  as  he  believed,  a  quarry  of 
such  material  of  good  quality  in  Connemara.  Scarcely  any  evidence  has 
been  elicited  in  the  investigation  of  Roman  structures  in  Britain  to  show 
the  use  of  any  marbles,  even  in  the  luxurious  villas  of  which  such  exten- 
sive remains  have  been  brought  to  light.  At  Woodchester,  however,  Lysons 
found  a  fragment  of  green  marble,  a  portion  probably  of  the  architectural 
enrichments  of  that  sumptuous  Roman  dwelling. 

Mr.  Scarth  remarked,  that  he  gladly  availed  himself  of  the  occasion  to 
invite  attention  to  the  actual  condition  of  the  small  Roman  station  on 
Bowes  Moor,  Westmoreland,  which  he  had  lately  visited.  The  remains 
are  of  considerable  antiquarian  interest;  the  fortress  was  in  remarkably 
perfect  state,  until  the  recent  construction  of  the  railway  had  cut  through 
the  wall,  of  which  five  courses  remained  perfect ;  the  station  is  situated 
about  fjOO  yards  from  the  highest  ground  of  the  pass,  and  measures  about 
45  yards  Sfjuare.  The  gateways  were  perfectly  preserved.  The  site, 
however,  now  serves  as  a  quarry,  the  stones  being  carried  ofi'  for  any 
ordinary  purpose.  The  archieologist  must  regret  the  reckless  destruction 
of  such  vestiges  of  Roman  occupation.  The  mortar,  Mr.  Scarth  noticed, 
had  become  (juito  soft,  like  fine  mould,  possibly,  as  he  imagined,  through 
exDosure  or  tlie  constant  infiltration  of  moisture.  He  believed  that  in  tiie 
work  of  the  Roman  Wall  the  mortar  had  in  like  manner  perished. 

Mr.  S.  .1.  Ma(  Kli:,  F.G.S.,  then  gave  an  account  of  a  remarkable 
cavern  at  Heathery  Burn,  near  Stanhope,  in  Weardale,  Durham,  and  of 
the  ancient  relics  of  bronze,  bone,  and  other  materials  there  brought  to 
light,  accompanied  by  human  remains. 

In  December,  18G1,  in  quarrying-operatlons  in  the  mountain  limestone 
for  the  ironworks  of  the  Weardale  company,  a  cavern  wa.s  broken  into. 
Information  was  sent  to  Mr.  Mackie  innuediately  by  Mr.  .1.  ICIIiott,  of 
Wettt  ('r(ift.  Through  his  care  in  carrying  out  Mr.  Maeki(<'H  directions  in 
searching  for  jiarticular  relics,  and  nuiking  a  plan  of  the  cav<'rn  and 
sections  of  the  mineral  deposits  in   it,   an   utninnul  value  has  been  given   to 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE.  859 

the  evidence  aftorded  by  these  excavations.  The  human  remains,  and 
the  bronze  and  bone  articles  associated  with  them,  were  found  under  a 
coating  of  stalagmite  varying  from  four  to  eight  inches  in  thickness.  The 
animal  bones,  belojiging  to  the  ox,  horse,  otter,  badger,  water-rat,  goat, 
roebuck  and  wild  boar,  were  found  indiscriminately  in  and  under  the 
stalagmite.  The  manufactured  objects,  which  were  exhibited,  are  seven 
bronze  celts,  all  of  one  type  ;  a  portion  of  a  bronze  celt-mould,  an  armlet 
a  knife  also  of  bronze,  and  a  fragment  or  waste-piece  of  a  bronze  castino- ; 
also  several  round  bones  sharpened  to  a  point,  like  that  fi"-ure'd  bv  Worsaee 
Nordiske  Oldsager  (fig.  7).  There  was  also  found  part  of  a  jet  armlet ; 
and  with  these  relics  were  shells  of  oysters,  mussels,  and  limpets,  frag- 
ments of  charcoal  in  abundance,  bones  partially  burnt,  and  bones  split 
open  in  order  to  extract  their  marrow,  a  few  pebbles,  and  some  pieces  of 
dark-colored  coarse  pottery,  seemingly  very  similar  in  composition  to  frao-. 
ments  in  the  British  Museum  from  the  lake-dwellings  of  Switzerland. 
The  human  remains  have  been  examined  by  Professor  Huxley,  Mr.  Busk, 
Mr.  Carter  Blake,  and  other  anatomists.  They  belong  to  a  race  of  rather 
small  lightly-made  men,  with  prominent  superciliary  ridges  and  projectino- 
nasal  boyes,  and  of  considerable  antiquity,  that  existed  before  the  earliest 
epoch  of  British  recorded  history.  The  age  to  which  these  relics  may  be 
assigned  is  the  latter  part  of  the  bronze  period,  or  about  two  centuries 
before  the  Christian  era.  The  juxtaposition  of  the  human  remains  and 
the  bronze  and  bone  articles  ai)pears  to  indicate  a  true  association,  whilst 
the  broken  and  burnt  bones,  shell  fish,  and  other  debris  of  objects  of  food, 
may  confirm  the  other  indications  that  the  cavern  had  been  inliabited  by 
the  beings  whose  remains  have  been  found  in  it.  The  fragment  of  bronze 
waste,  and  the  moiety  of  the  celt-mould,  combined  with  the  uniform 
fashion  of  the  seven  celts,  may  be  considered  as  supplying  proof  that  the 
manufacture  of  bronze  implements  was  actually  carried  on  in  the  cavern. 
The  bronze  celts  exhibited  by  Mr.  Mackie  are  of  the  socketed  type  with 
a  loop  or  ear  at  the  side — such  as  might  be  produced  from  the  mould  of 
which  a  moiety  was  found  in  the  cave,  but  not  precisely  fittino-  it.  The 
bronze  weapon  designated  a  knife  is  a  stout  leaf-shaped  blade  of  compara- 
tively rare  occurrence  in  England  ;  it  measures  oh  inches  in  length,  with  an 
oval  socket  perforated  for  a  rivet  ;  it  may  have  been  a  dao-o-er,  or  the  head 
of  a  spear  or  other  weapon.  The  jet  or  waste-piece  of  bronze,  in  (general 
appearance  resembling  a  molar  tooth  with  long  fangs,  was  obviously  the 
superfluous  portion  of  metal  which  filled  the  neck  or  mouth  of  a  mould  ; 
similar  objects  have  occurred  elsewhere  amongst  fragments  accompanyiuo- 
the  indications,  as  supposed,  of  a  place  where  bronze  implements  may  have 
been  manufactured.  There  were  also  a  bronze  pin,  a  looped  armlet  formed 
of  thin  bronze  wire,  an  implement  of  bone,  such  as  might  have  been  used 
as  a  spatula  for  moulding  pottery,  fragments  of  urns  rudely  ornamented,  a 
bone  spinule-whorl  or  perforated  bead,  two  boar's  tusks,  «fec. 

The  following  account  by  Mr.  Clayton,  whose  researches  have  thrown 
Buch  important  light  upon  the  history  of  the  great  Roman  Barrier  in  Nor- 
thumberland, was  then  read.  Several  views  and  diagrams  of  great  interest 
were  exhibited  through  his  kind  permission  : — 

The  remains  of  the  Roman  bridge  across  the  North  Tyne  at  the  Station 
of  Cilurnum,  the  sixth  Station  per  Uncain  Valli,  are  nearly  half  a  mile 
lower  down  the  river  than  Chollerford  Bridge,  by  which  travellers  now 
cross  the  stream.      Camden,  journeying  in   1599  with  Sir  Robert  Cotton, 


300  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS   OF 

was  obliged  to  rely  uj>on  hearsay  ev'ulcnce  of  tlie  state  of  the  Wall,  and  of 
the  country  between  the  river  Tippalt  and  the  North  Tvne, — "  per  prre- 
dones  vero  liniitaneos  perhistrare  tuto  non  licuit." — He  seems  to  have 
found  the  banks  of  the  North  Tyne  in  a  more  civilized  state,  though  he 
describes  the  jwpulation  as  **  militare  genus  honiinuin,  qui  a  mense  Aprili 
usque  ad  Augustum  in  tuguriolis  cum  suis  peeoribus  excubant."  He 
describes  the  course  of  the  river  flowing  past  Ohipchase  Castle,  and  not 
far  from  Swinburne  Castle.  "  Murum  accedit  et  intersecat  sub  ChoUer- 
ford  ubi  poufe  fornicato  eonjunctus  erat. "  Stukeley,  travelling  with 
Roger  Gale  in  1725,  in  more  peaceful  times,  and  coming  from  the  west, 
did  not  pursue  the  line  of  the  Wall  further  than  Borcovicus,  but 
speaks  of  this  bridge  on  the  faith  of  information  he  had  received  ; — 
**  I  am  informed  that  where  the  Roman  Wall  passes  the  North  Tyne, 
it  is  by  a  wonderful  bridge  of  great  art,  made  with  very  large  stones 
linked  together  with  iron  cramps  fastened  with  molten  lead."  The 
first  specific  mention  of  the  remains  of  this  bridge  is  made  by  Gor- 
don, tlie  Scottish  antiquary,  who  gave  his  observations  under  the  title 
of  "  Itinerariuni  Soptentrionale,"  in  the  year  IZl'G,  and  who  was  the  first 
who  attempted  to  appropriate  to  their  proper  localities  the  namps  of  the 
stations  per  Vineain  Valli  enumerated  in  the  Xotitia  ;  he  was  for  the  most 
part  successful  in  his  conjectures,  though  otherwise  in  the  case  of  Cihirnuin, 
for,  having  overlooked  the  remains  of  the  Station  of  Ilunnum  at  Ilalton 
Chesters,  he  applies  the  name  of  ITunnum  to  Cilurnum.  "  Descending," 
says  Mr.  Gordon,  "  from  the  high  ground,  and  passing  through  a  place  called 
Brunton-on-the-Wall,  we  came  to  the  bank  of  tlw  river  called  North  Tyne, 
where  are  the  vestiges  of  a  Roman  bridge  to  be  seen,  the  foundation  of 
which  consists  of  large  square  stones  linked  together  with  iron  cramps,  but 
this  bridge,  however,  is  only  seen  when  the  water  is  low."  llorsley,  in  his 
"Britannia  Komana  "  publi^^lled  in  17.')2,  corrects  the  error  of  Gordon  in 
the  name  of  Cilurnum,  and  adds,  "  there  has  been  a  considerable  bridge  over 
the  river  just  at  the  fort,  the  fuundations  of  which  are  yet  visible."  In  the 
Bunmier  of  17S3,  Brand  waded  into  the  stream,  and  found  "innumerable 
square  stones  with  holes  in  them,  wherein  iron  rivets  had  been  fixed,  lying 
embedded  on  the  spot." 

Hodgson,  the  historian  of  Northumberland,  examined  the  remains  of  the 
bridge  more  niinutely  than  his  predecessors  ;  he  found  "  that  many  of  the 
stones  of  the  piers  remaining  in  the  water  were  regularly  jtierced  with 
an  oblong  hole  wider  at  the  bottom  than  at  the  toj),  plainly  for  a  louis 
by  which  they  had  been  let  down  into  their  present  beds,"  showing  that 
the  Romans  understood  an  invention  sometiuu's  ascribed  to  a  French 
engineer  in  the  reign  of  l^ouis  XIV.  lie  gave  to  his  invention,  as  supposed, 
the  naujc  of  his  sovereign.  Mr.  Hodgson  likewise  found  the  iron  cramps 
by  which  the  stones  were  bound  to  each  other,  as  mentioned  by  Gordon, 
and  he  gives  a  sketch  of  one  of  them.' 

In  Dr.  Brucc's  work  or  th(>  Iioman  WixW,  we  have  a  plan  of  the  remains 
of  this  bridge  visible  in  the  bed  of  the  stream,  consisting  of  the  founda(ii)n 
ittoncH  of  the  Western  land-abutment,  and  of  two  piers  at  ecpuil  distances 
froMj  each    other.     Dr.    Bruce   shadows   forth   a  conjectural   line  for  the 

'  Tin- loiiiH,  or  I'JwIm,  wiw  unquoHtioii-       in    tlio    Arclitcologia,    vol     x.    p.     127; 
ably  on'mI   hy  tni<  KotnaoH,  and  rIhu  woll       Iluiinnli.  C'lirun.,  vol.  i.  p.  51,  cd.  1&77. 
kuuwu  in  nioliu.vikl  liniuM.   ijco  aniomuir 


THE    AKCUAEOLUGIUAL    lxN.VrirUTE.  oui 

Eastern  land-abutracnt,  on  the  assumption  tliat  it  would  be  found  buried 
in  the  bed  of  the  stream  opposite  to  the  Western  abutment.  Since  tho 
davs  of  Camden,  nothing  has  been  seen  of  these  remains  except  aa 
deUneated  by  Dr.  Bruce.  It  was  reserved  for  the  sagacity  of  Mr.  William 
Coulson,  of  Corbridge,  who  was  engaged  very  successfully  in  the  excava- 
tions at  Bremenium,  undertaken  by  direction  of  the  Duke  of  Northumber- 
land, on  occasion  of  the  Meeting  of  the  Institute  at  Newcastle,  to  discover, 
in  ISGO,  the  remains  of  the  Eastern  land-abutment  which  have  been  since 
developed  by  the  spade.  In  shape  and  position,  this  abutment  corresponds 
with  tliat  shadowed  forth  by  Dr.  Bruce,  except  that  it  is  removed  con- 
siderably to  tho  landward  of  the  stream. 

The  beautiful  drawings  made  in  1861  by  Mr.  Mossman,  though  executed 
when  the  excavations  were  incomplete,  exhibit  a  correct  representation  of 
these  remains.  An  accurate  ground-plan  has  been  obtained  through  tho 
joint  labours  of  Mr.  Elliot,  of  Wall,  and  Mr.  Henry  Wilson,  of  East  Dun- 
kirk.- In  order  to  complete  the  discovery,  it  will  be  necessary  to  excavate 
in  the  bed  of  the  stream,  on  the  east  side,  where  will  doubtless  be  found  a 
third  pier,  partly  in  the  water  and  partly  under  the  bank  ;  it  was  occa- 
sionally seen  during  the  summer  of  1861.  The  span  of  the  bridge 
between  the  breast-works  of  the  land-abutments  on  each  side  is  180  ft.; 
tliere  are  four  openings  between  the  piers,  and  the  space  between  each  of 
them  is  oolh.  There  is  an  apartment,  2-i  ft.  by  23i  ft.,  under  the  plat- 
form of  approach  ;  the  roadway  brought  down  to  the  bridge  (including 
the  parapets)  is  22  ft.  wide  ;  it  was  brought  down  to  the  bridge  under  tbo 
shelter  of  the  Wall.  Five  courses  of  the  masonry  of  this  abutment  remain 
on  the  side  which  breasts  the  downward  current ;  on  the  opposite  side  four 
courses  remain,  each  measuring  18  in.  in  thickness.  The  stones  of  the 
exterior  bear  marks  of  having  been  carefully  set  ;  in  each  is  a  louis-holc, 
and  many  are  bound  together  with  iron  cramps  fixed  by  melted  lead  ;  somo 
have  been  bound  together  by  long  rods  of  iron  let  into  the  stones  and 
secured  by  lead.  The  stones  measure  3  ft.  in  lengtli  of  bed,  and  2  ft.  in 
breadth  ;  the  masonry  is  of  massive  character,  and  the  whole  work  has 
been  executed  with  great  care  and  skill.  Those  who  have  seen  the  mag- 
nificent remains  of  the  Pont  du  Gard,  lighted  by  the  sun  of  Languedcc, 
may  think  lightly  of  these  relics  of  the  bridge  of  Cilurnum,  under  the 
darker  skies  of  Northumberland  ;  but  it  may  be  affirmed  that  the  bridge 
over  the  river  Garden  does  not  span  a  lovelier  stream  than  the  North  Tyne, 
and  that  so  much  as  remains  of  the  masonry  of  the  bridge  of  Cilurnum 
leads  to  the  conclusion,  that,  as  originally  constructed,  it  was  not  inferior 
in  solidity  of  material  or  excellence  of  workmanship,  to  the  mighty  struc- 
ture reared  by  Roman  hands  in  Gallia  Narbonensis. 

Surrounded  by  the  masonry  are  seen  foundations  of  the  pier  of  a  bridge 
of  smaller  dimensions,  and  apparently  of  earlier  date.  This  pier,  from  its 
position,  must  necessarily  have  been  erected  before  the  W^all  was  built  or 
planned  ;  its  dimensions  would  scarcely  admit  of  a  superstructure  wider 
than  would  be  required  for  the  march  of  foot  soldiers  ;  its  existence  would 
seem  to  afford  evidence  in  support  of  the  hypothesis,  that  Cilurnum  was 
one  of  the  fortresses  reared  by  the  legions  under  command  of  Agricola. 

"  Tho  drawings  and  grouml-plan  were       these   discoveries,   moi-e   fully    given  in 
sent  for  exhibition  on  this  occasiou  by       tho  Archreologia  iEliana,  vol.  iv.,  octavo 
Mr.  Clay  ton's  kindness ;  see  tho  illustra-       series,  p.  80. 
tions  which  accompany  his  memoir  on 

VOL.   XIX.  3   D 


362  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OP 

The  station  has  evidently  had  an  existence  anterior  to,  and  independent  of, 
the  Wall.  Whilst  Procolitia,  Borcovicus,  and  .Esica,  depend  on  the  Wall 
of  Iladiian  for  their  Northern  rampart,  the  Station  of  Cilurnnm  is  com- 
plete in  itself,  and  has  had  communications  independent  of  the  military 
way  >Yliich  accompanied  the  Wall.  In  the  time  of  Ilorsley  "  there  were 
visible  remains  of  a  military  way  which  seemed  to  have  come  from  Watliug 
Street,  south  of  Elsingham,  to  the  Station  of  Cilurnum  or  the  bridge 
beside  it,  and  from  this  Station,"  says  Ilorsley,  "  a  military  way  has  gone 
directly  to  Caervorran,  which  is  still  visible  for  the  greater  part  of  the 
way;"  this  military  Way  has  in  our  day  been  distinctly  traced  by  that 
accurate  observer,  Mr.  Maclauchlan,  in  his  survey  carried  out  with  so 
uuich  ability  and  care,  by  direction  of  the  Duke  of  Northumberland. 
Agricola  secured  the  possession  of  the  valley  of  North  Tyne  by  planting 
in  its  gorge  the  fortress  of  Cilurnum,  and,  amonL:;st  other  communications 
with  it,  threw  a  bridge  across  the  stream,  of  wliich  this  jiier  is  the  only 
remnant.  The  piers  corresponding  with  it  in  the  bed  of  the  stream  have 
either  been  washed  away,  or  absorbed  in  the  stone-work  of  the  piers  of 
a  larger  bridge  built  by  Hadrian,  obviously  in  connection  with  the  \\a\\. 

In  the  drawings  by  Mr.  Mossman,  and  a  ground-plan  exhibited  in  illus- 
tration, are  to  be  observed  the  remains  of  a  covered  passage  carried  across 
the  ruins.  It  is  not  easy  to  conjecture  its  use,  but  it  is  obviously  posterior 
to  Roman  occupation,  and  many  stones  of  the  bridge  have  been  used  in  its 
formation.  Neither  amongst  these  ruins  nor  in  the  river  have  been  found 
any  voussoir  of  an  arch.  The  inference  is,  that  the  passage  over  the  river 
has  been  upon  a  horizontal  platform  of  timber.    * 

During  the  excavation  a  number  of  coins  were  collected.  The  earliest 
is  a  silver  coin  of  the  Cassian  family,  bearing  the  name  of  Caius  Cassius, 
the  assassin  of  Julius  C;isar.  Its  date  may  be  fixed  as  about  u.  c.  57.  A 
silver  coin  was  also  found,  in  excellent  preservation,  of  Julia  Domna,  second 
wife  of  Scverus.  Besides  these  silver  coins,  there  have  been  found  several 
of  brass,  of  Hadrian,  Diocletian,  the  Constantino  family,  and  of  Tetricus, 
generally  much  worn.  One  of  those  of  Diocletian  is  a  hue  coin  of  brass, 
ascribed  to  the  year  A.  D.  284  ;  reverse,  the  Genius  of  Home,  having  in  the 
right  hand  a  patera,  and  in  the  left  a  cornucopia. 

Amongst  debris  removed  during  the  excavation  have  been  found  much  of 
the  lead  and  iron  used  in  binding  the  stones  together  ;  a  piece  of  lead  in 
the  shape  of  a  horse's  hoof  ;  a  wrll-finishcd  altar  without  inscrii)tion  ;  a 
btonc,  about  4  ft.  in  length,  resembling  an  axlctree,  there  are  eight  mor- 
tices, as  if  for  receiving  handspikes  ;  it  has  been  suggested  that  it  may 
have  been  used  as  part  of  machinery  for  pounding  mortar.  Several  mill- 
stones liavc  been  found  ;  an  ivory  implement,  wliich  may  have  belonged 
to  a  lady's  toilet  ;  and  fragments  of  Samian  ware,  one  of  them  bearing 
the  mark  of  DOCCIVS,  previously  unknown  on  the  lloman  \\'all,  but  given 
in  the  list  of  potters  in  Mr.  Roach  Smiths  Roman  London. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Colli.n'OWOOD  Buuck,  who  had  kindly  come  from  Niw- 
casllc  in  order  to  bring  Mr.  Clayton's  very  curious  discovery  more  fully 
before  the  Institute,  then  entered  into  some  intiire.sting  details  relating  to 
the  couHtruction  of  the  bridge,  and  its  connection  with  the  great  mural 
barrier,  of  which  the  course  here  traversed  the  North  Tyne.  lie  pointed 
out  certain  points  of  analogy  with  the  bridge  constructeil  by  Trajan  across 
the  iMiinbe,  nrul  with  a  Roman  bridge  across  tli(>  MoMclie,  which  Dr.  Mruco 
had  lately  viailcd.     Willi  reference  to  the  period  of  the  building,  Dr.  Bruce 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  3G3 

stated  his  opinion  that  Agrlcola,  to  whom  he  was  disposed  to  attribute  the 
earliest  construction  of  a  stronghold  at  Cihtrnum,  had  doubtless  formed  a 
bridge  across  the  Tync,  indispensable  at  this  important  post.  Hadrian 
probably  found  the  works  of  Agricola  in  decay,  and  carried  out  considerable 
repairs  ;  to  his  time  Dr.  Bruce  is  disposed  to  assign  the  main  features  of 
the  work8  recently  exposed  to  view,  and  supposes  that  tlie  bridge  was  in 
fact  rebuilt  by  Hadrian.  lie  thought,  however,  that  vestiges  of  the  work 
of  a  third  period,  namely,  that  of  Severus,  arc  to  be  discerned  amongst 
these  striking  remains,  and  he  pointed  out  a  peculiar  mode  of  broaching 
apparent  on  the  facing-stones  ;  this,  as  he  believed,  may  characterise  the 
works  of  that  emperor  ;  it  is  to  be  found  at  Ilabitancum,  where  he 
repaired  a  gateway  and  portion  of  walling,  which  is  thus  broached  ;  and 
the  like  work  appears  at  Hexham,  at  Bremenium,  and  at  other  places  on 
the  line  of  the  Watling  Street,  The  energies  of  Severus  being  concen- 
trated on  the  subjection  of  the  Caledonians,  he  would  necessarily  take 
every  precaution  to  render  the  base  of  his  operations  secure,  and  he 
evidently  bestowed  great  care  on  the  AVatling  Street  and  the  Stations 
upon  it.  He  would  bestow  no  less  attention  on  the  important  post  at  the 
passage  of  North  Tyne  at  Cilurnum.  This  peculiar  broaching  is  found 
also  at  Houscsteads,  where  a  portion  of  the  wall  of  the  Station  has  evidently 
been  renewed. 

By  the  Rev.  J.  ^fcCAUL,  D.D.,  Principal  of  the  University  of  Toronto, 
through  the  Rev.  H.  M.  Scarth. — Collection  of  relics  found  in  tumuli  on 
the  North  bank  of  the  Niagara  River,  and  adjacent  to  the  course  of  the 
stream.  These  objects  consisted  of  fragments  of  urns  with  rude  scorings 
and  punctured  ornaments,  resembling  Celtic  pottery,  also  stone  implements, 
probably  heads  of  javelins  or  other  weapons,  similar  to  those  found  in 
European  countries. 

By  the  Dcke  of  Northumberland,  K.G. — Three  remarkable  weapons 
of  bronze,  recently  obtained  in  Northumberland,  and  of  forms  which  had 
not  previously  occurred  in  that  part  of  England.  One  of  them  is  a  large 
celt  of  the  simple  axe-head  type,  the  edges  slightly  recurved,  but  without 
any  trace  of  a  stop-ridge.  The  surface  is  elaborately  worked  with  chevrony 
lines  and  ornaments  which  may  have  been  partly  produced  by  hammering. 
Celts  thus  decorated  are  comparatively  rare  in  tliis  country,  but  they  occur 
frequently  in  Ireland  ;  compare  those  figured  in  Wilde's  Catal.  Mus. 
Roy.  Irish  Acad.,  pp.  3G2,  390.  Specimens  have,  however,  occasionally 
been  found  in  England  ;  one  in  the  British  I\Iuseum  was  obtained  near 
York,  and  a  second  in  Lancashire  ;  a  celt  also,  thus  ornamented,  found  in 
the  Forest  of  Dean,  is  noticed  in  the  Catalogue  of  the  Museum  formed 
during  the  meeting  of  the  Institute  at  Gloucester,  p.  0. — The  second  of 
the  recently  discovered  Northumbrian  relics  exhibited  by  kind  permission 
of  His  Grace  is  a  long  taper  blade,  of  a  type  likewise  rare  in  England, 
resembling  that  found  in  Ireland  and  figured  in  this  Journal,  vol.  xviii., 
p.  103.  It  measures  13.\  inches  in  length  ;  the  weight  is  4}  oz.  Compare 
Catal.  Mus.  Roy.  Irish  "Acad.,  p.  417.  The  third,  found  with  that  last 
described  in  draining,  about  a  mile  north-cast  of  Corbridge,  is  the  blade 
of  a  spear-head,  the  socket  unfortunately  lost  ;  there  is  a  small  perforation 
on  each  side,  near  the  lower  part  of  tlic  blade.     The  length  of  thefi'agment 


36:1 


PROCEEDINGS   AT   MEETINGS. 


13  lOg  inches ;  widili,  at  the  hroadcst  part  of  the  hhiilo,  2h  inches  ;  weight, 
7h  oz.  This  fine  weapon  resemhles  in  fa?liion  and  general  proportions  that 
found  in  ^loravshire,  figured  in  this  Journal,  vol.  xviii.,  p.  It!?.  Compare 
n  like  spear,  Cat.  Mus.  1\.  I.  A.,  p.  490. 

By  Mr.  W.  J.  Berniiard  Smith. — A  fine  specimen  of  the  hronzc  dagger, 
which  was  attached  to  the  haft  by  massive  rivets,  of  which  two  remain. 
It  was  found  in  the  Thames,  l.ength,  13}  in-  ;  breadth,  where  the  haft 
was  affi.Tcd,  3]  in.  Compare  specimens  found  in  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
Archajologia,  vol.  xxxvi.,  p.  3L'S  ;  Irish  examples  figured  in  "Wilde's 
Catal.  Mus.  Kuy.  Irish  Acad.,  ]).  44S. — A  large  bronze  celt,  of  the  simple 
axe-head  type,  probably  Irish  ;  remarkable  as  having  one  of  its  faces 
elaborately  engraved  with  chevrony  ornaments,  and  its  sides  diagonally 
ribbed  ;  the  margins  are  slightly  raised  above  the  faces  of  the  weapon,  but 
without  any  stop-ridge. 

By  the  Earl  uf  Lovelace,  F.R.S. — Two  weapons  of  bronze  and  a  long 
Bpear-head  of  iron  (IS.V  inches),  found  in  the  bed  of  the  Thames  at  Ditton, 
Surrey,  and  here  figured.  These  weapons  are  in  remarkably  fine  preser- 
vation ;  they  have  been  presented  by  Lord  Lovelace  to  the  British  Museum, 
where  a  small  bronze  spear  found  near  the  same  place  may  likewise  be  seen. 

By  Mr.  Marshall  Flsiier,  Curator  of  the  Kly  Museum. — A  small  urn 
of  very  uncommon  fashion,  having  one  handle,  and  ornamented  elaborately 
with  cross-hatchings,  oblong  hexagonal  compartments,  and  a  broad  zigzag 
liand  around  the  lower  part.  It  was  found  some  years  since  with  other 
pottery  at  ^larch,  in  the  Isle  of  Ely,  in  the  ballast  pit  worked  at  the  time 
of  the  construction  of  the  Peterborough  and  *Ely  branch  of  the  Great 
Eastern  Railway,  and  a  short  distance  north  of  the  March  Station.  The 
urn  was  not  found  in  the  gravel,  but  in  the  soil  overlying  it  ;  a  tree  was 
prowing  near  the  spot.  It  was  presented  to  the  Ely  Museum  by  Mr.  W. 
Rose.     The  urn  (here  figured)  measures  51  inches  in  bright  ;  the  diameter 


Urn  found  nt  Mnrcli,  lolo  of  FHy.     Iluiglit  ftj  Inches. 

cf  the  mouth  Is  3§  inches  ;  it  is  of  compnct  well-wrought  ware,  of  a  light 
broirn  color.  ThiH  one-handled  type  of  vessel  i.i  of  rare  occurrence. 
Mr.  Batcruan  hnH  given,  in  his  "  Ten  Years'  I'igginga  in  Grave-hilJH,"  one 


Al'''''^li, 


:i     '! 


I 


"Weapons  of  Bronze  and  Iron  found  at  Ditton,  Surrey. 

Presented  to  the  British  Museum  "by  the  Earl  of  Lovelace. 

Scale,  of  one-third  of  the  original  length. 


PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS.  365 

found  in  a  cairn  near  Pickcrinpf,  Yorkshire,  and  noticed  as  unique.  It  is 
figured  in  Mr.  Bateman's  work,  p.  209.  and  in  this  Journal,  voh  xviii., 
p.  415.  It  is  of  precisely  the  same  height  as  that  found  at  March,  and 
the  style  of  ornamentation  is  identical  ;  this  little  vase  lay  near  tiic  skull 
in  the  hurial-place  ;  the  hody  had  hecn  deposited  in  a  contracted  posture 
on  its  left  side  ;  several  calcined  implements  of  flint  lay  near  it,  and  over 
the  deposit  was  a  layer  of  lime,  charcoal,  and  hurnt  hones.  A  small 
vessel  with  the  same  peculiarity  of  a  handle  at  one  of  its  sides,  hut  un- 
furluiiately  much  hroken,  was  exhihited  by  the  late  Mr.  King  of  Appleford 
in  the  Museum  formed  at  the  meeting  of  the  Institute  at  Oxford  ;  it  was 
found  in  Apjilcford  Field,  Berks,  and  has  recently  been  purchased  with 
other  antiquities  in  Mr.  King's  collection  for  the  British  Museum.  This 
vessel,  elaborately  scored  with  zigzag  patterns,  measured  about  7  inches  in 
height,  it  stood  near  the  shoulder  of  an  adult  skeleton,  accompanied  by  a 
second  skeleton  of  very  small  stature  ;  those  were  supposed  to  be  the 
remains  of  a  mother  with  her  infant  child.  At  the  time  when  the  urn  was 
found  at  March,  many  other  remains  were  brought  to  light  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, as  stated  by  Mr.  Fisher  ;  namely,  at  JJoddington,  Wimblington, 
and  Stonea.  At  the  latter  place,  according  to  the  information  which  he 
received  from  Mr.  Rose,  a  well-preserved  vase  of  black  ware  was  found, 
probably  a  drinking  cup,  of  the  manufacture  of  Castor,  and  of  the  fashion 
frequently  occurring  there,  having  several  concavities  at  regular  intervals 
around  it,  produced  apparently  by  pressure  when  the  clay  was  still  soft. 
It  lay  in  an  oak  cist,  and  within  this  vase  was  found  an  aureus  of  Theo- 
dosius.  Mr.  Fisher  sent  for  examination  with  the  remarkable  urn,  above 
figured,  two  Roman  bow-shaped  fibula?  of  bronze  recently  acquired  for  the 
Ely  Museum,  and  also  thirty  Roman  coins  found  at  various  times  at  Elv. 
We  ai'C  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Roach  Smith  for  decipherino-  the 
greater  part,  which  consist  of  second  and  third  brass  Im])erial  coins  much 
defaced.  Amongst  the  collection  occur  coins  of  Vespasian,  Trajan, 
Hadrian,  Antoninus  Pius,  and  an  unpublished  variety  of  a  coin  ofCarausius, 
with  the  reverse  pax  •  avg.  The  latest  in  the  series  appears  to  be  a  coin 
of  Gratian  (a.  d.  375 — 383).  No  account  of  Roman  vestiges  at  Ely  has, 
so  far  as  we  are  aware,  been  published,  nor  are  any  such  noticed  in 
^Ir.  Babington's  valuable  account  of  Ancient  Cambridgeshire.  Mr.  Fisher 
stated  that  the  Romans  undoubtedly  had  a  camp  or  station  about  two  miles 
south-west  of  Ely,  and  he  had  collected  there  numerous  remains  of  pottery 
and  other  Roman  relics. 

By  Mr.  Jonx  Anderdon. — A  tall  Roman  sacrificial  vase,  ornamented 
with  subjects  in  relief. — Specimens  of  niediceval  pottery  ;  a  statuette  of 
Italian  white  ware  with  green  and  blue  glazes ;  it  represents  a  boy  bearing 
a  fish  upon  his  shoulders  ;  also  a  pair  of  curious  candlesticks  of  decorated 
pottery,  place  of  manufacture  not  ascertained. 

By  the  Rev.  Tullie  Cou.ntiiwaite.— A  singular  bronze  bell ;  the  part 
serving  as  a  clapper  is  not  suspended,  but  is  a  prolongation  of  the  cruciform 
handle,  and  being  movable,  it  may  be  turned  by  the  hand,  producing  a 
peculiar  and  agreeable  sound.  Around  the  bell  are  engraved  representa- 
tions of  the  B.  V.  Mary  with  the  Infant  Saviour,  the  Mater  Dolorosa,  the 
Virgin,  her  breast  represented  as  pierced  by  a  sword,  and  the  Ascension. 
There  are  several  inscriptions,  one  being  "  Gloria  in  Excelsis  Deo — Domine 
non  sum  dignus,"  (kc. ;  another  gives  the  date  mdc.xx. 

By  Mr.  Octavius  Mokgax,  M.P.— An  oriental  dish  or  lavcr  with  an  ewer 


366  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

of  burnished  metal,  enriched  with   repousse  floral  ornament,  probably  of 
Turkish  work. 

By  Mr.  Stcaut  Kxill. — A  singular  oblong  octagonal  box  of  bright- 
colored  brass,  probably  Dutch  ;  late  seventeenth  century.  On  the  lid  is 
cntrraved  Our  Lord  bearing  the  Cross.  On  its  inner  side  the  Adoration  of 
the  Magi.  On  the  bottom  of  the  box  is  engraved  the  Crucifixion  ;  this 
part  opens  by  a  hinge,  like  a  false  lid,  there  being  no  cavity  within  ;  the 
interior  surfaces  present  engravings  of  the  Nativity  and  the  Resurrection, 
and  the  lid  shuts  down  close  on  the  engraved  surface  within,  leaving  no 
intervening  space.  The  box  resembles  those  formerly  much  in  use  for 
carrying  tobacco,  but  the  sacred  character  of  its  decoration,  and  its  peculiar 
construction,  have  led  to  the  supposition  that  it  may  have  been  destined  for 
some  less  common  purpose. 

By  Miss  Kent,  of  Padstow,  Cornwall. — An  early  Italian  painting  on  a 
thick  panel  of  pine-wood,  primed  apparently  with  a  r/csso  ground.  It  is 
believed  to  be  a  portrait  of  Petrarch  ;  on  the  back  of  the  panel  is  an 
inscription  in  old  writing,  stating  that  the  portrait  was  painted  by  Battista 
Dossi,  who  died  in  1505,  after  the  portrait  of  the  Poet  by  Simon  I\Iemmi, 
or  Simone  di  Siano.  Profile  to  the  right;  the  head,  which  is  full  of  beautiful 
expression,  is  covered  with  a  red  capuclion,  around  which  is  a  wreath  of 
bay  or  laurel  leaves.  In  the  upper  corner,  to  the  left,  is  inscribed  in 
gold, — {Fr)ancesci  Pctrarchc  Effirjia.  The  panel  measures  IC!  inches  in 
height  by  12}  in  width.  This  interesting  portrait  was  obtained  in  Spain 
by  the  late  Mr.  Kent,  of  Padstow,  and  it  was  supposed  to  have  been 
brought  from  Venice. 

By  Mr.  W.  W.  E.  Wy.vne,  M. P. — A  set  of  engraved  silver  counters, 
with  the  heads  of  the  English  sovereigns  ;  they  are  30  in  number,  and  arc 
enclosed  in  a  silver  box  of  chased  open  work,  having  on  its  cover  a  head  of 
Charles  I.,  profile  to  the  left,  and  on  the  under  side  t!ie  head  of  his  consort. 
On  the  obverse  of  each  counter  is  engraved  a  diminutive  full-length  regal 
figure  within  an  oval  frame,  inscribed  with  the  name  and  date,  and  sup- 
porters, one  on  each  side  of  the  oval.  On  the  reverse  is  the  coat  of  arms 
of  each  sovereign  respectively,  and  around  the  margin  is  engraved  the 
jtlacc  of  birth,  duration  of  the  reign,  etc.  The  series  commences  with 
Edward  the  Confessor,  and  concludes  with  Prince  Charles,  afterwards 
Charles  II.  ;  several  pieces,  however,  arc  deficient,  but  a  few  have  been 
supplied  from  other  sets.  To  the  Confessor  is  here  given  the  coat,  a  cross 
patonce  between  four  martlets  ;  on  the  reverse  of  the  counter  with  tho 
effigy  of  Harold  is  an  escutcheon  charged  with  two  bars  voided  between 
six  leopards'  faces  ;  the  field  of  the  coat  usually  given  to  him  is  blazoned 
as  crusuly.  The  counter  with  the  figure  of  iMary  (iueen  of  Scots,  which 
occurs  in  other  sets  of  similar  design,  is  deficient  ;  that  which  bore;  a  full- 
li-ngth  figure  of  Darnlcy  is  broken  ;  on  the  reverse  is  the  coat  of  Stuart  of 
Darnlcy,  a  fessc  chequy  with  a  label  of  three  points,  and  the  inscription, — 

-f-  jjvjtvKD  'AT AT  •  Till;  '  AOi:  *  oF  '  21  '  1 5G7.     Of  James  I. 

lliere  is  a  counter  with  a  full-length  figure  in  an  oval  compartment,  as  on 
the  others,  and  also  a  duplicate,  a  bust,  three  (juarters  to  tlie  right,  the  hat 
looped  uj)  with  a  jewel,  tho  margin  inscribed, — "  tiive  thy  judgements  0 
Cod  to  the  king  ;"  reverse,  bust  of  Prince  llenr}',  to  the  right,  with  the 
inHcriplioii,-  "and  thy  rightcousnesse  imto  the  kings  sonnc."  Around  the 
figure  of  ChailcH  1.  is  engraved, — "God  send  long  to  raine," — and,  around 
that  of  Henrietta  Maria, —  tScrvir  u  JJku  c'cst  rcjncr.     There  arc  also 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  o67 

two  other  counters  of  different  types,  having  on  cacli  the  profile  husts  of 
Charles  and  his  queen  ;  on  the  reverse  of  one  of  these  pieces  is  an  escut- 
cheon, England  impaling  France  ;  on  the  other  is  the  following  device, — 
three  arched  crowns,  1,  2,  traversed  by  two  sceptres  in  saltire, — in  uno 
tria  iuncta.  The  further  deficiencies  in  the  set  of  30  counters  are  supplied 
by  two  pieces,  the  first  of  unartistic  execution,  Ohv.  a  small  bust  to  the 
right, —  Carolus  jyrimrps  natus  29  Maii,  1G30 — Rev.  four  oval  escutcheons 
arranged  in  a  cross,  as  on  coins  of  the  period.  The  other  is  of  very 
difi"erent  type  to  that  of  all  the  rest  ;  Obv.  a  shepherdess  I'n  fanciful  cos- 
tume ;  J?cv.  an  escutcheon  inscribed, — Ilet  gout  drinckt  door  een  staalc 
ducr — Ilct  gout  stclt  teluer  cracht  emvacht. — In  the  Biitish  Museum 
several  sets  of  silver  engraved  counters  may  be  seen,  and  amongst  them  a 
scries  of  royal  figures,  as  on  the  pieces  here  described.  In  Walpole's 
Anecdotes  of  Painting  (Dallaway's  edit.,  vol.  i.  p.  291),  it  is  stated  that 
Ililliard  had  license  for  twelve  years  from  James  I.  to  engrave  such  por- 
traits of  the  royal  family,  and  that  he  employed  Simon  Pass  and  other 
artists  in  executing  these  little  plates,  a  source  of  much  emolument  to  him. 
The  set  in  Mr.  Wynne's  possession  was  obtained  from  Penbedw,  co.  Flint, 
an  ancient  residence  of  the  Williams  family,  where  part  of  Sir  Kenelm 
Digby's  library  and  MSS.  now  belonging  to  Mr.  Wynne  was  preserved. 
An  engraved  silver  counter  found  near  Malvern  Priory  Church,  and  bearing 
a  figure  of  William  Rufus,  is  noticed  in  this  Journal,  vol.  v.  p.  191. 

liy  the  Rev.  C.  W.  Bingham. — Five  documents  relating  to  Ousby,  formerly 
Ulvesby,  and  other  localities  in  Cumberland  :  they  were  sent  by  obliging 
permission  of  the  late  Sir  John  J.  Smith,  Bart.,  of  Down  House,  Blandtord, 
in  whose  possession  these  documents,  of  which  the  following  abstracts  may 
be  of  interest  to  some  of  our  readers,  had  been  preserved. 

Grant,  undated,  by  Ysoude  daughter  of  Robert  de  Ulvesby,  to  Walter, 
parson  of  that  place,  in  fee  of  her  part  in  certain  lands  called  Thorn- 
thwaite,  in  Ulvesby  ;  with  warranty.  Witnessed  by  "  Tom'  filio  Johannis 
tunc  vicecomite  Cumberland',  Roberto  de  Karlat',  Roberto  de  Roberdeby, 
Ivone  de  Thornheueht,  Ilamone  de  Ulvesbi,  Henrico  de  Kempcleie,  Ada 
filio  ejus,  Ada  de  Braitheleie,  Radulfo  fratre  ejus,  et  multis  aliis,"  Appended 
by  a  label  is  a  circular  seal  on  white  wax,  diam.  about  1^  in.;  device  a 
cinqfoil  ;  legend   -f-  siqill'  ysovde  fil'  rob. 

Release  by  William  of  Boughes  to  his  brother  Roger  de  Boughes  of  all 
his  right  in  certain  lands  in  "  Ulfisby  "  in  Cumberland,  which  he  had  by 
devise  after  the  death  of  his  uncle  "  Magistcr  "  John  de  Boughes.  Wit- 
nessed by  Adam  Armestrang,  John  de  Kiikeosewold,  Adam  Cuntour  of 
Ulfisby,  Adam  son  of  Gilbert  of  the  same,  William  Atte  Lathis,  and  others. 
Dated  at  Stretford,  on  Sunday  next  before  the  feast  of  St.  Barnabas,  a.d. 
1321.  Appended  by  a  label  is  a  small  circular  seal  of  dark  green  wax  ; 
the  device  is  an  eagle  displayed  with  a  bull's  head  caboshcd  on  each  wing. 
The  impression  is  somewhat  defaced  ;  some  have  supposed  that  there  may 
have  been  a  third  bull's  head  on  the  breast  of  the  eagle. 

Release,  undated,  by  Roger  son  of  Herbert  dc  Welpon  to  Sir  Thomas  de 
Muletone  and  his  heirs  by  Ada  formerly  his  wife,  of  all  his  right  in  certain 
lands  which  his  father  had  of  the  gift  of  Henry  de  Rahtone  (Raughton) 
"in  Nova  terra  de  Sauribilih  "  (Sowerby).  Witnessed  by  "  Willolmo  de 
Dakir  tunc  vicecomite.  Domino  Alano  de  Muletone,  Domino  Radulfo  de 
Fcritate,  Domino  Patricio  filio  Thome  de  Wirkintone,  Domino  Ricardo  lo 
Brun,   Domino  Alexandre   dc    Kirkcby,    Domino    Ricardo    filio   Ankctini, 

VOL.    XIX.  3    K 


368  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

Domino  Willelnio  de  Berners,  Rolando  de  Vallibns,  Domino  Willehuo  filio 
Rogeri,  Domino  Gilleberto  de  Feritate  |iersoiia,  Wvdoiie  do  Bojvilla, 
Johannes  (sic)  de  Boyville,  Alano  de  Thorisby  (?),  Johanne  de  Mora, 
Rogero  de  Stokis,  Ilelva  de  Crostwait,  et  niultis  aliis."  By  a  i)arehniont 
label  is  appended  a  fragment  of  a  seal  on  bright  green  wax,  the  device 
being  a  fleur-de-lys.  AVilHam  de  Dacre,  whose  name  occurs  amongst  the 
witnesses,  was  sheritf  of  Cumberland  21 — 33  Henry  III. 

Power  of  attorney  by  lioliert  son  and  heir  of  Walter  de  Bury,  appointing 
"  dominum  lulbertum  Codde  de  llolmeswelle  capcUanum,"  and  William 
Marshalle  of  the  same  to  deliver  to  Richard  Fonne  of  llolmeswelle  seizin 
of  all  his  lands  and  tenements  in  that  place  which  descended  to  him  after 
the  decease  of  the  said  Walter  his  father.  Dated  on  Monday  after  the 
Sunday  on  which  is  sung  the  oHice  Mistriiorilia  Domitii  (the  second  Sunday 
after  Easier),  4G  Fdw.  III.  (1372).  To  a  slip  cut  from  the  bottom  of  the 
parchment  is  appended  an  impression  of  a  small  round  seal,  diam.  about 
^  in.  ;  the  device  is  the  head  of  St.  John  Baptist  in  a  charger  ;  the  legend 
is  defaced. 

Grant,  undated,  by  Hugh  Wytcng  lord  of  Estcranemere  to  Henry  de 
Ponte,  clerk,  of  certain  lands  in  that  place,  with  a  warranty.  Witnessed 
l)y  *'  Henrico  de  Monteforti  de  Nony,  Waltcro  de  Botiler,  Adam  de 
Pcnestan,  Henrico  Briton,  Thoma  le  Bigod,  Ricardo  le  Bigod,  Willelmo  le 
Warre,  Willelmo  de  la  Rokele,  Willelnio  Wyteng,  et  aliis."  The  seal 
is  wanting. 

By  Mr.  Carrcthers. — Italian  diploma  of  the  degree  of  doctor  of  philo- 
sophy and  medicine  conferred  upon  Thomas  Forbes  of  Aberdeen,  son  of 
William  Forbes,  by  Fortunius  Licetus,  Genuensis,  Professor  of  Medicine  in 
the  Academy  of  Padua,  "  et  mcdicina;  ac  inclyti  ordinis  dominorum  Philo- 
Bophiu;  et  Medicinso  doctorum  auctoritate  Veneta  prieses."  Dated  at 
Padua,  May  2,  1052.  Two  seals  are  ap|)cnded,  enclosed  in  oval  metal 
bo.xes  covered  with  leather  elaborately  tooled  and  gilded  ;  one  of  the  seals 
being  that  of  the  Chancellor  of  the  University,  the  device  upon  it  is  the 
Resurrection  of  Our  Lord  ;  the  device  upon  the  other  is  the  Lion  of 
St.  Mark.  The  initial  letters  are  gilded,  the  bordure  of  the  document 
illuminated.  The  learned  Licetus  was  a  voluminous  writer  on  antitpiities, 
medicine,  and  history,  well-known  by  his  treatise  on  ancient  lamps  and  by 
erudite  works,  amongst  which  the  "  llicroglyphica,"  a  dissertation  on 
devices  of  gems  set  in  antique  rings,  is  doubtless  known  to  many  readers  of 
this  Journal. 

l}y  Mr.  Eo-MUND  Watkrto.v,  F.S.A. — Four  leaden  hulhv,  that  earliest  in 
date  being  of  the  Lower  Empire  ;  the  obverse  inscribed  —  KWNCTAN- 
TINU)  riATPIK  ....  Bulla  oi  Alfonso  X.  called  The  Philosopher, 
King  of  Castile  and  Leon,  1255  —  84.  Diam.  2  inches,  06».  a  lion  rampant, 
with  the  legend  -{-h  :  am'o.nsi  :  ili.vstris  :  rkgi.s  :  castem.i:  :  et  :  i-eoiu.nks  : 
Jlec.  a  castle  with  three  towers,  with  the  same  legend.  Eleanor  his 
daughter  c»[iou8ed  Edward  I.  King  of  I'lngland. — //«//«  of  Andrea  Dandulo, 
Doge  of  Venice  1343 — 51.  Ohr.  St.  .Mark  vested  in  pontilii:als  and  with  a 
mitre  on  his  head  places  a  statf  with  a  small  banner  in  the  Doge's  hand. 
l..egend  illegible.  Ji'er.  a.nuui:a8  DANDVt.o  n't  c;u'a  vksktik  dai-matie  atq 
ciioAC  DV.X.  Diam.  1§  in. —  Jiulla  of  Francisco  Foscari,  Dogo  1423 — 57. 
Obv.   St.   Mark   and    the    Doge,    as    before    described.      Jtcv.    iMtA.vcisc  • 

rOHCAlU  •  DKl  •  Gu'a  •  DVX  '  VENKTIARV.M  *  KT  '  c',        Diam.   1  J  iu. 

Matric'K  and  iniprchuions  of  Seals. — By  the  Rev.  CllAiii,i:s  BiNiiliAM. — 


THE    AnCIIAEOLOGlCAL    INSTITUTE.  3G9 

Matrix  of  an  oval  seal,  length  nearly  an  incli,  found  at  Dorchester,  in 
Dorset,  consisting  of  an  antique  intaglio  cut  in  onyx  set  in  a  rim  of  silver, 
on  which  is  the  legend  -|-  sigillvm  wilelmi  de  melecvbe.  The  intaglio 
represents  a  horse  hridled,  ahove  it  the  letters  P  T,  between  its  legs  a,  in 
front  a  palm-branch.  Date  of  the  mounting,  the  end  of  the  twelfth  or 
heginiiing  of  the  thirteenth  century.  The  owner  of  this  seal  doubtless  took 
his  name  from  Mclcomh  in  Dorsetshire. 

By  James  Kexdrick,  M.D.,  of  Warrington. — A  largo  series  of  im- 
pressions, about  500  in  number,  from  matrices  chiefly  of  Italian  seals  in 
the  Bodleian  Library.  They  are  part  of  the  coUectiun  formed  about  1720 
on  tlie  continent  by  Richard  Rawlinson,  younger  brother  of  the  celebrated 
bibliomaniac  Thomas  Rawlinson,  and  founder  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  pro- 
fessorship at  Oxford.  lie  formed  a  large  collection  of  books,  MSS.,  coins, 
engravings,  tkc,  sold  after  his  death  in  1755.  Amongst  his  literary  pro- 
ductions was  a  volume  of  considerable  utility,  entitled  "The  Topographer," 
in  which  some  of  the  seals  in  his  collection  were  figured.  With  the 
extensive  collection  of  matrices  now  in  the  Bodleian  has  been  preserved 
Rawlinson's  notebook  containing  entries  of  his  purchases  in  Italy  ;  also  a 
catalogue,  with  numerous  drawings  of  the  seals,  and  especially  of  those 
late  the  collection  of  Sign.  Andrea  Lorenzani,  of  Rome.  The  catalogue 
was  compiled  and  the  drawings  executed  in  1700  by  the  Abbate  Valese  of 
Rome  ;  it  appears  that  large  additions  were  obtained  in  that  city,  and 
also  at  Naples,  Venice,  Bologna,  and  Padua,  between  the  years  1720 — 25, 
the  prices,  <Sic.,  being  in  many  instances  recorded.  Amongst  curiosities 
purchased  by  Rawlinson  at  Rome  in  1725  are  mentioned  "  two  canisters  of 
old  seals  and  medals."  The  entire  collection  now  extends  to  735  matrices, 
of  which  400  are  comparatively  modern,  and  70  are  without  legends.  It 
includes  several  English  and  Scottish  seals  of  considerable  interest. 

"We  desire  to  invite  attention  to  an  error  which  inadvertently  occurred 
in  the  brief  report  of  the  interesting  discourse  on  a  remarkable  charter 
exhibited  by  the  Earl  of  Winchilsea,  for  which  we  were  indebted  to  the 
kindness  of  Sir  Frederic  Madden,  at  the  meeting  on  April  4th  ult.  See 
p.  176,  in  this  volume.  It  was  there  said  that  Sir  Frederic  considered 
"  that  of  monastic  charters  prior  to  the  reign  of  Henry  I.,  few,  if  any, 
are  wholly  free  from  suspicion."  Sir  Frederic  has  favored  us  with  the 
following  observation  : — "  My  remarks  were  intended  here  to  apply  only 
to  Westminster  ;  and  I  said  that  it  appeared  to  me  extremely  doubtful 
whether  any  of  the  great  charters  granted  to  that  abbey  previous  to  the 
reign  of  Henry  I.  (including  under  that  terra  the  charters  of  Edgar, 
Dunstan,  Edward  the  Confessor,  and,  at  least,  one  of  William  the  Con- 
queror), could  be  considered  genuine  or  free  from  suspicion." 


PROCEEDINGS  AT  THE  ANNUAL  MEETING,  1S62, 
Held  at  Worcester,  July  22  to  July  29. 

On  the  afternoon  of  Tuesday,  July  22,  at  the  time  fixed  for  the  coni- 
meneemeut  of  the  gathering  of  areliajologists  in  the  "  Faithful  City,"  a 
numerous  assemblage  congregated  at  the  Guildhall,  which,  through  the 
kindness  of  the  Mayor  and  Corporation,  had  been  placed,  with  the  wlmlo 
of  its  ample  accommodations,  at  the  disposal  of  the  Institute.  Tiie 
spacious  lower  Hall  was  very  tastefully  decorated  on  the  occasion  ;  at  two 
o'clock  the  Mayor,  the  Sherifl',  the  City  Chamberlain,  and  Aldermen,  with 
other  functionaries  of  the  corporation,  arrayed  in  their  robes  of  office 
and  with  the  insignia  customary  on  state  occasions,  assembled  to  welcome 
the  noble  President  Elect,  Lord  Lyttelton,  and  also  the  President  of  the 
Listitute,  Lord  Talbot  de  ^Lilahide,  with  numero,us  friends  and  the  loading 
members  of  the  society  by  whom  he  was  accompanied. 

A  large  attendance  of  visitors  and  ladies  liad  already  congregated  in 
the  Assembly  room.  Tiie  proceedings  of  the  meeting  were  connnenced  by 
Lord  Talbot  de  Malauide.  The  noble  lord  observed  that  for  several 
years  it  liad  been  his  part  to  jneside  at  the  annual  gatherings  of  his 
archaiological  friends  and  fellow-laborers,  held  successively  in  so  many 
cities  of  the  realm.  It  had  always  been  to  liim  a  source  of  great  satis- 
faction thus  to  offer  his  personal  encouragement  of  a  cause  in  which  he 
liad  long  taken  a  very  lively  interest,  and,  amidst  the  agreeable  association 
with  old  friends,  to  form  new  friendships  and  enjoy  the  interchange  of 
congenial  intercourse  with  persons  of  kindred  tastes  and  |iursuits.  It  was, 
however,  with  even  greater  satisfaction  that  he  (Lord  Talbot)  was  called 
upon  to  present  to  the  meeting  as  his  successor  on  the  present  occasion  a 
much  worthier  President  in  his  noble  friend  Lord  Lyttelton.  They  all 
knew  the  distinction  to  which  that  noble  lord  had  attained  in  nmny 
branches  of  literature  and  intellectual  cultivation  ;  they  all  knew  the 
enlightened  spirit  in  which  ho  carried  out  every  j)urposo  in  which  ho 
engaged,  tlie  energy  and  earnestness  with  which  he  advocated  those  great 
public  purposes  which  found  in  him  so  ellicient  a  supporter.  The  cause  of 
liiiitorical  and  arcliiuological  research,  and  the  conservation  of  natioinxl 
monuments,  could  not  fail  to  receive  a  fresh  and  beneficial  stimulus  under 
his  auspices.  It  had  always  been  his  (Lord  Talbot's)  desire  that,  in  tlio 
course  of  the  periodieal  progresses  of  the  Institute  through  various 
dintrictH  of  the  country,  there  should  not  be  wanting  in  each  locality  some 
person  of  distinction,  not  less  by  his  acipmintance  with  the  anti(piitie8  and 
anniiU  of  his  county,  than  by  inlluential  Ho<iiiI  position,  who  might  consent 
to  occupy  the  olhee  (if  PrchidLiit.      With  the  hope  that  on  future  occubious 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  o71 

tlie  Institute  might  enjoy  the  like  good  fortune  by  which  they  were  now 
favored  in  prosecuting  their  purpose  under  the  friendly  encouragement  and 
auspices  of  Lord  Lyttelton,  he  would  move  that  the  noble  lord,  their 
President  elect,  do  take  the  chair. 

Lord  Lyttkltox  then  addressed  the  meeting,  expressing  in  A'ery  grati- 
fying terms  his  sense  of  the  honor  conferred  upon  him  by  the  Institute, 
and  the  hearty  wish  to  promote  to  the  best  of  his  ability  the  success  of 
their  meeting  in  his  county,  and  also  the  general  interests  of  a  society 
instituted  for  a  worthy  and  patriotic  purpose.  But,  whilst  warmly  appre- 
ciating the  kind  terms  in  which  he  had  been  presented  by  his  friend  Lord 
Talbot  to  the  meeting,  he  could  not  refrain  from  the  expression  of  regret 
at  his  inability  to  realise  expectations  which  Lord  Talbot's  address  might 
have  produced.  On  former  occasions  it  had  happened,  through  the 
favor  of  his  friends  and  neighbours,  that  he  (Lord  Lyttelton)  had  found 
himself  called  upon  to  occupy  positions  of  distinction  which  he  had 
personally  no  claim,  unless  by  virtue  of  his  office  in  that  county,  to  occupy. 
lie  had  never,  however,  felt  so  strongly  as  at  the  present  moment  how 
imperfectly  qualified  he  was  to  fulfil  the  functions  of  the  office  conferred 
upon  him  ;  he  had  hitherto  had  comparatively  little  particij)ation  in  the 
pursuits  and  studies  of  archaeology  ;  the  duties  of  his  public  life  had 
made  him  more  conversant  with  Worcestershire  as  it  is,  than  with  Worces- 
tershire as  it  was.  But,  whilst  he  must  forego  any  claim  to  practical 
acquaintance  with  special  objects  of  antiquarian  study,  he  would  yield 
to  none  in  hearty  sympathy  and  interest  in  the  highly  important  subjects 
associated  not  only  with  Worcestershire,  but  with  the  history  of  our 
country  and  of  great  institutions  in  Church  and  State,  which  would  be 
brought  under  the  consideration  of  the  meeting  over  which  he  had  been 
requested  to  preside.  He  would,  moreover,  yield  to  none  in  the  gratifica- 
tion with  which  he  regarded  the  visit  of  such  a  society  to  his  county,  or 
the  advantages  which  must  accrue  on  such  an  occasion  in  the  general  exten- 
sion of  knowledge  and  of  a  more  true  estimation  of  memorials  and  vestiges 
of  bygone  times.  It  frequently  happened  that  the  less  persons  were  able, 
in  the  daily  pressure  of  practical  life,  to  give  attention  to  subjects  of 
ancient,  it  might  be  truly  said,  of  undying,  interest,  with  the  more  delight 
did  they  welcome  any  casual  opportunity  which  brought  before  them  such 
subjects  set  forth  and  explained  in  a  lucid  and  satisfactory  manner.  Such 
a  feeling  he  (Lord  Lyttelton)  had  experienced  ;  he  looked  forward  with 
pleasure  to  taking  part  in  the  varied  occupations  of  the  week,  and  to 
accompanying  the  members  of  the  Institute  in  their  explorations  of  sites 
of  ancient  or  historical  interest  in  his  county.  Although  the  society 
devoted  attention  specially  to  the  works  of  man,  and  to  antiquities  asso- 
ciated with  the  industry  and  genius  of  man,  none  could  fail  to  recognise 
the  additional  charm  and  pleasure  which  those  pursuits  present  when 
connected  with  the  admirable  and  unchanging  works  of  God,  with  the  pic- 
turesque scenery  of  the  locality,  and  the  inexhaustible  charms  of  such 
natural  features  as  would  here  meet  their  view.  He  would  only  express, 
in  conclusion,  the  sincere  hope  that  the  meeting  in  which  it  gave  him  so 
much  pleasure  to  take  part  might  prove  one  of  unmiugled  gratification, 
and  beneficial  to  the  cause  which  the  Institute  sought  to  promote. 

The  Deputy  Town  Clerk  of  Worcester  (R.  Woof,  Esq.)  then,  by 
request  of  the  Mayor,  read  the  following  address  of  the  Mayor  and  Corpo- 
ration : — 


372  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

"  To    the  Ri^ht  Hon.  Lord  Lyttelton,    rresiilent   of  tlie  nieetiiio;,   ami   to 

the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide  and  the  members  of  the  Archse- 

ological  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

"  Mj  lords,  ladies,  and  gentlemen, — We,  the  Mayor,  aldermen,  and 
citizens  of  the  city  of  Worcester,  in  council  assembkd,  desire  to  otler  to 
your  lordships,  and  to  the  members  of  the  Archaeological  Institute  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  our  sincere  congratulations  on  the  occasion  of  your 
having  selected  our  ancient  city  as  the  place  of  meeting  of  the  Institute 
for  the  present  year,  and  we  beg  heartily  to  bid  you  welcome  within 
our  walls. 

"  We  believe  that  our  county,  whilst  acknowledged  to  be  ])re-omincnt  for 
natural  beauties,  can  boast  of  many  most  adiiiiiable  spocimcns  of  the 
architecture  of  the  Middle  Ages  ;  and,  though  the  hand  of  time,  or  the  still 
more  destructive  agencies  of  civil  war,  and,  subsequently,  the  progress  of 
modern  improvement,  have  prostrated  some  of  its  ancient  buildings,  still 
the  city  of  \Vorcestcr  and  its  neiglibourliood  will  be  found  to  possess  a 
sufficient  variety  of  objects  for  examination  and  research  to  justify  the 
gratifying  selection  which  you  have  made.  Connected  as  our  city  has 
been  with  many  interesting  historical  events — the  favored  spot  honored 
by  many  a  royal  visit,  from  the  time  of  the  first  Henry — the  last  resting- 
place  of  more  than  one  of  our  line  of  princes — the  scene  of  a  disastrous 
siege,  which  destroyed  or  seriously  mutilated  many  of  our  churches  and 
public  buildings,  and  of  a  battle,  the  traditions  of  which  still  linger 
amongst  us — it  is  evident  that  its  annals  must  be  replete  with  most 
valuable  subjects  for  your  consideration ;  and  we  feel  it  a  duty  on  our  part 
to  oH'er  you  such  aid  as  we  possess  in  furthernnce  of  the  labors  which 
your  society  has  undertaken  for  the  illustration  of  the  history  of  past 
ages. 

"  It  has  now  been  sufficiently  generally  acknowledged  that  arelucology, 
or  the  study  of  antitpiity,  has  a  direct  etlcct  upon  the  progress  of  art,  i»y 
drawing  attention  to  the  beautiful  works  of  ancient  times,  and  by  bringing 
before  tiie  art-workman  excellent  examples  for  the  cultivation  of  his  taste, 
and  for  the  improvement  of  design.  But,  beyond  the  intluence  of  such 
knowledge  upon  our  arts  and  manufactures,  its  extension  must,  we  feel 
assured,  tend  to  render  Englishmen  more  proud  of  their  country,  and  more 
careful  in  preserving  the  beautiful  relics  of  bygone  ages  still  left  to  them  ; 
and  whilst  it  renders  them  more  sensible  of  the  advantages  which  they 
enjoy  in  the  present  time,  compared  witli  those  of  their  forefathers,  it 
inspires  them  with  admiration  for  those  men  wjio,  in  times  less  peaceful 
than  our  own,  contributed  to  establish  and  maintain  those  great  consti- 
tutional j)rivilege3  which  as  a  nation  we  enjoy,  and  which  form  the 
most  iinperi.sbablc  link  of  connection  between  the  present  and  tlio 
past. 

"  Wo  trust  that  the  prnceeditigs  of  this  week  may  tend  very  con- 
Hi<lcrably  to  increase  the  large  fund  of  historical  information  which  the 
ArcliH'ological  Institute  of  Great  lliitain  has  been  the  means  of  collecting, 
and  that  at  the  close  of  your  congress  you  may  leave  our  city  laden,  not 
only  with  fresh  acrpiisitions  of  ancient  lore,  hut  with  such  jdeasing  rcmi- 
niHcenccB  of  your  stay  amongst  us,  as  may  in  after  years  recall  to  your 
recollection  your  visit  to  Worcester  as  not  the  least  pleasurable  or  iiibtruc- 
tivc  nmonght  the  numcroiiH  progrcHses  which  you  have  made  through 
England  in  purHuit  of  your  important  and  interesting  objects. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  373 

"  Given  under  our  common  seal,  at  the  Guildhall  of  the  said  city,  this 
22nd  day  of  July,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1862. 

"Joseph  Firkins,  Mayor." 

Lord  Lyttelton,  addressing  the  Mayor  and  members  of  the  Town 
Council,  expressed  in  most  cordial  terms,  on  the  part  of  the  Archieolo- 
gical  Institute,  their  thanks  for  this  gratifying  assurance  of  friendly 
welcome. 

Sir  Edmund  IL  Leciimeue,  Bart.,  High  Sheriff  of  the  county,  then 
addressed  tlie  meeting,  and  observed  that  he  was  very  desirous,  especially 
as  holding  at  the  present  time  an  influential  office  in  Worcestershire,  to 
convey  on  the  part  of  the  county  the  hearty  expression  of  welcome  to  the 
Institute.  He  did  this  with  the  greater  satisfaction,  having  for  many 
years  been  personally  connected  with  the  society,  and  having  long  been 
desirous  that  the  advantageous  results  which  had  accrued  from  their 
annual  progresses  in  many  other  parts  of  the  realm  should  be  extended  to 
Ids  own  county,  where  he  had  earnestly  sought  to  promote  a  taste  for 
purposes  and  pursuits  kindred  to  those  which  the  Institute  had  elsewhei-e 
so  successfully  prosecuted.  The  true  bearing  of  archaeological  investiga- 
tion had  not,  as  he  believed,  been  truly  appreciated  ;  he  hoped  that 
the  proceedings  of  the  week  now  commencing  would  throw  a  fresh  light 
upon  the  scope  and  tendency  of  archajology  in  all  its  various  branches.  He 
anticipated  much  gratification  in  the  results  of  the  Temporary  Museum,  a 
pleasing  feature  of  the  meeting  of  the  Institute,  and  to  which  Sir  Edmund 
had  heartily  rendered  every  encouragement  in  his  power.  The  close  con- 
nection between  works  of  antiquity  and  works  of  art  had  possibly  not 
been  generally  understood.  Sir  Edmund  adverted  to  the  itnpoitance  of 
the  unrivalled  display  of  ancient  and  mediaeval  art  lately  brought  together 
for  public  instruction  at  South  Kensington,  and  also  to  the  singular  value 
of  such  serial  collections,  as  tending  to  illustrate  not  only  the  progress  of 
arts,  but  of  civilisation  and  manners,  and  thus  to  throw  light  upon  the 
history  of  nations.  Sir  Edmund  said,  in  closing  his  address,  that  in  a 
week  of  such  varied  occupations  some  intervals  of  refreshment  must  be 
welcome,  and  as  High  Sheriff  he  was  desirous  to  invite  his  archajological 
friends,  with  all  who  might  participate  in  the  meeting,  to  a  luncheon  at  the 
Guildhall  after  the  discourse  on  the  Cathedral  which  Professor  Willis  had 
promised  to  give  on  a  subsequent  day. 

The  Right  Hon.  Sir  John  Pakington,  Bart.,  then  rose  and  said,  that 
he  felt  much  pleasure  in  being  invited  to  second  the  assurance  of  welcome 
to  the  Institute,  on  the  part  of  the  county,  expressed  by  his  friend  the 
High  Shcritf.  He  alluded  to  the  numerous  points  of  attraction  which 
Worcestershire  presents  in  its  historical  associations  and  ancient  monu- 
ments of  architecture  or  art  ;  and  he  perceived  with  satisfaction  by  the 
programme  of  the  week  that  an  ample  selection  of  objects  of  the  most 
interesting  character  had  been  comprised  in  the  scheme  of  proceedings. 
He  felt  strongly  that,  amongst  many  recent  proofs  of  progress,  none 
possibly  was  more  striking  than  the  novelty,  introduced  first  in  the  present 
year  on  an  extended  scale,  that  noblemen  and  other  persons  possessing 
rare  and  instructive  examples  of  ancient  or  mediaeval  art  were  willing  to 
entrust  them  for  exhibition  for  the  benefit  of  the  public  at  large.  Sir 
Edmund  Lechmere  had  alluded  to  the  very  remarkable  instance  of  such 
a  collection   which  had  rcccntiv  dcli^rlited  all  beholders  at  South  Kensiuir- 


371  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETIN'GS    OF 

ton.  IIo  (Sir  John)  hoped  sincerely  that  the  practice  might  be  cxtendeil  ; 
he  consiilered  it  wortliy  of  an  cnlightcncil  country,  and  tending  to  excite 
interest  in  the  history  of  arts  and  manufactures,  in  a  manner  gratifying  to 
tlie  pubhc  mind  and  improving  to  the  public  taste.  In  referring  to  the 
Temporary  Museum  to  be  formed  in  the  College  Hall  during  the  present 
meeting.  Sir  John  expressed  the  satisfaction  with  which  he  had  contri- 
buted some  objects  which  he  hoped  might  be  regarded  with  interest,  and 
tliat  the  collection,  enriched  by  his  noble  friend  Lord  Lyttelton,  and  also 
by  the  High  Sheriff,  by  Sir  Thomas  AVinnington,  and  other  AVorcester- 
ehire  collectors,  would  prove  worthy  of  the  county  and  of  the  occasion. 

The  Rev.  Canon  AVooD  offered  a  most  cordial  welcome  on  the  part  of 
the  Dean  and  Chapter.  The  address  read  by  the  Town  Clerk  had  so  well 
and  distinctly  conveyed  the  wishes  and  feelings  of  the  city  and  county 
towards  the  Institute,  that  little  remained  to  he  said  in  any  congratulatory 
expressions.  He  regretted  that  it  had  fallen  to  him  to  appear  as  the 
representative  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  on  that  occasion  ;  he  regretted, 
also,  greatly  the  afflicting  circumstances  which  had  deprived  them  of  the 
presence  of  the  Dean.  As  representing,  however,  the  appointed  guar- 
dians of  the  venerable  cathedral,  he  could  not  refrain  from  alluding  to 
the  satisfaction  with  which  he  regarded  the  visit  of  one  of  the  most 
eminent  architectural  authorities  in  this  coimtry.  Several  years  had 
elapsed  since  Professor  Willis  carefully  examined  the  cathedral  ;  in  the 
interval  much  had  been  done  to  bring  to  light  features  of  interest  upon 
which  hia  opinion  was  much  desired.  The  interior  had  been  denuded  of 
the  covering  which  concealed  curious  portions,*  and  works  of  renovation, 
rendered  indispensable  through  the  lapse  of  years,  had  been  carried  out, 
as  he  hoped  would  be  recognised,  with  that  conscientious  care  which  it 
was  the  duty  of  the  Cliajitcr  to  maintain.  In  tendering  a  sincere  and 
cordial  welcome,  Canon  Wood  signified  the  gratification  with  which  the 
Dean  and  Chapter  had  placed  the  College  Hall  at  the  disposal  of  tho 
society,  and  their  desire  to  afford  every  facility  for  examination  of  tho 
structural  details  of  the  cathedral  and  buildings  connected  with  it. 

Sir  CiiAKLr:.s  Hastings,  as  President  of  the  Worcestershiie  Natural 
History  Society,  offered  assurance  of  welcome  and  ready  co-operation  on 
his  own  part  and  that  of  the  council  of  that  society,  hoping  that  the  visit 
of  the  Institute  might  prove  in  every  respect  successful  and  productive  of 
lasting  results.  He  alluded  to  the  gratification  with  which  tho  council 
of  the  W^orcestcrshire  Society  had  placed  at  the  disposal  of  their  archrco- 
logical  visitors  not  only  their  assenddy  room  and  museum,  but  also  all 
relics  of  antirpiity  and  works  of  art  in  their  collection  which  might  cidiancc 
the  interest  of  the  Temporary  Museum  of  the  Institute.  Sir  Charles 
spoke  of  the  thirst  for  knowledge  throughout  the  country  in  recent  years, 
and  of  the  beneficial  tendency  of  local  gatherings  for  scientific  or  anti- 
quarian purpose's  in  promoting  intellectual  and  social  advancement.  The 
Mayor  and  Corporation  had  evinced  most  conunendable  goodwill  in  further- 
ing the  purposes  of  the  Institute  ;  those  also  who,  like  Sir  Charles,  had 
more  especially  devoted  attention  to  natural  science  or  other  kindred 
piirhuits,  woidd,  ho  felt  assiucd,  gladly  unite  in  affording  every  encourage- 
ment on  the  present  oeeaHion. 

Lord  Lytti;i.ton  cx|)reHHed  the  thanks  of  tho  Institute  in  acknowledg- 
ment of  the  nHsuraneoH  of  kind  fe<!ling  and  encouragement  of  the  purposes 
of  tlio  uociely  thtiH  heartily  tendered  at  the  outset  of  their  meeting. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  375 

A  vote  of  tlianks  to  the  noble  President  having  been  moved  by  the 
Mayor,  it  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Octaviu.s  Morgan,  M.P.,  and  by  Lord 
Neaves,  and  carried  with  much  applause. 

The  Mayor  tlien  took  occasion  to  convey  a  most  hospitable  invitation 
to  a  breakfast  in  the  Guildhall  on  the  following  morning,  and,  after  the 
usual  announcements  by  the  Rev.  Edward  Hill  regarding  excursions  and 
general  arrangements,  the  meeting  dispersed. 

The  Temporary  Museum  formed,  by  kind  permission  of  the  Dean  and 
Chapter,  in  the  ancient  conventual  Refectory  now  known  as  the  College 
Hall,  was  then  opened  ;  the  interesting  character  of  the  collections 
arranged  with  excellent  effect  by  Mr.  Charles  Tucker,  and  mostly  illus- 
trative of  the  history  and  antiquities  of  Worcester  and  the  county,  attracted 
a  large  number  of  visitors. 

A  numerous  party  of  the  archfeologists  proceeded  to  make  an  inspection 
of  the  principal  olijects  of  architectural  or  historical  interest  in  Wor- 
cester, under  the  guidance  of  Mr.  Severn  Walker,  Hon.  Sec.  of  the 
Worcester  Architectural  Society,  Mr.  Edwin  Lees,  Mr.  J.  H.  Parker,  and 
other  gentlemen  conversant  with  the  vestiges  of  ancient  times  in  Worcester. 
Mr.  Severn  Walker,  who  had  taken  a  very  kind  part,  as  local  Secretary 
of  the  Institute,  throughout  the  preliminary  arrangements,  had,  with 
obliging  care,  prepared  a  useful  directory  not  only  to  all  the  sites  of 
archajological  attraction  in  Worcester  and  the  immediate  neighbourhood, 
but  also  pointing  out  many  architectural  or  other  objects  of  curious 
interest  readily  accessible  in  the  county,  and  which  could  not  be  included 
within  the  limits  of  the  general  excursions.  The  principal  objects  visited 
in  Worcester  were — St.  Andrew's  church,  St.  Alban's  church,  and  the 
Commandery,  to  which  every  facility  of  access  was  most  kindly  permitted 
by  the  present  possessor,  R.  C.  Mence,  Esq.  That  ancient  building  con- 
tains, as  Mr.  Parker  pointed  out,  one  of  the  most  perfect  and  interesting 
examples  of  an  ancient  hall  extant,  with  a  fine  open-timbered  roof  of  the 
time  of  Henry  VIL,  a  bay-window,  and  a  coved  projecting  canopy  or  dais 
where  the  high  table  stood.  Mr.  Severn  Walker  read  some  notes  on  the 
history  of  the  Norman  foundation  of  this  charitable  and  religious  house, 
and  of  the  subsequent  transitions  which  it  has  undergone.  The  architec- 
tural details  have  been  carefully  delineated  in  Mr.  Dolman's  Domestic 
Architecture.  From  the  Commandery  the  archteologists  proceeded  to  an 
ancient  building  in  Friar  Street,  the  best  specimen  of  fifteenth-century 
timbered  work  which  Worcester  can  now  produce,  and  supposed  by  Britton 
to  have  been  a  hostelry  connected  with  the  monastery  of  the  Grey  Friars. 
They  likewise  visited  the  "  King's  House  "  in  the  Corn  Market,  bearing 
the  date  1577,  and  where  Charles  IL,  according  to  tradition,  lodged  on 
the  night  previous  to  the  battle  of  Worcester.  Thence  the  visitors  pro- 
ceeded to  examine  the  ancient  buildings  once  connected  with  Trinity  Hall, 
the  place  of  assembly  for  the  local  guilds  and  trading  companies,  and  to 
the  vestiges  in  the  Tything,  which  mark  the  position  of  a  nunnery  known 
as  the  White  Ladies.  The  remains  of  the  chapel  and  various  monuments, 
&c.,  which  existed  at  the  time  of  the  visit  of  the  Archseological  Associa- 
tion in  1848,  have  almost  wholly  perished  ;  the  entrance  to  a  crypt  still 
exists,  from  which  a  subterranean  passage  was  supposed  to  lead  to  the 
catlu'dral  ;  but  all  endeavors  to  bring  to  light  the  proofs  of  such  tradition 
liave  been  fruitless.  Mr.  Edwin  Lees  pointed  out  in  the  ancient  nunnery 
garden  a  venerable  mulberry-tree,  which,  although  now  prostrate,  is    in 

VOL.  XIX.  3   F 


376  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

vigorous  vegetation  ;  its  age  has  been  supposed  to  be  not  less  than  seven 
centuries. 

In  the  evening  a  meeting  was  lield,  by  obliging  permission  of  the  Wor- 
cester Natural  History  Society,  in  their  Assembly-room.  The  chair  was 
taken  by  Lord  Lttteltox.  Tiio  proceedings  commenced  with  a  memoir 
on  the  Ecclesiology  of  Worcestershire,  read  by  Mr.  Severn  Wai-KEU  ;' 
wiiich  led  to  discussion  of  certain  points  of  interest,  in  which  the  noble 
President,  and  also  Lord  Talbot,  Sir  Thomas  Wiunington,  the  Rev. 
E.  mil,  Mr.  Freeman,  Mr,  Parker,  and  other  members  present  took 
part. 

A  Memoir  was  tlien  read  on  Pershore  Abbey  church  by  Mr.  E.  A. 
FJtEEMA.v,  preparatory  to  the  proposed  visit  to  that  place  on  the 
morrow. 

The  Rev.  S.  Lvsons,  F.S.A.,  read  a  short  notice  of  the  Rescue  of 
Henry  VI IL  by  three  Gloucestershire  men  on  a  field  of  battle,  in  his  French 
wars,  in  1513.  According  to  tradition,  Guy  Ilooke,  a  Gloucestershire 
man,  with  two  other  valiant  men  of  that  county,  preserved  the  king  on  an 
occasion  of  sudden  surju-ise  ;  the  former  was  rewarded  with  an  estate  near 
Worcester  called  Crooke,  still  the  property  of  his  descendants.  The 
armour  worn  by  Guy  Hooke  had  been  preserved  until  recent  years  ;  the 
two-handed  sword  which  he  wielded  on  the  memorable  occasion  in  question 
now  alone  exists  ;  it  was  shown  by  Mr.  Lysons,  through  the  obliging  per- 
mission of  Mr.  Thomas  Ilooke  the  present  representative  of  the  family, 
and  was  exhibited  in  the  Temporary  Museum."-  Mr.  Lysons  gave  also  a 
short  account  of  a  sculptured  tablet,  which  he.  exhibited,  lately  found  at 
Gloucester  on  the  site  of  property  formerly  belonging  to  the  Whittington 
family  ;  it  represents  a  youth  holding  a  cat  in  his  arms,  aiul  is  supposed 
by  Mr.  Lysons  to  be  a  portraiture  of  the  renowned  Richard  Whittington, 
and  to  supply  fresh  evidence  in  support  of  the  tradition  relating  to  his 
early  history. 

Wednesday,  July  23. 

At  nine  o'clock,  by  the  hospitable  invitation  of  the  Mayou  of  Worcester, 
the  members  of  the  Institute,  with  the  numerous  ladies  and  visitors  attend- 
ing the  meeting,  were  most  kindly  entertained  at  breakfast  in  the  Guild- 
hall. The  party  assembled  in  the  lower  Hall,  which  was  very  tastefully 
decorated.  The  Mayor  presided,  supported  by  Lord  Lyttelton  and  Lord 
Talbot  de  Malahide.  The  day  having  thus  agreeably  commenced  with  a 
social  and  very  gratifying  mark  of  the  cordial  feelings  evinced  towards  the 
Institute  in  the  "  Faithful  City,"  at  ten  o'clock  the  meetings  of  the 
Sections  commenced  in  the  accnstonjcd  course  of  the  proceeilinga. 

Ill  the  Section  of  History  the  first  memoir  was  read  on  Lord  Chancellor 
Somcrs  and  other  Legal  Celebritie*  of  Worcestershire,  by  Mr.  Edward 
FosH,  F.S.A.  Amongst  the  earlier  men  of  eminence  in  legal  biography 
in  the  county,  Mr.  Fo.ss  alluded  to  .John  Cinnmiug,  a  monk  of  Evesham  in 
the  twelfth  century,  who  became  Archbishop  of  Dublin.  Certain  other 
minor   cclfhriiicM   of  subsequent   times  were    noticed  ;   but  more  especially 


'   l'riiit«<l  at  lon^ib  in  tho  Oontlcmnn'it  ^  It   in   liopod   that    Mr.    liyROUH  will 

Ma^aziiiu,   vol.  2]'6,  Dae.    18ti2,  p(>.  400,        pve  IIiIm  curi»uH  nK-nioir  in  Iuh  Hcrieti  of 
689.  Ulouceuturabiru  AuliiiuiiiuM. 


THE    Alien AEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  ^377 

the  celebrated  author  of  the  Tenures,  from  wliom  Mr.  Foss  traced  the 
Lytteltoii  descent  to  the  noble  President,  under  whose  favorable  auspices 
the  Institute  had  assembled  in  Worcestershire.  He  noticed  also  Judge 
Berkeley,  Sir  Thomas  Steele,  William  Simpson,  and  Nicholas,  Lord  Lech- 
mere,  ancestor  of  the  kind  friend  of  the  Institute,  the  present  High  SlierifF. 
A  more  detailed  sketch  was  given  of  the  life  and  times  of  the  great  Lord 
Somers,  replete  with  important  and  interesting  facts  connected  with  the 
eventful  period  of  his  career.  In  a  discussion  which  arose,  Mr.  Noake, 
wliose  valuable  contributions  to  local  history  and  topography  have  thrown 
much  light  on  the  annals  of  Worcester,  offered  some  remarks  on  the 
tradition  that  the  birthplace  of  Lord  Somers  was  a  house  in  St.  Michael's 
parish,  now  destroyed  ;  it  has  been  usually  supposed  that  he  was  born  at 
the  White  Ladies.  Mr.  G.  Hastings  also  made  some  observations  on  the 
history  of  the  Chancellor's  early  life. 

The  Kev.  W.  Sthbbs,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Navestock,  Essex,  then  read  a 
memoir  on  the  History  of  the  Cathedral,  Diocese,  and  Monasteries  of  W'or- 
cester  in  the  Eighth  Century.     Printed  in  this  volume,  page  236. 

In  a  meeting  of  the  Section  of  Antiquities  which  ensued,  the  chair  was 
taken  by  the  Master  of  Gonvil  and  Caius  College,  Dr.  Guest.  The  fol- 
lowing communications  were  read  : — 

On  Traces  of  History  and  Ethnology  in  the  Local  Names  of  Worcester- 
shire. By  the  Rev.  John  Earle,  M.A.,  late  Professor  of  Anglo-Saxon  in 
tlie  University  of  Oxford.  This  paper  formed  a  continuation  of  the  valua- 
ble memoirs  by  Mr.  Earle,  Avhose  dissertations  on  Local  Names  in  Cheshire 
and  Gloucestershire  liave  appeared  in  this  Journal. 

Sir  Charles  Anderson,  13art.,  then  read  a  short  paper  on  Traces  of  the 
Scandinavian  Language  as  retained  in  the  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire  and 
in  adjacent  parts  of  Lincolnshire. 

Shortly  before  two  o'clock  a  numerous  party  proceeded  by  special  train 
to  Pershore.  They  first  visited  the  singular  little  chapels  at  Pinvin  and 
Wyre  Piddle,  similar  to  each  other  in  their  general  and  peculiar  features, 
and  supposed  by  Mr.  Bloxam  and  other  archaeologists  to  present  the  only 
examples  of  Saxon  work  in  Worcestershire.  Mr.  Parker,  however,  stated 
grounds  for  a  different  opinion,  and  considered  Pinvin  chapel  to  be  a  work 
of  the  eleventh  century.  He  pointed  out  the  curious  squints,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  small  round  clianccl-arch,  and  in  the  north  wall  one  of  the 
original  little  deeply-splayed  windows  exists.  The  plaster  on  the  walls 
prevents  examination  of  the  masonry  so  as  to  ascertain  whether  long-and- 
fihort  work,  usually  considered  as  indicative  of  the  Saxon  style,  occurs  in 
the  quoins.  Tliere  are  some  mural  paintings,  which  may  be  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  but  traces  of  secondary  painting  occur.  The  Rev.  Dr. 
"Williamson,  whose  kind  courtesies  contributed  very  much  to  the  enjoy- 
ment of  this  day's  excursion,  informed  the  visitors  of  his  intention  to 
preserve  those  curious  relics  of  early  art  by  covering  them  with  glass.  On 
arriving  at  Pershore,  Mr.  Freeman  kindly  undertook  to  explain  the  remark- 
able character  and  features  of  the  Abbey  church.  In  many  instances  the 
division  of  a  conventual  church  between  the  monks  and  the  parish  may 
account,  he  observed,  for  the  examples  of  choirs  being  destroyed  and 
naves  left  standing  ;  at  Pershore,  however,  at  Boxgrove,  and  at  a  few  other 
places,  the  reverse  is  the  case  ;  a  circumstance  for  which  there  must  have 
existed  some  cause,  although  he  had  failed  to  ascertain  it.  Many  conven- 
tual churches,   like   that  of  Pershore,  had   a  small  parish  church  closely 


37 S  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

adjoiuing.  The  oldest  or  Norman  remains  were  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Free- 
maa  as  seen  where  the  north  transept  joins  tlie  base  of  the  tower  ;  the 
nave,  now  destroyed,  was  Norman,  as  were  likewise  the  tower-arches. 
Mr.  Freeman  expressed  his  admiration  of  tlio  tower  as  singularly  fine,  and 
its  etloct  may  probably  be  much  better  in  its  present  ruinous  condition  than 
when  it  was  surrounded  by  the  four  limbs  of  the  church  ;  its  proportions 
now  appear  lofty  and  grand,  but  originally  it  must  have  appeared  compara- 
tively stunted.  The  nave  had  a  low  roof,  whilst  the  roofs  of  the  presby- 
tery and  transepts  were  steeply  pitched.  On  conducting  the  visitors  into 
the  church  Mr.  Freeman  examined  the  south  transept,  which  Mr.  Hopkins, 
an  architect  at  Worcester  who  has  devoted  much  attention  to  local  eccle- 
siology,  is  inclined  to  assign  to  Earl  Oddo,  a.d.  lOoG,  as  stated  in  a 
mcmuir  which  he  has  given  on  this  church.  Mr,  Freeman,  however,  was 
not  inclined  to  accept  so  early  a  date.  The  work  is  very  ])lain  and  rude  ; 
tliere  are  scarcely  any  attempts  at  ornamentation,  no  mouldings,  and  the 
capitals  occasionally  present  the  peculiar  volute  seen  in  the  earliest  exam- 
ples of  the  style  in  Normandy.  The  older  portions  of  the  church,  ho 
remarked,  correspond  closely  with  those  of  Tewkesbury  and  Gloucester. 
The  Norman  choir  had  been  destroyed  by  fire  about  1253,  apparently  just 
after  the  cast  end  had  been  added  in  Transitional  work  of  which  some 
portions  may  be  discerned.  On  proceeding  to  the  presbytery,  Mr.  Free- 
man stated  that  it  is  an  exceedingly  good  example  of  the  common  Early 
English  style,  namely,  with  the  round  abacus  and  clustered  shafts,  the 
pier  losing  all  trace  of  rectangular  section.  There  is  no  distinct  triforium  ; 
the  tiiforium  is  thrown  into  the  clerestory.  In  the  I)ccoratod  period  the 
vaulting  of  the  presbytery  was  constructed  and  made  to  harmonise  with 
the  Early  English  work.  No  important  part  of  the  church  belongs  to  the 
Perpendicular  period.  At  the  south-east  angle  Mr.  Freeman  pointed  out 
where  the  transept,  now  destroyed,  had  stood  ;  it  is  proposed  shortly  to 
restore  this  feature  of  the  fabric.  There  are  al.-o  indications  of  a 
vaulted  chapel  formerly  attached  to  the  transept,  and  the  point  of  junc- 
tion of  the  conventual  buildings  may  be  discerned. 

Mr.  Bloxam  then  read  some  observations  on  a  cross-legged  effigy  of  a 
knight  in  Fershore  church,  formerly  in  the  churchyard  on  the  north  side. 
He  referred  its  date  to  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  about  1250.  The  chief 
jteculiarity  consists  in  the  mailed  covering  of  the  right  hand  being  thrown 
back  at  the  wrist,  so  that  the  hand  is  bare,  grasping  a  hunting-horn,  an 
indication,  as  Nash  and  other  antiipiaries  have  supposed,  that  the  person 
commemorated  was  a  forester  or  an  oilicial  ranger.  Mr.  Bloxam  stated 
the  grounds  of  his  conjecture  that  the  horn  may  have  reference  to  ancient 
tenure  by  cornago.  This  curious  effigy  is  figured,  Journal  Brit.  Arch. 
Assoc,  vol.  iv.,  p.  31!). 

After  inspecting  the  small  pari.sh  eliun-h,  the  arclueologists  were  most 
kindly  welcomed  at  the  vicarage  by  the  Kev.  Dr.  Williamson,  and,  having 
partaken  of  hi.s  frii.'iully  hospitality,  they  returned  by  train  to  Worcester. 

At  the  Evening  Meeting  the  chair  was  taken  by  Ijord  Nkavk.s.  Mr.  Par- 
ker offered  some  ob.scrvations  |>rclimiiiary  to  the  excursion,  proposed  for  the 
following  day,  to  J-jvesham,  iWickland,  Broadway,  and  Campdcn  ;  lie  also 
placed  befuro  the  meeting  sketches  illustrative  of  the  objects  which  would 
thtTc  claim  attention. 

A  njcmoir  wan  then  read  on  I-'arl  Simon  de  Montfurl  and  Mvesham 
Abbey,    by  Mr.    Fiu:i:man.      He   obscrveil    that   almost  all   vestiges  of  that 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  379 

important  monastery  have  unfortunately  disappeared  ;  a  door-way  whicli 
led  to  the  chapter-house  is  left  ;  tlie  only  relic,  however,  of  note  is  the 
beautiful  bell-tower.  The  interest  attaching  itself  to  Evesham  is  not 
architectural  but  historical  ;  it  is  associated  with  the  memories  of  great 
men  whose  bones  there  lie  mouldering  into  dust  ;  such,  Mr.  Freeman 
remarked,  was  Simon  de  Montfort,  one  of  the  greatest  champions  of 
English  liberty.  Although  not  canonised  at  Rome,  Simon  was  regarded 
by  the  people  at  large  as  a  saint  ;  his  praises  were  sung  in  all  languages 
used  in  tliis  country  ;  of  these  enthusiastic  eulogies  Mr.  Freeman  gave 
examples.  The  hero  was  compared  with  Simon  Peter,  Simon  Magus,  and 
Simon  the  Maccabee.  Mr.  Freeman  entered  at  considerable  length  into 
the  history  of  Simon  and  his  family  ;  also  into  the  political  and  social 
circumstances  connected  with  his  eventful  career  and  exploits,  not  only  in 
England  but  in  Gascony  and  other  foreign  parts  ;  he  eulogised  warmly  the 
still  more  important  results  of  Simon  de  Montfort's  memorable  efforts  in 
behalf  of  English  rights  and  liberties  in  the  calling  up  of  representatives  of 
the  boroughs  to  Parliament. 

Thursday,  July  24. 

This  day  being  devoted  to  an  excursion  to  Evesham,  at  half-past  nine  a 
numerous  party  set  forth,  and,  on  reaching  that  place,  proceeded,  under  Mr. 
Freeman's  guidance,  to  examine  the  site  of  the  monastic  buildinr's,  and  also 
the  adjoining  parish  churches.  All  Saints  and  St.  Lawrence,  the  former 
containing  a  richly-decorated  mortuary  chapel  of  Abbot  Clement,  Lichfield, 
with  beautiful  fan  tracery  in  its  vaulting.  The  bell-tower,  the  finest  archi- 
tectural relic  of  the  ancient  grandeur  of  Evesham,  was  his  work :  it 
answered  the  twofold  purpose  of  an  entrance  portal  and  of  a  campanile  ; 
it  may  have  also  served  as  a  spacious  lich-gate,  and  thus  corresponds  with 
the  tower  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  that  at  West  Walton,  Norfolk.  Con- 
siderable excavations  were  made  some  years  since  on  the  site  of  the  monas- 
tery by  the  late  Mr.  Rudge,  and  extensive  vestiges  of  its  former  greatness 
were  brought  to  light  which  were  mostly  removed  to  his  residence  distant 
about  two  miles  from  Evesham.  These  interesting  discoveries  have  been 
fully  described  and  illustrated  in  the  VeUista  Monumenta  published  by  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  ;  unfortunately,  the  present  possessor  of  the  archi- 
tectural and  other  relics  thus  displaced  from  the  site  with  the  interest 
of  which  they  were  so  esspntially  associated,  was  unwilling  to  permit  the 
Institute  to  inspect  his  curious  acquisitions.  The  worthy  Mayor  of  Eves- 
ham, Mr.  Iluband,  courteously  received  the  visitors,  and  conducted  them  to 
various  objects  of  antiquarian  interest.  He  exhibited  an  ancient  ecclesi- 
astical ring  found  at  Evesham  ;  also  the  Regalia  of  the  Corporation, 
amongst  which  is  a  silver  cup,  the  gift  of  George  Carew  in  1660.  The 
♦'  loving  cup  "  having  been  filled  by  the  worthy  Mayor,  Lord  Talbot  pro- 
posed health  and  prosperity  to  the  ancient  municipahty  and  inhabitants  of 
Evesham. 

Some  of  the  archreologists  visited  also  Dr.  Perry,  who  had  collected  at  his 
residence  certain  antiquities  and  relics  found  in  Evesham  and  in  the  nei"-h- 
bourhood  ;  amongst  these  was  a  large  processional  cross,  supposed  to  have 
been  part  of  the  sacred  ornaments  of  the  conventual  church  ;  it  is  now  in 
the  possession  of  Mr.  Fade,  of  Evesham,  and  is  described  in  the  Catalo"-ue  of 
the  Museum  formed  at  Worcester  during  the  meeting  of  the  Institute,  p.  ID. 


380  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

From  Evesham  the  party  proceeded  to  Buckland,  a  remote  villngc  in  a 
picturesque  position  in  Gloucestersliire.  The  church  presents  some  features 
of  interest,  and  adjoining  to  it  is  an  ancient  ahbatial  manor-liouse  :  it  is  a 
good  specimen  of  fourtoonth-century  work.  Here  Mr.  Parker  kindly  took  the 
part  of  cicerone :  the  house  is  noticed  in  liis  Domestic  Architecture,  vol.  iii., 
p.  252.  There  is  a  fine  oKl  hall  at  the  Rectory,  where  the  visitors  were 
courteously  received  by  the  Rev.  W.  riiillipps,  who  cxliibited  a  curious  pall 
or  altar-cloth,  consisting  of  portions  probably  of  ancient  vestments  which 
may  have  belonged  to  Hayles  Abbey,  and  also  a  singular  wooden  cup 
mounted  in  silver  and  inscribed  with  the  donor's  name  :  it  is  supposed  to 
liave  been  connected  with  church-ales  or  other  parish  festivities.  These 
olijects  are  noticed  in  the  Worcester  Museum  Catalogue,  before  cited,  pp. 
40,97.  Tlie  parsonage  at  Buckland  was  built  about  1520,  by  William 
Grafton,  whose  rebus,  a  graft  in  a  tun,  is  to  be  seen  in  the  hall  windows. 

Broadway  was  the  next  object.  Mr.  Parker  directed  the  attention  of  the 
visitors  to  the  old  church  now  for  some  years  disused,  which  contains  some 
IS'orman  work  in  the  nave  ;  the  fabric  is,  however,  mostly  of  the  period  of 
transition  from  the  Decorated  style.  The  rood-loft  remains.  Over  the 
cliancel-arch  the  arms  of  Charles  I.,  dated  1G41,  attracted  notice  as  an 
unusual  instance  of  their  preservation  in  the  genei'al  removal  of  such  insignia 
during  the  Commonwealth.  Another  manor-house,  connected  with  Per- 
shore  Abbey,  and  of  some  architectural  interest,  was  visited  under  ^Ir. 
Parker's  guidance  ;  and  the  party  then  proceeded  to  the  residence  of  the 
Viscount  Campden,  on  his  friendly  invitation  to  a  collation,  a  most  welcome 
refresliment  after  the  fatigues  of  their  ])ilgri«iage.  At  the  close  of  the 
repast  Lord  Lytteltun  returned  thanks  for  the  hospitalities  and  friendly 
courtesy  with  which  the  Institute  had  thus  been  favored  in  their  visitation 
of  these  parts  of  the  Cotteswold  range,  and  the  excursionists  took  their 
leave,  to  inspect  the  picturesque  little  town  of  Cliipping  Campden,  formerly 
a  place  of  considerable  wealth  and  successful  industry  in  the  manufacture 
of  cloth.  There  are  several  interesting  stone  houses  with  good  architec- 
tural details  ;  the  church,  although  of  late  work,  is  a  .striking  example  of 
the  period,  with  its  beautiful  lofty  tower  and  traceried  windows  ;  it  con- 
tains also  some  remarkable  sepulchral  brasses,  memorials  of  the  ancient 
merchants  of  the  staple,  and  some  stately  tombs  of  the  Noel  family.  Lord 
Lyttclton,  with  Lord  Talbot  and  many  of  their  archa;ological  companions, 
found  a  hearty  welcome  at  the  Vicarage  from  the  Rev.  C.  E.  Kennaway, 
where  some  ancient  embroideries  with  other  curious  relics  there  preserved 
were  kindly  presented  to  their  inspection  by  Mrs.  Kennaway.  A  snnill 
party  examined  also  the  old  chapel,  at  some  distance  from  the  general 
route,  at  Broad  Cam]iden. 

Iti  the  evening  a  crjiiversazidiio  ti'ok  jilaco  iu  the  ]\Iusciini  (if  tli(>  Insti- 
tute in  the  College  Hall,  which  was  eliectively  lighted  u|»  fur  the  occasion. 
The  numerous  visitr)r8  lingered  to  a  late  hour,  highly  gratilicd  by  the  atten- 
tions of  Mr.  Charles  Tucker,  in  doing  the  honors  of  the  valuable  and 
instructive  WorcestcrHhire  Collections  tastefully  arranged  by  him  in  ehro- 
jiological  classification.  Several  gentlemen  of  the  i-ounty  friendly  to  the 
purposes  of  the  Institute  in  tlieir  Worcestershiro  gathering,  ami  whoso 
kindncsHliad  cnriclied  that  collection  of  Worcestershiro  relics,  were  enabled 
to  be  prewnt  this  evening.  They  had  tinfortunately  been  precluded  from 
any  pnrtieipntion  in  the  jtroceiMlings  of  (he  congress  through  lh(>  unoxpeeted 
Aclcction  of  the  sume  week  by  the  JiUil  of  Dudley  (one  of  the  local  I'atrons 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  381 

of  the  Institute),  Lieut. -Col.  Commandant  of  the  "  Queen's  Own  Worces- 
tershire Yeomanry  Cavalry,"  for  the  periodical  drill  and  review  of  that 
gallant  corps. 

Friday,  July  25. 

The  Sections  resumed  their  proceedings,  the  Hon.  Lord  Neaves  presiding 
in  the  Meeting  of  the  Historical  division.  The  following  memoirs  were 
read  : — 

On  the  liistory  of  Wulstan,  Bishop  of  Worcester  a.d.  1062.  By  tlie 
Very  Rev.  W.  Fauquiiau  Hook,  D.D.,  F.R.S.,  Dean  of  Chichester.  "This 
valuable  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  ensuing  volume  of  this  Journal. 

The  Royal  Councils  of  A\'orcester.  By  the  Rev.  Ciiaules  H.  Harts- 
HOHNE,  M.A.      Printed  in  this  volume,  p.  303. 

Some  account  of  N'^acarius,  the  first  Professor  of  Civil  Law  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Oxford,  and  of  a  MS.  of  his  Epitome  of  the  Roman  Law  preserved 
in  the  Library  of  Worcester  Cathedral.  By  Mr.  George  W.  Hastings, 
LL.B. 

At  half-past  one  o'clock  a  Meeting  of  the  Architectural  Section  was  held 
in  the  Assembly-room  at  the  Guildhall.  In  the  unexpected  absence  of  Sir 
Stephen  R.  Glynne,  Bart.,  President  of  the  Section,  who  was  hastily 
summoned  to  London  to  attend  a  Parliamentary  Committee,  the  chair  was 
taken  by  Lord  Lyttelton.  Professor  Willis  then  gave  an  admirable 
discourse  on  the  Architectural  History  of  Worcester  Cathedral.  The 
following  is  a  very  imperfect  outline  of  his  most  interesting  dissertation. 

Professor  Willis  prefaced  his  remarks  by  observing  that  the  cathedral 
■was  a  structure  of  singular  interest,  from  the  various  styles  of  its  archi- 
tecture. These  styles  and  various  peculiarities  he  hoped  to  have  the 
opportunity  of  pointing  out  to  his  hearers,  when  he  accompanied  them 
later  in  the  day  in  an  examination  of  that  remarkable  structure.  The 
early  history  of  the  cathedral  had  already  been  set  forth  very  ably  by  other 
members  of  the  Institute.  He  proposed  to  limit  his  observations  to  the 
fabric  actually  existing.  In  regard  moreover  to  the  Saxon  Church  he 
should  say  nothing  ;  he  did  not  believe  that  there  was  any  fragment  of  it 
now  existing  ;  he  would  begin  with  the  work  of  Wulstan.  In  enquiri^  of 
this  nature  it  is  requisite  to  ascertain  first  what  historical  evidence  may  be 
available  for  our  guidance,  and  then  to  compare  the  building  itself  with 
these  documents.  The  stones  tell  their  own  history,  and  the  documents 
serve  to  illustrate  that  history.  The  principal  document  would  be  the 
Chronicle  of  Florence  of  Worcester,  evidently  written  by  one  of  the  monks 
of  Worcester.  Wulstan  was  present  with  Edward  the  Confessor  at  the 
dedication  of  St.  Peter's,  Westminster,  now  called  Westminster  Abbey,  a 
building  which  had  given  rise  to  controversy  with  regard  to  Saxon  archi- 
tecture ;  it  was  erected,  as  has  been  alleged,  by  Norman  workmen  brought 
to  this  country  by  the  Confessor,  and  thus  wo  had  Norman  work  before 
the  Conquest.  After  the  battle  of  Hastings,  Wulstan  made  his  submis- 
sion, and  was  continued  in  the  see  of  Worcester.  In  1084  he  began  his 
work  at  AVorcester  Cathedral,  and  it  is  recorded  that  four  years  after  the 
monks  entered  into  occupation,  a  short  time  to  suffice  for  building  a  church 
and  monastic  buildings,  but  probably  only  a  portion  was  completed.  Quoting 
a  passage  from  William  of  Malmesbury,  in  which  Wulstan  is  described  as 
comparing  unfavorably  the  spirit  which  prompted  his  work  with  that  which 
actuated  the  builders  of  the  ancient  cathedral,  while  he  spoke  of  that 
edifice  as  materially  inferior,  the  Professor  inferred  that  the  early  edifice 


382  TROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS   OF 

was  of  insignificant  character,  ami  that  no  part  was  retained  by  Wulstan. 
In  1092  Wulstan  sunimoneil  a  SjnnJ  to  be  held,  as  stated,  in  the  crypts 
which  he  had  built  from  the  foundation.  Tiiis  shows  plaiidy  that  the 
crvpts  were  the  work  of  Wulstan.  In  1113  tlie  church  and  city  were 
burnt.  Wulstan  died  in  1095,  and,  according  to  Mahnesbury,  was  deposited 
in  a  tomb,  described  as  between  two  pyramids,  witii  an  arch  over  it  ;  this 
•was  in  early  times  a  common  form  of  monument,  which  subsequently 
became  more  elaborate.  In  1175  Wulstan's  tower  fell  to  the  ground,  a 
casualty  unfortunately  of  frequent  occurrence  in  Norman  structures,  and  of 
which  Chichester  Cathedral  has  recently  been  so  sad  an  example.  In 
1202  another  fire  occurred  ;  in  the  next  year  Wulstan  was  canonised  ; 
in  120S  King  .John  visited  the  cathedral,  and  gave  100  marks  for  the 
repair  of  the  cloisters  and  other  buildings.  In  12 IC  John  was  buried  in 
the  cathedral,  and  in  1218  the  body  of  St.  Wulstan  was  translated.  Pro- 
ceeding on  tliese  facts,  the  Professor  pointed  out  that  the  styles  exemplified 
in  the  cathedral  are  Norman,  Transitional  Norman,  early  Decorated,  very 
late  Decorated,  in  short,  all  the  mediaeval  stylos,  the  Debased  or  imitative 
Classical  style,  and  lastly  modern  restorations.  The  crypt  is  undoubtedly  old 
Norman,  the  work  of  Wulstan,  and  Professor  Willis  pointed  out  by  his 
admirable  diagrams  how  far  that  crypt  had  extended  eastward,  and  that 
the  fabric  had  been  extended  beyond  that  point  by  Early  Knglish  builders, 
not  by  Wulstan,  so  that  now  the  tower  stands  exactly  in  the  centre  of 
the  fabric.  The  crypt  is  constructed  with  rows  of  pillars  closely  ranged  ; 
the  apsidal  end  still  remains  ;  the  crypt  had  external  aisles  serving  as  a 
circular  procession-path.  The  piers  are  solid  masses  of  Norman  work 
standing  under  corresponding  piers  of  the  church  above  ;  some  hope  had 
been  entertained  of  finding  radiating  chapels  around  the  crypt,  as  at 
Gloucester  and  other  places.  Mr.  Perkins,  the  architect  to  whom  the 
important  works  in  progress  at  the  cathedral  are  entrusted,  and  of  whose 
courteous  assistance  and  ability  the  Professor  sjiokc  in  the  highest  terms,  had 
caused  excavations  to  be  made  ;  a  passage  leading  from  the  crypt  was 
found,  and  upon  a  window-opening  adjoining  to  it,  a  curious  mural  painting 
had  been  discovered,  of  which  he  produced  a  fac-similc  drawing  which 
Mr.  Perkins  had  preserved  ;  it  represents  an  angel  holding  a  thurible. 
Professor  Willis  proceeded  to  speak  of  the  nave,  in  which  vestiges  of 
Wulstan's  work  are  to  be  traced,  such  as  unmistakeable  Norman  shafts 
and  cushioned  capitals,  the  staircase  of  the  tower,  of  Norman  ashlar  in 
alternate  courses  of  white  and  grey  stone.  The  Transitional  Norman  stylo  is 
well  creniplified  in  various  parts  of  the  work  having  bcttiM-  mouldings 
than  the  Norman,  capitals  of  more  delicate  execution,  and  pointi-d  as  well  as 
round  arches.  The  cathedral  was  burnt  in  1202,  but  nothing  is  distinctly 
recorded  as  regards  the  precise  part  of  the  building  damaged  at  that  time  ; 
he  believed  that  the  fire  so  injin-cd  Wulstan's  tower  that  it  was  determined 
to  rebuild  it  in  the  style  of  the  thirteenth  century.  The  canonisation 
of  Wulstan  brought  numerous  pilgrims  to  the  cathedral,  and  their  oiferings 
proviiled  doubtless  the  means  of  repairing  the  damage.  King  John's  visit 
liad  a  similar  etlect,  as  had  also  the  translaticm  of  St.  Wulstan's  body  from 
the  tomb  to  his  shrine.  The  date,  1218,  is  before  the  Early  Knglish  stylo, 
but  Municiently  near  to  admit  of  the  supposition  that  the  work  had  begun, 
and  was  subsequently  carried  on.  In  the  choir  there  are  two  styles ;  tho 
firHt  tlirec  arelios  liave  the  "  dog-tooth  "  ornament,  of  whieh  the  othors  nro 
tlcBtitule.      This    corresponds   with   work   at  Sali.ibury  executed   in    1220, 


THE    AllCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  ;383 

and  it  rarely  occurs  that  such  a  correspondence  can  he  found  in  Early 
English  work  as  exists  hetween  that  at  Woi-ccster  and  the  work  at  Salis- 
bury. In  1222  there  was  a  great  tempest,  which  blew  down  two  small 
towers  ;  and  in  1224,  the  new  work  of  "  the  front,"  or  east  end,  of  the  church 
was  begun.  In  1281  it  is  recorded  that  the  sacrist  received  sixty  marks 
towards  rebuilding  the  tower.  From  12G8  to  1302  Godfrey  GilFard  was 
Bishop  of  Worcester  ;  he  is  said  to  have  ornamented  the  columns  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  church  Avith  rings  of  gilt  brass,  which  still  exist. 
The  Professor  explained  in  detail  the  mode  by  which  shafts  were  affixed  to 
the  main  shaft  of  a  pillar,  and  showed  that  these  rings  would  serve  to  con- 
ceal the  points  of  junction.  Some  of  the  piers  in  the  choir  appear  to  have 
been  pressed  out  so  much  by  the  tlirust  of  the  arches,  that  a  wall  was  con- 
structed between  two  of  the  piers  near  the  lesser  north  transept.  Recently 
the  piers  had  been  reconstructed  in  a  sounder  manner.  Although  archi- 
tects of  the  present  day  may  fail  in  designing  with  the  skill  and  taste 
evinced  by  their  predecessors,  they  doubtless  follow  a  far  more  substantial 
mode  of  construction.  Between  1318  and  1321  the  stone  vaulting  of  the 
north  aisle  of  the  nave  was  completed  by  Bishop  Cobham  ;  the  vaulting  of 
the  nave  was  the  work  of  Bishop  Wakefield,  about  1377.  The  tower  was 
built  in  1374,  but  the  stone  is  so  subject  to  rapid  decay  that  the  work  has 
undergone  the  process  of  "skinning"  more  tiian  once;  the  general  out- 
line has  been  retained,  but  all  original  details  have  been  lost.  The  Pro- 
fessor then  traced  the  history  of  the  fabric  to  the  Reformation,  when  the 
altars  were  removed,  the  shrines  taken  down  and  the  relics  of  saints 
buried,  and  all  things  appertaining  to  Roman  Catholic  worship  were 
destroyed.  At  the  Reformation  some  kind  of  decency  and  order  was 
observed  ;  but  in  the  Great  Rebellion  the  greatest  irreverence  was  shown 
by  the  Puritans,  possibly  in  revenge  fur  the  loyalty  of  the  city.  To  that 
period  is  to  be  attributed  the  defacement  and  ruin  now  to  be  seen  ;  the 
violence  of  religious  and  political  faction  brought  with  it  reckless  destruc- 
tion. At  the  Restoration  much  was  renewed  in  the  best  spirit,  but  in  the 
worst  possible  taste,  the  elements  of  the  classical  styles  being  introduced 
through  the  revival  of  classical  learning  in  this  country.  We  doubtless, 
however,  owe  much  to  the  zeal  and  liberality  of  those  who  restored  the 
building,  even  though  these  restorations  were  badly  conceived  ;  but  it  must 
be  remembered  that  workmen  at  that  period  were  accustomed  only  to  the 
new  or  classical  style  of  architecture.  The  learned  Professor  recalled  how, 
in  his  own  young  days,  no  advance  had  been  made  beyond  what  was  termed 
"  Cockney  Gothic  ;"  the  workmen  had  no  experience  in  executing  details, 
and  even  those  architects  who  produced  good  designs  were  unable  to  have 
them  properly  carried  out.  In  1800  the  east  window  was  rebuilt,  and  the 
central  tower  scaled.  Later  again  came  the  time  of  periodical  disease, 
and  the  fabric  had  fallen  into  such  a  dilapidated  state,  that  it  had  become 
indispensably  requisite  to  arrest  the  ruin  with  which  the  fabric  was 
threatened,  through  the  decay  of  the  peculiarly  perishable  material  of 
which  it  is  constructed.  An  extensive  and  costly  repair  is  now  in  course  of 
execution  in  the  most  substantial  manner,  the  stone  also  being  carefully 
selected  to  withstand  the  weather.  Professor  Willis  had  examined  the  works 
with  great  interest  ;  the  sculptured  work  and  other  details  had  been 
judiciously  treated,  the  old  work  having  in  no  case  been  removed  when  it 
could  be  safely  retained  ;  when  it  could  no  longer  be  preserved,  the  por- 
tions substituted  were  of  the  best  workmanship  and  material.     He  believed 

VOL.    XIX.  3    Q 


384  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS   OF 

tliat  the  restorations  had  been  carried  out  in  a  judicious  and  liichly  con- 
scientious manner.  Of  course,  for  antitjuarian  purposes  the  restoration  had 
destroyed  all  external  features  of  interest  ;  in  the  interior,  however,  as  he 
lioped  to  point  out  in  the  afternoon,  abundant  evidence  of  the  greatest 
value  to  tlie  architectural  student  is  to  be  found.  He  was  desirous  to 
record  distinctly  his  conviction  that  the  zeal  and  lil)crality  with  which  pro- 
vision had  been  made  for  a  costly  work,  rendered  indispensable  unfortunately 
through  the  decay  of  time,  were  only  equaled  by  the  skill  and  conscien- 
tious care  evinced  throughout  the  work  by  Mr.  Perkins,  the  architect  to 
whom  the  difficult  charge  had  been  entrusted.  After  refering  to  the 
statements  of  those  who  had  previously  discussed  the  history  of  the  cathe- 
dral, and  endeavoured  to  fix  the  periods  to  which  various  portions  may  bo 
assigned,  Dugdale,  Brown  ^Villis,  Dr.  Thomas,  Green,  and  otiier  recent 
writers,  the  Professor  observed  that  their  opinions  appeared  to  be  chiefly 
grounded  on  an  account  of  the  structure  obtained  l)y  a  prebendary  of  Wor- 
cester. Dr.  Hopkins,  who  died  in  1700.  lie  devoted  much  attention  to 
local  history  and  anticjuities,  aided  doubtless  by  the  collections  of  the 
earliest  Worcestershire  antiijuary,  Ilabiiigdun  ;  and  Professor  Willis  was 
of  oj)ininn  that  Dr.  llt)pkins's  curious  statement  had  been  derived  from 
some  old  record  which  unfortunately  is  no  longer  to  be  fmind.  The 
Professor  concluded  his  observations  by  giving  some  description  of  the 
conventual  buildings,  as  illustrated  by  a  plan  which  he  had  prepared.  A 
remarkable  feature  of  these  had  been  the  Guesten-hall  destined  for  the  en- 
tertainment of  distinguished  visitors.  It  had  been  a  fine  structure  of  the 
flowing  Decorated  style,  with  a  timbered  roof  o£  remarkably  beautiful  cha- 
racter. At  the  Restoration  it  was  ajipropriated  as  a  residence  for  the 
Dean,  and  divided  into  floors  and  numerous  apartments,  partitions,  stair- 
cases and  chimneys  being  constructed  to  suit  modern  convenience.  When 
the  number  of  canons  was  reduced  and  some  prebendal  houses  demolished, 
a  portion  of  the  deanery  was  removed  ;  thus  the  Gucston-hall  was  brought 
to  light,  but  in  so  ruinous  a  condition,  so  nuitilated  by  the  reckless  injuries 
inflicted  in  its  conversion  to  the  purposes  of  a  modern  dwelling,  that,  in  his 
judgment,  the  expense  of  restoration  was  greater  than  the  object  justified, 
whilst  funds  available  for  the  extensive  repairs  required  in  the  cathedral, 
the  chapter-house,  and  other  parts  of  the  fabric,  were  scarcely  adecpnitc  to 
the  works  most  imperatively  demanded.  It  had  therefore,  after  much 
discussion  and  (lelii)eration,  been  concluded  that  tlie  restoration  «>f  the 
Gucsten-ball  shouhl  be  abandoned  ;  the  rouf  had  been  removed,  and  given 
by  the  Dean  ami  Chapter  to  be  used  in  the  erection  of  a  church  in  Wor- 
cester ;  unfortunately,  its  reconstruction  in  a  satisfactory  numner  might 
prove  impracticalde,  fronj  the  decayed  condition  of  the  timber,  (ireatly  as 
nrchfcologists  must  regret  the  decision  which  circumstances  had  thus 
compelled  the  Chapter  to  take,  Professor  Willis  was  of  opinion  that  the 
course  adopted  in  the  emergency  was,  on  the  whole,  ])rcicniblo  to  any 
modern  reconstruction  of  the  hall,  reduced  as  it  had  been  to  so  shattered 
and  mutilated  a  condition. 

The  thanks  of  the  meeting  were  cordially  conveyed  to  Professor  Willis  by 
the  noble  President,  amidst  loud  aechunations.  The  company  then  dis- 
pcrHod,  on  a  8UinnM)nH  by  the  cheerful  strains  of  the  trumpeters  attendant 
on  the  High  Sberitf,  who  had  most  kimlly  invited  Lord  Lyttelton  and  the 
members  of  the  Institute,  with  the  ladies  and  visitors  attending  tho 
mecUDi^,    to   n    collation    prepared    in    the  lower   llnll.      Nearly  .'5(10  guests 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  385 

enjoyed  Sir  EuniunJ  Lcchmcre's  kind  liOFpitality  and  courtesies  on  this 
agreeable  occasion. 

At  four  o'clock  Professor  Willis  resumed  the  subject  of  his  interesting 
dissertation  ;  he  tlicn  guided  his  audience  in  an  examination  of  every  part  of 
the  fabric  of  the  catliedral  and  conventual  buildings,  pointing  out  on  the  spot 
the  peculiarities  of  construction  and  the  actual  evidence  upon  which  the 
conclusions,  previously  stated  in  his  discourse,  had  been  grounded. 

At  the  evening  meeting  in  the  Assembly  Room  of  the  Natural  History 
Society,  the  chair  was  taken  by  Lord  Neaves,  and  the  following  com- 
munications were  read  ; — 

An  Historical  Account  of  the  Battle  of  Worcester,  with  notices  of  its 
Local  Memorials.     By  Mr.  Edwin  Lees,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S. 

Notices  of  Ancient  Mosaics  found  in  Britain.  By  Robert  Wollastox, 
M.D.  Several  excellent  diagrams  and  models  of  Roman  construction  of 
tesselated  floors  and  suspensurce  were  exhibited  iu  illustration. 

Saturday,  July  26. 

A  meeting  of  the  Section  of  Antiquities  was  held  at  ten  o'clock,  the 
chair  being  taken  hy  the  Rev.  J.  Fulleii  Russell,  B.D.,  F.S.A.  The 
proceedings  commenced  with  the  following  memoir  : — 

Notices  of  the  ancient  monumental  Remains  and  Effigies  in  Worcester 
Cathedral,  and  of  certain  discoveries  of  remarkable  interments.    By  Mr.  M. 

HOLBECIIE  BlOXAM. 

A  paper,  replete  with  valuable  local  information  and  the  results  of  long 
and  careful  research,  was  then  read  by  Mr.  Joiix  Noake,  whose  volumes 
illustrative  of  Worcester  in  the  Oldeu  time,  and  also  of  the  Parochial  Anti- 
quities of  the  county,  form  very  interesting  additions  to  local  topograph}'. 
The  memoir  read  by  Mr.  Noake  on  the  present  occasion  was  on  the 
Ancient  Guilds  of  AYorcester.  He  brought,  by  the  kind  permission  of  the 
High  Master  of  the  Ancient  Company  of  the  Clothiers,  the  embroidered 
pall,  silk  flags,  silver  seal,  processional  shields,  and  other  relics  of  state  and 
ceremony  belonging  to  that  guild.  Also,  by  kind  permission  of  the  High 
Master  of  the  Cordwainers'  Company,  their  documents,  ordinances,  and  a 
fine  silver  cup,  a  relic  of  their  ancient  convivialities.  These  objects  are 
described  in  the  Catalogue  of  the  Museum  of  the  Institute  at  the  Worcester 
Meeting,  pp.  43,  45  (Worcester,  published  by  Messrs.  Deighton). 

The  Rev.  C.  H.  Hartshorxe  made  some  observations  on  the  embroidered 
pall  exhibited  by  the  courtesy  of  the  Clothiers'  Guild.  It  is  formed  of 
portions  of  a  cope  of  the  time  of  Henry  VII.,  possibly  of  more  than  one 
such  vestment,  with  figures  of  saints,  seraphim  standing  on  wheels,  the 
double-headed  eagle,  with  other  conventional  and  usual  ornaments  of  the 
elaborate  needlework  of  the  fifteenth  century.  Such  devices  are  described 
in  Mr.  Hartshorne's  notices  of  Mediaeval  Embroidery  in  this  Journal,  vol.  iv. 
pp.  290,  298.  Mr.  Bloxam  also  signified  his  opinion  that  the  Clothiers' 
])all  consists  of  English  embroidery  of  the  time  of  Edward  IV.  or  of 
Henry  VII. 

A  memoir  was  then  read,  on  Little  Malvern  Priory,  by  Mr.  Daniel  A. 
Parsons,  preliminary  to  the  proposed  visit  in  the  afternoon  to  the  remains 
of  that  conventual  establishment.  Another  paper,  kindly  prepared  by  Mr. 
Parsons,  on  Birts  Morton  Court,  was  unavoidably  deferred. 

About  noon  a  numerous  party  set  forth  for  Great  Malvern,  special 
accommodation    being  provided   by  the   West    Midland    Company,   whose 


386  PROCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

liberal  arrangements  and  consuleration  for  the  convenience  of  all  persons 
taking  part  in  the  archaeological  proceedings  was  shown,  throughout  the 
week,  in  a  very  gratifying  manner.  On  reaching  Malvern,  where  carriages 
were  provided,  the  visitors  were  welcomed,  in  the  absence  of  the  Vicar,  by 
the  churchwardens,  Mr.  J.  K.  "Wilton  and  Mr.  "\V.  Archer,  and  by  Dr. 
Grindrod,  who  has  devoted  much  attention  to  local  archaeology.  Lady 
Emily  Foley,  Major-Gen.  Wihnot,  Sir  Robert  Buxton,  Bart.,  with  other 
residents  in  Malvern,  also  joined  the  gathering.  Assembled  around  the 
Btone  cross  near  the  northern  entrance  of  the  churchyard,  they  listened  to 
the  account  given  by  Mr.  Freeman  of  the  history  of  the  Priory,  and  of  the 
church,  now  undergoing  extensive  "restorations."  The  inhabitants  of  Mal- 
vern had,  he  observed,  originally  no  interest  in  the  Priory  church  ;  the  old 
parish  church  stood  at  no  great  distance  from  it  and  had  wholly  dis- 
appeared. Tiie  existing  church  therefore  is  purely  monastic,  and  almost 
wholly  preserved,  no  parts  being  lost,  with  the  exception  of  the  south 
transept  and  the  Lady-Chapel.  Externally  the  fabric  is  wholly  of  Per- 
pendicular character ;  but  in  the  interior  a  large  portion  of  the  original 
Norman  minster,  erected  in  the  twelfth  century,  is  to  be  seen,  which, 
although  it  may  not  rank  with  the  church  of  Peterborough  or  that  of 
Tewkesbury,  having  been  a  third-rate  Norman  structure,  was  almost  raised 
to  the  second  raidi  of  churches  by  the  subi^equeiit  additions  to  its  height 
and  general  importance  in  the  Perpendicular  period.  The  central  position 
of  the  tower  gives,  probably,  a  better  effect  than  if  it  had  been  placed,  as 
at  Worcester,  precisely  in  the  middle  of  the  building  :  it  resembles  the 
tower  of  Gloucester  Cathedral,  of  which,  bcing'later  in  date,  it  may  be  an 
imitation.  On  proceeding  to  the  east  end,  Mr.  Freeman  pointed  out  the 
site  once  occupied  by  the  Lady-Chapel,  which  appeared  to  have  had  a 
crypt,  of  which  excavations,  under  direction  of  tlie  late  Rev.  F.  Dyson, 
revealed  a  few  years  since  the  remains,  and  some  traces  are  still  to  be 
discerned.  The  presbytery  and  apse  had  been  Norman,  the  Lady-Chapel 
Transitional,  but  reconstructed  in  Perpendicular  tiuics.  There  is,  however, 
no  doubt,  from  evidence  supplied  by  the  crypt,  that  the  Lady-Chapel  had 
been  added  about  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century  or  early  in  the  thirteenth. 
The  Per[)endicular  structure  must  have  resembled  that  at  Gloucester:  the 
builders  had  sought  to  obtain  at  once  a  spacious  Lady-Chapel  and  a  great 
east  window;  a  combination  not  easy  to  carry  out.  The  ])resent  doorway 
at  the  east  end  was  the  ancient  approach  from  the  church  into  the  Lady- 
Cha|)ol,  a  space  intervening  between  the  two  portions  of  the  fabric. 
Mr.  Freeman  then  acc(Jinj»anied  his  hearers  into  the  interior.  The  Norman 
nave  had  doubtless,  he  observed,  been  erected  at  a  later  time  than  the 
old  presbytery  ;  the  church  being  purely  monastic,  the  monks  would  first 
complete  the  eastern  portion  requisite  for  their  services.  The  choir  was 
under  the  tower,  as  at  Pershoro.  The  original  design  of  the  Norman 
presbytery  might  still  be  ascertaiiu'd.  It  had  .in  apse,  which  in  Perpendicular 
tiuiCH  was  changed  into  a  scpnire  east  (nil.  At  each  side  of  the  liigli  altar 
there  is  a  door  opening  into  a  kin<l  of  vestry  Ixhind  it,  a  segmental  wall  of 
Perpendicular  work  l)eing  found  behind  the  rercdos.  Had  that  wall  been 
a  true  ftemicircle,  Mr.  Freeman  stated  that  he  should  have  regarded  it 
without  doubt  as  representing  the  old  Norman  a])se.  The  arrangement  of 
tl»c  euKtern  eml  of  the  Norman  fabric  had,  however,  as  he  had  heen  informed 
by  the  clerk  of  the  works,  been  aneertained  ;  a  portion  of  semicircular 
wailing   had    been    revealed  a  liltli,-    to    the  noith-east  of  the   ea^tern   door, 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  387 

doubtless  tlie  remains  of  the  wall  of  an  aisle  wliicli,  as  pointed  out  at 
Worcester  by  Professor  Willis,  ran  round  the  apse.  Having  made  some 
remarks  on  the  character  of  the  massive  circular  piers  of  the  nave,  which, 
although  simple,  are  not  on  that  account  necessarily  of  early  Norman  date, 
Mr.  Freeman  observed  that  the  triforium  had  been  destroyed  by  the 
builders  of  the  Perpendicular  period,  and  nothing  done  to  supply  its  place  ; 
so  that  the  blank  between  tlie  Norman  arches  and  the  clerestory  presents 
a  poor  appearance.  Norman  aisles  were  mostly  narrow,  and  here  the 
south  aisle  retained  its  original  proportion,  the  builders  being  unable  to 
alter  it  on  account  of  the  cloisters,  whilst  they  extended  the  north  aisle  to 
its  present  wider  dimensions.  The  painted  glass,  of  which  considerable 
portions  have  been  preserved  throughout  the  church,  is  of  much  interest, 
and  illustrative  of  the  history  of  the  fabric.  In  one  of  the  clerestory 
windows  may  be  read — Orate  pro  anima,  referable  to  a  prior  of  Malvern 
about  1453  :  the  works  of  the  presbytery  were  in  progress,  probably, 
about  that  time.  It  was  consecrated  in  14G0.  In  another  window  is  seen 
a  memorial  of  John  Alcock,  Bishop  of  Worcester  in  1476.  Mr.  Freeman 
called  attention  to  the  side-panelings  included  within  the  outlines  of  the 
windows,  and  also  to  indications  that  the  roof  of  the  presbytery,  as 
originally  designed,  had  been  intended  to  be  vaulted.  He  spoke  favorably 
of  the  repairs  carried  out  nnder  Mr.  Scott's  directions  ;  there  is  always 
difficulty,  however,  in  adapting  a  conventual  church  to  parish  purposes, 
and  some  com|)romise  is  generally  found  inevitable. 

Mr.  Maukland  observed  that,  when  the  parishioners  of  Malvern  purchased 
the  church  and  preserved  it  from  destruction,  the  work  of  demolition 
evidently  had  commenced,  and  the  south  transept  was  partly  taken  down. 
It  had  been  hastily  reconstructed,  materials  being  taken  wherever  they 
could  be  obtained  ;  and  in  proof  of  this  ho  cited  the  fact  that  the  lower 
extremity  of  the  curious  mailed  effigy,  still  to  be  seen  in  the  church,  had 
been  discovered,  during  his  residence  at  Malvern,  built  into  the  wall  of  the 
transept  ;  the  sculptured  portion  was  extracted  and  reunited  to  the  effigy. 
Mr.  John  Gough  Nichols  offered  some  remarks  on  the  decorative  tiles, 
made,  as  he  believed,  in  a  kiln  which  was  found  some  years  since  near  the 
church:  he  called  attention  especially  to  those  used  as  wall-decorations  at 
the  east  end,  forming  two  sets,  dated  145-3  and  1457  respectively.  The 
late  Dr.  Card  had  unfortunately  removed  a  large  number  of  these  surface- 
enrichments,  of  which  no  example  has  been  found  elsewhere  ;  and,  having 
been  laid  down  as  flooring,  tliey  have  speedily  perished.  A  drawing  by 
Lysons,  taken  in  1797,  and  exhibited  in  the  Temporary  ^luseum  of  the 
Institute,  has  preserved  the  only  memorial  probably  of  their  application  to 
the  external  face  of  the  apsidal  wall  behind  the  altar. 

The  next  object  was  the  Priory  Church  of  Little  Malvern.  The  vestiges 
of  architectural  interest  were  pointed  out  by  Mr.  D.  Parsons  and  Mr.  Gough 
Nichols  :  the  chancel  and  tower  alone  remain.  The  church  was  built  in  the 
time  of  John  Alcock,  Bishop  of  Worcester,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV. 
The  east  window  originally  displayed  a  series  portraying  that  sovereign, 
his  queen,  and  family  ;  the  kneeling  figures  of  the  Prince  of  AVales,  the 
queen,  and  three  princesses  remain,  but  the  glass  is  much  broken.  Two 
of  the  figures  which  were  in  best  condition  were  carefully  re-leaded  and 
preserved  from  further  damage,  in  1S4G,  nnder  the  skilful  direction  of  Mr. 
Winston.  The  visitors  were  kindly  welcomed  by  Mr.  Eerington,  Avhosc 
residence,  once  the  Prior's  house,  adjoins  the   church  ;   thence  they  pro- 


388  PROCEEDINGS    AT   MEETINGS    OF 

ceeded  to  ascend  the  heights,  and  to  examine  the  Herefordshire  Beacon, 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  and  extensive  entrenchments  in  Enghmd.  Mr. 
Edwin  Lees  oti'ered  some  observations,  stating  the  supposition  that  the 
camp  had  been  occnpied  by  the  Britons  permanently  as  a  stronghold,  be- 
tween the  time  of  the  departure  of  the  Romans  and  the  full  establis-hmont 
of  Saxon  sway  ;  the  late  Dr.  Card,  however,  and  also  other  antitjuaries, 
have  regarded  it  as  a  fortress  occupied  by  Caractacus  when  the  Silures 
were  assailed  by  Ostorius  Scapula. 

Having  returned  to  Great  Malvern,  the  excursionists  reassembled  at  the 
newly-ereeted  hotel  at  Malvern  Link,  where  they  were  joined  by  Sir 
Edmund  Lechmere  with  several  friends  from  Worcester.  An  excellent 
dinner  was  here  provided  ;  the  chair  was  taken  by  Lord  Lyttclton.  At 
llie  close  of  a  social  and  very  agreeable  repast  the  special  train  conveyed 
the  party  to  Worcester  ;  the  Museum  of  the  Institute  was  lighted  up,  and 
the  attractions  of  a  very  pleasurable  conversazione  again  detained  tlie 
numerous  visitors  till  a  late  hour. 

ilr.  R.  W.  BlN.vs,  F.S.A.,  through  whose  kindness  an  instructive  and 
beautiful  display  was  presented  in  illustration  of  the  origin  and  history 
of  the  Porcelain  Manufacture  at  Worcester,  was  requested  to  favor  the 
assembly  with  some  account  of  the  series  from  his  valuable  collection  now 
before  them.  Mr.  Binns  proceeded  to  give  a  discourse  on  the  Establish- 
ment and  Early  Progress  of  the  Manufacture  of  Porcelain  at  Worcester,  a 
subject  with  which  he  is  doubtless  more  fully  conversant  than  any  i)erson 
who  has  investigated  our  fictile  manufactures.  His  Memoir  is  printed  with 
the  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  AMuseum  of  the  liistitute  which  was  greatly 
cnrielied  through  his  contributions  and  friendly  assistance. 

A  brief  communication  was  made  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Walicku,  who  sought  to 
prove  that  the  earliest  production  of  porcelain  in  this  country  was  by 
Thonms  Fry,  of  Dublin,  who  went  to  London  in  1738  and  obtained  a  patent 
in  1740  for  the  manufacture  of  porcelain,  as  Mr.  Walker  atHrmcd,  at  Bow, 
where  he  continued  uiitil  17Gl'.  The  works  at  Chelsea  and  Worcester 
thcucc,  as  he  supposed,  took  their  origin. 

Monday,  July  28. 

The  proceedings  of  the  Sections  were  resumed  at  the  usual  hour  at  the 
Guildhall.  The  Krst  communication  was  the  following  Notice  of  the  Aneient 
Mint  of  Worcester  ;  by  Mr.  Euwaud  Hawkins,  F.S.A.,  formerly  Keeper 
of  the  Antiqiiilies  at  the  British  Museum,  and  Treasurer  of  the  Institute  :  — 

"  At  a  meeting  of  arehieologists  in  the  city  of  Worcester,  it  may  seem 
necessary  to  say  a  few  words  respecling  the  mint  formerly  cstabli.slicd  in 
that  city.  Athelstan  ordered  that  no  one  should  Ktriko  coins  except  in  a 
town,  and  about  the  same  time  granted  to  cerlaiu  cities  and  towns  tin- 
privilege  of  coining,  and  prescribed  the  number  of  moneyers  to  be  employed 
in  each  place.  The  name  of  Worcester  does  not  appear  in  any  record  of 
ihis  reign  as  a  place  of  mintage  ;  but  there  are  coins  of  this  monarch  in 
whieh  appear  the  words  V'EKI  and  WK,  and  these  have  been  generally 
iihM^r„.il  to  Worcester  ;  but  documents  exist  which  record  that  two  moneyers 
weie  irtiiil.lished  at  Warehani,  and  it  Hcems  more  reasonable  to  snpposi! 
that  in  that  town  tliesc  pieces  were  struck.  Otherwiho  we  have  coins 
utruck  nt  n  placcj  not  recorded,  and  no  coins  which  can  be  asHignablc  to  a 
ploce  wlicrc  two  moneyers  are  known  to  have  been  eatablishcd. 


THE    AECIIAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  389 

•'  Upon  coins  of  Eadmund,  Eadred,  Eadwig,  Eadgar,  and  Eadweard  II. 
we  liave  not  any  indication  of  Worcester,  except  WE  upon  a  coin  of 
Eadwig,  which  may  more  probably  be  assigned  to  Wareham  for  tlie  reason 
stated  above. 

"  Upon  coins  of  Athclstan  we  read  WIGEA  and  WHIR,  which  I  think 
may  very  reasonably  be  interpreted  Worcester,  as  may  also  WIR  and 
WIRI  upon  coins  of  Canute.  On  coins  of  Ilarthacnute  the  city  is  indi- 
cated by  WICE. 

"  Domesday  Book  mentions  a  mint  as  existing  in  Worcester,  and  on 
coins  of  Edward  the  Confessor  we  read  WIGER,  WICR,  WIIIER, 
WIIIRE,  which  may  be  safely  assigned  to  that  city.  Harold  II.,  William 
the  Conqueror,  and  Henry  I.  also  had  mints  in  that  city.  A  coin  of 
Stephen  reads  WERE,  which  may  indicate  Worcester,  Wareham,  or  War- 
wick. After  this  we  have  not  any  notice  of  Worcester  till  the  troublous 
times  of  Charles  I.,  when  we  have  a  halfcrown,  the  mint  mark  upon  which 
is  one  pear  on  the  obverse,  and  three  pears  on  the  reverse.  These  are  now 
part  of  the  arms  of  the  city,  and  establish  Worcester  as  the  place,  and  this 
may  perhaps  be  confirmed  if  any  curious  and  patient  archjeologist  could 
ascertain  to  whom  the  letters  11  C  refer.  They  are  to  be  found  in  the 
ornamental  garniture  at  the  bottom  of  the  shield,  if  carefully  looked  for. 

There  are  other  half-crowns  of  Charles  I.,  on  which  appears  the  letter 
W,  which  has  at  times  been  supposed  to  refer  to  Worcester,  but  the  pecu- 
liarity of  the  type,  unlike  that  of  the  Worcester  coin,  refutes  that  opinion, 
and  the  late  Rev.  T.  E.  Dyniock  has  given  good  reasons  for  assigning  those 
pieces  to  Weymouth." — See  Numismatic  Chronicle  for  Oct.  1861,  p.  185. 

A  memoir  was  then  read  by  Mr.  Joseph  Burtt,  Assistant  Keeper  of  the 
Public  Records,  On  Documentary  Evidence  relating  to  Worcester  in  Reposi- 
tories of  Records  in  that  city. 

"  The  notices  which  I  may  be  able  to  lay  before  this  meeting  respecting 
the  documents  relating  to  this  city  and  county  must,  I  need  scarcely  say, 
be  imperfect.  It  was  never  my  intention  however  to  attempt  to  present 
more  than  some  indication  of  the  stores  that  exist.  To  any  one  disposed 
to  research,  and  especially  to  the  members  of  the  Institute,  it  would  be  a 
waste  of  time  to  show  the  great  value  of  documentary  evidence  upon  every 
subject  which  comes  under  their  notice.  Their  value  has  been  more  appa- 
rent than  ever,  when  so  many  are  doing  their  best  to  fill  up  the  bald 
pictures  which  the  writers  of  past  times  have  presented  to  us.  We  now 
know  the  value  of  the  curious  and  interesting  details  illustrative  of  the 
inner  life  of  our  ancestors,  which  have  lately  been  brought  before  us  in  the 
communications  to  the  Sections.  All  who  heard  the  valuable  discourse  upon 
the  Cathedral  must  have  been  struck  with  the  few  references  to  documentary 
evidences  which  the  learned  Professor  was  able  to  give.  Repeatedlj^  was 
their  absence  deplored  by  the  lecturer,  and  the  only  data  for  the  peiiods  of 
the  construction  of  the  main  portion  of  the  building  were  given  by  him  from 
a  document  drawn  up  by  a  prebendary  many  years  ago,  '  from  some  old 
record  which  was  now  destroyed.'  So,  too,  with  regard  to  other  ecclesi- 
astical buildings  to  which  attention  has  been  directed  during  our  visit. 
And  yet  we  know  enough  of  the  careful  and  businesslike  manner  in  which 
the  affairs  of  monastic  establishments  were  conducted  during  the  Middle 
Ages,  and  we  know  so  much  of  the  records  of  many  such  establi.'^hments 
elsewhere,  to  be  sure  that,  as  regards  this  county,  such  evidences  must 
have  existed,  and  that  tlicy  have  cither  perished  or  are  lying  neglected  and 


390  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

unknown.  It  was  to  assist  in  ascertaining  these  facts  tliat  I  venturetl  to 
request  permission  of  tlie  authorities  to  examine  the  collections  in  their 
charge,  and  never  was  such  a  request  more  cordially  responded  to  than  it 
lu\s  heen,  on  the  present  occasion,  hy  the  otHcials  of  the  Cathedral  and  of  the 
Corporation.  1  think  that  I  shall  he  ahle  to  show  that  you  must  not  expect 
any  great  illustrations  of  new  facts,  or  satisfactory  solutions  of  grave 
doubts.  It  is  for  those  who  may  come  afterwards  upon  the  field  to  effect 
these  results  ;  I  shall  be  content  if  my  elforts  may  in  any  way  have  cleared 
the  way,  or  indicated  the  path  which  might  he  followed.  It  seems  to  me 
that  to  act  siuqily  as  pioneers  in  the  way  of  historical  truth  is  the  right 
position  of  those  who  have  the  administration  of  the  records  of  the  county. 
The  range  of  subject  which  those  records  comprise  is  too  vast,  the  field  too 
large,  for  the  workers  to  be  the  gatherers  of  the  harvest. 

'•  I  shall  now  attempt  to  give  some  account  of  the  MS.  stores  whirh  have 
passed  under  my  hands.  The  registers  of  the  bisho])s  are  well  knowu. 
it  is  not  my  intention  to  give  a  catalogue,  and  to  describe  details  that  may 
be  uninteresting  to  many.  It  is  sufficient  to  say,  as  regards  the  bishops' 
registers,  that  they  are  generally  in  good  condition  ;  their  contents  have 
been  much  used.  They  are  the  only  evidences  which  have  been  rendered, 
to  any  great  extent,  available  for  historical  or  topographical  purposes,  but 
they  are  by  no  means  exhausted.  They  are  full  of  copies  of  charters  and 
documents,  attesting  numerous  important  transactions,  which  teem  with 
local  names,  and  which  will  supply  many  particulars  of  the  changes  through 
which  they  have  passed.  As  an  example  of  their  miscellaneous  character, 
I  may  instance  the  will  of  Bishop  Gitl'aid,  cnrolknl  in  the  secoiul  volume  of 
his  register,  and  printed  in  Dr.  Thomas's  History  of  the  Cathedral.  There 
is  a  curious  record  of  proceedings  as  to  the  marriage  of  William  de  Monte 
Caniso,  and  several  cases  recorded  of  serious  di.<putes  arising  out  of  the 
infraction  of  the  sanctuary  privileges.  Besides  these  bishops'  registers  are 
the  '  cartularies  '  or  books  of  register  of  the  sec  during  a  vacancy,  and  of 
the  ancient  priory  independent  of  the  see.  Among  these  I  am  confident 
that  a  zealous  inquirer  would  find  much  new  and  valuable  material  which 
lias  escaped  the  researches  of  previous  workers.  I  can  give  an  example  by 
referring  to  the  existence  of  portions  of  MSS.  of  a  date  long  antecedent  to 
the  books  themselves  which  have  been  worked  up  in  the  binding.  These 
have  not  yet  been  submitted  to  the  notice  of  a  competent  authority  ;  I  need 
hardly  say  that  every  portion  of  Anglo-Saxon  MS.  has  value,  and  a  very 
interestitig  addition  to  the  literature  of  that  time  was  made  by  the  discovery 
at  Gloucester  of  a  portion  of  the  life  of  St.  Swithin,  found  under  exactly 
Bimihir  conditions  to  those  I  have  mentioned.  These  were  the  subject  of  a 
valuaide  paper  by  Mr.  Karle,  read  at  the  meeting  of  the  Institute  in  18G0, 
and  whicli  has  hubse<|uently  been  published  by  him  with  photographic  fac- 
Bimiles  of  those  interesting  MS.  fragments. 

'*  I  will  now  proceed  to  the  mine  of  unwrought  material  tontained  in  the 
accounts  of  the  officers  of  the  priory  ;  and  here  I  niust  again  remind  you 
of  the  elementary  character  of  the  report  I  am  able  to  make.  You  will 
liml  in  nearly  every  one  of  the  sniall  documents  sidimitted  to  your  notice  in 
the  MuHcum  sonic  point  of  interest — some  item  of  instruction — which  would 
occupy  conhidcrable  time  if  jtroperly  considered.  Ituriiig  the  hhort  time  I 
have  bciMi  able  to  devote  to  this  inijuiry,  some  hundreds  of  rolls  of  accounts 
and  bonio  thouHiindH  of  deeds  of  various  kinds  have  ])assod  through  my 
hands,  and  you  will  not,  therefore,  expect  any  detailed  de^^ripli(m.      I  wi^li 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL   INSTITUTE.  391 

simply  to  indicate  their  existence  as  a  fact.  In  the  record  quoted  hy  Pro- 
fessor Willis  as  the  production  of  a  Prebendary  of  Worcester,  Dr.  Hopkins, 
in  the  time  of  Queen  Anne,  there  is  a  hst  of  the  officers  of  the  ancient  priory. 
Accounts  of  all  the  officers  there  mentioned  liave  been  found,  and  besides 
these,  I  have  found  others  furnished  by  the  'Precentor,'  the  '  Kefccto- 
rarius,'  and  the  '  Subcellerarius.'  There  are  no  lists  of  these  rolls  of 
account.  Therefore,  if  Dr.  Hopkins's  list  of  these  officers  is  that  upon  which 
our  idea  of  the  priory  is  to  be  established,  we  liave  at  once  to  make  three 
additions  to  it.  Many  of  these  accounts  contain  interesting  particulars  of 
the  daily  life  of  the  members  of  the  priory.  1  have  already  spoken  of  the 
considerable  nun)ber  of  the  deeds  and  other  documents  not  entered  in 
Looks.  Among  them  it  may  be  safely  said  that  very  many  exist  bearing 
with  great  particularity  and  minuteness  upon  points  and  circumstances 
which  we  should  have  great  interest  in  elucidating.  I  will  specify  a  few, 
of  which  the  subject-matter  seemed  of  more  than  usual  interest. 

"A  pitiful  letter  from  the  Prior  and  Chapter  of  Worcester,  transmitted  by 
the  Bishop  to  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  setting  out  the  causes  (parti- 
cularly specifying  actions  with  the  citizens  of  Worcester)  through  which 
they  had  come  to  such  decay  and  poverty  that  it  was  a  scandal  to  the 
church.     A.D.  1330. 

"  Numerous  notarial  instruments  relating  to  matters  in  which  the  priory 
was  concerned. 

"  Grants  of  land  in  the  city  and  county  of  Worcester,  leases  and  records 
of  other  transactions  relating  to  the  same,  containing  many  local  names  and 
boundaries. 

"  Notification  by  the  pjishop  of  Worcester  of  the  limits  of  the  cemetery  and 
sanctuary  (a.d.  14G0),  in  consequence  of  many  disputes  having  arisen 
respecting  them.  They  were  said  to  begin  '  from  the  great  door  of  the 
Cathedral  charnel-house,  by  the  great  stone  wall  of  our  palace  to  the  great 
gate  of  the  said  palace,'  and  continuing  through  the  whole  circuit. 

"  A  portion  of  a  copy  of  a  Statute  roll,  5  Edward  III, 

'*  An  account  of  arms  and  soldiers'  apparel  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth, 
headed  'A  Remembraunce  what  was  bestowed  at  Loudon  for  Furnyture 
for  Mr.  Deane  and  Chapter.' 

"  A  letter  to  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Worcester  on  behalf  of  Bartholomew 
Mason,  in  respect  of  the  vicarage  of  St.  John's;  signed  by  Lord  Burleigh 
and  others  of  Elizabeth's  council. 

*'  Ordinances  made  for  the  almsmen  of  the  priory  in  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, setting  out  that  they  should  be  clerks  of  elegant  stature,  poor,  but  apt 
to  learn,  and  containing  provisions  as  to  their  food  and  education,  together 
with  their  due  castigation  and  monition  when  required. 

"  Lastly,  I  would  mention  a  Saxon  copy  of  a  charter  nearly  three  centuries 
earlier  than  the  copy  by  which  L'htred  '  Regulus  '  of  the  Wiccians,  grants 
certain  privileges  to  his  officer  Ethelmund,  In  Dr.  Thomas's  History  of  the 
Cathedral  there  is  a  notice  of  a  charter  of  the  same  date  to  the  monastery 
of  Worcester,  grantin^land  at  Stoke,  Without  consulting  authorities  not 
now  at  command,  it  is  impossible  to  speak  of  the  interest  to  be  attached  to 
this  instrument.  It  is,  however,  a  remarkable  specimen  of  Latin  written  in 
Saxon  character.  The  mention  of  this  deed  brings  me  fairly  to  some 
remarks  upon  the  neglected  condition  of  the  collection  now  kept  in  a 
chamber  in  the  clerestory  of  the  Cathedral.  Here  was  an  instrument  not 
later  than   the   eleventh   century,   and   probably  anterior  to  the  Norman 

VOL.    XIX.  3    H 


392  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS   OF 

conquest,  found  cruuijiled  and  dirty,  puslied  into  a  dniNvor  with  dozens  of 
others  more  crumpled  and  dirty  still,  of  all  kinds  and  of  all  dates  !  Cer- 
tainly, with  the  accommodation  at  the  disposal  of  those  having  charge  of 
these  doeunieuts,  nothing  less  could  be  expected,  however  it  might  be 
desired.  The  conveniences  at  their  disposal  seem  not  to  extend  beyond 
those  due  for  the  safety  of  documents  which  relate  to  the  business  matters 
in  their  administration,  and  to  which,  of  course,  attention  is  first  giveu. 
It  is  not  for  me,  however,  to  trace  the  causes  which  have  reduced  the 
numerous  documents  I  have  been  most  obligingly  permitted  to  examine  to 
the  Condition  in  which  they  now  exist,  but  it  would  be  easy  to  do  so. 
Their  condition  is  doubtless  a  source  of  regret  to  those  having  charge  of 
them,  but  it  is  not  easy  to  propose  a  remedy.  In  the  dedication  of  the 
Ilistory  bv  the  learned  Dr.  Thomas,  he  speaks  of  many  original  evidences 
and  letters  which  he  had  transcribed  and  printed,  as  having  *  long  lain  a  prey 
to  moths  and  worms,  and  in  several  ])laces  scarcely  legible.'  With  the 
exception  of  some  to  which  the  attention  of  the  officers  has  been  called, 
they  are  still  in  the  condition  lamented  by  Dr.  Thomas.  The  rolls  of 
accounts  have  been  oidy  ])artly  sorted  out,  and  many  of  them  are  injured  by 
dirt  and  by  being  crumpled  up.  But  tlie  smaller  deeds  are  perhaps  in  the 
worst  condition.  It  is  probable  that  for  centuries  they  have  had  no  pro- 
tection, and  large  numbers  may  have  been  lost,  while  others  are  damaged  be- 
yond repair.  Under  such  circumstances  many  seals  also  must  have  peri.shed, 
and  I  must  draw  special  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  unitpie  example  of  the 
seal  of  Wulstan,  known  to  Dr.  Thomas  and  engraved  in  his  survey  of  the 
Cathedral,  p.  tS,  is  not  now  known  to  be  in  the  collection.  In  our  Museum 
we  have,  however,  been  able  to  exhibit  an  example  of  the  f^etil,  attached  to 
a  charter  which  has  been  printed  in  the  Arcluiiological  Journal,  vol.  iii. 
p.  I'Gl,  and  was  obtained  for  exhibition  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  place  to 
which  it  refers,  through  the  kind  mediation  of  the  Rev.  James  Raine,  of 
York,  the  son  of  our  late  talented  friend,  the  historian  of  North  Durham. 

"  Before  leaving  the  collection  of  the  Chapter  documents,  I  must  refer  to 
a  parcel  brought  to  our  notice  by  the  obliging  attention  of  Mr.  Ilooper.  It 
is  a  packet  of  original  letters  of  Charles  I.,  signed  by  him,  and  dated  from 
the  5ih  May,  1G41,  to  20th  October,  lG-t3.  They  are  directed  to  the  Bishop 
of  Worcester,  who  was  then  Vice-Chancellor  of  Oxford,  and,  in  that  posi- 
tion in  the  chief  city  devoted  to  the  royal  cause,  of  great  consideration  to 
liis  sovereign.  They  relate  chiefly  to  matters  coming  before  him  in  that 
capacity,  but  one  of  them  refers  specially  to  Worcester  ;  it  directs  the  levy 
of  troops  to  protect  the  bishop,  and  prevent  his  being  removed  from  his 
diocese,  as  ho  '  hath  bin  menaced  to  be  sent  for  in  disgracelull  maner  to 
the  rarlianient.  ■' 

"  I  have  very  f<-'w  remarks  to  oiler  upon  the  documents  belonging  to  tlio 
Corporation,  to  which  access  has  been  most  courteously  allorded.  The 
collection  is  small,  but  it  is  in  excellent  condition,  and,  with  the  exception 
of  one  small  parcel,  the  substance  of  every  document  has  been  fairly 
calendered.  Their  contents  have  been  turned  to  considerable  account  in 
the  entertaining  volunios  relating  to  Worcester  which  liave  been  produced 
by  Mr.  Noakc  ;  but,  to  show  that  tiioy  have  not  been  exhausted,  I  may 
refer  to  a  liiglily  interesting  paper  upon   the  '  Fortilicalions  of  Worcester,' 

•  ThU  1(!ttnr  in  priiitfd  in  tlio  Catuloguo  of  tlie  MuMtum  fornieil  ut  tlio  niecliiig 
of  tho  iuJtlitutv  at  WuruuMter,  p.  TjI. 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  393 

written  by  Mr.  Woof,  and  contributed  to  the  Worcestersliire  Natural  History 
Society.  I  should  wish  to  direct  attention  particularly  to  this  memoir.  I 
think,  however,  that  the  municipal  documents  would  supply  many  illustra- 
tions of"  the  early  condition  of  this  city  wiiich  have  not  yet  lieen  noted. 

"  I  will  now  make  a  few  references  to  the  collections  of  those  gentlemen 
who  have  so  kindly  contributed  some  of  their  documentary  stores  to  our 
Museum.  These,  however,  must  be  looked  upon  simply  as  specimens.  I 
have  been  informed  that  the  documents  relating  to  the  Ilanley  Castle 
property  of  Sir  Edmund  Lechmere  are  numerous,  and  anion"-  them  many 
of  interest  would  doubtless  be  found.  I  would  specially  mention  a  small 
and  very  remarkable  charter  of  Ralph  de  Mortimer,  in  the  twelfth  century, 
to  which  the  seal  is  attached  in  a  manner  of  which  no  example  has  yet 
been  noticed.  The  MSS.  of  various  kinds  preserved  at  Stanford  Court, 
independently  of  those  relating  to  the  property,  are  considerable  ;  many, 
it  is  believed,  may  have  been  derived  from  the  ancient  possessions  of  the 
Jeiferies  family,  of  Homme  Castle,  and  some  were  collected  by  Sir  Francis 
Winnington,  Solicitor-General  to  Charles  11.  By  the  obliging  courtesy  of 
Sir  Thomas  Winnington  we  were  permitted  to  exhibit  in  the  Museum  two 
documents  of  great  interest,  not,  however,  connected  with  the  county.  One 
is  an  illuminated  MS.  of  the  Rolls  of  Parliament,  written  at  the  latter  part 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  the  other  is  an  able  State  paper  drawn  up  by 
the  advisers  of  Queen  Elizabeth  to  exonerate  her  from  blame  in  the  matter 
of  the  Queen  of  Scots.  It  is  a  valuable  document,  though  not  unknown  in 
substance  to  the  historical  student,  and  Sir  Thomas  has  kindly  placed  it  at 
the  disposal  of  the  Camden  Society,  who  are  about  to  publish  it.  The 
most  considerable  collection  of  original  charters  shown  in  the  Museum  were 
those  belonging  to  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  J.  Pakington.  Possessing  the  site 
of  the  nunnery  at  Westwood,  the  title  deeds  of  that  house  are  also  in  his 
hands  ;  although  I  am  not  aware  of  their  extent,  nor  can  I  speak  of  their 
importance  or  interest  beyond  those  exhibited  in  the  Museum.  If  they 
are  at  all  complete  or  considerable,  they  may  contain  much  of  interest 
relating  to  the  community  to  which  they  belonged,  to  its  transactions  with 
those  about   them,  and   to   its  connection  with  neighbouring  estates. 

"  I  must  close  these  notices  by  referring  to  the  invaluable  collection  of 
Sir  Thomas  Phillipps,  at  Middle  Hill  in  this  county.  The  wealth  of  that 
collection  in  cartularies  and  documentary  evidences  of  all  kinds  is  well 
known,  but  it  is  a  matter  of  regret  that  little  has  been  made  known  of 
their  nature  and  extent  ;  and,  though  one  of  the  earliest  friends  and  mem- 
bers of  the  Institute,  Sir  Thomas  is  not  with  us  on  the  present  occasion, 
to  afford  any  information  repecting  them. 

"  I  will  conclude  by  requesting  you  to  consider  these  remarks  simply  as 
aids  to  those  who  may  have  leisure  and  inclination  to  examine  the  original 
sources  of  information.  The  time  at  my  disposal  has  been  short,  and, 
as  regards  the  Chapter  documents,  their  condition  is  so  unfavorable,  that 
my  examination  has  been  carried  on  under  great  disadvantage.  If  these 
remarks  should  in  any  degree  conduce  to  their  improvement  in  that  respect 
I  shall  feel  amply  repaid." 

•'  Since  writing  the  above,  I  have  been  permitted  to  examine  the  MSS.,<kc., 
preserved  in  the  Chapter-house  of  the  Cathedral.  In  one  of  the  presses  was 
a  considerable  number  of  rolls  of  account  of  the  officers  of  tlie  priory,  similar 
to  those  previously  referred  to.     Of  the  MSS.,  an  account  given  in  Smith's 


391  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS    OF 

*  Catalogus  MSS.  Anglie,' has  been  lately  reprinted.  It  gives  an  imper- 
fect idea  of  the  collection,  which  is  rich  in  the  religious,  medioal,  and 
philosophical  works  of  the  Middle  Ages.  Many  of  the  volumes  are, 
unfortunately,  much  injured  b}'  damp,  and  by  the  very  bad  condition  or 
total  want  of  covers  or  bindings.  There  is  a  fine  specimen  of  tlie  English 
language  of  the  middle  of  the  fourteentli  century,  a  hirge  Psalter,  of  which 
the  text  is  the  only  Latin  portion.  The  books  had  obviously  suffered 
through  being  shut  up  in  presses  placed  close  against  the  wall  ;  they  have 
been  removed,  and  a  fine  Norman  arcade  found  beliind  them." 

Two  interesting  communications  relating  to  Roman  antiquities  in  tlie 
adjoining  county  of  Gloucester,  wore,  in  the  absence  of  the  authors,  read 
by  the  Kev.  E.  Venables.  The  first,  by  the  learned  historian  of  Cheshire, 
Dr.  OuMEUOD,  D.C.L.,  F.S.A.,  related  to  the  discovery,  in  March  last,  of 
a  larfje  hoard  of  coins  in  the  parish  of  Woolaston,  at  a  short  distance  from 
the  vicinal  road  from  Gloucester  towards  Chepstow  and  Caerwent,  and  in 
proximity  to  Roman  sites.  Dr.  Ormerod  kindly  sent  impressions  and  elec- 
trotypes of  some  of  these  coins,  of  the  Constantine  family,  also  a  map  of 
ancient  roads  and  entrenchments  in  the  district  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Severn  and  the  Wye,  indicating  the  vestiges  of  Roman  occupation  near  the 
spot  where  this  remarkable  find  of  coins  occurred.  The  other  paper  was  a 
notice,  by  the  Rev.  W.  II.  Lowder  of  Bislcy,  of  two  sculptured  altars 
and  Roman  relics  lately  found  used  as  building  materials  in  the  walls  of 
the  parish  church  at  that  place.  lie  had  the  kindness  to  send  these 
sculptures  for  examination. 

The  following  memoirs  were  also  read.  On  tlTo  Vision  of  Piers  Plowman, 
and  the  connexion  of  its  author  with  Great  Malvern.  By  Mr.  William 
Wauwick. 

On  Worcestershire  Families,  Extinct  or  Extant.  By  Mr.  Steimiex 
Tucker,  M.A. 

Two  other  papers,  sent  by  Mr.  Llewellyn  Jewitt,  F.S.A.,  were  un- 
avoidably deferred,  time  unfortunately  not  sufficing  for  their  being  read. 
One  of  these  related  to  the  Scold's  Bridle,  or  Brank,  and  especially  to 
several  examples  hitherto  unnoticed ;  three,  of  very  singular  character, 
from  Bewdley,  Bridgnorth,  and  Shrewsbury,  were,  through  the  kindness  of 
Mr.  Jewitt,  sent  for  exhibition.  The  second  memoir  related  to  pavements  of 
Decorative  Tiles,  a  subject  of  considerable  local  interest,  in  connexion  with 
the  numerous  tiles  at  Worcester,  Malvern,  Brodon,  Tewkesbury,  <tc. 

The  time  for  an  excursion  to  Bredon,  Tewkesbury,  and  Deerhnrst  had  now 
arrived,  and  a  large  party  took  their  departure  by  train.  At  Bredon  they 
were  received  by  the  Rev.  J.  K.  Booker.  A  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  Severn 
Walker,  explanatory  of  the  architectural  character  of  the  church,  of  which 
Profeshor  Willis  also  pointed  out  certain  peculiar  features.  On  reaching 
Tewkesbury,  many  of  the  visitors  proceeded  to  Deerhurst,  to  examine  the 
long-and-.short  work  of  the  tower,  and  other  supposed  indications  of  Saxon 
date,  as  explained  by  Mr.  Parker.  The  \'icar  of  Tewkesbury,  the  Rev. 
C.  G.  DavicH,  accompani(.'d  them  ;  on  their  return,  passing  near  the  field  of 
the  mcnioriible  defeat  of  the  I>anciistrianH  by  Edward  IV.,  ho  kindly  pro- 
vided refrcHhrnentH  at  the  vicarngo,  and,  under  his  guidance,  with  the 
nhHiHltmee  of  Mr.  I'arker,  a  detailed  examination  of  tin;  n<d»le  abbey  chureh, 
itH  moniunentH,  painted  glans,  and  numerous  points  of  interest,  took  place. 

In  llio  evening  n  memoir  was  read  by  Mr.  I'uanks,  Dir.  S.  A.,  in  tlio 
Museum  of  the  Institute,  relating  to  the  carlioBt  manufactures  of  porcelain 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  395 

in  this  country,  and  especially  to  that  established  at  Chelsea.     It  has  been 
printed  in  this  volume,  p.  340. 

Tuesday,  July  29. 

The  Annual  Meeting  of  Members  to  receive  the  Auditors'  Report,  with 
the  Annual  Report  of  the  Central  Committee,  and  to  select  the  place  of 
meeting  for  the  following  year,  was  held,  at  half-past  nine,  in  the  Council 
Chamber  at  tlie  Guildhall.  The  chair  was  taken  by  Mr.  Octavius  Morgan, 
M.P.,  Vice-President. 

The  Report  of  the  Auditors  for  1861  (printed  at  p.  190  in  this  volume) 
and  also  the  following  Report  of  the  Committee  were  then  read.  Both  were 
unanimously  adopted. 

The  period  has  arrived  when  the  Committee  is  called  upon  to  submit 
their  Annual  Report,  with  the  retrospect  of  the  progress  of  the  Society 
during  the  past  year.  They  hail  with  renewed  encouragement  the 
assurance  that,  since  the  successful  gathering  at  Peterborough,  there  has 
been  no  diminution  in  the  unanimity  with  whicb  the  co-operation  of  their 
fellow-laborers  has  aided  the  extension  of  historical  and  archaeological 
research,  which  it  is  the  special  purpose  of  the  Institute  to  promote.  The 
accession  of  numerous  coadjutors  in  the  ranks  of  the  Society  has  marked 
in  an  encouraging  degree  an  increasing  interest  in  these  purposes,  and  the 
influence  upon  public  opinion  which  the  Institute  has  been  enabled  to  exert; 
it  is  satisfactory  also  to  recall,  that  at  no  period  has  more  ample  provision 
been  supplied  of  evidence  bearing  upon  all  those  subjects  to  which  our 
attention  is  particularly  directed.  The  notices  of  discoveries  in  various 
localities  in  our  own  country  which  have  from  time  to  time  been  received, 
and  more  frequent  communications  with  correspondents  on  the  Continent, 
have  constantly  brought  under  consideration,  at  the  meetings  in  London, 
and  in  our  quarterly  publications,  instructive  materials  bearing  upon  many 
of  the  great  questions  associated  with  national  annals  and  archaeology.  In 
the  combination  of  efforts  for  the  furtherance  of  their  common  purpose,  as 
evinced,  not  only  by  the  individual  members  of  the  society,  but  by  numerous 
kindred  institutions  throughout  the  country,  the  Committee  recognise  the 
pledge  that  archaeology  is  no  longer  pursued  as  an  agreeable  pastime,  or 
attractive  to  its  votaries  as  congenial  with  loyal  and  patriotic  feelings, 
but  that  it  has  taken  that  position  which  it  may  claim  as  a  science  auxiliary 
to  intellectual  advancement. 

Whilst,  however,  in  thus  adverting  to  the  encouraging  aspect  of  the 
position  of  the  Institute,  in  many  points  of  view,  the  retrospect  of  the  year 
is  marked  in  a  painful  degree  by  the  remembrance  of  that  heavy  loss 
which  we  have  had  to  deplore.  The  deep  sorrow  and  bereavement  which 
have  fallen  upon  our  beloved  Queen  have  aroused  in  every  loyal  heart 
sympathy  witliout  precedent  in  any  occasion  of  national  calamity.  To  our 
Society,  in  common  with  institutions  devoted  to  the  promotion  of  the  arts 
and  of  national  cultivation,  the  loss  of  the  Prince,  our  generous  and  intel- 
lectual Patron,  must  be  an  occasion  of  most  keen  regret,  especially  when 
we  recall  his  recent  favors,  his  encouraging  courtesies,  his  hearty  appre- 
ciation and  furtherance  of  every  purpose  of  national  instruction. 

The  Committee  cannot  refrain  from  the  expression  of  their  deep  and 
grateful  sense  of  the  gracious  consideration  of  Her  Majesty,  which    on 


396  rnOCEEDINGS  AT  MEETINGS  OF 

a  late  occasion  lias  been  extended  towards  a  Society  which  had  thus 
enjoyed  her  lamented  Consort's  patronage  and  cncourngenicnt,  and  they 
cherish  the  hope  of  the  future  continuance  of  royal  favor. 

The  year  now  concluded  has  been  marked  by  the  progress  of  archafo- 
logical  discovery  :  the  accessions  to  collections  available  for  public  instruc- 
tion have  also  been  of  increasing  interest  and  importance.  In  the  collection 
of  objects  illustrative  of  successive  periods  of  national  history,  largely 
augmented  and  combined  in  chronological  system  at  the  British  Museum 
under  the  able  direction  of  Mr.  Franks,  many  classes  of  ancient  remains, 
especially  of  the  Prehistoric  ]»eriod,  heretofore  imporfoctly  represented  in 
that  series,  have  been  satisfactorily  supplied.  The  National  Museum  has 
been  augmented  by  many  additions  to  the  stores  of  evidence,  the  value  of 
which  as  auxiliary  to  historical  inquiries,  has,  it  is  hoped,  now  been  fully 
recognised  by  the  Trustees.  The  presentation  of  the  unique  monument 
found  at  Fardell,  in  Devon,  bearing  an  inscription  in  Roman  letters  and 
also  in  the  cryptic  characters  designated  Oghams,  has,  through  the  media- 
tion of  Mr.  Smirke,  added  an  important  pala^ographic  relic  of  the  greatest 
rarity.  The  antiquary  will  hail  with  satisfaction  the  deposit  of  such 
remains  in  a  National  Museum,  where  they  are  not  only  more  extensively 
available  for  comparison,  but  are  rescued  from  risks  by  which  so  many 
valuable  links  in  the  chain  of  archajological  evidence  have  been  destroyed. 
The  destruction  of  the  Cork  Museum,  during  the  last  year — in  which, 
amongst  other  ancient  remains  of  value,  was  an  interesting  monument  of 
Koman  art  found  at  Bath — presents  a  fresh  proof  of  the  importance  of  pre- 
cautions for  the  secure  preservation  of  anticpiities  in  some  suitable  public 
depository.  The  acquisition  of  a  Roman  tablet  from  Lincoln,  bearing  the 
name  of  the  colony,  Lindum,  and  publisiiod  in  our  transactions  through 
our  constant  friend  Mr.  Trollopc  ;  of  Anglo-Saxon  antiquities  also, 
brought  to  light  by  Mr.  Akennan  in  researches  at  Long  Wittenham, 
Berks,  deserve  notice  in  connection  with  the  growth  of  the  long-desired 
National  Series  under  the  efficient  exertions  of  Mr.  Franks. 

In  departments  of  the  national  collections  comparatively  less  attractivo 
to  the  student  of  British  antiquity,  acquisitions  have  been  made  through 
the  excavations  in  the  Cyrcnaica  by  Lieut.  Smith  and  Lieut.  Porcher,  for 
which  funds  wore  provided  by  the  Lords  of  II.  M,  Treasury.  The  results  are 
to  be  seen  at  the  Museum,  as  arc  also  those  of  scavi  at  the  Necroi)()lis  of 
Camirus  in  Rhodes,  achieved  by  MM.  Bigliotti  and  Salzmann,  inider  a 
firman  obtained  by  the  British  Government.  It  is  with  greater  gratification 
that  the  Committee  advert  to  these  recent  acquisitions,  since  the  treasures 
of  classical  antiquity  in  the  British  Musi-um  have  been  entrusted  to  the 
cliargc  of  our  accomplished  friend  Mr.  Newton,  selected  by  tlic  Trustees, 
since  our  last  annual  meeting,  as  successor  to  Mr.  Hawkins  in  an  im- 
portant portion  of  the  fimctiona  which  for  many  years  had  devolved 
upon  our  excellent  Treasurer.  The  recollection  of  the  kindness  of  Mr. 
Newton,  at  that  time  recently  nominated  Consul  at  Rome,  in  delivering  at 
our  Carlisle  Meeting  his  admirable  discourses  in  Ancient  Art  and  on  his 
diNcovcricH  in  llalicarnasHUB,  is  fresh  in  our  remeniltrance. 

The  gratification  generally  exprcHsed  has  given  encouragement  to  tho 
Committeo  to  continue  tin;  Sjiecial  llhistra(ii)iis  of  subjects  connected  with 
Ancient  Arts  and  Manners.  I)uring  the  late  season,  however,  amidst  the 
fiTvor  of  exciteiiifnt  which  has  acc(»nij)anieil  the  International  lv\hii)ition, 
and    OHpccially  that   noble  display  <if  archtoological  weallli    generously  and 


THE    AKCIIAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  397 

lavishly  made  at  South  Kensington,  the  Committee  deemed  it  expedient  to 
limit  the  exhibitions  of  the  Institute.  One  collection  only  has  been  formed 
during  this  season  ;  a  series  of  enamels,  combined  with  exan)|)le3  of  niello, 
was  arranged  for  the  June  meeting,  and,  although  comparatively  inferior 
to  tlie  assemblage  of  mediajval  art  of  that  class  at  Kensington,  the  Com- 
mittee was  enabled  to  present,  by  the  continued  generosity  of  their  friends, 
a  collection  unrivalled  possibly  as  exemplifying  the  history  of  the  art  of 
enamel  at  all  periods  and  in  all  countries.  Amongst  subjects  of  interest 
or  historical  importance  submitted  at  recent  meetings  in  London,  the 
Committee  cannot  omit  to  record  their  sense  of  the  favor  shown  by  the 
Earl  of  Winchilsea  in  bringing  from  the  treasures  of  the  Ilatton  Library 
at  Eastwell,  the  volumes  containing  transcripts  of  charters,  and  Sir  W. 
Dugdale's  collections  of  tombs,  painted  glass,  heraldry,  tkc,,  as  they 
existed  in  various  cathedral  churches  in  the  seventeenth  century.  Still 
more  remarkable  than  this  mass  of  valuable  evidence  to  the  archseologist 
and  topographer,  were  the  fictitious  charters  of  Edward  the  Confessor, 
brought  by  Lord  Winchilsea  to  the  meeting  in  May,  which  drew  forth 
from  Sir  Frederic  Madden  a  discourse  replete  with  curious  information. 

Amongst  results  of  antiquarian  explorations  which  claim  notice,  none 
is  more  striking  than  the  discovery  of  vestiges  of  tlie  Roman  Bridge  across 
North  Tyne,  per  I'meam  valU,  near  the  Station  of  Cilurnum,  in  Northumber- 
land, brought  to  light  by  Mr.  Clayton,  and  to  which  our  attention  was 
recently  invited  by  that  able  antiquary,  and  also  by  the  historian  of  the 
Northern  Barrier,  Dr.  CoUingwood  Bruce. 

In  passing  hastily  in  review  the  leading  incidents  in  archajological  enter- 
prise since  our  last  gathering,  the  Committee  cannot  refrain  from  the 
expression  of  satisfaction  at  the  signal  success  which  has  attended  the 
formation  of  that  precious  display,  the  Loan  Exhibition  at  South  Kensington. 
At  no  period,  nor  in  any  country,  it  may  confidently  be  asserted,  has  so 
rich  a  demonstration  been  made  of  the  wealth  of  Art  in  all  the  varied  pro- 
cesses of  Middle  Age  skill  and  taste  ;  a  sumptuous  display,  to  which 
collectors  and  public  bodies  have  most  generously  contributed.  It  is 
gratifying  to  recall  that  the  earliest  of  such  Art-Exhibitions  originated  at 
the  annual  meeting  of  your  Society  at  Winchester  in  18-16.  With  deep 
feelings  of  satisfaction  also  would  we  cherish  the  remembrance  of  the 
personal  kindness  and  encouragement  with  which  our  late  lamented  Patron, 
the  Prince  Consort,  participated  in  the  organisation  of  the  first  eft'ort  to 
give  to  such  illustrations  of  Arts  and  Manners  a  more  extended  develop- 
ment, in  the  Exhibition  jointly  arranged  by  the  Society  of  Arts  and  the 
Institute  in  1850. 

Your  Committee  cannot  refrain  from  alluding  to  the  recent  change  in 
their  official  arrangements,  and  to  the  loss  of  the  valued  services  of  Mr. 
Warwick  Brooks,  who  has  been  suddenly  called  away  to  a  distant  country 
through  the  dangerous  illness  of  a  near  connection.  They  recall  with 
satisfaction  the  efficient  services  of  that  gentleman  during  the  short  period 
of  his  connection  with  the  Society,  and  the  advancement  of  its  interests 
through  his  energy  and  intelligence.  The  committee  have  at  the  same 
time  to  congratulate  the  Society  on  the  accession  of  an  early  and  very 
constant  friend,  Mr.  Joseph  Burtt,  one  of  the  Assistant  Keepers  of  Records, 
who  has  accepted  the  post  of  Honorary  Secretary,  and  to  whose  kindness 
the  Society  had  been  of  late  indebted  for  an  excellent  Catalogue  of  their 
library,  supi)!ying  a  deficiency  of  which   complaint  had    been  frequently 


39S  PROCEEDINGS    AT   MEETINGS    OF 

made.  The  appointment  also  of  an  al)le  Assistant  Secretary,  ^[r.  Thomas 
Purnell,  well  versed  also  in  many  subjects  of  historical  and  literary  study, 
will,  as  they  confidently  hope,  prove  permanently  advantageous  to  the  hest 
interests  of  the  Society. 

It  is  the  painful  duty  of  your  Committee  to  hear  a  tribute  of  respect  to 
patrons  and  friends  whose  loss  they  have  had  to  deplore  during  the  year. 
Tiiey  would  bear  in  honored  remembrance  the  memory  of  their  generous 
and  accomplished  President  at  the  Salisbur}'  Mooting,  the  late  Lord 
Herbert,  whose  graceful  hospitalities  at  Wilton,  and  cordial  furtherance  of 
the  interests  of  our  meeting  in  Wiltshire,  can  never  be  forgotten.  They 
have  with  regret  to  record  the  loss  of  that  erudite  antiquary,  a  member 
of  the  Committee,  Charles  Edward  Long,  whose  genial  sympathy  in  the 
purposes  which  we  delight  to  prosecute  had  for  many  years  endeared  him 
to  many  in  our  ranks.  Amongst  those  of  our  earliest  members  and  sup- 
porters whose  active  lives  have  recently  been  closed,  must  be  mentioned 
the  talented  Professor  Quekett,  whose  skill,  auxiliary  to  our  investigations, 
had  on  many  occasions  been  kindly  manifested,  the  Rev.  Arthur  llussey, 
Mr.  Dearden,  Mr.  Hill,  one  of  our  earliest  friends  in  Westmoreland,  the 
eminent  historian  of  Arundel  the  Rev.  M.  A.  Tiernej',  the  Rev.  John 
Ward,  Mr.  Thornton  of  Brockhall,  and  Mr.  Kell,  one  of  the  zealous  anti- 
quaries of  the  shores  of  Tyne.  Amongst  others  by  whose  influence  and 
participation  our  proceedings  have  on  various  occasions  been  aided,  we  may 
bear  in  honored  memory  Lord  Muncaster,  the  Earl  of  Eglinton,  Mr.  G. 
Sydney  Strong,  for  some  years  a  member  of  the  Committee,  and  Mr. 
George  Colson,  local  correspondent  of  the  Institute  at  Cairo,  whose  com- 
munications contributed  much  to  the  interest  of  tho  meeting  at  Carlisle, 
where  he  was  at  that  period  resident. 

In  concluding  the  brief  retrospect  of  a  period  thus  chequered  with  sadness, 
especially  in  that  great  National  loss  which,  with  every  loyal  subject,  wc 
deeply  deplore,  the  Committee  may  be  permitted  to  advert  to  cheering 
assurances  of  advancement  in  the  purposes  for  which  the  Institute  has  been 
constituted,  and  to  gratifying  evidence  of  increasing  interest  in  archaeological 
science-  and  in  the  conservation  of  National  Monuments. 


The  following  propositions,  relating  to  certain  modifications  of  the  Laws 
of  the  Institute,  having  been  received  in  due  form  by  the  Central  Committee, 
were  then  submitted  to  the  Meeting  and  adopted  unanimously  : — 

London,  June  19,  I8G2. 

Wc,  the  undersigned  members  of  the  Arclueological  Institute,  desire  to 
propose  the  following  Resolutions  in  regard  to  certain  alterations  in  the 
existing  laws  of  the  Society,  which  we  wish  to  submit  to  the  Ccnernl 
Meeting  of  Members  at  the  apitroaching  Annual  Meeting  at  Worcester. 

1.  Tliat,  in  Law  ',\,  after  the  words — "  the  President's  tenure  of  office 
sliall  bo  for  one  year,"  be  added — •'  ho  shall,  however,  be  immediately 
re-eligible." 

2.  'I'hiit,  in  Law  .'),  after  the  words  —  *'  the  election  of  tin;  President," 
be  addi-d  — "  the  President  of  the  liO(!ul  Meeting." 

3.  Tiiat  Law  I)  hhall  Ktimd  as  follows :—"  In  default  of  a  Local  President 
having   been   elected    liy  the    (ieneral    Meeting  of   Menibeis  at   the  Annual 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  399 

Meeting,  or  in  tlie  event  of  the  Local  President  so  elected  declining  or 
being  unable  to  serve,  the  Central  Committee  shall  have  the  power  of 
electing  a  Local  President,  and  also  Vice-Presidents,  Committees,  and 
Officers  of  the  Annual  Meeting." 

(Signed)     Octavius  Morgan,  V.-P.  Talbot  Bury. 

C.  S.  Greaves.  Edward  Hill. 

D.  Rock.  Evelyn  Ph.  Shirley. 
Edm.  Oldfield.  Joun  Fuller  Russell. 


After  the  election  of  new  members,  twenty  in  number, — including  the  Lord 
Lyttelton,  the  Viscount  Campden,  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  W.  IL  Lyttclton,  Sir 
Thomas  E.  Winnington,  Bart.,  the  Mayor  of  Worcester,  the  Sheriff  of 
Worcester,  the  Rev.  John  Ilyle  Wood,  Canon  of  Worcester,  with  several 
other  gentlemen  connected  with  that  city,  the  following  list  of  Members  of 
the  Committee  retiring  in  annual  course,  also  of  Members  of  the  Society 
recommended  to  fill  the  vacancies,  was  proposed  and  unanimously  adopted. 

Members  retiring  from  the  Committee  : — Sir  John  Boilcau,  Bart.,  Vice- 
President  ;  F.  L.  Barnwell,  Esq.  ;  the  Rev.  Tullie  Cornthwaite ;  J.  Hewitt, 
Esq.;  the  Rev.  J.  L.  Petit;  G.  Poulett  Scrope,  Esq.,  M.P.  ;  James 
Yates,  Esq.  The  following  being  recommended  to  fill  the  vacancies  : — 
The  Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide,  as  Fice- President ;  the  Rev.  John  Bathurst 
Deane,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Rector  of  St.'Mary  Outwich,  City  ;  Charles  Drury 
E.  Fortnum,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  ;  John  Henry  Anderdon,  Esq.  ;  Evelyn  Piiilip 
Shirley,  Esq.,  M.P.,  F.S.A.  ;  Samuel  B.  Hewlett,  Esq.,  War  Office ; 
Edward  Akroyd,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  Also,  as  Auditors  for  the  year  1862, 
Frederic  Ouvry,  Esq.,  Treasurer  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  ;  Robert 
Taylor  Pritchett,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

The  members  then  proceeded  to  discuss  the  choice  of  the  place  of 
meeting  for  the  ensuing  year.  Several  localities  were  mentioned,  highly 
eligible  as  abounding  in  archaiological  attractions,  and  from  which  requisi- 
tions or  friendly  expressions  of  encouragement  had  been  received  ;  amongst 
these  places  were  Hereford,  St.  Albans,  Warwick  (combined  with  Stratford- 
on-Avon,  Konilworth,  and  Coventry),  Derby,  Bary  St.  Edmunds,  and 
Southampton.  A  letter  from  the  Rev.  C.  W.  IBingham  was  read,  suggesting 
the  claims  of  Dorsetsliire,  which,  although  presenting  indeed  no  cathedral, 
is  rich  in  vestiges  of  the  earlier  races,  in  architectural  monuments,  and  his- 
torical sites,  such  as  Corfe  Castle,  Sherborne,  Wimborne-Minster,  with  other 
objects  now  accessible  by  railway.  Rochester  was  also  recommended  ;  the 
Committee  desired  to  call  the  attention  of  the  meeting  to  the  invitation 
received  some  years  since  from  that  city  through  the  friendly  interest  of 
the  Recorder.'  A  letter  was  read,  from  the  Marquis  Camden,  K.G., 
President  of  the  Kent  Archajological  Society,  expressive  not  only  of  the 
kind  feeling  of  that  body,  but  also  the  gratifying  assurance  of  his  readiness 
to  take  the  part  of  Local  President,  in  the  event  of  the  selection  of  Rochester 
as  the  place  of  the  Listitute's  meeting  for  1863.  A  communication  from 
the  Town  Clerk  of  Rochester  conveyed  also  in  very  cordial  terms  the 
encouragement  of  the  Mayor  and  Corporation.  It  was  then  moved  by  the 
Rev.  Edward  Hill,  seconded  by  Mr.  J.  U.  Markland,  and  carried  unani- 
mously, that  Rochester  be  selected  as  the  place  of  the  next  Annual 
Meeting  ;  also,  on  the  proposition  of  the  Hon.  Lord  Xeaves,  seconded  by 

VOL.   xis.  3   I 


400  PROCEEDINGS    AT    MEETINGS   OF 

Mr.  Foss,  that  the   Marquis   Camden  be  elected   Local   President  of  the 
Meeting  at  Rochester. 

Mr.  OcTAVius  MoHGAX  observed  that  he  felt  well  assured  of  a  warm 
response,  on  the  part  not  only  of  the  Members  now  assembled  but  of  the 
Society  at  large,  to  the  proposition  which  he  desired  to  make  of  heartiest 
acknowledgment  to  their  late  noble  President.  His  friendly  courtesies  and 
constant  participation  throughout  their  proceedings,  during  many  years, 
had  endeared  him  to  all.  Lord  Talbot's  kindly  consideration  for  the 
advancement  of  the  Institute  and  the  promotion  of  archaeological  science, 
had  tended  essentially  to  their  successful  progress  under  his  auspices,  and 
also  to  the  personal  gratification  of  all  who  had  enjoyed  friendly  intercourse 
with  him.  All  (Mr.  Morgan  was  persuaded)  would  warndy  unite  in  hoping 
that  no  long  interval  might  elapse  ere  his  noble  friend  would  be  prevaileil 
upon  to  resume  the  intluential  position  in  the  Society  which  he  had  long 
occupied  so  highly  to  their  advantage  and  satisfaction. 

An  animated  conversation  took  jilace  in  regard  to  the  demolition  of  the 
Guesten-hail.  It  was  understood  that,  the  beautiful  timber  roof  having  been 
removed,  portions  of  the  walls  only  would  be  retained  which  might  present 
a  picturesque  ruin,  sufficing  to  preserve  the  remembrance  of  that  interesting 
fabric,  and  of  regret  at  its  destruction.  Mr.  Freeman,  Mr.  Parker,  Lord 
Neaves,  Mr.  Foss,  Mr.  Talbot  Bury,  and  other  members  present  took  part 
in  the  discussion  ;  all  concurring  warndy  in  deploring  that  the  preservation 
of  the  building  had  not  been  found  practicable,  or  funds  been  provided  for  so 
desirable  an  object,  so  as  to  render  tlib  Guesten-hall  permanently  available 
for  some  purpose  of  practical  advantage.  The  following  resolution  was  at 
length  unanimously  adopted  :  — 

**  That,  wliil.-it  abstaining  from  the  expression  of  opinion  on  the  circum- 
stances which  may  have  led  to  such  a  result,  the  Archajological  Institute 
cannot  leave  Worcester  without  recordinn:  their  rcfrret  at  the  destruction  of 
so  unique  a  monument  of  Medieval  Architecture  as  the  Guesten-iiall  in  tiiat 
City." 

The  concluding  Meeting  was  then  held  in  the  Assembly  Room.  The 
Hon.  Lord  Neavks  took  the  Chair,  in  the  absence  of  Lord  Lyttelton.  lie 
expressed  warndy  the  gratification  which,  in  common  with  his  archaeological 
friends,  he  had  enjoyed  throughout  a  week  of  most  pleasurable  and 
instructive  occupation. 

The  following  votes  of  thanks  were  moved  : — by  Mr.  S.miukk,  Vice- 
Warden  of  the  Stannaries,  to  the  Mayor  and  Corporation,  alluding  to  the 
general  liospitalities  of  the  Mayor,  to  valuable  iacilities  and  generous  wel- 
come, and  esjiecially  to  the  addicss,  full  of  friendly  encouragement,  by  which 
the  inaugural  jiroceedings  of  the  meeting  had  l)ecn  cheered; — by  Mr.  Foss, 
to  the  JJean  and  Chapter,  and  particularly  to  the  Rev.  J.  Ryle  Wood, 
Canon  in  residence  ; — by  Dr.  Makki.and,  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  whose 
countenance  and  encouragement  in  taking  the  part  of  President  had  greatly 
promoted  the  success  and  satisfaction  of  their  meeting;  also  to  the  lligli 
Sheriir,  to  Sir  Tiiomas  Wilmington,  and  to  the  gentry  of  the  county,  and  to 
thoHo  CHpecially  whose  kindness  had  enriched  the  temporary  Museum  with 
HO  many  trcabiire.s  of  local  interest; — by  Sir  JvoMKliT  Kiunv,  to  the  Wor- 
ccHter  Natural  History  St)ciety  and  to  their  worthy  President,  Sir  Charles 
JIuntingH  ;  — by  Mr.  Talhot  JJuuv,  to  the  local  (Jonnnittce  and  to  the  loca 
SccretarioK, — who  had  taken  a  very  kind  part  in  all  the  preliminary  arrange- 
nionlu,— .Mr.  Severn  Walker,  Mr.  K.  W.    Ilinns,  and   Mr.    K<lwin    l-ecs  ; — 


THE    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE.  401 

and,  lastly,  by  the  Rev.  Professor  Willis,  to  the  Presidents  and  oflScers  of 
the  Sections,  and  especially  to  their  friend  Lord  Neaves,  hoping  to  have 
the  satisfaction  of  again  enjoying  his  kindly  participation  and  interest  in 
their  proceedings,  not  only  at  Kochester  in  the  ensuing  year,  but  also  at 
many  a  future  archajological  gathering. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Parker  observed  that,  before  the  meeting  terminated,  he  was 
an.xious  to  call  upon  the  Institute  to  record  publicly  the  expression,  agreed 
upon  in  the  meetini;  of  the  members  that  moriiinf,  sifnifvino-  their  resrret 
that  a  very  valuable  architectural  monument,  the  Guesten-hall,  should  have 
been  destroyed.  The  spirit  of  destructiveness  was  still  too  prevalent  ;  he 
lamented  to  see  in  many  places  the  removal  of  relics  of  historical  interest. 
lie  did  not  wish  to  enter  into  the  causes  which  had  led  to  the  demolition  of 
the  greater  portion  of  the  Guesten-hall,  but  simply  to  express  regret  that 
it  had  perished  almost  under  their  very  eyes. 

Lord  Neaves  responded  to  the  conservative  sentiments  expressed  by  Mr. 
Parker,  and  lamented  that  means  had  not  been  found  for  the  preservation 
of  a  structure  of  considerable  interest,  which  might  readily  have  been 
adapted  for  purposes  of  public  advantage. 

AVith  a  hearty  farewell,  and  wishing  long  prosperity  to  the  city  and 
county  of  Worcester,  Lord  Neaves  then  took  his  leave,  and  the  proceedings 
were  brought  to  a  close. 

In  the  afternoon,  by  the  kind  invitation  of  Sir  Thomas  Winnington, 
Bart.,  a  numerous  party  set  forth  for  Stanford  Court,  and  found  in  his 
cordial  welcome  and  hospitality  a  most  enjoyable  termination  of  the  week. 
On  their  way  to  the  lovely  valley  of  the  Teme  the  excursionists  visited  the 
churches  of  Martley  and  Little  Slielsley,  a  little  Norman  fabric  with  certain 
curious  features  and  constructed  almost  wholly  of  travertine.  They  were 
received  with  much  kindness  by  the  incumbent,  the  Rev.  W.  Griffiths,  and 
by  the  worthy  residents  in  the  adjoining  old  Court  House,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Smith.  After  partaking  of  the  ample  hospitalities  of  Stanford,  and  inspect- 
ing the  curious  portraits,  the  ancient  library  and  literary  treasures  there 
l)reserved,  the  party  proceeded  to  Witley  Court,  where,  by  permission  of  the 
Earl  of  Dudley,  the  gardens  and  stately  mansion  were  thrown  open.  On 
the  return  they  lingered  at  Hillhampton,  where  Mr.  Gibbons  possesses  a 
collection  of  valuable  paintings;  and,  after  a  passing  visit  to  Holt  Church 
and  Castle,  where  Mr.  Pickernell  most  courteously  invited  them  to  Lis 
picturesque  residence,  returned  to  Worcester. 


The  Central  Committee  desire  to  acknowledge  the  following  donations 
in  aid  of  the  meeting  and  of  the  general  purposes  of  the  Institute  : — The 
Lord  Lyttelton,  ol.  ;  Sir  Edmund  II.  Lechniere,  Bart.,  51,  ;  Sir  Thomas 
Winnington,  Bart.,  11.  ;  the  Mayor  of  Worcester,  II.  Is.  ;  J,  R.  Apple- 
ton,  Esq.,  II.  Is.  ;  Rev.  Slade  Baker,  IO5.  ;  Rev.  Dr.  Collis,  11.  Is.  ; 
E.  Bickerton  Evans,  Esq.,  11.  ;  W.  Gibbons,  Esq.,  21.  2s.  ;  Edwin  Guest, 
Esq.,  LL.D.,  51.  ;  J.  R.  Hill,  Esq.,  11.  Is.  ;  E.  Holland,  Esq.,  M.P.,  11. ; 
Hon.  and  Uev.  W.  II.  Lyttelton,  IO5.  ;  Dr.  Nash,  II.  Is.  ;  Rev.  T.  Phil- 
pott,  21.  2s.  ;  II.  Foley  Vernon,  Esq.,  11.  ;  J.  W.  B.  Willis,  Esq.,  11. 


^Irdjarolotjiral  lutrllicjcnrf. 

A  SECOND  series  of  Scottish  Seals,  as  a  complement  to  the  valuable 
volume  published  by  Mr.  Henry  Laing  under  the  auspices  of  the  Banna- 
tvne  Club,  in  1850,  has  been  announced  fur  jiublication  (6?/  si(hsci'iption). 
The  examples  collected  by  Mr.  Laing,  during  the  last  twelve  years,  includ- 
ing the  numerous  Scottish  seals  in  the  Public  Records  Office  in  London, 
and  which  have  lately  been  photographed  by  permission  of  the  Right  Hon. 
the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  amount  to  more  than  900.  They  are  for  the 
most  part  of  early  date,  affording  most  authentic  evidence  regarding 
heraldry  and  those  devices  which  preceded  or  accompanied  the  use  of 
heraldic  blazons.  The  volume,  largely  illustrated,  will  be  furnished  at  the 
price  of  two  guineas  to  subscribers,  who  are  requested  to  send  their  names 
to  ilessrs.  Edmondstou  and  Douglas,  Edinburgh.  The  number  of  copies 
printed  will  be  limited. 

The  Committee  desire  to  invite  attention  to  the  important  publication  of 
Media,'val  documents  preserved  at  Paris  in  the  Archives  of  the  Empire,  and 
of  which,  according  to  an  announcement  addressed  to  the  Institute  by  the 
Publisher,  the  first  portion  lias  recently  appeared.  The  *'  Tkksou  des 
CiiAUTES  DE  Fkance  "  will  form  nine  4to  volumes,  containing  upwards  of 
17,000  documents  from  the  eleventh  century  to  the  reigns  of  Francis  I. 
and  Henry  II.  This  great  work,  which  will  throw  light  upon  the  history 
of  our  own  country  as  well  as  of  all  European  nations,  is  published  by 
order  of  II.M.  the  Emperor,  under  the  direction  of  Count  de  Laborde, 
Director-General  of  the  Archives  of  the  Empire*  by  M.  Teulet,  well  known 
through  his  valuable  contributions  to  the  history  of  English  and  Scottish 
affairs  in  the  sixteenth  century,  especially  in  illustration  of  the  times  of 
Mary  Stuart.  The  first  volume  of  the  "  Trtsor  "  may  now  be  obtained 
from  M.  Henry  Plon,  Rue  Garanci^re,  Paris,  Printer  to  the  Emperor. 

A  second  part  of  the  Aucihtectcual  Sketches  in  Worcestershire  will 
shortly  be  published  by  Mr.  Severn  Walker,  and  will  contain  fifty  subjects 
illustrative  of  Ecclesiastical  and  Domestic  Architecture  in  that  county, 
including  several  which  will  be  remembered  with  interest  by  those  of  our 
readers  who  were  present  at  the  Worcester  Meeting.  Amongst  the  sub- 
jects given  in  the  furthcoming  part  will  be  found  Old  Ilagley  Hall,  in 
1758  ;  Little  Comberton  Church,  and  a  timbered  house  with  a  circular 
dovecot;  Great  Comberton  Church;  Tickcnliill,  a  place  of  interest  con- 
nected with  the  last  days  of  Prince  Arthur;  tlie  Church  of  Shclsley  Walsh, 
an  early  structure  of  travertine ;  conventual  buildings,  k,c.  at  Worcester, 
now  destroyed,  including  the  clocherium  and  the  Guesten  Hall ;  also  the 
Refectory  and  the  Lady-Chapel  at  Great  Malvern. 

The  Rev.  James  Graves,  Hon.  Sec.  of  the  Kilkenny  and  South-East  of 
Ireland  Archmological  Society,  amuiunces  for  publication  (by  subscription) 
the  Letters  and  Despatches,  A:c.,  of  Thomas,  tenth  Earl  of  Ormonde,  temp. 
Edward  VI.  to  James  1.,  preserved  in  the  State  Paper  Ollice  and  the 
liodleian  Library.  This  work  will  form  -1  vols.  8vo.,  illustrated  by  portraits, 
autograjdiH,  seals,  «kc.  Subhcrihers'  names  aro  received  by  the  Author,  or 
by  .Mr.  J.  RuhhcU  Smith. 

Th<;  Anmiiil  Meeting  of  the  KiCNTisii  Auch.f.ological  Society  will  be 
held  at  PcMishurht,  on  .July  10,  umlcr  the  Presidency  of  the  Manpiis 
Camden,  K.(i. 

The  Atirjuul  Meeting  of  the  Sus8E,x  AllCH.KOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  will  take 
place  rjri  Aii"ii.il  fl,  in  Wist  Sussex. 


INDEX. 


A. 


Abbey  Dore,  Herefordshire,  dimiautive 
effigy  of  a  bishop  there,  2i. 

Abraxas,  specimens  of  tlie,  in  the  Arun- 
del collection,  17,  104. 

Addington,  Mr.,  enamels  exhibited  by, 
289  ;  miniatures  by  Bone,  296 ; 
Chinese  enamels,  &c.,  301. 

Agate,  presented  to  Queen  Elizabeth  by 
Matthew  Parker,  146  ;  virtues  attri- 
buted to  that  gem,  151. 

Ailettes,  example  of,  on  a  sepulchral  brass 
at  Chester,  187. 

Amherst,  the  Earl,  exhibits  an  enameled 
watch,  294. 

Amphorse,  numerous  fragments  of,  found 
in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  169. 

Amulet  against  colic,  in  the  Arundel 
Collection,  11 ;  virtues  attributed  to 
the  agate,  151  ;  to  other  stones,  155, 
158. 

Anderdon,  Mr.,  exhibits  an  enameled 
escutcheon,  8,  286  ;  enameled  bowl 
from  Bologna,  and  other  enamels, 
ib. ;  miniatures  by  X.  Hone,  Bone, 
&c.,  297 ;  Roman  bronze  sacrificial 
vase,  365. 

Anderson,  Sir  C,  exhibits  an  enameled 
plate  with  the  Lenox  arms,  295 ; 
enameled  snuff-box  from  Naples, 
ib. ;  miniatures,  296 ;  knife  and 
fork  with  handles  of  Battersea  ena- 
mel, 299. 

Anglo-Saxon  Period  : — charters  in  In- 
gulfus'  History  considered,  35,  114; 
political  relations  of  Gloucestershire 
in  Saxon  times,  50  ;  bronze  torque 
rings,  &c.,  found  at  Norwich,  88; 
wooden  situla  found  at  Louth,  Lin- 
colnshire, 172  ;  rings  ornamented 
with  niello,  326 ;  antiquities  found 
at  Ash,  Kent,  339:  do.  found  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  ib. 

Anthony,  Mr.,  exhibits  various  enamels, 
282". 
VOL.  XIX. 


Antiquaries,  Society  of,  leaden  weight  in 
their  museum,  83 ;  dodecahedron  of 
bronze,  ib.  ;  enameled  reliquary, 
282 ;  spinula  ornamented  with  niello, 
292. 

Armlet  of  glass,  fragment  of  one  found 
at  Greaves  Ash,  Northumberland, 
184 ;  of  bronze,  found  in  a  cavern 
in  Weardale,  359. 

Akm.s  and  AR.MOUK  : — effigy  of  a  knight 
at  Zurich,  1  ;  remarkable  visored 
bacuiet,  4;  gauntlets,  7,  163;  early 
use  of  guns  in  the  English  army, 
68 ;  curious  particulars  regarding 
the  crossbow,  &c.,  72  ;  bronze 
helmet  found  in  the  Tigris,  76 ; 
oriental  helmet  with  a  nasal,  shoes 
of  mail,  &c.,  from  the  Arsenal,  Con- 
stantinople, 89  ;  specimens  of  russet 
and  engraved  armour,  ib.  ;  oriental 
weapons  exhibited  by  Mr.  W.  J. 
Bernhard  Smith,  91 ;  notices  of  buff 
and  scaled  armour,  by  Mr.  Hewitt, 
93  ;  penny  plate  armour,  96 ;  bri- 
gandiue  armour,  97;  jazeran  armour, 
98 ;  arms  and  armour  in  the  inven- 
tory of  effects  of  Archbishop  Bowet, 
159;  jack  of  defence,  160;  mail- 
armour,  ib.  ;  paunce,  161;  schyn- 
baldes  for  the  thighs,  ib.  ;  ailettes, 
162,  187;  palet,  or  helm  of  leather, 
162;  curious  visor,  spanners,  plug- 
bayonet,  &c.,  exhibited,  173;  rapiers, 
daggers,  plug-bayonets,  &c.,  174; 
Spanish  rapiers,  180;  goedendag, 
Flemish  weapon  so  called,  314 ; 
sabre  with  finger-guard,  318;  armour 
of  Henry  VIII.  in  the  Tower, 
321. 

Arundel  Collection  of  gems,  notices  of, 
by  the  Rev.  C.  W.  King.  9,  99 ;  sup- 
posed cameo  portrait  of  the  Countess 
of  Arundel,  105;  remarkable  gem 
representing  Venus  with  Vulcan, 
148. 

Auditors,  their  Report,  189. 

3   K 


40i 


INDEX. 


Avenches,   die   for   striking    gold    coius 

foiiud  there,  253. 
Axes,  carried  by  Germaa  miners,   exbi- 

bitcd,  175. 


B. 


Baker,  Mrs.  T.  L.  Barwick,  jewel  pre- 
sented to  Queen  Elizabeth  in  her 
possession,  146. 

Bale,  Mr.  C.  S.,  exhibits  enamels.  290  ; 
a  miniature  of  Addison,  by  Ziucke, 
29(3;  Chinese  enamels,  301. 

Barnwell,  Rev.  C.  J.,  exhibits  a  maul- 
head  of  chalcedony  found  in  Noi-th 
Wales,  92. 

Bath,  Roman  remains,  inscription,  &c., 
found  at,  357. 

Bath,  knights  of  the,  ceremonial  of  their 
creation  exhibited,  187. 

Battersea  enamels,  notices  of,  297,  298. 

Bayonet,  early  specimens  exhibited  by 
Jlr.  Boruhard  Smith,  173;  by  Mr. 
Pritchett,  174. 

Beck,  Rev.  J.,  exhibits  iron  rush-holders 
used  in  Sussex,  181. 

Bells,  Irish,  ornamented  with  niello,  339; 
inscribed  bronze  bell  exhibited  by 
the  Rev.  T.  Cornthwaite,  365. 

Bingham,  Rev.  C,  exhibits  documents 
relating  to  Cumberland,  307  ;  intag- 
lio in  a  mediaeval  setting  found  in 
Dorset,  369. 

Binns,  Mr.  R.  W.,  exhibits  Battersea 
enamels,  299. 

Blaauw,  Mr.,  exliibits  an  enameled  snuff- 
bo.x,  2'J4. 

blore,  Mr.,  representation  of  an  effigy  at 
Abbey  Dore,  drawn  by  him,  24  ; 
III  also  Additions,  viii. 

Bloxain,  Mr.  M.  H.,  exhibits  a  bronze 
helmet  found  in  the  Tigris,  70  ;  me- 
moir by  him  on  effigies  in  Peterbo- 
rough catiicdral,  l^Jl  ;  exhibits  au 
enameled  Roman  I'clic  found  in 
Northumberland,  279;  a  jeweled 
ornament  found  at  Wibtoft,  Leices- 
tersliirc  ;  an  enameled  pyx,  283. 

Bodleian  Librarj',  notice  of  Dr.  liawlin- 
son's  collection  of  seals  tiiero,  309. 

Bohn,  Mr.  H.,  exhibits  a  silver  medallion 
•f  Marj'  Queen  of  Scott,  173. 

Bono,  imploiiientH,  fac,  of,  fuund  in  a 
cavern  in  Weurdale,  359. 

I'otfield,  Mr.,  exhibits  a  brouzo  weight 
found  at  Croyland,  82  ;  an  enameled 
Hnuffbox,  294. 

Bba&seh,  SKruixJiiiiAL: — at  Ounby,  Lin- 
folnshire,  123;  of  a  kiiiglit  in  the 
FraiiciMcan  habit  at  Coiinington, 
14  5;  bniHHOH  in  monoHtic  hal>it«.  Hi.; 
in  croHiiieggod  attitude,  formerly  in 
St.  Mury'o  Church,  CiicHtor,  187; 
euriched  with  ouomel,  285. 


Brcderstone,  at  Dover,  notices  of  the, 
86. 

Breton,  or  Brito,  notices  of  persons  so 
named,  28, 

Bridge,  Roman,  remains  of  one  crossing 
the  North  Tyne,  359. 

Brigand iuo  armour.  97  ;  head-piece  found 
at  Davington,  98. 

Brochmael,  kmg  of  Towis  in  the  seventh 
century,  214. 

Bronze,  antiquities  of: — Greek  helmet 
found  in  the  Tigris,  7l> ;  miniature 
representation  of  a  Roman  bath 
found  in  Hampshire,  S2  ;  mediarval 
weigiit  found  at  Croyland,  (6.;  torque 
rings  found  near  Norwich,  88 ;  sword 
found  iu  the  River  Lea,  91  ;  blade 
found  in  Lincolnshire,  in  Mr.  Bern- 
hard  Smith's  collection,  ib. ;  Roman 
\a.ses  found  in  Leicestershire,  1S2; 
celts  and  celt-monld,  &c.,  found  in  a 
cavern  in  W'eardalo,  359  ;  celt  and 
spear  found  near  Corbridge,  303 ; 
celt  iu  I^Ir.  Bernhard  Smith's  col- 
lection, 364 ;  weapons  found  at 
Ditton,  exhibited  by  the  Earl  Love- 
lace, ib. 

Brooch,  enameled,  found  in  the  Thames, 
91  ;  bronze,  found  with  Roman  coins 
near  Ely,  305 ;  Scottish,  ornamented 
with  niello,  328. 

Buff,  armour  of,  93. 

Bulla3,  Roman,  Venetian,  &c.,  in  Mr. 
Waterton's  collection,  308. 

Burgos,  Mr.  W.,  his  account  of  a  sepul- 
chral efligy  at  Florence,  90  ;  exhibits 
a  s])ear-liead  ancl  other  weapons,  173. 
Burtt,  Mr.  J.,  his  notices  of  the  early  use 
of  guns  and  gunpowder  in  the 
English  Army,  08  ;  jiresents  a  Cata- 
logue of  the  Library  of  the  Institute, 
87  ;  his  not  iocs  of  Documents  at 
AVorcestci',  3S9. 
Buxton,  Sir  Robert,  exhibits  a  shell 
mounted  on  an  enameled  foot,  291. 

C. 

Caerloon,  Catalogue  of  tho  Museum  tlioro, 

192;  Roman  enamels  fuund  there, 

279. 
Cajsar,   observations   on   his   landing  in 

liiitain,  80. 
Caffm,  Ciipt.,  Persian  armour  and  arms 

from    tho    Tower  exhibited    by   liis 

permission,  301. 
Camei,    remarkable    specimens    iu    tho 

Arunilol  collection,  9,  99  ;    on  tho 

shrine  of  tlio  Three  Kings  at  Cologne, 

219. 
CA.MniuixiKsniuK :-  urn  found  at  March, 

•U'ri  ;   Rouiau  cuius  found  near  I'Ay, 

305. 
Cann(Ui,  oarlj  notice  of,  70. 


INDEX. 


405 


Carlisle,  Roman  sculpture  found  at,  177. 
Carr,   Mr.,  exhibit.s   a   ))ortrait    of  Jaue 

Seymour,  187;  of  Zuinglius,  188. 
Carruthers,  Mr.,  exhibits  miniature  por- 
traits, 296. 

Castellani,  Signer,  his  remarks  on  the  use 
of  enamel  by  the  Greeks  and  Etrus- 
cans, 275. 

Ceawlin,  king  of  Wessex,  lii?  conquest  of 
the  Severn  Valley,  196. 

Celt,  of  stone,  found  near  Honiton,  88 ; 
in  Ireland,  92;  remarkable  hammer- 
head found  near  Corwen,  ib. 

,   of  bronze,   found  in   a  cavern  in 

Weardale,  359 ;  found  near  Cor- 
bridge,  364  ;  Irish,  in  Mr.  Beruhard 
Smith's  collection,  lb. 

,  mould  for  making,  found  in  Wear- 
dale,  359. 

Chalcography,  its  origin  traced  to  the 
art  of  niello,  334. 

Chalice,  of  gold  at  Matson,  Gloucester- 
shire, 89  ;  of  pewter,  found  in  the 
coffin  of  an  abbot  of  Chertsey,  168  ; 
at  Mayence  cathedral,  226 ;  with 
two  haudles,  represented  on  a  sculp- 
ture in  ivory  at  Fraucfort,  227 ;  of 
Sieimese  work,  made  for  Boniface 
VIII.,  in  po.ssession  of  Canon  Hock, 
332 ;  enriched  with  niello,  lately 
made  by  Mr.  Hardmau,  338. 

Chapman,  Mr.,  exhibits  an  enameled 
casket,  285. 

Charles  I.,  collection  of  his  letters  at 
Worcester,  392. 

Chelsea,  manufacture  of  porcelain  there, 
notes  relating  to,  by  Mr.  Franks,  340 ; 
early  sjiecimens  described,  343  ;  vase 
in  the  British  Museum,  34. 

Chertsey  Abbey,  notices  by  Mr.  Shurlock 
of  discoveries  there,  167;  Register  of 
one  of  the  abbots  in  Lord  Clifford's 
Library,  350;  fall  of  the  tower,  352. 

Cheshire  : — Roman  inscription  found  at 
Chester,  186;  statuette  of  Venus, 
Roman  tile,  leaden  stamp  found  at 
Chester,  ib.;  sepulchral  brass  with  a 
cross-legged  effigy  formerly  in  St. 
Mary's  church,  Chester,  187;  Fadde- 
ley,  the  Fethan  leag  of  the  Saxon 
Chronicle,  198. 

Chinese  antiquities,  inscription  to  Ta-Yu 
described  by  Dr.  Maegowan,  166  ; 
Chinese  enamels  exhibited,  277,  299. 

Cicognara,  the  Count,  nielli  in  his  col- 
lection, 293, 338. 

Clayton,  Mr.  J.,  his  account  of  the  Roman 
bridge  at  Chesters,  Northumberland, 
359. 

Clayton,  Mr.  W.,  his  account  of  the  re- 
mains of  a  Roman  pharos  at  Dover, 
86. 

Clifford,  Lord,  Register  of  Chertsey  Abbey 
in  his  possession,  350. 


Coffin,  of  lead,  found  at  Norwich,  88. 

Coins,  Roman,  found  at  Wroxeter,  80; 
die  for  striking  Helvetian  gold  coins 
found  at  Avenclies,  253 ;  other 
ancient  dies  noticed,  256,  258 ; 
Roman  coins  found  near  Ely,  365 ; 
at  Woolaston,  394. 

Colnaghi,  Mr.,  exhibits  nielli,  293 ; 
enameled  miniatures,  295. 

Cologne,  notices  of  the  cathedral,  shrine 
of  the  Three  Kings,  &c.,  219;  of  St. 
Cunibcrt's  and  other  churches,  220 ; 
of  the  museum,  224  ;  of  the  archi- 
tectural museum,  225. 

Constantinople,  armour,  &c.,  from  the 
arsenal,  89. 

Corbridge,  celt  and  bronze  weapons  found 
at,  363. 

Cornthwaite,  Rev.  T.,  bronze  bell  ex- 
hibited by,  365. 

Cornwall  :  —  leaden  imago  found  on 
Bod  wen  Moor,  172. 

Corrodj^  granted  by  the  Abbot  and  Con- 
vent of  Chertsey,  353  ;  other  grants 
of  the  like  nature,  354. 

Costume: — Military,  illustrated  by  an 
inventory  of  armour,  &c.,  belonging 
to  Archbishop  Bowet,  160;  Flemish, 
in  the  fourteenth  century,  315.  See 
Arms  and  Armour. 

,    ecclesiastical,    exemplified    by   an 

effigy  at  Abbey  Dore,  Herefn-dshire, 
24  ;  effigies  in  Peterborough  Cathe- 
dral, 135,  et  seq. 

,  monastic,  examples  rare  amongst 

sepulchral  effigies,  145. 

Councils,  royal,  held  at  Worcester,  303. 

Counters,  engraved  with  regal  figures, 
366. 

Crapon,  or  toadstone,  talisman  against 
poison,  155  ;  ring  set  with,  in  pos- 
session of  Cardinal  Wiseman,  189. 

Crawley,  Rev.  C.  Y.,  his  account  of  a 
gold  chalice  and  salver  at  JIatson,  89. 

Cross,  pectoi'al,  of  gold,  exhibited  by  Sir 
T.  Gage  Rokewode,  188. 

Crossbows,  curious  particulars  relating 
to,  72. 

Cumberland  : — documents  relating  to 
Ulvesby,  &c.,  367. 

Cuulifle,  Mr.,  exhibits  a  miniature  by 
Bone,  297. 

Curzon,  Hon.  Robert,  drawing  of  a  cibo- 
rium  in  his  collection  exhibited, 
285  ;  exhibits  nielli,  an  unique  im- 
pression of  a  niello  on  vellum,  &c., 
292  ;  Persian  weapons,  301. 


D. 


Dagger,  shown  on  an  effigy  at  Zurich,  6 ; 
exhibited  by  Jlr.  Waterton,  173; 
Spanish,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Beruhaid 


406 


INDEX. 


Sicith,   174 ;  Persian,   exhibited  by 
the  Hon.  Robert  Curzon,  301. 

Darmstadt,  manuscripts  iu  the  library 
there,  230;  consular  diptych  of  ivory 
there,  232;  sculptures  iu  ivory  in 
the  Mu.«seum,  233. 

Davies,  Mr.  Hillary,  presents  a  Survey  of 
Wroxeter,  SI. 

Derbyshire: — medireval  potteries  found 
by  Mr.  L.  Jewitt,  184,  1S5. 

Devonshire:  —  flint  celt  found  near 
Houitou,  8S;  proposed  publication  of 
Dr.  Oliver's  Parochial  Antiquities, 
192. 

Diptych,  consular,  at  Darmstadt,  232. 

Documents  : — charters  in  the  History  of 
Ingulfus  examiued,  34,  111;  extracts 
from  one  of  the  Pipe  Rolls  relating 
to  the  use  of  guns  and  gunpowder, 
6S ;  frequent  forgeries  of  early 
monastic  documents,  120;  Inventory 
of  armour  and  arms  of  Archbishop 
Bowet,  15S ;  spurious  charter  of 
Edward  the  Confessor  in  possession 
of  the  Earl  of  Wiuchelsea,  176 ; 
lease  of  land  in  the  Isle  of  Wi<^ht, 
with  an  unique  official  seal,  180 ; 
copies  of  documents  made  for  Sir 
C.  Hatton  exhibited,  187;  Roll  of  a 
French  vereion  of  the  Modus  for 
holding  Parliaments  exhibited,  ib.; 
memoir  by  Mr.  T.  DufTns  Hardy  on 
the  Modus  aforesaid,  2,^9 ;  Inden- 
tures between  Henry  VII.  and  the 
Abbot  of  Westminster,  &c.,  ex- 
l»il)ited,  288;  Treaty  between  Henry 
VIII.  and  Francis  I.,  ib. ;  Bull  of 
Clement  VII.  assigning  the  title  of 
Defender  of  the  Faith,  ih.  ;  statutes 
of  the  order  of  St.  Michael  sent  to 
Hcury  VIII.,  ib. ;  register  of  Chertsey 
Abbey  in  possession  of  Lord  Clifford, 
3.50  ;  corrody  granted  by  the  abbot 
and  convent  of  Oliertsey,  353 ;  no- 
tice of  corrodies  granted  elsewhere, 
354;  documents  relating  to  Cum- 
berland exhibited  by  the  Rev.  C.  W. 
Bingham,  367  ;  dipluma  granted  by 
the  Academy  of  Padua,  368 ;  report 
by  Mr.  Burtt  on  the  depositories  of 
documents  at  Worcester,  389  ;  grant 
by  R;ili)h  de  Mortimer  in  possession 
of  Sir  Edmund  Lechmero,  393  ;  pro- 
posed publication  of  the  "  Trdsor 
dcrt  ChartcH  "  in  France,  402. 

Domesday,  names  of  places  in  Oloucestor- 
Blnro  ideMtificd,  6'J. 

Donaldson,  Professor,  cxhibitH  sepulchral 
urns  found  at  Alexandria,  171. 

Dorchettter,  intaglio  in  u  mediajvul  silvor 
lotting  found  there,  369. 

Dover,  notice  of  the  Brodenstone,  a  relic 
of  a  Roman  pharos  thero,  80;   re- 


mains of  the  Templars'  church  there 

noticed,  ib. 
Dugdale,   collections   made   by  him   for 

Sir  C.  Hatton,  186.  264. 
Duke,  Rev.  E.,  exhibits  a  pair  of  enameled 

andirons,  291. 
Durham  : — antiquities  found  iu  a  cavern 

in  Weardale,  358. 
Durlacher,  Mr.,  exhibits  various  enamels, 

290 ;    miniatures,    &c.,    painted    iu 

enamel,  296. 


E. 


Earle,  Rev.  J.,  memoir  by  him  on  local 
names  in  Gloucestershire,  50. 

Effigies,  Sepulchral:  —  figure  of  a 
knight  at  Ziirich,  1  ;  of  diminutive 
size,  at  Abbey  Dore,  Herefordshire, 
24 ;  accomjianyiug  the  interment  of  a 
heart,  26,  27;  of  brass,  at  AiguebcUe, 
representing  Peter,  Bishop  of  Here- 
ford, 27  ;  memorials  of  the  Caryll 
family  at  Harting,  Sussex,  91  ;  in 
Peterborough  Cathedral,  described 
by  Mr.  Bloxam,  ]  34  ;  in  monastic 
dress,  145;  singular  figure  at  Per- 
shore,  378  ;  at  Great  Malvern,  387. 

Egertou,  Sir  Philip  de  M.  Grey,  exhibits 
an  enameled  reliquary,  282  ;  a  sword 
with  ornaments  in  niello,  taken  at 
Balaclava,  293. 

Elizabeth,  Queen,  pendant  jewel  pre- 
sented to  her  by  Archbishop  Parker, 
146;  miniature  portrait  of  her,  152  ; 
cameo  by  Coldorcl  amongst  the 
Devonshire  gems,  154  ;  portrait  iu 
Mr.  Graves'  possession,  155. 

Ely,  urn  iq  the  museum  there,  364 ; 
Roman  coins,  &c.,  found  there,  365. 

Embroideries,  exhibited  by  Miss  Ffuring- 
tou,  83 ;  portrait  of  the  Old  Chevalier, 
in  tent-stitch,  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Waterton,  18.0;  exhibited  by  the 
Rev.  W.  Siieyd,  i(>.  ;  i>all  belonging 
to  the  Clothiers*  guild  at  Worcester, 
385. 

Enamels  :^cscutclieon  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Anderdon,  8,  286;  Roman  libula 
cxliibited  by  Mr.  Franks,  91 ;  Italian 
work  on  settings  of  gems  in  the 
Arundel  collection,  101,  105;  arclii- 
opi.HCopal  cross  at  Cologne  Cathedral, 
219  ;  Special  Exhibition  of.  274  — 
301  ;  remarks  on  their  cla.sBilicatinn, 
276;  produced  at  liattersea,  277, 
297;  Cliincso,  277,  299;  the  Lenox 
Jewel,  277 ;  Russian,  on  an  ovau- 
j.'cliary  in  the  Queen's  library  at 
Windsor,  278  ;  llonian,  found  at 
Lincoln,  ili.  ,  cast  of  tlie  Rirtlow 
vaso  exliibitod,  ih.;  fonnil  at  (,'aer- 
Icon,  279  ;  at  Kirkby  I'hore,  Pains- 


IXDEX. 


407 


wick,  and  other  Roman  Bites,  ib. ; 
found  near  Rome,  279 ;  specimens 
preserved  in  the  Vatican,  280  ;  in 
the  British  Museum,  ib. ;  Irish,  found 
at  Lagore,  iO.  ;  bridle-bit  found  in 
county  Mouaghan,  ib  ;  ring-brooch 
found  also  there,  281 ;  found  near 
Lewes,  ib. ;  choice  specimens  of 
various  periods  exhibited,  from  the 
Museum  of  Practical  Geology,  ib. ; 
portrait  by  Leonard  Limousin,  282  ; 
reliquary  exhibited  by  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  ib.  ;  Russo-Greek 
folding  tablet,  ib. ;  reliquary  found 
in  Cheshire,  exhibited  by  Sir  Philip 
de  M.  Grey  Egerton,  ib. ;  two-handled 
cup  of  late  Limoges  work,  ib. ;  reli- 
quary and  other  specimens  exhibited 
by  Mr.  Anthony,  ib. ;  fine  plaque 
exhibited  by  the  Rev.  J.  F.  Russell, 
ib. ;  specimens  of  Limoges  work  and 
various  other  enamels  exhibited  by 
Mr.  Mayer,  283;  German,  exhibited 
by  Mr.  Slade,  ib. ;  pyx  of  Limoges 
•work  exhibited  by  the  Rev.  C.  R. 
Manning,  ib. ;  ditto,  by  Mr.  Bloxam, 
ib. ;  enameled  boss  and  another 
ornament  exhibited  by  Mr.  Hender- 
son, ib. ;  German,  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Bolls,  ib. ;  ditto,  with  various  other 
specimens  exhibited  by  Mr.  Octavius 
Morgan,  ib.,  284 ;  choice  specimens, 
ciborium  in  form  of  a  dove,  caskets, 
unique  enamel  by  Ambrosio  (ii 
Landriano,  mazer,  works  by  Leonard 
Limousin,  &c.,  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Magniac,  284 ;  Limoges  and  other 
enamels,  gold  crucifix,  &c.,  exhibited 
by  Mr.  Beresford  Hope,  ib. ;  casket 
■with  armorial  bearings  made  pro- 
bably for  William  de  Valence,  2S5  ; 
illustrations  of  the  use  of  enamel 
for  the  enrichment  of  Sepulchral 
Brasses,  ib. ;  drawings  of  choice  ex- 
amples exhibited  by  Mi'.  H.  Shaw, 
ib. ;  drawings  exhibited  by  Mi*. 
Winston,  286;  basins  exhibited  by 
Mr.  Waterton,  ib. ;  Italian  bowl  and 
other  specimens  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Anderdon,  ib.  ;  early  Limoges  and 
German  Italian  chalices,  &c..  exhi- 
bited by  Mr.  Webb,  ib.  ;  heraldic 
badge  and  other  enamels  exhibited  by 
Mr.  Bcrnhird  Smith,  287 ;  heraldic 
badges  exhibited  by  the  Rev.  C.  R. 
Manning,  ib. ;  silver  folding-tablet 
exhibited  by  Sir  T.  R.  Gage,  ib. ; 
translucent,  and  other  specimens 
exhibited  by  Mr.  0.  Morgan,  ib. ; 
singular  crucifix  exhibited  by  the 
Rev.  W.  Wennall,  288 ;  oi-namental 
bosses,  &c.,  on  the  Indentures  be- 
tween Henry  VII.  and  the  Abbot  of 
Westminster,   ib.  ;    Venetian,    exhi- 


bited by  Mr.  Rohde  Hawkins,  ib. ; 
fine  tazza  exhibited  by  Sir  E.  Lech- 
mere,  ib. ;  candlestick  and  other 
choice  Limoges  enamels  exhibited 
by  Mr.  Whitehead,  289 ;  tazza  exhi- 
bited by  Mr.  Stuart  Mackenzie,  ib. ; 
tazza,  salt-cellars  and  other  choice 
specimens  exhibited  by  Mr.  Adding- 
ton,  ib, ;  triptych  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Morland  ib. ;  Venetian,  Limoges 
and  other  specimens  exhibited  by 
Mr.  Franks,  ib.  ;  Limoges  works, 
enamels  on  gold,  &c.,  exhibited  by 
Mr.  Durlacher,  290;  specimens  ex- 
hibited by  Mr.  Bale,  ib, ;  by  Mr. 
Webb,  ib. ;  by  Mr.  Wilson,  ib.  • 
andirons  exhibited  by  the  Rev.  E. 
Duke,  291 ;  drawing  of  a  candlestick 
found  at  York,  ib. ;  strombus  shell 
mounted  on  an  enameled  stand  exhi- 
bited by  Sir  R.  Buxton,  ib. ;  gold 
pendant  formerly  belonging  to  Sir 
T.  More,  bequeathed  to  Stonyhurst 
College,  292 ;  series  of  watches  exhi- 
bited by  Mr.  0.  Morgan,  293 ;  watch 
exhibited  by  the  Earl  Amherst,  294  ; 
crucifoi-m  watch  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Whitehead,  ib. ;  watch  exhibited  by 
Mr.  Franks,  ib. ;  snuff-boxes,  vases, 
&c.,  exhibited  by  Mr.  W.  Russell, 
294  ;  choice  specimens  exhibited  by 
Mr.  Blaauw,  Mr.  Botfield,  and  Sir 
Charles  Anderson,  294,  295 ;  pectoral 
cross,  and  a  chatelaine  formerly  be- 
longing to  Mary  of  Modena,  exhi- 
bited by  Mr.  Pritchett,  295 ;  minia- 
tures jjainted  in  enamel  exhibited 
by  Mr.  Fischer,  ib. ;  ditto  by  Mr.  J, 
G.  Nichols,  Mr.  Colnaghi,  and  Mr. 
Shirley,  ib. ;  ditto  by  Mr.  Addington, 
Sir  Charles  Andei-son,  the  Duke  of 
Northumberland,  Mr.  Carruthers, 
Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide,  Mr.  White- 
head, &c.,  ib.;  ditto  by  Mr.  Wilson, 
Mr.  Cunliffe,  and  Mr.  Anderdon,  297 ; 
Battei"sea,  &c.,  exhibited  by  Lord 
Talbot  and  Mr.  Morgan,  ib. ;  ditto 
by  Mr.  Franks,  the  iluseum  of  Prac- 
tical Geology,  Mr.  Wilson,  and  Sir 
S.  Scott,  298 ;  ditto  by  Mr.  Binns, 
Mr.  Rohde  Hawkins,  and  Sir  C. 
Anderson, 299;  Chinese  and  oriental, 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Henderson,  ib.  ; 
ditto  by  Mr.  Beresford  Hope,  !Mr.  W. 
Russell,  Mr.  Franks,  jMr.  Hawkins, 
the  Museum  of  Practical  Geology, 
and  Mr.  Morgan,  300;  ditto  by  Mr. 
Rohde  Hawkins,  Mr.  Addington,  Mr. 
Roots,  and  Mr.  Bale,  301 ;  priming 
flasks,  supposed  to  be  Turkish,  ib. ; 
Persian  daggers,  &c.,  exhibited  by 
the  Hon.  R.  Curzon,  ib. ;  Persian 
armour  and  arms  from  the  Tower 
Armory,  ib. 


40S 


INDEX. 


Ferguson,  Mr.,  his  account  of  a  Roman 
sculpture  fnuud  at  Carlisle,  176. 

Ffarington,  Miss,  exhibits  documents, 
impressions  of  sealsj,  &c.,  S3 ;  em- 
bioilerii'S,  ib. ;  a  flint  celt  found 
near  Honiton,  88. 

Fibula,  enameled,  found  in  the  Thames, 
91  ;  bronze,  fouud  near  Ely,  305. 

Figge,  Mr.,  exhibits  a  miniature  bj"  J. 
Forster,  ISl ;  enameled  object  found 
near  Lewes,  2S1. 

Finiguerra,  his  discovery  of  chalcogi-aphy, 
335. 

Fischer,  Mr.,  exhibits  miniatures  by 
Zineke,  295  ;  an  enamel  by  William 
Craft,  ib. ;  miniatures  by  Bone,  &c., 
ib. 

Fisher,  Mr.  M.,  exhibits  an  urn  found  at 
March.  364. 

Fitch,  Mr.,  his  account  of  a  mural  paint- 
ing at  Norwich,  81  ;  exhibits  bronze 
torque  rings  found  at  Norwich,  88; 
his  notice  of  a  leaden  cofi&n  fouud 
there,  ib. 

Flint,  celt  found  near  Honiton,  88  ;  relics 
fuund  at  Greaves  Ash,  Northumber- 
land, 184. 

Font,  of  bi-ass  at  Mayence,  226. 

Frankfort,  ivory  sculpturea  and  MSS.  in 
the  Museum  there,  227. 

Franks,  Mr.,  exhibits  a  bronze  aword 
found  in  the  river  Lea,  91  ;  a  bronze 
Bwan  and  enaincl<-d  fibula  found  in 
the  Thames,  i6.;  an  engi-avcl  bamboo 
cine,  181;  drawiiig.s  of  enamels  at 
Home,  279;  of  a  Roman  v;lsc  found 
at  Ambleteuse,  280 ;  Venetian  and 
other  enamels,  289;  enameled  watch, 
294;  miniature  by  Dinglingcr,  296; 
Chinese  eiiamele,  300  ;  his  Notes  on 
Chelsea  Porcelain,  340. 

Freeman,  Mr.  S.  P.,  exhibits  gold  Greek 
mcdalliou.s,  171. 

Freeman,  Mr.  E.,  hia  observations  on 
Perwhoro  Abbey  church,  377  ;  on 
Evcithiim  Abbey  and  Simon  do 
Moiitfort,  379  ;  on  Malvcru  Priory 
church,  385. 


O. 


Gago,  Sir  T.  R.,  exhibits  a  gold  pectoral 
croHH,  188;  an  illuminated  .M.S.  jiru- 
K<iit<*d  to  llcnry  Prince  of  Waloa  by 
ICHthcr  IngliH,  lb. ;  a  ailver  enameled 
lriplych,'.i87. 

G%uiitli:tM;  nprt-Mented  on  a  HO|iulchi-al 
••fl\i^y  at  Zilrich,  7  ;  of  bull  leather, 
[fi  ;  lon^-etiffod,  for  the  bri<lle  arm, 
90;   with  bmsH  knnckloM,  163. 

Oeiu:— notices  uf  the  Arundel  oollcction, 


9,  99 ;  jewel  given  by  Archbishop 
Parker  to  Queen  Eliz!\beth,  146 ; 
talismanic  virtues  attributed  to,  155, 
158 ;  on  the  shrine  of  the  three 
Kings  at  Cologne,  219  ;  intaglio  in  a 
medireval  setting  fouud  in  Doreet, 
369. 

Germany,  archseological  notes  on  various 
churches,  museums,  &c.,  219. 

Glass,  Homau,  bottles  found  at  Wroxeter, 
SO;  found  in  Leicestei-shire,  183. 

,  painted,  fragments  found  at  Chert- 

sey  Abbey,  103  ;  German,  exhibited 
by  Mr.  Pritehett,  174;  at  Little 
Malvern  church,  387. 

Gloccesteusqire: — traces  of  its  history 
and  ethnology  in  local  names,  50  ; 
gold  chalice  and  salver  in  Matsou 
church,  89;  memoir  bj-  Dr.  Guest 
on  the  Engli.-h  Conquest  of  the 
Severn  Valley,  193. 

Gloves,  embroidered,  exhibited  by  the 
Rev.  W.  Sneyd,  189. 

Glyptic  Art,  notices  of  the  Arundel  col- 
lection by  the  Rev.  C.  \V.  King,  9, 
99  ;  jewel  presented  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth by  Archbishop  Parker,  146. 

Godwin,  Mr.  K.  W.,  his  notice  of  the 
tower  of  St.  Philip's,  Bristol,  91. 

Gold  Gaulish  coins,  die  for  striking  them 
found  at  Avenchcs,  253. 

Greeek  fire,  notices  of,  09. 

Greeks,  the  Ten  Thousand,  supposed 
traces  of  their  retreat,  77. 

Guest,  Dr.,  his  Memoir  on  the  English 
Conquest  of  the  Severn  Valley,  193. 

Guns  and  gunpowder,  notices  of  their 
early  use,  08  ;  stock-guns,  163. 

Gurniy,  Mr.  D.,  exhibits  a  i>ortrait  of 
Prince  Arthur,  83 ;  of  Daiuley,  ib. 


H. 


Hamoud,  ]\Ir.  W.  P.,  exhibits  a  French 
joton  found  at  Croydon,  89. 

Hami'.siiike  : — miniature  bronze  repre- 
sentation of  a  bath  found  at  Bosiug- 
fitoko,  82. 

Hardy,  Mr.  T.  Dufl'us,  his  Memoir  on  the 
Moi/u.i  for  holding  a  Parliament,  259. 

Hartshdrne,  Rev.  C.  H.,  his  Memoir  on 
Royal  Councils  at  Worcester,  3o3. 

Hatton,  Sir  C,  coUectioift  niade  for  him 
bv  Dugdalo  exhibited  i>y  the  Ivirl 
r)f  Winchelsea,  186. 

HawkinK,  Mr.,  exhil)its  CliineKO  enamels, 
300  ;  his  observationa  on  the  Mint 
at  Worcester,  38S. 

,  Mr.  Rohdo,  oxhibitH  Venetian  and 

other  enamels,  2S8 ;  a  Hjn'cimon 
of  Hattersea  enanicl,  299 ;  Turkisii 
)>riuiiug  lliksk,  3U1 ;  ( 'hineso  enanielH, 
«6. 


INDEX. 


409 


Ueart,  interments  of  the,  apart  from  the 
corpse,  26,  27. 

Helmet,  curious  example  on  a  sepulchral 
effigy  at  Ziirich,  4  ;  bronze,  fouud  in 
the  Tigris,  77 ;  oriental,  from  the 
Arsenal  at  Constantinople,  89  ;  with 
ventaille  of  mail,  161;  of  leather 
called  a  palet,  162. 

Henderson,  Mr.,  majolica  plate  in  his 
collection,  148;  exhibits  enameled 
ornaments,  2S3;  Chinese  enamels 
from  the  Summer  Palace,  &c.,  299. 

Heraldrj  : — armorial  escutcheon  worn 
on  the  camail,  5,  8  ;  roll  of  arms 
preserved  at  Ziirich,  7 ;  enameled 
escutcheon  in  Mr.  Anderdon's  col- 
lection, 8,  286;  arms  of  Henry  VIII. 
on  the  covers  of  a  book,  174  ;  pro- 
posed publication  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Nichols 
relating  to,  191 ;  Notice  of  Mr.  Pap- 
worth's  Dictionary  of  Arms,  ib. ; 
small  enameled  escutcheons  ex- 
hibited, 287. 

Herefordshire  : — diminutive  effigy  at 
Abbey  Dore,  24 ;  separate  interment 
of  a  heart  at  Aconbury,  26 ;  ditto  at 
Ewyas  Harold,  ih. 

Hertfordshiue  : — bronze  sword  found 
in  the  river  Lea,  91. 

Hewitt,  Mr.,  his  notices  of  bufiF  and  of 
scaled  armour,  93 ;  exhibits  a  docu- 
ment relating  to  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
with  an  unique  official  seal,  ISO ; 
bis  notices  of  the  Flemish  goeden- 
dag,  314;  of  a  sabre  with  a  finger- 
guard,  318. 

Hill,  the  liev.  J.  H.,  his  notice  of  Roman 
relics  fouud  near  Cranoe,  182. 

Hope,  Mr.  A.  Beresford,  exhibits  various 
enamels,  2S4;  CLinese  enamels,  300. 

Hut-circles, in  Northumberland  and  other 
localities,  184. 


Inglis,  Esther,  a  MS.  presented  by  her  to 
Prince  Heniy  exhibited,  188. 

Ingulfus,  his  History  and  Cliarters  con- 
sidered, by  xMr.  H.  T.  Riley,  32,  114. 

Inscriptions  : — to  Ta-Yu,  Emperor  of 
China,  exhibited  by  Dr.  Macgowan, 
166 ;  on  early  Christian  tombs  at 
Cologne,  222;  to  Fastrada,  wife  of 
Chai-lemagne,  at  Mayence,  226. 

Ireland  : — stone  celts  found  there,  92  ; 
petition  of  the  Archbishop  of  Cashel 
to  Thomas  of  Lancaster,  255,  274 ; 
Irish  bronze  celt  exhibited,  364. 

Iron-work,  a  lock  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Waterton,  173  ;  German  and  Italian 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Pritcliett,  174. 

Ivory  sculptures,  casket  from  Veroli  ex- 
hibited by  Mr.    Webb,   88;  tablet 


from  Chichester  cathedral  exhibited 
by  Mr.  Mills,  ib. ;  box  containing  a 
jewel  presented  to  Queen  Elizabeth 
by  Archbishop  Parker,  149  ;  folding 
tablets  from  Vale  Crucis  Abbey  ex- 
hibited by  Mr.  Wynne,  178 ;  at 
Cologne  cathedral,  219  ;  casket  at 
St.  Ursula's  church,  Cologne,  222  ; 
at  the  Museum,  Cologne,  224; 
combs,  ivory  boxes,  &c.,  225;  at 
Mayence,  227;  at  Francfort,  227; 
consular  diptych  at  Darmstadt,  233  ; 
casts  to  be  obtained  at  Francfort,  ib. 


J. 


Jack  of  defence,  notice  of,  160. 
Jazeran  armoui-,  notice  of,  98. 
Jeton,  French,  found  at  Croydon,  89. 
Jewel,  presented  by  Archbishop  Parker 

to    Queen    Elizabeth,    146;    various 

other  presents  to  that  Queen,  154. 
Jewitt,  Mr.  L.,  his  account  of  mediaeval 

potteries  found  in  Derbyshire,  184. 
Johnson,  Dr.,  his  Report  on  excavations 

at  Wroxeter,  80. 


K. 


Keller,  Dr.,  his  notice  of  a  sepulchral 
effigy  at  Ziirich,  1 ;  exhibits  a  photo- 
graph of  a  bronze  dodecahedron 
there,  83  ;  a  drawing  of  a  pendant 
amulet  set  with  an  intaglio,  157; 
his  account  of  a  die  for  striking 
Gaulish  gold  coins  found  at  Aven- 
ches,  253. 

Kendrick,  Dr.,  exhibits  impressions  of 
Italian  and  other  seals  in  the 
Bodleian  Library,  369. 

Kent  : — notice  of  the  vestiges  of  a  Roman 
pharos  on  the  Western  Heights,  86  ; 
proposed  meeting  of  the  Institute 
at  Rochester,  399. 

Kent,  Miss,  exhibits  a  portrait  of  Pe- 
trarch, 366. 

Key,  with  the  monogram ;  &c.,  of  Henry 
II.  king  of  France,  174. 

King,  the  Rev.  C.  W.,  his  Notices  of  the 
Arundel  Collection  of  Gems,  9,  99; 
his  remarks  on  a  jewel  presented  to 
Queen  Elizabeth,  148. 

Knill,  Mr.  S.,  exhibits  a  brass  box  en- 
graved with  sacred  subjects,  366. 

Kyndylan,  elegy  by  Llywarch  Hen  on 
his  death,  199. 


Lamps,  Roman,  found  at  Wroxeter,  SO. 
Le  Keux,  Mr.,  exhibits  a  specimen   of 
Wedgwood's  ware,  189. 


-iin 


INDEX. 


Lead,  Roman  coffin  of,  found  at  Norwich, 
88  ;  remarkable  galley  of  the  knights 
of  Malta  sheathed  with,  90  ;  leaden 
image  with  Hebrew  characters  found 
in  Cornwall,  172;  Roman  stamp 
found  at  Chester,  186;  perforated 
disk  exliibited  by  Mr.  Waterton, 
189;  used  largely  in  the  construction 
of  the  Roman  bridge  across  North 
Tyne,  301,  3(32. 

Lechmere,  Sir  Edmund,  exhibits  a  fine 
enameled  tazza,  288 ;  a  document 
with  the  seal  of  Ralph  de  Mortimer, 
393. 

Lee,  Mr.  E.,  exhibits  Roman  enamels 
found  at  Caerleon,  279;  hLsCatiilo,'uo 
of  the  Museum  there  noticed,  302, 

Lefroy,  Col.,  exhibits  a  representation  of 
a  Roman  bath,  in  bronze,  found  near 
Biisingstoke,  82 ;  a  sabre  with  a 
finger-guard  from  the  Arsenal  at 
Woolwich,  318. 

Leicestershire: — Roman  antiquities  of 
bronze,  glass,  &c.,  found  near  Cranoe, 
182. 

LiNCoLXSHinE: — singular  .shaft  at  Lincoln 
described  by  Mr.  Trollopo,  169 ; 
Saxon  siVit/tt  found  at  Louth,  172; 
seal  of  the  Abbey  of  Louth  Park, 
173. 

Lister,  Dr.,  his  notices  of  early  manu- 
factures of  porcelain  in  France,  &c., 
341,  343. 

Livock,  Mr.,  his  remarks  on  ancient 
horticulture,  177 ;  exhibits  curious 
tapestry,  ib. 

Lloyd,  Mr,  his  remarks  on  Julius  Caisar'a 
landing  in  Britain,  86. 

Lovelace,  the  Earl,  exhibits  bronze 
weapons,  &c.,  found  at  Ditton,  364. 

Lyttelton,  the  Lord,  prcBidcnt  at  the 
Worcester  meeting  of  tho  Institute, 
371. 


M. 


McCaul,  tho  Rev.  Dr.,  exhibits  antiquities 
found  near  tho  Niagara  river,  363. 

Macgowan,  Dr.,  his  accoiiut  of  an  in- 
scribed memorial  of  Ta-Yu,  Emperor 
of  China,  166. 

Mackenzie,  Mr.  S.,  oxhibita  an  enameled 
tazza.  289. 

Mackie,  Mr.,  his  account  of  relics  of 
bronzi!,  bone,  &c.,  found  in  a  cavern 
in  Wi^ardalo,  35S. 

Ma'ldun,  Sir  F.,  hJH  remarks  on  a  spurious 
charter  of  Edward  tho  ConfosMor  ox- 
hibit«'d  by  tho  Earl  of  WiiiohilHoa, 
I7*< ;  f"  iiixo  ('orroctioMH,  iit  p.  viii. 

HaiI,  »ili'>'H  111',  friiiii  tho  Ar«<!iiul  iit  C'on- 
■toutiuuplo,  89  ;  armour  of,  noticed. 


160;  ventaille  of  a  helmet  formed  of, 
161 ;  cleaned  by  rolling  in  a  barrel, 
163. 

Magniac,  Mr.,  exhibits  various  enamels, 
284. 

Manning,  Rev.  C.  R.,  exhibits  enameled 
escutcheons,  a  pyx,  &e.,  283,  287. 

Manuscripts,  in  the  Museum  at  Cologne, 
224  ;  at  Francfort,  227 ;  at  Darm- 
stadt, 230,  232 ;  in  possession  of  Sir 
T.  Wiuniugtou,  393.  See  Docu- 
ments. 

Mai'ble,  Roman  inscriptions  on,  found  at 
Biith,  358  ;  rarely  found  With  Roman 
remains  in  England,  ib. 

Mary  Queen  of  Soots,  portrait  of  her  ex- 
hibited by  Mr.  H.  IJoim,  173:  MS. 
Ju.stiQcation  of  the  policy  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  in  regard  to  her,  393. 

Mathews,  Mr.,  exhibits  impressions  of 
seals,  173. 

Mayence,  objects  in  tho  Museum  there 
noticed,  226. 

Mayer,  Mr.,  exhibits  various  enamels, 
283  ;  specimens  of  niello,  293. 

Medals,  papal,  exhibiteil  by  Professor 
Westmacott,  178  ;  of  the  Academies 
at  Rome  and  Florence,  180  ;  of  the 
Royal  Academj',  ib. 

Mellor,  Rev.  G.,  exhibits  Irish  celts  of 
stone,  92. 

Mills,  Mr.,  exhibits  an  ivory  tablet  found 
at  Chichester,  88. 

Minors'  axes,  German,  exhibited,  174. 

Mint,  at  Worcester,  notice  of,  by  Mr. 
Hawkins,  388. 

Minty,  Mr.,  his  account  of  monuments  of 
the  Caryll  family  at  Hartiug,  Sussex, 
91 ;  exhibits  a  silver  ring  found  at 
Tenby,  189. 

"  Modu.s  tenendi  Parliamcntum,"  Memoir 
by  Mr.  Duffus  Hardy  on  the,  2:.9; 
unique  co)>y  of  a  French  version  of, 
exhibited  by  the  Earl  of  Winchilsca, 
187,  204,  260. 

MoN.MOUTnsmiiE  : — effigy  of  a  lady  at 
Abergavenny,  27;  Roman  enamels 
found  at  Caerleon,  li79  ;  Catalogue, 
by  Mr.  Lee,  of  the  Museum  there, 
3u2. 

More,  Sir  T.,  his  silver  seals  preserved  at 
Ston\  hurst  College,  292  ;  gohl  orna- 
ment, with  a  figure  of  St.  George, 
formerly  belonging  to  him,  ib. ;  his 
jiect'iral  cross  ornamented  with 
niiillo.  336. 

Morgan,  Mr.  OctaviuH,  exhibits  a  Chineso 
Bial  of  agate,  83  ;  various  H|)ocimon« 
of  enamol,  283,  287  ;  a  baldric  with 
Italian  armorial  boariiigH,  293,  331  ; 
a  BcricH  of  wiilclios  in  onamelod 
(;mmi-b, 'J93  ;  iliiticrHi'ii  cnanicls,  '.!97; 
Chini-Hu  eniirnclH,  3U0;  oriental  luvur 
and  ewer  of  brass,  306. 


INDEX. 


411 


Morland,  Mr.,  exhibits  an  enameled  trip- 
tych, &c.,  289. 

Murchisou,  Sir  11.,  exhibits  several  Ger- 
man miners'  axes,  174;  choice  spe- 
cimens of  enamel  from  the  Museum 
of  Practical  Geology,  exhibited  by 
his  permission,  279,  281,  298,  300. 

Museum,  British,  objects  of  antiquity 
and  art  there  preserved  : — gold  By- 
zantine ring  ornamented  with  niello, 
325 ;  gold  ring  found  near  Peter- 
borough, 32G  ;  ring  with  iuscrijition 
partly  iu  Runes,  found  in  Lancashire, 
327  ;  Ethelwulf  s  ring,  ib. ;  nielli, 
pax,  wrought  by  Peregrino  da  Cesena, 
and  other  examples  of  the  art  of 
niello,  331,  333,  336  ;  Saxon  antiqui- 
ties found  at  Ash,  Kent,  339  ;  Irish 
bells  of  sacred  character,  ib.  ;  vase 
of  Chelsea  porcelain,  347;  singular 
urn  found  at  Appleford,  Berks,  365. 

of     Practical     Geology,     German 

miners'  axes  there  preserved,  174; 
various  choice  enamels  exhibited 
from  that  collection,  279,  281,  298, 
300. 

,  Royal,   at  Copenhagen,   gold  ring 

found  at  Brambam  Moor,  Yorkshire, 
there  preserved,  327. 

N. 

Names,  local.  Memoir  by  the  Rev.  J. 
Earle  on  those  of  Gloucestershire,  50. 

Kewton,  Mr.  C,  his  work  on  the  Antiqui- 
ties of  Halicarnassus,  166;  cast  of 
the  bead  of  a  statue  of  Ceres  found 
by  him  at  Cnidus  exhibited,  ib, 

Niagara  River,  relics  of  stone,  &c.,  from 
tumuli  on  its  banks  exhibited,  363. 

Nichols,  Mr.  J.  Gough,  ju'oposed  publi- 
cation by  him  on  heraldry  and  gene- 
alogy, 191 ;  exhibits  a  miniature  of 
the  Earl  of  Scarborough  by  Ziucke, 
295. 

,  Mrs.  J.  Gough,  exhibits  a  miniature 

of  Anne,  Pi'incess  Royal  by  Zincke, 
295 ;  a  Chinese  enameled  box,  for- 
merly belonging  to  Mrs.  Thi-ale,  ib. 

Niello  :-— discourses  on  the  art  of,  by 
Mr.  Waterton,175,  323;  specimen  of, 
on  the  mounting  of  a  nautilus-shell 
cup  in  the  Rev.  W.  Sneyd's  collec- 
tion, 189  ;  Special  Exhibition  illus- 
trative of  the  Art,  274,  292;  acits 
for  attaching  the  pall,  found  in 
the  tomb  of  Archbishop  Wolstan, 
292,  339 ;  unique  impression  on 
vellum  and  otlicr  specimens  exhi- 
bited by  the  Hon.  R.  Curzon,  292; 
specimens  exhibited  by  the  Rev. 
Dr.  "Wellesley,  ib. ;  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Shide,  293;  by  Mr.  thirley,  Mr. 
"Waterton,  Mr.  Coluaghi,  and  Mr. 
VOL.    XIX. 


Mayer,  293 ;  baldric  ornamented  with 
armorial  escutcheons  exhibited  by 
Mr.  Morgan,  ib. ;  sword  with  orna- 
ments of  Tula  work  exhibited  by  Sir 
Philip  de  M.  Grey  Egerton,  ib.; 
Scymetar,  Circassian  dagger,  &c., 
with  ornaments  in  niello,  301; 
Memoir  on  niello  by  Mr.  Waterton, 
323;  rings  iu  his  collection  orna- 
mented with  niello,  325,  327,  332, 
336  ;  various  examples  noticed,  a 
shrine  at  Hildesheim,  &c.,  327  ;  ob- 
jects of  Irish  workmanship,  i6.,  328, 
339;  Scottish  brooches,  328;  the 
Dun  vegan  cup,  ib. ;  reliquary  at  Qued- 
linburg,  ib.;  paten  at  Hanover,  z6.; 
niello  at  Hildesheim,  329  ;  at  Cluny, 
ib. ;  recipe  for  the  composition  of 
niello  given  by  Theophilus,  330 ; 
superaltar  belonging  to  the  Very 
Rev.  Dr.  Rock,  ib. ;  German,  Italian, 
and  French  nielli,  331  ;  Italian 
chalice  belonging  to  the  Very  Rev. 
Dr.  Rock,  332 ;  reliquary  and  cross  at 
St.  iseverino,  ib. ;  various  Italian 
specimens  noticed,  ib.,  333;  paxes 
executed  by  Pollajuolo,  334 ;  origin 
of  chalcography  traced  to  the  works 
in  niello  by  Finiguerra,  ib. ;  Va- 
sari's  account  of  the  discovery,  335 ; 
notices  of  sulphur  casts,  &c.,  from 
nielli,  ib.;  impressions  on  paper, 
336;  ornaments  and  objects  of  per- 
sonal use  enriched  with  niello,  ib. ; 
the  art  practised  by  Cellini,  337 ; 
Russian  nielli,  ib. ;  collections  formed 
by  Sir  Maik  Sykes,  Cicognara,  &c., 
ib. ;  revival  of  the  art  by  Castellani. 
338  ;  recent  productions  by  Hard- 
man  and  other  Euglish  artificers,  ib, 
339 ;  Anglo-Saxon  and  Irish  speci- 
mens in  the  British  Museum,  ib. 

Norfolk: — notice  by  Mr,  Fitch  of  a 
mural  painting  of  St.  George  at 
Norwich,  81  ;  bronze  rings,  Roman 
coffin  of  lead,  &c.,  found  there,  88. 

NoRTHAMPTO>rsniRE  :  —  bronze  weight 
found  at  Croyland,  82  ;  examination 
of  documents  cited  by  Ingulph,  re- 
lating to  Croyland  Abbey,  114,  134; 
Memoir  by  Mr.  Bloxam  on  effigies  in 
Peterborough  cathedral,  134. 

Northumberland  : — examination  of  re- 
mains at  Greaves  Ash,  1S3,  ditto 
ou  Broiigh  Law,  184  ;  enameled  orna- 
ment found  near  the  Roman  Wall, 
279  ;  notices  by  Mr.  Clayton  of  re- 
mains of  a  Roman  bridge  across 
North  Tyne,  359. 

North\imberland,  the  Duke  of,  exhibits 
a  miniature  of  the  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, 296 ;  two  ename  Is  by  Essex, 
ib  ;  bronze  weapons  found  near 
Corbridge,  3C3. 

3   L 


41: 


INDEX. 


0. 


OliTer,  the  Rev.  Dr.,  proposed  publicatiou 
of  his  Paiochud  Antiquities  of 
Devon,  192. 


r. 


Piiintipg,  mural,  in  St  Gregory's  church, 
Norwich,  81. 

Papworth,  Mr,  his  Dictionary  of  Anus 
noticed,  191. 

Parker,  Archbishop,  jewel  presented  to 
Queen  Elizjibeth  by  hiui,  HO. 

Parliaments,  French  version  of  the 
"  Modus  (eneiuli  Parliuiucntum  "  ex- 
hibited by  the  Earl  of  Wiuchilsca, 
187;  memoir  by  Mr.  Dutius  Hardy 
on  that  document,  259. 

Pass,  Cri-opin,  countere  engraved  by,  3G7. 

Penny-i^late  armour,  notice  of,  96. 

Peterborough  cathedral,  memoir  on 
Bepulchral  effigies  there,  134  ;  sculp- 
tured shrine  of  peculiar  fashion 
there,  142. 

Petrarch,  portrait  of,  exhibited,  366. 

I'etrie,  Mr.  G.,  memoir  by,  on  Maes  How, 
iu  Orkney,  81  ;  on  a  circular  church 
at  Orphir,  Orkney,  85. 

Porcelain,  fine  specimen  of  Chinese, 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Addington,  301  ; 
notes  by  Mr.  Franks  on  the  manu- 
facture at  Chelsea,  340 ;  Chinese 
porcelain,  termed  Gombroon  ware, 
342. 

PoBTUAiTS  : — one  (as  supposed)  of  Prince 
Arthur  exhibited  by  Mr.  D.  Gurney, 
83;  of  Henry  Daruley,  lA. :  minia- 
ture of  Queen  Elizabetli,  152  ;  cameo 
of  her  by  Coldord,  154;  portrait  of 
her,  formorly  iu  Lord  Northwick's 
collection,  155 ;  miniature  (as  bup- 
poecd)  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough 
by  J.  Foi-ster,  ISl  ;  of  Jane  Sey- 
mour exhibited  by  Mr.  Carr,  187; 
of  Zuingliu.s,  188;  miniature  of 
Esther  Inglis,  188;  portraiture  of 
the  Old  Chevalier  in  tcnt-Htitch  exhi- 
bited by  Mr.  Waterton,  ib.  ;  minia- 
tures by  Zincko,  liono,  and  other 
ennmelerH,  295,  290. 

PoTTKUY  : — Roman,  found  at  Newport, 
Isle  of  Wight,  1C9  ;  unm  from  catii- 
conjbH  at  Alexainhia  exhibited  by 
I'rofeHHor  DonaldMon,  171;  ovoid 
uni  found  near  Crediton,  in  Mr. 
Tuckt-r'M  collection,  177;  fragments 
of  vcitHflH  found  at  Qrcaves  Ahh, 
Northumberland,  184  ;  mcdiajval 
poltj-iioH  «liHcovcrod  in  DerbyHhiro 
by  Mr.  Jowitt,  if>.  ;  urn  found  on 
Clnytou  Hill,  near  Krighton,  1S5; 
liouuui  utaluctto  of  Venus  found  at 


Chester,  1 86  ;  fragments  of  vessels 
found  in  aives  iu  Weardale,  359  ; 
Samian  ware  found  neiu"  Cliesters, 
Northumberland,  362  ;  nsLiubliug 
Celtic  urn*^,  found  in  tumuli  on  the 
Niagara  river,  363  ;  one-handled  urn 
found  at  March,  Isle  of  Ely,  364; 
similar  urns  found  in  Yorkshire  and 
Oxfordshire,  id. ;  frai^meuts  of 
Roman,  fouud  near  Elj',  365. 

Potts,  Mr.,  exhibits  a  copy  of  a  Roman 
inscription  at  Chester,  186 ;  statuette 
of  Venus  iu  white  clay,  a  Konitm 
legionary  tile,  and  a  leaden  stamp 
fouml  there,  ib. 

Pritchett,  Mr.,  exhibits  a  panel  of  German 
painted  glass,  174;  choice  specimens 
of  ii'on  work,  and  im  Italian  chasing 
in  steel,  ib. ;  plug  bayonets,  ib. ; 
a  gold  pectoral  cross,  295,  ;  chate- 
laine which  belonged  to  Maiy  of 
Modena,  ib. 

Publications,  ARcniEOLOoicAL.  —  pro- 
j>osed  work  on  Scottish  Seals,  by  Mr. 
H.  Laing,  157,  n.,  402;  Discoveries 
iu  Halicarna.'=su8,  by  Mr.  C.  Newton, 
166;  proposed  publication  by  Mr. 
J.  G.  Nichols,  on  Heraldry  and 
Genealogy,  191  ;  Mr.  Papworth's 
Dictionary  of  Arms,  ib. ;  Catalogue 
of  the  Museum  at  Caerlcon,  by  Mr. 
E,  Lee,  192,  302;  Parochial  Anti- 
quities of  Devon,  by  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Oliver,  192;  proposed  collection  of 
Anglo-Saxon  documents  to  bo  edited 
by  ^\v.  Thorj'e,  ib. ;  Series  of  Public 
iJocuments  at  Paris  in  coui-so  of 
publication  (Tresor  dea  Chartes), 
40'J  ;  Architectural  Sketches  iu 
"Worcestershire,  by  Mr.  Severn 
Walker,  ib.  ;  Letters,  &c.,  of  the 
Earl  of  Ormonde,  to  bo  edited  by 
the  Rev.  J.  Graves,  ib. 


Queen,  Her  most  gracious  Majesty  the, 
Tho  Lennox  Jewel  exhibited  by  her 
permission,  277  ;  Rusnian  Evango- 
liary  with  enameled  ornauients  from 
lu-r  Lilmiry  at  ^^  indsor  Castle  exhi- 
bited, 278. 


I{. 


RawlinHon,  Dr.,  liis  largo  collection  of 
Italian  neals  in  the  Itixllcinn,  IHYJ. 

Roade,  the  Rev.  G.  H.,  exhibits  an  IHrU 
ciumieli'd  bridle-bit,  280 ;  an  Irish 
brooch , 281. 

Rhodes,  tho  J{ov.   G.,  e.xhibilH  a  watch 


INDEX. 


413 


supposed  to  have  been  a  gift  from 
Charles  II.,  181. 
Riley,  Mr.  H.,  Memoir  by  him  on  the 
History  aud  Chartera  of  lugulphus, 
32,  114. 
Rings,  notices  of  several  in  the  Arundel 
Collection,  9 ;  mediaeval  ring  set 
with  an  intaglio  of  a  royal  portraiture, 
16;  Florentine,  with  a  remarkable 
cameo  of  Medusa,  110  ;  Roman,  aud 
posy  rings,  <J:c.,  found  in  London, 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Tite,  172;  Italian, 
with  talisuianic  legends  iu  Mr.  Water- 
ton's  collection,  ISO ;  gold  siguet 
with  a  coat  of  arms,  ib.  ;  ring  set 
with  a  toadstone,  and  another  with 
a  thie  intaglio  on  bloodstone,  exhi- 
bited by  His  Euiiuence  Cardinal 
Wiseman,  189  ;  silver  ring  engraved 
with  a  crowned  initial,  found  at 
Teubj"^,  ib. ;  Irish,  set  with  a  cloisound 
enamel,  281  ;  gold  rings  ornamented 
with  niello  in  the  British  Museum 
aud  in  Mr.  Waterton's  collection, 
285  ;  ditto  found  near  Peterborough, 
32*3;  ditto  found  in  Lancashire,  3^7; 
Ethehvulfs  ring  found  in  Hampshire, 
il).;  Bishop  Alhstan's  ring  found  in 
Wales,  and  another  nielloed  ring 
found  iu  Yorkshire,  now  at  Copen- 
hagen, ib. ;  remarkable  ring  in  the 
Earl  Fitzhardiuge's  possession,  328. 
ll(jbartes,  Mr.,  exhibits  a  leaden  image 

found  in  Cornwall,  172. 
liock,  the  Very  Rev.  Dr.,  superaltar  in 
his  possession,  330;  chalice  formerly 
belonging  to  Boniface  VIII.,  332. 
Rogers,  Mr.  J.,  exhibits  enameled  candle- 
sticks, 291. 
Rolls,   the   Master   of   the.   Documents, 
illuminated    MS.     Statutes    of    the 
Order  of  St.  Michael,  &c.,  exhibited 
by  his  permission,  288. 
Rolls,  Mr.,  exhibits  eaidy  German  enamels, 

283. 
Roman  Antiquities: — urns, lamps,  coins, 
&c.,  found  at  AVroxetei-,  80  ;  bronze 
statuettes  of  Mercury  and  Diana 
found  there,  81  ;  bronze  representa- 
tion of  a  bath  found  in  Hampshire, 
82  ;  Memoir  on  Julius  Cassir's  Lauil- 
ing  read  by  Mr.  W.  Lloyd,  86  ;  re- 
mains of  a  pharos  at  Dover,  ib. ; 
leaden  coffin  found  at  Norwich,  88 ; 
pottery,  &c,,  found  at  Newport,  Isle 
of  Wight,  168  ;  shaft  at  Lincoln  de- 
scribed by  Mr.  TroUope,  169 ;  bronze 
box  in  form  of  a  faun's  head,  and 
gold  rings  exhibited  by  Mr.  Tite, 
172;  fragment  of  sculpture  found 
at  Carlisle,  176  ;  ovoid  urn  found  at 
Crediton  in  Mr,  Tucker's  collection, 
177  :  vases  of  bronze,  glass,  &c., 
found   in    Leicestershire,    182;    in- 


scription, leaden  stamp,  &c.,  found 
at  Chester,  186  ;  ivory  consular  dip- 
tych at  Darmstadt,  232 ;  dies  for 
striking  coins  of  Augustus,  258 ; 
enameled  fibuhe  found  at  Lincoln, 
278 ;  fac-similc  of  the  enameled 
liartlow  vase  exhibited,  ib. ;  enameled 
fibuloe  found  at  Caerleon,  Kirkby 
Thoreand  Painswick,  279;  enameled 
ornament  found  in  a  Station  on  the 
Roman  Wall,  ib.;  enamels  found  in 
Italy,  280;  enameled  vase  found 
near  Ambleteuse,  now  in  the  British 
Museum,  ib. ;  statuette  fouu<l  in 
Suffolk,  presented  to  the  British 
Museum  by  Lord  Ashburton,  325 ; 
casket  and  nielloed  oV)jects  found  at 
Rome,  ib. ;  gold  rin^,  ib. ;  inscription 
on  white  marble  found  at  Bath,  357 ; 
marble  rare  amongst  Roman  remains 
in  England,  358;  notice  of  a  Station 
on  Bowes  Moor,  ib. ;  of  the  founda- 
tions of  a  Roman  bridge  across  the 
North  Tyue,  excavated  by  Mr. 
Clayton,  359  ;  the  apparatus  called 
a  lewis  known  to  Roman  builders, 
360 ;  coins,  &c.,  fountl  at  the  above- 
mentioned  bridge,  362 ;  pottery, 
coins  and  bronze  fibula)  found  near 
Ely,  365 ;  coins  found  at  Woolaston, 
near  Chepstow,  394  ;  altars  found  at 
Bislej',  Gloucestershire,  ib. 

Roots,  Mr.,  exhibits  Chinese  enameled 
sceptres,  301. 

Russell,  Mr.  W.,  exhibits  enameled  vases, 
boxes,  bonbonnieres,  &c,,  294  ;  Chi- 
nese enamels,  300  ;  early  specimens 
of  Chelsea  porcelain. 

Russell,  the  Rev.  J.  Fuller,  exhibits  a 
volume  with  the  arms  of  Henry  VIII., 
174;  an  enameled  plaque,  282. 

Ruthervvyke,  John,  abbot  of  Chertsey, 
Register  of  his  Acts  exhibited,  350  ; 
corrody  granted  by  the  convent  to 
his  relatives,  353. 


Sabre,  with  finger-guard,  exhibited  from 
the  Arsenal  at  Woolwich,  318,  321. 

Samiau  ware,  fi-agmeuts  found  at  the 
bridge  across  North  Tyne,  362. 

Scale-armour,  notices  of,  93 ;  Italian 
suit  in  the  Tower  Armory,  95. 

Scarth,  the  Rev,  H.,  his  account  of  Roman 
remains  found  at  Path,  357. 

Scott,  Sir  Sibbald,  exhibits  a  Battersea 
enamel,  29. 

Sculpture,  ridged  shrine  in  Peterborough 
cathedral,  142;  early  Norman  speci- 
mens noticed,  143;  statue  of  St. 
Benedict  at  Peterborough,  145  ;  frag- 
ment  of    Roman  at  Carlisle,   1 77 ," 


414 


INDEX. 


oakcu  dooi-s  at  the  church  of  St. 
Mtu-ia    in   Capitolio,  Cologne,   220. 
&e  Effigy. 
Seals  :— seal  of  Edward  III.  called  of 
the  Griffin,  71,  73;  Cliiuese  seal  of 
ag-ate  exhibited  by  Mr.  Morgan,  83  ; 
privy-seds     set    with    geius,     156  ; 
Carlovingian  seals  set  with  antique 
hitagli,    ib.  n. ;    privy-seal    of   King 
John,  157  ;  seals  with  the  device  of 
a  lion  couchaut,  158  ;  with  the  head 
of    St.    John    Baptist,    ib.  ;    seal    of 
Thomas,  BisI  op  of  Man,  173  ;  of  the 
Abbey  of  Louth  Park,  Lincolnshire, 
ib.  ;  of  Sir  William   Eure,   174  ;    of 
Etlward  the  Confessor  appended  to 
a  chartor  exhibited  by  the  Earl  of 
Wiuchilsea,  176;  official  seal  of  the 
Captain  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  180; 
silver  seal  of  Thomas  de  Kokeby  in 
Mr.   Waterton's  collection,   181  ;   of 
Simon  Cuvellt,  ib. ;  numerous  draw- 
ings of  seals  in  the  MS.   collections 
formed  for  Lord  Hatton  by  Dugdale, 
]87  ;  silver  seals  of  Sir  T.  More  at 
Stonyhurst  College,  292 ;    seals    of 
Chertaey  Abbey  and  the  abbots,  356 ; 
seal  of  Ytoude,  daughter  of  Robert 
de    Ulvcsby,   367 ;    of  William    de 
Boughes,  ib.  ;  of  Koger  de   Welpou 
and  Robert  de  Bury,  &c.,  i6. ;  of  the 
University  of  Padua,  ib. ;  Venetian 
and  other  buUai  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Waterton,  368  ;  antique  intaglio  set 
DB  a  mediicval  pi-ivy-seal,   369  ;  im- 
pressions from  Italian  seals   in   the 
Bo(il-ian  library  exhibited,  i'6. ;  seal 
of   Wulstaii,    Bishop    of  Worcester, 
392  ;  of  Ralph  tie  Mortimer,  attached 
in  unn^uid  manner,  exhibited  by  Sir 
E.   Lechmere,  393 ;    proposed   Pub- 
lication  by  Mr.  Laiug  on   Scottish 
Seals,  157  n.,  402. 
Sepolcijral  Antiquities  : — intermeDt  of 
tiie  heart  apart  from  the  corpse,  26; 
excivaiions     in     tlio     cenK-tery    at 
Wroxt  ter,  80 ;  leaden  coffin  found 
at  Norwich,  88;    Ronjan    relics  at 
Newport,  I«le  of  Wight,  169;  iutor- 
nnent  at  Apileford,  Berks,  365. 
Severn  Vallt-y,  Memoir  by  Dr.  Gnest  on 

the  English  Conquest  of  the,  193. 
Shafut,  Roman,  ut  Lincoln,  described  by 

Mr.  Trollope,  171. 
Shaw,  Mr.,  exhibits  drawings  of  choice 

enameled  objects,  285. 
Shirley,  Mr.,  exhihits   two   nielli,    293; 

miniiifuroH  by  Zincko,  295. 
Shni;  "      his  notices  of  diMcovories 

Abbey,  167. 
S'--  .ibits  an  unamolcd  book- 

a  niello  uud  improssionH 

buiilh,   Mr.    W.    J.     Pa-rniiard,   oxhibilH 


powder-flasks,  touch-boxes,  kc,  83 ; 
a  helmet  from  the  arsenal  at  Con- 
stant inojde,  89  ;  bronze  weapon 
found  in  Lincolnshire,  t'l  ;  oriental 
arms,  ib.  ;  a  visor,  pow<ier-measure, 
spanner  and  bayonet.  173;  German 
miners'  axe,  175  ;  Spanish  rapiers, 
ISO:  an  enameled  ornament  with 
co-.its  of  arms,  286 ;  Russo-Greek 
tablet,  and  enameled  mouth-pieces 
of  pipes,  2S7  ;  Circassian  sabre  with 
nielloed  ornaments,  301 ;  bronze 
I  Irish  celt,  ami  bronze  weapon  from 

I  the  Thames.  364. 

1   Sneyd,   the   Rev.   W.,    exhibits   embroi- 
dered gloves,  189;  a  nautilus  shell 
'  mounted  in  silver  with  nielloed  or- 

I  nanient,  &c.,  /6. 

I   Spear,  iron,  found  at  Chester,  186 ;   at 
Ditton,  364. 

,  bronze,  found  near  Corbridge,  363; 

at  Ditton,  364. 
Spectacles,  early  mention  of,  159. 
Stone,    weapons     of,    celt    found    near 
Houiton,  88;  Irish  celts,  92;  maul 
head  elaborately  ornameutfd,  found 
in    North    Wales,    ib. ;    weapons    or 
implements  found  in  tumuli  near  the 
Niagara  river,  363. 
Stoneheuj^e,  markings  or  symbols  noticed 
on  one  of  the  stones,  77  ;  fall  of  one 
of  the  trilithons,  79. 
Stonyhurst  College,  Sir  Thomas  More's 
seals  preserved  there,  292  ;  his  gold 
pectoi-al  cross  there,  3.i6 ;  gold  pen- 
dant ornament   wliich   belonged  to 
him  prcseiveM  there,  ib. 
Stubbs,  the  Rev.  W.,  memoir  by  him  on 
the   Cathedral,  Diocese,  and  Monas- 
teries of  Worcester,  236. 
Superaltar,  with  ornaments  in  niello,  in 
]>ossession    of    the   Very   Rev.   Dr. 
Rock,  330. 
Si:RUi;if  :  —  Notices    of     discoveries    at 
Chertsey    Abbey,    167;    register   of 
the   acts  of  one  of   the  abbots   ex- 
hibited by  Lord  Cliir.ird,  350;  bronze 
and   iron  weapons  found   at  Ditton, 
364. 
Sussex  :  —  ivory   tablet    found   in    Chi- 
chester cathedral,   88;    monuments 
of   the    Caryll    family    at    Darting, 
91  ;    iiiemoirH  on   CliichcHtor  ciitlio- 
dral,  Boxgrove    church,  and    other 
churches,   published  by  Mr.  Mason, 
175;    iron    rnsli-light    holders    for- 
niorly   used  in  Sussex,  181  ;   Hmall 
urn    found    on    Clayton    Hill,   185; 
pendant  ornament  of  vitrified  paste, 
]S(]  ;  enameled    object    found    near 
liowes,  281. 
Switzerland,  notice  of  an  effigy  at  Zurich, 
1 ;  die  for  llelvutian  gold  coins  found 
at  Avonchcs,  253. 


INDEX. 


415 


Sword,  bronze,  found  in  the  river  Lea, 
Hertfonlbhire,  91.     .S'ee  Arms. 

Syon,  gold  Cross,  formerly  belonging  to 
the  abbess  of,  exhibited,  188. 

T. 

Talbot  de  Malaliide,  Lord,  his  remarks 
on  ancient  remains  in  tlie  Orkneys, 
81  ;  announces  arrangements  for 
facility  of  access  to  the  wills  at 
Doctors' Commons,  182;  his  obser- 
vations on  the  Special  Exhibition  of 
enamels,  &c.,  274;  exhibits  Irish 
enamels  found  at  Lagore,  280  ;  an 
enameled  miniature  and  a  miniature 
by  Petitot,  296 ;  a  miniature  of 
Frederick  Prince  of  Wales,  probably 
enameled  at  Battersea,  297. 

Taligmanic  virtues  attributed  to  gems, 
155,  158, 

Tate,  Dr.  G.,  his  notice  of  markings  or 
symbols  upon  Stonehenge,  77 

,  Mr.,  his  account  of  remains  exca- 
vated at  Greaves  Ash,  Northumber- 
land, 183. 

Tesselated  pavement  at  St.  Gereon's 
church,  Cologne,  223. 

Thuruara,  Dr.,  his  remarks  on  markings 
or  symbols  found  on  Stonehenge,  79. 

Tigris,  bronze  helmet  found  in  the  bed 
of  the  river,  76. 

Tile,  Roman,  with  the  mark  of  the  20th 
legion,  found  at  Chester,  186. 

Tiles,  for  decorative  purposes,  found  at 
Chertsey  Abbey,  168. 

Tite,  Mr.,  his  address  on  the  decease 
of  the  Prince  Consort,  84  ;  exhibits 
various  ancient  relics,  rings,  &c.,  ib. 

Tower  Armory,  enameled  Persian  ar- 
mour and  arms  from  that  collection 
exhibited,  301. 

Trollope,  Mr.  A.,  his  account  of  Roman 
shafts  at  Lincoln,  169;  exhibits 
Roman  enameled  fibulae  found  there, 
278. 

Tucker,  Mr.  C,  ovoid  urn  found  near 
Crediton  in  his  collection,  177. 

Twopeny,  Mr.,  exhibits  a  facsimile  of  the 
enameled  vase  found  at  Bartlow,  278. 

Tyne,  North,  remains  of  a  Roman  bridge 
crossing  it  near  Chesters  described 
by  Mr.  Clayton,  360. 

Tyszkiewicz,  the  Count,  his  notices  of 
ancient  earthworks,  &c.,  in  Lithu- 
ania, 85. 


U. 


Uriconium,  probably  called  White  Town 
by  Llywarch  Hen,  210.;  destroyed 
by  Ceawlin,  King  of  Wessex,  215. 
See  Wroxeter. 

Urns.     See  Pottery. 


W. 


Wales  : — Maul-head  of  stone  elaborately 
ornamented,  found  near  Coiwen,  92; 
silver  ring  found  at  Tenby,  189. 
Walford,  Mr.  W.  S.,  Memoir  by  him  on  a 
diminutive  effigy  of  a  bishop  at 
Abbey  Dore,  24. 
Waller,  Mr.,  exhibits  illustrations  of 
enamel  applied  to  sepulchral  brasses, 
285. 
Watch,  supposed  to  have  been  given  by 
Charles  II.  to  Captain  Tattersell, 
181 ;  series  of  enameled  watches 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Morgan,  293 ; 
watch  exhibited  by  the  Earl  Am- 
herst, 294  ;  cruciform  watch  exhi- 
bited by  Mr.  Whitehead,  ib. ;  watch 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Franks,  ib. 

Waterton,  Mr.,  exhibits  German  iron- 
work, 173;  a  dagger  and  a  pistol 
found  at  Walton  Hall,  ib. ;  his  ob- 
servations on  the  art  of  niello,  175; 
exhibits  a  prick  spur,  gold  rings, 
an  enameled  cross,  and  a  steel 
sword-guard,  180;  a  perforated 
leaden  disk,  189;  portraiture  of  the 
Old  Chevalier,  ib. ;  enameled  basins, 
2&6 ;  several  specimens  of  niello, 
293 ;  Memoir  by  him  on  the  art  of 
niello,  323  ;  rings  in  his  collection 
ornamented  with  niello,  3:i5,  327, 
332,  336  ;  leaden  bulla;,  368. 

Way,  Mr.  Albert,  his  Notice  of  a  Jewel 
presented  by  Archbishop  Parker  to 
Queen  Elizabeth,  146  ;  observations 
on  an  inveutory  of  effects  of  Arch- 
bishop Bowet,  159  ;  on  an  urn  found 
in  Sussex,  185  ;  on  a  pendant  object 
of  vitrified  paste  found,  i6.,  186  ;  his 
obsex'vations  on  the  art  of  enamel, 
274 ;  exhibits  a  drawing  of  an 
enameled  candlestick  found  at  York, 
291 ;  his  notice  of  a  register  of 
Chertsey  Abbey  in  Lord  Clifford's 
possession,  350. 

Weardale,  antiquities  found  in  a  cavern 
there,  358. 

Webb,  Mr.,  exhibits  an  ivory  casket  from 
Veroli,  88 ;  specimens  of  enamel, 
286,  290. 

Weight,  of  brass  found  at  Croyland  ex- 
hibited by  Mr.  Botfield,  82  ;  notices 
of  other  medioeval  weights,  83. 

Wellesley,  the  Rev.  Dr.,  exhibits  nielli, 
292. 

Wellfit,  Mr.  S.,  exhibits  a  Saxon  situla 
found  in  Lincolnshire,  172. 

Wennall,  the  Rev.  W.,  exhibits  an  ena- 
meled crucifix  from  f  shaw  College, 
288. 

Westmacott,  Professor,  exhibits  a  series 
of  papal  medals,  1 78  ;  several  Aca- 
demy medals,  ISO. 


L^ 


416 


INDEX. 


Westmoreland  : — Notice  of  a  Roman 
station  ou  Bowes  Moor,  35S. 

West  wood.  Professor,  account  of  his  visit 
to  Treves.  Sl> ;  notes  of  his  tour  in 
Western  Germany,  218  j  his  archaj- 
ological  notes  on  Cologne,  ib. ;  May- 
ence,  224 ;  Frankfort,  227 ;  Darm- 
stadt, 230. 

Whitehead,  Mr.,  exhibits  enamels,  2S9  ; 
a  cruciform  watch,  294  ;  a  miniature 
by  H.  Bone,  296. 

Wight,  Isle  of  : — Roman  remains,  pot- 
tery, &c.,  found  near  Newport,  16S  ; 
lexso  of  lands  at  Bradiug,  witli  seal 
of  the  Captain  of  tlie  Island,  180. 

Wilkins,  Dr.,  his  Notice  of  Roman  re- 
mains found  in  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
168. 

Willis,  the  Rev.  Professor,  his  Discourse 
ou  Worcester  Cathedral,  381. 

Wills  at  Doctors'  Commons,  facilities  of 
access  conceded,  182. 

Wilson,  Mr.,  exhibits  various  enamels, 
290  ;  a  remarkable  enamel  by  W. 
Craft,  291  ;  enameled  candlesticks, 
ib. ;  miniatures  by  Zincke,  Peat, 
Bone,  &c.,  297 ;  Battersea  enamels, 
298. 

Wiltshire  : — markings  or  symbols  on 
Stoneliengo,  noticed  by  Dr.  Tate,  78. 

Winchilsea,  the  Earl  of,  exhibits  a  spu- 
rious charter  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fi-ssor,  176;  unique  French  version 
of  the  *'  Modus  tenendi  Parliamen- 
tum "  in  his  possession,  182,  187, 
250;  exhibits  a  collection  of  draw- 
ings of  monuments,  painted  glass, 
&,c.,  made  for  Lord  Hatton,  by  Dug- 
dale,  186  ;  copies  of  documents, 
seals,  &c.,  from  the  same  collection, 
187  ;  ceremonial  of  creation  of 
Knights  of  the  Bath,  ib. 

Windus,  Captiiin,  his  memoir  on  a  Car- 
rack  belonging  to  tlie  Knights  of  St. 
John,  sheathtd  with  lead,  90. 

Winiiiiigtoii,  Sir.  T.,  MSS.  in  his  library 
noticed,  393. 

Winntou,  Mr.,  exliibits  drawings  of  an 
enameled  caskpt",  &.C.,  286. 

WiHHiiian,  His  Eminence  Cardinal,  ex- 
hibita  a  ring  set  with  a  toadstoue 


and  another  with  an  intaglio  on 
bloodstone,  189. 

Woolwich  Armory,  varabrace  of  bufif 
leather  preserved  there,  93 ;  sabre 
with  finger-guard  there,  318. 

Worcestershire  : — Memoir  by  the  Rev. 
W.  Stubbs  ou  the  Diocese  and  Mo- 
nasteries of  Worcester  in  the  eighth 
century,  236  ;  early  momvsteries  at 
Bredon,  Fladbury,  &c.,  246,  247, 
252;  Memoir  by  the  Rev.  C.  H. 
Hartshorue,  on  R  jyal  Councils  at 
Worcester,  303  ;  Meeting  of  the  In- 
stitute at  Worcester,  370 ;  notice, 
by  Mr.  Hawkins,  of  the  Worcester 
Mint,  388;  report,  by  Mr.  Burtt,  on 
depositories  of  documents  at  Wor- 
cester, 391  ;  destruction  of  the 
Guesten  Hall  there,  384,  400  ;  archi- 
tectural sketches  in  Worcestershire, 
by  Mr.  Severn  Walker,  402. 

Wroxeter,  report  by  Dr.  Johnson,  on  the 
Excavations  there,  80;  bronze  figures 
of  Mercury  and  Diana  found  there, 
81 ;  Survey  of  the  city,  presented 
by  Mr.  Hillary  Davies,  ib.  See  Uri- 
conium. 

Wynne,  Mr.  W.  W,  exhibits  an  ivory 
folding  tablet  from  Vallo  Crucis 
Abbey,  178;  a  set  of  silver  counters 
engraved  with  royal  portraits,  366. 


York,  inventory  of  effects  of  Archbishop 
Bowet,  in  the  Registry  there,  158; 
enameled  candlestick  found  there, 
291. 


Zodiac,  signs  of,  on  a  gateway  at  Rcma- 
gen,  226. 

Ziirioh,  elligy  of  a  knight  in  the  library 
there,  1 ;  heraldic  roll  there,  7  ; 
bronze  dodecalu-dron  in  the  Mu- 
seum, 83 ;  pendant  anndet  set  with 
III)  intaglio,  157  ;  portrait  of  Zuiug- 
liua  in  the  library,  188. 


^> 


END   OF    Vol.    .\IX. 


(^20  FEB.  95)^ 


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